DDDnDDDnDDaDaDDnnDDDnaDDnDDnnDDa 9 Q D ° D UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS S LIBRARY R ° R ° a SPEQAL COLLECTIONS § D ft ARCHIVES H R ° R ° R ° R ° R D R ° R ° R ° R ° R D n a R ° R n 2, fnoiit!)hi |]nfaUcatio», ClcDolcb to tl)c linjivoufinciU o^ AGRICUIiTUME ANB IIOMTICUIiTURE, AND TO RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. EDITED BY JOHN J. THOMAS AND M. B. BATEHAM, ' ASSISTED BY DAVID THOMAS AND OTHERS. VOLUME 2. TTBLISHED BY BATEHAM AND CROSMAN, ROCHESTEll, NEAV-YOKK 18 il. A- AcknowleJgmenle, 16. Address of N. Biddle, C. E. D. Smith, 171. Addressee ol II. Colman, 42, 126. Advice, Inconic, 15. Ageiila in Canada. 1. Agricultural Commissioner, recommended, 9. papers, nolicee of, 20, 1,'J2, 161. experiment oflecied by climate, 51. implements wanted, 07. societies, notice to be given, 81. Cliemistry, Leibig's, noticed, 92. publications, utility of, 96. exhibitions in dillisrent cuunties, 153. almanac, 152. Society, National, 83, 111. Societies shall they be Bustnintd ? 17,9. of Allegany county,180 '~- Cayugn county, 120. Coriloiid county, 164. Durham, U. C, 41. Krie county, 120, 132, 167. Genesee county, 5, 165. Jcflersoii county, 1 32. Livingston county, 133 182. Madison county, 153. Mon, CO 3.3,41,112,132,166 New-York State, proceed- ings of, 58, 120 remarks on, 72, &5. premiums of, 102.184 >• committees and reg- ulations of 1,32. • • • fair at Syracuse, 136 account of ] 72. accommodation, 174. Niagara CO. 120. 133 162. Oneida cnutity, 69, 168. Ontario county, 63, 163. Orleans county, 153. Seneca coun'y, 120, 176. Wayne county, 180 Agriculture, petition on. 1, 9. legislative aid to, remarks on, 28. in Nova Scotia, 53. Missouri, 14.'*. New York bill to promote, 94. remarks on, 57, 99 pleasure and profits of, 60. machinery applied to, 130. improved, remarks on, 143. disputed questions in, &c. 143. important discovery in, 163. American Institute, 107. Apparatus for a cheap Inbratory, ,57, 58. Apple. Sponge, description of, 18. Peck's Pleasant, description of, 51. molasses, to make, 27. Apples, remarks on, 178 Artesian well at Paris, 78, Ashes as manure, 97. inquiries, 141— leached, 94. V 8" important SH^gestion, 93. Asia Minor, brilliant scenery in, 62. Asparagus, culture of, 72. improved mode of culture, 106. Aurora, Cayuga Co., 162. B. Barley, pearl, of the West, 157. Bse-hive, subtended, figure and desciption of, 137. self-supportiuET, fig. and descrip. of, 88. Bees, management of, y| — hivin", 106. Beets for cattle, excellent, 11. raised successfully by fresh manure, 34. uses of, experiments, 35, .55. directions for raising. 117. for Spring feeding, 12.3. value of in drought, 159. sugar, uses of 69. Birds, love of, 179 Board-fence, making, useful hinta, 34. Book-farming, errors correcterl. 29. Biots, good application for, 17,5. Borer, distinct from peach worm, 67. Botanical etymology, quere, 175. ' Botany, study of; 103. Bote in horses, to cure, 67, .... and horse-bees, .39, 63-accounl of 50. Brainble, to eradicate, 103. Bran as mouure, 131. Brick lining to houses, cheap mctho-J. 21. Buckwheat, culture of, 111; ' Budding roses, 183. INDEX TO VOLUME 2. Bushes, not bushels, 24. Butter, salting, 23. to be worked without water, 34. C. Calf, precocity in, 128. .... good hall blood Durham, 6. .... large half-blood Durham, 121. Canada, government oi', 41. thistles, easily killed, experiments, 117, 129 suggestion, 124. spreading rapidly, 142. Canker worm, hcalily of, 98. Carrot, white, value of, 67. premium crop of, 181 Caslor oil bean, culliire and u^e of, 58. Carriage springs made of air, 183 Cuttle, importance of winter piotection for, 18, 21. plan of stabKs for, 21 . cream pot breed, 40. salt good lor, 41, improvement in, indicated, 41. remarks on, by a drover, 60. grubs in, described, 72, 82. fat, 107 — large ox, 67. remarks on, and weight of oflal, 70. different breeds of, 166 Durham, prices in England, G7. ear-y feeders, ti7. in Yaies couiitv, 77. stock of Wm. Nell", 124 figure of T. Weddle's ' Gazelle,' 8. W. R. Smith's " Jeasa nine," 40. W. Fuller's '• Gvpsey," 168. J- M. Sherwood's Bull 'Archer,' 180 figure of Hereford ox, 1' 5. Devon, noticed, 11 -. Census and statistics of Genesee Co.. 12. Livingston Co., 12. Monroe Co., 28. the United Stales, 47. Cheeringf prospects, 88. Cheese making. 91. sold in Cincinnati, amount, 63. pri served in haystacks, 130. fly, to repel, 17. Chemistry in nature, 111. Cherries, various facts and remarks on, 114, 141. a fin- basket of, 116. Chestnut trees for timber, 36. Clover among corn, how done, 21. injurious to fruit trees, 23. seed, P'ising and cleaning, 68. Coal in Michigan, 71. Cobble stone building, how made, 66. Cold water in warm weather. 157. Colman, Henry, coming to edit this popcr, 178 ISS Color, imporiance of in rural economy, 149. Colors, complementary, 102. Compost, importont directions, S6. Cuolcery: — to make Wisconsin mince pies, 39. Indian loaf breod, 39. Wisconsin sponge cake, 89. ■ vegetable oyster pudding, 62. French honey, 103. junket, and scalded cream 152. Tomato figs, 158. Corn-laws of Kngland, 78 -agitation on, 89, 1.58. Corn, Indian, good crop, 6, 6.9, 76. great crop, 21,164. importance of 45, 156, 183. sowingfor fodder, 104, l(i9- how to dispose ol cubs, 130. to harvest. 159. oil made from, 1 83 machinef'r husking, 67. and sugar beets, value in drought,! 39, Cotton crop, 40 — raised in I dia, 183 Couch grass, to kill. .'i5. Country and city life contrasted, 142. Cows, period of gestntion in, 19. . ... great profits of stabling. 29. village, how to keep, 29. ... . Morus Multicaulisfor, 121 Durham, as milkers, 63.187. excellence prov'd, 122, 174. Crops ill Chin, 9, 124. England, 128, 141, 1.57. East Bloomfield, 140. Venice, Cavu^'a Co., 140. remarks on, 72, 109, 113. Cureulio, experiments and remarks on, OS, 146. shut out, 1 16 — remark, 128. to be attended to, 69. I>. Dahlia, culture of, 46. bone dust excellent for, 66. Dunes, Dutch, description of, 3. Drag-log, to make, 142. Draining, experiinenis in, 114. imporiance of, 115 — how done, C7. Drill barrow, new, 73. Drinking in hot weather, 123. Diought, to prevent, 110, 133— remarks on, 133. and succeeding rain, singular effects of, 161. Dry feet, 185 Dyeing, directions for, 153. E. Early suppers, 138. Eclipses, influence of, on weather, 75. Education, 142. physical, 127. letter ot inquiry on, 141. Elder berry wine, to make, 145. Emigrants to the West, hints to, 58. Eulogy on H Colman, 1.39 188 Exercises moral duty H. Experiinenis with nionurcs, importance of accuracy in, 10. in agriculture, varied by climate, 51. F. Farm of G. Sheffer, visit to, 117. W.C. Cornell, visit to, 149. Farmery of W. R. Smith, excellent figures and de- scription of, 56. Farmers, eduraiionof, 10. "* Niagora Co., address to, 5 hints to, 1 1, 14. their blessings, 78, 183. Farmer's homes, 13, 14. wives, and daughters, 30, 127. children, educa'n of, 32, 47,.55, 76,111,126 Farming, two good specimens of, 4. specimen of the scratching system, 21 . produce of one acre, 37— good, 40. experience In the first year, 114. in Allegany Co., 46. bints on, for January, 8. Ffbruarv, 17— March, 33. April, 4i9-Mny, 65. June, 81— Anguit. 113. September. 129. October, 1 45. November, 1 61 . DtcemI 6 , 185 Farms, new. best me'hod to manage, 98. in iM.,uroe Co., visit to, 148. Fence, cheap and durable 62 post heaving by frost, 107 Filbert, culiivation of, 73. Florist, Eaton's definition of, 31. Flowers, inflnmable gass exhaled by, 118. in England, notices, 50. of spring, 68, 84. Slimmer, 108, 116, 129, 151. and their odors, 95. notices of, 36. Fodder, timely hints respecting, 104. sowing corn for, 109. Forest trees, planting, 46. France, trade with, 20. Frank ; dialogues on farming, 48. Fruit, effects of slock on, 2, 3.5. culture of in Western New Yoik, 12. ripened on a blackened wall, 41. garden, remarks on, 116. never stolen in Prus.Ma, 138. to mark names on, 178 •> buds killed in winter, observations, 1 nd pre- vention, 149. trees, to protect from mice, 22 — to trir-, 35. cannot he raised from cuttings, r6. raised from cuttings by srafiuig, 142. to transplont, 53, 137, 151. to protect from animals, 63. slugs on, account of, 121. peddling, 151. Fruits, native, account of, 91. of the soil, m ihc Unit! d S atea, 110. Fuel, cost of, in the United S ates, 40. pract cal remarks on fire woed, 50. compirison in qunhiy of, t)7. Furniie, hot-air, summer all Vie yea ,3 '. G. Galvanic phnt protector, 8'>. Garden se 'd-i, sprouting, C8. an! grounds of the work n : man, 15, ( ardening in March, 40— Aoril, 5: — May, 6 5. for the ladies, 75, 111. practical directions, 9^. . INDEX TO A PLUME -2. logy of rcniiBvlvania, 71. . \. SlierlirooUe, U. C, I7G. ftod fruit, eflecls of eiock on, 'J, ."5. ham's Mngnzinr, If?. nciitit'r, llusicy's, 97. eucccseful c.xperiin'ls with, 155. i83, orcbnrH, sown with clover, II. blue, and conch, to innnaac, 51. sown on inverted sod, 1-J7. sees, hio8 by drying, ■!!). Darlington's lecture on, 85 libiliiy, nonsense, 12S. js, colored, jjcrmmoting seeds under, 1S3. 11. rrn n-'.ir Iloclicstcr, destructive, 13G. ,o i-ure, 4. ■. limit'* iIiniMc IiiitKc fijrurj and description of, -il rcnioiis in making, 5 , IV3. 1.1 niukc^, :!!). .inslruftions. 90— buckthorn, 135. :igic:it one, 1^5. "C^, to have all winter 121. 1 lly, M. II. M..rris's cxpcrinicnts on, II. . . . account of, "7, lis. with engravings, 109. len, trcttnicnt ol*, 91. :l I iioraio 21. bliiui staijgt^rs in, 11. sore throat in, ao,, 5'. , . disease in, ini|iiiry, 144— renieJy, 137. . Mianagcment of, liy T. C. Pelers, '.iS. . kept well on ha 4-. ^3. . iminirv. 115. ,lv imp.'irle.J, :6S. S,",w\ er's. fiji.res of, S. 21, CO. •ircal profits of hre«ding, 9. dcscriptiunof, at, 117. i.orri-eii..n.'l4 sale of. 101. 117. ranl.l increr.se in weight, 121. inOhio, 1-10 value of, "6. se, .\r; l.alky, to cii , to cure sali ,411. of, 73. ge of. '26. I in, II-:. ,^tc^ iTi. 11-. ticiilt'.iral n>e'e".in?a'. Uochestcr, II, .<7. fiocicty of .M;iss., p.tiunrion of, 1S7. ulture, sentinifntal rein.irka on, 27. in Wesiern New York, 29. very nicR IiItUs to ladies on, 1(».^ of, errors corrCvitcJ, 03. i.ke,4n. o cure, 4. es alinve fjronnd, to make, 10. ois, letter front, UO irtJ .-.111 exports, !), 20. :13. important discovery in destroying, US. ition, r.dvantages, an.1 directions for, 159, K. vledgc, importance of amonj farme.-s 01, 160. or,dutv nf, 110. . furnishes the only real wealth, 139. es in Western New York, 40. ips lor bu-'llinglard. l;9. Isi'upe Garde-ling, bowniug'e, notice of, 101, 121. iuri-davs. 111. d us a Inilid, 1?.5. er from Anec, 96. :on c-iiule.to kill, 39. itninsrods, lo ninke. -J-J. cas nuinuie, 107, 14?. us*. nppiioation.ot-. inte.'"e.Btin!^ experi iplaiiit in aniniaU, reiueJ, ed, sowing, 36. : . tree insect. 101. , . tree--, riiising. 110, houses, value of, U-'J. M. za7.ine of Horticulture, nou.-e ol, M. nircl wiirtTwI. e.10.1 cr.ip nf. 40.1B1. Hires, chemical or prepared, LW. lie sugar, vat for hoilins. IS ,4t. . . clarified with Indian meal, 51, 97. niakinz. 72. ■1 ill New Jersey, profits of 40. isachugetts, statistic*; of. 14. manufactures in, 40. isure-'. everv man to make his own, 01. pli.in of. IIO. ■ilh,21. .pro in ! of, i:;9. 10. k-sprcad-.ns. to remedy, 142. let, to cultivate. 06. nev cliansrins pockets, 9- sniii'oes for leaclies, rather not tr; , 90. :-k. swamp, use of, 39. rrain.curefor. 94. to prevent, 157,1S0. N. Is driven e.isilv into liard wood, 139. ion.il gallery of American manufactures, 10. aral piiilosophy. study of, 126, New Genesee Fiinncr, I-Mitors of, 17, l!-H. Bin-cess of. 17, 3:1, t8, 104. nolircs reiipccling, 101. favorably noticed, lOi. Prospectus for Vol. 3, 1S8. New Year's Blfllo our readers, 1 New Yoik Klecbaiilc, notice of, 103. Northern Light, a new periodical, noticed, 0. .Notices, publisher's, 4)1. 65, 101,168. to correspondents, 109. o. Oil plant, new, »7. . .. fioiii sunflower, cotton seel, and castor Onion seed, should l;c soaked, 3*0. Onions, raising, 39. Orchards, clover in. 1,53. " Orchard" the, reviewed, 17,a. Paint, fireproof, 21. Peach trees, culture of, 2— trcutlncni ol, 3?. yellows in, 102. causes and prevention of decay in, lio. .... worm and borer distinct, 07. I'raches, liow lo have good. 183. Pear, Napoleon, aocmuit of, 18. .... cross, ai'count of, 70. .... descriiition of new kinds, 3(1, .... trees, practical remarks, !«, ilO. I.'i7. eailv beailngaiid early ripening, 62. blight in. 12S— cure for. 147. Pears, lale, discovery In ripening, 75, 1(6. Peas, golden vine, 0,37. l'e.itiriJlassachusc-.ls40. PiiiloKoplier's stone found at last, 07. Pickles, 1,')7. plant, culture of. 72. ■ery of T. 0. Peteis' description and plan of, 2j. Pijs, large, 120. Pitchfork, premium, 177. Plants, ornamental, notices of, 3B. .... of Massachusetts, I eportoi Prof. Dewey on. 131. '..... splendid, noticed, 117. . . iiillucncc of moisture on, interesting expcriin"s,1jO. Plaster, rationale of. 51- remedy for e.vliaus'ion by, 93. Plough Whiting's Wisconsin, hgure and ilescnption ol, 01. _ ^ ^ _ merits of, 01, 05. ... . . Vvilkic's bcotcli, remarks on, F3. subsoil, figure and description of, 104. Ploughing, length of furrow to an acre, lo. by a nobleman. 9. subsoil, iriterest'g and important cxperim'ts, 82. .'imi.ort.uiccof. 113. level land in broad ridjcs 101. Ploughs, wheel for, adcantages, &. mode ol cons ....... trial ofat Syracuse, a failure,* hinlsr I'lum tree.", e\cres.-en.rs on, 71, 'Oil. ll.i. Potlrv,— I :"Hivating 11. i"crs. 1,^.— Winter, 31. . . Use of fl.nvers, 113.— Morn, 133. ■ '. liii forth into the fields, III. CoLton statistics, |42. ■ True Glory. 15S Voice of spring, 77. Ponds, directions for making, 113. P,>pnli.Ilon,ii"feaseof.7. Post olTi.-es in United S)l;ilej. 7, Portraits of anima's, remarks on, fo-. -notices. Potatoes, experiments with, 21, 70. Mcrecr, produc'ive, 1. Uolians, good, 0.— Great crop of, 29. :. . . increase, 29. ' ; and merinos, coinparr-tive v, Neshanocks, not .Mesh juocks, 72. Poullrv, fatlenlng. 23. 1,1.30. Premiu Pride 1 iiqu .ps, culture of, 18'. R. ;l!iniatiori of the Presidi Public lan.ls.iind emigranls, Pump logs, to preserve. 2.t. Pumpkins, lirgc crop of, 9. Putty, to leniove old, t'i. Hats, to repel, 12.3— wi h tobacco, 29. . pnisoning them, 45— catching them, 4o. . . and mice, immense cost of. 9. -o destrov, 93, 1C9. • Riches of the West. 27, 130. UiiadB. directions for making. 22. Uocbestcr Seed Store catalogue, 33— agents lor, l». liiiofs, cheap mode of coiistroc'-ing, lirS. (l„ol crops, experiments v/ilh. 23. cessful culture of, 100. , to make calves eat, .-.9. Imj. factrespectinsr, 119. ion, importance of. 9. specimen of, ll>«. . . . principles of. 13^. ,de n. 12.20,4.5. seed, spurious, irip. hook, figure ..f, Pi=. . premium crops of. 1?I. .^alt in :>Iiclligan .Sandy land, inoi ■'hecii, IVIe El lo 1 first imported. lit, 01. onion red cherry, 99. sheare.l. r,-^. . .. dead, siiouid he sin . .. cure for stretches or costiveness -n. ll-i. . . . fo. t rot in, prevention mid cure, 130, llij . . . rlifferent breeds described, 154. . . . South Down, for sale. 67. ■iglil off 1.71). , 108. -h-ul.s for orn.-ment in wintsr, de.'' ■fi-mtures, lictitious. .-il. ^iTk. sm-cessfnl e.yperiments in, 15, . .. m.ldein fleoriria. 21. . . .. iaipultaiion of, 40. .. Slate bounty for, 4f. 1)2. ! '. m'aiiul'acturctl In llic titate Prisons, 61. . . report on, «'2. .. buslnesBin Pennsylvania, 110. .. culture. BUcces.- in. 121— in familico. 181. calcubilions respecting. i2/>. farts .hdwing ihe prolita of, 133. . cocoonery of V.. .Mb'i . Hecord, liutliiiK (• . i-ociety, Amei i'-an .li . St.-itc .■-'OC. Fair, lepm 117, 103. UK ■t from, 20. a I of, -^2. , 184, , ..^iire and description of, .'i?. al lie of dill'crent varieties, 58, 93. .liseiise in. itili. .■^oih description of iMlVienl kinds, 03. .Sowing .Marluiie, Hatch's, figure of, Kt, 133. Stables, damp, desirucivo to cuttle, .7. litlered with saw dust for manure, 07. States, agricultural rank of several, 94. .stealing postage, 97. S raw-carrier.Beebe's, fignre_und desciiplion of, 89. Striped bugs, to manage, rO, 07. _ Stump machine, liguir and description of, lo6. patent expired, 153, I40. Sugar froincorn stalks, 17.-.. Systemnlic cultivation, importance of, 134. T. Tare or vetch, cultivation of, 134. Taritr, remarks on, 2, 14, 37, 45, 32, 65, 90, 91, lOO, 08, VI, 25, \av. 174. Thrashing clean, 9. machine, Pitts, 07. rimber. best time for cutting, 5-1, 1 18. ,9.3. e, to Trade with France, il. prospects of, 141. rransiilantliig trees, important instructions . . llv 83. iii, injury and remedy, 137. Travel', sketches of, 30, IM. Trees and shrubs, noticed, i4. . . . . law rcsiiectiiig, in .lap-n, 183. Turiiio flv repelled snccesslully by lanncr's oil, 81. lurnilis, 'cause of dcciy in, 20, 43, 74. new varieties of, 101. \v. "'ashington's letters on Agriculture, 70. Wiiterloo woolen factoiy, 112 Weiillicr in May.81— of June and July, IIJ. the season, 70. Wet feel, 47. Wheat interests, remarks on, '9. aj. culture, impiotaiice ol, .vl^ ti'iriiin" to chess, jJHKl'ieward, 64. ,„g. ,„T remarks, 38, 31), lOO. "".'.'. memorial of J. l-eavitt 00, (sho'd be read by all,) e«. ' with Canada thistles, to manage, lt."J. . and fl^mr trade of ihe west. I30. '.'.'.... worm repelle^- . . .,, Winter „f IPm-ls teniperaturcot, t,-. "^^X^Z ^^ h.S™A.;.oiSi;ab.e and incon,bus:ib,e,32, 70. Woo llanl. preserving, 31. Wool in Micliig.ae, '51. Work'ingn'ian's dweilllig, cxcellent^cmarks, 127. Y. Yucca gloriosa, notice nf, I.V.. l.\I>EX TO ENGKAVI-^GS-. Col. Sawyer's Berkshire boor 8 sow, o T.'Wediilo's Dnrliniii cow and cnU', S M. Ailams' cow sinKe.-, •- C'-l. Sawyer's two BorUsliircs, -1 f. C. Peters' piHgory ,V' Hatch's sowintr machine •;* VV. R. Smith's Dnrhnm cow y Huntd' rioulile-hingehnriow, ^' W. R. Smith's Farme y. ■;•' Bnrliolton Silk- worm t ra.i.e, j,'' Whitings' Wisconsin Plonslj ]^]^ Arabinn liorse, I, Hall's Ike- Hive, l" Beebie' Strnw-cnrner, ^• Subsoil rhuigh, J Hereford ox, ^;'> V.ews of Door yard Kcciicry, i~' Rntn-bn on book J-" Siuoip-pulbng Macbine, ^X Affleck's Bee bive J'J' .\crricuUornl Furnace ' ';' Hatch's Sowins Machine en!ar?ess must depend on mcril, gi-eat pain? will I taken to have all seeds just what they shotdd be — of the right kinds and the best quality. Of Agricultural Implements, GAiiDEN Tools, Books, &c., there is a good supply on hand, bi many more will be oluained in the s[)ring, when it is intended to enlarge the establishment so as to all J\v moi room for this class of articles. MERCHAjfTS will be supplied widi seeds for retailing, at very low prices. The usual uumLcr of AgenI will receive assortments on commission as heretulbre, during llic waiter. 33^ Catalogues will be printed hereafter. Pr..i,cstcr. December, 1841. U. B. BATEHAM. nr- jx -^ jLGj] 1^ I? g -g-jf- v; ^.^^^ i^rfjj_^ _i_- M. B. BATEIiA.M, C. K. CKUSMAN, Pni/'i AOIj. 2. KOCHESTEK, JANUARY, 1811. KO. 1. JOHN J. THOMAS, M. B. BATEHAM, rililors. l»lBL.lSi|lEI> MOATIIL.V. TERMS, FIFTY CENTS, per jcar, payaMc always in aihance. Vnsl ^r:istcrs, Airents, iilui others, seiuiiuj: money free of os:;ise, will rei<-lve steed eopiea for S3,— 7>c«/ie copies lor 85,— 7Vfn( ./-•;. - 1 iii;t-i s;atcs. All su's.Tiptions inns', commence with the volume. V.ilnine 1 call Le fdrnisheil to new suhscribers. Trice .\dJrcss DATK1IA:M & CItOSMAX, noolicstrr, N, V. COXTEXTS OF THIS NUMBER. Happy New Year New Year's Gift, &c. Circulate ;hc Petilions " K.lec'.ion is Over,'' AsricuU'Jial Society )\Iee:i!ia Meshaiinocks vs llolians :rt..V.s of the .Sio-.lt on Grafted Fruit. Cultu.-e of the I'citcli Tree. A l'ro:ectivc Tariff, Silk Culture, Sec. . Dutch Dairies I Fanners. laiprociiig Sandy Lands. Ui>veii Cat lla E To ihc Farniersof iNinisnra Co. Hints aliont Common S.-hools. tici-.eicc Co, A". So,;, Uvhiliition S"niii:cr Crops. Bolnin Pot.itoes. Indian Corn Gold- Vine Peas, io Uid.lle's Address Post Oltijes. In.'rensr of Population Portraits r.nd Description of Thos. Weddle's Sliort Horn Cinv Uazei.i e. with Her Ca'f Hude Berk.hire Swine Portrnils of Col. Sawyer's two Pigs. Hints for the Month Leeislative Aid to .\gricuUure. Petitions for do. Scr.ips from Exchange Papers. Iniporls and Exports. Thrasli- ina Clean. A Nohleomn Ploughing. Costly an^l Proflt- Blile. Ljirgc Crop of Pumpkins. Importance of nota- tion. Hats and !\licc. Money Ci:aiiglng Pockets. Ag- ricnltural Commissioner Reporting Experiments with Artilicial Manures. Wheat ant^ Hay-stacks Protected from Lightning. Ice Houses on the Ground. National m Canada, Should remember that iheir Poelmasters cannot frank letters further ibon the lines; so that we are compelled lo pay postage on all lelteis coming by mail from there. This we do not mind, if bills not under .$-! are remitted; but on small bills, the postage and dis- count together, are too g-eat a sacrifice. Subscribers residing near the places mentioned be low, may pay their suhsci iptions lo the persons named. Kingston — John CnEiGHXotJ, (Chron, & Gaz. Office, ) and Chirles He.^th. Fort Hiipc—D. S.d.uiT, Post Master and President Agricultural Society. Toronto - Lesslie & Brothers, James F. West LAND, and George Leslie. H-imilton — S.iMUEr. Kerr, Merchant. London — Jons ^^'oRVAL, (at Ncws-Room.) In addition lo the above. Postmasters and friends of the cause generally, are requested to act as agents BATEHAM &. CROSMAN. To CoRREsi'osDE.-iTS.— Several communications are unavoidably deferred. Our friends will greatly oblige us bv writing earlier in the mouth. ILr A certain corespondent is requested not to at- tempt lo hoax us by sending ai tides as original which were published under tue editorial head of the old Genesee Farmer ; nor parts of su -j anicies slightly altered. Circulate the Petitious!! Let the farmers, and friends of Agriculture in the Empire State, e.xert themselves during the present month, and send lo Albany such an expression of their wishes as cannot be d.sregarded. When the yeoman- ry of the land speak out on any subject they are not to bo trifled with. Let our Legislature remember that. ICr Seepage d. Fur ihc i\cw Genesee Farmer. •' Election is Over." The strife of the contending parties has ceased,— And now, that the important question of " who shall bu our servants?" is settled, it becomes an interesl- 'ng consideration, " what shall those servants do on our behalf 1" We have heard much during the past year of the distress occasioned by " tinkering with the ciirrency," of the disastrous results attending "odious monopo- lies," and "Bank aristocrats." The poor people have been greotly pitied by eitherparty, afid mucii baa been said by way of condolence; much by way of pro- mise- There is reason enough for all this no doubt; we have felt enough, and heard enough, and read enough to satisfy us that our sufierings is intolerable. But now, brother farmers, for fear ihnt all these fine prolessions may not be quite kept in reinembrance let us, in the most respectful manner poss.ble, remind our friends at Albany, that our wants are not yet re- lieved; and that while wc are very glad lo tee all other necessary objects attended t3, we also believe an en- lightened policy would require that much more atten- tion should be given to the encouragement of agricul ture, than has been for some years past. Nothing is wanting lo secure this desirable result but n general alacrity among fanners in circulating pe- titions, which it is important to remember should be irausmitted to the Legislature at as early a day as pos- sible. ONE OF THE PEOPLE. Clover tu Orchai-ds=-Iiiquivy. Messhs, Editors — The opinion is quite prevalent among farmers, that Clover is injurious to orchards, but 1 cannot understand tc% it is so. If any of your coirespondents can throw any light on ihe subject, it would gratify a subscriber. SOUTH WEST. Ifote. — The inquiry of Socth West shcnild have been inserted some time since, but wasaccidently mis- laid.— Eds. MeshaunocUs vs. Rolians. Messrs. Editors — I have raised, the past season, thirtv-six bushels of Meshnnrock potatoes from eleven square rods of ground. If any of your readers have done better, with Rohnns, or any other kiiul, I should hketoknowil; and if 1 am beaten, I will try again ne.'it year. Yours, &c., P. BRIGGS. The Annual Meeting of the Genesee Agricultural Society, occurs on Tued day, the 2d day of February next. Business of great importance will then be tianeacted, and it is very do. sirable that there should be a full attendance. Tho Meeting will bo held at the Arcade House, at 11 o'- clock, A. M. H. M. WARD, Sec-y. THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. Effects of the Stock on Grafted Fnilt. A late number of the Yankee Farmer, contains Bome remarks of the editor, relative to the influence of the stock on grafted fruit, copied from a former vol- ume, in which he lays down the following proposi- tions: 1. " Stocks hnro an effect ne to bearing yeare. 2. Stocks otFcct the scion in hastening or retarding the ripening of fruit. 3. Stocks produce defects on grafted fruit. 4. Stocks nfiect the color of fruit. 5. Stocks affect the quality of fruit. 6. Stocks have an inlliience in increasing or decreas- ing the size of fruit." This subject is not new to horticulturists. An elab- orate article by Dr. Mease of Philadelphia, affirming Buch influence was reviewed by us several years ago, in the od volume of the Genesee Farmer; but we did not thmk at the time, that the evidence was concUi- eive: and we have seen nothing since, to induce ue to change that opinion. Still, we are willing to examine the lubject anew with fairness and candor. We should have been gratified if the editor had giv- en in detail, the facts on which he founds those opin- ions; but as he has only done so in part, we would re- epectfully suggest that if these propositions are true, it would not be dilTicult to prove them by e-xperi- menti faithfully recorded, from the commencement to the termination, and before witnesses of unexception- able character. Slatementi of this kind would have a weight that solitary or imperfect recollections con ne- ver produce; and more especially where the observotions are hastily taken, without a thorough examination of all the cirsumatances connected with the subject. But we cannot properly omit on this occasion, the Btatement made by Professor Lindley, that " no such influence can be exercised." He odds: "Those who fancy that the Quince, for instance, communicates aome of its austerity to the Pear, can scorcely have considered the question vhyiologically, or they would have seen that the whole of the food communicated from the alburnum of the Quince to that of the Pear is in nearly the aame state as when it entered the roots of the former. WhatcTer elabsralion it undergoes, must necessarily take place in the foliage of the Pear; where, far from the influence of the Quince, secre- tions notural to the variety, go on with no more inter- ruption than if the Quince formed no part of tha sys- tem of the individual." This decision is emphatic; and so far as wo can perceive, the reasoning is as clear and conrlusive os can be expected from theoretical considerations alone. If there are facts howcrer, thaPcome in conflict, their weight must be allowed, and the theory should then be revised and amended. Bearing in alternate years Is a habit chiefly observa- ble among apple trees; for when the pear, the peach, the plum, and the quince fail to be regular bearers in this quarter, the deficiency is to be ascribed to unfa- vorable seasons, or the depredations of insects. The case is otherwise however, with some vorities of the apple; and we hare supposed the habit was owing to the trees becoming through exhaustion, unable to pro- duce blgssom buds for the next season. In this in- deed, we may be mistaken; but of two things we are confldent; moderate bearers are commonly annual bearers; and those that we find unproductive, have generally borne profusely in the preceding season. As examples, we would name Vedder's pippins, and the Sweet Bough, or Harvest apple. The former is an alternate bearer; but the latter bears every year; and as we have half a dozen trees set on as many different seedlings, among which we have observed no voria tjoninpQintofiegularitf,«arlin««eorproductiv»ii««e — we feel at liberty to infer that these stocks have hod no influence on the grafts. But alternate bearers conform to circumstances in commencing their biennial course. We had six trees of a russet apple, all of the same variety, half of which bore abundantly at one time, and the other half in the following year. Now if alternate bearing is caused by excess in one season, and we prevent that excess by destroying a portion of the blossoms, we shall cer- tainly prevent alternate bearing. How then con a stock subject to such conformity, induce a graft to al- ter its time of bearing? It appears to ue, it can- not be. There are some things in regard to the ripening of the some variety on different stocks however, that we are not prepared to explain. For instance, we have three trees of the Transparent Giiigne cherry, one of which ripens a week or ten days before the others. The late trees stand near together — the other at the distance of sixty feet. The subsoil in that port of the fruit garden is very variable — snioll beds of sand in some places, and clay and stones in others; but we know not what the subsoil is under those trees. Nei- ther do we know whether the stocks ore all suckers of the MorcUo,* or a port of Kentish* cherry. We moy Ascertain this next season. In the mean time we are quite as much disposed to ascribe the difference in the time of ripening, to the subsoil, as we are to the stocks. It is wcUknown however, that stockshave an infln- ence on the ripening of wood, ond tender sorts be- come hardier when grafted on hardy stocks — not be- cause the latter e-xerte any specific influence on the former, but because the usual supplies of sop are with- held earlier in the season, ond the wood has more time to mature. The same effect is pro- duced when tender shrubs are planted in dry, ste- rile, rocky situations. In examining appearances out of the usual order of things, great care is necessary to prevent ue from draw- ing wrong inferences. When different trees derived from the same parent-variety, differ in their fruit, per- haps the first idea that occurs is a difference between the stocks, ond the matter is settled too often we ap- prehend, without further examination. But let us not deceive ourselves. If the stock aflects grafted fruit, its action must be regular, every year alike; for hav- ing neither leaves nor branches, it is less subject to vi- cissitude than any other part of the tree; and therefore no variation in the flavor, shape, or color of the fruit, can be justly ascribed to the stock, except it be regu- lar and every year alike. If it is not so, we must search ior some other cause; and even if it is so, there may be another cause. Several years ago, we had the Washington plum of a light but splendid red. The tree however, never produced fruit of that color either before or since. The cans* therefore could not be in the stocks. Again — we have three trees of the September pear (Summer Bon Cretien?) growing on pear stocks; and several branches of this fine veriety on a Spitzen- burgh apple tree. About nine years ago, the latter bore pears that were redder, and sourer, and more as- trinscnt, than the fruit from the other trees; and we fancied that the Spitienburgh had imparted some of its qualities. The cause appeared very plain. Could it be in any thing but the stockf Yes — they never bore such fruit before or since; and the pears are as yellow, and aa sweet, and »» pleasant, as any that are produ- ced by the other trees. The stock therefore coifld have had no agency in the matter. We have two trees of the Summer Bell peat. For several years past, one has borne large fair fruit, chang- ing from green to yellow osit ripens,— while the oth tree has produced reddish pcors, but so knotty, aeli gent, ond urpoletablc, that we have coni-igned them the hogs; ond year after year there was no improvemei Well, what stronger proof con be wonted that t stock affected the graft? — Not too fast. That tree h begim to bear better fruit; and we have no doubt its final recovery though the diseoee we can neith name nor describe. The large White Currant is a delicious fruit; ai we have had some dozen or fifteen bushels planted a row, all from the same parcnt-voriety, but about oi holf of them bear fruit very superior to the others- much sweeter and more juicy or melting; and evei visitor who has lasted them, concurs in this opinio, And they are regularly so, every year alike. Wei is not this a clear proof of the effects of the stock e the graft? — No — they have no stocks — they stand c their own roots. f tniW » ti * l?iiiioiii ,ii,|ti» tifif «i*>" 1*8 '" aiiion iljisl Culture of the Peach Tree. It has been mentioned by writers on the culture of th peach tree, that hot water poured round the trunk d the surface of the ground, will destroy the worm. W hove not yet tried it, but we intend to do so; and in th mean time we would suggest to our readers, that i may be done at any time during the winter or eprin when there is no snow ond the soil is unfrozen. W think the work would be more thoroughly done how ever, if the gum be first removed, so that the hot wa ter may enter the habitation of this insect. Soot has been found sxcellent for this tree. In oni cose that has come to our knowledge, its pole leave were changed into a dark green by this opplicotioi round its roots; and though the efl'cct may in part havi been caused by the destruction of the worm, it ha. doubtless, acted also as a manure. Those who hovi stove pipes to clean ond peach trees to cultivate, shoult save the soot for this purpose. One of the most deplorable conditions that a peacl tree can be placed in, is to stand in a meodow or grasf ground which is annuoUy mowed. Sometimes we set them in door-yards where the gross grows strong, bu where neither pig?, nor sheep nor cattle, ore allowed t( enter. A half starved tree however, is no ornoment ii front of a house; but we will not find fault with out proposing o remedy. Cultivate a circle rounc eoch tree, of two or three feet in diameter; ond hoe ir manure from the stable, the hog pen, the hen roost, the leach tub, or the wood pile, not forgetting the stove pipe, and the tree will soon compensate for the laboi by its beauty and productiveness. t ItlL-iDi .tlllill i»eo' lkB« iiliiu Ifim (ft iHl *Tlieie two lorte as sloeki, ar« well aduptei to tsst tliii A Tariff for Revenue made to subserve Pro- tection. The importance of encotuaging the Culture and Manufacture of Silk. Messrs. Editors. — The oseertion that Domestic Cottons have been cheapened instead of becoming dearer under a protective tariff, is proved by the pre sent extreme low prices of the article. It is not my purpose, however, to advocate the same meosure of high tariff for the protection of every other broneh of American industry. The falling off of the revenue on imported cottons, os home production supplied their plocc, must now be made up by increased imports on other articles of foreign growth or production. In- stood then of laying a duty on tea and coffee, as is suggested by the Editor of the N. Y. American, why not collect a revenue from such articles os can be pro- duced in the United States? Tea and coffee, ol- though luxuries, arc the luxuries of the most precious of all classes in the United States — the independent, weU paid, laboring classes. Besides this, tea is not now, as formerly, paid for exclusively in the precious metals; but in the way of trade, either indirectly through Ei>glondj or directly with China. Neither 0. 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. lea or colVee indigeiious of the UniteJ Smtes; niui lotier nrticle io olwnys iccciveJ in pnynienl or ex- (I mge for nriiclcB of the growlU nnd ninmifncturo of ijjUniced Smtes, to which is often added the com- \ ircinl ndvnninge on our part, of t«o freights nnd 0 profits. Such OS these, are essentially the articles free trade. Without enumemiing the articles on which nn in- ased duly for revenue, might be levied to an e-x- it suflicient to answer both purposes, namely, rcic- e and protection, I will now only advert to the arti- ; of SilU, both raw and manufactured; the more es- ,„ cially ns the production of the raw material is iutro- cing a new staple to the South, where the strongest position to the protective system is found; and lerc the over production of cotton at this time has iuced ru'noui low pi ices nnd extreme pecuniary ibarrassmeut. Almost coeval with our Constitution a bounty on dlish has been paid by the governient, to encourage 'i B mitring of wealth from the ocean. I do not say I at the like stimulant should be given to encourage IV 2 cidtivntion of the waste places of the land. — The hnusled and abandoned tobacco lands of Virginia, d the extensive tracts covered with the large leaved lie in the Cnroliuas. — But these lands are well adap- i to the culture and growth of all the varieties of the k mulberry, from the succulent, broad leaved, morus ulticaulis, to the more hardy alpine variety. If imported silks, instead of being admitted into ji e United States as they now are, free from duty, ould be subjected to a permanent impost, sufficient encourage the silk culture and manufacture at home; d by the duties collected on those necessarily im- rted, until the domestic article supplies their place, za can calculate the advantages which will accrue to e social independence of the people by such a con- mmation. To him who lives in a manufacturing village, bc- nga the faculty to see and feel the extended influ- ce of its trade; the fruits of its industry, and the ricty nnd extent of its consumption of the products rural labor. One of the peculinritiej (call it not an evil) growing It of the equality of our institutions, is that exira- gance in dress which pervades the poorer classes in e United States. If this is an evil, it is indigenous our moral and social atmosphere, and not to be adicatei. It is one of those passions of the soul, ithout which industry, in the great mass, would be jprived of niore'lh«h half its stimulous and aliment. el our government then, by a wise and fostering pol- y, enable the people to p^uce that which they must ivo, but canuot pay for if purchased abroad. S. W. Dutch Dairies. The Journal of the English Agricultural Society, ontains a long and interesting account of the Holstein ')airy system — of those splendid manufactories of the best butter in the world." Its length precludes ae publication of the article in full, but a few promi- lent features may not be useless nor uninteresting to nany of us, who, comparalirclij speaking, make but- er without any order or rule. The Dutch carry on he business on n large scale, the larger dairies vary- ng from 100 to 400 cows, and the churning is done by lorse-power. Good butter makers often differ in their modes of >perntion, but in one thing they always agree, and al- s'ays will; that is, dcanliness and purity. The Dutch understand this, and attend to it most rigidly n the construction and management of their build- ngs. These are, a milk cellar, a butter cellar, a ;hiirning house, a cheese room, and a kitchen for washing all vessels, and cooking for those engaged in the dniry work. The milk cellnr is made to front the north, nnd is shaded by trees from the sun; and in choosing the site of the dairy, particular care is taken to place it beyond the reach of every thing calculated to generate bad odors, or in any way to taint the at- mosphere. Tlie floor is sometimes flagged, but is gen- erally of brick, neatly lilted, so thnt no water may lodge in the joints, and slightly inclined, to facilitate mopping, " which is never omitted to be done twice a day, notwithstanding that every avoidable impurity is cnrefully guaidcd against, nnd every drop which may fall at the lime of the milk being strained, is in- stantly wiped up." A great improvement has been lately made, by dividing Ibe floor into compartments or squares by brick ledges 3 or 4 inches high. In these, the milk dishes stand, nnd they are filled twice a day with cold water, by means of a pump, a small sluice being at the lower extremity of each, for the escape of the water. This ia of great volue, preser- ving the milk much cooler in summer, and more com- pletely efl'eciing the separation of the cream. We would suggest the use of water-lime mortar in the construction of these squares, as being cheaper nnd better. The milk cellar is sunk 3 or 4 feet in the ground, and is 16 or 18 feet high, the best having an arched roof o( masonry, as being more conducive to cool- ness, nnd are furnished with two rows of windows on the north, east, nnd west side, to admit circulation of air. The lower row are lattice, with blinds, and gauze frames, to exclude insects; the upper glass, which can be exchanged for gauze when needed. The building for the cheese room is entirely separa- ted from the milk, bulter, and churning cellars, and is placed ns far as practicable from them, a tainted nir affecting the quality of milk and butter, to a de- gree, which ia, in general, little supccted. The persons required to manage a large dairy, are, an overseer, a cooper, one or two cow herds, one or two swine herds, a head dairy woman, and dairy maids in the proportion of one to eighteen cows. — The overseer has the general charge of the cattle, of the swine, and calves, and sees thnt they are properly cared for, the cows milked clean, that every thing is in its place, and that every man does his duty. The head dairy woman must understand thoroughly the whole management of the dairy house; — she must ob- serve accurately when the milk is to be skimmed; the degree of acidity it must attain before churning: the temperature during churning; nnd must attend to the operntions of working, salting, and packing the butter. She must be punctiliously clean herself, and keep eve- ry one else so. In large establishments, she has full employment, and needs the assistance of one or two of the more experienced dairy maids. The dairy maids, besides milking their 18 cows, washing vessels, &c., work in the garden in summer, spin in winter, wash, bake, and cook. They rise at 3, and some- times at 2, in summer, hut are in this case allowed two hours sleep at mid-day. Girls in this country, we presume, would hardly be willing to work so hard. Each dairy maid marks her own particular cows by a colored ribbon tied round their tails. They bring their milk from the field to the cellar, by a wagon, drawn by one horse, having long bars attached, in which iron hooks are inserted, and on these the pails, containing 30 or 40 quarts each, are hung so as to swing free of each other. The milk is effectually prevented from spilling, though they get many a rude jolt, by thin circular plates of wood, floating upon the surface. The particular process of butter making is loo val- uable to be abridged, and we quote it entire. " "It has already been stated as a rule, that the cream must be removed from the milk before any acidity is perceptible, if butter ol first rate qunliiy is looked for; niul-it has been found by experience that n cellar teinpciaiure of from GO ° to Gli ° Fnicuhcit. is the most fnvoinble; a complete ditsevernui.t of tho cream ihen Inking place in 3(i hours: whereas n gient degree of wnrnuh, though it quicken the (epnralion, still more hastens the souiing process, which opernns injuriously not only on the quality but the quantity of butler. In a cold tcnipernlure, the separation is ef- fected much more slowly, so that 48 or even CO hours miiy be required; this, however, is the longest period thnt may be accorded without incurring the risk of imparting a rank, unpleasant flavor to the butter, which even if not perceptible on its being first churn- ed, manifests itself very shortly nfterwnrils. " The commencement of neidily in milk, is indica- ted by a very slight wrinkling oi the cienm, and a scarcely perceptible acid Inele. So soon an these signs nppenr, the work of skimming must begin, even though the nrilk have only siond 'J4 hours; nnd the cream is pouied through a hair sieve (which is kept for this purpose, nnd must never be used to strain up the new milk with) into large bnncls, containing a- bout 240 quarts each (usually sullicient for one churn- ing) in which it remains till the necessary sourness is attained, which in summer follows in 24, in winter seldom under 36 or 48 hours; unless when the small quantity of milk admits of it being partly strained at onee inlo the cream barrel, and the remainder added without skimming from the miik pnns when cool. — This method, undoubtedly, gives at all seasons the greatest return ol' bulter; but as ia geuernliy believed, not of so rich n quality as that produced from cream alone; and, moreover, in a large dairy, during iha time the cows are in full milk, would occasion nuich additional trouble, an almost ceaseless cliurniirg, nnd a total prevention of cheese making. The crenui hav- ing nitained its requisite acidity, duiing the advance to which it must be frequently stirred with a small churn stnff to prevent it conguluting, tcchnienlly cal- led becoming cheesy, the next object of the dairy- wo- mair'sskill is, the degree of warmth or coolness which must be impnited to secure good butter. In wnrm weather the churn is rinsed with the coldest procura- ble water, in which a piece of pure ice is often thrown, and sometimes, though more rarely, cold spring wa- ter is added to the cream al.out to be churned, which operation is then always performed cither very early in the morning or late in the evening. In cold wea- ther, on the corrlrary, warm wrter is applied, both to rinsing the churn and to the cream itself. The chur- ning being completed, the butter is taken off by menus of a large wooden ladle, and carried in a tub directly to the butter cellar, where, in a large trough, hollowed out of the trunk of n beech or oak, very* smoothly polished off inside, nud provided with a plug hole at the lower extremity, (beneath which a small tub is placed to receive the expressed milk,) the butter is slightly worked, and sniicd with the purest salt, then moulded with a wooden ladle into a mass at the upper end of the trough, and left for some hours to soak and drain. In the evening it is thoroughly kneaded and bent, or rather slapped, the dairy ir.aid repeatedly lifting a piece of 3 to 4 pounds, and slap- ping it with force against the trough, so as to beat out all the milky particles; and thus, lump after lump being freed from extraneous matter, the whole mass ia spread out, receives its full proportion of salt in all about ] ^ oz. per pound,) which is worked with the utmost care equally through it, and again moulded in- to one compact mass. The butler in Holstein ia sel- dom if ever washed, as water is believed not only to rob it of its richness nnd flavor, but as being itself susceptible of putrefaction, lobe equally inimical as milk, to its preservation. When a sufficient quantity is ready to fill a cask, the several churn inga nre once more knendcd through, a very little fresh salt added and packed into the barrel, which is made of red beech wood, water tight, and previously carefully washed and rubbed inside with snll. Much attention is paid that no interstice shall remain either between the lay- ers of butler or the sides of the cask. A cask is never begun to be filled until it can be comjileted, as thus alone the butter can he exactly of the same flavor and color, which is probable one reason whv small dailies, under whatever management, never produce such good butler as large ones, as the small churnings must re- main long exposed to the air, until the requisite quan- tity is in readiness. The qualities of first rate butter are considered to be, 1st, a fine, even yellow color, ncrther pale nor orange tinted; 2d, a close, waxy texture, in which extremely minute nnd perfecdy transparent beads of brine are perceptible; but if these drops be either larg» THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. or in the Blighteist degree tiiigeJ with inilk color, it in- dicates en imperfect working ot tlie butter; while an entirely dry, tnllowy appearance, is ctiunHy disappro- ved; 3d, a fresh fragrant perfume, and a sweet ker- iielly taste; 4th; good butter will, above all, be dis tingiiished by keeping for a considerable time, with- out acquiring an old or rancid flavor." Two Good Farmers,— Not tno good formers- for those that are merely good. are almost as rare as white blackbirds. When we say ^' good," we do not mean what is commonly under- stood,— industrious, money-making men, — hut who perhaps apply a large portion of their labor to very bad advantage; but those whose whole course, in all its de- partments, is such as accurate and repeated experi- ments have proved beetndciptcd to the soil and climate; which not only allurds the greatest profit each year, but is constantly improving instead of exhausting the land. Theje two specimens tire given in the late report of the Farm Committee of the Hartford County Agri- cultural Society, published in the New England Far- mer. The first is that of John B. Davis, of Derby, whose furm consists of seventy-five acres, and from which the following very respectable average annual receipts are derived. Apples and Cider .$.500 Hay 200 Potatoes, 100 Pork, .SO Slicep, 75 Grain, 75 Wool 25 Two men labor on the farm the year through, with occasional additional help, but no precise account of the am lunt expended, was rendered. It will be seen that the orchard is t'le most profita- ble, the trees being kept in the finest condition, to which frequent tillage doubtless contributes. Fice hundred dollars were received last year (1839) for winUr apples of the choicest varieties, and iorty dol- lars for cider sold, besides thirty barrels kept [for what purpose ?] and apples fed to hogs, cattle, and horse. All the farm, except the woodland, has been subjected to the plough, although hay is the chief object aim- ed at in cultivation. Only small portions of the land are tilled, on v/hich the cultivated grasses have become leas luxuriant. The routine of crops adopted is, 1st, corn on s'vard with manure; 2d, potatoes with ma- nure (sDineiimes followed by turnips;) 3d, lye or oats or grass seed. For the corn, (which is Dutlon and White Flint,) twenty double loads of manure are spread on the grass before ploughing, and afterwards holes dug at eoeh hill in which a small handful of plaster and ashes is dropped and mixed with the soil at planting. The average crop is seventy bushels an acre. The polstoes are planted with equal manuring, and yield two hundred bushels. The r\ e yields twen- ty-five, and the oats seventy bushels, two and a half bushels of the latter being sown to the acre, which is plougiied in, harrowed, and the grass seed covered with a bush. About twenty acres are kept in meadow, which con- ■;iiue in grass from six to eight years, and the average crop is estimated at two and a half tons to the acre. Of manure, seventy-five loads are made yearly, and fifty purchased; one ton of plaster, half a ton of shell lime, (which is added, as indispensable, to the compost,) and fifty bushels of ashes are also used. The stock consists of two yoke of oxen, two milch eows, seven hogs, thirty-five Bakewell sheep, and one horse. The other farm, is that of Wm. K Townsend, of East Haven, on New Haven harbor,and consists of 43 acres of salt grass, and 118 acres of upland. The report A this firm, by the committee, we have read with great satisfaction, and, did our limits admit, we should be glad to give it entire. Such a report, mere inattcrs of fact statement as it is, is more calculated to inspirp a taste for farming, than all the fine declama- tion and eloquent reasoning we ever beard or read. As it is, we must content ourselves with a statement of some of the most interesting facts. The buildings are arranged with n strict regaid to convenience, being erected " after approved mode's, and they show conclusively that much labor may be saved by judicious arrangements, with bnt trilling ad- ditional expense. For each implement of husbandry, a special and convenient place of deposit is also i)ro- vided " The fences throughout are good. The soil is sandy and gravelly loam, naturally light and thin, and left in wretched conditicn by its former occupant. Successive portions have been reclaimed from this con- dition, by careful and thorough tillage, colleeting the stones into strong ond durable fences, and applying a heavy coating of manure. With the ex option of two fields, which have not thus been reached in the regu- lar order, the farm has been greatly improved. " Af- ter such improvement, however," say '.he committee, "these lands are not, as is too often the case, again reduced to their former condition, or rendered still less productive, by injudicious and excessive croppings, without any return to the soil; butby such subsequent careful treatment, as every good farmer ought to give his land, they are kept constantly improving." The corn crop, by measurement, has averaged seventy bushels the acre; potatoes, two hundred and fifty bushels; rye, twenty-five bushels; oats, (rarely raised,) forty-five bushels; and barley, thirty-two bushels. Great crops of pumpkins are also obtained, by planting in large manured hills ten feet apart each wav, six oreight seeds, the two most vigourous shoots being allowed to remain. Three bundled double loads of manure are annually made on the farm, of which more than fifty are liom the hog-pen. It is always applied unfermented, except to meadows and root crops, where compost is used. Three- I'ourths of a ton of plaster are yearly spread up- on the meadows and pastures, and fifty bushels ofshcl, lime applied to the compost heap. Great profit has heen derived from the breeding ol improved stock, consisfing of Durham cattle, " Thin Rind" hogs, and Bakewell sheep. The use of the revolving horse-rake in securing bay, of the cutting box for feeding stock, and of stables for cattle in win- ter, has cflected a great saving. Accurate and regular accounts of all operations are constantly kept, from which tlie follov.-ing statement is taken of cash received the past year, ocer mid ubvrc tlic consmiiplion vf a large fumilij : — Fruit ,$ 200 Vegetable?, 50 Neat'stcck, 1,310 Hogs and pigs, 5S5 Wool, 50 Blilk, butter, and calves 2,1 13 Rent of stock, ^>i) Gross income in 1839, 4,388 Deduct cash paid for labor and feed of cows, I,4.j2 Nett incoiue in 1839 ;J2,93(j The great profit thus secured, appears to have re- sulted fiom the establishment of a well digested sys- stem of farming, faithfully and energetically corried out, and from the guidm'g of all the opcratioua by constant ond accurate accounts. * Improviiiff Sandy Lttntl. Me«^rs. Editors — 1 find that your paper affords a valuable medium, through which we, who a:e young or inexperienced, can obtain information. I the: fore wish to ask one or two questions. My farm is situated on the oak openings of Monr county. The soil is what may be called ;i light, san loam — some parts nearly pure sand. One side b< ders on a flat marsh, part of which, to a consideral depth, consists of very black earth, which I suppc to be vegetable mould, formed probably by the d ot leaves and wild grass, which latter grows ve abundant all over the marsh. Now, I wish to inquire whether this black ear will make a dressing for the upland, of sufficic value to defray the expense of carting it on; ond if; how and when is it best to apply it ? I also want to ask what kind of a fence can best made across the above mentioned marsh, where len timber is very scarce, and money ditto. A YOUNG FARMER December, 1 840. lol at ill?" llJft' tigt their premature decay. If the hams are to be kept during the next sun: ncr; the brine must be changed and more salt addud, iS 0. 1. AND GAKDENER'S JOUKNAL. ;> for tic Scu Gcnefte Fanner. To the Farmers of Niasara t'ousity. I'urcly iVoiii the iksiic that n^iiciiluirnl knowldge y he (lisseminnted, niul our Uusbaiidmcn tUuicby len-il more prosperous, intelligent, nnJ respeclnble, I nilJrees you n few thoughts, through the columns this pnpcT. I nm well nwnre, however, that I nm nonits the proper man to perlorm this task suc- ifully; lor I ncknowledgo myscll'but n ehild in prac- al agriculture; a farmer of only eight years experl- while many of you have devoted n whole life I'iir to the pursuit of husbandry. I know my ig- rnni'o, 1 nm deeply sensible of my destitution of ag. ulturiil science, and, indeed, I nm no less deeply Hiiiod of it. NoTerthelees, I have felt towards this mrtnient of business an ardent attachment, ns also Is the farming coninninity, for these many yenrs. d if tlicre is ab:>ut me anything of the nature of le, it is not of the manner in which I pursue it, but the calling in which I am engaged. There is to me n substantial pleasure in ngrieul- al pursuit a satisfaction, pence of mind, a tenden- ;o ci'ntcntnient, freedom from vcxniions, and an in- ncc, which lends a man into close intercourse with Maker, which is no where else to be found in any thly avocclion. It is a calling, the cnligh;ened and niiiic pursuit of which gives more substantial in- endcnce, more dignity, more stability of character, 1 generally a greater competence than any other. — >a lact, not to be controverted, that agriculture, in broad sonse in which J would use the term, is the ndation and siipportof all others. Would a slntue on the removal of the pedestal ? So surely would imerce, mechanics and manufactures, were they hout the support of agriculture. She is the only oceot material wealth, and therefore every other ie and profession is, either directly or indirectlj', endent upon her, and they can advance but a step hout her. !ut it will rendily be conceded, that the peculiar aninges and qualities which are set before the far- r, and which for the most part are attainable by ], are possessed only by a comparatively few. And y ! Is it not for the want of agricultural science intelligence ! If this be the fact, ought we not to ie use of all the means within our reach to re- re it 1 Vnd how can this be done more surely, more eiTec- ily, or more cheaply, than by the general circula- i of agricultural papers ? There can be no qucs- 1 that very great advantages are derivable from this rse. Some of you, I know, will accede to this ement; for, not long ago, a respeclnble and an ob- .'ing farmer, whose residence is not five miles from own, said to me, that merely in passing through country he could tell whether a farmer was in the it of reading agricultural journals, by the general enrance of his farm, fences, buildings, stocks, &c. d again. I heard a farmer say, not long since, d a thorough-going, business man he was too,) that wished there was not an agricultural paper to be , for by their influence the crops wcie so supcra- idnnt as to ruin the market. And besides; it was estimate of the late. Uidge Buel, that evei^ addi- lol subscriber to such journals, increased the annual dnct of the soil at least ton dollars. So that five idrcd thousand new patrons (only the farmers of w York and Ohio) would add five millions of dol- i to our agricultural productions. 5n the snme calculation, snppose the twenty-five idred farmers in our county, who ore without on icultural paper, were nil to become subscribers, at commencement of the new year, a net profit iiid be added to their annual income of more than ntv-ihree thoi?s,ind dollars And I have no doubt the amount of hnjipincss, nnd useful entertainment woidd bo ten fold greater than thnt. A pnper, like the New Genesee Farmer, at filty cents n year, (less than one cent per week) is to low that none can fiiul an excuse for not taking it. Wc do not consider our true interests, when we neglect to take so valuable works atso smallan expense; at least, fiom my own e.\porience I do not so judge. I refer particidarly to the New Gkneskk Far.mkk, in prefer- ence to other papers of the kind, for the reasons that it is, in my estimation, nn ably conducted journal; that it is offered at so very low a price; that it is published in our own neighborhood; it is acquainted without own soil nnd climate, nnd it is better adapted to the agriculture of Western New York than any other. — And if we who nre in the habit of reading such jour- nals, would induce one half of our brethren of the plough to become eubscribere, I have no hesitation in the opinion, that more than twenty times the cost of the pnper would be their ndvantnge. Shall we rnv ? Y''onrs respectfully, Tkorn ma, Drc. 1841). W. PARSONS. Hints about Cciinnoia ScJioois. Pursuant to our promise for devoting n portion of our paper, regularly, to the promotion of Koucatio.v, we now insert some paragrap's from a friend in refer- ence to Coynmon i^chools. Elscwheio, in our col- umns, there will be found some articles of a general character respecting the advantages of education. TK VCHEnS OF SCHOOLS. JIuch ns wc hear of the difficulty of procuring good school teachers, wc believe that an ample sufiiuiency of well-qualified Instructors may be had at all times, — (C? if proper encouragement be oficrcd to those who labor faithfully in our schools. ILj" Ofl'er FAiii WAGxs, nnd treat with rnoPEn Ki;- spEcT the person whom you engage to discipline the "immortal minds" of the rising gGnernlion around you. Such a course would command for our schools much of the talent usually devoted to other pursuits — pursuits which generally at present offer pleasanter and more profitable inducemenls for the exertion of such talents nnd quaUfications as are necessary to con- stitute A good TEACHER. " Svppltj" would rcndily follow the " demand" in this, as in the legal and med- ical professions, nnd in other inirsuits, if the ixrucE- MESTs WERE — as ihcy ought to he — ruuebed equal- ly STROSa. ARE TOU A PARENT ? If yon are, the love which you bear your children should stimulate you to cast a friendly eye towards the school- house wherein the children of your neighbors are instructed along with j'our own. Your presence occasionally in the school-room, with a few remarks from you, showing your respect for the teacher nnd yeur solicitude for the welfare of the scholars, would promote the progress of the school far more than the money which you pay in taxes for its support. L'LTIES OF TRDSTEES, ETC. Were our Common Schools rcgulurhj tisitcd by even one in a hundred of the persons who profess the most zealous regard for the rights and welfare of the people, a spirit of cmidation woidd be incited that would soon benefit teachers and scholars in a manner thnt wondd shed incalculable blcstings on the popula- tion of the Slate. Even of the Trustees of Schools — the men elected specially to promote the welfare of the system of Pub- lic Instruction — there nre thousands in the State who scTicely enter the school -house fur any purpose dur- ing ll c y3ar ! How cm any honest man satisfy his conscience fur such criminal disregard of the solemn duties devolved upon him as a Truslea for promoting the spread of knowledge nnd moral 'ty among the vouiU (r-immitte-' ;o his ch^r^ t Goiicsee t'ouuty Agriciiltiirni Society's Exhi- bition nuU Fair, HELD AT ALEXANDER, OCT. II, 18-10. The First Annual Exhibition and Pnir of this Society was very numerously attended nnd the competitcii spirited, considering the lime it had been in operation. The Society was not known until oftcr the midilln of Jidv, nnd il had become so late in the season that thero could be butlittle competition except in aniniuls, nnd of them there wnsa fair (-how. The premium ''or thebestshori-hornedijurhnm bull was awarded to Mr. B. Murphcy, of Le Roy; nnd ha well deserved il, for it is n vciy tine animal. The premium f«r the bc-rt Devonshire hull was awarded lo Mr. Vernon of he Roy. On hie imported bull. The best Duihnm hull cnlf was adjudged to L. E. Heston of Balavia. The calf was from the herd of P. A. Remsen, Esq., of Alexander. Mr. Ilislon olbo drew the f.remium on the best yearling steers. Sir. Beck, of Sheldon, who exhibited n fine herd of Devonshire.-, drew preniiunie for best bull calf, best yenrling bull, best cow, and best three year old steers, all Devonshire. Mr. B. sold several of his aniinnls on the ground at very fair prices. P. A. Remscn, Esq., drew the premium or, the best hort-horned Durham cow. To Mr. S. Allen was awarded the premium for tho best common cow. Mr. A. Toney of Alexander, received the premium for tho best yoke of oxen; and Mr. C. Dickison tho second host. Mr. Saiuucl Ileslon of Batnvin, received the pre- mium for the best four year old steers, and the second best yenrling steers. There being but little competition in horses, Mr J. [Inmniond received the pieiniuni for the best breeding mare, and Mr. Ward of LeRoy, the premium for the best span of working marcs. Thrre was n very fnir exhibition of Swine. Mr. J. S. Ilnrrieon of Daricn, received the premium for best boar and sow and pigs ; all Berkshire. Mr. O. T. Fargo the premium lor second best boar ; Essex half black. In Sheep tl-.cre was a fine competition. Best buck, for wool, was awarded to Mr. L. E. Ilestcn, of Bain- via, and best buck, for butcher, to Mr. J. Heston, of the same place, for South Down buck. Gen. Stan- ton of Middlobnry, had the premium for the bCL-t pen for three or more ewes. In Field Prodnctts there was but little competition. The best acre of Winter wheat was awarded to Mr. Lewis Clark of Darien; product GO bushels 10 lbs. — Best acre of Spring wheat to Mr. II. Brainard of Al-# exander; product oG bushels 1 qt. Also the besl acio of corn: prodi;ct 82 bushels 5 qts. Best acre of pota- toes to air. A. R. Taylor; product 40!) bushels. In the Donicstie Arts, there was of necessity but little competition; the most in silk, however. There were some fine specimens shewn of silk in various sta- ges of maufacUue, from the Cocoon to very fino reeled. The premium for best 10 pounds of Cocoons wcs awarded to Col. S. Dunhain of Batavin. Best speci- men of reeled silk lo Mr. Ilnrl of Le Roy.- Mr. L. E. Heston received the premium for the best piece of domestic flannel. Mrs. J. Heston of Bntnvia, received the premium for the best 25 lbs. of butter. — Mrs. E Bishop of Attica, the premium for the best chet,=e. Discretionary prcmiuras were swarded to Mrs. E. Bishop of Attica, f.ir specimens of linen in thread, slockingo and napkins, and they were very fine in- deed. Mrs. Ilerrick of Bethany, for specimens of silk tow etocliings. Also to I.lr.' Churchill and Mr. Duncan for specimens of fulled cloth. Mr. L. E. Hceton, Mr. J. Heslon, Mr. Vernon, Mr. Beck, Mr. Remsou, Sir. Brainard, Mr. Ciaik and Mr. Bishop, donated their premiums to the So- ciety. , An address was delivered by the P.^-osident, and the following persons elected olTiccrs for the ensuing year : — TiiEonoRr: C. Peters, Esq., of Daricn, President. Gen. P. Stmiton, Xvliddlebury, E. Bishop, Attica, E. J. Ptttibone of Elba, Truman Lewis of, Ornngp- villc, Phical M. Ward, Peiry, Holhmd Eiirle, Pem- broke, F. P. Pcndele, Eatavin, Jesse W. Diugr.id," Le Roy, Vice Piofidents. C. P. Turner of Bntnvia, Secretary. Thomas Bid- d!c of D..rii n, Corresponding Secrolr.iy. Lcwia E. Heston of H.tlrivla, Treasurer. And a Jtlnnager for .Toh town. Rc-=pecliullv yours. t. C. PETERS. THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. My Slimmer Crops. Messrs. Editors — According to my promise, I now Bend you an account of some of my cvops of the post season. My object in thus exhibiting my farm- ing operations to the public, is not that I think them extraordinary, but that I consider it the duty of each member of society lo do that, as an example, which he would have others also do. Knowledge, by com- munication, becomes common property. The plan of comparing thoughts and notes, leads to coirection ol errors and adoption of truth; and also enables us, by tailing advantage of the experience of others, to avoid many things which it would otherwise require onr own experience to convince us as bein'" Qillacious; by which we also avoid not only loss fron. failure, but al- io that vexation of mind, which is the attendant of loss. And for this reason, we should tell " the tnitli, thewhole lnilh,and nolhing hut the truth." All im- portant truths, whether of failure or of success, in the operations of the farm, should be given to the public, that they may become known to all. ROHAH rOTATOES. These T planted on the 2d r.f May, on a clover sod, without manure. The amount of seed was about three quarts short of three bushels of whole potatoes, cut into pieces of one or two eyes, and 8i)rcad over three-fourths of an acre of land. The rows were four feet apart, and the cuttings were placed sixteen inches distance in the rows. The manner of planting, was to make the holes from two to three inches deep with the corner of a hoe, which can be done about as fast as a man can walk, with one stroke of the hoe; a child to follow and drop the cuttings, one in a place; and a boy to cover up, level, with loose earth. I planted thus •hallow, in consequence of having about lost a crop of potatoea last vear, on rich land, by having planted deep, as 1 had been advised by a brother farmer. When the potatoes were about six inches high, they were wed with cultivator and hoe; then plastered, and on the I8th of June they were capaciously hilled, as the distance between the rows allowed. No more labor was bestowed upon them till they were dug in the last of October, when they yielded me two hundred and twenty-eight bushels; equal lo an increase of seventy- eight fold. I have used these potatoes in my family, and pro- nounce them equal to the best for the table: they are dry, mealy, and well flavored. With regard to the value of these potatoes, they are euperiot to other varieties, inasmuch as far less seed is required; there are fewer small potatoes; they can be planted with about half the labor; owing to their size and to their growing in a cluster close to the foot of the stalk, they can be dug with much less labor; and in no respect do they yield to any others in point of in- trinsic excellence. IXDlAIf C0R!f. I had two pieces of corn:— the first, two acres and seven-eighths, was clover sod, on which I drew eighty loads of long manure, and ploughed under. The Eeed, the red blaze variety, after soaking twenty- four hours m soap suds, and being rolled in plaster, was put into the ground on the 20th of May. The rows were three and a half feet apart each way. Du- ring the season, plastered once, and went through with the cultivator twice each way, followed each time with the hoe. About the middle of September, cut up the corn at the roots, carted it off the field, and etookod it for ripening, end at the husking got four hundred and sixteen bushels of ears, which yielded on shelling, thirty-five quarts of corn from two bush- els of ears; making two hundred and twenty-seven uid a half bushels of corn; equal to scvcnty-nine bushels and six quarts per acre. The other piece, two and B high here — and, therefore, the English compete w
  • i - Y 1 IMPIJOVEB UriEIIAM JsISOlST liOK:^ I'O^T " tiAEEXiIiE," WITH IIKR HEIFEr. C4I,F "HKBJt:." THK PROPERTY OF THOMAS WEDDLE, ESQ. Gazelle is three years old, roan color, with the led and white indistinctly and richly blended; and is an excellent handler. The cut exhibits the symmetry of her form, which in its true proportions and full devel- opement of all the fine points, is not often found in such perfection in one animal. She is not particularly large, but short in her legs and fine in her bone, of great width and remarkably straight both on her lop «nd below. She has indications of a good milker, but having brought up her own calves, neither the quantity or quality have been particularly tested. Gazklle was bred by Thomas Weddle; is by his imported Rover (alias Charles — 1S16) from the herd of the Earl ol Carlisle; dam, his imported Prize (alias Crocus) from the herd of Henry Edwards, by Romu- lus, (-2563;) gr. dam Prize, by Malbro', 118.1;) gr. gr. d.im Tu^ip, by Regent, (544;) gr. gr. gr. dam Prim- rose, by North Star, (4.''.9;) gr. gr. gr. gr. dam by R. Collaig's White Bull. Hebe is nine months old, color pure white; by Americnn Comet, po-BC3;ing all the choice points and *iraine of her dam; a fine mellow hide, and of course handles admirably. Hints for the Month. The most important hint, we believe, which we can give to farmers at this seaEon of the year, is to moiil loorhlng wUJinvl jiinj. Working for In: If pay, too, is to be shunned. To remove as far as posible from such unprefitable Icbor, it should be the aim of every one to make his work tell to the best advantage. A man may be wonderfully industrious, rising at four, and aboring till eight at night, but i nlets he gets a lull return, it is still rather discouraging. To enable him to do 60 to profit, let us enter a little into detail. The farmer works for half pay, who suflfeis his do- mestic aniniala to cat, drink, and sleep, exposed to all the I'niy of rough winter in this northein region. He has labored to obtain his stock— paid full pi ice for them — and his hay, straw, grain, and roots, (if he has any,) have cost him their dne share of sweat and fatigue. Now, a want of care, — suflering his animals to shiver in the winds, treading their hay under foot, starving them at one time, and over feeding them at another, — will cause the c nsumptionof twice as much food as will keep them in good condition if propeily managed, and he will have poor, weak, and perhaps rliseased ones, as the reward of bis labor next spring. [le will woik for half pay. Let all your animals therefore be well supplied with shelter — with racks — feeding troughs — clean litter — and good watering places; let them be kept clean and fed regular; and save your hay by the free use of a good straw culler,— il you wish to avoid unrequited labor. Slicker, will prevent cattle fiomsuflering from cold, thus reducing their flesh — will prevent diseaee — and keep them in better eondit on lor the same amount of food given. It is absolutely necessary where animals have been suffered to become weak and diseased. In sheep, it will not only prevent emaciation, disease, death, — but increase the quantity and improve the quality of the fleece. — Good racks for feeding will prevent a great waste of hay. Feeding iiovglis aie noccssaiy for roots, meal, and chopped stiaw. t'lcnn litter is not only indisi ensible to the health and com- fort of the animal, but exceedingly valuable in the manufacture of mannie, and thould therefore be used ficely. During severe weather the most manure will be made by not removing it from the cattle stable, of- tener than once in two or three weeks, the succeEsive lajp'Bof straw absoibing and retaining more effectu- ally the liquid parts, except the stable floor has been expiessly constructed for this purpose; but in contin- ued moderate or thawing weather, the stable thould Le dill} and thoroughly cleaned. Good watcrmg places aie especially necessaiy, as animals often euU'er the w ant of water from the inconvenience in procuring it. S|)iing6are better than running streams, the ice often shutting out the animal from the latter, unless some one can break it several times a day for them. Under drams, from wet portions of land, by forming artifi- cial springs at their loot, moke excellent watering pla- ces in winter, as well as improve the land. Cleanli- ness is highly important, filth often being the first step to disease, as well as the last. And regularity in feeding is also very necessary, as every animal has a clock in its head, by which it accurately registers the times of feeding — or at least appears to do so. Dr. Franklin said that creditors were a superstitious sort of people — great observers of set days and times; do- mestic animals appear to be equally so — rigidly obEcrv- iiig appointed period-; and doing penance for their own- ers by fretting away large quantities of their flesh, if these periods are not ntriclly observed. The farmer works tor full pay, v.-ho employs him- self through winter in doing woik which must other- wise be done in tumnier to the detriment of all order r'" :,,|ll* (l ibeit «i 1(H» II HOI Preilti iletett lieit » jjhljOl ho* IliW' Jill iniit; ikiii' ilMt \(>. 1. AND GAR])lv\Eli'S JOUUNAL. }> nd nil profit. Such n rmiiicr inkcs time by the foic- jp — cms his slovc wood nnd hns it well sensoiiod and 1 nbiindniico by next euniiKcr — cuts next wimei'a rood, nnd hns thnt niso wellsonsoncd, thus saving one nnd of weight in diiiwing, more ihnii half its vnlue ir burning, nnd prevents c^ild rooms, smnUy lires, nd long Inecs, on eold winter mornings, lie puis cv- ry thing in order nbuul his premises which can be — lys up fallen mils on fences — repnire his stone wnlls here needed — noils loose boards fast, on his board Miccs and gates, espeeinlly those next the public road, J as not to be troubled by all the vagrant entile and !bred colts of the neighborhood, who are ready to Ifer every thing in nn cntable shape that they can Iny leir rascally mouths upon, without regarding the ights of mciim and tuum. He procures seed for next eason, repairs nnd puts tools in order, nnd attends to hundred other things sufficient to keep him bnsy. ind every fnrmer would find enough to i ccupy all hie ime during the short days of winter, at full, or even oiifile pajf, by constantly keeping a 7/fC77i(>;'an(/»7H of t needs doing in h^s pocket, on which every thing, a it occnis to him, is at the momrnt recorded; es|ie- ally if he employs his long evenings in reading nnd oring his mind with useful fads nnd information, crived from the experience of others. * Petitions for Legislative Aid. The following extract is t'rom a letter not written or publication, but we give it as a specimen of quite number received by us during the past mouth. It ,'ill be remembered that Mr. Parsons was President I the Niasara County Agricultural Society as long t was in existence. 'On the subject of ''Legislative aid to ngrictdture" I this Stale, I nm glad the subject is beginning to be gitated. 1 am a most decided friend to such a niea- II re. If only one hundred dollars would he appropriated ) each Member of Assembly, to be expended, to- elher with an equal, or greater amount collected by County Agricultural Society, nnd (for the Em- ire Stuie) iw) or thiee commissioners appointed, a.''- ;r the plan pursued in JNIassaehutetts, I have no oubt the sum thus expended by the S'.ate, would soon e returned to her ireasury, in tolls alone, with an in- reaae of fifty per cent. J hope measures will be ken, without delay, for bringing the subject, nt an jrly day, before our Legislature, in a strength of oice, and a fullness of expression, that will not be isregarded. There is, in my opinion, no question int such an appropriation can be obtained at the com- ig session, if the voice of the farming community oould be 60 expressed. And the tnrmers would, most undoubtedly, so ex- ees themselves, if the subject were but fairly brought D iheir consideration. Yours, &c. very respectfully, Lockpori, Dec. 18, 1840. W. PARSONS. There seems to be hut one opinion as to the propri- ty of petitioning for Legislative aid — and not much :iflerence of opinion as to how that aid can best be pplied. After consulting quite a number of experi- nced individuals on this subject, we diafted the fol- owing petition with a view to meet the wishes of the lajority, nnd he'.ieve it will give general entisfaction. Several hundred of them have been primed and sent to Post masters and others who it was supposed would irculate them. Any persons who desire to sign or lirculate them, and do not find one nt the post office, an write a copy. It is hoped that all who receive the petition, will [ive it their prompt nnd efficient attention. Take 'our horse nnd sleigh, and in half a day you can call )n a whole town or neighborhood, nnd get a score or wo of Eignatures,(and also a number of subscribers to the New Genesee Farmer ) Try this, nnd we trust the result will be such as will convince yon that your time was not mis spent. The petitions shmild he sent to scimo nienibor of the Assembly, at nn early day of the sitting of the Legis- lature. Where several arc eirculaied in one neighbor- hood,the names can he cut oil", and all attached to one petition. To Ihf. Honorable the. Lcgislnliircof the Sintc of New York in Senate and Asscmljhj conxenut : Wf., the subscribers, being mostly Farmers in the County of i/o hunibhj present — That, as AsFicuLTUKK i» the origin «ni sows, some of which have been sent 200 miles, have been bred to his bonrs nt .flO each — making f!2,.'>40. So much for having the very best nnimnls. And his customers will lind it quite as profi- table before they are done with farming. Crops in Ohio. — A. B. Allen, in a late nnmher of the Cult valor, writing from the valley of the Sciola, snys the crops are so nhundnnl, thnt corn commnuds only, 12j to 15 cents, and wheat 45 to 50 cents per bushel ; and that hay in the country is $2 to $3 a ton. Large crop or Pcmpei.vs. — E Hersey Derby of Boston, planted 70 square rods of ground, in well-ma- nured hills 9 feet apart. A heavy crop was the re- suit. Some of ihc pumpkins weighed 1 12 lbs. The weight of the whole crop was no less than 22,220 pounds, or nt the rate of more than 50,000 lbs. to the acre — about 50 wagon loads of ordinary size. Importanckof Rotation. — M. S. Kirkbride gives, in the Farmers' Cabinet, the produce of a lot of ground, cultivated for the last three years with sugar beet, as follows : — 1st year, 42 tons per acre; 2d year, 25 tons; 3d year, 21^ tons. R.iTS AND Mice. — A correspondent of the Farmers' Cabinet, estimates, at a very moderate calculation, the amount of depredations caused by rnts nnd mice, in the State of Pennsylvania, nt ,$600,000, annually. He recommends terriers and ferrets as the best means of destroying them. MoxET cHAXGixT; pockets. — Henry Colman say.i thnt in consequence of the English having blockaded Canton and the rise in the price of tens, that the profits of a single Canton ship are slated at 300,000 dollirs! nnd thnt three commercinl houses in Salem hnve rea- lized by this advance of price the vast amount of 1,500,000, — "if any farmer can enumerate such a For Hie New Genesee Fnrmer. " Agricultural Commis-sjoner." The importance of having a State officer of this kind can scarcely be overrated. Most farmers are so much occupied with their needful labor as to leave them but little opportunity for ascertaining the nature or vnlue of the improvements in their profession, which are con- stantly taking place. If a qualified individual could give his entire atten- tion to vhatever peitnined to the interests of ihis im- portant subject, a great amount of valuable infoima- tion would soon be placed within reach of all. New implements, or those already in use, would hesuij'^ct- ed to rigid examination, and their compnrstive niciits ascertained. The purchaser then, instead of relying upon the interested manufacimer, would receive a valuable article without paying double its worth — Thousands of dollars are annually expended in our country for labor-saving machines which prove to ho inferior or worthless. The Commissioner, by frequently visiting the sev- eral counties, would become fnmilinr with the methods of farming adopted in each, nnd piepa.-ed to reconi mend whatever experience might justify. He would examine the ditlcient varieties of seed, and eslnblitk iheir relative vnlue; nnd the monthly reports would convey a definite idea of the condition of some por» . lion of the State. He would hold frequent meetings for the purpose of imparting information nnd encourngement, assist at the formation of societies, circulate agricultural pa- pers, and, in short, by every means in bis power en- deavor to make the knowledge of each individual n part of the common stock, W. R. B. 10 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. The following very jutt remarks should be well underetood by every experimentalist in ngricuUure. — Although applied only to manures by the writer, they ore not lesa applicable to every thing else connected with the cultivation of the soil. Kxperiments often produce quite different resulte, from the difference of 6oiI, climate, season, or other circumstances connected with thtm, which may be all essential, but which are entirely omitted or indcfmitely mentioned in the etnte- menta of thoee experiments. * From the British Farmers' Ma^'azine. Beporting Experiment!) with Artilicial Ma- nures* In all our agricultural publications now issuing from the press, we see many accounts of experiments made for ascertaining the value of certain ssbitances re- commended as manures, either for tiip-dressing or ploughing in. Some of these accounts are elaborate- ly, and, no doubt, faithfully written; and sometimes favorable, or, as it may happen, unfavorable. Some- times, too, we are told uf the same material having contrary effects on land of precisely the same charac- ter, especially if situate in different parts of the Uinj- doni. Now these discrepancies mny often arise from ignorance or want of consideration of the peculiar ef- fect or action of the material employed. Besides the various substances which have been used as manures from time immemorial, there are oth- ers, chiefly minerals, which are brought into use with various success. The reports of such trials are not al- ways unitbrm; and defective in so far as the character of the weather or season following the application is omitted to be stated. In my own practice 1 have used soot extensively for top dressing wheat, and have har- rowed and rolled it in; but if a dry spring and sum- mer followed, the soot was of no service. I have used chalk and lime as dressings for light gravelly land; but if a wet season succeeded, little or no im- mediate effect was observable. The same result fol- lowed the application of salt, on the same description of land, uuiler the same circumstances of season. And the reason for the non-efficiency of these three last named substances was perfectly obvious: all three ore ready absorbents of water from the air, and in dry seasons are eminently useful to- growing crops ; whereas, in a showery time, the crops need no such aS'Sistance. Saltpetre and nitrate of soda are ot present fuehion- able top-dressings; and those best ocquainted with these substances affirm that they are often injudicious- ly used. On wet tenacious laud they can never be so efficacious as on dry sandy or gravelly soils; nor in wet seasons so much as they certainly must be in dry. If I be nnt mistaken in attributing to them such effectf, they will always be considered as doubtful fer- tilizers; because they must be used before it can be as- certained, except by conjecture, what sort of season is to follow. IMr. Cuthbert Johnson observes, that the "agricultu- ral uses of saltpetre have not been examined so care- fully or generally as they ought to have been;" and G. Kiinberley, Esq., of Trotsworth, " regrets that it has been hastily adopted, without reference, in many cases, to season, soil, climate or quantity; and as a few fortunate experiments have started into a fashion tlie use of these articles, so one or two unseasonable or improper applications have at once cujirfemntii them to neglect and oblivion." Such reports show decidedly how necessary it is to kni^w , rrccily the effects of those artificial manures •^vacth^r as the food of plants, or improvers of the sta^ pie; whether as exciters of vegetation or solventsof the nutritive matters already in the soil; and also un- der what circumstance of weather or season they are moat active, or altogether neutral. These are ques- tions lor the agricultural chemist to prosecute; so that no farmer need work in the twilight, or be in doubt concerning the direct effects ot any manure which comes recommended from competent authorities. And in all future reports of experiments made with any of those uncommon articles of manure, the re- porter should not omit to state what kind of weather has prevailed during the experiments; for the effects, especially of saline substances, are very much deter- mined by the state of the weather. J. MAIN. [Our respected correspondent is right. Much of the success or otherwise, of these, and many other manures we could name, must depend on peculiar cir- cumstonces of soil and season. We have heard salt- petre abused one year, and highly extoUeJ in another; although tried on the some soil, the same deicription tf crop, and by the same person, — Ec] Wheat aud Ilay-stacks protected from Light- nitig. Tho following ridiculous method, from an English paper, is going the rounds in this country, but we trust no intelligent fartner will be deluded by it. It consists merely in placing a broken glass bottle on the highest point of the stock, glass being a non-conduc- tor. It must be evident to any one, acquainted with electricity, that this can afford no protection whatever, and would no more prevent the downward descent of a thunderbolt upon the slack, than a spade-full of turf would stop the cataract of Niagara. A non-conductor is rugalive in its properties; and a conductor can only carry the electric discharge safely to the ground. Ice Houses on the Ground. J. S. Ski.nner, Esq. — Dear Sir — In your paper of the I'^Lh, you ask for information relative to the con- struction of ice houses above ground. The informa- tion below is not from actual experience but Irom ac- tual observation. In New Orleans and Mobile, they are all above ground — in the former place, from the same cause, to a greater extent than what you com- plain of. Their having succeeded so well there, is the cause of their being used in the latter place, where, in IS'AS, there were two — one built for the purpose, o common frame building, the other an old brick ware- houiie. I have examined both, beingdesirous to know how ice houses could be fitted above ground to keep ice from raijid evaporation. I found there was an in- ner partition made of boards, space, I think, four feel; this divided into two parts, the one next the outside filled with rice chaff, the other with charcool; nothing on the floor but straw and chaff. On the garret floor there were several scuttles, or trap-doors. The ice was hoisted up through them, and then taken down a pair of steps fixed on the outside the building. The keeper also slept in the garret part. ° He in- formed me the evaporation was very small, much less than he co-.ild have expected. Even in that warm climate, I do not think it necessary to have them earthed outside; but a shade of trees I think would be of service. Perhaps in this climate, a space of two feet, filled with chaff and charcoal, woidd be sufficient. I think wheat and oat chaff woidd be a sufficient substitute for rice. Respectfully, D. GRIFFITH. Since the preceding very obliging communication was received, we have conversed with R. Peters, Esq., of Philadelphia, to whom the subject is practi- cally and philosophically familiar. He satisfied us that in all situations it is better to build above ground, with a view to more perfect preservation. When the house is built below the surface, the earth is of a tem- perature and consistence to make it a conductor, in- stead of a H07i-conductor of heat. The great, if not the sole object, in a work, is to get your ice enclosed n a space which is surrounded by the most perfect non-coniluctor of hmt ! and that is most easy and practii able, by building one house within another, not permitting them to touch at any point, leaving between the two a space of say 15 or 18 inches, to be filled in compactly as the houses progress from the bottom, vyith charcoal or tan. We intend to have a founda- tion or floor of sand, rising nay 12 or 18 inches above the ground, on the outside of the building, and on the sand place a covering of tan bark. The meltin.i; of the ice may be expected to be absorbed by the sand, «ny surplus passing off, under the sills. The house we think will be best covered with a very thick cover- ing of fodder or marsh grass that will turn the rain — being ventilated at each end — Who sees any objection to this plan ? As for shade we shall choose to build in a situation exposed to the sun, where evaporation will be most active, and moisture least liable to accu- mulate.— Amr. Far. IVatlonal Gallery of American Manufactures. The new Patent Office, lately erected at Washing- ton, is a very large and splendid building, and one which will long reflect credit on the nation. Besides containing ample room for the numerous models and specimens of patented inventions, provisions have been made ir for a national gallery of American manufactured, agricultural productions, &c. For this noble project, the nation is mainly indebted to that well known friend of improvement, the Hon. H. L. Ei-LswoBTH, Commissioner of the Paient Offic*. We rejoice that the business of executing the liberal plans ot the government, in the formation of this institu- tion, has devolved upon one so eminently qualified for the task. And there con be no doubt that, under the supervision of this able and patriotic gentleman, a col- lection will in 0 few years be formed, that will prove highly useful, as well as honorable, to the nation. We take particular pleasure in publishing the fol- lowing notice, forwarded to us by Mr. Ellsworth, on account of the prominence which he gives to agri- culture. This art of all arts has long been too much neglected by our Congress and State Legislatures, and it is pleasing to see, of late, so many indications of a disposition to give the subject something of that consideration which its importance demands. Patent Oftice, Nov. 20, 1840. Notice is given that the Hall in the new Pi-icnt Of- fice, for the exhibition of manufactures, is now com- pleted. The Hall is spacious, being 273 feet long, 63 feet wide, 30 feet high, and fire proof . Agents whose names ore annexed, will receive and forward, free of expense, articles which may be depos- ited with them. These articles will be classified and arranged for exhibition, and the names and address of the manufacturer (with tho prices when desired) will be carefully affixed. Few, it is presumed, will neg- lect to improve the opportunity now presented, of con- tributing their choicest specimens to the Kulinnal Gallcnj of Amerieim Muniifaitures, where thousands who visit the Seat of Government, will witness with pleasure the progress of the arts in these United States. It fairs in limited sections of our country, have exci- ted interest, what must be the attroctions of a national exhibition, enriched by daily additions. The agriculturist may be gratified to leorn, that commodious rooms arc provided for the exhibition of agricultural implements, and also for the reception of seeds for exhibition or distribution. The Commissioner of Patents, being authorized to collect agricultural statistics, avails himself of this op- portunity to solicit inlonnation of the condition and character of the crops in the several sections of the country. These data will aid him in presenting with his annual report, the aggregate amount of products of the soil, and it is hoped that the public may be guard- ed in some measure from the evils of monopoly, by showing how the scarcity in one portion of the land may be supplied from the surplus in another. Names of agents who will receive and forward pack- ages for the Patent Office. Collectors of the Customs at Portsm'ruth, N. H., Portland, Me., Burlington, Vt., Providence, R. I., Philadelphia, Boliiniore, Rich- mond, Charleston, Savannah, N. Orleans, Detroit, Buffalo, Cleveland. Surveyors of the Customs Hartford, Ct., St. Louis, Pitisburgh, Cincinnati, Lou- isville; R. H. Eddy, Boston, Mass.; David Gardiner, (Custom House,) New York. HENRY L. ELLSWORTH, Comm.ssioncr of Patents. Editors are very respectfully requested to give the above an insertion in their papers. Education for Farmers. The following just remarks are taken from an ad- dress delivered before an agricultural society in Ohio. " I well know the fondness of a parent's heart. I am a parent and can appreciate a parent's feelings, and there seem^ to me nothing unnatural in the de- sire of a parent that his children should occupy hon- orable and useful stations in the world. But still thoee farmers greafly err who suffer their sons and their daughters to be brought up with a feeling of contempt for the toils of the husbandman — who suffer them to feel that because their parents have been able to confer upon them, it may be a college education, that hence- forth the axe and the hoe ore implements unworthy of their touch. The fostering of such feelings of pride in the bosoms of your children, is frought with the most dangerous consequences to them. Show to them, by your efforts to apply the benefits of science to tho culture of the soil, by the interest which you manifese in extending improvements, and by conferring tbt benefits of your experience upon others, that you re- gard your calling as useful, important, honorable, and respectable, and instead of crowding your children, as too many misguided parents do, into the learned professions, or into the commercial ranks, let them fee that you are not ashamed of your occupation, that you feel that it ought not to be despised, and that you re- gard it as honor enough for them to be well qualified No. 1. AND G AKIH.XKR'S JOURNAL. 11 to uond in your foolsteps, niul to pcifccl nnd carry oui tUe iinprovemciits wbicli you biuo commenced. So Ihcy will come up lo uiko ilioir pinces in society, feel- intr, and truly too, ihnt the occupniion ol' the ngiicitl- tui-ist IS both honornblc nnd reapeetnblc — nnd so ibey will be kept in n grcnt niensurc from the indulgence of a foolisb pride, nnd from encouraging in tbeir breasts a vain ambition wbicb can never be realized. And you may be sure that in b-ubaMpicnt life tbey will be called to till sncb stations of bonor or of trust, ne tboy may seem to be lined for, by their talents, tbeir acquirements and tbeir worth. At all events, they will beuiel'id, respeciobleandeubstnntinl citizens, ccn- tcnted and happy themselves, and dispense boppinees and comfort to all around them. How much better, how much more ralioniil, how much mole honorable and respectable thus to be, than for young men lo start off with the idea of being line gentlemen, and at- tempting to live upon the scanty pittance furnished thcni by their wits. Such unhappy and misguided young men, soon become the small politicians ol your villages, or the brawlers of the grog-shop, and will soon end their career, if not in crime, in neglect and insignificnnce. " The fostering, buildins; up and sustaining of the Common School system, is to the farmer of paramount importance. To the Common School must he look, mainly, for the education ot his children, and for the suppo'rtof such schools should he be willing to make 8'':nc of the largest sacriliccs; or rather he should not call any thing which he does in that behalf a sacri- fice. Let efforts be at once made lo introduce into all our common schools, all those desirable improve- nienls in education which the experience of the nge suggests. Let none but suiloble and competent in- eiructors be engaged, nnd whatever the cost of such may be, let the expense ho cheerfully met. Let not instruction beconlined to the mere elements of educa- tion, such as reading and spelling, but let the physical and natural sciences he introduced, nnd proper instruc- tion given in all those higher departments which are calcuinted to expand the minds, nnd make business men and women of your sons and daughters. Let ele- mentary books on agriculture be introduced into the schools, that the education of your children may be in pnrtat least, nn agricultural education, nnd howev- er learned or renowned they mny subsequently be- come in the world of letters, they never will despise the calling to which tbeir fathers were nttnched. — Let the standard of the moral character be elevated, and let the culiivniion of the religions affections and princioles not be neglected. Thus educnled nnd thus reared in habits of industry, they mny be s&felysent forth to enact their part on the stage of life." Why don't he do it! When the Farmer knows, that a gate is better, nnd as a time and labor saving li.\ture cheaper, than a set ol bars and posts, and without calling on a carpenter he can himself make one, Why don't he do it- When he has no other fastenings to his gntes nnd barn doors iban a rock rolled ngninst them, and in a single evening after supper is able tii make a better, ir/ii/ don't he do it? And when ho knows it's better nnd more profitable to have good fences tbnn poor, Why don't he do it- Or if be thinks it will not quite cost to make good fences, and only thinks so, and ;lu8 mere guess work, and by calling on Mr. Townsend of East Haven cnn Bicertain ihe facts in relation to it. Why don't he do itf Or if he wishes to see some of the most approved fixtures appertaining to farm buildings and the keep- ing and feeding of stock, &c. &c., and cnn do so by calling on the above named gentleman, Why don't he do it ? Or when he sees the hoards dropping from his barns and out buildings, and like heaps of rubbish lying in piles about his premises, and need only nailing on again. Why don't he do it ? Or if he is afraid of the expense of nails and is always crying up the maxim of Doct. Franklin, to " save the pence nnd the pounds will take care of tbem- eelves," and he knows that the same Doct. Franklin also said that " mnny men nie penny wise nnd pound oolish," nnd he is not careful lo think of the precept contained in the loiter. Why don't he do it? If ii is a saving of nearly half the manure of a farmer's stock, by keeping them shut up in yards, in- stead of running at large through most of the winter. Why don the do it? If he knows that many of his fields would be great- ly improved by ditching, and by the removal of large stumps and stones, Why don't he do it ? And when he knows that his pastures would yield Marl/ double the feed, and of a better <{uality, if the bushes were nil ,ut iin.i subdued. Why don't he do it ? And if he rnii nilil liliy per cent, to the product of his clover liiM«, nnd evoii his [lasturcs, by the use of Gypsum, Why don't he do it? If a farmer of fifty ncrcs hns (as be should have) use for n good corn sbeller and one of the ninny im- proved fnnning mills, nnd he has nol already obinined both, Why don't he do it? And if It is chenper, adunlly chenpcr, to burn dry wooil tlinn green, ami to use a stove instead of an open fireplnce. Why don't he da it ? And linnlly, if every farmer is not a subscriber to nn ngriculturnl paper, IVhy don't he do it ? — Farmers Gaz. h Cure for "Disease in Swine." Messhs. EtiiTOKS — In the November number of the Farmer, 1 observed nn inquiry from ftlr. Webber of Michigan, respecting ihe cause and cure of what appears lo be the Blind Sluggers in Swine. As to the cause of this disease, I am not able to speck decidedly; but suppose it to arise from n deter- minntion of blood to the bead. Leaving the cause, therefore, lo abler hands, I will proceed to the cure. Catch the hog, and with a tharp knife, make an incis- ion through the skin, 2or2J inches in length, vertical- ly on the forehead, about IJ inches below the top of the head, and insert into the wound and under the skin, as much fine salt ns possible. Repeot the appli- cation hourly, and it will very soon effect a cure. Respectfully your's, &c. ZECHARIAHdPONE. Batavitt, Dee. 1840. Sowing Orchard Grass Seed. I should have answered your inquiry (in No. 10,) respecting the quantity ofOrchard Grass Seed required to sow an acre, &c., but I have been long absent from home, and seeing the opinion of Dr. James Mease, President of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, in your Nov. number, 1 have only to say, that my opin- ion does not differ much from his, and I fully agree with him on the advantage of sowing Orchard Grass and Clover together. Yours, &c. ZECHARIAH CONE. Beets for Cattle. As experience, and not speculation, is what farmers need, I will give iny observations in feeding beets to my cows during the two past winters. In 1833 1 put up about 300 liushels of Mangel Wurtzel beets, 100 bushels of turnips and some potatoes for the purpose of experimenting in feeding my catlle through the winter, i knew nothing hut ihit whM 1 learned from books, ns I was acquninted with r-.ol aimer in jf am I yet) who fed with roots. At first 1 w.s ai a loss to know how to feed them, whether in a raw olMe or cooked, but having determined to try both plat.s, I commenced the work and each did well. Young ani- mals are peculiarly fond of the raw beets nnd thrive astonishingly on ihem; but for cows that give milk, they are better boiled, particularly if a steamer cnn be used in the process. Though milk cows should have raw beets once in every two or three days if grass can- not be had. The turnips nnd potatoes were given precisely as the beets; but 1 could not determirie that either had the preference over the olber, as the cows gave about the same quantity of milk, and their condition did not seem changed by either, in feeding the same animals with beets, it was easily told that one-third less than of the turnips or potntoes would mnke them give the snme quantity of milk, of heller quality, and they showed better keep. The beetsmadelhe milk better, the Duller belter, and the cows look much better. On one half bushel of bccls per day lo each cow, with straw nnd a little meal or bran mixed in, they contin- ued in good condition through the winler, gave as much milk ns in the summer, nnd the butter was as full as good as in Mny. Myexpeiience during the past winter (1839-40) while I fed on roots, only con- firmed my former conelnaions. — Western Paper. Our Trade with Fiance, The New York Express of Wednesday, says — " The export of specie has, in its operntions. been quite remnrkable. Exchnuges on all Foreign pinces, France excepted, have been in favor of this country. No specie bag been wanted, and very little tuts been CuUurisU shipped to any other place. France has, particularly, for the last three months, been receiving large sums in silver. The question nnturnlly nrises, bow is tbist Why is it thnt while there is a perfect reciprocity ii\ trade with any other country to such a degree, ihnt we neither receive nor pay any considerable sum in specie, Fronco should bring us in debt at once lull three millions of dollars; nnd taking it she takes not gold, which we cnn spare, but will hnvc all silver, a description of coin ibnt we cnnnot spare. The great secret is, in the immeiiec introduction of silks. I be duties being now removed, this description of goods comes in nt very reduced rnics. rnsliion unfortunately clothes our females in silke, and oven ibo males take a large quonlity. " Our great staple, coiion, is the principal article thnt is sent in payment, nnd »t ibe unprecedonled low rates it is bringing in Europe, it falls short of a sudi- cient sum to poy for our indebtedness. To England, besides the vast sum we pay for goods, we have to pro- vide for a large amount of intereet, and with all this running against us, we arc cnoblcd lo square up with produce; and yet with France, from whence we re- ceive but little else than silks and wine, which contri- bute but little to our national revenue, we arc con- stantly in debt. Nor is there much prospect of any favorable change, so long ns fashion runs in lavor of silk goods. So long us they arc ndmittcd free, and so long ns collon continues at the present low rate, i; is hardly possible that there can be any change for the better." Uxercis', a Moral Duty. The faculties with which our Creator hns endowed us, both physical and intellectual, are so dependent upon exercise for their proper development, that no- tion and industry must be regarded as among the pri- mary duties of accountable man. " In all our con- ceptions," says an ingenious writer, " exertion is con- nected with succefs and renown." A triumph with- out an enemy combatted, and a victory won; a prize where no course is marked out and no conipeiiior starts wiih us in the race, are notions which do not find a ready admission into our minds. Such is our con- stitution, that, according lo our usual train of think- ing, thnt where there is no exertion, there cnn be nei- ther honor or reward. Progress in moral and intel- lectual excellence is our duty, our honor, nnd our in- terest. To be stationary, or to retrograde, is disgrace- ful. We came into the world feeble in body and in mind, but with seeds of improvement in both; nnd these seeds grow, according to the cultivation ihcy receive from exercise. The body grows in slnture and in strength, and the mind gradually expands. But exercise is requisite to the development both of our corporeal and mental capacities. In the course of years indeed, the body grows; but without exercise, it is lumpish, feeble, and inactive; and the mind, wholly undisciplined, remains in a weak and infanlila sinte. The exercise which is requisite in order ta bodily henlth and vigor, and the evolution of our mor nl and intellectual powers, is not only the chief meant uf our improvement, hut also the main source of hnp. piness. Without exercise of body and of mind, there can be no happiness. In one respect the farmer hns the advantage of al- most all other classes of the laboring community; his evenings he has to himself, while the mechanic has to labor from morning till 9 o'clock in the evening, the farmer's day commences with the rising and closes with the setting of the sun. Although the indusirioua farmer finds many little jobs of work, to which ha very economically appropriaes his evening leisure, yet the greater part of the long winter evenings he can appropriate to his amusement and instruction. Ir no place do we see more cheerful countennncest as nround the blazing fire upon the farmer's hearth. There, nt the merry npple paring, or at the neighboi ing collection, or even in the fnmily circle alone, do we find social happiness in its pure simplicity. What an opportunity this, for an acquisition of knowledge 1 What farmer who improves these opportunities cnn but be intelligent ? And what instruction so inte- resting as thnt which gives him a knowledge of his own employment ? Here we would suggest the im- portance of every farmer having a supply of agricultu- ral books and pajiers. It seems to us that no one cnn be insensible to their utility. If this should be a sug- gestion of self interest, which we do nol deny, sl.U we believe it coincides with the interest of the i'armer. We will nol enlarge on this subject, as we apprehend it would not convey that knowledge which we recom- mend. We will barely say, ihnt we expect our sub- scribers to increase ns the evenings lengthen — Hilk IkJ THE NEW GExNESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. H Avon Caledonia- - York Leicester - - Mt. Morris - Lima- - - - - Conesus Livonia - - - Springwater. Groveland-- Geneseo o o «• 1-0 " lO to " M Ji M W — " — ioS(oS.UK)0'OGi;^0 ? — «o j° 3 £ § S g j; g ?S e £ 2 g cc CO *. CO VO lO W t.. (O CO lo J^ CO w ? CO >T3 o ^r iiiiliiiiiii •^ iiiiiiiii o o iiiiliiiiiii o lo iiiiiiiiiii £.1 iiiiiiiiiiii ^ aiooioc;i(o — ooiODcoco (Sooio^SSoSSSo fc CO feS§,S-8§S8§i§ Si. SI iiiiiiiiiii 5H3S^52Si8888S 1 3 > H > H H o o <1 i— I !^ H O ^ Q O Cr Statistics of Monroe Co., next momh. Decay of Kuta Bagas— ■Iiujujiy, Messks. Tiio.iiAS & Bateham — When I hnrveeted my ruta bagns this lall, I found nearly one third of them were spoiled by the rotting of the upper port of the roots, and ns they had not been exposed to frost or much wet, 1 am at a loss to account for t' eir decay. They were harvested about the last of September, and appeared sound and good, (except that the leaves weie yellow,) but on taking hold of the leave? to pull them up, the tops came off, and showed that the necks were rotten. Many of my roots were more or lees injured by grubs, but I could not perceive that this caused their decay. If any of the readers of the Farmer can ex- plain it, I should be pleased if they would do so. Yours, &c. SILAS PRATT. ChiU, Di'c. 1810. H Alabama Alexander... Allica Balavia Bennington. Bethany Byron Bergen Covington... Castile China Darien Elba Gainesville.. Java LeRoy Middlebury . Orangevilie. Perry Pembroke ... Stafford Sheldon Warsaw Wethersfield o ,, 2i ;, o 951 1133 1322 2113 1215 1132 978 958 1226 1466 722 1222 1037 1206 1215 2196 1242 998 1551 1011 1289 1188 1421 801 fi 841 1116 1384 2058 1155 11.54 938 888 1213 1360 725 1184 1523 1141 1154 2159 1216 961 1542 958 1269 1202 1445 814 ^.1 1 1 -J CO lb. a 'i r, X o CnOOOiOOWiCOCTlOOOOCji-^i— CO*k.ai>tiC55C3»-4-^tOOO©;Ci iO OT CJ- O 00 J- ^ O Oi CO O 00 'Jt ^ CJl 4^ -4 h- CO *. O' H- Ci^tOWC0Ku^ww,-K>-J^wt5 1O s li CO oc »o ji. CO -4 ^o o K) t. r^ CO t;i j:i. go t-o o; ;;> p ^M c ooocoioooio^ocitcno:mcjio<--coooo:;ocji--i £. ^i 1 1^ oooco'-^-ioowouiwoo<;o^wcn — o^ococw £. Oj -etr 1 }Z) ta K) CO lO JO i-t )0 CO >— K3 K) ^ CO i— 1— w I-. ^ CO »i) ^ c: iO li £ ? ■ OD ooo'-5 0000CJ-it-.tocootrn'— o t~> Y "-^ ■ o< cococovU^'-'Cococoto^o-.ioo'-'ai.wwcocji^i-^^TCiJi. 3 < o =- 9 n^ Ci • r J^s^^S Z^S0S^U In addition to the above, there was raised in ihie county, in ihs snine year. .-'.''),P32 bushels of barley. 691,672 bushels of oats, 4,()9i) bushels of rye, 19,247 bushels nlbuck-wheat, 231,576 bushels oflndian corn, 4,520 pounds of hops. 21,452 pounds of hemp and flax, 180 pounds of cocoons, and 1288 pounds of wax The nuiiiber of cords of wood sold, was 23, 538.— county, was 30j tons. The value of poultry $24,6f5. Of the population of the county, 117 are free per- sons of color, viz: 07 males, and 50 females, who were residents of the county on the first day of June The amount of pot and pearl aeh manufactured in the sioners last. There were also resident in the county on the first day of June last, 135 Revolutionary and Invalid Pen- Tlke Fruit Gavt!en. In our last volume we treated of several particular respecting the Fruit Garden; and we now continue our remarks for the purpose of calling the attention of independent farmers to the subject. In .so favorable n soil and so fine a climate as that of the Genesee conn try, it hns often been a cause of regret to us, that si many hundreds — yes- thousands — of wealthy fieehold era should be destitute of the delicious fruits that sucl- a garden can supply. A few years ago, a friend of ours from a distant land, came to join Ud in a journcv of threohunJred miles. It was in the last month of cummer, when the Fruit Garden yields its simple Inx- uries in abundance, and he was delighted with the treat. We remarked to him however, before wo sc: out, "\ow is the time to feast — nothing of the kind con be expected tillour return." Did it turn out so? perhaps some of our readers would ask. Exactly — tn the loiter. Tlie.ro was fine fruit without d ubt, in the listrict through which we passed, but we saw it not, though we shored thehospitolity of many noble friends n easy circumstances. When we planted our Fruit Garden, we had not di- rected our attention to the po^ilion in which the differ- ^•nt kinds of trees could be most advantageously placed; ut we soon discovered that the nectarine, the plum, nd the apricot, ought to have been set as near to the og-trough OS possible, on account of the Curculio. We have already remarked that in the remoter parts ll the inclosurc the fruit was more injured by this in- ect, though we may odd that in a small garden this irrongement will be of less importance. The position for partieulor, trees will be (inind of Treat consequence however, on another account wheth- er the garden be large or small. Until our country- men generally acquire a higher-toned morality; and shall consider robbing a garden as mean os to rob a 'ten roost, it will be safer to wl the Inte I'eais or quin- .\o. 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 13 cos, oil tUe oulskle. Tlie rich colors of ripe fniile nrc very nt!inc:ive: niiil the I'urtUer we con place them fioiii the gnZ3 ornnimals wLo have no higbernim ihnu preaeiit grn:ification, — the better. On ibis nccotmt a ir-ynril shoiiKl not he n fniit-yard, except for such Is as may he gntheicd green, and ripened in the bouse. We have no knowledge that thieves in ihis qunrlcr look far cnoii gb a- Lead lo btial ui.rl] ij cars, or'wintcr npiilce. Chony trees should he set in the lenr of the necta- rines, plums and apricots, hut still as near to ihe hog- trough as possible, after these kinds arc accommodated. We o.uisider the hog-troiigh indeed, as an important endageto the Fruit Garden. Where hogs cannot bo admitted however, pouhnj nmy '\n some measure supply tbeir place. If both are excluded, then use the spade and the hoe — shake the Curculios from the tree on sheets spread for the purpose, and show ibeiii no quarter. Cherry trees should also be set near together — that ie, not aeaitcred in diffc-rent parts of the garden, on uccouiit of the birds that come to plunder. A leisure hall hour m.ay be well spent on a seat from which shot luoy reach them. We ki:ow indeed it is the fashion of the day to e.\tol their services, and to decry every attempt to lessen their numbers; but people who are nrricd away by s jch fancies, cannot have duly con- sidered the subject. The cedar bird has been called " a friendly, useful, innocent visitor;" but we have yet to learn in what respect he is better than a crow or a rat. JTe may de- vour insects in some districts, as it has been asserted, but not in ours. We hove cnreAilly watched him, in many years, and have even bad his stomach examined to see what he lived on, hut nothing was found in it but fruit. He conies as a plunderer, and deserves a plunderer's reward. t The Garden and Siuubbery. In the open ground at this dreary season, llovvers — tbe rao^t tender part of the plant — would be sadly out of place; and therefore ornament can only be expect- id in the hark, the Icates, or the/raii. The bark of the striped mapU is gencraly admired. White streaks on a ground in which shadings of red reen occasionally pievail, always meet the eye, except where the red becomes clearer on the twigs and with increasing intensity envelopes the buds. The green on the contrary, is seen on the old bark; and more especially on old trees, which are sometimes six inches in diameter. The rcddogtcouil (improperly called the red willow) is often ornamental. Seedlings vary much however, in regard to brightness; and not one tenth of those we meet with in the swamps are suitable for transplant- ing. Though naturally a sub-aquatic, it does well on common Eoil; for through winter and the early part ol spring when its bark is the brightest, the ground is ■ulliciently wet. The poplar-leaved birch has a white bark, though t is several years before the small branches assume this color. The leaves are delicate, and the whole tfjc is showy and ornamental. The gulden ash has fine yellow bark, changing from a greenish color early in autumn. This tree is considered a variety of the English ash (Fraxinvs ex.- cdsiur) and its height in London is marked thirty feet. We have one of very vigorous growth about eight feet high, much admired. Evergreens are admiraLly adapted to embellish a honestead in winter. Among these, the silctr fir of Europe will stand in the front rank. It is nearly al- lied to the balsam fir, hut has a larger leaf more dis- tinctly striped with white on the under side. Both are very beaut.f.d. Next to these we should place ilie irliilr pine, which often bscomes tho tallest tree of the Auieriean forest, where it has loom to spread however, the rich silky green of its foliage, ia more distinctly visible and or- namental. Not far behind, is the tchilc spruce, growing natur- ally in swamps like tho balsam lir, hui soon becoming reconciled to a dry soil. Two or three years in a nur- sery, give it a new set of roots; and when these are acquired, with reasonable attention, it is almost sure to live when transplanted. It also attains a great height in favorable situations. The Norwaijfir from the north of Europe, famous for its timber, is another fine evergreen with darker foliage; but perhaps not darker than the bind: spruce. which is often found in mountain land and a cold soil. Near these may bo placed the Chinese and American arbor vita with fragrant leaves; and the EngllsU yew, remaikable fur its duration and slow growth. The Scotch (ir, so called is properly a pine — that is, it hiia two leaves in a sheath. This species and the Norway fir, supply the deal boards of England. But we have not forgotten the hemlock sprtioc. Men who ore long employed in clearing land, are apt to consider every tree tliat stands in their way as worthy of death; and we apprehend that but few arborieullu- ists can be found in ibis class. Against the hem- lock, the prejudice has been unusually strong. With- out stopping to inquire on what it rested however, we shall express our conviction that this tree dc-SLivcs a place among the finest evergreens when it can clothe itself with foliage from the ground. It bears training well; and the most beautiful hedge we have ever seen was of hemlock. The common Juniper retains the green of its leaves in winter much better than the red cedar; and as it in- clines to grow low with prickly leaves, it might serve lor a hedge on the top of a ditch. It may easily be increased by layers or by seeds. An evergreen, liule known in this district, but re- markable for its beauty is the tree boz. It appears to agree with our soi! and climate; grows densely, and a hedge of it, in front of a mansion would be superb. In sheltered situations the fruit of the pyrncuntha retains its fine scarlet; but the severer blasts of wintef destroy its color. On the bush cranJc? ry however, these have no eflect; and its clusters hang in all their brightness till the commencement of mild weather in the spring. No shrub however, is more beautiful in winter on account of its fruit than the barberry; and none is safer from the depredations of birds. The berries are very acid. Many people have been deterred from planting it because of itssupposed infiuence in blight- ing wheat; but this charge is proved to be unfounded. It has neither philosophy nor fact to support it, t Items iu Doraestic a:id Rural Economy. To prevent horses, which are disposed to break their bridles, from doing eo, place a pad within the strap that posses hack of tho bead, the inside of which is lined with cotton or linen, and in which the points of three or four very sharp nails, pointing inwards, are concealed. When the horse draws hard upon his bri- dle, these prick him, and cause him to desist. Stoves, for heating rooms, will throw out much more heat for the amount of fuel consumnd, if, as soon as the wood gets well burning, the draught itio(i' and above the fire, is closed. Far less beat is swept by the draft up chimney. On this principle, the black- smith increases the heat of his forge, by sprinkling water upon the ignited coals, and preventing thefianic from rushing out; and also, green wood on a common fire often pievents tho rapid escape of heat up the chimney, fjr a einulor reason. ^1.'/ sloves should Ihcrij'orc be prodded tpitli a ralre aboie as iciil as be- low the fire. Cracks in stoves and stove pipes are readily closed by a paste made of ashea and salt with water. Iron turningfl or filings, sal ammoniac, and water, make a barderand more durable cement. An excellent cement for broken glass, is made by grinding together linseed oil and white lead, to tha consistency of a paste. Nails are prevented from rusting by healing them, and dropping them while hot in oil. Gates work much better for having the hinges nniJ latches greased. To keep them so, bore a bole, and plug up a quantity o( grease in the gate post, where it may always he at hand when wanted. lee, on door steps, may be easily removed by throw- ing salt upon it, which will cause the ice to crack to pieces. Cattle should be duly supplied with salt during win- ter, which is often forgotten. Hoy and oals may bo economized by feeding horses ruta hagns, which they soon learn to cat. An excellent and cheap paint for rough wood work, is made of G pounds of melted pitch, 1 pint linseed oil, and 1 pound of brick dust, or yellow ochre Cream which churns with dilTiculty in winter, if too tour, will speedily produce butter by the addition of saleratus. If too cold hot water may be applied — butit is better to warm the cream and keep it so. If the thermometer shows 7U° of Fab. it will so(m come. When minute granules of butter appear and it does not gather readily, throw in apiece of butter, end it will "lump" together in a trice. Stumps in fields are made to rot, by placing cartU upon them. " Farmers' Homes and Children. A much esteemed correspondent has sent us a reply to the communication of Anisette, in our last; hut we think it is written under a niisopprehen»ion of th« subject; and, as it is not very courteous withal, wo are compelled to decline its publicWion. The writer styles himself " an old home-spun practical farmer," and says that he " has neither been an imtifi'crcul nor a disinterested reader of what our columns have from lime to time furnished on the subject of the education of children, with a view to qualify them for the busi- ness of practical farming." He admits that "An- nette has delected and exposed a crying evil, and pointed out the remedy;" but still it appears to him to be " all moonshine," and he is fearful that the ex- pense of "making home attractive," according to the suggestionj of Annette, will lead farmers into the "frightful swamp of bankruptcy, want, disgrace, and misery." — We admit that there are many farm- ers in our land, who cannot aflbrd the necessary time or expense for the pleasures and comforts spoken of; neither can they oiford lo educate their daughters in a boarding school ; but at ibe some time there are many others who can well alTurd these expenses, and are not compelled to spend al". their time in toiling for uhe necessoric? of life. It is a great mistake however, to siippose that much expense is necessary in order to make a dwelling pleasing and beautifid. It need not "all be set up or established up- on the most modern and fashionable foundations." On the contrary, almost any man v\-ho has the taste and disposition, can find the time and means to sur- round his home with most of the attractions mention- ed by Anne'.te, without any danger of bankruptcy or ruin. We cheerfiilly comply wiih the request of our cor- reopondent, in publishing the following article from the National JEgis; and, in return, we ask him to read the article on the next following page, entitled iha iVvrldu'T Man's Home. — Ew- 14 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. From the National MgU. To the Young of both Sexes. It IB of great importance that pcrsonf, in early life, should prepare themeelfee for the part they are to act in society. There ie a strong desire in both sexes to rise to respectability, and this is highly commendable; but many persons err in their attempts to gain their object. A principal cause of the failure of young people to reach the object of their desire, is, the attempt to get rUh loillwut labor I In this way, they oficu aim at an object without the means to aecomplieh it. Thus, or many years past, young men have entered on busi- ness with borrowed capital, to an extent never before known; they hare calculated upon the profits which were prcearioue; they have neglected to calculate the chances of sudden declensions in busincBs; they have entered upon house-keeping, with extravagant pur- chases of furniture; they hare mostly/«i(e(/, and re dueed themselves and families to poverty. The fail- ures and the distress which have occurred in this coun- try witliin « few years e-xceed every thing probably that ever before happened. Young friends, learn wisdom. It is not the order of Providence that mankind should have blessings and prosperity without labor. It is best for mankind that this should be the order of things; good moral habits are f ormed by industry; eurlden acquisitions of propel ty end to prevent the formation of such habits, they arc often ruinous to morals. Moderate acquisitions of property generate good habits — the habits ol prudence, of foresight, and correct calculation of what is practi- cable. The desire of reaching a respectade standing in life has led many to renounce labor for books, with the expectation that they can live by learning. But the number of persons who can gain subsistence by learning is comparatively small. The prolessions are iull tooverllowing; unless that of the gospel ministry may be excepted. By far the greatest part of man- kind are destined to labor, without which society can- not be supported. In forming a plan of business for life, therefore, the first requisite is to determine the course to be pursued, the occupation which is to be followed, and then to devote all possible attention to gain the qualifications essential to sncceBi'iit tfuit occupation. In this prelim- inary to success, persona very often make great suc- cess. If a young man is to be a farmer, he must begin when a boy, and continue in that business. He must gain knowledge by experience, and muscular strength by labor. Books and learning will never make farm- ers. If a young man is to be a mechanic, he must begin his art when young, and persevere in it, and be thor- oughly master of every part of his business. Books and learning cannot supply the want of labor and ex- perience. Fanners and artisans cannot be made in the Bchool house or college. Most of the studies cultiva- ted in our semnaries of learning, however useful to professional men, are not applicable to all the common occupations of life. This the writer knows by expe- riance. It is with female as with males hoy desire to live without labor, and thousands of them fail of obtaining a good eettlementin lite, by aimingatwhat cannot be obtained. Hence, the high schools otten become nur- eries of old maids. The daughters of wealthy men. who are sure of the means of living without labor, snd such as are fortunate enough to marry men of in- fluence, may be justified in devoting many years to lirngiia^cs and sciences which Ihcy arc never to use ; but how small, comparatively, is this number ! Most of the people of this country possess small er- tales, which, when divi We sometime ago, under this head, made some re- marks in regard to the change of feeling at the South, respecting a "judicious tariff" on certain articles, which do not now pay any duty, or but very little: such as silk, wines, &c., which may be considered articles of luxury, and not of necessity. We were not aware of treading on \ke political toes of either party — but it so fell out that we received sundry hearty kicks, from individuals belonging to both of them. So mote it be, gentlemen; we have always been used to " more kicks than coppers" from our youth up, and this getting thumped from both sides of the mnj, is pretty sure proof that we are in the right. At any rate, one thing is certain, and you may all pout and make wry faces as long as you please, about it. You must have a tariff, and a pretty strong one too, or you must support your government by a direct tax. Now, which do you like beet I When the last tariff was adopted, certain articles were admitted almost or quite duty free, because it was alledged that they could not be produced in this country. Among them, as we be- fore observed, were silks. Since that period, the ex- periment has been pretty thoroughly tried, and it has been found that we can produce silk here with ease, but the French, on account of labor being so much cheaper with them than with ns, can sell cheaper than we can, and thus defeat U3 in the market. Very well, this might do, if they would meet us on reciprocal grounds — that is, take our produce, or some of it, dutv free. But this they decline doing. The sung with them is — Free trade for us, and heavy duties for you. The tobacco planters are getting their "blood up," and the following from the American Farmer shows what they mean to do. There will probably be, ere long, a modification of the tariff system, and we trust the difTerent interesta oi the South and the North will meet and act with more union on a subject of such vital interest, to every son and daughter of the na- tion. Thk B.\ll is in Motion. — The Tobacco Planters are on the qui rive — to speak in plain English, on the look out. Their interest in Congress, if zealously combined, is strong enough to make itself be under- stood— and if not strong enough in numbers, let it log-roll, as n last resort, with some other than can make itso. The Planters of Charles County, Md , were to have held a meeting yesterday for the appointment of del- egates to the convention. The proceedings of a meeting in Dinwiildie, Va., will be found below, with some introductory remarks from the National Intelligencer. The Lynchburg Virginian, alluding to the proceedings of this ing, and remarking on the onerous duties levied on our Tobacco, by foreign powers, observes : " Other nations are depressing our productive inter- ests by monopolies and onerous restrictions. In re- ciprocity for all which we have pursued the most lib- eral policy — the luxuries of foreign lands have entered our country almost dutyfiee. Weshouldno longer submit to these oppressive duties. It is time for us to obtain their repeal, or coun.eract them by similar re- strictions. If v.e cannot by our example induce other nations to adopt the enlightened policy we have pur- sued, why »e have no alternative left but to try the retaliatory system." del-'- ||W JjllIiO (iliffl (nlii ifiili (fe, Massachusetts Statistics. From the returns of the valuation assessors of the several towns in the State of Massarhuseits, as pub- lished in the Boston Atlas, we compile the following interesting statistics : Population. — Whole number of males and femaleS' 610,814, being an increase in ten years of 129,292. Polls. — Rateable polls of 16 years and u|iward* 172,227, male polls not rateable 12,065, ditto paupergi 1707. Buildings. — Whole number of dwelling houses in the State 96,227, shops and stores 23,019, barns 0:5,806, other buildings worth over $20 and upwards 26,573. X)is('7/cn'es.^Whole numbrr 78, breweries 15. Mills.— GviBi 757, saw 1371, paper 98. Munvfactorics. — Splitting mills and nail machines 424, iron works and furnaces 133, small arm manu- factories 12, carding machines 651. fulling mills 181, rope walks 64, glass factories 4, card factories 34, su- perficial feet of salt works 14,897,815. Cotton Factories. — Whole number 343, looms 16,- 638, spindles 624,540. Woolen Factories. — Whole number 201, looms 3032, spindles 113,4.57. Utiier Factories. — Bleaching 10, linen 2, silk 1, works for printing calico and silks 12. Agriaillural. — Tillage land 259,038 acres, the pro. duce of which is, wheat 101,178 bushels, rye 453,705. oats 1,226,300, corn 1,775,073, barley 149,004, hops 237,941 pounds, hemp 7 tons, flax 2, broom corn 580, upland mowing land 440,930 acres, the produce of which is 467,537 tons of hay, fresh meadow land 184,822 acres, the produce of which is 135,930 tons, salt meadow land 39,305 acres, the produce of which is 26.203 tons. Various. — Superficial feet of wharves 8,402,286, tons of vessels 498,057, ounces of plate exceeding $'4J in value 153,670. Pride and Extravagance. A slight exposition now and then of the way in which we "simjjle republicans" live, will do no harm; for the means of acquiring information as to our na- tional income and outgo are not always within the reach of the people. The last annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury contains some information of much value io the general reader, and goes to show that we are not exactly the plain, calculating, money- making people, that some modern travellers have pro- nounced us. Our institutions, it is true, are republi- can, ns they partake of the nature and spirit of our government, but society is the mere ape of foreign aristocracy, and we are as fond of our luxuries as most other people. " Hard times" is a stereotyped com- plaint, and the embarrassed condition of the country is made a great political subject. This is all right enough, the contending parlies must have some wea- pons to fight with, else how would the conflict pro- ceed ? But while all these complaints were making, we last year paid to France and England, principally the former, twcnti/.four millions of dollars for silks, Gro de Nap, Gro de Rhine, Poult de Soui, and Tag- fo. 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 15 )iii ahnwls, a Inrgc pari of which consisted of arti- ee used merely for oninincnt. In the yoiuiger dnys of ovir beloved country, the mcriciin girls did not dreniu of such things lis Tng- )ni shswla — their mantles wore the products of their vn spinning wheels and looms — hut with education imes relincment, and of course its moicly cousin, shion. M.ire than two millions were paid last year r silk and worsted, seven millions for worsted siutf )ods — mo ntdlion for Inces, nearly the same for leg- jrn and straw hats and bonnets, being about twenty- re millions of dollars for the ladies alone ! whose mity and nice ideas of fashion must be gratified. — or are the gentlemen without their share of foreign xuries. Three millions for wine, being six millions ■ gallons, and one million for cigars — the quantity itibd away being ninetv-lbree millions I Including )flee, tea, spices, spirits, Ac., amongst the luxuries, ore than lifly millions of dollars, nearly one third of ir entire imports, expended in luxury and cxtrara- »ncc. Oar citizens have lost millions of dollars in endea- krine to establish the silk business in this country, as e great morus multicaulis mania will prove, yet ks are imported into this country free of duly, and nsequently we are encouraging foreign maunfac- res to the utter ruin of our own, and acquiring a ;e for foreign luxuries, when we would most assu- ly display more patriotism, were we to advance the oducls of our own industry. The St. Louis Ga- te, in a very sensible article on the subject, remarks It has generally been considered the most just and jsonable policy to tax the luxuries of life, if taxes ast be laid, while, by our present taritl", we tax the ccssanes of life and introduce luxuries free of duty. e tax the poor man's salt and clothing, and release 3 rich from a tax on their habiliments. We give ployment to foreign silk growers, and reduce our ■n to beggary. Is this in accordance with the ge- of republicanism I Not certainly, as we under nd it. In our trade with England and mosi other tions, our exports pay for our imports, but France ngs us in debt ten or twelve m'Jitns imiually. — Uimore Ocean. along our highways. And if but one provident hiuise- too much bis practice to pass his leisures hours clsc- rhs Workingman's Garden and Grounds. 'Tall thriving Ireca confess the fruitfiil mould, The rcilening apple ripens here to gold ; Mhe blue fig with luscioui juice o'erflows, AVith deeper red the full poniegrant glows," &,c. Homer's Odjfiscy, book Til. Itt was certainly an exaggeration of Mrs. Trollope ay, that no one could ever hear two Americans talk I minutes without the word dollar. So Bonaparte ggerated when he called the British ** a nation of pkeepers." Be it so. Carricatnres often tell the th. Even the hideous concave mirror, though it ggeraie ever so much, shows me some grand blem- ss in my face. I have tried the experiment, in king the crowded streets of our cities, to catch the minent word of the passer-by. The catalogue is ted, and consists of such as these, " Ten per t." — "doing a good business" — "money mar- ' — "operations in property" — "exchange" — tock" — "thousand dollars" — " credit" — "profits" ■ fortune," &c. &c. f a man is so practical that he will not wash his holder will begin, we shall find that, humble as h haliitntion may be, he will soon be imitated by his neighbors. Fashion itself, the cause of so many fol- lies, may bo brought in aid of virtuous enjoyment. — Let some working man make the trial, by holding up before his mind rural decoration ao n distant object. — Let him secure to himself n house and garden where he is willing to spend his lilc. Let him, as his means allow, have it tight and finished, and by all means duly enclosed. This is the frame- work; after this en- sue the details. Let him learn the economy of a lit- tle timely paint, and of a fence or hedge which will wilhsiand the assanlteof wind and beasts. From day to day, as be may be able to snatch a moment lor breathing the fresh air, let him remove unsightly ob- jects and make an entrance upon positive ornament. — How easy it is to set out clumps or rows of trees, for shade and 'ruit, flowering shrubs or evergreen hedges! How agreeable to the wile and little ones, to be called out to join in dropping the cheap flower-seed or train- ing the luxuriant vincI « » « » Among these ornaments, the highest rank is due to Gardening; including in thatteim the rearing of val- uable trees. Children should be early taught that when they set out a fine tree, or insert a graft, they are do- ing a faror to posterity, and beginning thai which shall continue to make others happy when they arc in their graves. It has always been pleasant to me to see the house of the industrious citizen embowered in flowering viiiee and trees. And on Saturday evening, a season when so many forsake their work only for the poiier-house or the tavern, the man who possesses such a retreat w^ill have a strong inducement to seek nis delightful home, and meet hia little household among the smiles of natural scenery. There are many very precious maxims of life which need to be pointed out; they are overlooked by the mass of ihe people. Once indicated, they arc believ- ed and embraced. Among tiese is the lollowing : — Snn^le ornament landers no good use. Tiie watch runs as well in a comely case, as it would in a deal box. The draught is just as savory out of a chased tankard. And every good of household life is unim- paired by nestling among green foliage, climbing ho- neysuckles, and parierres of flowers. I long to see this acted upon by our people. I long to see them snatching a few hours from the noisy throng ol idlers, and the delirious mirth of the bar-room, and spending them on the little innocent decorations of humble but delightful home. The time required for beautifying a house and en- closure is really so liitle, thatitsearely admits of being brought into a calculation. A few minutes at day- break, in the spring and autumn, will in the course of a year work wonders. A few snatches of time after labor is ended may be spared by the busiest man. It his work has lain wiihin doors, or has been of the se- dentary kind, a little e-xercise and air, enjoyed in pru- ning and trimming his vines, will be restorative to his health and spirits. This is better than mere repose. — Nature abhois a vacuum of employment. Is not this positive gain ? Health is "the poor man's riches;" that which conduces to it is worth more than money. Even those who are athletic, or who work at trades which give them constant motion, do not the less need something of this sort. It is not mere muscular ex- ertion which preserves and restores health. There where. He feels the need of some relaxation. He la languid from fatigue, and sullen from the disgust ol labor. In such a condition he is easily atirncted to the bar-ronm. There, amidst the odois of liipior and tobacco, he forgets his previous listlcfsneps and anxie- ty, to become the victim of an unnatural and danger- ous cxcilemcni. The glafs, the jest, and the song make the evening fly swiftly. Late at night he Trends bis way home, if not drunk, yet humbled, disconient- cd, and peevish. No children greet him with thoir joyous laugh; the neglected liitle rrcnlurfs are asleep, and the sad wife is awake only ihrough anxious «x. peclalion of her husband. Am 1 extrnvngant in Ira- cing much of the misery in such a case to ihe want of taste for those lillle things which makes one's home desirable t As a general observation, I have never seen idle or profligate sons issuing Irom wiihin tha cottage paling which has been adoincd by their own infant hands. And, on the oiher hand, it would re- quire a stoical love of virtue I'artts own sake, to make any youth love the foul, smoky, fenceless cabin of a thriftless father. Sweeten home, and you close nine out of ten doors to temptation. — JVorlcing-man, Silk. In May. I hatched a lot of silk worms, numbering about 6,000; fed ihem on the While and Black mul- berry; after the last nioultin, I lost about half of them by crowding them too thick upon the shelves and be- ing unable to ventilate the room in three as hot days as we have had this summer; bullhe remainder wound about one bushel of cocoons of a fine quality, which at the present price, would pay at leasl $4 per day, in- cluding all the time in feeding the whole. Jib. Cul C. M. L. A. Lacosic Advice. — Mr. Hillyard, who for twenty- one years has been the President of the Northampton- shire Farming and Grazing Society, the annual meet- ing of which was held on Wednesday, in presenting a prize cup to Mr. J. C. Elliott, gave him the lollow- ing laconic piece of advice ; — " Now, yonne man, take this cup, and remember always to plough deep, and drink shallow. " — Eng. paper. e without " value received," I entertain no hopes oringing him over. I have no purchase for my in- I may be great bodily effort with no belter result than inient. Now cleanliness is a sort of decoration; — ativc, perhaps, but the condition of all the rest. — atness follows very closely; a cleanly child is nsual- leal. The cleanly housewife is sure to produce in cottage a certain trim and symmetrical arrange- iit which gratifies the eye. This is neatness bud- g into beauty. This transition ought to be seized n wherever it appears. The pleasant little chil- n who are yonder playing in the dust may be taught teep themselves clean, and then to be neat. This 10 path towards decoration. Tasle needs devclop- These creatures may be bred to enjoy orna- iit, and thus we may get a race of people, even ing the poor, who will begin to beautify the land, ve in the hope of seeing cottages along our multi- d and dirty railways, each adorned not only with a te surface and a close fence, but with roses, pinks, ps, and all the pretty vegetable gifts of a loving vidence; gifis which our yeomanry have too much ished to green. houses and ballads. ["he ways of adorning a house by rural aids are va- ts, and so well known as scarcely to need ennmera- I. They may be adapted to the lowliest habitation sivilized man, no less than to the villa or the cha- 1. Nothing but love for domestic beauty and ordi- jbii pi» fatigue. W'hat every man requires when the day is done, is gentle recreation, something between work and play, which shall break the irainof moody thought, repair the waste of nervous elasticity, and put the jaded mind in good humor with itself and others. When the artizan, after his evening repast, goes out to water his flowers, every thing he touches is his own; and nothing so much his own as the trees he planted or the shades hegithered. He is refreshed and tranquilized, and grows into the love of home. — These pleasures are mightily increased, when be sees around him hia children partaking in his toils and joys, and cheering one another with the merry laugh to work or sport; while the wife's voice, heard within, as she sings contentedly over the cradle, adds a lovely music to the scene. 'This is a picture, of which the original may be found in many a poor but hoppy fami- ly; would that it were so in all! Under such shades as these, domestic quiet loves to dwell; and in such a spot religion finds its sanctuary. Contrast with this a case which wc are often called to witness. The mechanic or laborer has worked hard all day. At the close of his toils he turns his face homewards. But he has not provided or cherish- ed at his dwelling any strong attraction. No refine Plocghisg. — The whole series of furrows on an English statute acre, supposing each to be nine inches wide, would extend to 19,360 yards; and adding twelve yards to every two hundred and twenty for the ground travelled over in turning, the whole work of one acre may be estimated as extending to 20,416 yards, or eleven miles and nearly fivefurlonga. y tact are required to rear a thousand tasteful abodes raent of taste has ever softened his ^irife It has bcEii Apology for Cultivating Flowers. I deem it not an idle task, These lovely things to rear, That spread their arms as they would ask. If sun and dew arc here — For simple wants alone are tlieiri, The pure and common too— The bounty of refreshing airs, The gift of liquid dew. And they return for every ray, A gayer erailc ?,nd look ; And greenly as the clear drops play, They murmcr of the brook; And thus our thoughts away they lure. Where woods and waters gleam, And mountain airs arc strong and puro, And sing the hird and stream. Frail, grateful things; how fondly they The nurtured leaf outspread, And more than all my care repays. When from its folded bed Some pink or crimson blossom prcsi To thrill me with delight. To fill my very eyes with tears, Its beauty is so bright, Nay, 'tis no idle thing, 1 trust. To foster beauty's birth, To lift from out the lowly dust, One blossom of the earth- Where barrenness before had been A verdure to disclose, And make the desert, rich in sheen. To blojiOm as the rmrS. ^Ladlei CompamiaH 16 THE NEW GEx\ESEE FARMER, Vol Early Inipoitatiou of Slieei>. "A Subscriber" neks for infornintion reapecling the Slieep imported into ibis country from Spain, by Col. Humphrey, of Connecticut, "40 or 50 years ngo"— pnrliculorly as to where, oi from what flock they were obtained. We hove looked over a large number of agricultural works, but find no definite information on this sub- ject. The most that we can learn is, that in 1805, or 1806, Col. H. imported about 100 Merino sheep from Spain. They were said to have originated from the same breed as those imported into this State from France, a year or two previous, by Chancellor Liv- ingston, but differing from them essentially in their character. Those from France were longer, had Btraighter legs, longer necks, and bodies more barrel shaped. Their wool was equally fine, but somev hat loni'er, and the sheep were more delicate in constitution. Those from Spain were short legged and slab sided, with short necks heavily dulnpped; the wool fine, but short; constitution moic hardy than those from France. If any of our readers can give the particular infor- mation desired, we should be pleased to have them do so. In the mean time perhaps the above may be of service to our correspondent. — Eds. Post Masters Have very generally assisted us by obtaining subscrip- tions and remitting money. For this they have our sincere thanks, and deserve the thanks of the commu- nity at large. We trust ihoy will see good results from the circuktion of the paper in their towns, and that they will feel disposed to continue their efforts in our behalf. ment. The Societies formed last year in Western New York, and their fine exhibitions, have already given a new impulse to the cause in this section of country; and it is confidently expected thai much more will be done the coming season. The 2d Volume commenced Jan. 1, 1841. [Cr All Postmnslci-s arc rciiuested to act as agents, and remit money to the publishers. Address, BATEHAM & CilOSMAN. Ruclicstcr, N. Y. ENGLISH MARKETS. Thela'.estnewstVoiiiEiiglaml, diUca4ihDec. is of liut little imporlaiiee iis il respects llie Markets. Tlie iHoiiey Market was said to l;e somewhat iiuprovcil and Cotton a slmde liigli- er. The duty on Wheat was 21s. Ed per quarter, nnU on Flour 14s loa per bill. London, Dec. 2.— The Corn market keeps declining; this week's average of English wheat is GUs |i scarcely any tl dulv paid, and: ^dper II)-, dry ) to 2/; hund. \V, M . maud was leltl'.ir i.m- , ,,, , .,,-.. n h h rates previuusiy ,,,At_.he^Roch, ter ^?ceu More. JtATEllAM i CROSMAN pn.SON'S STRAW CUTTKR. -Tills mar V_T h^isl.een lullv IcstcJ by a laige 111 mber of Individ i;na is pronounce'd decidedly suierior 10 any other of ll'^', kind — Tliey . - ^■-.- . ^' NEW YORK MARKET— Dec. 22. tm, Gk.\in, &c.— The rei'cipts of Genesee and all other sorts of Flour through the 1 on hand is variously estinialed [Voni 2 Theic is a consiant demand and price; sales of Genesee are atg4 94 " tf.'t nir Ohio in go.id order round and Hat lioi.i «4 00; Michiron «4 8H, fancy brands ran"c from Sj 2.> to 5 75. Some sale; j{.5 50, and of Georii; THE 1VE"^V GEXBSEE FAICMER. The Chanpcst Agricultural Paper in the Union — Onli/ 50 CKNTS a year, (in udcancc. ) 1 G large pages monthly, loiih cuts. J. J. Thojus & M. U. B.atk- H.iM, Editors. D-iviD TnoM.is and others, assis- tants. 0.>"E Ho.NDRED CORKESPG.VDKNTS. Th"! flattering encouragement which the New Goneseo Farmer has received during the past year, has convinced the proprietors that the pajicr can be BUitaiued in its nadcesoil, and at M.^ economical price ; and while they express their gratitude for the assis- taiice they have t!iu3 far received, they would now, with renewed c.mfiilenc-e, appeal t.i the friends of agri- culture in behalf of the Second Volume. The paper is so well known, and so highly approved, that it is unnecessary to speak of its character, further than to say, that it will mt suffer by a comparison with any other paper of the kind in the United States. Each Buccessive number has shown an increase of talent and orresiondrnis. It has received durim^ the pn?t year, orirria-d coniinunicaiions from ONE HUNDRED WRITERS, most of whom are well known prarlicid arai::rs. It also contains the most useful selections from other agricultural journals, re/orts of the mar- kets, &c. Tne object of the New Genesee Fanner is to ad- vance the great interests of Agriculture an;l Horticul- ture— to benefit the c )m;nuntity in general, and farm- c:-3 in particular; Experience proves that it is well calculate I to piomote thisobject; and therefore it ia th; duty of every friend of improvement to extend its circulation, in order that its influence may be felt throujlnut the ngricultural community. Tiio friends of Aaricriltiiral Socielias should cs])c. linllv encourage this paiior: for. unless farmers rk.vd Inscd. The stock ,CUU to 3(IU,UU0 bids, rather stiftcn. The ommnn brands; .oOU Fold on Saturday at f Genesee and Ohio vcre mode of Bran- J53a3 23, and Corn Merd'S2e8per bid: Snmll s.-dcs were made of prime Oliin Wheat at 107 cts. Rye closed at 37 a .59 cts. One of the last sales of Corn was a car^o of Southern new at 52 cts. wt.; old Southern is held at 5.) cents; Jersey might bring a little more. Northern Oats have ailvanced a little and command 40 a 41 cents per liushel. Jersey sold at D3 cents. There were no sales of Barley. MoNEV M sKKET. — There was a pretty large linsiness trans- ar'te I at tlie S;.,ick Exchange, and prices generally well sus- tained liillel Slates liank was jolil at (>6, buyer 3U days; Deb.warc iiul lliilsiin went up J; North American Trust do. I ; Vicksiitir;,' (ianlt do. ^; Canton Company down g ; — " " '; ^ew Jersey U. R.do. ^; Stonin^ton d.nvn L 1 Philadelphia sold at98J, and ©20i;0 do. Is sold at 74 fo; ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. tOKRECTED FOR THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, JAN. 1, 1811. WHEAT per bushel, .$ 75 o $ 71 CORN,.. " 37J. nn R. R. n|) i .1; llarlei. R. U. $;.)00U at SlSJlierceiit. J5J000 Indiana I: The Philadelr.hia Banks have nr ing the loan, that they are in re;idi tionoflhc two and a half millim forthwith. The Richmond Whig of Tuesday says— "Money matters are tight this week, and will cnntinuctolesofDr some weeks to conic. Discounts will l;c comparatively small until the yearly reports of the Banks are mi.de." ie.\t week. c.i to the parties mak- ip to receive their por- and issue Post Notes says — "Money PRICE Bos; Philadelphia. . Ba'tiiiiore. . . Richmond . . . Alexander. . . Cincinnati. . . Wihnimrtnn. . New Orleans. OF FLOUR AT DIFFERENT PLAC|-.S. 3^.7 22 (2 g.T .jO Market firm. 5 CO .i 00 Dull. 4 81 4 30 CINCINNATI PORK MARKET. Up to December llith, the. whole number of hou this market was 36,000. The drovers, geiieraMy ; r; their own pork, having p.iid p,ii OATS, " BARLEY, " .... RYE, " .... BEANS, White,.. " POTATOES " .... APPLES, Desert,. " " Common, " .... " Dried,... " .... CIDER barrel, FLOUR, Superfine, " .... " Fine, " . .. SALT, " .... PORK,Mess " .... " Prime,.... " .... '< Hog 100 lbs 3,5C . BEEF, " 3,50 POULTRY per pound, _6 EGGS, per dozen, 15. BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound 14 35.... 50.... 75.... 19.... :n.... 19.... 75 ... . 1,00.... 4,25.... :5,5ii.... 2,00.... 11,00.... 8,00.... 33 I .'S,75i 12,0^1 , 9,0fil . 4,oai . 4,Ud :■:% ..12U r le.~" til 1 SI 30, and the pa offer ROCHESTER MONEV MARKET. I l'.as:ern Funds Treasury No'es 1 pr ct. R.-.stern 'Drafts U, " Pennsylvania 3 a G Oliio 8 a Michigan 12 a 13 Marylauil 7 a do. 1 : MOUNT HOPE GARPE-V & NURSERIES, ROCriE.^TER, NEW VORK. rXIHR Proprietors of this establishment off.-l ))i awa Fjirm transact Pork Making. Plan of T C. Pe Logs . t ^ . ;say on making Compost Heaps ihlic Lands— Hmigr.ints. Riches of the West Riches >f Ohio Apple Molasses. Horticulture. Beauty. . . jnsus and Statistics of Monroe Co. Agricultural Soci''- tties — Legisi.itive atfl. IloofAil Market for Cocoon Inquiry, lie Mag.azine of Horticulture. Horticulture in Western New York. Books never make Farmer?. Unli M&hannocks. , Stabling Milch Cows. How to keep (Tillage cow Hats BtcHes of r'aVBl— Rhode Island. Gardening for Ladies 30 Rrmers' Homes, Wives and Daughters Educat ■'emales. Sonnet lucation of Farmers' Children. Englibh Mnrkei York Markets. Rochester Prices Current. 32 The Edilors. In order thnt our renders mny understand who arc ispons ble for the dilTercnt editorial articles appenrin this paper, we mention that tbose marked thiia * art •itten by .1. J. Thom.vs, Mncedon, and those mark lUB t by David Thosias, Aiiiora. M. B. Date AH, Rochester, is the publithhig editor, and msiblc for the selections, notices, and all articles not arked. KOt;iIESTER, FEBKUAUY, 1811. IVO. 3. .lOHiN J. 'riKIMAS. M. B. BATEHAM, Edilors. To Correspnndeuts. Otir acknowledgements are due to several new and tillable correspondents whom we shall be happy hear from frequently. At the same, ^ime we hope tr old friends will not forsake us. We are glad to id our correspondents generally willing tosign their imes in fall. Shou'd esteem it n favor if they ould all do so, especially when relating facts or ex- :rimcnt3. The First Volume. We are almost daily naked if vol. 1 of this paper can • had; and therefore state, that it is furnished, stitch. 1 in n paper cover, for 50 cents. Postage, within the late, liicents — out of the State, 18 cents. Our Success, bus fnr, fully equals our expectations; and we take is method to return th.inks to the numerons Post [asters, and others, who have generously aided us by itnining subscriptions or remitting the same. We have n.it time, nor do we deein it necessary, to nd ri-eeinu ii a'l who remU money; l>u! do .so, wlten desired. If the papers nnivc, they may know thnt ibeir letters reached us; but if chey do not arrive with- in a reasonable time, we hope they will notify us. Careful persons P.ie employed to enter the names and innil the papers, und gieat pains are taken to have it done correctly. Wo hope and believe there will not often he cause for complaint in future. Post Masters and agents in Canada, who wish ti send us instructions respecting the direction of the pa- pers, are requested to direct their letters to the Post Muster at this place; otherwise we are subjected to postage. Post Mn^terf and AgcTJs are particularly requested to write the name of the Post Office, County, and State. It is soiuetimes almost impi'Ssible to decide what Stale the place mentioned is located in. XJucnrreiit Money. Bills on solvent Biinke in this, and the Eastern States, are at par with tis Canada, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, are about 5 per cent discount. — Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois money, is about 8 per cent.; and Michigan is 12J per cent, discount. We hop:: our f] lends at a distance; will take pains to send us the best money they can obtain. We do not refuse any of the above, when sent us free ol postage, and nothing deducted fir commission; but the amount paid by us for discount during the year, is a serious item. Sub.scribers iu Canada, Should reinember that their Postmasters cannot frank letters further than the lines; so that we are cohipelled to pay poelngo on all leltcis coming by mail from there. This we do not mind, if bills not under $4 are remitted; but on small bills, the postage and dis- count together, are too g'ent a sacrifice. Subsciibers residing near the plates mentioned be low, mny pay their subscriptions to the persons.natried. Kingsion — John Cueighton, (Chron, & Gaz. Olfice,) and Charles Heath. Port Hope — D. Smart, Post Master and President Agricultural Society. T'oj'onfo— Lessi.ie & Brothers, James F. West LAND, and George Lkshe. Hamilton — Saihui.;l Kerr, Merchant. Lendun — John Norvai., (at News- Room.) In addition to the above. Postmasters and friends of the cause generally, are requested to act as n<»ents BATEHAM &. CROSMAN. The Annual Meeting of the Agricultural Society occurs to-moiTow, bi;t it is thought that nothing more will be done than to elect ofiiceis. The arrangements for the coming season will be deferred till it is decided whether the Legislature will grant any aid. Hints for the ]>:o:ith. Every farmer knows, thai any suggestions for work at one timS during winter, are generally applicable at any other time. We believe, therefore, that the best him wo can now give, is, jtist to turn beck to the two last numbers of our paper, and read again what is there written. We do not of course e.'cpeet you will find any thing new, especially if you are good farmers, (as we hope all our renders are, or sonn will be.) but good fa.-ming, remember, does not depend so very much in finding out new ihingi, as in making a good use ot what we already know. So then, gentlemen, we hope you w.U excuse us, if wo teil you pretty ol- len some of these old things, if \vc can only help yov. to prnfiics thonr. Just remember w hat we said, 1. About feeding cattle rcgtUartij, so as to prevent their fretting their flesh away; 2. Of giving them n sufficiency at nil times, for the same reason; 3. Of providing good shelter for them ; 4. Of supplying them constantly with good water; 5. Of keeping them rubbed clean, and plenty of good warm ciean litter under their feel; 6. Of feeding them very often with salt; 7. Of cutting their fodder with a straw-cutter; 8. Of mi.\ing their dry food with roots; and 9. Of keeping their stables Ventilated, but c.tclit- ding the cold wind from entering at the smallest crack. Lei pigs, sheep, and all other animals, he fed very much in the same way, (except that the sheep need not be rubbed or curried, nor the pigs kept in stables, though we think there is commonly a very great waste, both iit the feed and the flesh of pigs, by suf- fering them to be so much e.iposed to the weather ea they usually are.) There a few other things we wish to remind our friends of during this month, such as trimming their thick-topped apple trees — procuring grafts of the very best fruit they can find, for such will grow quite as well as poorer — making their grafting plasters — pru- ning their hardy grapevines, before the bleeding sea- son commences, — the sooner the better — treading snow around young fruit trees, to prevent the mice from eating the bark, and destroying them. Also, cut- ■ ting up the wood for seasoning, and for summer use; repairing tools, &.c. , as hoes, ploughs, rakes, wagon racks, harrows, cultivators, forks, shovels, rollers, as well as repairing and oiling harness; lookingover ap- ples in cellars, and removing the partly decayed: and keeping their eyes open to all things which need do- ing, and both hands ready at all times to do them. And now, one thing more, and that is, let every far- mer resolve, and resolve efTtctually, to conduct his farming operations a little (at least) better this year than be has ever done before. Cannot he do it ? It is well worth trying, at all events, and if gone about n earnest, will bo pretty sure of csuccess. * Damp Stables. A correspondent of the Farmers' Ctibinot stntes, that on taking possession of a newly purchased farm, his horses became poor, diseased, and incapa- ble of labor ; his cows became sickly, their milk eiminishcd, their butter became bad, four lost their calves, two died of scours in spring, with other aU tendant evils. The dampness of the stable, which was built under large trees in a low situation and with a northern a.spoct. It was immediately torn down, and another erected on a drier situat on, when, as was expected, all these evils vanished at once. — Stables made of stone, are more liable to this diffi- cull)-. , Cheese aro preservod from the fly by a coating of pyr')'.i£;-.eoua acid. 18 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. The Sponge Apple. Some years ago, we set a graft on a young apple tree in the orchard, which now bears abundantly, and the fruit has become a general favorite; but the name under which we received it has been lost, and if any correspondent will reetore it, we shall be much obliged. We subjoin a description. On account of its shrivel- ing when long kept in an open bin, we gave it the /jro- pisional natne of the sponge apple — to be expunged however, when the right name is known. Fruit above the middle size, inclining to oblong, but broadest near the base, slightly ribbed, some, three inches deep and three and a quarter in di- ameter. Eye in a narrow dejireasion, closed. Stem very short — less than one third of an inch, in a broad but very shallow irregular cavity. Shin green, sneak- ed and checkered with very pale red on the sunny ■ide. Flesh greenish white, e-xtremely tender, tart but excellent. We have seen no apple that this resembles, in shape, in color, or in texture. The singular tenderness of iwjlesh reminds us of the Bellfiower; but they difl'er in almost every other particular. The Sponge is more than five times as productive, and generally fair. — Like the former however, it should be carefully hand- picked, and no; allowed to fall from the tree, as it is apt to get bruised, It appears to keep well through the winter; and if barrelled or buried, we have no doubt of its remaining fresh and unshrivclcd till ■pring. t The Napoleon Pear. In years past, we endeavored to cultivate fine win- ter pears; but when the trees came into bearing, it was found we had only been collecting trash. In eve- ry instance the fruit was left for the pigs; nothing fit for human lips to touch, was amongst them; and when aaked if there were not good loinler pears ? we have had to answer : we have read of them, but never saw one. Well, at last we have found one; and some may be gratified to hear it. From a small tree marked Napo. leon, in bearing for the first time, we secured tico pears; and about the middle of December, they were mature. In some respects they differ from Liridley's description, and some doubts still hang over their iden- tity; but what follows, was exact : — " finally [the skin] changes to a pale green, when the flesh becomes vtry melting, with a most unusual abundance of rich agreeable juice." They were the most juicy pears we have ever tasted. We shJl notice hero, only one of thoee discrepan- cies: Kenrick says "It ripens with ua in September." Lindley says " Ripe the middle of November, and re- mains in perfection several days." Oura ripened a month later. t Vat or Box for Boiling Sap— Inquiry. Messks. Editors — Having understoood that there had been a Vat or Box used for boiling sap in ma- king sugar, and wishing to see a description of it, I thought of making inquiry through your valuable paper ; hoping you, or some of your subsicribcrs, might give me the required information. I wish to know what would be the most convenient size and depth ; how it is made, with a board bottom cover. ed with sheet iron, or with sheet iron bottom alone 1 If the latter, what would be the easiest way to make it water tight ? If the former, will the sap boil equally as well ? Also, whether they will take in ■ap as fast as a caldron kettle holding the same quantity, and the probable expense of one ? I would also like to know the quantity of Timo. thy seed required to the acre, to seed with Timo. thj alone, for mowing. By answering the above, you will much oblige A SUBSCRIBER. For the JS'eio Genesee Farmer. Watering Places— Hoof Ail. Mkssrs. Editors — In an editorial article in the December number of the "Cultivator," page 184, are remarks on the subject of watering cattle in win- ter; eome of which appear to be objectionable. The sentiment to which I refer is, " that it is no disadvan- tage to cattle to go a suitable distance to water, but rather a benefit, as promoting circulation in the feet, and thus preventing diseases of the extremities." — The same idea is advanced in the February number of the same paper, page 23. And putting both arti- cles together, we should conclude the "suitable dis- tance" for cattle to travel for their water in winter, was from fifty to one hundred rods. And the advan- tage set forth is the exercise, which prevents what is called the hoof ail. " Now it strikes me very forcibly," as the judge says, that this course, both in theory and practice, is, to soy the least, somewhat objectionable. It is the opinion of many, that cattle should not be compelled to go out of their yard for water; and the following among other reasons are adduced. If water cannot be obtained by cattle without travelling one fourth of a mile, they will many times suffer exceedingly for the want of it, rather than go so far for it. If good fresh water can be had by them without going out of the yard, they will drink very much oflcner than in the other case, especially in cold weather. Again. The oldest and strongest cattle will generally go first to water. When they have drank, they return, and on their way meet others in the narrow snow-path, and of course drive them back. In which case, the young- est and most feeble of the herd will have much trouble and vexation in obtaing water at all. And again. — The amount of manure which is dropped, and for the most part lost, in such case is very considerable in the course of the winter; and it is by many farmers es. teemed a matter of no small importance, that a?/ the manure should be saved. Some say, even, that they may as well waste the food of cattle as the food of plants. And besides, when cattle go to a spring to drink, especially if the snow is deep, there will generally be great difficulty in reaching the v.'ater on account of the bank of snow and ice, unless they step into it, which cattle are very unwilling to do. I have seen many watering places where cattle, in order to obtain a drop of water, were obliged to gel down upon their knees, and even then obtain it with the greatest difl^i- culty. Neither do I believe the exercise of this travel of cattle a considerable distance to vvotei. is of any advan- toge in preventing the hoof ail. But I am very strong- ly inclined to the opinion, which was advanced some time since by Gen. M. Brooks, of Mount Morris, and also by Hcman Chapin, Esq., of East Bloomfield, to wit, that the " foot ail," or " hoof ail," as is called- ia the result of I'aefrec-ung of the feet. And it would seem more probable that the feet would become frozen by being first wet or covered with mud, than if they were kept dry and clean. I believe, therefore, most sincerely, thotif cattle are kept in a well enclosed, comfortable yard, with open sheds, or hovels even, for their protection from storms, where they can have free and uninterrupted access to good water, and plenty of salt; the yard kept con- stantly littered with straw, so as to make italway dry, and the cattle put up every night in a stable filled to their knees with the same article, they will jici'cr have the " hoof ail." , I know that with many, a very strong prejudice ex- ists against wella for the supply of water for catde. — And probably, a stronger prejudice prevails against the labor and trouble of drawing it. But The expense of thus furniebing water for cstlle in winter is compara- tively trifling ; when, by an under-drain or any other contrivance, running water can be conveyed into the yard, so much the better. And in many cases this may be done with very little cost. But where this is impracticable I would pump water for all my cattle, horses and sheep, rather than compel them to go abroad for it, even though the distance did not ex- ceed thirty rods. There are several farmers of my acquaintance, whose cattle, if they have any water at all during the winter, are obliged to travel from one fourth to three fourths of a mile for it, and when they arrive at the spot wheie water can be found it is only to be obtained by them through a hole cut in the ice, which may be from six to eighteen inches in thickness. I have a good spring of water about sixty rods from my barn, and for two or three winters drove my cattle to it every day, especially in cold weather. But since I have dug a will contiguous to my cattle yard and put a pump in it, I find much less trouble to furnish water for my stock in the yard than it was, even to visit the spring every day to see that is was attainable there. — And besides, there is much less quarreling among the cattle, and it is so much more comfortable for them to drink from a trough conveniently situated, that I would not be without this appendage to my barn yard, even though it should cost me a hundred dollars. And moreover, all the manure of the whole herd is in the yard, intermixed with the straw and litter there- of, in good condition for spring use, which is a mat-i ter of no small importance. These, and such like, are the reasons why I am op- posed to the practice of sending cattle from fifty to a hundred rods for water in winter, expressed, however, with due deference to the opininsof more experienced herdsmen. WINTER PROTECTION. I am aware there are many farmers who think it a, matter of no consequence, whether our domestic ani- mals are afforded any protection from the severity of the winter. It is probably true that most of them will lire through the winter without it, if they are well fed. But are we not targht a lesson on \h'\'i subject from the habits of wild animals? Not oneof them, as far as my recollection extends, is without, or does nottJ provide himself with comfortable shelter or homoH for the winter. Are we not told, also, from authority which shoidd not be disregarded, that the merciful man is merciful to bis beast ? And where is the farmer, who, by a profusion of the blessings of a merciful Providence is made com.fortoble, can be unmindful oi his domesfic animals, from which he receives his food, and his raiment, and afford them that protection frorai the chilling blasts of winter, by which the^ are ren. dered comfortable not only, but are thereby rendere<|j much more profitable. Another veiy great advantage of stabling cattle, !■ the saving of feed from waste. I have seen farmers, otherwise respectable, throw their hay upon the grounik when covered with mud and filth, for the food of cat-t tie, horses and sheep, all in the same yard. In whicuti case one half, at least, of the hay, was trod into thaV' mud and water. But where cattle are stabled, each having his mess by himself, and then the yo'.ingerand weaker animals unexposed to the encroachment of th< older and stronger, consume their food with peaceful' ( ness and contentment, without annoyance and with out waste. ! And still another advantage to be derived from thi course of a plentiful use of straw every day in litter t ing the yard and stable is, the animals are not onl; I kept dry and comfortable, but the straw is all turnei 1 to a good account. There are many farmers wh( seem not to know what to do with their straw. Yeai alter year it is Bttffercdto acwmnlatein immense pile No. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 19 about the barn, till it becomes n ntiisnnce. But if it Is daily scattered in the yard for tbe cattle to pick upon through the day, and used for bedding in the slnblcs, it will thus bt'conie impregnated witli tlie liquids of the yard and stables, and mixed with tbe animal nia- mire thereof, and thereby the quantity of manure for spring use will be greatly increased. By such a course a email stock, say of fifteen head of entile, seventy- five sheep, and three horses, will supply three hundred loads of good manure for the corn and potaloe crop the ensuing season. The straw, thus spread frequently in the yard, to some extent, is eaten by the stock, the balance absorbs the juices of the yard, becomes satu- rated therewith, and its value thus rendered four fold greater than if it were applied in its dry state. Yours &c. W. PARSOXS. Thorn Hill, near Lockport, Dec. 16-10. Hoof All— Its Cause and Cure. Messrs. Editors — I observed in one of your pa. pers, an inquiry respecting the cause of the disease called Hoof Ail, in cattle ; and having paid some at. tentiiin to the subject, I will cheerfully give you the result of my observations and the prevailing opinions here, which you are at liberty to publish, if you think they will be of service to any of your rea. dera. In the winter of 1836-7, this disease made great ravages among the cattle in ibis vicinity. Freezing of the feet was at first assigned as the cause ; but many proofs to the contrary soon led to the abandon- ment of tills opinion, and ergot was substituted as the miscliievious agent. I believe it is an opinion well established, that er- got of rye, or Secale cornuium, has given rise to gangrene in the human species. This circumstance and the similarity which exists between it and the disease under consideration, afford good reason for the belief that the causes may be similar. Ergot may sometimes be found in large quantities in June or spear grass — whether it differs in its chemical properties from ergot of rye, I am not able to say, but presume it does not materially. This - grass, as is well known, is apt to run out Timothy and clover, consequently it grows in excess in old meadows, and to the ergot growing on it, the disease is attributable. I have made many inquiries, but never found a case occurring where the animal had not been fed on hay containing it. I will mention a few facts in confirmation of this opinion : — Mr. W. had .50 head of cattle fed upon hay mown from old meadows — the greater part of which was June grass. Only one of the 50 escaped the disease. A tenant upon the same farm, kept his cattle within 20 or 30 rods of the preceding, but fed them upon hay of marsh grass, and they escaped the disease. Mr. C, on the adjoining farm, had Bomc June grass among his hay, but not so much as W. Only two or three of his cattle were affected, till the latter part of April, when, being out of hay, he procured some of W. ; and in a few days five of them had the disease. Another neighbor, Mr. B., had wintered his cows well, but in spring, being out of hay, he also procured some of Mr. W. ; and be. fore long, all that had eaten it became affected with Hoof Ail. Mr. K., on an adjoining farm, fed his cat. tie on straw, and none of the disease appeared amongst them. Dr. Stimson says he fed his cattle on hay containing a large proportion of June grass. Good attention was given them, but many became affected with the disease ; and it continued to in. crease until he stopped feeding the hay, and gave them turnips and other food» after which no more Hoof Ail appeared. I could mention numerous other cases, affording cencloslTe evidence that thi» disease is caused by er. got on Juno grass, but I fear it will make this com- munication too long toenumcr.itc them. I w\\\ ro. mark that in this section of country, this gra^ had an abundance of ergot growing upon it last season ; and consequently we may expect to sec cattle af- fected with Hoof Ail again this winter. Indeed it has already made its appearance amongst my f.ithei'a stock. He eommenecd feeding a let of hay found to contain ergot, to some calves, on the 2d or 3J of December ; and on the 12th, 9 of them had tlic dis. case. We immediately changed their food, and cut off the points of Ihtir hoofs, so that they bled i'reely. They arc now doing well. This treatment generally effects a cure, unless the disease has been of long standing. The disease rarely affects the fore feet. I have never seen an in- stance, but have heard it asseitcd that it will some, times occur. Respectfully- yours, N. St. George, U. C, Jany. 18 U. From the CuUivalor. Cure for Hoof Ail. Messrs. Editors — Perceiving in your last number, an inquiry respecting the Hor.f Ail in cattle. Jam hap- py to have it in my power to commiinicaie one which never fails in nffect'ng a cure in two or three days. — Blue vitriol, finely pulverized, and applied to the dis- eased part of the hoof, once a day for two or three days, is all that is necessary. In the case of a cow of mine, one application was euflieient, and I presume would generally ans^ver tbe purpose. The disease here ia called by some of our farmers, "fotds," and by others, hoo/ ail. If the case alluded to by your correspondent, is the same disease, you can depend on my remedy. Yours very respectfully, H. E. HUBBARD. MiddUlown, Ct. 1840. Period of Gestation in Cows. One of the most satisfactory experiments relating to the subject, on record, is the one made by Earl Spen- cer, and tbe particnlars of which are given in lb ; se- cond number of the English Agricultural Society's Journal. Tbe table given, contains the results in the case of seven hundred and sixty-four cows, and the following statements abridged from the paper, will exhibit some of the most important of the details. I'irsl. It appears that the period of gestation varied from 220 days to 313 days; or no less than 90 days. — Lord Spencer was, however, unable to rear any calves produced under 242 days. All under 260 days, and over 300, he thinks are decidedly premature, or irregular. Second. As 314 cows calved before the 283d day, and 310 after the 285ih day, the average period i-f ges- tation must be eoncidered as between 284 and 285 days ; although the time stated in the work on cattle by the London Society, stales it at 270 days. Third. It appears, that omitting those considered as premature or irregular, the cows whose period of gestation did not exceed 28G days, produced 223 cow calves, and of bull calves 234; while from those whose period exceeded 286 days, ihecow calves -A-ere only 90, and the number of bull calves was 152. This certainly gives some support to the opinion prevalent among farmers, that when a cow exceeds lier usual time, the produce will be a bull calf. Fourth. There were 7 eases of twin cow calves; 5 cases of twin bull calves; and 11 cases of twin cow and bull calves. Ear! Spencer has never had n case in which the sexes were different, in which the heifer was a breding one; they have uniformly been what are termed./Vec martins. The cattle of which the a- bove record has been kept, are the pure improved short horn breed, and of the finest herds in Groat Britain. — American Farmer. From Ike A. Our Wheat Interests-A Public Meetiiifr. We have read, with attention, the proceedings of the Convention of Tobacco Planters of the United States held last month, in the city of Washington. — We published an outline of the views expressed, and the measures adopted, by that convention, in our last number; and we ask all our renders to examine them carefully. It seems to us that they ought to pi luce a strong effect upon the public mind, in ail the wheal growing States-that they ought to awaken us to a sense of our stupid neglect of the greatest outward interest which the Creator has bsstowed upon us; and that we should feel e.xoited to con'er together henceforth often and extensive, to promote this interest. Wc bcl'cve the grain growing interest in the United Slates, is now, under all ihe embarrassments beset- : it, six or eight times greater than the Tobacco in- lereel, and can be soon exiended three-fold by just and prudent means. This interest eonnecis itfclf with the great tide of life in all conntn'ee, more vitally and ucli more beneficially than the Ti>bacco interest can. Shall we not then labor to cherish it by all the fair means in our power ? It is not enough to sow, and reap, and grind, the finest wheat known to earth's bioad bosom, with labor and skill, in all the requisite processes of tillage and niaehinery and manufacture, exciting the ndmirniion of the world — and to multiply railroads and canals, and vehicles of transportation upon them, with a rapidity transcending the creations of'fniiy land; but we must actively apply our common sense, and that extensive knowledge of facts which we now possess, or can easily obiain, to the tae'* of ex- tending the markets for this most essential of the ne- cessaries^f life. Solomon says, " As goods are increased, they are increased that consume them." This truth is demon- strated by the experience of all ages. And the facili- ty wiih which wheat is raised in this and the neigh- boring latitudes, in a wide belt across the Union, is the chief cause of the rapidly augmenting population, eve- ry where working ilie soil in these regions. But we should not be content with this source of our increas- ing numbers, wcnlih and elrenglb. There are fre- quent communications between all civilized nations, and these have, within a few years, been exiended be- yond all former precedent. The United Slates are coming into close contact \^•ilh all the world. And in ihe trade of the world, surely the nations iihich fur- nish the greatest supply oi the things most essential to the subsistence and comfort of human beings, may, wiih no extraordinary displays ol practical wisdom, enjoy a fair share of the benefits of the world's trade. We do not now, and never have enjoyed such a share. Let us strive to obtain it. We import an immense amount of various articles from Great Britain annually, — of which the value has been chiefly derived from the industry of her subjects. In this way her industry supercedes ours to a vast ex- tent. And these importations are chiefly consumed in the wheat growing States. Yet she will take none of our flour, the article on which our industry is chiefly laid out. Shall this state of things be perpetuated 7 We have her interests as much in our country as she has ours in hers, and perhaps more; for the high price of her bread stuffs, always artificially exoibitant to fa- ver the landed interest, will give us all her hungry la- borers and artizans, amounting to many millions. Oh that they coivld vote ! as advocates for the admis- sion of our flour into her ports, upon reasonable terms. We think her attention, andthe attention of several of the continental nations of Europe should be called to this interesting subject, in a new tone, to be backed up by suitable legislation in Congress. But the inte- rests of the people ore rarely attended to without the interference of the people. The people must meet and discuss this concern in all its various bearings. They must gather facts and publish them; they must inves- tigate principles and comprehend them; they must pe- tition the national government for its interposition, and show how that interposition may be effectual. In t.his most necessary movement we ought to feel no restraint, and Congress should feel none, from the tnrifl' compromise entered into a few years ago. The Tobacco planters and the Cotton Planters suffer no re- straints on this ground, to deter them from pursuing such measures as their peculiar interest may seem to demand. Why should we? we would not resist the law, but we would modify it. Nothing is needed, as we fully believe, to place the vast wheat growing interest of our country on its just foundation, but true light and concerted action among the men of the wheat growing States. We ask our intelligent farmerp, our well informed and sagacious millers, our observing flour merchants, our enterpri- sing and exact owners of ware. houses, and lines of trarisportatian, and all others interested in the pros- perity of the country, and instructed on this subject, to collect the lads within their means of knowledge, and lay them before the public, with such suggestions of policy as they think wise and prudent, for the peo- ple and the government to adopt. We shall be happy always to publish, and give, as far we can in our pa- per, currency to their statements and reasonable views. And we would earnest advise, that a meeting should be speedily called, in this city, to consider and discuss this subject; and to recommend a convention of dele- gates from each of the wheat gro-wing Stales, to b« 20 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. held at an enrly day next Spring, Bomewhere in the State of Ohio; at which the proper policy to be pur- sued ill promotion of the wheat interest, ehould be matured, and further measures to render that poliey effectual, shoidd be originated. Our Trade with France. It appears from a recent table, published in the N. Y. Herald — a paper which strongly advocates free trade — that there was imported into the United Slates from France alone, in the year 1839, $32,124,405 worth of articles free of duty — nearly one half of this amount was in silk goods. The articles imported from the same country, on which a duty was paid, the same year, amounted to little more than ten millions of dol- lars. Grand total of imports from France, in American and foreign vessels, for the year 1839, $32,531,321 Grand total of exports to France from the U. S., in American and foreign vessels, the same year, 13,338,854 §14,192,467 Thus leaving a balance of imports over our exports against us, with France alone of more than fourteen millions of dollars in one year, or about one million more than the whole export of cotton to P'rance the same year. Yet, strange as it may seem, the advocates of free trade argue thot this same unshackled commerce with France must be continued, lest France should take it into her head to go to India or Egypt for the supply of cotton. The same paper which gives the above statis- tics, urges, as an argument in favor of this free trade, the fact that we import more of the precious metals from France, than we export to France. So much the worse for us, because our debt is thereby only in- creased. If this debt is not secured by the Venetian bond of old — the pound of flesh — Slate stocks — the life's blood of children yet unborn — are sold in France and England, ti pay all this excess of impor- tations, no less than for the trifling sums in coin im- ported to bolster up the United Stales Bank, or to help ruin a new State, who, mocking all the precious lessons of experience, prefers a fevered end sickly ad- olescnce to the simplicity of a healthy childhood — the sad precursor of both moral blight, andpbye'cal imbe- cility and dec.iy. S. W. New Agricultural Papers. Within a few months past, we have received o'cont half a dozen new agricultural papers, most of them published in the Westent States. We rejoice to see ttis evidence of the increased taste for such reading, and expect the time will soon come when no . res- pectable farmer will be willing to live without on agri- cultural paper. We hope these new papers will all be well sustained; but we apprehend that some of them will seriously interfere with each others success. " The Western Farmer," is the title of a small semi- monthly paper published at Detroit, Michigan,by Josiah gnow — §1 per year. The first number was issued January 1, and contains a large amount of statistical and other usefid information relating to agriculture and horticulture, mostly original, (but some borrowed from our columns, and the credit accidentally omit- ted.) We think friend Snow should have chosen some other title, as there was already one or more pa- pers with the same or a similar name '• Tlie Union Agriculturist," is an excellent new paper, published at Chicago, 111., as the organ of the Union Agricultural Society. It is neatly executed and appears to be ably conducted, -^Tcrms, $1 per year— semi-monthly. " The Western Farmer Sf Gardener," is a continu- ation of the Western Farmer, at Cincinnati, Ohio. — The 2d vol. commenced lost October, and appeared in a new and improved form, with on able writer on hor- ticulture as co-editor. It is published monthly, in pamphlet form, 24 pages, stitched with a cover — ,f 1 per year. " Tlie Agriculturist," is the title of a large month- ly paper commenced January 1, at Nashville, Ten- nessee. It is the organ of the State Agricultural So- ciety; is edited by three gentlemen, and gives evi- dence of a good degree of talent. — Terms, $9 per year, 24 pages, monthly. " The Indiana Farmer," is a small but viseful pa- per, published at Indianapolis, by our friend, J. S. Willets, formerly of this State — monthly, 5U cents per year. " The Practical Farmer JJ- iS(7A: Cultivator," pub- lished at Harrieburgh, Pa., might be a pretty good pa- per, if the editor was a little more careful or courteous. In one number of hie, we observed three arucles in succession, borrowed from the New Genesee Farmer without one word of credit. " The Farmers' Gazette," is a good little weekly sheet — commenced last September at New Haven, Ct. — $1 per year. " The Yankee Farmer," published at Boston, Mass. by C. P. Bosson — S. W. Cole, editor, is one of the most interesting weekly agricultural papers extant. — The new vol. commenced January 1, much improved in appearance and substance. Arrangements hove been mode for obtaining monthly agricultural reports from different sections of the country, respecting the crops ond the markets, &c. — Terms, $2 per year. " The Neic England Farmer," is one of the oldest and most respectable agricultural papers in the Union. It is published weekly, at Boston, Mass. — $2 per year. (We have seen it slated that some change has lately taken place in the editorial management; but as the paper has failed to reach us for some weeks past, and we cannot tell what the efTect has been.) Sore Throat in Hogs. MrssRS. Editors — Can any of your correspondents furnish a cure for sore throat in hogs 7 A number were lost by myself and others lost summer; ond all remedies used were inefTectuol. The throat and head were swollen, food was refused, and in about furty- cight hours from the commencement, grunter would grunt his la?l. SAMUEL DOUGLASS. Whitehall, Ohio. Causes of the deicsty of Turnips. Mkssrs. Thomas & Batehaji — The following is submiited to the opinion of all that are interested in the inquiry made in the first number of the present volume of the New Genesee Farmer, which is for the cause of the decay of Rula Baga Turnips. I have come to the conclusion that early sowing in warm seasons, will lead to the true cause. When turnips are forward in the season, they fail for want of BulFicient moisture during the extreme warm and dry weather, which cfTects the heart or centre of the turnip and commences the decay, which first appears by the top turning yellow when the outside appears sound and healthy. This effect is produced on large turnips when small ones will escape. Another cause may sometimes be observed. After the turnip is nearly matured, wet weather will produce a new life and cause them to crack open, ond during warm weather, water standing in the crevice will cause the decay. It maybe well to state that the turnip ond cabbage tribes, flourish beat in a climate somc.hing coolei than the summer in this section, and thot worm, dry weath- er is equally injurious to both. Therefore the time of sowing ohonld be delayed os long as possible, and hove them mature before the winter too nearly approaches, unless some is wanted for early use. W. R. Fredonia, January 11, 1841. " The Burlington Silk Worm Frame." We have received three numbers of the " Burling- ton Sdk Record," a small paper, "issued monthly without charge, to all persons interested in the silk bu- siness, for the purpose of opening a cheap channel of communication, to extend omong them a knowledge of the Burlington Silk Worm Frame, of the Burling- ton Filature, and of the Editor's having made it his business to raise and keep for sale the choicest kind of Silk Worm Eggs, as well os to stimulate and fos- ter the extension of the Silk Culture in the United States. It will be sent by mail to such os write for it, free of postage. Address, EDMUND MORRIS, Burlington, N. J." We copy the following orticle from the Record, set- ting forth the advantages of these Frames. We will give some description of them next month. The No-CIeaniug System. We believe that all silk culturists have found the business of producing silk perfectly certoin and mon- ngeable, up to the fourth moulting of the worms.— After the fourth moulting, they increote so enormous- ly in size, and discharge so great an amount of excre- ment, that in a large estabiiBhmcnt it seems impossi- ble to preserve the proper degree of cleonliness, even when many bonds ere employed at cleaning, os the operation mnst be performed every three or four days. This great discharge of excrement, added to the sur- plus folioge which will accumulate more or less, all mixed in with the bodies of the dead worms, speedily generates putrefaction, which causes the death of thou- sands more, from the fatal impurity of the air which is constantly rising up from below. The books of Euro- pean writers are filled with cures for diseases thus gen- erated, while not one hos thought of suggesting any other preventive than that of cleaning. Tbey have none of them thought of going back and moking a fresh start from the beginning, by using such fixtures as will remove the cause of these diseases. Herein we believe the grand mistake bos been made, ana it remains for American ingenuity and jierseveronce to demonstrate that the whole system of feeding must bo changed, in order to accomplish any good results with the leost opproach to absolute certainty. On the Burlington Frame, the worms are placed at the difficult period between the third mouliing and spinning, in such a maimer that all these thiee ele- ments of^ putrefaction, the c.'^crement, the chippings of the foliage, and the sick ond dead worms, are com- pletely got rid of by being riddled out at the bottom of the frame. Whatever proportion of these three does not fall through, is exposed to a continual current of air passing upward, which evaporates so large apnition of the moisture remaining in them, that the little which is left is too small to be injurious. The accu- racy of this has been proved by repeated trial, and by different gentlemen whohave used the frame. Indeed the construction of the frame demonstrates it. We tried and proved it ourselves, on a crop which produ- ced five bushels of beautiful cocoons, without losing three per cent, of the worms; ond a friend in New York, who fed on the some principle, did not lose even three per cent., ond from two ounceo of eggs ga- thered twenty six bushels of cocoons. He did not clean his worms once after beingplaced on the frames, between the third and fourth moulting, nor did we. — The saving of labor and expense was very great, and the lives of all our worms were insured, and ihat is the great point — that we shall succeed in making eve- ry worm spin a cocoon. To ascertain the exact quantity discharged by a worm after the fourth moulting, we collected and weighed the droppings, and found that 1000 worms in 24 hours discharged two ounces of dear excrement, which fell through the frame to the roof below. A considerable quantity was intercepted by the straw he- ina spread too thick on the frame. 'This mokes the weight from SOilO to be one pound; from 80,000 ten pounds; ond from 800,000 one hundred pounds, (or for ten days, half a ton !) No person whose opinion is of ony value, will be weak enough to nrguo for a No. 2. AND GARDENEU'S JOUUNAL. 21 moment ilint ihore is no olijcct iii getling rid ol' lliie cnnnnous ainuunt ot' tilih; niid few tun be liiuiij un- willing to "luknowlcdgn it n moot importnnt oilv-nntagc. Now our Frnmc throws oil" tUo whole of this dnni;tr- ous discharge of dirt, instead of confining in coniinu- cJ contact with the worm, where it becomes the rniit- fnl parent of disease nnd death. We have tried the feeding upon solid surlhccs in a large way, and give it as oiir decided conviction that worm lecding can never bo cirricd on prolitably in that mode, on a scale large enough to be worthy of n capitalist. It may do in a small way, where the greatest success will never amount to much, while even then there is continual danger of n total tuilure. The next year will prove murii in favor of the new system of feeding, ne many large cstabhshu.ents will adopt it. Silk can thus be made at a l.iw price, and the crop will moreover he a certain one — and no one will assert that it has ever been any thing like a certain one so far. The shelves nnd hurdles must bo laid aside, the new system must be used, and reeled silk can be made for a dollar and a half per pound. E, M, Fur tke yeto Qenesec Farmer. Barn CcUars-'Protectionlbr Cattle, fee. Messrs. Editors — Many writers for ogricultural papers, have given descriptions of farm buildings, means of protection for cattle, sheep, &c.; but they have, for the most part, been on so large a scale as to bo of little benefit to the common farmer. Those of your readers who have taken the Genesee Farmer from its commencement, can call to mind with what interest they read the glowing account ot Ulmus describing fila Grand Island fai.ni; his oxen, the manner they were sheltered and led ; his plan of o barn and stoblcs, as given in the Cultivator. Also, the numerous orti- cles of L. A. M. , of Tompkins Co., on protection for sheep; and A. B. Allen's description of hie hog pen. These were all interesting articles; but not one of a hundred of your readers, have ten yoke of o.\en to eheltcr, or need a hog pen to accommodate fifiy hogs, or hoy barns to protect eighteen hundred sheep. The most of your readers are email farmers, like myself, who have only from one hundred to one hun- dred and fifty acres of land. These are the men who need to he urged to afl'ord protection for their cattle and sheep, although few in number. When you can bring the ordinary farmer to cultivate his lands in the best manner, to own no cattle, hogs, or sheep, but those of the finest order, and afford suitable protec- tion to all these, the great object of agricultural pa pars will have been accomplished. Having built a cellar under my barn, and a stable attached to it, which [ think answers a good purpose for a email farm, I propose giving a description of it for your paper, in hopes that so far as the plan is a good one, it may meet with the approval of my brother far- mers, and may perhaps contain some eoasonable sug- gestions to those about building. When I came into possession of my farm, a suffi- cient number of buildings were upon it; but the born, built some forty years ogo, in the usual style of hnrne in that early day, hod but liide accommodation for cat- tle. As usual, it was divided into three parts, the bay, floor, and stable. The ground was slightly des- cending, 60 that the end of the barn, in which wis the hay, was near four feet from the ground. Having supported the corners on props, I dug out the earth to a sufKcient depth under the barn and barn floor, and built a substantial wall, enclosing a space of thirty feet square. I then built an addition of si-Ytecn feet on the end of the barn, for stables. The floor of this stable is three feet lower than the born sill. Across this stable, adjoining the barn, is an alley of four feet in width, and from this alley is a passage to the cellar, and by the side of the alley is the manger, as seen in the annexed plan. My slable will accommodate nine head of cattle, arranged according to their strength and pugnacious propensities. I have tried different meth- ods of fastening cottle, end F prefeT a ch.-;ir orounri the neck, fastened by a ring and key. This chain posses through a small wooden bow, which slides up ond down a stonlcnl. My feed for cottle depends somewhat upon my suc' cess in root ciilturo. I oni now feeding apples and potatoes, and find them answer o good piMiJOsc, al- though I prefer mongcl wurtuel nnd carrots, to any other food for cottle. It moy be useless, in thisdoy of improvcment,to enu- merate the benefits of stabling cattle; but I consider, as not the least of these, hoving them at commond, where they are handled and mode docile. In short, the benefits are manifest, open ond confessed by all; but who feels an interest eufilcient to go and do like- wise 1 Yours, &e., MYRON ADAMS. Ontario covnly, January 18, 1841. The following plan will give the reader a more definite idea of the arrangement : A, A, Celhr witli a partition B. C, C, Bins for potatoes, apples &c., under the barn floor, filled by driving on to the floor and open. ii'g trap doors. D, Alley between the cellar and stables. E, Manger. F, F, Stables. Scraps, CONDENSED FROM EXCHANGE PAPERS. Georgia Silk. The Macon Telegraph says, " At a late term of the Inferior Court in this county, one of the Judges appeared on the bench in silk stockings, silk hondkerchief, &c., made by his own family or some of his friends, the production of their own co- cooneries. The ne.\t day another of the judges, A. E. Ernest, Esq., appeared in a full suit of silk, (in- cluding coot, vest, pantoloons, stockings, pocket handkerchief, ond stock,) produced and manufactured wholly and entirely in his family." FiKE-PROOF Paint. The Buffalo Commercial Ad- vertiser gives the following method of moking paint, which when opplied to wood, will secure it from both fire ond rain. It is recommended as useful on floors under stoves, and it is stated that wood thus treoted may be converted by fire to charcoal, but will never blaze. Dissolve potosh in water till saturated, then odd, first a quantity [how much ?] of flour paste of the consistency of common painter's size, ond secondly, a quantity of pure clay to render it of the consistency of cream. When well mixed, apply it with a brush. Brick lining to iiocsks. A correfpondent of the Cultir'ator fiiUd In the walls of h's hcusew.lh vn burnt brick, set edgewise. One layer of liard brick, laid flat ot bottom, prevent mice from ascending. — The cost of the brick was $2, 25 per 1000. Experiments oh Potatoes. Thomas G. Lofton, in the same paper, gives the following experiment and results; — " I plonted five rows side by side, and iho hills I experimented on side by tide; nnd 1st. row, cut the common size, that is, one large po- tato into 4 or 6 pieces, 4 pieces in n bilL 2il. " 4 pieces in a hill, cut oe smoU again. 3d. "2 " " sniaik St round ones. 4th. "1 " " Inrgeet, without cutting. 5lh. "2 " " of Lame size potato. " The following are the rcsulte in weight nnd num- ber:— " Ist. row, counted 53 potatoes, weighing W\ lbs. 2,1. i< 11 62 " " 103 " 3d. " " 36 " " 8.i " 4Lh. " " 37 " " IZl " 0th. " " 31 " " 8i " Lime as manure. B. G. Avery, of Onondaga Vol- ley, near Syroeuse, applied monuic in the summer of 1839 to mown land, inverted the sod ond sowed wheat. To other land, more worn, ond previously in wheat, he applied refuse lime from the kiln, about 180 bushels to the acre, nnd sowed it. On the ma- nured Innd, the straw wos large, and the grain some- what shrunk; on the limed portion, the straw was not so large, but was bright, the grain good, nnd the yield the greatest per acre. Clover among corn. Allen Putnam, the new Editor of the New England Farmer, recommends the practice of sowing clover seed among corn, from per- sonal experience, as being more certain of vegetation, the crop more free fiom weeds the first year, free from grain stalks, easier to mow, equolly abundant, nnd better in quality; ond the young plants are not over- shadowed by grain early in summer, nor too much exposed to the sun after harvest. The mode is, to make no hill, sow ot mid-summer, ond cover with a one-horse borrow, and make all smooth with a hoo. Cut the corn closely to the ground. If necessary, tho surface may be cleared with great expedition while the ground is frozen in winter, by means of a common hand hoe. Great crop or corn. The Kentucky Farmer gives the experiment of G. W. Williams, with n cer- tificate of measurement, on n corn crop from an ncre nnd on eighth, which yielded one hundred ond seventy- eight bushels, or more than one hnndrtd and ffiy- eight Irushcls to the acre. The land wos evenly cov- ered with unfermcnted manure, the corn, on early yellow voriely, planted in rows two feet aport ond ona foot in the row, the surfoee kept level, the lond rolled after planting, ond the weeds subsequently cut by scra- ping the surface with o shorp hoe. The sckatchisg system. A correspondent of the Western Farmer, in commenting on large forms and miserable ctdtivation, ond recommending a concentra- tion of labors, speaks of a farmer who cultivoted one acre of land adjniiting a field of l/drly acres, both planted with rye; at harvest a bet was made that tho yield of the one acre was equal to that of the thirty ocrcs, but wos lost, the thirty ocres, by accurate mea- surement, yielding three quarters of a bushel the most. Boll, fields he hod seen, nnd also another where tho ovvner oife:ed to dispose of his crop of rye at a dollar an acre, but could find no purchaser at that price ! Enormous hog. J. S. Skinner, of the American Farmer, recenlly sow 0 hog, of the Bedford nnd By- field breed, that weighed lost sumnier 900 lbs. Hi» increase Lns been such since, that he ia now cstiniatcU to weigh 1300 pounds ! The owner bos refuted, »t I rnc time- §1:^0, nnd t:l an^Mhrr f 1T5 f.r him. "• w THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. Fur the y'tw Genesee Farmer. REVIE^V. 'ournal of the Amiriciin Silk Society — Edited hy Gideon B. SMrxH, Dailimorc. Nos. 11 and 12, for Nov, and Dec, 1840. This \a the only publication now remnining in the Jnited States, exclusively devoted to the culture of lilk. It was originally issued under the auspices of ae American Silk Society; but the society itself is )ng since defunct, having existed only during the ontinuance of the multicaulig mania. The Journal, owever, has been continued, with distinguished abili- r, by Dr. Smith, the earliest, most steadfast, and lost persevering advocate of the industry to which it I devoted. It contains, throughout, a mass of facts nd information indispensable to the cultivator of silk- 'orms in the present infancy of the art in this coun- •y. It is with deep regret that it is perceived that it Iso must soon follow the fate which has overtaken ther periodicals of the kind, unless the friends of the luse promptly step forward and hand in their siibscrip- ons for another year. This crisis in its existence, igether with an anxious solicitude for the prosperity f the cause, has induced to the present communica. on. The second volume of the Journal has just been rought to a conclusion — the November and Dccem- !r numbers having been issutd under one cover. — 'he value of these numbers perhaps exceeds any that ive preceded them, with the exception of those which mtain the account of the new and very important leory of the editor, in regard to the principle of sa- ing and preserving silkworms' eggs with safety, lor le purpose of successive crops. The promulgation ' this theory will, it is believed, constitute an epoch 1 the progress of silk culture in the United States. he principle is philosophical and rational; and while explains, satisfactorily, most of the difficulties and sasters of the past year, a knowledge and apprecia- jnof it will serve to guard against similar consequen- la in future. That its discovery should have been re- irved for this day and country, is by no means sur- ■ising. In the old silk growing countries, the rear- ig of successive crops has been attempted; and, ow- g to the character of their climate, it is no doubt [ipracticable. American cultivators, however, havg oked to a more extended field of operation, and with le advantage of the multicaulis, have conceived the acticability of producing silk throughout the warm inson. That they have been subjected to much dis- juragement and disaster in the outset, ought not to I a matter of any special wonder. It ia not to be ex- ited that an art, confessedly in ita infancy in this luntry, and conducted on entirely new principles, can I prosecuted at once with entire success. It may )ssibly require several years of e.\periment and ob- rvation, to establish what may be termed the Ameri- n System of Silk Culture, on a sure basis; but the timate advantage, both national and individual, by hich its triumph would be attended, offer strong in- icements to persevere, even had its failure been uch more general than it has been. As to the old stem of single crops, reared in the spring, it has cceeded in no country better than in this. The two last numbers of the Journal contain gratify, g intelligence from various parts of the country. In ennessee the business appears to have flourished bet- r than in any other State. There is a well organi- d State Society to promote its advancement, and the hibition of silk goods has been highly creditable.— ; Economy, in Pennsylvania, the quantity of silk oditoed, during the last year was very considerable; d at Frederickton, in Maryland, the culture was at- idod with decided success. These instances, to- iher with numerous others that might be adduced, go to show that the cultivators of the silkworm have still much encouragement to prooecuto their labors. The use of lime has obtained extensively, during the past season, as a preventivo of disease amongst silkworms. In the llth number of the Journal, there is an article on this subject which is worth more than the annual subscription. The Address to the friends of silk culture, in the closing number, is a highly interesting paper. It con- tains a general view of the present state of the business in this country, with a notice of what is doing and may be done to promote its permanent advancement. The following extract from the " Last Appeal" of the editor to the fiiends of the cause, deserves spe- cial attention: — " After considerable effort, the sub- scriber bus been enabled to complete the publication of the second volume of the Silk Journal. This has been done at grea\ personal sacrifice, the subscriptions to the work not having been sufficient to pay the ex- pense by aeveial hundred dollars. It now remains for the friends of the silk culture to say whether the Journal fhall be continued another year. The subscri- ber believes that the information which he will be able to publish during the ensuing season, will be invalua- ble to the cause. The great and important improve- ments made in the art, in the United States and in Europe, and those that will be made next year, ought to be disseminated freely amongst the people. Par- ticularly the New Theokv may be referred to as one item of immense importance, that requires the freest discussion and examination. If that theory shall be proved to be the trtie one, the widest circulation ought to be given to ita principles and details: because it will efieetually establish the business in the United States, and place it beyond the reach of casuality. All this cannot be done without the aid of a publication devo- ted to the cause exclusively." The terms of the Journal are Two Dollars a year, payable in advance; and we earnestly desire that the friends of the culture may freely sustain it. P. Virginia, 1 vio.l1, Ib-ll. Lightuing Rods. Last summer during a thunder-storm, the lightning rod attached to our house, received a very heavy stroke oi' lightning — the shock was tremendous; but we only mention it at this tjmeon account of the prac- tical inferences to be drawn from the circumstances. The rod is fice-eighths of an inch in diameter near the top, but six-eighths of an inch below, — in two pieces screiced togctlier, with a single point on the top capped with silcer. It is upheld by large oak pins eighteen inches long, driven into the frame, and the rod passes through them near the outer end. It is painted to prevent its lusting. Near the surface of the ground it begins to slant from the house, descends into the earth, and terminates in a bed if charcoal six feet deep, which extends still further from the building. This fixture has been found sufficient with a slight exception, to let off a discharge that shook the whole neighborhood. The exception follows: — A stove pipe twenty feet in length, entering the chimney just under the roof, ten feet below the point of the rod and three feet from it, — received a small portion of the fluid, which passed through two chambers in succession on ita way to the cellar. Two joists under the stove were very slightly shattered, and a few panes of glass broken by bursting outward. It appears that the nails conducted it through the pine floor into the joists. The point of the silver cap was melted. This we suppose was occasioned by the crowding of the fluid to get down the rod; but if there had been more points, pru.iably no fusion would have happened, and the stove pipe have been protected. No traces of the lightning whatever, could be dis- covered on the oak pins, although the wood waa in contact wiih the rod; and neither glass nor any othef substance employed to prevent the scattering of the fluid. We infer therefore that all such appendages are useless; and that it ia quite as safe to fasten the rod to the building by cleats as to have it stand off at a dis- tance. It must even be safer unless the upper part leans against the building. The prejudice against painting such rods, appears to be unfounded. We presume indeed that paint if not more objectionable than rtiSt. f The Roads. The winter is a favorable time to lay up instruction. After B light snow has fallen with a brisk wind, let him that feels an interest in the stale of the roads, get into a cutter and drive a few miles to make observa- tions. For this purpose, he will commonly succeed best when he goes alone. Where the highway hag been turnpiked and raised considerably above the gene- ral surface, he will find in most places more hubs than snow, and he may heartily wish for a good sidetrack. As this is a term not often to be found in the vocab- ulary of path-masters however, we shall slop to ex- plain; and as in many districts, owing to the improvi- dence of the people, nothing of the kind can be dis- covered, we shall proceed to tell what and where it ought to be. The law allows our highways to be sixty-six feet wide; but if they are only sixty feet in the clear, and thirty feet be appropriated for the turnpike, then we shall have fifteen feet on each side for side tracka. Make the ditch six feet wide with easy slopes, smooth the bottom, and clear out all large and loose stones, and there will be a most convenient track for the snow to settle in, when it is driven by the wind from the turnpike. No better sleighing can be desired than what we occasionally find in a ditch of this descrip- tion, while much of the track which ia ordinarily used in summer, is unfit for any loaded sleigh to pass along. But another side-track ought to be provided on roads comparatively level. Between the ditch and the fence there are nine feet remaining, where a smooth sod ought to be found; and on this not more than two inches of snow will be required to make com- fortable sleighing. To see the traveler who has ven- tured from a more snowy region, at one time grind- ing over the bare ground with his horses on the strain: and then starting on a trot as he reaches the sod which perchance was left by the way side, — ought to make us, who have it in our power to do better, ashamed of our negligence. Why not go to work in the summer, level down the inequalities, and remove all obstructions, but es- pecially large stones whether fast or loose J In most cases, the necessary labor would not be a tythe of what is annually spent in hauling mud, or stufl' equal- ly unfit, into the beaten track. Have path-masters no memory ? Can they never recollect in summer what we shall need in winter ? If so, now is the time to make men.orandums, as well as observations, t Snow Drifts and Meadow Alice. Young trees surrounded by snow drifts, are in a dangerous condition. Such as are quite small and co- vered by snow, in consequence of its weight and ad- hesiveness are almost sure to be crushed; while such as reach above the drift, with moat of their limbs en- veloped, will have them stripped ofl" and their bark lacerated. A worse disaster however, often happens to trees that stand in anow drifts. The meadow mouse, as if aware of its numerous enemies, seldom, if ever, at- tacks a tree that stands clear in the open ground; but where it can work in safety under cover, it ia very destructive. We bad one tree, three inches in diam- :• I No. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 23 eter, that stood in a snow-bank, and it was barked completely to the height of four feet. Although drifts are much the most dangerous, yet under deep snows thai lie long, mice frequently injure small trees. As a preventive, we had a small mound raised round each tree to the height of a foot, with great success, for wc have not had a tree damaged that was properly guarded in this manner. When the mice, rooting along under the snow, come to such mounds, it appears that they generally turn away; but there is another advantage: In snows of mode- rate depth the wind sweeps it off; and even should a mouEe persevere in ascending the mound, he would 80on find his nose in the open air. To prevent both crushing and gnawing however, we endeavor to tread the snow round all our trees when it is deep, whether by drifting or otherwise; and this is done to the most advantage when it gircs a lUiU, oris near to the melting point. t Italian Sprin:; Wheat. Jo.vATHAS EinvARDs, of Virgil, Cortland county, states to us a successful e-xperiment in the culture of this wheat. He went seventy miles, and succeeded in procuring twenty bushels, which, when thoroughly cleaned, amounted to only sixteen. These he sowed, OS early as practicable, in the spring of 1837, — a part on five and a half acres, which produced 210 bushels, or more than 38 bushels to the acre; the rest was not 80 productive. The whole crop was 468 bushels. The land was ploughed only once, but was afterwards well pulverized with the harrow and cultivator, and ten loads of leaehed ashes applied to the acre. The crop was sold for seed at two dollars per bushel. He has 115 acres of cleared land, from the tilled portion of which, (about one half,) he has raised in the last four years, more than six thousand bushels of grain. His wife has manufactured about two hundred pounds of butter to the cow the past season, and raised six calves. * Successful Culture of Silk. Robert Sinclair, of the Clairmont Nursery, near Baltimore, writes to us as follows: — "A poor man in this State, on a very poor sandy farm, with the hope of bettering his condition, planted the moras multi- caulis; but not being able to sell them, he turned his attention to the culture of silk. He fitted up his car- riage house, and all the unoccupied rooms in dwelling, in a manner suitable for feeding, and by constant at- tention made good cocoons. These, by the assistance of his wife and family, he succeeded in reeling, doub- ling and twisting, and converting into good sewing silk, which he says produced one thousand dollars." Is there any person in this country who has had as lit- •tle experience in raising cotton or flax, able to produce from either such successful results ? * Clover in Orchards. Messrs. Editors — A writer over the signature of "South West," inquires if clover is injurious to or- chards. Most certainly it is — though the degree of injury depends very much upoit the nature of the ground, being greatest where the soil is thin, and the subsoil heavy and cold, and least where the reverse is found. I have noticed its deleterious effects in a great number of instances. The first case of the kind that came under my observation, was that of a fine thrifty orchard belonging to Judge Brewster, then of Riga, Monroe Co. These trees took well when transplant- ed, and flourished for several years with uncommon vigor, under the judicious treatment of that accom- plished agriculturist. About that time clover was first introduced into that part of the country. The advan- tages attending its culture were at once perceived by Judge B. , who sowed many of his fields with it, and among them the orchard above mentioned. A few years were sufScient to show the ill effects of the clove upon the trees, in their stinted growth, rough, scaly, moss covered bark, and small yellow leaves; in a word, all those peculiar appearances which mark an orchard dying of starriitiun. Since that lime I have watched the eflecls of clover on fruit and other trees, and have invariably observed the same effcete, in a greater or less degree, follow its introduction. The reason for this, I believe will be found in the formation ot its roots, which run deep and interi'ere with those of the trees; while the grasses, Timothy, red-top, and the like, gather their nutriment at or near the surface, leaving the soil below for the exclusive pasturage of the trees. The long tap roots of the clo- ver penetrate to the same depth with those of the trees, or at least that portion of them from which the trees derive their nourishment, robbing them of all, or nearly all, of that sustenance which goes to make up the growth of the clover. Another reason will be found in the fact — for such I believe it to be — that the peculiar property of the soil which is sought for and taken up by the roots of the trees for their growth, is the very same which is selected and appropriated by the roots of the clover for its use; or, at least, much more allied to the same, thon that which is taken up by the grasses above na- med. So that the trees and the clover sufl'er, not on- ly by their proximity, but also from their sameness of taste — they are both seeking the same peculiar food in the same locality. It is like setting two guests at one table who will eat only of the same dish. The result IS obvious — imle=s there is a plentiful supply, one or both must make a scanty meal. H. JI. WARD. Rochester, Januauj, 1841. For t/ie Is'eic Genesee Fanner. Roots and Root Culture. Messrs. Euitors — I propose to give you some ac- count of our farming operations during the past sea- son. If you think it will add any thing to the general stock of knowledge, you are at liberty to publish. CARROTS AND TLRNIPS. We ploughed up a piece of muck land upon which rutabagas were raised last year. May 2"3d, ground in fine condition, drilled in the seed, at the rate of I lb. to the acre. Soaked the seed until it had con- siderably swollen, turned off water and sifted in plas- ter. Rubbed the seeds in plaster till they became dis- tinct and separate, and passed through the drill with- out trouble. Owing to the dry weother and the seed being planted too deep, they did not vegetate very rapidly. The prospect however, was favorable for a very good crop, when one day went to examine them, and some two hundred sheep had taken it into their heads to get over a poor fence, arid eat every thing down to the ground. This was about the 25th July. Had o good fence put round the lot and yarded the sheep several nights, occasionally dragging the field. On the 30th drilled in the Norfolk turnip, and hove gathered a veiy tolerable crop. lam satisfied carrots will prove the beet root, next the potato to cultivate, as they will do well on almost any soil, more hardy and less exposed to insects than turnips or beets, ond less affected by the season than the potato. RCTA-BAGA AND POTATOES. Sowed almost two acres, and did not vegetate well, and what did grow was badly injured by the fly. — Ploughed up the ground and planted potatoes. Had a fair crop, but not so good as we should have had if we had not cultivated so many weeds among them. I am no believer in the Rohan. The Merino is better adapted to the country and with aa good care will yield as bountifully. I think it is the best field pota- to that can be raised. We have no seed to sell how- eter. Where the soil is favorable, I believe the pota- to, beyond all compart on, the most profitable root crop the farmer can cultivate. If he have good po- tato land, the former had belter eschew all these mod- ern improvements in the root line, and go for his old- est and best friend. It is only in those situations where potolocs cannot be roiecd to advantage, as when the crop with good cultivotion, ond average yeais, falls below 300 bushels per acre, that other roots should bo tried. From my observation this seoson, I am satisfied the Carrol, under all circumstances will prove the next best root for extensive field culture. SUGAR BEET AND ROOTS GENERALtT. The beet crop was a total failure, owing to the seed being planted too late (24ih May.) lam not much in favor of them for field culture. However, I believe all of us have much to learn on the subject of root cul- lure. All are agreed as to the importance of cultiva- ting more roots than we do, ond I am glad to see much attention exhibited on the subject. In conversing with on intelligent fanner yesterday, he told me he hodbeort feeding his horses for some months upon carrots, an4 he was satisfied a bushel of carrots was worth as much for that purpose as a bushel of oats. Should further experience justify that assumption we shall wonderful- ly increase our profits, by the increase of the root cul- ture. With ordinary care 500 bushels per acre might be counted upon with as much certainty as 40 bushels of oats. Then, oUowing them lobe on a par as to feeding properties, you have in productiveness at least 12 to 1. It will cost more time to cultivate an acre of carrots thpn an acre of oats. Bnt the difference will not exceed three to one; still a large balance in favor oi the root. The root however, has another decided advantage, and that is in leaving the ground in fine condition for a spririg crop, and making a great deal more manure. I hope we shall hear more on ibis subject from tha numerous list of your really able contributors. Sincerely yours, Darien, Dec. 21, 1840. T. C. PETERS. For Vie New Genesee Farmtr. Salting Butter. Take 3 pounds of the best common salt ; 1 lb. of good brown sugar, and I lb. of salt petre. Mix and beat all up together, and take one ounce of tho composition for each pound of butter; work it well into the mass and close it up for use. Butter cured in this way, appears of a rich, mar- rowy consistence, and fine color, itnd never acquires a. brittle hardness or tastes too sjlt. It should bo kept two or three weeks before it is used. If well made, it can be kept good for two or three years. This recipe is used and highly approved in many parts of England and France. W. N. H. Fattening Poultry. An experiment has lately been tried of feeding geese with turnips, cut up very fine and put into a trough with water. The effect was, that 6 geese, weighing only 9 lbs, each when shut up, actually weighed 20 lbs. each, after about three weeks feed- ing with this food alone. Malt is an excellent food for geese and turkies. Grains are preferred for the sake of economy, but will not fatten so fast. Oats ground into meal and mixed with a little molasses and water : barley meal mixed with sweet milk ; and boiled oats mixed with malt, are all excellent for fattening poultry, re. ference being had to time, expense, and quality of flesh. Corn, before being fed to fowls, should always be crushed and soaked in water, or boiled. It will thus go much further and digest easier. Hens will often lay in winter, when fed in this manner, especially if well sheltered. W. N. H. Yaics Ci>unti/, N. Y. 24 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. io, NEW GENESEE FARMER. BEKKSHIKES. Farmers differ with regard lo tiie valuable qualities of tliis bleed of Ijogs. Without asserting, as some have done, tliat they are positively the best breed in existence, one tiling is quite certain, that they far excel most of the native varieties raised in this coun- try. Their rapid increase and dissemination for a few years past lias been such, that they may readily be obtained with comparatively trilling expense. We hope that all who regard them with suspicion, will e.\aminc thoroughly their merits before reject- ing them. One of the strongest objections is their smallncss qf size. It is true tbcy are not equal in this respect lo some others. But the fullowing instances will show that they may attain a respectable magnitude ut least, and if farmers would cease buying inferior animals and cullings of litters, because they arc cheapest, this objection would not, we believe, have much ground for validity. A recent importation by A. B. Allen, of Buffalo, contains a boar and sow, the former weighing 5.50 lbs. and the latter a few pounds less. They were fed on nothing but grass for months before weighing. One 18 months old, was told in the Albany market in 1&33, which weighed when dressed 033 pounds, and sold for about !$50. J. Lossmg, of Albany, states that he has one import- ed male, that at fifteen months old, measured si.\ feet five inches from the end of the snout to the roo; of the tail, and live feet sis inches in girth ; that of fifteen slaughtered by the Shakers of Watervliet in 1839, consisting wholly of what are called runts and the cullings of litters, from fifteen to seventeen months old, the average weight was 35Glhs; that one killed at Shaker village at Lebanon, at two and ahalfyeais old, weighed 800 ll,s.; and tli»t ho him- ■elf killed one at sixteen months weighing over 400 lbs. The chairman of the committee on swine for Tomjikins county, in his report, says lie recently saw pigs in Rhode Isla/id, a cross between the Berk- ehirc and Byfield breed, (the latter & smaller breed than the Berkshire,) that weighed 300 lbs. each, at a little less llian nine months old. J. R. Csldwell, of New Wii:dsor, fatted a pair of Berkshire barrows, and killed them at a little more than a year and a half old, when they weighed 1,020 lbs. Tiiey were fed on grass alone during the two summers, and given other feed only a few months before they were butchered. Such instances niiglit be greatly multi- plied. 'J hey show that, by proper management at least, a lat:ge size may be attained. But size is by no means the most important consid- eration. If a Berkshire at 200 cuts up as well, and affords vahiable parts in as great a propo.lionate quantity as another hog at 500, who would hesitate between them ? Many, in tliuir great cargerness for size, are sacrificing quality. The large bony breed will indeed fill the barrel the soonest, — with heads and shanks, — but, as somebody has jnftly i,b- eerved, it is of far more importance to fill tlie co7)- tumer. Accurate experiments are greatly needed to exhibit the relative qualities in this particular, of the Berkshire and other breeds ; the best we have seen, are the following, taken from the report of the com- mittee before mentioned. The first is a sow of "common breed," two and a half years old, and weighed when dressed 2Sj lbs. The s.cond is a half Hood Berkshire sow, 18 months old, and weighed @04 lbs. The first had raised one litter of pigs, the Berkshire two litters. The lliird example is a half blood Berkshire barrow, eighteen months old, fatten- ed in the ordinary way. 1st t-ow. 2d ^"ow. Lard 2G lbs iGlbs. Hnms 3ai 31.... Tenderloin... 5J 3^... Fat si Ci... Mess Pork.... 06 103 ... Prime " ....28,i 16 ... Spiirerib 20 12 ... Head 18 16 ... Barrow. . 31 lbs. . .52 . 9 .176 . 20 . 10 . 21 235 204 336 Farmers are usually extremely particular to cb tain the full market price for the r grain — the losi often cents on a dollar by bad marketing would be insufferable. But why is it, that they arc not a; careful in relation to the market at home, the mar kct of their own making, which is to tell whethei they get the same return lor twenty bushels of corn as another man witli an improved Berkshire marhcl ■jets for ten? A near neighbor lately butchered a few pigs, several months old, a part of half blood Beikshire, and the rest full blood ; the latter wc« two months younger, ond received similar feeding in every respect, but averaged, on killing, full weight with the liulf bloods. The half bloods were a cross with a lari'cand excellent native variety. It is the quantity of flesh and fat made, (and little offal,) for the small quantity of food given, which pie-cm' ncntly distinguishes the Berkshire breed, which eve- ry one acquainted wit!) them have observed. A striking instance of this quality, is given by Wm, P. Curd, of Kentucky, of a full bred boar, which at eleven months was castrated in consequence of an injury rendering him useless — he weighed at that time 12-2 lbs. "Alter being fed G4 days, he was weighed, and lifted the beam at 410 lbs., showing the- astonishing gain offuiir and a half pounds a [day, lie is now fed solely on grass, and weighs 550 lbs. at the age of two years." In consequence of the well attested excellence of Ibis breed of hogs, many attempts will doubtless bo made to impose on the farming community; cau. tion will therefore be necessary in procuring animals, as well as in deciding on qualities which may be. long only to the genuine breed, and not to spurious ones. Farmers who arc in possession of Beikshires, would do the community a great favor, as well .is themselves, by instituting experiments, by ncith ex- periments of a similar character on the common and other breeds, they would be of still more value.— The labor of such experiments would bo very trifling. » *5.' JlDlJ* 111 B«n COIi. SA^VYEKS' BERKSHIRES. This pig is one year old, and weighs about 275 lbs: is fro sold to Baltimore for $200. Bushes, uot Bushels. An error occurred in our last paper, on page 2, col. 3, which materially alters the sense, and mokes oui venerable assistant appear somewhat ludierone, which we vcrv much regret He did not sny that he plnntco" some dozen or fifteen bushels of currents in a a row ( ! ) hut that he planted that number of iiishcs in a row The error was noticed and moiked by our printer and proof reader, but overlooked by the compositor. H promises lo keep his specs on hereaner. Bees and Honey. Samuel, Marriot, of Hudson, N. Y., informs us that he has very good success with his bees, man- aged as follows: — The hives arc placed under a shed; stand from one lo three feet from the ground, ond have ibe bottom entirely open, so tbnt it nny worms are produced, they fall to the ground, and cannot return. A hole, 2 inches square, is made in the top of eoch hive, over which a box, 9 inches square, is ploced in the p[iring. In the fail these boxes ore removed, ond found to contain about '.JO ponr.ds each of the fintat honey. According to promise, we give the portraits of two more Beikshire swine, property of Col. Amos Saw< YEB. of this city. The obove isabeautifnl sow, 2 years old, weighing 300 lbs. She is not fat, but brooder ond heavier ihon represented in the cut. She is now with pig by young Prince Regent, (figure in our last,) and will litter nest month. (Col. S. expects to have a few piga to spare in the Spring, but moot of them ore already engaged.) the obove sow, by n full blood imported boar o. ;;. AND GARDENEll'S JOURNAL. 2.> The British t'oin I.nws. The N. Y. i:mancipntor of Doc. S4, contnine eomc Itciing coinuunts on tbc remarks of our correspon- nt, S. W., ill the D.'C. i\o. i.f llie Former. The hlor JisEcntj from ibe opinion of S. W., however, iL wo hnvc no right to e.xpcct thai England will eo Ddify her corn laws as to mlmit the bread e'.uHa ol is country on pnyinent of a duty of 20 per cent, n the contrary, he thinks that if proper mcasnrea e taken, this modificution can be effected; and to is end he makes the following siiggcetion: — " Wo propose that there should be Anti-Corn Law cietics formed in New York, Troy, Rochester, utTnlo, Cleveland, &.f. The declared object of these cietics ehnll be, to obtain, by lawful and paeilic fians, the reiieal or niodilicotion of all laws, usages d regulations of foreign nations, which hinder the mission of any American products upon as favora- terms as tlic products of such countries are adniit- nto the Unitoa Suites. The principal means to relied on, are the collection and dillusipn of etn'.is. :al and other information among the people by of correspondence, afjents, public meetings, berative conventions, the publication of a monthly 1, &-e. 'I'hey should also endeavor to engage the ■ration of our government, by such measures of gotiation and legislation as may from time to time deemed wise and prudent." As our object and aim is to promote ibe great agri- tural interests of the country, we most sincerely sh ;hat such a modification of the British Corn >ws could be effected; but we cannot bring our nds to view the subject in th: same light as our w York friend; nor can we think that, in the pre. t state of affairs, any material good would result m carrying out his suggestions. We like the remarks of the American Cilken on s subject, which may be found on page 19, headed )ur Wheat Growing interests." and boiler, as all tlic cooking is done on the floor, whicli is on a level with the pens. The rear, as far as was built la."! year, is 30 feet square, G feci posts, with an alley through tho centre, 4 feet feet wide. There arc Ihri c pens on a side, 10 by 13, and each pen will accommodate 7 largo hogs, or 8 middling sized ones while fattening. (Wc shall continue the pens by building another, 30 feet square, 60 that there will be (> pena on each side of the alley; or the building for the hcge will be 30 by GO.) Under the main building is a cellar, 20 by 60, and 8 feet deep; 10 feet from the cast end is walled out by itself and no floor laid over it. Here is a boiler, made of sheet iron, not so thick us boiler iron, but a me- dium between that and stove pipe iron, six feet long and 24 inches in diameter, with a safety valve, &c., and capable of working about 45 pounds pres. sure to tlic inch, though it is never worked over 18 — set ill an arch or furnace. The steam is carried from the boiler to a scries of vats on the floor ad. joining, constructed as follows : — The outside is of 2 inch pine plank, 12 feet long in the clear, matched and keyed together into one bin or vat, 3 feet deep and 4 feet wide. It is divided into four equal parts by tight partitions of the same material ; so that we have 4 vats, each 3 feet deep, 3 feet wide, and 1 4 feet long, holding about 7 barrels of liquid, or 22 bushels of vegetables. All #ie feed for our hogs is oked ill these vats, by steam, and fed from thence directly to them without handling after being once put into the vat. The saving of labor is very great, as well as the expense of cooking ; for 100 bushels of potatoes or apples can bo cooked in 6 hours, by a boy 10 years old. I have repeatedly cooked 50 bushels in 3 hours, and taken every thing cold. The vats can be made full of pudding in much less time. The building is doubly boarded, and the floor over the' cellar is lined, and has scuttles, to enable us to ventilate the cellar at pleasure. The hog pen is al- so doubly boarded — the front fitted with swing doors that the hog can go in and out at pleasure, and fliciently warm, A floor is at tho mill, and the trouble of milling, which, to. gcthcr, is something of an item. Tho corn should be steamed till it turns rather brown, and loses its white, parboiled appearance. Wc have never fed hogs any thing that has made them lay on fat cipial to the boiled corn. We feed no water, as after ro. pcated trials the hogs would not drink it, though none is fed with the corn except what the kernel has imbibed in cooking. At least oncquarter is saved by cooking, and then there is considerable gain in not feeding until after fermentation. Wc shut up our store hogs, feed Ihcm with boiled potatoes and provender, and keep them in thrifty condition till they are turned out to grass in tlio spring. We keep all our hogs, whether store or fat, well littered with clean dry straw. Perhaps I have been tedious. If so, my desire to contribute my mite is the only excuse. Sincerely yours. T. C. PETERS. Daricn, January 8, 1841. p. s Will some of your chemical friends givo you a bill of such articles as a farmer would require for a cheap Labratory ? T. C. Peters's Piggerj'. Fig. 1. FARM TRANSACT IONS. Piggery and PorkMakiug. Messrs. Editoks — Under the above title, I pro. se, from time to time, to give you some of our perienee in farming. If others will do the same, I giiH keep the buildin will be but a few months before your journal will laid overhead, and thus gives us a good room for come one of the most valuable in the Union. Let us ve facts. Let farmers state their operations for B year — pointing out what their own experience s formed defective, — and we shall have a mass of cts before us to serve as beacons in our onward urse ; and save us, if we read your paper, many dollar which would otlicrwiae bo lost in unsuccess. 1 experiments. THE PIGGERY. In constructing a piggery, I went upon the prin. pie that a judicious outlay of capital upon a farm necessary buildings or other improvements, iiicroa. in a much greater ratio than the interest — the oduetiveness of the capital already invested. And io, that to farm profitably there must ge a regular stem in the management of every branch of your .siness. Thus there should be a place for your irscs and carriages, harness, grain and hay, all under e roof if possible ; and in like manner for all ur other kinds of stock, and in particular, a place here you can keep your swine, fi-om the pig to the irkcr, and a'.l their feed convenient to your hand, aving a place for every thing, it is easy to keep ev. y thing in its place ; and thereby gain greatly in e saving of time in carrying on business. The piggery is designed for fattening from 50 to pigs annually, and the fixtures have been made th that reference* By the annexed plan, you will Tccive thai it has a front CO by 20 feet. The first ) teet having 13 feet posts, the olheis only 7. The ^l floor is 50 by 20 feel ; 10 feet of one end being ken for a boiling room, or rallicr for a furnace storing soft corn in the fall. Ten feet of the further end of the cellar is partitioned off for an apple cellar, and is 10 feet deep. The apples arc put in shallow bins, of which there are 30, which hold 8 bushels each. — Thus, it will be perceived, the object has been obtained. Wc have a place to keep our hogs and their feed, whether green or dry, and prepare it, all under Ike same roof. FEEDING IIOGS, ETC. We took up our hogs from the stubble and or. chard, the 91sl Scptcniber, and commenced feeding with cooked apples and bran — 2 bushels of bran and 3 quarts of salt to 20 bushels of apples. After the apples v/ere gone, we fed with pumpkins and po- tatoes boiled with nual (corn and cob ground to. gether.) Then with pudding fermented, 10 bushels of meal to 6 barrels of water, and closed with four weeks feeding boiled corn. Salt was used uniformly, at the rate of two quarts to a vat, whether meal, corn, or potatoes. The potatoes wore boiled and mashed in the same water, while hot, and meal mix- ed with them. Our hogs thrive well, which satisfies me that it is an error to suppose the water iu which the potatoes are cooked, is injurious. The corn was cooked by making the water boiling hot, then put in 15 bushels of corn and let it soak for at least 12 hours, then put on the steam. It requires about 12 hours to cook the corn after it has soaked, and hen you commence, tho corn should only be cov. Fig. 1. Ground plan. A, B, Front, 60 by 20 ft.— the part B two story. P, P, &c., pens, 10 by 13, with alley between. D, kitchon; «, arch and furnace; i, boiler; 1, sup- ply barrel for boiler; 2, chimney, 8 inch stove pipe; 3, Bteam pipe; 4, safety valves d, drain, to, water stern, linppli-ed from spring, and raised to vats, &c., by pump: 5, stairs to cellar; 6, cellar door,— the kitchen part is 5 feet below the floor; r, r, r, r, the vats in which the cooking is done, and which me on the same level with the pens, and from which the feod is carried direct to the pens; s, stairs to second story, which ie a very useful store-room, es well as the port A; E, E, &c., door; p, platform over part of furnace and boiler. Fig. 2. E, side view of pens; 1, 1, 1, swing doors with windows over — the windows ore 6 lighted, 7 by 9 gloss, and are made to slide down when necessary. Darion, iV. F" T. C. PETERS. I'tlCli V JU ijoijimuiiuf, tii^ liuiii aiiuuiu .jiiiv ui. v-u.. i rUIlipi g , n ' r , , . n.i , . ., 1 •, J -.1 wood, may be preserved a long time under ground by red with water. The hogs eat the boded corn with ^^^^^.^^..'jg ^^l,^ .^^i, „,bea or lime, and the joints great avidity, and digest it as well as the pudding, j g|,ould bo oomented with tar. Those always filled The saving in cooUing tho corn is, the toll and waste I w-ith water will laet linger than if occasionally empty. k:6 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. Compost Heaps. The following most excellent remarks on the man ufacturc of compost, arc richly worth the perusal of every farmer, old or young, rich or poor. Most of them have the merit of being as applicable to this country as to England. Every sentence is full of meaning, and wc are tempted almost to print one half of the article at least, in italics. Most of our farmers have yet to take the first step in the prop- er management of manures — a thing, which if well understood and attended to, would, in a few years, triple the pioducts of the country, and, to speak very moderately indeed, be worth yearly to the coun- try HUNDKED.1 OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS. Wc think there will be no difficulty in proving this. If the writer of the following remarks had mentioned lime as a component part of his compost heap, wc think it would have been better, as we consider this ingre. dient as indispensible. , From the Journal of the Enirtiah Agricultural Society. AlV ESSAY On making Compost heaps from liquids and other substances ; written on the evidence of many years experience. — To ichich the prize of ten sovereigns was atcarded. — By James Dixon, Esq., Secretary to the Manchester Agricultural Society. Tiie force and power of an agriculturist to pro- duce good crops, mainly depends on the manures he can command ; and how to derive the greatest possi. bic benefits from iiis immediate resources, is one of the most useful subjects that can engage his atten- tion. The English Agricultural Sociely having of- fered a premium for the best mode of making com- post heaps, I venture to forward the commiltee my ideas on this most important branch of rural man- agement ; and in doing this I shall state the course I have pursued in this particular for many years, and which every additional experience inclines me not to make any systematic alteration. My farm is a strong, retentive soil, on a substra- tum of ferruginous clay ; and being many times disappointed in what I considered reasonable antici- pations of good crops, I determined on a new sys. tern of manuring. Though quite satisfied of the expense which would necessarily be incurred by my plan, I still determined on its adoption. At the on. set I effectually drained a considerable part of ray farm. My next object was how to improve its tex- ture at the least cost — (perhaps I may be allowed to etate that my holding has always been at rack-rent ;) for this purpose we carted great quantities of fine sawdust and peath earth or bog ; we had so far to go for the latter, that two horses would fetch little more than three tons in one day — one horse would fetch three cart-louds of sawdust in the same time. Ha. ving brought great quantities of peat and sawdust into my farm yard, I laid out for the bottom of a compost heap, a space of considerable dimensions, and about three feet in depth ; three-fourths of this bottom was peat, the rest sawdust ; on this wc con- veyed daily the dung from the cattle sheds, the urine is also conducted through channels to wells for its reception, (one on each tide of the compost heap;) conmion water is entirely prevented from mixing with it. Every second day the urine so collected is thrown over the whole mass with a scoop, and at the same time we regulate the accumuhted dung. Tnis being continued for a week, another layer, nine in. ches or a foot thick, of peat and sawdust (and fre- quently peat without sawdust) is wheeled on the ac. cumulated heap. Tliese matters are continually added to each other during winter, and in addition once in every week never less than 25 cwt., more frequently 50 cwt., of night soil and urine ; the lat. tcr are always laid next above the peat or bog earth, as we think it accelerates their decomposition. It is perhaps proper here to state that the peat is dug and exposed to the alternations of the weather for several months before it is brought to the heap for admixture; by this it loses much of its moisture. — In some eases, peat contains acid or astringent mat- ters, which are injurious to useful vegetation. On this I have not trjed any decided experiments, but ara led to the supposition l,y ffoqucoly seeingatonas, aouDo in a parf iaj sXa^e ,9f (ost heaps should be raised on difterent parts of a farm ; but, unh ss in particular instances, it is well to have them in the yard ; in it all the urine from the cattle stalls may be employed with the greatest economy ; and be it remembered that the urine from animals, in given weights, is more powerful than their solid excremcnls.* How important then must it bu to the farmer to make the most careful use of this liquid. It is sometimes carted on the land, but that practice will not bear a comparison with making it into com- posts in the manner here recommended. Grejit waste is often made in putrescent manures after they arc called on the land; instead of being im- mediately covered or incorporated with the soil, wr not unfrcquently see them exposed for days together in the hot rays of a scorching sun, or to the injuri. ou3 influences of a dry wind. I have before stated that compost heaps should on many considerations be raised in the farm yard; still, circumstances are lrcq\iciitly such that it is more proper to make them at some distance in the fields. If a headland be. comes too high by frequent phnighings or working of the land, in that case it should be ploughed at the time when clover or mi.xed grass seeds arc sown with a white crop, forinslance, barley or oats, and clover for the year following : a headland might then be ploughed, and a number of cart loads of some manure heaped from one end to the other. Im- mediately after this it should bo trenched with the spade (or what is sometimes called digging) and * This must he taken with sonic limitationg, for urine con- talna yu to 9j percent, of water; and unmixed dung con- laiiis .111 tile sBitB of urin.^-c made by boiling down the juice or cider; for this will be likely to change in some measure by the vinous feriiiontalion. before it can be boiled down. — American, rurmcr. "AiTLK Molasses There ia many a good house- wife who has more faith in her own experience thon in the science of cbeinistry, that knows not tho valuo of apple molasses; but eliil believes it lo be the snmo kind of tart, smoky, worthless eiutVthol hos from time immemorial been made by boiling down cider. It is not within my province, at this time, to attempt to convince such that there is a chemical ditl'erence, though it might easily be shown that ihey are almost as different na sugor ond vinegar. I would, howev- er, invite them to loy aside their cider this year, and try the plan of boiling down the juice of the appio that has not been exposed to the air by grinding and Lost autumn I placed a number of busheU of Wetherill's sweeting apples in two large bross kettles, with water just siithcient lo steam iheni: when they boiled sotv 1 tnmed ihem into a new splinter bosket, contaimng some straw, and placed on them a barrel head tnd a heavy weight. The juice was caught in a tub. This was repealed ui,:;.' J l^nd juice enough to fill tho kettle, when I commenced boiling oown, and attended to it strictly, till it became of the conaistencTn o{ cone molasses. The native acids of the fruit, im parted a peculiar flavor, otherwise it could liariiy b» distinguished from the syrup of the cane. It was used in my family for making swectmcita, pies, for dres sing on puddings and griddle cakes, and a variety ot other purposes. The cost of making is very trifling,^ _ and the means are within the reach of every tatmet. Horticulture. BY MRS. LYDIA H. SlGOUl INEV. If the admiration of the beautiful Jbings of aatnre, has a tendency to soften and refine the characttr, the culture of them hos a still more powerf "J *'}'' ""'^"^ influence. It tokes the form of an oh eclinn. 1 he seed which we hove nursed, the tree of "UT plonung, under whose shade we sit with delight, arc '» "^'"* ' living, loving friends. In proportion to the core we have bestowed on ihem, is the warmth of t '"r regord. They are also gentle and persuasive teacht rs ot ilia goodness, who causcih the sun to shine and t "e ".e^^ '° distil ; who forgets not the tender buried vine arnid the snows and ice of winter, but bringeth forth *p root long hidden from the eye of man, into vernal a\ dendor, or autumnal fruitage. The lessons learned among the works of nat. ^•re are of peculiar value in the present age. The rt stless- ness and din of the rail road principles, whicl \ Pf" vodes its operotions, and the spirit of accumu. "''""^ which threotens to corrode every geneious sensib '"'.y» are modified by the sweet friendship of the q ^ plants. The toil, the hurry, the speculation, the t den reverse which mark our own times, beyond i that hove preceded them, render it peculiorly soluta for us to heed the admonition of our Saviour, and tal instruction from the lilies of the field, those peaceiu denizens of the bounty of heaven. Horticulture has been pronounced by medical men# as salutary to health, and to cheerfulness of spirits: and it would seem that this theory might be sustained, by the placid and happy countenances of those who use it as a relaxation from the e.xcitement of business, or the exhaustion of study. And if he, who devotes his leisure to the culture of the works of nature, bene- fits himself — he who beautifies a garden for the eye of the community, is surely a public benefactor. He in- stils into the bosom of the man of the world, panting with the gold fever, gentle thoughts, which do good like a medicine. He cheers the desponding invalid, and mokestheeyeof the child brightenwithamore in- tense happiness. He furnishes pure aliment for that taste which refines character and multiplies simple pleasures. To those who earn their substance by la- boring on his grounds, he stands in the light of a ben- efootor. The kind of industry which he promotes, is favorable to simplicity and virtue. With one of the sweetest poets of our molh.-r land, we may soy, " Praise to the sturdy spade, pie crook, '■K- , The Ohio Farmtf^'"^'",'''^- W apple molasses, and'we ^''-^ing ^ode of mo- moreswset, and for some r "^^ "» doubt that it is fUrpeio* (»jperior tpi that ud- ny- ry And patent Plough, .ind sl.eiilierd'i Ami let the light iiiei-hanlc's tool lie hailed With honor, which encasing hy the power qX long cjompanionship, the laliorer's hand, Cut off th.1t hand, with all its world ol nerves, From ft t()o Uus^ corann?r<;e with the heart." «-> '\'. feftt"r<^* ' v,pa\\^lf ^V" ,«b\c. ^^ ^ ^ Tri '' prop siires is oils 1^, i,,ir,i„ — - .-^ JS-' JiS THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vo]| ^ €Ji:NSU8 AND STATISTICS OF MONROE COUNTY, ,> Hors Pop a » 5^ IT O n o" H c f O 3_ if 5'-" r ffP TOWNS. 1 i 1 O y \ i CO I o 3 a- CL c s? oi "^ 5 ^ z" ^ o » p 1 2. 3 5 lim«< c^ p ^ CR E F Z '^ o ^ fi Mendon, 345fi 1094 2537 12572 3778 t4903 44705 32565 .37644 3721 11540 1345 «9330 H2li •S6592 *2700O P300 147470 PcufiliJd, aS43 826 1926 5746 33;ifi 49ll:;2 36812 23907 61648 23 12 6186 1884 4776 4992 6225 315.50 2200 98600 ■tU Ptrintou, 2513 747 2239 6-'0& 2933 6:'489 31773 24II2 43 64 2738 8461 1472 9336 3192 .5581 18500 1000 28490 Biiglilcui, 2337 68!) 1313 4223 2210 335&9 21. -197 15717 49450 3-'26 1300 37.i2 64S9 :i920 2-,'95 500 7700 !rb|» Webslcr, 2235 668 ]i)6li (.274 2353 35U47 27-9 ^ 21945 41066 2823 6120 1145 b676 4122 6094 9000 2000 18025 ft- Henrietta, 2085 776 2146 9589 3 54 79446 33866 22646 34.'10 3851 200r6 2217 8441 5168 5008 30000 4500 llW Pit sf„rd, 1983 C39 1534 5195 2349 4&b09 19669 14225 210U7 2400 2875 6(,I 6680 4200 2691 331100 1000 26000 Hush, 1929 673 1690 7209 2706 679 i 9 25451 19457 20531 2245 13190 1153 4020 2645 3187 10500 300 21200 ilii»i Kweilen, } 1884 Biai Broclijtort, ^ 1249 841 1778 7690 3777 64802 23999 21136 26204 2441 16^60 l.Wfl 8967 3714 5172 57000 4070 2340O hi Clarkson, 3486 1103 2964 9776 5161 71865 44436 33853 52133 3453 1635: 2.33 1 12358 2980 7786 i600 1200 11000 Ogilen, 24(14 76b 1663 7813 3104 60606 29892 22710 3495H 2183 21245 2633 8425 3168 6724 IfPOO 1200 7450 ! Parma, 2G52 823 246:. 7410 38 6 48686 38774 24975 43795 3127 12669 957 11403 2801 5445 11200 1550 32500 : m Greece, 3669 986 2559 6794 3859 60319 31080 28C06 80253 3637 7018 10074 412JU 6656 4696 5400 470 4355 . \\ heatland, 2871 753 I7J9 9849 3016 106229 ] 7529 22631 i9373 29511 2327 1667 6184 3083 3460 45900 4675 251250 - Wit Riga, 1 983 774 1637 12354 3517 79117 25821. 20012 24668 26bi5 21175 1619 6385 3:)82 4650 llOOU 1000 6410 l»« Chili, 2174 789 1929 8G6H ,31174 67475 35904 21313 326c2| 36r-5 9406 1873 9272 4816 4114 18500 760 312:(2 iftSI Gates, 1726 493 1032 , 3293 1742 3639(1 16319 13926 4 0011 2220 2086 7^59l 40.11 2964 1550 1000 850 715082 ' uik; Iruiidequoit, 1-J52 ft29 725 1507 UOU 1.^667 6676 11180 228951 1223 740 450G| 2446 1222 530 3600 ill! Rochester, 20129 3139| 15116 8921 3284 181&8| 11819 11705/ 244401 1496| 5580 176114 1920 69716 1851975 TOTAL. 64SG1 1^992l:i207lll2T468|jl243 104149sl497860 38 9 8 6776241487151179661 41287 812881329950 28575257U6i7 1 ll!t.' For the iN'eio Genesee Farmer. Asi'icultural Societies— Legislative Aid> Messrs. Edit'jrs — The inereaeed circulQtion, and great improvement, of our agricultural joiirnale, and the formation of the numerous agricultural eociciics. with their splendid e.xhibitions, the past season, afford cheering evidence that the cultivatora of the soil, arc beginning to realize the importance of useful inslruc tion and practical improvements. I am also glad to perceive that farmers begin to think it is time for the Legislature to assist them in the laudable work of improvement. I am not strenu- ous respecting my individual views, but it is my pre- sent opinion that an agricuharal survey of the State, would meet with less opposition, and perhaps be more generally uselul at present than appropriations to coun- ty societies, promdal the societies can he susUiincd witliout such aid, but if they cannot be otherwise sus- tained, then, I say, the sooner such aid is obtained the better ; for I consider their support very essential to agricidtit ral improtcnncnt. I am aware that many objections are brought a- gainstour societies, and some of them not without rea- son. I do not suppose it is possible to conduct them in such a manner as to please all; but it appears to me that some plan can be devised by which many of the most serious objections might be removed, and the tisefulness of the societies be made more general and extensive. It is my opinion that premiums ought never to be given for single acres ot produce, unless for the purpose of introducing some new production; as it too frequently withdraws the attention of the far- mer from his other crops, and the large amount of the premium crop when compared with average produc- tions, often causes doubts as to the correctness of the statements; and the love of preeminence often causes the unsuccessful competitor to feel dissatisfied. If we can obiain Legislative aid, our societies should be remodeled; ■and I will now suggest a plan for the purpose, in hipes that some abler pen will improve it, or propose a better. Respecting the amount which the Legislature ought to appropriate, I am of the opinion that $200 for ei:h member of Assembly would not be too great a Slim for the Empire State to bestow for the enconr- ngement of productive industry; and it ought not to be.for Isss than ten years. Each county society ought to raise a sum equal to that which is received from the Stale. i would suggest that each county society consist oi the usual officers, together with a publishing commit, tee; to hold annual Fairs for the e.thibition of stock, productions, implements, and domestic manufactures; but no premiums to be awarded to individuals at the ounty Fair — the towns only to compete. The mon y received from the State by the county, to be divi- ded among the towns, according to their ratio of popu ation, provided they raioe an equal amount by volun lary contributions, and conform to the requisitions ot the law. Each town to form a society auxiliary to the county society, to consist of the usual officers, togeth- er v\ith a viewing committee of three, whose duty hall be to examine the farms and crops in the town, lit least twice in each season, and make an annual re- port of their inspections, to the county society, Tbese reports should contain, as far as practicable, an agricul- ural survey of each town; and the committeemen should receive a compensation for their time. Each town society to hold an annual Fair, at least one week previous to the county Fair, and to award premium, to those who raise the greatest average crops, and to he persons exhibiting the best stock, &c., as usual. Each person receiving a premium at the town Fairs, be required to attend the county Fair; where the vns, and not individuals, are to be competitors. Each competitor to give all necessary information as to raising, breeding, &c., as usual, and all the stale- nents and reports to be handed to the county commit, tee for publication. Any towns neglecting to raise the necessary amount, heir quota of the public funds to be distributed among the other towns, but any town raising part of the sum required, shall be entitled to an equal amount from the public fund. Any county neglecting to comply with he requisitions of the law, of course the money would ■omain in the State treasury. 1 think the foregoing plan would remove many of ho objections which are made against our preeeni'so- :ietie8, and would bring the improvements more gefie- ally home to each'culti.vator. If the tpwns would mostly co-operate in the plan, there would be spljendid county exhibitions. 1 li."nje others will communicate their views on this subject, in order that the best plan may be devid adopted. Respectfully yours, jll* W. GAREU'Ci Wheatland, January 22, 1841. j',|;, Remarhs. — The plan proposed by our csl \ *'" correspondent, embraces many suggestions del *'',', of consideration; but we apprehend that a diffict jiii which he alludes in his closing paragraph, wi | ■!' some years at least, prevent the possibility of it cessful application. There are not a eufficiena ber of spirited farmers in the majority of towns urc their co-operations. The plan is new to u^ ever, and we hope to hear from others on the i —Eds. Hoof Ail. We wish to call the attention of our correspoli N., whose communication on this subject appe j another column, to an experiment renorted eighth volume of the old Genesee Farmer, pag* liy Heman Chopin, of East Bloomfield A hich had been slightly affected with hoof ail, bi nearly recovered, was fed (mixed with bran) one ri day of the ergotof spear grass, which had been fully obtained and cleaned for that purpose, ui had eaten a bushel ofit. It did not produce the4 est apparent effect on his health, although oftel closely examined. On the 189th page he will fi account of several cattle afTected with the hoi hich were fed wholly on corn stalks. These, the fact we have often observed, of cattle eating, the winter through, which contained vast quaiuii eigot, without being at all affected, serve at Ii throw doubt on the opinion our correspondent exj The remedy he proposes, of sawing the we have found the most effectual of any tried emedyof H. E. Hubbard, following his comm on, given from the Cultivator, we presume appll the "/oti^n the foot," a disease quite distinct the hcof ail, and which is also cured by the npplic of hot tar, which is done by rubbing a hot iron dipped in tar, 'between the claws at the upper pi the foot. ^ Market for Cocoons. We are asked if there is any market for coco his vicinity. Ifany person is desirous of purcli them, we should be glad to be informed of it. ?. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 29 M VGAZIVK OF HOUTICl I.TI HE, aitd all 7ti!iifttl discofcricg hi Rural affnirs — d hij C. M. UoTEV,, Boston — 40 pages, 'ill/ — gtS per year. SI. B, Bateuam, Agent, •Jtcr. inve received the first number of the 7ih vo- this excellent Magazine, nnd observe the edit- justly cnlls upon tbe friends of bortioulturc for nse of pntronage. We npprebend tbnt nothing ■nnt of a proper knowledge of this work con its receiving a liberal support. It is the only q1 of the kind in the United Stales, nud will r by a comparison with the most popular maga- England (which it very much resembles,) — nurseryman and professed florist, it will be idiepcnsnble to a knowledge of the various im- 'n:5 and discoveries which arc constantly nin- \i\d the amateur gardener or florist will find it V zest to thcs5 delightful pursuits, ttract the following article from the January orticulture iii Western New York. ow two years since any report wa3 given in jQzine, lespecting horticulture in Western 'ik; and, alihougli we cannot boast of any vnncement, we are unwilling that old Gene- Id be quite forgotten in your annual rctros- gardening. A lew years ago, it was thought section of country would make rapid progress ific and ornamental horticnUure; but a cloud rsity came over our prospects, and we were ;d t-i confine our attention to the necessaries, lect the lu£imcsQ{ life. It is believed, how- uta brighter day begins to dawn, and prosperi- igain smile upon us; so that wc still hope to fertile region become as celebrated f^r its at- ts in horticulture as it now is for its natural ;es. me and space, at this time, will only allow me e at a lew of the prijicipal gardens, and I shall my remarks to those which have green-houses. ocheeter, the greenhouse and nuisery estab- t, commenced in 1834, by Reynolds & 0, is now owned by Messis. Kll\s'anger & vho have removed ila little out of the city, unt Hope Cemetry, where they have purcha- ]e piece o( ground, and erected a good green- nd hot-house, which are already well stocked Bts. Mr. Ellwaiiger has imported some fine mostly Cacta! and camellias, from his native , Germany. They are making arrangements ting an extensive nursery, and if industry and U insure success, these young men will surely nursery of Mr. Asa Rowe, six miles from Ro- 8 the oldest and most extensive in this vicini- r. Rowe has n arg green- house, and a good mof comm n p ants, but, owing to the small , for rare [la its, he has not added many aortment ot late. His attention is mainly be- to the growing of fruit trees, of which his ve been extensive. W^illiam King has erected a small green-house aty, the past summer, and made a goodbegin- ,1 things considered. lester cannot yet boast of one private green- ilchough manyfamilies cultivate plants in their Mr. S. O. Smith, a gentleman of wealth e, is ROW erecting a fine dwelling-house, and building a cmservatory next year; wuen that I others will doubtless follow his example, nt Hope Cemetry deserves, at least, a passing Many improvements have been made there t year, and in summer it is a place of great but7!Oio, it isdesolote and gloomy, and so it ver be, during more than iialf of the year, un- citizens take esample from your own Mount ), and intersperse it liberally with eversrecns, a ornament of which we are sadly deficient. luQiilo, there is no perceptible improvement. — tt, Esq., the great patron of horticulture, died ug, and tbe improvements which he had pro- ond commenced, have been discontinued and ,ed. His stately mansion is unfinished and un- 3d— tand the garden, and fine range of horticul- iiildings, give evidence of the loss of that mas- t, of whose todte and liberality they are now monuments. nursery establishments of Messrs. B. Hodge, d A. Bryant, appear in a thriving condition. They both have green houses attached, but complain that the sale of plants is quite limited. The good peiiple of BiiiValo arc fond of display, and take great pride in building large and costly hoiisej, bill do not teem to regard horticultural embclliebmcnt, and, consequently, they waste their wealth without producing the desired eflccl. If they studied the matter aright, they might save thousands of dollars, and, at the same time, display far more real taste and bcnuiy about theirdwcllings. At Biiiiivia, the garden and green-house of D. E. Evans, E^q., arc, as usual, kept in good order, by Mr. Logiin, the gardener. This is one of the oldest gar- dens in this region. The collection of (ruit, &c., is of the very best description, but the assortment of plants is rather ordinary, not having enough of new and rare kinds to make it inteixsting. At Gcne8eo,a green-house and grapery were erected the past ycur, at the beautiful residence of the venera- ble .laiius W'adsworth, Esq. The green-hiuiee was erected lor the gratification of Miss Wadsworih, who has a fine taste for botany and floriicultmc, and hiis already obtained a good assortment of plants, inclu- ding some rare kinds. With her good taste and am- ple means, it inay reasonably be expected that her col- lection of plants will, in a few years, be superior to any in this section of country. At Connndaigua, the green-house of John Greig, Esq., is in excellent condition. The plants are most- ly of common kinds, but many of ttiem arc very large and beautilul. A striped agave (Agave americana var. variegata) is the largest of the kind that I have ever seen, and Mr. Greig says he intends to take mea- sures to bring it into flower, if po.^sible. Capt. S. Mentealh, residing near Canandaigua, sent some vciy beautiful oranges and lemons of his own raising, to the fair at Rochester, in October, but I have not had lime to visit his house, or obtain infor- mation respecting h s plants. There have been no horticultural exhibitions in Western New Yoik, this fall, except in connection with tlie agricultural fairs. We hope to give a better account of Rochester next year. M. B. B. Roe/tester Dec. 21, 1840. " Books never make Farmers." A number of our renders have very justly objected to some positions taken in the article in our last number from the National iEgis. The article contains many excellent remarks, but the assertions are not strictly true, that "books and learning will never make farmers" — " that to be a farmer, a person must [necessarily] begin when a boy." Experience, it is true, ia essential; but we have known instances where farmers, not educated as such, have acquired from one year*s practice, more know- ledge of the operations of farming, than others have through twenty years of apprenticeship. Indeed, some of the very best farm- rs we kn)w of, spent the eaily period of their lives in far different pursuits. * A long life, without industry, attention, knowledge, and judgement, is insofiicient to make a good farmer; but with these requisites, a few years will accomplish wonders. Every kind of knowledge which tends to expand the mind, tends also to improve the judge- ment, and enables us better to perform any kind of bti- sinees vvhatever. We wish to be distinctly understood, — a mere load of the memory is not knowledge. The objection * One iiistniicc. out of many wliich min:ht be given, is that of Judge Bucl, wlilcli is riouljtlesa fumili.ir to many of uur reailers. A few weeks before his death, he made the follow- ing remarks, wliich we wish every one who lias an aversion to *' book firming" would re.id. " Bred to a mcehanical bu- siness. I took up Agriculture, more than twenty years ftgo, as the future business of my life. Witlio Jt the pretensions or conceits which we are all ;ipt to acquire in the long practice of business, I began farming with a consciousness that I bad every thing to learn, and tluit the eyes of my nciglihors would be quick to detect faulte in my practice. I at once, there- fore, Eousrht to actiuire a knowledge of the principles of my business,' ,%nd of the practice of the most enligh"cned anil successful farmers. These I found in hooks .".nd agricultu- ral pcrio(Jicr.ls ; and by these I have been greatly benelrtcd. Althouffh it does not become inc to herald my success, I will venture to s,iy, to encourage otilcrs, and particularly the vounL;, in the work of self-instruction and improvement, that riiy lands, which are light and sandy, and wJiich cost, in an uncullivaled state, thirty dollars an acre, are now worth two hlln.lre.1 dollars r.u acre, for farming purposes; or in other words, that the nett profit of their culture, ctcec^Is the iii:crc3t of two hundrci doll.irs per acre." made so often, — of the uselcsenrss ol school learning in the common afiaiis ol life, — is valid only in rola- lion to the learning which young people acquire, but lo not understand — which ihcy commit to memory but do not know how to apply in practice. Ii is valid laiher in case of supeificial, than of thorough know- ledge. If our public schools were more occupied in teaching the applictition of learning, than the mcro theory; and directed the attention more to the art inant lock is coarse gray wacke slate : it bouniJs the head lands at the South part of the Island, forming with its thick annual coat of rock weed, an impenetrable barrier to the ocean's increasing surge. Also at the South part of the Island, there are valuable quarries of building atone, and some few ledges of irregular granite, too full of seams for such uses. I know of but one ledge of lime rock, and this is principally under water at high tide. It is coarse in texture, and nearly white ; bearing little rcscjnblance to our own deep blue fine grained carboniferous variety. But if Nature has furnished us of the West with her more fertilizing fossils, limestone and plaster, here she dispenses her blessings in ano her 3hape,with no niggard hand. Here the everlasting ocean not only yields its vast shoals of the oily munhadcn fish to the net of the fisher, but every eastern gale drives to land an endless variety of marine vegetables and shells, in such abundance as to furnish both lime and vegetable matter to the grateful soil. Indian corn, rye, oats, and barley, are the princi- pal grains grown on the Island. It is said that in an early day wheat grew wi 11 on the opposite Is- land, Conanicut. Hence its present failure may not altogether be attributed to the influence of the sea fogs. Grass seemed to me, at this time, July 1, to be the most promising crop. Such Timothy (Phleum pratense,) now in full bloom, I rarely ever saw in the dry, hot, champaign West. The Locust, (Robinia pseud.acacia,) together with many other ornamental trees, do not thrive well on the Island. The Buttonwood (Platanus oceidcntalis) is the only ornamental tree which seems to thrive gracefully here. Perhaps the pure damp sea air is quite as con. genial to it, as the mephilic vapours of the Western creek and river bottoms. S. W. Gardening for Ladies. The occompnnying amusing and instructive obser- vations are token from an excellent article in the Gardener's Magazine, entitled "Instructions in Gar- dening for Ladies," by Mrs. Loudon; — To derive the fnllest enjoyments from a love of flowers, it is absolutely necessary to do something to- wards their culture with their own hands. Labor is at the root of all enjoyment. The fine lady who has a nosegay put upon her table every morning by her gardener, has not a tenth of the enjoyment from it that the lady has who has sown the seeds, or stuck the cuttings, and watered and shifted, or transplanted, pru- ned and tied up, or pegged down or thinned out the plants, and ot lost gathered the flowers heraelf. But we would have ladies of leisure do a great deni "' ' than this. Let them hoe, and rake, and dij wheel a barrow, nnd prune and nail wall trees, Ifctn'i a syringe, and work one of Read's garden engii By these, and similar operations, they will i health, without which there eon neither be gooi per, nor any kind of enjoyment whatever, men|»(i corporeal. The grand and all pervading evil a ladies of independent fortune, K tnnui, which body knows, is brought on from a Want of rationi active operation. Now the pursuits of boton; gardening supply an occupation which is at rat'onal and active; and they supply it not .«Biot*i to the lady who has merely a love of flowers- /, out a scientific knowledge of botany or a tasti '*^ . the arts of design, and who may, therefore cu! her flowers, and perform her garden operations, out a greater exertion of mind than is reqnired t; gardener's labor; but to the scientific lady, whoi tanical knowledge, like ihnt of the scientific gard may enable her to raise many kinds of flowers, i and culinary vegetables, by the different process quired for that purpose; and to the lady of arti taste in drawing, painting and sculinure, who direct her attention to landscape gardening, and espccioUy, to the designing of flower gardens, nnf |jtbe introduction in them of the various kinds of menls of which they ore susceptible; a subject sent as much in its infancy as botany was befoi time of Linn;En8. Bat, says some of our re| ' What, the Duchess of wheeling a bi iJjtaJf liiileil" il5"» ijiit,- i, itoplj win Int. and nailing wall trees'?" Yes, certainly, if nothing else to do, that will be an occupation ei active and rational. Whv not a Duchess oe welj plain mistress 1 Suppose this Duchess at work garden, and that you are not awar* ihtrt abe title-. Suppose her dress in the simplest manni were the Vieompte D'Ermenonville's wife and dl lers in the gardens of Ermenonville,) what wi would there be then ? Ladies of rank are as D subject to C7?7i7/i as ladies without rank; and eve \ dy, as well as every gentleman, has o portion i day that she can call her own, when she may in Jw in what she lilies. If she has not, her 1 ' worth keeping. Did not the Earl of Chatham^ withstanding his being prime-minister at a perioi most important that ever occurred in the annals ( '* country, find time not otsly to lay out his own gro but to assist Lord Lyttleton in laying out Hagle ,(. We insist upon it, therefore, that what we prop ] just and suitable and necessary for ladies of the hi ) rank as it is for those without rank, provided th{ S equally without active and rational occupation of otlier kind. otter nllii litil The following excellent communication deat I ^,j an attentive perusal from every mother and da » id ter in our land ; and in behalf of our fair reader! ne tender Fanny many thanks. At the same tira lii; think she has mistaken the rrjeaning of Anns • 'loi and applies the hickory without real cause. W - ips not believe that Annette meant to " attribut \\ the discontent and nnhappiness of farmers' daf i y ters to a mis. education, and put the blame Bai „ teachers and seminaries." In the communici^'i ,|| referred to, she was only speaking of a certain A ' xt of daughters, not of the majority ; and we thi [„ an attentive perusal of her several communicatio [; will show that she does not reason altogether " logical circles." — Eds. Fanners' Homes, Wives, and Daiightem> Messrs. Editors — I noticed, in your Deceni number, another chapter of grievances from Annell but having had Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Ni Year days to attend to, (which ore the climax of i enjoyments in the country, ) no time was allowed reply last month; and olthough I feel no disposition criticise, or drive my amiable foraJaioMi from the fid still I think a little sprig of hiriiory from Waiti Grove, may serve to drive her from some of her 1){ cal circles. In your July number of last year, she attributel* the discontent and nnhappiness of farmers' daugh^ to a mis-education, and puts all the blame upon telit era nnd eeminories. Now she says that teachers w AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 31 nnries arc made to bear the blame of "inconside- fathers;" but I tbink, if ehe keeps on, ebe will le round to tbe right point yet, and find that in the ily circle the mother is the low nnd tcsiniony, and " like mother like child" will still be the motto. would not pretend to say that there are not avari- 18, penurious men, whose lotalth coneists in tbe ac- utation of their possessions, and not in the enjoy- '" U of them, and who would deprive their families he comforts of life, that they may compound their rest or add farm to farm, to be considered rich in •es of the world, — or that there arc not indolent ncfficient men, who, if they can be fed and bed from day to day, care not how or whither. «ere are procrastinating men, too, who are never dy to do any thing in its proper time; but these I isider the cvceptions to the general rule, and not bat a majority of the farmers of our country, cn- ng a competency," are of either class. But admit y are, — the mother, seeing these traits in the father, the sole power of correcting it in her children; ! if she is a judicious mother, and understands the losophy of human nature, she can do it without ever itroying the confidence of her children in their ler. t is from the mother children receive their first im- lesions of right and wrong. It is her voice that !ck8 their wayward steps during the day, and hush- them to sleep at night. If sickness comes, mother rays has a remedy — the natural qualities of every ther ensure to her an unbounded influence over her Idren. Their character must also be formed in ildhood. If they are to be virtuous, the seed must sown in the spring-time of life. It is then the oc- pation is selected, taste is formed, habits contracted d principles planted — '"as the twig is bent tbe tree's ;Uned;" — but it needs not the strength or power of lyllogism to prove the assertion — the fuel is self evi- nt — that these must be imbibed in early life, planted d nurtured by the hand of a mother. Her example %vritten indelibly upon the table of their memory, d her peculiarities must serve as an infallible stnn- rd. Now, think ye, if the daughter has been edu- ted to be industrious, and to bear her part in the du. !S of the family, and to be contented with such things she may have, "working diligently" to improve r condition, whatever it may be, — that there is no- Jng "KUhin or around" that home to make it lovely or attractive," and she, nevertheless, un- ippy? We will take a most extreme case. Take an un- lucated man, devoid of a refined taste, an avaracious, nnrious man, and, if you please, let him be a pee- ish'and a fretful man, who wants nothing but what ill bring dollars and cents. He has a wife and lUghters of refined taste, who like to blend the orna- lental with the useful. Let the daughter go outcar- / in the morning when she sees her lather planting eans or cucumbers, and say. Father, I will drop your eans for you, if, when you get through, you will help ae put out a beautiful rose bush I got yesterday. Yhy, child, what is the use of all these rosies and po- les around the house ? they wont pay our debts or my bread. I know they wont, father, but it wont ake you but a minute to do it, and then it helps make he old house look so much better, and makes mother nd tbe children so much happier when they see every hing aiound looks cheerful and pleasant; and this lil- ttle Burgundy rose is mother's favorite, you know. [ do'not. believe the most clownish, peevish, fretful Iban, cauldT-es'fet such an apoeal from an affectionate laughter; for' "soft words will turit away wrath," nd love will beget love; and the unconscious father Will not only set out the rose bush, but enjoy its fra- grance loo. We will take a still more important case. Siiy they want a new fence around the house, and tbe house painted. 1 he mother and daughters now say, — 11' fa- ther will let us have I he butter and cheese wc make this summer, we will jiaint the house and have a new fence, &c. But says the indolent, inefficient, procras- tinating man, — Ob! we can'taflbrd it; besides I wnnt all tbe butter and cheese you can make, to pay for the new wagon and harness we have been getting. But says the daughter, — Father can have all the avails of the farm for that, only let us have the butter and cheese, and we will do without a hired girl, and do tbe work ourselves. He must be something leestbnna man, and a man with a coinpetcnci/ too, who would not only yield to such wishes, but rouse from his indolence and proerostination, and do all he could to aid them; and I am confident that in nine cases out of ten, An- nette will find, if there is nothing " within or around a country home calculated to please tbe mind, or de- light the eye of an intelligent daughter," it is the mo- ther's own fault. She has not brought up thot daugh- ter to industrious, frugal, and economical habits. She has sot her down in the parlor, a dressed up automaton, living and dressing upon the hard earning of somebo- dy; and whatever may have been her school educa- tion, her /lomc education has been all wrong; ond not possessing energy of character sufficient to rise from her indolent habits, ehe sits down to enjoy her ennui, dissatisfied with herself ond every body else, and con- sequently unhoppy. And if ehe were thirsting for knowledge, and the father unwilling to furnish her the means of alloying that thirst, there is not a literary gentleman in oil the region, that would not delight to open his store- house of literature to feed a starving in- tellect; for in these reoding days, nothing is more rare than an exclusive library. Happiness has no localit)'. It is not the city or the country, the brick or the wood house, the mahogony or the pine furniture, the Brussels or the rag corpet, that can make a discontented mind happy, or a con- tented unhoppy. Home, to a contented mind, will be home, and have its charms be it ever so humble. — If Annette will go with me, I will show her a hoppy country home — not a thousand miles from a city — where dwelt a father, mother, brother and sister. That home was truly aitraciire, and that daughter was a happy one. "She hod much to gratify her taste, and call into exercise those faculties which afibrded her the highest kind of enjoyment." She hod " the fra- grant rose, tbe climbing honey-suckle, the shady bower and the vine-clad arbor;" but her own hand watered and troined them. And when she would "luxuriate on nature's charms," she would ramble o'er her native hills, by the winding brook, the shady grore, where she could *' Converse with nature, and commune With nature's God." and never was she less atone than when alone. There was much around that country home " cal- culated to plcose the mind ond delight the eye." Tbe birds from the forest came at her call; an old wren for years built her nest in a gourd shell that siie hung in the well-curb, and her favorite robin when molested always knew that in her she found a friend to drive away her foes. She could feed the chickens or milk the cow; she could wash, or bake, or iron; all of which did not prevent her thumbing the piano, or "tripping the light fantastic toe," nor exclude her from the most refined circle in the city; and none en- joyed her rural home more than did her city friends. And there was much "within" to make that home delightful — there were hoppy hearts and cheerful voices, and the hospitable board that ever mode wel- come both the stranger and the friend — tliat home teas truly attriutire ; but not ntore from the wearied and care-worn father, than from the mother and their only daughter; ond that doughter was none other than Your humble servant, FANNY. Walnut Grove, Jan. n, 1811. The Education of Femnles.-Tlic proper train> iiig of Fanners' Daughters. I like your correspondent Annette, much better than I do her antagonist " Homespun Farmer ;"be. cause, like a true woman, her errors arc not of the feudal age. She says, "public sentiment, and the spirit of the age, now require that females of the rising generation, should receive a higher degree of education than was formerly deemed necessary." In the depth of her sympathy with her sex, she might perhaps relieve them a little too much from the wholesome drudgery and petty details of do. meslic life, and sufl'er them to go a little too far into the more expensive refinements of the age ; while, on the other hand, her antagonist, and his exponent, of thciEgis, " Franklin," seem to forget that "man lives not by bread alone." They appear very much to dread that a female should be educated above her condition in life; but it docs not seem to have entered their philosophy, that education, and a pi. ous one too, can alone fit a woman to bear aright those ills which " flesh is heir to." Is it reserved alone to the wealthy to indulge in intelUctual plea- sures ? Does not the honey suckle clamber as gracefully, and bloom as fragrantly, on the rough exterior of the log cabin, as on the piazza of the gayest cottage of art ? Must every poor widow loo, stifle the yearnings of a mother's heart, and compel her fatherless daughters to live in somebo- dy's kitchen; to be hourly reminded, by unqualified command from the mushroom daughters of her mistress, of her hopeless servile condition ? Did Franklin ever read the story of Cinderilla ? If ha has, does he blame any fair, delicate young female, for shrinking (rom Cindei ilia's wrongs, even if ih* were certain of Cindcrilla's final reward 7 Frank lin is so much a man of the past linsy woolsy age, that he seems to forget that the revolution which those modern improvements, the steam engine, SPINNING JENNY, and POWER LOOM, liavc madc in mechanics, calls for a correspondent social and mo ral improvement, and modification of labor and cm ployment. He even limits woman's reading to five books, including the Bible. Annette might possibly err on the other hand; but we want to hear from her again on the subject of the proper training of farmers' daughters. Woman alone can do this un. derstandingly— she is less an animal than man. It has been beautifully said of woman, " that in her rich heart, Goi more generously bows tbe divine germs of his holy religion;" though "she will sometimes sell her birthright for tinsel and the ADMIRATION of DECEiTFi'L LIPS." Yct in tlic main, her purity of heart is " her strength, her loveliness, her primal excellence." Is she not therefore the only safe and legitimate teacher of her own sex 3 LUBIN. S O N N K T . The scene, how ch.ingcd! The winds of winter, wage Eternal warfare with the leafless trees ; And morn and even, the elemental rage Dulls the cold heart, as springs their channels freeie I Where arc llie children of the woods? the tecs— The songs of birds that wake the woodland train ! All, all are gone, and like the locks of age The pendant icicle the woodman sees. And feels the blood run chill in every vein. Season of cold \ when round the Ingle cheek Young children giilher, and the hoary sire Looks o'er the nssembled group, and feels tbe bleak Cold hand of death upon him, which the tire Of youth no more will come, its icy spell to break I London, V.C., Dec.il, ■iiV>. J.N. 32 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2 The following cominunicotion ia from the pen of one whose experience and learning entitles him to more than ordinary regard. We hope to receive further re- marks from him on this all-important subject; and feel assured that our readers, who are parents, will find his suggestions deserving their consideration. — Eds. Ff^r the Keic Geiiuee Farmer. Education of Farmers' Childreii-»No. 1. Messiss. Editors — I have not been wholly pleased with the articles on the education of furmcrs' fnmi- lies, which appeared in your paper in the last year. I approved many things; but some things appeared ra- ther distorted, and others to be neglected or omitted. 1 thought, too, that mothers were censured beyond their proportion. There are two prominent mistakes on this subject, whiih need correction. The one is the ration that a farmer's condition is rather inferior; the oihcr res- pects the hind and qaaniity if education. 1. The first mistake ia made and continued by far- mers themselves. While the condition of the farmer is one of the most independent, end hia profession as honorable as any, and far less annoying and iiksomc, and is far more free from temptation and passion, there is a constant effort to leave it and to engage in some other pursuit. The sons are often prepared for some other business; the daughters are educated for anoth- er sphere. All this tends to depress the notions of the usefulnesaand respectability of aivagricultural life. True indeed, some of their sorts must have a collegi- ate education, and engage in some of the more learn- ed protessions, and sotiie of their daughter must be the wives of such men. Bat the grcaS body of the sorts must continue in the occupation of their fathers. W.^ile the meaof the learned professiotrs fill tlie more important stations, as a great fact, and the sphere of their influence is greatly cjilnrgeil, and while their pursuits may in one respect be allowed to besuperior, in the general rank the farmer's place is important be- yond estimation. If the other ia considered as the eyes and hands of the system, the latter is the very backbone of the country. Without the latter, the for- mer would be powerless and unnecessary. For this place theiraonsshould be educated, and their daughters too, as this place they will chiefly fill. The worth, the dignity, the respectability, the usefulness, the se- curity anJ independenceof thiaplace, should be known, acknowledged aud felt. Then will the action suit the Iku^tght. 2. Tljo second mistake- comes more wpthin tte scope of education. The trail and jj/ani//!/ of education, is motorial. In the lower class of farmers, both sons and daughters have only very ordinary advantages. In the highest class, which ia not large, both enjoy nearly eq,ual means. In the middle and greot class, the daughters have far the greatest advantages. The reason is, that the sons are needed on the farm in the fiumnier, and cannot so well be spared in w'inter. The daughters therefore attend the select schools and academies for a much longer period than the sons, and having equally active minds, they study to better ad- vantage and make greater acquisitions. They beeome more delicate and re-fiiied in their manners; they see and hear more of the wo^rld; they ate able to converse and to show oflF to greater advaiitoge. They have, in fact, far more of cultivation to show off, and far more of that which will be interesting to society. Hence it is that they are raised above their broth«rs, and will naturally seek the society of those who liave more congeniil acquisitions. The sons of farmers are thus thrown into back ground, mortified, repelled. They wonder at a state of things over which they have no control, anl the dauglitera are often blamed and re- proaehod for not finding their pleasure in the eicieiy of those who have not been educated so as to be on an equality with them. Hence it is that many a young farmer is obliged to find a wife among those daughters who are not quite on his own level, and who are not so well fitted for their place as he is. How often a farmer's son is sent to a higher school for one quarter, and then he must be upon the farm. lie has hardly been able to get well employed in study, when he must leave, till another season will give him another quarter. The daughter less rarely has only one quar- ter at a time for her improvement. She has not in- deed enough of time for improvement: let her not have less; but let the son have more, much more.— However much the sister may have, let the brother have tar more means of education. Farmers' eons heed to be raised in the scale of their qualifications for usefulness, and enjoyment on their farms, as well as for inflaence in society. Then will their wives be raised to a higher character also, and a nobler gene- ration v/iil appear. When a highly educated female has ollied herself with 0 young farmer of good tolents and disposition, of activity and enterprize, though he may have less of education and refinement, because he has not been able to acquire them, who has not seen with delight the plastic power of the wile in moulding and elevating and refining her husband. She be- comes in a two-fuld wnse, a heljy meet for him- . "She lonketh well to the ways of her household, and eateth not the bread of idleness. Her children rise up and call her blessed; her husband also, and he praiscih Iter." D. C. ENGLISH MARKETS. ^.ONDON, J,inaary4, l84'..^.\ great improvement has ta- ken place Ml tile nionufiicturiug (listt lets. CoUon goods es- [lecialty liave Ijccn in very active demaiiii, iirui at advanced prices. The money martee: is also assumin"; .a ajore liealtliy lone. So th:il witii moderate stocks of produce gcHerally prospects are favorable CipRN IMakket. — Average price for Wheal for the last six weeks ; for tlie week ending Nov. oQih, Uls. 8J. ; 27tll, COs. ; Dec. 4lll, JiOs. 7d ; llth, 383. lOd.; 15Ji, .Ms. Id.; ISlh, 8Us. — Aggrcga e for the si.v wccka, 5'Js. lod.— duly 273. 8d The arrivals are jiretly large. En^itish wi^eal is saleaUIe at ijie currency of afurluig.tii ago; red (i'is. aU4s ; wMte,6Ts.i!70s. LiviiRTOOL Corn i«ARKET. Jan. 2 —American Flour, free, has sustained late rates, but has lieen rather slow of sale, the Ijcst markets of United Stales ni 3iis., Cmadiaii .it 3Js. to 3lis. per hhl. A Utile United Slates Jias Leen soM, in bond, for export, at 2»3S pcrbbl. Jaiuiary 4.— American Flour, in Imnl. 2i^ 6-1. o 3Gs , but iJiese prices could not lie relied upon in ihe face of large iin- portaliuns. Ajnerican Wheat, in bond, 5s. 3d. a 53 tid. per bushel. NEW YORK MARKET— JAN. 27. CoRX Exchange. — Flour w.-is held firmly through most of the week, but the news from England was unfdvorKble. and on Saturday, holders were ready to sell, but there were very few buyers ; 550 bbls. Genesee were however taken on that day for England, .at «4.04. 1000 bbls. Georgetown sold at jj. I2J-, small p.arcels of Howard street .and Baltirtiore City at «J," 2.!. and some New York at S5; 900 Brandywine at S5,.5(t. Corn Meal sold in puncheons at ®13, arid bids. ,at ®2,- h8 , Rye Flour at $3,37. In wheat the only parcel sold was 25(J0 inferior Long Island at about 85 cts. bu. The:e is con- siderable Geueseew!i«at..say 100,000 l;u. in store, held at 1' 5 a 0 els.. TBerc were no sales of Rye A cargo of very handsome Delaware Corn -was sold on Frid.iy at .57 cts, weight, but a very fiiir article was offered afterwards at 50 cts. The distillers buy Long Island Corn at 56 cts. North- ern Oats niavbe quoted at 42 cts. ; Pennsylv.irria ami Jersey, 34^ a3Gcts.;'Souiliern, 32 fl 34 cts. ; Barley is held in store at 55 cents. Provisions. — Beef and Pork are abundantand very heavy. Prime Pork especially droops : there were sales at ® 0,25, and. of Mess at $12,50, and more is olTered at the same rates. 2100 kegs Ohio Lard were sold at 7c. lb. , another lot of aboiu llje same quantity ia held at 7^. Smoked Meats, But- ter and Cheese are without change. &EEDS.— Fla.x Seeti is duH'r 70 tierces of Clover b«ve been sold at Sicts-. 111. IMoNEV AND Exchanges-.— ^loney has been r.ather more plenty since the resumptionin Pillladelphia and the conside ralile sums received thence. The Banks discount all the sat- isfactory business paper which is offered them, coming with- in 90 days. There Is very little paper in llie street Bills on France and Englaud were heavy through most of the week, owing in part lo the large sums draw^n for by the U. S. Bank. There arenoTirranscments now making forthe ship- ment of Specie, thnugll.lhe Jl.ivre p.ackct of the 1st Fe'irna- ry will take«-20,0fl0, chiefty arranged some days ago. Tlie rates of Domestic Exchanges improvedoo the whole, and so di.l Money Stocks Business Generally. — ^Itwill be seen that a gosd' degree of activity lias existed in several of the articles meutionel in tiiis Review, and there is a he.iltliy feeling pervading the niarkot generally. The importations of manufacture.l goods are quite large, and the sales by auction are eomn>«»»irig on a large scale. The Bierchan'.s generally are successful in their .-.flairs, an 1 so cnntiien.'e is Increasing from month to iinjn-h —.four. Com, Besides several unimportant typographical errors in tW January No., the following liave been noticed as affectin On page 2, col. 1, Ctli line from bottom, for pippins read '*Pip pin.'* Same page, col. 2, 25lh line from top, insert the "A'en tiiti," fee. Same col., llth line from bottom, for Cretian rea '•Cliretian," Page 12, col. 2, line 7 from the bottom, fo yields read " yielded." Same page, col. 3, line 6 from hot tom, for particular, trees rend ''particular trees ' Page 13 col. 2, line from lop, torfurest, uherc read "forest. Whert^ &c. ROCHESTER SEED STORE~l841 THE subscribers have made complete arrangements foS' furnishing all kinds of Seees from this establishment «» usual. Large importations have been made, in addition tfif'' lliesupplies raised in this country. No pains will be spared- to have the Sceifs ofperfect qu.-ility, and give satisfaction to their customers. Agcms ^ill be snpplietl, .".s usual, ii) tile principal places of Western New^ York — Pnrticulan nextmontli. BATEH^iM & CROSMaN. Rochester, FebrlSurj/t, 18'tl. MOUNT HOPE GARDEN *i NURSERIES* JjJ^'J'J ST. 1*A0L STREEf , 'J rittii" ^' ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. ''''''' THE FroTirietors of this estaldishnicnt offer for sale oiif extcliBivft assortment of Fruit.and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Green House Plants, Bulbous Flowef Roots, Do jbleDabli,.s.&r,- &c. . Gardens laid- out, and Gardeners furnished on reasonable notice.— Persons requiring iAforihatinii oii any subject eoiw necicd with the business, win- receive a prornpt reply. j All orders, letters of inquiry, iic. must be aiidressed (V^n paid) directly to us. J Trees, Plants, &c^, will be carefully packed', so th.-it IKeiS m.ay l.-e carried to any part of the country in safety ; and packj ages will be marked and sbipperl as may be designated in tliaj order. 1 Persons with whom the proprietors arc unacquainted, arA requested to give a satis&ictory reference, or name some perJ son in the city of Rochester, \vhii_^vvMlEU,aranlce- the payJ F-CI fim' c •aw Sl« iwil Rochester, Dec. 1, 1840. ELLWANGSR &. BAKRVy TIMOTHY SEED WANTED, At the Roches, ler Seed Stoie. BATEHAM & CROSMAN. ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. COBRECt'r.D FOft THE NEW GENESEE FARIilER, F£B. I, 1841. WHEAT,.... per bashel,..-..$ 78 a $ 81 CORN, " .. 37J 41 OATS " 22...... as B.\RLEY " ....... 3J...... RYE......... " 50 BEANS, White,.. " 75 POTATOES " 19 22 APPLES, Desert,. " 38 41 " Common, " 25 31 " Dried,... " 75 8» CIDER barrel 100 150; FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,25 " Fine " .^ 3,50 3,7S SALT, " 2,00...... PORK.Mess, " 10,00 .11,00 ' ' Prime " 8,00 . O^tJtl " Hog, .... 100 lbs.... 3,5C. 4,00 BEEF,.-... " . 3,50 4,00. POyLTRY per pound, 6 7 E&GS, per dozen, . 18| BUTTER, Fresh, .. p^rpound U . 16 " Firkin, " ... IB". . Kt CHEESE, " ... 6....... 7 LARD, " ... 7.. 8 TALLOW,Clear " ... 8 » HIDES, " ... 5 SHEEP SKINS,. ...each,... 75 87t PEARL A&HES, . .100 lbs. .5,00 POT, " .... " ..4,50 WOOL,. .....po«jid,.. 35 40 HAY ton, . -7^00 8,00 GRASS SEED,... .bushel,. .T,00 l..'>0 CLOVER, " " ...e,50 7,50: FLAX,.... " " ... 75.. PLASTER, (in bble) per to-n,6,00 '■' bum.'at Wheatlond)3,00 Remarks:— OMr 3\ci^\ng has nearly evaporated, and-batirt tie is doing in niarttet. Wheat is purchased only ill llmi te-l quantities for the retail flour trade. IMore is'doing In Corn, Oats, &c., but at low prices The Pork trade Is near- ly over: prices s.ame asl.-ist month. The money market is s id to bf tiiucli impr&vcd. A very large sale of Dry (roods, vt auction, took plnr# last week. It Kiii well ftiienilp.!, and fair prices obtalittt)-. z k r. B. RATEHAiM, F. CKOSMAN, Proprietors. ROCHESTER, MARCH, 1841. XO. 3. JOHN J. THOMAS, M. B. BATEHAM. F.dilors. PUBIilSHEO MO:VTHIiY. TERMS, FIFTY CENTS, per year, payulile always in atlvaiice. Post Masters, Agents, and others, sending money f'ree *)t' istage, will receive seren copies for S3, — 7V*iitdiei\) can befurnislicd to new subscribers. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. u'.ilisheis' Notices. Hatches' Sowing Mr.cliine. See*l Cat.iloguc .Notice. Hints for the Month 53 oard Fence. Freservation of Woodlands. Working Bu.ier "Florist." Field Bcels. Trinuuing Orchardi, 34 xjtcriineins In feeding Beets. Kffects of the tftocli on Grafts 3o e.irs. Sowing Locust Seed. Raising Frait Trees from Cuttings. Raising Chestnut Trees for Tiral)cr. Onni- metitalFlants 30 old Viie Fens. Produce of one acre. Domestic Indus- try—Weaving 3" ust on Whe.1t. Lime, and its application. Sprouting OaTilru Seeds— Raising Onions 38 ols and Horse Bees. Use of Sw:imp IMuek. Receipts I— To Kill Lice on Cattle- To make C.ilves e.at Roots— To make Wisconsin Mince Pies — In.Fuel— Ueplh of Lakes— Salt for Cattle— Improvement in Cattle- tiipening Wall Fruit— Hessian fly 40 [oVticuUural Meeting at Rochester. IMonroe County Agricultural Society Canada. Double-Hinge Har- row, (with a cut.) Durham (U. C.) Agricultural Society 41 1. Cohuan's .\ddress— O- Re.id it all I 4-i-43 eding Berkshires — a correction. Maple Sugar 44 ow [irices fi:vora!de to National exports and National wealih. Cause of Decay of Ruta Bagas. Rats and Rat-catching. Importance of the Indian Corn Crop. .. 4.i lillB and Forest Trees. Military Fines. Farming in Allegany county. Importation of Silk. On the culti- v.aii6n of the Dahlia. To the Ladies 40 Vet Feet. Population statistics. Education of Far- mers'Children, No. 2. A duraWe White Wash. Cure for Tooth Ache 47 'o Correspondents. Graham's i\Iagazine, aiW Godev'8 Lad\'s Book. Genesee County Agricultural Socictv. SlHle Boanly on Silk. Large Hogs. "Frank." Re- ofthe Markets. .Advertisements. Prices Current 4? porl Triumphant Succe.ss. We congratulate the friends of this ptiper, on the ucceBs whielt Itas thus far nttendtrd the 2d Volume. tVe commenced the year with an edition of 20,000 topics, and some of our friends thought it was too ^reat a number, but present appearances indicate that xe were not mistaken; for if the friends of the cause loniiuiie to exert themselves, as they have done the 5USI two months, this large edition will soon all be •ircvilated; and then who can estimate the airiouut of lood that our monthly messenger may accomplish ? Hnrc patience with us. Owing to the flood of let- tertt, which daily pour in upon us, we are sometimes compelled lo defer attention to them for a day or two ; and sometimes (thoughnot often) names are not enter- ed correctly. We regret these evils and endeavor lo avoid them, and hope, therefore, our friends will not scold too severely, or tax us postage on their com- plaints. Postmasters, when requested, will generally inform us of inaeuraclee. Some of our subscribers complain that their papers do not reach them till some days after the Ist of the nionii. IF« canna! keTp tt. ^Ve wieh to obtuia lbs I monlh. reports of the Markets, &.C., up to ihe 1st, and ihere- fore cannot go to press earlier. Then, notwithstand- ing we use a Power Press, it lakes quite a number of dnys to work off so largo an edition. The whole are mailed as fast as poseible, and should all reach the subscribers before the middle of ihc month. Post Masters and agents in Canada, who wish lo , send us instructions respecting the direction of the pa- pers, are requested to direct their letters lo the Post Master at this place; otherwise we are subjected to postage. Post Masters nuil Agents are particularly requested to write the name of the Pout Oflicc, County, and Stale. It is sometimes almost impossible to decide what Ste/ethe place mentioned is located in. llncurreiit Money. Bills on solvent Banks in this, and the Eastern Slates, are at par with us Canada, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, .ire 5 to 10 per cent discount. — Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois money, is 6 ;o 8 per cent.; and Michigan is 12J per cent, discount. We hope our fiiends at a dielnnce will lake pains to send us the best money they can obtain. We do not refuse any of the above, when sent us free of postage, and nothingdedueted for commission; but the amount paid by us for discount during the year, is a serious item Monroe County Agricultural Society. By a notice in another column it will be seen thai the Genesee Agricultural Society, organiced in this city last year, and intx;nded to embrace severa! coun- ties, is now lo be confined to this county, and called " The Me preserved by our readers. The agents named for the sale of seeds in other places, will receive their supplies in a very few days.— Cata- logues are sent gratis to all applicants. ' Hatch's Broadcast Sowing Machine. This machine hasbeen exhibited at several Fairs, and used on several farms in Western New York the past fall, and has been spoken of in high terms of praise. It is calculated for sowing all kinds of grain, broadcast, ond is particularly valuable for sowyig lime pr plaster. Mr. Hatch, the inventor, is now in Rochester, ma- king arrangements for building machines. We in- tend to give a moiB particular acoouiil of it next Hints for the Month. Every farmer should be able, if not already so, to answer the following questions in ihe affirmative: — Is your stove and other wood, for use next summer, all cut and piled up or seasoning? And havejoti plenty of wood seasoning for next winter's use 1 Are your chips all collected and secured for fuel ? Are your lools, for the approaching cainpoign in for- ming, all in first rate order ? — your ploughs with good points, beams sound, handles firm ? — your rakes and harrows with teeth, your hoes and forks with handles ? — your harness in good repair, and well oiled ? Are your tools all ihe best of their kind, so that the additional work they will perform, will pay for them- selves len times over before next fall 7 Are you provided as faros procticablo against bor- rowing tools! Is there o place for every thing, and every thing in its place, so that yon need not woste the richcbt por- tions of your time next summer in fiuidess searches T Are your farming implements all well painted where needed, to preserve them from decoy? Are your fences all in good repair — loose roils laid up — low fences made higher — board fences well nail- ed—stone walls not tumbling ? Are your cellars k«pt cieen and pure 7 — your roots n them in good sound condition 1 — your applsa kept assorted, the decayed from the sound 1 Are the water I'urrows in your wheat-fields kept open and deep, so that you may not loose bushels of wheat by th« want of as many minutes work ? Are your grafts cut-^the best kinds chosen — your grafting plasters made 1 Is the additional attention given to cattle and sheep, especially to the latter, which this critical period of tiie year requires? — the feed increased, the quality im- proved ? Have you procured the plaster you intend to s w, so as to ha\H3 it on the gross early, that it may receive the full beirefit ? Are your farm and garden seeds all procured ? Do you understand the best way to make and save manure— that steam engine of farming operations— ond if not, have you endeavored by reading and obser- vation to find out ? Most farmers will perhaps be busy this month in preparing lo answer the above affirmatively, after which we should be glad to make further suggestions. Those of our renders who wi.^h direciions on gar- dening for this monih, ore referred to the copious in- structions on the subject given in this paper the list ytar. 34 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Board Fence. There are three methods of making board fence, all of which without doubt are familiar to our readers; but our motive for describing them here, is for the pur- pose of comment. The simplest kind is made by setting the poets, and nailing on the boards — nothing more. It is deficient in strength, and ought never to be adopted nor recom- mended. The second kind is made by adding a strip on the top ot the posts, which adds materially to the strength of the fence; but it affords no protection from the rain either to the nails or to that part of the boards that are in contact with the posts. In consequence of being thus exposed to the wet, the wood decays, the nails rust, and in a few years dilapidation commences. * The beet kind of board fence resembles the latter method, by having a strip on the top of the poets; but it reaches far enough in front to cover upright stripe which are fastened by nails passing through the boards into the poets. These protect the joints and most of the nails frem the wet. This kind of fence is not only very strong, but very durable; and not liable to get out ol order if a nail or two should chance to be defective, as the upright strip must give way before the boards can fall down, or get out of place. The ad- ditional expense may be considered as insurance. There is another kind of insurance however, that ihould not be forgotten: This is plugging the poets with salt. In 1824 William Phillips, of Philadelphia county, wrote to the secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society as follows:— n»r^"f ^^"^ ■^P-'""^'' '""'■ g"'^ P°s's of Delaware oak, of very inferior quality; a two inch auger hole Va at!']t -^^ ""^ T'''- '" «"PP°« highly finish- ed gates they were cased with boards, and some salt put inside of the case near the ground. The vosts are now as sound as when put down, and bid fair to last lor some generations to come." We should presume however, that posts already set, or to be set, would not require to be bored lhrot,rked, and salted with the purest salt; then moulded with a wooden ladle into a mass at the upper end of the trough, and left for some hours to sla'""ed — '^'■'^"'"S " '« 'boroughly beat or rather " The butter in Holstein is seldom if ever washed, as water is believed not only to rob it of its richness and flavor, bm as being itself susceptible of putrefac- tion, and inimical to the preservation of the but ter. J ' Volume 2, page 3. Florist. From Eaton's Botanical Dictionary modernized for 1840 we copy the following: " Florist. One whose employment is that of cre- ating monsters; that is double and various colored- as carnations, double roses, &c." judicious precaution. If throwing hot nails into oil ^t7 x^eme their rusting, a boarj C.ncli.V."'ery%°X% folks who are fond of queer things will be pleased with this definition; but those who look more grave- ly at such matters, may wonder how it ever found its way into a Dictionary of Scientific terms ! They may even be inclined to think it not only vituperative but unjust; and unfortunately the learned professor has furnished his old friends with no evidence to the contrary. As early as the year 1832, * we ventured to call his attentujn t# this impropriety-forso we must consider it; and indulged the hope for a time that he had profited * Geiicscc Farmer, volun.e 2, p.igc 77. Field Beets. A respected correspondent at page 23, ascribes the loss of his beet crop to their having been planted so late as " May 24th;" but we did not plant our Mangel Wurtzel (Vol. 1, p. 130) until about the 7th of the month following; and we think that if he had seen them a short time before they were gathered, he would have spoken more favorably of the beet culture. There is a great difference between the labor neces- sary to secure a crop of potatoes and a crop of beets. In topping the latter we used no knife; but wrenched off the leaves with our hands— a much more expedi- tious way; and the beets scarcely required any dig- ging. A great proportion of them came up very ea- sily; and we filled our corn baskets long before a pota- to digger would have unearthed half the quantity. That experiment of ours which ran counter to the opinions of some good farmers in several particulars, and succeeded in all of them,— has given us much sat- isfaction. The time of planting however, was later than we would recommend, except in a case of neces- sity like our own; but the exemption from hard frosts until late in autumn, was most favorable,— for they were not gathered till in the 11th month. In some years undoubtedly they would have been damaged by such exposure. We think one cause of our success was in the scald- ing, which hastened the germination of the seeds. They were put into a vessel containing about two quarts which was then filled with boiling water, and left to stand for several days. Those who are afraid of hot water hov^;ever, may use that which is only tepid; but we would earnestly recommend that the seed in no case, be planted dry or without soaking. Another cause of our success was in using fresh vianure from the stable in all its rankness ; and we hope that the practice of our friend "Seneca" » on this point, as well as our own experiment, will re- move all fears in regard to this important auxiliary, t Trimming Orchards. This is a very necessary and important operation. Large apples of the same sort are better than small ones, not only on account of the size, but the fla- vor is more perfectly developed,— especially when they grow well exposed to the sun and air. Our rule is, the higher the color, the higher the flavor, of that particular kind. Now when the branches become crowded and proportionately stunted, we have no right to expect fine fruit; and the only remedy is judi- cious pruning. Writers have differed in regard to the best time of performing this operation, some preferring the winter New Genesee Fnrmer, volume 1, page 147. He would render our journal more interesting by using his own proper No. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 35 season, nnd some the summer. Both seasons arc fa- vorable, but the sooner it is done the better. If any farmer from indulging in theory should prefer the lat- ter period, let him first consider how it will agree with his other business; and if it should appear clear- ly that he will have nothing to interrupt him when eummer comes, well and good — let him defer it till that time. If on the contrary, should his corn-field, or potatoes, mending roads, or any other service, be likely to interfere, — let him make up his mind at once, to do it now before the sap begins to flow, if possible; and remember that a coat of paint over the stumps of the larger limbs when amputated, is worth more than all the theory that has been invented. Now a few words in regard to the manner. Cut the under side of large limb8/r»f,lo prevent them from aplitiing down; and in cutting of all limbs, whether large or small, be careful to have as little naked wood as possible, — leaving it very smooth, neither jagged, nor split, nor haggled. For this purpose, the saw is the proper instrument on most of the large limbs; though a broad chisel on the end of a pole, and even the axe in dextrous hands may be used in some situa- tions; but then let none but dextrous hands touch it. Most of the trimming in our orchards, is miserably done. t For Ike New Genesee Farmer. Experiments in Feeding Beets. Messrs. Editors— Every writer who intends his articles for publication, particularly in giving experi- ments which may induce others to make a similar trial, should be very careful in giving the detail; also, that he has not been deceived himself, lest he deceive others. It frequently happens, that different indi- viduals arrive at different conclusions in making the eame experiments, (I mean experiments like the one at the head of this article.) For instance, my friend, D. T. stated to me, some one or two years since, that he considered mangel wurtzel a valuable crop for win- tering swine. He said, " he had fed them to his as their principal food. They were very fond of them, and kept in good condition through the winter." The past fall and present winter, 1 have endeavored to test the value of various kinds of beets as food for itore hogs, and am fully convinced that they are the tkeapest, and, at the same time, as good keep as can be raised for wintering swine. I fed them to my fat ting hogs, for their first feed in the fall. I washed and boiled them, mashed them fine in the liquor they were boiled in; then, after standing a few days, fed them to my hogs. They ate them with great avidity, and gained flesh as fast as they afterwards did, fed on new corn in the ear. I did not, however, feed them long enough (some 8 or 10 days) fairly to test their value, as food for fattening porkers. Samuel Guthrie, in an article headed, " Experi- ment in feeding Sugar Beets," (Cult. & Far., Vol. 1. page 113,) says, " I washed and boiled the beets, and fed them profusely for two weeks. The hogs devour- ed them most ravenously; butj on making a careful examination at the end of this time, to ascertain the progress I had made in fattening them, I learned, to my surprise, that they evidently had gained nothing. One large sow put on an appearance so wo-begone, that I induced a charitable friend to take her off my hands free gratis." The experiment was carried still further, by adding a peck of potatoes to a bushel of beets, and tried two weeks longer, but the improve- ment was barely perceptible. Then potatoes and beets, in equal quantities, were fed one month more, when they had gained about as much as the potatoes alone would have improved them. " I had now," he says, " 17 hogs left, including two beautiful Berk- shires, of full blood, &c. As I had provided little else than beets for their sustenance, and as I had de- termined to give the root a fair trial, I continued to feed them, adding corn and bran, as seemed indispon- snblo, through the winter. This spring I have 14 left, having lost three during the winter; all of which, ex- cept the two Bcrkshires, are miserably poor. These Berkehircs, without, to my knowledge, having fared better than the rest, have not apparently suffered at all, but are in fine condition. I attribute this, in some measure, to their domineering spirit, and to their grentcr industry; for they are intolerable monopolists, nnd in perpetual action." Something then depends on the breed ; for had they nil been Berkshircs, we may infer they would all have been " in fine condi- tion" in the spring. Three died during the winter I Did they starre to death ? Or may we infer that they were diseased, or had not a comfortable shelter to keep ofi'the pelting storms and drifting snow of winter 1 " Much depends on the breed, as every farmer knows; much on the health of the animal; something on the season of the year. I failed in attempting to fotten several swine in one case, though they were carefully attended, and various kinds of feed tried; and the failure wos totally inexplicable until they were slaughtered, when the intestines were found corro- ded with worms, resembling those found in the human stomach; and this, I have no doubt, prevented their thrift. The same fact has occurred in another in- stance, ond with the same result. I failed in attempt- ing to fatten some other swine, which had been driv- en a considerable distance and exposed (probably not half fed on the road) to severe cold and storms."* My store hogs were fed for some weeks on beets alone. Not having a full supply, I have fed them, of late, alternately with beets, potatoes, and corn, all in the raw state. The beets and corn they eat with the same greediness, but the potatoes are a drug. They squeal over them for some time, and then reluctantly eat about half their ration. Another fall I intend to lay in largely for mangel wurtzel and sugar beet, and shall, the coming season, cultivate them accordingly. I had supposed it to be an established fact, that cat- tle would fatten if fed sufficiently on beets. But Samuel Guthrie's experience (in the article above referred to) is in the negative. He says, " To one cow, designed for slaughter, I fed some forty bushels in thirty days, and this without making any percepti- ble improvement in the condition of the animal." I shall have to refer to my friend D. T. again. He tells me he has fattened a beef, this winter, principoUy on beets. " For the fattening of a bullock, forty or fifty pounds of beets per day, mixed with five or six pounds of dry fodder, will accomplish the object in four months. Care must be taken to give it in three sepa- rations, since by feeding often and in small quantities at a time, the same amount of nutriment goes far- ther." t Since writing the above, the 1st No. of the 2d. vol. of your valuable paper has come to hand. I was much gratified to find an article [page 11, copied from a "Western paper"] on " Beets for Cattle." The comparative value of beets and potatoes, as food for cattle, I am of the opinion, is rightly estimated. The writer says, " In feeding the same animal with beets, it was easily told that one third less than of turnips or potatoes, would make them give the same quantity of milk of better quality, and they showed better keep." The same writer also says, " Young animals [cattle] are peculiarly found of the raw beets, and thrive as- tonishingly on them." Exactly the same with swine. Farmers, store well your cellars with beets, and make a fair trial. Feed your store hogs and cattle on them one winter, and you will be convinced of their value, and cultivate them accordingly. J. B. BOWEN. Aurora, Cayuga Co., January W, 1840. * Gen. Far., Vol. 4, page 261. From the trnnsactiona of the Essex Agricultural Society on swine. Henry CoLaAH. i Cen. For., Vol. 5, page 3, Bib. Univ. for IKJl. To the Editors qf the Ncid Genesee Farmer: — Gkntlemen — On reading an article in the January number of your poper, headed Effects of the Stock on grafted Fruit Trees, in which you comment on remarks contained in a late number of the Yankee Farmer, by the editor of that Journal, on the above subject, in which ho lays down the following propositions, viz: — " 1 Stocks have an effect as to bearing years. 2. Stocks affect the scion in hastening or retarding the ripening of the fruit. 3. Stocks produce defects on grafted fruit. 4. Stocks affect the color of fruit. 5. Stocks affect the quality of fruit. 6. Stocks have an influence in increasing or decrea- sing the size of fruit." And, as you observe, the subject is not new to hor- ticulturists—Dr. Mease, of Philadelphia, affirming such influence some years ago, and reviewed by you at the time, in the 3d vol. of the old Genesee Farmer; and not thinking the evidence conclusive, and having seen nothing since to change your opinion, you ex- press your willingness to examine the subject anew with candor and fairness; and you commence in the right way, by stating the results of your own practice and observation. In addressing you on this subject, I beg to inform you it is one I have been closely connected with up- wards of sixteen years in England and this country, the greater part in the former, and the result of my conclusions are the reverse of yours. In quoting Professor Lindley in support of your opinion, I think the statement quoted does not go far enough in support of the subject under consideration. Though the food communicated from the alburnum of the Quince to the Pear, is in nearly the same state as when it entered the roots of the former, it does not follow that the quantity received would be equal to that communicated through the alburnum of a Pear stock, and hence the austerity of the former, and the luxuriance of the latter. Before I quit this part of the subject, it will be well to state, though it is a fact known to most horticulturists, that in all English nur- series, a certain number (suflicient to meet the de- mands of the establishment) of Pears are worked on the Quince annually, and Apples on the Paradise stocks (a sort of dwarf apple or crab, used as stocks, espe- cially for the premature fruiting of the apple, and the influence it has on the scion to form a dworf tree or bush) for Espaliers and dwarf. Standards, to plant in the borders of the principal walks in the kitchen garden, where they form a counterpart to the trees trained on the garden walls and add much to the gen- eral effect of the garden, and are to be seen in most of the gardens of England; and I never knew an in- stance of their failing to exercise the desired influence, namely, dwarf habits, premature fruiting, and prema- ture ripening their fruit. Consequently, (though the fruit is mostly fine, if attention is paid to pruning the trees and thinning the fruit when too thick,) the spe- cimens are never so fine as those obtained from trees worked on the thrifty Pear stock, and common Apple or crab stock— which trees are generally reserved for the orchard, with occasionally something choice for an open space in the garden. Instances are not rare in England, (where the climate is not so favorable to the maturing of the finer varieties of the Flemish Pear as the United States, &c. &c. ) when trees are not fertile, (I mean Pears,) although in a flourishing state of growth, scions have been taken off and worked on the Quince Stock, and they have assumed fertile habits and bore plentifully. I believe the above includes proposition 2, 5, 6. By the first proposition is meant (as I understand it) bearing in alternate years, a subject which I think the stock has no influence whatever. On this head I be- licve we agree, and as you observe, it is a habit chiefly on confined to apples, and always to the late fall and winter apples; summer and early harvest varieties almost invariably being regular bearers, for this rea- son: they mature their fruit and get rid of their bur- den in time to recruit strength, make shoots and form buds for the next year's crop; whereas the over bur- dened winter apple tree holds on to its fruit as long as its foliage, and consefjueutly requires the next year to rest, to recruit its exhausted strength, and form buds &c., to produce fruit. In my opinion, this is a part of the subject worthy of paying more attention to than is generally paid; and if people who have young or- chards, or only a few trees around their door yards, were to take the trouble to thin out the young apples to one or two to a bunch, on obeerving their young trees assuming these habits, the result wmild be, the fruit left on would be so much larger and finer, that the quantity would be increased in bulk, though not in number, to as much as if they were all left on, and the buds, divested of the young fruit, would have time to form fruit buds for the next year; and by pursuing this system for a lew years, when trees first come in- to bearing, much may be done to alter the system of bearing in alternate years. In reference to projmsition No. 3, in my opinion, if a stock 16 diseased, it will communicate it to the scion, and consequently affect the future tree; for instance, I :hink succors, or layers, or even seedlings, raised from fruit of diseased trees, will communicate the disease of the parent stock to any scion that may be worked on to it This I have observed always to be the gene- ral rule, though occasionally an exception. Respecting proposition No. 4, lam not ready to en- ter into at present. And finally, respecting your cur- ' rant bushes. We frequently see currant bushes and other trees, partly in a state of decay, whilst the other part flourished luxuriantly; and in the case of the pa- rent stock of your bushes, though apparently in good health when slips or cuttings were taken ofl", may, if left on, show the disease in some of those identical shoots taken off the following year; but being taken off, it appears in the individual plants, and conse- quently the superiority of some of your currant bush- es over the others. ONE OF YOUR SUBSCxIlBERS. THEJVEW^GENESpTARMEI^ Oiange Co., 184J. yar the A'ew Genesee Farmer. PEARS. Who is not fond of good pears ? To my taste there i» no fruit, not even that of tropical climes, equal to a luscious, melting pear. Few of our farmers know any thing about good pears. Most of this fruit culti- voted by them, is of very inferior quality, and yet con- sidered good by those who know of no belter. But very little is cultivated. Many are discouraged from undertaking to raise pears, from the idea that it lakes a man his life time almost, toobtain fruit'by setting out young trees. This idea is very erroneous in reference to grn/tcd trees. 1 hough it takes a pear tree from twelve to fifteen years to bear from the seed, yet the ff^A taken from a bearing tree, will bear as soon as any other kind of fruit-in two or three years lu the spring of 1837 the writer received scions of several choice varieties of pears from Messrs. Kenrick D. Thomas J. A. Lazelle, and others, which were then engrafted, mostly on small trees set out that spring. In 1839 several of them bore a fe>v, and last year some of them bore plentifully. Among these were the Julienne or Bloodgood, Madeline, Bartleit ^eTfTf'.^T ^"''"'"■' ^"'"^ ^^-'' Lemon P r of Scotland, Bozi de La Motte, Capiamont, (so called, but not the true Capiamont,) Heathcot, W n- tcr Nelis and Prince's Virgaliet,. Moat of these provstobccclleu,, Tk. MUnne, n.^ningZ lauer part of July, is good, but hardly equal to the Madeline, which is larger and ripens about the same time. The Barlle//, wliich Kenrick thinks is the same as the Williams' Bon chrctien, is a most capital pear, ripe in Sept., large, buttery, and ofa high mue- ky flavor, sound at the core. Henry fourth, one of the new Belgian pears raised by Dr. Van Monsis tru- y exeeUent; ripening in October, of moderate size, buttery, resembling very much in flavor the Seckel ibough not so sweet, and like this, growing in clus' ters. It must be eaten as soon as it becomes mellow. It 16, in eating, a litde before the Virgalieu. Passe Colmar is described as one of the very best pears originated by Van Mons. It sustains its character, though to some tastes it would be considered too sweet It resembles, in flavor, a rich citron or pine apple meli on. It IS n winter pear, of medium size, growirg in c ustcrs and a great bearer. Beurre Diet is another of the New Belgian pears, and a noble one it is; large buttery, and fine flavored. Though described as a wuuer pear, it can hardly be called such, as it was in eating in November. Lemon pear of Seotland is a good sized, handsome fruit, ripening in October and November; yellow at maturity; buttery, with an a- greeabe acid; not high flavored, but a good pear. Bczv dc La Motic is an old but good variety; ripe in November, it is of good size; buttery, and ofa pecu- liar flavor. I, is worthy of cultivation. Capiamont. The pear I received by this name, is a late fall pear of moderate size, of a russet color, tapering to the I stock, moderalely acid, of pretty good flavor; but it answers not all the description of the true kind, which npens in September, and is said to be a "large and a most delicious and beautiful fruit." A scion of the true kind was recently obtained from Mr. J. A. Lazelle of Columbus, Ohio, who says of it, "I have hod the true Capiamont fruit this Bemon— first rate The Capiamont that was in the country previous to the receipt of scions direct from Dr. Van Mons, by Mes sr.. Kenrick and Manning, is said to have been errone ous." Hcatkcot. The scions of this were obtained I from Mr. Kenrick, who describes it as "a native pear, a capital wriety, which deserves to be ranked with the Seckel and Bartlett." There must have I been some error about it, as Mr. Kenrick says itripens " m September;" whereas, the fruit from the scions he sent, did not ripen till January. Jt could not have been the true kind— probably a mistake. It was how- ever, a good winter fruit, of moderate size, green juicy, and of a pleasant flavor. Winla- Nclis is a small russct-colored fruit, buttery, but of very little flavor; hardly worth cultivating when there are so many others that are better. Prince's Virgalieu is another I would reject from my list of good pears It is a winter pear, of/u/rsizeand appearance; green' coarse, and of little flavor. It may be good for ba- king, but IS hardly eatable as a table fruit. I have cut the grafts off to give place to kinds more worth, Of the above kinds, the Madeline, the Bartlett the Henry Fourth, the Beurre Diel, and Passe Colmar particularly, I would strongly recommend for cultiva- tion to the lovers of this fruit, in addition to other kinds of known and proved excellence, as the Virga I.eu, Seckel, &e. I would mention as highly worthy I of cultivation also, the Flemish Beauty, Foster, Dix and Dearborn Seedling. Of the first two, Mr J A Lazelle says, " The Flemish Beauty, I had fruit this season. It is large and delicious; ripened in Septem- ber. It needs to be taken off a little before it is ripe and ripened in the house. The Foster is a delicious iruit, to my taste superior to the far famed Seckel." The Fostor, Dix, and Dearborn's Seedling, are Amer- r,r, ?,'"' r'' ^u"" ''wellence. Others niir-ht be ad- ded to this list, but my paper admonishes me I must close this communication. n Vrbana, Feb , I94J. **' | Sowing Locust Seed. A correspondent in Yates Co. complains that he lias found great difficulty in causing loeust seed to veg- etale, and inquires what preparation is necessary to ensure scccess. The difficulty is a very common one, but the reme- dy is well known to most readers of agriculture! pa- pei3. If the seed is perfect, all that is necessary is to scald and soak it thorovgldy before sowing. By this we do not mean soaking in hot water merely ; but pour on two or three quarts oS boiling tcater, and let it soak twenty-four hours, when the whole or a part of the seeds will be swollen to three or/our times their for- mer size. If only a part are swollen, ihey should be separated, and the remainder scalded again When thus prepared and swollen, they will vegetate almost as freely as corn; but without this process, disappoint- ment will almost invariable be the result. Cr It is still a good time to gather locust seed from the trees; and if any of our young readers will collect a quantity and take it to the Rochester Seed Store, they will obtain a good price for it. Raising Fruit Trees from Cuttings. We have received several communications makinff inquiries respecting the mnner of raising fruit trees from cuttings; and we answer them all in one short sentence. (D= We do not believe it can be done sue cessfully. This popular error was pretty fully explo- ded in our vol. 1, p. 210, and therefore we deem it un- necessary to occupy more space with it at present. New subscribers are reminded that they can obtain vol. 1. at the subscription price. " A Subscriber" is also referred to vol. ]. for infor- mation respecting the worm in fruit trees. Raising Chestnut Trees for Timber. Messrs. Editors-I have 5 acres of new land- soil clayey, but good, surface rolling, beach timber predominating, which I intend to clear and plant with chestnuts. 1 propose to prepare the ground for corn and plant chestnuts in each alternate hill of every se cond row, with the corn. I would repeat the planting of corn for two or three years, and dress the youna trees with the corn till they had attained sufficient size then sow the land with grass-seed, and let the irce^ grow for fence timber. Now if you or your correspondents, will eommu- nicato through the medium of" our own paper" some better plan, or throw some light on this subject I will esteem it a favor, and will promise to inform you of the results of my experiment. Iberia, Ohio, Feb.,lSM. "^- I>ARGITY. Remarlis—The plan proposed would probably suc- ceed very well, if the soil is suitable for the chestnut- but of this we have some doubts. This tree delights in a deep sandy or gravelly soil, and is seldom found on clayey soil, or where beech timber predominates It IS worse than useless to attempt to raise forest trees on soil thatis uncongenial to their growth; and if we are not mistaken, Mr. D. had better abandon his pro- ject, or select some other kind of tree. The subject IS an important one however, and we will endeavor to give more particular information respecting it next month. — Eds. Ornamental Plants. It is our intention in this article to depart from our usual course, and speak only of plants which we Imve not seen, on the authority of others. , '" ^f '"' .*''""■" ^"'^«" D'^'^etory, printed in 1839, Clematis carulea is noticed as an "entirely new climber," introduced from Japan to Europe by Dr. \ an BicboW, It is arranged ajnong h«rdy plants^ No. A. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 37 and Professor Liiullcy is quoted for the- following opinion : — " It is a charming nddition to the climlHrs ciillivnted in Englnnd. Il bns i> most grnccrul mode ofgrowtli; nnd tUo Inrgc violet flowers witli deep pur- ple stamens, ore more ornnmentnl tUnn those of nny species of Clematis in this coimtiy." Ckmalis siiliolilii is another species from the same country and by the some florist. "Large blue and white, superb — petals sulTused with violet spots — an- thers of a violet color. An attractive inhabitant of the flower garden, Irom its graceful habit, and the size and beauty of its blossoms." In nuist's Catalogue for 1810, he mentions Deiitziii tcabra as '-one of the finest of while flowering shrubs" — e:iid to be hardy. Its being linrdyat Philadelphia however,iB no proof that it would be hardy in the Genesee country. A balance against us of three degrees of latitude, is not all that is to be taken into account. Our elevation above the level of the sea is another item; and our soil in many instances, is a third one of no small im- portance. Many shrubs, like the Laurels on the moun- tains* to the South, which could abide severer win- ters than ours, are sickened by the lime ditTused through our soil, and gradually perish- Possibly the ehrubs above-mentioned may be of this number, and refuse to embellish our gardens, a point however, which experiment alone can determine. Herbaceous plants which are hardy at Philadelphia, may be safely introduced here, if they have only to . conteiid with a difference of temperature. Our hea vy soil is not so deeply penetrated by the frost, and under a more durable covering of snow, and such thick curtains as the condensed exhalations of our lakes, they will generally lie snugly and safely in their winter abode. We notice the following perennials in Buist's Cat- alogue, and copy them for the purpose of making fur- ther inquiry : — Aconitum grandiflorum — large blue. versicolor — blue and white. Campanula striata — striped flowered. Delphinium maximum — superb blue. —-• Barlowii — dark purple. .^^.^ bicolor — white and purple. Dianthus splendidissima — superb double crimson. Dracocephalum argunensc — Fischer's fine blue. Lobelia propinqua — large crimson. . ignea — brightest scarlet. *• Lychnis bungeana — large star flovvcriniwinisonT Onoama tauricum — golden flower. ',. Faeonia edulis (albiflora) v. ojoratissima — sweet ■cented. .: PentBtcmon cobsea — large blush. — ^^ — coccinca — scarlet. Phlox corymbosa v. alba — white, superb. . speciosa — very showy. . alcordia — perpetual blooming crimson. laata — very splendid. t For the /Veuj Genesee Farmer, Gold Vine Peas— their History and Character. Messrs. Editors — Having in your January num- ber given an account of my success in raising the Gold Vine Peas, I have in coitsequence been addressed by several individuals in relation to their origin, the pe- riod of their ripening, and their other peculiar charac- teristics; and considering your paper the ben medium of communicating this information to those desiring it, you will confer a favor on some of your readers, by giving a place in your columns to this communication. *On .1 former, occ^ipion we referred to a reiuarkaMe clr- cumstanee: -Tlie detritus of this district, including mm-li lime, lias tjeen swept over our high hiUs to the South into Pcnnsylv.inii-ep,t staples, cmton, fl""«' " TRUE politeness" IN THE COUNTRY AND THE C Agriculture, as a pursuit, commends itself to sons of refined taste and sentiment. I know hi shall startle the ear of city fastidiousess by such a: sertion; but I rely upon your candor that I shall offend by the expression of my honest convietionw There is much in the country that is vulgar, rude d offensive. There is no occasion for this. This isr the fault of the country. But is there more of this the country than is to be found in cities'? The 1 things depend much upon ourselves. The arti forms of social intercourse do not prevail in the cu try as in the town— at least they are not the sal but It is often delightful to lay aside, at leasti a while, the buckrum and the starch. I have ' through life familiar with all classes of people. 1 1 been for many years a citizen among cities, and a mer among the farmers. I have been a frequent moit itor in city palaces, and many a time an indwelle a the humblest mansions in the secluded parts of^^ country; and I must say, without derogating from refinements of the most improved societies in thi ties, that the comparison in respect to courtesy anii vility would not turn out to the disadvantoge of country. True politeness is not matter of mere fi or manner, but of sentiment and heart. There rude and vulgar people every where, but will n sober judgment pronounce it as great a rudeness ti sent knowingly away from the door of one who < herself a friend by a servant with a lie put in his moi as to be received by the kind woman who vvelcoi us heartily at her wash-tub, or her spinning-wlL and sweeps a place for us without apology to sit dd at her kitchen fire. You will pardon the homelii etli of my illustrations. Yon may thread your beau( etm valley from the ocean to the mountains; you mayj I have done, follow the silver stream, whose hont name is borne by your Commonwealth, from the pi where it deposits its contributions in the mighty tj sury of the sea, to its gushing sources under the si clad summits of the north, and traverse every g whose borders are laved by its gentle waters, and gg- 1 manners on your part will generally be met wiiE | corresponding civility. Excepting among the viciot and depraved, you will find no rudeness unless yo so unfortunate as to provoke it by your own arrogB It is lolly to carry city manners and customs the country. This destroys the simplicity which stitutes the charm of rural life. If you have no u for rural pleasures, no interest in rural concernj! disposition for rural labors; if you are afraid ofsoi' your hands or browning your cheeks; if you make no friends with the flocks that whiten the fi( nor the birds that make the hills and forests vocal melody; if you are unwilling that the eariiest raw the dawn should disturb your repose, and your b kindles with no enthusiasm in golden sunset n flee the country as you would the Siberian desert.'^ would be to you only a land of discomfort and ai tude. AGRICULTDRE THE DELIGHT OF GIFTED INTELLEq I l^nt it is otherwise with many minds. AgriciiH AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 43 t im'linre) for from being disdnincd, bnvc been Idirra, ihe chosen pursuiia, ibe purest dcligbte ' 01 ihe most gifted intellects; and their en- n in these pursuits burnt with incrcnsing in- to the close of life. From the turmoils of war, ggles of political ambition, the harrnssing pur- successful trade, the busiest scenes ot life, e forum, the senate, and the throne, they have gladly to the humble occupation and pleasures life and labor, and have found the precious hicb they had so long sought, only in this ilosophy of nature. ountry is the land of poetry, and the home of ged imagination, as much as it is the home of Is. The charms of the country are uncon- ncknowledged even in cities, when you see y, who live in cities, love to get a grass plat, not larger than a handkerchief, before their r train « woodbine or a honeysuckle to their or crowd tiieir windows with flowers, or a- ir persons with a floral wreath. The first o[- •{ the muses were dedicated to rural life. In ifing of the golden harvest, in the verdant ■eading its smooth carpet beneath your feet, in ■io ocean of verdure radiant with the richest floral beauty, in the deep and solemn forest, irrored lake reflecting in perfect distinctness ;led beauties of forests and skies, in the flow- ■ an image of eternity, in the mountain lift- reeted top above the clouds, in the boundless in the reddening dawn, in the gorgeousnees imer's sunset, in the mingled splendors of the I forest, there is every thing to kindle the im- i and dilate the heart. When in the adven- ing the man of reflecting mind and cultivated break of day, witnesses the waking up of ^ beholds the desolation of winter rapidly reti- ore the empire of spring, and sees day alter lost hour after hour, new forms of vegetable nal life starting into e.\istcnce, it requires no (Tort of the imagination to behold a new Eden fore him, and to hear the chorus of the morn- :, and " the sons of God shouiing for joy." MPATHY, MORE CHARITY, A HIGHER VALUE SET HiniAN LIFE IN THE COUNTRY THAN IN THE »king of the moral aspects of agriculture, I ke no invidious comparisons. The country as few temptations to vicious indulgence as lition in life: perhaps it may be said fewer lis. Agricultural labor, unless pursued to 9, 80 far from being exhaustive and destruc- much other labor, is Iriendly to health, and to intellectual vigor and length of life. The ties seem stronger in the country than :ity, because we are more dependent on ler, and have fewer objects to engross our Human life seems more valued in the than in the city. In the crowded city men of the stream, and the vacancy is instantly by the rushing torrent, and scarcely produces ectators a conscious emotion. When a valu- 1 dies in the country, the whole village mourns Theie is more of real kindness and benev .ipalhy in the country than in cities. The ci- full of mugnificent charities, the country is e charity of kind offices. In the country, is sr sick or afHicted, the whole neighborhood pt to visit him, to aid him by personal ser- l to watch night after night at his sick bed. — it cannot be so. Cities present some of the er cases of friendlessness to be found in hu tory. Persons suffer, and sicken, and die, perhaps the cognizance of those living under roof and on the same floor. In the country character has a higher value than in cities. — P every thing is absorbed in the great whirl S3 or pleasure; and in crowds, presenting riety of character as of costume, men pass ithout observation. In the country every nown, observed, and watched. His charac- the common property of the village. This mes complained of in the country as imperli- id intrusiveness. This may sometimes be and it may become annoying; but it is not nt as the complaint of it. That it has a fa- nfluence upjn good morals which, under the of human nature, need every security, there « ) doubt. healthful labors of the country, the early e simple diet, in the open air, in the virtuous I, in the general good morals which prevail, ong sympathy and mutual interest in each laracter and welfare, which bind such com- iogeth«r, in the nbeence of multiplied temp- tations and facilities of vice, whir'h prevail in more populous communities, an agricultural lile is highly favorable to virtue. PHILOSOPHY, RKFINEMENT, MORALS, THE CONCOMIT- ANTS OF AGRICULTURE. I hope I shall be excused for dwelling so long upon the advantages of agricultural and rural life. Agri- culture has been too long denied the rank which be- longs to it among the inirsuits of mankind. I would speak of it as one of the highest pursuits of philoso- phy. I would gladly conuiicnd it to persona of reli- ncd sentiment, as abounding in scenes, objects and as- sociations, full of gratification to the most cultivated mind; and for its moral securities and moral influen- ces; it needs no recommendation in a community like yours, presenting in its beautiful villages, among its swelling hills, and its richly cultivated vales, in the character of its rural population, such emphatical de- monstrations of improved education, of correct mor- als, and of the best influences of religion. 1 have bare glanced at these topics, because I would not encroach upon your indulgence. I have done this with the more earnestness, because the tendency of our young people, impelled by avarice or by false views of happiness, has been to forsake the whole- some pursuits of agriculture, where they found health, competence, and a manly independence, for occupa- tions in the cities, ol'tentinies of the most servile char- acter; degrading to their self-respect, corrupting to their passions, and proving often the grave of their virtue. Our cities likewise are crowded with young men of professional education, who, with hearts aching from hopes deferred, linger along from year to year until the health is exhausted, habits of indo- lence are induced and confirmed, and the best por- tion of life is wasted away without the accomplish- ment of any valuable object; or the enjoyment of those domestic ties, in which Heaven designed that man should find the strongest security of virtue and the purest fountains of happiness. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS BETTER THAN SPLENDID HOUSES. I would likewise gladly commend this subject to another class of individuals, whose attention I fear, however, I shall bespeak in vain. Whoever visits our great cities is constantly struck with amazement at the enormous expense and splendor of many of the pri- vate residences; at the extravagant piles of brick and stone, seldom half tenanted, and adapted to real com- fort and convenience in an inverse ratio to their inor- dinate size and their wasteful magnificence. I would seldom, indeed, advise a person, accustomed through the prime and middle of life to the excitements of bu- siness, politics, amusements, and general society in the cities, to go at once into the seclusion of the coun- try, especially at that period of life when the vital cur- rent becomes sluggish and the physical powers lose their wonted energies ; but is it not difficult for such men when their fortunes are made, to enjoy the ad- vantages of the city and the country together. Let them pass, if they please, their winters in the city; but what immense benefactions might they confer upon society, and what sources of agreeable and use- ful occupation might they find for themselves, if, in- stead of spending their fifties or their hundreds of thousands on a brick or stone castle in the city, which they have seldom the means of enabling their chil- dren to occupy, and which must therefore, in the course of nature, soon change hands, they would ex- pend some three-fourths of that sum in subduing, cul- tivating and improving some hundreds of acres in the country, rendering them productive, and planting up- on them industrious families. They would breathe into the hearts of their benefactors, the purest of plea- sures in welcoming them, whenever they came a- mong them, as their best friends. This seems one of the most useful, as it is certainly one of the most innocent purposes to which wealth can be applied. CAN AGRICULTURE BE MADE PROFITABLE t But I must pass on to other topics. The next ques- tion then which arises in this case, is whether agricul- ture can be made profitable; and especially whether it can be made profitable in New England 1 This is a great question. I can only reply briefly, without go- ing into the various illustrations which might be pre- sented. I will here express my thorough disgust for that inordinate and grovelling avarice, which can find no good but in the accumulation of dollars and cents. Wealth is to be valued for its uses, not for its amount; and a philanthropist can look with sorrow and alarm upon that heartless and frenzied spirit of accumula- tion, which at one time, like a terrible epidemic, threatened to lay waste all principle and honor, and to render contentment, competence, and reasunnble and moderate desires, matters of pure romance, whith wo had somewhere read of in our childhood. liy the righteous laws of Divine Providence, that inordinate thiiet for gain without industry, temperance, or i'rii- gality, has been so signally rebuked that it will not a- gain immediately show itself. There may still be the appearance of life in its quivering limbs, but few will have courage or power to attempt its resuscitation. In the southern portions of our country, favored for the purpose by its peculiar climate and soil, wc hear of agricultural returns in their great staples, which confounded the humble calculations to which we in New England arc accustomed. Yet there are abate- ments in the case, in the perils to hcnlih, and in tbe nature of the labor by which these products are pro- cured, which, save where the heart is cankered with avarice and inhumanity, at once relieve a New Eng- land man of all envy of such shccces. The fact likewise presents itself in the case, strange as the a- nomaly may seem, that the southern planters are not richer than the northern farmers; they have not so ma- ny of the real comforts of life. Many a New Eng. land farmer is more independent with his income of a few hundreds, than a southern master of his uncount- ed acres and his hundreds of slaves, with his income of many thousands. I do not say these things in the spirit of invidious comparisons; 1 would not mar the pleasures of the orcasion by awakening a single un- kind feeling. But we may learn, from the Ibets in the case, a lesson of gratitude, that we are permitted to breathe the bracing air of northern mountains and seas, and the still more invigorating atmosphere of equality of condition aud universal freedom. Agriculture in New England presents no brilliant prizes to the mind bent solely on the accumulation of wealth. Yet rough, barren, and inhospitable as New England seems to many persons, yet I can show you, in every town from Lake Champlain to the Aroostook, and from Saybrook to the Canada line, not a few ex- amples of men, who by farming have maintained their families in health and comfort, educated their children well, and if so they pleased, found the means of send- ing one or more sons to college; exercised, as far as they had occasion, an unstinted hospitality; contribu- ted their full share of the public dues, and are now en- joying the evening of life with an honest conscience and a competence for every reasonable want. The house, in such case, may appear moss-covered and brown with age. No burnished lamps light up its halls, and no carpel soft as down cover its floors; but infinitely preferable is such a dwelling to palaces, where once wealth, the product of defrauded labor, il- luminated every room, and revelry and luxury held their frequent courts; and where now, though bank- ruptcy has long since entered, men are still living up. on the fragments of former luxury or upon hoarded gains, in defiance of justice and honor. ADVANTAGES OF HIGH CULTIVATION, , Further, my inquiries have satisfied me, that there is not a single crop well cultivated in New England, which in ordinary seasons will not pay a fair rent of the land at current prices, and liberally compensate the labor and cultivation. Our proximity to quick mar- kets gives us grent advcntagcs over many parts of the country. In one of my visits to a town on the sea- shore of Massachusetts, in a region whose rock- bound surface seemed to have set cultivation at defi- ance, I found several acres of land subdued and im- proved at the rate of three hundred dollars per aeie. Could this be afforded ? Look at the case. The land was made to produce three tons of hay to the acre. The price of hay in the vicinity has averaged for years, at least fifteen dollars. The value of one ton of hay per year, is sufficient to gather the crop and keep the land in condition. Thirty dollars then are the net return for the investment. These are ex- amples of extraordinary expenditure and ample pro- fits. The crop of Indian corn is the greatest blessing of our country. The average crop in New England is thirty bushels. It is not difficult to produce fifty to an acre. I have known one hundred and eleven pro- duced on an acre in Massachusetts, as measured after being shelled and dried. At fifty bushels per acre, rating the rough fodder as equal to a ton of English hay, and the grain at seventy cents per bushel, the re- turn may be considered as equal to fifty dollars. Thir- ty dollars may be considered a high average price for cultivation, and this including the interest upon the value of the land at fifty dollars per acre. # » * » « (We here omit the sections entitled "Comparative Products, and Income of the East and West, "Great Improvements in Stock Mid Agricultural Iixtpl^- 44 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol menls,'' and hia reniarkB on Silk. -C'liUure. — Eds. Falmkr.) comforts op a hew england winter. The long winiera of New England are often com- plained of. But let us look nt this. The season of cnliivation ia long enough fur the maturing and per- fection of oil the vegetable products which the clirnote and Bod are capable of producing; and these einbraces an abundance and prohision of ibe most valuable grams, graeses, vegetables, and fruits, for the whole year. The temperature is favorable to labor. The long winters bring with them opportunities of social intercourse of the most delightful character. While the bracing air of winter gives elasticity to the mue- cles and vigor to the mind, it alTorde, in its leisure from out-door labor, the most favorable opportunities for in- tellectual improvement. The farmer, in this respect, has advantages which fall to the lot of few other con- ditions in life. Hnppy is it for him, when an enlarged education and a taste tor books and ecientilic inquiries enable him to improve them to the greiitest advantage. Under these circumstances, no condition in life, to a man of reasonable desires, whose heart is not poisoned by avarice or ambition, seems more privileged or more enviable. I have said that agriculture as an art, is as yet im- perfectly understood. But it is encouraging to con- template the improveincnts which have been mode in it within the lost halt or even quarter of a century, and the rapidity which it is still advancing. HORTICULTURE AND FLORTICULTORE. Among the interesting exhibitions of this occasion, Horticulture and Florticulture have presented their liberal contributions. In tlie variety and perfection of Indian corn, esculent vegetables, and the most val- nftble fruits, we see every reason to be tatisficd with our local condition. If peculiar obstacles to their cul tivation present themselves in the soil or climate of New Cnglaud, we may with an honest pride congrat- ulate ourselves upon that industry and skill, which in detiance of sueb obstacles successfully produces them in abundance and perfection. Flora, likewise, on this charming occasion, holds her court among you, adorned with more than orien- tal splendor. In the two great tiorial kingdoms of nature, the botanical and the human, if we must yield the palm to that which is alike transcendant in the beauty of form and motion, and in the higher attri- butes of intelligence, innocence and moral perfection, yet it con be no derogation to admire, with a rapture bordering upon enthusiasm, the splendid products of the garden; and especially when their beauties are combined and arranged as on this occasion, with an exquisite and refined taste. What is the heart made of which can find no sentiment in flowers ? In some of the most striking displays of this occasion, in the dahlias for example, we see what can be done by hu- man skill and art in educating and training a simple and despised plant, scarcely thought worthy of culti- vation, to the highest rank in gayety and glory and ever varying perfection in the aristocracy of flowers. We may learn from auch success, a lesson of encou- ragement in the education and training of flowers ol an infinitely higher value and perfection. The vast cre.ition of God, the centre and source of good, is every where radiant with beauty. From the shell that lies buried at the depths of the ocean to the twinkling star that floats in the still more profound depths of the firmament, through all the forms of ma- terial and animated existence, beauty, beauty, beauty prevails. In the floral kingdom it appears in an infi- nite variety, in an unsiinted and even rich profusion than in other departments of nature. While these contributions are thrown out so lavishly at our feet, and a taste for flowers seems almost an instinct of na- ture, and is one of the most innocent and refined sen- timents which we can cultivate, let us indulge and gratify it to the utmost extent, whereever leisure, op- portunity, and fortune give us the means. There is no danger of an excess under these reasonoble resti ie- tions, which all our sentiments demand. " But,"' says some cynical objector, " flowers are only to please the eye." And why should not the eye be pleased ? What sense maybe more innocently gratified ? They are among the most simple, and at the same time a- mong the cheapest luxuries in which we can indulge. The taste for flowers, every where increa.^ing a- mong us. is an omen for good. Let us adorn our parlors, doorways, yard?, and roadsides, with trees, and bhrulw, and flowers. What a delight do they give to the passer by ? What favorable impressions dn they at once excite towards those who cultivate their own gratification, and find, after all, their chief plea- Bare in the gratification they afford to ethers. What an affeetiiig chorm, associoted as it is with some of the best tentimems of our nature, do ihey give to the sad dwelling places of the departed and beloved. The moral influences of such embellishments de- mands our consideration. 1 do not mean merely the substitution of such refined tastes and pursuits in place of the gratilieation of the lower appetites. This is no small matter. But another influence should not be overlooked. Every one familiar with human life must be sensible that mere persi>nal neatness and order are themselve securities of virtue. As we cultivate these habits and in respect to our residences and the things and objects around us, make a study of rendering them orderly and beauiiful, and of adding to them the highest em- bellishmenisof art, our own self respect is greotly in- creased. Next to religious principle nothing operates more than self-respect, as a safeguard to virtue and a stimulant to excellence. " HOME, SWEET HOME." The direct tendency of all such embellishments in our grounds and habitations is to multiply the attrac- tions of home, and to strengthen the domestic ties. It is the glory of New England that these piecous ties are no where stronger or more sacred. I would bind her children if possible, by chains a thousand times more enduring. In all my jnurneyings into oth- er lands, favored as ihey may be by the highest ad- vantages of climate and soil, I come back to New Eng- land with all the enthusiasm of a first love, and a filial afr.'ction which, if possible, has only gained new strength from absence. Indeed there is every thing n her to love and honor. Let us seek to render eve- ry spot of her rude territory beautiful. 'I'o the emi- nent picturesqueness of her natural scenery, adding the triumphs of an industrious, skilful, and tasteful ultivaiion, every substantial want of our nature will be supplied, every refined sentiment of the mind grat- ified; and the true New England heart will seek no other Eden this side of that better country where flow- ers bloom with a radiance which never fades, and "one unbounded and eternal spring encircles all" A Correction—Peeding Berkshires. Messrs. Editors — I wish to correct a small mis- toke that appeared in the published report of the com- mittee on Swine, appointed by the Tompkins County Agricultural and Horticultural Society to report at its last annual fair. It is contained in the extract you have made from that report (on page 24, last month.) It reads "Fat, 8| G| 9." It should be Feet. The error is a small one, but is somewhat im- portant, as it shows the difference in the coarseness of the three animals. I made another experiment the past fall in cutting up two three-quarter blood Berk- shire hogs, and found the result to correspond very nearly with the table you hove published, although the hogs were heavier, weighing 360 each. The reading of T. C. Peters' valuable letter on the eubject of " Piggery and Pork Making," induces me to give you a short account of my method of wintering store swine, consisting of ten full blood Berkshire breeding sows, three full blood Berkshire boars, and shonts of difl^erent ages, to make in all twenty-two. These I have shut up in lots of from two to four each, and feed them twice a day, say morning and evening, with one cent's worth of bailed corn each — com at 38. Cd. per bushel — or 1 lb. 4oz. each, before it is boil- ed. I boil the corn about twelve honrs by putting it over the stove in the morning in a copper boiler, and let it cook through the day — let it cool in the night, and feed it the next day. I find that twenty-eight pounds of corn, when boiled will weigh sixty-eight pounds, and it increases as much in bulk as in weight. I feed no water nor slop of any kind to my hoge; they have nothing but the boiled corn, and they come out in ihe spring in as good condition as they were in the fall This is the second winter that I have pursu- ed this practice. I have also tried the plan of boiling potatoes ond ruto baga, and mixing bran, shorts, &.c. with them, to make swill; but it costs more that way than on boiled corn. I wish to inquire of Col. Sawyer whether the por- traits that yon gave of hia Bfrksbire swine are cor- 5,00111' tanb (till reel in their proportions. If they are not theyj" tendency to mislead the public; but ifthey are) they add value to your journal. It ia a subjeol hope gentlemen giving portraits of animals ^ careful about, — that the beouty of the portrai depend on the excellence of the animal and noi skill and fancy of the artist. Yours respectfully, E. CORN Ithaca, Tompkins Co., Feb., 1841. Remark. — The Portraits are pronounced rcct, — Eds. J Maple Sugar. The following communication contoine ei; hints on the subject of making maple sugar,| two leading requisites for success, we helievi boiling the sap as fresh from the tree as possi the most punctillious cleanliness in all the operations. As the season for this work wij commence, we recommend the remarks of respondent to those interested, on well as thoi S. Chew, from the Ohio Farmer, poblished li on page 45 of this journal. We believe it easy and economical, by proper management, uii beautiful, white, crystalized maple sugar, as the mon, dirty looking, brown substance, which generally in fact, the very cleanest production material world. Messrs. Editors — Having seen in your p| inquiry for making a vat or box for boiling having long wondered that bo little attention was) to making maple sugar, I give some of my own rience in relation to it. I have been surprised t so little disposition to improve the usuol ma catching the sap in troughs, and boiling it in i> hung on a pole, by which it is filled with all of filth, and the article of maple sugar, (the pi all sweets,) rendered unwholesome and fbrbidi it comes into market. From twenty years' experience and obser using kettles in various ways, I have adopted iron pans, which are here coming into commi and have been used for ten or twelve years will success. Pans with sheet-iron bottoms and sides did not puccced well. The pans are si sheet of Russia iron turned up at the sides am about three inches, and will hold about thri while boiling. A rim of band iron is rivelted about one inch wide, with rings as handles, cost of 0 pon is about $-1. Two or three lengthwise on an arch, built of stone; from oni half to two feet in deptb, and about twenty ini breadth, the pan being about twenty-two ii The arch should be even on top, and a wide wrought or cast iron across the arch between der the pans to prevent the heat from the fire n the sides. The pans are slid ofTwhen emptied, of these will boil about as much as a cauldron ki I have for some years past used six, set three arch, side by side, and have about six hundred trei buckets for the same, and average about twelvcjl dred pounds per year of sugar, which fetches.^.pj^ cents per pound, and the profits arefiom $80 to I )( , This is done at a season of the year when littl< can be done on a farm. The sugar boiled in pans, I believe to be IB cent better than in kettles, other things being To make maple sugar as it should be, much needed to keep every thing used about it clei sweet, and the sap should he boiled as soon as be to prevent feimentation. Maple sap of itself 1 color, and if it could be crystalized without would be white and transparent, and the sweet purest kind. Much is said about cleansing sngi AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 45 :r remedy ie to keep it clean. reniln$h or put into the Byriip while over the lire, will he acidity cnueed by rcrmeiilntion. GEO. HUMPHREY. ird, Feb t 1941. Ices favorable to NntiounI Exports nnd National Wealth. s. EoitORs — Within the Inst two weeks 12,- ,000 barrels of flour have been purchased at New York, for shipment to England. Be- can be consumed there, it must pay 50 cents reight, $3 duly in the English port, and a- ;ent6 commission, &c., which will make the he consumer in England about $(?,50 per in spite of the duty of $3 per bbl. on Amer- in England for the protection of her agri- nteresls, the r profits are very much reduced itnpetition of our bread stulls in their own ends of free trade in the United States, may "the above facts to show the bitter fruits of a eclive tarifi'. They say that it only inflates home, thus enabling the British manufactii- lersell us not only in the foreign market, but ir own ports. The experience of the last two it positively shows that the low prices of our ral productions have had the efl'ect to treble rts of manufactured articles, a consumma- h could not have taken place under a protec- with high prices for the necessaries of life :quent high prices of labor, the agricultural staples of a country are sold ces, the price of manufactured articles con- lem, — both become substantially the articles ition, and the country gets out of debt much I it would if prices were so high as to stop n. Another and paramount advantage to ■y, from the low prices of its productions, i« pur it gives to our maratinie commercial inter- 3 now no longer hear of ships rotting at the they are busily employed carrying the pro- lur soil and our work shops to every part of England take off the duty on American dd not English corn have to fall in price as a consequence, or be driven into the grana- ported bread stuffs ? Certainly it must, and would be that all manufactured articles in would be sold at correspondent low prices, nanufactures would then more suceesefully dth our own, in our markets in spite of our they would efTeetually drive our manufac- if the great South American and other for- ets. .ough we are opposed in the main to a tarifi y for protection, we feel that a tariff tor re- uld be so mended and increased as to act as vailing duty, while it also protects those of American industry which have already d in the absence of all protection. i that every hogshead of tobacco shipped to ys an impost there of $300. As France duce tobacco, this duty is ten fold as one- American tobacco planters, as the operation n laws of England can be to the wheat f the United States, as our foregoing re- explain Hence we premise that the most advocate of free trade will not oppose coun- duties on French silks and wine. We have ous communication shown that the balance jainst us with France is more than 14 mil- ally. A balance which has heretofore been rafts on England, State Stocks, United StocWa, &o. &.-C. But since the failure of both States and llank, ought not such excessivi J'rcc importation to fail also 7 s. W. CnUse of the '* Decay of Kuta Bagos." Mkssrs. Thomas & Batkham — I see in your paper of January, an inquiry made by Silas Pratt, of Chili, as to the cause of his Ruta Bagas rotting. I have, the last fourteen years, cultivated both the sugar beet and ruta baga, raising from 2000 to 3000 bushels for my cows. 1 have almost invariably found that when I avrccd early my roots were more or less rotted. In 1839 I lost most of my crop from that cause, having sowed the seed as early as the first of June. The last season I sowed from the 15th to 20th. I had scarcely a defective one. I have always obser- ved that those which are sowed eorly grow very rapid- ly at first, but are generally checked in their growth by the heat and drought of July, in which state they remained until the fall rains set in, when, from so great a change from drought to excessive moisture, the roots craek open, rot, and disappoint the expecta- tions of the farmer. Should these suggestions prove of service to Mr. Pratt, or any others who have met with a similar disappointment, it will give pleasure to A NEW SUBSCRIBER. Roxbury, Mass., Feby. 1841. For the A'ete Genesee Farmer. Rats and Rat Catching. Messrs. Editors — The sagacity and eunniiig of this little animal are really extraordinary, and its da- ring courage is truly remarkable, considering its small size. Although almost every body can produce a bud- get of stories about rats; yet how few are there who have accurately observed their habits, or even suffi- ciently to rid themselves of such destructive vermin; and it here occurs to my mind that I have never seen the subject treated on in an agricultural paper. We may often see people carefully baiting traps in a place where rats are swarming, and marvelling that none con be tempted to enter; when the simple reason is that from want of a little consideration, the sagacious instinct of the little animal is a match for the bad at- tempts mode to eapttire it. The block rat fmiis rat- bis) is characterized by the body being black above, while the brown or JVorway rat, (vnis decummnns,) has the upper part ol the body covered with light brown hair, and whitish underneath. The black rats are not very numerous, because the brown rats prey on them whenever they meet — the brown rais aid likewise in keeping their own species in check, a large rat being the terror of the small ones. If it were not for this fact, we should surely be overrun, for ifaey are very prolific, breeding three limes a year; produ- cing from ten to twenty in n litter. The enemies most dreaded by the rat are the com- mon VN-easeland the ferret. These little creatures, in proportion to their size, are more blood thirsty and da ring than the most tremendous and rapocious quadru- peds. A cat oro dog cannot follow a rat into its hole, consequently they are of little use, compared with the weasel or ferrot. Only turn a single one down a rat hole,and the horror and alarm created is soon manifest. The rats fly with all possible speed, the ferret pursu- ing and darting at the neck. I hove been acquainted with several men who followed this occupation, and they told me that their ferrets wert frequently wound- ed severely, sometimes losing an eye in the conflict; but the moment it fixes itself on the neck, its victim 8 secured, for it cannot be shaken off until it has drained the life blood. Farmers may sometimes drive away rats from their premises in the summer season, by blocking up their holes with broken glass, [or blacksmith's cinders.— Eds.] and plastering them with mortor, repealing the ■process wherever new boloe appear. Among other expedients, I hove tried a box balan- ced on a stick, with o bait on the end. One morning i found my box down, and on raising it I found no rat, but a quantity of little chips, lor the little rogue had gnawed his way out; but this I remedied with a nar- row strip of tin round the lower edge. Another way is to smear a rat, (when caught,) all over with spiiits of turpentine, set it on fire, and start him into one of the most frequented holes. A friend once told me thot he took a full grown rat, and first cutting ofl' his tail and cars, he singed off the hair, ond fastened a fringe ol stiffwriting poper round his neck ond let him go; but the whole body politic did not choose to be scored for one unlucky vogront. Now, my advice to any of your readers who may be troubled with rota is, to procure, if possible, a wcofel or ferret, ond turn him into the principle holes about once a month. But if neither con be procured, try the expedients above mentioned; but in case of these fail- ing, the rats may be materially checked by pereeve- ring in the use of traps, baited with the following mixture: — Take of oatmeal one quart, one grain of musk, and six drops of the oil of rhodium. Put the musk and oil into sufficient sweet milk to moisten the meal; then mix all together in a stiff" paste. The oil of rhodium con generally be procured at a druggist's store; ond seldom foils, together with the musk, to draw rots into any place. Caution is requisite to guord ogoinst the common cause of traps failing, which is the smell of the hand. This con be avoided by using an old knife or spoon. W. N. H. Yates Co., Feb., 1841. Himdreds of thousands of dollors are yearly wosted in this State by the depredotions of rats, and the sub- ject is well worthy of attention. Dr. Godnion, who says they " are the veriest scoundrels in the brute crea- tion," (though more excusable than some other scoun- drels,) recommends poisoning them withnux vomica, mixed with corn meal, and scented with oil of rh^idi- um, which he says is very effectual. In using steel traps, a good way is to conceal them in light bran, using 0 spoon insteod of the hands in covering them, although in this case, when the surface of the bran has been profusely baited, we have sometimes seen it marked thickly with their tracks, except directly over the trap. • For the Ifete Genetee Famur. The Importauce of Indian Corn as a Crop for Man and Beast. Messrs. EdItors — Hunibolt says that the Musa Paradisica, misnamed by his translator Banana, in- stead of Plantain, is to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, what the cereal grasses, wheat, rye, oats, and barley, are to the inhabitants of Europe. A single bunch of this vegetable weighs from 65 to 88 lbs. It is probable, as Humbolt asserts, thot there is no other plant capable of producing so much nutri- ment, on so small a space of ground, — still, the culti- vation of Maize (Indian) corn is much more general in equinoctial America, hot hfor the subsistance of man and beast, than any other vegetable production. — Ought not this single foct to encourage our farmers to give more of their attention to the crop of Indian corn. There is no doubt but that on a first rate soil, 100 bushels per acre may be easily produced. A hea- vy growth of stocks as fodder, particularly in a dry season, has never yet been duly appreciated; and the working of the soil planted with corn, is a certain means of eradicating those weeds which are so often introduced by manure in the cultivation of the eereal grasses. > S. W. Erbatij.m. — Page 42, Col. Ist, line S3, of tliia num. ber, frji " Uim" r«ad kci 46 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol, For the New Genesee Farmer, Hills and Forest Trees. Messrs. Editors — During our peregrinations this winter, whicli have not been ' few nor far between,' tbough confined chiefly to this State, we have seen many, very many, beautiful forma; and which we be- lieve might be rendered still more beautiful by a little attention, and at a comparatively trifling expense on the part of the owners, to a portion of them now nearly or quite useless and unproductive. We allude to the small gravel and sand hills (in some instances calcareous) so common throughout our State, more particularly in the Western part ot it. Many of these nie so steep that when the surface is disturbed by the plough, (which should never b«,) much, and in some instances nearly all the productive portions of the soil is washed down by heavy tains, and finds its way to the plains below; and as these, by this unavoidable process, (if the surfaces of steep de- elevities are disturbed,) become enriched, the hills be- come impoverished, and very nearly in the same ratio. One who has not closely observed these operations, can have no adequate conception of the vast quantity of earth that descends from mountains and hills, when these are disrobed of their natural covering by any of the operations of art, even when undisturbed by culti vation. In many instances these cflccts are ruinous to both, for years at least, and perhaps would require a century to regain their wonted fertility. Now all this may be prevented, and in our opinion ought to be; and will therefore venture to propose the following beautifying, cheap, and at the same time profitable, method of accomplishing bo desirable an object. Let the owners of these hitherto naked and com- paratively unproductive and unseemly hills, provide themselves with a few bushels of eheetnuts, black- walnuts, hickory-nuts, butternuts, acorns of the seve- ral kiods, as well as the seeds of the pine and locust —in short, all, or any of the seeds of our native forest trees, which fancy, taste, or utility may dictate. — There are also many shrubs that are eminently beauti- ful, and worthy the attention not only of the horticul- turist but of the agriculturist; all or any of them might be selected at pleasure, to beautify, enrich, and adorn these now uninviting portions of their farms; The seeds should be gathered as soon as fully ripe, and sown, without depriving them of their natural covering, broadcast, in November oi December. This method is to be preferred for the sake of avoiding that detests ble regularity too frequently observable in door yards, lawns, and pleasure grounds, as well as in orchards of fruit trees. The sameness of such a view tires the eye, as does an extended plain without any undula- tion of surface. If this has been neglected during the months of November and December, it can be done even now, with as great a certainty of success, as freezing is on- ly required to facilitate the vegetating process. This done, the covering may be performed early in the spring, by means of a shovel plough or heavy harrow — the latter being preferable, as only a slight covering is required; for nature, who never errs, drops them on the surface to be covered only with a few leaves, and the work is completed; and if timely and proper- ly performed, he will not only be astonished by the rapidity of their growth, but in a few years amply re- warded, yea a thousand fold, for all their toil and trou ble: and thus these hitherto neglected portions of his farm, be the most ornamental, and probably the most valuable pait of his whole domain. "Happy tlic man whose wish and care, A few paternal acres bound ; Content to breatlic his native air, In liis own ground. Whose fields witii bread, whose herds with milk, Whose flocks supply him with attire, AVhoee trees in summer yield him shade, In winter fire." In a future article, should this meet with a favora- ble reception, we may give yon our thoughts on the injuries already done, when little more than half a century has elapsed since the sound of the woodman's axe v as first heard in our noble forest, and in his mad career, cherishing malice prnpense against every tree, bush, and shrub, has well nigh swept the whole from the earth, not only to the great detriment of the soil, but even to the climate and health of our beloved country; and with it the noblest ornament and great- est source of wealth to any country — its majestic for- ests. NATURAL CROOK & CO. Hemlock Hill, near Silver Pond, Jan. 1841. Let none deem th s work a usel^ ornament; for whatever beautifies and renders more dear to mnn hie bom:^, can never, by a reflecting aitd Bor.sible mind, be deemed useless- Military Fines. An esteemed correspondent, in allusion to that part of Governor Seward's message, which relates to mil- itary fines, and consciencious scruples against paying them, suggests, that such persons pay an equivalent of the cost of military service, to be expended in books published by the American Peace Society, for distribu- tion m the common school libraries, and in tracts to be placed in families, for the spread of the principles of peace. He wishes to throw out this hint for public at- tention. As his communication is rather foreign to the objects of this paper, we hope he will excuse us for not publishing it at length. • Farming in Allegany County. Joseph B. Skifl^, of Hume, Allegany co., gives the following average products of a farm in that place for the three past years, as an indication of the state of agriculture there, and not as any thing unusual or ex- traordinary for that region. 1838 Winter wheat 16j Spring wheat, 18| Barley, 14 Oats 27 Corn .50 Potatoes, 300 Hay 11 '39 . 17 . . 12 . . 25 . ■. 51 . . 25 . .233 . . n- '40 . 20 . 15 , 37 . 40 , 40 H Importation of Silk. The Journal of the American Society states that the importation of silk into the United States, during the year ending 30th of September, 1839, amounting to nearly twenty-three millions of dollars. Compar- ed with other articles imported, that of silk is one- fourth more than the amount of any other. The a- moimt of manufactures of cotton imported was $14,- 092,397: of iron. $12,051,668; of cloth and cassi- meres, $7,078,806; worsted stuff's, $7,025,898; other manufactures of wool, $3,567,161; and half the value of silk and worsted stuff's, $1,169,041; total woollen goods, $18,831 90. The importation of su gar amounted to $9,924,632; linen, $6,731,278. So that the importation of s]lk nearly equals that of woollen and linen together, and is equal to half of the other fabrics combined. ,, 0 rich, sandy loam, in a cool situation — if a clay b(i|of o! so much the more favorable — as in hot and dryi tions they do not suffer so much from drought, aa planted upon a gravelly or sondy bottom. Planting the roots upon a proper soil, near ths' gin of a river; or other large body ol water, eeej me the best adapted to ensure a perfect bloom exquisitely formed flower, as the continual e' tion from the surface in warm weather, product midity in the atmosphere, much more congeL the nature of the plant, than can be accompliel any artificial means.* I admit thit cultivators may obtain some vei, flowers from plantations made upon a dry, sand' but neither will the flowers be as abundant, or ai. as those upon plants growing on the favorable lo^, just noticed; and, if planted upon a strong, riclfiiiui the cultivator will have n much more vigorous gti of plants, but with a diminished quantity of j blooms. These remarks will not apply to the striped ani tied varieties, so far as regards the soil. An e ment which I tried last summer, with that novel ty. Striata formosissima, leads me to the concl I :r,iDi that to bring out the colors, the plants will do' it I upon a poor gravelly soil, than elsewhere. 11 lUi periment was as follows : — , No. 1, I planted in poor, gravelly soil, in ai situation, and all the flowers but two were beai mottled, No. 2, I planted upon a soil, as first recomu above, and not one half of the flowers were mol No. 3. Three plants, very highly enriched, ery bloom but one was self -cot cred. [The e suits have attended our own cultivation of the formosissima. — Ed.] __ Respectfully yours, T. DUNLJ Harlem, N. Y. Nov. 10, 1840, '" U From the Magazine of Horticulture. On the Cultivation of the Dahlia. Agreeably to your desire, I send you a few remarks on the cultivation of the dahlia; and, if you deem them of interest to your readers, you may insert them in your valuable Magazine. ■phis much esteemed flower, having been for many years a great favorite of mine, I have perhaps devoted more time to its cultivation, and had opportunities of seeing it planted in a greater variety of soils and situ- ations than the majority of your readers; therefore, thout hesitation, I give you the result of my expe- rience. I have invariably found the best general bloom upon ! those roots ivnicn were piantea ujion a moderately From the fVeHcrn Farmer and Gari To the Ladies. " No more toil Of their sweet gardening labor than sufficed ,_ To recommend cool zephyr, and make ease i More easy, wholesome thirBt and appetite More grateful." h,^ Jj, Since the editors of this work are doing so mi i( enlighten the stronger half of creation, as to ifa^ u and means of securing the solids and durables d itp it is but fair that something should be said to enli attention of the gentler sex, in regard to the orm tal. Let me be understood, then, as giving yoi and all, an earnest request to take up the sciei cultivation, in what pertains to ornamental gardi "Poh!" — says some good house-wife, lookil^ from a portentious pile ol stockings — "What] use of fuddling and quidling over plants and flo' " Dear me !" says a young lady, between sixteeji eighteen, engaged in the momentous pursuits indd to that time of life — " How is any one to find tini attend to such things 1" " Oh !" says another, admire plants and fine shrubbery, but then they ue expensive ! one must pay so much for them, and It a man to tend them, &c., &c. And there are* others, we must confess, even among our owi, who, should you show them the most peerless of] ers, in its fullest bloom, would tell yovt quite comi ly, "La I that's only a rose, I've seen thonsal 'em !" To this last class, any argument on thi , ject of such very common afi'airs would be entireijt of place. But as ladies in general, and American ladi particular, never do any thing, even to undergo!: tightest lacing, and wearing the thinnest shoes; coldest winter weather, without having good and cient reasons to sustain them, we must of coureS] a few solid ones, as to why the pursuit of ornai gardening is so particularly to be recommended to * Of this, we think, there can be no doubt. Mr. TIlOL of New York, whose garden is situated at Astoria,] nearly opposite Hurlgate, immediately upon the Eastf running to within twenty feet of the water, has not f for several years, to produce an abundant bloom; whi tivators in the Interior, at Jamaica, and at Brockl)^ other places, have been unable to olilain a hundred f from the same number of plants. But. as it ia imp for most cultivators to avail themselves of such a siU the beat means must be adopted for procuring flo1< 1 soil and situations as those who .ire admirers, dahlia, possess. This will undoubtedly be best eSet planting in the best soil and most favorable -aspect 1' garden affords. If the soil is sandy it should he well! ed, in order that it may retain moisture a greater IM ;, and allow the roots to penetrate more rotadiljl greater depth, which will enable the plants to ' Irought. When the e.\tent of a garden will allow! hoice of such a locality as Mr. Puhlap recomme] hould at once be selected.— Eb. II A\D (JARDENEK'S JOURNAL. 47 rsi plncc it conSucea to hcaltb. A gemle- ncquniiunnce told mo, that he would ride n to see one really henltliy woman ! and "Oiion we think would bo rare enough to jus- I Ti. Now nil our treaties on the prescrva- lualih, in recommending exertion ao its "sine m," insist also, that that exercise must be taken open air, and that the mind must be engaged xcited equally with the body. Now what oecu- fullils these conditions like gardening ? Let He practice it a while out of doors, on a beautiful fmorning, with all the delightful e.xcitementof out a border, sowing seede, transplanting and ;ing shrubbery, and they will find by the quick f every pulse, and the glow of the cheek, how fill is the exercise. And as a sort of supple- to this part of my subject, I would add, that the t of gardening leads directly to early rising, iome of its most important offices must be pcr- i before the burning bents of the day come on. 'dear me 1" says some young lady, "I never ) early; if that is necessary in order to raise s, I never shall do itl" Never fear, my fnir once get your heart and soul engaged in the •, and yon will rise early, because you cannot The images of your geraniums and roses unit your morning pillow, and you will be down fic lirst dawn, to see if the blossoms they promi- dny before, hnve stolen forth, like beautiful in the stilness of night. m again, gardening is a graceful accomplish- :or a Indy, and has so been held from the time of r Eve — if we inny credit the saying of a very old gentleman, one Mr. John Milton, who many handsome lines to that effect, and who ery much admired in limes when creiy body nt write such fine poetry as they can iiow-a- -We seriously think that it is every woman's ce, as far as in her lies, to see that the outside of veiling is well arranged, trimmed, and orna- 1, Bs to endeavor after bright brasses, pretty car- id handsome china, in the inside. ^hat is the use of flowers !" exclaims a thrifty keeper, meanwhile busily polishing her fire- What is the use of bright fire-irons, eay we y 1 or of any fire-irons at all ? could not you 1 fire on two stones, that would keep you quite m ? What's the use of handsome table cloths d spreads 1 one might eat on a board, and sleep a buffalo skin, and not really starve either I much for the "utile." Perhaps many of our will remember how involuntary was the ;nt they have formed, in riding by houses, as to iracter of their inmates. When you see a house ig all alone, bare of shrub or flower, except per- )me volunteer bunches of thistle and pig-weed; 0 you infer of its inmates ? And when you Dssed even a log cabin, where the sweet brier refully trained around the door, while veils of ig glories and of scarlet beans, shade the win do you not immediately think of the dwellers Had neat, cheerful and agreeable ? This is more «klly the cose in regard to the homes of the poor. a edit of the rich man's grounds may belong to I dener, but they who can keep no gardener, . nose simple flower garden springs ont of mo- Itstolen from necessary labor, pofsess a genuine (-dial love of the beautiful, to render an humble I ig so fragrant and fair. Ill then the time and expense of keeping an or- xinl garden I" — says some one. — Good, my II thi? is a consideration — but I have used up my nf paper. Next month, however, I may show liw to find both time and money. H. E. B. S. .• Feet. — How often do we see people tramp- 5utinthe mud, with leather soaked through, IV often do such people when they return home, rn by the fireside and permit their feet to dry t changing either their stockings or shoes. — then wonder at the coughing and -barking, jumntism and inflammation, which enable the 1 to ride in their carriages ? Wet feet most nly produce affection of the throat and lungs; len such diseases hnve once taken place, " the on fire," danger is not far off: therefore, let eat our renders, no matter how healthy, to gainst wet feet. — Med. Adv. ^ lat has no bread to spare, should never keep a Popiilntion Statistics. We annex a comparative view of the Census of the United States at the several enumerations taken by or- der of the general government from 1800 to 1810. — The increase of population since 18^0, is nt least four jiii.noNs. The present population of the United Stales is very little short sf skvknteen millions. states. 181 lU. IflO. leau. Ifc30. 1840. :\lnine \. llauip. Vcnnont It. Island Conn. New York VirRinU N Unroll 1 S CaroWr Georgia Aluljumn Mississippi Loulsi Tenne; Fl.Ter. Wis. Tcr Iowa Ter. i5i,7H) 228,705 lK),70-i 214,360 Ii54,.|»5 217,713 423,245 472,0411 li9,l*J 77,031 251,002 202,042 5g0,73« 9.59,049 21 ' ,1140 440,5,13 002,:)«5 810,091 01,27.1 72,1174 311,518 380,546 8bU,2U« 074,622 478,103 355,500 343,501 413,115 162,101 552,433 20,845 8,830 40,352 70,556 105,002 261,727 220,855 406,511 45 365 230.760 4,875 2.|,.520 12,283 20,458 4,762 14,093 ai,023 5,305,925 7,239,811 298,335 2'14,101 235,704 523,287 83,059 275,202 1,372,812; 277,575 1,049.4.58 72,749 407,350 1,065,379 038,820 502,741 340.987 127,001 75,448 153,407 422.813 564,317 581,434 147,178 55,211 66,586 8,876 14,373 33,039 399,0.53 209,328 280,052 010,408 97,199 297,665 1,918,6'JS 302,823 1,348,233 76,748 447,040 1,211,405 737,087 581,183 516,823 309,529 136,621 215,739 081,004 067,917 937,903 343,031 137,455 140,145 31 639 30,.')e8 39,334 34,730 501,796 284,481 201,818 737,4611 108,837 310,023 2,432,835 372,352 (1,669,717 78,120 467,228 1,331,444 753,110 549,439 *3i9,164 1479,449 370,099 K49,638 a 823,0.37 1,513,695 063,314 423,934 c 327,731 211,705 94,913 43,713 Venr. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1S20. 1830. ^ Bradtbrii county and parts of Union and Luzerne not in- cluded * Nine counties not received. t Incomplete. X Returns from tlie Western district not received. a Part of Monroe county not received. c Seven counties not returned according to law, and not included in this aggregate. It is supposed they have a popu- lation of aliout 50,(i00. PROGRESS OF THE WHOLE POPULATION, Number. Increase. 3,929,827 5,305,923 1,375,098 or 33.1 per cent. 7,239,814 1,933,889 " 36.3 " 9,638,131 2,398,317 " 33.1 12,860,920 3,227.789 " 33.5 1840. about 16,900,843 4,033,923 ■' 31.4 " By an examination of the tables it will be seen that the white population has increased in a very uniform ratio from 1790 to the present time; the increase in no decade being less than 34 per cent., nor more than 36.1 per cent. The ratio of increase among the free colored people has been very fluctuating; but taking the colored population en inasse, slaves and free, the fluctuation has been moderate down to 1830, and the average ratio of increase nearly as great as among the whites. But for some reason or other, (perhaps the Abolitionists can explain it,) the ratio of increase for the last len years, has been greatly reduced, both among free negroes and slaves. A few have gone to Texas and Canada, perhas 30,000 in all, but this af- fords a very imperfect explanation of the phenome- non.— Jour. Coin. For the J\'eto Genesee Farmer. Education of Farmers' Chiltlren»No. 3. Of the kind and quantity of education for the chil- dren of faimers, the following would be a just esti- mate:— 1. It should be appropriate ani pertinent; 2. practical, as far as may be; 3. extcTuire as their con- dition and means will permit; 4. moral and intellec- tual ; and 5, elevating, and not depressing, them in their rank in life. These particulars will comprehend more perhaps than some will be ready to admit; but, it is believed, not more than is required by all above the middling class of farmers. The acquisition of it by this por- tion will soon exert a salutary influence on those be- low them. It embraces what is necessary for all, that education in the common and elementary branches of which no youth in our country should grow up ignor- ant; next that which is specially pertinent to the far- mer, that knowledge of agricultural subjects which is placed within his power; next, instruction in various kindred objects, and those general subjects which have a connection with our most important civil and social relations, including much of natural philosophy, some chemistry, moral philosophy, the elements of the principles of government and our conBtilutions and laws, and the rights and duties and privileges of citizens, and something of ptiitical economy or the knowledge of ihc classes of men and of production and distribution of properly as well as of commerce and money. Besides these, there are various studies, which have an indirect bul poxnerful influence in forming the mind, and strengthening it and filling it for thinking correctly and closely and profitably, such as algebra, geometry, languages as the Latin, botany, mineralo- ' gy, surveying, rhetoric, a portion of geology, and other things of lees consequence. Those may have no direct influence upon the son or daughter in fitting them for the immediate labors of a farm, or garden or farm house ; but they exert a great influ- ence upon the mind, to bring out its powers, and to give to it energy and activity. Several of these are important to the sons especially, and will preserve them nearer the level of the daughters, as they will keep them longer at school, will carry more of them from home a few months, and show them more of men and manners, and will place them more on their own responsibility, and tend to elevate their whole character. It is an undoubted fact, that the daughters too often receive those advantages to a greater degree than the sons, and that the latter are depressed by the compari- son. Besides, many of these extra studies are recited to both, and may be obtained by them. They will employ the eons longer, and when their minds are made more mature. But, how far they shall be pur- sued in any case, must be left to the good judgments of parents and the parties concerned. True it is, that the sons need more special attention. They would not be so likely to be dissatisfied with their condition in life, and another end would be gained too by such a course; the daughters, expecting a settlement in the same relative condition, would have a stronger in- ducement to qualify themselves for those household duties, for which ihey will find a strong and constant call. In this respect, there is need, too, of correction of mistakes, and the practical education of the daugh- ters should go on hand in hand with that of the sons. The latter should not alone be required to labor and toil in the appropriate works of a farmer and of n far- mer's house. For these domestic duties, there needs a wise preparation. He that by the plough would thrire, must either hold or drive, is a plain practical truth in all places, and conditions, and business. The mistress of a family has no less occasion for its appli- cation than the farmer himself. Finally, such an enlarged education would make the sons and daughters more miitahle companions for each other, and the amount of happiness would he greatly increased. The rank, the notions, the aims, and the efforts, would be more nearly alike. They would be far more contented with that truly honora- ble and happy condition in which their benevolent Fa- ther has placed them. Their children will be provi- ded for in a wiser manner, so that their "sons may be as plants grown up in their youth, and our daugh- ters may be as corner stones polished after the simili- tude of a palace." D. C. Rochester, t'cb. 1841. A Durable Whitewash. — Before putting your lime, which should be unslacked, into the water, satu- rate the water with muriate of soda, (common salt.) This will make a whitewash that will not rub off nor crack, and is very lasting. Ctrb fob tooth ache. — Mix alum and common salt in equal quantities, finely pulverized. Then wet some cotton, large enough to fill the cavity, which co- ver with salt and alumn and apply it. We have the authority of those who have tested it, to eay it will prove B perfect remedy. 48 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. J To Correspondents. We thnnk a fair incogn'Ua for her letter, but can- not guesii out the enigma it contains. We shall wait , with impatience the promised answer, and can ae- eure her the favor will be highly appreciated. We hope she will not yet lay aside her useful pen. The errors mentioned were in the copy. Where is Annette! There have been quite a number of inquiries respecting her of late. Iler com- munications have had a good effect, and we hope she will not abandon us. lU" We have received a beauti- ful song, composed in her praise, and set to music. If she will only inform us of her loliereabouls, we will forward it to her, or call and present it in propria pcr- sorue. — Ed. Jr. "Graham's Magazine," and " Godey's Lady's Book." We are now in the regular receipt of these two elegant periodicals, and as some of our readers are lovers of fashionable literature we would recommend them to their notice. The engravings alone are worth the price of subscription. Wm. A. IIerrick is agent at Rochester. Genesee County Agricultural Society. We are informed by T. C. Peters, Esq., President cf the Society, that, at a meeting held F'eb. 10, a list of over 200 premiums was made out for the coming season, and it was decided to hold the annual Exhibi- tion and Fair at Alexander on Wednesday and Thurs- day, the 13th and 14lh of October next. The list of premiums will be circulated in handbill form. C. P. TuRfJEK, Esq., is Secretary, Batavia. State Bounty on Silk. The Committee of the Assembly, to whom the subject was referred, have reported a bill entitled '-An act to encourage the growth and manufacture of Silk." It provides that a bounty be paid, of fifteen cents for each pound of cocoons, and fifty cents for each pound of reeled silk produced in the State. The report is an interesting one, and we will publish it next month, by which tin.e we hope the bill will become a law. iiargc Hogs. Mr. Geo. W. Atwill, of Lima, Livingston Co., slaughtered a sow and nine pigs, the weight of which when dressed, was 4,414 lbs. The pigs were less t'lnn eighteen months old. The litter consisted of teji in all; one of them was sold. They were a mixed breed, mostly Leicester and Byfield. The weight of each was as follows: — Sow, 493; Pigs, 466, 454, 370, 541, 430,445, 397, 406, 442. Total, 4,444. Average, 444 each. Quite a lusty family of porkers I Another. Mr. Hendrickson, near Miomisburg, Ohio, has a hog (common breed we suppose) which weighed, in 0;;tol)er Inst, 838 lbs. — about three and a half yea old. He hs3 also a fine full blooded Berkshire boar — particulars nit given. Mr. Rogers, of Miataisburg also, has some thrifty pigs — part Berkshires. Large Pigs. Mr. Sheldon Cook, of Bergen, Genesee Co., slaughtered 7 pigs, of a cross breed, (Leicester and Berkshire,) only 7 months old, all of one litter, — which weighed, when dressed, 1,500 lbs. The lar- gest weighed 244 lbs. They were not fed corn, ex- cepting about the lajt two months. Has anybody had larger, of no greater age ? More Vet! Mr. Samuel Lundf , of Waterloo, informs no that he slaughtered 12 spring pigs, Leicester breed; which weighed, when dressed, 3.044 lbs. The 6 oldest were 9J months old, and weighed 1760 lbs. One of the largest weighed 308 lbs. He challenges the Burkshires to beat this. If the expense of feeding was considered, perhaps the Berkshiies would appear to ibo bost sdvantage; alsj in the quality o{ the pork. *' Frank." Our thanks are due to Messrs. Kimber& Sharpless for three copies of *' Frank, or Dialogues between a Father and Son, on the subject of Agriculture, Hus- bandry, and Rural Affairs," by Jnmes Pedder, Editor of the Farmers' Cabinet. We learn that they were forwarded last August, together with a box of the same for a bookseller of this city; but were by some oversight detained on the way. See atloertistment. ENGLISH MARKETS. By the arrival of the Ste;tin Ship Brit.tnia at Boston, we tiave received the Mark Lane Express niiil otiier papers of the I at of February, from our friends in London, for wiiicli tliey have our thanks We observe no material change in the reports of the Markets. Business generally was said to be dull :ind unsteady. The best brands of United Slates flour continued to bring 36s per bbl. At Liver])ool the de- mand for cotton had decreased. NEW YORK M.^BKET— FEB. 22. Provisions— There is no change in Beef. Pork is rather firmer ; several hundred libls Ohio Mess Jiave been sold at ei !,'!■'>, arid some lots of Ohio prime at «0,73. New York St.ilePork is «10 and «i2 bbl Small sales of Noithern Lard at 7jc ; City rendered Is held a little higher. Butler, except that of prime quality, is very [ileiily ; and for fair lots in rolls only 8 or 9c can be obtained. Cheese ste.'idy In price. Seeds— Clover is at 8a8Jc lb., and rough Fla.tBecd at «10, ■i> ic; lOUtcs Timothy sold at 825, and sume afterw.irds at ^•27 Ice, lliough this is more than can be certainly calculutcd on liereafier. Ashes— The stock of pots is about 1000 barrels, and of pearls '2030 brls— both sorts sell at $6 per 100 lbs, though nothing of importance was done in puts. Corn Exchange — The sales of tlour have been moderate in exlenl. Genesee at )S4,7S, New Orleans at 9t,7o, Ohio, north about, at $4,^8, Georgetown and Howard si. in a very small way at $5. Some shipments were made of various kinds. A mixed parcel of Jersey Corn was sold at 46 cts, and a quantity of rye in the same hoat al 50 cts, 5tl lbs. These prices are considered rather loo low for a quotation Jer- sey oats sold al 30 cts, and Southern at 20a:i7 cts per bu. — Sales of cnrnmeal at S'2,75, barrel, and rye flour .-it ^3,'25o37. Cattle Market— At market 540 head of Beef Cattle, in- cluding 100 left over last week, 130 was from the South, 1-20 from the East, and the balance from this Slate -, 1*21 milch cows, and 1150 sheep. There tvas a fair demand for beef, and 540 head were taken at 87 to SUJ, averaging fiSi the 100 lbs. Milch Cows — Former prices were fully maintained, and lOU we e taken at $-iU, 830, and 810 each. Sheep were in gotid demand, and all taken al 83 to $4^ for common, and85lo8tl^ for good. Hay— The market was well supplied, and the sales were mostly made at 6'2i to O'J cts the lOOlbs PHILADELPHIA MjVP.KET Flour for shipment to England, about 700 bbls. were ob- t;iined al 84 50 ; and part of it delivered at this price. Rye Flour— Fair sales at 8'i per bbl. Corn Meal— Sales of Pennsylvania Meal in hhds. at 812 '25 for superior casks ; for ordinary hhds. the price is il 50. There has been a steady demurrd for Clover seed, and upwards of 1*200 bushels have bedu taken at 4 75 to 5 i3 per bushel. nOCHESTER MONEY MARKET. Specie, par. Eastern Funds, par. Treasury Notes, 1 pr ct prem. Indiana, 8o diS' h. astern Urafis, i " do. Illinois, 8 a do. Pennsylvania, 6 o 10 dis. United States, 15 a do Ohio, Oa 8 do. New Jersey, par a 5 do. Michigan, 1*2 a 13 do. Canada, 8 a do Maryland, 6 a 10 do. Suspens'n Bridge, 3 a do. Agents for the Rochester Seed Store. AFULLassorUnenlof seeds, put up at the Rochester Seed Store, may be found at each of the following places Subscriptions will also be received there for the " New Genesee Farmer and Gardener's Journal ." Buffalo W. & G. Bryant. Lockport S. H Marks & Co. Albion, C W Swr.n Brockport George Allen. Scottsvllle, i Andrusi Garhut Le Roy Tompkins & Morgan. Batavia, J V. D. Verplanck. Attic-i, R. ..tN. Wells. Warsaw E. I!. Bascoin. Perry, I.. B. Parsons &, Son Mount Morris R. Sleeper. Nuudn ^V M. Chipman. Geneseo J.F.& G.W.Wyman. Canandaigua, J B. Hayes. York U. H French. Genev,i A Herniup Waterloo Abram Deuel. Palmyrii Hovt & May. Syracuse T. B. Fitch & Co. Ulicn J. E. Warner. Oswego D Canfield Hamilton J A. Molt. Cooperstown, S. DcuMeday. BATEHAM Si. CUOSMAN. Roektster Seed Store, March I. GRASS SKED WANTED. AVERY HIGH PRICE will be paid for sood clean Timothy See*!, delivcre.1 soon at the Seed Store. MarcA I. BATEHAM 4. C«03.MA?<. 0 — ^ 5 CLOVER SEED, F KXCELLENT QUALITY for sale at tlic si> Store. BATEHAM & CROSMAPW March I. "FRANK," OU Dialogues between a Fallier nnd Son, on the jet-tH 0 of Agrifulture, Husbandry and Kurnl Atfaii This interesting tint] instructive volume is now for ealej D Hoyt, Slate si., Rochester. The e.vtraets ptililiBhed in ' New Genesee Farmer during tlie past year, cannot fail] convin^-e the renders of that j'aper of the value of thia Ut especially as a present for furnierB' chlldicn, or young pie in the country. March 1. W AGENCY FOR PERIODICAX8. M A. HERRICK, No. 01, BulTalo St., opposite Ea( Hotel, Rochester — Agent for Godey's Lady's Book, Graham's Gentleman's and Lady's Magazine, Litlell's Select Reviews, The New Yorker, The New World. GOLD VINE PEAS. RAISED in Canada by the original producer of this vu ly, for sale at the Seed Store. * B.VTEHAM & CROSMAS MOUNT HOPE GARDEN & NURSERIES ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. THE Proprietors of this establishment offer for extensive assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Tn Flowering Shrubs, Green House Plants, Bulbous Flo' Roots, UojbleDahliiiS, Slc- &.C. Gardens laid out, .ind Gardeners furnished on reasoni notice. — Persons requiring information ojt any subject neclcd with The business, will receive a prompt reply. All orders, letters of inquiry, &c. must be addressed ('pon p.aid) directly to us. Trees, Plants, &c., will he carefully packed, so thr.t thq maybe carried toauy part of the country in safely; and pat' ages will be marked and shipped as may he designated ' Persons with whom the proprietors are unacquainted, requested to give asalisfjictory reference, or nanresonie son in the city of Rochester, who will euarantee the pi ment. ELLW ANGER & BAURVJ Rochester, Dec. 1, 1840. ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT- corrected for THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, MAR. 1, 18«.j WHEAT, .... per bushel $ 81 o $ CORN,. OATS BARLEY, RYE, BEANS, White, . . POTATOES, .... APPLES, Desert,. ** Common, .37i. 28... 31... 50... 621.. ai... 25... Dried,,.. " 75. CIDER, barrel, 100. FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,25., " Fine, .... " 3,511.. SALT, " 2,00.. PORK, Mess " 10,0(1.. " Prime, " 8,00.. " Hog, .... 100 Ibe.... 3,75.. BEEF, " 3,50.. POULTRY per pound, 6.. EGGS perdozen, 16 18 BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound 14 16 " Firkin, CHEESE LARD, TALLOW, Clear, HIDES, SHEEP SKINS,.... cnch,... 75 87^*' PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs. .5,00... POT, " .... " ..4,.'S0 1 WOOL, pound,.. 35 40. HAY, ti 7,00 8,00 > GRASS SEED, .... bushel, . . 1,.^0 2,00 i ■ CLOVER, " " ...6,00 7,C0 FLAX,.... " " ... 75 PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton,6,00 " btilkfat Whentland)3,50 ' Remarks— yVe jnake hut few alterations in our table tllll month. Business generally is dull— the roads are bad, od very little produce is brought into market. The price ■ wheat has advanced a trifle, but the quantity brought inS small. The Millers generally are not vel prepared to pin chase for spring business. A liltle pork slill comes in aB sells mostly al four dollars. Mutter, eggs, poultry, &c., iA in good demand— supplies mnilerate. Clover seed has been hroughl in liberally from PennsylvA nia and Ohio, and the price has declined a trifle. It wfl (irobably advance, as sowing tinjc advance*. Tlmotliy Mr II force, sod pricb tai|^ at prctcut. THE '-c'^St^' P™,Wo.,.J ^0I..2. ROCHESTER, APRII., 1841. NO. 4. \ Tb". LV^'^JiSs.rs. PUBL.ISHED MO:XTHIiV. TEKMS, _j FY CENTS, per year, payable always in advance. Masters, Agents, and others, sending money free of ■, win receive seven copies for $3,— Tu!elve copies for 'irnilij-Jive copies for $10. " ■ ' paper is only one cent to any pl.ace . . ... __ . ._ _-.|y part of 50 c of thi! ihis'siate, aud' one and a half cents to i led t^taies. Iiscriptions must commence with the volu (stitched) can he furnished to new s hscribers. ■iS BATEHAIM & CROSMAN, Rochester, N. Y. CONTENTS OP THIS NVMBEK. hers' Notices, &c. Hints for the Month. To Gar- ^ij, IS. New Silk Keel— Cocoons 49 Vood. "Bots and Horse Bees." Rust on Wheat.. 51) Hay. Agricultura/ E.xperinients, Iheir depend- 11 Climate and Soil. Peck's Pleasant (Apple.) p Throat in Swine. Effects of Plaster on Land. . . 51 Discovery— How to render Wood Imperishable )inbustllile. Joint Interests of the North and their Inter-Statc Trade, &c 52 phuiting Fruit Trees. Agriculture in Nova Scotia. 53 'ijnatures. Importance of Wheat Culture. for Cutting Timber. Discovery in Sugar Ma- ■■. Blue Grass and Quick (or Couch) Grass 34 Srass Education of Farmers' Children, No. 3. ■ Beets 55 ins for April. Flowers in England. Wm. K. _ I's" Farmery 56 Loalslature— Bill to Promote Ag. Horticultural cing^at Rochester. Burlington Silk^Frame. Agri- iral Implements Wanted. Chemical Apparatus. .. 57 Oil Beans— Kicinus. Cheap Laboratory. Hints to tern Emigrants. N. Y. State Ag. Society 5S lent of Peach Trees. Comparative Value of differ- kiniUof Silk Worms 5S 3 .ind Profits of Agriculture. On Cattle. Coi. . ._r's Berkshiies 80 ins's Wisconsin Plough (with Cut.) " The North- Ligiit." 61 Past Winter. Vegetable Oyster Puddings A Scene __ a. Minor. Cheap and durable Fences. Sliding tes for Bars 0-2 acting Fruit Trees. Merino Sheep. Durham Cowi . Milkers. Different Soils. Paying for Luxuries. ... tiS rio Co. Aff. Society Notice. Pea-Nut Silk Worm gs Wanted— Seed Store Notices, &.c. Reports of the Titels. Advertisements. &c • 61 Publishers' Notices. AoENTS AND Subscribers — An Explanation. — Thcnum- f letters received daily at the Fanner office is very great, etimes from 50 to lOU) and the health of the acting pub- I (|jq wheRt. iiotaironltoscnd the Fanner at the wholesale terms, (allow- ing a commission) and if the discount is more than ten per cent., we must return the money. (Several of the " Red back" banks in Western New York have stopped payment of late, and their bills are unsaleable at present.) The fol- lowing arc the present rates of the p/jncip.il kinds of bills. New England.. . 0 a 10 dia fc-pccie, Pennsylvania, U. S. Bank,. . . .au Ohio 10 a U Canada 8 Suspension Bridge,3 a 5 The bills of till the Safely Fi poslte by the Banks of th" ■yl'ndStVirginia,lia lOdis New .lersey, . ... 3tt 0 '* Indiana, 10 " Illinois, 15(120 " Michigan 25 " nd Banks are received in de- .! and all the Free Banks arc received at the Rochester" City Bank, except the follow- All the 9 Banks at Buffalo— Bank of Western New York- City Trust— Chelsea— Tenth Waid— Statcn Island— Far- mers', Seneca Co.— Millers', Clyde— Tonawanda—Lodi— I/Owville—Olean— Silver Creek— Alleghany— Blnghnmton — "W^atertown — Cattaraugus — St. Lawrence — Exchange Bank of Genesee at Alexander — Farmers' &. Mechanics' nt Bata- via— James Bank— Dansville— Farmers' Bank of Orleans at Gaines — Delaware— Mechanics' & Farmers' at Utica— Washington. Several of the .ibove Banks are no doubt perfectly solvent and will soon be again current —P.ochesttr Daihj Adv. To Readers p.nd Correspondents. We are gratified iti being able to give the names in full of several new and valuable writers this month. Other com- munications aye received, some of which will appear next mouthy 'out sevetal, without proper signatures, we must dcdine publishing. The Monroe County Ackiculturai. Society, it Bhould be remembered, meet on the 5tli day of May, to make arrangements for the season. ■ will not at present allow him to give dosealtention to ess ; so that letters are not usually re.ad by the publish- hemselves unless they contain something of more than jary Importance. This will explain many cases of ap- nt neglect — especially such as omitting to send extra es to agents entitled to them, but who have not aslicd for [t will .also explain why letters of ackuowledgment : not more generally been sent. irks in the oilicc are competent and careful, but they not infallible, nor do they know every thing. Somemis- made, but many complaints arise from the negli- ge of the persons ordering the papers, in not^entioning t Stale tht Port Office is in. There may be a dozen oflices : same name in the United .States, and If the letter is not ked, it is no wonder if the papers are sent wrong. few cases h2Ve come to our knowledge where theletters e evidently miscarried or been purloined from the mails^ iioney lost. In such cases we consent to bear the after being satisfied that the money was correctly mail- id when informed of the particulars, we forward the ers. Distressing Times! is too bad — we cannot endure it. What shall we do ? s daily receive a gre.ater or less amount of money, on e have to sacrifice from 10 to 15 cents on a dollar, in iount, and some bills we have to return to those who send iVe presume o^ir friends send us such money as they poee to be good, and therefore we do not censure them-, lish to call their attention to the table below, and to Tin th»ut Jlmt if there i3_discount on the money, we can- Hints for the Month. Clover nnd grass seed, if not already Kown, should now be, as soon as possible, that they may receive the full benefit of a moist soil, nnd a crumbling surface from freezing nnd thawing, to assist vegetation. When sown upon wheat, a light kaj rowing more effectually insures their growth, and benefits rather than injures Be sure to put on plenty of seed — a few chillings more per acre in seed will often bring mnny dollars more per acre in crop. Sinclair gives the case of a farmer who always stocked heavy with grass seeds, and who always as a consequence secured a heavy coal of herbage the first year, ichicli differed from old pas- ture only in being more luxuriant. The farmer should also remember the advantage of a mixture of grass seeds, — difierent species subsisting upon different parts of the soil — nnd that a given sur- face of the soil will therefore support a much greater number of plants of different, than of one and tlie same Spring wheat should bo sown as eotly as practica- ble. If the soil be dry, it is best, like peas, if covered by means of a light plough. Whore wheat has been winter-killed, it may be advantageous to sow those vacant spots witli spring wheat. Let all the manure which has been collecting during winter be carted out on the land. To leave a large heap unapplied is throwing awny money by handfuls — a single load will often produce several bushels in- crease of crop — an enormous waste results froin ne- glect. But .where manure is not now applied, let it be made into compost, by mixing soil, or what is far better, swrnnp muck and peat, with it. One load of stable manure, and three of peat, mixed together, with a small addition of lime, will make four loads of com- post, fully equal in effect, and far superior in applying and mixing with the soil, to fotiy loads of stable ma- nure. " Manure is money"---let it not be wasted. Let all spring crops he put in, in the best manner; — a good beginning makes a good end," — most com- monly. Plough'well- — let furrow slices be narrow — (except sward—) furrows six inches wide, will show a much handsomer looking field after ploughing, than those a fool wide. Try it. Thorough work is cheap- est. Sleds, new out of use, should be well taken care of, put under shelter, ond raised from the ground. Sleds, cartwheels, &c. are often more injured by standing on damp earth, by which decay soon commences, than all the use, and (other) abuse, that they receive. Transplanting trees must be done now, or very soon, — or else put oft" another year. Formers! have you fruit trees enovgh? — recollect they cost but little — and pro- duce much. — Have you ornamental trees enough round your house 1 — they are easily planted — cost but a tri- fle— and make home delightful — rendering what is invaluable, still more invaluable — now is the time. To Gardeners. Our readers will perceive by a notice in another page, that a Hokticultural Society is about being organized, and as an exhibition of Fruit, Flowers and Vegetables, will be held some time during the sum-, mer orfall, it would be well for gardeners and ama- teurs to make early preparations. O.ir June No. will contain the constitution of the Society and notice of whatever arrangements may be made with yegard to exhibitions. New meadows should be early and carefully picked of all loose or projecting stones, and the surface rolled smooth. By clearing off stones and filling covered ditches or building walls, the farmer kills at least three birds with one stone, — he enables the mower to cut more closely and thus save a larger crop of hay ; he prevents the frequent loss of hours in the thickes' haying from the dulling of scythes; nnd n and permanent fences are construe" ", Plaster should be sown e^-'^ , J , .,.•,. "■/.— as soon as the grass and clover starts a Ut'ie » i,„„i, i j , ,, , ..le — a bushel and a half, or there New Silk Reel.,. ■ "f I ul drains Mr. Joseph Alleyn of this '• , . .„j „ .v,.r , oity, has invented a ma- chine for reeling and »■' :, ,,, ., .. ,i,„„„),, ^pinning silk which It IS thought wdl prove su-^- '^ " , t. • . „„;,- , , ..cnor to any now in use. It is not quite ''^' ".^led, h'^i the public will soon have an opportuni- ty of judging of its merits, A more particular ac- count of it may be expected next month, Mr. Hiram Rabbins, near Allen's Creek, in tha l.!wn of Brighton, offers to take a few bushels af co- coons and manufacture them into sewing silk on equal quantity , — u.i, wi nm.li;- |_uullo ""^ ..."'. — . — abouts, to tne acre, ig ag y/^n ^^ three times that Isharea, (halves.) We have seen sewing silk rannu- [ facUil«tl.by hinij "nJ '' was of excellent qualiiy. Fire-Wood, Every individual in ihe land, ehnree ibe benefits of fuel for domestic pui poses; and no subject con be pro- posed for onr examination in whicli a greater number of our readers are interested. Although fossil coal may now be obtained both from the east and from the west — v/noard from Alba- ny or downward through the Chemung canal; and though peal, apparently of an excellent quality, has been found in some of the adjoining counties; yet farmers will probably for a long time to come, draw their supiilies of fuel from their own woods. Wc shall therefore confine our remarks for the present tu this branch of domestic economy. The difTerence in value between some kinds of wood is very great. In this district, sugar maple and upland hickory, are considered the best; and willow, and Lombardy poplar, perhaps the worst. But why is not a cord of Lombordy poplar equal to a cord of maple 1 Chiefly because it does not con- tain as much carbon. We do not sny it would nrj make. as many bushels of charcoal — it would probably yield more. The deficiency is not in the bvllc but in the weight. Its texture is more porous — there is re- ally less of it. A cord of maple iiaa been estimated in the Genesee Farmer * to produce 2.") bushels of charcoal, while a cord of basswood or white pine -ielde 32 bushels; but then the former will weigh 25 * ->d9 a bushel, whilo the latter only weighs 15 pounds. The reli. "''^* values of firo-wood, have been stated by the sime w ''''"^'' '" ' *"'''*' ""'t'ch w« shell expand and render plain »° ""= comprehension of all of our readers, rs it may be "^^ful in assisting purchasers. Where a cord of liaru ""^^^ '« worth 100 cents, tchite beech and yellow birch -Te «'«"!i SO cenis— white ash and white oak, 75 cents— s""/"' tiiaplc, white elm, and swamp ash, 65 cenlB— chestnut and butternut, 52 cenlB—bussicood, ickitewood, and whitepine, 45 cents. !t should be understood howevcr.> 'ho''" comparing the difi'erent kinds of wood, it ought In au pases to be dry. Some sorts conlfiin much moro sap than oihevs; and if we undertake to burn them green, a larger part of the heat will be occupied in carrying off the mois- ture in some than in others; for all the heat that is re- quired to turn the sap into steam, is lost to us. As an illustration — we should prefer white ash to either sugar maple or ichite beech, if we must burn them without drying; and the simmering fires oi white oak, lehite elm, and swawp ash, we should rather not ap- proach. But another view may be taken of the comparative values of fire-wood. It will not be far from the truth if we estimate one cord that is will seasoned, equal to two cords of g-rccn. Here then by laying in a stock one year before hand, we gain about one hundred per cent.— a speculation certainly worth the attention of every house-keeper. To leave wood corded up in the woods, however, is B poor plan. A few outside sticks when split fine to let out moisture, may dry enough to be much improved; butthe interior ofthe pile, especially if itbe inashady place, will retain so much of the sap as to become sour — a most unfavorable state for fuel. Wo prefer green wood fresh from the stump. But though wood which stands corded in the open ground, receiving the benefit of the sun and wind, may dry enough not to turn sour, it may still be in poor condition to burn at the commencement of win- ter. Every heavy rain has soaked it, often for days together; and its state will be very different from wood that stands free from the ground under a dry bhed. More than 25 per cent, of moisture will be retained, which is a heavy drawback from its value. The difference in the quantities of heat received from the same kind of wood in different conditions, is so palpable where a stove is used, that a person of good observation might satisfy himself without a thermom- etor; and we believe the following sc.ilf, beginning with that in the worst condition, will be found nearly correct? — 1. Wet and partly decayed, or water-soaked. 2 Soured by a fermentation of the sap. 3. Uemaining corded up in shady places. 4. Corded up in the open ground. 5. Partially decayed in seasoning. C. Sheltered for 9 months or a year by a good roof. 7. Seasoned several years in a dry building. 8. Kiln-dricd. Whoever will carefully make experiments on fire- wood in all these conditions, must become satisfied that great improvements may be introduced into this branch of domestic economy. } *,. Vol. a. page 8. For tlte New Genesee Farmer, " Bots and Horse Bees." Messrs. Editors — Some other facts on this sub- ject may be added to those mentioned by " Spectator" in your last paper. It is not easy to decide in what manner the nits, deposited by the hot-fy on the hair of '.he horse, pass into the stomach of that noble animal. The fact is certain. By the shaggy coat of the stom- ach the nits are detained by some unknown contri- vance till they hatch into bots. By the same contri- vance probably the bots are detained till they are full grown, deriving their nourishment from the coats of the stomach. In the course of the following winter and spring, many of them are voided by the horse, and may be seen in the manure of the horse stable, half an inch long, sharper at one end which is their mouth, showing many rings, and giving signs of life on being touched, probably to be changed by the heat of summer into botflies. But many ot the bots are often retained for a longer period in the horse's stom- ach, before they are voided by the animal. It is in this case that the bots are so dangerous, and often destroy the horse, as they pass their lopering mouth or probos- cis through the shaggy and into the other costs of the stomach, aiid even through all the coats. I once sow in the stomach of a fine horse that had died from their action, multitudes of bots sticking into tlte coats, and many of them had pierced through that organ, sj thai on scraping tJiem off with a Imife the lii/uid matter of tlie stomach passed through its coats. Those bots were large and strong and of a deep flesh color. They might have been detached perhaps by the action of spirits of turpentine, for this substance has great power over all such animals, but the death of the horse must have ensued from the numerous lacera- tions of the stomach. The only way to prevent the fatal termination, is the application of remedies before the bots have got so deep a hold, and of course before there is any indication, or any alarming symptoms of the disease. In other words, the remedy must be ap- plied while the horse is in good health. This will not commonly or very often be done; and if it should be done, it might not prove effectual. Wc can know the danger only by the symptoms of the disease, the indications of the danger. The name given to the bot-fly by naturalists has been Oestrus, from the Greek to excite or to sting. Hence they called ihe gad-fly or goad -fly, which lays lis eggs in the backs of cattle. Oestrus bovis, or ox- lly; the insect that lays its eggs in the nose of sheep. Oestrus ovis, or sheep-stinger; the bot-fly, Oestrus cyuj, or horse stinger. The last, because it inhabits the stomach of the horse, in now called Gasterophilvs ; of the horse. Wf^'^ ^ ks of nature, l| <•'■ *' , ' ,i:„«f> crjui, the lorcr of the stomach nomy discoverable in the worki belief that the hot performs some important\ «•"'"*' ^ the stomach of the horse, while its own beint i*''* oped and it is preparing to become a flyli Probably it is only in a diseased state of thei they cease to be useful and become injurii stomach. It may be that some disease of first brings on the diseased state of the b very certain that the larvae of the shecp-i come diseased in the nose of the sheep, and way upwards towards the brain, and bring) ness, and dullness, and loss of oppetite, and gere, and finally the death of the sheep. T nation of the head shows them to be large, e live maggots. It is well known thai the transformations of different and take place under difl'erent circuit "'' The silk-worm winds up itself in a cocoon a chrysalis, and thence a fine molh. The co] pletree-worm winds up itself by its web ai and thus undergoes like changes; thus also ers. The worm on the milk- weed altachei its tail to the underside of a rail or limb drops off its head, and becomes a beautiful spangled with sjiots of gold, from which in a] a splendid butterily comes forth. The lar| worm on the common cabbage descends to tl after its period of eating, drops off its heai continued working forces its way into the ei winter residence, and the next spring worka] surlace, and comes forth in .July or August moths that trouble our candles in the an extent. The earth too, becomes the hal bots, till the natural changes take place, an fliee spring into life to take their common annoyance to horses and enjoyment to thi This annoyance is greatly increased by the the fertilization of the nits takes place after thei sition on the hair of the horse. How wonderful are these contrivances am tions for the diffusion of life ! What a mull those wonders present themselves to the e; careful and jiatient observer ! C. DE March 1841. if«"l ml lie' I iri For tlic Ttea Genesee Rust on Wheat. C Concluded from page Z8.J There is a great diversity of opinion upon ject, and it seems almost impossible to recoi discordant views of those who have written In an article, on rust, over the signature List, copied into the New Genesee Farmer, page 100; from the Farmers' Cabinet, are the ing passages: — " It is stated that the fungus isj sitical plant like the misletoe, but this is not the the fungus has no power to attach itself, or p( ihe healthy stalks of the wheat." The foundt cause of the rust of the fungus, is the putrifi/'ig ter discharged from, the ruptured sap vessels ^ plarU** Before settling upon any definite conclusion, i| the state of the stalks at the time the seeds of thfi gus are deposited, it may be well to notice a few» relative to this subject. The past season I hadijj of Italian Spring wheat, containing two acres, joined a piece of wiirter wheat a distance of rods. The winter wheat was badly injured rust the whole distance, and at the time of bar it, the spring wheat adjacent, was found to be ci rably rusted. Some 10 or 15 days after, the wheat was cut, and was affected as follows: swarth, badly rusted, perhaps 7-8ths shrunk; swaiih, a little less; and so on to the 8tb, whffl ipenrcJ nn.liiic groin was pliinip. The re ol' ihe piece wns nol meieil in ihc lenst. no iiotbing in lUe soil or qunliiy of the Innd eae Ssvvfinlis grew, dilVorcnt I'mni the re?l of A lew rods Ironi the dividing line bc- epring nnd winter wbini, nnd in the Inttcr, led by wlicilt bndly niatcd, wns n bunch of :i>niaining eomc 30 or 40 stalks,) straw pn- 'rid and grain plump. It nttrnetcd my nt- when 1 dseovcred a pile of excrement thai \ dropped by n horse, lying at the roots of the Two similar cases were noticed the year be- •years since my father hanlcd a number of chip manure on his wheat field, in the fall nf- \'^. leavinL' it in piles of two or three bnehels Through negliuoncc it was left wiihoni g. This field of wheal, particularly in that lero tho chip manure was hauled, was very ijured by rust except around these piles. Here icds brigtU ami Uic grain hatulsome. now notice the first passage quoted above, tlic of which is, that the fnngus is net a parasitical ind the reason assigned for this belief is, thai it 10 power to attach itself to, or penetrate the stalks of the wheat." It is evidoH*. in the the spring wheat, that the spondes of the fun- re blown by the wind, {remember it lay ili- ast of the winter leheat,) and became attached talks (whether /(caWiy or not I cannot say) ol at, and thus produced the effect described. Ii probable that the wheat must be in a certain ! regarils its maturity, or rather its approach to- maturiiy; and it is also probable that niut-h •pend on the slate of the weather, to cause the ntion of the fungus. There could have been rent principle to cause the rust in the eight s, that was not common or co-existent with the the piece. The conclusion ie, that the rust or spread from the imitcr wheat, and could ile ation have t iken place sufBciently fast, it would siireod ihrnughout the whol^ piece. But the was advancing toward maturity, and by the he rust had reached the distance it did, the had become more hardened, and the weather unfavorable, its ravaseawere checked. And can account, in a measure, for the escape of the from the rust, in the case of the excrement by irse, and around the chip manure. The roots ol heal were protected from the action of the frost, ic nourishment received from the manure, ad- d it sufiiciently to escape the rust, 'ore leaving this part of the suliject, I will notice Tibre facts relative to it. Wheat under shade limost inrariahlij escapes the rust.. In this case round is more compact, and is not acted on by rost so as to injure the wheal; and again, the t, if much shaded, is retarded in its growth, and not be enough advanced to become inoculaierl the disease.- I bad a field of wheat the past sra- which on one side, was shaded by a row of trees, lance of 40 rods. At the lime of harvesting, this id wheat was in the milk, and although this side le field was much injured by the rust, this strip not at all uiTected by it. It was left standing, and mo afterwards I examined it; ii had ripened from rast. The other fact mentioned, has nn- ledly been noticed by almost every farmer. The do land of a field of wheat, which has been ed or trodden doicn by turning the team while 'hingand harrowing, Ecnerally escapes the rust, reason is obvious: the wheat is not so much acted 11 by the frost, consequently ripens sooner. 3 it regards the second passage quoted above, to Tlui/oundi^tu>n or eatifv qf (Jit rti^t vr /ungui is thcptttrefijnig mutter discharged f mm the rnptared sap rcsscls of the plant," I shall sriy but little. The peculiar manner in which the spring wheat was af- fected by the rust, (h\ the case given above.) coiuln- sively settles the question. Else why v^ as noi the whole piece rusted t Or why should it have graihial- ly decreased iinlil'it disappeared with the 8ih swarth? " Then, if the disease is contagious, there must be a beginning?" Certainly. But where do the spo- rules of all fungi originate 1 " The leaf and stalk of ihe wheat, then, must be in a certain state or sitaulion to ensure ihe growth of the fungus?" This is the srand question. Wheat most likely to he iifi'.cied by Ibe ru,t, is that which has been injured by the frost, during the winter and spring and kept backed until ihe weather becomes warm, when it grows too rapid- ly, becomes rank and succulent: it advances in ibis state until it has eared out and m the blossom; render- cd still more lender and moist by the damp, warm weather; V c pores swelled to e.tccss, occasioned by the luxuriant flow of enp. It is in this situation, when the seeds of the fungus come in contact with it. They find the right place for their propagation— the fungus soon comes to malurily, the spninles fly from stalk to stidk, perhaps cnrrried by the wind eomo dis- tance; it spreads like wild-fire. J. B. BOWEiV. Aurora, 1841. 1 once, al Gcrmantown, Pa., eaw Indian coin sown broadcast for fodder. Tho same is done in tho Island of Cuba and other equinoctial countries, too warm and dry fiir grass. Of late several clover machines have been ordered from this place to Alabama, where it is said clover thrives well, while Timolhy can hardly be made to live. There Is very little doubt but that in Madison and the South part of Oneida ciuntics.in this Slnti',a much larger crop of iiniatoes can be raised for n succiesion of seasons, than in what is called the Goni'sce coun- try, from the fact that this region is higher, cot)l(T, nnd less siihject to sunmier droughts. Bui on llic oth- er band we are, with like 0 tenlion, much more cer- tain ofa crop of corn, ond our clover hay ie better, from the very fact that our climate is warmer and drier. SENECA. Making liny. The old proverb says, " Make hay when the sun shines;" but there is something else liesidcs sunshine necessary to make good hay. The grass must be cut when it is mature, or the animals that have to eat it Will have a hard bargain. Miny people, including some good farmers, judge of the qualitv of common hay by its greenness and brightness. It is a fallacious lest. We have been feeding out, for a week or two, (3 mo. 8,) hay that was as bright as any body could desire, well made without rain, and kept in the barn. It was a mixture of red-top and Timolhy, cut about mid-summer on account of clearing the encloHire for the caule; and which, had it been left to stand one month longer, would have made excellent hay. As it was, the cat- tle ate reluctantly, nnd evidently with some loss ol (Icsb. It is now a pleasure to see with what eager- ness they take hold of hay that was cut afterwards. There is a great diHcrence between the natckai, and AivrinciAL grasses. The former, including red- lop and Timolhy, yield their nutriment principally from the stem ; and like the Sugar Cane and other plants of the same natural oroer, should be suffered to stand till the sUms nre mature. On the contrary, ihe leaves ol the artificial grasses, including the clovers and lucern, nre the most valuable pails; and lor this reason, these kinds should be cut when the leaves are in the most perfect slate. t For Ihe New Genesee Farmer- Agricultural Experimenis— their Dependence on Climate and Soil. Messrs. Editors— It strikes me as very impouan. that every correspondent who states the result of his rurnlexperiments, should give the name of the Stole and county in which he lives, in order that ifie eflect of soil and climate may be taken into the account. A farmer in Pennsylvania, without giving his lon- gitude, comes out deadly hostile to Timothy hay. giv- ing clover the preference. Eastern Pennsylvania is too warm and dry to be a firsl rate bay country; hence the long tap root of clover pentrnting inio the moist subsoil, is IQus enabled to yield well, when Timoihy is dried up. Not so in the elevated mountain region of north western Pennsylvania. There clover grows rank, nnd its stalk is ligneous and almost worthless, while Timothy attains a perfect growth. Peck's Plensant (Xpple.) Some years ago. wo received grafts under this name from Rhode Lland; and though one branch has borne several crops, wo hardly became acquainted with it before this winter, except to observe ihnt it wna gen- erally fair and free from thatsn ut (a Li.-hen ■/) which damages so many sorts of apples in our humid sea- sons. I'lvil above the middle s'lC, heavier on one side set- ting the stem rnlher obliquely, somewhat flattened, broadest at the bnse, Sinches in diametei, 2i de.p. — Eye closed in a shallow depression. Slevi three quar- ters of an inch long, inserted in a wide nnd deep cavity. Shin greenish when first gathered, changing as it ripens to n delicate pale yellow, except on tho side next thi-'jun, where it is tinged with pale red. — I'tcsh yellowish while, firm though tender, sub-acid, delicate. A dessert apple, keeping through the winter. S mo. 10. It is now in fine condition. Its principal delect when it grows on crowded branches in the shade, is a deficiency of flavor ; but where it is of good size — has been fully exposed to tho sun, nnd acquired a fine blush,— il is a very superior fiuit. We have seen no notice of this npple except in Prince's Catalogue and in Kenriek's New American Orchardisi, where a meagre description occurs It is ",ven on the authority of Stephen H. Smiih of Rhode Island: " One of the most sale I'jle apples inmaiket —skin smooth — yellow in the shade — a blush next the sun— flavor pleasant and good— nn excellent detsert f|-„i[, jjov. Feb." We abbieviatejjie language, not having the buok at hand, but endeavor lo preserve ihe substance. Qj' A few words in regard to dcecri.'oing fruit: In theory, the calyx (or blossom) is cc,nsideredthe wppet- end because it is more remotg fvom the root, although it may hang below ; and bcnce the Eye of an apple ia described as being ia a depression (a sinking in) while the Stem or SU'.lk is said to be in a cavity i.a hollow below.) t Sore Throat In Swine. Messrs. Euitors: — Turn animals so efli;cted, into H pasture where ihere is fresh feed nnd ground to root. It id n disease resulting generally irora confinement. Pounded Charcoal mixed with food, where pnstmo cannot be had, or room fur c.\eicise, is one of the best pveventivos of diseases in swine. J. M. Discovery of the BU'ect ol I'taster on Land. Professor Leibeg, of Giessen, has discoven d that snow nnd ram water always conlniu amiiionia; heneo its presence in the aimuaphere. Platter, (sulphate of lime,) forms this ammonia in the soil, nnd kiej s it there to stimuliile nnd fted vegetation, in the san.o manner as lime prevents the escape of the huiiiic jicid and other fertilizing aasses, liofti animal and vegetable I'or llie Kcw Gcncsic Farmer. Important Discoveiy--How to leijcler Wood Iiupeiishable aud Incombustible. Messrs. Editors: — A discoveiy of ihe highest im- portance appears to have been made in France, by which the long-sought preservation of wood from or- dinary decay, combustion, &c., is finally achieved.^ This has been done by introducing into the wood it- self, through the agency of vegetable life, the sub- stances which contribute to these important ends- It has, indeed, been long known to amateur Botan- ists, that the flowers of house plants, iSrc, may be colored by the introduction of coloring matter into the organization of the plants ; and that the flavors of fruits may sometiincs be injured or destroyed by liquids poured upon the ground, at the root of the tree, at the season of their ripening, which are subsequently im- bibod into the vegetable circulation. But these isola- ted facts have hitherto remained with their possessors, without any useful suggestions having been drawn from them, like a multitude of other scientifical truths, which only require to be applied to the arts, to jiroduce the most important results of usefulness to mankind. The announcement of this discovery comes to us under circumstances which leave litde doubt of its truth. The discoverer having submitted his results to the Academy of Sciences, of Paris, n commission was named from that highly scientific body, to inves- tigate the subject, and make a report theieon. In the hope of usefulness, I have made a translation of this report, (omitting some portions, as irrelevant to my purpose,) for your paper, which I subjoin; deeming it highly important that experiments should be exten- sively made the ensuing summer, in conformity with the discoverer's process as shown in the report. It would be no trifling result to secure timber, in all situations from decay, and our buildings from confla- gration, at a cost 80 trifling as to be within the reach of all. A physician of Bourdeau.\, Mens. Bouchcrie, has arrived at the all-important result of rendering the tissue of wood almost entirely unattackable by those causes of destruction to which it is ordinarily subject; and at the same time his processes render it much more suitable to the various purposes to which it is applicable in the arts. A commission of the Academy of Sciences, at Pa- ris, having been named, to examine the subject, Mons. Dumas, in the name of the commission, made in December last, the following report as the result of its investigations: " The Academy has charged Messrs. Arago, de Mirbei, Poncelt-t, Gambey, Adnion, Bous?ningault and myself, with the examination of the Memoir of Mons. Boucher/a, relative to the preservation of wood, the following is the result of our labors: " The Academy has already examined, with the most lively interest, the preparations of the author; »nd it has before it at this moment, pieces of these so jjemarkable that the task of its commission is thereby greatly abridged. Mons. Boucherie proposes to ren- der wood much more durable, to preserve its elasticity, to prevent the variations in volume which it expe- riences throi'.gh the agencies of dry and humid atmos- pheres, to diminish its combustibleness, to augment Its tenacity and its hardness; and, finally, to commu- nicate to it various and durable colors and odors. "To assume thaj all these exigencies have been satisfied, and that this has been accomplished by meth- ods, cheap, simple and new ; and consummated through the agency of substances that nre common, and which bear but a low price, is to fix the attention of the Academy, in a few words, upon the important features of the subject we are charged to examine. " For the purpose of penetrating air entire tree with preservative, coloring, or other matter, the author has recourse to no mechanical, costly or complicated means; he finds all the force of which he has need, in that process, within the tree itself, — the same force by which its own sap is elevated and distributed through its various parts. This, alone, snflices to convey from Jhe base of the trii. kto the very leaves, all the liquids which he wishes to introduce, provided that these are maintained within certain limits of chymical concen- tration. If a tree be felled, while in full sap and leaf, and the base of the trtmk be at once plunged in a vat or reservoir containing the liquid which it is desired the timber shall imbibe, that liquid, in the space of a few days, will ascend to the very leaves, and pene- trate every part ol the vegetable tissue, except the heart of the tree, which, in some instances of great age and hardness, or imperfect vitality, resists the ab- sorption, and is not penetrated. " It is not entirely necessary that the tree shall re- tain all Its branches and leaves during this process, although it is important that those of the extreme top should remain uninjured. " It is not important that the tree shall remain standing during the operation, which would not al- ways be convenient: it may be felled, aud its butt sub- merged in the liquid it is destined to absorb, when this will find its way to every part. '• On the other hand, the tree may be treated stand- ing, if this be preferred ; for it is only necessary that cavities be cut near the bottom, or the trunk be par- tially severed by a saw, and that the parts thus pre- pared be put in contact with the liquid, to ensure the desired result. " This species of penetration, or absorption, which is effected in a few days, without either difficulty or labor, is, as will be readily seen, wholly different from any means hitherto employed. Previous methods are well known to consist of forcing the ingredients into the pores of the wood, by powerful pressure, or of in- troducing them by the prolonged and imperfect action of liquids prepared at much cost, in huge vats, in which the timber is kept submerged. " The new and ingenious process of Mons. Bou- cherie has placed at the command of industry an im- mense natural force which enables it, without cost, to conduct into the most delicate vegetable tissues all soluble substances which it may be desirable to depo- site there. " If the author has resolved, in a simple and ready manner, the great problem which he at first proposed, he has not manifested less sagacity in his choice of the substances which he has adopted for fulfilling all the indications announced above. "To augment the duration and hardness of wood, and to oppose its decay, either dry or humid, the crude pyrolignile of iron is to be introduced into its tissue. This substance is wisely ch'sen, because crude pyro- ligneous acid is produced in all the forests, in the process of manufacturing charcoal; and it is easy to convert this into the pyrolignite of iron, by simply putting it, even when cold, in contact with scrops of old iron; and because, also, that the liquid, thus pre- pared, contains much creosote, which independently ol the salt of iron, itself possesses the property of hard- ening, and of guarding against the attacks of decom- position, as well as the destruction caused by insects, in wood and timber employed in constructions and for other purposes. "Autiientic experiments tried in the cellars of Bourdeaux, upon hoops, prepared by the author, have proved, in the most conclusive manner, the prolonged duration of wood, after subjection to his process. — The ordinary hoops fell to powder, upon the least ap- plication of force to them, while those of the same age, which had been subjected to his preparation, were as solid as upon the first day they were placed there. "If he wishes to preserve the elasticity of wood, and to render it less combustible, the author has found in the employment of chlorine with an earthy base, the means of accomplishing these ends. Ever pre- occupied with the thought that his discoveries, to be most serviceable, must receive universal practical ap- plication, the author has not contented himself with the employment of the chlorateof calcium, notwith- standing its great cheapness, but he has analyzed the sea water from the pits of the salt works, which is without value, and by so doing has obtained therefrom all the qualities necessary to his purpose. The differ- ent woods prepared by his saline solutions preserve their flexibility, even after several years exposure to the air; and thin sheets of this wood were twisted into spirals, first in one direction and then in the contrary one, without their suffering the slightest fracture or injury of any kind. Exposed to the air these thin pieces were neither split or otherwise injured however dry they became: and, finally, they were so far incom- bustible as to be incapable of sustaining or propagating conflagration, " To these highly usefid properties, which the con- structors of ships, bridges, dwellings, &c., will readily opprecinle, and turn. to profit, Ihe author has joined others, less important, certoinly, but still ne* not without interest, in the arts. He colors wr clouds so varied and casual as to promise much by the employment of his method in ornamentj most ordinary woods, so as to fit them for the tion of furniture, and for other purposes of orni use. "The specimens of this kind, now before the my, relieve us from all details upon this head; therefore suffices for us to say: " That the pyrolignite of iron, alone, givei beautiful brown tint; " That by causing tannin to be absorbed by tl after the pyrolignite of iron, the mass of the rendered black, while some portions exhibit blue, black and gray; "That by introducing, first, the pyrolignite oj and afterwards the prussiate ol Fotassa, a fine Pi blue is produced; "That by introducing, successively, thcao lead and the chromale of potassa, a lemon, or chi of lead color is produced; "That by introducing into the same trunk, rolignite of iron, prussiate, and acetate of leai chromatc of potassa, the whole wood assumes of clouds of blue, green, yellow and brown, collectively produce the most varied and pleasi feet. " The colors and shades maybe varied almosl finity, according to taste or fancy; as chymil sufficiently rich, in agents of this noture, tosatii wants, and even the caprices, of the most fasti: " We have said nothing here, of the communii of odors to woods, by impregnations of this kini cause this is an ojiplication easily comprehended out explanation; and also because it is too al limited to the demands of luxury to be placed same scole of importance with the valuable which we have above enumerated. " It is evident, from the bare announcement these results, that they have not been, and never be, the result of accidental discovery. The authi reduced them from simple ideas ; and they fruit of long continued and laborious studies a: periments." The commission closed their labors with a n mendatioii that a copv of their report be transmit! the ministersof agriculture and commerce, of thi lie works and the marine, of finances and of war, recommendation was adopted by the Academy. At a subsequent sitting of the Academy, that received notice from the ministers of war and nance, that they had recommended the method ol Boucherie to the special attention of the commissii of engineers, the artillery, and the woods and fo: This shows the importance that is attached to thi covery, by public functionaries, and by the first si tifiic men of this, or any age, residing upon the where its results have been withnessed and invesi ted. R. W. HASKINl Buffalo, March 22, 1841. iljsi' Otlil*" I life* liolflM*' IJUiW' Biii« Iwiil" 0* llippti ithel Joiut Interest of the North amd South i iiitcr-State Trade. All classes at the North taxed for Revenue — not soi the South. Tobacco Planters leginnirtg to vnda stand their interests. The end of State Stochs atl remittance to pay foreign debts. Messrs. Editors — The Cotton Planters of tb South export more, and consume less, of their owi productions, than the farmers and manufactureis (f the North. Hence our maratime commerce receiva its greatest stimulus from the South. Northern shipi) carry both ways all that is raised of agricultural sta- ples, and all that is consumed of manufactures at the South; and as Pennsylvania, New York, and New England, are more legitimately the workshops for tilt South, than all the rest of the world, we can easily see of how great importance the South is to the North, an^ vica versa. But the South very much overrates her important to the Union, when she asserts that because shepaysf large portion of our foreign debt with her cotton, shfl ought on that account to receive her wines and silkj without impost. 4. vVND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. ')3 "f4(| ttsccrlaiiieJ that there is not n sufiiciont impost S an foreign impoitstinns, lo support tUo Feilcial inient. But if it wns cioiibie thcnmomu it now would nsk whnt proportion of tliis revenue )c paid by the cotton planter ? Does his borc- 71'/. liilioirr, who receives hie yearly suit of look cloth, and eats his peck of corn a onsunie any article that pays a duty to govern- I believe there is a single manufaotiiriug J New Knglnnd, which, if eilks were taxed, pay more of the duty on that article, than half >n planters in South Carolina. At the South, ouly consume those articles which pay an im- ty. At the North, and in all the free States, ole- mass of the people, the poor as well as the ntribute in this way to the support of govern- But in the cotton growing States, the great g mass of the population, are of no morepoliti- iocittl account, save in the representation they their masters, than the horses and cattle of the have shown, in a former article, that all the shipped from the United States to France in a cor, did not pay for the silks imported from the same year. Is it not therefore a wise poli- ncourage the culture and manufacture of silks wn country, by a moderate impost on the im- article. Would not the South be much more ly employed, if, instead of all cotton, she turn- attention, in part, to silk culture ? Her plan- would not then be so continually desolated by hausting crop; her banks would not then be her planters bankrupt by the low price of cot- je result of over production and consequent 1 markets. tobacco planters, heretofore so obtuse in rela- the laws of trade, now, quickened by a sudden t into the full extent, at least of their own suf- interests, begin to ask for protection in the of countervailing duties. When our farmers lin of the British Corn Laws, they are answer- the fact, that there is generally as much corn ilse raised in the United Kingdom as will suf- i consumption, and that if foreign corn was ad- . free, it would only lower the price there, to the ating of the raanufacttiiing interest into our successful competitor. as tobacco is not indigenous either in England mce, the enormous duty levied on it there se- y lessens its consumption, while it reduces the to the American tobacco grower, without offer- ly boon to European Agriculture, ver there was a time when countervailing du- ight be tolerated, and home productions encour- as indispensible to this nation's social health, that iasnow arrived. For j'ears bock we have paid r surplus imports in United States Bonk shares, stocks, &c. &c. But in the utter failure of all devices, all balances must now be paid in coin, dollar of which we are told will give to the com- ty three dollars of sound paper currency, which can keep up the prices of the real estate of the try in like ratio. S. W. Tiausplantiii^ Trees. though we gave some directions last season, in ■d to transplanting trees, — yet we feel warranted lling the subject up again on account of its great rtance, and because it is so little understood by y persons who ought to cultivate trees, 'hen they are taken np in the nursery, core igh is not commonly taken to guard the roots ist drying or freezing. Oftentimes they are car- mony miles in an open wagon through worm sun- e, without 03 much as a blanket to protect them, perhaps kept a day or two in this state. If the fi- brous roots are not all destroyed by such treatment, at least the spovglolcs (tumid ends of the fibres) must be all withered; but frost when it reaches them in this uncovered state, is not less injurious if ihey arc allow- ed to thaw in the open air. Bury ihcni therefore without delay, and keep them so till the frost is all extvactcd. Even peach trees, which are more tender than pears and apples, have survived when planted in a frozen stale. In short, guard them at the time of transplanting from both cold and dryness; and reflect how much a fresh wound through our own skin would suffer from exposure. It is not uncommon for a former to determine on planting an orchard, without slopping to consider whether his ground is in a suitable condition, or not. Perhaps it is covered with grass — a meadow or a pas- ture. Holes are then dug just large enough to admit the roots of the trees; and if a prong should project too far, and be too stiff to bend in, a side cut is made for its special accommodation. When the roots arc covered, the job is finished for that season. A friend of ours, three years ago, procured pear trees from our nursery; planted them in the manner we have descri- bed; and the season proving favorable, all of them lived, which however, he had no right to e.\'peet; and they continued to live as he informed us to-day, but with no more growth perhaps than just to keep them alive. Now what has been the result of this course 1 All the time since they were planted has been lost in regard to them — the period for gathering their fruit has been deferred ; and the money so invested has pro- duced no interest. Ground to be appropriated for an orchard or fruit garden, should be ploughed deep, and rendered per- fectly mellow before the trees are planted out. No better crop can be selected for this purpose, than pota- toes. To those who intend to have things done in the best manner, we would recommend holes of six feet in diameter, and eighteen inches deep; but those who feel as if they could not work in that style, may dig holes four feet in diameter; and then the following di- rections maybe useful:^ Lay the rich soil at the side of the hole; but the yellow or sterile subsoil throwback, so as to have it out of the way, and not in danger of mixing with the belter materials. Chip-din, or something similar, should be mixed with the earth in filling the hole perhaps one-fourth, beginning from the bottom. All trees that we have tried, seem to luxuriate in such a soil. Set them nearly at the same depth as they stood originally in the nursery; but then the earth should be raised about six inches above the level of the ground round the hole, to allow for settling — other- wise the tree in a year or two may stand in a depres- sion. It is important to have fino earth to throw amongst the roots, leaving no hollow, but every fibre coming in contact with the soil; and it is a good practice when filling in, to shake the stem from time to time, an inch or so up and down, to let the earth settle in between them. When it is all filled in, press the earth down firmly with the foot. There is another way of planting trees that rway do however, when a man has no spade, or is unwilling to use one; and that is, to plough trenches where the rows are to stand. Broad hoes or shovels well worked would soon make the necessary excavation; and the rich mould may be removed into it by the scraper, at the same time taking care not to mix with it the ste- rile subsoil. Well, what next ? Why, have every tree fastened to a stake, so that the wind shall not shake it and loo- sen its roots; or by pressing the stem against the earth near the surface, make a hole down which the air can reach them and dry theni. It is seldom, if ever, that a young tree docs well when it is bent about in that manner, either by the wind or by the pigs. If the stake is to bo upright, it should be set close to tho stem; and as it might injure the roots if driven in amongst ihem, we prefer driving it before the tree is set, which can then be placed near the stoke without danger. Sometimes however, wo drive the stakes slanting into one side of tho hole, and thus avoid bruising the roots. Slraw bonds are the best for fos- tehing, because if we wrap the bond once round tho stake before the tree is connected with it, it prevents them from chafing. When the trees are planted, they are not to be for- gotten. Neither horses, nor cows, nor sheep, must approach them. If hogs are permitted lo range there, first and foremost, tie branches of the sweet brier round every tree as a sign for these animals to keep their distance. Hogs will take hints of this kind, and faithfully observe them. Not done yet ? No — we have some more advice to oficr of great importance. Strawy manure from tho stable or barnyard, may be very usefully employed round the trees to stimulate their growth, to keep the ground cool by shading it from the sun, and lo keep it moist by retaining the light showers that fall through the growing season. But this is not all. As often as once a month, the litter should be raked off, and ihe ground round each tree well hoed lo the distance of two or three feet, and to the depth of three or four in- ches. See that the workmen do it faithfully, for some may think an inch is deep enough; and then re- place ihe manure. A tree planted and treated in the manner recom- mended is almost sure to grow, if the soil is not work- ed when it is too wet; and will grow many times faster than one that is neglected. Besides it will come much sooner into bearing, and always bear larger and better fruit. t Agriculture in Nova Scotia. Through the politcntss of the Secretary, Dr. C. C. Hamilton, we have received a paper containing some transactions of the Cornwallis Agricultural Society. We extract the following remarks from the report of a committee on the condition of agriculture, and the best means for its improvement in Nova Scotia: — "Your committee do not hesitate to say, that one grand cause, why our agriculture does not occupy that exalted position among us, to which it is entitled, is, the want of intelligence in the fanning population. This can only be remedied by the acquisiiion of agricultural knowledge, and its ai)plication lo practi- cal purposes; and your committee would earnestly re- commend the members of our societ}', and others, to peruse the periodicals and standard works devoted to their calling, which can be so cheaply obtained, and which so much abound in interesting and instructive matter to the Fanner. In proof of our deficiency in this respect, it may be mentioned, that allhough there are about 450 farms, only 12 agricultural newspapers are taken, throughout this Townchip. The great advantages of intellectual cultivation cannot be loo highly prized, and can only be appreciated by those who enjoy them. Ofailuiher ai t^ and sciences, a thorough knowledge of ihtir pi'in- ciples, is considered indispensable to success; surely the former will not remain inert, ond indifferent, with ample means of information within his reach, and with prospects of a speedy, and adequate reward to animate his exertions. Your committee in directing their attention to those sources, from which our Agriculture may be revived and improved, cannot but deeply lament the withhold- ing of Legislative assistance. In England, Scotland, France, and the United States, &c., large sums are annually given for the en- couragement of agriculture, and in proportion to the expenditure, has been its rapid advance, in all those countries. Any one conversant with the state of their agriculture, can readily draw the painful contrast.— Your committee having observed ihe spiiil heretofore manifested by the House of Asser.blv, cannot forbear from urging on our members, the neceesily of renewed diligence, in the hope that something moy be occopj. pliehed, ere another seesion shall pass by," 54 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Fictiti3us Sisnatures. Il' it were the cuatum in any deliberative assembly —whether nt Wiishinglon or nt Albnny — for the orn- tora to conceal their persona and disguise their voices by speiUing through trumpets, — would their speeches interest the audience as mnch as they do at present ? When a person walks in, or sits down in a legisla- tive gallery, is he satisfied to close his eyes and listen to strange voices? Would not the same sentiments and the same a'gumcnts lie more interesting if he knew from ivhosc mouth they proceeded ? Is it not a laudnble curiosity that prompts him when a speaker takes the floor, to ask who he is, and to whom he be- longs ? Now as we presume our renders will he willing to concede the right answers to these questions, we will take the liberty to ask another. Would not the anony- mous articles which are found in our columns, he more interesting if we knew who wrote them 1 Wc are free to admit the title of some writeia to conceal- ment, such as our [Fair] correspondents "Annette" and "Fanny;" but to " C. D"— " S. W."— "P'— " B," and many others, whose names if written out would shed a halo round our pages, — we feel unwil- ling to make this concession. We do not insist, in- deed — being gratified to hear from them under any signature — but we hope they will consider how much our interests, and the interests of the community, would be promoted by such disclosures; and how much more eagerly the reader would take up our pa- per to learn something of his old friends and acquain lances. t Fur the Ncio Genesee Fame Importance of Wheat Culture. MussRS. EiiiTons — To improve the true interest of thcfi'Tiiicr, ofany eeuiion of country, you must most surely instruct him in the management of his lands foi- the production of the staple crop of the country, or to the growth of that crop for whiidi his lands are bi.'st adapted, and which will yield him the greatest profit. Ji is well known that our principal profit is produced from our wheat crop. It is the adaptation of our soil to the production of this finest of grain, that Will ever render our lands v.iluable above any others adiip;eJ only to the production of the coarser grains. And accordingly wisdom would dictate that our improvements in agriculture should tend mainly to the increased growth ol' this crop. It is true that e.'iclusive wheat cropping may not be advisable; but in the mnmgcment of our farms we ought to adopt a system of lotation not c.ilcu'nied to interfere with the growth of wheat; but rather to fit and prepare our lands tor the reception of that crop. Smce the set- tlement o( this country perhaps too much attention has been turned to raising wheal, or we may have practised a had system, and thereby drained and ex- hausted our lands in many cases; hut having discov- ered this error, we must not henceforth quit our old crop and bestow our attention on other branches ol farming to the neglect of this. And now, Meseis. Ed- itors, what I would complain of in your paper, is the little attention paid by your agricirltural writers to wheat growing, an I the much to other things of mi- nor importance. Perhaps it is taken for granted by «11, that no information can be imparted to our farmera on this subject. The old motto that "practice makes perfect," I think will hardly apply in this caao; for surely I believe that there are no greater errors com- mitted among us, than in wheat culture; and there is no branch of cropping in which (armera more disa- gree than in this. For example, some think the best time for seeding is the Inst of August and the first ol Septrmber; others think the middle or last of S-p- tembor prefettWe; sjmewdl plough in eeod, others harrow in: some think one bushel per acre sufiicient, others two and others three. And also in regard to fallowing, there is much diversity of opinion. Now the-e and many other points which might he mention- ed, are subjects worthy the attention of some of your intelligent, practical, agricultural writers, and subjects vhich might be profitably discussed. If some of your able correspondents will give us a chapter month- ly on the subject of wheat culture, grounded on expe rience and observation, there will be more good result- ing to the farming interest of Western New York, ihan all the articles on ruta baga and mangel wurlzcl that have ever appeared in all the agricultural papers in the Union. Not but that the root culture has its share ot interest and credit, but in this section it is of minor importance; and surely the New Genesee Far- mer ought to be adapted to its location Yours respectfully, R. We fully agree with the preceding remarks on the importance of the wheat culture, and wc earnestly call upon our correspondents to furnish whatever may be valuable upon the subject. We think however, that the culture of root crops ie quite underrated, as it is on these that the farmer must greatly depend for the suc- cessful and profitable feeding of cattle, and consequent manufacture of manure, that prime mover in good farming, not by any means excepting the culture of wheat itself. A premium would have been nflered last year, by the Genesee Agiiculiural Society, for the best wheal crop, bad it not been too late when the list of pre- miums was published. * Best Time for cuttiug Timber. We suppose another age must pass away before the notion of lunar ivflucnce on timber will be entire'y exploded. When the yielding mind of childhood re- ceives a wrong impression (rom a parent or preceptor, and it is allowed to harden for years before Philosophy attempte to etTace it, argument loo often glances cfl' like water from a goose's back. On what does this notion rest ? Why the moon raises tides on the ocean. Admitted; but on whatelee ■s its influence fe't? If it has not room enough M raise tides on our lakes, can it possibly raise tides of sap in the pores of a tree, where a microscope is necessary to discover them ? But if it did raise the sap, what advantage could we derive from that knowledge ? It would raise tides every day; and no one particular lime would be better than another. It has been handed down to us as a rule worthy of remembrance, that " the old of the moon in February is the best time to cut timber." But why is the oldoi the moon better than the nnc? This question might puzzle a Philadelphia lawyer. The "old of the moon" may come on the first day of the monih; or it may come on the last — it may ililTer a whole monih. The sap iiiny be frozen, and the moon notable to stir a particle. Or can it act on solids as well as fluids 1 If it can act on frozen timber, why not on seasoned timber, or solid rock? We cannot understand such occult principles. We admii indeed that the time prescribed may serve well for cutting sojne kinds of timber; but certainly it is not ihe best time to cut all kinds of timber. We believe it may be laid down as a maxim that timber is most durable if cut ichen it contains the least sap; and we have no knowledge that sap ever runs from a tree in full leaf. On a former occasion we sta- ted a fact from an observant neighbor that basswood rails which he cut when the sap was in full lluw, .-otted before they seasoned, though immediately laid up in a fence. On the reverse, we have several instances ol timber cut in summer that proved very durable, wiih not one ws9 to tUo contrary. We tfaeiefore infer that the gradation from the beet time to the worst is following order: Summer — Autumn — Win limber should be cut in the Spring before the in full leaf. Physiologists when treating of the fnnctioi plants, have been too fond of drawing general like other people, from a few obtervatiens. Bei the sap of some trees, flows not in winter, lhcyj| to erroneously concluded it was so with all. The dc- the sugar maple however, flows as soon as the le drop in autumn; therefore to have that timber dun it should be cut when the tree ia in leaf; and as e leaf is employed in pumping out the moisture, ititi be well to let the liee lie unlrimmcd till ihey aie» ered. A timber tree may be very valuable or oiher^i according to ihe time of culling il; and in thiscoui where they are growing scarcer every year, it ist e6|)ccially important to have the best informalioi the subject. bjsi pre" Discovery In Sugar Making. The following communication came too lale fa> month, but we now insert it, with the hope that pi pi Illy it may not be too late for trial this season, know nothing of the value of the proposed impi ment. For the Netc Goicsce Farm Mkssbs. Editors: — As the time for making iV' Sugar is at hand, I take the liberty of sending fo seition, a very simple plan for clarilyingitand niai a much purer and whiter article than can be dop any other means. For some time the process v secret, it having been accidentally discovered by i mer whose sugar in consequence always comma a higher price and more ready sale than that c neighbors, and who for a long time would not lei method he used be known. The story is this: — Having once borrowed a t kettle from u neighbor, on attempting to use i found it leaked from some cracks. Hoping to lei the evil he threw in some Indian meal to fill u cracks and enable him to use il. It did so; audi adonishnient on " sugaring off," he found ai better article than he was in the practice of ma As the corn meal was the only thing he could attr it to, he continued the use of it, and soon ascerti" that it was a very great improvement on thi; con method o''sugar making. The receipt is as follows: — To the sap require 40 or .50 lbs. of sugar, add about a pint of corn i to be put in while cold and boiled together. The above I received casually ^rom a farmer has used the process, and a neighbor of him whc covered it. It is so very simple, and I am indue believe so very efiicacious, that 1 send it for inee" in your valuable paper, with ihe hope that it prove of use to some of your readers. Should an i It, I hope they will let it be known in some fi number, how it succeede J. - VERNE'" Cazciiotia, I'cb. 2!>th, 1841. For the Keu> Genesee Fam Blue Grass and Quick Grass, (or Couch Gri Messrs. EniTons — The prevalence, tenacity, prolific disseminaiion of the grass v\-ell known an us by ihe name of Blue Grass, ( Poa compress the increased expenseaof cultivation, and greati luinished reuirns of product which result Iron presence in our grain fielda and cultivated mead' at once demand, and will repay, the strictest inq is to the most successful means for its preveniio uraelication. This graas seems to be the natural or spontan rowthof rich, moist land in this country, an eeds appear to he thence disseminated by dom animals, upon the upland pasture, where tko o\ r i- 18 !, y AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 55 illnge divide niul epread its roots m.d seeds, \y filling up the soil lo such a degree, tbntor- nd otherwise sufticiem cultivotion, produces 0 return of groin; nnd land seeded for meo- ,ere it exists in the soil, produces one or two nd inferior crops of hny, and is then run out. most common mode of disscminatijig this /**(by sowing clover seed chalT mixed with its iving beei\ mowed from land where it exists; is manner whole fields, previously exempt, n at once filled up with Blue Grass, An revcntive in this cose, will be to use the clo- and sow the clean seed — nlihough an opinion irevalent that the seed in the chafi" is more vegetate and survive than if sown clean. e pernicious, but somewhat similar variety of found on some farms in this section, called rrass or wild rye, (Trlticum rcpctis.J They nuch alike in their general character, modes gation, and injurious eflbcte; and both re- le most thorough and persevering care in culti- o destroy them. The extreme severity of our I "frosts; and also the usually continued drouth It of our long summers, aflbrd us facilities for pose which are not possessed by the agricultu- Great Britain. Numerous experiments con- e opinion that the vegetative powers of this re very much weakened by exposing the root action of severe frosts. Ac^rdingly shallow ing, (as the roots do not run deep,) applied the , the fall the better, by exposing the tender o the frost — the tillage to be continued by ing or harrowing as soon as the land is fit in the has been found very effectual. After this pro- is advisable to plant the ground with corn, and ite it thoroughly, or to summer fallow for f'si nc instance a very heavy coat of Blue Grass Ig on wheat stubble, (the wheat crop was a to- I lure,) was ploughed in the fall, and though d in the spring, was wholly unfit for oats or corn. I sowed with buckwheat at the usual time, ., producing a heavy growth, completely des- 1 the Blue Grass. The next season however, was much very minute Blue Grass in the supposed to have sprung from the seed; which !6ls the necessity that the cultivation, or the den- f the succeeding foliage, should be such as to pre- this result. Instancesof success are stated from iloughingand rolling, performed just before plant- nth corn. Of this the writer cannot speak from 38sful experience. The usual process of summer w, by two or three ploughings, commencing in or June, although it may produce pretty good 8 of wheat, has little efibct in permanently des- ing this grass, or fitting the land containing it for itable meadow. In managing a fallow much ad- iage is lost, by failing to apjily the harrow, during ing nnd harvest. The efi'ects which a harrow ap- d, once over, every ten days, in dry, hot weather, upon all noxious grass within its action, is truly prising. In cases where small patches of the vari- liere termed Quick Grass exists, much caution is essary to prevent its spread by the plough and har- t; nnd when the soil is properly loosened, a man h a many pronged fork nnd basket, will find profit- semplyment in gathering the roots and carrying m off the land. rtessrs Editors — I consider this an important sub- t, and have given it considerable attention for some ITS past; and as I have not seen much in yi)ur paper fleeting it, am led to hope that the foregoing aug- Kiona may be uaefu'i to some of your readers. I nra coidially yours, &c. 0«Won««. JOHN McVEAN, Couch Grnss. The following is from a correspondent of the Yan- kee Farmer. Sir— In the fall of 1839, it wns recommended in your pnpcr to kill Cviuh Grass by ploughing the ground late in the season, and expose the roots to the action of the frosts, by which their vitality would be destroyed. This advice was again repeated in your editorial remnrks in the fall of 1840. But my expe- rience shows me, that late ploughing will not kill Voucli, or Twitch Gross, as it Is sometimes colled. Soon after thot notice was published I turned over by ploughing, just before winter set in, a piece of ground which was very much infested by this grass. It wns green sward in the spring of that ycor, and wns plough- ed and planted with Indian corn; nnd at weeding time, this grass so completely took possession of the ground, that the rows of corn could hnrdly be seen, and my neighbors inquired what kind of grain was sown there. Intending this land for turnips the next season, I turned this over by the plough, as before sta- ted; and what vv'ns the result? Not a root of the grass was killed, and it appeared in full vigor in 1840, and the field looked ns green as if covered with a crop of rye. What was then to be done ? This would be a troublesome tenant with my turnips, and having the advantage of prior possession, and firmer hold of the soil, would contend strongly, and perhaps successfully against the young turnip plants, and make the chanci. for a small crop, orn good crop, to say the least, rath- er doubtful ? I then determined to extirpate .'t, root and branch, which was accomplished in the fol- lowing manner: — The ground was ploughed and bar- rowed, and then my men followed with their takes, and raked out the roots of the grass into heaps which were afterwards carted into the hog-yard; nnd this was done three times before sowing my turnips; and this so completely destroyed it, that scarcely a root ap- peared in the subsequent cultivation. Ak old Colony Farmer. Plymouth Co. Janiumj, 1840. For llie J\ew Gcncsce Farmer. Education of Farmers' Children— >io. 3. Messrs. Editors — I have spoken of the useful part of education, as it either directly ot indirectly in- fluences the mind. I have taken a rather extended education for the general standard, because we are so linble to fall below than exceed the standard, whatev- er it may be. I wish now to consider the real object of education, the dcrcloping, exercising, training the powers of the mind. It is not so much the mere knowledge itself, valuable as that is in variotis respects as it is the fitting of the mind for the business and du- ties of life. Of arithmetic, only a few rules find ap- plication in the business of the farmer and of most men; but who would desire his son to study only these rules while the others have a for greater educating power upon the mind. Indeed, if we contemplate only these subjects which will have a direct application and be direcdy practicable upon the farm, they will be found very few, and the influence of education ex- ceedingly trifling, ns the time taken to obtain it must be very short. Indeed, of what benefit will be much acquaintance with the art of reading, if only utilitij is to be studied in all our rending; if only there must be a direct employment of the knowledge on the farm. By auch an education the mind must be left almost untouched. It will be rude and unpolished in its thoughts, low and common in its language; it will be left under the control of the animal nature chiefly; it will have only coarse views nnd notions of mornlity and religion, and of responsibilityand obligation, it will be more subject to the power of temptation, and more easily seduced into the ways and works of folly and wickedness; or, it must be preserved from vice and crime by the fear of punishment and the strong arm of power, and not by those ennobling moral prin- ciples which are suited to our nature nnd circumstan- ces. The young farmer needs this cultivation of mind, this training of the intellect which education gives to prepare him for rending, and all the benefits of that knowledge which now fill« the world. A uiet« for reading is as mnch made and acquired as a tnsto for nny thing. The untutored mind can have no relish (or it, unless it is for the marvellous; ;he curiosity must be excited, or no motive will bo presented to iho miiul little trained by culture. The young farmer needs thia cultivation too, that be may have an inducement lo employ his mind daily, or olten, upon books. The grent improvement of mind .a made by rending regulnrly for a short period every day. The instancesof this, though far too tare, nra abundant to. show the great consequence. " Grc(U effects from Utile causes," is the rule of Providence nnd ought to be the motto for action. T/ic diligent hand makelh rich, in whatsoever it undertakes. The young farmer needs this cultivation also, that he may have some just estimate of himself and hnve more influence in the world. There must be superior wisdom in him thnt guides others. Trick and plan- ning and wiles may succeed perhaps for a time; but all such arts must fail in the end because the ignnrnnca will be disclosed, or the supeiior wisdom of others will be discerned. Even good common sense, that best of all human endowments of the intellect, must have knowledge and principles to exercise its power. Tact cannot operate without some materials to act upon and to work with. The j'oung farmer needs this cultivation also, that he may have some adequate notions of the neces-ity nnd advantage of education and moral principles in a free community, and may labor for the wider and more general extension of knowledge nnd virtue. Standing as the very bone and sirew of society, he must hnve the strength and power which will suoinin the interests of society. For this end, educntioii in its general meaning, the training of the mind and heart, is the grand means. I hnve spoken of the wants of the young farmer in these several respects, for their bearing upon the main object of those papers, thnt the interests of the farmer sufl'er from the too limited education of his sons compared with that of his daughters. I hnve already said thnt 1 would not diminish the one, but increase the other. These views are not new indeed to many intelligent farmers, but they need to be diffused over the community. They cannot be fully appreciated without ensuring correspondent action. I was about to enjoin some views upon the ornamen- tal, as connected with the education of our children, but must defer them to another time. D. C. March, 1841. Sugar Beets. Messrs. Editors — Agricultural chemistry may in- deed cavd at the supposed value of Sugar Btcts as food for animals; hut the results which nature gives, clearly prove that there are some wonder working se- crete in vegetable physiology, which science has not yet discovered. A neighbor of mine, who is a first rate gardener, told me that he had raised 60 bushels of Sugar Beets last year on an incredible small space of ground in his garden. I asked him which was the most profita- ble, corn or sugar beets. He replied, both. I then named potatoes, when he burst out into a horse laugh, and said that he could raise ten bushels of beets easier than one of potatoes, and that his cow gave more milk when fed on beets. Added to this, he soid that potatoes wanted digging, and that, too, by daylight, in short nnd often wet days; but that any quantity of sugar beets could be plucked and housed in a single clear evening, and that the trouble of securing the two crops was also ten to one in favor of beets. SENECA. SenteO'CO., March 14, 1841. 68 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Gaideuiug for ApiiK The weather during the pnet month has been eo wintery that but little could be done in the garden ex- cept with hot-beds. No time should be lost this month, when the weather will allow, in commencing tbe oper tions of spring. IVIanure can best be carried on when the ground is frozen. Prune or trim fruit trees and bushes; repair espnliere, and procure new stakes for raspberry bushes, &c . Dress asparagus and rhubarb bods, and carry ofl', or burn all litter and rubbish. As soon as the ground is in good order, select and prepare the best apartments for early planting, and begin to plant or sow the more hardy vegetables. Onion sets sliould be planted, and Peas, Lettuce, Spinage, Parsnip and Salsify seeds sown as soon as possible. Towards tbe latter part of the month, (ear- lier in Ohio and other States south of this) sow seedsof Carrot, Beet, Onion, and plant English Beans and early Potatoes; and, if not sown in a hot-bed, sow Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli Tomato Pepper, Celery, &c. on a warm border where they can be covered with mats in time of frosts. In Ohio, and wherever danger from frost is not ap- prehended, most kinds of garden seeds arc sown early this month; but in this state, severe frosts sometimes occur as late as the Ist week in May, and tender plants must not be exposed till after that time. It will then be time to sow Cucumber, iVIelon, Squash, Pumpkin, Beans, Corn, Radish, Turnip, &c. ; also, most kinds of herb and flower seeds. For remarks on sowing flower seeds, see Vol. 1, P. 56. *,* 111 health of Mr. Bateham must be an apology for the brevity of the remarks under this head. Flowers in England. From the Gnrdener'sChronicle of " Feb. 6, 1841," published in London, and edited (in part) by Professor Lindley, we make the following extracts: — " Penilandia mi.niata, a pretty bulbous plant from Cusco in Peru, allied to Pancratium and Narcissus, produces its clear scarlet flowers readily, and grows very freely." " Geranium nihifoVmm. The erect habit of this plant, and its large flowers distinguish it from G. nepa- Icnse. It is a neat hardy perennial, scarcely exceed- ing a foot in height. It should be planted in light soil, or on rock work, as it is destroyed by tbe wet in win- ter. It flowers in July and August; and may be in- creased by dividing the roots when in a dormantstate, or by seeds, which ore produced freely, but the seed- ling will not flower before tbe second season. It was raised in the garden of the Horticidtural Society, from Himalayan seeds presented by Dr. Royle in May 183.9." ' ' Dahlias. A correspondent of the FloriiaUtural Magazine, gives a long list of Prize Dahlias, from ■which we extract the following names of varieties, ■which according to this writer have gained more than fifty prizes at the shows for 1840. Amato (Mountjoy's,) 79. Argo(Widnall'8,)51. Beauty of the plain (Sparry's,) 89. Climax (Jellery's, ) 89. Conductor (Widnall's,) 62. Defiance (Cox's,) 67. Duchess of Richmond, (Fowler's,) 63. Essex Rival (Sorrell's,) 109. Eva (Foster's,) 73. Grace Darling (Dod's,) 115. Hope (Neville's,; 105. Lewisham Rival (Mead's,) 98. Marquis of Lothian (Goodhall's, ) 123. Mary (Dod's,) 92. Miss Johnstone (Willison's,) 87. Ne Plus Ultra (Widnall's,) 92. Rienzi (Widnall's,) 100. Rival Sussex (Stanford's,) 109. Springfield Rival (Inwood's,) 122. Suflblk Hero (Girling's) 118. Topaz (Girling's,) 77. Unique (Ansell'e,) 164. Virgin Queen (Protheroe's,) 87." " Rhododendron maximum grows mucli better in shade than in sunny situations; the foliage is often four times the usual size, and of a much finer green." / / ^. 0 •M-l-f- Uimf WM. R. SMITH'S FARMERY. EXPLANATIONS. a. Root cellor filled from the windows, 10 feet wide including walls, h, alley, boarded on the stable i to tbe top of tbe mangers, tour feet wide, c, stalls for the cows, &c., seven feet wide, d, ox stables, 8 | wide. e, stalls for the horses, 5 feet wide. /, apartments for the ^m'tt ioys. g, room for boiling, slic roots, «fcc. A, sheep troughs, with racks communicating with the loft above, i, calf shed. j, wagon sh k, barn yards. Note. — The upper part of the above cut is a front view, and the lower part a ground plan.j TkeV each Kiel; ?oloiU tiobi iiljtti mi liij; ind iboii.' Soc«( Mill For the New Genesee Farmer. Messrs. Editors — It is very probable that the sketch of the barn above may strike many persons as ing altogether too large and expensive for general use. This is diubtless true to a certain extent. Indi my only hope is that some persons moy profit by some things described, as I have no expectation but that ring faults will be found in the plan. The inconvenience resulting from want of arrangement in our fa establishments is also great. On many farms, having nearly or quite as many buildings as those described, the barns, &c. are so p ced as to require much additional labor in passing from one to the other, and in the feeding of the animals. Manures. — The man who at the present day neglects this important branch of labor, ought to be loofc upon ns laying the foundation for future poverty. Yet, I venture to say, that not one person in fifty w builds a barn, takes this subject into consideration, unless he may do so for the purpose of finding, as a frie; of mine did, a high knoll, that the wash of his yards might give him no trouble. Several methods have been proposed for saving and increasing manure, but on the whole, the pli adopted by Judge Buel seems to me best adapted to our circumstances. This consisted, as the readers of ll " Genesee Farmer" will remember, in shaping tbe yard like a dish, leaving a margin of ten or twelve fe H Wi quite round the outside. With tliis, if straw be freely scattered weekly over the whole, and the litter froi | u ik the stables wheeled out and spread, subject to the treading of the catfle, ten times the usual quantity will a \ Sel cumulate. ! Again, it is the decision of some of our best New England farmers that pork making is a losing businesi unless particular attention be paid to the compost heap. If this be true where great economy is used in feed whot will be the fate of those, who, like myself, have no boiling apparatus nor economical hog yard 7 In the sketcla, I have placed this yard in the centre, where the excavation is the deepest. Roots are justly coming into general use; but no systematic mode of feeding can be adopted unlei they are accessible at all times. The long, narrow cellar exhibited in the plan, I think will be found verj convenient. A sort of hopper with a grated bottom might be placed in tbe windows, into which the car would be emptied. | The extreme wing at the right in the elevation is the corriage and tool house ; to the left of this is thsj grain barn, say 32 feet front by 45 leet deep, leaving long, narrow bays on each side the floor. The straw stack is directly back of this, and on the west side of the yards. The centre building has the corn crib and general store room, occupying two-thirds of its length from tho back end, which communicates by a trap door with the boiling vats below. ; The front is used for a shop, stairway, &c. To the right and left of this are the hay lofts, which communicate with the feeding alleys below. The large building on tho left, corresponding with the grain barn, covers the sheep house — the plan of which may be thought somewhat whimsical. 1 know tbe strongest of these useful animals can live, though exposed to the storms of snow and sleet incidental to stack feeding; but it is susceptible of the clearest proof, that the expense of a comfortable shed is more than paid for by the increased quantity of wool and flesh. I propose that ranges of feeding troughs, four in number, should be placed in the basement, running from the alley to the back end. These are to consist of a rack, and mangerat the bottom; the two outer ones single, and placed against the wall; the inner double, that is, to supply food from each side. The racks wiU commu- nicate with the floor above, from which they are to be supplied with hay. A narrow floor communicating with the doors shown in the figure, ruus the whole depth of the building. On each side are the hay mows, which are raised seven feet above the level of the floor, that the racks may be accessible. In this way a large number of sheep can be provided for in a small space, and without waste o.. time or food. The small wing on the left is the poultry house. In the stables two cows or oxen occupy the same stall. The ground floor should be paved, as being bet- ter in every particular than plank. Maccdon. WM. R- SMITH. Hit No. 4. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 57 N. y. Legislature"-" Kill to promote Agri- culliiie." Wo stated Inst month thnt no report bnd been made n the Legislntiire on the jietitions for the encournge- menl of agriculture; and such we etill consider to be the fact, although some may think we are mista- ken. It is true, Mr. .Tohnson, sometime in the e.irly part of the session, before the petitions from the Western part of the State were received, offered what was called "A Bill to Promote Agriculture;" but its provisions were so meagre, and so unlike what the farmers asked for, that we were in hopes the commit- tee, on the receipt of the petitions, would become ashamed of their bantling, and report something more n accordance with the petitions, and more worthy of the EjiriRE State. But a warm friend of the cause, who has spent some days at Albany, informs us that this bill is likely to become a law, without improve- ment, and without opposition. Half a loaf is better than no bread,' it is true; and the passage of this law will doubtless be a great benefit; but we shall certainly feel a degree of shame n announcing to the W'orld that the great and wealthy Slate of New York has passed a law for the improve- ment of agriculture, and appropriated only $7000 per annum to the purpose. The bill before the House provides that $7000 be ap- propriated annually for five years, in the ratio of $50 to each member of Assembly, and $600 to the State Society. When any County Society has raised by voluntary subscription any sum of money, the comp- iroUer is authorized to pay an equal sum, provided it is lot greater than the sum appropriated to that county. Vo mention is made of Commissioners. It is proper to inform our readers that this bill wos ramed in answer to the petition of a few individuals bout Albany — self-styled the N. Y. State Agricultural Society — who it will be seen, were careful to provide or their own interests. But, as yet, no notice has een taken of the numerous petitions which have been fFered by the yeomanry of Western New York. We have seen no account of any further action n tho bill for the encouragement of Silk Culture. Ve hope the members of the Legislature will not dis- gard the wishes of their constituents and the inter- its of the State so much, as to neglect these matters 11 it is too late to secure their passage. Horticultural Meeting. Agreeable to the call published in our last No., a leeting was held in the Lecture Room of the Young lens' Association in this city. Dr. Moses Long was died to the Chair, and H. M. Ward, Esq. appointed ccretary. After some discussion, it was agreed to form an as- •ciation to promote the interests of Horticulture, to i called the Monroe Horticultdral Society; giv- .g to persons residing in other counties, the privilege becoming members if they wish to do so. On motion, a committee of five was appointed to epare a constitution for the society, and report at the ;xt meeting. The following persons were nominated: Silas Cor- ;11, S. O. Smith, H. M. Ward, P. Barry, Benj. Hill. The meeting then adjourned to meet in the same ace on Thursday, March 25, at 2 o'clock, P. M. A meeting was held agreeable to the above adjourn- ent, but not being so numerously attended as was iticipated, and the committee being unavoidably ab- nt, it was thought proper to postpone the adoption of e constitution until the first Thursday (being the 6th) May next. The meeting adjourned to meet on at day at the some place, at 2 o'clock, P. M., for e purpose of organizing the society. The friends of Horiicuhure in Monroe county, (and ose who please from adjoining counties) are respect- ily requested to attend. According to our promise, and the request of sever- al subscribers, we here give a description of tho "Bur- lington Silk Frames," mentioned in our Feb. No. — The engraving and remarks below, render the subject quite plain. If any persons in this vicinity desire to obtain any of the frames, they can leave their orders with our publishers, at the Rochester Seed Store. BURLINGTON SILK FRABIE. This simple yet complete apparatus for feeding Silk Worms, invented and patented by Edmund Morris of Burlington, N. J., has been found, after repeated trials to accomplish the following important objects. — 1. It secures the most thorough ventilation to all parts of the frame on which the worms are feeding, below as well as above, and obliges them of necessity, to clean themselves of their excrement and other rub- bish. 2. That part of all former modes of feeding which requires icaiting for the worms to mount upon fresh foliage in order to clean them, is entirely dispensed with; and though cleaning is never necessary, yet should tho worms require changing, it is done almost instantly, a thousand at a time, and without the worm, being conscious of the change. 3. The whole opparatus is as portable as a quilting frame; and all the parts which require handling during the feeding seoson, are os portable as an umbrella, without being liable to breokoge. 4. Ventilation and cleanliness are so perfectly ac- complished, that disease seems out of the question, unless originating in the egg. 5. The age (from the spinning) of any number of cocoons, from ons thousand up to a niillicin, is identi- fied to a day, and they are gathered with six times the facility of the hurdle system, at the same time coming out perfectly clean, and with but little waste of floss. 6. By using branches, cut down with a grass hook or scythe, it taves more than one half the usual ex- pense of gathering foliage and feeding it out to th<-j worms, and more of them are accommodated in the same space. 7. It is cheaper and more durable than the hurdles. All the purchaser is required to do after receiving his fromes, is to put in a few nails to support his uprights, and to put straw into his spinning roufs, and the vvhole contrivance is complete and ready for use. The vast superiority of this over all other fixtures for feeding silk worms, is such as to be apparent even to persons not acquainted with the rearing of them ; while intclhVcnt gentlemen, practically conversant' with the businos'r '""^'^ pronounced, without a single exception that i ^ ^""S accomplishes all that has been said above It l'"^ ''^'^" "^''"' '■fpi'ntjdly and found- successful in practii '«. a'«i ""'V '"' *<"'!'."' ',''«' ^Vl'-'g- ton Filature, where v 'e'eons intcrcslcd in the siHi busi- ness nre invited to exa nine into its Bierils; it rejects the hurdle system enti '''^'V' "'"' is orig'™' i" "11 its parts. A frame sufHcie "^ '" ''•''^'' ^''""" worms, may be seen at Jos. Leeds' , U- S. Sdk Agency, No. 2 Franklin Place, Philadclphii. • •''« proprietor of which has been appointed agent for ''"^ ™'« "' frames and' rights, to whom, or to ihe , ''""■'"C" at Burlington,, application may be made. An engravcil view, with 0 (nil description, win be sent on a. ■'plicniinn, postpaid. Gentlemen about to erect cocooncn eswill Imd it high- ly important to examine the capabilii ''^^ "' '■^'^ Frnme,. previous to erecting any other fixturet ■ The most imqualificd approbation ha> i been awardedl to this Frame by the numerous visitors who have ex-- amined it, and none have made ony objec ',""'' or ex- pressed a doubt of its capabilities. M any lorge cocooneries are now being fitted up with 't, 'or the coming season, and others are building, in "which no other fixtures will be used. , The Patentee proposes to manufacture and sci ' "icser Frames, or to dispose of the right to individut. 's to make them for their own use, in order to accommoc "'^ those who reside so far from this city as to make A-'j* cost of transportation too heavy a tax for them to pu.'"- chase here. In either case, however, the purchaser ' should make his own uprights, as the height would be- costly. Each upright, 8 feet long and 6 inches wide, by 2 inches thick, contains 8 feet, costing aliout 10 cents for hemlock or pine — the expense (or making grooves is about 6 cents for each upright. Ten of them will accommodate bi frames, each .3 by 4 teet. The price for a I'eeding frame and roof, calculated for the worms to spin in straw, will be 60 to 70 cents for tho two^and this latter kind is greatly preferable to the lath roofs. The worms are remarkably fond of spinning in straw so arranged, the cocoons ore gather, ed with equal facility, and come out perfectly clean, without waste of floss. To those who prefer to make their own frames, the prices of rights are as follows: For the right to make and use 50 frames and 50 roofs 5 dollars. 100 " " " 10 " 300 " " " 20 » 500 " " " 30 " 1000 " " " 50 " These frames can be manufactured by the Patentee at a cheoper rate than any individual can furnish them for himself, as machinery will be used foi the purpose. The proper size for the frames and roofs, is 3 by 4 feet, which will accommodate 1500 or more worms. The dimensions can be varied to order. The straw roofs are covered with muslin or thick pasteboard. Application may be made to Edmund Morris, Bur- lington, N. J., or to Joseph Leeds, Agent for the Patentee, No. 2 Franklin Place, Philadelphia. / Agricultural Implements Wanted. '>^ There is considerable demand for approved p ^gncnl- tural implements in this place; and if a goo' " assort- ment were for sale here at moderate pri'^.i^- • -'^''- ^^ mand would soon be very great. P-ai there at e butts few kinds manufactured in this region, and tli< tlottW' and expense of obtaining thcr\ from the eaal , ■ great that many will not be obtained from tUer e ""^ would therefore invite gome enterprimr a f r .1 . • „ ,. . .lechamc from the east— one w ^o is famiUai- <" ,,;k \^ ,.„- J . , " * ae different approved impleme-.,t3 of the^ay-and y^ ^„ ,,,3 , ^le capital to inves.., ,„ eoMB^^.i.d establish , , „„,„foe.ory in this city. Here are the best of mate ^-^i^ „„ j f„eili^ ties tor tb.e business, means of transpoi ^^^-^^ ;„ ^^^,y directir.n, and the New Genesee Tm „^^ ^„ ei,eulate intel .igence all over the AVestern Wo ^.|j Now who vvVll come 1 Any communications o- _| ^^^ ,„i,jec't, ad- dressed to the publishers of this pap g, ^^^^ paid, will receive attention. ' Apparatus lor Labor Professor Dewey inlorms us tb tioned in another column for a " moy perhaps be most easily obtai Spencer, Canastota, Madison ( will send a catalogue of prices v direct a letter, poet paid, to hiw such selection can be made 1 the order will be speedily «tt4' atories. at the articles men- Cheap Laboratory, " ned from Charles A. Jo., N. Y. Mr. S. ) any person -who wilt . From the catalogue IB may be desired, and .idcd to. 58 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. For the new Genesee Farmer. Castor Oil Beans-"Kicinus. The cultivotora of the soil, nrid iiuleeil nil classes of citizens, Lave reason to rejoice that this invaluable medicinal seed, is likely to be turned to a very useful sccount in the domestic econoiny ol every househeep- er. If there is any truth in the following statement taken from the Peoria (III.) press, the composition de- Bcribed below may serve the whole country as a sub- etitnte fur sperm. " An important difeovcry was made about ten years ago, by Mr. leanc Smith, of Eaatville, Nonli- ainpion county, Va. which enabled him to render castor oil equal if not superior to the best sperm for burning in lumps, and for which he intended to take out a pa- tent. This he never did, and permission has since been given to make the improvement known for the beieiitof the public. The method of preparing the oil is, merely to mi,\ with it spirits of turpentine, with which it readily combines; in proportion of one of the latter to four of the former. " Now, since sperm oil is becoming scarcer, and the demand for it increases, the citizens of the west especially will find it to their interest to take advan- tage of the knowledge of this composition. "As to its excellence, there is but one opinion among those who have tried it. A lamp filled with this composition will burn four or five hours without the slightest appearance of crust upon the wick, and on extinguishing the flame, there is no fire remaining in the wick, as is generally the case with sperm oil, except of the very best quality — indeed, in the extin- guishing and re-lighting a lamp of 'his oil, there is a ■trong similarity to that of a gas light. But it burns perleclly free from smoke or the least degree of ofl^en- sive smell — emits a clear and powcrltd light, and never congeals in the coldest weather." The main difficulty experienced by those who have undertaken to cultivate the castor bean in a small way in this latitude, has arisen from a want of knowledge how to purify the newly expressed oil, so as to prevent its becoming very rancid and unfit for use. Perhaps a plain and concise explanation of this process which has long been held as an important secre: by the mnnu- factunrs ot pure " U/.cum Ricini" maybe of service to some of your numerous readers. This oil is extracted from the bean either by soak- ing it in boiling water and then subjecting it to a weighty pressure; or by bruising the seed and expres- sing the oil cold. The latter is called cold expressed, and the former hot expressed oil, in the market. Most of the castor oil consumed in the United States is im- pof'ed from the West Indies. This, as well as a thousf^d other articles sent to us from abroad, ought to be prduccd iit home and largely exported. Good oil is now worth by the quantity in New York one dollar and ihirty-eight cents a gallon, which can be obtained from . luishel of beans. Land well adapted to their growth, and ,.,-operly cultivated, will yield in this latitude from twenly-five to thirty-five bushels to the acre. The expense of growing and harvesting does not greatly exceed that of an acre of corn. The press and other machinery used for the manufacture ol linseed oil w'll answer very well for making castor oil. The proncness of this oil, and indeed of all fixed veg- etable oils, to become rancid, arises mainly from the mucilage which is intimately blended with it when ex- pressed. Mucilage is quite insoluble in boiling wa- ter, bonce if we put crude oil and water together in the proportion of five quarts of water to four gallons of oil and gradually heat them over a moderate fire, the mucilage will rise to the surface in a thick scum. All ot this should be carefully removed with a skim- mer into a vessel tor luriher purification. The skim- ming sliould be continued during ebulition as long as any scum arises. The boiling should be kept up un- til all the water is evaporated, when the oil should be removed from over the fire, otherwise it will burn. It should then be put up in clean tight bottles or casks. and is ready for market. Other oils may be purified B the earns wajr. There are but few farmers who could not find room and time to cultivate an acre or two of the castor bean without interfering materially with their other farm- ing operations. It should be planted on a warm, rich soil, and as early in the spring as can be done and es- cape frosts. The hills and rows ought to be about four feet apart. In warmer climates they are placed five feet asunder, because the plants grow much larger than they will in Western New York. There is an establishment erected at Peoria, for the manufacture of castor oil, the propiietors of which of- fer to contract for all the beans they can obtain at one dollar a bushel. May the best success attend the en- terprise. Yours truly, D. L. Buffalo, March, 1841. Query.— AVllI llie liidnus tlirive and produce seed to ad- vantage, in jis roUl a i-Iiiiiale as of iliis State?— Eds. For the ISem Genesee Farmer, Cheap Laboratory. Messrs. Editors: — Ae you have not given a reply to the question on the articles and cost of apparatus for a cheap lahoratory such as a farmer would need, I submit the following. It is difTicuIt indeed to give any very defini te statement, because the object designed to be accomplished by the apparatus is not stated. I suppose, however, that the mere examination of soils, as the amlysis is rather difKcult, long, and perplexing, is not the object. Should that alone be the object, a few crucibles, tumblers, wine glasses, plates and vials, with tongs for handling the crucibles, and scales for weighing accurately to half a grain, would be necessa- ry, and cost two or three dollars. To these should be added several small bottles of chemical tests, such as acids, alkalies, nitrate of silver, oxalate of potash or ammonia, which cost three dollars more, and for the whole, $6 00 For General Illustrations of Chemistry. Pyrometer to show expansion of solids, 2 Bolt heads " " liquids, 5a 6 Florence Flasks for boiling liquids, 6d Wires for showing conduction of caloric, 2 Air Thermometers, 20c, and 1 Farenheit, $3, 3 20 Pair of Tin Mirrors for reflecting caloric, 4 50 Ball for do 4s, and Air Theimometer,4s,l 00 3 feet of Glass rods, 18d, and Iron stand and rings, $2, Argand'slamp $2 50, and spirit lamp 50c, Fire pump or air condensing Fire Engine, 2 pint Retorts 6s, and 2 half pints 4s, 4 00 1 25 37 1 00 2 18 3 00 1 00 1 25 1 Gas bottle $1 , and Tin pipe to conduct gas 4», 1 50 Gun barrel for procuring oxygen, I 00 Or an Iron bottle for the same, 2 00 And 6 feet lead pipe to conduct it, 50 1 pint receiver closed at top, or large tumbler, 37 1 quart receiver with ground stopple to burn Iron wire in oxygen, i 25 Small gazometer to hold oxygen, 3 00 Or two small gazomcters in a small cistern to hold oxygen and hydrogen, 4 OO And compound Blow-pipe for the brilliant ex- ])eriments, 4 go Tin pipe for burning stream of hydrogen, 50 And 2 glass tubes for musical tones, 75 Iron turnings for hydrogen, 25 Bottlesof acids and alkalies, 2 00 The preceding articles wouldennble a man of some experience, to perform a great many experiments Most of the articles wear out with use, and some break easily. Some knowledge of chemistry will enable the enquirer to select from the preceding such articles os would bebestsuited to his object. The whole amounts to less than fifty dollars. A good selection might be made for thirty dollars. I have been willing on this account to give the articles more numerous than may be desired. It It is wished to add experiments in Galvanism, I shall be happy to give any information in my povrer. It is ardently to be desired that some of our independ- ent farmers might succeed in establishing small labor- atories, and in exhibiting the more common and gen- eral parts of chemical knowledge. C. DEWEY. March, 1841. Hints to Western Emigrants. Drink cold tea, or buttermilk diluted with water, but no whiskey. Go out of your ploughed and new- ly cleared fields before the sun is down, and the miar- mi begins to rise, and keep in doors in the morning until the sun has dispersed the same. In hot weather make a fire in your house every evening, to dry and cleanse the air. For ordinary medicine, drink strong boneset tea; if very bilious, take Gregory's Pille, (not the spurious sort,) they con- tain antimony, but no calomel. Few and simple as are the above directions, had they been strictly followed, many lives might have been saved, and hundreds of congestive fevers pre- vented. The history of deaths by fever at the west, is but a combined detail of gross neglect and still grosser igi norance. Some men think that as long as they have a morbid appetite to eat, they have no need of medi- cine or a physician; and when a physician is called, he is looked upon Ds a magician whose office it is to raise the dead. I once asked a physician how one of his patients got along. He is very sick said he, but he will not die, for his wife is a better physician than I am, and all of a nurse to boot. I asked in relation to an- other patient. He is not dangerously sick, said he, but I fear they will kill him — dont you think. they were trying to feed him toasted cheese and fried cakr. GENESEE. From tlie Albanij C'uttitator, 1%. YORK STATE AG. SOCIETY Albany, Feb. 10, 1841. Pursuant to public notice, the New York State Ag ricultural Society met at Knickerbocker Hall at Alba ny, this day at 11 o'clock A. M. The Present being absent, Alkxanoer Wilsh, Esq., one of the Vice Presidents, took the chair, and Jesse Buel was ap- pointed Secretary pro tem. A quorum being present, the minutes of the last meeting weie read. The Re- poit of the Treasurer, C. N. Bement, Esq., was then received, read, and accepted. The Constitution of the Society being called for, was read, when several amendments were proposed by Mcfsrs. Tucker, Nott and Fuller, which, after discussion, wereadopted, and the revised Constitution directed to be published as follows: — Constitution of the N. Y. State Ag. Society. As Amended Feb. 10, 1841. The style of this society shall be " The New York State Agricultural Society;" its objects shall be to improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the household arts. See 1. The society shall consist of such citizens of the State as shall signify, in writing, their wish to be- come members, and shall pay on subscribing not less than one dollar, and also of honorary and correspond- ing members. "The presidents of county agricultural societies, or a delegate from each, shall ex-officio be members of this society. The payment of fifty dollars or more shall constitute a member for life, and shall exempt the donor from annual contributions. Sec. 2. The officers of the society shall consist of a president, eight vice presidents, one to be located in each Senate District; a recording secretary, a corres- ponding secretary a treasurer, an executive commfitee, to consist of the officers above named and five addi- tional members, of whom three shall form a quorum, and a general committee, the members of which shall be located in the several counties, and be equal to the repiesentatives in the house of assembly. Sec. 3. The recording secretary shall keep the mi- nutee of the society x\o. 4. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 5i> The lOi'iespniulin:! secrotnry ebnil cnny on n cnr- rosponilfia-e wiiU oiUiT socictiee, wiili Indiviilimlsniul wiili Uie gcnuuil comiiiiuee, in /iinliernnce of the ob- jccie of ihe eociciy. The ircnsiMiT sliiill keep the funds of ihe eociciy, nnil ilisluiiM! ihcni on iheoidor of the prtsidtnt or n vitL' pri'6ideiit, countereiijncil hy tlie jceonhng fecic- taiy; nnd shiill midiu n report uf the leccipia and ex- pendilurea at the annual meeting in Jiinmiry. The cxeeiuive conimitice rhiill tidie charge of and distnbnic or preserve all seeds, plants, books, models, &e., whieh maybe Iransinilted to the society; and shall aUo have the charge of all eommunicatious, de- sigiu'd or caleulatcd lor publication, and so far ns ihey may deem expedient, shall collect, arrange and pub lisli the same in 6uch manner and form as they shall deem best calculated to promote the objects of the so- ciety. The general committee are charged with the inter- ests of the society in the eouniies in whieh they shall respectively reside, and will constitute a nicdinm ol conimunication between the execntive committee and the remote members of the society. Sec. 4. There shall bean aminiil meetingof '.he so- ciety on the third Wednesday in .January, in the city ot Albany, at which time all the officers shall be elected by a plurality of votes and by bollot, with exception of the general committee for the eountea which may be appointed by the executive comniitiee, who ebtil' have power to fill any vacancies which may occur in the officers of the society during the year Hxtra meetings may be convoked by the executive commit- tee. Fifteen members shall be a quorum for the transaction of business Sec. 5. The society shall hold an annual cattle show and fair at such time and place as shall be desig- nated by the executive commitiee. See. 6. This constitution may be amended by a vote of two-thirds of the members attending any an- nual meeting. A committee of fifteen was appointed to nominate officers ot the society for the ensuing year, to report to a meeting to be held at the Senate Chamber, at 3 o'clock, P. M. to-morrow. Adjourned to 3 o'clock, P. M. • Feb. 10,3 o'clock, P. M. Met pursuant to adjournment, fiir the purpose of complying with the invitation of Ezra P. Pkentice, Esq.. to visit Mount Hope Farm, near this city, to view the beautiful and extensive herd of Improved Short Horns owned by Mr. P. I he company, some fifteen or twenty in niimbei-, after an examination of the Short Horns and South Down sheep at Mount Hope, with which they were highly pleased, were ta- ken liy Mr. Prentice to Mr. Coming's farm, where they had an opportunity of viewing a portion of the Hereford cattle and Cot^wold sheep imported by Mes- ers. Corning and Sotham the past season. Scniilc Cliitmbcr, Feb. 11,3 o'clock, P. M. Met pursuant to adjournment, H. D. Ghovk, Esq., one of the vice presidents, in the chair. The com- mititee appointed to nominate officers, made their re- port, which wos read and accepted; and the following gentlemen were unanimously elected officers of the society for the ensuing year: — Joel. B. Nott, of Albany, President. Vice Presulonls. Ist district, Jeromus Johnson, of Kings. 2d " Robert Di n.niston, of Orange. Sd " Caeke N. Bement, of Albany. 4ih " Edward C. Deeevan, of Saratoga. ^jth " Benjamin P. Johnson, of Oneido. 6ih " Lewis A Morrele, of Tompkins. 7ih " Willis Gaylord, of Onondaga. 8th " T. C. Pj.ters, of Genesee. Additional Members of Ihe Exccutice Committee. Alexander ^VALSH, of Rensselaer, George Vail, of " Henkv D. Grove, of " A. L. Linn, of Schenectady. John D .MclsTVRE, of Albany. Henrv S. Randall, of Cortland, Cor. Sec'y. Ezra P. Prentice, of Albany, Treasurer. LiiTHKR Tucker, of Albany, Recording Sec'y. The fiUowjng resolution was introduced by J. J. ViELK, E-q., of Renetelncr. Rrsolced, That acommittee of five be appointed to prepare, and present, a memorial to the Legi^hiinre, now m scs-^ion, praying fir an appropriation of .'$7,000 annually, for thebemfitof agriculiure, to be distribu- ted to the several County Agricultural Societies in the ratio of ;jr/l to each nieinber of Assembly, and the »umof $600 to the State Agricultural Society; the money to be paid to the tcvcral Societies when they shall have raised an equal sum. After an animated and interesting discussion, in which Messrs. Viele, Johnson, Root, Fuller, and others, took part, the icsolntion wos unanimously adopted, and Mc.-srs. Vielk, Ti'cker, Bement, Me Intvre and Van Beroen, were aiipointed a commit- tee to memorialize the Legislature lor the purpose ex. pressed in the recolution. Several Reports were received from Cimmiittces appointed at the lost meeting, to report on various niot- lers ol practical agriculture, which will be published hereafter. On motion of C. N. Bement, Esq., it was HcsolrcU, That the Executive (Aumnittee be re- quested to procure reports from difl'eient mcmbeis of the Society, on the following subjects, to he presented at the semi-annual meeting. 1. On the most approved method of stall feeding oxen and other neat cattle. 2. On converting green crops and other vegetable matters into inamne. 3. On the best method of increasing manure and forming a compost. 4. On the proper time to cut Timothy ond other grasses, and the most approved method of curing the some. 5. On the comparative economy of employing ox- en and horses in the usual business of the form. 6. On the comparative economy of potatoes, ruta baga, carrots or beets, as food for cattle, sheep, and swine. 7. On the relative value of apples as food for swine, or other domestic animals, eompaied with making them into cider. 8. On the best means of eradicating Canada this- tles. A Resolution was adopted requesting the Presi. dent elect to deliver an Address in the Ai-sembly Chamber, in furtherance of the objects of the Society, on the evening ot the 23d inst. Assembly Chamber, Feb. 23, 1841. The Society met pursuant to adjournment at 7 o'- clock, P. M. The Hon. Jeremiah Johnson, Vice President from the first District, took the chair and called the S cicty to order, when the President, J. B. Nott, Esq., delivered an address, replete with elo- quence and inslriieiion, which was listened to by a large and attentive audience with great sotiefaction. The thanks of the society were tendered to Mr. Nott, and a copy of his addrefs solicited for publication. Meeting of the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee of the New York State Agricultural Society, met at the office of the Cultivator, Albany, on the 2od of Febrttary — the Pie- sideiit of the Society in the Chair. A letter was read from P. B. Johnson, E-q. Vice President, expres- sing his regret that be should not be able to attend the meeting. Mr. J. says — "It will otTord me great pleasure to communicate with you at all times in rela- tion to the interests of the Society, ond to unite with the olBeers in such measures as t-hall be best calcula- ted to promote the interests of Agriculture in onr Slate. I hope something will be done in aid of our objects by the Legislature; and could County Socie- ties be established and sustained, it appears to me thai great good will result." A letter was also read from Col. H. S. Randall, Cor. Sec'y., acceininsr the ofiice, ond ossuring the committee that he will devote himself zealously ond untiringly to the cause. He says — "I wish yon would express to the committee the deep regret I feel in noi being able to meet them. Say to them, that as one of their body, were I present, I would counsel union. — decided energetic action. A mere formal organiza- tion— a nominal Society merely, is useless — nay, the next thing to ridiculous; and unless 1 greatly mis- take the signs of the times, eHiirt on our part will be met with more of corresponding spirit, than it has been in preceding years." After the appoinlmentof a portof the County Com- mittees, the business was postponed, and a committee appointed to make the necessary inquiries and report suitable names at the next meeting. A committee, consisting of Messrs. Tucker, Pren- tice, and Mclniyrc, was appointed to report a code of By-Laws, and Regulations for the better management of the aflhirs of the Society. The following resolutions were unanimously adopt- ed:— 1. That the Executive Committee will hold regular monthly meetings on the Thirrl Wkdnespav of each month, at the room No 7, Exebnnge Btiilding, Alba- ny, at 3 o'clock, P, M» 2. That to enable this Society to corry into ell'ect the great objects of its Ibrmation, it is necessary 10 raise the sum of ,. That the Executive Committee will decide upon the place of holding their First Exhibition and Fair, at their regular meeting in April; and that a commit- tee of nine be appnintcd to report on the Premium List, so far as practicable at the March meeting. The commitiee consists of Messrs. Mclntyre, Wolsh, Be- ment, Randall, B. P. Johnston, Grove, Gaylord, Morrell, and Peters; and it is expected they will re- port individually, their views in i elation to the objects which shoulil be made subjects for premiums. Treatment of Peach Trees. A respected correspondent in the State of Ohio, says: " Two years ago last fall, 1 scalded a part of my peach trees. On removing some of the soil, the worms were exposed in various positions; and all the trees that 1 scalded at that time, were found to be free from worms in the spri ng. " Some that were scalded in the spring however, were not benefitted. The earth was left round the irej so that the boiling woter stood ubore the port af- leeted, and proved of no use. *' oap suds and weak ley, have sensibly benefitted the trees; and from o slight experience 1 have reason to hope that brine will be found useful. "Among the useless remedies tried, I will name boring and flagging zcitk sulpkur. "Soapsuds acts like o charm on healthy peach trees; but on such aa have the yellows, it is like ibod in the stomach of a dyspeptic." t friim the Juuriial af the American Silk Socicti/. Silk Culture. comparative value of different kinds of silk WORMS. Gideon B. Smith, Esq. Sir, — In June last I tried an experiment with several varieties of cocoons, which may be inteiesiing to the numerous readers of the Silk Journal. The silk worms were carefully led find were perfectly healthy. I intended them foi' ob- taining eggs tor the year 1841, and waaanxioi's to as- certain, by my own expeiience, which are the bf^ varieties. The cocoons weie corefully reeled oi^ i.^ Piedmontese reel, and the silk weighed with r 'small copper scales. ^^^^3^^^ 8 oz. of mammoth white cocoons, floss ofl,"cbTt'Sffl" lids not killed, in number 141, yielded 360 grains of reeled silk. 8 oz. of pure white pea-nut cocoons, floss on, in number 134, gave 35!) grains of reeled silk. 8 oz. of various colored pea- nut cocoons, floss on, in number 148, gave 3'2J groins of reeled silk. 8 oz. of mammoth sulphur cocoons, Hoss on, in number 134, gove 3'27 groins of reeled silk. I have not succeeded in keeiiing silk worm eggs in an ice-house, to hatch successive crops through the iummer. Last winter I sent a quantity of mammoth sulphur silk worms to on ice house in Ncvvbcrn. — They were put up in a box, in the manner recom- mended by the Messrs. Carsons. In July, I had the box brought down, and sprena the eggs on n feeding shelf — not one of them hatched out. I am infurined the ice house was not filled until Maich; it is proba- ble the hot weather in February started the hatching process, and then putting them on ice, in March, des- troyed tbeir vitality. Silk worm eggs intended for a succession of crops, in this latitude, should be put in- to the ice house in December and January. I hove raised obout 30,01)0 nniltieaulis mulberry trees this year, for feeding silk worms, and intend to give the silk business a fair trial before I give it up. — iVIy cocoonery is 120 feet by 20, a single story. I cannot perceive why the raising of silk should not be as profitable in the United Stotes as it is in Fronce and Italy. I am, very respectfully, yourobd't servt. JAMES MANNEV. Beat/fort, N. C, J>ee. 14, XS-t. 60 THE NEW GEiNESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. For the New Genesee Farmer. Pleasures and Profits of Agriculture. Mkssrs. Editors — in the last number of the Gene- see Farmer the enquiry is made, whether Agriculture can be made profitable? Mr. Colman answers this question in the affirmative, bo far as New England is concerned; but the inquiry still remains, what are the profits of agriculture in western New York, or rather, what may be the profits under a correct system of cul- tivation? The wealth of the farmer consists in the productive power of his soil, rather than in the extent of his|territory. The farmer who poesceses JOO or 1000 acres of unproductive loud may be poor. The farmer who possesses 10 acres of land with power and skill to manage and cultivate it so as to supply all his wants, is rich. An increased fertility of the soil ie a source of profit too generally overlooked by the iarmer. The great defect in our agriculture, so far as my knowledge ex- tends, is want of system. Any system which shall embrace the two great principles of agriculture, name- ly, a careful attention to the making and application of manure, aud a judicious rotation of crops, will ensure success. A general attention to these great principles would raise Western New York, with a soil naturally productive, to the very summit of agricultural pros- peiitv, if at the same time proper attention be paid to the rearing the best breeds of animals. Of the system or course of rotation the best adapted to his soil and his circumstances, the farmer must be his own judge. An acre of good corn land, well manured and properly cultivated, will produce 80 bushels of corn in a season. After the corn crop is taken off, this acre will produce 20 bushels of wheat. If this acre shall be thoroughly stocked with clover and weit plastered, and for two years pastured with cows and hogs, wiih what manure may be made from the land, it will completely preserve the fertility of the soil, and even increase it. Here we have a four year's course, which will most assuredly preserve the fertility of the soil. But the great ques- tion remains to be answered. What will be the result of this system, as it respects profit and loss ? An an- swer to this inquiry must determine the course of the farmer. Two acres of clover on rich land will pasture two cows and four hogs in the best monncr, through the season. The acre of corn stalks and the acre of wheat straw, with 40 bushels oi corn in the ear, ground id fed with the stalks and the straw, will winter the ■« in the best possible manner. Fifteen bushels of ound with the cob, and making about 22bush- ■'ovender — this fed to each of the four hogs ,. itlt Ci'^ slops from the cows, will make 300 1 pork, or more — this would give 1060 lbs. pork ^5 per cwt, would be $60. The produce from the jtwo cows in butter and cheese, or some of both, can- iirot be less than ,$20 each, making $40 for the two. ■The whole value of pork and dairy produce is $100; the value of wheat from the acre, at one dollar per bushel is *20 — making the whole value of the produce of four seres $120; $50 will give one dollar for each day's labor, and pay all the necessary expenses, leaving $70, or the interest of .$1000 for the use of four acres for one season, and the soil improving at least five per cent, per annum. Ten acres of good land cultivated after this luanner, would afford a family of five persons nil the necessaries of life. Forty acres cultivated on this plan will pay the interest of $10,000 annually, without any diminution of capital. However visionary the results of this system may appear to many, it is founded on facts and principles which every intelligent farmer knows to be correct, and can most assuredly be realized by careful and per- severing attention. I do not pretend that this system is the best which can be devised; there is such a va- icty of soil, climate and circumstances, as renders it nipoesible to devise any system which shall suit them all. If any of your numerous correspondents will point out the defects of this system, or devise and re- commend any other which shall be more profitable, or which shall do more to simplify the subject of agricul- ture and bring it within the means of all our common farmers, he will deserve well of his country, and be entitled to the character of a public benefactor. Thus far I have written upon the profits of agricul- ture. So far as rcopecls the pleasures of agriculture I would just observe, that the man who has a mind to adopt a system of husbandry embracing all its great principles, will find an employment more conducive to the heolih ofhia body and the peace of his mind, than any other; and, while he stands upon his own soil, and sees a variety of vegetable productions sjiringing up and coming to maturity around him, cultivated by his own hand, if his heart is susceptible of grateful emo- tions, he will " look through nature up to nature's God," and adore that power that scatters blessings around him in such pleasing variety and in such pro- fuse abundonce, JESSE IVES. liomcr, March nth, 1841. For the A'ew Genesee Farmer. On Cattle. Messrs. Editors — Having spent some time this spring in Genesee county for the purpose of purchasing cattle for the Eastern Market, and seeing an ardent desire prevailing among a considerable portion of your intelligent and enterprising farmers of improving their present stocks of cattle, 1 propose giving some gener- eral hints upon that subject — more especially to those however, who breed for the Eastern Market. For steers and working oxen, I prefer the Devon's to any other breed; as their fine horns and beautiful red color united with their quick, graceful motions, give those of the same weight, over other breeds, a price varying from $10 to $40 per pair more. For cows, the Durhams stand unrivalled for their superior milking qualities; yet when we consider their color and coarseness of flesh and the quantityof food consumed, they are not so much beyond the Holder- ness, or a cross of the Durham and Devon and Holder- ness, which suit purchasers generally full as well as the Durham. I have frequently sold a Cherry Red cow when driving, for full as much as I could a Dur- ham, where the blood of the Devon was evidently to be seen, from the fine color and horns taking the fancy of the purchaser. But I would not by any means wish to be understood to rank the Devon or Holderncss in the same class with the Durham, but would either ad- vise the croEs, or the pure Durhams for cows. I would also suggest the evil which results from the too frequent practice of many of youi farmers in over-feed- ing their bulls of pure bloods, of either kind mentioned, with grain, &.c. &c., in order to make a great show to their neighbors, in the size of the animal, and also in publishing the weight, at 6, 12 and 18 months old, which is proof sufficient that they are not proper oni- mals for sires. More especially where this practice has been persevered in for some two or three genera- tions. It is generally known that the ofl'spring of healthy men, who live and wade in luxury, hand down to their posterity a curse which will follow them through life, and which cannot be easily shaken off; and most certainly where two or three generations follow the practice of their ancestors, their bodily pow- ers sinking into numerous complaints incident to the human family. So with the brute creation. And, depend upon it, if you rear calves from bulls that have had their digestive organs distended, the same will be handed down, and if not fed with the same bountiful hand, such stock will sink into comparative insig- nificance. It would be much better for those raising stock to see that their bulls should be fed well; that is, have as much good hay as they wish to eat, and kept as the old saying is, " heart whole," A few roots in winter, say given as often as once a week, would be advantageous perhaps, and advisable, as in winter all animals like a change from dry hay, making them most " hearty," I noticed a small stock of very fine Devons in Shel- don, in this county: also a fine Devon bull, near Le Roy: also a fine herd of Durhams, the properly of a Mr. Remsen, near Alexander, and the very fine De- von bull. Red Jacket, near Batavin, the property of a Mr. Cone, lately from Connecticut. All the above named cattle I would particularly recommend to the farmers of Genesee county, as they have not, I think, been over-fed, any of them suffi- ciently to injure their stock. Mr. Cone assured me he had let his bull run with his other stock, none of which had had any food but hay and straw. This is the best way to produce fine stock. For what farmer is there that can feed and nurse his whole stock ? and what farmer is there that wishes any stock of the kinds mentioned, but that will improve hie old stock, on the same keeping ? Rest assured that good blood will im- prove your stock, but great feed to particular animals should be condemned. The Devons have proved themselves to the particu- lar favorable attention of the farmers genei ally, (ex- cepting, however, those who keep dairies,) for hardy constitution, standing the long winters, and keeping as well as any other stock on the same feed. Yours, ^ AN EASTERN DROVER. Col. SawTci's Berkshires. To the Editors of the New Genesee Farmer: In the last No. of your paper, (page 44,) E. Cornell asks, if the portraits ^venof Col. Sawyer's Berkshire pigs are correct likenesses? In my opinion they are not correct likenesses. The pictures of the two boars are much better likenesses than those of the sows, but are not exact. The por- traits of the sows, although intended, no doubt, to be faithful copies of the almost perfect animals they pur- port to represent, I feel bound to say, are mere " fan- cy's sketches." To show the defects of the pictures, would require more time and space than I can now command ; but the simplest observer will at once de- tect the want of symmetry, and of true anatomical, as well as (if I may so use the expression in this view of it) architectural proportions belonging to this prince of swine, the " Improved Berkshire" pig. I was in Rochester a few days since, and paid a visit to Col. Sawyer's piggery, where I saw some very peifcct specimens of thorough bred, and crosses of the Berkshire. His imported sow, now about two years old, and his boar " Young Prince," from the piggery of Mr. A. B. Allen, are probably as perfect specimens of the middle sized Berkshires as can be found in the country; and can only be exceeded in size, but per- haps not in symmetry, by a few individuals in the ex- tensive piggery of Mr. Allen. Col. Sawyer breeds with great skill and judgment ; and I hesitate not to say, that the originals of his Berkshire pigs far excel, in perfection of points ond general excellence, the por- traits that I have seen of them in your excellent paper. Very respectfully yours, Buffalo. L. F. A. Note. I have no desire in these remarks to criticise too severely, the portraits of animals that appear in, and add so much of interest to your valuable publica- tion. The correct drawing of animals, is as much an art as that of copying faithfully, the human face; and this accomplishment is more rare than that of the oth- er. From the absence of patronage in ibis country, few have chosen that branch of the profjssion, and it is from this cause alone, that so few faithful copyists of animals are found. No. 4. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 01 WHITING'S WISCONSIN PLOUGH. The inventor of this plough, by a few year's experience in the use of the common ploughs, on the prairies in the west, became fully convinced that the reason why earth so generally nilhercs to the mould board, is none other than the mould hoards being so short and crooked as to form a hollow that catches the dirt instead of a plain flat smface, that would receive equal pressure ns it passes through the sward His next step was to construct one so as to avoid the difficulties common to other ploughs, without in the least impairing its usefulness. And after taking one of the coiumon ploughs, and using it in the prairie soil until such din as would naturally adhere to the board had become fully compressed, be examined it and found that a perfect straight line was formed the whole distance of the board, wheth- er lengthwise or crosswise (as in the cut represented above) with a gradual wind to turn the sward. He consequently constructed one on this principle, and expe- rience in its use has since taught him, as well as others, that it is the best and only principle that can be adopted, whether for prairie or other soils. Many recommendations might be given, but tire following are deemed suflicient. The following certificate is from the Society of Shakers at Watervliet, accompanied by an order for fourploughp, and vvill show the estimation in which this plough is held by that intelligent society of people. " We hereby certify that we have tried the Wisconsin plough, as exhibited to us for trial by Ebenezer G. Whiting, and we hesitate not in giving it the prefer- ence to any thing we have ever seen of the Plough kind, both for ease and utility. CHAUNCY COPLEY, D. A. BUCKINGHAM, BENJAIVIIN TRAIN, WM. THRASHER. The following is the report of the judges appointed by the Mechanics' Association of Western New York, held at Rochester, October, 1839, awarding a Di- ploma to the Wisconsin Plough: A Green Sward Plough — from E. G. Whiting. This article is constructed upon strict philosophical and mechanical principles, combining many advantages for tough, strong sward land, and those that are new and rooty, as well as those of ordinary kind, and cannot fail to be a favorite article. C. DEWEY, L. B. LANGWORTHY, S. W. D. MOORE, Judges. The following certificate is from Mr. Elias Cost, an extensive farmer at Oaks Corners, near Geneva, accompanied with an order for 6 ploughs: Oaks Corners, December 15, 1840. This is to certify that I bought a two horse plough last summer of E. G. Whiting, of Rochester, which plough I think is the beet I ever used. In the first place it moves easier, and no plough can turn over the sod better. I therefore would recommend the plough to any one for a lirst rate article. ELIAS COST. References for those who have never used the plough, and are unacquainted with the above recommends: — Henrv Vosburo, Gates; Mansfikld Parsons, Brighton; Ohveh Culver, do.; Rodney LyaiAN, Rochester; Geo. Whitney, do.; Peter Bursee, Pittsford; Isaac Moore, Brighton; George Brooks, do.; JoLiDs Chapman, Riga. To avoid difficulty for those who live at a distance, patterns for points will be furnished on application. Theabot'e plough is manufctuied and sold at A. J. LANGWORTHY' S Eagle Furnace warehouse, Rochester; also at No 1 BufTalo-st, west end of the bridge, jy the Patentee, or SAMUEL RICHARDSON, Agent. N. B. Patterns for the various sizes, furnished liy the patentee. Also Castings by the ton to Plough-wooders. E. G. WHITING. WHITING'S PLOUGH. Messrs. Editors — In the December No. of your aper, I observe on article headed "Important Plough- ig Match and Trial of Ploughs," purporting to have een held at Worcester by the Mass. Agricultural So- iety; and as that report is calculated to convey an rroneous impression, and unjustly prejudice the minds f the cjmmunity against my plough, you will great- ' oblige me, and subserve the cause of justice, by ubliihingthe following remarks with the annexed jallcnse. I am the inventor of the " Whiting's Wisconsin jih"h," mentioned in that report, and was present at f cxLiibition; butasi had understood it was to be a mtc exhibition, and did not go with the intention of ■ ni-tiiion, but merely to witness the exhibition and St the draught of my plough; but being invited to jt my plough in for trial with the others, I cheerf "ul- did so, although without the least preparation^ — so j.cessary oi) such an occasion, and used to so good Ivantage by others. I will not now take tip your timp \d space to detail what I deem the errors and unfair- sss of the repflrt of thtit trial, but will do so hereafter, uffice it for the present to say, that disinterested per- ms who were present at the exhibition, gave my plough decided preference, and together with hundreds who are using my plough in this State, agree in de- claring that the report is both unfair and untrue; and if cattle had the gift of speech, there would be more than human testimony to the same point. Those who are in the habit of using my plough, say it runs easier than any other plough now in use in Western New York, doing equal execution; and no one can persuade them that the above mentioned re- port is correct, or any where near correct. In order to bring the matter to a test however, ( hereby offer a reward of ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS, for any plough, manufactured in Massachusetts, that will do as good work, and run (not 100 percent,, but even) one per cent easier than mine; and, in or- der that distance may not prevent a trial, I will meet any person half way, or thereabouts. Address, E. G. WHITING. Rochester, N. Y. March'iQ, 1841. " The Northern Light." This ie the title of a large Monthly paper, just com- nienced at Albany, which bids fair to become very popular; and, judging from the reputation of the con- ductors, and the appearance of the 1st No. now before us, we can safely recommend it to such of our readers as desire a cheap, instructive, and useful paper, of un- exceptionable moral character. It is published in double quarto form (16 pages) suitable for binding — Terms $1 per year in advance. The following is an extract from the prospectus: — " The principal object of the publication is to diffuse information on subjects of prnctical usefulness. For the more effectual accomplishment of this object, it is proi)OEed to give it a popular shape and to afford it at so low a rate as to place it within the reach of all classes of readers. In this respect, it will bear a strong analogy to some of the periodical publications put forth in Europe, by Societies for the Diffusion if Useful Knowledge. In like manner, it will be con- ducted by an association of gentlemen, whose co-oper- ation has been secured by the proprietors. The association consists of the following pei sons: John A. Dix, T. RoMEYN Beck, Gideon Hawlev, Amos Dean, Thomas W. Oi.cott, and Edward C. Dele- van; and the immediate superintendence and man- agement of the publication will be assumed by the individual first named. The character of these gen- tlemen, and the fact that they may be considered as representing a variety of interests, political and pro- fessional, aflTord to the public the highest security that the objects of the publication will be kept steadily and faithfully in view. The publication will embrace four distinct branches of inquiry and intelligence: Ist. Political Economy; 2d. Agricultore ; 3d. Literary & Scientific Miscellany; 4th. General Intellice.vci," 62 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. For the I^'ew Genesee Farmer. The Past Winter. Messrs. Editohs — The winter which has just clo- sed, hns been peculiar for the mildness of some part of it. The weather has been quite unilorm, though some seven; changes have taken place. The barome- ter has shown no great variations in the weight of the atmosphere. The mean temp, of Dec. 1838 was 22° 7G. " " 1839 " 28 4.1. " " '■ 1840 " 25 14. " " Jan. 18:ffl " 25 51. " " " 1840 " 19 r,2. " " " 1841 " 27 02. " " Feb. 18:!9 " 27 78. " " " 1840 " 32 08. " " •' 1841 " 23 38. Mean of 3 winter months just ended, 25 20. Ibr 1840 2G 61. " 1839 25 09. The mean temperature of February, 1840, was un- eominnnly high, and made the mean of the winter somewhat above that of this year. The influence of that warm month was felt through the spring, in the preparation given for the early starting of vegetables. In December, 1840, there fell in the last half of the month, about 21 inches of snow, and near a foot of it on the 26tb and 27th, forming the first sleighing of any consequence. On Jan 3, 1841, the temperature was 1 ° below zero. " 4, " " " 4 " " The next half was warm; but on the 18th the tem- perature fell to zero, and the next day was only 3 above, while the rest of the month was warm. At the beginning of this month, snow fell 6 inches, and the sleighing was good til! the 7th, when the whole was carried away by a sudden thaw, and on the 9th the ice broke np in the Genesee and passed over the Falls. Little snow fell the last half of the month, and the roads were smooth and fine for carriages. February 12, 1840, the temperature was at zero, and from the 10th to the 18th was a very cold week, with constant and brisk N. W. winds; and the last half of the mon h was considerably coliler than the same part of January. The whole month was 5° colder than that of Jonuary. Several inches of snow fell in the month, but the sleighing was at no time good. So much for the winter. The first week of March has now passed, and hos been only one-tenth of a degree warmer than the first week of February. On the 7th enow fell 14 inches deep, and the sleighing is now excellent. The pre- sent cold offers few indications of an early spring. iJoc/ics/cr, ««7c/, 9, 1841. C DEWEY. Vegetable Oyster Pudding. " A lady of no small standing," as our Wisconsin friend says, has furnished us the following, and were ■we at liberty to append her name, we are sure it would be a sufficient voucher for the excellency of her dish. " Having a gieatdeal of salsily or vegetable oyster, I tried many ways of cooking it; at last I thought of making a pudding of it — and it is very nice indeed — fit for Queen Victoria. " Take 1 pint of sweet cream; 3 eggs; sugar enough to sweeten it, probably 3 large spoonfuls; a tea spoon of salt; a spoonful of bread crumbs; a tea- cup of grated salsify or vegetable oyster; and a quar- ter of a nutmeg. Make some pie-crust, lineadish, and bake it about half an hour." Regretting that we cannot give the name of the in- ventor of the above famous dish, we recommend it to special notice ; and hope in future that none of our distinguished female friends will hide their names un- der a bushel, though it may be no (additional) honor to them, even if appended to eo fine a dish as the sJwv* • A Scene in Asia Minor. '■ Know yc tlic land wl ere the cypress inul myrllc Areenililcnis of dce.is lluit arc ilunc in tlieir clinic f Wliere tlie r.nge of tlie vulture, the line iif tjie turtle, Now melt into sorrow, now niiiililcn to crime ? Know yc the land uf ihe cciliir ;iriil vine, NVIiciethe flowers ever blossom, the Leums ever shine ? Where the Jifrht wings of zephyr, oppressed with perfume, W.-is fiiint o'er the g.inlcns of Gul in her bloom.' Where the citron and olivi- .ire lairpst of fruit And the voice of the ni!!ljtiiisi.li- iicvir Is mute? Where thctlnts of thce.-irth,.iiifl llir hues of the sky, In color though vnried, in heuu'y nuiy \\e, And the purple of ocean is deepest in dye ? Where the vlryins arc soft as the roses they twine And .-ill but the spirit of mini, is divine?" We copy the following sketch of n scene in Asia Minor, for such of our readers as are fond of flowers, and who have not read the "Letters from the Old World, by a Lady of New York. It occurred on the wild route between the Gulf of Macri and Smyrna, about latitude 37 '^ , but if we make the usual allow- ance of 10 or 12 degrees on account of the difi'er- ence in ;;//(/.s/c«Z climate on this side of the Atlantic, we shall find no corresponding temperature in winter, nearer than the iniddleol Florida. It is a sad reflection that lands fertile enough for such productions, and under so fine a sky, should be entirely deserted by the husbandman; and oil this on account of the oppressor, — from the savage bandit up to " the most unlicensed and remorseless despotism that the world has ever seen." * The party, of which this lady was one, carried their own tents and provisions, a cook, &c. &c., and encamped wherever it seemed to suit them best. Our extract begins with the morning of the third day after their departure from Macri. f " The ne.xt morning a most glorious scene present- ed itself to us, which we had not observed in the dusk of the evening before. We were in the midst of a paradise of flowers of such magnificent appearance, unusual size, and profusion of qiiatiiity, that were 1 to relate to you a tythe of what I sow uf these splendid productions of nature, you might think I was draw- ing largely on my imagination. Were I to tell you that I had seen Olttinder-trees twenty-five feet in height, you might accuse me of "drawing n bow" of equal dimensions; nevertheless such is the fact; for not willing to trust to our senses, nor having the means of making a trigonometrical measurement of their elevation while standing, we caused one to be cut down, and found it to be of the height before sta- ted, ond the body of it six inches in diameter; about ten feet of the latter we have brought away, with the intention of taking it home with us. This was only one of many, many thousands which we could see at one glance. " Very few stood singly, but as far as the eye could reach, we could see them bordering each side of a stream of water, as in Palestine, only of far greater dimensions and in greater numbers. " In the latter country, we only saw them near streams of water, but here we find them also in the midst of the plains. But the most extraonlinary and almost incredible thing for you to realize from my description is this : — Hcrewasa plain fifteen miles in circumlorence, which seemed more like a land of en- chantment than any thing that one can realize irom the limited observations one is in the habit ot making in countries where Flora is less prodigal of her lavors. It seemed to me as if 1 was in a land where giants had been amusing themselves in arranging and cultivating parterres by the square mile, instead of by the square loot, as we do. " Distributed over this plain in all directions were groves of Olcundcrs, from ten to one thousand feet in diaineter. At the outer extremes of these circles and ovale, the trees were not more than one foot in height, and in the centre they were of the iol''tiest dimensions. "The smaller plots resembled beautiful cones, while the larger ones appeared like mounds of roses, so entirely were they covered with flowers. The leaves of the larger trees measured fourteen inches in length by two and a half in diameter. " fel) delighted were we with this gr^nd Floral dis- play, tlint we coursed our horses round and round them ' BiMiwood. in ccstacics, plucking liandfuls of flowers, and strew- ing them on the verdant carpet beneath our feet. " The day began to waste away, and we had not yet mode n mile of progress on our rood; and our guide itiloMiieil usthntwe slioulil find fubjeets enough of this natuic to cngajje our attention on eveiy side of ns auring the whole doy, if we proceei!ed onward. We then took up our line of morch, and other scenes of a lar more pleasing and not less extraordi- nary nature presented thimf-elvcs to our asumiehed gaze, during the remainder of our day's journey. " We lode through forests of flowering trees in fnll blossom, of such rare beauty and splendid intermix- ture of sptcies and colors, and of such overpowering I'ragranee, that we really supposed ourselves in the midst of " thegordens of Gnl in her bloom." "Here were the Pumcgmntc, with its incipient blossom, its fully expanded bright scarlet flower, and Ijeautil'ul fruit; ihe 3li/rtle in full blooni; Lime and Oru-iigr. trees in blossom and fruit, with many others. " W hot are with us but mere shrubs, cultivated with the greatest core, and denionding constant atten- tion, arc here literally standing trees of large dimen- sions. Around the bodies of those are seen a great variety of flowering creepers, Honcysvcldes, Jessa- minrs, &c. *&c., which reaching to the topmost iiranehes, hang in festoons from tree to tree, so thickly that sometimes it was with much difllculty we could make our way through thein. " Our attention was attracted to another singtilar appearance in the vegetable kingdom; we rode to it, ond found it to be a vast field of Heath and Brof*vi plants of so great a size that we could not at first be- lieve our eyes, that what we brheld was the real Scotch Her;(//«' fifteen feet in height with liodies mea- suring six and nine inches in circumference of solid wood. But upon close observation we found we were not in error. * " The whole field which was of great extent, was covered with blossoms. We saw many other fields of the same kind afterward. ' There was too much enchantinent about all this scene for us to hasten from it, eo we encamped early in the day in order quietly to liLxuriote on the beauties of this Eden." t Cheap and Durable Fences. Messrs. Editors — As it will eoon be time to re- pair fences, my plan is, where n fence is to stand with- out being removed, I stake out the ground, then throw two furrows towards each other, within about eight inches of meeting, then plough two more the same way and lay them on the top of the others, then plough the loose earth where the last were taken, and and shovel it on the ridge and raise it about three feet high, between two ditches. Then lay a strait fence on said ridge, by placing the bottom rails on stones , or wood; cut your connecting blocks of wood about two feet long and lay up the fence five or six rails high. Then stick stakes without sharpening, in the outer edge of the ditches and lay on heavy rails for riders, and no cattle will jump or throw it down. By this method you can build a !ence that will stop geese or pigs, will drain the v.'oter from the field, no bushes will grow near it, the bottom rails will last much lon- ger, and it is not liable to blow down. Sliding Gates for Bars. To obviote the inconveniences of common bors, take two 4 inch scantling, 5 or 6 feet long, and frame the end of the bars into them take up your bar poets and throw them away, place two stakes or posts near where your bar post stootl, the thickness of the bars opart, and two at the other end four inches apart, to receive the frame and keep it perpendicular; mortise out at the bottom of each post so as to receive 4 inch rollers; bed two slabs down level with the surface of the ground, one at the end of the other, ond your 1 gate is done. No longer time is required to make*' such a frame than to make posts and bars, and it is f =il fou I clopieiliu of I'iMts, nn British Hcnlk ■e than tiro feet hizh ; hut Erica medilcrratien ; ' feel ; .-iiid E. arhm-ea. also from the South of j kfd five feet hiirh. Our travelers may have/ orrect in their hotanicnl e.'caniinntions, hut any spe'ies (and Erkn bns 30*) it is tometiiicij ' difflomlt to avoid mistAbu. ¥ No. 4. AND GARD]:\ER'S JOUltNAL. (d3 very cnsy to open nnil eliut. It is prefernblo to a swing gnic in Ihc winter, in a drifted enow. I have odoptcd the pinn iiiniiy yenrs nnd find it nnswers well. Protcctlti!; I''ruit Tiers. Build nciib round llieni, (dinwing in townrds the top,) of any split firewood; three feet long will nn- ewer the purpose, niul tlie wood will not be loal; place something nt the top to keep the trees from cha- fing. Such a frame will keep sheep or cattle from injuring the trees. By keeping the land loose, the ho; snn from injuring the bark, and the wind from racking the trees, they will grow twice as Inst. J. SPRAGUE. Cliatauqua Co. Murck 1S40. Fvr Ihc Is'cw Gcuetec Farmer, Merino Sheep. In answer to " jl Subscriber," who asks informn- tioii respecting the Merino Sheep imported from Spain by Col. Humphrey, ( t.ke the liberty of extracting the fjUowiug from an Eseny on Sheep, by Robert K. Liv- ingston, L. L. D. , President of the Society for the Promotion of Uselal Arts, &.C., published, N. Y. 1809. " To Htimp/irci/ anil Livingston, their conntry is indebted for that breed of sheep, which bears the ma- terial for the finest i'abrics. The former by his poetry, has placed himseli among the literary worthies of his time, and by thsacthns rendered himself more worthy of jjaetornl celebration than any swain of Arca- dia. The latter had by his proiiciency in the law, shown himself an upright and impartial Judge ; and by this act has proved how deserving he was of the honor of the wool-sack. The first animals of this race, were two pair bought in France by Dr. Livingston, and sent to New York under the care of one of his own servants, where they nrrived in the spring of 1602. Afterwards he obtained permission to ship others, chosen from the highest bred flocks in that kingdom, by permission of the minister of the home department. All these derived their pedigree from the stock given by the Spanish monarch to Louis 16lh, in 17S6. This royal donation consisted of four hundred rams nnd ewes, assorted from the best collections beyond the Pyramue ; and were conducted to their new residence under the care of Spanish shepherds. Afterwords, by the treaty of Basle, five thousand Spnnisli sheep were introduced by the governmenf and out of these national flocks was formed, by eiillings and pickings, the famous flock of Rambouillet. Mr. Humphreys obtained his sheep direct from Spain. A numerous flock arrived in good health at New York — the particulars of which we in- sert from the report made by Eleazer Goodrich, Esq. to the General Assembly of Connecticut, in October, 1803. This geiuleman and his colleague of the com- mittee, state — That they have carefully investigated the facts and connected the various subjects referred to them: and take pleasure in observing, that Col. Hum- phreys, while discharging the high and important du- ties of his public station, availed himself of the facili- ties which his ehaiaeter nnd acquaintance in the capi- tals of Spain nnd Portugal afforded ; and in the year one thousand eight hundred and t\vo, extracted from Spain a chosen flock of one hundred sheep of the Me- rino race. [Here follows a statement of the committee's of the results of their exaniina;ion of these sheep, proving their distinguished excellence, and adaptation to the climate of this countrj', which general experience has since fully corroborated. We deem it therefore un- necessary to publish the statement. — Eds.] Spanish wool was first introduced into England in the reign of Henry H, nt this time the best English superfine broad cloths are chiefly made of Spanish wool. There are two kinds of sheep in Spain distinguished as the Migrator?/, and the Stationary sheep: — the former are Merinos — they afford the most valuable fleeces; and this superiority has been attributed to Iheir being exposed to a more equal temperature, ran- ging upon the northern mountains during summer, and pasturing during winter, on the plains and valleys of the S mth. Mr. Townsend states, that the wool of the Merino sheep is worth about twelve pence a pound, while that of tlie Stationary flocks sells only lor six- pence; and that every sheep is reckoned to yield a clear profit often pence to the proprietor, after all expenses are discharged. T nm yours, &e. E IluniriinEVs. Durham Cows, as Milkers. The following remnrks were made by Mr. Colninn during a debate on the subject of Cattle, at an Agri- cultural Meeting in Boston, a few weeks since: — " Mr. Column had not intended to enter upon this dii-cnssion, but he felt it due to hisoflicial relation to the farmers of Massachusetts, to say that he had Lad the plcabiire of seeing improved Durham stock ot" the Messrs. Lalhropa, ot South Hndley, and he thought them eniineiitly beautiful, and evincing great skill and care in their manngenient, on the part of those gentle- men. He had seen many of the imported animals throughout the country; and one of the herds import- ed lor the Ohio Company, which he saw on their wny, was truly splendid, and in beauty and perfection ol form, far surpa-sed any thing which he had ever wit- nessed. He must, however, in justice, add, that he yet want- ed the proof of the Diirhum Short florns being the best stock tiir our dairies. Seven of the race which he had owned, some full and others half-blood, had been inferior as milkers. The quantity of milk given by many of the animals which he had seen, was re- markable; the quality, in general, inferior; though he had found some exceptions, ho bilieved, were neci- dental. The Cheshire farmers, who wei-e as distinguished as any in the country or in any country for the produce ol their cheese dairies, preferred the native stock. From a dairy of eighteen cows, an average of l)L!3 pounds new milk cheese to a cow, in a yeor, had been obtain- ed. He had challenged in writing and conversation the owners of the Short Horns in the country to prove, by actual experiment, the dairy properties of this stock; and be would furnish of a hundred cows of our native stock, which had made from twelve to fi^urteen pounds of butler (jer week, thi'ough the season. He was liir from having any prejudices against the Im- proved Dnrhnms. Hewnsan enthusiaotic ndniirer of them; but he wanted their dairy properties tested by actual experiment. A very distinguished English for- mer, Mr. Shirrer, who had made the tour of this coun- try, expressed his regret at their introduction, and pronounced thein in his book the poorest dairy stock in England. We could not be said to have formed any distinct race among ourselves, excepting the trials made by Mr. Jaques, and a long-continued improve- ment carried on in reference to milch cows, in another part of the State, upon which he had reported. Much, undoubtedly, yet remains to be done, but nothing in this respect can be eiTected but by skill, extreme accu- racy of observation, and long perseverance. Ho thought the Durhams not well adapted to the scanty pastures nnd negligent habits of many of our farmers. All high bred animals require particular care and the most liberal feed. Two of the finest oxen ever raised in the country were of tiiis stock. One, it is believed, a full blood, from Greenland, N. H., weighing over 3400 pounds, live weight; and one a hnlf blood, raised in Clnremont, N. H., and sent year before last to England, for exhibition. His live weight was said to be 3701) pounds; and he was pro nounced in England, by the best judges of stock, as unrivalled for weight and thrift, and eminently well formed. The best breeds would soon run out if negligently or severely treated. This race were undoubtedly well suited to the rich pastures and nbundiint products of the West of Kentucky and Ohio. There they would flourish. What might be done for our own stock by more liberal keeping, was yet to be seen. He had known a calf from a native C'lW, at f 'Ur moirtha old, to weigh nearly 4 0 pounds ; and another, at five months old, to weigh 01)0 pounds. If the improved Durham stock should prove the best for ns, and he kejrt bis mind on this subject ojien to conviction, we could at once avail ourselves of the distinguished im- provements of half a century's skill nnd toil and ex- pense, so liberally bestowed in Englnnd. At any rnte, the improvements which itey had nceomplished in Englnnd, so obvious and imirressive to the most care- less observer, rend a most important lesson to us, and showed what might be done by skill nnd cnre, by ju- dicious selection, by steady perseverance in n regular system, and by liberal keeping; nnd presented, at the some time, the most powerful motives to exertion and enterprise in a brnneh of huobandry, acknowledged by all to be of the first importance," Difl'erent Soils. " Soils. Every fnrmer should have some general knowledge of soils, and be ncqiiainted with the nomro of plnnts, so as to ndopt thoBe he cultivates lo the soil ot his Inrm. This is an important branch of agii- eiiltuinl knowledge; every plant will flourish best in dint which is congenial with lis nntiiie; nnd if far niers were ncqnnintcd with the nrt ol adopting plnnts to soils, ninch manure might be saved; ^ome soils re- quire little or no mnnuie to prow some kinds of plants, wherens, to grow other kinds of plnnts upon the snmc -oil, requires much maiinrc. "The best ra- (Icx to the nature of soils, are the plants thnt grow upon it; true, thi' chemist hns it in his power to deter- mine the nntnre of soils without this niitmul index, yet every Inrmer who knows the timber, underbrush, nnd plants which a soil spontaneously produces, de- cides at once^ipon its value for cultivation. The principal soils are silicia, snnd, or earth of fiinls: lime, or calcnreoua earth; tilimtiiia, or clay; magnesia, a mineral substance; with tluse lire iilcnd- ed vegetable and animal matters m a decomposing or decomposed stale, and saline, acid, ot alkaline combi- nation. The nature ot silicia, or sand, is dry nnd hoi — alu- minu, or clay, cold and wet — a projier mixture of the two, improve both — nil experience shows thnt ninnu- ring sandy Innds with clay, or clay lauds with sand, is best Ibr grain or pulse. But it is not the best natural soil that the farmer ought to consider, but the depth of it. The farmer should never lose sight of these facts. For if the richest toil is from four to six inches deep, iinil lies on a cold, wet clay, or stone, it will not le as fruitful ns n poorer soil, that is deeier, or lies upon a better sirntum. It ib now generally agreed that gra- vel, if imt loo compact, is the best substrutum to make loud piolilic. We shall now attempt n plain description of the different kinds of soils, by noticing their quality. We shall begin wilh the best kinds of loams and natural earths: these are either of a light brown, or hnzel col- or; hence, sometimes called " hazel lunnis." They cut smooth and tolerable ensy, without ndhering much either to the spade or to the plough-shnie; nnd nre light, friable, ^crnmbling,) and fall into smoll clods, witliout cracking in dry weather, or turning into tough mortnr when very wet. The next best are dark grey, or sometimes called " riissel mould." But the worst of all nnturn' soils are the light and dark colored. These clays may all be known by the sight. There is, however, another, and perhaps as equally sure a test of good cinys, as thnt by sight — smelling nnd feeling. The best kinds of clay emit n plensimt scent on being dug or ploughed up, especially after rain; and being a just proportion of sand and clay intimnt ly blended, or mixed, will not stick much to the fingeis on linndling. We w'ould however, remark, that the best soils in the world mny be impoverished, nnd completely worn out by an unjudieious succession of crops, and especially ii the ploughings ai'e not frequently repeated before the seed is sown. As said before, plants nre n good mrfcr to soils; for we find, if we examine tracts of Innds not cultivated, we mny also find thnt time hns adapted difltrent kinds of plnnts to most of the distinguifhable vniieiics of soils; nnd though some belonging to one mny, from some cause or other, be found on Innds of a different quality, they seldom thrive or perfect tueir seeds to as to become general. The great cnre ol the fnrmer, ought, therefore to be, by proper mixtures, to reduce his land to that stnte and temperament, in which the extremes of hot and cold, wet nnd dry, are best cor- rected by each other; to give thenr every possible ad- vantage flowing from the benign influences of sun nnd nir; nnd to adopt such kinds of plnnts as tiiey nffirrd in this stnte, the gieotest nourishn.ent to; nnd to renew their fertility by n judicious nlUnvnuce of the most proper manures. When tluse things are done, there are fewspots so unfriendly to cultivation. as not to repay his expenses and labor, with a plentiful increase. But without these, the best of land will, in time, be- come a barren waste, or produce little but weeds."— ' Practical Farmer. Pmjing for Luxuries. — The Packet Ship Albany, from New York for Hnvre, took out )gl-50,000 in specie. So much for an article, that might ns well be produced in this country, employing our own labor and eapitnl, nnd furnishing n ranrket at home for our agriculturnl productiona. The nnnual amount of cheese sold in Cincinnati, ia estimated at 900 tons for the last six year*. '64 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2 Outavio Agricultural Society. At 0 meeting of the Exccntive Commiit ^^^ ^f ^^^ several towns of Ontario county, cony. ,^gj g, ^^^ Court Houi=e in Car.andaigua, on the . ^^^ instant, to fix upon premiums for 1S41, it was agrf .^j ^g awari the following premiums, among others, ^^^^^^ ^^^ article of JVInple Sugar, that is to say: For the best lUO Ibe. of Maple T ^^gg^^ |7^q0 " " second best j^ 5^00 " " tfcirdbeet Jq 3_00 Competitors to exhibit tl ^gi^ g„gar at the Court 'House in Canandaig-ua, on dm third Tuesday of May next, at 10 o'clock, A, M. wT ^J^ Phei.ps, ) g^„.i,iaries. •'M . GOKHAM, J AcKSOwtEBCMENT.— V ^g j|.g jnilebteii to Hon. T. Kemp- slmll, M. C, and to Ho „ j^ Kelscy, for sundry interesting ■ doeumeuts received fr j^ tbeni during tlie winter. Hate' j5s Sowing Machine. Owing to the engraving not being prepared, we are obliged to defe r the description of this machine till next month. RlTTENH' JUSE & BlACKWKLl's ClOVER MaCHINE. — The dee .cription and certificates respecting this ma- chine wr ,re received too late for this month: they will appear ' nour next. A. M. Hukd is agent, Waterloo Tea .Nut Silk Worm Eggs Wanted. — Any per- son ir, this vicinity having these eggs to spare, may fin'', sale for them at the Rochester Seed Store. Wild Rice. — Another small quantity of this seed "lias been obtained from Canada, and will be distributed to such persons as desire it for experiment. Earlv Asparagus. — Three bunches of Asparagus were left at the Rochester Seed Store, ]VIarch23, from the garden of Dr. M. Brown — Stephen Quinn, Gar- dener. The Lost Box Found. — The box of English Seed reported to have been lost, has come to light, but probably will not arrive before the 1st of May. Some choice articles will then be on hand at the Seed Store Errata.— (Tliia number) PiigcoS, col. 3ti, line 0, formiar- mi re.id miasmi. P.age 63, col. 1, for Robert K. Livingston, reuj Kolien R. Livinsston. ENGLISH MARKETS, "\Ve received Englisli papers of 1st March, by steamer Caledonia. The flour and grain trade had been quite dull, but was thought to be reviving a little. American flour in lond (i. e. sul)ject to duty) was 25s. 6(i. per bbl. The duty on wheat remained as formerly, aSs. 8d per quarter. The Cotton trade at Liverpool was active. NEW YORK MARKET.— March 93. The Cotton marltet continues active. Tiie sales this morn- ing are 2000 bales at full prices. There are sales of Genesee Flour at $4 81. There liave been sales of Corn at 48 cents. Rye is fi3 els. Hops 30 cts. Ashes both sorts, nominal at S6 Sales of country Mess Beef at «S,75a89; Prime com- mands ^5,50rt®5,75. 1500 kegs Western Lard sold at Tjc. BALTIMORE MARKET.— March 18. FLOUR —Limited sales of Howard street Flour have been made at ®4,37.J, for good common brands. The receipt price has advanced to $1,2.5. City Mills Flour, $l,.W. GRAIN.— Sales of Maryland white Wheats at 90 a 93 cen's, and red at 85 a 90 cents. Some parcels of while were soH this morning at 97 to lODc. Sales of Maryland Oats at 25 a 27 cents, and Virginia at 23 a 24 cents. CINCINNATI MARKET March 16. During the past week the markets on the whole have been aoinewh.it brisker. In Pork there has been an increased business ; our quotations of the article are firmer, though without any advance, except in Mess, of which we can quo°te sales at $11 per bbl. Flour is at decided advance; sales Jlaving been made ,%t the Canal at $.3,28. The supply of the article is but light; the imports by Canal during the past week .amounted to 6003 bbls, being some GOO bbls less than during the previous week. GOLD VIIVB PEAS. T) AI3ED in Canada by the original producer of this varie- Xt ty, for sale at the Seed Store. BATEHAM & CROSMAN. r.ic Similes of Letters from George Washing- ton, President of the United States, to Sir John Sin- clair, on Agricultural and other Interesting Topics. En- graved from origin.il letters, so as to be an e.vact fac simile Of the hand writing of General WashlHgiQu. Price, Si. ■> . . .r ^^"^ *"'« >>y ■ D. HOVT. Kojhesler, March 30, 1841. ' PEAR AND CHERRY TREES. DAVID THOMAS. VFFF.RS for Sale the following select kinds which ripen Pears : Madeleine or Early Harvest, Jargonelle, Julienne, Skinless, September, Seckel, Virgalieu. Most of these are of large size. Cherries: Knight's Early Black— called Black Tarta- rian—White Tartarian, Black Crown, May Duke, Transpa- rent Guigno, Carnation. Ornamental Plants. Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials in great variety, which will be sold cheap. Greatfield, near Aurora, Cayuga co. 3 mo. 30. ISll. FRUIT TREES, MULBERRIES. THE subscriber otters to the public tlie usual very Large assortment, comprising the choicest Fruit Trees, of ev- ery class, andembracing ail the newest varieties. Also an immense collection of Ornamantal Trees, Shrubs and Flow- ering Plants, Green House Plants, Bulbous Roots, and the most e.\tensive assortment of splendid Dahlias in the Union; All these articles will be sold at a reduction to suit the times, and as cheap or cheaper than they can be elsewhere obtained. For the silk culture, are oflfercJ the finest varie- ties of Mulberries, which arc the Circassion, Klata, Alpine, Multicaulis, and Broussa-, all of which are very hardy ex- cept the Multicaulis, and that withstands ordinary winters. The State of New York having now granted a bounty of S2 per lb on Silk, and Massachusetts and A'ermont having done the same, they wih no doubt take the lead in this great national pursuit. \VM. K. PRINCE. Flushing, JMarch 7th, 1840. N. B — Priced catalogues will be sent to every applicant. Any persons who wish to establish silk plantations will be supplied with trees, payable by a share of the proceeds. Tlie Imported English Horse, "Emigrant," WILL stand for Mares the ensuing season, at the barn of Mr. C. Ashton, in Shelby, one mile west and half a mile south from Medina, Orleans Co., wliere he has stood the two last seasons. It is hut just to say that he is not probably surpassed by any horse in Western New York. Good judges who were at the Fair ill Rochester, last fall, think that if he had been there he would have taken the premium without any doubt. His stock is right— just the thing for farmers and the mar- ket. Gentlemen who wish to raise good horses will do well to call and see. — He is e-xtensively known in Livingston county. T. H. ASHTON, J. SHERWOOD, R. L. CHASE. Medina, Orleans Co., March 9, 1941. SAVE YOUR QUILI.S. A HIGH PRICE— say ^l.-IO to $2,00 per thousand— wih be paid for any quantity of good goose quills, delivered at the Rochester Seed Store. April 1. BATEHAM & CROSHL\N. GRASS SEED WANTED. AVERY HIGH PRICE will be paid for good clean Timothy Seed, delivered soon at the Seed Store. Marck 1. BATEHAM & CROSMAN. CLOVER SEED, OF EXCELLENT QUALITY for sale at the Peed Store. BATEHAM &. CROSMAN. March 1. "FRANK," ■ "/~\R Di.alogues between a Father and .Son, on the sub- \JI jectB of Agriculture, Husbandry and Rural Affairs " This interesting and instructH'e volume is now -for sale by D Hoyt, Slate St., Rochester. The extracts published in the New Genesee Farmer during 1 he past ye.nr, cannot fail to convince the readers of that jiaper of the value of this book especially as a present for farmers' children, or yountr peo- ple in the country. " March 1. Seeds at Auburn. In the list of Agents publishe.l last month T. M. Hunt Auburn, was omitted by accident. ' Agents for the Rochester Seed Store. A FULL assortment of seeds, putupatlhe Rochester Seed Store, may be found at each of the following pl.ices Subscriptions will also be received there for the " New Genesee F'armer and Gardener's Journal ." Buffalo W. & G. Bryant. Lockport, S. H Marks &. Co. Albion, C W Swan Brockport George Allen. Scottsville, Andrus & Garbut Le Roy Tompkins & Morgan. Batavia J. V. D. Verplunck. Attica, R. i N. Wells. Warsaw E. R. Bascom. Perry.. .. . L. B. Parsons &. Son. MountMorris R. Sleeper. Nunda w M. Chipman. Geneseo, J.F.& G.W.Wyman Canandaigua , . . , J- B. Haye« York, R. H French. Geneva ..A Hemiup Waterloo, Abrain Deuel. Anhurn, T. M.Hunt. Palmyra Hovt & Mav. Syracuse T. B. Fitch & Co. Utica J. E. Warner. Oswego, D Canfield Hamilton J A.Mott. Cooperstown S. Doubleday. „ , BATEHAM ^ CBQ.sjiAN. Rachesier Seed Sivre, March l.^ —g ROCHESTER SEED STORE--1841. BATEHAM & CROSMAN, the proprietors of this we known establtshment, respectfully inform the public tha they have now on hand a general assortment of superio English and American SEEDS of the growth of 1840, an other articles in their line of business. For the FARM — choice varieties of Corn, Grain, Grass Clover, &c., and seeds for Root Crops, such as Mangel Wurt zel, Sugar Beet. Carrot, Ruta Baga, English Turnip, &c. For the GARDEN — all the most valuable and approvet kinds of esculent Vegetable .Seeds. Those which grow ir greater perfection in Europe, are annually imported fron England ; — such as the different varieties of Cabbage, Cauli- flower. Broccoli, Radish, Turnip Stc. Onion seed is obtain ed from Welhersfield, and other articles are raised for this establishment with sreat care. FLOWER SEEDS— about 200 varieties of themostheau- tifu] and interesting kinds. — (Price 50 cents per doz. papers. J ROOTS AND PLANTS— Choice kinds of Potatoes, As- paragus and Pie-plant roots, Cabbage, Cauliflower and othei plants in their season. TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS, of various kinds, for the Farm and Garden. And a large collection of valuable BOOKS on subjects connected with farming and gardening, silk culture, &c. SILK WORM EGGS— of diflcrent kinds, on hand in their season. ITT CATALOGUES gratis on application. Merchants supplied with Seeds at v.-ho!esale, on liberal terms. Orders from a distance containing a remittance, or good city refer- ence, will receive attention. BATEHAM & CROSMAN. Arcade Hall, Rocheater, April 1, l^ll. *:^* Publishers of newspapers, in \\'estern New York and Upper Canada, who choose to insert the al)oi-e 6 times, shall bs entitled to three dollars worth of teeds, on demand at our store, or any of our advertised agencies. B. & C. MOUNT HOPE GARDEN & NURSERIES, [,«»; )• ST. PAUL STREET, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. sale an-i alTrees.J i Flower! extensive assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Flowering Siirulis, Green House PKants, Bulbous Roots, Do Able Dahlias. &c, &c. 1 Gardens laid out, and Gardeners furnished on reasonable! ■Persons requiring information on any subject eon-l th ihe business, will receive a prompt reply. All orders, letters of inquiry, &c. must be addressed ("post paid) directly to us. Trees, Plants, &c., will be carefully packed, so that they may be carried to any part of the country in safety ; and pack- ages will be marked and shipped as may be designated in thai order. Persons with whom the proprietors are unacquainted, are' requested to give a satisfactory reference, or name some per- son in the city of Rochester, who will guarantee the pay- ment. ELLWANGER & BAKRY. Rochester, Bee. 1, 1S40. AGENCY FOR PERIODICALS. WM. A. IIEURICK, No. 61, Buffalo St., opposite Eagle Hotel, Roches'er— Agent for Gorley's Lady's Book, Graham's Gentleman's and Lady's Magazine, Littell's Select Reviews, The New Yorker, The New World. ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT- CORRECTED FOR THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, APKIL 1, 1841. i«-lt' I'-T iltle- WHEAT, .... per bushel, . . . . $ CORN,.... " OATS, " BARLEY " RYE, " BEAi\S, White,.. " POTATOES " APPLES, Desert,. " " Dried,... " CIDER barrel, . . FLOUR, Superfine, "... " Fine, " ... SALT, " ... PORK,Mes3, "... " Prime,.... " .. " Hoe, 100 lbs BEEF, ...." " ... 79 (I $ 3-J...., 25 , 37J 50 62^..., 22 38 75 100 4,12J ■JOII: ■toi . 75 25 50 68 150 4,25 4,00 2,00 10,00 11,00 . 8,00 9,00 . 3,75 4,00 00 4,50 9 1,00 POULTRY per pound, 8. EGGS, perdozen,12J 15 BUTTER, Fresh, .. per poundl2J 15 " Firkjn "... 10 121 CHEESE, " ... 6 LARD, " ... 7 TALLOW, Clear,.... "... 8. HIDES, Green "... 5. SHEEP SKINS,.... each,... 874 . PEARL ASHES, . .100 lbs.. 5,00., POT, " .... " ..4,50.. WOOL, pound,.. 35.. HAY ton, . .7,00. . GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. 1,. 50 2,00 CLOVER, " " ...6,00 FLAX " » ... 75... PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton,6,00 * " bulUfat Wbemland^rViO., / 40 8,00 •VL B. BATEFIAM, F. CilOSMAN, Proprietors. VOIi. 2. KOCIIESTER, MAY, 1841. NO. 5. JOUN J. THOMAS, M. B. BATEIIAM, r.ilitors. PVUirlSllEU MOJVTHIiV. TEKMS, ^ [FTV CENTS, per year, payaltle always in advance. ^Masters, Agents, and others, sending money free of ■. will receive seucn copies for 83,— 7V«(ce copies lor Vr/i/»-/if« copies for ®10. .'^'Wflfl-e of tliia paper is only one cent to anyplace Uiis state, and one and a half cents to any part of litcd Slates. OSS D.\TKI1AM &. CUOSMAN, Rochester, N. Y. COXTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. ilishers' Notices. Hints for the month. Gardcninj, C5 k'onders of Horticulture." Cultivation of D;ilili.as — onraits of Aniin.-tls. Cobble S<[onc Buildings Gl! ips: Large 0.t— Qualitv of Fuel— Cure for Bots— rain Worm — South Down Shocp— Draining— The ilosopher's Stone Found !— Saw-dust as Manure— l!o- .n I*otato — AVh,te Carrot— Corn Husking iMachine — iirlKim Cattle in FnL'laml. Canada FeeJ of Durham )«•!. The IVa.h Worm and ihe Borer GT ,cr .Ma.-liiiies. ,to. Low Prices not beneficial. The owcrs or :^|.ri]l•■. Ilnt^ anil Horse Bees Cg Cnn-ulii. Sii.rar neets lor I'aule, &c. Crop of Corn 60 sliiiu'ioM'* LrtUTS on Agriculture On ilie Value of vc .-^in k Willi rc-li.'.ion to the weight of Otfd 70 I(..'\ of IViiii^ilvania. Letter t'roin Wisconsin. Mi- an Coal cty i\Teeting. i^egisla- Horticultural .Sleet- Inqu Wild Rice— Beet Bounty on Silk Ex- ts from Correspondence. Culture of Asparagus ihuharb 73 e .\raliian Horse (Engraving). Cultiv.ttion ofthe Fil- er!. New Drill Barrow The Late President. Official leconunendalion 73 cresceuces on Plum Trees. Woolen Manufactures — Pari IT. &c New Trees and Shrubs. Decayed Turnips 74 luence of Solar Eclipses on Weather. Ripening Fears. I'o the Ladies 75 perinients with Potatoes. Indian Corn. Berkshire *igs. Cross Pear. Tlic l^cason. Education of Farm- ers' Children, No 4 •. 76 . Earl's Stock Holkliani Hall. Spring. Poetry, etc. Itessian FIv and other Wlie.at Insects 77 ian Well at Paris. Fanner's Indepenilent Condi- . &c. British Corn Laws— Table of Duties. Castor 78 Oil Be:in— Snofiower Seed. &c. Countervailing Duties. To render Wood Imperishable and Incombustible. ... 70 iports of the !\Iarkeis Advertisements. &c SO Then, Laving got your teams, all in good condi- tion, and your plonglie and other implements, nil of the best kinds, and in fine older, you can begin with some satisfaction. Plough well — if the ground be already broken, plough very narrow slices — it will look much better, and be much better for it. Let all crops be well put in. Apply all your manure — sufTer none to be idle — suf- fer none to waste. riant corn earbj. To keep off the crows, warm the sect) before planting by hot water, then pour on a lit- tle iar, which will finely coat it while thus warm, then roll it in air-slacked lime. This is experience. The crows will "beg oft".'' Plant the rows perfectly straigld. Then the culti- vator will run well between. Put in plenty of root crops — carrots — sugar beets, mangel wurtzel — turnips, — and so forth. They make fat cattle — and a fat dairy. How many there are in this region, who would have been glad a few days ago to have had an odd hundred or two of bushels, to have filled the months of their hungry and starving cattle, in the absence of the last morsel of hay. O, one word about carrots — get seed of the new ichilc kind — they are much more productive — end much ea- sier harvested — we have tried them. Get your ground ready for ruta bagae by manuring, and then ploughing and harrowing repeatedly between this and the time they are planted. This puts the soil in first rate order — kills weeds — and lessens subse- quent labor exceedingly. • Take Particular Notice. ^y No suhscriptlrns for this paper are received for less an one year, and all must commence with the 1st No, mr Volume 1, stitched in a cover with index, &c., can still rtished- price. 50 cts. (pr No commission, or deduction ol' price can be .illowed Agents if the money sent is more Than 5 percent, discount-, d if over 10 per cent, discount, the money will be returned, Iichig.an is •«, and Indiana 15.) XT Subscribers who wish to change the direction, or send ly instructions concerning their papers, are reijuested to do 1 through their postmasters, or pay the postage. Those bo send us uttpatd letters, which are of little or no bencfij us, must not complain if they do not receive attention. O* Our friends will please remember that this is a very ilsy time with us, and letters are sometimes so numerous. , little del.ay on our part is un.avoidable, especially as Ir. Bateham's health is not very good. Iliuts for the Mouth, This is the mont'i fur the farmer to be wide awake. There is *' oeeans*' of work to do, as our friend down :aBt would say, and the farmer must not relax his Tor- ies, if he would plough through this ocean by the end )f the minlh — something more will be required than jloughing the sod, all important as this inay be. As good and ef!ijient teams are of the first conse quence, let all your horses and oxen, be very carefuTly aken care of: — well and regularly fed, — well and gulorly watered, — and rcf^uhuhj^ but moderately fvorked. A bushel of oats, well fed, wi'l dojj more ooj than two bushels, fed improperly. Gardening for May. The season is remarkably backward, and but little if any work has yet been done in gardens in this vi- cinity. The weather has been quite cold during the past month, but there is now some prospects of its being warmer, and danger from frosts is mostly over. Let no time be lost in sowing or planting the early hardy kinds of vegetables, as mentioned last month. This done, and oil danger from frost being over, pro- ceed to put in the more tender kinds, and such as are intended for fall and winler use. For the benefit of new subscribers, and to refresh the memory of old ones, we repeat some of the directions given for May last year. Beiins. — The early k'.jids may be planted early in the month, and the late kinds about the 10th or 15th. The Lima Beans require a warm, sandy soil, and should not be sown during wet or cold weather, as thev are liable to rot. Beets, Carrots, Parsnips, Onions, ^-e., may now be sown for the main crop. Those sown last month should be thinned out as soon ns the plants will per- mit. Stir the ground frequently, and be careful to keep it clear from weeds — now is the lime to kill them easily, and a few days' neglect may spoil the crop. Broccoli, Caitlifiowcr, and Cabbage plants, raised in hot beds, if of sufficient size, should be transplant- ed into the open ground early in the monih. Take them up carefully, and immediotely immerec the roots in mud, to prevent their drying ; this renders itunne- ces sry to defer the operation till a rainy day. The ear- ly York and other small cabbages, need not be set more than half the distance a|)art ofthe Dnunhead and the Caulillower. These ought to he three feet a- part, and on very rich laiul. Tbe./'wr^ic Cape Urocm fo/i is an excellent vegetable, and easily raised. Tbo seed may be sown in the open ground; early in May, and if the soil and cultivation are good, they will head finely in autumn. Winler cabbage may also be sown now. Caulijluiccr seed may also be sown in the open ground early this mouth; and if a favorable season, it will do well. Celery if sown early in a hot-bed, will now need to be tronsplantcd in a nursery bed, where it can gain size and strength, and be fit for selling in trenches next month. Set the plants four inches apart ond wa- ter frequently. Shade from hot sun till rooted. Tomato, Egg Plant, and Pepper, should be remo- ved from the hot-bed about the middle ofthe month. If the plants are gelling large, they maybe removed earlier, but must be protceed during cold and frosty nigl'ts. Lug Plants and Peppers require rich land; a light, sandy soil is best for 'Tomatoes — if it is rich and moist they run loo much to vine, and do not bear well. Turnips.— Sow a little of the Early White Flat Dutch Turnip, as soon as may be, and if the soil is free from worms they may do well. Sow again the latter part of the month. Railislies may be sown now, ond repeatedly during spring and summer. Lrttace should also be sown often. Transplant some of the earliest sown, in order to have fine large bends for summer. Peas. — Sow Marrowfat, and other large kinds re- peatedly, during this and next monib. Indian Corn. — Plant some of the early golden va- riety assoonas possible — if it escapes the frost all is well. Plant some Tu^carora and Sweet Corn as eai ly as danger from frost will permit; and again about tho last of the month. Melons, Cucumbers, and Squashes. — Plant early in the month, for early nee, and about the I-Sih for tho main crop. If planted on highly manured ridges or mounds, they will bear much better tbon in the ordi- nary way, especially if the ground be cold and heavy. Floiccr i&'ccf/s may now be sown in the open ground. Those forwarded in hot beds should be transplanted about the middle of the month. Watei-ing. — Do not neglect watering in dry weath- er— it should be done in the evening, so that the water may sink in — not dry up. A Agents for the Rochester Seed Store. FULL as-ortnicnt of seeds, put up at the Ro.-hestcr Secil Store, may lie found at each of the follooiBg places, ubscriptions will also be received there for the " IVcvy Icnesee Farmer and Gardener's Journal ." Buffalo W. &, G. Bryant. Lockport , s. H Marks & Co, Albion o W Swan Brockport, George Allen. Scottsvillf Anilrus i Carbut Le Roy Tompkins t Morgan. Batr.via , .1 V. 11. Vcrplanck. Attica R. & N. Wells. AVarsaw, E. I!. Biisrom. Perry , L. B. P.arsons & Son. Mount Morris, U. Sleeper. Nunda,. . ,. . ,v W M. Chipman. Geneseo J.F..t G.W.Wyuiaii Canandai|;u.-> .1 U. Haves. York H. n Fr^-nci. Ofiieva A Heniiiip Waterloo, Abraiii DeeeK Auburn ,T. W. Hunt. P.almvr.- Hovt A iMav. Syracuse T -B. Fitch & Co. I'lica, , ..1. C Warner. Oswejo D Canfield HMmilton .J A. Mott. Cooperstown S. Doiil-lcdav. BATF.ILiM &• CROSM.W, Rodiesier ^eed Stpre, Itfarcft I.) 66 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, vTLTir " Wonders of HoiticuUure." An exchange paper credits the Gartlcncr's Gazette for the following extract, which we copy for the pur- pose of comment : — " Few would suppose that the peach (from which branched the nectarine) hod its origin in the wild (I) lime. That favorite edible, celery, springs from a rank and acrnl root, denominated smallage, which grows in all sides of ditches, and in the neighborhood of the sea. The hazelnut was the ancestor of the filbert and the cob-nut, while the luscious plum (3; can claim no higher snircc than the eloe. From the eonic [sour ?] crab (3) icsuee the golden pippin." (1) What is the wild lime? In England, where we suppose this article was written, the linden (Tilia) is called the lime tree; ^nd hence Cowper in enumera- ting their forest trees, mentions the lime at dewy eve Diflfusing odors- but we can hardly think the Gazetteer could imagine there was much resemblance between a basswood and a peach tree. So we turn to the Citius limctta fthe lime of which punch is made,) but find ourselves no nearer to a solution of the difliculty. The lime is a berry of 9 cells — the peach a fleshy rind with a bard stone in the middle. Sucb a change wotdd be trans- mutation indeed ! and Botany would be no ian(tr a science ; but such a change never happened. (2) The plum (Prunus domestica ) is a distinct species from the eloe (P. spinosa;) and neither Ray, Linnaeus, nor any other botanist of whom we have any knowledge, has ever imagined them to be nearer aUin. It is absurd to talk of one species springing from another. (3) On this point, the Gazetteer has authority on his side; but we believe nevertheless that he is in an error Riy considered the English crab-tree or wilding, a distinct species from the cultivated apple; and we think no good reason can be given by modern bota- nists for confounding them together. The perma- nent characters of these two trees, (as given by Per- Boon and Gray,) show that they differ more than sev- eral other species of the same genus which are admit- ted to be distinct by all botanists. We subjoin those characters : — Cbab-tree. * Leaves ovate, acute, villous under- neath; styles bald; fruit the size of a chestnut, acerb, astringent, austere. ArpLE-TBEE. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous; styles villous; fruit more or less sweet. Now if we compare these differences with the diffe- rences between some other species, we shall find them very lull and ample. For instance — Pynis Pollrcria differs from the common pear (P. communis) in ha- ving down on the under side of its leaves ; while the True service tree fP. domestica J is specifically dis- tinguished from the Mountain Ash fP. auaipariaj hy ii9 leaves helng villo2ts undcrneaihf y^hWe those of the latter are smooth on loth sides. It may he proper to explain that all seedlings of the apple are called wildings in some parts of England; but such is not the wilding whose character we have given, and which Sir Humphrey Davy says "always produces trees of the same kind — all bear- ing sour and diminutive fruit." To distinguish varieties from species sometimes re- quires more expanded views than botanists have al- ways taken. They may be minutely correct on many points, and yet fail to grasp the most important fea- ture. Does a plant spr.:ad into many varieties like the apple^then there is a danger that some of these may be exalted into species; but if it differs essentially in its leaves, its blossoms, and its fruit; and pertinacious- ly adheres to its primitive character like the English *Notthe Crab apple of this country (Fj/rw CQrmaria) which 16 entirely distinct from lioth. Crab-tree, without any approach towards any other kind, — then wc may be satisfied it is not a variety bat an original species* The triumphs of Horticulture are surely suflicient without straining alter wonders, and traversing the re- gions of romance. t Cultivation of Dahlias— Boue Dust. I have been a cultivator of Dahlias for several yearf; but it has only been within the two past seasons that I have succeeded to my entire satisfac- tion. JVIy usual mode of preparing the ground, was to dig holes of sufficient size, and then to fill up with mould and rotted manure, properly mixed. Un- der this treatment a portion of the plants would flow- er early; and others, of a later habit, not until autumn. The early flowering ones were apt to become exhaust- ed, and to produce a very scanty display in the fall ; while the later varieties were seldom covered with a free bloom. On the whole, my success was indifler- ent. For the two past season, however, my success has been complete. I had the ground prepared as former- ly; and in addition to the manure, I made use of a small quantity of horn shavings or bone dust — about a pint or a quart to each hill — well incorporated with the soil and manure. The growth of the plants was most luxuriant from the time of sprouting. They at- tained a very great size without ever being watered, and were covered with a profusion of flowers from mid-summer until frost. There was also a corres- ponding developement of the roots. Many of the branches, taken as they grew, would nearly fill a half bushel measure. 1 have found the bone dust to be an excellent ma- nure for all tubeious rooted plants. Nothing that I have ever tried has produced me such crops of Irish Potatoes. Tap-rooted vegetables are also much im- proved by it, — as the beet, parsnip, salsify, carrot, &c. It is no less valuable for all the cabbage family, inclu- ding turnips. T. S. P. I'irgi7iia, 3 mo. 20, 1841. Portraits of Animals. Few appear to be aware of the great importance of the most rigid exactness in delineating animals. The face of a human being, that the individual may be re- cognized, must be drawn with the nicest accuracy; a nose a little too short, or a mouth a little too twitching, spoils the whole. The man who cannot distinc-uich the portrait of George Washington from that of Deidrich Knickeibocker, or Louis Philiippe from Jack Downing, pays but a poor compliment to the painter. But in some of our agricultural journals, in- dividual animals are not only wretchedly represented, but it is sometimes even difficult to tell even to what race they belong. The portrait is the representative of the animal, in its absence; let it not therefore deceive. Skinner, of the American Farmer, very justly objects to a figure of a short horn cow in the Cultivator, with a body, he saj-s, weighing about one thousand pounds. standing on four spermaceti candles I The owner of the cow has since published another picture, still worse than the former, intended for a cow, but the body certainly looks more like a tightly stuffed wool- sack. We must also come in for our share of criti- cism— a fine cow appeared on our pages, with the legs very much as if squeezed into gun-cases; and even the figure of the cow " Jessamine," in our March number, though the general outline is very correct, by some fault between the draughtsman and engraver, bos one fore-leg represented like a board tacked on to her shoidder with leu-penny nails. It is better not to attempt figures of animals unless they can be executed in the very best style for life and accuracy. Turn to Youatt's treatise on cattle, and take hie representation J of the Old Craven Bull, Lord Althrop's two the horn cows, and the head of " Firby," as model There is one journal in this country, which deservi especial commendation for its figures o( animals — 1& * Farmer's Cabinet. Many of them, it is true, ared( pied from English books on cattle, but those draw by Woodside, of Philadelphia, who is first among tb 1 first of animal painters, are worthy of all praise. It deed we have not seen a badly drawn figure in tU whole work, since in the hands of the present propria tors. 'lilBi .jjlK ff«' tab-}' !, Site jtelitu Willis" oilimld .for" jiil fc oikas iidltsi mil* liiliiiilt pft" iniita ifllos Cobble 8tone Buildings. The first cubble stone buildings that I remember t)' have seen were at Piltsfoid in Monroe county, nearfi twenty years ago; and from the rude appearance the work at that time, I have supposed the art w then in its infancy; but perhopssome^'enileman of Ihi neighborhood will furnish a sketch of iis history. About six years ago the first building of that dei cription was erected in tbis quar'cr, one mile cast Anroro; and in my opinion the walls are more beai tiful than brick. The beauty of such structures ho' ever, will mainly depend on the size and color of tl stone, though the color of the sand will have an inflj ence. If the stone and sand are both dark colored, tl building will have a lurid aspect; for the proportio] of lin:e in the mortar (one-eighth or one-ninth) is u small to whiten it sufficiently; but if the sand be light groy, the contrast of the colors with dark stem will be pleasing. Cobble stones of any size not exceeding six inchi in diameter may be usi d; but for the legular coursi on the outside those of two inches in diameter thoulf 1 be prel'errcd. Small stones give the building a mud nearer aspect. Two inch stones ore very neat, thong] three inch stones will answer. The inside row oi stones may be twice as large as those on the outside, The mortar is composed of one bushel of treafli '"i* eione lime to eight or nine bu-hels of clem 6hoi_ sand. As the strength ol the building depends on tbi goodness of the mortar, it is very important thatsani of the first quality should be obtained. Yellow sanrfj or any sand that conloins cloy should be rejectei Gray sand is sometimes found so pure as not to dii color the water into which it is thrown; and sue] should be procured if possible. Moriar that has been made some weeks is general!; pref rrt d. Some masons are particular to reduce thi lime to a thin paste, and then while it is hot to appl; the sand. The thickness of the wall is sixteen inches, thougl twelve inches will answer very weU fur the gable endi above the garret floor. When the foundation, or cellar wall, is leveled ani prepared, a layer of two (or two and a hnlf) inch s oil mortar is spread over it; and ilie stones are pressem into the mortar in two rows which mark the oulsidM and the inside of the wall, leaving about an inch be-f tween each adjoining stone in the same row. If the- wall is to be grouted, the two rows are formed into two ridges by filling the vacancy between the stones with mortar, and the space between these two ridgea' (about a foot in width) is filled with such stones og are not wanted for the regu'ar cour.=es. The grout is then applied. II the wall is not to bo grouted how. ever, the mortar should be carefully pressed round ev. ery stone, mnking the wall solid without llow or in. teistice. When one course is leveled begin another. Between every two adjoining courses on the out. side some have the mortar to inojeet os far out as the stones, in a regular line round the building It ia wrought to an edge with the trowel, and adds to the neatness as well as to the strength of the wall; for dti- ring this process the mortar is pressed round each stone; and the smoother it is made the stronger it will be, and the better will it resist disintegration. It has generally been the practice to have the cor- ners formed of cut stone; but in a two story building erected last season within a few miles of us, this ex- pense was avoided by rounding the corners and using cobble stone. The cut stone is not the only saving by this plant however, much of the mason's time is con- sumed in laying such corner stones. On the first mentioned building, the workmen were lynployed by the day. Four walls, amounting to one hundred and forty-six feet in length, were commonly raised eighteen inches every day by three masons. This is a little short of ninety-nine cubic feet of wall, or SIX perches to each workman. Sometimes in damp weather they had to stop awhile for the mortar to set. II ibew iliie, oil II II' itlif tai 'i' U Wi AND (;ai{1)F,m:r's journal. 67 buildint; erccieil Inst auasmi wt^s contineteil for percU nt tUirty-sevon niul n half ccnis; nnd half sum additional, was allmvcd for Ibe tender, alls, however, were grouted — tliatis, all the in- Udjs between the stones were tilled with liiiuid ; and this substance must have more lime to set. s roneon not more than three courses a day can in dry weather; and not any when it is sUow- qnircs from ten to tweire bnshch of sand to a liesulos the lime when made into mortnr; nnd stones lie in a heap when thrown from the wog- it ns eompncily as they do in the wall. ilible stone buildings are so cheap nswood, as th.>se proprietors believes, they will be much r in the long run; and this will beevident when sider the freqi-ent paintings which ore ncccssa- eep a frame house in decent rcjinir. Since writing the above, I have received nniuuicalions from persons who have had eob- noi bouses erected. One says, " the thickness wall is measured from the outsideof the stoitcs. I timber, four by si.\ inches nnd two feet long, !d lor setting the lines. These are laid in tlic i just finished, and the line is drawn through ts just sixteen inches apart." other says, " The cost of cobble is about one- ess than brick; and probably one-quarter or rd less than wood, — on the supposition that the may be had within n mile, nnd sand within two all luiles." It must be evideiu, however, that lense of cobble, brick, wood nnd stone, must oiisidernbly indiffirent places, according to the ot those, ninterinls nnd the distances they have arried.— .-Irt. Cultivator. D. T. alfield, Cayuga .o. Scraps? CONDENSED FKOa EXCHANGE PAPERS. GE Or. A Inie number of the Formers' Gabi- iitainsagoodportrait of the os "Pennsylvania," between the Devon and Durham, eight years tely slaughtered at Philadelphia, which weighed alive, 3,350 lbs., or more than a ton and a half. 18 sold for the enormous sum of fifteen hundred Ke was only 400 lbs. less than the weight of lebrated *' Durkam ox" in England, the owner ch refused two thousand guineas for him; and bout half a ton less than Dunhill's great York- ).x, which perhaps stands at the head of the list 3 kind of monsters. tLiTi OF Fuel. According to the experiments reus Bull, of Philadelphia, the following are the ties of different kinds of wood required to off an equal quantity of heat — all to be well led. Hickory, 4 cord.", White (.ak, 4J " Hard maple, 6| " Soft maple, 71-5" Pitch pine, 917" White pine, !)l-5' Anthracite coal, 4 tons. TS IS Horses. A dose of molasses, is said, on uthority of e-^periment, to be effectual. IAIN Worm. S. W. Jewett, of Middlebury, Vt. B, from some experiments he has made, that the worm may be successfully repelled from wheat by making use of the peculiar and intolerably entcd fluid emitted by the skunk, for that pur- lOTH Down Sheep. E. P. Prentice, near Alba- lells these for $20 to §50 each. RAINING. Judge M'Call, of Allegany county, by IS of underdraimng, raised last year n good crop pring wheat, at the rate of "25 bushels to the acre, re the year before the land produced little else the coarse water grnsses. He constructs under- ns in soft ground by plncing two pieces of plank dge at the bottom of the ditch, securing their po. n on edge by stakes driven inside, and covering a slab. Small notches are cut in the upper edge of the plank for the admission of water. A more sub- stantial way, nnd adapted to tjulckeande, is to lay a slab in the bottom, scantling on each edge, and anoth- er slab nt top. The Philosopher's Stone found. McDuffco, in his Inte agriculiurni address, speaking of John Ran- dolph, of Roanoke, says, " In the midst of one of his splendid rhapsodies in the Senate of the United States, he iWKsed, and fi.ting bis eyeeon the presiding officer, exclaimed, ' INIr. President, I have discovered the jihi- losopber's stone. It consists in these four plain Eng- lish monosyllables: Pinj ns you go.' " Saw Dust, is converted into manure, by the Sha- kers of Canterbury, N. H., by using it as litter for stables. It has a very decided advantage over straw, in the ease with which it mixes with the soil while the manure is yet unfermented. Rohan Potato. H. D. Grove, in the Cultivator, gives the result of an experiment to test the relative productiveness of the Rolian ond Merino potato. The soil was in fine condition, bcingsimilar in quality for each variety, but the Rohans received the most at- tention. The Merinos yielded at the rateof 550 bush- els to the acre, nnd the Rohans only 2G3 bushels. We have observed in nearly all accounts of the productive- ness of the Rohnns, statements of the rnte of increase from the seed merely, and not the rate per acre. White Carrot. A late number of the New England Farmer, contains several statements of the value of this new variety. It grows partly above ground, somewhat similar to the mangel wurizel. In one experiment, the same number of meur that har- vested in 1839, eighty-two bushels of the orange car- rot, hnrvested in 1810, one hundred nnd eighty-four bushels of the white. Two prize crops, one of the ycllo%v, nnd the other of the white, yielded 23 tons to the acre, of the former, nnd 3S tone to the ncre, of the latter variety. Another crop of the white yielded 26 tons to the acre. Another, of 4 acres, yielded nt the rate of 1300 bushels the acre. Corn husking machine. The American Farmer contains a figure and description of Goldsbniough's Corn Husker nnd ShcUer, and according to the state- ment of Robert Sinclair jr. & Co., the ninmifnctu- rers, 700 bushels are husked nnd shelled by it in a day, or 1200 bushels shelled, if previously husked. The husks, (stripped ii fine order for mntress mnkers, ) cobs, nnd corn, all pass out together. A boy will rnke the husks nnd cobs from the corn ns fast as discharged. The machine is on the principle ol the common thrashing machine, with a spring concave bed set with fluted rollers. The cost, separate from the horse pow- er, is $35. The mnnufacluiers expressly guarantee them to perform as represented. DoRHAM Cattle in England. The following prices were obtained for fine animals of this breed at the Earl of Carlisle's sale last autumn. One at 110 guineas (about $.500:) two nt 1.50 guineas (about $700;) one at 320 guineas (about $1500; and one at 415 guineas (over $19;)0.) It was from the Earl of Cnrlisle's stock, the fnmous bull Rover, formerly be- longing to Thomas Weddle, was obtoined, nnd from which mo3t of the fine young animals of T. Weddle's stock in this country, originated. * Cauada. Messrs. Editors — Will not some of your Canadian subscribers give us a sketch of the rural productions of the country, its soil, climnte, geology, iS:c. As we have no primitive rock except the errntic boulders, wliich have been swept over our country from the North, we incline to the belief thnt the geology of the North side of Lake Ontario must abound in primitive rockin-situ. It is said that there ore there vnst swamps of red cedar, (Junipems I'irginira ;) that under the earth in these places for many feet in depth, are found large trunks of those trees, apparently of antidcluvinn growth, nnd perhaps of a much wnrnicr clininic thnn in the present day. On this side of the Inko our co- dnr swnmps are filled with the white cednr only, an entirely different genus ( Tlinja occiilcntalis. ) Our red cednr is confined to the East bnuk of the Cayuga and Seneca lakes. §_ w. Fee«l of Durham Ctiws. We observe thnt Skinner, Colmnn, nnd other men of high authority, consider Durham cattle not adapted to the short postures of the atlantic states, but suited only to the rich lands and luxuriant feed of the west. If ibis is the case, we can mention one very decided exception. The full bred Duihnm cow, in the posses- sion of W. R. Smith, figure in our March number, was kept through the last summer entirely on the shor- test pasture that could be selected, yet during the whole time she contiued so fat that fears of danger in calving were strongly entertnined; the native brced,in the same pasture, continuing in greatly inferior condition. ** The Peach Worm, and the Borer. While \\\e peiich-worm confines its operations to the pulpy part of the bark, the borer cuts through the sol- id wood. Both insects are occasionally destructive: the former by girdling, prevents the descent of the juices or liquid wood, and destroys the tree by stran- gulation; while the latter by perforating many parts of the alburnum through which the sop ascends, cuts off the chnnnela of its nourishment, nnd destroys the tree by starvation. The /)c«c/(-!i-orm in this district is found chiefly, if not entirely, near the root of the peach tiee. The bo- rer, on the other hand, lives in the quince tret, the mountain ash, nnd not unfrequently, the npple tree. We have never known it attack the pear tree, nor any tree from which gum exudes. B^th of these insects spring from eggs which are generally deposited in the bark near the giound; but i\ie peach-worm works chiefly downward, so ns to have its habitation protected from the cold of winter by the soil, only coming occnsionnlly to the surface to dispose of its filth. The borer, on the contrary, pene- trating into the interior of the wood, and keeping the entrance of its hole entirely closed, so ns to exclude the cold air, — often works upward; and we have known it, when passing into thepertect state, to leave the tree at the height of more than two feet from the ground. We should judge that the easiest way to destroy the peach-icorm, is by scalding, as noticed in our lost number bv a correspondent from Ohio; but this reme- dy would be useless in most cases, ogainst the borer, on account of his ascending progress, nnd his petition in the interior of the tree. We have destroyed them in considernble numbers by menus of n bnrbed wire, but the operation is often tedious from the crookedness of their holes. We have therefore for two years past, endeavored to exclude them from one of their fnvo- rile trees ("a mounlnin nsh) by coating the bark to the height of three feet with tar; and by rol- ling a newspaper round it, to pioteet it from the wea- ther, tied in three or four places; and the plan has succeeded completely. The Sorer is the chief cause of the scarcity of quin- ces in this district. We have bad more than thirty trees destroyed by it; but we do not despair. The same process that protects the mounlain ash, will pro- tect the quince tree. Let the stems be single to the height of three or four feet; and only part of a day on the commencement of mild weather, would be re- quired 10 guard a hundred in the niannw Uiat wehavs msntioacd. ♦ 68 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. For the rfew Oeiicstc Farmer. Clover Machiues—Raisiiig and Cleaning Clover Seed. Messrs. Editors — The nttciition of ibe public hae been called nt different times to the subject of Ritien- hoiise & Block well's Potent Clover Mnchine, for denn- ing or hu'ling clover seed; and 1 will take the liberty of again calling their attention to thi3 subject. Living in a district where large quantities of clover seed are raised, and having been extensively engaged in purchasing and selling the seed, and nlso_having been engaged in cleaning it with one of Rittenhoiise & Blackwell's machines, propelled by water power, I have bad many opportunities for acquiring informa- tion upon the subject. I am satisfied that Rittenhouee & Blackwell's clover machine is the best one now in use, as it can hull the seed faster and cleaner, and can be propelled by less power than any other ; which must give it o pre- ference where horse power is to be applied. I have seen the certificate of a number of gentle- men with whom I am well acquainted, some of which (as I understand) have been forwarded to you for publication; and I con say, I hove no doubt of the truth of the stolen ents made by them. The power of two horses is necessary to propel a machine, and any horse power can be applied to this machine as well as to a thrashing machine or cotton gin, by regulating the size of the pulley block or bond wheel, so as to give about 800 revolutions per minute to the cylinder. The concave is placed by means of nuts and screws, as near to the cylinder as it can be without cutting the seed, which of course must be regulated by the man who may use the ma- chine. The chaff should be thrashed out with the flail, as a thrashing machine cuts up the straw too much, which mingles with the chaff, and renders the process of hul- ling much slower. Some persons use a bond bolt about Vi feet long, the reel of which is covered with thin boards bored full of holes five eighths of an inch in diameter, through which the chaff is passed before it is passed through the clover machine. After the chaff has been hulled, it may be cleaned through any fanning mill, by arranging the mill as described in your September number for 1S40, which perhaps it would be well to republish. In the number above referred to, you make some inquries about the plan adopted for raising the seed, the best soil, &c. In this vicinity the farmers usually bow their seed in April, the some as if designed for meadow. The second year it is cut for hay, about from the 25th of June to 1st of July. Another crop springs up which is for seed. This is cut when sufficiently ripe, and if not peifcctly ripe it should be cut before any frost comes upon it. The farmer must exercise his own judgment as to the fit slate of the seed for being cut. It should, if possible, be secured without gelling wet, otherwise much seed will be lost in the hulling process. Where land is sown for the purpose of pro- curing a crop of seed, ai least a bushel to five ncres should be used. From two and a half to three bushels of seed is a fair average erop per acre. I have known seven bushels raised. Almost any land is good for rnising the seed, al- though some kinds of soil require a free use of plaster. I would here observe, that farmers cut clover three years in succession for the seed. Yet it is better for the land that the clover should be ploughed under the third season. Yours respectfully, N. P. LEE. Waterloo, Seneca co., N. Y. P. S. — After the seed has been passed once through t'li! fanning mill, it should be passed through a fine riddle, with the meshes sufficiently small for clover seed alone to pass ihiough. Iiow and High Prices. Messrs. Editors — Much has oeen written of late upon the improved system of agriculture, upon Leg- islative aid, and upon agricultural societies, — all of which are subjects of high importance, calculated to in- crease and multiply the real ondsubstautiol wealihofo country. The only difficulty in the improving sys tern and the rotation of crops, increased outlay on the farm, «&c., is the low prices of produce. And yet, perhaps, for the lost yeor, considering the crisis of our country, this hos been for the naticn's interest. But it is only a desperate state of affairs thot can render such a depression of prices even tolerable. Until we have more to encourage us than we have at present, under the low prices of all produce, and a prospect of none better under a continued reduction of the tariff, but lilde improvement in agriculture can be expected, as there can be but little or no profit derived from it. These ideas may be considered vague by some, but they are nevertheless true; that when a business of- fers a fair emolument it will receive the attention of enterprising men, and it will become a courted and popular occupation. Whereas, without this reward, it will be neglected. During the high prices of from 183G to '40, more encouragement and more improve- ment was realized throughout our country, than in any number of years previous. Not but that prices were too high for our country's benefit during some port of ihot time; but the attention and progress in all parts, in fanning during that period aresuflicient to prove the truth of my remark. In regard to Legisla- tive aid, it is needed not so much from our State Leg islature, as from our national. Nothing short of an increased tariff, to promote and foatcr the manulac- turing interests, can ever place our farming interest in a prosperous and healthy condition. At present, we can only look for fair prices in the result of a short crop in Europe or our own country, which, at most, can he but occidental; and then our country may grow rich only on the misery of anoihor. We must correct this state of things which we are now practi- cing, of buying of oiher countries millions and tens of millions of those articles which we can as well pro- duce and manufacture ourselves, if we would be an independent and prosperous people. And there is no way to effect this object, unless we become so poor we cannot buy, but to lay on a duty on British and French goods corresponding to their duties on our produce. The objection now raised to the tariff, that it is at va- riance with the interests of the cotton planters of the South, will, in my opinion, cease to exist in n few years after we adopt that system. We may soon so increase our manufacturing business as to create a home market for a great share of the cotton grown in our country. The idea of making all, producers, and relying on a foreign market, cannot be considered a wise policy, for a free trade with England con never be realized, whether it might prove beneficial to us or not. British agriculture will ever be protected — so ought American manufacturing to be. By drivin" oil into the business of grain growing, we encourage so rapid a settlement of our rich wheat country to the West, not yet hardly begun, that in a few years we should be able to supply almost half of Europe with bread stuff, for which there can be no demand. By these remarks! intend to show in opposition to your aide correspondent " S. W." that low -prices of agri- cultural produce arc not in general more beneficial to the nation's prosperity than high prices. A surplus will always cause a decline in price; but fair prices for produce anil fair prices for labor, are blessings of pros- perity; whereas, the reverse is a check to enterprise, and by no rule can be made beneficial to national wealth or prosperity. A SUBSCRIBER. Sweden, N. Y-, April 20, 1841, kiiii" The Flowers of Sjnin Though the season is backward, and the balmy of the lost month have been few, yet some bri flowers have come forth, exhaled their odors, and sed away. The Snow drop, white like the snow that oftei vests it, is always the earliest flower of the sprj and seems regardless of inclement weather. Ni riety, except that with double flowers, has eprun, this plant; but another species from the Crimea been described, though we believe not mentioned any American Catologue, and perhaps it has noty crossed the Atlantic. j Next to this flower in earlinees stands Eranthis malishom Italy, with its yellow bloom scarcely inches above the frozen soil. Its generic name mi earth-flower from its humble stature Then the Crocus follows, consisting of several cics, — all nearly allied, though varyine grendy in or — pure white, deep yellow, and rich purple, many intermediate tints. Some florists advert* more than a hundred kinds, but none with redfiowm The Crocus, unlike the Snow drop, opens its cup, looking upward to the sky, but closes it on the prooch of a dark cloud as if fearful thot somethi would drop in. No garden should be without tl ornaments. Tlie Bulbocodium may be considered a vernal C .| c/i(C!(m, to which genus it is nearly allied. Its pale flowers contrast finely with the Crocus. Difl'ering entirely in form the Persian Iris, as delicate which "scents the garden rounu. a nereis one .f cumstance however, respecting this flower, whmf may be peculiar^ the olfactories of many persona ii unable to detect its odors. € No shrub is so early in bloom as the Mezereon; Hi its fragrance and benuty are rejected by some floriii because it bears acrid or poisonous berries. If «| were to eot every thing that conies in our way how(». er, our journey on earth would be short; and we haf not been able to discover why other berries — thosi the Nightshade for instance — are not entitled to much consideration. The Siberian Squill, resembling a hyacinth in ra^ ioture, seems to peep out os if half afraid of the scasot; but as the spring advances and a milder air surround it. It raises itself to the height of three or four inchcp It has no rival at this time in the delicate form and » ' lor of its flowers. * Primula veris spreads into numerous varieties un- der the names of Primrose, Polyanthus, ond Cowslip (modern botanists to the contrary notwithstanding;) and seems to pass into all colors except blue. Soine ol these kinds almost equal the Auricula in beauty. t he Crocus. r '" and color, comes f< ■' I in tints as in fragra 1 * und." There is one .f '" Sot ill For the New Genesee Farmer. " Rots and Iloise Bees." Messks. Editors— Sinee the appearance of your last number, the inquiry hos been made, whether the nits or eggs of the bot-bee must be hatched in ths ' stomach of the horse or not at all. The reply is, that I the bot hos rorely, if ever, been found in any animal I but the horse. This is its oppropriale place for habi- I tation and food, as the apple tree is fiir the canker- i worm. In general, all such animals are endowed ! with the instinct \\ hich leads to the deposition of their eggs where they will obtain their oppropriote nutri- ment. The wisdom of this general law is most obvi- ous. The tick is found almost wholly on ihe sheep; and on the swine he wiuld soon die, as was once re- marked by a farmer of t'le louse in the some situation, of storvalion. The h rvje of the god, or goadfly, finds ts home and food on the back ol cattle. They c ften abound, too, upon those which have inferior strength AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. (ii) atnees. Henco, in tlic spring of llie yenr, ihoy grently to old hy tlipir neiiviiy in tin- skin, in ig the poorest cattle slill more unnble to increnee litsb. The more specinl care of the fnrmer to be bestowed upon such parts of hia herd, snmo is true also of the sheep; the poorer BuOVr , more from those insects which have been depo- in their nose. It is from the consequences of fact, that some judicious farmers never intend to r an inferior animal. hilo n Hieing such general and wonderful laws of nimal world, it may be well to explain a fact, sin- till understood. In summer and the hotie.-l of the day, sheep congregate beside fences and and the like, holding their l:eads down and be- n their forelegs, till suddenly they run in terror flight to another part of the field, where the same : is acted over. It is to avoid the insect that lays ;gs in their nostrils, that all this is done. In the r weather, or cooler part of the day, the insect is active, and doe- not annoy them, n respect to bols as a disease, il is to be remarked other dieeases are often mistaken for it. Hence es one reason why the remedy applied often fails he desired success. Sometimes other animals ag- ate the hots, and would prove fatal without the oih- I have seen worms from four to six inches long, cing the liver and some other intestines of a horse . was eiek with bots and died from one or bothcau- It would be well if more frequent and careful minations of the body were made in such cases, irovements in anatomical knowledge have been of highest consequence to the understanding and cure ;he diseases of man. Similar results might be ex- ted from like examinations, to ascertain the seat cause of disease in the horse, the noblest and it useful of our domestic animals. C. DEWEY. applied to some pinm trees last season by our friend Thomas Lcfevcr of the town of Venice. It consists of a circular trough made of tin, which was kept con- stantly supplied with water; and the narrow space be- tween the trough and the tree stulVed with tow or something similar. The trees so treated bore gond crops, while not a plum on the other trees escaped. A few of the plunis however, were found to be wormy, occasioned perhaps by some of the insects remaining on the tree when the troughs were applied; and it would therefore bo prudent to jar the trees at that time. About haivest the apparatus should be removed. Tin troughs of that description are worth about eighteen pence; but the person who applies them, must understand the art of soldering. t The Curculio. low is the time to attend to the Curculio; and to your plums, nectarines, and apricots from des- ti-tion. We believe the winter-residence of this in- ■thas not been satisfactorily ascertained, though it is pbably in the earth; but for practical purposes, it By be sufficient to know that it is always ready for binese as soon as there is any thing to do — always r ily to puncture the young fruit as soon as it is large C'Ugh to receive a nit. several methods have been proposed or adopted, to pvent its depredations. Spreading sheets under the te, and knocking down the Curculio on them, by Eiliiiiu' the trunk or branches with a niallet or ham- I I, lina been found very successful. The insect af- t It has fallen, generally lies still long enough to be «ight and crushed; and its dark color contrasting Ttu the whiteness of the sheet, lavors its detection. 'lis work should be done as early in the season as the ■ predator can be found. In a few days it may do 1 ich misi^hief, and it is no easier killed after the ■ s;ins3 is committed. S me have employed turpentine round the tree, and --"I shingles dangling in the wind to frighten the I riilh) away; but we are not prepared to say any iij m their favor. The most recent project that we i\ . noticed is to dip strings in the drops that fall from 1 i a rubber as it burns, and then to tie them round r i;eo, which it is supposed will be sufficiently viscid an eel the insect in its ascent. We should be gratified hear of any successful experiments of this kind; ut though we have gone so far as to environ one tree I the manner proposed, our hopes are not very san- uine. From lie Albany Cullivator. ThP Siisar Beet. Messrs. Gayloud & 'i'rcKRR — 1 have noticed in the late numbers of the Cultivator, Dr. Guihrie'sand Mr. Bement'a lUlncks on the sugar beet, insinuating that it is an almost worthless root for the feeding oi 9tO':k; and as the opinions of these gentlemen, with partial experiments, are directly at variance to those of the most eminent agriculturists of France and Ger- many, after an experience of more than thirty years, and to those also of many of our own countrymen, af- ter trying it with satisfactory eflect about five years; and as 1 had the honor of appearing in tlie last flloy number of the Cultivator, strongly recommending its production and feeding, I feel bound to make some comments on these communicotiuns, and reiterate my own experience in the feeding qualities, of what I con- sider as one of the most valuable of roots. I am perfectly satisfied by Dr. G's statement of the analysis that he made of the beet, vol. viii. p. 40, that he was either grossly imposed upon, in the purchase of seed, and had grown the mangel wurtzel instead of the white Silesian, or that he had planted it in so rich a vegetab'e soil, as to produce so lank a growth as to almost destroy the saccharine matter that is usually found in it, especially when he adds, that " the bee's brought upon our table are totally destitute of sweet- ness." Now I have not only my own taste for three years in successinn, to prove that thesugar beets rais- ed in and about Buffalo, are exceedingly swi:et and nutritious, but can also bring a hundred witnesses at any time to corroborate the assertion, from their own daily eating. The famous blood beet cannot com- pare with the sweet, tender Silesian, and as for man- gel wurtzel and other beets, they are almost tasteless after them; and they are never boiled in a pot by themselves, that there is not a sweet syrup at the bot- tom, almost of thickness and agreeable taste of sugar- molasses, which, in my opinion, only want to be clarifi- ed and graduated to make good sugar. So much for per- sonal taste and experience; now for that of stock. I know that fed raw to cows, they considerably added to the quantity and especially the quality of the milk, making the butter as sweet, and almost as yellow as is produced on fresh summer's grass: they also keep them, with the addition of hay alone, in the best pos- sible order; and the young stock fed on them, togeth- er with hay, were as fat and almost as fine and glossy in their coats, as when on the best of summer pasture. I never tried them with horses, butshould hardly think them hearty food enough for those at work. Not keeping sheep, of course I could not experiment with them; but others speak very flatteringly on this point, as may be seen from some communications that went the rounds the year past in niostof the agricultural pa- pers, copied, I think, from the Philadelphia Cabinet. Beets there were said to produce the best of mutton, and the finest of wool. The most important use, however, that I have made of them, is with hogs. But as my breeds embrace on- ly the China and Berkshire, it is in reference to these superior animals alone that I can speak; and here it soms that Dr. Guthrie's Berkshires did tolerably well, while his others almost starved. The first win- ter I kept my grown swine partly on beets and partly on potatoes, raw; the second vvinter almost exclusive- ly on raw beets, thrown to them on the ground. I did not notice any difl'erence whatever in their appear- ance during these two seasons, buttach time they were kept in as good flesh as ever I wish to have breeders, and they were by no means allowed to eat their fill ol them either. 'The third winter, (the la^t,) havin ages, from the pig two months old, up to the grown animal of four years. To the last, 1 had to stint thcin U) a common water puil half full twice a day, or nay from eight to ten quarts, or they ^^•l»lld get too fat for breeding; and as to the former, with the addition ol a trilling quantity of corn, 1 never taw niiimals thrive better, or more contented in my life. They would till ihi-ir billies and lie down in their straw, nud doso away lor hoiii 8 together as contented as puppies and as whist as mice; and this stock thus treated, 1 ani not afraid to show, either for general size or finencflS of point, against any thing in the United States, mo- ving my late importation, and that only for gieot weight, these Inst being somewhat of a larger class than is usud among Berkshires. During this same winter 1 steamed a mixture of carrots and potatoes with the licets occasionally; but in feeding 1 found that as a general rule, the pigs would pick out the beets first, the potf.toes seccuid, and only cat the carrots when hungry at last; but if any one were to ask which I thought the most nutiitious, I should say the potato without doubt. My accommodations are too limited, however, to make the careful experiment as to the re- lative value of roots, bushel lor bushel, ond again in_ comparison with grain, as reciuested by Mr. Catoii, of Illinois, but 1 trust that the above will be eutisloclory to him and to others, so far as it goes, for it is expe- rience and not theory. I must say that 1 do not liko this jumping at conclusions froin partial experiments. 1 recollect reading an address, some two ycais ago, by some one in Pennsylvania, before an agricultural socie- ty, in which the writer maintained — and beseemed to be on intelligent, scientific man — that una baga, by nnalysifl, was but little else than wood, and ihetelorB as a food for mon ond beast, it was almost totally worthkss. Indeed 1 And yet this same despised root, together with a little straw, makes most of the English beef and mutton, and in tome instances at times one-fouith supports its laboring population.— Apropos to this : I recollect once telling aiijintelli- gcnt neighbor that I cultivated pumpkins a good deal, and liked them much as food for swine. " Well," he replied, " they never did any thing for my hogs but scour them." The fact was, he had on inferior breed of animals. Again, 1 shut up some Beikshire sows that were quite poor, about three weeks to put them in condition; they were allowed nothing but pump- kins during this time, and were then turned out, hav- ing got reolly, in that short time, almost too fat for good breeding. An intelligent gentleman who had seen them previous to their being shut up, and then again when they were let out, acknowledged that noth- ing but seeing the thing with his own eyes would have convinced him of the truth of it, ond wound up by adding, (1 do not give the words exactly, but the ideas,) " why, instead of fatting them, the urine that would have come from eoinmon hogs thus fed, would have made them skeleton poor by this time." I am no chemist, and therefore humbly ask what would be the anolysis of clover 1 Not much, I fancy, but water. And yet Berkshires, and in fact, all good crosses of the China hog, will keep fat upon it in summer and grow well; and I will conclude this long letter on sugar beets by saying, that if their stock does not thrive upon them, why then gentlemen hove been deceived in their seed, or they have not got the right tort of animal to consume their roots. Yours, A. B. ALLEN. erected a steaming apparatus, with a new piggery, 1 The most successful fixture to prevent the ascent Lo,^in,enced cooking the feed for my hogs, and hate f this insect that has cume to our knowledge, wo;- 1 rec^uently e mod beets alone and fed them to all A Crop of Coin. I give below an account of a crop of corn raised last year. The lot contained four acres, of a rich gravel- ly soil. It was well manured from the barn-yard, ond then these rows were intersected with rows of manure fronr the hog-yard. It was ploughed of sufficient depth, well harrowed, and planted about the fifth of May. The corn was a bright eight-rowed yellow va- riety; the rows three feet by three and a half, five grains to a hill. When sufficiently high, it was dres- sed with a mixture of one part by measure of plaster and three of ashes, a table spoonful to each hill. Af- ter weeding, it received another similar dressing. The product was seven hundred and fifty bushels of "ood sound corn in the ear, twelve loads of pumpkins, sixteen of stalks, and the nctt profit of the field was ninety dollars. A. G. S. SpringhiU, Cayvgn co., April 12. 1841. Pride is the first thing that overcomes man, and th« Irat ihinp that man overcomes. — St. Avgustine. 70 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. ^^r ^ " Wasliingtons Lettei-s on Ag^riciiltuie." Mr. D. Hoyt, Bookseller of this city, has placed on our tabic a very interesting and curious volume; be- ing Fac-Simdies of Letters from George Washington, President of the United States, to Sir John Sinclair, on Agriculture, and other topics. This is an Ameri- can Edition, copied from the English, which was published in London some years ago, by Sir John Sinclair, from whose advertisement we extract the fol- lowing remarks : — " It coidd not but be highly gratifying to me, to be possessed of so many interesting communications from such a distinguished character as the President of the United States; and it was natural to suppose, that the public, but more especially those individuals who revered his memory, would wish to have in their pos- eessioti copies of a correspondence which displayed to Buch advantage the superior talents, the generous views, and the unbounded philanthropy of that cele- brated statesman. "The peculiar predilection which General Washing- ton has so strongly and so frequently expressed, in the Bubsequcnt letter, for agricultural improvement, which he preferred to every other pursuit, is another circum- Btance which I was anxious should be recorded for the benelitboih of the present and of future times', from a desire that it may make a due impression upon the minds of those who might otherwise be induced to dedicate themselves entirely, either to the phantoms of military fame, or the tortures of political ambition. ** As it is a singular circumstance that a person in BUch an exalted situation as General Washington, Bhould have leisure to write, icitli his own hand, so many letters to an entire stranger, and some of them of considerable length, I have been induced to have them engraved in order to represent the handwriting of their celebrated author: they are exact copies of those received by me. It is proposed to deposit the originals in the British Museum, as the precious relics of a great man, fit to be preserved in that valuable re- pository." Some Remarks ou the Value of Live Stock, with relation to the Weight of Olfal. BY THE HON. ADAM FERGCSSON, OF WOODniLL, CANADA. Messrs. Editors — In the improvement ol live stock in this country, the views o( breeders have been long directed to the selection of animals of good shape and a " a kindly handling;" and attention to the es- tablishing of new breeds, or to the improving of old ones, has always been appreciated by the public, as re- flecting credit upon the enterprise of the individuals, and as conducing to the prosperity of the country. A judicious improvement in live stock is not limited in its effects to that object alone. It never fails, at the same time, to improve the agriculture of the country around; the land being necessarily drained, enclosed, and ctdtivated, in a manner adequate to raise the supe- rior kind and quality of the produce now required. Such being the beneficial consequences of an improve- ment of live stock, no suggestion ouglit to be disre- garded which may lead to that important end. It may be laid down as a maxim, that those breeds, or varieties, are best, which will pay most, all thirto-s considered, in the shortest jieriod, or which will pro- duce the greatest weight of markctalle produce from any given extent of land, and within any given period. And, in like manner, it may be stated, that the ani- mal of any given breed, which) in relation to its live weight, will bring to the butcher's stall the greatest quantity of good meat andtalloic, is the animal of the greatest value. Now there is some reason to suspect, that a question having relation to this latter point has been of late too much overlooked, arising from care- lesnesa on the part of the farmer, with some profes- sional mystery, perhaps, on the part of the butcher. The question here referred to, is that of the live and dead weight; and the ratio which one bears to the other in properly fed animals. It is true, that various ta- bles, founded o« the determination of this question, have been constructed with the view of assisting the farmer in the disposal of his stock; and such tables are no doubt to a certain extent convenient and use- ful. A difficulty, however, has generally presented it- self in bringing their accuracy to such a direct and pal- pable test, as to be sufficient to silence a keen and de- preciating purchaser, and compel him to admit that the seller does not overrate the weight of the animal. It would seem that attention, at once more extended and minute, must yet be bestowed before the relative live and dead weight of stock can be ascertained, in a man- ner equally satisfactory to the buyer and the seller. The particular error into which it is conceived many have fallen, lies in estimating the dead at oh/// ojje half the lire weight. It is sufficiently apparent that should the former, in any material degree, exceed this pro- portion, a very serious loss may be incurred by the seller, who founds his calculation upoit that datum; and from some authentic returns, to be just submitted to the reader, it will be seen that an inference to this effect may be reasonably drawn. In the extensive farming concerns of the late Mr. Curwcn, at the Schoose, County of Cumberland, England, — a mode of estimating dead weight was a- dopied, somewhat singular in its nature, and said to be remarkably correct in its results. Glover, the stock bailiff, a very intelligent man, made use of what he called his " magical number," "556," by which, up- on receiving the live weight, he professed to give the dead weight, sinking offal, of any fat animal submit- ted to his test. The writer need scarcely observe, that there is nothing really " magical" in the number .556, or in the manner of obtaining it. If an ox were to weigh .')0 stones when alive, and the deadweight were found to be 25 stones, the ratio of dead to live weight would be represented by the fraction 25 to 50 which, converted to decimals, .would give 5, and this, multiplied by tlie live weight, would give the dead weight. But if Mr. Glover, by a series of more cor- rect observations, found that upon an average of o.xen the live weight was 50 stones, and the deadweight 27 stones 11 2-10 lbs., the proportion of dead to live weight would be represented by 27 stones 11 2-10 lbs. to 50, which converted to decimals, would give .556; which again multiplied by the live weight would give the dead weight. In one instance, (verified by the writer,) Glover's calculation certainly approached very nearly to the truth, and gave a greater return than competent judges were disposed to allow, from handling the animal alive. The subject of experi- ment was an Ayrshire heifer, 18 months old, which Mr. Curwen slaughtered at one of his great general meetings, as a sample of his favorite system of soil, inf. This animal had never been a day out of n calf pen or stvuio yard, from her birth, had never tast- ed oil cake or grain, and was undoubtedly a very for- ward animal of her age. Her live weight was cor- rectly ascertained to be 55 stone, of 14 lbs. to the atone, which being applied as a multiplier to the fa- mous numba; and cutting off" the three figures to the ght, gave the following product: 556 X55= 30,- 5S!), that is, holding the three right hand figures as de- cimals, about 30i stones. The weight of this heifer, by measurement, in Ainslics tables, was pretty nearly the same. The actual result gave 30 stones of meat, and 2 stones of loose fat, fine marbled beef; but by no means prime fat. In this animal, then, which had certainly not attained a state of perfection, we have a return considerably exceeding one half of the live weight. Mr. Rennie of Phantassie, (probably the greatest practical agrictdturist in Scotland, of his day,) and Mr. Curwen, with their respective adherents, differ- ed in their estimation of the live and dead weight up- on geiwral principles, Mr. Ronnie would not allow liii^ id more than one half of the live weight to be reck iit"' upon, except in cases of extraordinary fat, to v certainly the heifer in question had no pretent le!' and in whose ease, notwithstanding the proportiq li*""" Mr. Rennie, were considerably below the mark. The following detailswill still furlher illusirat subject, and may tend to excite more than a di whether one-half be not too small a proportion assumed in estimating, the live and dead weigl stock. Tables of Sheep and Cattle slaughtered in V: years, with the amount of live and dead we stone of li lbs. ^— o o o £ r o E E n c^ "-Sills' g 00 j2 - cj 5 • 3 3 en--- ""S *-< I— »^^scxlO00C2O^^Mot»■ w: cc c,5 *k oi ^ ^ Ci 00 -1 :c ^ H-tOt*OOWt«>&^M-l5 oo o o I. iO^ W 3 *.. ,ieT# ii*"" uilit'l'' l(lbe«i' Ijof 11 According to the average on the above table, Glover's rule would give 5 ftone 5 lbs. as dead weight; but the true multiplier would be instead of 556, according to Mr. Glover's praclice;aii instead of 500 according to the common practice. ^ r* .=■' ?■' .** i^ !■'' ^^ >>(>>>>: °g-K §"§"2 > -3 §-=■ 2.2-2 S" Si O « -" ? g-SS ^ _ -t >v - 00 ^ w w E3 =f C-- s '^ 9^ *» f-i 00 lyi ^ ta.fcW In the " Third Annual Report on the Geological Snrvey" of that State, (1839,} Professor Rogers in describing his "middle secondary red sandstone roRMATioN," makes the following remarks : — 'It seems to have originated in a long narrow tlough or bay whicli had its source at least as farso ilh as the central latitudes of Virginia, and which proba- bly opened into the ocean somewliere near the present positions of the Rarilon and New York bays. Thcii materials give evidence of having been swept into this estuary or great river from the south and south east; and henee the almost universal dip or inclination of the beds towards the northwest, a feature clearly not produced hij any uplifting agency, but assumed origi- nally at the time of their deposition in consequence of tlie direction or set of the currents, which laid them down layer after layer. With the exception of one or two fossil fishes found in this formation in New Jersey, / am not meat e that any aiiimnl organic remains have been hitherto met with in any part of the stratum; and hence it becomes ditTicult to assign its precise place in the general series of geological formations. Relics of vegetation are however, occasionally f(uind under the form, especially of highly compact and bit- uminous lignite." Forilie Neic Genesee Farmer. Letter from Wisconsiu. Messrs Editors — Perceiving that you have no cor- respondent from this territory, I take the liberty of fil- ling that station, and will, whenever time shall per- mit, give an account of matters and things as they exist in this " Badger" territory of ours — premising, however, that I leave it to your readeis whether my communications are interesting o^ not. Many of them have friends and relatives in this territory, and it may prove of interest to them to hear occasionally from this quarter. Much has been written and said in respect to Wis- consin, its fertility, its universal wealth, and its natu- ral advantages; but much remains to be told in rela- tion to the system of farming that has been adopted in some parts of the territory; although there is much to be urged in extenuation, as the country is new, and most of the settlers are men of limited character; but still there are many among us, who, if they would take the trouble to look a little into the future, and loose their purse strings, could confer a benefit upon the territory, and upon themselves and their posterity. The introduction of improved farm implements and machinery, such as the thrashing machine, the straw cutter, the horse rake, the cultivator, and the hundred other useful implements to be found in the agricultu- ral repositories of the east, would be of immense util- ity on our fine rolling prairies, where there are no stumps nor stones to obstruct their operation. Many of the settlers are men who have not been bred farmers, but who have lel't the workshop to try their hands at the plough, and some of them are ra. ther " green" at the business, among which 1 class myself. But I find one trait among them which is not found so generally among the old class of farmers. They are more of a reading people. Deprived of the advantage of experience, they are obliged to depend upon the knowledge of others, and are therefore more willing to lend their support to the agricultural jour- nals of the day, than are those who have imbibed their knowledge and their prejudices from a daily expe- rience in agricultural pursuits. Although at this time the natural fertility of the soil of Wisconsin supersedes the use of manures, the time will come, if the eastern skinning system is followed, when it will lequire all the renovating powers of a proper rotation and application of the various fertili- zing substances, to render an equivalent to the farmer for his labor. Wheat is destined to be the great staple of this ter- ritory, and many are pursuing the same system that was adopted in the Genesee country, that of growing wheat to the exclusion of any other crop, on the same It is possible the strata wero formed in the manner land. he has mentioned; and that no " uplifted agency" has given thrm their present dip; hut we think such a conclusion ought to be founded on something more than cursory observation. It seems to us very i n- probable. We have not learned however; whether this able geologist has relinquished, or still retains that singular opinion; for it has not been in our power to procure either of his later Reports; but if he should examine the locality which we shall proceed to desig- nate, it is probable those fossils would indicate the age Corn ripens well in this country, but it will never, probably, be grown to the extent tbat it is in Indiana and other states to the south of us; but enough, how- ever, to supply the community, as the "badgers" are not such " corn crackers" as their neighbors in the hoosier slate and in Kentucky, whose national dish is "corn dodgers and hoe cake." Every variety of soil may be found in this territory, and any thing may be grown here that will tlirive in New York or New England. Wiih an extent of territory larger than any slato in the Union, and possessing, as she does, immcnso treasures in her lead and copper and iron ores, Wis- consin presents at tho present time an object worthy the attention of every well wisher of this country. Still reposing in her minority as a territory, she holds out to the patriot and the moralist the hope thai her constitution and laws, will receive the benefits of the experience and legislation of tho older states of the confederacy, and tliat by their misfortunes and mis- calculations, she will steer clear of the rocks and quicksands on which many of them have been nearly wrecked. Taken as a whole, 1 do not believe there can be found a more moral class of people in tho United States than in this territory. They are com- posed, to be sure, of almost every nation; for here you will find the Dutchman, the Norwegian, the Eng- lishman, the Russian, the Prussian, the Frenchman, the Scotchman, and the sons of "Green F.rin," ell congregated in one community and amenable to iho same laws, although they retain their national habila. It is amusing to sec some of the Norwegians and Dutch open a farm in the thick forest. They make thorough work of it. In clearing, they commence at the root of a tree and dig round it so that it falls, eith- er by its own might or by the wind. They then log it and burn it before they proceed further. By this means they get a clear field, unobstructed by slumps and logs, as you will find is not usually the case with the Yankee or English farmer, Wisconsin at this time holds out great inducementi to breeders of stock, especially as her beuatiful prairies afford the best oi pasture, and there are many thousand acres yet unentered, that would far surpass in worth many of the meadows of the eastern states, for the pasturage of cattle. Nearly all the neat slock now in the territory, is from Illinios and Indiana, and consist of all bloods, colors, shapes, and sizes; and you may see here also the famous breed of hogs which friend Robinson, of Lake C. H., took such a fancy to as to think he could fat them. They are the real land pika and alligator breed, snout and all. An improvement is beginning to be made in this race of quadrupeds and you may see the Chinese and Berkshire blood runninf in the veins of many of our grunting inhab- itants. There are a few full bloods in this neighbor- hood, and their progeny are being distributed ihrough the country, and will result much to the benefit of the farmer. There have been a fevv imporiations of blooded cattle into the territory. Jupiter, impcrled by Mr. Geo. Reed oi Milwaukee, is a fine full blooded Short Horn Durham Bull, eight years old; and anoth- er, belonging to Judge Doty of Green Bay, have been productive of great benefit to this section of country; and half bloods, and other grade animals may be often met with. But I have written more than I intended at first, and shall conclude, and take another opportunity, when I am "in the vein" of giving you n second communication. Yours, &c. E. B. QUINER. milwanhee, W. T., March, 1^41. Michigan Coal.— A load of coal passed through this village a few days since, on its way to Detroit, from the village of Corunna, in Shiawasse county. The oentleman who owned it, left a small specimeu with us. It has the appearance of the coal found at Pitleburgh, Pa., and burns as freely, emitting the same smell. The gentleman informs us that, from present appearances, the supply is inexhaustible, and is found within three feel of the surface If it is as teprefeiited by our informant,, which we do not doubt, it will be a source of much wealih to the Stale at large, and rdd Immensely to the business of the place at which it is found. — Pontiac Jacksonian. Wilbeforce, who bad a great taste for hortieiilture, considered flowers to be the smiles ol the Divuia gooditess. THE NEW GENESEE FARiMER, Vol. ROCnE8TEK, M\V, 18H. Monroe Co. Agricultuial Society Meetiug. A meeting of ibe Monroe County Agricultuial So- ciety will be hell] according to previous notice, on Wednesday the 5lh instant, at 10 o'clock, A. M., in the long room, od stoiy. Arcade Building. It is particularly desired that all who feel an interest in the objects of the Society will be present, as very important biisinces is to be trnnpacted. liegislative Aid. The bill for the encouragement of Agricultural So- cieties, haa passed the Assembly and to a third reading in the Senate. It will doubile.5s become a law be- fore many of our readers receive this paper. (We stop the press to announce its final passage.) Corrcclio7is. — The bill appropriates ,$'3,000 per an- num— not $7,000 as elated last month. We also stated that the report was made to the Assembly be- fore the petitions from Western New York were re- ceived. We should have said before many of them weie received. We will, next month, publish an abstract of this bill, and also the one for the encouragement of Silk Culture, if passed. Organize the Societies ! As the law for the encouragement of agricul- ture haa passed, every County in the State should organize a Society, and adopt efficient measures to carry out the purposes of the appropriation. We hope at least to hear that all the Countiea in the Western part of the State have done so, and it will give ue plea- eure to receive a list of the officers of each Society for publication. Horticulttual Meeting. An adjourned meeting of the friends of Horticulture will be held on Thursday next, May 6th, at 2 o'clock, P. M., in the Lecture Room of the Young Men's As- sociation, for the purpose of organising a Horticultural Society. The committee appointed to prepare a constitution will lay their report before the meeting. As most peo- ple at this season feel interested more or lees in gar- dening, it is to be expected thsre will be a numerous aliendance. The Season and the Crops. The severe frosts of last month have a'one consider- blo injury to the late sown wheat in this vicinity, es- pecially on light eoila, which heave by frost. Some pieces we have seen, are entirely destroyed. We t bserve accounts from nearly all parts of the country respecting the backwardness of the season, and the scarcity of feed for cattle. One would think a few such lessons would convince every faimer of the necessity and advantoge of raising more root crops. A paper from Oneida Co., states, that "seldom has eo cold a spring been known, even in this part of the country, so near as we are to the region of perpetual snows. The winter has been so long and severe, that the farmers in the north part of this county have fed out all their hay, and most of the coarse grains and forage are exceedingly scorce. In some parte, cattle are dying for the want of food, and some farmers are elling their cattle at auction, kaving found it iirpoesi- ble to furnish the necessary keeping, both on account of its scarcity, and for the want of means to purchase at the present high price of hay. The prospect still is far from affording any encouragement that vegeta- tion will relieve their sufferings. On the hills north, the enow is yet very deep over the entire surface of the country.'' The Troy Whig of the 24ih April, says, " we learn by a gentleman from Plaitsbur^h, that loaded teams crossed Lake Champlain at that place on the ice, on Friday last. "There are three feet of snow only ten miles west of the Lake. The farmers are nearly all out of hay, and their cattle in a starving condition." INQlJiRiKS. tarvfE or Grubs in Cattle. Messrs. Editors — Will some of your correspond- ents please give the public the benefit of their observa- tions concerning ^J'wis i7i the hack and siilcs of cattle ? They seem mostly to be lound In these animals while low in flesh, in winter and spring, and to vary grcotly, both in number and frequency, in different seasons. It is presumable that they are the larvae of some insect; yet in the absence of proof this must be mere pre- sumption. From our own small experience, we know them to create great annoyance and irritation, fever and emaciation, to cattle, if nothing more. It is desirable that something be known in regard to their origin and character in natural history, the means of prevention, and what is of still more impor- tance, the means of beet obviating the evils resulting from them to our stock. JAMES H. C. MILLER. Jackson CO. O., Feb. 17, lb41. PoultiT. Messrs. Editors — I wish to asli through your val- uable paper, the following questions, hoping that some of your correspondents will reply to them. 1st. Will hens lay as weU when confined as other- wise 1 2d. Will they lay as well without the male ? 3d. What kind of fowl will lay best ? 4th. WiU hens pay better in eggs than in rearing chickens ? 5th. What quantity of feed for a given number, and what kind is beet to make them lay ? Cth. Is there any work written on this subject, and what is it ? — the best, I nieon. S. H. CLARK. Mattitvck, N. Y. April, 1811. Culture of Hemp. — A correspondent in Canada asks for information respecting the culture and prepar- ation of hemp. Culture of Tobacco. — Another oake the same res- pecting tobacco, in thie climate. Wild Rice.— Mr. P. Hunt of Milford, Mass., has obtained and sown some wild rice, and he requests some reader of the Former in Canada or elsewhere, to oive information respecting the growth and use of this grain. Beet Swar. — If any of our readers made any ex- periments in the manufacture of sugar from beets the past season, they will oblige us by giving an account of t'ue result. Will the Managers of the White Pigeon Beet Sugar Co., inform us whether they made any further experi- ments, and with what results ? — Eds. Cure for Bog Spavin.— A correspondent has a fine young horse affected with bog (or wind) spavin of 2 or 3 month's duration, and asks what is the most sim- ple and effectual remedy. lEF The inquirers respecting Silk and Silk Worms, and Flowers and Shrubs, are referred to the numer- ous articles on these subjects in our last year's volume, which, if 111. t already poescEscd, can be obtained for 50 cts. Bounty on Silk. — W. B. B. is informed that til State of New York has not yet passed any law to gitl a bounty on silk. We only stated that a bill was ril ported to the Assembly for the purpose. Extracts from Correspondence. " A. G. S." of Cayuga eo. made,, in the spring a 1839, five hundred and thirty pounds of maple from one hundred and twenty-five trees; and in 1810, from one tree, thirteen pounds of sugar, and sever pounds ten ounces of molasses. He decidedly prefers, instead of making sugai into cakes, to boil it until ii will grain so that the impurities will settle to the bottom of the vessel, and the molaescs remaining gently poured off. "A M..Tcer county Farmer," (Pa.) eays, "My crops for five years have been aa follows : — Wheat, 15 to 27 bushels per acre; corn from 40 to CO; oats froi 40 to 50; potatoes generally 400 per acre. Onr kind are the Mississippi or Merinos, which will yield 501 bushele per acre, and the N^shanocks, not MeshS' nocks, as thie is the county where these potatoes were fiist raised by James Gilkey, on Neshanock creek. Culture of Asparagus. This wholesome and delicious vegetable ought tobal cultivated by every family that possesses a lew yards | of ground. It is a dish that nearly all persons are j fond of, and it supplies the table during the most desti-l tute season of the year. A good bed will last fifteen j or twenty years, and will bear cutting some twen-.l ty times in a season. It occupies but little space, audi the trouble and expense of culture is much less than] is generally supposed. A bed, five feet by twenty, I will contain one hundred roots, and is large enougU | for a moderate sized family. If good two-years old] roots are used, they wiU bear some cutting the next' year after planting. The following directions will enable any intelligent .1 laborer to form and plant the bed : — If there is any choice, select a warm location, where the soil is deep and rich, neither wet nor dry; mark out the boundaries of the bed, and dig out the earth to the depth of eighteen inches. (If the location is rather ' wet, and the bottom hard, dig six inches deeper, and put in six inches of oyster shells or loose stones.) If the top soil is good, lay it on one side, but wheel the poor earth away. Then take well rotted manure and mix it with an equal portion of good earth, and fill up the bed even with the surface; then rake it smooth and place the roots on the top of the ground, twelve inches apart; spread the fibres and fix them in their natural position with the hand; then cover the whole with three or four inches of the mixed compost, smooth it off neatly, and the work is finished. Water the bed after planting, if dry weather suc- ceeds, and keep it clear of weeds during summer. Before setting in of winter, cut off the stalks, and give an annual dressing of two or three inches of manure. The roughest of this should be raked off in the spring, and the surface of the bed loosened with a manure fork. (Cr Fine two-years old roots arc for sale at the Seed Store. Price $1,50 per 100. Rhubarb, or Pie-Plaut. This is another of the earliest luxuries of the sea- son, and deserves more general cultivation. It is of the easiest possible culture. Plant the roots about three feet apart, in deep rich soil, well manured. A warm border on the south side of a fence, is the best place. The Early Red variety grows the qtiickcut, and in using requires the least sugar. One dozen roots ia sufficient for a family. They are for sale at the Seed Store. Price, 50 cts. per doz. A.M) (iAKDENER'S JOURiXAL. 7:t THE AKABIAiV HORSE. From Loic's grdiid work, " Illustrations of the breeds of Domestic Anivials." (copied fROM farmers' CABINET.) The exquisitely benutifiil smiinal, here most fniihfully represented, exhibits correctly the form and chorac- of the genuine Arab. He was taken in an assault by an Arab fibe, on a parly of the roynl I'amily of in, when journeying on a pilsriniage. The chief who headed the attacking party was killed, and his e«- Chnraer, galloping into the Persian ranks, was taken; a ransom, enormous for so poor a tribe, was snbse- ntly oflered by the Arabs, but was refused, and he wa= brought to England by Sir John ftlcNcil. He ids fourteen hands and a half high, is g nde in the highest degree, and so thoroughly trained in that kind of rcise which the Arabians are careful to tench their horses, that he may be galloped round the narrowest le. When his portrait was in the course of being painted, he was languid from theefTects of cold; it was bed to rouse him from his Icthargv, and the idea occurred of trying the efilcts of a few tones of simple sic — the sounds no sooner reached his ear than his wholeframe instantly became agitated to a violent de- :e; his heart throbbed convulsively, and so great was his excitement that it was found necessary instantly itop the music 1 some chord of feeling, it would seem, had been struck — perhaps he was reminded of his de- t home, and bis friends and companions, from whom he had been eo rudely severed. The generous animal lerc depicted as scenting the garments and weapons of bis slaughtered master, and no one can examine the eamentsof his expressive countenance, without experiencing a gush of feeling arising within his breast, in npathy with the beaniifnl mmirner. • The gentleness of the Arabian horse is proverbial; and although so elegandy formed, and so delicately e and sleek his skin, even the English horse would perish under the ecanty fare, the toils and privations he doomed to suffer. They are patient of hunger and thirst, to a degree nnknown in any other race, subsisting, entimes, on the withered herbs of the desert, and roots dragged from under the sand, and even on the milk the camel. They bear continued exposure to the fiercest heats, and day after day pursue marches of incre- )le toil through the burning sands ol the wilderness, forming by their bodies a shade from the fiery bent of 2 sun, under which their masters repose during the halt for a period in the middle of the day, and a shelter night. But an Arab never beats, or even speaks harshly to his horse — he ireats him as a companion, and 3 children find in him a playmate, and bis wife a nurse for her infant, and all making a pillow of his neck night. Without the use of the bit, he will obey the slightest motion of his rider; stand at a word, or put mself at full speed in an instant! Such is the creature so happily formed for the scanty herbs, the thirst, d loil of the burning desert. From the Mafr, of Horticulture. CuItiTatiou of the Filbert. The filbert is one of the finest nuts, and although reat quantities of the fruit are imported, and sold in le fruit shops annually, there are scarcely any, as yet, titivated iu the United Slates. A sterde variety of ie Enulish filbert may be seen in many of our gar- ens, which rarely produces any fruit; but the finer )rts, which thrive luxuriantly, and bear most abun- aiitly in this clima'.e, are scarcely known in cultiva- ■ \n. Nothing can well be easier than the cultivation 1 ibis shrub or tree, and we ore confident that were :ii; merits of the belter varieties generally known, no Tilo would be considered complete without them. \ Kiv years since, we imported small plants of the nosl celebrated English varieties, and have, without he ii- ist attention to pruning, realized quite an abun- Iruii crop of fine nuts, for t ao years past, which are juiie an acceptable addition to the dessert. Annng the finest of these varieties are the Frizzled, ;he red Kernel, the Northampton Prolific, the Cobnut, md the Cosford. We have found the Cosford, Friz- zled, and the Northampton Prolific, the most produc- tive varieties in this climate. All the varieties grow very vigorously in any good soil, naturally dry rather fchan moist, but a dry gravelly loam, or sandy loam, is considere-d preferable. In pruning and training fil- berts, the first most important requisite is to keep the main stem free from all suckers; and the second, to prevent too great a luxuriance of wood, which, if suf- fered to glow at random, will prevent the production of large crops. The nuts are produced, both upon the sides of the young wood, and upon lateral spurs, an nually produced on the older branches, after the pre- vious year e bearings lateral shoots have been trimmed away. Abroad, therefore, what is called the spurring' in system of pruning is adopted, and the extremities of the leading shoots are sljortcncd every spring. This throws nearly all the vigor of the tree into the bearing branches, and produces a larger crop of fruit annually. In some parts of England, large plantations of fil- berts are made, for profit. Kent is the most celebrated nut growing district, and the average crop there is a- bout eight hundred weight per acre, although, in good soils and favorable seasons, thirty hundred weight have been raised on an acre of ground. The hushesare gen- erally trained with single stems, and the heads pruned in the form of a hoop, kept about six feet high from the ground. There does not appear to be the least obstacle to the profitable cultivation of the filbert on a large scale, in this couniry, and our dry fine summers would proba- bly be found more favorable to the productions of large crops, than the moist ones of England. A return of fruit is speedily received after planting on good soils, and we would, with confidence, recommend a trial of a Idbert orchard, to enterprising cultivators. In gardens, a row of the finer sirtof this fiuit may be advantageou'ly introduced, as a screen or barrier, in portions where such a feature is desirable, as the fo liageis large and dense, and thus the double advantage of fruit, and privacy or protection will be realized. A. J. DOWNING. Ncichnrgh, N. Y. THE LATE PUC8IDENT. Our readers will pardon the liberty we take in do- voting a small space to the comiiicnioiation of an event which has spread sorrow and mourning over this whole land. The dcoth of W11.1.1.1M Hknky Harrison, whom the sovereign people, by their frco will, bad 50 lately chosen to piejside over this great nation, has in all places, and from all parties, called forth nianifcstatione of the dceiicsl regret, and most abiding sorrow. Devout minds cannot but regard this national bo- reaveincnt as an afllieting dispensation of Divine I'lO- vidcnce; and such will willingly conijily with the fol- lowing recommendation of President Tyler, as the most appropriate manner in which a Christian people con commemorate this solemn event. TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES. A RECOMMtNDATlON. When a Christian people feel themselves to be over- taken by a great public calamity, it becomes them to bumble themselves under the dispensation of Divine Providence, to recognize His righteous government over the children of men, to acknowledge His good- ness in time past, as well as their own unwortbincss, and to supplicate His merciful protection for the fu- ture. The death of William Henrt HARRrsoN, lata President of the United Slates, so soon afier his eleva- vation to that high office, is a bereavement peculiarly calculated to be regarded as a heavy affliction, and to impress all minds with a sense of the uncenaiiny of human things, and of the dependence of nations, as well as of individuals, upon our Heavenly Parent. I have thought, therefore, that I should be acting in conformity with the general expectation and feelings of community, in recommending, as I now do, to the People of the United States, of every religious denom- ination, that, according tei their severol modes and forms of worship, tl ey observe a day of Fasting and Prayer, bv such religious services as may be suitablo on the occasion; and I recommend Friday, the Four- teenth Day of May next, for that purpose; to the end, that on that day, we may all, with one accord, join in humble and reverential approach to Him, in whose hands we are, invoking him to inspire us with a pro- per spirit and temper of heart and mind under ihese frowns of His Providence, and still to bestow Hia gracious benedictions upon our government and our country, JOHN TYLER. Washington, April 13, 1841, For the Keic Genesee Farmer. New Drill Barrow. Messrs. Editors — To the hundred inventions for planting ruta baga, beet, and other seeds, I must add one of my own, which I have had made, and chall giva a trial this spring. If it succeeds, as I think it will, I shall send you a description of it, as I think it will be found the cheapest thing yet of this kind. It con- sists merely of a seed barrel and two band w! eels, oi^e of which is placed on the axle of a common wheel bar- row, by which motion is given to the barrel containing seed; a furrow is opened by a cultivator tooth, the seed is dropped, a chain covers it, and last of all a rol- ler piesses the earth upon the seed, and the planting 'is finished. The advantage of this contrivance is, it can be attached to a common wheel barrow, by taking off" the bottom boards. When not wanted as a drill barrow, it can be converted to its legitimate use; and I have lound it very handy about the place, in making garden, hot beds, &c. Yours ice, E. B. QUtNEU. Milwavkee, W. T., April, 1841. SILK WORM EGGS. LARGK White re;inul, and Inrce NNnkiii Peanut rgsii , (.he Shia l\liratet.!ini\ Miroleljamie. of the French,) iinil tlip common Sulphur varieties, lire for sale nt ihcfeeu Store, hy BATEHA.11 & CUOSJIAN. Roc/icsSer, Jpril 1, ISll. 74 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, sfPT Vol., »o Exciesceuces on Plum Trees. In a Intejotuney throiigb some purls of Seneca and Ontario counties, we could not but observe the in- crease of these unsightly biinchcB on the plum trees, within the past year; and the inquiry came before us. Have these people no eyes 1 or do they see not that their trees must soon perish unless they lend a helping hand ? Branch after branch becomes loaded, the nu- triment is turned into other channels, and a general decline must rapidly supervene. Yet these worms which feed on the best juices of the tree and load it with deformity, are utterly help less, and live entirely through our forbearance or ne- glect. No work is more easy than to destroy them, if we go about it in the right way. Let every man that owns a plum tree and wishes to preserve it, cut off every branch on which these excrescences are found, and burn them to prevent the possibility of the insects escaping. We do not expect however, that worms ■will be found in these old habitations at this season — the perlect insect escaped from them last season: bnt eggs were most probably deposited again in the same branches; and our object is to hove the young worms destroyed. Soon after the receipt of this number of the New Genesee Farmer, begin to watch for new nests, as they will probably appear soon after the tree comes into full leaf. Let the search lie thorough, cut them off and burn them without delay, and there . will be but few to disturb the tree ne.xt year. We have observed that this insect is generally not much inclined to travel when it can be accommodated near its native spot. Some limbs are more crowded with these bunches than others; and we have lately seen several trees standing near together that were ru- ined; while two or three others at no greater distance than a few rods, were almost exempt from those rava- ges. We mention this to show that the progress of these insects is moderate — not rushing on in over- whelming numbers like many other insects. Be en- couraged then, and go to work. t Oiiv Woollen manufactures prejudiced by the Compromise Act, owing to the duty on fine foreign Wool. Cheap capital and cheap pro- duction makes England a creditor nation-- not her restrictive measures. Messrs. Editors — It was an oversight in the Ira- mersof our Compromise Act, to make the same re- duction in the duties on imported woollens as on any other article; for the reason that England admits for- eign wool into her poits at a merely nominal duty of one penny per lb., while the United States puts a pro- hibitory duty on fine foreign wools. The low price of wool in Germany enables the Eng- lish manufacturer to procure his fine stock from thence, much cheaper than it can be procured at home; and as it is imported almost without duty, he can the more successfully compete with our own manufac- tures, who are cut oft by a high duty from a supply of fine foreign wool. Hence the minimum duty of 20 per cent, on foreign cloths, which under the compro- mise act is to take effect in 1842, is by no means a suf- ficient protection for our woollen mnnufactures against ^Competition from abroad. In 1824 the duty on foreign wool in England was 6d. sterling, about 11 cts., per lb. But in order to give the woollen manufacturer a boon to compensate him for the effect of our high tariff on British wool- lens, the British government reduced the duty on for- eign wool to one penny per lb. Hence the hardship of the provisions of our compromise act in relation to woollen cloth, as it reduces the duty on foreign fine cloth, without a correspondent reduction of the duty on fine foreign wool. Should Congress take off the duty on foreign wool, our wool growers would havg a right to complain. What then is to be done for our woollen manufactu- rers ? I reply, revise the compromise act so as to give them that relief which their necessities and the justice of their cause demands. Let the advocates of free trade reflect that in a moderate protection extended to our woollen manufactures, they are also encoura- ging the wool growers, by giving to this class of our ognciilturists that stability of demand, and consequent regular profits, tbey have never yet enjoyed. The friends of a high tariff in the United States are continually urging that England extends towards her manufacturing interests, an almost unlimited protec- tion. On examination we find that out of 1150 arti-' cles on which an impost duty is levied, imly 20 of them pays a duty for protection — the remaining 1130 paying a duty for revenue only. Is it not rather the cheapness of capital and the low price of labor, rather then a highly pi»tective tariff, which enables England to sell 60 much, ond to become the great creditor na tion of both the civUizcd and pagan world ? Much has been said of late about the prejudicial operation of the English Corn Laws upon the trade of the United States. What right have we to complain of England for thus saving her agricultural interest from utter prostration and ruin, by the free admission of our more cheaply raised productions ? We have at least one salvo in our dilemma — the protection Eng- land gives to her agriculture is a direct charge upon her manufacturing interests. Manufacturing Eng- land, under her corn law restrictions, is a much less dangerous competitor to manufacturing America, than she woidd be if American bread stuffs were admitted free into English ports. There is another reason why the recinding of the English corn laws would fail to give any considerable demand for bread stuffs from the United States. Germony and the north of Europe, can at all times Bupnly England with grain on quite as good, if not better, terms than the United States. Let farmers then, instead of depending on the devi- ces of legislation, learn to look to their own rcsoujces, and " make not haste to be rich." Let them diversi- fy their productions to suit the varied capability of the soil, and the probable state of the markets. If prices are low, so far as the farmer is the consumer of his own productions, he loses nothing. If his surplus does not bring as much as in other times, neither does the manufactured article he needs cost as much. If he owes old debts, he is indeed the loser by the cheap- ness of the times; but this loss must he chargeable to the year in which the debt was incurred, and not to the present era of exploded humbug and sober reality. S. W. From the (London) Gardcmr's Chronicle of Feb. 27. Trees and Shrubs. The following list of the newest and most remarka- ble deciduous trees and shrubs, embraces all the more desirable, but many of them are at present extremely rare: — Lcijcrstcria formnsn, a handsome shrub from the North of India, produces its white flowers in August, and makes a pretty appearance with its red bracts which surround the llowere, and large leaves. It is particularly valuable in exposed situations near the sea where the bracts and leaves as-sume a deeper color. Paiclowiiia iii'/jeriafis, a low tree from Japan, in appearance very like Catalpa syringEefolia, has beauti- ful hiac-colored flowers. Cornus macrophyUa and [C] grandis, handsome shrubs, growing from 10 to 12 feet high — the former from the nortfi of India, and the latter from Mexico. Caragitna Gerardiuiia, a handsome lowshrttb with yellow tlowe'B from the north of India. CydsiiS Wcldcnii, a shrub from Dalmatia, produ cing spikes of yellow blossoms, like a Laburnum, but the spikes have an ascending direction instead of be- ing pendeitt. Spir(Eii LiiidlcT/mia, a fine species from the North of India, nearly related to the well known S. sorbifo- S. cuiui/olia, [S. ] laxijiora, [»S' ] vaccinifa and ['S'. ] rotundiJ'oUa, are also from the North of dia, and ftirm pretty low shrubs S. fissu from Mi CO, is a handsome shrub, growing from 15 to SO high. Lonk'cra Lrdcboiiriij a curious plant from Cal: nia, remarkable for its bright blue berries. The genua Philudd/ilais has had several accesi from the north of Indju and Mexico. P. Gordo; iiiisUom No I th west America, is one of the finest cies, bearing its while flowers in great profusion in ly, and forming a bush fjom 8 to 10 feet high. mcxicanus from Mexico, [P.] triflorus and [P.] mcntosits from the North of India, arc also desin plants well adapted for the shrubi ery. Dciiizia coryinhosa, from the Himalayas, produj white flowers in June. Bcrhcris coriaria is a handsome species from north of India, with fine evergreen leaves and yeli flowers. Coriaria nepahnsis is a fine plant for a wall. Kibes Meiiztcsii with scarlet flowers from Noi west America, and [fi.] glaciate with white flowj irom the North of India, deserve a place in every lection of plants. Araliajaponica, a cvr'ioiiB shrub from Japan, gro*. ing from 12 to 20 feel high. BcUila Rhojputtra, a very handsome large tree frOB the Himalayas, nearly related to the common birch, Amygdaius incavu, a Caucasian species, is extreme ly ornomental in April, when covered with iis brigil pink flowers; and in the summer, ils light green leav^ covered with while down on the underside, mnkai good contrast when planted among evergreens. Jl Ptillasii frcm Russia, is also a pretty low shrub. ' Cletnalii Hmdcrsonii, agaidenvariety [a hybiidj] isperhopsthe handsomest of the genus, producing j profusion of large purple flowers from June to Si lember. It is adapted to covering a bower or trelli work, ond if trained umbrella fashion on a lawn, woi form a most beautiful object. Atrtigcne Tnacropctala, a Siberian creeper is byflo means unworthy of a place on a wall. Acer colchicum &ai [_A.'\ Lohelii, the former a n^. live of Colchis and the latter of Italy, form bandsorM low trees. A. Lohelii is remarkable for the fine puj. pie bloom which covers its young shoots. iiniiy. ion, oil roBiiiI Decayed Turnips. Seeing many inquiries as to the couse of the rotting , '^ of a turnip crop, without the least appearance of tbg disease externally, and having had much experience in the raising root-crops of various kinds, I would say, the evU arises from a wet and retentive subsoil Four years ogo I sowed a Iresh broken up piece of land with ruta bags; it had been in wood, and thii was the fiist cultivated crop that had been raised upon it. The plants came well, and fiouiished for a season, when some of ihem began to turn blue, and they were then soon full of the animal, called familiarly the plant louse; others, however, retained their healthy appearance, while their internal parts were one moee of corruption; audit was curious to observe, on put- ' ting one's foot on a large healthy looking turnip, and full of foliage, how suddenly the whole superstructure ! would crush down into complete rottenness, the shell not being more than half an inch in thickness. On examining the tap roots of many of them, they were lound rotten, although the disease hod not extended, in some cases, to within several inches of the bulb, while the effluvia which arose from many, even oflbe comparatively sound looking roots, was convincing proof of incipient decoy. Many of the roots, to ap- pearance perfectly sound, were packed away for win- ter provender, but I believe I may say, that no one of them proved in reality so, and no cat.le would touch them. The winter following revealed the truth, for, on ex- amining the land, it was found to be full of stagnant water to within a few inches of the surface; since then it has been drained and well cultivated, and I have no idea that the crop of turnips which I intend to grow upon it the present season, will decay on the land. Should they, however, deceive me, 1 will tell the truth, and intorm you of the result, "rieht or wrong."— /"«)■. Cii. J. STURGES. From the J^cm England Farmer. Decayed Turnips. I observed in the lost number of the Farmer, an ar- ticle from the Farmers' Cabinet, in which it is stated that this disease is the consequence of a wet or too re- tentive suhsod. That a soil of this description is not suitable to the cultivation of turnips, is generally ad- mitted; but bow does Mr. John Sturges account for Wnf AND CiAKDENER'S JOUKNAL. 75 0 rolling of crops on Innil where there is no such use existing ? Tlio " to/," pnpulnrly so cnllcd, is icn found to prevail on free nml light soils ns well ns 1 those of n niorc henvy icxtnro, nml indeed in eiiun- )n3 whore there is no subsirntuni lor yards, nnd even ids helnw the surface. The fnrm which 1 cultivate n free sandy loam, nnd so open that in order to ob- in water it is necessary to dig from eighty to ninety ct. i\o water can be obtained in the village short of at distance, but we have often had rotten tni nips in ■cat abundance, even in ihis soil, as well as on the opes of our eminences, where the soil is so light, at in order to prevent the surface from being washed vay by heavy rains and showers we have found it cessary to haul on clay and muck. If Mr. Stnrges' :C'>ry bo correct, the tap-roots of our rnta bagas, hUe osc of the Ohio parsnips, must be " rather long." gain — ^Ir. Sturges assures us that the grub never lacks the turnips, unless when previously diseased, ut until he proves that the tap-root of the rnta baga capable of permeating a light sandy soil, or riirth, to c depth of 8il or i)0 feet from the surface, and of tip- np'nnheffi'ir'">>tl (■-'J waters of the earth's in- riiir, I shall reject ilie loiter theory, as no less nnsat- aet'irv than the liist. H. D. VV. Wiiiitham, Mc , April. 5, 1841. The ariiclefrom the " Farmers' Cabinet," referred i by our correspondent, was as far from being satis- ctory to ns as to him. But it was an attempt to (hibit the cause of frequent losses of a crop which inny of our formers wish to raise. The attempt wa.s -oise-worihy. The matter ol rot in the rnta baga is serious evil. If its cause can be ascertained, and lies given by which the action of the cause can be oidod, a great good will be conferred upon our com- lunity. it will give ns pleasure to receive informa- an, or even bints and conjectures, upon the subject, oni any of our renders. We have seen ihis rot where it was impossible that ipcrnbundant moisture in the subsoil could produce in one season it prevailed more among that part of le cro| which was sowed (about the first of June) up- II unfermented dnng, than upon lbs part manured itb B mixture of ground bones and ashes. And more I each of these lots than in those sowed about the 1st " July. This was in 1838; and ihe crop that year 'as not by any means a failure. In 18:39, we sowed pon fresli manure from the barn cellar, on the last (Wednesday of Moy. Land, a light loam— subsoil ry. This crop was very badly injured. We con- ctured that the failure was owing either to the early iwing, or the fresh state of the manure. In 18-10, ■e sowed where the manure had been applied the pre- ding autumn, and the same evil was experienced. The season of sowing and the condition and nature r manure or soil, it is not improbable, have influences I increasing or diminishing this rot. But what the roper season for sowing is t what the safest soil and ibsoil ? what the best kind of manure ? what stage " decomposition should the manure be in ? — these uestions our experience and observations cannot nn- wer We are in the dark. And we put the question islinctly to aiiy m«rt who can, or to any man who tints he can, answer it — What is the cause of rot in ata boga ?— Ed. N. E. Far. ntlnence of Solar Eclipses on the Weather. ''.xtractfrom " Travels through the Western Coiin- iry in 1816,"— ('By David Thomas ) " On the day of our arrival in Pittsburgh, we had jveral thunder showers from the west. The weather len became clear; and for three days we had brisk ales from the north-west, of unusual severity for ummer. The surface of the rivers was rolled into )am, and each nigj^was attended by considerable ost. Indeed, it still con-.inucs. (G mo. 10.) "It is said here, (as in New York,) that the sen- OTis are much colder than formerly; and the conver- alien always terminates, whenever the subject is in- roduccd, by a reference to the great eclipse of 1806. it this turn, 1 have always listened with diminished espect. " This popular opinion took its rise, from some ool weather, in the suinmer seasons of 1806 nnd 807. A retardment, in the average progress of vegc- ation, for a few days was deemed couse sufficient o overlook all terrestrial agents for the absorption of leat, and to chnrge it dircct!y to the moon. " Of the facility, with which errors not palpable to lie senses, may be propagated, we have long been a vare; but that men of understanding should adopt his noiion, — which originated in the grossest igiior- ince of the causes of eclipses, — is surprising. Such, owever, is the cose, and to these I offer a few obser- ations. " The same shadow that attends the moon, has consiani'y projected its dark cone since the crcniion. Wilhin every term of a few years, its point lias touched the earth; at least twice in every year; our saiellite hns passed so nearly between us nnd ihc aun, as partially to hide it; ond once in every month, it has revolved round the earth, nnd approached as near to us 08 it did on ihe day of tlie great eclipse. These ai^ facts that admit of no dispute: ond the inlercnco is cicor ond consistent, that, if eclipses affei:t the weather, the seasons ought to be equalized by such an equality of causes. "Other views of this subject would justify the as- sertion, that a solar eclipse has no effect whatever on the atmosphere, except during its continuance. The darkness is nothing but a transient shadow. No rea- son can be given why the moon, in passing between us and the sun, should produce more extraordinary ef lects than when the earth rolls between us and tlint lu- minary. The latter case happens every twenty-four hours; and the chillness in clear weather is not only much greater, but the duration of the darkness will average more than three hundred times longer than in other eclipses. " But every point of view, in which this belief can be placed, shows its ahsurdily; nnd whether it be said that a pernicious vapour escaped from the shade of the moon, or that the atmosphere received a shock, the supporters of this doctrine are equally discountenanced. "It will be proper to inqniie,if the seasons have been uuiformly colder since the year 1800 than before that period 1. A correct answer to this question would show that much fallacy attend-, this popular opinion. Pennsylvania has been subject to summer frosts since its first settlement; not, indeed, very destructive, but sufiieient to show that cool weather was frequent. The celebrated David Rittenhoi'sk, who resided ma- ny years in Nurritonj twenty miles north-west of Philadetphm, asserted, " that he had discovered frost at that place in every month of the year except July." He died in 1796. "This was in times of old. In more modern days, but before the eclipse, I remember a severe frost in some parts of Cayuga, in the*6th month, 1800; and a considerable fall of snow happened at Philadelphia in the 5th month, 1803. Many of the citizens were awakened in the morning, by the crashing of Lom- bardy poplars, the branches of which were in ftill leaf, and unable to support the load. "We will now notice soine seasons, since the eclipse, of a difi'erent character. The spring of 1808 opened so early, that flax was sown near the Ca- yuga Lake in the 3d month; and on the first of the 4th month, young catde wee turned to posture, be- cause there was a stiflieiency of grass. The whole summer was unusually pleasant, excepting some ex- tremely hot days. Similar observations were made in the year 181 1, one of the most remarkable which the oldest settlers in this country remember. The spring opened about the middle of the 3d month, without any subsequent frost; and the autumn was so fine that its mildness was ascribed to the comet. " It thus appears, that the popular doctrine of eclip- ses is inconsistent with reason and contradicted by facts. " This reference, to which I object, however, com ports well with certain operations of the human mind. When two remarkcble occurrences in the sky and on the earth, have happened near the same period, the ignorantof all ages, have been subject to believe that one depended on the other. Ancient aetronemers ar- ranged the disasters of the times with their accounts of comets and eclipses; and in our own day we have had three remarkable illustrations of this principle. In Eastern Pennsylvania, And perilous liglittiing, from the angry clouds, were thought by some to be much increased, on the introduction of plaster. To the north-east, the fre- quency of cold winds, since the great eclipse has been iibserced beyond all former example; but in the south- western part of the United States, icitcre no prcat eclipse appeared, some of the old inhabitants declare, that this change of seasons arrived with the Yankees, from the north." Ripeiiiiig^ Pears. Beurre' Did, ns well as some other kinds, require a pecttliar mode of management after they ore gather- ed. Two that were beginning to turn black on the skin, were put in a drawer near the fire, where they lay for a week or two. When cut they were perfectly melting and delicious. — Gardener's Chronicle. To I lie I^odies. In our Inst number wc promised to find both the time nnd iBodu for ornnnieiital gnylening, — nnd wo shall find them both in one inicUi(j"nt word — inclina- tion. Wc know of one poor woman who lives in a log ca bin, does oil her own work, tnkra care of lour voung children nnd n baby, for whoto support she lakes in washing. Yet in front of her door you may sec a neatly tended border of flowers, — the seeds bought with a few hold earned pence, and planted and wed after the tods of day are over, or in a few stolen iiio- ments before her children are up in the morning. We remember loo, another wash-woman, whose windows were curtained on the outside with scarlet beans and morning glories; and whose double bnlsams, mari- golds, and swcel peas, often drew a look of admira- tion towards her otherwise cbeeiliss dwelling. So much for instances among the very poor. Among those to whom fortune has been favorable, we know of one matron, who hns reared a large family of chil- dren, and whoso hands of course were full of domes- tic care, whose garden and grounds liave yet been iho admiration and ornament of the neighborhood; and in the wholesome spirit stirring exercise attendnnt on the cultivntion of plants and shrubbery, she hns found both recreation ond rest when wcoried with family caies. Surely there nre instances enough to convince eve- ry one that inclination can supply both time nnd mo- ney. The beautilid productions of nature are so a- bundant, that the poorest can aficird the cheap, yet delightful ornament they afliord; a dwelling unadorned by their presence, can only be accounted for, by sup- posing its fair inmates destitute of that love of the beautiful which is one of the most engaging traits in womon. We know there are some that affect a distaste for the more common flowers ond shrubbery, that ony body ond every body can have. " Could we afford to keep a green house," say they, " and to purchase plants really worth having, we might feel some inter- est in the thing; but these every day aflTnirs are not worth the raising." Such show that they hove no genuine love ond oppreciotion of the beautiful crea- tions of nature, but regard them merely as matters for ostentation and display. Let the fragrant myrtle, or the splendid pomegranate, once become common flow- ers, adorning the open field and fringing every brook, and they would henceforth lose every charm in their eyes; and the stupidest cabbage that ever vegetated, might become elegant by becoming so rare that only the possessors of thousands could own it 1 Those who have a genuine love of nature, must have s imething; if they cannot possess the costliest ond most elegant, they will have the cheap and the hum- ble, and are thankful that the Author of nature is no aristocrat, but that he has shed a grace and beauty on the more common of his works, far superior to that which adorns the rarer ones. We would thot we could point our readers to the gardens of some of our female friends, where a very beautiful show of flowers and shrubbery has been creoted with scarce on item of expense. Our friend Mrs. A. is an exomple — will yon walk with us in her shrubbery a few moments 1 See that noble rose geranium I — it was the growth of a slip sent to her in a boquet, and cultivated by herself till it has reached its present size — those honEysuckles that tmtwine t'ae porch, were at first small cuttings token from the vines o.' a friend: but Blrs. A. nursed them to theirpresent growth — that white rose, whose snowy blosooms cover one end of the house, was in the be- ginning a small offset, from the garden of one of her neighbors, but she has cultivated and tended it till it has reached its present moturiiy — that orange tree per- fuming the air with its blossoms, she raised from the seed and innoculated with her own hands, and so with many others of her choice shrubber}' — in like man- ner the cape myrtles, the oleanders, the dahlias; these splendid ornaments have been sources of very little expense. Mrs. A- does not garden by proxy. After the gardener hns once arranged the borders in the spring, the pinnling and watering and nursing and transplanting is mostly done by herself; ond early ev- ery morning you may see her in her cottage bonnet and iiardening gloves, busy among her shrubbery; and if yon will ask her, she will tell you that she gains health and vigor daily by the exercise. If any of my readers are half persuaded to under- take a like course, we will next month give a few hints as to the laying out and arranging of a garden, and the selection of plants for persons in moderate cir- cumstances.— Western Fanner and Gardener. 78 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 8. 3. 2. Pieces 1 2. 3. For the IVeic Genesee Farmer. Experiments with Potatoes. Messrs. EDixyits — Observing in your first volume, various experiin. its suggested on the culturj of the potoio, I bave perlbrmed the following. I selected ground in my potato lot, the soil a mixture of clay and gravel, a moderate portion of stable manure was put upon the sod. then well ploughed and harrowed, and lightly marked with a small plough, about 3 feet apart and IS or 20 inches between the hills. They were planted on the 2d of June, the cultivator passed through them, plaster applied, and some time after they were ploughed and hoed. G. S. T. Erie CO. Pa., March, 1S41. 1. Pieces one eye only, 21 hills to a row. 1. 5 pieces each hill. Product 95 lbs. 4 " " 96 " 3 " " 90 " sual size, from the top half of the potato, 1 6 hills to a row. pieces each hill. Product 81 Iba. 3 " " 83 " 2 " " 88 " 3. Pieces usual size, from the root half of the potato, IG hills to a row. 1. 4 pieces each hill. Product 87 lbs. 2. 3 " " 87 " 3. 2 " " 69 " 4. Potatoes ordinary size, the pieces quarters, parings thick, and cut in 4 pieces, 10 hills. 1. 1 whole potato each. Product 84 lbs. 2. 4 pieces ** ** 89 '* 8. 4 parings " •' 72 " 5. Potatoes small ; 8 hills. 1. 4 whole ones each. Product 44 ILa. 2. 3 " " " " 43 " 3. 2 " " " " 44 " The above experiments were with Calico potatoes; the following with Scotch Greys. 6. 30 hills to each row. 1. 1 whole one each. Product 180 lbs. 2. 5 pieces " " 127 " 3. 4 " " " 157 " Remarks. — Accurate experiments are always valu- able, but they require repetition and considerable varia- tion, to establish any point. For instance, a very slight variation in the soil of each row, may cause a difTer- ence in the result, greater ihon any dilTerence in the mode of planting. Hence in trying one mode, seve- ral rows should alternate with each oiher, and their dif- ference be individually, as well as collectively, com- pared. Again, in culling poiatocs, whole ones suc- ceed best in dry seasons, in dry soils, or when planted ehallow and perhaps cut ones when the opposite is the case. These, and many other circumstances, are to be taken into consideration. * hes in the rows, the same | usually come in the fiist week of March. A showe i I"'' „ feet apart, and eighteen time as the other, and in the same manner. As soon 1 and some lightning happened on the 27lIi, at whii as it was of convenient height I went through it with the cultivator, followed with the hoe, m\i plastered it; the next time with the plough, followed with the hoe. About toe 15tU of Sept. I cwt up the corn at the roots. After husking and sorting the small ears, I had eighty bushels of ears from the half acre. Berkshire Pigs. Major E. Corning brought into out neighborhood, in thi- town of Hastings, a full blood Berkshire boar, ond I, like some of the rest of my neighbors, thought that our native breed wos equal to them; but after seeing some of his slock, I purchased a sow that had seven pigs from his boar. The sow was quite small. I fatted her, she weighed only 250 lbs. The pigs I wintered on one-third less feed than I could have done the native breed. On the first of March, I mo- ved into Cnyiiga county, and drove my pigs; I could have sold them on the way two or three limes for six cents per pound, whereas the native breed fetches only three cents. I will give you the result of my pigs when fatted. Very respectfully yours, WM. K. JOH.\SON. Cato, Aprils 1841. ittfi ' time the Genesee was high from the melting snow i""* the change to below freezing point on the 29tl "' doubdess prevented much desolation. The first half of April was uncommonly cold ; i deed it was not till the 23rd that the mild south wi began to blow upon uc, and the floweis, which opi in the woods near the beginning of the month, begi to appear. Till after this day the grass scarcely sho ed any signs of returning spring. April 25, 1840, the temperature was 88 ° , extremi ly hot. April 24, 1841, it was 76° . Exnminoiii shows the great pcculiaiilies of this season. For tl raising of fruit the lateness of the season is considere faviuable. At the same time it increases the farmei expence for the support of his cattle, &c., in no i: considerable degree. C. D. For the J\cw Genesee Farmer, Education of Farmeis' Chilclren~No. 4. Tltt^^' niiiiil" jillfl* caislii* jJSjIVifl itel't*' , ii: 1 I The Cross Pear. In the last numberof the Magazine of Horticulture-, there is an account of this new native variety of the pear,with an outline and description of the fruit, by the editor of that journal. It is supposed to have origina- ted in Ncwburyport; and bears the name of the pro- prietor of the garden where it was discovered about filteen years ago. Our friend R. Manning, whose judgment will not bj disputed, has pronounced it without besitotion, " a most excellent fruit;" and the editor says, " The beauty of this pear, together with its abundont and constant bearing, and its melting flesh and perlumed flavor, render it a desirable variety in collections, and one which will rank with the dish- ing, Seckel, and others of our finest American kinds." We copy his description of the fruit: ** Fruit medium size, roundish, two and a half inch- es in length, and two and a quarter inches in diame- ter. Stullc three-quarters of an inch long and very thick, inserted in a slight cavity. Eye small, ond considerrbly depressed. Skin smooth, deep yellow, red on the sunny side, very lussety round the eye, and covered all over with nissety dots, and sprinkled with small black spots, flesh melting, juicy, and swpet, with a perfumed and agreeable flavor. In eat- ing in December, sometimes earlier (in November) and occasionally keeping till February." t Indian Corn. Messrs. EniTORs — I had two pieces of corn; the first two acres were clover sod — the seed the twelve and sixteen rowed, known lus ihe SU'nton corn; it was put into the ground dry, on the 15th of May, the rows three feet opart each way. During the season I •flustered one half, and ashed the other once, and went through with the cultivator once each woy, and once each way with the plough, followed with a hoe each time. About the 20th of September, the corn was cm up ot the roots, and stooked for ripening. After husking and sorting all the small ears. I sold eighty- eight bushels of shelled corn frotn the two acres. Had I managed it as I did with the other piece, I think I should have got double the crop, with one- hird more labor. The other piece, one half acre, was corn stubble of no richer soil than the other; I drew on it filteen loads of long manure, and spread it equally over the ground ; planted it in rows three The Season. Amidst the oft- repeated remarks upon the peculiari- ty of the season, let us recur to the records of post ra for thiir evidence upon the point. Isl half & and li^lf of month. Mean temp, of Mar. 1838, 30,53 36,66 mean 33,59 " 34,02 " 34,28 " 28,88 " 37,24 " 48,.58 " 48,78 " 40,80 ild of March 8 cold as the ON REFI^EME^T OF MANNERS. Messrs. Editor- — It bus been my endeavor show the 'necessity of giving more education to oi sons, that they may have advantages equal to those our daughters, and take equal rank with them in s ciety. I was brought up a farmer's son, and rejoia that I know by experience the necessity and virtue a labor and industry. I am able to speak of whati have seen ; and can give some reasons for facta whiof I did not then understand. I saw indeed that tli| daughters were generally in advance of the sons til all those acquisitions which make an impression upon others, and see the same to hold true at the present day. Besides the greater degree of education in pro- portion and the greater lincility with which the femota attains thot which is interesting, there is another fa{4 which has far too wide and gieat an influence for mo^ ny years, and often through the growth of both.-^ There is not the same successful moulding of Hie Tnaot ners of the sons, nor the same attention to their dj-esn nor the same introduction of them into society. B there is company at all, the daughters more nnturallf fall into it, ond enjoy its advontages; the sons are if the field, or at work in the garden or yard, and theiS' clothing is suited to their work, ond not to visiting of attending on company. The drets of the daughters il often, not of a belter kind, but more atiractice. The sons, when in early youth, often ocquire o distoste for seeing company for the.'^e leasons, and avoid for mors thou is for their good oil the means of social improve- ment thus thrown in their way. Often too, they ore ass dated with hired help of no refinement and im- provement, whose influence is pernicious upon their minds in every social respect. It thus happens thai youth passes away before they begin to feel the itn- portance and desirableness of society ; and their manners and course of life have not fitted them to in. terest others or to impart to them much pleasure. I know that often the son is in fault, in that he excludes himself far beyond what his Jrarents or hie sisters de- sire, from seeing company and enjoying the benefits of social intercourse. Let, however, the circumstances be considered, and probably there will be found room for improvement on more than one side. The posses- sion of good-breeding, politeness, and good mannersi is not made of as much consequence to the son, and in the view of the son. His mind is mt impressed with its value in an equal degree. And yet rusticity] coarseness, vulgarity, impoliteness, have no necessary connection with a farm and our agricultural pursuits. The fine manners and gentlemanly appearance of ma- ny a farmer, who have in some way become excep- tions to the too generol fact, present us with all the testimony needed in the cose. Bet manners will be 10, ijjinS '' ilJ. I^ " " " 1839, 32,45 35,60 " " " 1.^'40, 33,98 34,58 " " " 1841.23,82 23,76 " " April, 1838, 37,04 37,45 " " " 1839, 4o,30 48,87 " " " 1810, 42,86 54,71 " " " 1841, 35,84 45,15 This comparison shows the uncommon c and April. The first half of March was mean of Februory. March 17lh, wna the coldest morning in the three yeors past, being 5^ below cy- pher. On the 7th day there fell 14 inches of snow, and on the 13th also 12 inches, ond several inches more in the following days, so that the snow was nearly two feet on the level after settling several ' inches. Tho birds appeared about the 20th, which I rude and coarse, and the appearance unf repofgersaig AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 77 >» liout eliort nnd cHllivniiun nmi socini intercourse. 1^ ;n educolioii, though it nntHrnlly phiccs pcrsims in <\ tualion for the improvement of the personal np- '\ ranee, will not of itself render one ngrecnblc and i 'resting in sociefy. Mnny n scholar is nnpolished j lis manners compared with mnny n farmer. \Ve i;i ;n indeed deride appearances as contrasted with in- ,.| isic worth; hut, after all, the maxim of the Ger- :) n is true, " T/mt ererij person is to others lelint he J KARS to be." At the lirst sight of n person this is I I must be true; nnd on intimate acquaintance it is lally tiue. The son that disregards appearances, i :nres little what his appearance may be to others, I e himself a great injury; for he will lead others to ' wer e£()0 acres, nearly surrounded by a high brick wall, nbout ten miles in circuit. This comprises plantations of wood, and a beautiful lake of water, nnd nothing can appear molt rural than its borders, completely overshadowed with forest, and wild as in the depths of some solitude in Michigan. All ihe woods have been planted — ti e work of hie own hand — the whole estate being plenti- fully sprinkled with various species of trees, arranged in coppices, in acres of forests, and long avenues ; so that, instead of a vast park in one body, it is every- where an ornament and a shelter, over hill and dale, nowhere in excess or in the way of the farmer. Im- mediately around the mansion are gardens, delightlul walks, and a wide extent of velvet lawns on every side; but these are marked by their own schemes ol practical utility, for here may be seen the stately pheasant and the graceful deer, that feed and browse and bound about on these soft lawns, and enjoy the seclusion of the cool shades in perfect security. — These are charms to the eye, and e.shibit the tasteful elegance of the noble proprietor. Here are woods, too, and while riding through their long winding lanes, one is charmed with the perfume of the forest flower's of most exquisite frogrance, nnd the chirping and fluttering of birds — the yellow-bamnier, whirling on his gay speckled wings ; the shining birre jay, glancing " like the javelin by," and the wood-petUer " tapping at the hollow beech tree." The remoter lawns are sprinkled over wiih flocks of sheep — ol which more thair three thousand are kept — of the famous Soutli-Down breed; nnd in the pastures are to be seen the fine, sleek, bright-looking Devon cattle, browsing in herds, mote than three hundred in number, besides an immense dairy of Scotch cows. — Beyond these pastures, one comes at once into ihe midst of cultivotion, and a ring of this, skirted and sheltered hore and there with avenues and copses and trees, eniMrcles the whole estate. Here may be seen a field of one hundred and thirty acres in barley, ario her of sixty acres in wheat, with fields of peas twenty-five nnd twenty-seven acres each ; the arable lands being divided about equally between these grains, and tur- nips arrd grass, which crops, sometimes having gross for two years, constitute the routine of the succeesion of tillage on the same ground. There are in cultiva tion ot this time, about forrr hundred and thirty acres of wheat and barley, each in fine condition; in t/,e steward's Cttimotion, thirty bushels an ocre are indif- ferent crops — forty nnd fifty, more the " right thing." It must never be forgotten, that Holkham has Ine- rolly been made what it is by Mr. Coke. When he succeeded to the estate it was a mere waste ; not a tree, nor was it believed that the land would grow them — the only creatures that could exist upon it were rabbits, and they were starving! Now, what a tri- umph is here! But go into the villoge of Holkham, vi'hich belongs virtually to the estate, and cubsists by it in one way or another. Ileie are five hundred per- sons probably, with cottages that are o curiosity of rural neatness and comfort ; delightful gardens sur- rounding them, with flowers hanging around the win dowB and over the doorways ! About one hundred and fifty persons are employed on the Farm olone ; those in the gardens, which are surrounded by a wall one thousand four hundred yards long and fourteen feet high, are perhaps forty more; in the brick-yard twenty; in the smith's shop ten; — with carpenieis, bricklayers, wheelwrights, game-keepers — a little ar- my of servants without ; while in the mansion, besides male servants of every grade, twenty females are em- ployed when the family are present. Women also assist in the labour of the farm, in hoy and grain har- vest, as well^s in weeding and hoeing the crops, which ore oil drilled. Beyond, and outside the walls of the regular estate, is another plantation of six hundred acres more ; here all were hard at work sowing turnips, all the parts of the process going on ot the same time — twenty men and boys fpreoding manure from i\\'Q or six carts drown by three horses eoch (one hundred being kept); half 0 dozen ploughs with two, without a driver; cast- iron rollers with two; three and four harrows with two; drill machines with two, with hnrro%vs again, brining up the rear. And to cnnvn all, the noble asylum for the old, and sc'-.nols for the young I Truly this is one of Nature's Noblemen ! Here, the sons of geiulemen come from nil qiinrtere to learn the science of agriculture, under ihe care of the steward, the whole establishment being a model both of the science and practice of farming. — Boston Tran-irripl. Spring. This delightful ecasoii has, after n long nnd tedioua winter, made itsnppoarnnec. Bright h.eautiful Spring I we agnin greet thee with joy, and welcome thee with iile of delight. The heart of that man must be callous and cold indeed, whose sprrrts do not synrpa- thisc with this delightful season. Poets may well gather inspiraiii n from the clear rrnclouded lace of na- ure at thi.< season of the year. The eong of birds — the bounding of the playful lanilis — the gieen pas- tures— the budding trees, ore objects which have in every age been the theme ol the poet's song. " Say ye that know, yc who have fell nnd seen. Springs morning smiles, nntl soul cnliv'iiing green, Say, did you give the thritting transport way? Did your eye hrlghreri, when young Inuiiia at play, beap'd o'er your path with animated pride, Or gazed in merry clusters by your side ?" Spring is endeared to us by n thousnnd recollee'iona of our boyhood days — when we wandeied o'er hill and dale, or followed the swollen brook to its source, or chased the robin from bough to bough, free as the very air we breathed. Youth may well be styled iho spring time of Hie, the Elixir, the very cream of our existence, but like the seasons it quickly passes away, but not like them, to return." THE VOICE Ol" THE SPRING TIME. I come! I come! from tlie flowery South, With the voice of song and the sliout of mint i I have wandered far, I have wandered long, Tlic valleys and liills of the Soutli among ; On woodland and glen, on mountain and moor, I have smiled as 1 smiled in d.iys of yore ; In emerald green I liave decked Ihem forth. And I turned again to my home in the North. I have roved afar through the storied E.\Et, And iield on her hills my soienm feast ; Through her cypress groves my voice was heard. In ihemusic sweet of my fav'rite bird; Eacli plain I have clothed in sunlight warm. And slumbered in peace 'iieath the desert palm; A garment of light to the sea I gave. And melody soft to each rushing wave. I come! I come I wifh the song of the thrush, To wake with its sweetness tire morning's blush f To liang on the hawthorn my Ulosi^oms fair. And strew o'er each field my ilowrets rare. The lark, he is up, on his heavenward flight. And the leaves are all gemm'd wiih diamonds bright ; The hills are all bathed with purple gold. And Ihe bleating of flocks is heard from the fold. Goforihl go forth for the spring time is come, And makes in the North his bright sunny home ) The sky is his banner— the hills his throne- Where in sunshine robed, he sits all alone ; In the depths of the woods his footsteps arc seen By each moss-covered rock and tell-tale stream ; Aad his voice is heard llirough each leaf-clad tree. In the plaint of the dove and the hum of the bee. Graham^s Magazint, STANZAS. ■Why does the rose conceal the thorn. And fiiirest flow'rets hasten from ua — Delusive pleasure never yields One half the joy she seems to promise. Say, why so much comlngled is Life's every scene with joy and sorrow; To-day ourcupo'erflows with bliss, 'Tia filleJ with woe and tears to-morrow. 'Tis better thus, or we should cling With marlnesa to time's fading pleasu-e«, Our light afflictions are to bring Our hearts to seek ensuring treasures. Ves.just enough of grief is given, To lead earth's w.indering sons to heaven. From the Farmer's Cabinet. Hessian Fly and other Wheat Insectsi In the last two numbers, 6, and 7, of the current volume, .5, of the Cabinet, nnd also in some former volumes, several communications have appeared, treating of the Hes?ian fly (ceeidomyia dcstiuctorof Say,) but I shall pass them by, inasmuch as the natu- ral history of that insect has, for n considerable lime 78 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2j ^ pasl, been as cleiuly nsccrlniiied as tlinl of any o'.bcr whatever. The lirst publication that 1 know of, is by General J. H. Cocke of Virginia, dated 1317, which describes the fall deposit; see American Farmer, Vol. I., p. Sn6. The second is by myself, dated 1st Febru- ary, 18'20, also describing the fall deposit; see same work, Vol. II., p, 1>'0 The third is by Dr. Isaac Chapman, communicated to the Agricultural Society of Bucks county, Nth August \6'i0, said to have been written in 1797, stating itsapiieniance in Bucks coun- ty in 1786, and Us progress for some time afterwards, also describing its several chnnges and habits; butStbe D'>ctor has only noticed two generations, having blend- ed the second and third together; See Memoirs of the Philadelphia AgricuUurnl Society, Vol. V. The fourtli, by myself, dated 12th February, 1821, which traces the history of the insect throughout iho year; Bce American Farmer, Vol. III. p. 187. The fifth is by myself, dated 1st June, 1821 ; see same volume, p 2i3. The sixth is by myself, dated in 1823, treating of the fly and three other insects injurious to the wheal crop, and proposing a remedy; see Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, p. 165. I rcf^r you to all of the abovemenlioned papers, par- ticularly the last; but as many of your readers may not have an opportunity of seeing them, I will trans- ciibe what I deem to be essential. < The Hessian fly, I believe first made its appearance on Long Island, N. Y. in 1776, or soon after the Hes- eians were there, and is supposed to have been intro- duced among some straw which they brought with them; hence tlie name; but the late Judge Peters, that great fiend and iiatron of agriculture, in his notices for a young farmer, says, that the insect was unknown in Hesse, *' that its name does not prove its importa- tion, for that appellation was bestowed during our revolutionary excitements, when every thing we dis- liked was called Hessian. The insect has been accu- rately described by Mr. Say and Dr. Chapman; but Mr. Say was mistaken respecting the deposit, as the aperture which he noticed in the sheaih of the leaf, was occasioned by the insect passing into the winged slate, and nit perlijrated in the act of depositing its eggs. The fly is of a dark color, about the size of the mosquito, and the male much like it except the wings; the body of the female is larger; the wings rest hori- zontally, and where they joai the body are almost poiiued, gradually expanding towards the other end, where they form nearly a semicircle. The egg is scarcely discernible to the naked eye, is oblong, of a pale red or anibjr color, and placed in the gutter of the lej|, from half an inch to an inch or more from ihe Btalk; the caterpillar, ot a pale red color, is hatched in a few days time (according to the state of the weather) and parses down the leaf to its junction with the ^tQlk, thence between the sheath and stalk, to near the root or joint; it there becomes stationary, feeds on the sap of the plant, and, being blcac ed by its covering, is mistaken for the egg. The first deposit tidies place from the fifteenth to the last of April (as the season may be) changes to the pupa fiom the first to the mid- dle of jNIiy, and evolves in the winged state, the lat- ter part of that monib. The second geiieiaiion com mences from the first to the middle of June; the fly chooses the stunted plants, and deposits bnh on the top and underneath the upper leaf, and the larvaj pass to near the two upper joinls, but are found mostly about the upper, and in such numbers as many perish for want of food, the increased number being so dis. proportioned to the plants which .-^uit their purpose; 1 have counted upwards of two hundred eggs on a single leaf. The third deposit is made in the manner of the first, and coimiences about the fifteenth or later in August, and is continued on until cold weather; The irregularity of this generation is occasioned by the various stuations in which the pupa of the sec- ond is thrown, it is lodged in the straw of the stunted plants, BO that in harvesting, much of it is scattered about the stubble-fields and the rcit is carried to barns or stacked; such as is early e.vposed to hent may pro- duce a fjurth generaiion, whilst that which is covered till winter may not give a third. OnaiSMvering a lly in the act of depositing, I secur- ed it, and on examination (making the best calculation that I could, and not knowing whether it had deposited any egas before) I supposed it to contain one hundred eggs; if such be the fact, the first deposit would be one hundred; the second ten thousand, and the third one million, all in the course of one year; happily, howev- er, they have enemies which vastly reduce their num- ber. The only plants, according to my observations, which are subject to the depredations of the fly, are wheat, rye, and barley; rye, owing to ils early spring growth, is not much injured; grains should be sown (in this climate) about the first day of October, as that sown afterwards tuU'ers more from the winter than the Hy. The only remedy which I have any confidence in, must be applied to the second or summer generation, (it is the only one that I think can be assailed with any prospect of success) whilst in the pupa state, by plough- ing the stubble-fields before putting in the next crop; in that case, grass seed could not be sown among the grain; but by changing tiie course of cropping, begin- ning with wheat, rye, or barley, followed by corn, and ending with oats and grass, the difiicidty might be avoided; nor need the stubble be ploughed till towards the first of April, or any time during the winter; plants about stacks tmd other places must also be at- tended to; and let it be remembered that farmers must pursue the same plan, as it is vain for a few individuals to attempt an object, whilst thousands are united to oppose it. I will further observe, that the surest way to raise a good crop of any grain subject to injury from the fly, is to put the lands in a proper state of cultiva- tion, as where that is the case, and when the season proves favorable, little or no damage will be sustained, although the fly may be very numtr.nis, as it certainly is every year. It is folly to sow wheat on a poor soil. The insect described by Miss Morris is not the Hes- sian fly, and I think she is mistaken in the manner of depositing its eggs, it appears to be the same as that noticed by me in 1823; it has three generations in the course of a year, and isobserved a few days earlier than the Hessian fly, and the same remedy may be applied to both; the spring and fall generations are to be found near the roots of the plants, and the eummer are at the several joints. There is another insect lodged in the straw above the upper joint, which causes the prema- ture appearance of ripeness of the head and prevents the grain from forming; it has not yet done much inju- ry, but may hereafter increase. There ii also an insect which attacks the roots of wheat and causes the stunt or sedge; it is probably a species of aphis, and the remedy must be applied to the soil. I would recommend salt or ashes; ijerhaps lime might be good. JAMES WOKTH. Sharon, March 1, 1841. The Artesian Well at Paris. Late accounts from Paris mention the complete suc- cess of obtaining water from beneath the beds of chalk which underlay that city, after seven years of assidu- ous toil, and an expenditure of one hundred and sixty thousand francs. The depth is varioucly stated — one account makes it 1837 feet. The iron rod of the au- ger was " as thick as an ordinary axle tree" (just the thickness of a lump of chalk;) and " on the 26th of February," at the moment of withdrawhig it, a copi- ous gush of warm water followed. The temperature was 86" of Farenheit. Worm baths for publicaccom- modation are to be constructed. The engineer was honored with a decoration, and he is to be employed on three other such wells. Enthusiasm was at its height. Ministers had been to see it. Crowds had carried away portions of the water in vials and bottles, and some bad shared Ihtmsches in public with the warm fluid 1 It has long been supposed that the central parts of the earth consist of melted matter at a high tempera- ture; and experiments in deep mines have invariably shown an increase of heal with an increase of depth. The mines of some countries however, are wanner * than the mines of other countries, at similar distances below the surface; and this might be reasonably expect- ed from chasms which allow the heat to rise through them in some places, and from thick masses of solid rock which resist its ascent in other places. In the mines of Cornwall, at 962 feet the water was at 74 ° ; and at 1200 feet at 78 ° . This shows an increase of one degree to 59J feet. It had been calculated however, by Cordier that 51 feet correspond to 'a degree in France; and that the depth at which water would boil from the natural heat of ihe earth under the city of Paris, is 8212 feet, or nearly a mile and a half. *Corilier admits this m.-iy be twice, or even thrice, as great a oae countryhas another. In applying this rule for calculation, we must com. mence with the temperature of the earth near the sun face; and if we assume this at 50 ° , and divide 183' by 51, the quotient (36) added to 50 will give the ob- arrcd temperature with great exactness. ; Warm springs may therefore only indicate the gieal depths from which they rise; or they may derive theij heat from volcanic action in the neighborhood. The temperature of the sea, on the contrary di creases with its depth; because if the rocks at thebot. tom were even at the boiling point, the heat would bi speedily carried up to the surlace, and colder portioni of the water immediately come in contact. The cold, ness of the sea therefore, constitues no argumciil argainst central heat. But the water under the greal $9 basin at Paris could not escape till the reservoir wai tapped, and contequenlly the heat was retained, t Farniers-»their iudependeut couditiou-theil happy exemption from the evils of the timesi Mkssrs, Editors — Blessed is that man who from his own farm can, by ordinary industry, procure all the comforts and necessaiies of life, and sleep contented. Look at the great mass of speculators, and see whal is their condition. The country brought to the brink of ruin by their example; new varieties added to crime by their high handed practices; the whole tra. ding and manufacturing community paralized or em- harassed, solely by the consequences of their infla- tions 1 1 1 In excluding farmers from sharing the evils of thoj times, I do not mean him who has left his Icgitimati calling to join in speculation, nor him who with the] poor ambition for banking, lends his title to fee siin. pie, as if he were only eager to join in the general ru- in. But, I repeat, blessed is that man who is content- ed to receive from his own farm, those comforts which moderate industry never fail to procure. To him alone is permitted the heart to feel, and the eyes to see, the true glory of heaven at night, and the brightness of the earth in the morning. No fcverei dream poisons his sleep; no rising sun wakes him to grinding responsibility, diminished self-respect, ruin and disgrace. If he loves reading and study, rainy days, long evenings, and the hours of relaxation from his daily task, give him sufficient leisure. If he lacks books, the School District Library alone, enlarged as it now* is, contains a store house of useful and even scientific j knowledge. If he loves agricultural chemistry, his farm is a laboratory in which, with little aid from the schools, he may most delightfully unite the utile with Ihedulci. S. W. The only things in which we can be said to have; any property are onr ociions. Our thoughts maybe bad, yet produce no poison; they may be good, yet produce no fruit. Our riches may be taken Irom ua by misfortune, our reputation by malice, our spirits by calamity, our health by disease, our friends by death; but our actions must follow us beyond the grave. These are the only title-deeds of which wo cannot be disinherited. — Lacon. F'om the American Citizen, British Corn Laws. Having seen with much sati^faetion, several articles in the American Citizen, on the oppressive nature of the English Corn Laws, I am induced to send the fol- lowing tables, taken from an old newspaper which accident lately threw into my hands. '■ English Corn Laws. — The N. Y. Courier soys: the following accurate and very voluable table, exhib- iting the rate of duly per barrel on flour imported inlo England, was prepared several years since, by a high- ly intelligent American merchant, then residing in Liverpool. Its accuracy cannot be questioned, and we consider it a table well worthy of preservation by all who are in any way interested in the exports of' bread stufi's to Great Britain, under the present exist- ing Coin Laws of Great Britain, Act 9lh, George yVND GAKDENEirS JOURNAL. 5S.* 7«> ' I, the duly on foreign wheat is as I'oUows, the nverngc piice of wheat is oc and ■r.;r- Duly (lOr qr. Puty per bl)l. on flour_ s. d. *3 1 0 0 7.7.32 ■i 2 8 1 7.1.4 ■I 6 8 4 0.1.8 0 10 8 6 5 19 13 8 8 2.21.3-3 !8 Jt> 8 10 0.5.16 7 ]8 8 11 2.34 6 20 8 12 5.3.16 ■5 21 8 13 0.13.32 4 22 8 13 7.5.8 3 23 8 14 2.27.32 2 24 8 14 10.1.6 1 25 15 5.9.32 0 26 8 16 0 9 27 16 9.23..32 8 28 8 17 2.15.16 7 29 17 10.5.32 6 30 8 18 5.3.8 5 31 19 0.19.32 4 30 8 19 7.26.22 3 33 20 3.1.32 ■2 34 8 20 10.1.4 1 35 21 5.15.32 0 36 8 22 0.22.32 9 37 22 7.29.32 3 38 8 23 3.1.8 39 23 10.11.32 6 40 8 24 5.9.15 5 41 25 0.25.32 ,4 4-> 8 25 8 3 43 26 7.7.32 barley and Indian corn, if the average price is ind under 3l8., the duty is 12s. 4J. per imperial and for every Is. per qr. that it advances, the 3 decreased Is. 6d., until it reaches 41s. per qr., ch price and upwards, no more than Is. per qr. ed; and the duty increases in like manner Is 6d. . Bs the price declines Is. or part of Is. under ler qr. oats, if the average price is 258. and under 263 '., the duty is 93. 3d. per qr. , decreasing Is. 6d. . as the average price advances Is. until it reach- ., when at that price or more the duty is only r qr., and in like manner it is increased Is. 6d. . for every Is or part of Is, per qr. the average la below 243 per qr. the convenience of those who do not readily •stand quarters and sterling money, I have prepa- e following tables, exhibiting the rates of duty tshel in federal money, together with the duty ur per bbl in federal money, so arranged tlwi they ipond with the preceding table, and will be at understood. Thus when wheat is at and over — ir bush. duty per bush. on flour per bbl. cts. m. $ cts. ni. a cts m. 02.6 02.8 13 99.8 04.9 35.2 99 0 18.5 88.8 942 29.6 1 42.4 91.5 37.9 1 81.3 88.7 46.2 2 22 0 85.9 51.8 2 47.9 83 1 57.3 2 75.7 80.4 60.1 2 88.6 77.6 62.9 3 01.6 74.8 65.7 3 14.5 72.0 68.4 3 29.3 69.3 69.4 3 42 2 66 5 74.0 3 .55.6 63.7 74.9 3 63 6 60.9 79.5 3 81.1 57.5 80,5 3 95 9 55.4 8.5.1 4 08.8 52.6 86 0 4 21.8 49.6 90.6 4 34.8 47.1 91.6 4 49.6 44 3 94.9 4 62.5 41.5 97.1 4 75 4 38.7 1 01.7 4 88.4 35.9 1 02.7 5 01.4 33.2 1 07 3 5 16.1 30.4 1 08.2 5 29.1 27.6 1 12.8 5 42.0 24.6 1 138 5 55.0 22.1 1 18.4 5 69.6 19.3 1 19.3 5 90.2 on grain: consequently shippers generally send wheat in bulk to England, unless the price is very high, when the duty is so small as to nnike the fieiglitagc more than connterhaloncc the extra duties. At beet, however, it is but a hazardous business, and often at- tended with ruinous loss to American exporters. The extra duty on tluur is no doubt intended as n sort of priiloriivo tarilf to English flour manufacturers, and is almnilanlly characteristic of English tact and statee- innship. I have iu> wish to make comments noia ; the time is coming when this subject will be canvas- sed in all il8 parts, and an uilmiiiistrut'wn elected that will put forth all its powers to procure cither a total re- peal of these unjust lows, or such a modification of them as will justify American merchants in seeking the ports of Great Britain as an available market for our increasing surplus of bread etulTs. J. H. IlEDLEY. Castor Oil Bcaii~Suii Flower See-ct and portable iiuacbine now in use, for cleaning clover seed. It only weighs about 300 llis., and is of less size than a common fan- ning mill. It is as easily kept in repaii chine; and when the teeth are won: can be furnished by the manufacturers. Tliis niiichinc will be furnislied to order, at Buffalo or New Vork for Ki"htv Dollars, oral this place for Seventy-Five Dollars, oiaj able on delivery,) with right of use for the pur- chaser alori The fcdlowing certificates, from gentlemen of the highest respectability, are given as evidence of the utility of this machine, anil of its reputation in this vicinity. West Favette. March 8, 1841. I certify that I have used Rittenhousc & Bhackwcll's Patent Clover ai.achine, by horse power, for the two last seasons ; and have no hesitancy in saying that I believe it to be the most simple of construction, and can be kept in repair w ith as little expense, and will perform the best of any I have seen in use I have liuUed, ready for llie fanning mill, when the chaff was in good order, with a cylinder two feet four inches in length, at the rate of seven bushels of seed per hour. NATHAN SAKUBR. Halsev Ville, Tompkins CO. N.V., Feb. 20, 1841. I have used for two seasons past, and am now using, pro- pelled by water power, llittenhouse &. Blackwell's Patent Clover Machine, and am well pleased with its pcformance, and give it a decided preference over any machine that I have seen for cleaning clover seed. NICOLL HALSEY. Fayette, Seneca co., Jan. 27, 1841. I to certify, that I have had of Rittenhouse & idled to liorse pow- er in mv barn, and in forty minutes it hulled out of the chaff, five bushels and a half of clover seed, ready for the fanning mill SAMUEL THO.AI AS. A. M. HcRD, of this place, is agent for the transaction of all business relating to these macliines. All letters addressed In him (post paid) will receive prompt attention. Helms I'ull power of attorney, and will sell rights for towns, coun- ties, or states, on very favorable terms. Orders for ma- chines should be sent early in the season. JEHI V. BLACKWELL Waterloo, Seneca co , N. Y. Proprietor. P. S — Dr. George Lewis of this place, has the agency for le state of Michigan, and lor the counties of Erie Cliatau- ja, Cattaraugus, Chemung and Tioga, NY. J. H. V. I'lai) FRUIT TREES, HTEBIORRIES, TUi: subscriber oilers to the loil.lic tbf iism;iI vp assortment, comprising the ch..i«-st l''niit Trce=, ... prv ,.1:,^., PiHl.-.nlirii.-iiigall the newest Viirictics. Alse iniiii, p .•"].■■ 1 r Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Fl en , '■ . M House- Plants. Bulbous Roo'.s, and I,,,,-;. ■ :i,iciit of splendid Dahlias in Ihel'n All ila.i ;iriiclc« will be sold at a reduction to sail times, and as cheap or cheaper than they ran be elsew obtained. For the silk culture, are offered the finest vi ties of Mulberries, which are the Circassion, Elala, Alj Multicaulis, and Broussa; all of which are very hard) cept theMulticaulis, and that withstands ordinary win The State of New York having now granted a houni f 2 per lb on Silk, and Massachusetts and V ' ^^ iloiie the same, they will no doubt take the lead in this ( nalional pursuit. WM. R. PRINC Flushing, March 7th, 1840. N. B —Priced catalogues will be sent to every applii Any persons who wish to establish silk plantati npplied with able h\ shar f the pri ROCHESTER (SEED STORE--184I BATEHAiM & CUOs:\IAN, the proprie'-ors of this known establtshmcMt, respectfully inl'orm the pulili they have now on band a fciieral assortment of siipi English and American Si'.r.lis of tlie other articles in their hue of lin.;iness. For the FARM— choice varieties of Corn, Grain, G| Clover, &c., and seeds for Root Crops, such as Mangel VI zel. Sugar Beet, Carrol, Ruta Baga, English Turnip, &e For the GARDEN— all the most valuable and appri kinds of esculenl Vegetable Seeds. Those which grol preater yierfection in Europe, are annually imported Eu'rland ;— such as Ihe different varieties of Cabbage, « floKer, Broccoli, Radish, Turnip &c. Onion seed - " ed from Welhersficld, and other articles lised for A FARM & COUIVTRY SEAT FOR SALE A FIRST RATF. Farm, with new Buildings ami Fences Bitualed only one and three-fourths of a mile frcmi Ro clicsler Post OHlcc, on the Stage Road leadingfrom Alonioc street, east. The Farm contains Fifty Acres of Excellent Land, most of which is in a high st.ate of cultiv.ilion, a Two Story Ho With a Wing and Columns in front, good Barn, Carriage House. *c., about 300 Bearing Fruit Trees of various kinds, good Water and Wood. Wore or less Land can he had with tlie Buildings, if desired. A fine Horticultural Garden is now in progress adjoining said Farm. This property is worthy the attention of a purchaser, cither fur farming purposes, or a pleasant place of residence, being near a good market, good schools and seminaries For further particulars, please apply at the house on said farm, or address, post paid, C. INGERSOLL, Rochester Post OlBce, N. Y. Brighton, Maijl, 1841. Fl.dW i;i ifnl ami Koori V.tll 1;i;DS— about 200 varieties of the most li .^liiig kinds.— (Price 50 cents per Am. p.ap AND PLANTS— Choice kinds of Potatoes, d Pie-plant roots. Cabbage, Cauliflower their kinds, foi TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS, of varb Farm and Garden And a large colle. BOOKS on subjects connected Willi farming and gardel silk ciillure. &c. SILK WORM EGGS— of different kinds, on hand in season. (□•CATALOGUES gratis on appllc.atr supplied with Seeds at ' "'"" '' from a distance contair ence, will receive .alter Mercl liolesale, on liliera! terms. Ol remittance, or good city ri B,rt BATEHAM & CROSMAN. nifc Hnll, Rochester, April 1, 184 I » Jie" iB)»ii den nd C . Ives.— There were 110 offered, 110 of which were taken at ©20 to ®40 each. Sheep ani Lamb.s — 1.30 at market,410 taken ; Sheep at®2 to t.i. and Lambs at ®2to$3e.ach. Good ilemand. liAY. — Sales by the load at 75 to 37^ cents per ewt, ENGLAND, The ste.am ship Columbia brought Liverpool advices to the 4*.h ultimo. Foreign Grain anil Flour were somewhat de- pressed in price. A sale of 800 barrels U. S. Flour h.ad been m I le in bond at 23 shillings, being a decline of one shilling per barrel since the previous advices. This price, it Is said, would not nett to the shipper ®4 50 per barrel in New York &t the present r.ate of exchange. CINCINNATI, April 22. Sales of Flour were made at the canal at aS .53, which is a Blight advance ; the receipts were small. The produce mar- Ret was aniin.ated— saies of 50.000 lbs. bacon, hog round sold Rt 4J cents, cash ; and 230 kegs lard at 0^ cents, cash. PLOIIGHISTG MATCH!! THIS is to certify, that, wishing to purchase the best Plough 1 could obtain, I proposed to Mr, Langworthy, proprietor of " Whiting's Wisconsin Prarie Plough," and also to Mr. Wright, proprietor of " Wright's Patent Gen- esee Plough," to take a plough of e.ach of their m.anufac- [ure. and give tliem an impartial trial before purchasing ther, which I accordingly did. _Mr. Langworthy requested, , that I should select s minted with either of the ps THE IMPORTED HORSE "ALFRED," Wfl,L stand tliis seison, commencing on the \1V\ of May, at tin; stable of Mr. Rodiiev Russell, adjoining the old Norton Farm, F.ast Blnomficld, Ontario co. ,as follows viz- Prom Wc Ines lay, M.ay 12th. to T.iesdav. M.ay 18th ;'f o n Wnlncsday, Miy2l);h. to I'liesdav, June 1st; from Wednes- day, June 9th. to Toes lav, June I5ih ; from Wcdncsdav. June SJrd, to Tuesday. Jone 29th ; from We.lnesd.ay, Jiilv7;h. to Tuesday, July 1.3ih ; and .it Mr. G. Forden's, nc.-ir (3enevn the interme liate time. -TERMS, the same as last season RocHcJler, April, 1641. THOMAS WEDDLK. i being a strangei best farmers who ties concerned, lo judge of the merits of the plough, have done, as will be seen below. After a fair trial, they came lo the decision as appears in their certificate, wilii which opinion I cordially concur, and therefore have pur- chased the " Whiting Plough " EDGAR F. BENJAMIN, Ferrinton. We, the undersigned, practical farmers, and residents of town, being requested hy Mr Edg:,r F. Benjamin, to judge between " Whiting's Wisconsin Prarle Plough," and •' Wright's P.atenl Genesee Plough," (both nuadeat Roches- ter.) After giving them a fair and impartial trial both in green sward and stubble lands, do agree, that the " Whiting Plough" has the decided preference, both in doing good", clean work and the amount of power renuired to propel it. LARRY AVILCO.X, JESSE HANFORD, STKPIICN II. FULL.Wl, SAMUEL BENJAMIN. Perrinton, April '28, 1841. The Imported English Horse, "Emigrant," WILL stand for IMares the ensuing season, at llie bar|p( Mr. C Asliton, in Shelby, one mile west and hlCli mile south from Medina, Orleans Co., where he has Btftd It Is but just to say that he is not probably surpassed) any horse in Western New York. Good judges who me at the Fair in Rochester, last fall, think that if he h.ail Mb there he would have taken the premium without any do|)L Ills stock is right— just the thing for farmers and tlie liji. Icel. Gentlemen who wish lo raise good horses will do well to call and see.— He is extensively known in l.iiingalm county. T. II. AsiiioN, Mcilina, Orleans Co., March 9, 1841 iVF.invooii R. L. CHASE. PEAR AISD CHERRY TREES. DAVID THOxMAS /^FFERS for Sale the following select kinds which ripen Pears : Madeleine or Early Harvest, Jargonelle, Julienne, Skinless, Septeiul;er, Seckel, Virgalieu. Most of these are of large size. Cherries: Knight's Early Bl.-.ck— called Black Tarta- rian—White T.arlarian, Black Crown, May Duke, Tiansp.a- renlGuign •, Carnation Ornamenta! Plants. Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials in great variety, which will he sold chenp. Greiittisld, near Aurora, C'-.yuga co. 3 mo. 30. IS41. ROCHESTER PRICES* Cl'RKENT. I COKRECTKD FOR THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, MAY 1 , 1841. WHEAT, perbushel $ 81 a $ I CORN, " 44 OATS " 2o I BARLEY, " 371 RYE, " 50 ^ BEANS, White,.. " 62.\ 7t POTATOES " 2-.i 25 APPLES, Desert,. " 38 50 " Dried,... " 75 8H CIDER, barrel, ]()0 ]50 FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,12J 4,25 " Fine, " 3,7,') 4,00 SALT, " 2.00 PORK.Mcss, " 11,011 19,00 " Prime " 9,00 11,00 " Hog, .... 100 lbs.... 3,75 4,00 BEEF, " 4,00 4,50 POULTRY per pound, 8 EGGS, perdo2cn,10 BUTTER, Fresh, .. perpoundlSi 15 ~ m Firkin,. >> . 10 CHEESE, .. " .. . 6 L\RD, It 7 TALLOW, Clear,.. .. " . 8 HIDES, Green.... . . " .. . 5 SHEEP SKINS,.. .encb,.. . 874 PEARL ASHES, . .100 lbs. .5,00 POT, .. . " . .4,50 WOOL, .pound,. . 35 HAY . . .toll, . .9,00 GR-ASSSEED,... bushel,. .]..^0 CLOVER, " .. " . . .C,00 FLAX " .. . .. " . . 75 PLASTER, (in bbl ) per ton ,G,UO....... " bulkf at Wheatlnnd)o,.''>0 4a 11,00 2,00 671 B. BATICIIAM, F. CllUS.MAN, Prnprietor VOIi. -2. ROCHESTER, JUXE, 1841. IVO. C. JOHN J. THOMAS, M. U. BATKIJAM, Editor$. PVBIilSlIEI) MOIVTHL.Y. TEItMS, IFTY CENTS, per yenr, p lyalile always in advance. fosT Masters, Agents, and ottlers, seniiin" money free of cc, will receive stcen eopie? for gS,— 7V6(tc copies lor ■7\ccnty-five copies for glO. Vie posUiffe of Uu:i paper is only one cent to any pl.ice Ym Uiis state, and one and a half cents to anyi)urcof United iStates. iddress BATEllAM i CROSMAN, Rochester, N. Y. CONTEIVTS OF THIS NtlMBEB. I ApoioffV To Delimiuents. The State Law— Coun- :y!>oc;e:ie3. Kenir.lv f.ir the Turnip Fly Hints for the iMoi.th. The Weather of Mav 8j Trees. Rlpeninj of Pears. '■ Grubs in Cattle." How can F.arniins he made profitable? — t'uhsoil ploughing.. .M mericnn Society of Agriculture. Letter from Wiscon- Large Moi-s 63 le Fluivcrs of .Spring. Wheat turning to Chess. Man- Iiilacture of Silk in State Pri.«ons S4 ilvnnicl'lan- Prote.-tor. Wilkic'a Scotch Plough Dar- lington on the Grasses. IV. Y. Stale Ag. Society. On the Tariff and Trade M le Wheat Interests. I^eavitt's Memorial to the U. S. Senate g6-g7 necrlna Prospects To our friends. Ple.ising Letters. The Self-Protecting Bee Hive (with cut ) 68 ueida county Awake. Beebe's Straw Carrier, (with cut.; Important from England — Corn Laws Soaking Onion Seeds. Striped Kugs— Inquiry 89 nawer to Inquiries about Fruit and Flowers. Thorn Hedges. EITects of High Prices on National Wealth — Use of Mosquitoes ! 90 a'.ive Fruits. The importance and utility of the Dissem- ination of Knowlerlffe among Farmers. Treatment of Hirel Men. Is the T.aritT a Polilic.il Question ? .... 91 *. Y. Stae Bounty on Silk. Report of the Assembly and Act of the liCgishiture. Lielieg's Agricultural C try ..9a kn Important Suggestion— The use of Ashes. Lo;; Tlon- ees. Varieties of Silk Worms. To destroy Rats and Mice. The Use of Flowers. Poetry 93 Cheese making. Cure for Murrain. Leached Ashes as Manure. Agricultural Rank of the several States. N. Y. State Act to Promote Agriculture 94 Flowers an-l their odors. To the Ladies — On Horticul- ture. Modes'y. Time 95 Letter f'om -Annette. An Inquiry from Michigan. Eas- tern Ploughs. Markets Advertisements Prices Cur- rent, &c 96 As Apology. — Our paper wns delayed a dary or two this month, by an accident happen' njj to the ma- chinery connected with the power press on which it IB printed. To Delinquents. There is a large amount of Binall sums due us from Bg Genesee Fanner. ^' Grubs in Cattle." Messrs. Editors — Perhaps your correspondent, Mr. Miller of Ohio, will find a satisfactory answer to his inquiries on the above subject, in the remarks on "Botsl and Horse Bees," in the last two numbers of the Far- , mw. It if T,-«l| k.sw. il,., .K I u , '"■■ '"""'"■« '" " <--eitain extent. This has been mos « T. It » T^^ii k««rM-» that thme e>ub, u* th. larre I .trikingly verified by eora. of our We,t Cambrid From tlie New Eng-land Farmer. How can Farming: be madeProtitable!-> Subsoil Ploughing. Letter of E. Phinney, K: lisheJ in ilie Tranaitclio cieiy, 1840. A. Huntington, Esq. — Dear Sir — The question is often asked. How can farming be made profitable ? I answer, by liberal manuring, deep and thorough ploughing, and clean cultuie. I will venture to af- firm, without fear of contradiction, that no instance can be cited, where a farmer who has manured his grounds highly, made a judicious use of the plough, and cultivated with care, has failed to receive an am- ple remuneraiion for the amount invested — nay more, that has not received a greater advance upon hie out- lay than the average profit derived from any other business. One great difficulty ie, that most farmers seem not to be aware of the fact, that the greater the outlay, to a reasonable extent, when skilfully applied, the greater will be the profit; they theretiire nianuie sparingly, plough shallow, and the consequence is, get poorly paid for their labor This has raised a pre- judice and given a disrelish to the business of farming, especially among those who are in the habit and are desirousof realizing something more from their occu- pation than a naked return of the amount expended Tlie farniei who is so sparing of his manure that he can get but thirty buehcls of corn from an acre, gets barely enough to pay him for the expense of cultiva- tion; and in addition to this, by the ordinary method of ploughing, his field, at each successive rotation, is deteriorating, his crops becoming less, and in a few years he finds he must abandon his exhausted and Aorn out fields, to seek a subsistence for himself and family in some other business, or in some other region, where the hand of man has been less wasteful of the bounties of nature. Instead then of his scanty manuring often cartloads to the acre, which will give him but thirty bushels of corn, let him apply thi ty loads. This additional twenty loads, at the usual price of manure in this part of the country, will cost him thirty dollars. But he now, instead of thirty bushels of corn, gets sixty budh- els, and the increased quantity of stover will more than pay for the excess of labor required in cultiva ting and harvesting the large crop over that of the small one. He has then added thirty bushels of corn to his crop by means of twenty loads ol mnnnre, ivhicb at the tisual price of one dollar per bushel, pays him in the first crop for hia extra outlay. His acre of land is laid to grata after taking ofi'the corn, and the effect of his twenty loads of additional manuring, will be to give him, at the lowest estimate, three additional tons of hay in the three first years of mowing it, worth fit'teon dollars a ton standing in the field. Now look at the result. His thirty dollars expended for extra manuring was paid for in the first year's crop, and at the end of three years more he will have received forty-five dollars profit on his outlay of thirty dollars: and in addition to this, his land is improved, and i/i much better condition for a second rotation.' 'There is no delusion in this. It is a prac'ical lesult, of the realiiy of which any farmer may satisfy himself, who will take the trouble to try the experiment. From no item of outlays con the farmer derive so ample and so certain a profit, as from his expenditnics lor manure t' _.. - er. ■ry on farmers. Jt is not uncommon among some of t farmers in that town, to put on their grounds one hi jind died dollais' woilh of manure to the ocie, and in m instances than one, the gross sales of produce fiihi^ ten acres under the plough, ha\e amounted to fi ini thousand dollars in one season. This is the result high manuring and judicious cultivation of a 6 too which is exceedingly poor and sandy. The subject of subsoil ploughing is one uponwhi there has been little said, and less done, in this part the country. In all our grounds, c.tcept those whi arc very loose and sandy, there ie no doubt that grt benefit would be derived from the use of the siibsi plough. In England, the effect of subniil ploughii in iiiciessing their crops, as stated by some agriculi ral writers, would seem almost inciedible. By ll means, the crops in that country have been doubl: and in u any instances trebled. The expense howe er, is stated to be very great — so great, as to be beyn the means of most ot our farmers. In one case t vx])ense ol subsoil ploughing on a farm of over fi hundred acres, was estimated by the owner to cost t enormous sum of thirteen hundred pounds sterlin This calculation took into consideration the use oft heavy Deaston plough, which always required foi and in some stiff clays, six horses to work it. I a aware that an implement might be constructed, whii though it might not do the business quite so we could, nevertheless, be made highly beneficial in tl hands of our farmers, andobiained at a far less coi I am informed that Mr. Bosson, of the Yankee Farr er, has, with a highly praise- worthy zeal in the inte est of agriculture, imported from England a suhst plough, which may be woiked with n less powerl team tl an the one commonly in use in that country In a climate like our own, which at that seaso the year when our crops, particularly our root crop most need the benefit of moisture that may be deriv( from deep [iloughing, and aie most likely to suff, from drought, the use of the subsoil plough would 1 attended with unquestionable benefit. On a field my own, which had been set to an orchard, and ther tiire kept under the plough lor some \ears, in altem] ting to underdrain a part of it that was usually floodc by water in the spring of the year, I noticed what tl English call the " upper crust." This lay some incl es below the surface, at the depth to which the lar had been usually ploughed, formed by the treading i the oxen and the movements of the plough over i This I found to be so hard as to be apparently as in penetrable by the rods as a piece of maible, and dt covered to me at once the cause of the failure, in great measure, of my crop of potatoes the year before Having discovered what I supposed to be the cause i the failure, I set about devising meatures to remedy i I have never seen a subsoil plough, there never ha\ ing been one seen or made in this part of the countr] 1 1 consulted my ingenious friends, Messrs. Prouty i Meore, and, at my request, they made an instruniei ol very cheap and simple consiruction, consisting of den beam, about three inches square, and thit feet long, with three tines or teeth of the common cii tivator, placed in a direct line in the beam, extendin about eight inches below the beam; to this handle were attached similar to the hondli sofa plough. O trying this by running after the drill plough, I fount in my hard stony subsoil, it was quite inadequate to ih business, being too light and of insufficient strengtl I then had one constiucted of similar plan, but nuic heavier and stronger. The beam five feet long, si inches square, of white oak, well ironed, with tlirc tines in nearly a right line, made of the best Swede iron, one and a half inches square, extending twelvi inches below the beam, with a spur at the foot, somi less than that of the tine of the cultivator, with stritiif hanHles and an iron beam extending from each hnndli to the centre of the beam, by which the balance is ea sily preserved. This implement, drawn by two yokf of oxen, ffriiowed the drill plough in getting incarruie, ard performed the work better than I had anticii ated. The " upper crust" gave way, the resistance made by the hard gravelly bottom and smaller stones was n adi- ly overcome. "The earth was loosened in most places twelve or fourteen inches from the surface, and though not so thoroughly pulverized as it probably would have been by a perfect subsoil plough, yet, in my very hard, stony subsoil, I am inclined to believe, that for simple drill hui-bandry, this will be found to be a valu- able substitute for the English subsoil plough. And considering the small price of the implement, and the greater ease with which it is worked, the friction be- ing much lessened by dispensing with the sole, I shall continue to use this until I can find a better. A part ol my crop of corrois was sowed upon the same lend nppro^iTiatsd for that crop U«t year; no mors msnur* lo. 6. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 83 aanpplioil tlian in ihe previous year, mid notwiih- Jiiuling ihe severe drougUl which greatly injured lost of our root cro|>s, my crop on this piece of land ;as nearly double to that of Inet year. There is no niiwn cause lo which 1 can attribute this great in- rease of the produce, but tile use of my new con- Uiiclrd subi=tiliiio for a subsiil plough. The soil was [tirrcd to the depth of fourteen inches; by this means be roots of the carrots were enabled to strike deep, ind thereby not only find more nourishment, but to • >yerconie, in a great measnrc, the elfeets of a very ■1 jinching drought. With great respect, '* Your ob'l serv't. ." Lexington, Mass. E. PHINNEY. Ainericnn Society of Agriculture. An Aililressto the fanners of llie Unitctl States; to ev- en/friend of ugriciiltiiriit improvement; to erery citizen of tlic United States wko desires to see eleva- ted the character and sta7uii7tg of the cultivators of American soil. Most respected and most respectable friends and brothers, give me your attention for a few fleeting mo- ments; your humble brother, who now addresses you, published a suggestion about three years ago, for the purpose of arousing your ntteniion to the subject of forming a National Agricultural Society; that sugges- tion was then responded to with a hearty good will throughout the country. But action upon the subject has been overwhelmed by the political whirlwind that has swept over our country. In the first lull of the succeeding calm, the proposition to form such a socie- ty has been renewed, and with one exception, has met with a cheering " God speed the project." None doubt the utility of the proposed society, yet doubtless there are many who would like to see the object, end and aim of the society more fully e.\plained. To such I now ofter some of my views, and in doing so, invite you all to give yours; for this is one object of a Nation al Society to interchange our views. Many warm friends of the measure, who are anx- ious to see the society in operation, cannot see how it is to be organized. They say, " No doubt if once or- ganized, it would daily increase in strength and use- fulness; but it is like a great complicated piece of ma- chmerv, ot great use and value when once in motion, but very dilHcult to start." Now, to mo there is no difficulty in the way. All that is wanted is a few ac- tive engineers to put the machine in motion. Imme- diate and decided action of a few of the active friends of agricultural improvement, who must assume the responsibility to act as engineers as well as pioneers for the whole Union; and having once given the socie- ty an e.t'atence, it will flourish and increase in strength just as our political Union has done. The following plan of organizing the society is sug- gested to your consideration : Let as many of ihe friends of the project as can be induced to do so, meet at the city of Washington, on some dny of the autumn of 1841, (the particular day to be hereafter li.xed.) and there form a constitution for the society, and elect officers, to wit: a president, a vice president fir each state, a recording secretary for each state, county, city and principal town in the Uni- ted State?, a treasurer, and probably a publisher of a national piper, to be called the Journal of the Ameri- can Society of Agriculture. The first officers will hold their offices nntil the next annual meeting, which shoidd be held at the capital of that state which had furnished the greatest number of members at the time when the president of the society should issue his proclamation to convene the second me-ning. The place of each annual meeting should be fixed at the preceding one, in some state other than the one where it was then held, so as to give the members in each state an easier opportunity of attending. As in the formation ot all such associations it is ne- cessary to have some cash funds, are you willing to donate "a mite" to accomplish this great national object 7 If 80, an opportunity will hereafter be offered you to do so. Upon some of you I hope to make a person- al call fjr that purpose, should it be thought advisable, after due reflection, to proceed in the organization; therefore, I pray you to give this subject your serious consideration. If you should aid in the formation of this society, will not your children •' rise up and bless you ?" Foi one of the first objects of the National Agricultural Society should be to connect with it a " National Ag- ricultural School." Not such a " National School" as the only one we Bfl V hive, which has, with too much truth, been cal- led "a nursery of aristocracy"— where the humble son of a farmer is ranly admitted, and if admitted, what is he taught ? Not how to cultivate his mother earth, and make her sons glad; not how to increase life, but the art of destruction, the trade of blood 1 I Such is now your only national school. Such will not be the only one, in a few short years, if you will lend your energies to form a National So- ciety, whose motto will be, " to elevate the character and standing of the cultivators of the American soil." For when once organized, you will show a united force of many thousands, whose voice will be heard in the halls of Congress demanding our birthiight. lie assured we shall be heard. " Let all our energies be concentrated, and we can do any thing in the power of man; but divided and scattered as we are, we spend our forces, as it were, drop by drop; whereas, iinioii would make us mightier than a torrent." We can, shall we say we will form snch a torrent as will over- whelm our political ruicrs, unless they will do justice to the agricultural class of the community. As soon as the National Agricultural Society is form- ed let us ask Congress to appropriate the " Sniythso- nian fund" of half a million of dollars to establish a National School. If we unite as we should do, our "torrent" will be too strong for time-serving politi- cians to resist. I look upon the National Agricultural School as the greatest blessing to flow from the National Society. But the Journal of the Society will also prove ol immense advantage. It will embody a vast amount of matter, useful and interesting to every cultivator in the Union. The inost carefully prepared tables of the productions of the earth, from every section of the Union will be kept constantly befoie the reader, total- ly different from those vehicles of deception, and often fraud upon the farmer, called "prices current." It is by the quantity produced, tud the probable demand therefore, that we can understand whether it is for our est interto sell our crops now, or store them up. At every meeting there would be numbers from every state in the Union, as ready to impart as to receive in- lormation. " All the inducements of the business of a Nation- al Society, a National Fair, and a National School," and the honor of being a member of such a society, would be enough, I think, to make us all feel that it would be a gieater honor to be elected a state delegate to one of the annual meetiugeof the National Society than to be elected a member of Congress. It cannot be expected in this short address, that I should point out all the good that would flow from the action of the proposed society. But if we are convin- ced that the etVect would conduce to the interest and happiness of the great mass of American agricultu- rists of the Union, let us act, and with spirit too. And now my fiiends, one and all, do you approve of the plan of organization ! Speak out boldly if you do not. .\nd if you do not object, the leading friends of the measure will fix upon a day for the first meet- ing, and proceed in the manner proposed. There has been an argument raised against organizing such a society at present, " because the public inind has not been sufficiently instructed, and does not suf- ficiently aijpreciate the advantages of such an associa- tion to render it successful." Now it is on this very accou -t that the friends of the proposed National Society wish to see it establish- ed, that the operations thereof may wake up an excite- ment throughout our " wide scattered population," that shall be the moving cause of changing the "con- dition of the country." It is also argued that the failure of severjl state and county societies is proof that a national one must fail also. Let me ask if this is a valid argument ? This short quotation, in my mind, is sufficient to knock the whole force of the argument into nonentity: " Divi- ded and scattered as we are, we spend our force as it were, drop by drop; whereas union would make us mightier than a torrent." The object of all state and county societies has been of a local iruture. Their existence has been known only in their own locality, and they have been too weak in numbers to command legislative aid. Who can tell what would have been the eflects if all the members of all the local societies in the Union had been attached to one National Society 1 If all the ex- ert'on of all these societies, collectively and individu- ally, had been concentrated upon one object, would it not have formed a " torrent" as mighty, comparative- ly speaking, as the thundering Niagara? If the na- tion, instead of individuals, had received all the light of the intelligent minds that have been devoted to these local BToieties, would it bct>- be taid •' that the pnWif mind was not sufficiently enlightened to appreciate the advnntagea to be derived from a National Society?" II all the money that has been devoted" drop by drop" upon " model farms" and local schools had been con- centrated, should we not now have an institution wor- thy the great ciuintry we inhabit 7 If our population is scattered ; if " long distances intervene between the most efficient friends of agricul- tural iniprovoment," so much the more need of form- ing such a society as shall draw them together in " on* strong bond of brotherhood." Is it a fact " that the time has not yet arrived when such an association can be organized with a reasons, ble certainty of success V If such is the fact, I am disappointed in the energy and character of my couii- trynien. Once more I call upon you to answer me this quet- lion; am 1 so disappointed in your character 7 Do not refuse your countenance to the measure be- cause It does not originate in high places. For " if ever we are to have a National Society of Agriculture it must be g.it up by the formers tbemeelvee;" and aa one of that class 1 now address you. If the present attempt at organization fail, the matter may be considered as decided for the present genera- tion. The only question then is, shall the matter sleep un- til you and I are past waking t I am a devoted friend to present organization of a National Society of Agriculture, and a National School, that ujill elevate the character and standing of the cul- Lirators of the American soil. And your friend and brodier, SOLON ROBINSON. Lake C. H., Ta., April 1, 1841. For the New Genesee Former, Letter from Wisconsin. Messrs. Editors — Among the interesting articles in your paper, none are esteemed more highly, or looked for with more solicitude by me, than those re- lating to the flower garden and to horticultural pro- ducts, by your valuable assistant, D. T. He is al- ways entertaining and useful; and I should like to take a peep over his garden fence in a month or two, although our prairies and woodlands can boast of their peerless beauties in the way of flowers, not to be ex ceeded by those cultivated in eastern gardens. I am not a scientific botanist, but can appreciate well the beauties of Flora. Here many plants grow wild, that are nurtured and esteemed among the florists of the east. I shall make a collection of the most of them and place them in my front garden, and will some fu- ture day, do myself the pleasure of sending some of the seeds, &c. to you. By the way, I see you are making a collection of grasses. I think you could find quite a variety in this country; for wc have many varieties growing wild in our marshes and low lands, many of which make very good hay. We have also wild rice in abundance; for you must know that this neighborhod was the resi- dence of the Menonimee Iijdians, or wild rice eaters, as they were called by the French, and a few of whom still linger round their ancient homes. I wish to inquire what is best to apply to cure a losa of the eye in neat cattle I have a favorite half blood Durham cow, which last summer had ihe miafortun* to lose her left eye, the sight having all run out. Now I wish to know what to apply to heal over the wound. Will you inform me 7 E. B. QUINER. Milwaukee, W. T., Large liogs. Mr. George Baker, of ffdgmont, Delaware o»nn» ty, Pa., slaughtered, on the 10th of March last, a hog which weighed, when dressed, 879 lbs.! Another. Mr. Ptilip S. Bishop, of Edgmont. Delaware coun- ty, Pa., also slaughtered, on the 30th of March, a hog which weighed, when dressed, 967 Ibs.l Those two hogs were about 2J year* old, and of common stock; both of one Utter. The litter consisted of twenty- thre*. We cliall«ng« th« Bwksbiros to beat this. A SUSSCRIBZII. 84 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2 The Flowers of Spring. Some trnvelere have 8pokcn of the punctuality ol the seasons in boih high and low latiiudes, aa if the lines there were stretched tight; though we know the oscillation in more temperate climates, is very great. TliiisDr. Clarke says the snow in Russia went off on the day that had been foretold; and Bruce observed a tree in Abyssinia to bloom on the same day for several yeara. In tbis country however, in 1834, the flowers of the Japan Quince were " nearly ready to expand" on the first of the fourth month; but in 1841, on the twentieth of the fifth month. The difference however, is not so great with the spricot. In 1834, it bloomed on the thirteenth of the fourth month— in 1841, on the 10th of the fifth month, ihowing a difference of only twenty-seven days. The peach tree bloaaoms later than the apricot. In 1834, the difference was three days; in 1835, six days; in 1841, ten days. But this delay is easily explained: Cold winds from tha north, ccmtinued several days, and vegetation was nearly at a stand. We will now notice flowers that appear earlier in the season. ErylJtronium dcns-canis from EngUnd is a beauti- ful little plant. One variety has white flowers, others of a reddish purple. It is earlier than our native spe- cies, and increases more slowly. Of Conjdalis, we think the American species are ratuer more delicate than those from Siberia. All do best in a shady soil abounding with vegetable earth, particularly C.formosa, and Cnobilis; but C cava, C. cucullaria., and C. canadensis, are very pretty in the open border. C. solida with us, has not brought its flowers to maturity. The Crown Imperial is "a thing to wonder at;" but it is splendid as well as cvrious. Some other spe- cies of the same genus ( Fritillaria ) are also interest- ing. Of these, F. pyreimica, and /'. mdeagris, with brownish variegated flowers, are the finest that we have ■een. P. persica has very little beauty. Some species of Narcissus are too tender for this climate; but others are very hardy. The Trumpet JMijir in two varieties, is remarkable for its earliness and tUe great size of its nectary. The single Daffo- dil is showy, though lees so than its double varieties known under the name of Phcenix. N. bijlorus of a yellowifh white, is interesting. JV. argustifoUus. and JV. poeticus with white petals and shallow nectaries tipped with crimson, are very fine; and though near- ly allied are sufficiently distinct for both the botanist end the florist. The Jonquils are sometimes arranged as a separate group, though belonging to the same genus. These ore, the great jonquil (N. ealatliinus) arfd the com- mon or fragrant jonquil ( N. jonqidlla.) The latter bas a variety with double flowers. The Hyacinth is a most dedirable plant for its beau- ty and its fragrance. Its varieties spread into almost every color, thuugh in neither red nor yellow, are the raa'-king intense. Loudon quotes Miller as 8ayin» that in his time the Haarlem florist had 2000 varieties; and he adds, that tftough the passion for this flower had greatly declined, they have still upwards of half that number. The grape hyacinth and nutmeg hyacinth, both re- markable for their fragrance, are now placed in the genus Muscari. The former has email flowers of a lieh blue-purple. The common Tulip is called " the king of florists' flawers;" and certainly ranks among the most splen- did. Red, yellow, white, are almost endlessly com- pounded; while blue, purple, violet, are eschewed. Loudon says a late London catalogue contains more ♦k»n 6Je vari»li»B of (hit flower. Another species ( Tulipa turcica ? ) has bright yel- low flowers, increases from seed, and makes a fine display in the border. It is sufficiently distinct from the common tulip to excite attention. The his is a genus that long continues to decorate the garden. Soon after /. persica has faded, the pur- ple /. pumila, another with light yellow flowers, and a third (I. crisluta,) — come into bloom. The last is the most of a dwarf, but nearly covers the ground as it spreads, and is remarkable for the delicacy of its tints — a light blue finely variegated with purple, white, and yellow. The trailing species of the Phlox, also exhibits mas- ses of bloom; and few spots on earth are finer than those covered by P. subulata and P. setncea. P. ni- valis appears to be a variety of the latter; and a bank of snow may give some idea of the multitude and whiteness of its blossoms. It requires some protec- tion in winter. Pulmonaria tirgiitica, a native plant from the allu- vial soil of our rivers, eighteen inches high, has large delicate leaves and fine blue flowers suspended from the top of the stem. A white variety is rare, though we have seen it on islands in the Schuylkill, and on the banks of the Tonnewanta. Magnolia abovato, a shrub from China, blooms when only two or three feet high. It is almost hardy, and quite so in mild winters. The flowers are large, purple on the outside and white within. It is mag- nificent, t fair chance, it multiplies with far gieater rapidity tha wheat, and hence the constant tendency it has to tb ascendancy. And those, who like our correspondent " R." hav seen, or heard of, head-of chess growing out of whei heads, or on wheat stalks, we would respecliully n quest to forward them to this office, where they ca be seen. It is a little singu'ar that such gri at curios ties are never preserved; or if they have been in som instances formerly, they have invariably on rigid ei amination, proved impositions. If any of our correi pondents, or any other person, will procure us such speciiiien, which shall be pronounced by an experien ced examiner of plants, such as Prof Dewey, as u hoax, he shall have one hundred dollars for his trcublt with our thanks. * Wheat turning to Chess. We had hoped lo have kept clear of this controver- sy— wo hope 80 still. Several communiealions have been received, favoring transmutation, but as they ap- pear to us not only wholly inconclusive, but as not af- fecting in the least degree the immutability of the law of nature that plants or animals of one genua never change to another, we beg leave to decline their publi- cation, aa well as all others which do not amount to a demonstration of such change. In the mean time, we may state two tacts, cai)able of the clearest proot, which may be furnished if necessary, either of which we consider a demonstration thai wheat does not turn to chess. 1. i\o plant, nor animal, has ever been known, lo change from one genus to another, aa a swan to an ea- gle, a hen to a humming bird, an elm to a hemlock, or a Triticunt to a liromus ; and to admit such changes would be to throw the beautiful order of Creation into inextricable confusion. 2. There are farms, and regions of country, where chess has been carefully excluded or eradicated, where it does not return, and which il would of course do, if a change occurred. To those who may be puzzled lo explain the fre- quent app^earance of chess where wheat has been inju- red or destroyed, except by the conclusion that such injured wheat is transformed to chess, we will merely instance a few, out of many facts, to assist them. 1. Chess, like the seedsof many oihcr weeds, will remain for years, without growing, in the soil. 2. It has been seen, when overshadowed by wheat or graee, with a single grain growing on a stem two inches high, ripening and perpetuating its species on the soil, wholly unobserved by a common eye; and when the wheat has been destroyed, it has been seen to shoot up from a single seed, four feet high, and bear thousands of seeds. 3. Seeds of chess, generally escape the tcelh of animals, and are scattered with their manure wherever they may pass; and birds may scatter it pro- fusely in the same way, unobserved. 4. Chess, from its insignificant appearance, frequently escapes the eye of the farmer, and is sown by him over hie fields, when it might be detected by careful examination, as by •preading it on a table or floor. 5. Wben allowed a Manufacture of Silk in State Prisons. It is well known that for several years past numet ous memorials have been presented to the Legislatur of this Stale complaining of the mechanical labor per (ormed in the State Prison at Auburn. Gov. Sewar has lately called the attention of the Legislatre lo ihi subject, and recommended that the present system b gradually abolished, and the culture and manufaclur of silk adopted in its stead. Experiments already trie, have shown the practicability of the enterprise, and a it would entirely obviate the evils complained of b; the mechanics, it appears to us lo be a very wi-e meas' ure. The only difficulty in the way of its immediati success is the want of materials, and this will doubt less soon be obviated. Mr. Polhemus the Prisoi Agent, has issued the following notice, which wi cheerfully givea place in our columns: TO FARMERS AND OTHERS. State Prison, Auburn, iV. Y. ) May 15th, 1841. J The subscriber as agent of said Prison, bavin; commenced the manufacture of SEWING SILK, b; convict labor, will pay three dollars per bushel for al the Cocoons of a good quality that may be offiired a this Prison, hereafter. Any communication upoi this subject, addressed to the subscriber, ( post puiit, ^ from any part of the United States, will receive imme diaie attention. Having become thoroughly satisfied of the fact l ' that the Morus Multicaulus Mulbeny will endure th( ' frosts of winter in this latiiude, without care or atten lion, nearly, if not quite as well as the common Apph Tree, the subscriber has delfirmincd upon exiendinf the bueincss of manufacturing Silk at this prison, ti any amount that the procurenienl of the material wil allow; and hopes ultimately .o make it the principa employment of the convicts here confined. Uncle this determination he will he prepared at ell limes li purchase tor cash, at the above price, all the Cocooni of a good quality that may be offered from any part o; the Unit d States. The immense amount of foreign Silks annually im- ported into the U. S. demonelraics the policy, if noi the necessity of a combined etforl on the part of iht citizens of ihis country, generally, for the pioduciior ot American Silk, which when properly f..bricated, il is believed far e.vcels in qual/iy that produced in any other part of the world ; hence every individual in the communily, from motives ofpafrioiism, ns well as in- terest, should feel a deep solicitude for itscu.turc and Euccess. It is believed ihat most farmers will, lo a certain ex- lent, find il profitable, so far al least, as the neccssfiry labor in feeding the wuins, eic, ca i be performed by the juvenile members of their families . The tree may be planted by the fence side and in othei unproduc'ive portions of their grounds, to an extent sufficient, after a lew year's growth, to produce alarge amount of Silk — nor is it neccfsary (as has been supposed) lo incur any expense in pieparing buildings or fitting up aportnienls for the feeding of worms — a common birn, or out hoiiset of any de- scripti in will answer all ihe purposes ; barns in par- ticular may be used to great advantage during the ear- ly part of the season, previous to the ingathering of the crops. Being aware that very erroneous opinions are enter- tained by many in regard to the process of producinji J:5J^ "Hlol No. 6. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 85 the Cocoon, to oliviaie which, «ny pereon desirous of correct iiilornintion upon lUis subject, will he r»iiiieb- ej the same gratuitously on applioolion to Mr. John aiuKKisoN, at this prison, who h«6 n thorough knowl- edge 01 the business in all its pons, hnving tor many years had the entire charge and oupcriiuendencc ol "'tilnj'""''-'"^'™''"' miinuinciory in Kuropc. '"• Ht:NRY POLHKAIUS, A^cnt. P. S. Editors of A'cwspnpcrs in this State who are friendly to a chsngc in the mechRUical h'anches now carripJ on in our Siaie I'riains, are requested to give gratuitous insertion. II I'. Ag'*!. •"■'BID •«.iii the above i Uiilvnuic Plaut-Protector. It appears by a late English paper, that a galvanic battery hue been successfully employed to guard the Dahlia against slugs and snails. Most of our readers will get a correct idea of this npparatns from a tin ba- •in, six inches ill diameter, with the bottom out. The material hovve\-cr, must be zinc, eurroimded by a band ofwpperono inch wide, neatly fined "on the outside near the rim, and held up by dots of soder. It is pressed into the ground, so that no insect can crawl under it; and its cflect is thus described: '•The moilusca may crawl up the zinc with impu- nity, but on coming in contact with the copper, will receive a galvanic shock, and immediately turn away, or fall to the ground. I have repe.itedly wati-hed ihem| and have observed they were extremely cautious in approaching a second time. — The apparatus act-- in wet or dry weather, and is therefore always in action." Wc ought to mention however, that the upper edge of the zinc has an indented flange, turned horizontally outward, just above the copper band. We have thought of applying this apparatus to the plum tree, &c. to protect the fruit against the ciircu- lio. Insects that fly into the trees, of course will not be interrupted: but the cureulio, like the snail or the slug in England,i8 decidedly a crawler. To prevent the hogs from interfering, a guard of thorns or briers may be useful; or perhaps it may be found to act severnl feet up the trunk, whore rags or tow may be stuffed in between the tree and the magic circle. f SPS. [Delivered as n lecture before the clafs of the Chcsier County Cabinet of Natural Science Eeb 1!) 1641.]" ' ■ ' This little pamphlet contains a largo fund of infor- mation relative to this very important order of plants, and tlie high ottainiiieiits of the nuihoraa an Ameri- can botanist, and the plain ami colloquial style of the lecture, render it uncommonly interesting to the young student in botany. With the exception of one in- stance, where a itauscoiis and 'pernicious drinli is termed a " rich potation," we have also been pleased with the occasional remarks of a general and moral character contained in it. » Wilkie's Scotch Plough. John M'Connell, of Ontario, very justly objects to the want of accuracy, in the statement of the com- mittee on the Worcester trial of ploughs, where ihey describe the performance of a " Scotch plough," with- out naming the inventor or manufacturer. Ifoarcor- reepondent will turn to the very full report of that tri- al, given at the time, by Henry Colman, in the New- England Farmer, he will find this deficiency of the committee supplied, and that it was Wilkie's plough, imported, which was there exhibited. Injustice to Wilkie's plough, it may be proper to state, that at the late trial of ploughs, under the diiec. lion of the Committee of the Ayrshire A,'riculiurnl Society, it accomplished n given quantity ol work with more ease than any other, except Ransom's plough, though the latter did its work in o for more imperfect manner than Wilkie's, when the experiment was made on sward land. We do not consider the Worcester trial as at all decisive, as circumstances, and especial- ly diflerences in the tenacity and condition of the soil, are found to vary the results very materially. We believe however, that experiments of this kind, are the only accurate test of the merits of ditTerent ploughs, and we hope they may be repeated with eveiy necessary variation, as in cloy and in sand, in sword and in stubble, with wide furrows and narrow, shal- low and deep, lapping and flat, and we have no doubt that some which may prove imperfect in one way, may be excellent in another. « Darlington on the Grasses. We have received from the author. Dr. Darlington, of West Chester, Pa. his " Discourse on the Charoc- ter. Properties, and Importance to man, of the Natu- tk raHiilv of Plants called Rrarainf £«, or True Gras- N. Y. State Agricultural Society. We have received a letter from H. S. Randall, Esq. Corresponding Sec'y o( the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, complaining of some remarks in our April number, in relation to that Society. Mr. R. thinks our remarks do injustice to its managers, and afibrd evi- dence that we labor under erroneous impressions res- pecting the character ol that Society. Wc cannot consistently publish the whole of the letter, without following it with a lengthy rejoinder; and wishing to avoid all cause of animosity, Wk' prefer to explain, or retract, our remarks, and only give some extracts from the letter. In the first place, by way of explanation, we re- mark that the article alluded to, was written in great haste, and under a feeling of considerable disappoint- ment, in view of what appeared to us the meagre ap- propriation, named in the bill reported to the Legie- loture — being only one-half of ih« amount asked in our petitions. In the second place, we wrote under wrong impressions, in supposing the bill was reported before any of our western petitions were received — which we have since learned was not the case. We also supposed that the " N. Y. State Agricultural Socie- ty" would, as heietofore, confine its operations main- ly to Albany, and be managed chiefly by gentlemen of that vicinity. With these impressions on our mind, and its past history in view, we think it not surprising that we did not cherish the moat favorable opinion of the Society, or expect much general good to result from it. We are happy to say however, that the late proceed- ings of the Society, and thezeal and public spirit now monifested by its ofiicers, have made a more favorable impression on our minds; and so long as its opeiations are governed by the principles we believe they now are, the New York State Agricultural Society shall receive our cordial approbation and support; and we think we can safely promiae it the good will and co- operation of the majority of our readers in this Stote. With the worthy Secretary therefore, we say, " let all bickerings and jealousies be forgotten," amonn those who labor in this great cause; and let us put forth our united efforts to help on the work of im- provement,— let our motto be 'OnvanI for the good of all.' Then glorious success, the increase of hap- piness and prosperity, will surely crown our efforts. We heartily concur with ihe sentiments of the fol lowing extracts, and hope that wc ond our readers maybe favored with a farther uquaintance with the writer. "The meetings of the State Society have here- tofore been hold at Albany, to secure the co-operation of members of the Legislature, ond such other business men os resort to the Capitol during the sessions o( that body This might have been on error. But if so, it was one that escaped the notice of the most icestcrn members of the Society. » » * » The annual Fair is to be held this year at Syracuse. It was pla- ced there on the motion of an individual, who has been for years a member of the State Society— and th» vote received the cpneiirrene* of evsrv .Member of the Board, residing " nbeut Albany." All that the old members of the State Society demand is resjicct for tlitir viotires, — when it comes to the matter of dol- lars and cents, they ask no priority — no privilcgcf. The eastern members will meet their western friends at Syracuse, and compete with them on fair n nd even terms. Is not this all that can be demanded." The cause demands that there should be no bicker- ings—no jealousies in our ranks. The New Genesee Farmer will certainly not be ihe first to ecaitcr dissen- tioa and jealousy among friends and co-woikcrs. If there be rivalries between men or periodicals, or sec- tions of country, let it be manifested in a struggle to outvie each other in eircllencc, in efforts to adtanc* the cause. Instead ol destroying cnrA o(/ier, let us, like the rivals of old, see who can plunge deepest into the ranks of the e7ic7)iv/ • • • • I have the honor to be, Gentlemen, Your ob't servant, HENRY S. RANDALL. A Tariff on Imporis, acting incidentally for Protection, not generally unfavorable to our Foreign Trade. Messrs. Editors — It strikes me that the protective policy of government towards its own manufactures, when tho protection is incidentally given by a tariff for revenue, cannot impair the legitimate importing trado of the country. We admit that the amount of capital employed in the foreign trade in New York alone amounts to 48,- 000,000, but if we refer to the statistical details of th» articleson which this trade is based, wc shall find that our own manufactured articles of cotton, wool, and iron, besides cabinet-ware, upholstery, and,the thou- sand and one other Yankee notions, form a large item in the aggregate amount. It is true that our trade with England and France may be diminished so far as imports are concerned, if our silks, wines, woolen goods, rail road iron, &c. &c., are in part supplied by home production. But will not our trade with all the rest of the world be proportiooably increased by it 7 Before the protection which the tariff of 1824 gave to our cotton manufacturers, such a thing as an ex- port of American cotton goods was unheard of; but now so great is the export demand for our cotton fabrics, muslins, calicoes, drillings, &c. &c., that the prices of those articles hove actually improved of late, when foreign goods are a drug in the market. Is it sound policy for the north to consume mora French silks than they can pay for, in order that tho south may sell France a few hundred more bales of cotton 1 Would not the south bo more profitably cm- ployed, if in varying her productions, she becomes less dependent on a fluctuating unsteady foreign market; more free from the effects of competition in the produc- tion of a single staple, which of late years has so dis- astrously effected tho pecuniary condition of tha Union ? Even the advocates of protection would not oppoee the cotton growing, or as they too arrogantly call themselves, the " exporting" states, from exchanging their staples in Europe to any extent they please, for articles solely for their own consumption. If they con buy their negro cloths, woolen and cotton goods, boots, shoes, cabinet- ware, &c. &c. , on better terms than the north will exchange with them for their cot- ion, the north will not complain. But is it right that the north and west, who have no market in England and France for their agricultural staples, to be compel- led to support an impovsrishing importing trade with ihose nations, merely to enoble the south to export more cotton ^ In order to import we must first be able to consume; and how can we consume foreign fabrics, if we cannot sell the productions of our own industry 1 ». W. 86 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. The Wheat Interests. The name of our paper hna become almost oynony- moua with wheal growing ; nnd this being the lead- ing business of at least nine-tcnihs of our readers, we feel assured that no apology is necessary for the space Bllowc'd the following document. This memorial, with its accompanying statistics, was prepared, with great labor, by Joshca LsAVirr, Editor of the N. Y. Emancipator, who, to sny nothing of his zealous labors for the abolition of slavery, de- serves the thanks of the farming community for iiis valuable efforts to promote the interests of agriculture. The Senate deemed this memorial worthy of being printed for public distribution; and unless we greatly misjudge, it will do more to open the eyes of the na- tion on this great subject, than any other paper that has appeared. The complete document is for sale by the author, at the low price of $1 per hundred; and we hope all of our readers who feel interested in the sub- ject, will not only secure a copy lor themselves, but distribute some to their friends. We regret that our space does not allow ua to pub- \i»k it complete. 3IEMORIAIi or JO SHIT A LEAVITT, Traying the adiiption of measures to secure an equita- ble and adeqiuite marhetfur American icheat. Is Senate, FlbkuartST, 1841. Referred to the Com. on Ag. ami ordered to be printed. * To the honorable Senate and Hovse o/ Representatives oj the United iStates in Congress convened: The undersigned, a citizen ot New Jersey, respect- fully solicits the attention of Congress to the following memoir, presenting a few considerations connected with the wheat product of the northwest. The six northwestern states, (including, as such, the two territorial governments, soon to be admitted as states,) of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, VVis- konsin, and Iowa, spread over a surface of 230,211 square miles, not including the portions of VViskonsin and Iowa, still held by the Indians. Being situated in a temperate and healthful climate, with the greatest natural facilities for communication abroad, with a soil of amazing fertility, they constiwte a region of coun- try as well adapted to the residence, support, improve- ment, and happiness of man, as any equal portion of the globe. Their present population Is 2,9G!3,G9G, be- ing only 12.6 to a square mile. (* 1, 3.) Of the 178,606,672 acres of land in those states, (e.xcluding Indian lands, as above, j 72,693,414 acres, or 10 pe° cent., have already passed into private ownership, by ■ales, grants, or reserves; leaving I0rj,923,2o8 acres in the hands of the Federal Government. In the set- tlement and value of this land, the national treasury hari a deep interest, as may be seen in the fact that it has already received the sum of ,$72,214,932 from the ac- tual sale of 52,166,414 acres in these states, (2 ) The land in private ownership gives 24.5 acres to each in- habitant, and is more by 11,771,414 acres than all the lands in Great Britain and Ireland that is capable of cultivation. (3,5.) The land actually fold by the Government maybe regarded as all bought for cultiva- tion, and exceeds by more than five millions the quan- tity now under cultivation in the United Kingdom.— The sales in the last eight years are 31,758.666 acres, being only two and a quarter millions less than the lands now cultivated in the island of Great Britain. Of this quantity, 10,068,999 acres, or 31 percent., were sold in the last four years, since the seajon of apeculation was over; which fact, taken in connection with the vast influ.x of emigration during the prece. ding four years, conclusively proves that a much smal- ler proportion of the land sales of that remarkable pe- riod, in these states, were taken for speculation than is generally supposed. At the rate of sales of the whole sight years, the lands in these states would be entirely disposed of in less than twenty years; and at the rate of the last four years, the whole would be sold in se- venty-two years. (4.) The whole quantity of land in the United Kingdom ot Great Britain and Ireland is 77,394,433 acres; of r^^J^^.^^i'" '" paremheais refer to numeric.ll tallies sp- ^end.^^to^the memorUl, wliich we ore obliged t9 Qmlt,-E»s. which 46,922,970, or 60.6 per cent., is cidtivated; giving an average of but 1.88 acre to each inhabitant, of the 27,704,118 supposed to be the present popula- tion of those islands. Fourteen millions, or 18 per cent, more, are deemed capable of cultivation; leaving 15,871,463 acres, or 20.4 per cent, of the whole, worthless for human subtistence. (5.) At the same rate of productiveness with the cultivated land in tlie United Kingdom, the land already sold by the Govern- ment should produce subsistence for near 30 millions of people, while the vast quantity still unsold admits of a nearly proportionate increase. The lands being all held in fee simple, in farms of sufficient size to in- sure the greatest product with the least labor, unincum- bered with rents, tithes, or poor-laws, and no part en- grossed by noblemen's parks or royal forests, the pro ducts m-y be expected to reach this amount far in ad- vance of the pioportionatc increase of population, pro- vided such a market shall be found for the surplus as will furnish the adequate motives and rewards to in- dustry. It is to this point that the attention ot Con- gress is particularly requested. The actual increase of popidation in these states shows that there is something in our land system, our freedom from taxation, and the general character ol free institutions, as spiead over this region by the be- nign influence of the ordinance of 1787, eminently calculated to impart a healthy vigor to a rising empire, boyond any precedent in the history of the world. — Forty years ago, the whole civilized population of this district was but 50,240; now it is 2,970,696. The ratio of increase during tach decennial period of this century is 483,202,85, and 102 per cent. The nu- merical increase of the last ten years is 1,502,604, be- ing more in number than the whole increase of Eng- land and Wales during the first sixty years of the last century. The increase per cent, is greater than the inciease per cent, of England and Wales during the whol" of that century. Of the actual growth of trade it is impossible to speak with equal precision, although some valuable de- ta for an estimate may be found in the appended tables. (7, 8, 9.) So great has been the influx of emigrants, that it is only within three or four years that large por- tions of this district, the best adapted for wheat, have ceased to import bread etutTs, and it is hut just now that the actual pressure ot a surplus of these products be- gins to be felt upon the general market of the country: barely suggesting to the wisest forecast vvhat is to be. Let the estimate of the future be formed in view ol the tables, and of the facts, that the soil is as fertile as any other, with a smaller proportion of waste land, from ri-clis, mountains, or swarnps, than in any region of equal extent; that there are no barrens; that both soil and climate are favorable to the production of pro. visions of all kinds, while at least two-thirds of the whole is eminently adapted to the culture of wheat; that the population is almost exclusively agricultural, with the advantage of owning every man his farm in fee — purchased, too, at eo low a rale that no probable reduction of prices can bring their lands down to the original cost, while cultivation is constantly increasing their value, instead of turning them to waste as in some regions; that the character of the people, for in- dustry, skill, education, general intelligence, order, and regard for law, is surpassed by few other sections of the world — afTording assurance that they will al- ways raise as much produce as they can, if there is a market for it, and will always require as much of the products of other regions, in manufactured goods and other comforts, as they can pay for, while their general integrity and the reign of just laws atTord a guaranty that they will not run in debt to buy what they cannot see a way to pay for by the products of their labor. — The trade ol such a country will be limited only by the physical ability of the people, stimulated to the highest industry by the wants of^ the most civilized stale of society, unless it is clogged by obstructions interposed by the policy of our own or other Govern- ments. Until the year 1805, wheat chiefly in the form of flour, was the leadiua article of export from this to foreign countries. The average value for the five yearspreceding theone named, was $8,205,000. (10.) In that year, cotton reached the value of $9,445,500, and took the precedence of wheat which it has since maintained. The increase since, in the value of do- mestic products exported yearly, is about fifly-two mil- lions of dollars, the whole of which is in cotton: while the value of wheat and flour has sunk to the fourth place in the columns of exports. The settle- ment of the wheat region of the northwest, to such an extent as to begin to furu'sh a surplus, already in creases the export ol this product; while the prospect , „ , , . for the future calls upon the philosophic 6lat?amRn and 1 flucluatp up and down, on nn average, about Ij. 6t merchant to look upon this growing interest with tl deepest concern. Wheat flour — from its value, its lightness of treigb capabiliiy of preservation, and adaptednces to the won of different countries, as well as the natural indicatioi of the soil and the abundance of water powtr, eilh in that country or along the lines of commuiiicatic wiih the seaboard; — wheal flour must he the princip reliance of the northwest for foreign export, and f the means of paying for articles of necessity or comfc brought from abroad. The more extended introdu tion of this staple into our foreign trade would not o ly increase the actual commerce and revenue to th extent, but would tend to relieve our general monet ry interests from the severity of the fluctuations tu sing from the present almost exclusive reliance upon single staple. But the most advantageous foreij markt-ts for wheat are grievously obstruced, and re dered so uiicertain and fluctuating, as to be near valueless to "the American Farmer, by the corn laws Great Britain and France. The British corn law, as settled in 1828, by the s of 9 Geo. IV, c. 60, is one of the most ingenious contrived schemes that can well be imagined, calcul led to injure the grain-growing interests of other cou tries, and the grain-consuming portions of its ov people, without, it is believed, a corresponding adva tage to the agricultural interest, for whose benefit was intended. The variable scale of duties, rising the price of grain falls, and fulling as the price rist is but little understood in this country. The " ger ral average," as ills called, is declared every Thui day, at the exchequer; and is obtained by first findii the average ofall lb.'; grains sold during the « eck en ji ing on the preceding Saturday, at 150 of the princi|. towns and markets, and then taking an average of tl with the five last preceding general averages; and tl last is the declared or geneial average for that wee When the declared aveiage of wheat is 73s. or » wards per quarter of 8 bushels, the duty is Is.; a when the price is 52s. or under, the duty is S4s. 8* the intermediate duties being graduated by a scale taiifl'. (11,12.) Wheat and flour may be stored M der bond for any lengih of time, without paying d ties, and re-exported at pleasure. The object of this complicated arrangement is, fir ' to protect the landholders against foreign competitio and keep up the rent of land so as to sustain the lo of taxation imposed by the public debt; secondly, secure the people against the danger of famine, which, from the density of the population, and iheu certainty of the seasons, they are greatly exposed; a ihirdly, to prevent, as far as possible, great flucluatio in the price of grain. The attempt to overrule i great and irreversible laws of trade, which strike t balance between demand and supply — or, in ott words, to prevent fluctuations in a maikei where t demand was constant and the supply variable — coi not but fall. Twenty years ago, it was consider that a deficiency of one tenth in the harvest wot raise the price of wheat three-tenths, and a deficien of one-third would treble the price. This ihermoni rical sensitiveness ol the market increases, as the i crease of population overpasses the increase of prodi tion. The yearly consumption of all kinds of grt in Great Britain, is estimated at 52 million quarte equal to 416 millions of bushels, or 15 bushels lo ca inhabitant; of which 13 millions of quarters, or 1 million bushels, being 3$ bushels to each inbabitai is wheat. The supply of 44 millions, or nearly per cent., in 1839, was at an average price of 7f which was 60 per cent, above the price in 1835, ai nearly 50 per cent, above that of 18S6. (14, 16.) the ten years, 1829 to 1838. the yearly range betwei the highest and lowest weekly average, averaged 15 4rf., equal to 30 per cent. The greatest fluctuntic was in 1828, risingfrom 52.«, id. to 78.',tK per week per quarter, ciiiinl lo 4J ccius it\ a buslicl of whent, or $'i 34 a year. Tlic commerclnl elloct o( tliia syalein has been to encourage speeulniKiii. 'J'bo iiuMiu-iua ililU-ieney ap- pears in ii probable, tbe Kiaiii ilcal- ers ivitiirally wiilibold tbeir stock oii band Irom tbc market ; orders are sent to tbc continent lor grain, to be imported in bond, to be entered as Boon as the full of duties will answer ; prico.i •re pushed up by all the arts of trade ; and, as •0011 as the duty sinks to tbs desired rates, (say 6s. &J.,) tbc nuole stock in bond is entered lor consump- tion, and tbus added to tbc general stock; and, if tbe deficiency proves imaginary, or small, prices fall as rapidly as they rose before, tbe doty runs up again, and the speculators bavc received tbe wbole benefit. Tbui a ganililing cbaracicr is imparted to trade, as detrimen- tal to c iniincrcial morals as to ibe general prosperity. From July, 18'i8, to December, 18:>8, tbe quantity en- tered was 6,7S6.SS0 quarters, of wliicb 5,UlS8.!)4(i, or 75 per cent., paiil duties not e.\cceding 6s. tiU ; and ol this, ;i,225,v'():! or nearly .')0 per cent, of the wbole quantity, paid only Is. duty. In tbe year 18:i7, there were entered for consumption, 2X3, 7i»3 quarters wiieat, and 40,187 hundred weight of flour, paying duties to the amount of X:)I16,8G',). In ilie year 183S, there we_re entered 1,740,8UC quarters wheat and 3i)>'i,- 857 cwt. flour — being more than seven times the quonlity of wheat, and nearly ten limes the quan- tity of fljur entered the preceding year, paying only £140,533 duties, or less than 50 percent.; whereas, had tbe rate of the duty been equal in both years, the duty in the latter would have been £-2,3il3,12.9. From Isi September, 1838. to oOth November, 1839, duty was paid on 4,532,6.')1 quarters wheat, tbe pi ices ran- ging in the time from Cls 10(/. to 8Is. 4d., and the duties ranging Irom Is. to 20s. Sd. : but the average of duties was under 3s. 7d. (15, 16.) Tbe tendency of this system to general impoverish- ment, and to tbe increase of misery and discontent among the poorer classes, is already awakening in- tense observation in Great Britain. The manufacto- ries stop work, because orders do not come from Ameri- ca: and the orders are not sent, because that which payment might be mode to a large amount will not be received on any just and reasonable terms. The goods are wanted here, and our free industry is abundantly able to produce the means of payment; but the great elaple of the northwest is under an interdict. The operatives are thrownoutof employment, and reduced to the lowest means of subsistence, and unable to con- sume a full measure of the products of agriculture, and thousands are made paupers, and become an abso- lute charge upon the land. The consumption of agri- cultural products is diminished; the agricultural labo- rers share the common distress; and agriculture itself, the very object sought to be benefitted by this unnatu- ral arrangement is oppressed by its own protection. — It is demonstrable that a well-employed, well-paid, well-fed, prosperous community of operatives would consume and pay lor more agricultural products, in addition to the wheat they might import from Ameri- ca, than a depressed and starving community would ■without the wheat. The best authorities agree that a very large propor- tion of the misery which we hear of among the factory children, is the result of the corn laws; first diminish- ing the employment and wages of the parent, and then raising the price of his provisions, until sheer want drives him to sacrifice hie children for bread ! Thus, while we are wanting goods, (not, indeed, the neces- saries of lile, but the cnmforts of civilized and refined life,) oar national revenue falling short, and our gra- naries bursting with abundance, England's mills ore standing sti'l, and her poor perishing with hunger — Surely the common instincts of our nature, the en- lightened and philosophic benevolence which regards human happiness as the great object of human society and government, require a faithful e-\amiiiation of this system by all nadons. Tbe question, where Great Britain is to look for supplies of wheat to meet either the occasional though frequent deficiencies of her harvests, arising from her uncertain climate; or the regular demand, not now very distant, caused by tbe increase of population be- yond produ'-tion, is one already exciting the attention of her statesmen and political economists. Tbe Bal- tic conlries are an unsafe reliance, because it is suppo- S'^d they have already reached their maximum. Ire- land, from which large quantities of grain have been brought, is now in process of a great moral and soc al revolution, which, by enabling every peasant to eat his daily bread, will not only fiirnish a home market for Irish wheat, but ere long, create a demand for Ameri- can flour in exchnnje frr Irish linen. The qiiamit?- of wheat brouabt from Ireland in 1832 was 552,740 quarters; in 18d!>, but !)0,()l)0 quarters. (14.) The Black Si a is another source, but the wheal is of inlc- rior ipialiiy; few goods arc taken in payment, leaving tbe balance to be met with specie; the voyage is long, and wheat very likely lo be injured; and the cost of fi eight enormuusly disproporlioned — the cost of freight and charges I'rom O.lessa being from lOs. lo l!)s. per quarter. The ei.x norlhwestern states of this Union, wiib their present products, consumption of goods, and capability ot inciease, exactly meet the exigency. The examinations made by tbe persons employed last year in taking the census, show that the product of wheat in those states, excluding Wiskonsin, in tbe year 18.3.0, was 25,241,607 bushels, equal to 8 6 bush els to each inhabitant; of Indian corn, 67,620,8li8 bushels, or 29 8 to each inhabitant; of other kinds of grain, 29,735,202, bushels, ur 10 lo each inhabitant; and the total of all kinds of grain was 48 bushels to each inhabitant. There can be no doubt that the pro- ducts of 1840 was very much greater than this: but there are no means of ascertaining tbe extent of the in- crease. In some extensive sections it has been estinin- icd at one-fourth, and even one-third. The wheat crop of tbe whole United Stales, (excepting Norih Carolina and Kentucky,) was 75,9!)5,787 biiobels, or 5 bushels to each person; and of Indian corn, the crop was 301,947,658 bushels, or 20 bus. els to each person. (17.) II we now turn again to the six northwestern states and territories of the Union, we shall find that one oi the greatest interests of the nation is tbe filling up of those countries with a suHicient population to complete the social organization. Without requiring that they should be made as populous as England, with her 294 inbabitanisto a squaie mile, it may be safely assumed that the structure of society will not be rendered com- plete, in a country so destitute of mountains and waste lands, with a less population than 50 to a square mile; of this number, they now have but a qnaiter. Any policy, of course ot events, which binders the influx of population, is therefore calculated to protract the period of comparative unorganization. In addition, those states have burdened themselves with heavy debts, — all incurred for tbe purpose of ma- king roads, canals, and railways. All these improve- ments were calculated with reference to the convey- ance of the products of the soil to mnrkete out of their borders, and all converging, in effect, towards tbe great Atlantic seaports, whence those products s boul seek a European market Tbe stocks of these states are greatly discr.3dited, — chiefly, it isbtlieved, ihroiigb the unfortunate neglect of a well established axiom in finance, which forbids the creation, of a public debt, without a specific pledge of revenue, from ta.xes oi some other source, sutficient to prevent the accumula- tion of interest. And even now, the slates are reluc- tant to tax themselves, and greatly injuring tbc coun- try by delay, because they do not see a fair prospect of sale for the products of their land, which is all they have to sell. And how are they to acquire the menus of paying the taxes nccessaiy to sustain these stocks, unless they have a market for their staples ? And how are tliese public improvements ever to pay for them- selves, unless the produce of the country can be car- ried on them? And whither shall it be carried, if there is to be no foreign market ? Tbc Federal Government has expended more than a million of dollars in creating artificial harbors on the upper lakes; ond two or three millions more are re- quired to complete them in such a way, that what has lieen done shall not be destroyed. In addiuon, har- bors are required by the most urgent necessity, along the coasts of Lake Michigan, now, for hundreds ol miles, destitute of a shelter for shipping. These works are all standing still, because the revenue is short; while tbe tooth of Time is rapidly consuming the unfinished constructions. (16.) Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to be no foreign raarkel for these products, tbe fine coun try under contemplation is not, tlierefore, to be des- paired of Let the necessity once become fippavent, and there will be but one mind among the people of the Nortb-Wcst. The same patriotism which carried our fathers through tbe self-denying non-importation agreements of the Revolution, will produce a fixed de- termination to build up a home market at every sacri- fice. And it can be done. What has been done ol- ready in tbe way of manufactures, shows that it can lie done. The recent application of the hot-blast with aiithractte coal to the making of iron, and the discov- ery of a mine of natural steel, would be auxiliaries of immense value. We could draw to our factories the best workmen of Europe, attracted less by the temp- tation of wages, than by (he desire to leave liberty and land as the inheritance of their children. Bui it would take a long time to huild up a manufacuiring interest adequate to supply tbc warns of the N. West, or to consume the produce of those wide fields; and the burden of taxation for internal improvcmenia, un- completed and unproductive, would be very heavy and hard to bear, and all the population that is con- centrated upon manufactures, is so much kept back from tbc occupation of that noble domoin; and tbc na. tional treasury would feel tbe eflVcts of the curtailment ol imiiorts and the cessation ol land sales; and th» amount o( misery which tbe loss of the American market would occasion to the starving operatives and factory childre.i on tbe other side of tbe Atlantic, ii worthy to be token into tbe account, by every statei- man who has not foi gotten that he is a man. On the other hand, let it be supposed for a moment, that the landholders of England would be satisfied with a fixed and moderate duty, in addition to tbe pro- tection aflbrded by the cost of freight and importation now amounting to 30 per cent, of the net proceeds! There would then be a constant market for wheat in England, to which tbe uncommonly uniform climata of tbe North West would furnish a constant and full supply; and tbe whole returns would be required in British manufactured goods, generaUv of the descrip- tion thai yield the greatest profit. "Tmmediately, or. ders would go from this country to set every wheel, and spindle, and hammer in motion. Immediately, these states would be willing to tax themselves for tha interest of the public debt, becauselhey would see how taxes could be paid. Immediately, the state stocka would rise, because tbe interest would be secured, with a certainty that the public works would be com- pleted and rendered productive. Tbe manufacturing industry of England, and the agriculturol industry of the North West, would be stimulated to the highest productiveness, by the best of all encouragements tbe hope a fair reward. The great cotton staple, too, would feel the benefit of a new and healthy impulga given to trade. The public works would be finished, and the lines of communication now open would b* thronged with freight. New York would abolish tha duty on salt, for the sake of securing to her own enlarged canal the transportation of the produce from the Ouio, the Mauniee, the Wabasb, the Illinois, and tbe Wiskonsin canals, now strongly tending in that direction. (19.) The demand for the public lands would pour a stea- dy stream into the national treasury on the one hand; to be met by a current from tbe imports on the other, furnishing an adequate revenue for the completion of our harbor works and national defences. The exports, no longer confined to a single staple, and drawn from the most productive of all liranches of labor — the cul- tivalionof a rich soil that costs next tono hing — would keep foreign exchanges in a healthy slate; new ties of mutual advantage, and new inducements to mutual justice, forbearance, and peace, would arise between two nations of common origin, from whose influenc* the world has so much to hope for; onr own manufac- tures would be left, under their present protection, to a healthy and natural growth with the growth of tha country: and our nation would be saved from another tarifl'conlroversy, to occupy and embitter the debates of another political generation. Are not these objects worthy of tbe consideration of American statesmen? Mayan obscure citizen, who loves his country, be pardoned for his presumption in spreading these imperfect suggestions before the Amer- ican Senate t Your memorialist respectfully requests that useful information may be collected and diff"used respecting the wheat product of tbe North West; the condition and extent of the foreign market now open for Amer- ican wheat and flour; the obstructicns interposed by the regulations of foreign governments, and the prob- ability of ony repeal or modification of those regula- lations; and that Congress will adopl such measures as shall be deemed wise and proper, to secure an equi- table and adequate market for this valuable product. Your memorialist has prepared, from the best mate- rials in his reach, with some labor, a number of tables illustrative of several of the topics in this memoir, which are appended hereto. JOSHUA LEAVITT. Washington City, Feb. 25, 1841. It is moral excellence alone that renders a free peo- ple great and happy. Without it, all is empty splen- dor end hollow decay. Religion is the source of most of tbe moral excellence of the race. Its influence, when pure and liberal, is the most whoJcaome and «m UobliH". 88 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. ROCHESTER, JirKE, 1841. Cheering Prospects. It is highly gralifying to observe so many signs of returning prosperity, aa we think we do at present. The unusual interests which is now awakening throughout the land on the subject of agriculture and domestic industry; the expected modification of the American tariff and of the English corn laws; and last, though not least, thesmilesof Divine Providence, in sending us warm and favorable weather and promi- sing crops, is certainly calculated to drive away the gloom and despondency which have enshrouded the minds of too many farmers of late, and to fill their their hearts with hope and cheerfulness. To our Frieuds. This number completes the first half of our present volume; and the friends of the New Genesee Farmer, who have labored so efficiently to increase its circulation »nd promote its usefulness, will be gratified to learn that complete success has attended their efforts. Our cir- culation exceeds our most sanguine e.xpcctations, be- ing now 17,U00; and before the close of the season it will doubtless exhaust our edition. We are conscious that this result is to be attributed mainly to the favor and aid which the paper has recei- ved from the friends of the cause throughout the coun- try; and while we express our sincere gratitude, we desire to assure them that no reasonoble pains shall be spared on our part to merit their continued confi- dence and aid. We regret that a pressure of other business, to- gether with some poor health, has prevented us from bestowing that amount of time and attention to the Farmer and its correspondents, which we could wish. We intend to make better arrangements in future, so an to increase the interest and usefulness of the paper. Pleasius Letters. We have not made a practice of publishing the nu- merous complimentary and encouraging letters recei- ved by US during the few months past, although they have been highly gratifying to our own feelings. But when, like the following, their tendency is to edify and encourage our friends and correspondents aa well as ourselves, justice to our readers demands their publi- cation. The first letter is from a woithy Minister of the Church of Scotland in Canada, and was written shortly after the commencement of the present year. It was not intended for publicalion, but we are confi dent the writer will pardon the liberty we have taken. Mesibs. Editors. — Your determination to perse- vere gives me much pleasure. You will please con- tinue sending me the New Genesee Farmer, for I can- not afford to lose the instructive enjoyment of my arm-chair intercourse with your various correspond- ents. When one has become acquainted with their ways and words, and expects periodically to have the pleasure of their conversation, the stoppage of your publication would be like the receiving of an hundred funeral cords at once ! Who could easily resign him- eelf to the loss of the enjoyment of their dry humour and practical sense ? Besides the pal [.able advantages of their invaluable information, one has ihe entortain- «»«t of holding converse with almost every variety of human genius. This, to me, is one of the princii al charms of your publication, although I am aware it is not the most important advantage. The principles of agriculture are to be inferred only from facts, and the facility which you offer for the statement of these facts to every worthy and public spirited, young or old in- dividual around yon, is the gathering in of sheaves for a great harvest of science. That is the tare and great merit of the New Genesee Farmer. T cannot exactly say that it belongs to the oflnce of a Minister of religion to publicly recommend and pray for the success of the New Genesee Farmer, though things more absurd hove in that way been done, but there can be no objections to his doing so in private. One of my deepest convictions is, that a good farmer, of all orders of men, is most likely to be a good chris- tian. He must ben steady man; he must love to work for the work's sake as well as the wages, and above all he must be a lover of all sorts of cattle. Now no one that loves the diflcrent races of cattle can hove the nature to hate the race of man, and he that loves man — ^just go on and see where you will end. Excuse this, Messrs. Editors, and convey, if you have any means of doing so, my earnest request to ray friends of the by-gone year, that they will contiunc to correspond icitu me — I onght to have said with you, gentlemen, but beg pardon, and remain, Yours, ito. L. T. W. A Compliment from Ohio. We have seldom received a more gratifying letter than the following from a worthy and influential gen- tleman in Ohio. The approbation of such men is no small reward; and it encourages ua to persevere in our attempts to merit such praise. Messrs. Editor? — I have been making an effort to increase the circulation of your paper among the mem- bers of our Agricultural Societ)', and as the result, I herewith send you the names of sixteen subscribers. The superior value of the New Genesee Farmer to us, above all other papers of the kind, I consider to consist in its freedom, thus far, from speculative theories — its refusing to publish the grnmblings of discontented and prejudiced men, calculated to discourage farmers from adopting the most approved system of tilling the soil — and its plain practical common sense and safe direc- tions to the farmer. I am enthusiastically fond of the cultivation of the soil, and if I had time, I would give you the results of my experience in raising and feeding roots, &c. — per- haps I may do so hereafter. I have often risen from the perusal of your paper with this thought, Note tliat oncnmnher is worth viore than the price of tlic whole Tolnnie. I hope you will ' go on and prosper.' Don't humbug the farmers and discourage them about any thing, if you con help it. They are too ea- sily discouraged at the best; and the failure of a new production, or of an agriciUlural implement to an- swer its recommendations, will throw (some of; them back yean in their improvement. When a good cause gets well established, a single failure don't injure it much; but improved agriculture is not thus establish- ed among the mosfi, and a puff of a poor thing, or the discouragement of n good one, will alike do mischief, I know it is difficult for you to avoid oil these evils, but you hove hitherto been very successful, and I trust you will still continue to be careful. Wishing you great success, I remain yours truly, Lorain co. Ohio, May, 1841. We sincerely thank the writer of the above, and hope he will excuse the liberty we have takeru We should be hoppy to hear from him often. *,* We should be pleased to add the signatures to the preceding letters, had we permission to publish ihem. — Em, iiiit m lij 1 Hi ll|l * ill liillilj , 'ii 1 The Self-Protecting Bee-Hive. Mr. Julius Smith has left several of these hives a: the Rochester Seed Store, and is desirous of introdu cing them into use in Western New York. We be lieve thein to be of an improved construction, and a his request publish the description given in the Cuiti vator, by the inventor and patentee, Wm. M. Uall. of New Haven Conn. " The hive at your office, is of the exact form, an( of the most suitable size and workmamhip for use; am it contains all the principles of my patent. By th construction of this hive, three very imporiant princi pies are brought into operation. 1st. "I'he communi cation from drawer^ to drawer, thereby enabling th bees to pass freely from one drawer to the other, mo king as it were, but one drawer, ivhen in tact ther are two, thereby producing the most happy effecti and causing the bees uniformly to build in both draw crs at the same time, when without the cominunicc lion, they usually fill one drowcr, before they con: mence in the other. These drawers are removed b means of two right angled metallic slides. 2d. j perpendicular hive is' obinined which should always b the case; without which the economy of the bees much disturbed. It is well understood among apii rians, that bees always build their combs in perpendic ular sheets, without regard to form or size of the opar ment, consequently if the bottom of the hive is cor troctcd, some of the filth must lodge in descendinf thereby causing much derangement in their open tions; but if the hive be perpendicular, all filth disei gaged by the bees, immediately falls to the botton when it is at once disctiorged by means of the inclinf plane. 'M. The bate or protector. Tlie base is th best possible discharger of worms and other filtl The planes may be constructed to any degree of incl nation desired, without injury to the hive or bee they furnish an opportunity for the bees to alight ar enter both at front ond rear sides of the hive, at tl same time enabling them to erawl to any part of ll hive without again flying. Bees on returning to hive, at a cool season of the year, partially benumbe if obliged to fly after once alighting as from a suspei ded platform, frequently die for want of strength rise; and that too at a season when their numbers a more wanted to produce onimal heal sufficient for tl wants of the lirood. It is not unfiequently the cas that whole colonies when thus treated, perith the month of April. The hive is ventilated by cl sing the planes more or less as circumstances seem require. I describe the construction of the Self protectii ! Bee-hive, as follows. Observing that my improvi .. hive consists of three parts, viz. 1st. A perpendici lar hive thirteen inches square more or less, as sef in the accompanying drawings, fig. 15, A. 2d. Tl chamber with communicating drawers at the top i the hive for extracting the surplus honey, without dc 1 troying the bees, as seen in fig. 1.5, B. B. 3d. Tl I , base or protector. The b.iseisa square frame of the si: \ of the body of the hive, about 4 inches deep, without K . or bottom, on which the hive tests, as seen in fig. 15, ( , being connected and held in place by dowels, as see ■ at X. X. and hooks as seen in the figures. The froi and rear sides of the base are narrower than the othi , sides by about an inch, leaving room at the bottom, I' , the play of the inched planes, which form a botto for the hive; consisting of two inclined planes slan ing from the top of the base to the bottom. Thri inclined planes consist of boards hung within the b( of the base, on pivots passing through tbe sides ne the top edge of the center of the sides, and exiendii below the lower edge of the base in front and rea with n pinyof about an inch, as seenat F. which te: resents the plane inclining to the front. G. The fro of the kasg. JJ, The {rivota on which the incpB- fo. (J. AND GARDENEirS JOURNAL. 89 'I iita lines hang D. The projtclion of the inclined pinnes ; itie bi>ltom of iho bnoe. K. Tlie hook to t•lo^e it glu agaiiiel tlio boiioni of the hnsc when rcfiuired. " Tlie bnse or protertor shoulil lie Bepnrnicd Ironi ii! hive during the process of hiving, when the beee ave entered the hive, it niny agntn be added, nnd the 'lanca hooked up, when it may be carried to any sit- lation tiesired, without injuring the bees. Tiie bnee jlnay also bo added to any bivc of suitable size and lorm already containing bees," Julius Smith of North Brantford, Conn., has pur- ihased of Mr. Hall, the right to make, use, and vend others the right to make and use the above hives in le counties of Chnutauque, Cattaraugus, Erie, Niag- ira, Orleans, Genesee, Allegany, Livingston, Mon- Iroe, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, Steuben, Seneca, Si. iLawrence, Franklin, Hamilton, Monigomery, Ful- ton, Clinton, Essex, Warren, Washington and Sche- barie. State of New York. lie lheref>. re offore to sell rights for counties, towns, or single hives, on reason- able terms. The hives can be examined at tho Roeh- Mtcr Seed Store, and Messrs. Batcham & Crosman are duly authorized to sell hives and rights. Price of a hive $.5. The pubic are invited to call and examme the above hivea and read the certificates of those who have used «l>em. B. & C. Oneida County AAvake. Mrssr.s. Epitors — An Agricultural Society for the county of Oneida, was organized at Rome, onthe2lBi of April. An address, full of interest, was delivered by H S. Randall, Esq., Corresponding Secretary of tho Stale Society. Tho following officers wore chosen : Hon. POMEUOY JONES, Piesident. Thomas Goodsell, Harvey Brailley, Rilry Shep- herd, Leslcr Barker, Etnstue Jeflcrs, Salmon Case, John Barker, A. Carmiehael, V. Tulhill, Ingham Townecnd, Vice PrcBidenis. Bonj. P. Johnson, Corresponding Secretary. S. Moulion, 3d, Recoiding Secielory. J. Hathaway, Treasurer. Eion Comstock, J G. Green, W. B. Wright, G Walsw^orth, Geo. Bristol, Jlanagers. At a subsequent meeting of the officers it was Resolved, To raise the sum of $400, and to hold a fair on the third Wedne.-idny of October. From tho interest manifested, it is believed a ne impulse will be given in Oneida, to Agriculture, and 1 trust the time is at hand, when our county, rich in her natural resources, will be rendered still richer, in their successful development. Yours. «omc, iUffjr 21, J 841. B. P. JOHNSON BESBE'S STRAW CAltlllEK. The above engraving represents a machine for removing the straw from the cylinder of a thrashing ma- chine— Invented and patented by Uriah Beebe, of Riga (formerly of Claiendon.) It consists of six (or more) revolving rakes (B) set in a frame in such a manner that when in motion the teeth pass between each other, and take the straw from each other to the end of the frame; while the grain is shaken out and carried through « screen to a blower below, where it is separated from the chaff. One end of the shaft of each rake (A) passes through the side of the frame, and has a whir altcched (D. ; The third, or middle whir, (C) is mode of double thickness, so as to receive a band "rom the thrashing machim. Another band is passed round all the whirs, and a strip of board is fastened to each, with a single ecrcw, 80 as to give uniform motion. Thin boards are placed above the sides of the frame, to prevent the straw from traltering, and a floor or apron, of boards, is placed below to catch the short straws, where they are taken up atai,, by the rakers till carried off. The inventoi bas been several years experimenting with and perfecting this machine; and he now feels confident that it wit.be found well worth the attention of farmers. It can be seen at any time at his residence in the town of Riga, h>lf way between ChurchviUe and Coledonia, Single machines, with a blower, will be sold for $33, County ox gmte rights on reasonable icnns. Address, URIAH BEEBE, Riga, Monroe co. N, Y. Tcsttuiouial. We the undersigned, residin^jn the towns of Wheatland and Riga, having seen Urioh Beebe'e Paten' Straw Carrier in operation, believe t lo be the best mochine for the purpose now in use: for the following rea- sons: It performs ihe work in the bcu manner and with the least power. It performs the lobor of at least four hands in the ordinary way; and the ^wer required to propel it is only about the same as for the common fanning mill. It eeparaies the straw from lie wheat, and with a blower attached, the chafTalso, Possessing, i taxation. We argued liie other day. in favor of a leduciion of the sugar duties on behalf of tie West In- dia plnniers ; and v.'e now eonhdenily await that meas- ure, with eOiiie others of equal iibpoi lance, from the Gwvernment. But with how much more weieht should we have 6[ii.ken if we bad dwell (d for hedges, such as the Red Cedar, Osage Orange. &c. With E. Hersey Derby of Massachusetts, both the English thorn and the Honey Locust were entire fai- lures; but with the Sea Buck thorn (Rhamnus cnthar- item) he was completely successful. A part of the Buck thorn however, like the Honey Locust and Cra- lagiis punclolny have no thorns on them. We raised hundieds, and never saw a thorn on one of the kind; but we have lately procured seed which may do better. t High Pricesindnced by HighTariffon Imports, cannot make the conntry lich, or pay itsfoi- eigu debt— Protection necessary to 8ilk Cul- ture. Mkssrs. Editors — A correspondent of the New Genesee Farmer takes exceptions to my text, " that low prices are more favorable to a nation's wealth than high prices." Him who takes this text in connection with the illus- trations of the context, will find that, like a " plant of bitter growth, it hears on its head a sweet fruit." It has always been the case in England, that when the pi ices of agriculinral productions are low, capital IS cheap, her manufacturing industry receives a new impetus; competition reduces prices of manufacture at home, by inducing greater economy and renewed im- provements and division of labor in every department of industry; her export trade is increased to an unpar- alleled extent, and she becomes now, more than ever the creditor nation of the world. On the other hand, when agricultural productions are high in England, the most feverish state of things exists; the banks cur- tail their issues, that they may not be ruined by a de- mand for coin to send to the continent to buy corn; manufacturing industry is paralized or cmbarassed, nd the screws are immediately put upon the debtors of England in the United States. What but the high prices of 1835 and '6, has caused the general bankruptcy of our cotton growing States? It is certainly not the low prices since l.S.'je, for they are no lower than they were on the average for eigh[ years previous to ]8;J5. The rise in cotton in 1834, from If) J to 13 CIS., and then in 1835, to 16i cts., turned every head; the United States Bank endorsed the vtanin, and furnished the facilities to accelerate the common ruin. The high prices ol cotton, our great agricult"!"' stsple, in 1835 and '6, was the great stimn''t'ng jeofail the bank inflations, and consequen'^P^cu- lation ar:-d high prices throughont the wbolpi'iion at 'hat time. New England got great prices for fc manufactures at the Soutli and South West. Ne York felt herself lich when she saw upon her ledg such vast amonms due from the South. England, . 1807, wanted our flour at $8 per barrel in New Yor but our commission houses said, if we hold on, Ne. England will give us $10. — Instead of exporting, v imported grain from Europe. The same with man lactured articles. In 1836 we imported f 60,000,00(»« while we exported next to nothing, owing to the hi; prices at home. We now h»ve the sad spectacle of a conntry gro' ing poor in the midst ol high prices. How has it be with the year of low prices, 1840 ? An unusual e port trade — our exports e.xceeding our imports $27 000,000 — an export of manufactured articles treble t amount of any former year. Our export of flour, and pork, and Indian corn, h also been unusually large the past year: it has do much towards paying our foreign debt. But had t price ol flour been only one dollar per barrel highf it must have been consumed at home, as bread stn Irom the ports of the Baltic and the Black Sea, wou have supplied the hungiy parts of the earth at Ion prices Your correspondent says that by a protective tar we may soon extend our manufacturing interests, as to create a home market for the " great part of t cotton grown in our country." I would then ask hi how we are to pay our great foreign debt of $2f;( 000,000 ? — and besides, the most radical high ini advocate does not claim any further protection for c cotton manufactures from foreign competition, th they now have. Our Western farmers seem to undi stand the gieot impoitnnee of cotton to the Union, not only pays the foreign debts of the South, but t North and West also Cotton alone makes up inva! four-fifths of our agricultural exports. I would tb ask what would be the state of the nation without tl gieit staple, as an article of export, and an element our foreign trade ? Your correspondent says, that in protecting o manufjcturing industry, "aid is not so much need Irom our State Legislature ns from Congress." relation to the culture and manufacture of silk, would invoke aid from both. The Stale should gri a bounty, and Congress should pay an impost on I foreign article, as high as the spirit of the Comp mise Act will permit. Silk is by far the greatest it in the account of our foreign importations. It 1 been computed that the amount of foreign silks ci sumed in the State of New York alone, for the last years, will exceed ^\50,000,000 — an amount p-ea than the cost of all our canals and other pvolic i; provements. But too much protection, like high prires,onIy brin \ about those evils they are intended to^-'ure. Mr. CI was once a radical on the subject r>'a protective lari but he is n man of too much genius not to profit the lessons cf experience. H' also found that a tai tor revenue and protection >vas often inconsistent wi itself; hence his Comp-'imise Bill is intended to bf bill for revenue only. We hope it now may be so i ■ vised and amended "s to serve the ends of protection ' such of our mr-i'tfocuring branches of industry most need it. -vithout infringing its character as a h j for revenr on'y- S. W. i T^n^ -/oo, Jl/«,i/ 10, 1841. I Important Discorcry. — A Jamaica paper says, th 1 an ingcni ns physician and naturalist in this islan has discovered the practicability of using mosquito | as a substitute for the leech, fifty of the large speckh kind being found equivalent to one leech: of the sme ler breed, from sixty-five to seventy being required. - The greater irritation produced by the new npplicatk has also baen found advaniflgeoua. io. a. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 91 Native Fruits, have not the menml nbilily. Ii bns lieielolbrs Keen n The last number of the Magazine of Horticulture ' too conniion cnor among fnvmere to euppoec tSat it jniains Professor Kussclla' Addivsa before the M'd- lescx Hotiiculturnl Society, from which we make foil )ivin" extract: t **Tbe venerable relic of the far famed Chelmsford if,i(,„" ear ie yet existent on one of the oldest farms in that ' i>wn. It is a natural frnii, of exeellent market ijuali- '*'"'* ies, and known as the Chelmsford, Tyngsboro' and Uosul Summer. A mere thin shell of the once ex- atnn, rnordinary trunk, yet bears a few scrauay branches: . ■ ind irom its roots are four strong snckers, all of which " ' * ire identical in fruit with the trunk. Beloie the great ; (o!e of Seplember 1316 [7] it was a very large tree: ut being injured by that tornado, it rapid'y (iei-liued y it9 iiresent condition. The stem however, bears in occasional crop, but was entirely barren the List season. Mr. Manning, the great pomologisl, of Sa- lem, remarks that it is a pear of the largest s'r.c. and extremely productive. For many years he searched in vnin for its origin, sparing no expense in importing pears from the French nurseries to identify it. In- quiry on my part enabled nie to c >nfer a trifling favor on my friend, and to establish the claims of old Chelms- ford to a fine native fruit. "The history of the vaUinble Baldwin app'e is fa- miliar to you, bear ng in its cognomen a family name yet existent in our midst. A fine early apple has often been exhibited on your tables, originating a'so in Chelmsford, and known as the Spalding. The addi- tion of these three natural fruits in our vicinity, to po- mology, is sufficient to encourage n research into natu- ral varieties, which are as yet but little known. It should be our endeavor to find these out, and no pains should be spared in the attempt. » • • Our own cauntry is the region and natural location of the finest fruits." For the .Ycir Genesee Farmer. The Importnnce and I'tilityofthe Dissemina- tion of Knovledge among Farmers. Messrs. Editors — The influence of a publication like yours, devoted to agricultural interests, should be directed towards the improvement of the minds of farmers as well as the introduction of improvements in the science of farming. Your columns have alrea- dy furnished evidence that you arc aware of this; and therefore my object is not to urge upon you any new duty, but to suggest a few reflections on the impor- tance and influence of the dissemination of intellectual knowledge among farmers. It would bo a useless waste of words to enter into any argument to show that among this class of our fellow citizens there is no want of intellectual capaci- ty! And if among those who ore engaged in other pursuits, there are any who arrogate to tLemselves a superior order of talents, they betrayan ignorance un- \vonhy of a man of common sense. The occupation of <\ farmer, it is true, will not furnish an opportuni- ty foi a senseless display of fashion; nor will his ro- bust fjiin and hardy countenance, give him the exqui- site appeananee of the straight laced and pale faced dandy. Yet, unadorned by the trappings of art, he is still one of nature's noblemen; and his intellect, ic/ir?! euUicated, will diiolay an enlarged and useful capaci- ty, not alone fitted to the occupation in which he is engaged, but to any 6tu.ion to which he may be called through the operations oi; liberal institutions. And whenever the cultivated ea,ncity of a farmer has been called forth to display itself, viher as a legislator, or in (he performance of any other fublic duty, it has by no means suflered from a compnrson with those ol much higher pretensions. It is not tv he denied that there has been a lamentable apathy mant>gted by the great body of agriculturists in this country, o,|- the ac quirement of intellectual knowledge, which is-iip on ly thing that can develop the resources of the ninJ; and perhaps among no other class has there been sttjj would be gical sacrifice of time which ought to be de- voted to their business, to appropriate any portion to- reading. And even now it is not uncommon, to hear " want of lime" urged as an excuse for neglecting to nourish the immortal mind from that fountain of knowledge, which is accessible to tho.se of restricted menus as "c!l as to those of greater competency This mistaken notion however, is daily becoming less prevalent; and I believe there need he no hesitation in saying, that the circulation of agricultural papers hag done more than any thing else to accomplish a refor- mation so desirable. Besides these however, there are nunreroue other valuable means afforded for im- proving the mind. The am unt of knowledge which may oe gathered from these various sources would, when compared with the amount of dollars and cents which it costs to obtain it, be like a comparison of the magnitndeof the most lofty mountain to that of a mole hill. Ifany one thinks his means are too restritced to af ford the e.\pense of a weekly newspaper, or the still less amount charged for agricultural papers, let him reflect for a moment, and he will discover that the means for such purposes are at the control of every one. It only costs the labor of a day, at farthest a week, to lay up a store for the mind upon which it may feast for a year. Neither the lack of means nor the want of time, can be considered a valid excuse to such as properly consider the subject. What farmer is there that can say he has not the time to give one pa- per at least, a thorough perusal, and only appropriate to it one-fourth of his leisure ? Happily for us in this country, labor affords the means of obtaining whatever may be necessary for the comfort of the body, and at the same time may also provide for the necessary endowments of the mind. And if incentives be wanted beyond the comfort and happiness wliieh an individual will secure to himself, our institutions have not failed to make the most am- ple provisions. Perhops. Messrs. Editors, I have extened these re- marks too far, inosmuch as they are only intended as ad introduction to what I propose to submit to you on this subject hereafter, when time and opportunity per- mit, provided my remarks shall be deemed worthy an insertion in your valuable paper. Yours, &c., C. P. T. Balavia, May, 1?4I. Treatment of Hired nien« Entreat not rcil lite hireling that besioicelh himself wholly for thee. — Ecci.I'.siasticiis. Art thou amon employing others to till thy grounds? Thou remember that thou hast a Master who com- mands thee not to over-task or to abuse them. They are free men — the righsof free men are theirs. Of en they are your eciunls in intelligence, character and res- pectability. B;)th duly and interest require you to re- gard their rights. They may demand, at reasonabl.- times, R3 much palatable and wholsome food as is needed to preserve unimpEired their health and strength. They may demand as many hours for rest and sleep as the human constitution ordinarily re- quires. They may demand comfortable beds, in rooms not unhealthy. They may refuse such excessive ef- forts or great exposures as would prematurely break down the constitution. They may claim kindness and civility in nil j'our language towards them, and in all your treatment of them. It is no part of their con- tract that they should listen to oaths and curses, should such things pass your lips. It is no part of the con- tract that they shnll bear such mental suffering, as un- reasonable reproaches, unprovoked fault-findings, or ungoverncd passions on your part, may produce. Un- til they forfeit it by micconduet, they may claim your confidence that they will be faithful to you and to your apparent neglect of books, or aa little disposition to( interests. When found unfaithful, let the fault he sta encourage the useful publicaiions of the day. But M- f "''"'""'""'>?'>' ""'^'^''swnding be obtained. But , ., J ■- 1 . .L 1, 1 . J .1 „• Njs bad, very bod lor both employer and employed to while we admit that they have neglected their own b^.^p.^jous of each other. Muiual confidence is fbr the i nterests itf {hts roape*it, it will not follow that they i eorrcgrt ami good of both,—" Every body knows eve- ry thing;" and'if you undertake to thrive by keeping- laborers on a short allowance, by workiltglhtfni on ex- cet-sive nuniher oi hoiiis, by tliut oi scolding and fret- ting, by any secret aitifie»B, they will read yot.V heart's teciel- purposni, and will' limi ways and menlis to ihwort y'^u in the accompliKhTn'nt of your defrijtns.' [iTiprtidenefi and injustice on the port ol emplnyf rs,' cieate in part the untrustworthiueso eooiplaineU of in the employed. We may iircacfi next to the employed — the hired. — N. -£. farmer. From till: (Anahiille, Temi.) Jgricvlturilt. Is theTflriir :» Political Question ! There is mt a nrore ignnrnnt ond vulgar mtion in S'leiety, than that which (leilaies partyisni torlaim pro- tection in the sales of cur own prodncts. Can any one tell what party it was that lay so heavy a duty upon for- eign eoiton goo. lb, twenty fite years ago, as to tnuble Americans to make better fabr.cs at one-fourth the value of those imported ? Can any one tell whot par- ty it was that taxed foieign books, iron, sugar, salt, lie. ? Oh, says the pscudo politicians, all pai ties con- tributed to these matters, lor tl at was right. Very good; but if both the north and the south enjoy tlio benefits of, and strenuously advocate measures to pro- mote their respective interests, does it not show tliat protection is the wish of every American citizen 7 The question of party originates then, not from tlio thing itself, but from the manner of administering it. The north will never consent to a tarift' which seemeto favor the south, and the souih will notagice to o sys- tem that will favor manufactures more than planters. But as every man is for promoting a eyelem of protec- tion that Will favor his own interests, shnuld it not lio the study of all to lax such articles aa would be the in- terest of every section of the country to do so ? It does not seem that jiarlizans have become so sensitive and fearful of shadows, that feaifi.l they will do wrong, ihcy do nothing. Suppose the English make cotton to supply her own factories, and then bring a little for sale at a low rate to our own factories. 'J'he Southern will come forward and advocate a cotton taiifl', but act- ing under the Lcxtnliinis, he should have no favors. However, we think it would be right, even in this event, and it is a very probable one, to protect cur own citizens. The old maxim, that "charity begins at home," is pretty nearly aUvays correct. At present it is doubtless the interest of every ciiizen of the United States to buy less foreign silk, and raise more at home. 'I'he best means of nflectiiig these ends, in our judg- ment, IS to lay a heavy tax on foreign silks, and give premiums to our citizens to produce both the raw mr- terial and manufactured articles. S.imeone may ask. if we can produce silks equal to others, and as cheap, why do we need protection 1 There are but few, rs yet, arquoinled with the business, and a certainty of getting something, if it is a small price, will be suie to induce many to embark in the business. Auothtr reason is, before we become well acquainted with the feeding of worms, and manufacture wearables, fo'" want of knowledge, we may expect to meet with un- fnreeen diflieulties and sustain severe losses; and hero our country's encouragement would cai se the d sop- pointed and dispirited to try it again, and continue ef- fort after eflbrt, till abundant encccis could be seen. There is a certain training, or lime of pupilage, es sential to the success of any thing thot is new, and thfr moat watchful may expect to meet difliculties. Then" is but little doubt silk can he produced in this countij, twenty years hence, at less than one half what it cap be now. We well recollect in our boyi.-h days, hav ing to set up, on a " noding stool," at the late houis of night, " picking cotton"'— this consisted in puling the fiiires from the seed with the fingers, and 'fa man got en')ugh in a week of nights to make himselfa shirt, he did very well; but sec now what improvement hra done I Instead of half pounds, we count bnlcp. And a better article can now be produced at less than a fiurth what it could twenty. five years ogo, Sbal ae not anticipate similar results for eilk 1 Losaea ray be anticipated at first, but improvements in cate. .xc- chinery, &c. will produce wonde.ful changes l_ talk of this matter, and teach it to both young and old, and the intelligence of the people will joon establish the f .Ik enltnre.. 9^ THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. N. Y. State Bounty on Silk. The bill to encourage the growth and manufacture of Silk, was passed by ibe Legislature a short time be- ibie its odjourniiient. AVe believe it was slightly a- mended, though not materially, but as it will be some time before it will be publiehed by the Slate paper, and knowing the anxiety of many of our readcia on the subject, »e give it thcui this month as reported by the Apsembly, and if any alterations weie made by the Senate, we will mtnlion them next month. We first thougiit to omit all the preliminary remarks of the committee, but on examination we found them to contain so much important information and correct reasoning, that wo felt unwilling to withhold ihcm from our readers. IJBPOUT O/ihe select committee on the bill entitled " An act to encuuiage the growllt and manufitcture of Silk'" (Commlttca to the Coiniiiittce of tlie Wliole.] Mr. Ward, from the select committee to whom was referred the bill " to encourage the growth and manii- facLtire of fcilk," REPORTS : That your committee have had the subject under consideration, have collected many interesting facts in relation thereto, and submit the same for ihe conside- ration of the Houee. Your committee aresurprised to find how grenta field is heie open and how long it has been neglected. They are satisfied beyond a doubt, that we ha\e the powei to produce and manufacture silk in this Slate to an im- mense extent, and that no difficulty is to be encoun- tered either from sod or climate. In their investigations upon this subject, the com- mittee hardly know whether they have been most sur- prised at the beneficial results which have eventually accrued to those naiiona or governments where the grovN'ih and manufacture of silk have been encouraged and brought to a statu of comparative mnturiiy, or at the inattention and apathy hitherto manifested in re- gard to th:s great interest in this country, by a people 80 pre-eiiiiucnt for their spirit of enterprise, and une- qualled in their ability and lesouicea, whether mental or physical, for the adoption and the successful prose- cution of .iny and every branch either of science or the arts, by vi'hich their wants may be supplied, their de- sires satisfied, and their independence of foreign labor and foreign ingenuity bo fully achieved. Your committee can attribute this rclnctnnee or ne- glect on the part of the American people to embrace a subject of so much importance to themselves as the culture and manufacture of silk — an article which for years has ceased to be considered a luxury, and be- come one of daily and almost indispensnble necessity — only to an Ignorance which prevails of the great and increasing amount which their wants deinnnJ, the hea vy tribute which they annually pay to foreign industry and foreign skill, and their want of acoireci an i gene ral knowledge of the adaptation of the soil and climate to the growth, and our aliility to manufacture silk, equal, if not superior, to that of any other nation the globe. According to the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, the value of silk imported into iho United States ill 183.3, amounted to $J,498,366; but had in creased in 1838 to the enormous sum of .1122,980,212 while all our exports, except tobacco and cotton, amount to only about $10,001.), 000 annually. The nations of Europe and Asia, are generally en gaged in the culture and manufacture of silk; and your committee are of opinion that, in order to a full understanding of the subject, a brief history of the rise, proirrcsa and final success of the culture of silk in those c~.u:urie9, should be giVi;r( at th a time. The fii"st knowledge that we have of the cultivation of the Silk worm, and the manufacture of silk, wa; among the inhabitants of Serica, the northern pottot China, from whence it derived its name. More than 2,000 years before the Christian era, an Empress of China, desiroue of rendering silk worms more extensively useful, collected them from the mul berry trees, and introduced them to the Imperial apart ments. Thus sheltered and thus protected, they yield- ed silk superior in quality to that produced in the lor- e;l9. She also taught in what manner to manufacture silk from the coeoon. This employment, allhough at firjl confined to ladies of the highest rank, gradually bieanie General ainonj all ranks in China, As the manulacturc increased, it became an article of exportation to neighboring counir.es, and finally became the great and inexhaustible source oi wealth to China. From China, it was exported to India, to Persia, to Arabi'i. and indeed to the whole of Asia. The expe- diiion of /Mexnuder to Persia and India, first introdu- ced the knowledge of silk to the Grecians, 3.')0 years ...fore the Christian era. As in China, so also in Greece, ladies of the greatest distinction attended to the rearing of silk worms at their introduction there. I'\)r upwards of four centuiies, the cultivation of silk was confined to the countries of Greece. Sicily and Naplea were ignorant of the art, and its introduction into the rest of Italy was extremely slow. At Rome, 030 years after the introduction of silk into Italy, a silk attire of purple, was accounted by an emperor, as a luxury too expensive for an empress; its \alue being equal to that of gold, by weight. But so extensive is its culture at the present day through- out Italy, that two-thirds of their whole exports to all countries consists of silk. Its first introduction into France was in 1494. But t is less than 240 years since its final and succepsfiil ntroduction into that country by Henry IV. Tbai jovernment has continued its lostenng care, until silk and its manufacture has become the most productive source of the weuhh of France. In all countries the culture of silk has engaged the [larticular attention of governments, and every encou- rngcment has been given to increase its cultuie, and with success. Yet in our own country, so highly fa- vored in all respects by nature, the successful intro- duction ol the silk culture, is mainly due to individu- al enterijrise. Until recently, individuals have strug- gled single handed and alone in the cultivation of this article. On a careful examination of the subject, your com miitee are of the opinion that the period has fully ar- rived, when the policy of the State of New York should be directed towards encouraging, by every con- siderati'in, the growth and manufacture of this valua- ble product within our own territory. A number of our sister slates have thought it advi- sable to encourage the culture of silk, by legislative bounty for a limited period; and why should the Em- pire State be behind her sister Slates, in encouraging and fostering the benevolent enterprises of the day. A State houniy of fiftefen cents per pound on co- coons, and fifty cents per pound for reeled silk, contin- ued for a few years, will induce farmers to engage ex- tensively in the culture, and when once fairly estab- lished, we have no fears for the result. 'Ihe State may then venture to leave the silk culture to rise on its own merits. It is an employment in which all may engage. The rich, with honor and profit to himself and to his fami- ly: and the poor man can by its successful cultivation, place himseli and family beyond the reoch of poverty and want. Silk can be raised to a much greater profit than wool, because three pounds of silk can be produced from the same land that would produce but one pound of wool, and the raw silk will sell for eighteen dollars, while the wool will sell but for fifty cents. The la- bor of raising silk is performed in six weeks, and may be performed by children or feeble persons, whose services would be worth but very little for any other liuruose, while the labor of taking care of sheep and providing them with food lasts oil the year; and a man with but little land, who has a family, can keep them employed at home, without the risk of sending them abroad for employment. The cultivation of silk is an object more congenial with the domestic habits of the loiniing population, than almost any other of our household employments. And nothing can be said ogainst the successful culti- vniion and manufacture of silk, but what was with equal propriety urged ogainst the roising of cotton on its introduction into this country as an experiment, yet its success has been completi — triumjihant. Coiton was first raised in this country as an experi- ment in 1738, and allhough but fifty-three years have elapsed since its first introduction, we now manufac- ture annually from 45 to $50,000,000 in value of cot- ton goods, and export of raw cotton more than $60,- 000.000 in value annually. Such is the eflect, and such the result, of well directed and properly protected domestic industry. Our success in the growth and mansifacture of cotton encourages ihe belief that simi | lar success will attend the growth and nianufacturro' silk. The history of the past may be the history " 'he | future. And we trust the time is not fardistai'."'"^" we shall sesour wives aod dau^hi»rs arrnye- '" ''"^ ' of their own manufacture; when, instead of payi; foreign nations Si20,'M)0,000 annually for ihis ortg we shall export and tcccive back some ol the mfl millions we have paid to others for this otliclfri luxury. „ Enteriaining these views, your committee have e j.uj amined the bill referred to them, and report the tab with amendments. AN ACT TO ENCOURAGE THE GROWTH AND MAN ITACTLRB OF SILK [As reported amended by the select cvmviittee.'j The jicojitc of the Stale of Nov York, represent in Senate and Asscntblij, do enact as foliates : Section 1. To any person or persons residing this Slate, who shall present for examination, to a ^mt .latice of the peace oi the city or town wherein tu ^^^ erson or persons reside, ii pound or more of good d ' If" ^■■^' ill «« Jllliii litil! tii silk cocoons, or a pound or more of good, well silk, and shall, by his, her or their outh or allirmaiic or by the oath or aflirmation, of some other credil person, prove to the satisfaction of such justice tl the cocoons presented, were raised in the city or to\ where such justice resides, or that the silk was rei ed in such city or town, and frtni cocoons raised this State. The said justice having examined a caused the same to be weighed, shall give his offic certificate specifying the number of pounds ot cccoo or silk presented, the time when, and the place wht the same was raised or reeled, and the names ot t person or persons by whom the same was raised reeled, together with the name ot the person by wuc oath or affirmation the facts have been verified. A on the presonta ion of any such certificate to i board of supervisors of the same county, ihey navi examined and found the same to be dufy given, th audit and allow said certificate, and cause their a ance to be endorsed upon the same, requiring i treasurer of said county to pay to the bearer tbereo premium of i:ifteen cents for every pound of cocooi ond fifty cents for every pound of reeled silk specifi in said certificate. § 2. It shall be the duty of each comity treasurer whom such c. rtificates thus audited and allowed be presented, to enter in a book kept by him for tl purpose, the date ot said certificates, the number pounds of cocoons or reehd silk named therein, ai the names of such person or persons for w hose ben*. the same were giv n, and to endorse upon said cert: cates his occeptance thereof, and the lime when pi sent' d to him, and return the same to the bearer the of, to be presented for payment as b< teinafierdirecti ^ 3. On or before ihe fiiat day of Way, in each a every year, the several county treasureis of this Sia to whom shall have been presented for acceplancc a such certificate or certificaits as are specified in i preceding secii'ins of this aci, shall cause to be inn anabstiact or abstracts of eU such certificates so p, seined and accepted ; stating the number of pounds ,. cocoons or reeled silk, and the amount of prcmu ' due therefor, and shall transmit the same to the Con , tioller of this State, who shall by bis warrant, auihi ize and direct the Treasurer of the Stale to pay to i county treasurers the several amounts specified in i abstracts I y ihem transmitted. And the said cocr treasurer shall thereupon proceed to pay the prcm.iui due upon the certifici.ics by them respecti ve'y occcj ed, as the same shall be presented for payment. ^ 4 False swearing or affirming undo-- tbisact shi he deemed perjury ; and any fraud practiced under t same shall be a misdemeanor, and b' severally punis ed as such. ^ 5. A justice of the peace elall be entitled to r ceive, for every certificate giv-n by him, by virtue i this act, the sum of twenty- f>'e cents, to be paid by tl person receiving the cerii'cate. 5 5. This act shall (onlinue in force until the fir day of June, in the y'. AND GARPENER'S JOURNAL. 93 '['he auihor has advnnccd some tbeuries, which ore luovirted by able chemis'.a of ihe day; and be np- i'9 also 10 bavc made same important diecove- s. His theory of the operation of gypsum ie ry interesting, and altogelbor pinnsibic. After V Hi Rsccrtnini'd the exietence of ammonia in rain ucr, be was led to the following conclueion. " The ih uiateof ammonia, contained in rain water, Is dc- ;ii|>i'sedby gypsum in precisely the same manner as lie maniifaciure of sal ammoniac. Soluble sul. ;ii ' of ammonia and carbonote of lime are formed, ,1 ibis salt of ammonia, posssssing no volatility, is nscquently retained in the soil. All the gypsum adually disappears, but its action on the carbonate ol nmonia [of the rain] continues as long as a trace of exists." The great mass of the opinions contained in the ork, of course are not expected to bo original with rof. Liebig, although be has amplified tbem, ard pre- iiitcd them in an intercciing light; and we have een surprised to see the Cultivator and New England 'armer, attribute to him discoveries and opinions nown in vegetable chemistrj- long ago; especially the ■eautiful explanation of the equilibrium maintained in ho oxygen and carbon ol the atmospUere by the com- uetion and rcf.piration on the one band, and the •rowth of plants on ihe other, in the latter journal. Ashes~Aii Important Suggestion. It has been frequently observed by farmers, that gypsum on some soils, loses its efficacy, after several iuccessive applications. The crop of grasses becomes {reatly diminished, and the gypsum possesses no fur- her power to restore it. The following extract from Liicbig, contains a most important suggestion, and the sxperiment is well worthy an accurate trial. The dreader will bear in mind that potash ie an important Jwnatiluent in most vegetables, especially grasses. •I " When we increase the crop of grass in a ineadow "by means of gyp?uin, we remove a greater quantity of potash witfl tlie hay, than can, under ordinary eir- jumstancee, be restored. Hence it happens, that after a npso of several years, the crops of grass diminisb on the meadows manured with gypsum, owing to the defi- ci n;;y of potash. Bat if the mcaduw bi- stracedfrom tinu to tine with wood-ashes, even with the lixiviated ones which have been used by soap-boilers, then the - grass thnces as luzuriantly as before. The ashes are t only the means of restoring the potash." * hnusc. He barters olf his surplus products as he can spare them, for bricU, lime, nails, glafs, &c ]n the end he builds within his own means, e substantial bouse, which adds to the comfort of his family and the value of his farm. When I see a rickety frame house standing on a farm badly fenced and woiee improved, ten to one but the story is, that the proprietor sealed hie ruin by the building of that house, before hie acres were cleared and feiictd to an extent necessary to enable him to till'ord it; that he i» now in debt, discouraged, and com- pelled to employ that time in providing for his debts which is so much needed by his farm. S. W. kty Log Houses. Messrs. Editors — A log house in a newly settled country, has always struck me as exceeding good taste, ■t»i first rate domestic econjniy; although I have of- \en i.>ard sensible men and women remark that such a man w>nUI be "much better employed in hauling his loga tv the saw mill with a view to a frame house, rather than ^le them up into such an unsightly dwel- ling." But who ever «;ard of a first rate frome building built in the first sett,j„g„t of ^ ,.oi,ntry ? Such hou. «esare necessarily buu (,(■ green stuff, by rude work- men, with a hasty cons.,jg[gj crazy foundation; so that with much greater e.,gj,gg j„ ^^^^ beglnnin?-, they soon come to be as wortL,^^ ^i^j ^^^^ un^ightfy than a simple log cabin, and eq,][y ^„(^^ f^^ profits- ble repair But the man who fi.-st builds a log .^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ idvanlagea in the premises, than may .,^^^^ ^^ ^^^ uninitiated. I:t the first place, instead ol '■■'^.■„„ ^^^ jealousy or envy of his poor neighbors, they .^ ^,| fall in with hearty good will to his aid, and his hi ^ is up, like Jonaii's goard, in a single day. He novi eaves his substance to build a barn and improve his domain. At his leisure he draws his logs to the mill, to l» wnrerted tat't boatds and gcaniling for a new From tlie Journal of Ike Aintriccn fiilk Varieties of Silk Worms. Gideon B. Smith, Es^. Dear Sir — Since your favorable notice of my prop- osition to simplify the silk business by the adoption of simple names which shall bo understood by all, 1 am induced to follow up the subject, reminding you at the same t.me, that I proposed that you should moke any alterations in my clae-ifieations which you thought prftper, and to show my readiness to take goud advice, I shall henceforth adopt ytiur claFsiiication, as lolluvvs: No. 1. Miiabel-Jauue or Large Nankin P a-niils. 2. Sum Marabcl or Largo White I'ea-nuts. 3. Common Peanut or Small Wuiie Pea-nuts — Small Nankin Pea-nuts. As the other varieties are all inferior to those, which silk growers will learn sooner or later, and then dis- continue the use of, I deem it of no importance by what names ihey are called. In the mean time, I recommend all who wish to as- certain the precise value of each kind for themselves, to adopt the same experiments made by Jami s Manney of Beaufort, N. C. in June, 1840 — see Journal, vol. iii. folio 10. The important part of this e-xperinient is to leain how many worms will moke 1 lb. reeled silk of the different varieties — not how many cocoons will fill a bushel — for, of course, a bushel of the smallest cocoons I, the small pca-nul) will yield more silk than the oval sulphur, and so also in drawing comparison between the large pea-iuus and small pea nuts ; the expense of feeding an equal number of worms, say 100,000, being equal — the question is not how many bushels eaih will make, orhowmony pounds each kind wiil weigh, but how much reeled silk willeach 100,000 ■iroduce, after having been reared with equal care. — Mr. Manney's experiments shi w — 1st, 8 oz. mam- moth cocoons, in number 141, yielding 360 grs which is 3008 cocoons, or 10 lbs. 10 oz. for 1 lb. reeled eilk: '2d, 8 oz. pure white pea-nut (wheiher large or small is not stated) in number 134, yielding 359 grs. which IS 2866 cocoons, or 10 lbs. 11 oz for 1 lb. reeledsilk; 3d, 8oz. mammoth sulphur cocoons, in number 145, yielding 327 grs. which is 3408 cocoons, or 11 lbs. 12 oz for 1 lo. reeled eilk. Upon this basis It is easy for every silk grower to calculate for himself which is the most profitable kind nf worms to feed, and weight of cocoons, to produce 100 Iba. reeled eilk. No, of Worms, Mammoth While, 300,900 White Ptll Sulphur, 340,!rO9 li our friends will institute eompar: To Bestroy Rats and Mice. Wo copy from the (London^ Gardener'e Chionicic: "Monsieur Thenord in 1832, submitted to the Academy of Sciences, n plan for dretroyini; noxious at.imala in their hitiing places. The insirunent of det-lrin-iion is sulphuretted hydrogen gas, wbieli ie pe- culiarly destructive to animal li!e. Animals when al- lowed to breathe the pure fins, fall down as if sirick with a bullet. Even when considerably diluted with atiiiiifplieiic air, its ctTi cts arc deadly. A horse diea in less than a minute in air ciraining 1-250 of this sns. A dog iif modernte size ie speedily killed in air containing imly a thouFnnd part of it, aiui a small biid expires in a few seconds in air possessing 1 1500 of sulphuretted hydrogen. " M. Thenard'a first trial was in an apartment in- fested by rais, which showed thtinsclves occatioiially during the day, and at night were actively engaged in plundering artelea kept in the room. There weie 18 rat-holes; and M. Thenard adapted to each of tbsm in succession, retorts capable ol containing half a j>** t by introducing the beak, and filling up the iniervn" round the neck with plaster. [The mixture will b» mentioned below.] In a few minutes not a rat re- mained alive in the building. " His next experiment was in an old abbey, when he was equally eucccesful, and having openr d part of the wall, he found numbers if dead rate. He recom mends ibe a|iplico:ioii of this meihod to ibe de.^tiuo- tion of moles, fo.^es, and all animals that cannot be extirpated by the usual means, ■ Mix 4 parts of iron filings, or very small nails, or scrapings of iron, with 3 parts of flower of sulphur, and moisten it with 4 pans ol boiling water, eii ing it with a piece of wood. Add prndually afieiwaids 4 parts more ot water, and introduce it into the u toM Pour upon the mixture, common oil of vitriol diluted with 5 times its quantity of water, and continue lo add it gradually until the etfcrvesence ceases." These directions appear to us incomplete; and we wish to inquire of some practical chemist, how the operator ie to avoid the ill eflects of the gas, while h* is pouring on the oil of vitriol ? and while he is clo- sing the rat-holes round the retort ? t . Cocoons. for 100 lbs. ( reeledsilk. on the coming l.oia enaecn, by carefully reeling, say 1,000 select cocoons of eicu variety of worms which they raise, and com- municate the exact weight of silk produced from the same, to you for publication, the question will not then rest upon the opinion of one or twu individuals, who may be interested in rearing a particular species of worms, but the facts will be ascertained from the whole silk-growing public, and again difiused through your Journal to those most interested in the subject. I shall endeavor toe.\perimenl on your New Theo- ry the present season — I shall not be able to do it as fuUv as you desire, but will frankly communicate the result ol my experience. Truly, yours, W. A. WOODWARD. nkaca, April 10, ISIl. IC? Eggs of the large pea nut varieties, of Mr. Woodward's raising, can be obtained at the Rochester Seed Store, if opplied for soon. The most honorable, the mnpt useful, the most in- Seudent ol men, is the well infjrmed farmer, who .Vales hie own soil, and enjoys the advantages that competcnoc and intelligence Bic (rare to bestuw The following poem, by Marv Uowit. we insert by the request of a fair friend, who juBtly oliservcs it may I'c new to some of our readsrs, and cannot fail to excite fcelingi of gratitude towards tiiat Being who provides so liberally for our pleasures as well as necessities. The t'se of Flowers. Cod might have made the earth bring forth Knough for great and small — The oalt tree and the cedar tree. Without a doner at ell. He might have made enough, enough. For every want of ours, — For luxury, niedieine, and loll. And yet have made no floivcra. The ore, within the mountain mine. Rcquiieth none to grow. Nor docs it need the Lotus-flnwcri To make the river flow. The clouds might give abundant rain. The nightly dev,-5 uiighi fell. And herb, that kcepclh life in man, Wight yet have di unk them all. Then wherctorc wherefore were they made All dj el in rainbow light. All fashioned with supremest grace, Up springing day and night: Springing in valleys green and low. And in the mounlrJns high. And in the silent wilderness, Wlirre no man ffluaes byl ithe not. Our outward life rcqu Then wljereforc had they birth ? To minister delight to man, To beautify the earth : To comfort man— to wliisper hope, Whene'er his fas-.c is dim, For who so carelh for the flowers. Will much more care for hiai'. The first clenicnls af wealth aie obtained br hb.ir from thcoattb end ■Kii^ir^—Fran/tlir , 94 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER^ Vol. 2. FtjT the New Giitesee Farmtr. Cheese Makiug. Messrs. Editors — Communications are ooccEsiGn- ally made througt your paper, giving the best method of making cheese tVont practical experiments.-.— As your journal is designed lor a medium through which farmers can intei change their views upon the various subjects connected with their high calling, I submit the following, if you think it worthy of occupying a corner of yoiu Farmer. The plan generally proposed by your correspond- ents, ie to strain the milk in the tub over night, and warm it in the morning, carefully stirring m the cream. Mr. A. F. Bill, in the October number of the New Genesee Farmer, says, — "In the morning take off the cream with a skimmer and put it in a vessel by itself; then warm the milk, or a part of it, over a filowfire till about blood heat; then pour in the cream, and stir it moderately till there are no particles to be Been floating upon the surface." It seems 10 me evident, that when the cream is once separated from the milk, ft can never be so thoroughly incorporated with it again, as to set the milk as soon as taken from the cow. Our method is this: Immediately after the cows are milked at night, (and the quicker the operation is performed ilie bettor, ) we strain it into the cheese tub sndput inlha rennet — as tlie milk when it first comes from the cow is in precisely the right temperature to ■et. If the rennet is good, and properly prepared, a 1 arge table spoonful is suflicient for a pailful of milk The tub should then be covered with a cloth, and al- lowed to stand undisturbed — in about 40 minutes it will coagulate. It is then carefully cut, the tub again covered and left to stand till morning. When the tub is wanted for the morning's milk, the night's curd is dipped into the cheese basket, or cheese sink, to drain, and the morning's milk strained into the same tub. The rennet is then put on, going through the same process as with the night's milk. When sufficiently drained, the two curds are ready to be put together, scalded and salted according to the discretion of the maker. Those who have had the least e.xperience in the management of milk, must know that warming it after it has once cooled, gives it a tendency to sour the quicker. Any person who will take the trouble to ry the experiment, will find that curd made from milk warm from the cow, will keep sweet much longer than t'jat which has been warmed over the fire; and, be- BiJe3 this, it saves the time and trouble of skinuninn- and warming. Nothing will make a go-id cheese ma- ker assume a belligerent attitude so quick, as to sec the skimirier nourished over the cheese tub. From a long experience in a modern sized dairy, I am persuadiid that in no way can so much, or cheese of 80 goid quality be made, as to set the milk while warm from the cow. Yours, E. BISHOP. Auica, Genesee co, April, 1841. P. S. — While upon a subject connected with cows, let me suggest to your correspondents who occasional ly send you the quantity of milk given by a particular cow, to give it in pounds, and not in yiiarts. It can tadunc much easier, fflid with greater accuracy; and not only so, but in the latter case it is too often guess- ed til, or measured, froth and all, in bruised and bat- ered quart measures. For the Nae Genesee Farmer. Cure for Itlurraiii. Messrs. Editors— I have seen several inquiries respecting the murrain in cattle, and being in posses- BJJn of a recipe which in nine cases out of ten, has proved su-gce^ful in enrins the same, I herc.vith «cnd to yon, in hopes that if you give it publicity, it may be of some benefit to those who are yearly losing many of their cattle. REcifE.-^Give 14 OS. pcarlnsh, dissolved in 8 qts. of iron-water, (.from blacksmith's trough.) If not bet- ter in 5 hours, give J an oz. more in 1 qt. water. The water should be warm. Give no drink but warm wa- ter, for two days. Give warm mash to ?nt. The person from whom I got the recipe has cured a great many cattle in this vicinity, at one dollar per head, and asked $10 for the recipe. I take this mode of making it ae public as possible. Yours tiuly, TlioMAS FORSYTH. Chatham, Canada, April 10, 1841. Ijeaclied Ashes as a Manure. Leached or drawn ashes possets a highly beneficial etfect, particularly when applied to lands deficient in calcareous matters, as lime or marl. They serve to improve the permanent texture of such soils. The ashes from the soap boilers ol London yield 90 parts in 100 of calcareous matter. They serve to irce light lands of sorrel, and in swampy lands they efieclually destroyed rushes and other aquatic weeds. They are extensively used on the light sands upon the Atlantic coast, and are bought up at a shilling a bushel, in the towns and cities upon our navigable waters, ami trans- ported thither. Thereare imnienequnntitiesof these ashes in the interior, on the sites of old asheries, which may be employed to great advantage to agriculture, whenever the agriculturists of frontier districts find time and disposition to an est the deterioration of their lands. The small quantity of alkaline salt and gyp- sum which they contain, also, renders them much su- perior to common calcareous matter as a top dreesing lor every kind of grass. Soapboilers' ashes, according to the *'Conipleie Grazier," are also excellent on a peat moss, in strong cold soils, when applied in the quan- tity ot two or three cart loads an acre In Lancashire, they have been lound good and durable on dry pastures, and have also been successfully used in other parts, and in various proportions. They are generally consider- ed better for pasture than arable, and crops of clover hay have been more than doubled by them. The ef- fect of this manure is, that it always destroys bugs and tcrinin of ererrj kind. Evidence of these latter facts mny be founil in communications to the British Board of Agriculture, vol. vi. part ii. — CuUicator. Make your own Measures. We give below a rule by which every one can easi- ly make his own measures. A barrel contains 10,7.32 cubic inches. A box 21 inches long, by 15 inches wide, and 28 inches deep, will hold just a barrel. A half barrel. Make a box for this 24 inches by IG, and 14 inches deep. This will comam 5,37ti cubic inches, or just halt a barrel. A bushel. 1 his has 2,150 4-10 cubic inches. A bushel box will be 16 inches by 10 8 10 inches square, and 8 inches deep. Halt bushel A box 12 inches Ions by 11 210 inch- es wide, and 8 drep, will bold just half a bushel. Peck. A box 8 inches by 8 4-10 inches square, and 8 inches deep, is a peck. Half a peck is 8 inches square and 4 2-10 inches deep, or 268 8 I'' cubic inches A half gallon. This contains 134 4-10 cubic inch- es. A box 7 inches by 4 8-10 inches deep, has just that quantity. Quart. 4 inches by 4 inches 4 2-lOdcep.— Bu/i. Farmtr. Agricultural Ranks of the several States. I; seems from a recent statistical statement, that the rank of the several States in agricultural productions, is as follows: In Wheat— Ist, Ohio; 2d, Virginia: 3d, New York. In Indian Corn— 1st, Tennessee; 2d, Viriiinia; 3d, Ohio. The restdts in Kentucky are not given. It is pos- sible she might be second or third. In Potatoes — 1st, New York; 2d, Maine; 3d, Pen- j sylvania. ., , In Cotton— lat, Mississippi; 2d, Alabam-- ' Georgia. , ,, I In Tobacco- let, Tennoeeee; Sd, Mar-"^ ' " '1 V'irjplnia. ' In Wool— 1st, New York; 2d, Ohio; 3d, Vermont. In Swine— let, Tennessee; 2d, Ohio; od, Ken- tucky, probably. In Lumber— let, New York; 2d, Maine. Louisiana, of course, raises the most Sugar. But there are immense quantities of maple or country sugar, made in New York, Ohio, and other Siaa-s. Looking at the above rank of the leading Slates, ii} eight of the principal articles of agricultural produc- tion, some curious facts maybe intVrred. Fusi; Ol all the Stales in the Union, that which probably has, and admits of in future, (Ae mnsl various prodvrlion, (not the greatest aggregate, ) is Tenness?;e. The rea. son of this will he obvious from an intpeclion of ibi map. The State embraces both nMrthern and soulherl productions, the most ferlile loud, and the most abun dant mineral resouices. Secondly: The State capable of sustaining the lar gcsi productions, is Ohio. This is obvious from he position in relerence to Wheat, Corn, Hogs, Wool , ^ and many other productions which are essential to tin ;'|) sustenance of human life. Thirdly: The State which at this time produces th most in agoregate value, is Ni-.w York. This is owf^, ing to the combination oi capital, experience, and poj ulation. Looking to the means of sustaining a very gref population, Ohio stands ahead of every other Stall and it is this great fact, united with powerful mor causes, which has given it such an extraordinai growth. Fertile, alluvial lands have, over the who earth, been the seat of the densest populations, ai the most flourishing empires. — Cincinnati Ckrunici liicl 'ni iS'e; An Act to Promote Agriculture. [Passed My 5, 1841.] Jwi The People of the State of New York, represent te and Assembly, do enact as follows : M. The sum of eight thousand dollars per annu shall be and hereby is appropriated for the term five years, for the promotion of agriculture and hon hold manufactures in this Slate, in the manner folio ing, to wit: To the county of Albany, the sum of two hund: and five dollars. Allegany, one hundred and twenty-three dollars. Broome, sixty-seven dollars. Cattaraugus, eighty-six dollars. Cayuga, one hundred and fifty-one dollars. Chautauqne, one hundred and fcrly-three dollar Chemung, sixty-two dollars. Chenango, one hundred and twenty-two dollars Clinton, eighty-four dollars. Columbia, one hundred and thirty-three dollarsi Cortland, seventy-five dollars. Delaware, one hundred and six dollars. Dutchess, one hundrec and fifty-seven dollars. Erie, one hundred and eighty-six djUars, Essex, seventy-one dollars. Franklin, fifty dollars. Fulton and Hamilion, sixty dollars. Genesee, one hundred and seventy-nine dollart Greene, ninety-one dollars. Herkimer, one hundred and twelve dollars. Jeftijrson, one hundred and eighty-three dollari Kings, one bundled and forty-three dollars. Lewis, fifty-three dollars. Livingston, one hundred and .seventeen d'''lBrg» Madison, one hundred and twenty doila"*- Monroe, one hundred and ninety-fou'^^ollara, Montgomery, one hundred and sev" dollars. New York, nine hundred and flty dollars, t^ American Institute. Niagara, ninety-three dollar? OneiJa, two hundred and '^'V-nve dollars. Onondaga, two hundrer',"""! four dollars. Ontario, one hundred "Vi''."''>' dolla.-s. Orange, one hundr--?";' n'ty-two dollars, Orleans, seventy-'"^ °°"''/^; Oswego, one h ■"'rfd a>id thirty.one dollars. Otsego, one > '^r,^'^ .""'^ fo"y-eight doUare, - Putnam, tb->'-«'g'''f° "6. Queens -"^ty-one dollars. Renss'''^''' """^ hundred and eighty dollars, Rici ■"'"'' ''■''■'y-'oni' dollars. p Kland, thirty-six dollars. jratoga, one hundred and twenty-one dollars. Schencclady, fil'ty-one dollars. Schoharie, ninety-seven dollars. Seneca, seventy-four dollars. Steuben, one hundred and thirty.eight dollars. o''n-^i'r'"'^""'' °"'^ hundred and seventy dollare buflolk, ninety-seven dollars. Sullivan, foytj- leren d»llar». iiimin ll,!llll niiDil fill nii!iid niii Isiinv it tip iitihi ■iliii lllliti icilm iim hU n!l!li ill pwi (5.11)1 ifll! klti "'iflW: njill;> ii liaiirT ii it tie I delfn'i flrpBt,!! "aiei|rn illtit nenloii miio' iidjil i»lliepi|] inieljiiit ' i-Tiiit He beau lite-.. 'ii And to the New York State Agricultural Society, pilirii '6" hundred dollars. . Ti,, $-i. VVhi'n the New York Stole Agricidtural Socie- tiimofi 1 "'"' ony county ngriciilturnl society now formed, "liailln ' *'''•-''' '""y hereafter be formed in this Slate, or the n\itf merican Insiitute in the city of New York, shall • ise by voluntary subscription any sum of money, iiffcl le president and treasurer shall make an aflidavit of islinil '* lactsof the formation of snch society, and of their aving raised a certain sum, specifying the amount lereof, which affidavit shall be tiled with the conip- oUer of this State, who shall draw his warrant on the easurcr for a sum equal to the amount of such volun- iry subscription, not however exceeding the amount ) which tuch county or State society would be enti- ed, according to the appointment aforesaid. Kiyg 4. The New York State Agricultural Society and i|i„'5,j re several county agricultural societies now formed or :,l,li,i r-h;ch shall be formed in this State, during the contin- i,„^i, anceof this act, shall annually elect such and so nia- il(,l y olKcers as they shall deem proper; and it shall be lie duty of such officers annually, to regulate and ward premiums nn such articles, productions and im- rovemenls, as they may deem best calculated to pro- note the agricultural and household manufacturing in- erestsof this State, having especial reference to the lett profits which accrue, or are likely to accrue, from he mode of raising the crop or stock, or the fobrica- ion of the article thus offered, with the intention that he reward shall be given for the most economical or irofilable mode of competition; provided always that lefore ony premium shall be delivered, the person » the same, or to whom the same may be award- id, shall deliver in writing to the president of the so- iety, OS accurate a description of the process of prc- iiiill)aring the soil, including the quantity and quality of Inanure applied, and in raising the crop, or feeding the Wloilinimal, os may be; and also of the expense and product j)f the crop, or of increase in value of the animal, jwith the view of showing accurately the profit of culti- irating the crop, or feeding or fattening the animal. Ji'SdI $4. The president of the State Agricultural Society, ind the several presidents of the said county societies, lui who shall receive or expend any of the monies hereby ipproprioted, shell annually, in the month of Decem- ber, transmit to the comptroller, a detailed account of the expenditure of all the moneys which shall come into their hands under this act, and stating to whom «nd for what purpose paid, with the vouchers thereof; «nd the said presidents of the several county agricul- tural societies shoU, annually transmit in the month of Djcember, to the Executive Committee of the 'New Y'ork Agricultural Society, all such reports or re- turns as they are required to demand and receive from applicants for premiums, together with on abstract of their proceeding through the year. ^5. The E.xecutive committee of the New York State Agricultnral Society shall examine all reports ■n* returns made by the presidents of the county agri- culnral societies, and condense, arrange, and report the sawe, together with a statement of their own pro- ceedings, (o ibe Secretary of State, in the month of Joniiary iiieach year. §0. The p-.esident8 of the several county societies, or delegates t> be choson annually by them for the purpose, shall bfcox. officio members of the New York State AgricuUuraiC5„e,g(y. «7 It shall be tht-jmy „f j^e county clerks in the several counties ot th, estate, to cause notice to be given in one or more n^jpapers in each county, of time and pi ice ot a meeoi., j^ j.^ jj^jj -^ ^^,^1^ co„nty for the pirp 'se ol orgonizinfe.,^^!^ go„,,ty „gricultuial society; and notice thereot Sv,,, [,g -^^^ ^^ 1^^^, four weeks previous to such niet.,^ ^. This act shall lake effect imi'-i'jateiy. State of New York, } This act bay {^^^^ Secretary's Office, j yed and signed b^, q„,^/^^„ on the 5th of May, 1811, I do hereby ck.f^ ^^^^ ^1^^ same became a law on that day. JOHN C. SPENCK Secretary of Stu the aroma of flowers, certainly promotes it, and len- ders it more abundant and delicate. Flowers of ihe richest perfume are the natives of snndy lands — Persia, Arabia, and the southern shores ot the Mediterranean. Roses, Violets, Loniceras or Honeysuckles, &c., in pots, should be supplied with a considerable portion of sand; and those growing in gardens and pleasiiie gronntlsalso. In many indigenous plants which are desiiinte of bark, the stem or culm is strengthened by silex, taken up by the spongcoles or elaborated by the organs of the plant from its elements. Analysis de- tects it in eonsiderable quantities even in the stalks of wheat and Indian corn; and I believe in all the grasses, the Howcrs of which are aromatic. I int line to think, too, that in the rich calcareous lands ot the west, away from the sandy alluvial soils of the rivers, grapes will be rendered of belter body and will give wine of a su- perior quality, if sand, (instead of manure, when the land is rich,) be mingled with ihe soil; and I should for these prefer even gravel to fine sand. I am not aware that the experiment has been made in regard to the grape, but it is worth a trial, if analogies are good indices. Very truly sir, your ob't. eerv't. ires. Far. 4- Gar.] JOHN LEWIS. Flowers and their Odours. It has occurred to me, that the lovers of sweet flow- tri, who live on calcareous or limestone lands, may be benefiitud by a knowh-dge of the foci, thai disiutogia- tcd ailex w sand, if n^rt ettsntial to tJis formation of To the Ladies. In our last, we promised to give some hints respect- ing the laying out and arr.inging ornamental grounds, for those in moderate circumstances. If persons can- not afford to keep a gardener, and have not much lei- sure to give it themselves, they had better not under- take with the more delicate species of shrubbery or flowers, however tempted by their beauty; but select Euch kinds as will thrive and make the most show, with the least care and attenlion. The whole tribe of roses, with some few exception?, are of this descrip- tion' They are easy to be obtained, increase rajiidly, and though well repaying a careful cultivanon, will still flourish and bloom under almist entire neglect — among these we will mention the Ohio Multiflora, a flower indigenous with us; and though a rustic bcle, scarce e-\ceeded in beauty by her more cultivated sis- ters of the name. It will grow either iVom cuttings or seeds, and so rapidly as in a short time to overpay the trouble o! setting it. The same is true of the fragrant sweet brier — a delightful ornament, and yet so hardy as to be almost regardlessof soil or ol cultivation. The scarlet trumpet creeper (we wont trouble you with the long names of flowers) is a plant that abounds along our high-ways and hedges; very showy, and to rapnl ot increase os to be a terror to farmers. It answers a fine purpose for overgrowing and concealing unsight- ly spots about your premises, and for planting on the north side of houses, where more delicate shrubbery often languishes. The various species of honeysuckle are also very easy to be obtained, os Ihey will all grow from cuttings and take care of themselves with very little attention of yours. It is well for you, if you intend to keep shrubbery, to have a little nursery of your slips oiid cuttings in some shodynook; where you can weed, water, ond tend them all together. Do not crowd them so close that they will iwjt have room to grow, for sometime before you remove ihem. Very youngslips, or shrub- bery, planted here and there along borders, requiring twice the time and care, besides being liable to many accidents. Choose, if possible, a spot where your young jiroteges may have the morning sun, but Le sheltered from the heat of the alter part of the day. Cut your slips just below a bud, — for every hud con- tains the rudiments of a root. In this way you may raise all kinds of roses, altheas, honeysuckles, all the varietiesof lilac, seringa, and flowering almonds, with very little time, trouble, or expense. The best time for setting out such a nursery, is n the early part of the spring, when showers are frequent. Slips set af- ter this time require far more care and trouble. But the department of the garden on which you may rely most for elegance, variety, and constant succes- sion, is undoubtedly the annuals. In regard to the raising of these, it is best to plant them together in a sort of nursery — designating the kind by labels. This bed you can protect with brush- wood from the ravages of domestic fowls, and other invaders of flower borders. This bed should be in a dry and warm situation; for the long roins which oc- cur in the spring of the year often seriously damage and retard the growth of early planted seeds. If the season be dry, you can woler the seeds occasionally at vening, for moisture, as well as heot, is indispensable jlj-^crniination. When the seeds are up. and before lie hV-^ have time to strike deep, remove them in lit- Ki hivli^" ^^'''' " "■ausplanting trowel — taking care ■e earth well «;ound the rool». Tiiuisjilent, if possible, when the skies give promise of a shower — but if your plants c ime to a proper stale for remo- val, and the skier do not seem dispoted to accommo- date you, trnntplaiii in the evening; water ond pio- tecl them for a day or two from the heat, by reversing a flower pot over them, leaving it off at night for the benefit of the dew. In planting annuals it is a common inisloke to set too many in a bunch. Perhaps four or five plants oro set together, ond the consequence is thot all arc small and puny. After your plants begin to dcve op them- selves, weed out the more slender ones, and leave on- ly one or two in o bunch. Plont your different bunch- es at a very good distance from each other, with refer- ence to the space which they will occupy. Thus wo have teen a thrifty double baleam, in good "round spread over the face ot more ilion two feet all around! In niony borders the flowers ore crowded, and ihe gen- eral effect of them much injured, by not eakuloiing beforehand the growih of roch species. Flowers should be set, too, with regard to the efleet of iheir co- lors in a border, with as much care oa yon would or- range them in a bouquet. Pale and delicate flowcia should be enlivened by brighter ones; and gay flaring co'ors relieved by rich hues. Thus the dark maroon lints of the scabious, or the deep blue of the laikspur, contrast finely wilh the golden lints of the coreopsis or marigold. In the department of creepers there are many annu- als capable of producing sudden and beautiful efl'ecta. While your honeysuckles and rcses, &c. are in train- ing, yon can p.-oduce on immediate ond very beautiful substitute in the scarlet beans, purple pea, and the vorieties of convulvus, and^iany other annuols of the kind. In the garden of Mr. Jackson, near the Chevi. ot, may be seen tcven or eight varieties of creepers, extremely beautiful and rare, ond some of them pos- sessing a freedom and rapidity of growth, that renders them worthy the atiention of those who wish to wit- ness some immediate results from their horticultuial eflbits. Some of these grow from seeds, and others from roots, which increase very rapidly. We recom- mend all our fair friends who wish to procure some- thing rare and beautiful in this department, to exam- ine his collection. If, after reading ihese few lines, ony of your read- ers say, " after all, this raising of flowers is going to be too much trouble !" We soy to thcni — ciily tiy it — gel your husband or brother, or hire sonic one to lay you out a border and begin; and if you do rot fnd after a time, that nothing seems to he trouble that is done with a willing mind, we are much niisloken. Wcs. far. ^- Gunkner. H. E. B. S. Modesty. Who shall win the prize? There was a meeting of the flowers, and the judge was appointed to award ihe prize of beauty. " Who shall win the prize 1" oshs the rose, proudly stepping forward in blushing beauty, with full assuiance of its winning worth. "Who shall win the prize ?" asks the rest of the flowers as they come forward, each conscious of its attractions, ard each equolly suie of receiving the award. "I will take a peep at the asseniblage," thought the vio- let, not intending to make one of the company, "and see the beauties as they pass." Just os it was laising its modest head from its humble and retiring coiner, and was looking in upon the meeting, the judge arose to render his decree. To the violet, eoys he, I award the prize of beauty, for iheie is no tiait more rare, none more enchontingly beautiful, than — Modesty, Time. It is a truism thai time passes ropidly av\'ay. The v\'heel is constantly revolving, and carries with it our griefs ond our joys — and finally life itself. Tie an- cients represented Time with a forelock, to show that it should be seized without di lay, and that if once Inst, it cannot be secured. The duraiiou of a niaii's life should not be estimated by his years, but by w hat he his accomplished — by the uses vs'hich he has mode <* time and opportunity. 'I tie industrious man lives longer than the drone — mi by inuring our body to ex exercise and activity — we shall more than double the years of our existence. " The humifeds of idle young men scatter^ throughout the country, and lounging about in our large towns, furnish indisputable evidence that many of the rising generation are contracting hrbiis which, in after li'o, must cause a large amount of sorrow and wretchedness. Labor is not respected as ii should be, and the consequence is, that idleness takes the place of industry, and poverty, ghastly and wtelthcd, that of dieeifnlnos* and content." 9(j THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. T Letter from Annette. (an extract.) Mkssss. Editors— ' * * I am pleased to ob- serve ilinl you do not forget your female roaciL-is, nl- thougli they seem sready to neglect you. It la a pity that niy I'riend Fasny, and oilii;ia of the eieterhood, who have the ability, should be bo unwilling to ' let their lights shine.' Sueh talents should not lie hiJ m a nnpiihi, when iheir proi^er e.xeieiae would be pro- ductive of 60 much good. I have read the articles of " D. C." on the Educa- tion of Fanners' Children, with great satisfaction; on J I sincerely wish they could be read by every pa- lent in the land. The subject is one of great magni tuJe, and the wiiter treats it with a masterly hand. 1 hope he will not leave it till be has exhibited all its be ..rings, exoose.l the nu.iierous evils which exist, and pointed out the leiiiedy. I heartdy coiigraiulate you, Messrs. Editors, on the success of your noble enterprite. 1 am fully convin ced that the New Genesee Farmer is destined to exert a most powerful intlueuce on the mnning community, the good cfTect of which wiil be manifested throughout succ'cedingages. The arrival of your monthly niee- sengcr is always looked for with an.tieiy, and greeted •with a hearty welcome by the inhabitants of maple grace; and should us editors chimce to roam as far as oar sliiuiij retreat, ihe^may rely upon a must cordial reception. I am sorry to hear of Mr. Batehara'a ill health— hope it is nothing serious. Why does he not relax himself awhile, and take a ramble among his rumerous friends in llie country, at this delightful sea- em 1 He could thus belter acquaint himself with the wants and feelings of his patrons, and observe whelh- cr they proilt by the instructions they receive. " * Very respectfully, ANNETTE. Maple Grace, May, 1841. Rkmarks — Now, Annette, just "cease your fun- ning:" the last paragraph of the above is too [irovo- kindly lanializiiig to be patiently endured, althcufiii clothed in so much liindncss " Roam as far as your ■hady retreat," forsooth, when you know full well we have been puzzled in vain these twelvemonths to find out ita location ! Mr. B. intends to spend some time in the country, aa soon as circumstances will permit: and if Annei.e will mike known her true lucus Uabilalionis, he will not fail to visit the shady grace. (If his surmises are correct ho A-ever, t'ue journey will not be a very lengthy one !) — Ens^ Au Inquiry froia Michigan. Messrs. Editors— Can you send me the first vol- ume of the New Gjnesce Farmer 1 I find that bad I commenced taking your paper a year ago, I -houlo have saved by the means more than a hundred tiineo it! cost, r am convinced that however siiiad a farm a ninn may cultivate, even if not more than half an acre, nn agricultural iinper may be of immense advantage to him — each number worth the cost of the volume. Respectfully yours, A. C. H. We canetill furnish vol. 1. — E-s. lit 03 ii Uj •The supplies of .-ill ilescri|i1ions are light, : i-oni-idcnilily enhanceil. Northern Corn !i! weigh: i Ijoulliern do 39. R\ ...1 lares the cnsuii;? season, a; .he ham c VV Mr. C Ashton, in Shelhy, one mile west and halli mile louth from Medina, Orieans Co., where tic has stoo the two last seasons. It is hut just to B.ay that he is not prohahiy surpassed I anv horse in Western New York. Good judges who wet at llie Fiirln Rocliestcr, last fall, think thatif he had hee there he would have taken the premium wilhoirt any doub , His stock is right— just the thing for farmers and the n ke». Getitleiuen who wish to raise good horses will do i to 'call and see.— He is eiteiifilvely known in ,J;i^;»S' countv. r. H. A?-HIU>, ^ ' J SHERWOOD, R. L. CHASE, Medina, Orleans Co., March 9, 1841. KOCHESTER iSEED STORE— 1841. B\TEHAM &. CltOSMAN, the proprie;ore of this I known establtslmicnt, respectfully inform ilie puldictr tlievhave now on hand a ireneral assortment of sup English and American SEEDS of the growth of 1K40, a o'her articles in their line of husiness. "For the FARM— choice varieties of Corn, Gram, Gr« Clover &c and seeds for Root Crops, such as Mangel Wu zcl f^u'c-ir Reel. I'arrot, Ruta Baga, English Turnip, 4,c For the GARDEN— all the most valuable and appro- kinds of eiculcnl Vegetable Seeds. Tliose wluch grow •creator perfection in Europe, are annualK iniported ft Fn"l-ind — such as the different varieties of Cabbage, Ca doner. Broccoli, Radish, Turnip &c. Onion seed is ohtl ed from Wethersfield, and other articles are raised for ■ lishmeiit with great KUTA BAGA AND TURNIP SEEDS. A Full and choice assorlinent of Ituta liaga and other Turnip Seeds, are now en tlieir way from England, and will in a few days be recei\ed at the Rochester Seed Store. BATEHAM & CKOSMAN. Juiiel, 1841. THETHOROUGHBRED HORSE YOUNGHENRY. THE PUBLIC are informed that the above thorough bred Horse, raised bv II. Woolsev, Long Island, and now owned by the subscriber, will stand at O Culver's, Brighton, Moiir eco., and will he let to mares at fifteen dollars the sea- son. Enclosed ml good pasture will i;c provided, and all possible care and attention will be paid to mares brought from 1 distance and left with the liorsc ; but no responsibili- ty for accidents or escapes, should any occur. Pedigree. Young Henry was got by Henry, the competitor of Eclipse, out of Sandnole, bv Eclipse. Young Henry is now 7 years old on the 4th of Juiicnext; he is a splendid figure, with his points finely developed . he is a dark sorrel, and somewhat over 16 hands high. For further particulars, apply FLOWEIt SEEDS— about '200 varietir tiful and interesting kinds^—(PriceoOcen of the most be per d07,. p.ipi itbofsAND PLAN! S— Clioice kinds of Potatoes, parajus and Pie-plant roots. Cabbage, Cauliflower and o Diants in their season. TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS, of Farm and Garden And BOOKS on subjects silk culture, &c. SILK WOR.M EGGS— of dilTeren, kinds ^''a^r CATALOGUES grat supplied • • ^ • kind>-, foi large collet:tion of valu nnected Willi farming and gardel hand In Merc) fro cnce, application, nth Seeds at wholesale, on liberal term . distance containing a remittance, or good will receive .attention ity ArccuU Hall, Rochester, April 1, lt41. BATEHAM i CROS.MA hrish-.i , Mo OLIVER CULVER. ;Co„N. Y., May 20, 1841. Eastern Phaj^hs. — One of Howard's celebrated ea- sy draught piougiis, and one of Prouty & Aletirs' (small sized; do. tor sale at the Seed Store. llO UE3T Jc ,R, Monday, 1.V 1, Itfll. MONEY MARKET. par. N. F.nglttud Bank Notes, E.i3te-n Draft 1.1 pr ct prelii In iaiia, 10 a Peoasv vaiiia l> a in di? III iiois, 13 a Ohio, 111 a 12 do. In I'.el States 2d a Micliiga n •iS do. .Nl. w Jersey, Sao d. 6 a 10 do. Ca lada, Susp's' 1 lirid ;e'J a V do. The .>Ioney Mo rket s ra her easier now than it lias THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE, FlfORIZEli. FOR the information of those who may w ish the stock of tills celebrated hors;, notice is hereby given, that he will stand for mares the ensuing season, at the stable of H. V". Weed, Geneseo; and also at the stable of the subscriber, in Goveland, where pasturage will be provided, and atten- tion [laid to mares from a distance. May 15, |811. C. H. CARROLL. SILK WORi»I EGGS. LARGE White Peanut, and large Nmkin Pe.anut eggs ■ (.he Hina Ulirabel. cnA Mirabel jnmie, of the French,) and the common Sulphur varieties, are for sale at the Seei rilorc, bv BATEHAM & CROS.MAN. Roc/lister, April t, IWl. KOCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED FOR THE NEW GENEKEE FARMER, JUNE 1, If- WHEAT, .... per bushel $ 88 o $ CORN, " 44 OATS, " 3] BARLEY, " o7i RYE, " 50 BEANS, White,.. " 62J POTATOES,...." 22 APPLES, Desert,. " 38 " Dried,... " 75 CroER, barrel, 300 FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,2.5 < Fine " 3,75 ' SALT " 1:50 PORK,Mesa, " 11,00 « " Prime " 9,n0 IJ " Hog, .... 100 lbs.... 3,75 ' REEF " 4,00 4 POULTRY, per pound, ■* A; for some time past This is owing partly to tlic passage ol the Appropriation Bill, which will give relief to the Banks which were largely in advance to«oiitractors on the public works. NEW YORK M.iRKET— M.iv 27. FLooa andMe.il— Tli« arrivals of Western continue t( lie comparatively light, and the market is very tiriii. Suuili ^'fneCorn Maal is a'lvan.-ing. A FAK.U & COUNTRY SEAT FOR SALE. Fills r RATE Farm, with new Buildings and Fences, uated nnlv one anil three-fourths of a mile from Ro- Post Office, on the Stage Road leading from iMonroe- strcel, e.isl. The Farm contains FIRy Acres of E.«el!ent Land, most of wiiich is ill a high state of cultivation, a Two Story House, with a Wing and Columns in front, good Barn, Carriage House. &•... about 30U Bearing Fruit Trees of various kinds, goo.i Water and Wood. More or less Land can be tiad with the Buildings, if desire I. A fine Horticultural Garden is now in progress adjoining said Farm. This property is worthy the atiention of a purcha^_ cither for fanning purposes, or a pleasant place of resid*" liping near a sood inarlcet, gooti schools aiirl seminarif gajc] For further par.iciili-.rs, I'lease apply at tiie iiouse rii;m, or address, post paid. C. I.VGERJOLL .iBce, N. Y- Kocheetcr Po- BriffH-M, J'atf 1, 1811. perdozeii ^. per poi'-'° Q**" .ench,... 874. EGGS BUTTER. Fresh, " Firkin, CHEESE LVRD T.^LLOW, Clear, HIDES, Green.. SHFEP SKLNg-- PEARL ASF-S, ..100 lbs. .5,00.. pQ.p • ..4,.)0.. WOOL, pound,. 30.. H\Y t(.n,../,00.. tApVS SEED,.... bushel,.. L.-^.O.. J?," i;:~«'WJp,,x^u^rfJ«"'■'•'-»'»•^ ^w-i- I. B. BATEflAM, i ". F. CROS.MAN, Proprietors. | ROCHESTER, JUliY, 1811. JOHN J. THOMAS, M. 13. BATKHAM, Edilors. NO. 7 PUI5L>SSHE1> MOXTJlIiY. TERMS, FIFTY CF.XTS, per year, puyahlc alwnys in advnnce. Post .Aliistcrs, AKeiits, jiiid olliers, semliii-,' money free of 03:a2e, win receive 3efc« copie? lor $3, — 7 'ice/fc copies for 5, — ^liccnly-five copies I'or ®1U. The posta'^e of tliis pnper Is only one cent to any place Mllitii lliis slate, and one and a li^ilf cents to any'pariuf he I'niled Stales. Address BATlillASI & CROSMAN, Rocliestcr, N. V. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 'uMislicrs' ^{oliocs Harvestin? and Tlirashins .Ma- dliiics. A .Vew Oil Plant— .Madia sativa. The :Mri- ped Uuff. Farmers, don't sell vonr Ashes. CIftrit"\ ing !M.iple .--us.-ir with [nlian Meal, '. . . •he Ciirc-.ilio. Locality of the Canker Worm. Bt!.-.t ."Method of improving New Farms. Cnllureand Use of kgricnllural Socinti es-Thc "Act to Froniotc Agricul- tnre." >heep l»ui soncd li - the Ued CJierrv Jicrescen.-cs on I'i mi Trc ej!. Rust on Wlieat. " S. W." p.nd the Cori Laws. Rotation of Crops. Root Culture Some of our Canadian nci^'hhors seem to forget that there is any postage on letters in tliis c^tate; and o'hcrs rememljer it to hut little purpose. We have on several occasions receiv- ed letters containing one or more small bills, and then a ten cent piece enclosed "lo pay the American postage!" Whe'e- as the postage is ciiargcd .oji each, pitre, \v]ie her large or small, and the ten cent p\G':cjitst paid its own postage and no more ! The people of Canada gencrai/y, and even many of the post masters, do dot seem to Ije aware lh.at the law al- lows American postage to be paid together with the Cana- dian, jit the office where the letter is deposited. All that is necessary is, for the post master to mark on the outride the amount so paid. Wo hope we shall not tjoon have to write another homily on this text Plocghing level land in Broad Ridges. Locust Tree In- te t. .\merican f^ocietv of Agriculture. New varie- ties of Turnip i^re.ls, 101 Cattle .Sljow and Fair of the N. Y. Agricultural Society —List of Premiums, &c. Complementary Colors. The Yellows in Peach Trees 102 Botan.v. Farcner* and Slechanics. How to Eradicate llie l.'randde. Consnniptioti of iMeat. Kecipcfori^Iak- ing French Hni;pv. Inquiry— Postage, 103 O-jr aim And F.tpeot.itinns Downing's Landscape tiardeniiig. .^cknowled'-'njents. S-arcily of Fodder —.•=^casorml)le Hints Sale of Berkshires. The Dcan- Bton (Scntcli) Subsoil Ploush, (with cut.) 104 The Hereford O.t. (wiU) cut.) "The New Kngland Far- mer—Hav JIaking 105 Aspar.agn?.' Disease of Silk Worms— The Jluscanline. Hiving Bees 108 Circular of the American Institute. To prevent Fence Posts frrnii Heaving. Fat Cattle. Proper Season for Ciiring Grain. Application of Lime to soils 107 The Flowers of Summer. Spurious Bnta Baga Seed,. . lOB Tile Weather— the Crops— Harvest Prospects. Sowing Oifufor Fo-lder. Killing Rats 109 Locirst T.-ces in the West. The Fruits of the Soil. The Silk Business in I'ennsvlvrmia. Protection against DrongK-. The Duty tn L.ahnr 110 The Flower Garden — Cnllivated hy the Ladies Leisure Da.s. What should parents do with their hnvs? A Gem f.-om i.ic-iig. Culture of Buckwheat. Go Forth into the Ki.'lls, (Doe'rv.) Ill Waterloo Wnnlcn l-'actorv. Devon Cattle. Monroe Co. A g. So. Markets. .\ I'vertismen-s. Prices Current, 112 Ilavvestiiig and ThiasliiMg RIachiaes. '■Pitt's Grain Tbraeher and Sepnintov" ia now in operntion near this city; and, as in other plncc-s, is gaining the approbation of the farmers who witness it. We are happy lo nnnotince that Mr. Pitts is making made, by which it was found preferable lo the oliv* oil, which bad been previously used." " For all ihccc reasons, it is lo be hoped that tb» Madia sntiva will soon lake that place in agriculture, to which, by its usefulness, it is justly entitled; iind whicli, also, the king of Wirtembiirg bcs already ac- knnv.-ledged, by rewarding with a gold medal ibe mer it of M. Bosch, in introducing a iilant into field cul- ture which promises lo become unconmionly useful, not only to our sgriculturc, but to our manufQCluiM and trades." We should be pleased to hear whether any experi- ments have been tried with this plant in the United States. Tlie Stiipecl Bug. Several correspondents have lavored us with an- swers to the inquiry in our Inst, for on cffeclual modo of protecting vines from the striped bug. We giv» the Euhstance of these methods, although they arc not arrangements to manufacture the machines in this new, and ne know from experience that most of them city. One of HuFsey's Har%'esiing Blachines has just ar- rived in town, and measured will be token to artiird the farmers nf this vicinity an opportunity for seeinff it in operation. Mr. Htisscy is now manufacturing hie machines at .Auburn, and will soon be rondy to supply orders. More about these machines next month. All .\ito!ogy for Conespoiidesits. Il is we'd known that most of our correspon Icnts are pructical farmers, and TVith most of our readers wc are sure Uiis is BufHcient excuse for their not writing more :.t this acascn of theyear. In tfe mean time, it gives us an oppor. tunity tn select some choice treasures from the columns of our cotrmporarics. We trust, however, that our old friends will improve the time affoided by a rainy day, occa!=inna)ly, Boas not to allow our renders to forget them -, Mid as soon as the hurrying season is over wc shall agaXn cxMbit a goodly llttmber of honorable names. - Oue More Call. Some post masters and agents deserve our thanks for the honorable manner in wliich they Iiavc responded lo the call In our last; but there are many others still behind hand, and as we dislike tn be personal, we hope they will remit the amounts due without delay, and save us further trouble. '•Thou Shalt liot steal." Itdoes but little good to scold. Nut really the way our pock- ets arc picked by some persons in the matter of postage, is hardly cndnral^le. One writes from Ohio that his paper has miscarried or lost, another in Michigan asks some unim- portant question for his own benefit, and each tohs us of two shillings: A gcutlemnu Q) in Canada writes a letter entirely for his own benefit, and encloses a Imsiuess card, making double postage and cheating us out of three Bhillings. .Another orders two copies of the Farmer and en- closes a dollar bill, which is at a discount of from 7 to 10 etais. and then ^uljO.-is tin trt Hftu'de pi'Jstagc in the nareftin. A New Oil Plant— The i^ladia saliva. The superintendant of the Belfast (Ireland ) Botanic Garden, presented .Mr. Baieham a package of the Madia saliva seed. Part of tliis was sent lo the Hon. H. Xj. Ellsworth of the Patent Office, who requests Its lo publish some information concerning it. The best account of this plant we have seen, isiu Loudon's Magazine of Gardening for March, 1S39, from which we gather the following : — "M. Bosch, superintendant of the gardens of the kinf of Wirtemburg, has made numerous ex- peiiTnenls for many years on acclimatising cx- olic plnnte, during the course of which one plant, Muiliii. sntiva, attracted peculiar attention, as he found I from the reports of travellers in Chili, that it is culti- vated in that country as an oleiferous plant, and an excellent oil is extracted from it. During the last few years, M. Bosch bus given this plant a fair trial on a large scale, at consideiable expense ; and the re- sults of this trial hove surpnesed his most sanguine expectations." It is an annual plant of the natural order Compos- itsB, growing to the height of one and a half to two feet. The si'ed should be sown in the spring, on rich soil, at the raleof about 7 lbs. lo the acre. The pro- duce is about 1,500 lbs. per (English) acre ; and 100 lbs. of seed yield about 33 lbs. of oil. " According to a chemical nnnlyeis, 100 parts of the Madia oil consists of 45 parts of oleine (or fluid part of the oil), 40 of siearine (the mucilage, orfattj part) and 15of glycerine (or sweet solid part, a honey like and glutinous subsiance) This oil docs not congeal at 19' below Reaumur, but only becomes a little less fluid, which makes it an incomparable substance for keeping oil sorts of mnchines in order; and there can likewise be a solid and well lathering soap made of it. That it may be advantogCTtusly used in cloth ntt)nn- factories has been proved by c.^pi'rimeBis already are not fidly eiicctiiol. In a season like the present, however, when the bugs are not very numcroui, theto prcveniivee may answer the purpose. 1. Water the plants with a decoction of tobacco. y. Spread tobacco stems, or refuse tobacco, around them 3. Sprinkle the plants frequently with water in which burdock leaves have been soaked a lew days. 4. Spread soot upon and around the plants. 5. Apply osSies, plaster, or sulpher, in the aaine manner as the la^t. 6. The last and most effectual, if not the most easy: gel up — we mean go out — early in the morning whi^e the dew is on their wings, catch them, and with the thumb and finger, pinch off their 7««nt/iW/s. Or administer adoeeof the Frenchman's flea powder, thus : — "First den, you catch de fca; You pour some little powder clown he troal; Begar he choke !" Farmers, don't Sell year Ashes. Messrs. Editobs — According to lale discoveries ia Agricultural Chemistry, Professor Liebig Bavo, that in taking the hay from meadows, the principal cause of exhaustion to the soil, is the loss of the potash con- tained in ihe hay; and that this may bo leadiiy rest'J- red by sowing ihe meadow with « tbin covering of wood ashes. I once heard a very successful farmer say, that he never eufPered a bushel of ashes to be sold from hia farm— that it was worth .50 cents a bushel to sowrn grass and corn. SENECA. Clarifying- Maple Sugar with ludiau Meal. W. S. Tuppor, of South Venice, informs us that he tried an experiment according to the directions in our April paper, for clarifying Maple Sugar by the use of Indian meal. Owing to the advanced state of the season, the trial was not very complete; still, the result satisfied him that a quality of sugar can be produced in this way, far superior to that clarified in the old way by the use of milk and eggs. He advises sugar makers to give it a fair trial next year, and pitldisi ths resulia. 98 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2; The Cuiculio. We niG but partially RCi-iuainlcd \viih the Curculio. Its manner of iiroviding for its young by depositing the nit in our stone fruit, mny be familiar to most of our readers, — together with sem;.! other particulare; but its food afier it has passed into the perfect state, its place of abode during the autumn and winter, and ih J age it may attain, are things which appear to be Tery imperfectly linown. If the life of this insect extends to several years, the chief advantage to be derived from having hogs and geese under the trees, must be to prevent its incrcace. A itw of the old ones indeed, mtty be trampled to death; but in a large fruit garden, it is likely that most of the young ones \vill escape; and if to these ■wo add such as immigrate from other places, there •will be an increasing array of them in the trees, be- yond the reach of the hogs, geese, and poultry. That such has been the case in our fruit garden, we are much inclined to believe. Six years ago, the hogs were not permitted to run there; and vfithout doubt inany hundreds of young curculioa were adt'cd to those already in poesesaion. We have lately under- taken to lessen their number by catching them on fiheets; and we now have rbout 1700 on the list. From their difference in size, wc infer a diflerenee in age. Further proof indeed, is wanted; but some of them are not less than four or five times as large as others. If they live through n period of years, they liinst continue to provide frr their onspring in some kind of stone fruit. If we exclude them from the plum tree, the apricot, and nectarine, tlu-y will attack the peach Rnd the cherry. The latter indeed suffers annually to some extent; and a few years ago, owin" to a scarcity of other fruit, our peaches were almost entirely destroyed by them. These considerations have induced us this season to pay more attention to therii than in years pi:st; and we have been surprised to find then', so numercus. In a late article on this subject, we proposed to jar the trees before the tin troughs were put up; but one, or even a dozen jarringa are not sufficieiit to jet them all down. Tae troughs therefure, should be fixed and filled, very early in the season, befoic the insects as- cend the trees, or t'jo labor may be Tain. We offer some proof of this remark: For nine mornings in suc- cession, some ol our trees had been repeatci'ly nruck with an axe, so as to produce violent concussions, each time obtaining a goodly number uf ciirculios; and yet on the tenth morning, from the same trees, we caught more than duu'ile the number that we had at any other time, owing to the CvM \vhi<-h benumbed them, and rendered them less able to hold on. From the same trees we hr.ve since obtained many more. Some persona have doubted the efficiency of water troughs; but from what we have seen of them, our confidence has not been diminisjied in the least. We have frequently caught cmculios on the rim, as ii waiting for a passage; and have sometimes found them in the water perfectly helpless. Now to prevent them from climbing up, ia all that we can reasonably expect from a water trough. It cannot bring them down. For lar^e trees, the expense of these fixtures will be greater than on small trees, the amount of maieri- bIs to make thera being greater. If n sufiieient spate be lel't between the trough and the tree hiiwever, it may remain several years without being taken down — a hole being made in the bottom as soon as the curculio season is over, to let off the water which might collect there, from rain or from melting snow. A small chisel, cutting through the tin into a block ol Tvood held firmly under, would make a sufficient aperture, which might be closed the next spring, and secured by a drop of soder. Tliree or more wedges by small nails, support the trough; and rags or tow stop up the remaining vacancy. We cap the whole with a coat of mortar to prevent the insects from working their W!:y through the crevices. Hogs sometimes neglect to eat the fallen fruit when it is very green; but shorter commons will generally bring them to their duty. If the fruit lieslong un- der the tree, the worm escapes into the ground. t ILocality of the Canker Worm. The Nr.shville Agriculturist (as quoted in an ex- change paper^ recommends taking up the earth round fruit trees to the depth of six or eight inches, and to the distance of eight or ten inches, for the purpose of burning it, in order "to destroy the germ of the can- ker worn." Is the canker worm an inhabitant ol Tennessee ? Perhaps some of our readers can inform US in regard to tiiis particular ; and also the bounda- ries of that district on which ths genuine canker worm (PhaUna vernataj is found. Deone in his New England Farmer or Georgical Dictionary says, " It is not less than about fitly years since this insect began ita depredations in New Eng- land, in the ports which had been longest cultivated. But perhaps there is some reason to hope that Provi- dencc is about to extirpate them : for a little bird has lately made its appenrance in some parts of the coiin- tiy, which feeds upon the canker worms. Should these birds have a rapid increase, the insect will be thinned, so as to be less formidable, if not wholly de- stroyed." The second edition of that work was issued in 1797, "soon after the first," and perhaps we may set the time of their first appearance about one hundred years ago. It will be safe to conclude they were not newly created about that time, however ; and we may ask whence they came ? or what other tree supplied them with food before that period ? The little bird was doubtless the cedar bird — one of the greatest marauders of our land ; but having no canker worms for him to feed on in this dielriet, we should be gliidto send him where he might find use- ful employment. + Fr(/m TVeslcrn Farmer. Best Method of Jtaproviisg New Farms. If heavily timbered with oak, maple, beach, bass wood, ash, &c., together with a heavy growth of un- derwood or brush, the best method in the opinion of the writer, or at least that hss fallen under his obser- vation, to clear such land is, if it be undidaling and diy, to enter in the months of June, July or August, upon the land to be cleared, when the leaves ore large r.nd full, with axe and busk hook in hand, and cut dowii all the trees and brush of and less in size than six or eight inches in diameter, on the first five, ten, twenty, or more acics, according to the means at com- mand, leaving the larger trees standing. Trim up the fallen trees by lopping off the branch- es, and then cut up their branches into £,uitnble length for rads, or tobe thrown together into piles for burn- ing, leating the brush scattered over the surface of the ground to dry. The next step recommended, will be, aiiat the leaves have fallen from the trees in the fall of the year, and belore the buds start out in the spring, to girdle the timber or trees left bianding so efleclually as to kill them ; and as soon thereafter ns the weather will permit, (if the season be favorable, the Inst of April or first of May,) put fire to your "fallow," and the probability is, you will get a "good burn." When once cleared off, put on a brisk team of young cattle or horses, and harrov.' up your land th&.oiigly till it becomes mellow and pliable to the hoe ; you mny then plant it in corn or potatoes, or sow it lo onts or other spring grain, at your option, or as your M.mts may dictate. If you sow to oats, you can innnediately seed down after them to "timothy grass," "red top" or "clover," which will soon fur- nish your farm with hay for your stock of cattle, &c. Nor will the 'girdlings' become dangerous to your cattle, or prove detrimental to your crops for the first almost any season of the year when he may have theS most leisure time Xu do it. 3 It being generally the ease with those hardv indue.; ^ triouemenvvho most frequently break in upon new' farms, that they are limited in their means, and hav ing families to support, and soVne of them large ones , too, they require a quick return of the outlay of their.' small capitals And this method of clearing the first' forty acres of timbered land, if pursued, will place a family in circumstances to raise their own fuod for consumption, soonei' than any otiier, as much labor, time and expense are thereby saved the first year or two, while the now beginner is beginnirg anew with every ihins; new around him. If "openings," "prai- ries,''or "plains," are to be v.'orked, where there ia a heavy coat of herbage upon the ground, and no ob- stacles in the v. ay of the plough, in the m.onth of Juno or July enter upon the land to be broken up with a sufficient team to turn over the sward with case, while the wild grass and herbs are yet tender and vegetating. The depth of ploughing should be regulated accord, ing 10 the depth ef the soil. And as a general rule, prairie can be ploughed deeper than either openings or the willow plains. "Oak openings," the first ploughing should be turned over lo t!ie depth of ebout Six inches, and great care must be taken to turn a "t7cr/7i, handsome furrow,'* so as to cover entirely the vegetable matter, for one acre well ploughed and tilled, is better to the farmer than five but half done, and if the whiskey lotllc is suffered never to enter the habitation nor the field, and proper care be taken, the farm work is sure of being not only seaEonnbly, but well done. The land thus ploughed should be suf- fered to lie in fallow, undisturbed until the following spring, when it may be cross ploughed, harrowed and prepared for spring crops. It may be well, perhaps, here to advert to one reason why the first ploughing in openings or plains, where the sub-soil tends to clay should not be made too deep. ArgillousBoil, in ita natural undisluibcd slate, lies in a compact firm layer, and is of a cold sour nature ; and as new beginners are somewhat impatient for eaily crops, tbey cannot wait for the seasons with their accompanying attributes of heat and frost, show- er and sunshine, to modify and subdue the natural sourness of a clayey soil if ploughed to the depth of ten or twelve inches at first: so theiefore, as soon as the vegetation and mould which were turned under at the first ploughing, have sufficiently rotted to mix with the under soil that was turned up, and which being thin, (if ploughed but six inches,) and lying over a compost formed of the vegetable matter soon mace- rates, by exposure and the air changes of the v.'eather, and will if planted or sowed, yield a tolerable crop, the time is improved by the new beginners, to avail themselves of the earliest possible harvest. And fur- thermore, as all newly cultivated lands, if pro;:erIy inanaged, will yield a yearly increase of the products of the soil for the first five or six years ; the depth of ploughing can be gradually increased without materi- ally lessening the productiveness of the crop. At the same lime the faimer ia receiving a rich reward for his care and labor. As 1 have already occupied a larger space of your useful columns than may be interesting to most of your readers in partly answering a short in- quiry, I shall close by observing that if your "Tus- cola" correspondent, " O. S." needs any further in- formation on the subject, after be shall have cleared or broken up the first ten acres of land, by so intima- ting through the medium of the Western Farm.er, ho can be accommodated by " CINCINNATUS." Lapeer Covntij, March 20th, 1841. three or four years, and in the mean time they can be cut down and used for rail timber, or tire wood, and pushed up bslweeu ike tioiigl; and the tree fastened | being dry, mn be bmned out of the faimer's way st MiUet. Ctdtare. — This plant will grow upon any soil of tolerable richness, though it does best on loam. The ground should be prepared as for ordinary crors. Tlie seed should be sown broad-cast, and coveted with the harrow. If sown early, the crop may be gathered in August, though if sown any time before the 25th of June, It will come to mnturiiy.* If seed is the object, four quarts of seed to tlie acre will be enough; but if intended principally for cattle feed, the quantity of seed may be increased to eight quarts. It grows to the height of from two to six feet, according to the quality of the soil. Birds are fond of the seed, and devour it as soon as it begins to ripen. The crop shotdd be therefore cut before the whole bas matured, and while the straw is green. It may be cut with a syckle, scythe, or cradle, and should be housed as soon as it is sufficiently dry. * When fiidder i.9nhe cliief olject. JiliUst nii'y ''« Bown ijj July.— Ees. N..O.FARaEg. No. 7. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL 99 Product — The prndnct will bo according to ihc Isoil, nnJ will vary from ten to thirty biislicls of 6eed, ■nd trom one to throe tons of fornsc, on tlic ncro. It eoniQiiincs produces more than a tbmisnml Ibid remnis. Use — \Vf hnvo Ibiiiid it an cxci'licnt Bubstitme for Poorn, in Inttcmn;^ hogs, cither ground or boiled; nnd ■ if grounil would probably bo useful lor neat emtio nnd horses. The straw ia eaten freely hy eaitle, ami both i the seed and straw abound with nutiitious matter. — lAlljaKii Cnllii;itKtr. The followins; opinions were advanced by Messrs. IColmnn and Huckminstcr, at the Agrienltural meet- lings in Boston: I . , _ ,, , . . . ,, m ' Millet was both grass and grain. Mr. C. had '='=''""""'='" or profitable mode of competition. Ihe I himself raised it at the rate of three tone to the acre, f above cl-juse seems to embrace the true principle on Mention is made of "articles, productions and im- provements, best calculated to pionii to the agricultural, household, and manufactu.iuy inte'vsts of this State." All articles seem to be excluded from cxhibiiion for premiums, c.icci't those whir,li fidfil the above imcii- tion. Theoflicers of the society are tobnvo "special reference to the nctt pve.nls which accrue or nro likely to accrue from the mode of raising the crop or stock, or tbe labricatioa of liie nrticlu thus ofl'ered, with the intention that the reward shall be given for the most It is an annual plant, and ia usetui when other crops fail, rie had known millet sown in August, and a good crop obtained after the crop of liay bad been cut oft" with drought. Cattle prefer it to almost any other kind of hay. When rijicned it is a valuable gra'n, Weighing from thirty to forty pounds to the bushel." Millet he (Mr. 11.) believed a great exhauster of the soil: it probably v/ould trot exhaust so niuc'a when cut for hay before it was ripe. It could hot be profitably cultivated in this country for any vther than a late crop." For the Ifew Gc/tescf^ Farmrr. AgricuUiira! SocEeties-=The Act of 1841 "To Promote Agriculturo." Messrs. Eduous — There has been i;nuch differ- ence of opinion amongst practical farir.ers, as to the ■utility of Agricultural Societies. f.oine have said ihey are altogether too partial in thr^r operations, ex- cluding from competition all, or mostly all, of those who have not ample pecuniary means of preparing subjects for exhibition and pr emium at the annuol fair. It is urged that the pr',nciple on which prerai- «ms have been awarded, ir ,stead of rewarding skill, economy, and good husba' ,,(]ry, has encouraged a few individuals to vie with e adj oii,er in pampering a se- lect number of nnima' .g^ ^,t,ilo perhaps their average stock may in conser ^i,e„ce be stinted below ordinary allowance, and be of the most common description. Some have besto ^^(j ^U their manure on one or two .acres, and by gr .gt e.tpense of time and pains extorted .a great crop of g,.ain or roots, while the remainder of ihe farm has' j,et yiixix corresponding neglect; and fi- nally, he wh ,0 has succeeded in cramming the most pudding in jo ^ pjg^ or has been able to draw the milk /rom the grcaics-. number of cows with one cnlf, has, .as a mat .ter of co'.Utie, drawn the premium. Sir, how if-ve y ou fed tlia tine animal of yours 1 Ob, he has "neve [ had more than he could get, has been in some •cae ja about the necessary amount of scrutiny and in- "VCstigation as to method nnd means. Tus man who, rcgordless of c.Ypcnse, obtains the greatest crop from an acre or half an acre, w. H acom- plish the same result. The same may be said of the otherwise frugal housewife, who neglects impoi tsut domestic duties, in order to produce a highly wroug.'il pair of silk stockings or a curious hearth run-. These objections I confess are not altogether ground- less; yet, upon the whole, agricultural societies, with all their errors of manag<;raent, have stirred up a spirit of eniulafion, showed farmers what can be done, and been of great benefit to the intcjests of agriculture, I think the friends of improvement may felicitate themselves on the final attention which this subject has received from the legislature, and the passage of an act, which if carried out according to its true spirit will obviate liiesc objeetione, and place every one with- in the sphere of fair competition. Although the aljowanoe provided in this act is very limited; yet, as an incipient step, it ia much better than no action; and it is to be hoped that the impor- tance of the object will stimulate our farmers promptly to oo-operate in making up the duplicate to this fund. I propose to make a iew remarks on section 3d of the act, which will be ftuud entire in the Jiuie num- ber Qf this paper, whie'a agricultural societies ought to operate and pre- D'.'iums be awarded. Farming in general is not cnr- d on as an amusement, but as a source of profit, as an agreeable and healthy employment. The data which are to determine " nett profit," seem to bo perfectly evident. He who succeeds in eliciting the most ani- mal or vegetable nutriment from a given quantity of nmteiial, with the same economy of time and labor, shows the most skill; or, in other words, he who can pi ocluoe a fine crop or a fine animal at the least expend of menus, will reap the most " nett profit." It iswcU known that two animals of the same ago and weight may be placed in separate pens, each may be fed the same quantity of grain or roots — at the end of o given time weigh nnd examine these animals and there will be found a dilTerence (sometimes very great) in their weight and form. The only possible circumstances which can produce this dilTerence, are as follows: — 1. Method of preparing the food. 2. Time and manner of feeding. 3. Constitution of the animal, which embraces, 1. Voracity of appetite, which malies them what are termed "good feeders." 2. Power of the digestive and assimilating organs, by which a greater quantity of chyle is elaborated from the same aliment in some animals than in others. In regard to field crops, it is likewise known that the most striking diflerencein the appearance and pro- duce ia sometimes only separated by a division fence. This is caused, 1. 3y the previous condiuon of the land, quantity and quality of manure applied: 2. Season of the year when manure ia drawn and method of application. 3. Number of times nnd manner in which the land is ploughed and harrowed. 4. Preparation of seed nnd mode of plariting o^ g' „ showing accurately the profitof cultivating the crop or feeding or fattening the animal. This latter clause strikes at the root of the whole matter. It excludes all mere fancy farmers, who by dint of money con ex- hibit some huge animal, or produce an enormous crop from a few rods of ground. It will bo seen I think, that the spirit of the law is to give the " race to the swift and the battle to the strong," and as far as can be, reward and encourage genuine merit. Farmers of 1811, why are you not still muzzling over the surface of your farms with the old bull plough with wooden mould bonid, and putting in your grain with the triangular harrow of nine teeth? Who amongst you now, who if your slock is not all tho- rough bred, have not a sprinkling amongst your flocks and herds of some of the best blood in Europe 1 To whom are you indebted for the amazing improve- ment which has taken place in farming for the Inst twenty years 1 To the ingenious, to the enterpri- sing, to the men who were willing to hazard time and means in doubtful experiments — many important hints on which you are alr.iost unconsciously practicing with success, you can trace to these men— men of thought, men of persevering exertion. I need not say that real excellence in any depart- ment of business is not the result of accident, or blind chance. It must be the fruit of cool reflection, of" pa tient thought." The brilliant emanations of genius, like those luminous appearances in the heavens which sometimes occur, may dazzle and surprise and excite our admiration; but most of the great practical im- provements in the arls which have raised men from barbariBm, have been the fruit of laborious exertion, of protracted experiments. They have cuueed much tacking of the brain and many sleeploos nights.— These remarks apply as well to farming as to any oth- er pursuit. The door of improvement is still open — let the tide flow on. Every farmer, if he studies his own interest, will become a member of the county so- ciety; and if he has not the taste or the time to devote to agricultural experiments, let him cheerfully con- tribute a little for the encouragement of those who, for his benefit, are willing to search out the most suc- cessful and economical method of raising a crop, aatJ will be at the pains of introducing the most an-- breeds of horses, caltle, sheep, and' sv- Ogdcn, J((/4i^lM84l. .„g^ J- B. SMITH. oved S^' 5. And lastly, time spent in tehdiiig the c^.^^ , manner of doing it. A proper discrimination is required to hit right in every particular, and so adjust the, labor and expense as to se«ure a profitable crop. The more skilfiil and j.udicioiis ."onsideration of the above circumsionces, can alone rem^er one man more aucceesAil than anoth- er. Here is ample scope for the exercise of thouoht and experiirfent; aniJ the man who by well directed and careful cxp.'irimetit, establishes aome principle in the rearing of stock,- or cultivation of ihe soil, nnd in proof of this principle' brings forward to the Fair a specimen of production, jvhieh not only excels, but has yielded a handsome " nctt profit," will, by im- parting hia peculiar method, confer benefit on the whole farming community. In pursuance of this lat- ter consideration, the act goes on to provide that the " person claiming the premium shall deliver in wri- ting, to ihe president of the society, as Accurate a des- cription of the process of prepnniig- the soil, including the quantity and quality of, manure applied, and iu raising ihe crop, or feeding the animal, as may be; and also of the expense and product of the crop, or of jritrease ia value of th? ajiima'. witb ths view ol ! ,,^ii.„ p„--,„„„ , , ,, ^'"' "' ^™ Genesee Farmer Mjj.ssrs. Editors— Some six or eight years since, while carrying on farming at Rock Stream, one of my orchards, in which was a variety of fruit Ireea, in- cluding a number of the common red sour cherry, be- came covered with a luxuriant growth of grass, to de- stroy which, I turned in, about the first of September, fifly or sixty meiino sheep. The animals seemed unusually fond of eating the young cheriy sprouts which Lad sprung up very thick under and about the cherry trees. In less than an hour a large proportion olthem were discovered to be diseased, and they were immediately turned out. They staggered conlinually, pitching forward upon their heads, and often tar:;ing entiiely over upon their backs. ]u the course of two or three hours several of them had died; the remain- der gradually recovered. Post mortem examinations proved' that their stom- achs were compactly filled with the leaves of the cherry sprouts, containing, I presume, prussic acid safficient to destroy animal life. E. BARNES. Note.— A neighbor of mine lost a cow from her eating the leaves of a cherry tree, which had been blown down by a wind storm, F B) Gmwa\ May ^, l^^^ , 100 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, VoL^2.,: Exciesceiiees on Plum Trees. We first observed ihe new excrcecences or. plum trees about the li2th of lost month; but 03 vegctnlion has been unusually backword, it is" probable that in other years, tbcy will appear nnicli earlier. The worms in some of these bunches are more advanced than in others. The more we see of the works of this insect, the more we are satisfied it may be easily kept in check, or entirely destroyed. Excepting the few that mi- grate, it seems not much inclined to wander from its native tree, unless others are very near. Where it at- tacks plum trees with thick branches, the proprietor may find an advantage in cutting out a part with all tljeir leaves and fruit on, — because he can find the bunches so much more readily, and because the fruit that remains will be finer and more valuable. Sum- mer pruning is much approved bysom* horticulturists. Possibly some of our readers may think wc are be- stowing an undue share of attention on this subject. We don't think so. We expect the most indolent will be the first to complain; and it is this class that we more especially want to stimtilale into action. Get up half an hour before the usual time — steal away from a noon spell to attend to it — take the neigh- bor that comes to spend an idle hour along to see the operation and to assist — it will do him good — and the plum trees will be saved from ruin. Even as late as when our paper makes it appear- ance in these northern parts, it is probable that many worms will 6till remain in their nests. Cut open the bunches, and see if it is so. If any are found, destroy them. If half of them are stopped on their way to mischief, it will be something of great value, not only as it gets a man's hand into the business, and prepares him for doing his duty next year, but he will have much less to do. t Kust oa Wheat. A well written paper on the cause of Mildew, Blight, or Rust, was lately read before the Philadel- phia Society for Promoting Agriculture, by Kender- ton Smith, in which he endeavors to show that this malady is occasioned by sotcing grass seed amousst ihewhcat. We have no doubt however, that in dill'er- fc:;! seasons, and diflerent circumstances, the presence of rust nit.;' be owiiig to more than one caufe; yet, if sowing grass seed '.".'ith wheat, often, or generally pro- duces it, it is a most imponir.t discovery. From this paper, (published in the FiTmere' Cabi- net,) we make the following extracts: " The wheat of several fields which came under oiv observation [in 1838] and which had not been Bown with grass seed, was good, the straw bright, and the grain ot excellent quality. I also lemarked, that Other fields which wci'fi sown with grass seed, and in- deed the crop generally throughout the country was greatly injured, and in most instances, utterly des- troyed by mildew or rust. What appeared very re- markable was, that we heard of excellent crops which had been raised in the very midst of this ruin and des- olation. " In the summer of 1838, I was appointed by the Bociety, one of a committee to examine a reaping ma- chine, then recently invented. We visited the farm of Mr. John Fox, of Oxford township, Philadelphia county, for the purpose, where the machine was put in operation upon a field of eight acres. This grain was remarkably fiue^n all respects: It was tall, and much of it was lodged, yet the berry was perfectly fil- led, and the straw was in no respect touched with mildew. T/(Ci-e tens no grass soicn with this grnin ; and 1 have since learned that Mr. Fox and his brother have for many years, always sown their wheat widiout grass, and that their crops have been uniformly good. "Adjoining this field was another in wheat, the straw of which was tall, and the growth of which had been apparently as vigorous, but the grain was shrunk and of little valu3. This field was sown with timothy the previous fall, and with clover in the ^pring, and the ginund was covwed with a tliicWand heahhy coat of these grasses. The soil, siliiation, and advantages of these lots, for the growth of wheat, were to all appearance the same. There was anotii- er field of wheat on the opposite side of Mr. Fox's field, and only separated from it by a road, which was also utterly worthless from mildew. This lot had al- so been sown with grass, and there was a strong growth upon it. Here then was a field of very supe- rior wheat, situate between two other fields which were scarcely worth cutting. " Within the last two years I have heard of many instances of good grain, and but one instance of mil- dewed wheat having been produced on lands not sown with grass, or on which there was itot a strong growth of grass or weeds. In every case 01" mildew during that time, I have ascertained upon iitquiry, that grass had been sown with the gtain, or prevailed to considerable extent naturally. " I do not wish to bo nndcretood as stating that the presence of grsss alicat/s produces mildew or rust, lor I know that good crops of wheat have grown with it in dry seasons; but I do contend that the pre- sence of a thick growth of grass or weeds upon the surface of the land, predisposes the crop to disease or mUdevv, and that in wet seasons it is almost invariably noxious and hurtful to the wheat plant. "P. S. I am informed by Mr. Isaac Newton, an active and zealous member of the Society, and one of our most enterprising farmers, that he had last year, a field of about eight acres of wheat, which he sowed in the fall with timothy and herd-gross, except one land, nearly in the middle of the field, which by accident was omitted. The wheat upon this land was not af- fected by mildew, and the grain was of superior quali- ty, while the rest of the field was rendered worthless by mildew." The foregoing statements are very interesting; but we would refer our readers to an able article on this subject, published in our current volume, at pages 38 — 50, which is worthy of a careful perusal. Now is the season for farmers to make observations in re- gard to this matter. Let thein take notice, in addi- tion to the above suggestions, whether stable manure is favorable or unfavoroble ? Whether compost, in- cluding a portion of lime, has a bad eficct ? Whether head-lands in fine tilth, but trodden hard after the wheat was sown, are more free from rust ? Whether this fungtts often spreads from low wet places into the drier parts of the field ? and whether it rarely occurs under the shade of trees ? The satisfactory determi- nation of these points may lead to very important re- sults; and wc should be pleased to bear from corres- pondents on the subj.'xt. f "S. W." ana the Com Laws. To the Editors of the Nac Genesee Farmer: Your correspondent, " S. W." appears to have paid much attention to the subject on which he treats; but, ou the whole, his speculations are much better adapted to the state of information and feeling which existed fifty years ago, than to the present time. While every laborer must, as he ought, acquire by his daily wages sufficient to clothe and educate res- pectably his family and provide something for fu. ture use, it will be difficult to convince our farmers that their profits will be increased by the " low prices of agricultural products." It may be replied that this will regulate itself — that the cost of labor will be pro- portioned to the prices of the articles produced; but this is not true, except in part; and can only be the re- sult of great uniformity in the cost of the articles con- sumed, according to their value For instance, if the bulk of our importations are purchased at high prices, the wages of the working man wutdd doubtless exceed the means of the farmer to pay, if wheat was at a low price. It id gratifying to observe, notwithstanding the les- sons of patience read to us by " S. W.," and hia con- clusion " that we have no right to complain of the English Corn Laws, which save her ogricultural in- terests from ntter prostration and ruin,' ' that the spirit of free trtide is ^ireading in England as well as this country. He has doubtless observed, that though ;j generally opposed by the landed interest, which seeka.'i but its own selfish ends, regardless of the claims and- sufferings of community, a mighty movement has ta- ken place, which must result in the repeal of those laws, at no distant period When this takesplace,it must be. ., obvious that the market for our wheat will be much.? better than at the present. If " S. W." will take into consideration the tin- limited capabilities we possess of producing this great staple, and the certainty that in a few years at farthest, our market will not be adequate to the supply, he will agree with Got. Davis, of Massachusetts, in saying, " that the policy of our nation in sustaining the cot- ton growing interest to the neglect of wheal, is un- wise and unjust." It has often seemed passing strange to me that s" little has been done to promote the prcspcrity of mil- lions at the North, in this important particular, when a few hundred thousand men at the South have an ac- credited representative at the Court of St. James, watching every movement which may affect in the slightest degree their favorite exports. But there is another aspect to this question, to which I would direct the attention of your correspon- dent. He thinks we hare no right to complain when the landed interests seek their own protection; but did he ever reflect that this protection was the cause of want and miseiy iucaculable ? It is not the only re- sult of ihis 85'sleni, that the English laborer ia abso- lutely precluded fiom any higher expectation than providing a scanty support for his family; thuaextin- gniahing those noble incentives to exertion, which lie in the path of the humbi'est individual among us; but let him bear in mind, thct no small share of the peo- ple of that country, from the operation of those laws, inhabit damp and noisome cellars, crowd to an incred- ible extent every garret and hovel, and drag out a most miserable existence, that " the agricultural interests" may ride in splendid coaches and feast upon the dain- ties of the earth. Snrely the dictates of philanthropy should outweigh those of cold selfisiiiiess. It is how- ever, by no means certain that Englith proprietors would be the losers by an act of justice and mercy; for, says Lord John KiisscU in his motion for the re- duction of duty on foreign grain, " the safety of free trade has always been considered as an axiom by wri- ters on political economy, and 1 see no good reason why it thould not be reduced to practice." S. R. W. For ihe IVetff Genesee Farmtr. notation of Crops— "Root Culture. - Messrs. Editors — I am often asked by brother far- mers how they can change from their old impoverish- ing mode of farming, and adopt an improved system. I say to such, fix on a proper rotation of crops — begin on a small scale till ' sure you are right, then go ahead.' My rotation for a five or six years' course ie, 1st. Peas, on green sward; 2d. Corn or roots, with manure; 3d. Spring wheat; 4th. Oats, and seed wiih clover, or clover and timothy; Mi. Hay or paeluie. I find winter wheat a rather uncertain crop, on ac- count of its winter killing, and therefore prefer spring wheat. The Italian I have found the most productive variety. I have raised more than thirty bushels uf this kind to the acre for the last four years, since 1 have adopted the above rotation; and last year I cut. from one acre, 1010 sheaves, whi<;h yielded fifty-six bushels ; and 1 believe I can do it again. My rnta baga crop last year was JSSfi bushels, from three acres. I kei^t twenty pigs entirely on thcin, and four working horses in good condition, without grain. I also teed sheep, calves, and cattle on them. But some farmers eay, " my pigs will not ent them:" v«iy .No. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 101 ti. ,. ikely. Then boil tho roots for them the first dny; wlf boil them the next, niul the third day feed them •«w, and you will hnve no fiiribor trouble. I raise the cnriol nnd sugar beet, but do not think my laud ns well ndapt( d to theui as to tlio ruta bngn. Last year my white beets yielded about 51)0 bushels to the acre, and carrots -KtO bushels. I should prefer carrots to tho rutii baga for horses, if as easily raised; but with me ihi'y are more expensive. Farmers think it costs too much labor to raise rutn bags; but if they will try it, and note the expenses, it will satisfy them they get well paid for it. As I have kept an account with my crops for several years, I have afcerlnined that more value may be realized Irom I ruta baga than almost any other crop. I give you the account of one acre raised last year, on land which the year previous was sward, turned over and cropped with pens. Rent of land to cover inti rest and taxes, $3 00 Ploughing 1 50 Tbirly loads b:ini yard manure, 7 50 Ridging before and alter manure, 1 50 Planting and seed, 1 50 Hoeing and thinning, four days, 3 00 do. do. 2d. time, 9 days, 1 50 Horse and man with cultivator, three iimcs, . . 1 50 Harvesting and pitting, two hands and team, ? j. rn two days $27 50 below the original surface of tho land, we intend to make covered drains, perhaps three feet deep which ^hall freely discharge all the water that soaks down from the lands into them. In oonclnsion, wo would just remark, that the lands are raised without extra e,\peube or labor, the work being done in the ordinary routine of cultiva- tion, t 600 bushels rula bagos o IC cts. §97 92 Nettgain $70 42 Cost only JJ cents per bushel. I call the manure only 25 cts., as it only fits it for after crops, and is nearly saved — I used to make but one hundred loads of rotted manure, and now I make three hundred from the same means. As many of your readers have never seen the " Ru- ta Baga Hook," would it not be well for you to pub- lish a description of it from the Cultivator, vol. 7, p. 121 1 I consider your paper invaluable to the farmers in this region; as it is more particularly calculoted for Western New York than any other; and wish it was in the hands of every farmer. You may pnbliahany, all, or none of this, as you may see fit. If you wish, I may give you an account of some other crops herealter; but 1 can hold the plough better than I can wield the pen. With respect, ERASTUS SKINNER. PraUshitrgli, June IS, 1''41. Remarks. — Thank you, Mr. Skinner. We like your mode of wielding the pen, and should be happy to hear from you often. We will show the Ruta Ba- ga Hook next month. — Eds. Ploughiug level Iiand iu broad Ridges. Wc have some acres of level land with a hard close subsoil, through which the water soaks very slowly; and sometimes iu rainy weather stands for days to- gether in the furrows. — (Why don't you drain it? — We intend to — one thing at a time;) but in the mean time we have been gathering it up into broad lands of fifty feet ir thereabouts. This is done by ploughiugs, repeated in the same order, without leveling it back again; and a very fine effect has been produced. In- stead of the soil soaking for a month or two during our wet spring, and seeming almost prepared when dry, for the brick-kiln, it becomes light, mellow, and greatly increased in fertility. Crops, double in value, whether of grain or grass, may now be readily ob- tained. As the middlo part of the land is much elevated, so the dead furrows arc proportionably depressed; and in the bottom of these, now a fboi or eighteen inches Locust Tree luscct. A correspondent in Seneca county informs ns that his locust trees are infested with "smart insects about a quarter of an inch long," and he thinks they will inevitably destroy the trees, uidoss we or our corres- pondents can point out a lemedy. We are not informed in what manner this insect commits its depredations — whether it preys on the wood, the bark, or the leaves — nor are we informed whether it is a worm, a caterpiller, a beetle, or a fly — but it is an insect about a quarter of an inch long ! Very definite indeed ! Who can tell what it is, or how to destroy it ? We know ol but one insect that infests ihese trees, and that is the locust borer, which in its perfect state, is a beetle about five-eighths of an inch in length, of a dark brown color, with bright yellow stripes across its wings and body. In its larva state, it is from one half to three quarters of an inch in length, and docs its mischief by boring holes in the body and limbs of the trees, so that they break off or die. They first made their appearance in the Eastern states, we believe, about 15 or 20 years ago, and soon destroyed many of the trees there. They began to appear on the trees at Rochester about eight years ago, and in four or five years they destroyed or disfigured nearly all the large trees about the city, and they are still prosecuting their work of destruction. We have not discovered them in many places be- yond the vicinity of the city, but they are doubtless extending themselves, waging a war of extirmination against locust trees; and we have no doubt this is the insect found by our correspondent. We only regret that we are unable to ofl^cr him a remedy against their ravages. Scraping off the rough hark and giving the tree a coat of white wash, has been practiced here as a preventive, but with only partial success. They do not seem to increase very rapidly at first, and their numbers can be reduced by picking them out of their holes with a barbed wire. The perfect insect may be seen at this season of the year, running rapidly about the body and large limbs of the tree. 'Hon. H. L. Ellsworth, Commissioner of the Patent Officc/ur Solon Hubmson.' If you are averse to asking your friends to give po- cuniary aid to this measure in its incipient state, please make use of the first part only of the paper. Ihopo you will charge the liberty I take, to th» zealous ardour I feel in promoting this great National object. I have the honor to subscribe myself f oar agricul- tur4l friend and humble servant, SOLON ROBINSOIf. Lake C. H., Indiana, June '3d, 1811. [FOHM of SCBSCnil'TION PAl>En.] Xntional AIneric.^n Society of Agiicnltnrc. ' To elevate the C'hariiclcr and Standing of tin Cul- tivators of the American Soil." The subject of forming such a Society, being now gitnted in the United Slates, we do hereby picdgo ourselves to the support of such a society, according to our ability; and we earnestly linpc that the activ« leading friends of the menEurc will take the neccssaiy steps to organize the society in the course of the year 1841. Knowing ihni funds will be necessary to bring this great beneficial National Instilution into active opera- tion, particularly as we hope to sec a National School of Agriculture connected with the Society; and also a scientific Journal worthy tho proposed name ond character of such an institution — those of us who hava added certain sums to our names, have freely contrib- uted those sum?, and placed them in the hands of to be expended in aiding the formation of such a Society. American Society of Agriculture. We last month published the address of Mr. Robin, son on the formation of a National Agricultural So- ciety. We now giveacircularandformof a subscrip- tion paper received from him. If any of our readers desire to send their names or contributions to aid in this laudable enterprise, we shall be happy to forward the same to Mr. Robinson or to Mr. Ellsworth. To the Editors of the NciD Genesee Farmer ; Gkn. — The object of the annexed form of a subscrip- tion, is to ascertain whether there is a sufficient num- ber of the friends of this great measure in the Union at this time, willing to lend their influence, to war- rant a call of & primary meeting to organize the So- ciety. Should Ihe indications appear favorable, a committee ot the friends of the cause will take upon themselves the responsibility of naming a time and place for the meeting; of which you will he duly notified. I fondly hope you will promptly lend yonr own name, and procure a few names of other friends of ogricnllural improvement in your vicinity, and then forward the subscription by mail in timo to reach Washington by the 10th of August; addressed to the New Varieties of Turuip Seeds. A large SESortmont of Turnip seeds from Eng- land, have lately been received at the Rochester Seed Store, including, besides the more common varieties, several kinds quite new, or but little known in this country. We extract tho following diseription of some of them from the London Farmers' Magazine. Crcen-Tfljipcd Ycllmc-Bulloik — This turnip at- tains n medium size. Its shape is globular, or some- what flattened, with a very small tap root; it is an old variety, and is acid in deserved estimation. Oz-Ueart YcUoic—is an excellent turnip; although it comes early to maturity, and attains a considerable size, it is by no means deficient in hardiness. Hood's ncto large Yellow — is a very superior, large, glohularly shaped, hardy turnip, remarkably perfect in symmetry, and has rather a lightish grf.en top. It was introduced by Charles Hood, Esq., an eminent farmer at luverbrora, Sutherlandshire, a gentleman who has devoted much attention to the cultivation and improvement of field turnips gener- ally. Pomeranian Globe. — This variety was introduced some years since from Pomerania, and may he con- sidered the most perfect globe tnrnip in shape, as well as the most regular or uniform grower. Its skin is of a smooth white, and somewhat shinmg or tranepa- rent-like in appearance; leaves smoothish, oi a dark green colour with whitish nerves. Red Tankard.— In size, shape, and texture, this variety luay be considered as occupying an interme- diate place between the white and green tankard. It is of a briglit red clover on the upper surface, and white on the imder. Lawlown Hybrid. — This variety, which was raided by James Wright, Esq., of Lawtown, near Perth, may be considered as bcaiing 'Jje same relation to ij>e Swede ns Dale's hybrid. It^ leaves are darkish green, rather small and smoothish, roots roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, being ofien tapered on the underside; while below and green above the surliice of the ground. They are posseseed of nu>re solidity and firmness of texture than most of the white sorts. Lewisham Grcni-Toppcd Ox-heart. — This is cii excellent variety, grown in some of the southern dis- tricts of England and in Scotland. It acquired ihis name from having been first introduced by Mes.-is. Willmott and Co., of Lewisham. In color and ebai-c it very much resembles the Lawlown hybrid, but is somewhat softer in texture ond has larger and iighlct green colored leaves. 102 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. CATTI.E SHOW AWD FAIR OF THE N. Y. STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY— TO EE HELD AT SYRACUSE, SEPT. 29 AKD 30, 1841. The New York Slaie Agricultural Society v.'il! hold a Cattle Show and Fair nt Syracuse, on the 'i9th and 30th daysof Sept., 1841, nt which time the following Prizes will be awarded. The Premiums offered, are numerous rather than large, the Society prefer! ing to make their appeal to the emulation and public spirit of our farming population, rather than to that avarice which can alone be called into action by the induce- ment of large rewards. List of Pieminms. ON CATTLE. I. BULLS— 0/ any breed— ^ years old and over. For the best ®20 I For the thlril best $8 For the second best 12 | For the fourth best, Diploma. II. BULLS — Of any breed, over 2 and under 3 years old. Fnr the best $30 | For the third best, $8 For the second best 12 | For the fourth best, Diploma. nl. BULLS — Of any breed, under 2 ijears old. For the best, $12 1 For the third best ^.5 For the second best, .... 8 | For the fourtli best, Diploma. IV. COWS — Gf any iii!j^ovedbreed,3 years old and upwards. For the best $20 | For the third best $8 For the second best,. . . . 12 I For the fourth best. Diploma. feed breed, 2 years old and oi I For the third best, I For the fourth best, Dipltr, V. HEIFERS— O/ any impr. For the best $12 For the second best 8 VI. HEIFERS— O/ any improved breed, under 2 years old. For the best, $10 i For the second best, .... $5 For the third best, Diploma. Vn. COWS — Cross between the native and improved breeds. For the best $12 I For the third best, $6 For the second best, ... y j For the fourth best. Diploma. VIII. HEIFERS — Cross between the native and improved I For the third best $5 I For the fourth best. Diploma. IX. COWS— Native breeds. For the best, $10 I For the tliird best, $5 For tlie second best 8 1 For the fourtli best. Diploma. The greatest combination of those points or proper- ties which indicate milking qualities and an aptitude to take on flesh on the moic valuable parts, together with general beauty of form, (size in itself not being considered a criterion of excellence, ) will be the con- siderations which will govern the viewing committee in awarding premiums in the above classes. ON HORSES. For the best Stallion, . . . $20 1 For the liest breeding \ j.„„ For the second best 12 | Mare and Colt 3 $-0 For the third best 8 I For the second best, ... . 12 For the fourth best. Diploma. \ For tlie third best, 8 For the fourth best, Diploma. A variety of horses possessing size, strength, and endurance for field labor, combined with that action which qualifiea for the carriage or soddle — in short, the horse of all work, is probably the most profitable class which our farmers cnn now engage in rearing, and to such therefore, will the preference of the Socie- ty be given. For the best Plough,. . . For the second best For the third best, Diplor. For the best Harrow,. . . For the second bcsi,. . .. For tlie third licst, Diplor For the 1)031 CulUvator,.. For the sccoiiil Iiest, .. . . For the third liost, Dijjlor, For tlie best Drill Barrow, For the second best,. . . . For the third best. Diploic FARBI LMFLEMENTS. §30 I Best Thrashing Machine, ^20 20 For the second best,. ... 10 la. I For the third best, Diploma. 8 For the best Horse Rake, 8 5 For t he second best 5 10. I For the third best. Diploma. e Beat Fanning Mill,. ... 8 5 For the second best 5 la. I For the third bet-t. Diploma. 8 I For the best Straw Cutter, 6 5 For the second best 5 ta. I For the third best, Diploma. Discretionary premiums will also be awarded to manufacturers of the best sub-soil and side-hill ploughs, hoes, shovels, spades, forks, rakes, and other farming utensils. The economy and durability, ns well as the excel- lence, in other respects, of fanning implements, will be taken into consideration. Discretionary premiums will be awarded for the best samples and best varieties of winter and spring wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats, peas, beans, buckwheat, hemp, flax, broom corn, maple, and beet root sugar, &c. *Sjc. Also, potatoes, turnips, sugar beets, mangel wurtzel, carrots, pumpkins, and horlicullaral products gene- rally. Also, fruits of all kinds, and flowers. The varieties, when ditTerentfrom thoss in common use, should be properly explained, the method of cul- ture, &c. Prizes to be Awarded 5n Albany. The following premiums will be awarded at the an- nual meeting of the Society, on the 3d Wednesday of January, 1842 : BUTTER AND CHEESE. For the best sample of > Cliecse, not Jess than > .^20 100 pounds. 3 For the second best,. . . . 12 For the best sample ofl Butter, not less than > j$20 lOOpoinids ) For the second best,. ... 12 For the third best 8 For the fourth best, .... 5 For the fifth best. Diploma. FIELD CROPS. For the third best. For the fourth best,. . . . For the fll'lli best, Diplty, SVVINE— Oc For the best Boar $10 Forthesecondbest,. . .. 8 For the third best, 5 For the foui Ih best, Diploma. r 10 months old. Best breedinjSow $10 For the second best,.. . . 6 For the third best, 5 For the fourth best. Diploma. In awarding premiums on hogs, reference will not be had exclusively to size or to present condition, but to that form and that proportion of bone and ofliil to more valuable parts, ■.vlii.-h promises the greatest value from the least amount of feed. SHEEP— I. For the best Buck, i For the second best,.. . . For the third best, Diploi Long Wooled. I Best pen of 3 En-es,.. . . $10 For the second best,. ... 5 j For the third best. Diploma. II. SIiDDLE Wooled. For the best Buck $10 I Best pen of .3 Ewes,.. . . $10 For the second best,.. . . 5 For the second best S For the third best, /JyiZOTjm. | For the third best, Diploma. III. Fine Wooled. For the best Buck,. ... $10 | Best pen of 3 Ewes,.. . . $10 For the second best,.. . . 5 For the second best,.. . . 5 For the third best, Diploma. | For the tliird best, Diploma. ' The term " long wooled" is designed to include the Leicesters, Lincolns, Cotswolds, and all the English varieties of ebeop which furniab the quality of wool suitable for eotnbing — the " middle wooled" Uie South Down, Norfolk, Doraet, Chevoit, native, &c. — the •* fine wooled" the Spanish and Suxoii varieties of the Merino and some of their cjossee. Best acre of Wheat,.. . . $20 For the second best. Diploma. Best acre of Barley,.. . .$15 For the second best. Diploma. For the best acre of Rye, $ 15 For the second liest. Diploma. For tlie best acre of Oals, $■ ' j For the second hesr, Diploma. Best acre at ludian Coin, $15 For the second best. Diploma. Best acre of Potatoes... . $15 For the second beat. Diploma. Best acre of Sugar Beefs, ^15 For the second best. Diploma. Best .icre of Ruta Baga, .^'l.'i For the second best. Diploma. Best acre of Carrots,. . . $15 For the second best, Dijjloma. For the best acre of Peas,$lri For the second best, Diploma. The rules and regulations which will govern the Society in awarding their Premiums, will be published in our next. The prizes will be paid in plate or cash, nt the op- tion of the winner. Should not the Society obtain a Diploma in season, some Agricultural Work or Print, may be substituted for their Diploma. violet ; of indigo, orange-yellow ; and consequently, blue and orange colored flowers, yellows and violets, may be plact d together ; while red and rose colored flowers will harmonize with their own green leaves. White suits blues and oranges, and belter elill reds and roses ; but it tarnishes yellows and violets. In all cases however, when colors do not agree, the pla- cing white between them, restores the effect." To the lovers of beautiful flowers who may wish to arrange them with the finest eftLut, these notices may be interesting and useful ; and the loilowing suc- cession of colors is recommended, where the flowcis are placed in lines ; viz : " White, reddish-scarlet, white, rose-lilac, yellow, violet or purple, orange, white, reddifch-scarlet, pur- ple tinged with green, roee-lilac, yellow, violet or purple, orange, white, red-scarlet, deep purple, rose- lilac, >vhite, yellow, violet or purple, orange, white, &c." " To produce the beat effect in patches of seven ar- ranged thus — we may have 1. Six orange with a purple or violet centre. 2. Six purple or violet with a yellow centie. 3. Six yellow with a purple or violet centre. 4. Six scarlet with a white centre. 5. Six white with a scarlet centre. 6. Six rose with a white centre. 7. Six blackish green purple with an orange centre. These seven patches forming a straight border, may then be repented in an inverted older which wotdd give 13 patches ; and there should be a patch of seven whites at each end. If the border is circular, withovu any central point of view, the foregoing ar- rangement should be repeated ad iujinilum without Inverting the order after the 7th patch. "Another advantageous disposition would be the following : white * * orango white * * pink pink „ yeI»lovv , white orange., vio*let white * * rose white * * white CoraplcmeKtaiy Colors. It has been long known that some colors when ar- ranged together, are mucli more pleasing than the ar- rangement of ether colors ; or, that there are concord- ant and discordant colors as well as concordant and discordant sounds. The late Baron Cuviertook this notice of the subject in his "Biographical iVlemoir ot Count Rumford." "He determined by physical experiments, the rules that render the opposition of colors agreeable. When one looks steadily for some time nt a spot of a certain color on a white ground, it appears bordered .with a Jiflerent color, which however is always ;he same with relation to that of the spot. This is what is called THE COMPLEMENTARY COLOR ; and the same two colors are always complementary to each other. It is by arranging them that harmony is pro- duced, and the eye flattered in the most agreeable man- ner. Count Rumford who did everj' thing by meth- od, disposed according to this rule, the colors qf his furniture, and the pleasing effect of the whole leas remarked by all who entered his apartments." In a recent number of the Gardener's Chronicle, this subject is discussed at some length, and the Essay of Chevreul (v/ho has lately examined it with much attention) is referred to, for several particulars. In this way, the editor says, "complementary colors 1 On planting out young peach trees on the site of l always suit each other. Now the complementary col- peach nureery, two years after the nurfery «as e or of red ie green ; of orange, sky blue ; of yellow, j moved, and although the ground woe in other respects violet* 'yellow scarlet* "white j'ellow , wh,ito » violet white, yel,low , scarlet violet * * yellow scarlet * * white blue. purple • * white white J, pi,nk , blue-purple blue purple * * white." t From the Magazijte of Horticulture. The Yellows iu Peach Trees. I have noticed occasional useful remarks on the best varieties and the culture of fruit trees, in your valua- ble Magazine ; but I have not, as yet, seen any re- marks upon the discaee called the yellows, which af- fects the peach tree, or reasons assigned for its preva- lence. If the cause could be found out, it might lead to a cure, which would render a lasting benefit to our country. However valuable most other fruits are, none are equal to the peach in delicious flavor and healthioets, and I should therefore be pleased to see this subject carefully investigated, and the experience of some of your intelligent conCEpondents communi- cated tlirough your pages. And as I have, for about thirty years, occasionally had my aitenticu drawn to this subjec, I am willing to throw in my mite of experience. I am lully satis- fied that the complaint exists. Some persons soy that the worm at the root is the cause of the yellows. I acknowledge that any disorder that destroys the trees will cause the leaves to turn yellow ; but the com- plaint I call the yellows will kill a whole orchard, without any visible wounds, on or before the third or fourth full crop 1 think where any neighborhood abounds with peach orchards, it will be nearly impos- , , sible to keep clear of the disease, ementary colors o„ „i„„, ;„„„„,„„,,„„ „„„„>, ,, \0. AND GAUDEN]':il'S JOURxNAL. 103 well suited lor ibc growth of the [lench tree, yel by tho next autumn, ninny of ilieni wvie tleii orchavd the ne.xt fruiting time, nnd the sickly tree had been dug up, but, as had been predicted, parts oi' llio four neighboring trees were evidently much aifected, but only the sides ne.tt to the diseased tree, which made it the more striking, and convinc- ing of the contagion, if this is a proper term. On another occasion, I had a favorite early pnrple poach, before I luid a nursery, that I suspected was partially allectcd by the yellows, and being desirous of preserving the variety, I cut the healthiest branch 1 conid get, nnd I had twelve buds inserted in healthy peach stocks, but when they had grown about three feet, t'jey showed the disease so plainly that in order to prevent it from eprending, 1 pulled up all the trees, and hid them burnt. From these cases, it sjenis to me the disease may be scneraied by planting old peach orchards or nurse- rieatoo Boou after the removal of the old trees, and also by planting too near thosts already nftected with the disease ; and if cuttings or scions are taken from diseased trees, their product wdl be aiso diseased. I also think the yellows may beeommuniented to young trees by planting seeds taken from diseased peach trees. Respectfully your friend. ROBERT SINCLAIR. Clairmonl Nursery, March 18, 1811. iJctany. In the whole famiiily of sciences there ia not one more instructive aud pleasing than Botany. It cult" vates and purifies the better feelings of our nature, by directing our minds to the goodness of God, as dis played in a very e.xtensive portion of His works. And while it felines the taste and captivates the fancy, it enlightens the understanding and strengthens the judg- ment. Cold and unthankful indeed must that man be, who feels in warm emotion while he beholds the bounties and smiles of an Omnipotent Creator. How then can that science fail to be interesting which treat of so impin":ant an operation in nature, as the process of vegetation, and which classifies pbiuts and explains their properties. Whether we survey nature in the wild luxuriance of tho forest, or m the most delicate beauties of the garden, without some knov/iedge of this science, all is equally irregularity and cnulusion. We may admire the wilderness of the one, or be pleas- ed with the variety of the other, but we cannot feel that interest which even a partial acijuaintanec with this science will impart. All then is order, beauty and harmony. We see the sturdy oak of ages, and appropriate to it its legitimate place in the vegetable kingdom; we scrutinize the polished petals of the flowers and glow with admiration aiul delight. We no longer walk in the woods, or the fields, or amuse ourselves in the gnid:m without discovering new beau- ties in every shrub, nnd plant, and flower, which comes under our notice. Tiic vegetable world at once bocomcB nnimato. Wo rc^d new lessons of wis- dom and goodness in every l)iMj3 of grass, and find that there is not a leaf nor a fibre, which does not per- forin its proper office in the production of the [plant. The science of Batnny has idrendy secured itself a place in r.Imost all schools of the higher order, and on- ly needs an introduction to be generally rceived and studied, in our schools of even the humblest chiracter. .It has nothing abstruse in it, but is entirely within the capacity ot every grade of intellect, and may be acqui- red even by children. True tboy may not become thoroughly versed in it, nor arc they capable of ful- ly understanding many other branches of knowdedge which ihey study. It is a matter worthy of investiga- tion and trial whether tho introduction of as plemmg r, ftudy as that of flowers, for which all eliildien have a great fondness, would not have n happy influuncc on r schools. It would be connecting pleasure with provemeut, and would have a tendency to create a taste tor study which should not be the least object ol chools, !t would be an instructive nmuaemcut too for youth of botli se.xcs to study this science even after leaving bool. Youth is a period in which amusement will have a place in the distriouiiou of time. This is as it should l)e, but that course cannot be an unwise one, which makes that amutonicut a source of instruction. The study of which we speak, is one where the path of science is literally strewed with flowers. How nnuy an hour which we spendin idle lounging, might ic oci.upicd in some pursuit, which while it recreated, 'vould improve us. And nt this season of the year nothing could be better suited to such a purpose than the study of Botany. — Western Star. I'HILO. the mind and lend it on from discovery to discovcrj — ■ tiiim invention to imeniion, as tho cultivation of tha soil and the pursuit of tlio ditlcrent branches ol uio- i-hnaical science. Tho mind has always a fund of Ireuh mati.ials to r.\.ik upon, crpablc, by a thousand ebiiugos and conibinntiims, ol bi i • r improved without limit, yet without ever reaching abs(duto perfection. Tho chemit-nl properties of soils — their adaptation io particular crops — ihc cultivation of tho fruila of tho earth, and the rearing of the useful animals, nflord o never eliding series of instructive lesson;'. And tho mechanic arts, Uow noble — how uscriil — how well cal- eidatcd to cihiof the inquiring mind in the pursuit of those i.nprovciiiente which, while they develop its own powers, enlarge the sphere of human hniipinees, nnd strengihcn the dominion of tho intellectual over the material world." Farmers and Mechanics. We heartily concur with the Louisville Journal in the following remarks. The Nno York Mechanic is one of the cheapest and most interesting of our ex- change papers. It is published weekly at the low price of .f 1,50 per year. All mechanics and most ftirmers, will find it wou|i many times tho price of subscription. "Among the many valuable p,ipora which we re- ceive, there are few possessing moro substantial merit than the ' New York Mechanic' It is a weekly pa- per published in the city Cu' New York, by RutV.e Porter & Co., and, ss its title indicates, is devijted to tl'.e difl'usion of information on subjects connected with the arts and sciences — notices of Vue progress of mechanical and other improvemejVis, discoveries nnd inventions, scientific essays, phikjaopiiical experiments nnd general miscellany. EaeJu number contains plates illustrative of some new ',nventionor improvement in machinery, with accu'.nte and copious explanations, calculated to keep t'je mind of tho reader wcU inform- ed of the progrePjfl of the useful arts. "The success of a paper of this kind is a cheering evidence oi the increasing interest of the reading com- munity in whatever tends to develop the genius and unfold the resources of our people, as well as of the growing intelligence nnd enterprise of the mecbnMics of the country. In times past, no class of society has been so poorly represented in the world of letters, as the mechanics and farmers. Literary periodicals are every where to be found — political papers have multi- plied until their name is legion — even uiilil every po litical party and fragment of a party has its horde of stipemiiaries, performing its behests with a blind and heedless devotion — theology has its champions — law its advocates — medicine and surgery their defenders, and even phrenology, animal in. gnetism and Gra- ham's system ot sublimating the niiud on bran bread and Taunton water, have secured the aid of the press, which, with its thousand limes multiplied voices, has heralded the merits of each all over the land, and com- pelled the public eye and ear to entertain its claims to attc-ntion. "But the interests of agricuUuro and the mechanic arts, and the beautiful and glorious sciences in the midst of which they spring into life and usefulness, have scarcely been deemed worthy n place in the ar- chives of the age. It has been deemed' enough for the farmer to plough sow and reap, ns his father did before him; nnd for the mechanic to learn his trade and pur- sue it in the beaten and unimproved track that his master trod — as though labor were the only means on which to rely for success and experience — interchange of opinions—diffusion oi knowledge— intellectual cul- tivation and generous emulation, out of place or, noi worth the pursuit. " Of late hov"-_ tily of provisions euus-.iined in America woiiU'sn,,. port, in healthj treble our population I'.T Europe. Ihe' vast consumptjcivof me«« is not only wasteful, but in- jurious to heoltll> and to activity, c4' be^'y and raind. The body if mcdeof iron, would 03 unnble'io pcrforhi all the functions impoer d upon ii at one timo^itpeci- ally is it, we should suppose, without pretending to any science on the subject, deleterious to eat iiea- suppers — or to ent a heavy meal immediately prP!ce-. ding any action of body and mind. How well tais fa proved by the experi.:v,,_e of the turf. Suppose a race to be made for a heavy sum, half forfeit, and on going into the stable, the trainer finds that nlthough he ia sure that his nag is the betler horse, the gfeom has been bribed to give him a gallon of oats and water at plcnsure, would he not ci o.'ice willidraw, and pay for- feit sooner than encounter the un eiiair.tv of paying the full amount ? May it not beitverred that one half of tho provisions consumed in this country might be saved wilh certainty of avoiding the numerous disea- ses that arise from plethora, impaired digesiion, and disordered blood l Let the heads of any family ex amine, and they will find that a substitution of bread and vegetables nnd milk for three-fourths of the meat consumed, would be attended with economy and bet- ter health. — American Farmer. Recipe for niakii2^ French Honey. Take si.x eggs, leaving out two whites, one pound of loaf sugar, n quarter of pound of butter, the juice of four lemonSj and the rind of two grnted ; the sugar to be broken into smnll pieces, and the whole stewed over n slov/ fire until it becomes of the consistency of honey. It is very nice. A Subscriber. Moutgomcry CO., Pa., May, 1841. Inc^uiry. A person renders me bcryices, and I write a letter of thnnka, acknowledging ^he obligation. Who ought to pay the postage ? Q. 104 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. not HESTER, JULY, 1841. Our Aim and Expectations, When the New Genesee Farmer wna commenced, the publishers nnnounocd that they ehould aim to make it the must useful and most extensively circula- leJ agricultural paper in the country; and, although ionicmay have thought this savored a little of egotism, we are willing to repeat the assertion, and do so with »n aeaurancc of success immediately in prospect. It is unnecessary to mention here what our friends say respecting our labors tUud for; wc only wish at pres- ent, to inform our readers that such arrangements arc now making as wo have the utmost conlidence will fully accomplish the objects named. Our circula- tion is now double what it was last year, and we have good reason to believe that next year it will be double what it is this; or in other w.'rds, that we shall prim and circulate about 40,000 copies per month ! Does any one say "it can't be done 1" Wc reply, Mc icon/ can't is not in our locubalunj, and we expect, next month to make all this appear reasonable. One word in the ears of our readers. Qj' Please t«!l your friends and neighbors that we have now o supply of Vol. I. and Vol. II. from the commence- ment, but this will not bo the case many months, and tome will repent it if they do not subscribe soon. We have no time for stereotyping or reprinting back numbers. PUBLISHERS. To Mr. James Greey, of Kent, England, for an interesting letter received some ti.me since, and the innual report of the Nonnington Fnr.mcr's Club. To some kind friends in Lojidon, for valuable En- glish books and papers. To Tliomns Affleck, one of the editors of the Wes- '.ern Farmer and Gardener, Cincinnati, for a copy ol •'Bee-breeding in the West," a small manual, intend- ed as an acconipaniment to the ''Subtended bee hive,' well calculated to increase thesiofC/s of rural life. To J. D. Bemis, Cnnandaigun, for several inter- esting papers, among tlicm a catalogue of toachert andpupilsof the Ontario Female Seminary, an insti- tution which we are happy to know descries, as well as receives, the liberal patronage of the community. Scarcity ofFoi!der"-Seasoitable Hiut6e and fine gravel and partly a yellow loom. With ;wo yoke of oxen wc ploughed one half an acre with Howard's plough E. '2, to the depth of 7 inches, and subsoiled with Howard's subsoil plough about 7 inches. We found that 10 inches of subsoiling, with which we commenced, would worry the team. The stir- ring of the earth to the depth of 1'2 or 14 inches, we thought that might be an improvement upon thollnw ploughing. And where it can be done os cheaply cs 'n this instance, the experiment is not costly. But our case must not be token as a lair instance of dirpaicli, for the fuirows were 40 rods long upon a plain, and ;he ploughs were changed only 14 times in the hnlf day. Ordinarily, wlienr it is a day's work to brcfik up an acie, it will take more than two days to break up and subcoil the same. In a few spots where the subsoil wai slightly rocky, the subsoil plough appeared to be moved more easily by the team than any whcra Ise. The extent to which the earth was stirred by this new implement, surprised ua. The seven inch fur- row was scarcely three inches deep after this plough bad been passed under it. We have strong faith that this instrument will come into extensive use. It is true that no great reliance should be placed upon theories until confirmed by ex- periment; and we are not inclined to devote muth -|)ace to the praise of this imjilcmcnt ihe present S'la- lon; but ehnuld our iiiuicip.-.tions be fulfilled we hof e Jio be permuted to mga its use another year. THE ISEANS'i'O.-^ (SCOTCH) SUBSOlIi PliOUGH. The Subsoil Plough, we believe, is destined to elTect a greater improvement in American agriculture than any other implement that bos been invented or introduced of late years. We piiblished last month, the re- marks of Mr. Phinney on subsoil ploughing; and we now copy from the Farmers' Cabinet some additional observations on the subject, together with a representation ol the Scotch Subsoil Plough. We have seen ■hese implements, both in Scotland and England. Those in the latter country were mostly of a better and more wieldy construction than the lormer; and we have no doubt but that a still better and cheaper article for the purpose will soon bo monufuctured in this country. We intend to give representations of several models, in hopes to call forth the ingenuity, constructiceness and enterprise of some of our readers. AND GARDCNKR'S JOIUNAL. 10 TaD HEUIJFOISO OX. orrect reprpsontauona of distinct breeds ol caitle, orj more useful tu farmers than portraits of living nni- s wliic'a do not scrvu the purpose of illustration. The Ilcrefiiril ia one of iLe oldest and most celebrated 'As, and one which particularly interests the American farmer, owing to its entering so largely into the iposition of our common mixed breed. he above portrait, which we find in th; Farmers' Cabinet, i'cop.'ed, we presume, from Low's illiistra- 3,) exhibits the true form and characteristics of the Hereford Ox in perfec'.iou. Ib. Marshall's description of this famnus breed of cattle, is as follows: The couniennnce, pleasant and open; the forehead broad; eja-, full and lively; borni, bright, tapering, spreading; chest, deep; bosom, broad and projecting forwards; shoulder bone, thin. Hit, and no way tnberant in bone, but full and mellow in flesh; loin, broad; hips, wide and level with the spine; quarters g and wide; rump, even with Ihe general level of the back; tail, slender; bine', roomy, with ease throughout deep and well fpread; rilis, broad and standing close nnd flat on the outer surface, ning a soiuoth, even barrel, the hindmist large, and of full length; round bone, small and snug, and pro ninent; thissh, clean and regularly tapering; legs, upright and short, with bone below the knee small; ■ k, large; twist, round nnd full; Hesh, everywhere, mellow, aolt, and yielding pleasantly to the touch, es- ;iully on the chine, shoulder, and rib; hide, mellow and supple; coat, neatly haired, bright and silky; color, iiiddle red, with bald face. ' The breeders of these cattle would do well to preserve the old blood in as great a slate of purity aa possi- , for they possess one of the mo=t valuable breeds of cattle in the world. The distinguishing qualities of Hereford Ox are, the groat produce of beef, quick feeding in proportion to their growth snd size, with im- nse stiength and speed in labjr. W.th respect to the most prolitable return in quantity of beef, it may be sumed that no breed in Eiighn 1 can stand in competition with them, and they have accordingly been most eessl'ul at the annual priz ■ cattle shivva, commanding the first prize, alive or dead. A wiiter observes: fais breed, so csleirated for producing quant ty of beef, seems to combine all other desirable qualities — gth, di'pth, substance, rotundity, fineness, yet sufficiency of bone. Their origin is supposed to have been ro33 of the old H:!refjrd and the Northern breed; and this opinion is strengthened by the remarks of a Here- dshire breeder, who says, about 8'J years agn, a Mr. Galiier, of the Grange, procured a bull from York- re with a white fa^'e, and ivide horns, and bred Irom him; the produce became fashionable, and actually d the foanditionof the present famous breed — and hence the bald face of the Herefirds, a breed which, ij lining beef and labDr, stand on the summit: they fatten speedily at an early age, and will live and grow A'here others would scarcely subsist. It is however, universally admitted, that as mdkers they are inferior the D3v.ms nnd many othsr breeds, while compared with these, they are shorter in the leg, higher and laJer and heavier in the chine, rounder and wider across the hips, and better covered with iat; the thigh ■lerand more m iscular, and th3 shoulders larger and coarser." • The weight of Mr. Weslcar'a Herefordshire prize O.x, 2192 lbs. the four quarters. The Xt:w Enclvnd Farmkr. — We mentioned ome months since, that Atxen Putnam had or^sumed editorship of this old and respectable paper; buta^ thad failed reaching us for some weeks previous, we iould not speak of the eflects of the change. Since ben however, it has arrived regularly, and we ought ifore now to have stated that Mr. Putnam's ndminis- .ration has, in our opinion, wrought a decided im- jrovement in its character. The following article on Haymaking is a fair specimen of the genuine farmei atyle of Mr. P. We thank him forsnvingus the trou- ble of writing an article on t'unt subject for our readers, Hay i^Iakinj. Sajlhcs. — Procure a good sci;//ic for every man and boy on the farm, who is to do any thing at mowing This work of cutting the grass is hard enough, witl the best implement that can be imdc. And wher< the tool is poor, the work must be done either poorly or slowly — and in e:ther case the farmer is losing more than the cost of furnishing a better instrument. 11'^ know not — (by the way, this term icc, /am tired of, and shall, wheit it so pleases me, use the more proper representation ot my single self. /) — I know not that any one iif the manufacturers of this article excels all others: some seythes from each factory are good, and others. are nit s";— if y^Ai are unfortunate eno^igh to ^et a poor one, there is no economy in trying to wor- y throu!;h the season with it; gnawing olT your grass; ;Vhet:ing every five minutes; fretting your own body )r that of your hired man; going to the grindstone every two hours; — these attendants upon a poor scythe are such consumers of lime, that it is better to throw the soft-or the brittle thing aside at once, and chase another. As a general rule the scythe that )ks towards the point works better than the straight one — at least it is so in my hands. The cast off" scythe should not be put into the hands of the boy who is laiming to mow — he wants in his feebler and un- praciiccd hand, a sharper edge than is required by the man. Give him a goorf and a light tool, or else ex- cuse him from this work. Hor^e Rake. — The value of this implement for use on a farm of common inequalities of surface, and of common size, is often over-stated in theadverliseinents and pufl's. But the actual icorlli of it justifies its pur- chose. We have used the revolving horse rake for lour or five seasons, on a farm where two acres is per- haps the amount mowed per day: the raking up of the thick green morning's mowing in the latter part of the afternoon, is a fatiguing appendage to the previous hard work of the day. The old horse who has been in the pasture all day, and has nothing to do at pre- sent but kick flies, can gready lighten and considera- bly shorten this labor: wcgencraiiysavcfjt (imc prob ably from 45 to 60 minutes, and in strmgfh more than hall. Tins saving tuwiirde the close of the day, comes in very opportunely, and wc would not pari with tho rake for twice iia cost. To mannge thi.-< inhtrnmcnl skilfully, requires somn practice — but as toon as one gets a little ncrustonied to it, he can lay the winrows vciy well. On large farms its use nuiat be more valuable than on small ones. Where gram is mowed and rak' (1 up, this rake is very convenient and coinfoiiabic; it lakes all clean, and saves from hard hand raking. This inatninient dc8tr\c? more extensive use ihaii it has found hidicrto. Time vf CiiUing. — Where grasses arc not lodged, it is well to cut when they are fairly and fully in blos- som; but to avoid having some t)!' them get far past this state before time can be found for securing, il ia prurient to begin upon the more luxuriant fields bo- fore they reach full blossom. Curing. — In the early part of the haying season, whde the grasi? is quite green, and much tore is ic- quired for curing, it is well to bo busy in turning it up tu wind and sun; help it along as fast as you can — but Inter in the season, if the weather be good, it wid bo suliiciently cured the day after mowing without much assistance. Some lilfic matters amount to considerable in ibo course of the season; — in laming vp hay, take tha help of the wind; do this too in raking; — in raking after the cart, regard the course of the wind and tho rection in which the team will next :novc. ond so ar- nge as not to be obliged to lake the ground over twice. In this simple labor of raking after the call, I ve found " head work" as profitable as in any of tho eiations upon the farm. S:dt. — Hay that would be liaWe to heat nnd pour because not quite cured, mny olun be mowed away widi safety, if six to ten quarts of salt to the ton aro applied. The ulC o'" salt upon nearly all the hr.y as it es into the barn may be wipe. I am inclined to the belief that a farm in ray neighboihood on which salt has been very freely used in that wny, had been great- ly improved by it; that is, I think the manure lias been much more efiicacious in consequence ot the salt applied to the hay. At home we find no hay so palat- able to the stock aa that wdiich is cut young,' three- fourths dried and well salted. Clover. — This should be cured without much ex- posure to the sun. I can tell a story that jjoes to show that clover need not be so th irouglily dried as niony suppo-"e. Last year, about the middle ot June, we mowed some very coarse clo\er, scarcely 1 eginn'r.g to blossom, and as full of sap as clover ever w as. The weather wns cloudy and foggy for several cays, so that but little progress was made in curing it; it con- tinued heavy and green; after four or five days, and while the cocks weic damp w'ith fog we loailed it, be- cause the indications of rain were strong. It was ta- ken to the birn, stowed away, and very thoroughly salted. In four or five days it was dripping wet and burning hot ; in fifteen days it was mouldy; in De- cember it was toe hay preferred above all others in the barn by '• old B: g Horn," a dainty cow that was destined for the shambles; every aniir.al in the barn would devour it greedily — and this too, when most of the hay, and all the corn stalks in the bain had been salt'^d; — the salt taste was no rarity. Driiilci. — Tht. hay-maker must have a full supply of diink; perspiration will he free, and he muft have something to support it. There is no danger from frcijiienl drinking in the hottest weather. Take cald wafer as often and as heely as you please; there is no tlanger from it, if you have not been too long without drink. Cold icatcr ie the best of all drinks (or slack- ing thirst — it may be sweetened with molasses or with sugar; and if milk is taken with them, the drink is the most servicnble we have ever found — furnish- ing nourishment while it slakes thiist. Rum and Ci- der, and their kindred spirits, aie not to be admitted to the field of the prudent and worthy farmer. I know they are not needed; I know they are not useful there, 'The bay will be cut and cured with more despatch and comfort, when true temperance practi- ces prevail, than wheie alcohol intrudes. None but the intemperate are injured bydrinUins cold water. It told ihat I know not the hardship rf swinaing the scythe, and the need a man then has for the stimulus, 1 reply that I do know what it is to swing the scythe, and that on the very hottest dny of 1340, 1 tvns mowing from half past four in tie morning till three in the afternoon, with the exception ol limo enough to cat, drink and grind the scythe; and nei ther then nor on any other day of the season, did I ro quire the use of any other drinks stronger than mi'li and water. And no man, after one month of tempe perance, will ever require any thin; elrcngcr. 103 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, apwrtJBPiwftM^MMM Vol Asparagus. An observant neighbor proposed to ua, the othef do}', to recommend planting nsparngus in a single row, each plant two feet apart. In beds, the plants crowd each other; and as if surrounded by weeds, send np more slender stems. These remarks agreed entirclj' with our own observations; for though we have been at the expense of makin^deep beds oi the best mate- rials, our finest asparagi'a grows in common soil ■where the seed was accidentally dropped. In bedsit is difBcult to remove such seedlings as spring up, without injuring the roots of the older plants; but from a row this may be easily done; and ail plants that intrude on tbem should be treated as weeds. To raise the plants: Separate the seeds from the berries, and sow them in a bed late in Ike fall (not in the spring) covering them with fine earth half an inch deep. If put in rows, so that the hoe can pass be- tween them the next season, they may bo kept clear of weeds more conveniently; and when one year old, if they have had plenty.^of room, they njay be trans- planted. One long row may be the best. And be careftd that not more than one plant is set in a place. The cropping that asparagus endures, is very se- vere; and it seems reasonable that the plants should be strengthened by the growth of three years before they are molested. To cover the stools in the fall with stable manure, and to rake off the coarser parts in the spring, is an old and excellent practice: It pro- tects them l;om the frost of winter and manures them at the same time. Strewing salt over them liberally in the spring, nlso adds to their > igor. ^In a few years, an asparagus plant, neither crowded on by others nor over-cropped, will form n stool from twelve to eighteen inches across. t Disease of Silk Worms. The subject of Silk culture is assuming a degree of importance, which, in our opinion, justifies us in de- voting'to it considerable space. The passage of the law giving a bounty on Silk and Cocoonsin this State, will induce many to engage in the business who have rot done po heretofore ; and we shall endeavor to im- part as much information on the subject as oppears to us important and is consistent with justice to the ma- jority of our renders. The following article is from the April No. of the Journal of the American Silk Society, a monthly pub- lication by Gideon B. Smith, Baltimore, which ought to be taken by every person engaged in the Siik busi- ness. Price, $2 per year. IMPORTANT TO SILK GROWERS — THE MUSCARDINE IN AMERICA. Probably the most important information it has ever fallen to the lot of the editor of the Silk Jcurnol to communicate to the public, on the suhjeet of Silk cul- ture in this country, will be found in the present ai'tiole. (E; It has long been known to every reader of publica- tions on silk culture, that by the ravages of a disease called muscardinc in Europe, the average loss w irms, taking one year with another, amounted to 45 to 30 per cent, of oil that nere hatched, and ihis too, alter the greater portion of the expense of rearing had been incurred. This evil has been continued from time beyond the reach of history, till within a year or two past. In the United States all of us have hereto- ioro considered our worms exempt from this fatal dis- ease; as it has generally been supposed that it did not exist here at all. This was a fatal delusion. We have just leceivcd from France a copy of the '-Anna- lee de la Societe Sericicole, fondee en 183G, pour I'a- melioration ei la propagation de I'industree de la Soie en France," for 1837, 1338 and 1830, in one of the volumes of which we find a most e.xcellent plate rcpre. senling silk worms in the various stages of the mils, cardme, the lirst glance at which showed us that it was the identical disease of which a great portion of t.]e silk worms in this country have perished. All who saw the disea^a last year and have seen this plate, identify the disease instantly. Wc shall endeavor (o have trniiBlations raadu for our next number, descrip- tive of the disease, and it possible — if we can get the means — ^publish the plate also. In the meantime, however, wc hove thought it advisable to take this hasty notice of the fact, that all silk growers may be enabled to apply the remedy. Happily the remedy will do no harm, whether the worms are ofiected with the muscaraine or not ; nor will it inivre the worms even if they are perfectly heaitb/, n: S they hove oth- er diseases. The remedy is the free application of air-slocked lime to the worms, and also over the floors of the cocoonery, and white (vashing all the wood-work of the fixtures. The limcshou.ld bo sifted through a fine sieve on the worms two or three tunes a week if healthy, and once a day if diseosed, in the morning before the first feeding, and always after cleoning the hurdles. The quantity of lime to be sifted on the worms may be just sufficient to whiten the worms and leaves well. This remedy has during the two past years enabled those persons in Frsnce who have used it, to save and obtain cocoons from 97 per cent, of all the worms hatched. Now that we know the disease that has done ua so much injury, and alpo know the remedy, the latter should be applied ; and as there arc very few, if any, who yet know the disease by sight, we would most earnestly recomniend that the remedy be apphed in ALL CASES, whether the worms be sickly or not, as a PREVENTIVE, for it is cvcn more effectual as a pre- ventive, than as a remedy, and, as before stated, will do no harm to either healthy worms or those ofiected with other diseoses. It must be borne in mind thot this is a contagions disease, and if but a single worm I be affected by it, the disease speedily spreads amoifio the others, until all or a large portion of them a;.e de"^ btroyed. The French hove diecovcicd thcV tlie dis- ease consists oi & fungus gron'th, somel'^iuo like mil- dew, or mould on cheese, scarcely disceninble to the naked eye, but perfectly developed by the microscope. The fungus is propagoteu with great rapidity— so much so that from the f nudl speck on a single worm it will spread over a whole cocooneiy in a very few days. It generally oilacka the worms after a fourth moulting, and when not arrested, carries off the great- er portion of them. Sprinkling the worms with sla- ked lime, however, effectually prevents the disease, and will cure all the worms in which it has not made too great on impression. We have olready been asked how this discovery cor- responds with our New Theory, in relation to retard- ing the hatching of the eggs, and anticipate further questioning on that point. In our opinion, it is per- fectly consistent with the principles iiu-ulcclcd by the New Theory. Retarding the hatching of the eggs beyond the natural period, the New Theory says, weak- ens the constitution of ilir young worms, and predis- poses them to disease. Tbe present discovery points out the particular disease thus induced, or at least, oiieof them, and that the most for ' ' ' ' ing the hurdles. We have ourselves years ago tued such a plon, and with bhcccss too. But tiie danger in all such, which must not be ovciioo!:ed diseate occur among the worms, the sick are apt ■ concealed by the occumulating rubbish and brum and dymg in their concealment, the first notice wc have of the existence of disease to any considerabh tent, will be the offensive odour evolved by the w^orms ; and very probably a rapid spread of cop.tilitiio among the healthy worms. In feeding with brai ' ' es, therefore, we should clear the hurdles just as o „ and as necessarily, as when feeding with picked lei That no one may be misled by the remarks in article on the muscordine audits preventive, by use of lime, it seems necessary to say, that several er diseases offect silk worms, and many worms ■ destroyed last summer by other diseases, li must therefore, be token for grouted th?t the appiicoiio lime is to prevent and cure crcry disease, though believe it will act as a preventive of most of°d when accompanied by other necessary r^d pr treatment. If from any cause the wor';,ig have ad itated and sickly constitution, they will be liable tt rious diseases, and the proper 'preventives will be above, viz: cleanliness, tho.:„„„i, ventilation, the oflinie, &c. We most Vuly believe that the i r-olmc source of all '.ne ditcases of silk worms Slimmer, was the rotording of the holchingof thee Ihe worms Wf;e weakly in consequence of it, thence more liable to be affected by the various e tnig couFtfBi of disease, than they would have been they 'possessed robust constitutions. AVe believe the, muscardine may be, ond probably is, gene] generated by this very process in this country. ' French say it is caused by a fungus growth, which gusisa vegetable of an inferior order, ond produce its own seeds. The inference then is that it conno produced in the absence of its seed. But we ki that the mould of bread, cheese, &c. is also of theei order of vegetable growth, and that it is producet any time when the temperature of the weather is fo' able to it ; and hence we infer, not that it is a spoi neous production, but that its seeds always per^'.-id. substances in which the growth is found, and arc c prevented from growing by the non-concurrence of circumstances necessary to their growth. Time, h tempcroture ond moisture, are the circumstances I are generally required to concur in the productioi mould, mildew, &c. Take away either, and neit 1 mould nor mildew will be produced. One remark more seems appropriate here. ( climate is unquestionably more favorable fiir i worms than that of ony part of Europe ; and it is p ticniarly m in regard to the inuscardii.e. The extic dryness of our amiosphcre, compared with that of a part of Europe, is notorious; and it wosthis fact t 'nduced the universol belief that the muscardine i not prevail here. But ahhough our atmosphere comparatively dry, the air in our cellars ond ice-hc *« ikivi iJji:! iJile |ii! irftif JjlJ!' iliet *l tni Hi iJtDill 0t ir'- inlii . ............ w.,..,dalile. Let the 1 , - .- ■ . , — eggi be hatched at the natural period, that is about ^'"^ " . oconc'-'es is not always so. The keeping the time in 1S41 that their parents were ha'chcd in f"^ '" """P cellars and ice-houses, wherein tl 1840, a«l then the conslitutioneof the woims will not , ^^ become mouldy or mildewed, and especially wi be debilitated or vitiated by the unnatural process of i"'" '''^ ""' " '""S "™« ""d heyond the natural ti retarding. By this means we shall usher the vouna , hatching, may very well be considered capable developing the fungus growth constituting the disei called muscaidine; and unless we take care to ovr such, it will be in vain to expect our climate to prol us against the consequences. g. b. s. _ . _j young ones into the world with good sound constitutions, subject to no other disease than those they may con- tract from contagion or hod treatment. By this dis- covery, therefore, we have only found out the name nnd nature, and means of prevention and cure of a disease we have all along hod amongst us. It must not be considered in the light of a new calamity that threotcns tis; but rather a= the discovery of the means of overling one thot olready nfllictsus. It is fortunate that this invaluoble information has reached us at this particular moment— just in time to be of immense ser- vice to us in this our day of ordeal. It must net be supposed that the above remedy is alone to be depended upon, or that the application of lime as above directed, and for the purpose specified, will authorize the omission of the usuol precouiions and attention to cleanliness, vem.Iation, ivc. On the contrary, the strictest attention to cleaning the hur- dles, removing rubbish, purifying the air by ventila- tion, &c. must beobservcd at oil times. Every worm found on the hurdles in a sickly condition or dead, should be immediately removed. We have neverseen any valuable result fiom a sickly worm, and would therefore recommend that nil such be removed to a distance and dcslroyed. Some of the French silk prowere have hospitals for the reception of such inra- lids as afl'ord ony hope of recovery ; but we think it is better economy to get rid of ihom at once. We hear occasionally of fixtures being contrived for rearing the worms upon, that save the trouble of clean- It!>iiig Bees. I hove practiced two methods of securine; nc swarms of bees when they leave the old hive, both which I think preferable to the old fosbioned way rottlingall the old tin pans and sleigh bells in the neig borhood, until the sworm settles, and then brush the topsyturvy into the hive. My first method is this:- as the season lor swarming approaches, I cut an eve green, such as fir or spruce, about six or eight fc high, and trim off all the branches on one side cloi to the tree so that it may be laid flat on the groum the lower end, or butt, is sharpened like a slake ai set in a hole made by an iron bar in the ground aboi ten or fifteen feet in front of the hives. Swarmn wi, very seldom seek any other resting place, when abus like the above is at bond. When a swarm leaves lb hive I say nothing, but stand find look on, until the become still and quiet on the bush. I then corefull raise the bush from the hole, ond lay it fiat en lb ground, ond place the hive over them. If the liml on the ujiper side interfere, I press the hive down an lay a stone or seme heavy substance on to keep it i its proper place, till the swarm takes possession which is generally in ten or fifteen minutes. In thi woy I^^have never lost a swarni,|and have frequentl 7. AND GARDENEirS JOURNAL. U)7 n swnnn nnd removed ibrm to the boo Iiouee ;tlie old Uivcs incHio hour iVoin tlio lime of their » the hive. j' other wiy is ns eimple, and ne far iib I hnve t, equnlly sine. I take a board wide enouali t n hive on, nnd two or ihreo feet long, bore a n the centre, nnd drive in a j)in, one or two incli- ilianietcr, nnd eight -or ten inches long; 1 then ;\vo sir.nll cords end fasten the end of each to the ere of the board so thnt they form a loop at cneh of the board about two or three feet lon^'; this d thus prepared [ suspend (roni two stakes in t of the hives, with the pin pointing downwards* lire that the stakes slope lowariis each other so board may not touch at the end, around this iho bees wdl cluetcr, nnd when they got still, un- the cord from the slnkes, turn the board over -fully, lay it on the ground and set the hive over it, J I lis way much time and trouble may be saved, or 0 a no need of watching for swarms, only pro- such resting places, nnd there yon will find them. ivo left a swarm suspended under the bonrd ns last itioned, thr )i;gh the day nnd found them safe in evening, niul hived theui after the oliier labor of day was past. I think on the whole this method best, as they seem more contented under cover hu board th.'in when more e.xposcd, nnd not so like- o take wing before they are iiived. — Mechanic and mcr. J. R. M. if f'ircuUir, "" the Agrknlturists, Manufacturers, Mechanics and Artizans of the United States. The American Institue of the city of New York e directed us, the Trustees, to announce to the ptib- that the Fourteenth Annual Fair will be held in i city, in the early part of October ne.\t. The le and place, with a variety of details, will be .de known and published by the Managers as soon enient, after their organization shall be per- led. This Institute was established and incorpo- d by llie Legislature of the State of New York, 1 promote domestic industry nnd improvements in ..le United Stales. Among the men.. 3 suggested in ■ e charter, are public exhibitions of meritorious pro- .ctions, and rewards for such as a:e most deserving. Thirteen Groat Annual Fairs have already been Id. Their beneficial effects in exciting emulation ive been seen and directly felt in more than half the ;ates of the Union. The popularity of these exhibitions, the extended id intense competition they have excited, is without precedent. More than one hundred thousand visi- rs have been admitted, aitd more than fifteen thou- .nd specimens of domestic products have been exhibi- d at a single anniversary. A Repository for the daily exhibition of improve- lents, and a Library, of groat utility for practical arposes, hnve both been established by this Instiui'.e, nd have been opeit for yeai's free of expense to con- •ibu'.ors and visitors. Five ploughing exhibitions ave been held on fields in the vicinity of Ncr York; nd many eloquent addresses, iitstructive lectures, nd able reports, have been made on different occa- iotis, ail having a bearing on productive industry. The amount of gmtuaous laiior bestowed by the rondnctors of this Institute in fourtci n years, it is be- loved, is without a parallel in the history of our pub- ic institutions. Hitherto the Institute has been sus- ained by voluntary contributions, unaided by city or State bounties. Impressed with these ideas, the Leg- slatnre, in a law just passed, intended for the promo- ion of "Agriculture and Household Manufactures," aave wisely included the American Institute, and on certain conditions appropriated to it nine hundred and fifty dollars per annum for five years, requiring premi- ums to be awarded as suitable means f)r accomplishing the objects of this enactment. In addition to the pe- cuniary aid contemplated by this net, which is timely, nnd will enable us to extend our premiums, it is n public testimonial of the high considcrntion maintain- ed by the Institute in the opinion of our Legislature. The confidence reposed nthe Iu;,titute is in the high- est degree honorable to its conductors, making it there- by the direct agent to carry into effect a law impor- tant in its future effects, and expressly enncted to en- courage the great nnd paramount interests of agricul- ture, which Bunplies not only the principal materials on which all o'-her labor is employed, but also affords Bustenance to the whole human race. Accommodations will be provided at the Fourtecntb Fair for the exhibition of every kind of agricultural and horticultural productions, for machines and imple- ments, and steam power and engines. Separate and suitable places will bo assigned for exhibiting cattle, horses, sliccp, swine and other (nrming Dtock. Tile best productions of the manol'.riory nnd the work- shop, including woolen, cotton, silk nnd linen fabrics, will hnve their appropriate rooms. Lnbor-anvingiua- ehinery will not only be e.\amincd by competent judges, but also tested by steam power. All new and useful Inlior-saving inveirtions will command atten- tion, and pi.iilicity given to their merits, rurchasers will hnve the best poi-eible oppoflnnily to e.rking of which, and the preparation of the land for ttfjsoquent crops, thoroughly mix it with the soil. I obtiiin the lime when ready to apply it, have it placed ill a situation convenient for water, whore it is imme- diately slaked; and as it falls, it is carted out and spread upon the Ir.nd previouely ploughed, which, after I>cing hnrtjwed, is struck out Bitd planted. I have applied it in other ways, but the results were never so satisfactory. I have been told by some farmers, that the greatest benefits from the use of lime on their land ore exhib- ited in about secen years alter its application; some say in four years; some contend that they have seen its efTocls the second year, and others soy that they never sasv any effect whatever from its application, although they put it on in generous quantities. Now, I verily believe nil these statements to be true, and J account for this singular anomaly in the following manner. In the latter instance, the lime was plough- ed in so deep that it was never mi,xed with the soil, and therefore produced no effect ; and in the former, the admixture took place probably in one, four, or aeven yeas after it was applied. In some cases, it is said, land has been injured by it. I am inclined to believe that in those cases the farmer has been too gencroui, and would recommend as a corrective, that he plough deeper, and thereby mix more earth with hislinie. He will thence have the advantage of a deeper soil. As the quantity best nd.ipled to improve most soils, I would recommend from forty to fifty bushels unslaked to the acre. 1 have found excellent results on sandy, clayey, and loamy soils, from the application of that quantity. As I have never farmed limeslono or red shell soils, I cannot advise respecting them. I theref )re repeat, mix your soil well with the lime which you may put upon it — pulverize it thoroughly — destroy nil natural vegetation, if you wish to raise naturalized crops — exercise a sound judgment as to time and method, and you will seldom have reason to compla:n, in this partof Pennsylvania, at least, either of an ungrateful soil, or an unfavorable climate. KENDERTON SMITH. The Flowers of Summer. In writing our sketches of the flower garden, we have not had leisure to examine what we said in our 'irsl volume on the same subjects; and possibly some things may be repeated. faonid is a splendid genus, and 17 apeciea were known in IS29. The single flowers arc gone in a few days, but the double are inore durable. Tie ear- liest kind that we hove seen is P. IcnuifuUa, which spreads llr uigh the ground, and in a few years forms a stool of teveral feet in diameter — flowera single, of the brightest crimson Soon after appears P. movtan, n shrub from China, growing to the height of three feet in England, and attaining the same stature in this climate. A well grown " tree" (for so it is called) may be three feet or more across, presenting a magnificent display in all its varieties that have come under our notice, though the flowers vary in color. It is hardy, and starts to grow very early in the spring. P. officinalis was introduced from Switzerland in 1548, and has spread into some fine varieties. The double sorts are the common crimson, the rosy, and the whitish, or the ff^Z'zVrtn^. Sabines crimson is one of the finest of the single sorts. This plant and P. corallina are the only two spe- cies credited to Europe, the eastern Side of thot conti- nent having furnished most of the speciee. P. albiflo- ra (called the Chinese) though herbaceous, sometimes attains the height of 4 feet, and is very thowy. Four double varieties of thia species ore now blooming in our gorden, viz' Humei, Whitleii, frnginns, and Reevesii — the last, a blush color, fading after it opens. This species grows freely from seeds, springing up in many parts of the garden, but requiring several years to bring them into bloom. The glutinous locust (liohimn tisrnsct) produces its pink flowers in abundance; ond but few trees are more ornamental. Itincreases eulTiciently from its horizon- tal routs. It is a native of the Southern States, though hardy here; and is classed with timber trees, sometimes growing 40 feet high, according to Elliott. In this northern land, however, it has the habit of a shrub— 10 or 1-5 feet high. Ph'daihljtiius. This genuB of six or eiglit species, produces only while flowers. P. kirsutus is much taller than P. coronarius, though Loudon only ml» ed it 3 feet high ! The flowers are also much lai^ "' and whiter, but scarcely so fragrant. The varii called " double flowering," has not a tenth of itsfla ere double. Another called " nanus" i« hardly woi cultivating. Both these varieties belong to P. eo\ narius, which is a native of Europe. The flowering ash (Ornus europaa) at the hei| l^"' of 5 feet bloomed with us this season for ths fi r time. The flowers are white, very small, and gri •" in panicles. The Iris is finely represented in this month, large kind with light blue flowers, is remarkable its delicacy; and appears to be a variety of I germa ca. Four tall sorts with yellow flowers also shine c ,iiii" ,(11* 111 iBiyi laii ttJeill ii jji^tini fi'il' ' l,pH liabi! ||I>1B Uti itkn ^liii pill While most of the species exhibit their blossoms cc *'"'" spicuously on their summits, one called the blue RiP ' ' sian, hangs its flag half mast high — down among t leaves. Two bulbous species from Spain (the Spt. ish and the English) have run into many varieties — of each kind have been advertised; but though sor of the Spanish Iris, are beautiful, others have a lui or dingy aspect, and are not worthy of cultivatio ""'' All the sorts that we have seen of the English 1 however, are splendid. Wistaria speciosa, a twining shrub, with blue pn pie flowers in dense racemes, isa native of the Sout but endures our win;ers. It deserves a place amoi line plants. Spiraa aruncus, 4 feet high, is very showy; f though its white flowers are small, they are ve abundant. Its inflorescence is also singular. In o opinion, it is finer than any herbaceous species fro the eastern continent; and a worthy congener of 1 American variety of S. luliata. DracocepJialum rvyschiamim resembles the Hysso but its flowers are a fine rich blue. It is sn old i habitant of the gardens. Jasminum hvmilc ie the only species of the gen that succeeds here in the open border. It is al sometimes damaged by the winter; but when tl frosts are not very severe, its yellow star-like flowe make n pleasing display in the following season. is probably o native of Italy. Wc have two varieties of Chionantlms vitginict now in flower both nearly of the same oge, but tl broad leaved kind is the taller, with fewer blossom Tlie narrow leaved variety is loaded with bloom. Th is the white Fringe Tree. The fine purple flowers of Vcrlascum jmrpvreu may be seen by early risers, but they begin to shriv as soon as the sun shines out with power. For Lilies, Pinks, Roses, &c. see New Genese Farmer Vol. 1. f Spurious Rata ISagaSeed. Messrs. Editors — Lost season one of our met chants bought a quantity of ruta baga seed, and sold i out to a number of farmers in this vicinity. It came u well, and the plants appeared like genuine till otter th' second hoeing, when the roots were about as Ini f^^ as a man's finger, the tops then all branched out ai.^ run up to seed; so that the crops were an entire fail ure, much to the disappointment end loss of thi farmers. On inquirj', it was aecertnincd that the seed vim raised from small ruta bngas, and was surrounded oi mixed with mustard when growing. Now, I wish to ask whether the mustard caused the degeneracy of the ruta baga seed, and if not, what did ? If you, or your correspondents can explain thia matter, it may be of service to others. We farmers are, at best, slow enough to adopt any new article or system of culti\ation; ond when failnie or disappoint- ment occurs, it often tends to tfhcck, if not entirely AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 1(19 cm, the iiitrodm-lion of vnliiablo improvenieiils. e of ihoso who sowed the above seed, bnd never npted growing ruio bngns before; nnd this failure Jiscournged tlieni so thnt ihcy will not try again Iles|>ectfiilly yours, EilASTUS SKINNER. I'.MmUsbnrgli, N. I'., June 18, 1811. emarks — Several inslnncea of disappointment, lar to the above, have come under our observation, lin ten yenispasl; and wo have taken some pains scertain their cause, ulihough wo have not always ;eeded to our own satisfaction. The dill'erent es of the genua Brussicu, including the whole boge and Turnip family, not only mix icitk aicli ry readily, but are very liable to degenerate 11 want of care in raising the seed, or other unfa- ible circuinstunccB. In reference to the case nicn- ed by our correspondent, we do not think the stard was the cause of the evil, although we do say it might not have been. Mustard ( HinapsisJ oneidered by the bottyiists, adifl'erenl genus from ruta baga; but it ia of the same natural family, and ■8 such evident marks of relationship that it is more n probable they will mix, when in bloa-iom togeth- But if this had been the cause of the difficulty, plants would not all have run up to seed nnifunn- We therefore conclude that the true cause was oihor one alluded to — namely, degentracy. It is ;; ted that the seed was raised from small roots — per- )s from a crop that was not worth harvesting, and refore left in the ground over winter, and allowed seed — and it ia not certain that the process of ;eneration had not been in operation several years, all events, it is well known that the greatest care necessary in raising all kinds of turnip seeds, as 11 as thai it be raised under favorable circiirastan- nd as more care is usually bestowed on this bu- in England, together with a more favorable mate, it is generally found that imported seed pro- ces better roots than that raised in this country. le Weather--tlie Croiss--iIarvest Prospects. The longest and most severe season ot drought ever ;own before harvest in this section of country, has en experienced this season, and we believe the me may be said of most parts of the United States d Canada For about six weeks, scarcely enough in fell in this vicinity to moisten the surface of th( rth, or to encourage the hearts of its cultivators let one week ago, however, there commenced a suc- •Bsion of the most fruitl'ul showeis that can be im ;ined ; and all nature now rejoices under their reviv ,g influence. About 10 days since, we passed over part of this and several of the adjoining counties. id it was truly mclaneholy to witness the sufTeiing •ops, and to hear the mournful complaints of the irmers. And truly many crops have suffered, past ;covery. Grass, of course, is very light. Oats and arley the same. Corn that was planted early, and n raiher moist soil, looks well, but tome pieces are ntire failures. Wheat is generally light, and must ill simewhat short of an average crop, although re think it will be belter than many have r^resented. 'otatoes came up slowly, and are very backward, but here ia still time for them to recover. Beet and car- ol seeds, sown early, have rnosily done well, but hose sown later have generally failed, as is always the lasein dry weather. The latest accounts from other pans of the country, orm a cheering contrast with those received twolweeks igo. "The New York Express states, on the authority of personal observation during an extensive tour, in the most productive parts of New Jersey and Pennsylva- rvia, that the appearance of the Gelds of wheat, rye and onis, pr.-iniisG3 an nbundaiu harvest." The Richmond ^^'irgi^ia) Slar says — A great deal of wheat has been cut, and we rejoice lo under- I, is of a very pioinisiug character. Indeed the havvest prouiii:! e well The probnbilily is, that flour, the great staple will bo very low during the coming — and that is no slight comfort to poor people. " The Albany Morning Atlas says: — I ho crops throughout the country, generally, are represented a" promising. Though in some pans v. e notice there may be a falling off, yet the average will be n good The Fort Wayne (Indianal Sentinel siys: — "The season here has been lemarkably backward, but crops are now coming on fiuely. Wheat never liid more fair for an abundant harvest. Oala and grass are equally promising. Corn ia moie backward, owing to the wet and cold weather about planting time. Some did not come up well, but we have hail line weather for several days, and it has grown astonish- ingly." Whkat Prospects. — Wc have the most flattering accounts from all portions of our countiy, of the prospect of a plentiful harvest. An unusual quantity of wheat was sown last fall, and ils appearance now indicaies a great yield. — Huron ( Ohio J Adv. The PainesviUe (Ohio) Telegraph, of n late date, says; — "Farmers may now obtain seventy-five cents cash, for wheat, in our elreele. For Oats, 25 cents; pota- toes, IC cents. These advanced and advancing prices, and sales for cash, are encouraging to our farmers, and inspire all with fresh hopes of better times. The prospect now is, that notwithstanding former fears, the present will be a eeas.jn of great abundance," Ti!E Crops.— The Germantown (Pa.) Telegraph says: — "Our farmers have begun in earnest iheiriiay. making, though much of the grass apjiears, from the backwardness of the spring, to be yet growing. The crop generally, is as good as in any ordinary season ; and should the weather enable it to be housed without injury, the supply of this staple production, which it really ia here, will be equal to the demand of the cus- tomary prices." TheaccounlB from the western portion of Maryland are decidedly favorable to the growing crops. In Frederick they had refreshing rains last week. The last Uniontown (Pa. J Democrat had a paragraph com- plaining of the drought, but ils complaint was cut short by copious rains which commenced falling on Monday. The Savannah Republican has intelligence from the interior of Georgia, that the promise of the com- ing corn crop, now conaidered as half secure — is good, the wheat in Upson county, where the harvest is com- mencing, very good, the colton crop, rather poorly for the present. The (New Ilaven, Con.) Farmers Gazette, of June 2.5, says : — "If fine weathei, and an abundance of it, tan have a beneficial effect on the crops, ihere is reason to be- lieve that our tanners will this year have no cause of complaint. The frequent and copious showers of the past week have had a most happy effect on the vege- tation ol this neighborhood, and dissipated tb.e frars of ihosewho have been disposed to distrust the goodness of Him who has prumisrcd that the eanh shall yield food sufHcienl for man and beast. We are told that in conseiiuenee of the rain of one day last 'week, the price of laiy was reduced two dollars. Except in some upland meadows where the drought was partic- ularly severe, it is supposed that the crop of hay in this vicinity will be as heavy as an average ol several years past." anxiety; and should the diought continue, even a lit- tle longer, it may alfo seriously afleei our root cuUure In this htaie of things, I consider it an act of prudence 10 look about ns, and seo what remedial measures, if any, we can resort to. In the course of my experience I have known occa- sionally just such a state of things. I have known not only just such, but much more pressing necetsi- ties to exist; and the best remedial course I have ever pursued, has been lo sow a crop of corn, broadcast, aa soon as the deficiency of the hay crop had becom* certain. A Kinall amount of good ground thus cultivated, will produce a very great amount of excellent fodder. 1 have sown from one acre to six acres. The product will be prodijiious — several tons per acre. My practice has been to fow two and a half bupheli good seed corn per acre on the fuirows bdnre harrow- ing; then 10 drag it thoroughly the same way it wai ploughed. The seed will fall mostly into the funows, and being well dwigged will thus be deep enough lo have strength of rootsulTicient to sustain a tall iialk. i have tried different quantities cf teed. The results from the quantity named above, 1 have foui.d most satisfactory. Wilh this (;uanlity the ttalks will eland so thick as to glow up tall and slender. Catlle will consume them entirely. One, by no means unimportant item in the value of this crop is, theie will ordinarily be found quite a quantity of small ears of corn — much of it ripe — a full sufliciency for slock which has been accustomed 10 a moderate feeding of grain during the winter season. To harvest the crop, the sickle ia used moat advan- tageously. When cut, the Ftalks should be bound in small bundles, and be set np to cure in small stouts; and whin stacked for winter, let it be stacked ns at the South, around a stack pole, only the length of a theaf from the pole. In thi.s ease the btitta, or bottom end of the stalk, will all be exposed lo the air, and the pro- cess of curing will be gradual and sale. It nuisi be remembered that it is an exceedingly succulent stalk, and is cut green, and will need cnreand lime lo safely cure it. I have lost o large quantity by heating, after I considered it cured, by pulling it into a large stack, 60 as to exclude the air. Another benefit of this crop ia, if sown about this lime, it can be followed by wheal in the fall. It can be cut and taken from the ground in good season lo sow wheal. I have had turf ground turned over, sowed with corn, and found it in a more satisfactory condition for wheal, than when summer fallowed The groun truly and honestly exerts himself me dopariinent of neclul efl'iU may justly clcim jtherhood with all who toil, make and earn. Let ieh cease to look dr.vn on the poor — the merchant be porter; let each respect the dignity ot Man, ther in his own person or in that ot his less lortu- broilier. Let haughtiness and pride on one side, envy, jealousy and hatred, with their train ol S! fill consequences, will vanish from the other, and miinnted by a common kinunees, will move for- d in eoncoi d to the attainment of the highest good. 'elected. Flovi-er Garilea Cultivated by tFio todies. neat Flower garden in front of the farm house, roof that the farmer's Wife and daughters are in- trious and reSned. It is proof thai the work with- iOors is » ell perlormed: for it is never the case that rdcr and thriitlessncss reside \dthin, while the len— tended by female hands — is neat and flour- ng. This out-door labor gives bloom to the cheeks, n lo the whole frame, cheevftdness to tho disposi- :, and general efficiency. 'air and gentle woman ia never in a better school u when busying her lingers and twining bar afl'ec- 13 around the fair daughters of Flora. There she igles with bsauiies whose tongues never utter en- 3r malfce, end whose cars are deaf to every idle or ul word. There the lovely and innocint speak to of the more lovely and innocent One who deliiie- 3 their graceful forms and paints their rich and va- I colors. Purer, richer, belter, are the teachings of shooting blade and opening fljwer, than come a the musings of a listless mind, th3 pages of ro use, or the gossip of corrupted socieLy. The seeds health, and purity, are in the soil on which the ' k and primrose grow, and those who labor to pro- e the fragrance of the latter, wtU taste the delicious it which the former bear; Fear not, ye busy wives and daughters, that the •e of a small llowcr garden will be a burthen, ron ring more arduous the labors of the kitchen, the iry room and the neeiib. For the invigorating ex- lations ot the freshly turned s'il, the draughts ol re oxygeir which vviil be found among your plants ten tiie warm sun is e-xpanding their foliage, the riety ^4' exercise which the garden gives to body and nd, together with the pleasure derived from the auty and fragrance of your flowers, will lurnish jre strength than the labors of the garden Will ex- ust. — Nmo Enfrlaiid Farmer. Leisure Days. By these we mean days in which the care of the op does not require attention — days when the farmer n look about him and turn his hand to some odd b. Usually there are several such days in June, and e manner they are spent is no small m nnent. Of course it is not in our power to tell you what is be dune on your particular place — for on one farm a w rods of stone fence is to be built; on another an nderdrain is to be completed; on a third the diiLhes iquire attention, &c. &c. But ot these times keeps larp lojk out for manure making. The swine must a/e iVequent suppliet! of the raw material, and leaves, )il, inuck, &e. must be deposited near the hog yard :ote, 60 that in the busy days of haying, soinething iiy be thrown in, and your hogs not left witlioui leans of doing their proper work. These days for .:hite ^-asking, for clsiming up sroitnd tlis lioiwe and barn, for seasonablo repairs, and the like, are among the most pi-olitable of tho season. We class thcmnn- der the head of leisure days, but they should be far from days of idleness: more of the profits of husband- ry is obtained from the gooJ judgment and perseve- rance with which improvemiSnta and plans arc execu- ted; (wc mean the gradual iiiiplenienlB which tho good fanner will have an eye to, and will carry on at times when the cost will be but li{ile)~more of the real pro- fits of larming tm-ns upon these than npon the ordina- ry crops of the farm. V/hcre coil and manure arc alike, one man can obtain a8 good a crop as anuihe., or nearly so; the skill rcmi red 13 not so much that of platiting and hoeing, as of increasing tho manure heap, increasing the depth of the soil; protecting the dry lands from drought, and draining those that arc too wot; the mixing of soils and sniting the manures to the soils and crops to which they arc applied. These arc the import.int matters; and many of them deserve attention at this leason of tho year. — M. What should Paieats do with tlieii Eoys t Many parents have sons, whom, when they arrive at j'ears of discretion, they are '.'.ueertnin what to do with. For instance, 11 respcclabie mechanic has a good, stout, henrly, well disposed son, whom he wish- es to bring up respectably. If he is in easy circum- stances, be some h"W or other seems to think that his son must be brought up to s-une higher business than a mechanic. He therefore c.mcludes that he must send him to college, and make bim a lawyer, a doc- tor, or a clergym.ui, and the honest well meaning pa- rent labors hard to earn money to pay the expenses of a collegiate education, for the purpose of making him respeetal/le, to make him tnke a higher rank in the world than that of a mechanic. Here is a great miS' take. When the boy leaves college, what is he to do '/ He is then just qualified tor nothing. He turns peda- gogue for awhil"!. He beats learning into the youth- ful progeny; but few, very few, think of pursuing the business of a school master as a permanent pro- fession. After continuingitforayearor two, hequits it, and commences the study of one of the learned professions. Here are three or four years spent in preparing to become a professional man, and at much Quditionnl exper.de to his father. He at last 's admit- ted 10 the bar, or receives a degree of M. D. , or is li- censed to preach. The next thing is to get a living by the profession he has chosen, and this is not so ea- sy a matter. All the learned professions are full to overflowing, and there seems 10 be no room for new begiimcrs. The consequence is, that the young as- pirant for eminence, drags along, without getting bu- siness enough to pay the rent of an office. Year after year he toils, or would toil, if he had any thing to do, without making half enough to pay his own expenses. To be sure, there are some, whose superior intellect and commanding talents will enable them to rise at once to eminence, and to command a business which will render thtm 'lulej.endent; but these cases are few and l.tr between. When such do occur, the superiority of mental power will shine out beforehand, and should be foe- leied. But the propensity which some mechanics have of bringing their sons up at college to m.ake them more respectahle, we think to be a great error. It is injuring a son mor«than it is benefitting him, unless ■iome oxlraordinary mental energy displays itself in the youth. He goes through college, and thence, " Proceeding ;-non a gra'lu.ited dunce," he is jest fitted for — what? lie has spent the best part of his youthful days, in quolilying himself for a pro.'ession fiom which he cannot gain a living, or at 'east a very scanty one. In our humble opinion, as the professions now ore, we should say to mechanics, and indeed to profession- al men, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, give ','our sons a good education, and then put them as ap- irentices to some respectable mechanical business. They will then as soon as their time of apprenticeship s expired, be indepeitdent, capable of earning an hon- est living at once. The profession of a mechanic is faily becoming more and more respectable, thanks to .he good sense and good judgment of the present age, md it can no longer be thrown out as a mark of re- iroach, you are a mechanic, or the son of a mechanic. It is on the contrary an honor. As the question has been recently discussed among 1 few mechanics, what they should do with their eons, we would repeat, give them a good education and then 'iring them np as mechanics or farmers, if you wish to ensure them a comfortable, honorable, and independ- ent living and station in society. — BosUm Transcript. A Gi'M. — " Carbonic acid, water, and amminio, . contain the elements necessary for the snppoit of ani- mals and vegetables. Tho some substance ore the ul- timate products of the chemical processes of decay and putrefaction. All the innuniei.ihlc products of vitdi- ty resume, after death, the original form from which they sprung. And thus death — the complete diteolu- tion ot an existing goneration — becomes the source of life for a new one." — Lkbig. C'nlture of Buckwheat. Dry light land is most suitable tiir buckwheat; but when that hoe been swarded for a number of yeais and then ploughed but once, a great crop cannot be expected. Something may be obtained this year and a greater harvest will follow in the second year. P ny ground that bore beans, potatoes, or corn last yei.r, and for which yon have no manure to spate this se: son. will yield a good horvest. We sow the seed Irom the twenly-liflh of June to the t'ourth of July — Eomeiim s the earliest sown produces best and someiinics tho latest sown— it depends on the seac'on, which no ore can foretell. A neighbor of ours, Mr. E. Freeman, keeps one of his lightest ticids on loirpose for buck- wheat. In the spring he sows rye on the field, and in tho last port of June he ploughs in his lye v.-ith his horse plough and sows his buckwheat on the furiow. By this practice he is biinging a thin soil gradually to fertility nt trifling expense. He took olf 0 fine crop of buckwheat lost season, and he uses tho straw fcr fodder ior his cattle. — Boston Cultioatur. Pity is a passion proceeding from the misfortune of another. Envy is a f assion proceeding Irom anoth.« ers success. — Addison. Go Forth ijito the Fields. Go forth into tlie fields, Ve denizens of the pent city's mart ; Go fortti, nnd linow the gl.idness natute yields To the care-vvcaried heart. Leave ye the feverish strife, The jostling, eager, self-devoted tiirong; Ten thousand voices, waked anewtoJife, Cult you with sweetest song. Hark ! from each fresh-cl.id bough. Or btisiful sonring in the golden air, Bright bird:, with juyous uiusic, tiidyounow ' To spring's loved haunts rep.iir. Tiie silvery gleaming rills, Lure with soft inurniura from the grassy lea; Or gaily dancing down the sunny hills, Call loudly in their glee I Andtheyoung w.nnlon breeite, With breath all odours from her bloseomy chase, In voice low whispering, 'mong the embowering trees, Wooa you to her embrace. Go breathe the air of heaven, VViierc violets meekly sjiile U'lon your way *, Or on sonic pinc-crown'dsuraiiiil, tempest driven. Your wandering fuotstepa stray. Seek ye the solemn wood. Whose giant trunks a verdant roof uprear, And listen, while tho roar uf some far flood Thrills the i'oung leaves with fear 1 Stand by the tranquil lake. Sleeping 'mid willowy banks of emcie.ld dry. Save when the wild bird's wings its surfucc Lreafe, Chequering the mirror'd sky^ And if within your bre.ist, H.-ilIow'd by nature's touch, one chord rcmuin i If aught save worldly honors tind you blest, Or hojie of solid gain — A strange delight shall thrill, A quiet joy brood o'er you like a dove ; Earth's placid heauty shall your bosom fill. Stirring its depths with love. Oh, in the calm still hours. The holy Sabbath hours, '.vhen sleeps the air, And heaven and earth deck'd with her beauteous flowers. Lie hush'd in breathless prayer. Pass ye the i)roud fane by. The vaunted aisles, by flaunting folly troj, And 'neath the temple of uplifted uky, Go forth and worship God [ Hclecttd. 112 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. Waterloo Woolen Factory. Mkssps. Editoks — This faciory (cost and cnpital $60,000) mnkcs about CUOO yards of dressed woolen cloth per month. Its annual consumption of wool is about 250,000 lbs.; the greater part of which ia pur- chased IVom the farmers wagons at the factory. On Saturday last, between 10 o'clock and 4, there was received there over 7000 lbs. of wool, the greater part of which was paid for in cloth. It was compri- ee'J of eighty diiVerent lots, and came from fiveof our neighboring counties, including Seneca. For the time being, the sales room was crowded with an intel- ligent, well dressed, rural population of men and wo- men, many of the latter fupporling in their arms those jewels, which the mother of the Gracchi ' did boast of. Some half a dozen clerks had constant em- ployment in measuring and cutting cloth, to say noth- ing of the brisk and busy duties of the wool sorters, or the more wordy, though the not less laborious task of the superintendent or of that very active director, friend Richaid himself. The cloth which this factory sells in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, affords but little prnllt at this lime, owing to the depre-sed state of the maiket. But the home trade was perhaps never more profita- oble: and, what is better, it is daily incrensing and ex- tending. The interests of the wool grower and man- ufacturer, are fast becoming identical. Our shrewd, intellieent farmers find it better, far better, to give a liberal price to the manufacturer, who in return pays them well for their wool, than to buy the imported ar- ticle at a lower price, when that very article strikes at their occupation, by destroying the market for their wool. It is supposed by some woolen manufacturers ih.it the minimum duty tiuder the compromise law of 20 per cent, on imported woolens, is not protection enough for their cloth against the imported article. But when we reflect that this duty is to he paid in rash down, argent complrmt, and that the la.\es and e.xtra expense of living to the Tnglish manufacturer, is more than another 20 per cent in favor of our man- ufacturers, we think, with some self denial and ordi- nary economy, they will not have to shut up shop. 'Tis true that capital is cheaper in England, and that their operaiives do not get wages sufitcient to en- able them, like ours, to monopolize all the sirloin steaks of the market; bnt t!ie counilees number and enormous weight of their taxes, ia more than an off- ■et to our better living. S. W. Waterloo, June ialh, li?-n. Bevon Cattle. Messrs. Kditors — I believe it is not generally Rnown to our farmars that Mr. S. Vernon, of Roan- oke, in the town of Stallord, Genesee Co., imported a fine Devonshire Bull in the summer of 183!). lie was bred by Mr. Davy, the cdrbraled brendcr of North Dcvons, in Devonshire, England, and selected by Mr. Iladiey, of Staflord, (when on a visit to England,) a pood judge of stock, and an intimate friend of Mr. Davy. Mr. Verunn holds him at the niodirate price of $:> per cow, and I think he will prove a valuable acquisition to the graziers in Western New Yoik. Yours &c. \V. GARBUTT. Whtatland, June 18, 1841. MoMi'oe Co. Agricultural Society. At a meeting of the Executive Committee, held June 2d., th"! following potsms were apointed town committees for the present season. WlicotUmd — John McVean, Jirah Blackniar, Ira Wood. C/»7i— Jacob Strawn, Wm. Tone, John Tuller. lUga — Djnnis Cbmch, Alfred Fitch, Charles Ten- ney. Ogden — Wm. B. Brown, Jesse Harroun, John Goit. Swnlen. — George Allen, Humphrey Parmer, Fred- erick T. Root. CInrksoa — John Bowman, David Forsylh, David Allen. P,;)7n«— Abner Darling, L. W. Metcalf, Roswell Atchiuson. Greece — John Moxon, Nicholas Reed, Asa Rowe. Gales — Matthias Garrett, Moues Dyer, Caleb Cor- sen. Brighton — Gideon Cobb, Nathaniel Haywnrd, Hi- ram D. (^olvj'n. Henrietta — Hiram Smith, Joseph Williams, M. L. Angle. Rush — Martin Smith, Jacob Clapp, Charles Cham- berlain. il/i:7»Zo)i— Abncr Colo, Thomas Wilcox, Henry Qiumby. Piluford — Edward Wilbur, Alexander Vorhees, H S. Poiitr. rcrrinton — Gideon Ramsdell, Zcia Burr, A. Good- ell. Pcnfield — Henry Fellows, Daniel Fuller, Samuel MdllT. ]Vcbstcr — Byram WoodhuU, Wm. Holt, Alphcus Crocker. Londeqiioit—S- Shcpard, Allen T. Hooker, H. N. Langworthy. fiocAcsZf)'— Lewis Brooks, Wm. Pitkin, A. Cliam- pion, George Whitney, Alexander Kelsey, E. Darwin Smith, Henry O'Reilly. The duties of the town committees are, to obtain the names and collect the fcea of members : examine crops olfered for premiums and obtain certificates of the same ; and attend to the general interests ol the Society in the town. (Printed Circulars have been tent them.) The Annnal Fair and Exhibition of the Society will beheld at Rochester, on Frulnvnnd Saturday thelSlh and ICih days of October, If 11. The list of premi- ume, tVc, will be printed immediately and Bent to each of the ofliccrs and committcc-mcn, and may be obtained at the Rochester Seed Store L B. LANGWORTIiy, President. H. M. Warm, } M B Batkhjm, <, Rocheiter, June, 18-11. Secretaries. liOCIIE MOXEY M.VRKRT.' F.aslcrn PrBfts,! prctprcii Pennsylvania, « « 10 (lis. Ohio. 1(1 a 12^ do. ■Miclilwn, 50 do. Aiiir\l;ind, C a 10 Snap's' n liridgoS a 7 par. I X. EnfTiaiulBank Notes, par. do. I Ciin.id.a, 7 a do. he rate ofunrnrrent money. — The money niarkcl is ai •■% staiitl still, and ia rather light. IST.W YORK M.\RKKT-Jt;»E 29. The Flour ■' ■■ :.-r- ii i - :,,■ I'.i 1,-1 -i.li .vn.-'-d thi-ir preten- sions. .^;,!.' ■-. • li : ! !::i J il!-riescp .■it.'),.37,J .-..VTO; ill,,, i '.M , , : ,,. -I,' lioop, .'-),.'i i .-> .5.37.! ; "1:, i ' ; ■ ■■ ..A,] Howard St. :,:■'■ ■ : I V . ■ I : ,,,- l.iiida Uir ,: , , ■ . . ■ . .' .iiirdinic ct.Mlv d'-.nnndril f ,r ;i:,,.. ., , l-hindtolil ill llj.- I- I I I ,r-.-. I we heard ornosnlfs. l-.uii,;i 5i,;c» 13. .No Soutiicrn O.its at fliitrkct. 0 AI F Itie best const nn n tc in mi f tired h> \% riffhl b lie street Rothester— I'riLC j;-8. tul 11 itors— FiRC, $0 lOlo $ 0 Jt THE TKOROI"G!J 3RED IIOHSE, FLOiailZEIi. FOR the information of those wiio may wish the stock'of this celehratcd Iiorse, notice is heretiy given, th.-it lie will stand for niares the enauins season, at the stalile of H. V. WccJ, Cienesco ; and also at the st.ible of the subSLTiher, in Govel.-ind, wiicre pasturage will he provided, and atten- tion p.-^id to nyire? from a tRfitani-p, Mni/ 15, !S41. G. II. CARROt.L. Rl'TA BAGA AND TURNIP SEEDS^I A Full and choice aBsortmeiit of Ruta I3aga and oul Turnip Seeds, lately received from England, for saKSl Ihc Rochester Seed Store. | BATEHAM & CRO.SMAW f June 1, 1541, TIIETHOROUGIIBRED HORS YOUNG HENRY. THE rriJMC are informed tliat the above thorough In lluise, raised liv II. Woolscv, Long Island, and n< ownct l.i the sill snilirr, will stand at O Culver's, Brigliti .Monr e,;o., and will be Id to loaies at fil'ti-cn dullaia Ihe 5( son. F.r.clnscd and good pasture will I e provided, and possililc care and .-.tlciilinn u ill he paid to mares ProUf from i d;stancc and left with the horse ; but no responsibii ty for accidents or e.scapes, sliould any occur. Pedigree. VoiingHenrv was got liv Henry, the competitor of Eclip out of .--aii.lliolc, l;v liclipse. Young llenrv is now 7 yei old on the Hh of June lu xl; he is a spkmlld Hsoie, with I points fiiielv developed , l;e is a dark sorrel, aii'l sornewl over 16 bands high. For further parli.id;,r«, r.ppiv to "■, 1 ,' p.-.ragus r.pl I'lr.i I, ,1 1.,, ,-, 1 ;,h;, ;;,■ I ■..iilillower and oil plants in Ibcir season. TOOLS AND LMPLEMENTS. of various kinds, fort Farm ami Ciardcn And a lartje collection of vaUial ROOKS on subjects connected with farming and gardenii silk culture, &c. SILK WORM ^GGS— of different kinds, on hand In th XI CATALOGUED gratis on application. Merchai supplied with Seeds at wholesale, on liberal terms. Ordi t'rom a distance containing a remittance, or good city reli cncc, will receive attention. BATEHAM & CROS.MAN Arcade Hall, Rnchester, Jprit I, IbJl. nm' llllJ! ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. COKIlEcnEI) FOK TIIF. NEW GEN'ESEE FAK.MER, JULY I, 1J4I. WHEAT,.... per bushel,.... $ 1,0.S a $1,12 CORN, " 4t; 50 OATS, " 3! BARLEY, " 37^ RYE, " 50 BEANS, White, 51). POTATOES, .... " APPLES, Desert,. " " Dried,... " FLOUR, Suiierfme, " " Fine " g A^L-Ji K PORK.Mesa, " " Prime,.... " BEEF, " POULTRY per pound, EGGS, per dozen, 9.. BUTTER, Fresh, . . per pound 10 62i... 18^;... 75.. , 4,88.. 3,75. . ],.50.. 10,01) 11,00 5,(10 10,011 8f»* 5,00 ail -1,00. . 4,00. 4,&C 87S. " Firkiii CHKESE, " . L\flD, " . TALLOW, Clear,.... " . HIDES, G:c.-n " . SHEEP SKINS each, . PEARL ASHES, . .100 lbs.. 5,00". POT, " .... " ..4,.'i0.... WOOL, pound,.. 25... HAY ton, 10,00... GRASS SEED, ... . bushel, . . 1 ,.^^,0. . . , CLOVER, " " ...6,00.,.. FLAX,.... " " ... 75.... PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton,6,00.... " bulkfat Wheailand):i,G0.... 13,00 lyt 2,00 I Tin ,rket i The I repo to the crops, have a tendency to render Ihe ] tluituatins. Wheat has advanced to quoted prices, and i have heard some lots I cing sold at prices still higher. '1' supply is small, and demand great. Flour for shipnient, up to 4,?8, and. 5.00, and is verv brisk at that. Corn bus a cancel since oiir last. Oats have r.athcr fallen off. if r.i thing. T.,e AVool market is very lively, and great (,*rnn tics are coming in. Hay has rather droppeil off from v.iiat WAS at ono lone si.^.-e onr last, \i\\x iv noiv in deu.KT..! nurtip.! jii ir.-i. B. HATEHAM, F. CllOS.MAN, Proiirielors. noCIIESTER, AVr.V^T, 1811. KO. 8. I JOHN J. THOMAS, \ M. ){. liA'l'KHAM. Krfi(or». PUBL.ISHES) MONTIIIiV. TKUiUS, 1FTV OV;\TS. pi-r vi-nr, p.-ij ul.le slivars in nilv.ince. I*ii8t .>l:i8tcr«, Aii;eiUH, Rlul oUlcrH, sc!ii>1im^ iiiunry free '., will receive 5iTea cojtief for $3, — 'iVft/ce copies 1 .— Ttccnlf-Jive copies for gill. The pogltiire of Uiis i>nper is only onft cent to an.v pla Uiis state, and one and a half cents to any part litcil States. .\ Mrr-s BATi;il.\M * rnoS.M.W, Hocliesler, N. V. CO.VrUNTS OF THIS M-'MnDH. he Harvest. The We.vJi^r of June i.nd Julr. Hints • the Montli!. '. 113 Ties. Mvown Kvpericiu-e. Under nraininp;. ... 114 .Making Honda. Keeji your lianil Dry. Scrn|is. ver Conipluint— Dead Sheep — C'osliveness of tilieep !l.ie^ in Pastures Hi he Flowers of Saninicr. The Fruit Garden. A Bns- if flierries. The Curculio shut out )1« : to Mr. shcflVr's Farm. Ucrkshire Hogs. Sugar Beets. Wheat Lnllurc. I'ig S;ile 11' iu:ililc Gas eihaled hy Flowers. Best time for Cut- j; Tinilier. "I he Hessian Fly. Important Discove- ry—Destroying Insects 116 tie Ilc>3c Bug. No Ivnd to Iinproveiuent. Humbugs. . J 19 poloeies and Promises. Tiie Fair at Syracuse. Rlcni- roe Ag. ?Snc. Notice. County Ag. Societies— Cayuga, 8ene.-.i, F.rie, Niagara, Livingston, &c To the Offi- of the Cayuga Co. Ag. Soc. Meeting of the N. tate Ag Soc 140 ugson FruiiTrecs. *' Uowning'B Landscape Gardcn- ng." Items from Rxchange Papers. Cows pastured m Morns .MuUi;auli<— Silk Culture— Large Vear- linge, &c 121 irhani Cows as Milkers 12d igar Beets for Spring Feeding. Drinking in hot Wca- the.-. Des-roving Itats IM Nefl^s Short Morn < attle. The Crops in Ohio. Canada Thistles, get 121 epiy to S. R. \V on the Corn Laws. On the Silk Cul- ture 123 atnr.il Pliilosophy. /tgricultural Kducation. More large Pigs. How to ascertain tlie age of Horsee. Col- man's Addre-ia on American Agriculture I'W hyslcal Kiiication. The Working-Man's Dwelling. ..jl'i: 'I.eOrrhardisi's Cojupaiiion The Ruta Baga H"ok. Blight in Pear trees. Wonderful Precocitv "Oul. lihililv" Does the Curculio rtf up imo the treen? The Silk Boiinly Law. Late English News. Bcpnrts of the .Markets. Advertisruients. Prices Current, &c. 12S. Still another Cnll. W* «ro now incurring Inrge expenses, and grently ?8 give n description of , stump machine in our n^'st. PIklkn shall ret-eive ttention ne.tl month — Is On I'alley near MtijiU Srore? Ti'cn where are lioth 7 The Weather olJutic and Jnlv. The moii'h of May left us cold and dry, and the droug cont'nued tilt the llth of.!unc. Tlw crops. espe^-Ially gra clover and wheat, suflereJ severely, and were saved hy I rain lieforeand »fter the middle of June. In this vicinity, the grass crop is helow the average, and the same remark is true respecting wheat. Over the country it is gratifying to hear that the liarvest willtiefully adoquato I'or the wants of the people. Iiideel, the line weather, ar.cr the rain In June, filled out the berry of wheat to uncommon fullness, and thus tlio crop is larger than many hud aiiticipated. It is nowohvlousihat thecold wea'her of May was higli- ly heneficial ; for with hot weather, the drought would have destroyed gr.ass and wheat, and much misery must have fol- lowed In this part of the land. The rain of June, however did not much exceed an inch. The 7th and Bih and 3Utli June were very warm— temperature 90 ^ or more at 2 P. M. July has heen favorahle for ripening grain, as well as for haying and harvestini; as II has abounded with fine v.cr.- thcr. Conslrteraljle ruin has fallen In pleasant and short showers; weather warm, and a week from the 2ist very hot. On the 2 st the heat was 03 = , and almost as high on the22d; and on both days, above 90= for nior« than three hours; 23d, very little less heat; and 24th for some time 1.7°. and above B3° several hours. This was the hottest day for some years in this vicinity— hut indeed over the country. Theeartli he^auie parched, aud occasional siiow- ers seemed to have littie influence O.i the SUt fell a great r.ain,in showers; in the morning an i long before sunrLse^ till nine o'clock, there was much tiiunJcr, end mart than ont inch of rain fell in an hour. The earth seemed to drink in the successive and nbundanl showers, and to he greatly re- freshed. "Thou Tisitesltlie earth, and watetelh It: thou greatly enrichest it with the river of God that is full of wa- Durinj the centinnance of the drought, the horns of the moon have been so turned as to indicate a vet moon, though it prove*! drif. Mean teraperatRre of June * 00,33 do do. of July e^.^l The B.irometcr has varied but little from 29,1 inches, in- licHting regular weather. C. DKWEV. RochcBltr, July 31st, 1?II. Hint^rur the Moiitli. Farmers should remember that weeds continue to grow throughout the season, and that efforts to de- stroy them should not bo now rela.^ed. Corn and potatoes should sliU be kept clear of them. It will not only be of essential benefit to the present crop, bitt save a vast amount of labor in future seasons, fluta bngns, carrots, and mangel wurtzels, need con- stant attention in this particitlar. But perhaps the greatest evil from suRering weeds to grow, is the bad habit it leads to. Good order and neatness should be studied and carried out on all oc- casions ; and every cultivator shottid become alarm- ed whenever be llnds himselt growing easy under carelcag management Care should be taken not to sow weeds. Seed wheat should be thoroughly cleaned, and nothing The Ha I vest. The Wheat crop of Wesiern New Vork, like that of Ohio, irlll fall below an average in r|u.iiitity, although fine in luality. In several towns in tliis county the insect has done lome injury, but we believe not very extensive The wea- ther has been fine for harvesting, and the crop is mostly se. sure! in good order. In Michigan, the Detroit Advertiser of July 26th says, the Wheat crop is very abmidant and secured In fine order ; hut the corn and potatoes were sufT-ring from drouth— thermom- 1 left but the pure grain ; chess and cockle may be re e er 90 in th.-j shade. The Alton (Illinots) Tclegriiph of moved from it by a good fanning mill, and by waeh- July 3d speaks of excessive ilrouth, and potatoes being ac- i • -, j^ brine. tu.illy roastcl in the hill! A correspondent in St Louis t i i i i . j- .• . • .-..-,11 ,, \,, , , ,,,, ... , It should be a standing prnetice lo improve all to., ^ll^snurl, says the \\ heat Harvest never was be*rep I & t i In Canala we are informed the crop Is fair, though vur.y ubuiKfsh* five iauie is reported of Pt'niVs.ricaiit; t kinds of farm crops by selecting ihc best seed. The I h;s\ panioni «f the fieM nUoiildfc chosen, mid, if prac- ticable, the finest heads picked singly fiom th* sheaves for the growth of future seed. The earn* course should be pursued with corn and oihtr crops. Every one knows that snininla are improved on a similar principle, and vegslabU productions luny doubtless be equally so. Weeds growing in pastures need tare to prevent their spreading by seed. Their rapid incrensa ia Western New York shows a wretched neglect. Fields in which, five years ago, the Canada thistles, Johns- wort, and ox-eye daisy, had just obtained an entrance, are now completely overrun with these weeda. A tenth part of the c-'spcnee they have indirectly occa- sioiiod, would have extirpated the whole of them long ago. When the worst comes to the worm, farmers must attend to this subject, though a bun- dled times the Ubor may he then needed that wottU do the business now. Those who cannot afford to destroy fprtadiag weeds, should remember the miller who would not pay a dollar to fill the musk-rat hole in his dam; the second day the currenl had enlarged it, and lie would then have gladly paid that sum, but it would eostyirs dollars; and the tiiird day Ue waa etmpelled to pay fifty, or lose all. Garden seeds require collecting as fast as they be- come ripe. The beet way is to cut off the stems, which hold the ripened seeds, and tie them in bun- dles, until they can be conveniently cleaned. Where seeds are not fully ripe, a large portion of atoms at- tached, will often afford nouritliment enough to com- plete the process. This is the best season of the year to bud peoehes. Apples and pears may be easily budded, if done early in the month. Success in the adltcring of the bud, depends chiefly on the thriftinesa of the stock, so that the bark may separate very freely. Peach buda which adhere well are often destroyed by the succeed- ing winter and perish the following spring. To avoid this, select buds from the oldest part of the shoot whence they are taken, and be especially careful to procure the strongest and thriftiest shoots. Before concluding, we wish to direct enterprizing iarmera to whet we have already published, in lata nuinliers, on subsoil ploughing. The season for sow- ing wheat will soon be at hand, and wo are confident a great improvement will be made in our cropa by this practice. One fact in comfirmatlon;— A neigh- bor had dug a ditch through his field, several feet in width and depth; the subsoil, thus removed, wei spread to the depth of about two feet on the adjoining trround. This season, when the drought was such that the wheat in the rest of that field, did not pro- mise five bushels to the acre, that portion on each Bide of the ditch on which the subsoil was deposited in a deep bed, indicated a product of more than twen- ty bushels to the acre. The soil was a loam, not so heavy as ever lo become cloddy or bake frtnn teno" c-iiv. — jLjTiwvivvy uii,i\ ii,s{<;i^ r aj4M1!:k, Vol. 2, Cherries. Lnst season we took aoine notice of our cberrics, (vol. 1, page 11 !) and we now resume the suhject. Some fine Borta nre found in this county ; but we doubt if one freeholder in ten ever eat a fine cberry of his own cultivating ; and wo believe it migbt be as- eertcd without much risk, that many grown people in this land have never eaten a ripe one. Tbia sugirea- tion may seem rnlber startling ; but %vben we consi- der that this fruit is generally taken to market in a half ripe state, we may comprehend how the owner feres with a few trees in the most public part of his grounds, who keeps off the boys and the birds with one hand— as it were — while bs plucks his scanty portion with the other. It is enough to sadden the heart of a pomologist to behold the old " English cherry," and the upright sour cherry, casting their shadows over the highway ; for it tells of a deplorable neglect to take advantage of the fine climate of the Genesee country ; why such fruits are not worth the trouble of guarding against the birds — not worth even the labor of gathering. Now according to our experience — and we have had a reasonable shore — the iest cherries grow on trees quite as hardy, and quite as easily cullivaled as the tcorsf. How then comes it that such apologies for fruit are tolerated ? We leave this qucsiion for our readers to answer ; but we can inform them that »rees of first rate kinds may be had for Cfiy centi a piece ; and that tho annua! interest on the outlay ■■would he three or ifiree flpd a half cents— just the -'-•of 8 small paper pf tobacco. In two or three years, such trees, VitL the trtatmtnt that we havs recommended, would coirltf into beoring ; and we are strangely deceived if the proprietor would lake less than many times that sura for the crop. ! ,, Two causes have conspired to maU? most of tho eherries on our old trees this seoson inferior in quali- ty. The steady cold in the £pri:ig, kept the bloBSoms back, and none of the youag fruit was injured by the frost, so that there was a siiperabundnnce ; wliiie the severest drought in the early part of summer, that has occurred in many years, withheld the usual nouriuh- ment. On several trees that were hung with fruit, like onions on a string, the leaves withered in iLe lat- ter part of the day, and some thought they were dy- ing ; however there was no diacaee but that of starva- tion— too much frnitand too many leaves. The fruit gave way first, and the leaves are now recovering. It has satisfied us however, that old cherry trees ehould be pruned when we v/ant thi finest fruit ; and that to adopt the old English* custom of brealting off the twigs with the cherries on them is no great proof ofVandalism. On such trees as are in danger of overbearing, like the White Tartarian, or Trans- parant Guigne, it is a positive improvement. All the " white" cherries of England that we have Been, become red under the glowing skies of this land. Well, an old White Heart (eo called) which had borne abundantly, was unproductive far several years; but by cutting oft'a few of the leading branch- es, it was rouzed .'rom its torpor — vigorous shoots sprung lorth, and again it has become fruitful. We have never known the cedar birds so scarce as they are this season. Young cherry trees have been mostly allowed to ripen their fruit in peace; and whe- ther we ought to say with the poet — Joy to tile tempest that wIieImM them Iter.cftth And made their destruction its sport ; or ascribe their diminished numbers to some other * We aUude to Lydgatc's account of the London cri(S (about the, year 1130) wliere he mentions " cherries in the ryse." ''Jiyse," says the New Edinturgh F.ncyclopocdist, Is a word not y»; obsolete in Scotland, eiffnlfvinB enrny or twljf." 6 . . 1 J cause, we know not ; but wo should estimate them at not more than one-tenth of what usually appear in other seasons. We have not had opportuniliog to shoot half a dozen. Tho crow however, made some predatory demon- strations; but on our stretching oloft two pieces of twine between some of the trees, they suddenly dis- covered they had no further business in that quarter. The manner in which ornithologiits occasionally epeak of the characters of different birds, is amusing. According io Nuttall, the crow is "troublesome," " gormandizing," "voracious," "audacious," "pir- atical," "pillaging," "guilty," "injurious," and "formidable;" while to the cedar bird is ascribed "gcntlenosa of disposition," and "innocence of char- acter," besides being entitled to the adjectives, " friendly, useful, and innocent." Now all the charges that we have selected against tho crow, apply as well to the cedar bird, with tho exception of two ; and "innocent" as he is mode to appear, the oame acts committed by some other bipeds (without feath- ers however) woidd entitle them to a lodging in the county jail. It is often extremely difficult to determine the trut name from the books, when two varieties are much alike. The time of ripenivg is an impoitant charac- teristic ; but as this will vary with the climate as well as with the season, the most exact way to fix this point, would be to compare the ripening of the variety under examination, with thot of soma well known sort. — Unfortunately, pomologiets have generally chosen the May Duke for this pur|)03e— the most unfit of all the cheri-y tribe that we have ever seen ; for it goes on ripening and to ripen for several weeks in succession. All such references are but of little t olue. Our young trees have made ub acquainted this season with three more fine varieties of the cherry. Tho first is the Elton which Lindley calls " very ex- cellent," and which ripens with the Black Corone. Niel says "it is distinguished by the extraordinary length of tho fruit-etalks;" and so we have found it, after comparing it with seven or eight other varieties, all of which have ehortcr stalks. The fruit is large, a wa.tcn yellow, mottled or dashed with red next the srin. We think it will bec/ime a genersi favorite. Another kind has been called the Black Eagle: but Lindley repreeenls tho genuine sort as r'pening at "the end of July or beginning of August" in England, while ours ripens with the Elton, " the be- ginning or middle of July" in liiat countiy. He continues ; " the fpurs of the Bl«ck Eagle produce bunches of ten or twelve cherries each ;" but ours were mostly single. Again: "juice very rich and high flavored ;" but ours, though bw< et and rich, and much admired, could scarcely be entitled to that epithet. Ani.iher yaax however, may throw more light on tho oubjcct. The third sort is the Elkhom — a very rpmBrkab'e variety. Wo agree with Piince that it is one of the largest black cherries that %ve have ever seen, and when fully ripe a superior fruit, as it then loses most of its bitterness. li is very firm, and must be fine for transportation or culinary purposes. t For th£ New Geneeee FeTmcr. My ov,'a Espersence. Mkssp.s. EniTOKS — Last year wos my first at- tempt at farming. I commenced by subccribing for the New Genesee Farmer, and Albany Cultivator. By these valuable papers, every number of which is worth three limes its cost, 1 learned thot Canada Thistles, of which I had a very promising crop, could be effectually subdued, by repeated ploughings. Accordingly I commenced about the first of June, and floBghed them about once a month, and harrowed them as often, alternately, (with Wilber's improved harrow,) till about the first of October. The result is their entire destruction, except a few places where ■ the ploughing could not be well done. I planted one bushel of Rohan potatoes, and raised seventy bushels ; four acres of corn, and harvested two hundred; sowed ten bushels of wheat, and shaU not harvest any. So much for the first year. Yours truly, V, YEOMANS. Waliaorth, July 9, 1841. From the Farmer's Ooiette. tTRder-Drainiog. ', The past month hcs been very unfavorable for out- door biisiness, in con8ele on effect that I determined to pal the lot under the plough, — ihot being my intention fiom the beginning, provided I could drain it. I have had two crops from it, and my experience is, that those parts of the lot, which were the most wet, have become by means o! the drains tho driest, and the soonest fit to plough after a rain, and producing the best crop. It would enrptise any one to witness the quantity of wa- ter discharged, and that it is not interrupted in the ' coldest weather. Now as to the size and oxpcnee of making. That will v.iry according to circumstances. I have made mine two feet v.-ide, from eigluern to twenty-four in- ches deep. The depth, however, is to be determined by the nature of the ground, and the kind of water to be drown off. If surface woter, when yon meet the obstru"iion, (hard pan,) that is sufficient; if spring, deeper cutting may be necessary. The most expeditious way of lining the ditches is to dump the stones in: but the best way, and the one which I have practised, is to lay them in by hand, leaving sn aperture or fonr or five inches square, just as the stones seem to favor. As to C03!, I colculaied twcnly-five cents a rod ; this is whot I pay for digging ond stoning. The drawing the stones I count nothing, as they can be disposed of in that way at a less expence than to draw them .nto the hijhwoya, or to some disWuit ledge or broken No. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 115 piieoof giouaU. The ilrnwing the dirt on after pla- cing the stoiios, is 60 quick douc, that it need not cn- tii into the pxpencc. Tiic liitcli should not be filled nearer than within pi\ in'jlios oi" the surlare. Sods or straw thonid lie li;i I on ihc Btones previous 10 replacing ihu di:t. The i]it,iiuity o{' wilier to be d tx-lmrgctl, and the stones up- uii ilic land, will influence as to width and depth of tlif ditch. i Imve made my article longer than I had intended when I began to write, tarn not ambitious to niuUe a display oi'my fanning, b.it to elicit attention to, and promote agricultural interests. R. 11. Vanbunj, Mai/3, ISil. From t/ie London Mark Lane Express. On MnUiiis Pouds. Sm — Observing one of your correspondents to be making an inquiiy as to a method of making ponds, I take the liberty iif sending you, for his inlormatton, tile method practised some time ago by Mr. Ribert Gardiner, of Kilhani, in lue East Riding of York- Bbire. Let a circle be marked on the ground sixty feet in diameter — m«re or less ns the person chootes, or ihe size of the pasture may require a supply of water — and if of that diameter, let It be !iollo.\td out into the shape of a ba-in, or b.iwl, to the depth of seven feet in the centre ; when the surface of this hollow has been raked smooth, let it be well beaten over, so as to re- duce it into as even, uniform and tirm a surface, as the nature of the ground will admit of ; on this, will slacked and screened lime must be uniformly spread with a riddle, to the thickness of two or three inches; the more porous or open the ground, the greater will be the quantity of lime required : this lime then must be slightly watered, to make it adhere firmly to the place, and great care mu^t be taken to spread it equal- ly, so that no place may remain uncovered— as on the lime depends, more than any thing else, the suc- cess of the work. On this lime must be laid a bed of clay, to about the thickness of six inches, which being moistened sufficiently to render it ductile, is to be beaten with niellets or beetles, into o compact solid body, capable of being trodden upon without impres- flion or injury. Great care is to be taken in laying on this mass of clay uniformly, and beating it into a comp.iet body ; for this purpose no more must be nprcad at a time upon the lime than can undergo the beating", while it retains a proper temper or consist- euce for the purpose ; after the whole is thus finished, it is gone over several times with the beaters, snd epriukled each time with water, and care is taken to prevent any cracks being formed, which might entire- ly destroy the power of retention. Fure brick clay is not required in particular, but nny tenacious earth; that by beating will become a so- lid compact body, wiil answer the purpose. As soon as this operation has been duly performed, the whole surface of the clay is covered, to about the thickness of a foot, with brikcn chalk, fine gravel, or the chip- pings of mouldering stone, or limestone to prevent any injury being dune by the treading of eattle. — It is necessary to obacrve, that coarse stnies ought not to bo made use of, as they are liable to be dis- placed by the treading of cattle. They are also liable to be pressed into or through the, clay, or to be rolled down to the bottom of the pond ; un- der all which circumstances, the beds of lime and clay are liable to be broken, and the water conse- quently let out of the pond. S imotimes the clay h covered with sods, the grass side being laid down- ward as a support to the gravel, by which some sav- ing of the covering maybe made; or a coviTing of earth may bo u^ed, where gravel and such like are scarce. After the clay has been well beaten, s mic workmen water t!ie sarl-tce of it; and fold s-h"cp or pigs for a considerable time upon it — the treading of which is found to bo serviceable in rendering it more compact. The best season .'or making these pond=, is thought to be in aHtumn,-as they are then likely to be tilled the Boonesl, and the least liable to crack bef re they arc lilled. Should the weather prove dry at the time they are finished, it is well to cover the surface wiih straw, or litter, to hinder them from cracking. These ponds are usually made at the foot of some declivity where, after heavy rains, water may run into them from the loaJ, but many are placed without any Buch asaislance, it being found about £15, and will contain above 700 hogsheads of water. One of forty-five feel in diameter, by five in dejiln in the cenlrc, will conioin about 11)0 lloy^llcadfl, and may be executed for about il\2. This is a vast supply at asniailexpence. The water thus preserved isofan excellent quality, when not injured by the cattle. Much might be said upon the exeellenro of this plan, but 1 will refrain from ireapaesiiig upon your valuable columns, by giving any obseivations of my own, thinking they may be uncalled for. 1 am, Sir, your obedient servant, YEO.MAN OF KENT. Keep your Iiaiid Dry. The importance of draining is not duly appreciated, nor its practice well understood, among us. Although water is indispensable to vegetation, too much of it is as hurtful as too little. It is necessary to the germ- ination of the seed, to the decomposition of the veget- able matter in the soil, to the transmission of the food from the soil to the plant, to its circulation there, and to the maturity ol the product. All these useful purposes are defeated, where water remains in the soil to excess — the seed rots, the vegetable matter which should servo as the food of the crop, remains unsoluble, in consequence of the absence of heat and air, which the water excludes ; or, if the seed grows, the plant is sickly, for want id' its inoper food, and there is consequently a virtual failure in the harvest. — It is not from the surface only we are to determine whether land is sufliciently dry to Eustain a healthy, vegetation ; but we are to examine the surface strat- um, into which the roots of the plants penetrate, and from which they draw their food. If this is habitual ly wet — if it grows marshy plants — if water will col- lect in a hole sunk fifteen inches below the surface — the land is too wet for cullivatcd crops, and means should be adopted to render it more dry. From my partial ccquuintnncc with this country, [ feel asturod that much of your best land is rendered unfit for till- age, or the growth of the finer grasses, by reason of the excess of water, which passes or reposes upon the subsoil unnoticed by the cultivator. These lands are denominated cold and sour, and they truly are so. — Cold sour lands are invariably wet lauds below, if not upon the .'.urface. But if the superfluous water were judiciously conducted off by clUcicnt undcr- draine, (for the construction of which, feu posSEs; the best materials in iibundancc,) these lands would be rendered warm and sweet, and highly productive, and the outlay would be repaid by the increased value of two or three of the firs; crops. Wet lands are gen erally rich lands, abounding in vegetable matters, which water has preserved from decomposition, but which readily become the food of plants, when the water is drawn off. Let me imagine a ease, which 1 am sure will be found 1 1 exist in many pans of your country. There is a sKipe.of a little hill, half a mile in extent, terminating in a flat tiirty rods wide, through which a brook niea:iders. The soil on this slope, and in this fiat is of a light porous quality, six to twelve inches deep, reposing on a subsoil inqicrvioua to wa- ter, as ciny, rock or hardpan. By s;iil, 1 mean the upper slrntum, in which vegetable matters a"'e blended with earthly materials, and wdiich eonatitutc the true pasture of |ilants. Near the top of this elope, all alonj on a horizmial level, oi perhaps lower down, spouts or springs hurst through the subsoil, a thing vejy common in hilly districis, the waters from which finilmg an ea.=y passage Ihiough the hiose soil, sprecd and run down the slope, and tipan tin; suhsoil and through the Hat, till they find their level in the brook. .\ thermometer plunged down to the subsoil, will in- dicate, at midsummer, a temperature probably not gica'er than GO^ whereas to grow and iiu;ture mnnyo! our lest farm crops, we require a beat in the soil of 70° or 8i)". How shall we remedy this evil, and render this l:ind profitab'o to the occupant 1 Simply by mak- ing an undcrdrain or drains, in a gently inclining di- rection ; a little below these Bpotiis or springs, and. ifprnetieable, somewhat into the suhsoil. Thtse will catch and conduct oM" the spouting waters, and by laying the lower plane dry and permeable to heat air, develope all its natural powers of fertility. I will suppose another case — that of a flat surface, underlaid by an impervious subsoil. This is render- ed unproductive, or difiicult to manage, by stngnanl waters. Tire rain and enow waters, penetrating the soil, are arrested in their downward passage, by the the (leld with a good underdroin and to construct a tullicient open drain from the outloy to carry ofl' the waters. Then with the plough, throw the land into ridges of twenty to thirty feet in breadth, according to the tenacity of the soil, in the direction of the slope, and sink an underdrnin in each of the furrows be- tween the ridges, terminating them in the lower cross drain. The materials of the under-drains, whicU are generally stones, should be laid so low as to admit of the free passage of the plough over them, 'i'h* supirduous water, by the lows of gravitation, si ttia into these drains, and pass ofl' and the soil becomca dry, manageable and productive. An acquaintauc« called upon a Scotch farmer whose farm had been un- derdrained in this way, and being informed that the improvoiricnt cost sixteen dollars an acre, tils having been used, remarked that it was a costly improvement. " Yes," was the farmer's reply, "but it cost a deal niair not to ilu it," which he illu's- traled by pointing to an adjoining farm, like situated, which had not been drained, and was overgrown with rushes and with sedge grass, and then to his own fields teeming with luxuriance and rich in the indica- tions of an abundant harvest. I have dwelt upon the subject of draining with mora detail, because I have personally realized its benefits, and am sure it may lie extensively gone into with certain prospect of reward. — Judge Bud. hat the rain which falls upon their surface is iir general sufflcient for a subsoil, which not having slope to pass theirt ofi, th supply, after they have been once filled ; for this pur- here remain and stagnate, and putrify, alike prejud pose snow is sometimes collected and heaped upon cial to vegetable and animal health. The mode of , „„j „„,;,.o :, ;„ vmir nnner 1 1^ r I .. .ii.-.ri--i , ,/- ,- 1 lect ana notice It in your pupci. thsm the first winter after they are finished. One ol I droining such grounds, and ot rendering inem pio- J -»,^- .j Min COMMUNICATOR «be arize airave *ivpn, he says, may be execnted for ' dniJt'ive and of easy reanrrgemenf, ia first fci rorrownd [ Qkio, Jiily, le4i. \..\jm For the New Gtneiet Farmer. Scraps of Iiiiforniat:ou. livi;k complaibt. Mitssns. Editors — Barley is an old medicine for the cure of liver complaints. In the countries west of the AUegdny mountains, animals are particularly sub- ject to such complaints, especially hogs. Repeated experiments have shown, that if they ore fed with a proportion of barley while fattening — say one-third or one- half liarley — their livers, when they are killed, will be found free of any defect or nnsoundnees: Whereas, if they are fattened upon corn or other arti- cles, such as ore generally used, a sound liver can rare- ly be found. In order to produce ihii eflicct, it is best to feed tbo barley without cooking it ; — boiling it will lessen its medicinal properties. DEAD ^HEEP. If the wool of dead sheep ia not wanted for atock- ings, it should be sheared on*from them instead of be- ing picked off. Ifsheared off, it can be sorted by th* m.anufccturers, and will be purchased by them at il4 fair value. It is also a great saving of labor. STEF.TCIIES, OR COSTIVKNISS OF SHEEP. Tuie complaint frequently arises from dry hay be- coming consolidated in their etomachs. Cuke. — To half a pint of yeast add half a pint of ■ lukewarm water, and, from a bottle, turn it down the sheep's throat. Dose it in this manner once in two or three hours, until relieved. This medicine operates by dissolving the contents of the bowels by fermentation, and will generally ope- rate when all other medicines fail — is a cooling and safe remedy. Doses of two or three quarts should bo Sjiven to oxen and cows afHicted with dry murrain, which is similar to the complaint among sheep. Polidocs. — Sheep are not fond of Potato tops, ea- pecielly when they are full grown, or getting old — therefore, if your potatoe patch becomes too grassy or wetdy, either before or after hoeing, turn in you, sheep, and they will shortly cut down the grass and weeds— only be careful to turn them out as soon as they hive fi lished the grass and weeds. UOGS IN PASTURES. 1 have conversed with many farmers upon the sub- ject of letting hogs in upon pasture ground, and I find upon inquiry that a majority are in favor of letting old hoge in upon pasture ground, and think that they add to the quantity of pasturage without injuring the quality. My own impression is the reverse of this — but I find BO many large farmers against me that I should be pleased if you would inquire into this eub- ysfini-iiiivziijjz, 1- jMJViTxi:jiv, VOL. ^. The Flowers of Summer. Since our last nniclo on flowers wns written, we have seen the Maheha rose in ita glory ; and when its tail stems are properly supported by a trellis, its dark llowcrs make a fine display. The Caroline rose la well adapted to the same treatment. The GrevilU rose stands on the south side of a board tence ; and with no other protection, it has en- dured the winter without damage. The flowers varying from pure white to almost red purple, even in tlie same panicle, present s pleasing contrast of co- lors. At diflierent times, we had procured trees of Mag- twlia gluuca but they could not endure the sun in the open border, though the soil had been enriched for the purpose. Accident, rather than judgment howe- Ter, induced us to try one on the north side of a board fence ; and it has grown finely, producing this season, for the first time, two of its white fragrant flowers. Sand with a largo portion of muck from the woods, constitutes the soil. Our purple Chinest Magnolia, mentioned at page 84, (whore its specific name should have been printed obovata J two or three years ago shewed in its yel- low leaves that it was suffering from an ungenial soil; and we procured sour earth — such as corn would dwindle in, from the northern part of Seneca county. This material was applied three or four inches thick to the bara roots, and covered up with the soil that had been removed to give it place. In a few weeks the leaves assumed a deeper green ; and two of those shrubs, which have been treated in this way. A year ago v.-e grafted the rose-flowering Locust (Rohinia, hispidti) on the common kind, because the former was not adapted to our soil. It flowered the first season, this year it has grown finely, and is now in bloom. Some have spoken discmiragingly of its duration, but so far it has done well. * The Fruit tinnlcn. The general ijitrodnction of fruit gardens among the freeholders of this district, would go far towards revolutionizing public sentiment on the subject of ptity theft — at least of one kind. People wiio have grown up in the practice of taking whatever they could lay their bands on in the shape of fruit when the country wns new, have in too many instances trained up their children in the same licentious habits. Steal t no, not they — out of a neighbor's desk or cupboard ; but they would plunder him of the jnst reward of his toil (melons, plums, or peaches,) and glory in their wickedness. They would not rob a hen-roost — that would be too mean ; but they would rob the tree where the hens roosted, of every thing elee that was vaUinble. A sprinkling of depravity has fallen on every neighborhood — on gome heavier than on others ; but we Ikink there are depredators who would alter their course, if the case could be clearly presented to their view ; especially those who have any thing of their own. The boy who owns a melon patch and has to guard it, will be not much disposed to plunder his neighbors. A fellow feeling strengthens his vir- , , tue. His mind, in grasping the arguments that might now be chosen as samples of a healthy vegetn- | ehow his own rights, perceives that ihey apply with equal force to his neighbors, and he learns to respect Verbascum speciosum grows six or seven feet high, and appears to be perennial. The stem supports more than fifiy lateral branches, crowded with flowers of 1 golden yellow which in the morning beam are uncommonly brilliant. In the afternoon it seems to fade, the flowers contracting or falling ofi'j and in the evening it is nearly bereft of beauty. In the morn- ing it is again renewed ; and continues to bloom in this manner for a long time. ' The double white Campanula persidfolia has blosaomed with ua for the first lime, and equals our expectation. This species in its foilnge as we'.l as its flowers, is among the most elegant of that wide spread- ing genus. Yucca Jlaedda was mentioned last yenr ; and re- mains to be a favorite. Its large white flowers conti- cn* long in bloom; and its leaves which are abund- ant and more than a fwt in length, ore aa green in winter as in summer. Severe as the drought has been, Boeconia cordata disregards it; and from a deep factitious soil, sends up stems seven or eight feet high. The light blvsh of ha petals before they open, which though small, are exceedingly numerous, ig \ery conspicuoua and pleasing. Macrohjs racemosa, degraded in some districts on- t af the tree. No. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 117 A Visit to Sir. Shett'ci''s Fiirin (in Whcntlnud.) It alfords ue much plensiire to publiah the following account of the opernlions of our (rienJ Slicflcr. Vm- mers would fiml it grenMy to their advantage to visit each other more fri'iiucntly; and wa wish our friend* would oUener eend us their observations on the man* astnicnt and success of their neighbors. Mr. Shef- fer is a plain hardworking evcry-day farmer, enjoy- ing no greiicr advanlnges than are possessed by thou- sands of others in our land. — Eus. Fi/r tbt yew Gcntate Earmtr. Messrs. Eoirnn! — In making a visit to our towns- man,George SbelFer, Inat week, I was so well pleased with what I saw of his management, that lam in- duced to send you a short sketch of my observations. Mr. Sheffcr's farm consists of 3(>0 acres, and has been in the possession of the family 51 years. It is aituated a Utile below the month of Allen Creek, and ia part of the farm that was purchased of Indian Allen, ao called. About two-thirds of the land is Genesee Flats, the remainder undulating oak land. In stock, Mr. S. is doing a fair business, with cat- tle, eheepand hogs. Ilia cows, (of the native mixed breeds,) cannot probably be excelled in Western New - York; and his other cattle aie also fine. He has a thorough bred Durham bull, pure white; and a full blood Dovon bull. He is this year breeding from the latier. In his pasture I saw a pair of young borses, of the Sir Isaac stock, very largo and fine. Of sheep, he has some of the improved Leicester and aame of the Merina breed; both kept distinct. He jires the Leiceeters the preference, and says the greater quantity of wool they afford, will more than make up for the lesser price: besides, they are one- third better for mutton. He said nothing of the diff- erence in feed; and if that was taken into the ac- count, i think the balance might hcin lavor of the &Ierinos. Hia hogaaraofthe Leicestershire breed, with a small cross of the Byfield. Ho has 63 one year-old store hogs, wintered mostly on cooked roots. (Potatoes and Mangle Wurtzela we presume. Eus.) They are now running in the clover pasture, with about the same number of pigs, all in fine condition. He kept his hogs in close pens through the winter, and thus made 100 loads of first rate manure which he applied to the land for his root crops. (lam of the opinion that he might improve on his pig management, by feeding boiled corn with his roots; and if he bad it ground and slightly fermented it would be still bet- ter.) In wheat growing, Mr. S. is not behind his neig. bore. He has 110 acres, mostly extra-fine, for this aeason. Some on the flat was injured by the winter and the high water this spring, and Is consequently quite thin; but it is not filled with cockle or chess, as •ome of the readers and correspondents of the Far- mer might suppose; on the contrary, not a stalk of cockle could be seen, and in going more than 200 rods around and through his wheat, I only found one soli- tary root of chess, and that he said was chargeable to me, for I furnished him the seed. If the advocates of trans mutatiiyn. would take a walk through hie wheat, I think their faith would be somewhat sha- ken; for hero, if any where, is the place for wheat to turn to chess; when it has been severely frozen, and covered with water. Of Corn, he has 17 acres, planted on sward land, turned over and well harrowed, (after being covered with manure.) This crop looks remarkably well, and if the weather proves favorable will afford a great yield. In passing through it, I could not discover any pumpkin vines, and was informed by Mr. S. they Ho has 97 acres of Cats, a part of which are on the land where hia root crops were raised last year, and are very heavy. The remainder are on sward land turned over, rolled and harrowed in; these bid fair to afford a good yield. He observed that if oats did not fetch three shillings a biishcl, ho fed ihem out. Of Barley, he has about 10 acres, half of the six- rowcil, and half of the two-rowed kind. Ha gi\es the latter the preference. In Root Vulture Mr. Sheffer is quite at home, and is operating with a masterly hand. His long, straight rows of Beets, Carrots, Potatoes, and Ruta Bagas, are a eight worth seeing. He has nine acics of pota- toes planted in drills, manured in the rows, of the Ro- han, Mercer, and Ox-Noble or large pink-cyo varie- ties. He expects they will average four hundred bushels per acre. Next are two acres of Mangel Wurtzel, in rows twenty-seven inches apart, and the plants from six to nine inches apart in the row. Then two acres of Sngar Beeti, three acres of Carrots, and four acres of Ruta Bagas, all in similar rows and all looking very even and thrifty. With ruta bagns he is very successful. He is very liberal with seed, us- ing three pounds to the acre. The amount of labor expended upon the root crops, including preparing the laud, seeding, thinning, and twice dressing has aver((ged about ten days work per acre. In taking a peep into his garden I found another sight that but few farmers can exhibit. A good as- sortment of vegetable luxuries, all thriving in their projKsr places, and free from weeds. His melon vines were so fine that 1 enquired his mode of culture; and was informed that he first opened a trench about two feet wide and one deep; this is filled iwo-ihirds full of hog manure and the other third a little rounding with river sand, on which the seed is planted. The cider mill is but little used. With his large orchard, Mr. Sheffer only made three or four barrels of cider the past year, and that was used for vinegar and apple-sauce. No spiritous liquors are used on bis farm. The apples are mostly fed to stock. Last, though not least, I t>ok great pleasure in viewing the Apiary. Mr. S. has 16 swarms of bees in Week's Vermont hives ; with the boxes or draw- ers filled or nearly filled with fine white honey, and the little workers busily stowing away their trcoaures for the owner, who says. Go on, industrious bee; I will only take what you can well spare from your store. With these hives the honey can be token at sjiy lime without destroying or disturbing the beea. Respectfully, yours, RAWSON HARMON, JR. Whtatltbtul, Monroe Co. July 17, 1841. what is far better, to the living specimen, obtained from some honest and competent importer and ralEor of the brc<'d. We hope to sec something more satia- fnctory from Bomo of our correspondcnia under tfaia head next month. * For the Seio iieneeee Tarmtfr, Sngar Beets PIohkIi Lnto nud Plant Earlr> Messus. Editors — Finding that some of our best Farmers had abandoned root culture, I inquired the reasons: "A puttering bueincea— hired men won't work at it," " increase don't pay the malting," &c. Now if the time employed in digging, and picking up small potatoes in the fall was spent in hauling long manure on to a single acre of ground and ploughing it under, this acre would be ready early in the spring for sugar becto with harrowing only. Plant as early as the ground is dry enough, ibin out and transplant OS soon as the beets are three or four inches high, and by the first July some of the bcels will measure five or six inches in circumference- I admit that if apiecs of ground ia half ploughed in the spring and planted just before the droughts of summer commence, that the culture of beets will prove a puttering busincs;, and the increase will not pay the malting. SENECA. Waterloo, July i8, 1841. P. S. — I have now sugar beets in my garden, self- sowed and transplanted in May, that will now mea. sure four inches iji diameter above th» Vouiid — heavy clay soil. S. Berkshire Hogs. A. C. Blackwell, of Round Grove, Mo., requests a full description of the never-varying flesh marks of Borkehire hogs," adding thai there are a great many imported into that State as Berkshires, some white with black spots, others black with-white feet, face, and the tip of their toils. He wishes the neces- sary informaiion to prevent imposition on himself and many other subscribers. Wc hope sohie one, properly informed in this particular, will give the necessary informal! )n in our nexi number; just observing at present, that a very large portion of the Berkshires now in this country are of the color our correspondent speaks of, — black, with white face, feet, and tail tip, (not exactly nitie v.-h'ae hairs in the tail, as some have humorously and sarcastically said ; ) some others are spotted ; and some are even noticed on the most res- pectable authority, as being ichite. We consider the shape, not the color, as the distinguishing feature. For the JV«» Genetee Farmer. Wlieat Culture. Mbssrs. Editors — Having been a reader of th* Old and of the New Genesee Farmer from their first establishment, I have observed that some branch- es of agriculture have been much neglected, while oth- ers of minor iniporlance have received their full shuro of attention. I refer to our great staple wheat, as one of the much neglected, yet one that interests ua more in this vicinity than all others. Now why it ia so after so many repeated calls, I leave for others to say, and propose to break the ico on this subject by briefly giving you. the results of my experiments. The field contained six acres of laq(], principally oc- cupied with Canada thistles, and on which a Florida war had been waged for twenty-five years or more, with little prospect of success or termination, cost- ing, as is always the case, all that was obtained. In 1837, in the latter part of May, I broke it up, and drew on it about one hundred and eighty loads of manure. I ploughed the ground deep four times, and harrowed it as often, in the heat of summer. From the tenth to the filteeoth of September, I spread tho manure on the ground, sowed the wheat at the rate of one bushel and a peck per acre, and ploughed it in, and then passed over it lengthwise with a light har- row. The result was, that I killed three instead of two birds with one stone, for I harvested three hun- dred and forty one dozen sheaves, a part of which being thrashed by itself, gave one bushel to^leven and 0 half sheavea. Tho wheat was the red chaff bald, and the soil waa a black loam with a subsoil of clay. Proof of the above can be furnished if needed. In the above piece it cost me but little more than other fields of similar size, I received about twice aa many bushels of wheat, killed the Canada thistles, and my ground id in good condition for after-crop- ping. AUGUSTUS D. AYERS. Romulus, June 26, 1841. and as this cannot be easily described by words, we would not grow in] the sliade, whore tlw forn was so I must cither refer ourloprrespondeot to some well exccut- ti.clt, 1 ed f ortTsitS) which we have rarely seen ouraelves, or to Pig Sale. — J Lossing of Albany has sold a Barlt- ahire boar and sow, the former for $200, and the lat- ter for .$.300, to W. P. Curd of Kenwcky. Tua bow with hie eege vrei^hed 880 lbs. 118 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. Forlhe-JVew Genesee Farmer, Inflamablc Gas exlialcd by Flowers. Mkssks. Editors— Having reccmly Hied some ex- peiimente on the Dictamnus rubia, or Red Fiaxinell, I have thought it desiraUe to communicate the result of the same through the medium of the Farmer. The Dictamnus rubra (and alba J is one of our most hardy herbaceous perennial plants, and ia universally admired, not only for its great beauty, but ako for its peculiar fragrance. Its bright leaves, its erect posi- tion, its long spikes of fine flowers, cannot fail to at- tract the attention of the most casual observer. In some nursery catalogues it is stated that this plant exhales an inflammable gas; yet probably but few persons have tried any experiments to test this pe- culiar property of this plant. A fere days since, having several of these plants in full bloom, (and it is only when in full bloom that they appear to emit the strongest odour,) I repaired to the gar- den in the evening to try the experiment On ap- plying a lighted candle to the base of the spike of flowers, it instantly exploded, and in a moment the whole flower was enwrapped in a blaze. On apply- ing the candle to the top of the flower, it had no cflibct. When applied half wny down, the gas only above that point would explode, but none below; and thus the explosion was only complete when the torch was ap- plied to the base' of the stem or flower. I also triedthe same experiment on the Dictamnus alba, which produced similar results, oidy that the quantity of gas emitted from this plant appeared to b. much lees than that emitted from the rubra. The explosion is something like that produced from the ignition of a small quantity of gunpowdir; yet it produces no injury to the ilowers. B. HODGE. Buffalo Nursery, June, 1841. For the New Genesee Farmer. Best Time for Cutting Timber. To THE Editors — Your article in a recent number of the Farmer, under the above caption, is on an im- portant subject, and contains some valuable sugges- tions I coincide with you in opinion that the sum. tner is the best time for cutting timber; but not that every period of the summer is equally good. In the early part of th*eecson the flow of sap is so abundant, that the retention of the juices in the pores of the tim- ber ia liable to produce fermentation, and consequent- ly, premature decay. If there be a period when the circulation is almost inactive — when the sap nearly eeaees to flow and the bark to run — it appears to me that reason would designate that as the ?7iost proper time to perform the work. The qualities of the sap, instead of being watery and abundant, as is the case early in the summer, will have become concentrated and viscid; and instead of hastening decay, will no doubt contribute to durability. That there is such a period, ia a well known fact. It occurs in the month of August, a few days earlier or later, according to circumstances, but generally from the 15th to the 20th, and continues only for a very limited time. If the weather is dry, its continu- ance will be somewhat longer. Persons who are in the habit of inoculating fruit trees, select the period of the autumnal flow of sap, which is from the Ist to the 10th of September, as the most eligible for propaga- ting some species. I have frequently had timber cut in August, and I can certify that the wood is very compact and solid. Ithas a diflerent appearance from that cutin winter — looking and feeling as if it had been oiled. My own experience does not extend farther back than ten or twelve years: but I have known, and could cite, a number of eases of remarkable ihirabilrty, when the timber has been cut according to the old Dutch rule, in the dark of the inoo7iin August,— \\h\i:\\ is as near the e.xact time, as any person, relying on lunar in- fluence, could appio.^mate to it; and every third year the rules might very neaiiy cori-eapond. The period mentioned, appears \a constitute some- thing of a crisis in almost all vegetation of a ligneous character. The simple belting of a tree, will so ef- fectually destroy vitality, that not a tprout will ever shoot up liom the roots or stump. It is the only time at which I have ever even partially succeeded in sub- duing the " round cap" ( Cqihalanthus occidcntalisj which infests our meodowB and flat grounds, and which grows from the smallest section jf a root I eradica- ted it entirely, by a single operation, so that there was scarcely n ve=tige of it for several years afterwards. Close observation is necessary, to enable one to de- signate the precise time when the work should be per- formed. The moment to begin, ia when the hark ia found to adhere closely to tho wood. T. S. P. Virginia, C mo. 20, I?41. The Hessian Fly. F.\trii:t from rcmarlis on the Hessian Fly, rcail lieforc tlic Callioun Ciiunty IJliihignn] Agiicultur.ll Society, by tlie presidciit, Judge ilicKoE. " Gr.NTi.KJiKN — We have a fine climate, less sub- ject to high winds, to sudden changes iVora cold to hot, from too much wetness to drought, from deep snow to bare ground, than is enjoyed at the east. The soil id this country is for the most pait a sindy or gravelly loam; rain soon subsides in the earth, while the great proportion of lime it contains, secures the crop against the dangers of excca.-ive dryness. It is is easily cul- tivated, and its ingredients are cxnuily adapted for the production of wheat and for grazing; two branches ol business which should always enter into our system ol Agriculture. " But we labor under two embarassments; the one which is of paramount importance to all others, be- cause it is the nursing mother of aU of them, is the want of such a market for our produce as will in- duce us, by its profitableness, so to cultivate our I'arma as to have at least one hali'or two- thirds of oui lots in grass while the others are under the operation of the plough. In practice, this will be found indis pcnsable, especially where the price of Agricul'ura; produce is low, and the wages of our labor arc high " The second embarassmciit arises from the ) rcvn- 'euce of the Hessian Fly, which has the Inst season destroyed, it is believed, more tliuu Iwo-ihirds of the wheat crop in this country. Tins foniiidiible insect was first discovered on Long Island, about sixly ycaif itTO, and was 6uj)p0£cd to have been brought from Germany in a ship which transported the Hessian Army to Long Islantl during the Revolutionary War. It ha.^, however, been well ascertained that the insect is indigenous in the United States. *' From tlie best accounts we have been able to ob tain of the Hessian Fly, it chooses for its prey the weak 'St plant. In this respect it resembles nios! othe; insect leprcdators, who prefer to make their repasts on ihe delicate sacchar'ne juice of plants of a stunted growth. It is a viperous, and usually deposits its eggs in the gutter on the upper leaves, and in some instan- ces on the under as well as the upper sides. Iii four or fiye days the eggs batch, and the caterpillars crawl down the leaf to its intersection with the stalk, where they may be found beneath the sheath, so ininute a; scarcely to be seen by the naked eye. This insect bus two generations in a year, distinctly marked, alikough in scattered instances it aray be found in all its varimis states of existence, from April to October. First ScncralioH. In spring, the egm are lain iir the latter end of April or begini ng of Miy, and are hatched, and the caterpillars apptui in May. In the latter end of May, or the first of June, they change to the chry- salis or flax seed stale; at harvest apart of the chrysalis are carried off the field with the grain, but most of ihem remain in the stubble in their original neat at tie intersection of the leaf with the stalk. The later erd of July or first of August, they take wings and depo- sit their eggs the latter end of August and in Sepien'- bcr. Second generation. In a few daj^ after the eggs are laid, they are hatched, and the caterpillars pass into the chrysalis or flax seed state in Octoler, and in this state they remain during winter, and • p- pear with wings and lay their eggs the lattsr end of, April or besfinning of Mirj-. "The fly is not found, or at least rarely, on lauds th.at are subject to early and late frosts, ench as our prairies, or the high lands on the bead wateis of our elreams. But it would seem that the other parts of the State must be particularly subject to its ravages, and that there is no variety of wheat that can long re- sist 'his formidable enemy. " I'rcccntice — The preventives which arc most likely to be cilicicnt, are, not to tow until October; in the spring of the year, soon after the fly has deposiied its eggs, while the plants are wet with rain or dew, sow the wheat field with caustic lime, or feed down the wheat close to the ground, by a diove of cattle, or what is better, by a flock ol' sheep, siifiicientiy large to perform the ojieration in a few days — not to sow a field of wheat adjoining one from \\ hicb a crop has bicn re- cently taken — plough unilcr wheat stubble in autumn — destroy all the voluntary wheat plants that may ap- pear on the stubble ground before OcUiber, by the use of a drag or in some other way, and cultivate land in the best manner, so as to have no weak or stunted plants. " Rotation of crops a prcrcntirc. — Butall this trou- ble to guard against the Hessian Fly may be saved by the introduction of a proper system of rotation of croi'S. A stiict adherence to the true principles of husbandry admits, nevertheless, of a consideiable va- riation."— Western Fanner. Impovt.Htit Discovcvy-=Bt'stioyjng Insects. We embrace tho earliest moment, al'icr the receipt of the following letter, to lay it bifore our readers. The season is not yet so far advanced that the process may not be betreficial to those who put it in operation: M. P. Wii.DKR, Esq., President of the Massachusetls Horticnlturul iiocicti/: Sir — Having discovered a cheap and effectual mode of destroying the Hose Slug. 1 wi-h to be- come a competitor lor the premium oflercd by the Massachusetts Horticulturid Society. After very ma- ny satisfactory experiments with the following sub- stance, I am convinced it will destroy the above insect, in either of the states in which it appears on the plant, as the fly, when it is laying its eggs, or tho slug when it is commiituig its depredations on the foliage. Whale Oil Soap, dissolved at the rate of two pounds to fftccn gallons of water. I have used it stronger without injury to the plants, but find the above mixture effectual in the destiuction of the in- sect. As I find, from experiments, there is a difli2r- cnco in the strength of the soap, it will be better for persons using it to try it diluted as above, and if it does not kill tho insect, add a little more soap, with caution. In corresponding with Me.-srs. Downer, Austin & Co., on the difTerence in iia appearance, they say — " Whale Oil Soap varies much in its re- lative strength, the article not being made as Soap, but being formed in our process of bleaching oil. When it is of very sharp taste, and daik appearance, the alkali predominates, and when light colored and flat taste, the grease prrdom.inates." The former I have generally u?ed, but have tried the light colored, and find it equally cfllctuul, but requiring a little nioie soap — say two pounds to thirteen gallons of water. Mode if prcpaiation. Take whatever quantity of soap you wish to prepare, and ditsolvc it in boiling water, about one quart to a jiouiid; in this way strain it through a fine wire or hair scive, which takes out the dirt, and prevents its stopping the valves of the engine or the nose of the syringe; then add cold water to make it the proper strength; apply it to the rose-bush with a hand engine or syringe, with as much force as practicable, and be sure thateveiy part of the haves ia well saturntcd with the liquid. Wlint falls to the ground in application, will do good in de- stroying the worms and enriching the soil, and from its trifling cost, it can be used with profu.«ion. A hogshead of 13(3 gallons costs forty-five cents — not quite four mills per gallon. Early in the morning, or in the evening, is the proper time to apply it to the plants. As there are many other troublesome and destruc- tive inscsts the above preparation will destroy us ef- fectually as the rose slug, it may be of benefit to the community to know the different kinds upon which I have ti ied it with success. 7'he Thrips, often called the Vine Fretler, a small, I'ght colored or spotted fly, quick in motion, which in some places are making the rose bush nearly as bad in appearance as the ciiccta of the slug. Aphis, or Plant Louse, under the name of green or brown fly, an insect not quick in motion, very abundant on, and destiuetive to, the young shoots of tlie Bosc, ths No. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 119 V.-:k1i tree, niul many otbor plaius. Tbe Bl^ick I'ly, n M ly cioublesome nnd dcslructive inaeL-t, tlini intiot i^i young shoola of lUo Cherry and llie Snow Ball I; (■ 1 have never Uiiowii any poailive euro for tha li'.n-is of ihis insect nnljl this lime. Two varieties oi insecisthat are destructive to, and very much dis- ' re Evergreens, ilie Dslsani or IJahn of Gilead Fir iiiicniar, one an Ajihis, the other very niurli iho lOse slug. The Acanis, or red oi>idcr, that Un'>wn pest to gardeners. i'.i: Disaise M'dilao on the GooBcberry, Veach, 'i- Vine, &c., iS:c., is checked and entirely de- , id by a weak dressing of the sohition. i iij above insects are generally nil destroyed by npplication, if properly applied to nil paits of the , ige. The eggs of most fnsect.^ eowtiiine to hutch Ml Illation, during their season. To keep the plants )Hi f. cily clean, it will be necessary to drcsB them two ■ I i[;ree limea. j'V Canher Woi-m. As the trees on this place Kit troubled with this worm, I have not had an iiiiniiy of trying «xperinienti by dressing tbe . J. but have collected the worms, which are killed Ling touthed with the liquid. The expense ol r and engines lor dressing large trees, to be ellcct- . niay be more than the application of it will war- r/iin: but I think by enturating the ground under the til I's with the liiuaii, about the time the insect changes 111 ni the chrysalis slate and ascends the trees, will de- e'.r.iy them; or, when the moth is on the tree, before hviiig its eggs, they may be destroyed vrithoui much li ' i; in either, case, the inixiuie may be applied mi-.ih stronger than when iteomes in contact with tb,.' loilage. Laying it on the trunk and branches of till" tree, at the consistency of thick paint, destroys il;r brown, scaly insect on the bark, and gives the ir.-i> a smooth, glossy, and healthy appearance — N. £. Fanner. David IIageilstoji. Waierlotni, June Wth, 1841. Farmer. Prom the Ame, The Rose=B;ig. This little insect wherever it is known at all, is kiiiwn to be extremely destructive to some othtr ill -.vers as well as the rose, and is sometimes so nu- riii'i ous as to destroy all the early cherries, the haut- bovs, the giapcs, nnd sometimes the more dolicata varietifa of the peach. Many- years ago I have oft?n lost all these fruits except some of the varieties ol the peach by these insects. Of late years they have done me little or no injury, and they are nearly extir- paiej from my premises— they arc only to be seen at tue places of their destruction — those are Linden trees w'icn in blossom. When these trees first begin to bl'ifsom about iny yard nnd garden, at one of them oT.r a hard naked wall, I was surprised to find the rrseius, which had been vastly numerous and de- structive for many years before, dead in great quan- tities under il — as mai;y as a pint or quart might be swept up under it at n lime dead. My firet impres- sion was, that the bugs died about the linden tree af- tur depositing their eggs and terminating their nnturni career, but such is not the fact, and I now speak with coiitidence after several years observation and expe- rience when I sny, the blossom of this tree destroy." ihcni, and will extirpate, or nearly so, the race from its immediate vicinity, on the farm on -vhich they grow. Tliis fact seems to be out of the ordinary course oi n-.'.nre, for we are taught to believe that all animals in a natural state are led by the wise instinct of na- i ire to avoid that which will poison or destroy them. Ill rushing into the enjoyment of the delicious fra- grnnee and honey of this flower, they precipitate them- elIvps on liicir own destruction. I state this fuct, for the information of florists and fruiter?, ."nid hope that those better skilled in phi- lii^ophy and natural history, may solve the seeming heterodcxy. T. E. No End to ImpioTcment. Ho that believr-i ngrii-iilture is perfect, and that we have nothing to do but pursue the old and beaten track, as blind animals move round the tread mill, deserves onr compassion. Nature proclaims that neither agri ciihu''e, nor any other branch of natural science, can ever become perfect. The mind of man is capable of indefinite improvement, so are all the productions of nature. For examides, look at the valuable plants in the condition in which they were first found in their native woods. The various kinds of corn, po- tatoes, cabbages, fruits, &c., were nil, before they were touched by the finger of culture, as unlike what they now are, as different species are unlike. They are all susceptible of continual improvement, nil ever rniini;»g into new varieties. Il is not long ngn, thit the potato was a uselefs, unhealthy vegelnblo in the woods of South America, whore it wns first found, but it has been so changed by the hand ol care and in- tlustiy. as to become large and healthy, and now r.up- plies food lor more human beings throughout the earth, than any plant, save corn nnd rice, and is no doubt declined to as much future improvement as it has received in ho past. Compare the ninije or In- dian corn, na first seen in the feeble stalk and sb nder roasting ear around the wigwam, with its hundred varieties in its present maturity, yielding in value its countlees thotisanda to national wsnUU. And we are just now beginning to sec the improvement of which this valuable plant is still susceptible. The succession of tbe seasons — the calm — the ptorm — the course of the winds — the revolution of the hea- venly bodies — the nature of the earth — the food ol plsnts — ihc influence of water, light, heat nnd air on the growth of vegetation — the proper composition of the various soils to furnifch the greatest amount ol production, will ever be subjects too broad for the full grasp of the most profound philosophers, nnd in the untathomable profuirditics of which, now discoveries will be made na long as this frame of naturo shall en- dure.—Afo. Farmrr. liumbugs. Almost every year gives birth to some new word, or some new and peculiar meaning to the old word, in the English, or rather American, language, — to that there will be a need of dictionary makers nnd new lexicons as long as the Anglo Saxon inco exists. In the political vocabulary, the introduction and per- manent use of new terms, has become very common. Take, for instance, the word " gerrymander"— an entirely original one, which was invented in the days of Gov. Gerry, or the words "twaddler," " loco- foco," and the like, which have obtained apolitical eignificancy, that until lately, were unknown in the English language; are not such terms evidence of the lexicographical genius of our political fellow citizens'! The word " humbug," is another term which, of Itte years, haa nseiinied n new significancy; and for the harmless ir.sect that hums its merry music in the nocturnal atmosphere, baa coine, rather, to signify whatever in politics, religion, science, agriculture or the arts, deceives tho people by promising much nnd performing little. And so now, whatever does not come fully up to whnt was premised, or rather what w«8 expected by a misconstruction of the pretansion, is familiarly stigmatized as a humbug. There is dan- ger that we may go too far in thia unceremoniously bestowing opprobrious terms upon every thing that does not meet our expectations. By such a prema- ture course, we may often do real injustice^ to men who are engaged in great improvements. Their in- ventions nnd improvements may at first not fulfil all the expectations which were rniscd; still they mny be of some value and ultimately prove of great service when the full design is completed; at least their mo- tives and intentions aro good, and ehould receive the charity, rather than the unmeasured censtire of the public Take, for instance, tho experiments that are made and the tuggcstions which are ofleied, relating to Agriculture. No improvements can be had without experiments. It is not to bo expected that all should succeed. Cut what then? shall more be made? Some may be partially suecssrul— leaving room for still further improvement; others may be petlcet at once If now a person v.'ho thinks he has made, and actually has made some improvcmer.t, publishes the results of his experiments, under the inflnence of that partiality which is always bestowed on one's own offspring, and an expcc'aiion is therefore raised, in less partial minds which is not fully sustained— though there may be imprm-emcvl—iB it Inir or gen- erous, to denounce the wbole r.E u " liumbtig," and its author as abase man and deceiver? Wc think n.it. S-'ins how or other, whatever gets in print, 3, -mi. icalcrs are apt to look upon as having a e.inse-_ qucnce — that authorizes higher expectations than it the same thing had come to ihera in precisely the same words, from the lips of a neighbor. Exorbi- tant e.tpcctotions, in this case, are tbe fault of tbe reader, rather than the writer; nnd if disappointment follows, the blame is not altogether on ore side. We make these remarks now in relation to two ar- ticles in agriculture, which we notice many persons are disposed, ofl" hand, to denounce as " humbugs, because expectations have been raised, either through tho faults of readers, who ascribe an undue impor- innce to whnt appears in print, or to the writers who under the influence of a parental partiality have de- scribed them. We allude to the Rohan potatoes and the China Tree Corn. For ourselves, individually, there was always something from the first and earliest deBcri]iiioni wbich we taw, thnt led us to dmibt whether the Ko- hniis were nuich better potatoes or greater yitlders thnn the long rede; and to we never rcconimended or said imich about them — rot choosing to make any experiments, or to give the results of them to tha public. But these are called n "humbug." Where- fore? Do tlicy not yield iiirgcly? They do. Very largely? They do. So nuich then is gained. Are they not better than many other potatoes lor cooking? It wns never pielcnded that they were. On the con- trary, it was nlwnys said, they were not very good for culinary uses, and wero more nppropriutc for stock. In this, then, there wns no deception. Call them " Immbug" if you will; nevertheless they are great yiclilers; and if it so happened that we in Mninc have nnmher sort, not thus made cnnspicuoua before the public by accounts of them, which yield ng much — the good luck is ours — no one is injured by the llnhans. Why then should such terrible judg- nients bedecterd against the New Yorkers who pro- duced nnd complimented a new kird that yields bo well in that state. People here were anxious to try them. The teed stores were called upon to procure ihein. They did 60 to oblige customers. Purchasers bourduime or tv.-o ench and tried them. If they did not find them tho best potatoes in Maine, and tha gientest yielders ever seen, why should the seed stores be blamed for enabling them to try the experi- ment? „, , And now of the China Tree Corn. We can speak more expcrimentnlly of thi?. We tried the experi- ment on n libernl scale, not for our own, but for tha public benefit, and gave the result of our operations to the world— just as they were. So that others had the knowlego at our cost. We never said that the China Treis'^Corn was adapted to our latitude. Thai waa a point to be ascertained. Wa found out that it is not, and we told the public so. It should be recollected that Thorburn from whom the seed was obtained, resides in the city of New York. His crop was raised on Long Island. His descriptions of its capacities related to that latitude. He never said it would flourisji and ripen in Maine; and if we choose to try the experiment here we must do it at our ritk. end if it failed, not blame the corn for what it could do in the Middle States, but could not do in Maine or in Canada. We have no doubt thnt it is a very early corn for tlitit latitude; nnd that whnt Thorburn said of it is mainly true, so far aa relates to the region where he rniscd it, which was the place iif his descriptions. He never said that it grevf like trees bearing ears on brnnchee. This wa» an emendation made by the conjecture cf some secular editor, for whose description Thorburn was not re- sponsible. The truth is, it is a tremendous great corn^ It grows Ike a forest, and will yield, iii climates sui' edlo it, beyond any corn we ever saw. ' Thia we ]v ved by aetitnl experiment. The yenr we plant/ as we'd id on a large scale, the season was dar' and wet. It did not hnve a fair chance wilhj. still fearful as tbe odds were against ns,- hnving been raised three or four hundred r.; of ue,°the most of it did ripen. Last year ed some from our own seed, and that wr long and long before any frosts. We," yet, that it may not be acclimated and '• corn for us in Maine — bating its exhr' lies— for il will exhaust the land at n j ' nalurul where a great crop is yielded., People may call it n "humbug,'' but it is no humbug in New York ?' I'or wo very frequendy see accounls ral journals of those states, setting . various places of its successful e«ltu7 mous yield. We ought not, in ft,' corn to flourish here, which is nda.? StMtCS. „ . ! People brought it hero from cnnoV. gratify this curiosity our seed stores, it on sale But who was really injv one in an hundred bought even a >' cost the capital sum of twenty five- procured but a few kernels nt a price , Tids expense, therefore, could notb, injniy to any one, nnd certainly not, lost by its occupancy with the plan! the opportunity to try the experiment? ,^ did without injury to themselves. If K... isP.ed— well; if they were not, let them n f if they had been imposed upon nnd robbed otr summer's work, nnd their farm to boot. It le vv*. try experiments, thongh ihcy fail someumia.— .Sfai? OiUiivalor, 120 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, ROCHESTER, AVGITST, 1841. Apologies and Promises. The absence of the mnnnging editor dnriiig th< psst month, must serve os an excuse for nny defecte that may appear in this number of our paper. For the BaniB reason we have not yet completed the new ar- rangements alluded to in our last. We can assure our readers, however, that such measures are in pro- gresjas cannot (ad to give them inereaecd satisfaction. A new Power Press will be procured expressly for this work, and a better quality of paper will be ob- tained, so as to improve its appearance and secure pnnetunlity. More attention will bo paid to the edi- torial do|iartment than beret .fore, and more aid Is ex- pected from valuable correspondents — so much for this time. Now have patience with us readers; and see if we do not perform all that we have promised, and more too, before many months. §5 There simll l:ean anmial meeting cf the r^ociety on the ad WeihiCBdny ami Thursday following in Octoher, at .Aul.uni, (or at such pince na tlie Uoard nf Maiiasrra shall direct) I'ur the purpose of holding the retulnr l\iir and e\hi- Ijitioti nfdinncstic animals, inanulaL-tures, and articles, the p:oduceoflher,irm. The officers of the l^ociety are requested to meet at the American Hotel, at Auburn, on the lUtU day of Awgust, at 11 o'clock, A.M. Seneca County. An Agricultural Society for this county was formed at Fayette on ilie29,h of June, lt41. The following persons were appointed aj, John A. \Vi Jolw Willii ■ '"(J. liiistophi AuguFtui licli, ^ Or I'.e.idil hep. The I^air at Syracuse. Our readers will not forget the ?tate Agricultural Fair to be held at .Syracuse on the iD:h and 30th of ncit month (Sept ) The place selected is a good one, aud articles for eihlbltion can be transported there with little risk or e.v- renae ^Ve trust the farmers of Wes'cru i\cw York will do themselves credit on the occasion. For list of premium-, &«. see last month— further particulars hereaf.er. Monroe County Agricultural Society Notice. The Officers and Towir Conmiiltecs of this Society will plejise remember the meeting on the 2bth August. The jowii Cojnmittees are eipcctcd to make their reports at that time, and arrangcmonls are to be made for the cominj ei- bibition. d tinge. „ - - _ . ry, (jcorge . i.n CIccf, Ilcorv rov\cis, Sciic.ta F.ills; ThnMi;i3 IMtCee, Kbenezer Slunbon, Alevanilcr H. .Ni.holls, Tvrc: Israel L,i>k, Urrin Soulhwick. Ahcl Uirdsey, Junius. Jrt. SI. (of the CrmslilutioTj.) Any person may become a nieuilier of this society, by p.iyin'g into its treasury fift> cents on .-iduilsslon, and fifty cejits annually thcrraf er, oii or before the annual meeting, during his continuance as a tueirdier. Any per.son paying five dolL-vrs en a.lniiKsion may become a nieiid:er for five years The list of promiams, 4.C., will be pnldished in the "Ovid Dee " Erie County. A meeting was held at Buffaln, on the S2,l of Jnly, to or- ganize an Agricultural Society— Henry Johnson of Lancas- ter, in the chair, and Aaron Riley, of Aurora, r^ccretary, Horace S. Turner, Benj. Hodge, jr. Ah-x. Hitchcock, John Webster, and Palmer Bowen, were appointed a Counnittcc to report a Constitution aiid Bye-Laws, at the nest meet- ing, to be held at the Court House in Buffulu, on Saturday, .\ugust 14lh, tSrJUend, Farmer $ ! Niagara County. ThI, experiment of the kind, some 20 years since, hoe been tritd and proved a failure; because tlic jireseiit om. iiiences under much more favorable nuppiees. The'' liberal bounty of the State, the irctcneed wealth and enterprii-e of the agriculturists of the County at the pre- sent time are sure guarantees of its eiicccss. The advantages to be derived fiom this Society, will be increased wealth, midtiplied produce of the soil, a vast imiirovenient to all kinds of stock, en- hanced beamy and comfort fiom fruit-yards and orna- mental shrubbery, and a new impulse to moral and intellectual improvemtnt, and the niectinga of the Society, the addresses delivered on such occasions, the awarding of premiums, and tlie novelty and buEllo ol the annual fairs will be sources of rniional amuse- inent, h.-.ppily cajeulated to take the place of other amusements of amoio dunpennis chnrncler. WM. KICUARDSON, Auburn, JnlylG, 18-11. Rec. Sec'y of C. A. S. ;,:. iffiCi society was organized at Lockpoil, Jane - Thi COUNTY AGRICULTl'RAL SOCIETIES. ■oticesnf the formation of a goodly numlier of county so- ■ -..-i have appeared during the past month, but having ibsent till almost our day of publication we are unable ■hem that attention we could wish, and some muft ■tntirely till next month. We intend to publisi: tjf the societies in the Slate, and give the Vxrs and time of holjinj the fairs, ia the ■ounties. ayuga Countr. 'anized at Auliurn, July 22, l&ll. A and the following persons appolnt- owland, licjyard. M. .Sherwood, Auburn ; Lorin*' 'ell, Brutus; L. M. Holliste° 'l\ D. O. Uurkee, Ira; U'm Tuthias Hutcbir.Bou, Uruoa • d Bell, Meniz; Isaac .«isson' wasco; Jonathan Itichuiond! lius; John W. iM.F;,dlen, ■,e ; Ma'.thias Vanderhyden. L. F. Duubleday, Scipio; :raiie. Sprlugpurt; jMarlin Richardson, Auburn. fm. C. Beardsley, Auburn. lopkins. Auburn ; Thomas rutus; Silas Dudley, Cito: imucl Phelps, Ira; EIij..l dbur, «cnoa; Isaac Cail. William Parsons, Preridtnt. John Goubl, jr., C. H Skeels. Vire PrtindeaU. D. S. Crandall. Reenrding Seerttftrif. Joel ."McCollum, C^rrttpoxdlug Sttreiery, Wni. O. Brown, Tremurtr. Other purticu'ars not at hand. Livingston County. A meeting was held at Gencreo, and a Soei about a month since, but the particulars have been mislaid in our absence -will give them ue.xt ihnnth. Wi^ rgain re- ;ie:it our request that the Secretaries will send us accouutE of the form.-ition and proceedings of Societies. Cr What is doing in Waj ne, Orleans, l hatauque, and sever,il olLor couulie* in .Western .Now York, not heaic; from 7 formed tz; Mr, Sheri i' White, t.edyard; Josinii ••: Cooper, Sterling; William .-. ., Victory; Wm. Webster, 1 John Rooks, Niles; Peter larsdale, Summerhill. c CoHstitutioH, of connecting himfelf with treasurer fifty cents at the .ber, and one doll.-ir annualh dnesday and Thursday follow'- ontiimance as a member An\ .1 admission may become a inem- .emlier wishing to withdraw from dues and give a written notice to of his intenrim. To the Officers of the Cayn;a County Acii- cnltural Society. GENTI.EMF..V — It will bc fccn by reference to the proceedings of the meeting held on the 2-id intt., for the purpose ol organizing an Aarieultural Society foi ibc coumy of Cnyugn, that by Ke^olution, notirc was g-ven that a meeting of the Ollicers of tbo hj. eict>^ will be held on the 13th day of August next, to carry out the objects of the Society. At this meeting all necessary Ijve-Laws, Knlea and (legulations will be framed and adopted to carry into lull clfcct the design of the Ae.=ociation. It v\-i!l b. the imperative duty o*' every Olficer, President, Vioi President and CominUtee man, to be punctually pre sent at this meeting. Too much pams cannot be ta ken in laying the foundation oftbe Society, for on thi, depend the durability and UMjfulness of ihesupcratruc turc. All the ofHcers residing in the several towns in the county, should inmiediately make individual efflirts to obtain members of the society, and if any such shouh. be obtained, their names should be handed to the Re- cording Secretary, and the amount of their subscrip lions should be deposited in the hands ol the Treasur- er, at the above mentioned meeting of the Officers. .T.-1 1 "^ '''^ spirit. manifested at the meetin.' on the ■?ad inst , and the high character ol the persoiTs inter- ested (myself out of the question,) I havi New York State Agricultural Society. The regular meeting of the E.-!ccuiive Committee of the New York State Agricultural Society for June, was bold nt the Troy House, m Troy, on the 10. b, — the President in the Chair, Letters were read fjom Metsrs. H. S. Randall, H. Munson, John II. Beach, Charles F. Johnson, A. Bergen and Jabtz Burrows. New members were admitted to the Society. Mr. Tucker introduced the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : 1. RcioUed, Thot the Corresponding Secretary be authorized and requested to open correspondences with such individuals an he may deem proper, in the Ecveral counties of our State, for the purpotc of elicit- ing information on the following points : The present condition of Agriculture in each County, with such changes as have already taken place since the period of their first settlement — Aspect of the county — Nature of the soil — What are the principal products? — Where are the products ninikct- cd ? — What kinds of cultivation are in use? — Wl.at are the favorite bleeds of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, &c. 1 Huw are the stock generally fattened formaiket? What ploughs, harrows, and other ng- ricultnial implements are in general use ? What ia the general value of ibc land ? What kind of timber generally prevails ? What agricultural changes are requisite to advance the prcspeiity of the county 7 2. Fc-soltdl, That the Corresponding Secretary be aHthoriacd and requcsled to open correspondences with such individuals as be may deem proper, lor the purpose of eliciting information on The most profitable breeds of cattle, sheep, horses, swine, &c., for our country — the best and most eeon- omicnl method of rearing them — Their distases and the metiiod of treating then:— The most profitable vsrieties and the best method of cultivating thcseverol varieties of giains and roots — The best and mof t pro- litable melhod cf making butter and cheese — the most emnomical method of fattening domistic ani- mals— The Iieft and most economical method of win- tering domestic animals— The cultivation of fruits — Horticulture — the mott profitable Grafsee — Draining — Rotation in crops — Mamiret — Uitctises of plurts, and the remedies — Destruction of noxious weeds, Ac. — Construction and mnn.igement of farm i.ut build- ings, yards, &c. — Fences. 3. ResulrrM, That the Corresponding Secreta-y be authorized and rciuesied to opencojreepondenc;s with such indiviiluals as he may deem proper, in 'he United Stoles and Kuropo, for the purpose of eliciting information on such agricultural subjects as may be of volue to the farmers of oi;r .State. 4. Itisulccil, That the Finance Committee be re- quested to address a Circular to the friends of Agri- culture in this Stale, setting lorth the importance of the objects for which the New York Stale Agricultu- ral Society wos formed — its inability to accompli^h those objects or any useful purpose, without the aid ami co-operation of the farmers and the friends of agricultural improvements generally, and the conse- quent necebsity of an appeal to them to extend their lid to the Society by connecting themselves with it, either as annual or life members, or by contribuiior.s in aid of its funds. Mr. B. liement laid be/ore the Committee a com- munication froin Solon Robinson, Esq., in relation to a convention to be teld at Washington, to form a Natwniil AgricultuTuI Socirly; whereupon, Rcsutt-ed, That the object is one of paramount im- portonce, and the executive committee earnestly re- in (i It' "r 'ii'LT" wiUbeennnjnd^Mic^siuh 'Te\ I c;mm;;;d u'^o^e}:::^:^z:::::zz,:a'^:'i::: m, «a b. disemtrtracd M *« gr<„,„d rtni. a fomcr | ken of the Now York sZ A^c^\Zl"so^ir ;o. 8. AND gaiu)en1':r's journal 121 Slugs ou Fruit Trees. ' <. I'niTons — ■ ii: ilic first of July (hcrp npurarcri on Ihe lenvcs of ilii'r.ir uees in this va-inity, n small dark lirown tvnrni or rt . from one iinartcr of nn inch to an inch in length, with .;a-;ul much larger than uny other part of the 1-oiI.r. and in ■ 1 nuiulicrs AS to tUrea'en the trees with immediate dca- • tflimi. Half a dozen of Ihcni niighl of:cn be seen feeding OR single leaf, eatingoutthc tender part like young silk n lii-i. Thry intreaseJ in nuniliers for about two weeks, A \ ten, le 1 their ravages to the cherry trees, hnt 1 Ir- - ^i> other kinds were injured by tlicni. After eonlinu- -ir woik of destruction for about three weeks, and p many tree-s entirely of their foilnge, they began to : Iiave now mostly disappc;ired. Now as 1 am en- niirant of the name, origiji and history of these in- ■•. rite this c niunicntion in hopes that you or some 'urrespoodents will throw sotiic light on the sub- A. 1). C. ■■icti,Jtilyi- t. c I icvcr.ll articles on the subject, and sugges'.ed some puis for their destruction (Vol. 1.) 'lil-s insect apijcars to be a ttondestri^ : or ftt any rate wc I c Iren unable to find out its true name, or any account c;'.5 tiivtory. We have discovered, however, that in its ( iVlX state it is a fly. atjout as kngand half as large as the c minii ji'iuscfly, but of slower motion. It deposits its eggs C iiig ilie month of June, which appear like small glutinous i^ur e.-.tles on tlie upper surface of the leaves. Tliese s n 'ir.tcli and produce the slugs, which feed for about : T w ccks — then curl up and appear to die and fall to the f uiui liut instead of dying as most people suppose, they c n^f into the chrysalis stale and escape into the ground, 1 ere they remain till the next summer, and then issue f ii .■\t:ain in the form of files — multiply their species, and , -r. llicir Uiisdiief. ...ost common and simple mode of destroying them r^'. has bcen'lo throw dry ashes or lime over thi r several successive mornings It adheres to thei s ;, C'^at »nd kills them. If any of our readers have disco. ^ • i Riiy more easy or e/Tcctual method we should be pleas < o publish it.— Eds. ' Downing's Lautlscape Gardening and Itiiral Architecture." The appearance of tbia work nt the present time, I '.irs, iin the part of the Piib'is'iere, groat contideiici- r be intelligence and good taste of oitr countrymen. 1 nbiiin; a region but recently made euhject to tlie 1 lis of civi'ization, it is a matter of course that our I e «n-.l thoughts ehinild be chiefly occupied with 1 nt lertains to the necessaries rather than the ele- icics of life. We were, onscqiicntly, not without fears, that our ni.t mr had niisiaken his own zeal I high estimate of rural improvement, for a some- at corresponding feeling in the community, and refore, like msn/ o:her writers of merit, his la- '6 would remain unappreciated, until a more re- sd public sentiment should do them justice. But we are miatnken; and if the plea of ignorance OS more cedit to our honesty than informntion, all ! can soy is, that it is very gratifying to find the evailing taste in advance of our anticipations. We knew indeed that huge piles of brick and stone d been erected in the vicinity of our cities and large wns, with some pretensions at least, to care and la W in planting about them; but we were not aware iw much had been done remote from these, far om the bu5y haunts of commercial life, to catch the spiration of Nature, and make her beauties sub- ;rvient to our comfjrt and elevated enjoyment. We had often feasted upon the works of foreign ithors as fiicy dessribed (he masfnificcm cOuntr)- seats of the old world; but we knew not that the no- ble Hudson reflected from its silvery waters the light aiul graceful tracery, the pointed arch and the lotty pinuncle of the Gothic style; or that the warm and neb Italian, transported from its sunny home, bad found nn appropriate resting place on the quiet banks ol the Delawaio. But what lias given us im-rc saiiE- faction than all, and for which wc think our author deserves much credit, is, his attempt to bring this species of enjoyment within the reach of every land- holder, however humble. Rcpubbeaiis, as we are by feeling and education, wo hupc never to eee the day when loidly caftles, extensive park.i, snatched from cuttivaLion, and highly artificial and costly gar- dene, shall take the place of iho elegant, but unosten- tatious villa, the well kept farm house, or the neat and comfortable cottage. The former how beautiful soever in appearance, constantly force the rcflcciinn upon us, that toll and privalitm are wrung from the many, for the gratificntion of iho few. It is partly on thid aecounl, that an inipreesion seem* to prevail, un- favornble to ornBinentnl planting, as being attended with heavy e.xpcnee: heitco also, when a wenlihy in- dividual, wishes 10 improve his grounds, he thinks bis object secured by the application of large sums of money; he changes a gentle elope into huge terraces, lays out bis appioach road in a regular curve, racks his invention to produce a fence of the most showy description; and if, behind these, rises a naked, star- ing front of composite columns, his success is com. plele. After all this he looks for enjoyment, and wonders why it does not come; never reflecting that the mind derives its chief sitisfalion from ihe con- templation of Nature in her varied, ever-changing forms. Let him then who seeks enjoyment in this particular, keep his purse strings undrawn, except to the calls of the poor and the needy; but let him with his own hands stnaoth and enrich the verdant turf; let him in this low corner, plant the bending willow; on that kno'l, the graceftil, towering elm; lead the circuitous path through this close planted grove, the dark maple and the shelving beech invite us by their refreshing coolness; here, open to view the distant prospect; there, thut out by thick under- growth an unsightly object; here, in an irregular plal, suited perhaps to the bend of the walk, plant a few choice (lowers; and near by if posoible divcii the neighboring rivulet to gladden and complete tho whole: Then our word for it, there will be no com- plaint of sameness. This would bo a world within .tscif which would afl-ord more of variety than all the archttecturni display of the city. But some of our readers are ready to my, perhaps, "all ibis j, yery well for the wealthy, but when shall we find time to accomplish a work so extensive? We reply, in the first place, we should be glad if there was a Utile more attention given to thi^ comforts i,{ Utc, and not quite so much exclusive thought, in relation to get- ting rich. And in the second place, let every man strictly conform to his circumstancea, and if his front and back yards occupy but a few rods of ground, why let him improve them in the best mannncr. Is it ab- solutely necessary that the lawn gate opens precisely in front of the principal door? May we n.>t hitve some reference to convenience? and must the straight walk be bordered with flowers in a straight line, and the whole area occupied with parallel rows of trees? In fact it is eonimon to find places arranged in this man- ner which have required quite as much labor, as to have laid out the grounds in a simple and eflectivo form. We copy below as illustrating our meaning in part, an engraving, representing a plantation of the simplest description: Ie! our readers observe the close planting near the house, the wide spread lawn and the graceful curve of ih* approach road, then let them in imagination cover the whole with straight rows of fruit trees, shut out the best prospects, il aecident de- cide, and lead the approach in a direct lino to the house, and then mark the diffi^rence. We hope in future numbers to give our readers a synopsis of the work, as we conceiva the information contained therein to be intimately connected with the real happiness of the community. g^ ITEMSl COSIIENJKD FROM EXCHANOI PiPKRS, &.C. New Pasture for Cows — Morus Malticaulis. — The American Farmer sas's "In a recent conversa- tion with a friend from Virginia, he informed us that he had tried the experiment of turning his cows into the field where his mulberries were growing, and found that they ate the leaves with great relish, and that the increase in the quantity and quality of the milk was perceptible in a day or two." Should like to know how many cows an acre would pasture. Silk Culture. — Edmund Morris of Burlington, N. J. announces the entire success ofhis experiments the present season in the culture of silk, by means of his newly invented silk frames. Hie experiments were performed in the presence of crowds of visitors, and several testimonials are given of the complete success of hia frames in other places. Those wish- ing further information may have it by rending hia " Silk Record," a small monthly, sent to all without charge, who arc poreonally int«rctted in the lilk fan- siness. Hen's Eggs. — A correo|iondent of the Cultivator says he obtains fresh eggs the year through, by regu- larly feeding his fowls as much Indian corn as they will eat. A Bir'cskire Hog in the possession of E. Marks, Onondaga county, gained, while fattening, ihrea pounds five ounces daily. Working soil, according to Skinner of the Ameri- can Farmer, is "the sovereignest thing" to prevent plants burning from drought. Tioo Rules of Jeflerson are very applicable to iha times: — " Never spend your money before you get it;" and "Never buy what you do not want hecausi it is cheap." Large Yearlings. — S. Hccoi of Lyons, writes, in the Cultivator, that he has two bull calves, raited from Thomas Weddle's stock of Durhame, the one a three-quarter blood , which weighed nt one year old 1015 lbs., the other a half-blood, which at thesani; age weighed 915 lbs. Their feed during the past winter utis hoy and roots onlj^. ' 122 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol " Diii'haKi Cows as Msikers." We have no desire to prejudice the siinda of our renders eiilier for or ngainat any particular breed of uniiiials; bnl ns tbe conductora of an agriculturnl journal, we conceive it to be our dirty le pubiish such facts an I opinions,on both tides of disputed questions, as will enable our renders to decide intelligently lor thcnistlvcs. With this view, we inserted in our April number, the reniarUs of H. Coi.mak on the milking finalities of Diuhatn Cows; and finding in the Albany Cultivator a reply to those remarks by L. F. Allks, we now publish the substance of hia opinions on this subject. (Our readers will belter understand the following remarks, by reading them in connection with the ar- ticle on page 63.) " In reference to paragraph No, 1 of Mr. Colmnn, I have n-.vi.r seen tbe herd of Messrs. Lathrop, of South HaJley; but if they are wbal Mr. C. repre- sents, they imiBt be beautiful and valuable animals, and a great acquisition to their neij;hborhood; al- though r c.xceedinjjiy regret that he did not jjive the opinions of those genllenion aa to their value and ex colleuce in the Connecticut Valley, and the results of experience concerning ihcra. A detail of their ob- Bcivations would liavo been at least mors satisfactory than a fummary condemnation without a hearing. iNir. Cohnan and myself visited the Ohio Compa- ny's lierd, which he mentions, together in company at ButTalo in 183,'), as they were passing through fr'^ni the sea-board l-t Ohio, on their passage out. They were in high condition, aa few or none of the cows were then in m'ilk, and we had no opportunity to jiidjeof their capabilities fur the pail; alihough I have since learned that several of the cows were great and rich milkers. It must be understood, how- over, ilint man; of the English breeders of high bred Short Hums breed only for sale and the shambles, and do nn cultivate the milking qualiilee of their eattle. This ia almo.=t universally the case in Ohio, Kentucky, and ihc Western States, where the dairy tbrma no part of t!ie farming business, and stock ia reared mostly for beef; but from the universal ten- de.icy ol the tnic Short Horns to e.xcel in milking propeitiea, when appropriated to that purpose, I can have no doubt thoy would show aa advantageously over the pail as in the stall. When it is considered aUo, that owing to their scarcity and high value in America, all the iemales are employed in rearing their I alves, and the bulls, instead of being converted into stores for the shambles, are preserved as stock getters, it is evident that comparatively but few ex- amples can be adduced of their real euperiority over thtj common stock of our country no milkers. Still, a sulHcicnt number of specimens have been thown,' both in milk and beef, to demonstrate that in each of these (pialities the improved Short Horna have cxcel- Jed all that has yet Ixien produced of our native American stock. In paragraph No. 2, Mr. C. remarks, that ho w.znts pronf of the milking qualities of the Short Honts. Hia own, seven in number, proved inferior milkers, although ho admits that several of them, either of his own or which he had seen, were large milkers; but he believes these, exceptions to the general rule. That hia own cows proved bad milk- ers, proves nothing. What was their blood? Were iheyol /r¥« and improved Short Horn descent? No data is here given for us to judge of their properties in tliis particular, and wo are forced to pasn on to Paragraph No. 3. The Cheshire and many other dairy farmers have long had an excellent stock of 'ielectcd native cows, which have been propagated with particular regard to their milking properties for many generations. Mr. Colman has traversed the whole State of Massai'hu^etts several times, and out of the whole number of cows that he has seen among many thousands, he presents a list of one hundred of the native sioek which had made from twelve to f mn;en pounds of butter per week. He has also challc-ngeil, both in writing and conversation, the wners of Short Horns to prnvii tbeir dairy qiisiities. I doubt whether one hundred thorough bral Short ..lorn Ci)>\acanbe conv( nienily pnuliiced at n'l in *o whole Siatesof New York and M.isnchusetls, to i _w are therein comparison with the common .stock of the coimtry. Nor do I believe five times thai na.Tiber of grade cows of half-blood and upwards, can be easily Ibund in either Btate; but I will venture the as^enion, that wliate such co«T» do c*itt, nt- matter what their parentage may be on the native side, if they were directly bred ironi hitjiroccd Short I]''.rn bulls, four out of every live of them have pro- ved 6U|icrior milkers; r.iid at least twenty per cent, better in the aggregate than the ordinary cows around them. And 1 v.'iil also assirt, that of the whole num- ber of titorotigh bred cows in our country, nine out of ten arc excellent, if not stiperior milkers, and twenty-five per cent above the average native cows. To illustrate this mattei', aa 1 have bred a large num- ber of improved Herd Book animals of the highest blood. Within the lapt six years, as well as many grade cattle from the native, Devon, and other breeds, 1 will state the rceulis ol my owit experience, and aleo the opinions of sundry other breedera, with such facta as a hasty reference will permit. "In ISoT), I bred tenor twelve half-blood heifers from three Devon and several conmion cows of in- ferior quality and appearance. They were sired by my Short Horn bull Favorite, bred near Boston. Mass., whose pedigree will be found at No. 2,(.'Uy, od vol. Code's Herd Book. These heifers proved, without an exception, good milkcrt; much above the average, both for quality and qtinnliiy. In 1S"6, 7 and 8, I bred several one-half and three-fourth blood heifers, also from Dcvons and others, which although many of them were eold, have, eo far as I have heard from them, provrd superior milkers. A part of these were sired Ly my Short Horn bull Uevonshire, No. 9Gti, 2d vol. Coato's Herd Book. I also had, during the years from l^^o4 to near the close o.'lSoLl, a herd of full bred improved Short Horna, varying irom 4 to ten milking cows, of which all, v/ith one exception, (and that cow sufTeied an in- jury in her udder vvUen young,) were first rate milk- ers. One cow gaie often thirty quarts of milk per day of good quality. Several of them gave over twenty quarts daily in suinmcr feed, and not one of them gave poor itiilk, or, as the term is, milked hard. They were individually easy, pleasant milkers, with beautiful silky udders, and handtoiue taper teats, and were, taken together, much beyond the average run of native cowa as milkers, I have now a Dur- ham cow that has made her twelve pounds of butter per week, and o/ four full-bloods now in milk, every one is a superior milker. I have aUo five or six half- bloods, all of which are above the average of our na- tive cowa, by twenty per cent, in their milking pro- perties. " To corroborate my experience^ I need only men- tion the evidence of such gentlemen as John Hare Powell, of Philadelphia, who asserted to my father that one of his full-blooded Short Horn cowa bed made twenty-two pounds of butter per week for seve- ral weeks in succession; Gov. Lincoln, and Messrs. Welle, Derby, and Dearborn, of Massachusetts, who have been the owners of seveial grade and thorough bred cows; Francis Rotch, Efq. of Butternut?, in ithis State, who has repeatedly testified to the (superi- ority oi /lis Short Horns as milkers, and to his en- tire experience, probably equal, if not supeiior, to that of any other gentleman in America, of the su- periority of the Short Horns in their purity and in their grades, aa milkers. I need not add the names of many other individuals who have repeatedly tes- tified to these facte, as a reference to our agricultura papers !or the last five years will corroborate all thai I remark. And last ol all, I will assert that Colonel Jacpies' fancifully yclcped " Cieampot" breed of milkers, and which 1 siiw in conij'auy with Mr. Col- man hirnsif, are simply a cro>a of a thorough bred Short Horn bull with a native cow, then at Colonel Jacqnca' farm, of good size and appearance, of a deep red color, and wuh an apparent dash of Devon blood in her veins. His bull that he then used was nearly or quite a thorough bred Short Horn, and ell his heifers weie high in that blood. This same stock ol cattle, Mr. C. has himself highly recommetided in one of his ag.ricultural reports, and wo are t.igcthc.- living witnesses of ihe surpassing richness ot tbe milk and cream of these brnnliJiil cows. With i. few selected facts, I will tln;e this tisliiuony: In 3d vol, CuUivator, pace l!)l. F.-ancis Clood- good's imported cow (r.be was a Uiirhaiii; rrave, wbeo her calf was two weeks old. tiiiMy-thrre'and a Lnli quan-5 of milk per uny. Her ircd vvr,.s one and d half bushels of brewer's grains per day, with hay. ^ " In vol. 7, same work, jini^e I.3->. Mr. Gowcr's Sl.o.-t llirn cow Doiryiiioicl, li.r ec\cn days gave an iivcr.'igc of thirly-three and a half quarts per day. " In New Genesee Farmer, vol. 1, page 143. Samuel Camby's Short Horn cow, E-'.ossom, yielded for seven daya over thirty-five quarts per day, which ■ produced tbirtees and a quarter pountis good butter. ,.bi " At page 149, same vol. John AVclerhull Horn cow, four years old, gave from twenty tliitiy and n half quarts of- milk per day, and in ( week produced eleven and a half pounds of butt and in another week fifteen pounds. " In a Philadelphia paper of liioi). "Col. bert's cow Ifnbella, a pure Short Horn, gave, t seven days, 194 quarts, or near twenty-eight per day, which pioduced fonrieen and thiee-f pounds butter of the finest quality." So much assertion that " Durham cowa are not good mil "In paragraph 4, Mr. Colman iiuroducee the distinguished English farmer, Mr. Sheriff, has made the tour of this country. If thie Sheriff, who by the way 1 never heard of befo: as profound in bis remarks upon our country, habitants and their pursuits, as the herd of Ei tiavelers who have hitherto trundled rapidly o' for the purpose, as it would seem, of writing libi books and holding us up to the ridicule of En men at home, hia opinion is little to be regal flis knowlede of fhe progresa of Short Horns own country may be well t am desolation! But this proposition ia not within the eatcforv o o«r sysleiu. We ho'd, that if land be woiifi ("uliiva old lie at least in a reasonable stA of fertility. It should yield in any event a toleinbl share of its various products under good and kiudlu attention with which to feed well the stock of ihi'l farm. If cows are not to be decently fed, by m means kee]) the Durhams, or any other valuabh breed. Bat if it be intended to give " value lecelvcd,' , to feed well, and pay attentior to your stock, antil there is no other way to mnko a;iy kind of stoob profitable, thrti let its breed be aa food as pcesible, AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. V23 n >s high a grnde in blood os tlie ntiturc (if your d the climate tcill pcnnit. The ai!iiiifgi»ne jefiiro ilio cloeo of tUia imragrapb, of ibe eiior- ireights of ibe Durham ox with good l;0C|iin;;, ,0 the fidlc.-'t c.\;c'nt nil ibnt we claim, when lice of feed is given lo tiir nnimnl. he Gib and latl paragrniib, Mr. C. doubts r lb* Duihiims arc, iifier all, not the best stock 10 have, and candidly admits that bis mind is n to ccnvictiiin. Now tbip, after mnkins; the assenions and denials that arc abuvo exbibiiod, rxncily what we eboulil expect from one ol bis ition B1..1 astiiteniss It is indeed too much in of the old adage: " Hang him first, and try ftcrwards." It this Inst paragraph all is n^!- ibat the advocates of Sliori Horns det,iro. We lever asserted that they would produce sreat l;cs of beef, or of mdk, without sullicien! An.d; ould they ihiiv? under continual ill treatment, t and abuse; nor indeed, will they bear so vn.-cJi ion and ill treatment as some of our jiative cat- t we do fearlessly assort that either thorough r giade Short Horns will prodiico more beef, ore milk, each in their own proper time, with 'luantities of grass, hay, or other proper (eQi\, breed of entile ever intrnduced into tbis and so have they thus far done in Eng- own cattle have never been hinhly kept. On urnry, owing to my farm being at some few listince from my residence, and therefore not uy daily attention, my herd always received Jinnry care, and soraetimes, I regret to say, not bat. But I do eay, that so lar as my experience oved, they have from the highest bred Herd heifer, down to the lowest grade, (never less laU blood,) boon as healthy and as hardy as the on stock ol the country, kept side by side with The opinion, therefore that Dnrhams are to ected for want of hardihood or constitution, is prejudice that deserves to he exploded. 1 I am no enthusiast in this nmuer. I would ecommend every farmer to introduce into his :he Durham cow. On the contrary, on very nd light soils, I would not introduce them; nor hing cite that ever lived on a luxuriant one. do say, on lands natural to grass, which afllird yield of pasture and of hay, where either the or the fatting of beef, or even the rearing of for sale, be the object, judging from my own ience, and corroborated by that of others who tried a single cross upon our native, or am/ oth- ed of cattle, no matter what, even up to high 3, the Dnrhams are altogether the most desirable, 'or appearance and for profit; with the exception ]i9, of the Devonshire, if the climate be very iniid they are no milkers. W«re I a dairyman, esired to grow up a race of the best and most able milkers, I would select the best native cows n my reach, then obtain a thorough bred Short bull of a good milking family, and raise my •8 to as high grades as in their natural course d be produced, always using a thorough bred bull, no other way can the excellence and the true cteristics of the race be perpetuated. Did I how. admit of any other foreign admixture, it should irossof the Devon to give addition.il snugncsa to irm; an I then but a single cross, for more than would degrade the milking qualities of the herd, lese animals, bred as they would be from native , would inherit their constitutions and habits; )ecome identified, as much as the most ordinary th onr soils and our habits of keeping. In way should we at once gain all we desire, with- udden or prejudicial change." • • » • • Sngar tied for Spring Feeding. R — I have for along time been halting between npinions, as to the value of the sugar beet as win- jod for stock, and really have been puzzled with jonflicting testimony of parties, for and against, isit to a friend in an adjoining state, which I f been induced to take at the suggestion of your espondent at p. 205 of the Cabinet for January, whom I can bear out in the remark, that such a ■e of expending a smiU sum is the cheapest and way in which a ni.in can study the science of culture, has, however, brought me short about, a ng advocate for its cultivation, and I will tell you efore I left home, I was wondering within my- how my poor s'.ock were to subsist airolher month lout a su|)ply of fresh provender: my hay-hnm and i-crib began to show signs of atrophy, the ribs of latter rattling in tbe wind like a drfed EkcUton; with scarcely a blndo of grass to be seen in the pas- tures, into which hoivevtr, 1 had been compelled to turn the poor creatures, in the hope that they mi;;bt be able to pick up a little to help out; knowing all the while, that what they could extract from the loots of the sod must be at the expense of the coming crop of bay. In this slate of mind and feeling, 1 reached my friend's house, and was infinitely surpriatd to find hitn feeding all his cattle and sbccp, and indeed 1 might add hogt, which also come in for a share, to the full head, as he termed it, with sugar beet, which he had reserved for this p.'iriiculnr season, as a link betwe n the winter and summer crops, the value lor which purpose, to use his own words, was "quite above all price." Said he — "While many arc de- bating r.bont the quality of the beet, and are not able te determine whether its cultivation be the greatest good or the most considernble of evils, 1 have gone (juictly on, sowing regulaily the quantity necessary lor my winter consumption, being careful to preserve a full supply for the whole month of April, without regard to the stories that are told about its diH'ereiit and very dissiniilnr properties; and now you tee me wilh plenty of food for every living thing about nie tor a month to come, obtained at a most trilling cost of production; for, from about an acre of land, [har- vested a mountain of green food, to mix with my hay and straw, which have now become dry and hard from keeping: and by these means 1 am able lo keep all my stock from the meadows and pasture until May — a perfectly iucakulnblc advantage; for thus I am not only i'ecding them this year, but adding astonishingly to my means lor the next winter, as I almost fancy that by so doing I am able to mow double the quan- tiiy of hay that 1 used to do. And this is not all; for the large quantity and excellent quoliiy of the ma- nure which I thereby obtain, is of far more value to me than all the labor and expense of cultivating the beets, twice told. You see that my stock are in good conditien, contented and happy, confined to their winter quarters, and not permitted to roam abroad, to the destruction of the lenccs, the loss ol their dung, and the absolute annihilation of the I'uiutc crops of hay; and if these are not advantages suliici- cnt to induce us to go forward wiih the cultivation of the beet, I should be glad to be told what more we have a right to expect'/ Let others argue what is the value ol such a crop for winter food, and especially tor spring use, while 1 am too happy to be ;.ble to cre- ate a summer amongst my stock during the most dreary winter, and preserve my spring crop of grasr; by the very trifling devotion of about a single acre of land to their cultivation. I repeat, my extra manure pays mc for all my extra exi^ense; and my peace of mind is above all price." 1 thought of my poor star- ving animals at home, and shortened my visit dint I might return and be prepared to practice tbe doctrine which my friend had been preaching. — Far. Cabinet. JOHK LaCI. Schvylkill County, April 1, 1841. The following remarks, from the N. E. Farmer, should be read in connection with the article on Hay Making in our last number ; — Drinking in Hot Weather. Mr. Editor — In your number for June 23d, is an excellent article on Hay making. 1 rejoice to see so many ol thcL-e plain, practical articles in your jiaj^er; and hope they will be read extensively, and he as ex- teiisively useful. There are one or two thoughts, however, in the concluding paragraphs of the article to which I al- lude, which do not seem to me so much in accord- ance with general experience as I wish they were. You say — and I know others have also said it — "None but the intemperate are injured by drinking cold water." Now, unless you mean that the excessive drinking of cold water is itself intemperance, lam confident this statement cannot be true. That intemperate men are injured most readily by cold water, 1 have no doubt; but that any man, who is at once over-heated and over-fatigued, may be injured by drinking cold water in large quantities, is at least equally certain. Indeed, it is certain that he who is cither over healed or over-fatigued, may be injured in this way. Cases of injury Irom the former cause are of almost every day occurrence. I know what is the main thing intended by the writer ol the article in question, in the remarks to which I have here alluded; and I rejoice at the efl'ort. To put duicTi tbe use of bad or even doubtful drinks, and put up cold water, is noble — and may God speed him who do^s it, ty aegie<» in doing it Nerwtbelees, we must avoid doing evil, if wo cnn, in our eflijrts to do good. And instead of saying, " There is no dan- ger Irom /;Yr/Heri< drinking in the hottest wentheir take cold iculLr as oIKn and as freely as you please — there is no danger Irom it, if ytu have not been too long wii!i"ut diink," &c.; iiietmd of this ailvirc, I wish with all my heart you had said something like the following— that i.-, had you bdicrid it: " There is no special danger from frequent drinking, in the hottest weather, provided you use the following cau- tions: 1. To drink very slowly. 2. To drink btit little at a time. 3. To have your drink, thoujih cool, not excessively cold. 4. To use but little drink with or near your meal.'!. 5. To drink but little, very little, when over-faiigucd and over- heated. With these lestiictions, you might have said, aa yon have — " Cold water is the best of all drinks tor slaking thirst; there is no danger from it (with the lestiiciions above, j if you have not been too Ion" without drink," Ac. You say, " The hay maker must have n full supply of drink: perspiration will be free, and he must havo somcihing to tupport it." Yet 1 can point you to n laborer now over 60, and healthy and strong, vs ho has drank almost nothing at all between his mcaisall bis life long, though he has perspired very freely, and ' no man has enjoyed his life more. Yet ob.'eive, his meal? are better than ihote (pf the average of nun. 1 can tell you of another individual, whote en plcy- ments are partly agricultural, and whose labors ere very severe — calculated to elicit thirst, in the common way ol thinking; who con labor through the summer and drink nothing nt all, and who for neatly ten monihe, beginning with August 6, lfc'40, did so. And not only so, but he suM'cred less from thirst during iho lime, than he ever did before in any of the months of his lile. But then he lived rigid otkcricisc. These facts are not mentioned, Mr. Editor, to in- duce your renders to go wiiiioul drinking at all, for I cannot advise a person in the woild to do that — at least as long as be retains his present bsbiis in other respects, fily object was simply to show that wo need far less drink than is usually supposed, if tv© on- ly exercise, eat, sleep and think as we ought. But I am extending these remarks too for pcihaps. Excuse tbe freedom — well meant, lam sure — which 1 have taken. I was brought up a farmer — end, thank God, an intelligent one for the time — and 1 stdl love farming and the farming interest, and the wel- fare and happiness of the farmer. Would that I had the means ol being a New England farmer now, on a small, but truly rational scale and svstcm. Yours, Ac, WM.A. ALCOTT. Dcdhnm, Jvnc'i^^th, 1841. Hj" We thank Dr. Alcott for his strictures upon tbe remarks we made lost week. His long continued attention to matters pertaining to health, entitles his opinions to much weight. We most cheerfully make them public. But at the same time we are far from receding an inch from the ground we took lost week. Will the orcr-hcal and ocer Jat!gi:c '^ccnv, if cold wa- ter is taken with sulficient licquency? It is possible ihat the orcr-faligue may; hut if it should, we ques- lion wheiher cold water, to any extent which the ap- petite craved, would be instantly and excessively in- jurious; (lor the injury dreaded in these cases is the violent pain which often proves foial in a short time.) Our belicif is, that if cold wa'er is taken so frequent- ly as to jirevent the over-hcut, there is no tiangcr from its freest use. We refer, of course, to danger ol se- vere attacks of pain. Whether it would not beyjcr- manevtly belter for our laboring people generally to use less drink, is a question to \\hich we had no re- ference. From- the London Farmers^ Magazine. Destroying Eats. SiiK — Tbe following is a reply to your correppon- deni's inquiry as to the best mode of destroying rats. Should he find either ol these methods succeed, he will oblige by a reply through your papei-. 1st — Corks, cut as thin as sixpences, roasted, or stew- ed in grease, and placed in their tracks, or — Dried sponge in small pieces, fried or dipped in honey, wilh a little oil of rhodiym. or — Bird-lime, laid in their haunts, will stick to their fur and cause their departure. II a live rat be caught, and well rubbed or brushed over with tar and train-oil, and afterwards put to escape in the holes of others, they will disap; ear. Poisoning is a very dangerous and objectionable mode. The proudest man on earth is but a pauper, ftd and clows. Walk this "vay and stand by the ga'e, eo aa to view t'lem as they I I>o IR4 Isii^h at lint i>ld-fotbtoiie'd looking dame in the lead; it is true she is not handsome, but nhe is an imported cow of the finest pedigree, and, as is often the case, is o very superior breeder. Her name is Ruth, she is 10 years old, and the mother of some of the moat beautil'ul animals in the herd; for instance Victoria, Louisiana, Sibella and Great Wes- tern. That fine large fat looking red and white cow, is also imported; she is properly named Beauty; and the only objection to her is, the difficulty of keep- ing hcT poor enough Uyr usefulness. There are lour other fine imported cows, Btossim, Profitable, Straw- berry and Laily Caiherinc — six in all, from which the rest of the herd were mostly produced, and some of the younger onee are nitre beautiful than their pa- rents. See that smallish roan cow : thot is Ruth's eldest daughter, and one of wdiich she may well be proud. She is nplly named Victoria, for like her Royal namesake her greatest defect is, that there iano more of her — both are rather too short! Now look at those 'Swill Boys' in the barn- yard. That long thrifty looking Porker is an Irish Grazier. Yonder are more ol them; how thin their coats are! They look as though they would freeze to death in winter; bnt if you ask Mr. Affleck he will probably inS ally throughout the state as I should think it D be with advantage. The Clorcr Seed crop it very promising — owing to the drouth having ch( the second growth. Oats are much raised, and are generally fair, tht not uniformly so. Barley is but little raised, and is very light. Potatoes, in some parte, have suffered from drot but I iliink the crop gencially will not fall mucU low an average. In conclusion, it is evident that the Buckeye i will sustaiir her high rank for producing the nece ies of life, although the aggregate yield ol lelicat be considerably leas than for the past two years. M. B. JlUlIll' inicJ! I.Bi i(i«Ei Eis? #1 in. The Crops iu Ohio. Columbus, July'iG, 1841. Ohio claims the honor of producing the greatest quantity of Wheat, and may perhaps justly be consid- ered the most impoitant agricultural State in the Un- ion. When we meet a IVicnd, therefjre, from this State, the first question thot arises is usually in rela- tion to the crops. And as this is a topic particularly interesting to the readers of an agricultural paper, I will give it my first attention. I have now spent two weeks in traveling over the Slate, during the height of harvest, and having taken particular pains to inform myselfon the subject, I feel confident that my views will not be found erroneous, although they may differ from some of the published statements. 'Ihe Wheat Crop is very uneven; in son© plac's, 99 atoftj the lake cfmiltties, it ie generally fair, altheiusfa Canada Thistles, &c. Aid TO Agriculture." — The Legislature li' law appropriating $8,000 to promote I culture, by encouraging the formation of County cieiies, and enabling those societies to excite emuli among the Farmers by distributing premiums. ' is all well enough; but we can point out a wa*- which the State authorities might still more effect ly promote the welfare of the agriculturists. 03° Let immediate orders be issued by the C Commissioners, for destroying the Canada Th and other noxinus weeds that abound along the C ale, on the ground controlled by the State. E within the limits of the city of Rochester, there thistles enough on the Canal and feeder, to eeeii Western New Yuik. Every man who has forn garden, or who rea'ly wishes to "promote Agri ture," should aid in calling attention to the correcl of this nuisance, which annually catises more inj to land by sowing them with foul weeds, than ear compensated by ten times the $8300 now annui appropriii.^i fcr " piomoting rg.iculture." ROtH ESTER AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 125 latter pnrt of April or 1st of May ; from ilio leaves of iheso his wife or children can feed 10,000 worms. The cgijs may be piirchnscd for ten shillings, lis can in n (ew minutes erect shelves in a room of his house, barn, or any out house, lo feed his wormi on ; if well attended, they will produce throe liuehela of cocoons, or n lbs. of reeled sillt. Iln can in the fall take up liiH trees, preserve ihcni through the winter, and plant hali' an acre in the npring. By doing this for three succeesive years, in the spring of tb» founk year, he will have trees to plant five acres, and 20,000 to dispose of. Five acres of trees, wiib proper man- agement, will feed .WOjOOO worms. Thenceforward he will have little or no trouble with his trees; he may leave them in the ground all winter, and th* ne»[ year he may feed holf as many more worms, say 750,- 000, the year following, double the quantity of the first year, or 1,000,000. The following calculations may appear at first sight extravagant, but as it is well known one acre of trees will feed 100,000 worms, with proper management, five acres, with the sams management, will feed 500,000. 1 would here observe that these calculatfona are made without reference to casualties that may happen — such as accident.'', niismanngement, tmfavorabls weather, diseases amongst the worms, &c. Sec, h oiigh I have no doubt of complete srcca^s following constant atlcntior;, careful, good management, proper feeding, anfficient room for the worms, snd s free cir- culation of pure air. From my own experience and observation I am perlecily satisfied it is a busincea worthy the attention of farmers, provided they can get their wives and children interested in it. If go, there can be no reasonable doubt of its complete succcsa. I have in the fal1ov.'ing statement valued the co- coons at an average of $3,ri0 per bushel. The Stats bounty of 1 J cents per lb. will make thorn worth $5. By reeling the silk, which will not cost more than ^1 per bushel, the value will be yet more increased, and by adding the Slate bounty on reeled silk, fifty cents per pound, the silk, if well handled, will be worth $8 per lb. Htateme ni of the product nf 500 <;c&» planted th* riEST TEAR. 10,000 worms producing 3 bush, cocoons at $.5 per bush $15 00 Expence of 10,000 eggs 1 25 Profit $13 75 SECOSD VEAB. 50,000 worms, 15 bush, cocoons, at $5.... $75 09 THIKD yXAR. 200,000 worms, 60 bush, cocoons, at $5... $S00 01 Expeaces, say 50 00 Profit $25J 00 FOURTH TKAR. 500.000 worms, 1,50 bush, cocoor.s. at §5.. $750 00 20,000 trees for sale, at $1 per 100 200 00 (The State bounty ends this year.) $950 00 Expenses, say 150 00 Profit §800 00 FIFTH lEAH. 5Bcres, the second year in the ground, 7.50,- 000 worms, 225 bush, cocoons, at $3 50, $785 50 Expenses, say 200 00 Profit $585 50 SIXTH TF,An. 5 acres, the 3rd year, 1,000,000 lyorms, 300 bush, cocoons at .f3 50 $10.50 00 Expences, soy 250 00 Profit $800 00 The floss and cocoons which have been spoiled for reeling to produce each year's stock of eggs, may bo manu'acturcd into cloth, which will contribute no small portion of clothing for the family. J. B. .■P.iWwff, fTmeitie fo., Jufij. M*4). For the AVif Genetset F«rmer, e\y lo ^. R. "W, oil the Corn Laws. If. F.MiTous — Your correspondent S. R. W. sd that the lessons of patience oud self de- " W. attempts to "read to farmers" arc (behind the age," It is hardly necessary say that he has not gone back far enough by fatecn hundred years — such lessons are coe- he Gospel Dispensation — they were the les- h Christ taught and Paul pie.iched. ormcr articles on the national tariff, on im- English Corn Laws, &c., I endeovered to irmers with the necessity of depending on icte of their own industry, and living within 1 domestic resources, without looking too egislation, or tn aid from without. If 1 have, itistics I have given, succeeded in convinc- lo individual reader of the Farmer, that the igh prices were years of unnatural inflation, nee, debt and ruin ; and that thosubacqucnt low prices has been one of liquidation, re- idustry, economy and consequent pecuniary ion I am well paid for my labors. But as ns of political and domestic economy have nsiances given dissatisfaction lo the readers mer, I had resolved to abandon the subject, !d not row have adverted to it, but lo defend y articles from the strictures of S. R. W. W. felicitates himself on the progress ol ie in England, and its spread in the United He speaks of the landed interest of Eng- atlfish, and regardless of suffering humani- he predicts a much better market for our en the English Corn Lows are repealed. i], as one of the readers of the Farmer, be learn from S R. W. how England is to with her stupendous debt, without the land- t. Who pays the great bulk of ihc taxes ided interest ; who most supports the enor- .le trade of £400,000,000, sterling, but the lereat ; who feeds the people but the landed 8 Selfish as lltcy are, their selfishness appears iderfully adapted to the wants of the nation, at feeding England from the United States I h ty.five years previous to 1825 all the foreign ■rted into England did not amount to more week's supply. Since that time in 1831, a . very ehort crops, all the groin imported ■ to but twenty-five doys' cnniumption, and t seventh part, or three and a hoK days' supply, i fed from the United States of America. h orn laws were repealed, Europe would sup- 1^ Britain with corn at as low prices as it is Agin N. Y., adding the Atlantic freight, if l< ■ ; and the present prices in N. Y. are below ge, and certainly lower than S. R. W. with ved modern notion?, thinks they ought to 837 we imported nearly a million of bushels and Rye from German and Russian ports, >i the duty of 25 cents per bushel (an Amer- an English, corn law) wheat would often he into the United States for our own consump- W. says that the English corn laws are the ncalculable mieery. There are thousands of ngland with wise heads and pure benevolent ho differ with S. R. W. in opinion. It is even the timeserving Lord John Ruscell is ether sincere in his eulogy of free trade, for y thing but free trade that has made England is. introduction of foreign corn should cause the capital now employed in British agriculture f In part withdrawn, what would be the state i3t hdsie trade, wlilcli is gow i\e only (rade ' that remunerates the manufacturer and enables him to feed his operatives. Would not the laboring doss- es of England thei^c^cniblc the Irish peasantry, starring in the midst nf plcnlij, for the traitt of that tviplmjmmt which alono can furnish the means to buy? S. U. W. pays that " tho intercRt of millions at the iiorlli are nei;lerlcl by our Givernnient," ''while a few hundred thousand at thcsnuth have an accredit ed representative at St. James, watching every move- ment which may affect their favorite exports." It is somewhat illii»eral, if not invidious, in S. R. W. to ac- cuse tho South with nny thing more tinn their due fjuniitttvi of social, and political sins. Tho facta in the case are simply thete : Corn is indigenous in England, but Cotton is not, and besides cotton ia on indispensable article in her mnnufnctures, hence tho duty on our fluur there, and the fne adinission of our cotton. The South is no more to blame for this discrimination on the part of England in favor of their great staple, than they are that the Compromiso Law imposes no duly on imported silks and wines. The South was willing to have these articles taxed, but Mr. Cloy preferred placing the duly on such corres- pondent articles as were nianuloctured in the United Slates. Y'ct by admitting silks free, the exports of the south are increased to the maiiifesl prejudice of the nation at large. I might extend this communication by dwelling on the importance, not of encouraging a free trade wiih ibo old over populated and cheap producing nations of Europe, but of diversifying our agricultural and man- ufacturing productions in order to build up a home trade, which alone can guarantee to the farmer and manufacturer » remuneration for tlicir labor, secure from without. But 1 am aware that there are many readers of your paper, who still "sigh for the keks and onions of Egypt." I therefore condndo wiib the Scriptural quotation, " Ephraim has joined bimseli to idols, let him alone." S. W. Waterloo, July 10, 1811. RcmarUs. — It is agreeable to our feelings (and we believe it is in accordance with the wishes ol the Bia- jority of our readers,) that a small epoce in the Farm- er should be devoted to the discussion of important subjects not strictly agricultural, (nor parly political) but we hope our correspondents who write on theee subjects will study brevity and perspicuity; and al- ways aim at the elucidation of truth — remembering thai discussion does not mean coniroccrsy. — Eds. Practical Remarks on the Silk Culture. To the Editors of the Ncio Genesee Farmer: It was with pleasure I noticed in your last publico lion your determination to devote more space in your valuoble paper to communications on the subject of the Silk culture. I hope the day is not distant when a paper devoted exclusively to that subject will find ornple support in this western section of the State. I have no desire ro occupy any portion of your paper unprofiiably ; but the interest I feel in the success and permanent establishment of that business, han in- duced me to trouble you with a few remarks address- ed to ihe Farmers of this section of the State, with a view of inducing them to make a fair trial — beginning small, and increasing as their knowledge and stock increases. 1 have no desire to effect that purpose by exagger- ated statements, and shall stale nothing but what is founded on facte, in my own experience, or that of others wiihin my knowledge. I moke my stalcment of what can be done by what I know has been done. I know that any farmer can commence at a very trifling expence. He can procure 500 Morns Mulli- caulis trees lor little or nothing. He can plant tbcm, nofrt and brairfli, in a small spot of good fffnti, In llie 12G THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, For the i\eK Genteee Farmer. PJatural Philosophy. *-^ Why ia it that bo lililc altcnlion io bestowed in "'dying tbe Woiks of God by wliicU we are aur- ded? How cnn tbe Power and Goodness of tbe Almigbty bcmore gloriously exemplified than by re ference to tbe Skill and Design manifested ibrough- jiul all Nature? From the minutest to tbe mightiest, the works of the Creator are every where characterized by the wise adaptation of means to endf— by traits of Wisdom and Beneficence which proclaim wilb "silent elo- quence" tbe glory of the Eternal God. The Farmer is less excusable than any oilier man for neglecting the wide field of Practical Wicdom fur- nished for bis contemplation by tbe objects constant- ly spread before Lis eyts. The Earth and the Iles- yena — from the soil and the dews of which bis har- vests are blessed— are everywhere replete with won- ders. The millions of worlds which glisten around him, are scarcely more wonderful than tbe animal- cute which sport in thousands through a drop of w» ter! The study of Natural Philosophy ia replete with in. tercst and instruction — it cheers tbe heart, elevates the mind, and promotes the love of God and man in the human heart. It should be one of the prominent studies in our schools, for nothing could more effect- ually enlist the interests and affections of the young — it should be a frequent theme in the sacred desk, for what more powerful auxiliary could Religion have in securing tbe attention and dignilying the character of manhood? Let the Farmer consider well this matter— consult some of the writers celebrated in Natural Science — exorcise his own powers of observation and reflection — and he will never regret that he has read this article, if what we write shall have the slightest tendency to encourage him in "looking through Nature to Na- ture's Gcd," ROCHESTER. For the I^ew Genesee Fanner. Education-- Agr!culture"t!oriet;t feeliu; well exprcs. GARDENICR'S JOURiNAL. 127. ; cul, ore iinmcs which nre destined, with L' lo any of their distinguiehrd contcnipo ^.iL'ceesors, to oc-upy the highest nichca of m the records of Amerienn Agrieulturo. Physii'iil Uot and we!, hns helped to bring on many nialn- -the abandonment of wrestling and other games ng great nuf'cular elVorts, (though perhaps the )nment is wmsc,) may be a cause of the increase l)leness. In short, less of hardship nnd more in modes of living, have e.xerted their enerva- ifluence upon our commnnity for the Inst quar- a century. And though we are still a vigor- nergetic and enterprising people; yet, as these teristics are becoming less prominent, it is pro- U9 to inquire into the causes and help to slay perotions; We feel the duty incumbent, be- wc think that the intellectual, moral nnd religi- aracter of individuals and nations, hns a close timate connection with the henlih and strength body. The public good, (not its prosperity in making merely) — the public good — in the it, broadest, deepest sense of the terms — isclose- rwoven with the general health and strength people. Therefore necessity is laid upon those /ould be faithful public teachers, to discounte- all customs which tend lo bring on general ness. commenced with a quotntien from a wise man 2n limes — *' Hast thou daughters? Have a care r body;" and it was our purpose to say dis- ', that the physical education of those who are the mothers ol the ne.xt generation, is the first •1 parents; yoe, we distinctly put this branch of lion first; for while we would have habile of md obedience early formed, we are persuaded hese nnd other good habits are of much less to the world whefi found in one of feeble con- on, than when connected with a healthy frame, as power to act out the promptings of the soul. tjie child hardy; and to do this, the food must iple, the clothing loose and comfortable, nndez- 3lo the weather in all ita states, must he ha- The dirt, and w«t and cold into which the will rush with delight. Ere all contributors to its and energy of character. There is much nra- nt prudence in keeping children within doors — cruel kindness in keeping them from exposure ch weakening poison in the Itealthful delicacies bed for their feeble digestive organs. Let Uind- 0 your offspring be far-sighted. Let it remem- at health is promoted by vigorous e.xercise and Let it not forget that winter's snows and ler's suns help to harden and strengthen the ng body. the child from immoral habits and eier- ttle more restraint than is nccesanry for this, the foundation of firm benlth is apparently well There has been a tendency for a few years pnst cethe growth of the intellect in advance of phy- growth; but this is a contravention of the e of nature, and must in many instances bring death or debility. He who formed the myste- connection between the body and soul, has ob- ly designed thnt the growth of the former shall de that of the latter; and any course which sbnll nturely develope the mind and call it into high- 'orouB e.xercise in early childhood, is necessarily ded with dnnsrer of destroying the body. we designed to speak particularly of the phy- educntii>n of dnughtcrs. Let them be accustom send the girls to the milking stool and to tho lighter work in the field. We arc not without n share of the feeling on this subject which pervades this viein- ily; and yet looking at the future nnd reasoning from well known facts, the conclusion is irresislihlc thnt it would be better — far holler — better for Ihcni and bet- ter for tho ne.xl generation, that our dnughtcrs should engage in the out-door Inlnrs which their grnndmo- Ihers pciformt'd. Then n ficslior hlooni would sprcnd over their cbe:ks, and nmrc honllhlul lilo»d would flow in all their veins. They would discharge their bonsohold duties with more despatch and less fiitigue. Their spirits, graduated by their health, would dif ("use moic life into the family circle — nnd the mind, sympathizing with the body, would he clearer in its perceptions, more prompt in its decisions, more efTi- cient in all its operations. Ijooking forward to the future, we see not how it is pos.^iblo tor any other thnn a feeble race to be pro- duced from tho pale faced girls, of compressed forms, thnt nre growing up in both city and country. The subject isone of dnlicncy, but it is so closely conncct- tcd with humnn welfare, that some obvious Irulho connected with it should not be suppressed. We say thnt the snmc Inws by which, in brutes, the on'spring partake of the characteristics of the parents, operate in the human species; nnd no female can expect to be the mother of a healthy family of children, who has not a firm robust constitution. The weaknesses pro duced by stimulanta, by unwholesome food, innctivi- ly, impure air, light lacing, thin shoes, or a\oidance of vigorous exercise, will be transmitted to their children. The sine of the parents are visited upon the children for gcnernlions. These truths tench n lesson that shonld he heeded. Could the young of either se.x, but be made acquainted with the facts which we hnve witnessed, they woul.-i learn ihnt the marriage relation often — very often results in a fiimilv of (eenle and inefiicicnt children, and this too in con- •equcnce ol such weakness in the parents that should have deterred them froxi entering into the married Btntc. For wo hold it to be wrong for ,iny intelligent being to be voluntnrily instrumental in bringing oth- ers into existence, when tlie probability is strong that the children will inherit such vvcnknesses as wi 1 ren- der thorn unhappy or burdensome to society. This subject of physical education is more closjly connected with human welfare than almost ntiy other that can be agitnted. We have not discussed it; but the hints here given may cause some of our readers to make it a matter of serious and us-ful reflection. Should we but fijcl it a duty to disclose all our con- victions relative lo this subject; and could our advice he taken, many of the young of each sex would go down to their graves unweddod nod childless, and this loo, not oftner from any faults of their own, than from the faults of parcnu and of fashion, which have ren- dered them prematurely feeble. — iV. E. Furtner. The Working-.lfan's I)n'e!Iiaig. " Wbea we mean to tmilti, We first survey the pli.1, then ilraw llie model ; A nil wlicn we ace the tigure of the house, Then must we vote tile cost of tlic erection " Kinff Henry IF, part 9. There is such a satisfaction in having a house of one'a ov.'n, that most Americans begin to think of building B8 soon as they arc rich enough, [t is pro- verbial that this becomes a mania, even in the coun- try, with men of wealth. In quantity, therefoie, wc have no lack; the defects nre in the quality of our ar- chitecture. For want of observing the plain dictate of reason contained in my motto, many great houses are fmished lees splendidly than they were begun. As I seldom take a walk without seeing the dwelling of some mechanic going forward, 1 am anxious to make n few suggestions on this point. A good site is almost every thing: in such a land as ours, few are compelled to build in bad situations. Yet half the houses we see in the country are disadvanta- geously placed. How little advantage is taken of na- tive gloves ! I have in my eye a very costly edifice, just near enough to a beautiful copse to tempt the be- lief that the proprietor wished to avoid its shades, while he is making a strenuous effoH lo bring forward some starveling trees in n miseinbie clay before his door! The general detign is next in importance: this is what strikes the distant beholder. The eye is shocked when, in a clever building, the door has three windows on one side and five on tho other. The pro- lions of length and height, the pitch of roof, the number, and size, and arrangement of lights, are all regular and vigorous exercise, and that too in .matters which demand careful study, in order to pro- 'pen air, It is becoming almoet barbonons to do^e a gnodelTect; but in most eases tliey nre left to chance or whim, ayminetry is as cheap as dispropor- tion, nnd rich men should not mouojiolizc all mntnesa aiul taeie. A good plan gives beauty lo the jilaincsl materials, while no expense can render a false propor- tion ilrf;nnt. A well. designed cottage; of the hum- blest dimensions and simplest fabric, fills the eye, nnd gives repose to tho mind. But finery cnnnot hide bnd taste; it often betrays it. Wc may hero npply Crabhe'a couplet — " Faults Hint In ibisly pictures rest unknown, Arc ill ail Instnnttlirough the v.inilsh shown." Men wlio como euddenly to wealth are greatly in dan- ger of falling into this trap. The showy in nichitcc- ture is usually coupled with the vulgnr; just ns in dress the finest are not the truly well-bred. Pope has satirized this abuse of ornament: "Load some vain church with old llirntrlc ttntcj Turn arcs of triumph to a garclcn gate ; Reserve your ornanicnta, and liang tlieni all On some patch'd dog-hole eked Willi ends of wnU " Then clap four slices of pilaster on't, Thnt laced with lilta of rustic nialies :i front. Shall call the winds through lonij arcades lo roar, Proud to catch cold at a Venetian door." Some of our builders, I hope, will read these es- says: iheir influence is of great moment. If well in- structed, they will tell such as apply to them, thnt the word Architecture la not confined to the ninsf-y piles of public cdiliccfl, but that the very same principles which draught ihc Birmingham Town Hall, or the Made- laine, can descend to plan the cottnge or the rustic bridge. These principles ought to he studied, not on- ly in ourcoll^^, but our lyccums, and other institu- tions for the instruction of our working-men. Books of architectural plane should be compile d and sbstrnct- ed from the more costly European publicnlions. 1 am sure anyone who is familiar with the Tuilnr's Maga- line, will grant thnt there is no insupertble obstacle in the way of a builder's periodical. And not nrchi- tects alone, but all planners nnd proprietors should fn- miliarize their cyo to the conleniploiion of good models. The day it is to be hoped will come, when even the day laborer will not think it necessary to be elovcnly because he is poor, nnd when the most incessant drudges shall begin to see that there are some good things besides coin and bank-notes. The practical man whose views nre enlarged, will not fnil Ki see that lileasuresof imaginaiion and taste have also their price. Decoration naturally comes after use; we build our houses before we decorate them. But in the advance- ment of feociety, there is a singe at which men always set a value upon ornnincnt; and though these circum- ftanccs may breed luxury, Ihcy have fruits which aro desirable, such as iiicren.''ed contentment, plncid joy, refined taste, cheerful reflection, and the love of home. Along the bank of a half-finished canal I saw, the other day, as;^tllement, which, at a furlong's distance, showed the oricin of its tennnta. Extemporaneous huts, bnrrel chimneys, floors without boards, windows without glnes, and a dunghill nl the entrance; these flffiJrdtd the symptoms of a hovel. Here was no deco- ration, and I argue concerning this settlement, that' there nre no intellectual pleasures, no taste, no gende- ness, no fireside happine^. Let me change the scene. I knew a family of Eng- lish people, no richer than those juet noticed, who lived in a dwelling no larger than one of these — but how diffurcnt 1 I sec it yet in memory, its whitened pa- lings and beaten walk to the door, its tight sides and close roof, nnd especially its edge of summer flowers around a plot of the clt-3nest grnss, nnd its roses cud idbine creeping over every window. They were poor, but they were tidy. More thnn this; they were fond of natural beauty, and fond of home, and there- fore always aiming to mnke home lovely. Every reader has many times seen the same thing, and some have already learned the connect-on between simple decoration and domestic viitue and peace. — Why does an English cottnge strike an American with surprise ? Why does he look, as at a strange thing, upon the French peasantry Inking their eve- ning repast beneath their trees and vines ? Because we Americnns arc so peculiarly practical, and so pos- sessed of the demon of trade, that nothing is valuable which cannot be sold. Value is becoming equivalent to vendibility. Valuable means saleable: worth means money. If a flower, or a hedge-row, or a cascade, or a bust, or a prospect, add lo ihe price under the hnm- mcr, these things are valuable, and are strnightway in- serted in the liihogrnphic view of the auctioneer. They are useful. Usefulness is thnt qnnliiy of things where by they bring money. — Working-Man, 128 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. i The Orclinidist's ComimDicn. Will the Farmer's Cabinet, or some ono who knows, plc.ne intorm ns of tho " Terms" of this piib- liCBtion? It is of course » splendid work, but is it not too costly for our republican economy? The Rata Baga Hook. In accordance with the request of Mr. Erns'.us Skinner, we give a description of his ruta bnga hook, aa published in tho Cultivator. The implement is made with a strong eye and a handle like n common hoe ; the blade is a pieco of a hand-saw plate, 4 inches by G, riveted on to the eye; the hooks or prongs are six inches long, and of thr aamo piece with the eye. In using it, tho man walks ali^ng the row, and by a light blow with the edge cuts off the top ; then turns it and with the hook sMo pulls up the root. Any good common band can top and pull from 600 to 800 bushels with it in a dar. Blight iti Pear Trees. There has been much complaint in thIWbction of country, about blight in pear trees. The bark upon the pear tree is thinner than upon almost any other tree, and as the sap flows, the hot rajs of the sun against the stock of the tree, atop the circulation ; and the consequence is, that a space two or three inches wide on the sun aide dies, leaving the stock dead. I would recommend to tuke the bark from a chestnut, iomething larger than tho pear tree, place it sap sida up exp jsed to the sun, until it rolls up, place it around the trunk of ;lio pear tree, and lei it lemain during tho hot weather. Yours, JONA. J. WATSON. Buc'isCo., Pa., 1841. WonJeiful Precocity. Friend Batmum— My beautiful half blood Dur- ham Heifer "Nelly" aged Onk year and tkn days, was this day safely delivered of a fine heifer calf, aired by " Welham." So far as my kno.vledge extends this case has not n parallel, and I am happy to say that tUo yomig mother and her offspring are ap. paremly doing well. Respectfully, J. C. HATHAWAY. Farmhi^lon, 7 tro 3, 18-11. We have n;ver known an instance of precocity quite equal to the above. Alexander Kelaey, Esq. of this city owned a heifer last year which calved at the age, we believe, of II mouths. — Y,t)3. "Gnlllbilily" Galliuipix;rs ! In our June nuni);cr wc eoi)iei from an cxdiange paper a short pLrajrnpIt heniletl wonderful discotEry, announcing the very in porlanl fact Ihst Mosiiuiloes might lie suhslitutcl for Z.sccbc9, in Die.lical prnclice. Uut " one of our agricuUnral conte iiporarirs" in so fc,-.rful, lest his renders will be /m« fcuy^crf, th.1t betakes special pains to advise Iheai " not to f.irsakc their harvp«s to enter into this Mosquito Specula- lion !" Now wrareqnp.e sure that our brother scrllie wonlil not treat this subject with so much indignity, ivpre h; not igno- rant of its importance. If he had ever traveled in the Great West, he would liave been aware that these animals form the principal part of the live stock of many parts of that eountry. Along the borders of the Maumee and Wali,i.«h rivers, they have an improved breed of iHosquilocs, called Gallinippers, whL-h in size and action greitly e.\cel the kind known in this sl.itc. They are easier rilsed than Berk- shire pigs, and are in much more common use than Iccchef, for the purpose of depiction. We see but one reason why tl-ey should not become quite an article of sp^cul.ntinn : and that 1-1. the neteisiiy of caging therain the Bpring of the '^Ki", lb pre>*«-nit«ir punln-j rtp th« C<»r«' Does the Curciilio fly up into the Trees I A correspondent informs us that the CurcuUo can fly (!) and consequently any contrivance fi.ted around the body of the trees will prove of no avail. Now wc readily adniit the premise but the inference does not necessarily follow. We have«o(, as he imagiries, "fiillen into the conmion error of supposing that this insect crtnnot fly." But does it fly up in- to the trees?— th.al is thC(iue3tion. Who will answer from positive ki.owledgc ? The Silk Buvnl) Lim was passed as reporleil by the As- cml.ly and pul lished in the June number uf this paper. It .-as not altered or amcj-.dcd. Lute Gti^Ii.rih News. The .S:eani-Ship Great Western arrived at New York, July *i9, with London dales to iha 1-lth. The whole country was in a greni state of excitement on account of tho elec'.ions, which were nearly over. The re- lurns werejiot quite all in, but It was certain that the Tory parly would have a majority in the new parliament, anii consequently an entire change would lake place in Ihe iVil i- isterial Cabinet. This revolution renders ii pretty certain Uiat no modification of tho Corn Laws will take i)Iaco at present. This Bulijecl was male a lest question in mos^ pans of the kingdom, but so powerful is Iho lufluence of Ihe landcJ interest that U controls tho majority of voters Ills prelictej that the triumph oftlietoiies will be lihorl live4 ;— Wethink It likely. The appearance of /Ae crops is said to be promising, but the weather had been r.itber^unfavorulde of late The pri- ces of Wheat and Flour had advanced Nomewbat. Ameri- can Flour iiih.m 1 wasselliui' afJls to 2j». pcrbbl. NEW YOUK MAltKKT. WEDSESDiT, Jdi.t, 28.— The receipts of Flour to-d.iy are trilling — the denianj is moderate \Ve quo'.e Ocnesce at 8.),jO a o,.>i a S,'>j— ?ioiitliern SJj.oO. In consequence of a temporary light sup- ply of Ohio dn. lu Southern rtuur there is no change. OSWEGO. Oswnno, Jcly 2.5.— Flour has declined during tho past week, i.nd is now worth at our mills fioui 93 to 3,iS, A fall in Ihe New York and Canadian markets, and improved prosi)ccts of the new crop about coming in, has given a downward tendency to prices. Fire hundred barren chang- ed hands on Saturday, at one of our mills, at ®5 ; while S-j,l'2i was refused at another mill. MONTRE.VL. MoSTREAl., Jolt !».— Flour— The market Is extremely dull, but prices are not F.l'.cro I. Genesee al 93,30 a .1.59: Ohio e.Vi> a 3,.')U-, and IMidil;.';n 8.5,50 n3,:i;i. Ashe.5 — Fol oehes S5,5U. I'earls, no sales. CINCINNATI. CmciKYATi, July 25.— Flour— Since vesterdny noon, 3!>1 bhla. havelieen receive! by canal, about iwo-thlrds of which were sold at S4,18,one email lot at 4,2o, and 0:1 bids, a choice brand, al 84,31. A sale of al.out 150 bids. Citv Mills yesler- day evening, at® 1,37— still selling by dray load atgl.SO. CLEVKLAXD. Clevelakd, JoLV 27 .—The supplies of wheat by wa"ons are very trifling, and «I per bushel is re.ulilv p.iid. -S-ales from boats have ran?e.l from §1 a ,Sl,oa,according tonualitv The quantity offering is small Flour h.isliecnriffiring more freely, than iho demand re- quired.-nd prices have given wav, sales having been made at 84,iht a $.j from boats : lire latter price is not accented by some of the holileis. No AnvERTL'SEMESTS Will be Inserted in this paper etcept svli-ii as relate to Agriculture, Horticulture or rurnl air.iirs- and none will be inserlel more th.in three times in siiccesl sion. Termtaf Adrcrtinn^—Far liWncs, or le -i, ^1, fur the first insertion, and 50 cents for each subiequnt inser- e\giaIsh imported sued whrat. FIFTEEN or Twenty kinds of the linesl varieties of I'voLiHii Wheat are for s.ale at the Seed more. Ama- teur larmers are invitel to cnll and r-x.-xtninp it Aug. 2. BATEintl ,t: CROSMAN. FAXiIi SEaSO.V. THE IMPORTEDENGLISH HORSE ALFRED IS now at my Stable inGrcec. —near the Canal— and will day of September. All mares which may bo sent shall receive the best nt'end- ance, occ: leats and escapes being at tlie risk of the owner. s west of Rochester, ) there until the first «ree-:K. .f nly'TOtli, 1851. THOMAS tvrnm.K,. Great Sale of Dnrham Cattle. THE sale of cattle, advertised by the siibscriler tottl place.ithis farm, on Wrdncsd.iy, 21st of July. ; ideratii '.(^^ On those days alius farm near Che\ i.it, seven miles from Ciii. ihiu PeriKipS THE GHEATEST NTMnEa OP REALLY CHiuri; IM iv I'ALSOFTUE IMPROVEnsHOkr-UuRN DLRUA.MS, tO 1 C fuUnd' ; There will be sold .at the same time and place, a labI.; NOMriEn OPEIXEiniOS, orTUCOnAZlEa AND BEnKSHlRHBarE I a variety of sheep, consisting of Sr'Ulhrlowns, llnkeucj i . Cotswolds. &c. — the property of many of the best breedi L of this region. ' Also, a very fine farm of 113 acres, with good brick hot jl and other improvements. The terms of sale for the cattle, will be one year*t credit and for all sums over 8HI00the privilege of a fiir:her yea: !, by p.ayingei.v per cent, iuleresl— approved persona* \l real The term's for the farm will be one fourth in liand, and I balance in three annual payments, with annual interest six per cent —with mortgage on the premises for the unp! part, WILLIA.M NEFP Cincinnati, O. Julq ISIh, 1841. FKiriT TREES. THE snhseribers have for sale, at their Nurserv, ne M.acedonville on the Eric cnual, 3000 Peach trees, of thrifty growth, at 25 eta. each, 420 r ICO. 6W0 Cherry trees, (seedling stocks,) from 3 to » ft. hii 37i c!«. each. 701) Apple trees, 3 to 7 ft high, 25 cents each, .SIP per 1« And in addition, a few hundred pear, apricot, and neet riiie trees, of smaller size and of the best varieties. The Peach trees consist chicfiv of the following voricie Early Ann. Tillotson's Early, Large Red Itiireripe, ICnr York. AVhite Imperial, Royal Kensington, Seabott'a flari red.) Yellow Alberge, Red Cheek Midocoton, Late Yor d Heath, forming a succession of fine fruit for more tbi twt nths F.ii The varieties of Ihe apple Harvest, Bough, Sine qua J berry, R.-imlio, Uellflower, S The Cherries include the iMay' Duke, Early Richnion Black Tartarian, %Vhite Tartarian, Black Curone, Transp; rent Guigne. Cnrnaliiui. &c. ^TT All of which hare been propagntcd from bearing trei and their genuineness or excellence fitiiy ttated by rigid exam nations iif the fruit. JZI\ This practice will be invariably adhered to, however tini ted in couseiiuence may be liic supply. In propagating, fn use has been made al all times of ibe line collection ofpri ved fruit in the possession of David Thomas of Cayuga com ty, and no pains have been spared by the subscribers in ej tending their list of varieties for e.iamination, scleclior Irom which, in addition to the above, will be olTered to tit public next year Ordei " lers fromadislaucc, directed "Thomas & Smith, Macn .oJ don, Wayne county, N. Y." accompanied with remittance* i^i will be faithfully and promptly attended lo. Orders may ai| so be left with David Thomas, near Au ora, Cayuga count* ^ Purchasers will please stale when any discreiioii is giv« the subscribers as to selection. W Ii. SMrill. Maccdon, 8 mo. I, 1841. J. J. TIIO.MAS. ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. CURRECTF.D FOH THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, AUGUST 2, WHEAT, per bushel, . . . . Jj . 1 ,06 CORN, OATS, " BARLEY, " RYE " BEANS, White,.. " POTATOES, .... " (-now) APPLES, Desert,. " (do.) " Dried,... " FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl . . " Fine, .... " SALT, " PORK, Mess, .''>0. 35.. 44.. 50.. 63J. $ 1,09 75 8r! 6,00 4,50 1.50 10,00 11,00 ' Prime,.... " 9,00 10,00 BEEF, per 100 lbs 4,00 4,.''>0 EGGS, perdozcn, 10 ]2J BUTTER. Fresh, .. per pound 10 ^^ 9 Firkin, CHEESE, " ... LARD, " ... TALLOW, Clear, ... . "... HIDES, Green " ... PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. POT, " .... " .. WOOL pound,.. HAY, ton, GRASS SEED, . . . .bushel, . . FLAX,.... " "... PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton, 6,00.'. " bulkfnt Wlieotlnnd) a,.^ i The weather is fine, and farmers are busily engaged har vesting their wheal. But little business is doing in mar ket 1 some sm.iU lots of new wlieat have been brought in mostly for retail trade. The price of wheat is r.-ither un settled al present, and has decline I a trifle, but wo do noi think Ihe late accounts from England and New York an ;alcillr.te-J lo depress the markets. Con.^iderable quantltiei if flour have lately been rlilppee-l froaj this place for ^lon- :rtiat-ch«a1 traiTe diii. 5.... .5,00.... 4,.50.... .-JO.... . 40 8,00... . . 9,00 i,(;o... ...1,50 ."5"- • • B. KATK!! A.M, F. CUOS.MW, I rovrictors. ^ ^ ^ X JOHN T TIIOMS^ S M. U. IJA'i'i;ilAiM, 'rr^Voj' IFTV CKXTS, jjcr year, iiaynlilc always in advance, ost .M;'.slcrs, .\;(-cii:s, and others, sending money tree of ,2C. will receive setCrtCDiiics lor ©3, — 'i'ir«/i-c coiiies for ■'I'lceuiy-Jive eo])ies for ©10, 'Ac /ft-s/flu-e of this paper is only one cent to any pla«e hin tht3 sitt'.e. antl one and a half cents to atiy part of Untied SLales. S5 !JAI't;HA:«&CI!0'=i:,IA>f, Doehesler. N'. Y. CO.VTK-VrS OI' THIS KlJiUHKK. iwfor tlieM!>;ith. Wheat imJ 0«niJ» Tlii5-.!e. The V appliril to Aprr.-nltilre— The New IVorlJ, nr icnl -vstciU. I;rn:5. Fu.^l lint in She-p. Rc- of llie \^ est. n liea'. aul Flour Trade of M,)nrn;- I o. .K^. l-'Rir Cotu«iittee3 Kric :o. J-n>rsnr. C, 133 :»«ra('... I. >;!L-t.n Cii. VVnvucCo. The Dronslit. 'acts ai' I ir- ■ --.mi: (111 I^ilk CiilUire— Cie.i.-^e .Men's I . ki.ort 133 ^fort ■■!■, , , :; - - . !< ricnts of .^;«»s.^chllse■.te.■' the Ini .. ■, ■ . : ,-, .■,'„::-.ti': ( ultiv.itioii 131 \Vor;,,u^,iiiii-.Hu.:i,- i'i.'asiU-i'«. .'.lorn. Tluc.klhorn ica^e 135 n.i Agri.-iil. Fair at t^\ra.-.use. Dcsirucliyc Hail !l. S n.irpPuiniisTliarhinc— r.ngraring 136 lal Planting. Tjie Suhtcnde.i Uee-hive— Engra- 137 l3-« ation of Crops. Early suppers n Ljws. The pro lucts of lahor the only real weailli. [ichigan. lOvaporatinr. I,ird I,imp«.. '. 159 ;crops oflfrll in East BIf ..iiil -1 i TMeive Varieties r Wheat 140 r-rospects of Tr.-.'i ■ -.:'.,] ■]<- lUrrest .n V^nf- •.nd. A Le.teron Fe.ii^ie ^, r 1 , i;;o'i|uii. Inquiries ; Ashes Ill iri lieasii.i- ndEluca'ion. Sc culture in ."ilisso ■VAdvertisemcuts. -*Br a|.s. 1.1; To^Readeis utid Coi respondeat?. Te are compelled to omit etivcrnl cDminunications, 33 written in Caiti Ja, nnd various other mRttcrs in- ded for tUi« number. Oar friends must tpritt '.ier in the month to enjttro th«ir enicles an in'er Mr. Bileham h«3 bssn abssnt moat of the past .udi. Hints for tite Month. lowing toht^t is ths most iniporlant oper-tstion to ist farmers during this month. It i« a matter of le consequence whelhor the cultivator obtains ten, ;hirty bushels nt next harvest. jStthebu.'jineEs then be done right. Above all, do sow after wheat of this year. Wanv ofthemiss- • crops this season rcsuhcd from ihis prnctice. ?tough deep at lenst once, where the. soil will ad- :ofit. If subsoil ploughing csnnot bo practised, ne aa near to it as you can. A large portion of the ■soil of Western New York, as well as of other cas, contains a portion ofninrl (lime,) and mixing vith the rest of iha so,l. is one of the very best ys of applying this manure. Independently of this, g plougbinj; is very ufcful. 'longh ertn/y and tu-n ijacraio furrows. This is ■ only way to do the thing right. jrjt the beat seed you can find in all the country ;a if it does cost a little more. Tlie kind wc re- nmendod on page 141 of last volume of this paper, ly sustains the character there given of it. Let urEeedboas clean as possible, as it is excocuingly liali to lake siteh pa'iis to plough and prepare your a land f.-r wheat, and then go and sow cixtcIc, ?e9, and sneh wrrtrhrd stu^Tl'or a emp. Lastly, plough in your wheat with a light plough, leaving it rough just as the plough leaves it. At lenst try the priiciice. We have known it to succeed admirabli'. And do not forget the well clcnncd sur- face furrows for draining, where they ore wanted. Cut up •orn this month as soon as it becomes h.ird, that the fodder may be well saved. The ripening process will fce fully complete by the nonnshmcnt af- lerwRrds derived from the stalks. Never mutiluio corn by to^/iing it. Let your hoga begin to hovo the dropping apples from the orchard, snd they will fatten rapidly. Never feed ungrouud gruiu o( any Kind, lo hogs. Let your BwiU or hsg-poniJge be /crmeniirf ifyou cannot b»il it — to do which, you mutt have two swill tubs or barrels, feeding from one while the oth- er is r?rnienting. Bat extensire hog-farmers should nlvvij's boil the food. Keep every thing in firet-rate ordar— 'Catlle in good keeping and fine condition— ^horses lively, nnd not over worked nor under fed — calves fat and growing, BO thet they may winter well — and every thing elte in equal stylo — (nd finally, pursUiS the maxim of the distinguished clmsical American sttics.iiSn, — " E-» nirs you'rt right, then GO AHE.'iD! " ' Wbeat Rnii Canada ThisUes. If the Canada Thistle should generally induce our farmers to cuUivete their land better, its tvil a«p«ct woidd be gre.itlj softened, though wo should not dare to call it a blessing in disguise. In yeors pa?twe hav« frequently cndesvorcd 'tocall the attention of cultivators to this sulucct ; nnd hsvc given some detr.ils of the facility with which ibis wcfi] could be destroyed; but cur Inst number cnnlaing two communications, "Which we think deceive some fuithcr notice; and we would hold them up for the encour- agement nf ethers. " I commenced about the first of .Ti-ne." says our friend V. YioMirts at page Jl-!, "and plmighcd ibcm abort once a month, and hanowed them as ofien — till about the first of October. The result is, their en- tire dcstnietion, exce;it a few place* where the plough ing could not ho v.-ell done." Not 'ces fnvorr.blo is the report of our corrcspond- eni AtGt;sTW D. Avers at page 117. '-The ficb! cnntainLd si.f .icre?, principally ncciip'cd with Cana- da thistles, on which a Florida wf r h.';J boon n aged fur twenty.Rve years, r.r more, v.iih Inile pmspccrof success or termiuiuion. — In ihp latter part of May, 1 broke it up— ploughed the ground deep four times, and harrowed as often in the hent of fiummer.— I'Us result was [;ij killed Ihe Canada thistles, and m'y ground :s in good condition for after cropping." In consequence of this superior culture, nnd high man- unng, ^\\^ crop of wheat which followed was very nne; nnd we ore left to infer that nearly sixly bushela to the acre were obtained. Two causes have conspired to make farmers slo- veniy, and to spread the Canada thistle: One is, the sirong desire to rniee all the wheat they can. by put- ting in as much of their land as possible; ai:d the other is, the very short time they have to prepare the ground Business in tho growing season of this climate, hur- ries the fanner nt every step. Tho getting in of sp'^iiUj; crops i.? o.Pten jfehtly retarded bv unf/Tvnrah'e weather, nu'l sheep-shearing, road mcndiiig,and some* limes continued rains, interfere with breaking up ihft fallow, l^ben comes ihe hoeing of corn, potatoe.*, and field-beets; and unless the fanner bestirs himself, bay- making will be on his heels. Hnivcttiug the bailey, wheat, and oats, is rnrely finished before the niii'dia of the latt month of summer when many are begin- ning to sow their wheat — so near do seed time and harvest approach in this district. How then is mcii- uring and ploughing tho fallow once a month to Lo accomplished ? Go over lens ground — apply tha some amount of labor tr) half the quantity of land— raise double crops to iho acre (no weeds) — and rceejvs iht- remnindcr of the farm lor pasture end nicodow. Sometimes however, sloveuiy management ana- ceed-? well with ^vhefa: and lo succeed once, li!;o gaining a pri'ze in a lottery, rncourcges the farmer tg try it oguiti, though there are ten chances against him. Success is always sure lo be rcincinbcrctl. " Ciirn stubble," or potato grcun.l is c'teii sowed too lae for ihe wheat to tiller, tor it rarely ilrvrr ulleis weil in thi.i district if sowed more than a week sfier lite run cros.ge3 the line; and then bcUveen fieeziiig out in the winter and spring, and the rust or blight in sum mer, die crop stands hut a poor char.co. From lot- teries of all kinds farmers cr.ght to keep clear. We now revert te aunth-.r branch nf cur subject. Deep ploughing, or pulling up the ibitiles by band, is far more deoiruc.ivo Ihtm to cut litem oil near tlia surface. In tho latter case, the horizontal root with the upri.^'bt stem attached to il, rctnnins undistuihr-il; and ihe plant prepares to recover its loilago v.-itbaul delay. But when the plough bjealis up the horizon tal runner, or the harrow draws its frsgmeius to tee iurface it ooon perithes in dty weather. Theie is a profit in taking the most thorough course. t The Flov/crs cf Summer, Very few annual (ioweri; have succeeded this ?eji eon, so severe has been the drought. We hava not seen s Bahamine, except some that were n-.tered by n sm.?!l rdl. Conrnlit.Us irieoler r.Tid Zmniir eoccirt- .1 attempt to display their becutie:., but ihcy often dinop in the parchmg air. Some species of Ipomsa (h.-fiuer the following) ore also in flower, but lesa vi. gornus than usual. Tho Cypress X'inr, ono nf iha most delicate forms of ihe Vegetable Kingdom, requires a rich soil, and sofms to eujiy a treat of soap-suds. It is a morning floT.er, nol intended for late risers. TIte Tir',m- Lihj, tl.ough ahortered in ite stem, has last notie of its ficshnesa : iho Gnlaidia continued lo untold its purpUdisk and yellew rays; and Erhinaptt sphrcroerphalus eppsari n9t to euffer from any lack of moisture. The same remsrk will extend to the Bust colored Ftx Glare, so erect in its stem, nnd so neat :n iti Icives; to UH^iscvs Carotinenns f with its fine rosy lioT^ors; nnd lo Ciehorivvi /jt//.'.'^/.? with hluo rays sa prellilj frin;,'ed. Yot this plant is generidly an ofT- casts because it is an intruder, hard lo fee restrained v,-ithin reasonable limits, and then pertinacaonsly ad- hering to the spot it has chosen. Silcne Regia disulays its brillinnt seartct; and the old Monthly'lloiieysuckle, like all other sweet flow- ers is less fragrant in dry air, but always interesting on account of its beauty, and of our early recollec- tions. The White Arg^cvtonc, an old fa".TV5ta— and tha modest Fnvkia Umc:-ifoUa, — bloom, w;2;igh fcehlys wh.dc Pcrlplncit grara, as if reeollectliig tlie hot dry air of its native land, seems in rejoice, and put,- forth ii3 long polished leaves cf dark green, ia abundance. Last yciir we mentioned a Phlox of sober puiplo iu the morning, which changed to a rosy hue in iha nf- ternoon. Thcsam* pheuo'menon contiiiacs, Sredi'i f^er-fling is Iftautiful. t 130 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. IHachiaery applied to Agriculture. Messus. Editoks — I herewith ecnd yen a notice in the New Yorli Tribune, of a work whicli proposes aa great a saving in the manual labor pertaining to rural economy, as thepowcrl oom has circeted in the pro- duction of cotton cloth. I have often thought that if a portion of the great labor-saving improvemcms, which have in late years been applied to manufactures and river navigation, could be so applied to agriculture as to enable the North to accomplish more, with leas bodily exertion and expense of muscle, and the South to diepensc with slave labor; that a greater social revolution would be produced by it, than our eyes have yet Been, or our hearts have yet felt. Tt may be said that man, xolivewcU, must " live by the sweat of bis brow;" figuratively speaking, that man docasolive, who lives by artificial production; the high civiliza- tion which labor-saving machintiy induces, only creates those renewed wants, which vary, improve, and stimulate production. The simple comforts which in past ages could only be indulged in by the rich, are now attainable by all; and if the time which Henry the Fourth wished for,when "every poor mon could have his lowl in the pot," has not orrivcd, it is alone the poor man's fault. It may be said that the cultivation of the potato in Ireland, by the introduction of a more cheaply raised necessary of life, has produced tho same elFect aa la bor-eaving in agriculture, and that the result has tre bled the population of Ireland without adding any thing to their social comforts. But may not the wretchedness of the Irish be attributed to other causfs that to an increased population? Is it not rather to a lack of a well directed manufacturing industry; to the want of that home trade which the absenteeism of the aristocracy produces, by leaving tho workers of the soil to the grindings of the middle man and the tiihc proctor; "Thou shall not muzzle the o.\ that trcad- oth out the corn," is one of those scriptural injunc- tions which is never read nndcrstandingly by tho land holders of Ireland. If her aristocracy would stay at home and expend their incomes there, in pro- perly encouraging and directing the industry of the people, there is no doubt but that the condition of Ireland would at least compare with either of the oih er United Kingdoms. ■ When reading Humboldt's description of thescanty and widely scattered eidtivation in some of the most fertile sections of equinoctial America, I have felt that nothing short of the discovery of labor-saving machinery to bo applied to agricultuio, could ever bring all tho arable land of those hot and debilitating regions into cultivation. What a stupendous revoia- tion in the production of tho edible things of the earth, may not bo produced by the application of ma- chinery to a soil where organic Nature is enlarged to Buch a gigantic scale, that not only the earth produces its sempiternal vegetation, the treea their parasitic families, but oven the air itself is filled to darkness by the pendant drapery of the lianas, which hang in fl's- toons from tree to tree at the height of more th.nn a hunuTed feet. S. w. Waterloo, Juhj UGth. 1841. From tin: Rem York Trilni^e. The New World, or M;iCHANicAL System, to per- form tlw Labor ,.J Man and beast by inanimate Pmcers that east nothing, for producins and pre- paring the substar.a^s of life, by J. A. ElzLcr. Pub- lished by C. F. Stollmcyer. Philadelphia, 75 pages. The object of this little work is, ns the author in- forms us, to show how to cultivate in a superior man- ner 10,000 acres of land by one machine and three or four men, with a capital less than one Dollar per aero, —how to clear land from trees and stumps, roots and Btones,— fill and drain swamps,— make dame, can- als, ditches, roads and perform any kind of work on the ground, — build hriuses, and fiunieh aa much inan- imate power for any place or stationary machine as is wanted, — ail by the same system. The author of this work is certainly a bold, on ori- ginal thinker, — is a man of a high order of talent. Men heretofore have only applied mochinery to cer- tain general purposes, — to manufactures, mechanics, navigation, &c., but Etzler has conceived the gigantic plan of applying it to the daily works of society, — to cultivating our lands, building our houses, roads, canals. &c. To do all this he does n jt make use of costly powers, like beasts of burthen ond steam, but of powers that cost nothing, such as the heat of the sun, the wind, tides, &c. He has invented machin- ery adapted to those powers, and so contrived it as to make use of them at all times. Weofcoursocongive no idea of bis liiuchinrry or invention; the book itself must be studied; it cunlains plates and full explana- tions. Etzlerhaa forseen and explained the immense ulte rior results which would follow, if machinery could be applied to agriculture and to the various dady La- bors of Man: he sees that it would do away with po- verty, elevate the condition of tho human race, fertilize and cultivate the tropical climates, which aro now ne- glected and which are the fairest portion of the earth, and lead to a great and fundamental llelcrm in society. We particularly recommend his work to attention, and we trust that he may find the rner.ns of mukin" a practical experiment of his plan. The views of the most celebrated machinists have been very limited; they havo not conceived the possibi'ity of applying machinery farther than to a few specialities. Is it not pitiful to see our large canals dug out by single spadefuls, blocks of grauito bowed by human hands; lirick? carried to the tops of houses on human should- ers 1 It seems so to us, and no one has felt it more keenly than Etzlcr, and no one has undertaken before him to invent a general system of machinery lor ob- viating it. For t/te NciB Genesee Farmer. ITEMS. Corn-cob Feed. — The best way to dispose of cobs isofcource to grind them with the corn. But we observe two substitutes which havo been successfully made use of. One is to soak the cobs in a half hogs- head of brine, when the catde eagerly thrust in their noses and devour them. The other, or better way, is to boil them. One farmer says ho would as soon throw away his fodder as his cobs. Preserving Cheese. — Solon Robinson says a neigh- bur has practised for several years the method of pre- serving his cheeses by placing thera within a hay stack, where they aro kept from freezing through win- ter. ,101 ofC» jipiioi V.rl succeeded after a year or two of careful attention) removing it entirely. He thinks it rarely reaches thot degree of mat nancy described by Eu-opean writers, by whom it represented to become contagious, and occasion t rcctly the destruction of tho animnl; or at least ti\ Jin several years would be required to produce such a suit; death appearing here to be caused by tiie sevji tyof winter operating on weakened and emacioi animals affected by the disease. mm titet ire [lie I ■In pe Foot rot in Sheep. An intelligent and euccobsful wool grower informs us of the method by which he entirely prevc7its the inroads of this disease. It is known that the sheep, when removed from its native mountains and rocks, to the soft and luxuriant pastures, no longer bus its hoofs worn away as in a stale of nature, by which as they grow they aro pre- served liesh and sound, — but the outer part, which is naturally intended to support the weight of the ani- mal, grows out of all bounds, nntil it laps nioro or leas over the sole, and retains the accumulated earth and filth which collects v.'iihin. From this the disease originates. Ac^;ording to our informant, by repeatedly and carefully paring off this crest of the hoof, as ot'ten as necessary, the disease is effectually prevented. Where it has already made progress, something more is ne- cessary, as the application of turpentine, or tar with cauterization, the disease being very similar in nature to the "foul in the foot" in cattle, which is success- fully treated by rubbing a hot iron rod with tar, be- tween the hoofs. Although it had made such pro- gress in the flocks of our informant, aa to cause indi- rectly the loss of several hundred sheep, yet he has Resources of the West— Agricultural Biche ''jj'' How can we better promote the objects for wh the Genesee Farmer was eslabllBhed, than by pnbli ing Bomo articles calculated to expand the thoughii our Farrnei-s by reference to the growing greatn and glorious destinies »f tho Mighty West? The dig tynnd importanceofAgricidture can only be prope estimated by contemplating such views aa are herep sented in the annexed statements from Mr. Penfiek formerly resident in Rochester — a man whose tale and observation enable uiiii to speak confidenily on vast topics which he diacueses. Wore Mr. Penfii unknown to us personally, we hare an endorser his behalf, whose testimony would clone secure an sertion for hia statements. That endorser is JEifnJ Hawlet — well known as one of the earliest i steadiest friends of Inteunal Improvement in t State of New York. Mr. Pehfield was formerly derlhe instruction of Mr. Hawley; and doubtless p filed considerably by tho itatislical knowledge i iw enlarged views of his friendly instructor. The arti has not suffered in value by the delay in pnblicatioi though we must apologize for omitting it till this ti — having had it in possession for some months. : it be read carefully — let its statemenls bo mntur considered — and let other et»tements beating on great questions, be attentively examined with a v: to more thorough knowledge of the vast regions V tered by our Inland Seas. From the Cleveland Herala^^ Wheat asid Flour Trade of the Westi NKW YORK AND OHIO COMPABEIl. Mb. EuiTOR — In making up some accounts on subject for a private communicatiod, I havo sii thought the figures would not be uninleiesting some of your readers; and hope I shall not be c sidcred too tedious for your columns or ihoir iience, in the closing remarks. There arrived at Cleveland by the Canal in If 504,900 barrels ot Flour, and 2,151,450 bushek Wheat. We compute the (lour as in wheat, alli ing as in other instances that follow, 5 bushels to e barrel of flour, making tho aggregate 4,675,950 bi There was bought from wsgons besides 80,000 bi of wheat and considerable Hour; the exact quan not to be ascertained, euflicient, however, for tho c sumption of the city. The exportation from ' place then was equal to 4,705,9.50 busheis. Se»i oiher points on tho Lake within this state also e^ large quantities; at Huron for instance, equivalen 472,878 buahels during th« past season. The u.xf of Ohio on Lake Erie we estimate Irom 5J to 6,0C 000 of buahols. That on tho Ohio river wo have the means of stating with so much accuracy. So portion of the 139,637 barrels of flour shipped ie from Pittsburgh; the past season, was doubtless fr Ohio wheat. "There are several points on the ri that send off more or leso, besides those of Porlsmou where the receipts by canal were 34,134 barrels flour, and Cincinnati, by the Miami canal 105,1 barrels of flour, and 97,800 biwhels of wheat. V put the river export equal to 2,000,000 of busbf mailing that of the Stale, not less than 7,500,C buflhela.* Governor Seword stotce in his message at the opi ing of the Now York Legislature, in January 1b that there was delivered in 1840, at the eastern tcrr f nation of the Erie Canal, 1,805,135 barrels of flo; i and 1,395,195 bushels of wheat, equal to 10,420,8 ' bushels. Deducting from this quantity, that p: ' which went from the Western States, as will here, i k * A recent natl f^hroniele, l l;tn;!, Huron, l*or purporting to be from the Cine, akefl the export of the State from Clc\ mouth mill Cin-iiiniiti, 8,000,OU0 bu«!-.i AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 131 e noieil, and there reinnins ne grown in the Smtc cw V.irif, 4,72!),I6^ Inishele; givine to Ohio tin rt irado of wheat over Western New York of ; ih^n 2* niiUiona ofbushe'e. or nearly 50 pur llnnyllour has been sent from Rodiester to ailn, this result will he so far nlfectcd, but we ap- end little if any hns been sent, hero entered at RulValo and Black Rock peretate- t of Custom House at Hutljilo. I.W'i.SSS bush- f whoit, and cleared from BuHnlo, per Canal octcir'a elutrnient (5^9,035 barrels of Hour. The npiion of Butl'alo and vicinity of western Hour r>nl thousand barrels more: besides small sni>- old to parts belwccn Ohio and Kutfalo. aere entered the Wclland Canal 200,016 birrels ur. and l,t'33,~t)5 bushels ol wheat, which ad- c figures at BulVulo and Black KocU, makes .' export Irom Lake Erie 7,809,908 bushels, rowth of the Wc, tern States — a surplue we shcnd not illy comparing, the relative extent of d papulation being also c.msidered, with that h V. as finrnered by .Iose,>h for PharJah, in years 1 E;;ypt yielded oven m«re than her usually abun- harvesla. We observe here, that in one county ring on Lake Michigan, the harvest ofwlieat mmnier was diniiiiishod by blight from what was ctod ns cal'/ulated by a committee, of 500,000 els. This quantity, so large, has not been brought )y high prices, for the vecy opposite has rnl.^d. f the quantity pa.'^sing the Welland canil there ed at OswagJ 707,157 bushels of wheat, and barrels of Hour: and of this 83,839 bushels of !it, 110.300 barrels of flour wore shipped east on and from Oswego, and 35,579 barrels of flour to ada. quantity as before stated by Governor ward 10,4SJO,870 uct shipmcRts from Buffalo and Os- 4,691,402 Great Britain. But it would eecin that Canada has not raised her otrn braid; for, deducing Kor western money eent her, 2,309,441 Ilercvports obovo 1,688,195 Tho dulicioncy is, G21 ,248 But let us follow this flour to the ports of Great Britain, admitted as it is by n very singular and fa- vorably constructed tarili' lor Colonial Commerce. There have boon for several monlha shipments of llour, not to a large extent it is true, making from New Yoik to Eng!anta Chapin, Ontario. ILewis Fames, Oneida, Sr i .Bhea-'M, Onondaga, _ jj. F. Osborn, Cay» ON HORTICVLTURAL PRODUCTS. r-aiii Thomas, C.^vnga IGr.aiit Thorburn, Que AjC3aniIerWiO?li,1ienllsaIacr E. Holbronlc, Dut<-he« »!ic8r Panlp'. O.llario. COMMITTEE OF AREANGE.MENTS. all, &tcte Hociety. Henry S. Ham Harvey Bnldw Luther Tucker, ' William Fuller, M. E. Batcliam. Onondaga Co. ttidcty. M. n. Rnrm E. F. Walla J.M.Eli is. The following gentlemen were appointed a com- mittee to solicit meinbofs and hinds lor the Society at Syracuse : M. D. Burnet, Ebi]. | P. D. No.ton, H. B.ddwin, Ksii P. .X. lii^st, J. R. Lawrence, Esq. | J. San lord. A<1r.E3irF- i - ' S. Turner, "f ' Henrv 15, Kan. i ■.,. ■. . John'Kester, of li,.stou S. Hopkins of Amherst. CoRRf:spn»orNo ■NDRr.roaDlNa?FnttTiRV.— T\ a«t. of Ih.ff.lo. v.ift.of Hamburgh I He , lU'fhr.n, of Checktrrw: ; Calvin Bishop, of .^l Allen, of Collins i Tim AND gard1':ner'S journal. lii'S iR.— Bt-njauiiu llocIC<-. i>f lilMk ISock. I, CuMMiirKr M.isos Cnsc, AWcn ; IJolirrt Vuii ^iirorii; joh Ui-s:o\v. Ainhorsl; Ucul"-M D. lira- k, UuiVaI.. ; Hdii.iuiin II. KcsloH, IJoston ; Joli llasi-iill, inf, Aiiiier Un!\iu, Ithi.U Uurl; ; Oraatniia Warmi, < l«- li.irdiKT J. Kipp. Chci-kluwagn; llichiird Sweet, i,Je., ; S.u,„:.-I ■I'.u-ker, Collins -. llMocl. tj. Vty, V;'"S'7'' ' iiinui" r.,le:i: \i>ron S.ilisliury, Uvaiis: Dnviil 1. lliiiiliMr"!! 1 l6;..ie Uuriplirey, llollaml: CIcinciit lake:.-,-. I..'i;u^Tsler ; ViUl.-un MM". Newslea.l ; liela II. .10. Sai-.hciin; Uriel Drigss, Toniiwnnda ; Hcjirjr U. s, Wales. NiaKara County AgrlciiUnml Society. (Ori.'ir.i:cd Jane MJ. 1"11.; LIST OK OFFICERS. 'RrsiHEVT.— Williaii. rarsoiif. ,u ^ ,i 'i:. lT.i:<;i'»Ms — liiiHiDplier Pkeelen, John GoalJ. -1) V —Joel McColluiu. Urown. :iv»eoin- . r. \V, pose the r.' I)f. TowiiJcnil, Uielinrrt f=nell, 1.111, Alaiuon T. Oilell, I.eivia B. ^. Douglass, Samuel C^.lem.iu. -1 ; Samuel Ueve.-»ux, Theodore V, .\i,lKara ; Stephen Baker. W. ion, Hartlaml ; James Wisncr, W. IMerritt. New F.ine; D-viicl l..i.,n., Johnson, Wilson; N. 51. ard John Sw.-..; <.'■,,-•. Miller, Wheatland ; John Ips.iriil'e, l.eic. I .1 .ih .Moot, Porter; Kufos ildin". AicMinili ; ' . :. , . l. Plater, Lcwieton ; ni- i McNeil, Danirl \\ . ' : .. ■ ' . Havid Gould, Cjiuibria; ron l'ars.ins,John I3.-.kcr, Alfred Pool, I'cndletou, .Viuuial fee of mcnihersliip lifiy eents.) M.-roiiiMu. ■!■ 'ijiht, l).'.iii.-l_ 11. i Livingston County Ai^rlcultural Society. F.ilr of this society will lie held at Genejco on the y of Octohcr. Owing to the lateness of the season, it cemed incvpeilienl to ofier premiums on crops this but a liberal amount will be awarded for all kinds of ilock, inipleiuents, domestic maiuifactured goods, &.0 LIST OF OFFICERS. ^VaJB- SNT.— Willil lA JIllls -Holloway Long James '. Haniel H. Fimhugh. > LniNo StcRrrr.vtiy.— C. H. Bryn .luy.— C. U. Uond. I r.ES.— Mien Ayrault. „,„„,>, ! ,v .,.i,-5._JI. Brooks, Mount Morris; 3. \V. Smltn ^rt.i ; .li it. Carroll, Groveland ; IV. H. Spencer, York ; \\ . Wartsworth, Geneseo ; \V. W. Wooster, Lcices- ■ H-clor HUcllcoek.Coiiesus; Edward A. Lo Roy. tale- ia; Ash.tel varncr, Lima; H.S.Tyler, SicnUnral Society. 'he Annual Fair of this Society is advertised to be held Vewark on the 17th day of October. We have not seen St of the olflocrs butlhey have published a respectable list jrcmiuniB, and ought to have the co-operation and eup- -t of the farmirs of Wayne. They can get up a good ei- itio.T if they try ; ard now that aid is given by the State, ;y surely tcill try. The Drought. According to our recclleclions, no drought ns se- re ns the present one, has occurred in this district tliin tbo lost ihirty-sii ycara. Periods of longer ration without rain to soturate the soil, perhips ve happened, but they have been later in the sea- 1, when the heat wa3 less intense; and the greater igth of the niglits atlbrded some refreshment to the Ids and pastures. The following statement may serve t« show how sca- ts of similar character often cluster together: In 3 fail of the year 1.S29, hnving been scant of water • our ciltle, not only in that season but in several at preceded it, wo dug a well nearly fifty tcel deep, d found an abundant supply. S.j wet have been 9 summers since that time however, that wo have :vcr drawn a p'iili'ul, having kept it closed as one of . va!u3; but it will now probably soon be opened, ur other welK^ hive becsmo very low. Tiie eiVects of the dro.ight are not only visible in ; streams, and the dusty turfacc of the g ound, but some trees «re absolutely dying of thirst, and a few others dropping their leaves as in autumn. 'Where the leaves simply fall, tno branch will retain iis vital- ity; bnt when they dry on tho tree, it is death. Yet notwithstanding thrso nppeninnccs on hard uncultivated soil, wherever the ground has been made cllow to a good depth, we have never eccn young grow faster, or seem to luficr less with drought, omo peach trees in particular, have made great growths; and even now while the meadows and pas- urcR are parched, their vegetation ia in tho height of ts vigor. Not lees encouraging is the appearance of some field beets that were not forgotten. It has been well said that a man an produce more moisture by hia boe than by hi,i pail: in other words, it requires less labor to keep up a healthy vegetation by making the ground mellow, than by carrying water. Wc think the truth of this proposition may be casilyjshown. If rich ground be well hoed once a month, it becomes a fovntain of itself, to the plants that stand on it. Turn it up in the driest and hottest weather, it v/iU be found moist; while a hard heavy soil will require wa- tering every day. A hard heavy soil cracks open In time of drought; exposes the roots to the aun and air; and allows the moisture from the depth of tho fracture to evaporate. It possesses very little absorbent pov/er. A light shower can hardly penetrate it from aborc, or the moisture rise up into it from bdow. On the reverse, a deep mellow soil never cracks open, exposes no roots, and the moieluro that rises from below enters the whole mass of loose earth, and supplies the p!anl3 as they require it. But such a soil also imbibes tuoisture from the atmosphere; and, like a sponge, yields it to the roots while it imbibes more. It is a perpetual though an invisible fountain. Another cause however, should be taken into view. Every weed or blade of grass, operates like a pump to draw out and dissipate its moisture ; and from this heavy loss well cultivated ground is exempt. Fur- ther when ilecaying weeds are mixed with the soil, they increase its absorbent power, so that instead of diminishing, they add to its nutriment, Perhaps some qunUiication to these remarks should be made on account of some plants rcquring more moisture than others. While we were writing iL'o bove we have had f'liit trees chiefly in viev,', round which the soil may ' 'well cultivated without cutting the roots; but soni. .>iher objects of culture, even ith the best hocir.g would scarcely produce good crops in a severe drought. We think indeed that a'.l the soap-suds from the wush-tub may be profitably applied to many jilants in the kitchen gnrden at such a time as this; and that the cucumber, potato, and ctbbage, would pay well both for culture and for drink. t two species of Mulberry, best known viz : Morns Alba and Morus Multicnulis— commenced with boili kintls in my garden in 1S33 and upon my farm in ISnC— adjacent to tho plantation I have this scosou fitted up in a barn erected last season, partly with ii view to this object— a cocoonery, &c., oinbincing n loft and garret 43 by 2'2, n preparatory room on tho first tloor, and basement for leaves, in which ia a fur- nace for keeping up a preper tumporaturo in the feed- ing dcparment. The cocoonery is fitted up with the feeding and spinning framcji and apparatus, invented and patented Inst season, by Edmund Morris, Esq. of liurlington, i\. J. The establishment allogeiher, furnishes pretty conclusive facts in illustration of tho following propo- Facts find Dcmctll'^S^.^tiOIlS, in Oppo^Jtlcia to g'leculative Opinions on the Cultate of fSi'.k. Messrs Euixons-I last week promised you soniD com munication on the subject of Mulberry and Silk Cul- ture, but incessant occupation has hindered .nieirom fulfilingmy engagement. You are aware of my re lucto.nce to writing for publication, i am nnaccus- tomed to it; and have fcU a reluctance to add to the mass of speculative and inconclusive matter which has been thrown upon the public during the past ten years. I ask therefore due indulgence while I now proceed ti comply with your suggestion, with all con- sistent brevity. My farm of 6G acres lies within the corporate limits of Brockport, bounded upon t'lo r.onh by the Erie Canal, and situated in the southeast part of the village. Upon it is a mulberry plantation, occupying about six .icree und c^n-istinj of nbout equal proportions of the a perfectly practical and profitable business: That in order to render it so, reliance must be pla- ced upon about an equal proportion of the Morus al- ba, or some other hardy vaiiety,and the Morus multi- caul is. That the Morus alba may be transplanted at any age not exceeding 7 years, (my perience.) and that at any ago after the 3d year, its foilage may be used with benefit to the tree — that by tho best method of de- tatching the leaf, (pruning shoots,) it may bo fed without injuring the tree until rendered unfit by frost. That the Multicnulis on suitable soil and aspect, needs no protection from winter. That its adaptation to the worm depends upon its management. That it succeeds admirably by being grafted upon the root of the Morus alba, upon soib and locitiona unsafe, where standing upon its own root. That it may be transplanted, (roots one year old — I have 11,000 plants done this season) between the ■35 and 30 of June, when in full leaf, and now, 28th Aug. be used extensively for feeding. That Morris' frames combine decidedly more ad- vantages for insuring success, in the important opera- tions of ventilation, (applied to each individual worm,) feeding and spinning, er winding, than any other sys- tem now known. 1 have now feeding several hundred thousand worms in various stages from hatching (6 oz, say ■10,000 now hi'.ching) to spinning, and of course, they will continue through most of September or la- ter. I invite attention and inveEtiuation — and will bo at all times happy to exhibit and explain to respect- able strangers HONESTtY seeking information, and to citizens, on Tuesdays and Fridays, between 8 and 11, A. M. and 3 and G, P. M. Idle curiosity must seek its sources of gratification elsewhere. I am joint proprietor with Mr. Morris, for the sale of his right for all the District of Western New York, being west of Genesee River, and prepared to fur- nish framPB immediately. Apply to E. Morris, Bur- lington, N. J., or t) me at Brockport — Lclteis must be nost paid. Yours truly, GKO. ALLEN. Brockport, Iilouroc Co., If. Y P. S. Aware of the eficct of the rearlion which fol lowed the spoeulnlion in iNlorus muliicaulis plants ; a few years since, I am prepared to meet with incredur- lity und opprobium, and therefore refer for iiirthcr facts to support my position, to the operations cf ft!r. John Adams, at Adams' Basin, on the Erie Canal, 15 miles west from Rochester, and 5 miles eastof Brock- port. Sir. Adams has made 50 bu.-hela cocoons this season, at an expense of less than two dollars per bushel; and ia confident that if he could have obtain- ed suitable eggs for late hatching, (my own were r©. ceived from Burlington, per mail 17ih inst.,) he could have materially lessened the nvcraiie expense. Mrs. Adams has already reeled lOlbs. silk, which for lus- tre and evenness will satisfy all who are competent to judge of iis value. Mr. Adams has uted both kinds of JIulberry, anil Morris' frames this scafion exclusively. Ilisexpeii. ence in feeding in the ordinary way, embiaces a pe- riod of four or five years. G. A. 134 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, VolJ " A Report on the Herbaceous Plants of Bias- sacliusctts." Pdblisued agreeable to an order of the Legislature By the Commissioners of the Zoological and Bota- nical Survey of the Stale. Cambridge, 1841. The Botanicnl Survey of the Stnte of Mnssachu- ectts was nesigned to two individuals. The trees and shrubs to E. B. Emerson, Esq., and the Herbaceous r!n'.ua to our esteemed follow citizen, Rev. Chester Djvvey, Professor of Cliemietry, Botany, and Natural Philosophy in the Berlishire Medical Institution of P.ttalicld. (Now Principal ot the Collegiate Institute at Rochester, N. Y.) In making his report, Prof. Dewey has avoided the objection commonly made against Scientific reports ; namely, thot they are too technical and abstruse to be useful or interesting to common readers. He has adopted a systematic and scienliiic arrangement, and at the same time made the descriptions popular and easy to be tuiderstood; and taken notice of facts of interest or importance to cultivators and others. So that the work is highly useful and interesting, not only to Bot- anists but to common readers. The following notice of Indian Corn will serve as «n example : Zea. Ii. 10. 3. Indian Com. The Greek name of some kind of corn, from the Greek word to lire, on account of its nutriment. Z. mays. L. Maize Cultivated, but indigenous to America. It is more abundant at the South, larg- er, and more productive, and its Hour is whiter and more ciceilent. The necessiiy of hot weather to ripen this grain in this latitude, is well known and verified by the heat of tho last summer, (If;®) when the corn was, to a considerable extent, ripened at an early day in September, even in Berkshire County. It is probable that seed which would ripen earlier, or had become better adapted to the climate, was plant- ed, and the favorable season early matured it. There are many varieties of Indian Corn, of which Maize is the South American name ; all of which may be reduced to one epew'es. Some are far more hardy than the others. One of this kind is mention- ed by Nuttall as cultivated by the wesiorn and north- ern Indians, and called " Early Mandan Corn." Some grow and ripen in England. The value of this grass is immense. Its stalks and leaves are excellent fodder for cattle. Indian corn was introduced into England in 1560. The species Z. C.irugua, W. Cross Corn, from Val- paraiso, and which parches into a cross like form, is probably cultivated in some parts of the State. As our corn is liable to be affected and sometimes cut off by a too early frost, it is important to obtain seed from a more northern section, which will be far more likely to ripen here. Though it may bear a smaller ear, tho advantage is obvious. But, when the crop is injured by the frost, it was clearly ascer- tained a few years since, that more corn was ripened by cutting it up Irom tho roots and placing it upright in small collections, than by leaving it to stand. In the latter case, the juice of the plant seems to be drawn to the rout, in the former to be carried into the kernels on the ear, and to bring more of them to ma- turity. Tho smut of Maize is Uredo zca, Schw., a fungus of dangerous properties. Only a little is produced in our country, and it is avoided by animals. It is said to have a deleterious effect on those who cat it. In reply to the objection that many of tho plants no- ticed " are nothing but iocerfs," the Prcfc^sor make* the follov/ing interesting remarks: Of the Useless Plants. A largo number of the plants which are considered useless, because they have yet no known application, are particularly described in this Report. They oc- cupy space ; they aid in covering the earth with ve- getable life. They are, indeed, tvccds, and often considered as mere nuisances. What is the advan- tage derived from them ? What object is dc3igned by them ? Can any one be in truth, itseless ? Cer- tainly not, is the reply to the last question. The other3_may receive the following answers oxygen has become combined with carbon, or the es- sence of charcoal, and cannot be separated by the lungs so as to support lile. This separation is ctTcct- ed by vegetables, Tliey take up the carbon and res- tore the oxygen to the atmosphere. They do this as they grow in the air, and also as tlioy grow in and under water. Provision is made for the absorption of carbonic acid by water, and thus food is supplied to plants, and hfe to animals. This is one of tho most beautiful provisions in the economy of Divine Provi- dence. It has sometimes been doubted whether ve- getables were able completely to accomplish the ob- ject. None have maintained, however, that they did not operate largely and chiefly to this end. Even the general opinion seems to be strongly in favor of their perfectly effecting this purpose. To accomplish this object, vegetables must be spreod widely over the earth. It might not be sufHcicnt to depend upon the results of cultivation. Besides, the vegetables must be formed for growth through all the warm season of the year, and in all the variety of soil, situation, cli- mate, condition. Plants that are directly useful wonld not be more likely to elTect this end in all this variety ; it is doubtful, indeed, whether the nselul plants would be so well adapted to this state of things, as they generally require a more favorable combina- tion of circumstances. To secure this end, too, it is important that a host of plants should have no natural attractions for ani- mals, that they may grow without molestation, and exe.-t their influence upon the ntmoaphere without in- terruption. This end is secured by the foliage of forests, which is chiefly removed from all access of destructive agen- cies. It is 0 general fact that animals multiply nearly in proportion to the supply of food. If all vegetables were food for animals, the entire action of a great raidtitude could not be employed, as it now is, in pu- rifying the atmosphere. In this grand respect, all plants are performing a work of the highest utility. Unseen and silent, they renovate the very pabulum of life. 2. Another end of the vegetable kingdom is food for the animal. All animal life is ultimately support- ed from the vegetable world. Butanimal life abounds; tens of thousands of smaller animals, and especially of the iueect tribe, must be dependent, as well as the larger animals and man, upon vegetables. By their foilage and seeds, the [ilanls now considered as use- less by many, may give far more support in tho arti- cle of food, than is commonly imagined. We know that many small birds derive much food from seeds, as also a host of insects ; and yet we may be in relative ig- norance on this subject. Even the animals of the seas must have no inconsiderable dependence upon vegetable Bubstonces for their support. A greot amount of decomposed vegetables must be annually poured into the great rcicrvoii by all the rivers. 3. Plants enrich the soil, and lit it for tho produc- tion of vegetables in greater quantity. This is true of vegetables generally, when ihey live and die and decay on their place of growth. Cultivation oftcnex- hausts land, because no adequate return is made for the vegetable matter removed from the fields. The vegetables, often considered useless, will, by their de- cay perform another important service, in enriching the earth, and improving the soil. It has long been remarked, that this effect follows, because the atmos- phere contains the elenients of vegetable matter, and plants derive their support from the air as well as from the earth. Experiment has proved that a plant will grow and flourish without any food except that ob- tained from water and the atmosphere. 'J'he reason for giving up exhausted fields to the growth of any vegetables for a few years, is philosoi-hical and con- clusive. Without the great fact ofvcgetables enrich- ing the earth, the reason could not exist. 4 Manyimportant propertiesandapplicalionsof tl^ese plants may yet bo discovered and made, so that they may be seen to be more directly useful. Great dis- coveries have been made in this respect within the last fifty years. It cannot bo doubted thn.t the progress of discovery is only jujt commenced. The beautiful colors for painting, called Z«ics, are many of them obtained from vegetables and many more may yet be procured. Combinations too of vegetable matter may develope important powers. Without this, indeed, important uses have already been seen. ''- The beauty and variety of vegetable life are " agency ; the ceaseless variety amidst surprising , formity. j These are reasons amply adequate to produce an tercet in respect to all parts of vegetables. The | ification of the atmosjihere alone, and preservinj it the due proportion of oxygen in a state to sup] life, invests the world of vegetables with new alti tions. #« Ok the Importance of Systemntlc CnltivatM k, nor ttie husbandry wliich Mos' -Bid Vf« Agriculture is tho oldust art of which we have > account. It was the occuj)ation chosen by God. the first man, Adam, By it, nations and cemmt ties are kept together. It is th* bond of union t unites all society. It is an art more conducivt health, and more" strictly united with religious moral virtue thon any other. It is important, i that it should be well understood. It requires lo Imi ■in It ri't- T''?,^'=gf"''"e kingdom is the great meanaof pu- themselves a useful end. In this way are displayed ri.ying the atmosphere, so that it may sustain the the wisdom, power, and contrivance of the Creator an,muH«tgdom. Respiration of animals and various the illimitable means at his con™X the cLc arof torr?u'" ""'"'■"u' P™duce such a change as tends the same ends by objects so diverse ; the adaptaUon to make the atmosphere uafit for its great office. Its of means to ends ; the constaat at pt^Tvision 'of hU rioue work, and constant application. Inquiries the principles of agriculture are like the key of kni ledge, that will open unto us an exteuEive f for inquiry. Intelligent and pnlient observation disclose vast riches for the mind to delight in, and vast resources lor physical happiness. As noth comes by chance, as there is a cause, a law for ev thing that occurs in the universe, the inquiring ci vator of the soil may trace those laws, and ascert correctly the theory of nature in the production re-production of plants; and when he prosecutes th' interesting inquires, he will oblain the most pre able results for bis labor, both mentally and in the creased product of his lands. He will be a scienti or natural farmer. Why not? Eet everj' man understand thoroug the fundamental principles of hia own business. W a fund of knowledge may agriculturalists acquire. Many formers are contenlod to abandon their pr Ji lice to their own taste and prejudices, without tempting to make serious investigation into the ( ence or princi/>le of their business, or of trying expi mente, that they may be led to adopt improved mo^- of practice. Such farmers, though they may succi in obtaining a living by their labor, will never i vance in knowledge or wealth, or experience the ti happiness, dignity and independence, which tb calling, under inleliisent and systematic direction, so well calculated to produce. Practice, to be beneficial to the land, and profita'i to the cultivator, must be in accordance with natu laws; and so far as any success attend the labors the most ignorant and careless, it is only bccai these laws have been partially observed. It is i enough that a man was born and bred a farmer, to < able him to secure the most desirable retulta, for, may be, that his breeding has not been of the bc-it i der, or, if he has been brought up on a good fan and his mode of culture produce him better crni keep his land in better tilth, and yield him more pi lit than bis neighbor receives, yet the experience others will be highly useful, for the field of enquiry large; the knowledge obtained from good bocks, 1 ing the record of scientific and systematic experimen conducted by farmers, as good, not to say better th himself, will be found highly serviceable to him. When a man of superior genius applies himself the arts, experience shows us that he does it wi greater ability, force of mind, industry, taste, a with more inventions, new discoTeries, and vario exporiments; whereas, a common man confines hir self servilely within the common road, and to his a cient cutitom. Nothing opens hi« eyes, nothing rais him above his old habitudes, ond after many years patient labor, ho still continues the same, without m king any progress in the profession he follows. One reason of the small produce of farms, and tl small return to the industrious farmer, is, that agricr tnre is not generally regarded as an art. that requir rules, rrjlcction and stvdy. It has too long been ri garded as a mere manual occupation. A man is cal cd a farmer, and is thought to have performed h part, when all that he does is to plough, plant an harvest, without regard to rules or system. It strange, indeed, that farmers, who, above all eiheri ought to understand the theory of soils, and the pre diiction of plants, and to observe the phenomenon ( nature in these particulars, as a means not only of ad ding to their knowledge, but to their ease antl profit should neglect them most. Experience is above all precepts, and makes eve: the faults we have committed conduce to our advan tuge, for from doing wrong, we often learn to reform The experience, thon, of the thousands of intelligcn minds, who hav« elucidated and brought out trmhs, lit p y N.. !». ubjccte directly ami indirectly bearing upon ngri- "re, ia to bo regnrdod. conlinuniion ol" this mibject, wo ehall endeavor to t out a good motliod to pursno, to enable na to It a natural eyatoni of ciiltivnti.in. We mast lay tbundntion well, comwienco with primary princi- and the results must hi- sucocsslul. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 135 The Workli»s-Mim's Home Plciisnrcs. "I crown tlicc king of iutiinale iloli)!li'9. Fircstdr iljnynleilts, hon)6-born happiness, AnJ hII the comforts thnl the lowly roof Of utulistiirtiM rclircinenl' and tlic houra Of long uuinterruiitcl evening know." COWPER. lio fTinily relation implies community of interest; lere iao common stoos, ao there are common Bor- ? and common joys. I'ut a dozen of people to- cr in a house, and let each lead tb» life of a her- this would be no family, even though they might lood relations. There ia more of domestic life 1 iii tlic steerage of a packet-ship, where like seeks kr, Qiid little congenial groups are formed before .'oyiige iaover. The true glory of homo is in the ill, region of civilization: it is absent alike from lighrsi and the lowest. What can be more clieer- ihnn the sullen selfishnoea of the Indian wigwam; re the relentless savago wraps himself up in indo- iignily, while the sqaaw and ehildrcd are spurn- to unworthy of a look — nnless it be the elegant fashionable household of the prince or noblfl^ re each is independent of the other, and has his rale equipage and peculiar friends. Compare with the CLittnge of the poor laborer, who returns at ght to be welcomed by every human being, and y domestic animal; who tells over, or hears, all rrcncoe of the day, and who feels that there jrcot wbich he does not share with every one nd him. here ia more value than all believe, in the simple m, let family enjoymenis he common to all. If 3 ore few who deny this, there are still fewer who ipon it in its full extent. Something of it, as I •■ said, there must be, to make a family at all. occupy tho same house, sit around the same fire, eat at the sr.me table. It would seem churlish, ttlmoat inhuman, to do otherwise. But I am for nng the matter much farther, and for knitting 3 closely together those who cluster around the ! hearth; believing that every influence ia evil :h severs father from child, and brother from bro- Tho morsel that is eaten alone becomes sooner ter a bitter morsel. embers of the same honsohold should feel that are dependent on one another, and shouM be as to ask, as ready to give, assistance. Each should in tho morning with the impression, that no duty e day is more urgent than to make every indi- al happy, with whom he is bi ought into contact, this conuict should bo sought not sliunned. It is 1 sign, when members of the same household are of one another. I do not, of course, allude here loae horrid instances of unnatural, brutal temper, re persons of the same blood, daily gathered nd the same board, refuse to sponk to one nnoth- maliceand envy must rankle deeply where this be the case. I refer to a more common fault, ;h sometimes c.\ists where there is a degree of affection, but where the members of a family separate pursuits and separate pleasures. The y morning meal is swallowed with little inter- se. When it is done, each hurries to his or her liar line of employment. Tho mother ia busy in ki'.c'aen, the father in the shop, the sons go ■ several ways. This might do well enough, if it B confined to business, but it becomes the habit of hours of leisure. Tho father has his evenings lad; the sons are seldom with'n doors till a late r, and too often, aho who most needs the cheering lencea of the family circle, the mother, is left to :h or darn by a dim candle, with the cradle mov- at her feet, during those hours in which her ghtera are laughing or singing among their young ipany. All this is highly undesirable. The eve- ga of the industrious family may be, nnd ought lb delightful seasons of joint s.T.ifaetions. If wo St have evening parties of friends, let there be a per mingling of sexes and ages. The presence of old may to a degree moderate the mirth of the ng, but in the same proportion the aged will be vened. This parcelling and assorting society, like jlled packages in a shop, is becoming too common . in my judgment injurious. The young folks St bo all together; and the children must be all to- bcr; and if matters go on thus, we may live to see ties of greybeards and parties of Bticklinge. No! wherever it ia possible, let the family chain bo kept bright and whole. In theihnusea of tho industrious, it is Burely broken often enough by aeparalion at work duVing tho day. Instead of thus living apart, which engenders eel- fishnrso nnd raorosenes.'^, I love to aeo tho members of families flowing together, like congenial drops. There are some bnusca in which no ono makon a con- fident of another: if one would learn the secret of his brother, he must go abroad tor it. This is unnatural, and wholly evil; incompatible with tho I'rnnkness of simple love. Show me the father often walking with hie sons, and these eons often with one another, not in business merely, but in sports; nnd I shall think I see a virtuous nnd happy household. I'her* is one particular in which the principle 1 hnve laid down may havo a very important applica- tion. I mean the cause of mental improvement. The rule should here bo, so far as possible, let the pursuit of knowledge in every family be a joint pursuit. For many reasons this is desirable in every hiuise, but it is almost indispensible in the house of the working-man. It wakes up the spirit of improvement; it saves time and expense, and it gives tenfold zest to the refresh- ments of leisure. To take ono of tho simplest inston- res, I would, in two words, say to every working- man. Read (ilmiil. Tf tho book is borrowed, this is often tho only way in which every one can get his share. If tho family is very busy — and the female members of all industrious families are as much so in the evening ns in the day — tho reading of one will be as good ns tho reading of all, and while one reads, n dozen may knit or sew. There are many persons who enjoy much more nnd retain much better what is read to ihom than what they read themselves: to the reader himself, there is a great difli;rence in favor of reading aloud, ns it regards the impression on his own mind. The mcm.bers of the circle may take lurns, nnd thus each will have a chance of learning, what so few leally attain, the art of correct and agree- able reading. Occasion is thus oflered fjr questions, remarks, and general discourse; and it is almost im. possible for eonvercalion to flag, where this practice is pursued. With this method, the younger members of a family may be saved in a good degree from the perusal of frivolous and hurtful books ; and, if a little foresight be used, a regular course of solid or elegant instruction might thus be constantly going forward, even in the humblest family. But the moral and social effects of such a practice are not less to be regarded. Evenings thus spent will never be forgotten. Their influence will be daily felt in making every member of the circle more necessary to all tho rest. There will be an attractive charm in these little fi.'osidc associations which v.'ill hold the sons and daughters back from ntuch of the wandering which ia common. It will be a cheap, wholesome, aafe enjoyment, and it will be all this, al home. Tho gains of an affectionate family onght to be shared nnd equolized; the remark is true of all de- grees and kinds of learning. Study has a tendency to drive men to solitude, and solitude begets selfish- ness, whim, and moroseness. There are some house- holds in which only one person ia learned; this one, however amiable, has, perhaps, never thought of shar- ing his acquisitions with a brother or a sister. How seldom do men comraunieatj what they havo learned to their female relations: or, as a man once said in my hearing, ** Who tells news to his wife? " And yet how easy would it be, by dropping n word here and a word there, for even a philosopher to convey the chief result of his inquiries to those whom he meets at every menl. I havo been sometimes surprised ti* see fathers, who had made great attaimuents, and who, therefore, knew tho value of knowledge, ab- staining from all intercourse with their sons, upon the points which we.'o nearest their own hearts. In fam- ilies where the reverse of this is true, ihnt is, where the; pursuits of the house have been a joint business, it is common to see a succession of persons eminent in the same lino. Thus, among linguists, the Bux- torfs; among paintero the Vernets and the Peales; among musicians, the Garcias; in literature, the Edgeworths, the Taylors, .'uid the Wirta. Thee are aome pleasures which, in their very na- ture, are social; these may he used to give a charm to tho working-man's home. This is more true of no- thing than music. Harmony implies a concurrence of parts, I have seen families so trained that every in- dividual had his allotted part or instrument. Lot tho thing, however, bo conducted by some rule. If pro- per pains be taken with children, while they are yet young, they may all be taught to sing. \Vhero cir- cumstances favor it, instrumental music may b« ad- ded, (l is somewhat uufortunate that American wo- men practice almost entirely upon the more expen- sive instruments; and it is not every man who can or ought to give two hundred nnd fifty dollars for a pi- anoforto. In countries where tho guitar is a com- mon accompaniment, it is within tho roach ol iho poorcHt. There may be lovely music, however, with- out any instrument. The most exquisite mnsic in the world, I mean that of the pope's Sistine Chapel, js known to be such. There is great room for aeleo tion, however, both as to music nnd words. It ia tho height of fully to l.iiy every new thing which comes from the muaic-soller.s. So far as words arc concern- ed, a full hnlf of what they publish ia nnnvcnso, or worse; and I have blushed to see a young hidy turn- ing over what she very properly railed her " looso music." Those persons, therefore, deserve onr thanks who from time to time arc publishing in a cheap form such secular music as is proper fiir families. I here refer chiefly to such works nsKingsley'e Social Choir, Mason's Odeon, and tho Boston Glee Book. But, after all, and without any reference tojeligiou, the best music is sacred luusic. It is on this that tho greatest masters have laid out their strength; it is this which most suits the chorus of many voices. Secu- lar pieces, as commonly published, are intended to be sung by few, or by a ainglc voice; but sacred com- positions admit of the strength of a whole company. And it ia truly delightful to drop into one of those families where the evenings are sometimes spent in this way. There is tho eldest daughters at the piano- forte, accompanied by the eldest eou upon tho violin. Another son and two daughters lead oH vocally, with the principal melody, while a neighboring youth plays the tenor, and sings the same part. "Tho old gentleman in spectacles labors at his violincello, and two or three flutes cotiio in modestly to complete the orchestra; while neiccs, nephews, cousins, friends, and, perhai-s, suitors, fill up the s »y D. W. C. ROBERTS. Whistling far through ether, springs The early lark on soaring wings; The sombre mists of midnight lleo With the dews oH" grass and tree; As Morn, all docked, and smiling led, Poors o'er the mountain's distant head. Lo! her chariot's joyous train Sweeps the heavens' cerulean idainl Flowers, gemmed with diomond dew. All the crystal pavements strew; Airs of richest fragrance blow. Floods of rarest music flow; The merry song of chanticleer, And loo of kino, fall on the ear: Tho milkmaid, singing, seeks her cow; The Fanner hastens to tho plough, Thus life and joy, on every hand, Prevail when Morn comes o'er the land! : Buckthorn Hedge. If any gentleman wishes to see a beautiful buckthorn hedge, he moy bo gratified by stopping at the residence of the editor, in Cambridge. We are satisfied, from our own experience, that farmers might adopt this mode of fencing enclosures with success. It would be a perfect protection against all animals that usually trespass on their grounds. The plant is not only use- ful for this purpose, but is highly ornamental. No worm or borer altncka the root or the stem; no insect preys upon the foilage. It is also of rapid growth; and in six years it may bo raifod from the seed to a state of maturity suflicicnt to aflbrd the protection re- quired. And the best recommendation of all is, per- haps, that it will last as long as its owner or his heira may need it. Our plants were procured six years ago, from Ml. Uerby, ofS.-iiem, who it is well known, baa a specimen of tho hedge which surpasses any thing of t'nc kind in Masanchitsctfj.— iJosfon Ccniricr. ];-6 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2 Grand Agiiciiitmal Fair Rt Syracuse. OS THE 29th ASD Si'in or tlPTIHE; u. The Erraiigementa and regulalioin for (lio N. Y. Btalo Fair will bo fuund ou ijogo 132 of thiu popcr. — (The list of pveiiiiunis was published in our J11I3 nuinber.) Judging from tho prcporaiiuiia which art making, and ihe generul imercat which is ii;aiiiics,id in thj 6iilje.t, wen^e cor.fiilent tl a: this cxhi'uitioii will be a grand nflV.ir — worlhy of ihc f.Tr;:;r.r3 of ihi- E.Kliiro Siale. Wo v.,11 not iiisiili the gnud siinse ol our r„Tlors b)- ( flf-riiig any ar;,'iaiicnt3 to cinvincr them that they will derive boili benefit and pleasuie from attending this Fair, far wc believe every intelli- gent farmer is aware of it ; and we trust every such one who can, will be there. Those who cannot or will not go are mora t) be pitied than blamed; lor their's will be the loss. But we wish to remind our readers that if they intend to go, and expect to be bsnefit-d thereby, it is their duly, to contribu'.c something to the common slock. They oni^ht lu join the Socie'.y, and pay at leatt ihoir dollar, and il pOEsible carry Bomething for e-thihiiion. The Exec utive Committee have placed much reliance on the fortners of tho Western Counties .'or aid in gettini' Tip this Fair, and if they are disappointed the repuln rionof Western New York v. ill Euflcr. ThoEC who li/e near tho Imfof the canni can easily transport an- imals to Syracuse from almost any distanco; and lUosewho oannct send animals should send fconicihin:; tls;, 50 as to help id give interest and vaiicty to the bhow. Two Packet Boats and two trains of Rail Road eirslenvs Uoebcster daily for Syracuse — both pleas- ant, cbenp, and expeditions iiuides of travelling. Quite a number of luriners in this vicinity have id ready e (pressed their detorminaiion to attend we ex uci to see at least a boat lond from Menroe. M. B. BiTKi;.iM, of the Rochester Seed Suire, it wi!l be seen is appointed one of the Oonimiltec of Ar- lanjsmfnt?. H.3 will bo happy to receive the names of msmucrs for the Society, and those in this region who intend to exiiibit animnl.s or ini]jlcmcnt3, are rc- questsd to notify him thereof, previous to the 20th insr. Bfgtrnctive IlnS! Sioriss. 'Amosidojtruvlivestormof hail occurfd in thisvic'n: tyon Sunlay af.eriioon, Aug. 2;h!i. ji , omiuenced its onrse about tlues miles s.iuth of the city, and passed off in a Noith-E.-isterly direction, over a Si^ace about BsTen miles in lengtli ord one in breadth. The hail stones^ were very large ; many of them meusuring fiom 1 i;) live inclies in circumference ; and being civ complied witli a it.ileot wind their force wns very delrucljve to windows, gardens, O.-ehnrde, and ,?rops. The devaluation conirnrnced near the County Poor Hoitso, in vvnicii building it dri^treyid 5.'.i( lights of ^lass. The fins lie-v green house of Eiiwnnger A Carry, near AJt. Hope, liad almost every light of glnsa braken, amounting to nearly 2,000 feel ; beside; which great dsijiage wa>! done to their choice slock ol plants, and young fruit i.-oes. (Tiicir bnrirl nn- was partly destroyed by fire the following dtiy!°The 1«M sustained by these enterprising) onng men is very p»vcfe, and much to be regretted.) Passing over the ea tern part of tb.! city, the hail broke the windows »f namerous dwellings, including the Seward Semi- nay, Alexander's Tavern &c., "and greativ injured uiedne gardens and orchards which abound in that viuinity. Several market Gardeners have lost nearly nil tneir crops— the reward of a whole season's labor. Mr. Sitenck of Brighton, had about $I,0GO worth of pcn-jh s and apples destroyed. Mcssis. riikin, Goodman, Ilnyward, Cnlvcr, Lockwood and others a\e also siiiiirsd great loss of cbiice fruit. Mr. C. i''. Crosman has lost a largo portion of his crops of iiarden leels&c I; is said that birds, and even icese wire killed by the hail ; and some cattle in an 'ppii fidd, which were slaughtered in the evening, .vere covered with the mail. s of bruises, when their odes wtre tnkeu off. Wateimclons were brought in- to town the day following, some cut enlirely with the hail, aud others with holes in them, sliow; iiig where tke 6t«ne.j had entered. Tlie crop corn and potatoes were mo«ly too far adv.inced to bl destroyed, although late pieces are much injured- the leaves being lilerally cut into shredi. Such a stor was never known before in this region, and we hopi may never be again. STUSSP PW^IillVG MACH5IVE. ■ Having been repeatedly requested to publish a description of a Machine lor extracting Stumfs from lend we have, at considerable expinse obtained a description and engraving of the most cfiicient one for the pur pose within our knowledge. The above representation, admiraoly diawn and engraved by two young artisti of this city, will convey so accurate an idea of the machine that but little explanation is necessary. A, the sills on wdiich the frame work is erected; the side ones 7J., and the cros3 ones 4 feet long, mrde of 5 inch square timbjr. Under these sills are thiee more cross sills under which planks arc fixed with the front end turned up like the Iront of a sled or stone boat, to facilitate the lemoval of the niacine by dragging over the ground. BBB. the upright posts, three on each side 4 feet high, 3 by ^ inch stuH', the middle one standing 2 feet from the front aud 4 feet from the rear of the machine. C, girths 12 inches wide, 2J thick, framed into the posts. S'.vcral short girths of this description are framed across the ma- chine and contain iron boxes for the sha.''t3 to turn in. D, tho roof or cover, with 1 foot slope to protect the machine from wet. E, a large c-ist iron shaft 4 feet long, 55 inches in diameter at the ends and swelled to 6J in the middle, on one end of which is a strong cast iron spur wheel ( F) Oi feet in diameter, with 54 cogs. G, a pinion wheel "J inches in diameter, with 9 cogs to mesh into the spur wheel, and placed on a wrought iron shaft (H) passing through the whole length of the machine, 2J, inches square near the pinion wheel, but tapering lowaida each end. /, tho crank, outside, in front of the machine, on the end of the wrought iron shaft, by which to wind up the slack of the rope, and at the same time unwind the chain. K, a wooden drum, oj feet in diameter, and 13 wids, attached to the shaft by iron arms, mil tcr, 150 feet long, to the end of which the power im applied. LL, two rollers to prevent the-> friction pit the rope against the sides of the innchinc. The chain, il/, ia attached to each end of tho. iron it, shaft, by a strong bolt and screw, and extends abou. 4 fact double, vrh»re it conveiges together and i* jm united by a triangular link and ihcn extends ainglii 4 feet further and terminates with a hook and swivel t; as shown in the engraving. The chain must bercrji strung, made of the best of iron, the single part of Ijj n and the double l.J inch wire, the liukssmail and shpr* like ship cable. Another strong chain 10 or 12 fce< long, with a hook one end and a ring the other, ii placed around tho top of the stump intended to be ex traded, and this is conr.ected with the chain attachet to the machine by a number of connecting rods ( Nj made of Ig inch iron, 10 feet long, with a strong hook one end and an eye the other, as repiesentet above. There should be a eulncicnt number of these rods to extend 1 00 feet or moro. These rods coel less, and are much easier handled than heavy chains. Now go on the other side of the machine, and on the upright posts, level with the large shaft you seo two strong rings attached to heavy plates of iron reaching to and forming bo.xes around the ends of the shaft. To tLese nngi- t>vo strong chains aie attached by which the machine is anchored to a slump or eonio other imiioveb'e o'jjett. It will readily be seen thai around which winds a ttrong rope Ii inch in diamc- I iho p.T*or Et-ls -.s much on oiie b'-'c of the machine a. AND GARi:>l':-\KirS JOURNM.. 137 : , and coiiseinieiil!y it must be (irmly secured lit its being displaced or turned over. By iie clia'n Broiind the top of the stump to be i, nnJ imchorinj; tbo machine to the bottom ic ,>:i? on t!io other sids, the 'ornicr will give way nliliough it mny be larger th«n the latter. The il iiU:\ IS, to coniniLiice ope.'nting near Iho ontsido he lot, aad alter fastening the machine to n lirm lip, extract all within reach of the chains, leaving ■ one go>id one within reach to which it may ne.xt jstonej in order to extract the f ir'iicr one. If it lesircd to extract a stump whcre^thcre is no other ti which to fasten tht machine, a hole must be ; in the gr«und and a strong post set in it, well ;eJ 10 the top on the aide towards the machine; ;e llie chain around it elose to the ground, and if np is ■lot very strongly rooted it wdl come out lioiu much trouble. i'he liinnuer in which iho machine operates must nppfsr obvious to all. A yoke of n\en draw on ropf, this turns the drum and the small wheel, ih.it turns the largo whel and shaft so as to wind the chain very slowly but with immcuoe power. ingle yolte of o.\-en drawing on Iho rope gives a ■er equiil to thirty-five or fdrti/ ijokt on the chain; hat something must inevitably give way. It will iily be seen that the machine must be well made, the chain very strong, especially if large and ]y riwted stump.i are to be pulled. his machine w.is a good deal used in this State 10 12 years ago, but we have not seen or beard ch of it of late. It was called " Pratt's Patent imp E.tlractor." A Mr. Drake, we believe, was prietor of the right in this State; but whether the em or the p«tentee, is nliv» now, we have not been 3 to ascertain. We will endeavor to give informa- n un this point ne.xt month. Ona of the machines be seen on the farm of Mr. Whitney near this from which the above drawing was taken. If r persMi within a icv railc3 of this pince desires to it ecu d lubtless be hi.'ed on reasonable terms. [t weighs about loOO jiounds and is hung on wng- 1 wheels s> as to be conveniently transported. in an old pnper handed us by Mr. Whitney, an neeron the Chemung C'inal certifies that one of se machines extracted GS stumps between 2 o'clock Isunbwn, and on another section 230 wore ex- cted in one day. Another certilicate, signed by ht pe-sins, states that they saw this machine with s yoke of oxen, extract 17 white pine stumps of id size in 52 minutes, without any of the roots be- ; previously cut; and remove a barn 2"2 feet square mtaining about 2 tons of buy and grain, with only pjwer of five men applied to the rope. Another •tos that a large green pirn tree, moasuring 1'3 feet circumference and 150 feet in height was drawn wn by this machine, the chain bcin^a)[)licd '2'2 feet m the gioiinJ. Tiie depth of soil broken up by the ti of tha t CO was between five and six feet, and the rfacc '2i by 35 feet. Autiiiniml PlaaUns* A friend his requested ua to caution our reaJers irainst planting out trees in the fall of the year in D3C clays. Wlien the hole is dug, it holds watir if, a tub — the tree is put in and there amongst loose iith it has to soak till spring. Hardy indeed, muot ! the one that can bear it. In our last volur e, page ivo mentioned a remarkable cise of this kin'', ilh the complete success that followed undir-lraii - j; and wo can now state another: List fall, tLo esent Corresponding Secretary of the Cayuga Coun Agricultural Society pljntcd shade trees in front f his new mansion in Auburn, part in a saitdy loam nd part in a heavy clay. All the la. tor died, and all ic forincr lived. A trench snUiciendy deep may be made with the plough, by turning out the earth from the same line several lin.es in succession. When the bott«m of the furrow is made smooth, stiaw, ecrn-stalks, pola- trecfl pinnicd, and the earth returned to its place. With n prii|,cr descent, all th« soalilngs of tlie);niiind will pass olV, and the trees will be fully estulilifhcd in the eoil b^liiro those subuianccs decay; but even then, there uul bo a scain through which the water 1 ^^^ <.^ .. .. THE .^UBTEWOEBJ BEE-IIIVE. We some time since acknowledged the receipt of a little woik entitled, " Bee Breeding in the West," by Thomas Allleck, Editor of the Western Fanner & Gardener; and having given it a careful examination wa find it BO interesting and instructive that we make some extracts from it. The inain points at which the au- thor aims, are, 1st, Preventing the depredations of the mo;h or worm, and, 2d, Obtaining ihn surplus honey without destroying the bees. These advantaees he contends can best be secured by the use of the Saltcnded Bce-Hirc; and his arguments are the more convincing from the eireimstonce that his object is not to favor any vale.it right, or maker of bee-hives; for the invention he describes is not patented, and lae gives directions l)y which any common joiner can cons^iuct the hives. He points out several objections to the dif.erent "im- proved hives" now in use: the principal one of which is, that ihey compel the bees to work ujiwards, while their natural habits aUvays lead them ta work dmcnwnids. This point he requires should bo kept constantly n mind, and contends tha t no apiniian can long prove successful who practically disregards it: as by repeat- edly robbing the bees of the new comb and compelling Ihcm to breed si.ccesive swarms in the old, the pro- geny will inevitably deteti jrote in size. We should like to hear the opinions of those who have lo:ig used the Vermont and similar hives, on this subject. But to the work: — When the bee is left to itself to seek a home in the I engaged in the lower part of the hollow or crevice, woods, it pitches u.ion a huUow tree or a crevice in and do not even perceive the theft; nor do they suH tiie cliffs and commences at the extreme top, theie ler by being deprived oi these upper combs, whicU firming its fiist comb. As the cells ate formed, the Qucen^Mother deposits her eggs in ikcra, regalaily using the new ones for this purpose, and that only once; she rarely places an egg in the samo cell a second lime, eo long as there is epnce lor the torma- tion of new ones. So soon as the young bee leaves the cell, the worker., clean it out removing "^'"T- I ^n^^y" box'™ thVton 'ot'the permanent hive, tlink .1 • 1 i._ ....1.-1 ,./TKr. nr whitp novel int witil- 1 . ' ■; . . ' ,. , .1 . .1 ... _. - live becumo snpeifltious, by the new stock of provi sions, ivhich they go on, instinctively accumulating, in their uninterrupted descending opsrations. Here the whole secret of nature is laid open — how to rob them without doing them the least injury!" Tho^e who have adopted the plan of adding an thing but th» isyrnphnl robe, or white covering with in which the larv.-u underwent its transformation, which is pressed down to the bottom end coverd over with a thin coat of wax. This, of courie, diminishes the size of the cell, which is then used lor the recep- tion of honey; while the succession of eggs, as be- fore remarked, the Queen's inttiiict teaches her to deposite in the newly formed, full sized cells. So lou'' as their supply of food is abundant, and suffici- en*°6pace is allowed them Idow, they go on incrcas- iu"- but to what exicnt has not yet been delernuned. Itleoins prob.ible that there must be i limit to the procreative powers of the Queen; and as no two queens can exist, in a slate of ireedoin, in the same hive, all plans which are intended to pievent their following their natural mode of increase— by swarm- ing—miTst end in failure. ,,.,,. ., , They thus go on, as is their habit both in a wild iucyiiui. g..".., uc.o ....... — .■ - i „.„,„.,,. J I once percc ved. ,d domesticated state, wo.king always tl""^""""^ I „„dAhe same se aving their winter's store of honey at the top of the ve, .°nd congregating with their Queen, round those ^"J'^^^^^^'at whic they have made the same discovery, and that they aro acting up to it. But they overlook, in their method several most important facts — that it compels the bce« to breed, year after year, in the same box: and of course they must use the same cells for the repeated hatchings, which thus become continually diminished in size, "by Iho addition of two or three i-ympbal lobca in a season; until the difference between the bcea from such a hive and from a thriving young one, ia apparent to the most careless observer. Then, whew 60 managed, they breed but little; the ewarnis occa sionally thrown off are weak and inelticient, and raro ly exist through the first winter unnstisted. * * By a careful compariton of the young bees from an old hive, the cells in which have become much dimin- ished in size, with those from fresh hive, the dif- i ference in their size and thrifty appearance will be at ed. Now honey, or that which hrs been season, though both whiter and fairer ther so fine flavored nor so whole- ch has undergone, as it were, a tern- 138 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 plnnla as mignioctte nnd white clover, to yield iliem pasturage — they would impro?o liieir condition as men, add greatly to their own wealth, and save an- nually to the country some millions of dollars that are now lost. » » » The certain deitruction occasioned by the moth, if it eflbcts a lodgement, is the principil «]id most «ri- oua bar to succcosfui hee-breeding in this region at the present day. Numerous plans have been f ublished for their pre vention, some of which were good — others worthless. The only ones that hare been succefgful, are those that have had for iheir object the «nii re exclusion of the moth; and the keeping each hiTe in a strong, henl- thy condition, in a box or hive proponioiied to their strength, so that they were enabled to defend them- eelves from all invaders. • » • In adopting a plan for the keeping and manage- ineat of bees, several important points must be con- sidered. It must combine simplicity with conveni- ence; and cheapness with durabihty. It must allow ot the inmates proceeding in their own natural wny; of the proprietor removing honey when it c«n be spar- ed, v/ithout disturbing or injuring the bees. It mnst afTjrd tbem; during winter, a warm and dry habita- tion; and in summer a cool and airy one. Its en- trances must be so arranged, as to allow ths bees a free passage, and yet enable them to defend them- selves from enemies. It must aflbrd, with t renson- nble degree of care, complete protection against the moth; and facilities for putting two or more weak swarms together, where they come olf late in the sea- son. And it ought to gife the proprietor control over his bees, as perfect as the nature ot the insect will admit of All thia «nd more e«n be attained by the u»c of the SUDTENnEll HIVE. It is a simple and economical plan; of easy man- agement; and one within the means of any farmer who can handle a saw, a plane and a hammer. The boxes of which it is compoeod, are formed of good, wcll-soasonedpineplank— if possible, free from knots and wind-shakes. It ought to be at least one inch thick. The boxes may be ten, eleven or twelve inches square, in the clear. Let the plank be dress- ed on each side, and jointed on the edges, so ns to Ct dose, without being tongued and grooved. Before nailing them together at the sides, lay a thin strip of thick white lead paint on the edge to be nailed, which will render it impervious to the ovipositor of tlie moth. In the top cut two semicircular holes at the iVoiit, nnd two Rt the back, of one inch an a half in diameter — the straight side being in a line with the back and front of the box, so that the bees may have a straight road in their way from one story to the other. Put the top on without any layer of paint, using eight etout screw nails, that it miy be taken off to facilitate the removal of the honey. Give the outside of the box two coats of white lead paint, all except the top; nnd let it be done so long before it is necessary to use it, as that the smell in.-iy bo disciipatcd, as it is very offensive to the bcee. Pour a little melted iv^cs-wax, while pretty hot, over the inside of the top, which will enable the bees to attach their comb much more firmly. Let three-quarters of an inch of the thickness of the lower edges of the box in the inside be bevel- led olT, 80 as to leave but about one-fourth of an inch of surftce to rest upon the stand — this will alford less shelter for the eggs of the moth. We will suppose the boxes, thus made, to be a cube of twelve inches inside. In that c.nse, the tunnel stand will bo made thna. Take a piece of two inch plank, free from knots and shakes — what carpenter's term claii stuff; length 26, and breadth 18 inches. Ten inches from one end, and two from the other and from each side, is marked a square of fourteen inch- es. From the outside of this square, the board is dressed off, with an even ilope, until its thickness ot the front edge is reduced to half an inch, and at the other three edges to about &n inch. The square is then reduced to twelve inches, in the centre of which is bored an inch auger hole; to this hole, the inner square is also gradually sloped to the depth of an inch; thus eecnring the bees from any possibility of wet lodging ab mt their hive, and affording them free ventillation. There will then bo a level, SMiooth Btiip of one inch in width, surrounding the square of li inches, on which to set the box or hive. Two inch-s from the front edge of the stniv), commence euttiu" a cnannc; tw^ inches in width, end of such a dcp'.h°as to carry it out, on an even slope, half way between the inner edge of ths hive, and the ventillnting hole in the centre. Over this, St in a strip of wood as neatly as poaaihie, dressing it down even with the elope of the stand, eo as to leave a tunnel two inches in width by a quarter of an inch in depth. Under the centre hole, and over the outlet of the tunnel, hang emuU wire grates, the one to prevent the entrance of other insects; and the oiher to be thrown back to per- mit the exit of the bee?, or fastened down to keep them at home in clear, snn-shining days in winter. For feet to the stand, use four or five inch screw- nails, screwed in, trom below, far enough to be firm The lower side ought also to be planed smooth; and the whole should have two coats of white paint some lime before it is wanted. » • » ^^Habcns sie kcins scliolen?^ was hie significant rejoinder ? (Jus (Have you no schoolij (jid -Prof. Stowe. ^ Rotation of Crops. This is a subject of grcot interest to the Farmer: And yet few points in AgricultHre are less understood. The importance of the systemotic rotation in crops is nowhere set forth in briefer or clearer terms, than in one •f the Agricultural lectures of Dr.- Daubeney, Professor of Rural Economy in ihe University of 0.x- ford. (By the bye, why are our American Colleges so destitute of instruction in that branch of know- ledge ?) Annexed is an extract frem that discourse; an extract which, if properly appreciated by our far- ming readers, will alone be worth more than the cost of the New Genesee Farmer for an ordinerylife- tiir.e. — Read it, my frend — reflect on it — and guide your operations by the important principles which it devclopes: " Those plants ought to succeed each other which contain different chemical ingredients," says the in- telligent Professor, "so that the qnanlitios of cDch which the soil at any given time contains may be absorbed in an ejualj ratio. Thus a productive crop of corn could not be obtained without the phos- phates of lime and magnesia, which are preesent in the grain, nor without the silicate of potass, which gives stability to the stalks. It would be injudicious therefore, to sow any plant that required much of anv of the above ingredients, immediately after having dt- iiinished the amount of them present in the soil by a crop of wheat or of any other kind of corn. But on the other hand, leguminous plants, such at beans, are well calculated to succeed to crops of corn, because they contai'i no free alkilis, and less than one per ent. of the phosphaies. They thrive, therefore, ev- n where those ingredients have been withdrawn, and during their growth alTord time for the ground to btain n Iresh supply of them by a further disiniegra- iion of the subjacent roek. For the same reason, wheat and tobacco may sometimes be reared in suc- cession in a soil rich in potass, because the loiter plant requires none of those phosphoric salts which are present in wheat. In order, hov.'ever, to proceed upon certain data, it wo. Id be roquisitc that an analy- sis of the plants most useful to man should be accom- pliohod in die different singes of their growth, a lab- or which has hitherto been only portially undertaken. It is n curious fact thot the same plant differs in con- stitution when grown in different climates. Thus, in iho beet root, nitre takes the place of sugar when this plant is cultivated in the warmer parts of Fronce. — The explanation of this difference is probably os fol- lows: Beet root contains, ns on essential ingredient, not luily saccharine mailer but also nitrogen; and it is probable that the two are mutually so connected to- gether in the vegetable tlifiac that the one cannot ex- ist without the other. The nitnigen being derived from the decomposition of ammonia, must be effected by ony cause which diminiahca the supply of the lat- ter; and in proportion as this ingredient is wanting, the secretion of sugar will likewise fail off. Now1t has been shown by Liebig that the forinalinn of niiric acid is owing to the decomiiosition of ammonia; and it is conceived by him that the last products of the de- composition of animal bodies present themselves in the form of ammonia in cold climates, and in that of nilricacid in warm ones. Jlenee m proporiion to ihe amount of nitric acid formed, and of nitre absorb- ed by the plant, that of the nitrogen, and consequent ly that of the saccharine matter present in it may be diminished. By order ef G.ivernmcnt, the roads in Prussia are lined on each side with frn:t trees. Noticing that somsof them had a wisp of straw attached to them, I enquired of the coachman what it meant. He replied that the straw was intended as a notice to the public mt to take fruit from those trees without special jicr- mijeion. "I fear," said I, "that such a notice in my country, weuld but bo tin iiivitatioa to attack them." 1 01 Fri>m the Nctc England Fnrmer, \ Early Suppers. • By late suppers I do not mean a fourth meal, eucl^ f'^i as is often taken in fashionable life, for I have seldori '."j known our plain agricultural families addicted to thii practice. They leave it chiefly to the inhabitants oi f i large towns and cities, to go to the closet at 9 or 10 f o'clock in the evening, when they ought to go to bed .], and take a meil of cold Aum or tongue, and bread *'! and butter, or something else quite as difficult of di« "j'' ge=tion. : ''^ But by late suppers among our farmers, I mean th« " usual third meal, deferred to an unreasonable hour— •"' ■ to 7 or 8 o'clock, or even later. I have known ma ny a farmer who made it his constant practice at a',i seasons, to work as long as he could see, nnd not tc take supper till his work was 6nishcd; consequently his hnnr of supper, during a part of the season, woiilSt,' be from 8 to 9 o'clock — never earlier than 8, and ot ten when the fields were but a little distance from th» house, ns late as nine. The best and most thriving farmers I have ever known, however, take supper at pre ciEcty 6 o'clock, even in haying and harvesting. I know thtt a thou- sand objections moy be brought to such early hour, especiolly in the month of June, July and August; bul I know too, they can be met. Some years since, having finished our haying, (I resided then in New Coventry, Conn.,) I took myi scythe and went into the employ, for a short time, ol Im David H. Warner, in Liichficld county, whose grass, ife, was rather later than oujs, and coesequently was not yet all cut. At that time I had not known of anyi other woy than to work till dark and eat supper whew * we could. ^ But Mr. Warner had supper uniformly, at eixi o'clock. Whatever the weather might be, ond how- over pressing the v/ork might seem to bo, he requir- ed lis all, at six, to suspend work and " come to tea," as it was called. This consisted of a light repast;, holesome and perhaps rather too solid, or I mighti say heavy, but not luxurious. When this meal waai finished, vv'hich occupied, including a little convcrsa- lion, about hall an hour, we were permitted to go tO" work again if we choose. In general, however, alii we did was to grind our scythes and get ready for the next day. I do not soy that when, by some unforscen occur- rence— an accident or a phower — a very pressing ne- cessity seemed to exist of deferring supper half on hour to got in a load of boy or oats, it was never done; for I believe it was so; though I saw nothing of the' kind while I w-as there. It lakes no longer to grind scythes at evening than it does in the morning; ond Mr. W.'e workmen were ready to go to mowing in the morning, in the cool nf the day, and while ^he grass cuts easily, instead of being compelled to spend a part of the best of the morning in makiug prepara- tions which ought to have been made the night be- ^, fore. And having began betimes and got ahead of their day's work, they were net obliged to mow so "' late in the forenoon in the great heat. As soon as the ground and swath were dry enough to spread, their mowing was finished for the day, and they were ready to attend to it. And thus by being an hour ot two earlier in the morning, and by keeping berore their work, they found it as eosy to get through at six, as others at eight. But there are other ond numerous odvantages which ore enjoyed by those who take supper at six. 1. Tbey are not quite so apt as others are to over- eot. Our farmers— especially those who do not take any luncheon in the afternoon — ond there are some who do not — and who t.i not get ready to sit down to sup- per till 8 or 9 o'clock, are very opt to cat too much. Some, it is true, lose their appetite, instead of having it increased, but these cases are not very numerous, and are diminished somewhat by the custom of taking something to give on appetite. My old friend, Levi Atkins, used to defend the practice of taking a little spirit before supper, to give on appetite — Init thi s tea- befortt^ic, teinftrance rcfoTtn cotmntncii}. ^ 2. They do not so oflcn go to bed with o load on their s!omacb,5. He who eats at six, besides ooting less in quontily, is not eo apt to go to bed till nine,* by which hour the digesiion is'portly through. Where-: as he who takes his supper at eight or nine, ond goee- immediately to bed, is apt to have a mass of food in his stomach either undigested or but half digested, for a considerable time; and is opt to toss in bed and- B" dream a good deid, or else sleep too soundly. 3. And what isa n.itural coneoquenco ofthia over loading the stomach, he who sups late, gets up with « Vf' & AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 139 >d losto in the mouth, bud i'colings 'ii the hcnd nnd tomach, if noi niih dieeiisoil eyes; out of which fccl- ige, or inthcr upon thcni, coincs in no small degree ic hnbit of taking a morning drnm. How much learer the licnd is, and how much better the feelings e, ijencrally, niter taking an «arly, liglit supper nt X o'clock, they best know who have tried it. 4. 'I'liero ie one more ndviinmge which I must not asd over, wliich ia worthy of consideration, and 'hich is highly in favor of early suppers. It io,that by iking our repast at six o'clock, wc may have the eo- cty of the female portion of the family. They will >t wail for their supper till eight or nine o'clock, or t Ic.iM many will not, and none of them ought. Hut ley inl/ wait till six. Need I say that such a cue- im would ho as favorable to good manners as it oiilit he to true enjoyment? Besides, wo are apt to ;pri"»ch thein now-a-days, with retaining their tea, exciie their nerves — while they demand of us to irrender our cider; but how do we know that they 'ould not, for the sake of our society at six, dispenee •itb the tea? Is not the experiment worth trying? I have not exhausted the subject, Mr. Editor, but ly rhcet is full, and 1 may have exhausted the pa- siico of your readers. Youie, ite. Dcdham, July Vi, 1811. W. A. ALCOTT. For the Ncu Gentses Farmer. Corn Laws. I an a plain man, and hate controversy, — but one two things of " S. W." I think I ought to object , as I cannot, being a render of the Farmer, silently !m t ihein. I was indeed greatly surprised to find a tizon of Western New York, the advocate of a here- tary arittocracy; and attributing the payment of the real hulk of the English ta.ies, and even the support ' Thk Pkopli" to them. The " landed interest" t remembered, is nothing else than the interest o( number of petty monarchs, whoso ancestors obtain- I their possessions by conquest or force, and from horn they have descended to the present occupants, hey "pay the taxes?" We might as well say the ritish Government itself pays the taxes which it ex- ts from the people. They " feed the people ?" o! the people, by whose toil and sweat those do- ains are rendered productive, support the aristocracy; id without the labor of the peiple, they would starve the midst of their own plantatiouB. It is a narrow policy, which must fade away before e light of civilization and Christianity, for nations excluie one another's products from their people, tcausc-tbey can be furnished cheaper from other sour- is. Lot the immense wheat country of the northwest irow its supplies into England, and she in return ir her manufactured articles through our country; 10 wou'id bo the worse off among the whole, because *c necessaries of li.^e were cheaper there, and the .mforts cheaper here? Bu', I must not enlarge, but epcatfully beg S. W. to read through and atlcntircly eavilt's wheat memorial, published in the Farmer ■to or three mcnths ago; only observing in conclu- «n, that his objection to the repeal of the British laws, on the ground of the little foreign wheat JRY COLMAN. Michigau. This noble State, though sadly cursed with wild- cat banking, is steoddy improving in her Agricultu- ral character. Roadeai in various quarters may be interested by the following letter — which embodies many interesting matters respecting the Agricultural wealth of the rcninsula State. Marshall, July 8, 1841. " J. D. Bkmis, Esq. — " Dkar Sir — I see much in the pnpers relating to the wheat, and other crojts, in Western New York; from all which, there can be no doubt, they have sufl'ered greatly from drought. The wheat, in this region, undoubtedly, was seriously in- jured, in the early part of the season, from the same cause, and somcwh.it, also, by the liy; but I am hap- py to say that timely showers in the early days of June, operated so cll'cclually, that although there will not be a great crop, there will be a lair supply of wheat. The miserable low price of flour, for the two last years, nddcd to the great cipense for transporta- tion, had discouraged the formers from extending their fields, and indeed from sowing all which were broken up; BO that the areas in cultivation are scarce equal to some former years. Yet, after all deductions nre made, there will be a mnch larger crop than has here- tofore been harvested. I have no doubt that Michi- gan will have from 2,000,000 to 2,500,000 bushels. at least, of surplus for market. With a steady de- mand, at 75 cenis per bushel, the present population would at once furnish 5,000,000 bushels for export, with ease, for it is cultivated with far less labor than in New York. The other crops about here, without exception, pre- sent the most animating and delightfid aspect. The Indian corn surpa.scs any thing I have ever seen, in vigor, richness and luxuriance. But it will all be needed, for the "swinish multitude " baa wnxed amazingly prolific. Tliere are, I think, over 000,000 of these animals now in the State; and if so, the sur- plus of pork the coming fall nnd winter, will come up to near or quite 300,000 barrels. The peo|)le of this State— (although lying under a cnrse, resulting, in a great measure, from early legis- lative mismanagement, in unwisely, if not dishonestly, incurring and squandering a .$.5,000,100 roan in first breeding a litter of wild-cnt banks, nnd then com- mencing a senseless hostility to all banks) — are enter- prising, industrious and ee inomical, in nn eminent degree; and with their rigid habits of privation nnd self-denial, the smplus products of the present year, at fair prices, will p''y up all individual foreign debt, and leave a very handsome balance of capital, for use- ful and profitable investment at home. But the most profitable staple article for exportation hy the TT^ui-verines, will, herenl'ler, be icooi. With- out deducting at all from the present produce of the State, 5,000,000 sheep may easily be kept. It is only necessary for a farmer to puichaee 500 or 600 acres of these oak openings, which he mny get for ;}i5 per acre, enclose the whole, cultivate 1011 acres, or enough to sustain his stock through our generally short and mild winters, nnd ho is prepared, offhand, to keep 2;000 head of sheep. There is no doubt that nil cattle, and sheep cspccinlly, thrive better upon the nativ* gras.^ea nnd shrubs, found in the openings of this Slate, than they do upon the beat cultivated grasses of New York. I have no dmibt it is the best Slate for shcep-liusbnn- dry in the Union; and the great ease nnd chenpnees with which wool cnn be marketed, nt BoMton or New York, renders it admirably fitted for the elaple of our interior country. Our farmers nio becoming con- vinced of this, for every one is trying to commence or increase h*s flock. The uumbera now coming in from Ohio and other States, nre iuimcnse, nnd 1 have no doubt the sheep now in the Slate doubles the last year's return. Money to buy ilioir, alone is wanting, and that number would bo ten-fold in twelve months to come. I know that a serious prejudice prevails abroad, against this State, on account of the onerous taxes imposed upon real cstaie. Four fifths of these taxes, however, have been imposed by school and highway districts. In many cases they have been justly con- demned as unequal and opprecsive. Dou'etless a moro correct public sentiment is pervading the State; for the most intelligent men have become convinced that the pro.«iK:riiy of a new country is never promoted by the imposition of unnecessary taxes, so exoibitant as to drive its own citizens away, and arrest all immigra- tion from abroad. Such appears lo have been the consequence of the high luxation in this State. But, as I said, a more correct feeling exists. Indeed the taxes nre now much lower thnn in former yenrs. I ought to add, that for near nine months in which I have residrd here, I never knew a healthier land — the green hills of New England, thus far, do not eur- pnss it. With great i espcct, yours, HENRY W. TAYLOR." Evaporation. A correspondent inquires " if water or maple sap, when heated to a given degree, cvaporalea according to bulk, or Burlnce." Water (of which maple sap almost wholly consistsj when heated to 212 ^Fah. evaporates rapidly, and this boat cannot be exceeded (unless it is confined) 60 long as it remains in the vessel in a liquid state. The evaporation only becomes more rapid, as the fire is Increased. And the rapidity of evaporation de- pends wholly on the quantity of heat which passed from the fire to the boiling water. Of course the lar » ger tho surface, the greater will be the qunniity of heat passing, the intensity of the 6re being tho eame. It a kettle has one square foot of surface exposed to the fire, the evaporation will be the eame whether one foot or ten in su'-face. of the water, be exposed to the air above. And the evaporation will be the same, whether the vcesel be high, nnd contain a barrel in measure, or flat and contain only a gallon. Conse- quently it depends on the cxttnl of surface exposed to the fire, ihe intensity of the heat of that fire being the same. * 'Domestic Bcooomy. More Light! — Lamps may be easily arranged for burning Lard, instead of oil. Many of them are now in use in Rochester. Ordinary lamps mny be fi-xed for this purpose — with a thick wire so arranged as to be kept hot by the flame, and thus secure the lard in a fluid stale. There is but litde smoke nnd the light is pleasant. It is certainly far preferable to making candles of tallow; nr.d will be a great convenience to thrifty housewives, on the score of neatness as well as economy. This mode of burning lard was devised by Mr. B. W. Oakley, of Tecumscli, Michigan. Oil ia extracted from corn, by dislillntion, to some extent, nt the west. The Nilea (Michigan) Republican says- " We have been burning in a common lamp, for the last few weeks, oil extracted from corn, a qunniity o£ which we received from Mr. R. A. Ward, nt Berrien, who manufactures the article. Itgives a clear, hanu- liful light, and burns longer than ilie common v.hale oil, and emits no oflensive smell. On the whole wo should ihink it better and cheaper than iny other kind of oil for lampa." 140 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 0. For lie New Gcnetcc Ftn-mer. Crops of 1811 in East BlooniUeiil. Messrs. Editors — It ig gelling so fashionable to write of the crops nnd harvest, that we can scarcely tuke iip a paper, cither poliiicdl, reiigioua or agricul- tural, but we find a column henJr i the "Crops;" onJ such are the contradictory and extravagant state- ments given, that it is coming to ho almost as neces- sary to inquire whether ihe writer be not a consum- er, interesLed in representing the crops as euperabund- aat in order to lower the price, or a prnc!u"er wishing a round price for his surplus commodities — na in reading a political article to enquire to which party the writer belongs. As the public feeling has be- come somewhat calmed, now that the harvest is past, and the true state of the ca^e is becoming more and more apparent, I rnay be lees liable to the imputation of an interested writer, if I continue the record of the crops in this town. In the Old Genesee Farmer, the record is continued from 1834 up to last year. Last year our crops were sa uniformly good, and ao much was said of the cropa everywhere, that it seemed irksoma to repeat the story. Wheat, our staple crop, is decidedly a faUure. — Whatever may be said o( other sections of the coun- trp, wheat has not been so universally poor for many yaars. The cause I believe to be the same ihroiigh- out ths country. Our farmers were very forward with their sowing last fall — much of it being done in August, under tho impression that early sowed wheat is mticli the surest. The fall growth was good, al- though a few pieces of very early sowed shewed the ravages of insects. The winter was as favorable as usual. The lat'er part of April and the month of May were trying months. Freezing niglils and thaw- ing days with dry and cold winds, continued for so long a time as we had them, last spring, would seem Bufiicient to destroy every vestige of winter grain, and aim 1st preclude tho possibility of sowing any spring ercpa. As we are liable to such seasons, nnd have our wheat more or less injured every spring, it becomes a matter of interesting inquiry in what manner we can best guard against them. ProtecUm, whether by hills, forests, orchards, or even fences, is the most af- ficient guarantee against cold chilly winds, which dry up the life of the ■t.'hest and prevent that thrown out by frosts from taking root again. Eaily sowing on land under thorough cultivation, thereby giving the r«ots firm hold of the soil, is next in order to protec- tion, and more under the control of the farmer. — Draining all surface water is of the utmost import ■lice. A regular rotation of croiis, inosn.uch as the UhJ is thereby supplied with the requisite nourish- ment for the cri p, is of more consequence than usu- ally imagined. The skimiing system of cropping with wi'.eat every other year, so very generally pursu- ed among us, is the lerat calculated to endure such seasons, and has in the present crop received u most itarfu' rtbuke. Ot the kinds of wheal, litde discrimination can be made in such nnpropitious seasons. The quality is good, and the yield will be greater in proportion to tb« itraw. There has I ee i much comnlainl of irsects m many fields that were injured by the spring— but I have seen no appearance of the wheat worm which eoidd be found so plentiful three or four years 6:nc3. Smut and rust we have generally escaped this sawon — but stein craut has made most rapid advanccc upon us. His darkened path may be tra-jcd through the length nnd breadth ef the town, and some fields he has tliia year appropriated exclusively to himself. Beside this prince of thieves, we have a new en- emy to oontend with, which, from its rapid strides, , we have reason to f«ar will outstrip all others in des- troying our wheat crops. I mean couch tr quack gi-asf. If this is the worst weed the English farmer has to contend with, it must he still worse for us, as we have no cheap laborers to spare for hand- weeding. Spring wheat promises to be a fair crop. The sca- stn was v/aa so backward that but little was sown Barley was also unfutunale in its seeding time. — What little I have seen promises an ordinary yield. Oats. — It used to be an old proverb, sow flax in the fire and oats in the mire. If therefore the proverb is good for any thing, we oujht to have good oats as the ground was moist enough surely. It is generally supposed that seasons like the present ere not good for oats, yet the crop is with us more than ordinarily we get. During the month of June, thfy looked as if going to head out before half grown. The straw is indeed short, but the heads are of good length and well filled. What is remarkable they all stood up well, tWre acarccly having been a severe rain storm since they were sown. Corn. — On some accounts this has been a good sea- eon for corn, and some fields cf sarly planted will come olTvery fine. In general the drought has injur- ed tho growth and will prevent its being well filled. — The prospect is. that it will be early ripe. The stalks being now much sirivelled and dried up. The amount raised will I think be less than usual. Gr«ss.— This is our poorest crop. Less has been cut and less pasture for our stock than we have had for many years. The pro.«pcct is now ihat fall feeds will be s-arce and we shall have to feed our cattle from our barns unless we have rains soon. Potatoes and all root crops have suffered severely by the drought, and if we get any it wdl be from early planting. Rohans I think will lose in reputn- tion, and if the order is not reversed, one peck from twenty bushels plaming, instead of twenty and thirty btuhels from a pock of seed, it will be because they are better than they look to be. Euclavheat. — 1 have seen none growing. Pens are generally said to be good, although J think they will not he found to yield well. Wool. — The quantity of wool grown in town is constantly increasing, and is second to no crop except wheat. It has this year been ready sales at fair prices. Fruits of all kinds are in more than usual abund- ance; and although we are short in a f«vr imporlant crops we hars abundant reasons for gratitude for the prosperity which hath snended the toil of the hus- band.man. Yours, &.c. ADAM3. jE. Bloomfidd, OnL Co., Aug. 25, 1841. Twelve VnrieJies of Whect, Gen. R. Harmon, Jr. of Wheatland, has for sere- rcl years past cultivated many different varieties of wheat, v;ith a view to test their relaiive value, or adaptedncas to our toil and climate. At our request he has left at the Rochester Seed Store, samples, in • trawand grain of twelve distinct kiuds.raised by him the past season. The seed of several of these varie- ties was imported from England last year by Mr. Bale- ham; but the past winter and spring being un- usually severe for wheal, several of these kinds were a good deal injured by frost. This, however, should not be considered decisive proof that they will nol endure our ordinary winters; for many cases might be found where common varieties were almost entire- ly destroyed tho past season The experimonts of Gen. H. are valuable however, and he will please ac- cept our thanks for the samples and the following pa- per which accompanied them. For the I^ew Genesee Farmer. Mr. M. B. BATf.iiAM~The following /s a list ofj the names and a shun description of the twelve varie- S..1 ITK (Hi? H (ill i0 fit ■j H^ jitii lilllBi »>■ Iff; 0 n liiC An: jta ties of wheat, samples of which I have left at i Seed Store: No. 1, Tcsciw. This variety was introduced inl i this town four or five yeara ago, by Abram Hanfori j |, ^ The seed I believe waa imported. It has large atra^ chalVwhite, bald; groin large and while, ripens alii tie later than the common Flint. I have tried ito) difierent_ soils, but it appears too liable to injure b| frost for profitable culiiralion in this climate: siiUj may possibly become acclimated bo as to be a valuabj ^ variety. No. 2, TuscAS Bearded. This variety was fouu mixed with No. 1, but is very different from it in ap pearance. The straw is very large, with long beade chaff white, with a long stiff beard; grain large an^^ handsome. It appears to bo less hardy than tho prei „., ceding; more than two-thirds of it being dcslroyc by frost with mo tie piat two seasons. No. 3, Virginia White May. This variety wa introduced from Virginia, and is said to be the kin* of which the Virginia flour is made, which stands w high in the markets. The straw resemble ihalofthj White Flint, but is rather lighter. Chafl'while, bald grain very short and run nd, of a reddish cast, some what flinty. It weighed last season sixty six pound '^ to the bushel; ripens about a week earlier than tbi White Flint; endures the winters well, bul has si fered more from the drouth this year than most othil varieties. No. 4, ViKoisii BsARDED. This variety I obtaini ed from No 3, by sowing it in the spring. Head larg^ and heavy, chafT white, with very sllffbeard which consider an objection to it. No. 5, WiiiiATLiND Red, obtained in the eami manner as No. 4. Straw large, heads rather short biM !<'i heavy; chaif red, buld; grain reddish; has the ap) pearance of yielding well, and is very hardy. No. 6, C'oMMus V/iiiTE Flint. This name was probably given from its white Mraw and white flint; grain. Heads short; chaft' white, bald; grain ver; while and flinty with thin bran, and yields flour of su psrior quality. It ia more generally cultivated tfaa> any other kind in this county, but the seed can eel dom be obtained pure. It is a very hardy variety being more seldom injured by frost than anj' otbc kind I am acquainted with. No. 7, l.vPRoviD White Flixt, Selected froD' among No. 6, and resembles that kind, but the head are larger and the giain not as flinty; makea very sii perior, flour and a greater qiiantiiy per bushel than an other kind within my knowledge. (Gen. H.ba* left seed of this variety at the Seed Store for ealo —Eds.) No. 8, White Provehce. This was imported fronn France. I obtained it at the Rochester Seed Siorei and have raised it two years. The Straw is emalle than any of the varieties I have cnliivatcd, grow thick and is apt to lodge. Heads large; chaff brown bald or with short beards near the upper end; graii white, very largo and fine, and has the appearance o yielding flour well. No. 9, Peoglesham. This is an English varietj! importedlastyear fur thcRochestei Seed Store. Straw short and bright; heads very close set and heavy; chi^i white, bald; grain white and fine. This variety ip considerably injured by frost, and I doubt whether it' will prove sufiicienlly hardy to be valuable here. No. 10, Eci.irsz, From the same source as No. 9. Ingrowth nnd appearance this vaiiely resembles cur Red Chaff Bald, but the grain is a darker red. It does not stand the winters as well as some other va- rieties. No. 11, Golden Drop. Imported the same as tho last two. Resembles the White Flint in growth and ppcarance; hsad larger; grain reddish, laige, with o. 9. AND GARD1':NER\S JOIIRNAL. 141 •mlicr coarse nppcaiaiice and ibick bran. Did not iiul ibc winter very well. • No. I'i, Bemxtiti; Tallavera. From the ionie urco na the last three. Straw large and white, ;ii:.1 lid; grain large and nnc. Tiiie is ilie most proniia- goftbefoiir Eiiglish variciios. li stcnde tie win- r well and is as early n« ih« Flint. 1 baliere it will found valuable. Tou will percoivo that the grain in most of the nil) mplesis a latle shrunk, which is owing to the very y and hot woiiher just before barvasi. Serornl of e imported varieties were so much injured by the nicr, that the straw was very thin, which made leni several days later in lipcnirg. 1 skall continue y cxperimen'.s with them till better satislied of their aracirr. Yours, &e., R. HARMON, Jr, IVheailand, AngiisfiGth, 1841. Remarks. — Any thing which tend* to incraise or aiprove our wheat crop, is of the first importance to lis country. And aa there can be but little doubt lat improvements can be made in the kinds of fhe.it, we hope soma of our reader* will unite with Jen. Harmon, to test the matter by experiments. ^Ue proprietors of the Seed Store have been at con- idernble expense this season to import seme 15 or 20 f the finest vartetiesof wheat to be found in England hicb will be S'lld at §1 per peck — this barely pays he cost and expenses. How many farmers will try hem all? — Ens. CJierriea. A SuppUvunt to our Last Article on this Subject. The Early Richmond ripens nt ths same time with ho White Tartarian and the Black Corone; and may 1~)e used for culinary purposes B"fortnighl sooner than he Kentish, or common red cherry. We value it lowever, chiefly as a dessert fruit. When it becomes 'cry ripe, it loses with its briglilnesa most of ita acid- ly; and in this state, it is chosen by many in prefer- mee to the sweet cherries. The delicacy of its juice lar surpasses that of the common red cherry. How long it would retain its excellence on the tree, uas not been ascer'ainod to our knowledge. We have Kept it there more than six weelts after it was ripe. tt is not inclined to rot; but its sweetness at length ttracts many insects, including the yellow hornet. IThe humming bird also comes in for a share; and we lave seen it insert its little bill both when it was on Rhe wing, and when it was silting on the branch. The Early Richmond is but a shrub, and may be itrained very low; and if its fruit was protected by itraw, like the currant, it would probably keep as Jong. In our estimation it is far more desirable. W. R. Prince says this variety was brouoht by his ttatber from Richmond in Virginia. It is probably a inative fruit. The drought of the present sonson, has been very Ifavorable to cherries that ore liable to rot in wet wea- ther; and it has given us an opportunity to observe that when the fruit dries up on the tree, it is general- ly in consequence of the punctures of insects. We remember to have seen many years ago near Philadel- phia, one branch of a cherry tree well loaded, a month or two ofter the usual time of ripening, and when no fruit remained on any other part of the tree. Its ap- penranci; was very singular. On approaching it how- ever, we found it was guardeJ by wasps and no living thing could go nigh them with impunity. The Transparent Guigne is n heart cherry; and like those of its class, n^i generally liable to the charge of soiimi^s, though the fruit had n sharpness this sea- son we had not noticed before. Was it occnsioned by j exeessivs sunshine 1 We consider the Tronspfirenti Wiiigne ai one .-.four m^st delieioiis elifrrles. t From the I.iierpool Times. SiRte ncd Prospects of Tr.tdc— the Harvest ia Englnud. The accounts from tb? manufacturing districts con linuo 10 bo very unfavorable, with tbo exception of those from the woollen dii-nuts of YorUahire, in which there is some slight impiovoinent. 'I'he state of trade in Loncashirc is iriiiy deplorable, coulidciice having been cxceeoivoly shaken by the lohscs aiuleiii- baratemcnis of thcbif.t two years, and the deniaiul for go.nln being at present miseiubly low. Nothing but n igood harvest can restore the cotton monufaclures to prosperity, by increasing the power of tuc middle and laboring clnssc, who are the great consumcra to pur- chase clothing, and by restoring confidence generally. At present, unfortunately, the prospect of the country, so far sa the harvest is cjncenied, is far from encour- aging, tor the weather continues very cold for the season of the year, and the great weight of rain which has fcllcii must have done some mischief. It is still possible that the harvest may be an avcinge one, but there is no reason to hope that it will he more than that, and without a change of weather it will be much lees. Should there bo any great deficiency, the con- sequences will be very serious indeed, for the 6up;'ly of bonded grain in the country at present does not amount to mere than four hundred thousand quarters, and any further sujiply which may have to be got Mom the continent of Europe will have to be purchas- ed at veiy high rates, as the cro|ie are by no means promising abroad, and tlie foreign granaries arc unus- ually bare. For the last three weeks the prices both of free and bonded grain have been rising in oil the principal niarkels, and wheat bos already reached a price much too high lor tha comfu-t of the peuple or the prosperity of trade. Unless there shoidd be a de- cided improvement in the weather, a still further and much greater lise will take place, and one which will doom the merchants and manufacturers to another year of gloom and embarrabsirient, and the pooler classes (tbojc v/hose wages, as we are told by Lovd Sandon and other groat political economists, rise with the priceof breads to short work and still shorter com. mons for twelve months longer. However willing par- ty politicians may be to deceive themselves and others as to the working of the corn laws, another deficient har- vest,if, unfortunately it siiould take plTcc, will open the eyes even of the most obstinate. There has been very little change in money mattcro during the last week. M.iney coniiniiea to be abundant, hut there is a great want of confidence in investing it. We aie glad to see that the bullion of the Bank of England is eiill increasing, though slowly. It now amounts to X-J, 170,000, which is an increase ofX73,00U on the quarter. The weather of the next three weeks will decide whether it shall continue to increase steadily, or again decline much more rapidly than It lins advanced. Biih the Bank of England and the joint slock banks have increased their issues dur- ing the last quarter, though tiiey are still low in com- parison with what ihoy ueuaily arc. The rise in the price of grain ha.^ alieady begun to alfcct the averages, ind it is believed ihnt some decrease of the duty will take place either this wcelv or next. The average prices of wheat hTive advanced as follows during the last six weeks: — The weekending the ISth of June, the average was 633. .5d. ; on the j!5tli .Tune 6'.'s. -"Sd.; the ad July, 63s. lid.; tlie 9lh, C-ls. 3d.; the IGth, 64s. lid ; the 23d, 643. lid. These returns do not include the sales of last week, which wore at consid arably higher rates. The duty at present is 22s. 8d. and lbs average price of tli? six weeks, Cos. 6d. An increase ot a shilling per quarter in piice diminishes the duly one shlliing per quarter, until the price reaches sixty-seven shillings, when the duty declines two shilliuijs for every shilling in the increase of price. At the same iioinl the duty on Canadian wheat falls from 5s. to 6d. per quarter, and the duty on the barrel of flour to ;!Jd. As the arrivals of Can- adian wheat and fliuir are becoming very great, an inusually largo quantity would be let into the mar- ket if the average of 67s. should bo reached. From (*c Mfrk-Latu: F.ipre!3 of Jtiu-. 2. " In the early part of the week we hod two or three lays of fine weather, and hopes were beginning to be entertained that the rain had at length Icit us; on Thursday, however, it again hccnma overcast, and since then heavy showers have fallen in various parts of the ci. 9. vVND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. K?8 nee to try nt the Circuit; eome jjond friend in lh« nor huB sent ub money to pay l«io^, or n power uiorney tn procure n pension lor one of tUe gallant 19 wlio shed his Wood in nsstrting our independ- , and wo nuiet sec the CointroUer or the Pension nt: wo have promised to meet our friend Jenkini 9 r H>m», and assist him in that UK'y bueincsawilh ■h he is cntnnjilL-d. Wo are in the mreet. There H a eUniJ in the eky, a:id the sun shines ont with aiorial splendor. He has just reached a point in heavens, from which ho looks straight down the et we ar« to walk through, leaving not a foot of de on cither side for shelter. There is no choice to fuce liim in sU his tierconess. The pavement ^BLdo-w«lk9 are heated to the icnipcraturo of a Sijf. Oar soles are none of the liglitest; but our burn as we tread these pavements of brick, which m freMh from the baking. We pass along the The sun has been shining for hours on the lie of these houses, which are exhaling, for our wnifort, lbs bent they have absorbed. Here comes ut heavily led.-n, drngi;ed painfully over the pave- it. The horse is struggling with -his load, pant- at least thrice for every step ho takes; and the nan is looking for « dry spot in his red bandanna idkerchief, to wipe olV tho streams that are pouring \-n his mottled visage. An unhappy cur, with his e muzzled under the dog-law, has just passed along. :; our Common Council ignorant of the natural his- (■ of the animal, or did tliey invent this torment for express purpose of makin;^ him mid by shutting his tongue in hia mouth, and thus closing the icipil outlet fjr his surplus heat? A li«lf a dozen irer« hsve gathered under this awning, for want I belter shade. They have just finished their half :'e labor, and are breathing a moment before they K>unter tho fiery ordeal, through which tUey ire to 8 to their dinner. Wiiat would they not give, of little they hare to give, it they could exchange pla- with one of the thousand groups of their fellow- la- era in the fields, who, at this very moment, are ehing their lunch under a tree of impenetrable ide, and are preparing to lie down for an hour upon bosom of their mother earth, with the purest air around, and tho grass and ground and wild fl.iw- beneath them sending up freshness and Iragrance? hat a contrast to all this do we prssent! Wo have 'cred up the fair face of our mother with bricks and "ing-alonea: a few trees scattered along the siieets talize «8 with conceptions of shade, which we are to realize; narrow patches of grass of a few feci length, in front or rear of our dwellings, parched 'wn, meet the eye here and tb«re — solemn monu- nls, as they are, of the broader surfaces, which we 'e overspread and buried alive under our contrivan- I to hide the face of nature. But, the heat of the day is past, and the night is ing alike over the face of the country and the >vn. We begin at length to think we breathe more (ly. The streets are no longer blazing with the • of the sun; but nla-l they have been gathering it all the day long, and they are now giving it out, 1W0 pass through them, in streams as sensible as the eath of a volcano. Those, who keep or can afford hire vehicles, have driven out of town, and are ■athing the free air, or snatching hasty glimpses of fields and trees before thoy are lost in the darkness, neaearethe favored few. The lot of most of us is pass the evening and the night where we have ised the day — in the heart of the city. And, spite lits heated atmosphere, there is something animat- ; in its aspect at the early hours of night — in its g lines of flickering lamps, in the numberless lights it stream from tho windows of its dwoUiugs, and in '3 hundreds and thousands that are seen ia the streets, ling at their porches or making iha tiinty pave- ents vocal with their tread. IBnt the hour of rest has come, bringing nowdis- Bnforts with it. As the air begin j to grow cool and for the renovation of our drooping bodies and spir- ,;, we must shut it out. Tiiis is tho overruling ne- lity of every niglil. The city burgess of the mid- e ages was not more vigilant to close up thain- its lo his fortified dwelling than we to shut up our martial tenement — he against the feudol enemy, id we against the housebreaker and tho thief. But ere are great occim M which call for fresh precau- ins. The evening i ape i tell us that a gang of des- mie villains aro abro.id, and that our property ond vea are in donger. What a peering into the condi- an of locks ond fastenings do these warnings pro- icel We examine every wind"W', wo lock and bar liim. We bring forth >nir pocket pistols, see that they are loaded, put fresh caps on them, and place them within reach of our bed. Thus prepared for the uost desperate e-^lreiniiies, wo commit oursolves to he euro ol' a superintending Provii^cncc, brooding over apprehended invasions of onr domodlic altars by our Icllow-man, and with a host of bloody resolutions at our hearts. These, however, nie eras in our lives. We are nol always thus belligerent. Bnt in our best estate there is no lack of discomfort. Wo must lio down at night in steaming bed-chambers until the summer heats aro over, and rise in the morning, unrefrenhed, for the repetition of the same scenes, through which we pass eil yesterday. Nor are we comforted by the frequent suggestions, which spring up wiihin us, as to the condition of him, who, in the calm and quiet retreats of the country, lays his head upon bis pillow, with the cool breath of Heaven pouring in nt every door and every window, thrown wide open to receive it, and sinks to rest with the assurance that, amid such evidences of the power and benificenco of the Al- mighty as those which surround him, no impious hand will be raised to take from him his property or shed his blood. Agriculture in Missouri. We have often remarked that western ogriculture must be peculiar in some of its essentin! features, and are more and more impressed with the importflnco of discussing such psculmritics in a manner that will awaken attention and embody protitnble influmation. We may say with much propriety that the agricultu- ral science, regarded in iis proper construction, as op- plieable to the weet, haa yet to be learned. We cannot find a portion of land in the whole earth like ours; and while we admit that ihere are certain principles ascertained to be proper in the management of all soils, still there are others only suitable to such as in their nature renuire their adop- tion. We require a somewhat peculiar mode ol ploughing, a peculiar character of grains and seeds, and peculiar treatment. This must bo admitted, for look at distant removes in any part of the world, and you find local principles and local treatment in tilling soils that are only proper for their own locality. The vast quantities of land amongst us to be tiad at n small valuation, and their exceeding richness, renders t necessary thot our agricultural operations and policy should he pecidiar. With what an ill grace do recommendations reach us through the medium of foreign agricultural >voiks, such ap the benefit of a nice system of drill husban- dry— a system that would require na many hands to an acre os we appropriate to a dozen, the one 'cre yielding, perhaps, double one of ours, which is iis only argument. Drill husbandry is neceeeary where practiced, because land is scarce and high, making it important that every inch should be made available in the highest do gree. When we take into accounl the value of labor, the largeness of our pfcntations, and the pioductivcncss of our soil, such nice measures must be discarded as impolitic. Then for us to adopt as a generol principle, the lav- ish application of manure, is a doubtful means, and unless an intelligent discrimination is practiced, at- tended with danger. Wo do not tuy that we laok upon the attempt to increase the richness of our soil as useless, or that it ought to be regarded with indif- ference, but would recommend, at present, oiher meons than the application of manure. Such ol our soils as are inferior in production may be vastly benefitted by deep ploughing, a mode that is easy in its proctice, and making li'!e additional draft upon our time or force. This, to|i(>.i'>3r with a tho- rough pulverization of sward, will bo I'-und sufficient for our lands for many years — at lisst it will be found oetter to depend upon ihis, unt;' oihcr equally vital considerations are acted upov >-h!oh now plead more strongly for immediate attentsr^a. We will not speak negatively longer in reference to our local needs, but say a few words convey in,;;' our opinion of what we seem to require in order to advance rapidly our inter- ests by a suitable dovelrvment and application of oui resources. To this end we njj iist to learn the nature and extent of these ress^rccs. No individual or commu- nity can employ mfttins with a good prospect of con- tinued 9UCCPB3 ui'i^'.s a knowledge is first attained of the character of r.icans in possession; when this is 'jy properly to apply. Are the re- ecided, it i< .... . . - _ ^ sources of a »Sv>te or larger community geographical id double-boll the street dixir, and shut up every j ly confined 'o particular policy, diversified in their lening throush which the breath of night can gain nature, ()-.•/< f.-ill it b\ more difTicult to fix upon a imittaice- The dog has his proper station assigned j un.f»r« v.« oi mcaov Vut situated as we are in tun- respect, the policy best to bo ndojited is apparently dliTioni", for tvo are, in an unrestricted sense, an ngri- cnltural community. In keeping onr eye upon de- velopment and application, we would e«y that bI- though we might arrive as a community to consider- able eminence as a grain raising portion of our coun- try, yet our markets are, and in all piobability will be each na to make it saicidal to our interest to make this prudact a itnple. We aay, that having properly nscertalncd all our relations as an agricultural comnumity, we must, if we wouki thrive, make our staple pioductiont — Stucic, Tuhucco and Hr.iup. There must be mad* the arlicles ol export. Upon ibise we must depend for our circulating medium. All of these articles are steadily rising in value and the demand for them glowing greater. There ia no danger of oversteck- ing the eountry, for we are importing and shall Ijo for many years, two of them, viz: Slock and Hemp, and there is a substantial market of Tobacco in Eu- rope, and this is growing better, — Mo. Furrner. Subsoil Cultivatiuo. Sir — I am an old man, and an old farmer; but my eyes ore not so dim, but I can see that there is much to learn in the way of n profession that has hitherto been considered eilhw loo high or too low— Jf/jie/i, 1 cannot soy — to odmit of much advantage from obeei- vation or relleciion; indeed it is plain that w* shall he distanced in tho race i f improvements that is ta- king place aiemnd us, in farming, as well as in every other science. But the eubject that has awakened me to new life and fresh vigor, even in iny old age, is, the cnltivntion of the subsoil, by means of moving it by such an instrument cs that, c! which you have given us a drawing in your last, the Deanslon Plough; and for the first time in my life, I regret that I was born so soon, by 20 years. Why, Mr. Editor, I can see with half an eye that the thing will work, and can fully understand how that the operation must be as beneficial for a sandy, as feir a clay soil, much of the former, as well as of tho latter, having a retentive subsoil, which operates in a two-fold way to the injury of the crop; first, in wet weather, as preventing a glut of water from passing nwny, until it baa become pu- rid and poisonous to vegetation, and next, in a timo of drought, preventing ihe descent of the roots of the ,ilant8 in search of moisture, which is ever present, even in the driest seasons, within a given distance of the surface of the eartli, and where, as yon say, they go for water, which by their tap tools is pvvipcd up to the lateral roots, while busily engaged in eean h of food in the surface soil — a pretty idea that, ond worth many times the subscription money of the Cabinet. To a want of deep ploughing might be attributed, I have no doubt, the weakness of our whcnt-crop', which ale so liable to be prostrated by any little gust of wind, after it has shot into the ear, and often, in. deed, before that period. With o strength, equal in appearance to any vicissitude of climate, we find our crops ready to fall by their own weight, and wonder iliat with straw oftentimes like reed, they have ihs substance only of the common grasses. This is tho cause, depend upon it, and it is but natural thot it should be so, for I have long considered the tap-root of a plant — and which even wheat is furnished with — to act the part of an anchor, and the lower and deeper this is cad, the greater will be the power of resisl- ance; while the secondary purpose which it serves, thot of " pumping from below the moiture that ia to serve as drink to the food which is collected by the lateral roots iH tho Eurlace soil," is new to me, and finishes the picture admirably. I consider thereleire, theopeiation of subsoil-ploughing the "nephis ul- tra, " as the old blacking makers soy — of suecetsi'ul agriculture, and have great hope that by its adoption, -ine-half, at least, of the the evils attending the culti- vation of the wheat-crop will bo obviated, possibly the blight ond rust, and even the Hcsoian fly, and e» lecially (Ac lifling of the crop by frost.— rurmtre Cabinet. __^ Improved Husbandry. The vast improvements in Agriculturul Products — in roots, grain, fruit, and live stock — show what may be done by judicious ctdtivation. It should be the r,- warmnd liv this furnace. From either of tiiein when nil n,- iim: i ilie hos.-iir was turned into the others; and in ,:. . .i •. ii ir u.i^ suddenly wanted, hy opening its v< . ; ,;i-; :lit^ other for afew mi- nutes, the ai I I [■ 1 uidortable before a com- mon fire con; ! • larg al hi the house ni.-iy be kr;>; riMui.i; l,.' :.• Uiimrj oVu of ;l!C night wiihoat any attention w!i,i;cve-. iin I perleclly sale from fire. I> WID TIIO.MAS. Grcall-dd, Carju:;a Ciur.tn, f mo., -21, l-u Wa iia.-';.i'ela!i.T-' r fi ;, t:,.. ,,:-.si winter, an 1 find it m.ri-e thnn ans-.vr. i- ;.,,,,. Since the 1st of Dejemlier List weln,,. ,, .. ;;,tconls ofthrce feet wood, which bus w. , ( i ii...ii.l p.-.rt of the time five rooms, nig'iL I'll I I 1 : , . ,^,,.,i ,r,,n drums, as iuvenc.I by \Vm. li. r^,. r I H. a;e, I iliinii a •■rc.it improve- ment in s:iv,ri, - ' ■ from smoke, and allowing it to Ithiukthe i .1 ■- Invf w.-.rined the la t wintcr would h.ivc !!■ ' V uny at least firty roiils ting hon l);i perfectly be.- \ Leii/ard ('< I have u.-n] pa»:t ye.ir an I disp.- i^;.,'.. ... eqii'.' '.■ i, . . and (■ ■ rem- w. ,.i '.■. nnlrii-nnntisii i'. A. UOWL.\.\l). -f"7. l=l|l. llot-Air Furnace during the :i raying, that I consider it in- 9pla Tiienlsrn.-cofall danger from fire, mnd fre»lom fromtb; de A.^lAHrnVR. \: ^^^ MOTT'S PATKTJT AGHSCUif.TUniSTS FUr.N.\Cl'; JLinulanured l»y M. C.Wedd, No. 53 niain-st., RocheEter, N. Y.—Tliis article was con. stucted in ronse(|Oence of a .suggestion IVnni the Ameri- can Institute— that a simple.portable, and lowprieed Fur. uace was mneii wanted by farmers, for boiling orsteaiii- ing food, (iveparing maple or beet-root bugar, and for ma- ny meeiianical purposes. "' ■ ' ■ ' frTOTi one In two inches is left beto I the boile aspa- nd thr iinds 1 ing tlie licat m us passage ct from the Cultivator extra .Tlittlsis I■'ul;^•,^CE." |Fig. aruldurabb- ?r. r hottii ;d Ik 'I I one of " Motl's patent Agriculturist's Furnace . ; I I.e readilv prrceivej that it lias maiiv advao- ■ilnrsn setio brick. It takes up but liltle room, - : :r . i ly be ]ilaced On the lloor, and requires r, ippoit it. Besides beirgjjoi table, it may I '■ .. i. !■ i ti III place to place, as occasion or conveni- •erci|nire; two men are EulTieient to remove it. It 1 be made to boil full of vegetables in 30 minutes, and I second filling in SO minutes. InUis I was liappilv appointed. for"I ha.l always supposed that brick retain- ed the heat would rep, impnrtani r. is. that it re. size and lur iron bottnin • .Siiiiie live or s cylinder within a rounded by water as the one figured nine ofthe New rateiil Cy! nd afte 1 IFa it boiling. Another very ill go far to recommend il, ood than one ofthe same ren the box, with a sheet ended in some of the for- Ali!iniigii wood maybe I ■■ liirge establish- '^ iiiiii;:i.'-- it, and the con- 'xplnsiiiii or collapse, and considerable trouble was T tried a copper iler — a I ii-ire in the centre, sur- "<\ on liie same principle rentvoi- 13o Wa kce Terj Three-IIilla Fa Also, for 3!!e tot Air Cooking ledallor the hes able Steamer,' hut I found it 1 order, and abandoned it. (Signed) C. N. EEMENT." ne place \\"edd'8 celebrated f.n ch was awarded i e, at the last fail call and see it. BHOKBillRE PIGS. por,. Aro.-i SAVv- VKI;. of this city, h,aa n few very tin. O young F-ik-:,:-rri!ri u-:,i, il b,. desires to uiapoic of t. the fanners ill Ui s i.clnilv. <.:all .^nd aeeth.-m. .=enf 1 "jyrJLLEt' SEES), wantel at the Kocbcjtcr tied No Ac--Eari5i;M- vr-, win l,e i„s,~-,.~r77r|T~ ^"7",,, ,.„.,, Mechanics Fair at Rochester. Tlie third annual Fair of tlic Mccutinics and Arti- mnsof Western New Yorlc w.l! be held at Rnchsstcr commencing on the 12th iay of October. We have not room to insert the Circular this month, and we believe no orgitmenta arc nceossary to induce the thousands 10 attend who wiine.s3"J \\k p.-evi utaexhi- MOlTJiT HOPE GARDEN & NirRSERII ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 7''HT: Propi icors oftliis EE'.a'iiishiiient oflcr for iiprnl : - ■ .111 "I ,\nraery articles, coinpris and Orii, II , ! I ... Flowering Shrubs, Kerb'ad Plants. 'j I :i ;.. and other Bulbous Flower Rd III a large and fine coilcction of O s. including Geraniums, Chine a Japonica, Chinese Azaleas, Ca; part of the cocntrv and ikiiful gurucncrs I sonalde notice, ainl information on any with the iiusiiicss will be checrfally and p It is expected that persons unacquain'e.l etors will either accomp.any their orders or n,tnie a guarantee in the citv of Roch ELLWANC.ER &. BARR Rochester, Sept. 1. IMl. N. B. Our Fruit Trees comprise the most desirable and late varieties .tnd tlJC utmost care 1ms been t.-il. propagating from such trees onl.v as were in a bearing sta and whose qualities have been sufll.-ieutly tes'ed NEW YORK MARKET— August 28. J ^ FrocB.— ^Ve nn'i e.l .m advance in Flour Last weeM — eii,.-nl, since then ilii :r -.f, , Europe ha* carried it up' ,, 1 atlliesr- I <• ) .port. The market .-.I ... 1 iiiiiion brands Western „ .■}...;..; .Michigan, §6.5!l ; ' iticet here,— last tales $li,t7 Bj ■ imrt ofthe week tlte supplies nfcOI taken freely at G-' 1 1 >,' irtbcrn a Jcrs aim t SCOO 1; \t ids s il.i. vhich is a rise 0 nd at 40 a .■iO cts Uclt . which s ihe 3 at J; RATES OF UNCURRENT MONEY. Specie, par. 1 N. Kngland Bank Notes, E.nstern Drafts, 1 prctprcin 1 Indiana, 10 a Penusylvania, 6 a 16 dis. I Illinois, l.i a Ohio, 9 a 10 do. I KcntU' kv. 1» a Michigan, 1 Fnited States, aO a IMarvland, 0 a 7 do. I New Jersey, 3 n 5 Susp's'n Bridges a 7 do. I Canada, 7 a dt .$ 1,35 o lj( 1,28 il 2.-! . . . . •'• 3' \ 44.... .. 56^ CSJ... b 6'-'i... . . 7,'5 11 44.... .. 68 2.5.... .. .'JOl f),(lO.... .. 6,2SJ ri.no .. 5.23 1,S8.... .. 1,50 .10,00 1U,50 9,.-i0 4,00: ROCIiESTER PRICES CLUiUENT- conit?:cTr.i) for THE NKAV GENEHEE FA[:.1iEi!,SErTF-MBFR 1. 1P4 WHEAT, .... per bttshel, . . CORN, " .... OATS " .... BARLEY, " .... RYE, " .... BEANS, White,.. " .... POTATOES,.... " APPLES, Desert,. " .... FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl '^ Fine, .... *' ... SALT, " ... PORK, Mess, "... " Prime, .... " BEEF per 100 lbs EGGS per dozen, BUTTER, Fresh. . per pound *' Firkin, .... *' ... CnEESE, " ... LARD «' ... TALLOW, Clear "... HIDES, Green " ... PEA n,L ASHES, POT, " WOOL, HAY, GRASS SEED,. FLAX " '.. PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton, . f.,0(): " bnlli (dt Wheatland). 0,50. RE.M.»nK.s.— The whc.-.l market has been quite active fell some time past, and the price has materially adv.anccd..^ Last week it rose as high as g ,5? a .« ,41 per bushel, Lu; that w.-.s owing to a little temporary strife between the n.il- lers and forwarders, and it declined to .'Jl,23 o S'.'iti, whicli is as high as the flour market will warrant, and as high ;,i fanners can expect, unless arrivals from F-nglnnd sliouU iiring .accounts of an unfavorable harvest in Europe. Tho Genesee River is so lotv th.-it tho lioches-pr Mills iirc grind- ing but little: r.iid ronseoner'lv nm much whcf.' ij now wiuilelforlhi^ m:.ik«. 9,C0.. 3,50.. 10.. 10.. 9.. 6.. C. ..100 lbs. 5,00... 4.r,o... .pound,. . 30... . . . 40t . . .ton, . . 15,00... ...14,001 .bushel,.. 1,00... .. 1,501 B. nATEUAM, ; F. C.'IOS.MAN, Proprietors. [ VOIi. 2. ROCHESTER, OCTOBER, 1841. IVO. lO. JOHN J. THOMAS, M. B. BATEHAM, Edilors. PUBIjISHEU MOXTHIiY. TCRMS, PTV CKXTS, per year, pnyulile ahvays in advance. •St iM;u?le-rs, Agcntu, and others, Aendin^ money iVee of ■. iviM reccivr seven coiiiu:? for S3, — Tueice copies t'nr ",-■■ -■irr. -.^--ifs for SIV. I -iTJ paper is only one cent to any place ;tn:i one anil a lialf cents to any part <)f cl> j;a 1 i;;l a:« & caoSMAN, Rodicster, N. V. COVTEXTS OF THIS NUMBER. orJ ;o ojr Fricn.!9. Hints for the Sloiuli. Eicics- in Plum Tree?. ElJer-lierrv Wine 1 15 a i •. !ni;Ti.ve.I llo^j in 0;iio— Mr. M.-hr.r.i's •cs. Disjiutcd Qiies ions in A«ricnl:ure. . . . 14ti noon invcrterl sod. Cactus triangularis. Tlie :r. Culture of Silk H7 Uro^k|!ort ai;d Clarkson— Mr. Allen's Farm— rainina, &c— Silk and Mnlbeirv operations— ■m of .Mr. Baldwin— I he Farm of Dr. a . Bald- ,rk>.»ii— Irri5Htion--Discasc among Calves — '•jc (Jraii? Vine. Lime as a Manure 148 I Unds perishing in win^^r. Iinportance of color — ■ in? W.iiions. A Visit to William C. Cornell's. in South Vcn!;-e in H41 149 Moisture of the Soil— Waterins- • • • loO Floncrs of Suunncr. Wool in. Michigan. Plai:tli:g :har.!s— Pcdilns Fruit Tree? 151 ;ul;urnl ExUlli.tiuas. U;>. ks nnil papers as Prcnii- s. Nov \i:rijiill'.i-.il Papers. Wcs'.ern Farmer's I Gard.-iisr-s All:i:-.riUi-. for k- 12. Our friends in Can- -MakinK.lunkcL and Clotted Cream 153 s Sowing Machine. Uyeing. 'f he Stump K.\trac- .M.'ulison county jigricultural Society Orleans tv A'.:ric!iltural Society. iMechanics Fiiir atUocli- Wild Rice 153 3 Different Ureeds of Sheep. American Wool Pro- Col ure of the Tare or Ve*eh 154 scy's Heaping ^lachine. Yucca gloriosa 155 crer from illinois. Sketches of Travel. Indian ^Vheat Culture. Wheel Ploughs 130 rain in Cattle, t-'old Water, brsorder in Hogs, sh News. Pickles. "Pearl Barley" of the 157 uiical. or Prepared >!anures. Tomato Figs. True An'i-Corn Law Agtation in l-'utrland. . . . 156 lalion. Indian Corn and Sugar Beets. How to Korn. Driving Nails into Hard Wood Wg eniseuie;its. ^larket Reports. Prices Current. 160 A Word to our Friends. e New Genesee Farmer is daily fiiiHing fnvor, xteiiding its influence among the tillers of the Our present ediliin it nearly cxhansted, but the will soon cloB2, when we intend to — astonish folks. More about this, next month. An apol- i due to our renders fjr the bad appearance and of some of our late numbers ; the fault was in fees, or its owner. We have nindc a change lonih, and we hope for the better. At all events 3 determined to hove matters iro risht shortly. : hope our correspondents will make good use of Hg evenings now coming on, and let us hear ;hem a little more frequently. We have no an- yet for Hele.s. Shall ws not have one next 1 ? — We are now off to Syracuse — great news r next ! Hints for the Month. > past months have been devoted chiefly to the ;tion, — the present must be to the preservation pa. n should be suiTered to stand in the shock, until become fully ripened by nourishment from the -but not later, as husking with cold fingeis is isant. Let it be placed where it will be well e.x- to the air ; as the quality of corn, both for do- cnnsuniption and for feeding anima's, is great- red by moldiness, even of the cob only, though ■ appear perfectly sound. For the same reason, lould be taken that shocks of corn standing on round, are not injured by wet wraihcr. itoc3,af'cr digging, should not be citposed to tlis sun. They lose their fine qnality, and acquire more or less of bitterness, when kept in cellars exposed to the light merely. Those for immediate domestic use, should be kept in barrels, and the rest either in large bins lined and covered with turf, or mixed with earth in barrels or hogsheads, or else buried in heaps in the open air. But rcnlilalion is. ncccseary. A hole should be made with a stick or crowbar in the upper part of every potatoe heap, and continue open until the severest weather sets in : for want of this, thousands of bushels are lost yearly,and the loss altributed to frost only. * Apples, and all root crops, need the same care, but turnips more especially, which will inevitably be ru- ined unless the heated air from the heap can pass off. Mangel wurtzel and sugar beets should be com- pletely secured by the end of the month, and ruta- bagas not much later, if the danger of loss by freezing is to be avoided. Get a rutabaga hook, described in our eighth number of this year, by which a man may easily harvest an acre n day. Winter apples shotild be gathnred before the arrival of severe frost — till near the end of the month — they should be carefully picked by hand by means of con- venient ladders — and should not be suffered to become in the least degree bruised until they are well packed. As an easy, cheap, neat, and excellent mode, we recommend packinswilh chaff and lime in barrels, adopted by V/. F. Shotwell, and described on page 180 of our lost volume. Now is the season forplanting trees — remember — now is as eapy as next year, or the next — and they will be growing all the while — put off other work, but not thia Shade trees give almost the whole expns- sion to a country or a town. If the work is done in autumn, and well dnn.'?. the earth will become proper- ly settled about the roots, and they will have nn'hing to do in the spring, but to grow —but if removed then, greater or less check must inevitably be given to them. To have groinid early in good order for crops next sprinir, plough your ground this fall, and let it be ex- posed to the action of frost through winter. Prepare entile yards for the manufacture of manure on as large a scale as pmcticnble — provide plenty of straw for litter — remember, plenty, — and that is » great deal : and if possible, cart on your manure yards alorse quantity of swamp muck ; or if that can. not be hnd, simple enrth, to mix with the other ma. nure. The labor will be well repaid. "* Excrescences osi Plum Trees. The insect that produces these unsightly bnnches, has not confined its operations entirely to the early part of the season ; but in the nursery we have found (9 mo. 18,) si'veral worms that have very recently started into life. Those who nre determined to save their trees, should therefore be on the alert. AVe have already recommended clofe pruning as a means of detecting these deprecntors. The vigor o( the tree n. ed not be injured, while the fruit will be finer, and the bunches perceived at a glance. In a bushy tree, it is a tiresome task to discover them all. It appears that when the female deposits her eggs something is applied to the branch which cause» wood to become granular or funeous — a fit r'- for her progenv : and not nnfrenuentl- continues to swell when no trace e*" found there. Evrrv excrcscen'-- habited, but some have tev Elder-Berry Wine. Messrs. Editors : — Having come into possession of several acres of land mostly covered with elder bushes, which promise a great crop of berries, I wish to inquire wether it would be profitable making them into wine ; and if so, what is the process by which it is made. A. SUBSCRIBER. Cliautauque County, N. Y. Remarks. — The above is the second inquiry of the kind received by us within a month ptst. As advocates of temperance we would reply, we do not believe that making wine of any kind will in the end be found profitabe ; still to gratify our subscribers we give such information en the subject as we find at hand. The following is from a little English work entitled " The Art of Making Wine from Native Fruits." " Elderberry Wine. — This fruit is excellently calculated for the production i>( wine. Its juice con- tains a considerable portion of the fermentative matter which is so essential for the production of vigorous fermentation, and its beautiful color communicnu e to the wine a rich tint ; but as the fruit is deficient in saccharine, matter, this substance must be liberally supplied. This wine is much ameliorated by adding to the elderberry juice a small portion of supcr-tartrnte of potash. Dr. MaccuUoch obseives, 'that the pro- portion of this salt may vary from one to four, rnd even six per cent. The causes of this admissible la.x- ity will appear, when it is considered that the greater part of the super-tartrate of potash is again depositid in the lees. I may also remark, that from two to four per cent, will be found a sufficient dose, in pro- portion to the greater or less sweetness of the fruit, the sweetest requiring the largest quantity of this salt, and vice vcrsii. The dose of it ought also to vary in proportion to the added sugar, increasing it as this increases.' To every two quarts of bruised berries put one qiLirt of water, strain th? jnico through a hair seive, and add to every quart of the diluted juice one pound of lump sugar. Boil the mixture for about one quar- ter of an hour, and sufi'cr it to ferment in the manner before slated Or, bruise a bushel of picked elderberries, dilute the mass with ten gallons of water, and having boiled it for n few minutes, strain off the juice and squeeze out the husks. Measure the whole quantity of tl:e juice, and to every quart put three quarters of a pound of lump sugar; and, whilst still warm, odd to it half a pint of yeast, and fill up the cask with some of the reserved liquor. When the wine is clear it may be drawn off fn m the lees (which will be in about three months) and bottled for use. For flavoring the wine, ginger, allspice, or any oth- er aromatic substance may boused : the flavoring iwp- terialsmaybe inclosed in a bag, a.';d suspended in the cask, ont removed when the desired flavor is r- duced.'* The next is from an old work on dome- my, and, we believe, is the method <•- ticed by the cottagers in England. " Elder Wine. — To eve- two quarts of water, I/oil ' and break the fruit t'^- ery quart of juic- bon sugar, c- whole " 146 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER^ V OL. a so. '" Xhe Curculio. Every person who owns a plum tree.ougbt to feel an interest in the history of the Cureulio, for it has been the chief obstacle to raising plums, apricots, and nec- tarines, ivhcrc there were trees. We believe it is not known in Europe, though other species of the same genus there, have their peculiar mode of annoyance. Of the benefit of our circular tin troughs, we can say nothing decisive, because they were not applied till after the Curculio had ascended the trees, and we jarred the trees that had those appendages, as well as the others. To the slaughter that we made of this insect in the early part of summer, we ascribe much of the abundance that our trees have yielded; and m confirmation of this opinion, we may mention that a tree in the fruit garden which had been forgotten, bore three apricots, while another young tree of rather lees size bore half a bushel; and we know of no other reason for the difference. Before this summer we had believed that the young Curculio continued in the fruit till it fell, and only escaped from its habitation after it had lain for some time on the ground. Late observations however, have shown that impression to be incorrect. We found both plums and apricots on the trees, from which the insect had taken its departure through a small orifice cut in the side of the fruit. We have had some cuiiosity to ascertain the where- ahoiUol the old Curculio, alter it had ceased to depo- sit its nits in the fruit, (which is said by Judge Dar- lin- of New Haven to be early in the seventh month ) We therefore spread a sheet under sev- eral plum trees, aboul the middle of theeighlh month; nud on jarring them violently, caught several, though in far less number than when we last examined the trees about two months before. Indeed, under some trees where we most expected them, we found none. This fiiilure however, may have been chiefly owing to the hot weather, so favorable to the activity of all insects, and which doubtless enabled them the better to hold on. We hope to repeat the experiment m cooler weather. sent facilities he will soon be able to supply the great demand which exists for these pigs in that region. Mr. Mahard is the proprietor of one of the large pork slaughtering and packing establishments in Cincinnati, and his experience in that business has given him superior knowledge of the relative value of the dillerent breeds of hogs. Tbe following re- marks on this subject were written by him for the Western Farmer & Gardener: Improved Hogs in Ohio, Nowhere in the course of our travels have we ob- served greater need of improvement in swine than in the State of Ohio. For while it is the greatest pork raising Stale in the Union, the common breed of hogs is of the very worst description. Our Western New York farmers with their fine Leicesters, Berkshires, Byfields, &c., would be puzzled to find a suitable coguomon lor the animals called hogs in Ohio. We are at a loss to conceive from whence they origina- ted; but imagine their form and character has grown out' of their uncivilized mode of life; as they seem to be admirably calculated for wood rangers, or for breaking down the large stalks when employed in the field as corn hashers. A work of reform has begun, however, and the mote intelligent farmers have discovered that a saving of about one-half the amount of food, may be eflectcd by adopting improved breeds of hogs, and a more economical mode of feeding. Various crosses of the Leicester, Eyfield, Bedford, &c. ; and thorough bred Berkshires are rapidly multiplying in the Stale. The latter in particular appear to be in great demand. MR. MAHARD'S BERKSHIRES— (EAR CINCINNATI.) This is the moat numerous and (perhaps excepting Mr. Allen's) the most beautiful lot of Swine we have eyerse:n. Rlr. Mahnrd has been careful to obtain superior anintals 10 breed from, and he displays ex- i.ellf'nt judgment in their management. He has sev- en or eight fine breeding sows ; several boars, and a large number of pigs of various ages. With his pre- Mr Editok— You are aware that I am now, and have been ever since 1820, extensively engaged ,n the pork packing in this city; and I feel that 1 may without presumption, lay claim to not a little experi- ence in the business. It is fully as much to my in- terest, and that of every one else engaged in curing nork for market, as the interest ot the farmer, that the very best breeds of hogs should be scattered over the country. , , . , ■ When I first entered into the business, the porlt brou"ht to us was produced from the same miserable race yet to be found through much the greater part ot the West. It yielded us liitle laid, and the sides were unfit for mess or clear pork— too thin, and only fit for bacon. The first improvement we bad was the little chunkv China hog— a perfect mass of lard- bams light and too fat— though the waste of offal was trifiin" The next we had was the large Warren county hog, requiring years to mature, and then com- ing to lis of enormous weiaht— great waste of oflal— the hams too large and badlv shaped, as was also the shoulder— and the sides, nevertheless of their great size, were thin in proportion. They were stiU a areot improvement. The crosses of these and the Russia and Byfield, in the bands of some of the more ludicious breeders, produced a very excellent hog, and we who were the purchasers, were anxious lor any improvement on the unprofitable wood hogs usu- ally raised. , , , ■ • Though, as I have remarked, so long engaged in the business of packing, I had paid but little attention to tbe breeding ol hogs, though always keeping a few of the best I could find, on my farm, and improving them to the best of my ability. It was not mitil some of the part-bred Berkshires were brougbt to us fi Butler and Warren counties, and 1 was siiuck with the great improvemenl they were, on any thing I had yet seen. The perfect manner in wliich they were fattened— their extraordinary length of body, and the thickness of the side meat— their small, yet thick, fleshy shoulder— the great weight and handsome form of their bams — the great yield of lard, and the little n aste of oflTal, either of inside waste, or head and bone, proved to me that they were a something en- tirely diflerent and altogether superior to any other breed within my knowledge. On making further enquiry respecting them, I found them equally ad- vantageous to the farmer and diover, as to the pork packer. Prolific and easily kept; maturing early and fattening kindly to as great weights as were desirable; stamping their own cbaracter strongly on any other breed with which they might be crossed; and travel- ling well to any reasonably distant market. f hod before this, been breeding hogs for sale, and i seeing at a glance the great advantage it was going to be to^e in my packing Imsiness, to have such a hog as the Berkshire in general use, I at once engaged in it largely. True It is that I cannot give up my farm and my attention and capital, to the breeding of fine stock, without 0 prospect of making money by it; but that was the secondary object I had in view — my pork- packing business was ol the first importance to me. I saw and dreaded the elforts that were made to in- troduce an extremely large hog into Kentucky, for I had about this time transferred my pork business to that Slate, and had gone to very great expence in erectirg an extensive establishment back of Coving- ton, and intended making my entire purchases in the State- We can make no use in this market, of ani- mals weighing from 400 to 600 pounds, even though they may be well fatted. A hog ofilhe proper form ami quality of meal, that matures at ten or twelve months old, so as to fatten properly, and then weighs from 200 to 300 pounds, is the sort for which we will give ihe highest price, because it yields us the greatest profit. And most aseiuedly it will also pay the farmer best. We have no population to sup- ply, that will consume large, coarse, indifferently cured meat. Our principal demand is for ciiyand family use, both here antl in the cities of tbe south and east. Tbe ham is with us the most valuable part of the hog, and the celebrity of those cured in Cin- cinnati is now great. This part must be hea out being large— round, thick and plump— the flesi though principoUy lean, yet marbled with fat. No; to the ham, the lard and side meat yield us the great, feturn— the former must be abundant in quantity ai fine grained; which never is the cnee with any hog v til he has somewhat matured; the latter must carry thickness throughout, having no ihin flanky pat and must be fat. And last we rank the shoulder » the jowl. , , I Many of the Boston and Richmond dealers, a those from the other ciiicj in the East and Sou' come here annually to have meat packed; they prefer such a hog as 1 have described, and will buy other if they can help it. ... For my own part, and for my use for pacliing, waul neiiher an extravagantly large hog, nor ye', very small one. A hog that has to be fed two w! ters never will pay first cost; if be can be had suflicicnt size without wintering at all, so much more profit. A spring pig killed in the fall at 2 pounds iiett, will evidently pay belter than it same hog hnd been kept over winter, and read the second fall 500 pounds nelt. I have been speaking now as a pork-packer, , as a breeder: and what I have said, I say in all b; eerily. I have no desire to injure the business any other breeder of improved hogs, nor to previ their continuing their improvemenis to as higf point as they please. But I do regret to see ger men of science and experience going back to a li coarse hog, such as the Woburn, Irish Grazier, Leicester, when they can procure a breed so inhn) ly superior — the improzed Berkshire. JOHN MAH.4.RD, Jr. Cincinnati, July ^, 1841; li,'»',i»' iml w jIlMlli'l From the Farmers' Regist& Disputed Questions in Asi«cult"»e August 2, 1841* Dear Sir:— H may perhaps be deemed a very less if not presumptuous attempt in any individual eu.'Ust any means of settling for ever even a sn portion of those apparenily interminable coiUroven in regard to certain agricullural mattciswilh wn our agrieuliuial papers have been and still are ol filled But the very circumstance ol their bemgo tinned is, 1 think, aconclnsiveproofthateach disput believes thai they may be brought to a cunclus^ provided a proper course was pursued for the purpfl In tbe hope, therefore, of recommending sue course, I will proceed to notice a few o theie cona versies together with tbe manner in which the g«« lions that gave rise to them have been treated. TW" has been such, in most instances, as to serve scaru any other purpose than to crowd our books olhuslll dry with communications, the authors of which ap far more anxious to put each other in the wrong, to set the agricnltuval pubUc right, '■y^g^jd/oY subjects of controversy. The efi-ect of mos of lh4« articles has been to aggravate the unreasonable pr^« dices against agricullural works; to perplex g.-ea*l< all young farmers who read for information; and measurably to weary old ones, in witnessing sue .1 waste of words-'Jltered, professedly, to give hf but, in reality, often making confusion worse . founded. Instead of giving us accurate details o perimenls, most carelully made together with results, which alone can saiislactorily settle matlei;, we find, in much of what they write, 1 else than speculative opinions and tbeorel c d aj menls or ill-digested and unsound conclusions tf sCe things which they call experiments but w^ arrreal ly deficiem in all the particulars that ,t , senlial to notice most accurately, before ihey can entitled to any weight. , This I think, may truly be affirmed of nearly that I hove read of what has been written on the i lowing controverted subjects : Whether vegeto-animal manures should be tun under in their freshest slate, or left on the surface the land until it is cultivated ? • . „f i,,,] Which is the most productive variety of In I Corn in each section of country, where the cl. a;e, soil, and siiuaiion is nearly the same ! At what distances is it best to plant, and by w modes of culture corn will produce most net prolii Whether it is injurious or beneficial to cut the to of corn during its growth? .i „,,.„„ m And last, though not least, what le the true op ion in regard to that great "pons asinomm in riculiure, the conieriMlUy of wheal mto cheat chess ? X'H, 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 147 . ill my hnml>le opinion, nil ihcse etill undc- • i questions niiglil hove been sellled ninny i.i; \ enrs ngo, if those who were most interested in ■m iind Inken the trouble to ninUc a few siieh per tly acciiriUe expcrinienis ns any cultivntor of hie wn >o far preferable to burning it ; because in ibat cnso, :ieiiher the lime nor the mngncsia would be caustic. When it is burnt, however, thebndcflectsof thocaus- ic magnesia (hot lime) may be avoided by scattering t in powJor, over meadows or pastures at least one liinitner before they are to be broken up. Falling imjngat the decaying blades of arass, which omit urbonic acid, the magnesia imbibes it and becomes nild, which it would fail to do on a bare soil, ae itat- rnuts that acid more feebly than lime, ajid the latter f coarse, must be always served first. Lime loses none of its qualities as a manure by old go or exposure to the weather. Hence the refuse int collects round lime-hilns, is well adapted to the irmer's use, and the value of the mass will be rcgula- ;d by its freedom from email stones and other impn- ties. On the same principle, the plaster from old ■alls and ceilings, should jM-rer lie tliroicn into the Jiul : but broken up with a pounder, and applied to garJen, the field, or the meadow. It is a valuable lauure, and more especially for heavy soils. t Blossom Buds perishing in Winter. A correspondent wishes to know why the blossom ds of the peach and apricot perish in winter ? and 80, if there is any way to prevent such loss ? A ilowing of the sap late in autumn, or in winter, Howell by intense cold, has long been considered as cause of this damage : and we have no doubt of being the true cause ; for those buds can endure a ry low temperature, if they are not started by un- isonablc warmth. We have no knowledge that they ve ever been killed in this condition, by the severest Id of this climate — perhaps ten or fifteen degrees be- zero ; and in the elevated region between the squehanna and the Delaware, they have probably Jured a depression of ten degrees more. Our cold- winters, when not interrupted by thaws, have .lerally, if not always, been succeeded by fruitful isons. In the winter of 1831-9, the snow drifted around a ,ch tree in our fruit garden, so that one low limb 9 entirely buried. This rough weather was suc- ded by a thaw soon after New Years, and the thaw intense cold. Peaches were very scarce in the fol- ing season. The highest limbs — the very tops — ■which the reflected heat from the ground could rcely reach — had a few, while the limb which was led in the snow, was loaded down with fruit. The same effect was produced on a limb that rested the roof of a building, and was covered up in a drift. 2 warm winds that started the other buds, passed r without touching, and left it torpid. On bleak northern aspects, we believe the peach ! is generally productive in this climate ; and we lain the following cases on the same principle : — many years, we resided in a wide valley bounded two sides by high hills. In the valley, the peach I an uncertain crop ; but on the hills it rarely fail- A careful observer who lived in a more sheltered ey of the same district, assured us that the peach with them was unfruitful as often as six years out ■even. In vallies, the temperature is more variable I on the hills — warmer at one time and colder at ther ; for it has been ascertained that in severe but n weather, the cold air settles down in the lowest tea. «aat winter was milder than usual ; and yet we had e shrubs more injured than in seasons of intense !. It appears that in these shrubs the sap had star- and the sharp frosts that followed were destruc- to a port of their branches. Amongst'these, were Purple Fringe tree, and the Pyracantha ; but Fo7i- 'jia phiUijroides, from Syria, more tender than cr, escaped without any injury, and is now produ- seed-i for tie firstjtime. The Antwerp Raspberry may also bo mentioned, which with us is generally hardy ; but ot Marietta, in Ohio, more than three degrees further south, " it requires to be laid down every autnmn," says Doctor llildreth, " and covered with earth or strow to protect it from the freezing and t/uiwing of our variable win- ters. Pltmls which stand under the north sUle of a fence or a building, bear the winter in a manner un- harmed. This is also the case with the IWadeira grape vine, and Grevillo rose, both of which are killed if exposed to the mid-day sun of winter, but live unin- jured if grown in a northern chaded exposure."* Treading down the snow so as to accumulate a com- pact mass round the tree, and then covering it with straw, has been found useful. We have seen an apple retarded in its vegetation lor a fortnight in the spring, by piling wood round it ; but the weather here is so variable and uncertain, that what was useful in one season, may be nscless in another. t Importance of Color— Painting Wagons, &c. The importance of dark and light surfaces, is, we believe, but little appreciated in an economical point of view. The dillerenco between rough or darkened, and polished metalic surfaces, in absorbing and radiat- ing heat, is familiar to every student in chemistry. A housewife would be considered ignorant, who did not know that bread would bake more rapidly on an old or blackened metalic dish, than on a new or bright one ; that water cools more slowly in a bright tea-pot, than in any other ; that a stove pipe of Russia iron heats a room leas than a pipe of common or rough iron ; that water can scarcely be made to boil in a new tin vessel, with a charcoal fire, until its bottom becomes blackened with smoke ; — all of which plain- ly show the rapid absorption and radiation of heat by rough and blacKcned surfaces, and the reverse by bright or reflecting ones. The influence; of color alone, on absorption, is most strikingly exhibited in case of solar heat. Bodies of a black color, are found soon to become heated in the sun, while white ones are scarcely alTected. This important fact should be borne in mind, in the preser- vation, by paint, of nil implements or machines of whatever kind, which may be injured by the action of the sun's rays. Wagons and carriages, especially, which during use must necessarily be more or less ex- posed, should always be of some light color. A car- riage of a light yellow or ash color, is almost incon- ceivably less heated, cracked, and warped, than one of a dark brown or black. And however unfashiona- ble ouch light colors may be, we have no doiibt that if vehiecles generally, were painted with such, that many thousands of dollars would be saved annually, by preventing one of the most powerful causes of weakness and decay in these costly appendages to every man's domestic establishment.- * A Visit to Wm. C. Cornell's We made a visit some days ago to the farm of our friend Cornell in the south part of the town of Hen- rietta, about seven miles from this city. Mr. C. was formerly a merchant in the city of New- York, but his business not being favorable to his health he left the city and turned his attention to farming. In selecting a location we think he manifested good judgment as well as taste ; and in the arrangement and general management of his farm we see good evidence that the systematic mind of the merchant is no disadvantage to the former. The dwelling house is in good keeping with the farm ; every thing within and oround giving an air of comfort and refinement. Mrs. C. although brouglit up in the city appears to be quite at home, and well contented with a country life. We could discover nothing wanting except a better garden, lo 'Ilovpy'slMajazlneof norlk-ultiire, for December, I'lJI. make the place all that ony reasonable man could wish. The farm consists of 100 acres of excellent land, beautifully undulating, and well watered with springs. It is divided ofl'inlo 8 or 10 small fields, and oil woU cultivotod. Mr. C. is very successful in raising wheat, and his practice is somewhat peculiar. He has prom- ised to furnish our readers an account of hisexperieni.'o in this business, and also in raising Indian corn, .it which we saw a remarkably fine field. We advised him to offer his corn crop in competition for the comi- ty premium, and if ho does s') wc think he will gain it. In farm stock Mr. Cornell has a very choice^ though not very large collection, embracing the most approved breeds of cattle sheep and swine — Here wc seethe true system exemplified — a small form, in small fields highly cidtivated, with a limited omouut of stock of the beat breeds. This is what we call or- thodoxfarmmg. The sheep in particular, struck us 08 being very superior. He baa nearly one hundred head, part pure Cotswold, and the others Jths or |ths blood, crossed with the Leicester. We regiot that Mr. C. did not make arrangements to take his thorough bred sheep to the Fair at Syracuse, but the distance, and the diflScuIty of procuring a boot to take them prevented. He is fully convinced that the Cotswold sheep are the most profitable breed for our farmers. By an advertisement on our last page it will be seen that Mr. Cornell offers to dispose of part of his stock, and we advise those in this region who wish to pui- chase to go and see them. Crops in South Venice in 1841* Wheat. — This crop is not as good as last season. I think it cannot be called more than half of an aver- age yield ; the berry is fine however. Many fields of wheat were nearly destroyed by the Stein Croiit, (Rod Root) which is making ruinous inroads upon us. Spring loheat was but little sown this year, and did not turn out well. Grass. — More grass was cut in this town this year, I think, than last. The rain in May gave the meail- owa such a start as to prevent the subsequent drouih from seriously effecting the crop. Corn looks very good, considering the season. The dry weather however has so offected it thot out farmers will not probably have more than enough f r their own consumption ; consequently the price must be high. Peas. — This crop is very good — better than last season. A larger quantity than usual were sown this year — Many farmers prefer them to corn for fattening pork. Oats have done well this year — I think they will yield better than last season. Barly is good, whot little was sown. Buckwheat was but little sown, but looks well--^ will be a good crop if not injured by frost. Flax. — The cultivation of this crop is nearly abandoned, owing to the labor required in manufac- turing the cloth. What little was sown looks veiv well. Potatoes were much injured by the drouth, an il will not yield well, however there will be enougli for our own consumption. Root Crops generally will fall much below an av ■ erage yield ; but are not very extensively raised hero. Frcit is very plenty, save peaches. I think thero is more fruit than last year. On the whole I think the crops in this region are as good as in any other part of Western New- York ; and we have abundant reason for gratitude to Him who has given us these necessaries and comforts of life. Respectfully yours, W. S. TUPPER. Sovth Venice, Cayuga Co., .S(^p^ 11, \'iAl. 150 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. Ou the Moisture of the Soil. --Watering. We presume tbat almost every cuUivntor of the soil in this country, hns, during the past season, felt the need of more knowledge respecting the operation nnd effects of moisture on vegetation. It is a subject •which every farmer and gardener should fully under- stand ; we therefore bring it before the minds of our readers while they realize its importance. The fol- lowing article is from "Lindley's Theoryof Horticul- ture, with notes bvA. J. UowningandDr. Gray" — It is not long — read it carefully. It has already been shown that water is one of the most important elein«nta in the food of plants, partly from their having the power of decomposing it, and partly because it is the vehicle. through which the sol- uble matters found in (ho cnnh are conveyed into the general spstem of vegetation. Its impcrtance depends however, essentially upon its quantity. We know, on the one hand, that plants will not live in soil which, without being' chemically dry, coir- tains so little moisture as to appear dry; snd on the other hand an excess of moisture is, in many cases, equally prejudicial. The great points to delcrtmne ore, the amount which is most congenial to a given species under given circumstances, and the periods of growth when water should be applied or withheld. When a plant is at rest, that is to any, in the win- ter of northern countries and the, dry season of the tropics, but a small supply of v/ater is required by the soil, because at tiiat time the stems loee btit little by perspiration, and consequently the roots demand but little food: nevertheless, some terrestritl moisture is required^ plants with perrenial stems, even in their season of rest, because it IS necessary that their sys- tem should, at that time, he replenished with fiiod against the renewal of active vegetation: hence, when trees are taken out oi the earth in autumn, and allow- ed to remain e.\po£ed to a dry air all the winter, they either perish cr are gready enfeebled. If, on the other hand, the soil on which they stand is filled with moisture, their system is distended with aqueous mat- ter at a time when it cannot be decomposed or thrown off, and the plant either becomes unnaturally suscep. tible of the influence of cold in rigorous climates, oris driven prematurely into growth, when its new parts perish worn the vnfavorable stale of the air in which they ate then developed. The most suitable condi- tion of the soilj at the period of vegetable rest, seems to be that in which no more aqueoas matter is con- tained than results from the caiallaryattrtictioa of the eartby particles. Nevertheles!!, there me exceptiona to this, in the case of aquatic and marsh plants, whose peculiar con- stitution enables them to bear with impunity, during their winter, an immersion in water; and in that cri many kinds of bulLs, v/hich, during their season of rest, are exposed to eicessive heat. The latter plants are, however, constructed in a peculiar manner; their roots are annual, and perish at the same time as the leaves, when the absorbent organs are all lost, so that the bulb cannot be supposed to require any supply of moisture, inasmuch as it possesses no means of taking it up, even if it existed in the soil. This will be again adverted to in a future chapter. It is when plants are in a slate of growth that an abundant supply of moisture is required in the earth. As soon 88 young leaves sprout forth, perspiration commences and a powerful absorption must take place by the roots, the younger the leaves are the more rapid the perspiratory action ; their whole epidermis must, at that time, be highly sensible to the stimulating power of light ; but as they grow older their cuticle hardens, the stomatcs he- flome the only apertures through which vapor can fly off, and by degrees even these apertures are either choked up, or have a diminished irritability. As a general rule, therefore, wears authorized to conclude that the ground should be abundantly supplied with moisture when plants first begin to grow, and that the quantity should bo diminished as the organ- ization of^ a plant becomes completed. There arc, however, some especial cases which appear to be ex- ceptional, in consequence of the unnatural state in which we require plants to be preserved for our own peculiar purposes. One of the effects of an exten- sive supply of moisture is to keep all the newly form- ed parts of a plant tender and succulent, and therefore such a constant supply is desirable when the leaves of plants are to be sent to table, as in the case of spin- noh, lettuces, and other oleracoous annuals. Another effect is, to render all parts naturally disposed to be eucculent much more so than they otherwise would be; thus wu find market gardeners deluging their strawberry pknts with water while the fruit is swel- ling, in order to assist in that, to them, important operation. While, however, in this case, the size of the fruit is increased by a copious supply of w-ater to the earth, its flavor is, in proportion diminiehed; for, in consequence of the rapidity with which the strawberry ripens, and perhaps the obstruction of light by its leaves, the excess of aqueous matter taken into the system cannot be decomposed, and formed into those products which give flavor to fruit; but it must necessarily remain in an unaltered con- dition. It is for the reason just given, that the quantity of water in the soil should be diminished when succu- lent fruit is ripening; we see this happen in nature, all over the world, and there can be no doubt of its being of great importance. Not only is the quality ot such fruit impaired by a wet soil, as has just been shown, but because of its low perspiratory power the Iruit will burst from excess of moisture, as occurs to the plum and grape in wet seasons. The melon, although an apparent exception to this rule, is not really so; that fruit acquires its highest excellence in countries where the roots are always immersed in water, as in the floating islands of Ciibhmcie, the ir- rigated fields of Persia, and the springy river beds of India. But it is to be remembered that the leaves of this plant liave an enormous respiratory power, aris- ing partly from their large surface, and partly from the thinness and consequent permeability of their tis- sue, so that they require a greater supply of fluid than most others; and, in the next place, the heat and bright light of such countries are capable of decom- posing and altering the fluids of the fruit with a de- gree of rapidity and force to which we here con have no parallel. In this country the melon does not suc- ceed if its roots are immersed in water, as I ascer- tained some years ago in the garden of the Horticul tural Society, by repeated exjierinients. Melons were planted in earth placed on a tank of water, into which their roots quickly made their way; they grew in a curvilinear iron hot-house, and were trained near to the gloss, and consequently were exposed to all the light and heat that can be obtained in this country. — They grew vigorously and produced their fruit, but it was not of such good quality as it w'ould have been had the supply of water to the roots been less copious. Thus, in the tropics the quantity of rain that falls in a short time is enormous: and plants are forced by it into a rapid and poweiful vegetation, which is acted upon by a light and temperature bright aid high in proportion, the result of which is ibi most perfect oiganization of which the plants are susceptible: but, if the same quantity nf waier were given to the same plants at similar periods in this country, a dis- organization of their tissue would be the resolt, in consequence of the absence of solar light in sufficient qunlity. The elTect of continuing to make plants grow in a soil more wet than suits them is well known to be not only a production of leaves and ill-formed shoots, instead of flowers and fruit, but if the water is in great excess, of a general yellownes of appearance, owing, as some chemists think, to the destruction by the water, of a blue matter which, by its mixture with yellow, forms the ordinary verdure of vegitation. If this condition is prolonged, the vegitable tissue enters into a state of decomposiiion, and death ensues. In somecases the jointsof the stem separate, in others the plant rots off at the ground, and all such results are increased in proiwition to the weakness of light, and the lowiiess of temperature. De Condolle consid- ers that the collection of stagnant water about the neck of plants prevents the free access of the oxygen of the air to the roots; but it seems to me that much more mischief is produced by the coldness of the soil in which water is allowed to accumulate. It seems also probable that the extrication of carburetted hydro- gen gas is one cause of tho injury sustained by plants whose roots are surrounded by stagnant water ; but upon this point we want much more satisfactory evi- dence than we yet possess. It is because ol the danger of allowing any accumula- tion of water about the roots of plants that drainage is so very important. In very bibulous soils this contrivance is unnecessary; but in.all those which are tenacious, or which, from their low situation, do not permit su- perfluous water to filter av/ay freely, such a precau- tion is indispensable. No person has ever seen good fruit produced by trees growing in lands imperfectly drained ; and all experienced gardeners must be ac- quainted with caecs where wet unproductive borders have been rendered fruitfn! by contrivances which are only valuable because of their efficieney in regulating the htimidity of the soil. Mr. Hiver (Garrf, Mng. v. Ill*' CO) speaks of the utilily of mixing stones in greal quantities with the soil, " as they prevent the accumu lotion of water in very wet weather, and retain sufliW"" cicnt moisiure for the purpose of the plant in dry sea'. sons;" and; when we hear of such precautions ai are detailed in tlie follow ing good account of pieporins a vino border we only learn how important it is t^l* provide eflcctually for the removal of supeifluou. — — , .^ "ter from around the roots, and how useless a waste o ™"^ money is that which is expended in forming deep rici "f beds of earth. " In preparing 0 vine border," says Mr. Grifiin^ . of Woodhall, a successful grower of grapes, " oni «»"« foot in depth of the mould from ihe survace is clearei il*'^ out from the whole space ; a main drain is ihen Eunlc| *"' parallel to the house, nt the extremity of the horder,ik|i«" one foot lower than the bottom of the border ; inti this, smaller drains are tarried diagonally/roiii tb^'JjJ house across the border. The drains are filled with stone. The cross drains keep the whole botlom quiti dry ; but if the subsoil be gravel, chalk, or stone, ihey will not be necessary. The droinageheing comj|if plete, the whole bottom is covered with brick, stonej or lime rubbish, about six inches thick, and on tbij is laid the compost for the vines." (^Hori. Tram lUO.) ieJii olnn The piactice of placing large quantities of potsberdi or broken tiles at the bottom of tubs, or pots or othei vetsels in which jilanls are rooted, is only another ex- emplification of the great necessity of attending to th< I due humidity of the soil, and the prevention of stag; i ' rant water collectmg about the roots; and the injurj » committed by worms, upon the roots of plants in pots' «"'■ is chiefly produced by these creatures reducing thi ' earth to a plastic state, and dragging it among th^J^j' potsherds so as to stop up the postage between the and destroy the drainage.* , One ef the means of guarding the earth agionst aiB access on the one hand, and a loss on the other, of too^ much water, is by paving the ground with tiles OH stones ; and the advantage of this method have beer much insisted upon. But it is certain that, m col summers at least, such a paiiement prevents the soil from acquiring the necessary amount of bottom heoti) and it is probable that, what with this efieet, and thdl ml« obstruction of a free communicntion between the af mosphere and the roots of a plant, the practice is dii advantageous rather thon the reverse. More°commonly reeourse is had to the operation on „.mple watering, for the purpose of maintaining thr" earth at a due state of humidity, and to render plontM more vigorous thnn they otherwise would be ; an in^ dispensable operaiion in hot houses, but of less mo-i ment in the open air. It is indeed doubtful whetherji in the latter case, it is not often more productive oH disadvantage than of real service to plants. Whcivi plants are watered naturally, the whole air is satuiaied with humidity at the same time us the soil is penetra- ted by the rain ; and in this case the aqueous particlcf minMed with the earth are very gradually introduce! into the circulating system ; for the mosture of th( air preAcnts a rapid prespiration, This operation ii usually perfiirmed in hot dry weather, and must neces sarily be very limited in its eflects ; it can have litdi if any influence upon the atmospbe.-e : then, thij ;'' parched air robs the leaves rapidly of their moisture^ »! so long 08 the latter is abundant; the roots are sudt denly and violently excited, and after a short time thi e.xcitinf cause is suddenly withdyiwn by the momen- tary su'pply of water being cut ofl' by evaporation and by filtration through the bibulous substances o which soil usually consists. Then again, the rnpu evaporation from the soil in dry weather has the eflcc of lowering the temperature of the earth, and thii has been bel'ore shown to be injurious (p. 113 ;) sue! a lowering, from such a cause, does not take placi when plants are refreshed by showers, because at tha time the dampness of the air prevents evaporotiol from the soil, just as it prevents prespirolion from thi leaves. Moreover, in stiff soils the dashing of wa- ter upon the surface has after a litde while the eifec. of "puddling" the ground and rendering it impervi* ous, so that the descent of water to the roots is impe< ded, whither it is communicated artificially or by thia loll 'of rain.* It is, therefore, doubtful whether arti-nlfe. •I aiaicd flower-pots are totnlly unfit for most pliiiits, ext *>■ cept with tlie most eureful ivttfUtion lo drninagc, aad even "' Ihen tliey .ire much inferior to common unglazed ones. 1 n«e"' laaer permit the excess of water to esc-ape through their pnroua sides, which is inipossiWe in the glazed pet; ir which. If the upcrture at the bottom heionie stO|M c". tn< c.-irili is sodden with water, the plant suffers and soon per- ishes. A.J.I).] 1 1 No eiroris more common in this country than .'"r/oce i^tmig- newly transplanted nres ; and wc do not hesilati to : ffinu that lull one half the failiir.s, in our dry s nn.iiiCis arife from tills injudicious practice. By pouring w.ifer dail] », o. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 151 inl woUTi'iig ()t pliiiUs ill llie open nir is nilvniitn u»9, unless ill pnriicnlnr cn^es : nnrming new plants, and never allowing the same to bear lore llian two years, a full crop, free from rust or mildew, lay be obtained annually. Even the finer sorts, as the Is- iiella, are sometimes liable to mildew on old vines : wlien lis occurs, they should be headed back, to bring up a siip- iy of young wood, and plentifully m,inured. The young 111 thrifty shiiots will then have sufficient vigor towith- and the attacks of mildew, to which the enfeebled fruit roBused by the old wood is so liable.— A. J. D.J plants with whose phenomena yon may already be familiar. But I trust the " lover of flowers" will never become weary with even a repcrneal of any thing relating to the successful culture or pccnlinri- ties in the structure of rare and beautiful plants. Ciilandrinia gmvdifiora. Having for the first time proved successful in the culture of this interesting plant, for the encouragement of those who have met with like failures I am disposed to ofli:r some obaer- vaiiiins on the probable cause of my success, the repe- tition of which, if followed by similar favourable results will introduce to the florist one of the most beautiful ornaments of the garden. Most plants of the genus Calundrinia are natives of California, and like many products of warmer regions than our own, this species shows itself illy qualified to endure the influence of our burning suns. So for as relates to the trial made by myself, the whole secret of success seems to have de- pended upon a rich soil, o sufficiency of moisture, and a shady situation ; the first consisting of a compost formed of equal parts of well rotted manure, decom- posed vegetable matter from the woods, and coarse sand. Under these circumstances, during the whole of the past month, while other planls were suffering or entirely destroyed by the excessive drought, a succession of these beautiful flowers excited the admi- ration of every beholder. Verbena. The introduction into Floriculture of this unique and attractive genns of plants, is daily demon- strating that by this accession to the garden, is added one of its brightest gems. The facility with which new species may be produced from the seed, places in the power of every one, an opportunity for making choice collections, blending in their varied forms every variety of the most brilliant colouring. Few flowers require less pains for their successful treatment. Pro- fessor Russell remarks " that a hot sun, poor soil, and open air are the best means of cultivating them," — three requsits which most gardens are capable of fur- nishing. Indeed, during the excessive drought of the past month, while most of the occupants of the par- terre were struggling for existence, with a buj-ning sun above, and the perched earth beneath, the Verbena daily exhibited its dense corymbs of brilliant flowers, in the blight sunshine, ahnost painfully dazzling to the ej'e. DoDBLE Flowers. The appellation monster, by which botanists have been pleased to designate those flowers, which under peculiar circumstances of soil, cultivation &c. are disposed to undergo transmutations or conversions from one organ to another, and thus to asume new and varied forms, — in some instances would seem to be misapplied, for among flowers of this character we refer for many of the choicest speci- mens of Flora's kingdom. From this indiscriminate appellation of the term, I have been the more disposed to dissent since observ- ing a few mornings past a splendid specimen of the Double Tiger Flower (Tigridiapavonia.J The characteristics of the original plant, bo far as colour, form of petals, &c. were preserved. In other respects every organ of the flower was double, the twelve expanded petals arranged systematically as in the single plant, and presenting a beautiful star shaped flower of almost unequalled magnificence. I am not aware that this tendency to the multiplica- tion of organs is frequent in plants of this genus. On the contrary,! am inclined to think that the occurrence is very rare, though not an unfrequent event in the ARTIFICIAL CLASS to which plants of this genus be- long. Wool in Michigav. — In conversing, this morning, with a friend from Tecumseh, Mich., engaged in the manul'acmre of Cloth, we were informed that the Wool-growing business ia more extensive, in that state, this year, tlian in former seasons. He says the location and character of Michigan is peculiarly well adntucd to successful en*,'ngcmcnt in that busi- ness; and thinks that Wool will soon be a leading and important article of export from that fertile and beautiful stale. Wheat-growing and ehecpraising work admirably well on the same premitcs. We have noticed, in reporting the lake trade, that some fair quantities of wool have been shipped down the lake from the Teuineula slate. May her prosperi- ty be commensurate with her industry and economy ; and let all be proiiortioned to her natural advantages and soon no state may say "come ahead," — Uocluslcr Evening Post. Plautin? Orchaids—PeddUng Fiuit Trees, The great demand which has existed for fruit trees in newly settled parts of the country, has given rise to a system of imposition, in the shape of peddling, which demands exposure ; for it results in loss and disap- pointment to ihoueiinda of unsus|)ecUng persons, who purchase trees in this manner, hoping to improve their premises. In the spring of the year,partieuIarly,enormousload8 of fruit trees may often be seen passing through the country, on a tour of two or three weeks, without even the slightest provision being made to preserve their vitality — tied up like so many bundles of brushwood, their roots exposed to the full action of the sun, winds, or frosts, as though they were completely imperisha- ble; whereas a few hours exposure is often enough to destroy nil ihc fibrous roots, so essential to the life and growth.of the ires. It is indeed surprising that any man of ordinary intelligence, especially any cultivator of the soil, should be so ignorant of the first principles of vegetable physiology, as to expect trees thus treated, or rather maltreated, to live and thrive. But a few days ago we were conversing on the sub- ject of planting trees, with a gentleman from Canada, where this peddling system ia practised considerably ; he said that he and many of his neighbors had planted apple orchards year after year, but with very little success — not more than one third of the trees lived, and Mey might as well have died, for all the progress they have made. We asked him how he procured his trees ; he replied, from a man who was peddling them. This at once explained the cause of his ill success. Partial failures frequently occur from unskilfid plant- ing and other adverse circumstances, but in the case we have related, and all similar cases, the trees were in fact dead before they were planted. The man who digs up trees and sends them about the country in this manner, palming them ofl" upon the community in a ruined condition, is guilty of a wilful violation of the laws of common honesty and fair dealing, and should he regarded as little better than a pickpocket. But there is nn argument of a pecuniary character in fovor of purchasing from these pedlars : — they usu- ally sell their trees at a lower price than regular nur- serymen. Enough has been said to show the fallacy of this economy. But it may be asked why can these pedlars sell lower than regular nurserymen ? Be- cause their trees are raised in a cheap and careless manner, without proper regard being paid to the kind or quality of the fruit ; cultivating those kinds which coiue easiest to hand and produce the moat rapid growth of wood ; while in nurseries where there is a reputation at stake, and responsibility is assumed, the reverse of this is the practice, and in consequence of the extra expense incurred in keeping all correct, and in procuring new and valuable varieties from a great distance, the prices must be somewhat higher. We may hereafter have occasion to expose the mis- conduct of some piofessed regular iturserymen; but, one thing at a time, is our motto, O. P. Q. 152 THE NEW GENESEE FARMEK, VOL "^ ROCHESTER, OCTOBER, 1841. Agi'icultumI Exhibitions, This is the month of the Farmers' Holidoys — the month in which the producers — the true nobility of our h\nd, will meet together for mutual pleasure and improvement. On these occaeions the best produc- tions of the soil, the finest animnls, tlje most approv- ed implements, and the most skilful ploughing may be seen by all. No farmer can witness these exhibi tions without learning something by which he can im- prove in his practice of huslandry. Let all therefore, attend— and lot all feel it to be their duty to do some- thing to give interest to the occasion. And here we perceive there is apt to be misapprehension in the minds of mony. They appear to think that any arti- cle to be fit lor e.xhibiton must be of great size. But io size [he prindpid thing tobe regarded, by coramitteesai our Fairs ? I5 the largest calf, ilie largest hog, or the largest cabbage invariably the l/cst ? By no means. On the contrary those of ordinary size are more fre- quently the most perfect in form or in quality. Let the committees remember this ; and let farmers who have tine animals or productions, bring them forward. The drama in this State has opened with a grand JSliiss Meeting at Syracuse. We hope the thousands of farmers who were there will impart the right spirit to their friends and neighbors ; and that all will unite to give life and interest to the county e.xhibitions. The whole country — especially the Empire State is now waJdng vp on this subject, and we believe the re- Bulia will be such as will convince every one of the usefulness of agricultural societies and of the wise poli- cy of our Legislature in granting them encourage- ment. The officers and town committees of the county so- cieties should consider that the efliciency and useful- ness of the society mainly depends upon thflm. The exhibitions are now close at hand and vigorous efiorts should bo made to obtain members and funds, and per- suade farmers to bring their animals and prodnctions to the Fairs. We regret that more pefeet information respecting the societies in this State and elsewhere, has not been furnished us. We are proud of Western New- York, liowcver — our Genesee Country has organized nobly ; .-ind we are sure the e.xhibitions will do her fanners honor. The following is a list of the placesand time of hold- ing the Fairs in the counties from which we have de- finite information : Ontario County, atCanandaigua, Oct. 12ih. Genesee " " Alexander, Oct. 13th and 14th. Mouroe " " Rochester, Oct 15th and IGih. Livingston " '' Geneseo, Oct. 22d. Orleans " " Albion, Oct. 14th. Niagara " " Lockporl, Oct. 2i?d. Erie " " Buffalo, Oct. Clb. Cfaautauque " " Mayeville, Oct. 5th and 6th. Wayne " ' ' Newark, Oct. ICth. Cayuga " " Auburn, Oct. 13th and 14th. Oswego " " Oswego, Oct. Cth. Oneida " " Oct, 20th. Saratoga " " Enllstown, Oct. 5th. Portage, (O.) Ravanna, Oct. 20ih and 21st. Durham, (Canada) MiUville, Oct. lOth. Northumberland, Cnnada, Grafton, Oct. 30lh. Rooks and Papers as Pmr.iiinis. We are glad to perceive that several Societies pro- pose to award agricultural books and papers, instead of money, for the smaller class of premiums. We be- lieve it will in general be qixite as satisfactory and much more beneficial to the recipients. The Gene- sec county Society offers more than sixty copies of the New Genesee Farmer, together with other papers and books, in their list of premiums for their approaching Fair. We appreciate the compliment. Gentlemen Managers, and tender you our thanks. Our acknowledgments are also due to the officers of the Niagara District Agricultural Society in Canada, for an order lately received for sixty copies. The Treasurer informs us that great good has been seen to result from the circulation of our paper among the members of that S.icioty— Thus it will always be. New Agricultural Papers. We find on our table quite a number of new ' Ex- changes' seeking our acquaintance, some of which we have too long neglected. Almost every day affords us new and gratifying evidence of the increasing de- mand for agricultural reading ; and convinces us that the time is fast approaching when no intelligent farm- er in our land will consent to be without at least one paper devoted to his profession. " The Canadian Farmer and Mcchunic" is the title of a paper commenced at Kingston, August IG, 1841, by Garfield & Good, proprietors, A. B. E. F. Gor- field. Editor ; 10 pages monthly, |!l per annum ; (rather smaller than thispajjer.) A well conducted and a well circulated agricultural paper in Canada, would doubtless exert a very beneficial influence on the prosperity of the province, and we wish this ex- periment success ; at the same time, from our knowl- edge of the field and experience in the business, we apprehend neighbor Garfield will find lie has under- taken an enterprise of greater difficulty than he ima- gined. Another Agricultural paper in Boston ! S. W. Cole, formerly editor of the Yankee Farmer, has left that paper, and commenced a new one entitled the " Farmer's Journal,"a monthly sheet, (half the size of this) price 50 cents a year. There are besides this, three weekly agricultural papers and one monthly hortictdtural, all apparently well sustained. Verily New England agriculturists are a reading people, ond not al'rsid of " book farming." " The Kcntucliij Cultivator" was commenced last winter, but stopped for the want of— subscribers. It has now recommenced and promises to continue — well done Mr. Virden. It is a neat little monthly of 16 pages ; $1 per year. " The Plough Boy," is the title of a small semi- monthly sheet, published by Wm, F. Duriso, Edge- field Court House South Carolina, $1 50 per year. " Ttw Union Agriculturist," Chicago, Illinois. After a suspension of several months, arising from a difficulty with the printers, this valuable paper has again made its appearance — success to it. " The Western Farmer's and Gardener's Almanac for 1842"— By Thomas Ajjhck, Fditor of the Western Farmer and Curdaicr, Published by E. Lucas, Cincinnati. A copy of the above work has been politely forward- ed us by the author, and we have examined it with great satisfaction. It is a veiy neat duodecimo pamphlet of ninety-six pages, and contains, be- sides the usual calendar, &c., a lage amount of rery usefid and interesting matter relating to agriculture, horticulture and rural affairs, with numerous spirited engravings by Mr. Forster. The chapter on Swine (with 15 portraits) is alone worth double the price of the work. Every farmer tind gardener who has an op- portunity, should procure this almanac: we presume it may be obtained at most of the booksellers in the west, and we 8'"all advise the publisher to send some this way. The price is .$2 per dozen, or 25 cents single. It can be sent by mail if desired — the postage is six cents lor less than 100 miles, and ten cents for any distance oyer 100 miles. The following glance at the contents will give an idea of the variety and interest of the work : Times of holding Courts in Ohio, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, Indiana and Illinois. Rates of postage, list of Agricultural periodicals. January — Life in the country, the garden, resutcitating old orchards, saving clover seed, the bee, farm buildings. February — Su- gar making, culture 01 corn, farm buildings. March — Duck shooting, the I'armer's garden, farm stock. April — The raising, )ioUitocs, tlie fruit gnnlen and orchard, grafting, building, causes of decay in peach ( trees, manuie. Muy — The flower garden. June — ') The Poultry yaid. July — Fourth of July frolic, pick- I ling, cure for murrain, vermin in cattle. August — 1 Emigration to the west, turnips, removing weeds and 1 briars, staggers in bwine, hovcn tattle. September — I The vintage. October — Cider inaking, the peach 1 tree worm. November — A chapter on hogs. De- cember— Wolf hunting on the ice, sowing grass seeds. ' Engravings — Sleighing party, subtended hives, su- ' gar camp, duck shooting in the prairie swampe, building log houses, grafting, budding, young jjarden- ers,, the poultry yard, pic-nic party in the woods, party of immigrants, the vintage, cider making, peoch tree insect, hog killing, white China hog, Warren Co. do., Wobiiurn do.. White Berkshire do., Droc- tor Martin's banter pigs, and Berkshire barrow, " Tom," do,, "Daniel Lonihen," Berkshire sow, • " Madam," Siamese boar, Iiish grazier sow, do. boar, belt barrow, Neapolitan boar, tbin-rined bow, J wolf hunting on the ice, and eleven amusing tail J pieces. 'J P. S. Since writing the above, we have received * from the publisher an invoice of the Almanacs and "Bee-breeding in the West." So that both of these works will soon be for sale at the Bookstores and Seed Store in this city, at .'J2 per dozen, or 25 cents each — orders are solicited. Our Friends i« Canada. The hearty welcome and genuine old-counliy hos- pitality which we usually meet with among the Eng- lish and Scotch farmers in Canada, always makes us regret that our visits in that country cannot be longer and more frequent. While on a hasty tour in that province last month, we called at a p!e isant cottage fronting the lake and surrounded by a beautiful gar- den, occupied by two English friends, one a bachelor, and the other with a better-half from one of tho beet dairy districts in England. We had, on one or two former occasions been struck tvith the peculiar excel- lence and great variety of iho table luxuries produced from her dairy. Twoof these, "Junket" and "Clot- ted Cream," are rarely met with in this country, al. though with some of ue Ihey may be associated with the happiest recollections of our childhood. At our request, our friend furnished us directions for picpar- ing these dishes, which we give our readers. TO PUEPABE Jl'NKET, Take one quart of milk warm from the cow, and stir in a teaspoouful of rennet, and let it stand till cur- ded, which, if the rennet is of proper strength will be in about fifteen minutes ; grate over it a little nut- meg, and sweeten with maple molasses or honey. It is an excellent dish fcir supper. SCALDED, on CLOTTED CRE.tM. Take a pan of perfectly sweet milk, twelve hours old, with the cream on ; stand it on a stove or furnocc over a gentle fire till slightly scDkled, " when a ring will appear in the cream of the size of the bottom of the pan" ; then take it olVand let stand till cold; skim off the cream and it is fit for rS3. When used as nn accompaniment with fruit, tarts, &.C., it is sweetened to suit the taste. This eroam is esteemed a great lux- ury in London, It ia brought in by dairymen and sold at a high price. 15:{ HATCH'S SO'^ViMG MACHIJVE are happy In being nble nt length to give our renders a correct rcprpsenta- 1 description of Hnich's Sowing IVInchine — an invention which we firmly will proved' more benefit to the farming community than any other that leared oflate years. The cbove drawing is si perfect that but little deserip- necessary. The machine consists of a pair of wheels of the size of ordinary e wheels ; an exeltree 10 feet long, with a pair of shafts for the horse IV by. Just in frontof the wheels, and acrossthe shaftsie the hopper (/I.) long and capable of holding "> or 4 bushels of grain. At the bottom of the is a slide or Agitator 1 inch square, faced with iron and having teeth nn ide, by the motion of which the grain is shaken out. The width of the , and the consequent dsicharge of the seed, can be increased or diminished ns of set screws, as shown at B. When ihe machine is in operation a rapid ry motion is given to the agitator by means of a small rod and crank (C. ) id to one end of a small shaft 15 inches long, on the other end of which is a wheel (Z>. ) with coga or teeth meshing into the master wheel jE. The wheel is bolted on to the inside of the spokes of the nigh wheel of the ma. It is "2 feet in diameter, and one revolution of it gives eight revolutions to lion wheel and shaft. On the top of the back part of the machine is a sent driver. A small co^d is attached to the end of the pinion shaft, and rench- ae seat of the driver, by means of which he can readily put the machineout so as to stop the discharge of seed at any time when desired. The rna- •,vill sow all kinds of grain, grass seed and plaster, at any desired rale from ts to as many bushels per acre. It is easily managed, and not liable to gel )rder. A man or a smart boy with n horse, can sow from twenty to twenty- res with it in a day. inventor and proprietor of this machine has spent several years in testing pr"ving it, and he now introduces it to the public with the ntmnst assurance will fully meet the wants and expectations of the community, it is well known that soinns >b one of the moat difficult and laborious rperations of the far- mer, and one which but lew men can perform properly. Hcr.c3 arises the need of a machine like tbis--one that will perform the work eorrectiv, expeditiously, and with ease All who have used this machine, agree in declaring that it answers the purpose aarth/; and if we are not mistaken, it will in u few years hcasuncom- rnon to see a ariner sowing grain by hand in this country, as it now is to see one thrashing with a flail. Mr. IIatch has lately been engaged in manufactuiing a few machines in this city, in order to introduce them to the farmers of Western New York, but he can- not, nor does he wish to supply all orders, as his main object is to eell ricbls (or others to manufncture. The price of the machine is ijliiO. He is willinglo send >wo or three to Ohio and other Western States, if desired, in order to make them known there ; and he hopes that all who feel an interest in the subject will examine them and satisfy themselves, before purchasing rights. To enterprising mechan- ics and others, he will sell County or Slate rights, on favorable terms. Letters addressed (postpaid,) to Julius Hatch, Rochester, w,ll receive attention. Aware of the deception which is often practiced by means of Certificates and Recoinmendations, and being determined that this Machine shall recommend it- self, the proprietor begs to refer those wishing information respecting it, to the fol- lowing highly respectable individuals who possess ibem : Il,twsoN Hakmos, .Tr., Wheatland, Marvin Smith. Mcndon, bVI.VESTKn Harsson, " , .. _^ F,i.i5HA Harmon, " H. & D. ROCKKS, " Isaac Cox, " Thomas H. Newrold, Caledonia, Isaac Lacey, Chili, John Moxon, Greece, Asa Rowe, " IIenht FEi.Low.5.Penficld, Alva S. Hoyt. Batavia, Chester Scott, Elba. DYEING. iPA'RMERS.~Tlic following recipes are invalu- ) house kceperfl, and stiould be preserved by every ife. Tlie madder compound, indigo compovrtd, and mpiniud. are for sale only by the subscjiiter. at tUe 'treet Drug ^tore, where are .ilso for sale every des- d;. e woods and stuffV, .it the very lowest cash pri- >]or Madder Red. — T.ike one pound of iMadder for ev- poiinds of yarn or eloth. soak the madder in a brcss !cr kettle, one ni^lit in wiirui water, eiioiidi to cover T ym: wish to folor ; ne^t luorninii: put in two ounces Ici- conipnuiid for every pound of madder which you iikeil. Then wet vour y.-irn or cloth and wring it out I wilier; iiftcrwiirlhi put in the dye. Now place the vrr lli^ tire, Hit I hrinij it slowly to a scalding heat, viil tiikc aljovit lii'Jf ii.i Iiour; keep it at tlii^ he.'tt h.ilf r, if .1 liaht red i i wiinied, and longer if a dark one ; )r depending upon the time it remains in the dye. a ihe color in made, rinse the eloth immediately in atcr, and it will then he finished. Scarlet Red.— Take soft water, siiflicient tn cover r varn you wish to color; hring it to a boiling Tpper or brass kettle; then add IJ a?., of cream of for every pound of cloth; now boil a minute or two, ui lull two oz. of powdered Lac, and .3 oz. of .Vladder and, (the Lac and compound must he previously nii\eil iB:i or earthen howl,) boil five minutes; now wet the 1 w.-iriii w^ter. iiiid wring it, and put it in the dye; boil Kile nearly an hour, t.ike the cloth or yarn oat, and ; ill clear cold water. olor Green — For every pound of yarn or cloth, ndil 3 lalf ounces of alum and 1 pound of Fustic. .Steep to strcngch, hut not boil; soak the cloth until itacqiiire=i yellow color, then throw out the ctips aud add tfc the desired shade Indigo compound slowly, until y of Green. To color Fbik—Vor every three pounds of yarn or cloth, in 3f;uarts or water, (or eaougli to cover it.) use one pint of the Pink compound. Bring the water containing the cloth nearly to a scalding heat, and add the compound until the shade suits yuu. IM. B. EDSON, &i,ate street Drug Store, 30 St.ate st., next door to the City B.ink, Rochester. au" 20 " The Stiiisip Extractor." Mr. Drake, the owner of the right of this machine informs us that the patent has nearly expired, but he is in hopes of getting it renewed. UlatKsonCo. AsricuUiira! Kocirly, Oreatiiicetl September 1, 18H. JoH.iATHAN D. Lkdyard, President. Elijah Morse, Horatio G. W.'.rker, James H. Dun-bar, Vice Presidents. Alexantier Krumbhaar, Cor. Sec'y. A. S St.oAN, Recording Secretary. Uriah Lf.land, Trcasuier. Johnaihan Woodward, Caranovin; Thomas A Clark, Sullivan ; Stephen Comsn, Eaton ; Geo. J5. Rowe, Leno.t; Orrin B. Lord, Hamilton; James Coiilidge; i.Iadibon, Geo. Riich, Nelson; B. B. Stew- art, Smilhfield; Stockbridge, D.= Ruy- ter, Lebanon, Brcokfield, Ten- ner, Georgetown, were cbucen Managers. Oileatss County AgricaUiiral Society. We have received a circular containing the consti- tution of this Society, and the list of premiums to bo awarded at the Fair to be held at Albion on the 14tli day of October. We have not soon the list of officers. Charles Lee, is President, and H. Chase Sec'y. Mechanics Fair at Itochester. The third annual Fair of the Mechanics and Atti- zansof Western New York will be held at Rochester commencing on the 12th day of Ociober. We have not room to insert the Circular this month, and we believe no argumenls are necessary to induce the thousands to attend who wilnesecd the previous exhi- bitions. Wild Rice"-In(iiiiry Agaie. We should be glad if some one of our friends in Canada would give us some particular information re- specting the Wild Rice, — whether it is ever sown or cultivated in any way ; what depth of water it usual- ly grows in ; what quantity of grain it will yield per acre ; how it ishavestcd snil e'oaned. Ac, cS-'c. 154 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 7'iie Dilil'iCJit Bleeds of Shtep. Wool Growing is becoming a very imporlaiu and profiiable branch of agriculture in this Sate, and many larniera are anxious to inform themselves re- specting the ch.iractcr and relative value of the diiler- ent breeds of sheep. The floUowing article, copied from the Western Farmer & Gardener, is the best we have seen on this subject of late. We would advise our readers, who wish information respecting this or any other kind of farm stock, to attend as many Agri- cultural Fairs as they enn, vs-here they may see the different breeds, and compare them. We will give S3me engraved representations hereafter. In my former communication, I endeavored to lay before your renders some account of the particular ap- plication of the diflereut sorts of wool, to theirnianu- lacturing purposes ; distinguishing them by their well known division oi long and sliort. In continu- ing the subject, I purpose taking a short review of the various breeds of sjieep, or such of them as 1 think will be interesting to your readers ; explaining with as much distinctness as lays in my power, the origin of the name held at present by each particular breed: having in view the inlcntof informing those who may not be acquainted with the subject, what is meant by the Colswold, Bakewell, (fee. The long-woolled sheep shall first occupy our at- tention; and, as they are more especially before the public mind, we will begin with the Leicestershire. The Old Leicester, the New Leicester, the Buke- well, and the Dishley, are one and the same breed of sheep; the Old Leicester being the original stock. — About the middle of the last century, Mr. Bakewell, who ^ved at Dishley, in Leicestershire, endeavored to improve the existing sheep of that county; which he did by attention and a careful selection from all the flDcks around his neighborhood, without regard to size, but having in view the greatest propensity to fatten, with that shape which he considered would produce the largest proportion of valuable meat, with the smallest quantity of" bone and offal. Hiiving formed his stock from sheep so selected, he carefully attended to the peculiarities of the indi- vidals from which he bred, and (from the best in- foj-mation) did not oliject to breeding from near rela- tions, when by doing so he put together animals likely to produce a progeny possessing the character- istics he wished to obtain. Some persons supposed that Mr. Bakewell formed the New Leceister variety by crossing different sorts of sheep. There is no reason for believing this; and the contrary appears to be the fact. He next estab- lished a system of letting rams for the season, instead of selling them, to those who wished their use — asye- teni not only beneficial to the ram-breeder, but also to the farmer. It enables the ram-breeder to keep n greater number and give his whole attention to this department; and secures to the farmer, any cross he may require for any portion of his flock, without the necessity of in-and-in breeding. Valuable as this system no doubt %vas, it was only after 20 years of incessant perseverance, that Mr. Bike- well had the pleasure of seeing his ideas on this subject sustained by the breeders of the country. The first ram Mr. B let, was for sixteen shillings. Twenty-six years from thai time, he lot a celebrated ram called tite Two Pounder, for one season, at four hundred guineas each from two breeders, still reserving one-third for himself; the value of the ram for this season, being thus estimated at twelve hundred guineas, (about six thousand dollars.) Mr. Bakewell's improved breed were called the New Leceister, to distinguieh them from the parent stock; by some they were designated as the Bakewell, and by others the Uishley, being the place of his abode; and thus we get at tue origin of all these names. Before closing this account it may be well to des- cribe the peculiarities of the New Leceister breed of sheep. The head should be hornless, long, small, tapering towards the muzzle, and projecting horizon- tally forwards; the eyes prominent but with a quiet expression; the ears thin, rather long, and directed backwards, the neck full and broad at its base, where it proceeds from the chest, but gradually tapering to- wards the head, and particularly tine at the junction of the head and neck; the neck seeming to project straight from the chest, so that there is, with the slightest possible deviation, one continued horizontal Ime from the rump to the poll; the breast broad and full; the shoulders also broad and round, and no un- even or angular formation where the shoulders join either the neck or the back; particularly no rising of the wituers; or hollow behind the bituation of these bones; the arm fleshy through its whole extent, and even down to the knee; the bones of the legs small, standing wide apart, no looseness of skin about them, and comparatively bare of wool; the chest and barrel at once deep and round; the ribs forming a considera- ble arch from the spine, so as in some cases, and es- pecially when the animal is in good condition, to make the apparent width of the chest even greater than the depth; the barrel well ribbed home; no ir- regularity of line on ihe back or belly, but on the siifes the carcass very gradually diminishing in width towards the rump; the quarters long and full, and, as with ;he forelegs, the muscles extending dov\'n to the hock; the thighs also wide and full; the legs of a mo- derate length; the pelt also moderately thin, but soft and clastic, and covered with a good quantity of white wool, not so long as in some breeds, but consi- derably liner. The New Leicesters are notTiowever, without their faults; they are by no means prolific breeders. This, it is probable, may be the result of the inand-in breeding to which Mr. Bakewell no doubt sometimes resorted. They vary much in size, weighing at a yeir and a half old from twenty-four to thirty six pounds per quarter; though we have instances of their being led to a considerably greater weight. We have it on re- cord that Mr. Morgan of Loughton, led a pure bred New Leicester sheep, the live weight of which was three hundred and sixiy-eight pounds, and that of the carcass two hundred and forty-eight. The fibre of the wool varies from five to more than twelve inches in length, and the Heece averages from six to seven pounds ; it is used mostly in the manu- laeture of serges and carpels. The Cotswold sheep takes its name from a range of hills on which they are raised in Gloucestershire, and known as the Cotswold hills — being one of the grand divisions of that county. Camden says "that they derive it from the cots or sheds in which they were housed at night, — or permanently for the win- ter; and the wolds or open hilly grounds on which they were pastured in the summer." Every person at all conversant with the topograghy of England knows that the Cotswold hills have ever been famous for the pasturage afforded to this particular breed of sheep. In 1437, Don Duarte, King of Portugal, made application to Henry IV. king of England, for liberty to export sixty sacks of Cotswold wool, that he might mannfacture certain cloths of gold at Flor- ence, tor his own use. Stowe says in his Chronicle, that in the year 1467, Edward IV. gave license to pass over into Spain, certain Cotswold sheep, &c. — The object that I have in making these quotations, is merely to show the antiquity of the breed. Very few pure Cotswolds now exist, and these we are given to understand, are fast pasting away. The description given of the pure Cotswold is that they are taller and longer than the improved breed; comparatively flat sided; deficient in the fore quarter but full in the hind one; not fattening so early, but yielding a longer and a heavier fleece. The Cotswold have been crossed considerably by tlie Leicester, and the prevalent breed may be said to consist of half Leicester, half Cotswold. Though a distinct breed of sheep, the similarity that presents it- self in the Bakewell and Cotswold sheep of this coun- try, would carry conviction to the mind of any breed- er, that the cross has been carried to a very consider- able extent, upon most, if not all of the sheep ol this name imported into America. In some parts of this country — for instance, in the territory of Iowa, or any other, where wool is the object and not the carcase — the pure Colswold is the better sheep; they are more easily kept; are larger, though not so well formed in the body, and produce a heavier fleece. This is speak- ing comparatively between the Cotswold and the Lei- cester. The improved Cotswold, which is the sbeep we have here, will weigh from 25 to 40 lbs. per quarter; and yield a fleece of from 7 to 8 pounds on the av- erage. The pure Linconshire sheep, like the pure Cots- wold, is fast disappearing. Culley describes them as having no horns; white faces; long, thin, and weak carcoses; the ewes weighing from 14 to 20 lbs per quarter, and the wethers from 20 to 30 lbs.; with thick, rough, white legs; large bones; thick pelts, and long wool, from teit to eighteen inches, and weighing from S to 14 lbs. per Heece. According to Ellis, they were the longest legged and largest car- cassed sheep of all others; and although their U'gs and bellies were for the most part void of wool — yet they carried more wool on them than any other sbeep whatsoever. The contest for supremacy between the Lincolnsand the Leicesters ^as long and aerimunioi and doubt even now exists m the minds of some, w! regard to the relative value of the respective breecW The cross of the Leceistershire ram on the Lincoh ewe, displayed to a great extent the excellencies of th male parent, and the wether attained its maturity h a year less time than it was accustomed to, with lee compariitive expense of food even in that time. Thi Lincolnshire sheep now, is for the most part croesei th the Leceist'^r — as indeed is the case with nios of the long wooled varieties. The average weight o the fleece of the present sheep, is about 7 lbs., and o the pure Lincoln, not more than 9 lbs. — the lengtl of the staple from 8 to 9 inches. There are other long wool sheep, but from the cro* of the Lcicesler, they have generally imbibed so inuc! of the characteristics of that breed that 1 think it ur, necessary to give any lengthened description of them In a future number I will take a review of the shot wool sheep, and give my opinion as to the adaplatioi of the particular breeds to western farming purpnset Yours, &c. UMBRA, American Wool Product. To those who have paid the subject but little ai tention, the amount of money invested in the produt tionof wool within the United States, will seem sui prising. It is very generally beheved that this is quit a secondary bran'-h of our general interest, insteadc one of the most fruitful sources of our wealth, an. bestdeserving the cherishing protection of our Gov ernment. As shown by the returns of the late ccnsuE we have in this country, exclusive of North Carolina Michigan and Kentucy, 19,085,962 sheep ; and takiiu ten dollars as the avepgo value of land necessary t sustain a sheep and make a fair allowance for tbi animals themselves, for the labor necessary for the« proper superintendence with that rrquired to prepar their product for its first market, which arc as muc part of the investment as the land which sustaine them, the aggregate amount of capital invested in thi branch of industry will be at least two hundred mi, lions of dollars This is certainly an immense sun: and well deserves the attention of the General Gov ernment. At present, England supplies us annuall with some ten millions worth of broadcloths, and al ter all chooses to import her wool from the continenl to the entire exclusion of our own. In 1839, her er tire import of this article was 57,395,944 pounds, an while we had some 40,000,000 pounds ol wool re maining at home, nearly two-fif hs of the whole woi len manufocturcs of Great Britain came to the U. £ And yet we have only $1.5,000,000 invested in woUe manufactures. Of the aggregate amount ol wool grown in th United Stales in 1839, New York produced 4,012, 144 pounds; Ohio, 3,650,970 ; Vermont, 2, '257 7^5; which, in proportion to her population, is niiic the largest amount grown in any Slate ;Penn6ylvanli 3,076,783; Virginia, 2,672,044; Blaine, 1,475,551 New Hampshire, 1,260,988 ; Indiana, 1,202,209 Massachuseits. 1,055,591 ; Tennessee. 1,029,516 and the other Statts various amounts between tb 893,675 pounds of Connecticut, and the 45,524 < Louisiana. — N. Y. Trilianc. Cnlture of the Tare or Vetch. A subscriber in Canada inquires whether any fai mers in this region are in the practice of growin English Tares; and if so with what success. W should be pleased if some of our readers would giv us the results of their experience on this subject. I the meantime, the following, from the Farmer' Cabinet, may be useful: "At a late meetingof the Philadelphia Agricultu ral Society, a member inquired if any one prescr could speak experimentally on the culture and valu of the tare or \etch, which is in such very genert use in England, where the summer-soiling system i adopted; remarking, that from all acconnts the plan must be astonishingly productive as well as nutritiotie Having myself employed it for that purpose ver; largely, and for many years, I would say, its produc tivenees has never yet been overstated, or its valU' overrated, as food for all kinds of cattle. Horses milk cows, fatting beasts, sheep and hogs, will gro' fat while feeding on it, and the older i: grows tl more valuable it becomes, as the seed when formed the pod, is far superior to onts or any other grain fo the purpose of cattle feed; the seeds are black, an the size of very small peas. The crop is used for soi ing, by cutting while green and taking it to the sti !<). AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 155 „,K n siimoumos led oil' by eheep, conliuiiig lUciii . iiu'niis of leiuporary leiidng orliuidles; cot- iMt liable 10 become Uoveii while feeding it in 'c of its growth; on good land it hns been ; . icnch the height of three feet nnd oven lutiicing OS mil cu as 12 tons of green food . . wliich, when wkII dried, will yieW 3 tons 1,1, .St viiliiablc hny on the farm. The first amy- kc9 place as soon after harvest as possible in jiaiid. upon land designed for the wheat crop the t aiuuiiin, with the icinlcr variety of seed, which casdy bedisiinguished from the siimmo- tare, as I Biunller, rounder, and blacker; these will bear severity of the winter; rye is oltcn mixed, to en- e tlic crop to stand up, when it attains a consider- e hei!»ht, but a spriukling of wheat has been found tforlbifl purpose, as it remains longer succulent the summer. The crop from this sowing will be for cutting for soiling in May, and the stalks il . .._,Auind, will affird a second growth lor lep-fecd; but as the tare is a fallow crop, it is the It management to cut all off and plough the land !p as soon as the crop is removed, well working 1 cleaning it during the summer, preparatory to lent-sowing, early in the autumn, after a dressing well prepared compost, if ibis has not been given to yci — a far better arrangement for both crops, next sowing is with the summer variety ol the 0, as early in March as the season will admit, on i that has been ploughed preparatory in the au- nn or winter; again in April another crop is sown, d, if necessary, two other sowings might take the last so late as the end of June, that so a ;cession of this inust valuable crop might be se- red for the whole of the summer, and until the end September- Such crops produce immense quanti- 8 of manure, which is carried from the sheds and mpostM for dressing others; lurneps, for instance, lich may be sown on the land from which the lirst ip of tares has been carried, and fed off in time lor leat-sowing in the autumn. It must not be forgot- , that tbe° richer the land, the greater will be the .p ol taies, and none will pay so amply for manure t when the crop is very heavy, there is less chance obtaining good seed, and if that be the object, it is .'ommended to mow the first crop early for soiling, d permit the secjiiid growth to stand for seed, which sometimes a precar.ous business, nothing being )re uncertain; I have purchased seed at a guinea d a half a bushel, and sold the next year's produce tained from it at six shillings a bushel! When the ico of seed is moderate, the quantity sown is two shels or two and a half per acre, but whatever the ice may be, it will be repaid in the crop, if the land in good heart. As much as 30 bushels of seed per re has been obtained, but 15 bushels, and often half at, is more common. Undei a heavy crop ol tares, e land will be found perfectly clean and mellow, d will turn up like an ash-heap: and there is no lestion with me, that the crop may be raised with ccess in this country, if well cultivated on good nd, rather stiff in its nature and lying cool. With regard to the value of the tare for soiling, it i9 been calculated that ten times the stock might be ipt on them than on any other commonly cultivated op; ho?S3s require no corn or any other food, and ws give more butter while feeding on them than on ly other food whatever. Is it not strange that no .gular experiment on an extensive scale has yet been T the purpose could not be found. A trial was, owever, made on the farm ol Mr. Whitney near this ity, and witnessed by a number of farmers and citi- ens. The ground was very unlit for the purpose, oing quite rough, and containing numerous stumps, 0 that the machine was exhibited under great disad- fantages. Still it did good execution, and convinced 11 who were present that on ordinarily smooth land t would prove a great saving of time and labor in larvesting grain. It cuts remarkably clean — in fact tot a straw that stands in its way can escape; and, rom what was shown of it here, there was no reason to doubt thai under favorable circunietancts il cut liflecn acres in a day. We regret that a more public and extensive trial could not bo mode here the prcsoiil season; but hope that many of our readers will have an opportunity of witnessing its performance next year. In the meantime we copy from the t^ariners' Register some account of its operations in Virginia. After speaking of an experiment made on very unfavorable ground, William U. Harrison, of Brandon, says; " The third day, however, we removed them to a more favorable site, where the beds were wide, the lurrows shallow, and the wheat heavy, and I very soon became convinced that Mr. Ilussey's reaper did not deserve to be classed with the humbugs ol the day. By this time the horses and hands employed bad become belter trained, and the work was beauti- fully done — belter indeed than I ever saw done by the most expert cradler and binder, " with every appli- ance and means to boot," to enable them to do the work well. Less wheat was left on the ground trav- ersed by the machinco, either standing or cut, than 1 ever observed in any wheat field before. " I wish I could speak as strongly in favour of the reaper as a time-saving machine, but the truth obliges ine to say that I cannot. Still I think that it will save time; but the question is, how muchf A very didicult question it is, too, and by no means so easily solved as might at the first glance be imagined. In- deed, so much depends on the locality, the length of the rows and the heaviness of the crop, (the reaper operating to most advantage in heavy wheat, J that the time saved is constantly varying; and to approxi- mate the truth, therefore, is as much as con be expect- ed. Something, indeed, a good deal, depends upon the fact, whether good cradlera have to be stopped in order to run the machine; good policy, however, would always suggeel the propriety of slopping the worst. , r . • 1 " It is not enough to ascertain the number ol bind- ers required to run the machine, in order to deter- mine the lime saved. Say eight hands are required for this purpose in heavy wheat, and where the rows are pretty long, and such situations are the most fav- orable to the reaper, and six where the wheat is lightest and the rows short, and a good deal of time consequently lost in turning. Are six cradlers saved in the former case, and four in the latter, estimating the driver and raker, who ought to be good and cHl- cient hands, as of equal value wilh cradlers? Cer lainly not; and for this reason. The reaper cannot be started as long as there is any dew on the wheal in the morning, nor can it operate after much has fallen in the evening. Ai such times the hands that attend the machine have to be employed in someother way; and moving from one kind of work to another is al- ways attended with more or less loss of lime. Nor is this all. In shocking wheal after the machine, some loss of time is also incurred. Where wc use the cradles, the binders follow immediately behind them, and then come the pickers up as well as the shockers, and the whole work goes on together. The reaper, however, when operating in long rows, as il must do to work to advantage, scatters the work so much, leaving it in long narrow strings, that shock- ers cannot find constant employment in following it. We have found it necessary, therefore, to stop a part of our cradles, once a day, in order to bring up the shockin" after the machines, which certainly occa- sions some loss of time. SiiU I think on the whole that the securing of our crop has been somewhat ex- pedited by the use ol these machines; and u binders could have been hired to operate them without stop- ping the cradles forlhe purpose, our harvest would have been very ^materially shortened; and the loss of wheat would un'queslionably have been inu':h less. " It would add greatly to the value of these ma- chines, if the ingenious inventor, Mr. Hussey, conk! device some way to make them cut damp straw; so that they might be kept at work all day. Whatever Mr. Hussey has not accomplished, however, is, I am sure, owing to the intrinsic difficulty of making the improvement desired; for the wonder with me is not that he has achieved no more, but that he has done so much. , ■ u "Thereoper compares most advantageously with cradles in cutting heavy wheat that stands well, cutting il quite as rapidly as It would a lighter crop, which the cradles would not do; or in cutting fallow wheat that inclined altogether one way. The fallow wheal however, must be cut the way it inclines, the knife going under it, and it is laid beantifnily as il falls from the machine, for the binders; but the machine must go buck without culling. 1 am not of opinion tiiul the reaper will answsr in all Bitnatioiis, or will even supersede the use of the cradle ultogethfr; but I in- cline to think lliat it may be need to great advantage in securing parts of almost every large crop; at leasl on level land. After timeing these machines repeatedly,! have not been as yet able to get cither of them to cut more than an acre per hour, and, by the way, thai is quite expeditious work in heavy wheat. Before trying the reaper, I had supposed that good scylhemeu would average more than 2 acres a day in good wheat, but I am now convinced thoi this is quite as much as can be done. My overseer, Mr. Adams, who super- intended the machines, and is quite a judicious man, cnlertaine the belief that U acres might be accom- plished by the reaper in an hour, with fust horses and superior driving. It is probable loo, that the experi- ence of another seoson mighl enable us to eH'ect moie than we have yet done. But still I doubt if an aero and a half an hour can e er bo counted on for many consecutive hours. An observant gentleman of •Charles City, and a practical farmer loo, who has one of these machines hich ho worked last year, informed me recently that it would cut down sixteen acres of wheat a day, or would do the work of eight cradles. The testimony of ibis gentleman is every way entitled to credit, and justice to Mr. Hussey seems to require ihat it should be mentioned. I presume of course that some allowance was made for the lime lost in the morning and evening, when the straw was damp." Another trial was made by R. B. Bollisg, of Sandy Point, who remarks: — " I feel satisfied that the principle is a good one, and may be successfully applied to the object intcnil- od, and that Ihc machine is destined when the invent- or shall have better perfected its mechanical arrange- ments, which he can, with his greater experience, easily do, to be an invaluable ojquisition to the farm- ers of the wheol-growing region of country. With three mules, a man to drive and one on the machine to rake the wheat from the platform on which, as it is cut, il falls, we estimated that rather more than one acre per hour was reaped. By Mr. Husscy's calcu- lation the machine must cut one acre in every two miles that it travels through the wheal; 15 acres therefore by this calculation, may be reaped in a day with one machine, pulled by three mules wilh two men only to drive and rake, by travelling thirty miles, a distance not too great on level land, through large fields, where there would be but few turns. The cut- ting of the machine where the wheal was rankest was the he=t, leaving not a straw scarcely standing ofter il, and rendering gleaning entirely unnecessary. The wheat for the " pickers up," or binders, wos de- posited more evenly nnd in much larger quantities to- gether, than after the cradle, and wiih these advanta- ges to the pickers up, eight were not always able, when the wheat was rank and abundant, to_ gather, lie, and remove the sheaves from the track of the ma- chine, as it passed around the square. The machine does not cut well early in the morning, when the wheat is moist; il cuts best when and where a cradler would do least — in rank wheat and in the hottest per- iod of the day. I have concluded lo procure two for the next harvest, satisfied that much manual labor thereby may be saved, at a critical and important season lo the farmer, when labor is always scarce, and especially on the lower James River at that lime. The Editor of the Register remarks—" Both these trials were undertaken at our request, and we aie confident that both the individuals used every care to have full and fair trial made, and the facts and results accurately noted. It is unnecessary to add that no- where could such confidence be better placed." Yacca Gloiiosa. There is, at the present time, in the garden of Mr. Baynton, of Hartest, near Bury St. Edmonds, o lorgo specimen of the above plant with two flower stems, on one of which are upwards of 400 blossoms, borne one lately recommended the application of nitrate of soda to Dahlias. A friend of ours tried it m a very weak eolulion (about I oz. to a gallon of water) and applied it once to each root in the dry v\'eatUer ot June. The effect has been a rich and powerful foli- aire. It is noi too late to try it wilh g/eat caution, guarding against the chance of excess.— f.eamtrig'/ora (Eiig.) Spa. Chroii. lot) THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. A Iictter from Illinois. Messrs. EdiroRS : — The following is an extrnct of n letter written by a gentleman of considerable travel and acquaintance through the great west, and eo far as refers to your portion of country we are prepared to at- test to the coi-rectness of his remarks, and you may confer a (avor on such as may wish to migrate to the west by giving this a place in yonr paper. Yours, &c., FREDERIC BRACKETT. BrncIicU's Slills, llimuis. " In all my acquaintance through the far famed west, I have not found a section of country that in every respect so well unites all the great requisites of the farmer as that portion embracing the south part of Effingham and the north part of Ciny counties, on the west side of the Little Wabash river, in the State of Illinois. There the prairies are small, averaging only from one to three miles wide ; high, dry, and ex- tremely fertile; and the rivulets or small creeks which divide these small prairies ere bordered with as good timber as I ever saw in the United States. They also afford great quantities of valuable rock both of the limestone and freestone, and inexhaustable vrater. This is the only prairie country in which I have ever seen all these great advantages in such abkind- ance. Spring water is common both in the pra.riss and timber land, and excellent well water is obtained by digging from lifteen to thirty feet, any where in the country. The first year, the prairies here are somewhat harder to plough than old blue grass pastures ; they are then planted in corn, and without any further cultivntion they yield from fifteen to forty bushels per acre. The next year and onward they are extremely light and productive in all kinds of grain and vegetables suitable to the climate, thus is seen at once the great advan- tages thntresult to persons who locate in the west ; — no clearing of farms, only fence and plough ; and the country being entirely free from stagnant water 1 have no doubt of its general health. It is worthy of remark that all this part of the country is entirely free from that distressing disease called the milk sickness. Notwithstanding an almost unparalled drouth from the middle of iVIay uiuil the first of September, corn in this vicinity will yield at least fifty bushels per acre this season. I earnestly recommend this portion o'' country to yourseif and friends, but what you do you had batter do soon, as the land will dovibtless be pur- chased rapidly. Sirange as it may appear there is yet more than nineteen twentieths of this beautiful and fertile coun- try remaining to be purchased of the Government at §1,25 per acre. It has been overlooked by travellers tinlil lately, for want of roads passing through it, — but it is now settling rapidly. Yours tiuly, A. B." Sketches of Travel. In a recent jaunt as far east as Madison and Che- nango connties, that which struck our attention inost, was the great number of rural visitors on the road, jinirneying, almost without exception, in expensive steel springed carriages and buggies, with elegant aidel amps, the horsss caparisonej with brass mounted or plated barneys, the dress and baggage of the tra vellers in keeping with the equipage. Twenty years ago when we passed through this country our springed carriage was looked on as a straggling cxolir., to be wondered at rather than ad- mired, much less to be desired. Os teams were then more common than horse teams, I doubt whether there was a farmer then within ten miles square, who c-">ulJ boast of a spring carriage or a plated harness. T'.vo farmers would then once a year fit out a team for Salt Point to buy salt, by furnishing each, a hoise, with a certain quantum of rope and leather called a tackling. If I was asked what has produced this great change in the social condition nf our Rural population, I should say, it was varied and increased production. The birth or introduction and increase of the mechanic arts in the country has n"t been a whit behind the progress of agricultural industry ; it may be said that from the nature ol their mutuol wants, they have incidentally stimulated each other. Thus has Ham- ilton grown up with its endowed seraenaries and schools — and log citv has been converted from a little city of logs as its significant early name implies, into one of elegant mansions, Grecion cottages, extensive factories, an! workshops. There is not so general an appearance of rural thrift in the counties of Madison and Chenango, os in our own Seneca, but with their cold rough hills, and wet hollows they have better pasturage, more butter and cheese, more cattle, and the sweetest water in the world, we felt that such water in Seneca county could not fail to establish a perfect temperance reform. The hop yards of Madison have of late almost en- tirely disappeared ; over production reduced the price so low that the culture is generally abandoned ; the consequence is that this year the price is unusually high. It is said that one man will dear $4,000 on ten acres of hops tills season. He applies to his hop grounds all the manure of a large distillery, by the aid of which he is alone enabled to realize such large pro- fits. Hops require a cool moist cliinatc, but dry and very rich land. S. W. Waterloo, Sept. 18, 1811. Indian Corn, the King of Edibles. A Farmer from Oneida county, now on a visit here, says that our farmers strangely overlook the advant- age ofour warm dry climate for Indian corn — hesays that they seldom fail to get 60 bushels to the acre there on an old sward, if they only have sun and dry weather enoujih to ripen it ; he has seen 60 bushels raised to the acre this season, without the aid of ma- nure, but it was well tended with hoe and cultivator, two imjilemcnts '' but little used" he thinks in cur corn fields. Even in the south part of Oneida county a great grass region, corn stalks in the bundle are worth ordinarily $8 per acre. When I see a farmer pedling a load of pumpkins through our village, boasting of their superior size and quality, verily thinks I to myself, that man boasts of his own shame — the pumpkin growing fanners may have pumpkins, but they will have no corn this year. The kindly influence of a warm sun, while it has done wonders for the thrifty industrious farmer's corn, has proved too strong a stimulous for the late planted, half manured, and worse tended corn, of the mere pumpkin grower. Perhaps there never was a season when corn repaid the labor and attention bcstowtd upon it better than this year ; on the other hand never did the neglected field yield less. I have seen some fields where the weeds far outweighed the stalks, and others of like soil, where tiie stalks were worth more per acre, than he grass from our best mcidows. Although grass and potatoes, in consequence ofour long drought are not half a crop, I have no doubt but that if our Indian corn had been eorly planted on rich land and the earth kept loose by the hoe and cultiva- tor, the crop this season would have been far above the average. I have observed that the stalks this year, after the corn is ripe are full of saccharine matter, both horses and cows devour even the l.utts with avidity. Either from bad fanning or some other cause, it would seem that western New- York is fast losins its quondam choracter as a wheat growing region if I mistake not, its reputation as an Indian i growing country has always been too low, me f;om the fact that its culture has been neglected the more profitable production of wheat. But i when we have no more of nature's own virgin sol insure large crops of wheat at little expense, \vc t: that more attention will be paid to that much abu prince of edibles for both man and beast, Indian cc Waterloo, Sept. 18, \Sil. S. W lit« Wheat Culture. Messrs. Editors — It appears to mc tli.lt tlic culture wheat has not received thut attention from argricultii writers whicli its importance demands I thinlt it would of great benefit to your renders if our wheal growers wo more generally give us the results of their experience,: their mode of practice in tfiis branch of funning. Tlicre pears to he much diversity of opinion on most points ci nected with this suliject ; and for one I should like to kn. tile opinions and practice of the moat successful wh( growers in this country, particularly with reference to 1 manner of prep.aring the land, the time of sowing, quantl of seed, and mode of preparation, if any. As far as my own experience goes, I think I have obtai ed the best crops by fallowing the land, with three tin ploughing! thrown irtto ridgesof seven or eight paces wid sown from the eiglith to the si.\teenth of September ; fi five and a half pecks of seed to the acre ; prepared by soa! ing in lime water from twelve to sixteen liours before ins ■, the seed harrowed in. I have some seasons sown n wheat about the first of September, and when that h the case I have almost invariably ButfereJ more or less fro the ravages of tile fly. I think early sowing renders whe more exposed to this evil. Such is my practice, and if at of the correspondents of the Farmer can suggest improve menla on it, I shall be happy to learn and ailopt them. " Old Genesee,' August 1841. M. N. Remarks. — We thank i\I. N., for calling the attention ■ our readers to this subje.'t, and we unite with hira in the ri qucstthat others will favor us with a description of the pr.'icticc in wheat cultivation. We hope however the will be more particular than our friend M. N., and not foi get to mention the kind of soil, depth of ploughing, kind o wlieat. and the quantity of produce i and not omit to their names — Kds. »1 Bttf.'" illbf ¥■ itfk iiDoni if the liitli iiit The following suggestion we believe to be of grea importance. The advantage ofa wheel over swinj ploughs, was fully demonstrated by the accurate an repeated experiments of Prof. Puscy in Scotland Ploughs of nearly the same actual weight were louiu to difl^er in the strength of the d-aught, required ti move them on the surface of the ground, as fovr It one, when without, in one case, and with a wheel, ii the other. This great diflerence must be obvious when it is considered, that the chief weight of thi plough is brought by the drought upon the wheel which otherwise has to drag heavily along the ground The friction occasioned by this dragging, it is plain, must be greatly increased, when fifty or a hundrcc weight of earth is constantly pressing upon the mould- board. As very few of our ploughs in this region are furnished with wheels, we beg leave to call the attcn. tion of famers to this subject. „ For the JVeio Genesee Farmer. Wheel Plouglis. Messrs. Editors : — It is rather late in the season to talk about breaking-up ploughs. But 1 consider it of much importance, and hope it may diaw out some- thing from our brother farmers, that will not be for- gotten before another spring. We all know that the breaking of the " fallow ground" is the hardest job that we have in preparing the ground for the seed. It is important then that wo manage this business to the best advantage. We have incur country a great variety of " patent ploughs," some of which we think good ones, andnll undoubtedly real improvements upon the old fashioned ploughs. Of the merits of any particular pattern I thill not speak. I will only siy to my brother farm rs, get the best .. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 157 yoH can find. Il costs no more to mnkc or buy o 1 plough than n bad one. tut ibere is an article of gearing wliicli I consider rent importance in plougbingi ibnl I am sorry to is nut yet in general use, at least in this part of country. I refer to tlic wheel nndcr the end of beam, as a guager. It is important that the land be ghed as nearly even as may be. With the wheel can manage this to your liking. lesidcd it is well ascertained that the team will per- n the labor much easier with the wheel than with- Si)me say that two horses viih the wheel will orm as much and with as much ease as three lout. I am not entirely sntistied that there is this irence, but there is no doubt a great dillerence in * )r of ibc wheel. My plan is to put on three horses, then let the plough go in according to the strength le team, I care not how deep. I think that we ; not been in the practice of ploughing deep «1ug'i. may be well to describe the manner of fastening wheel to the beam. There are several diflerent 'sofdomgit. S>>me mortise a hole through the just back of the devise, large enough for a stout iron, which is split at the bottom, or another :e added, and spread so as to receive the wheel. 0 mortise should bo secured from wearing on each of the beam, by fastening on wide stout band iron, h a hole through of the same size. The ejid of the that runs through the beam has several holes ugh it, so that it can be raised or lowered at plea- ;, and fastened through ihe beam with a bolt. An- jr way, and which I like the best, is to take two f iron of sullicient size, bend them in a half nd form, with holes for the gudgeon of the wheel un in, at the lower part of the circle ; one end of bars should have several holes in to raise or low- he wheel. In order to do ihis, the bars must be t true of course. The wheel should be about 8 les in diameter and about 2 inches broad.* The u for three horses should be made on purpose lor use, with no set to land and an extra amount of h where the wheel is used, so that the plongh will ine to dig into the earth. I have two beams for breaking plongh, one for three horses and one for . It is a short job to shift them. The coulter is enerally need, that it will probably be of no use to ikof its merits. But I have written more than 1 ,ded. A FARMER. )rleans County, August, 1841. I'or the New Genesee Farmer. Mnrrain in Cattle. A grain of prevention is worth pounds of cure." ive given my cattle for several yeaispast, plenty alt mi.\ed with equal quantities of house ashes. le of them have been troubled with the murrain, I believe it will effectually prevent it — only give in as much as they will eat. N. Cold Water Vlay be safely drank in hot wheather, provided a son VI A\ first wash his temples and wrists with it. avc tried it for years (with the above precaution) hout the least injury. N. Wiehigan, August, 1S4I. For the Neic Genesee Farmer. Disorder iu Hogs. Jnder this head a correspondent in the Inst number he New Genesee Farmer, who signs himself W. respectfully calls for information concerning a cer- 1 lameness which sometimes attacks bis hogs dur- thc hot season of the year. I have reason to at- and paring, and simmering and stirring, as is going tribute the lameness he cnnplains of, to the closing of <'" '>""< »>"' <^"'' "^,""^''"'7''' '""''f \", '^' .'.''I;"' !"" I 1 I 1- 1 • 1 caution to young tolks, (or il one ot lliese youngelcrs the issues of the hind |egs ; whicli 1 think is caused invariably by inllnnmiation produced by high feed, such as corn and barley incal, without first undergoing the process of fermentation. Having had several hogs attacked in the same way some three or four years ago, while being fed with the above-mentioned food, and every expedient in the way of common dosing proving inefficient, wo had recourse to a neighbor ol ours who had had e.\pericnce in pork-making ; he immediately informed us of ihe cause ; wo caught the hogs, and by a thorough rubbing of the pores or issues of the legs with a eoh they were made well in twenty- four hours. i'. II. No. Curtlund, Srpl. 21, 18-11. Liverjjool Grain i^Iarket. Sr.PT. 3. — We had rather more inquiry at ibis morning's market for wheat aiul (lour, bjth free and in bond, and in the few sales which have taken place the prices of Tuesday Inst « ere obtained. Oats and corn meal were er.ch dull of sale, but at no decline on their previous value. Other articles in the trade met with but little attention, and no change in prices from ihe quotations of Tuesday last. The Weather aitd Crops. Tlie beautiful weather has made n great and excel- lent change in the hnrvest, a good deal of all sorts of corn has been secured in good order, and many farm era in the Weald have caned all their wheat ; but on the Downs, the quantity of weeds and green stuff in the barley, has induced die fanner to use every mo- ment he could to secure that crop, and hence we see large pieces of wheat still standing out. Another week of line weather will secure, pretty nearly, an average crop of wheat, but of course there are exceptions. — Brighton Pnjia: The wheat crops come to hand much heavier and better than was expected. The forward oats have been got in well, and the backward crops look prom- ising. The late tine weather is expected to work urcat improvement in the barley. The peas that have been harvested turn out well, and the beans are flour- ishing.— Maidstone Gazette. The harvest has been generally good in the neighbor- hood of Newark, and in some places a good deal is housed ; but the rain of Tuesday night has greatly re- tarded the hnrvest. — Lincoln Guzctte. The harvest of Tylesido has commenced, and will he general in this neighborhood in another week. — No new wheat has yet appeared in Newcastle market, but it may be expected that samples will be shown on Saturday next. It is generally coneidered that the wheat in the northern counties will be belter in quali- ty than that of ihe grenier part of the southern districts, where the weather has been more unfavorable than with ns. The weather has been very warm and dry since our last. — Tijue Meremy. The weather is very fine. We need scarcely add that the farmers have been " making hny while the sun shines," and that the harvest is drawing to a close in our locality. The accounts ns to ihe yield are very i^ontradictory, some maintaining that it is an average crop, ard others that it is nearly so — Worcester Clironicle. The hnrvest has become very general in the east- ern divisions of this county ; we obe-erve fields cut on Palerton, Thorntonlocb, Skatern, East Barns, Bnr- ncyhill, Onwellmaina, Wester Pnrkerton, Brandsmill, iVewtanlees, East-Broomhouse, Newhouses, Litch- field, West-Barnes, Belmn, &c. The Barley and oats seem of an nvercije bulk, the wheat generally "stocks" light. The weather has been very wet, hut should it clearup, next week harvest will be gen eral. — Interness Courier. Iu order tlKil tlie wiieel may not s la to admit a larger St tlie plough, it uni'es will admit, > uiarle ,is to be coi vhecl. — IJD. II soft ground, and should he ;,sliroad iitd It may he well Eilorably elevated. PickScs. About this season of the year, the good mothers and wives throughout the country, tax their ingenuity to tte utraof t to make pickles of every thing that conies within their reach. Nothing escapes them. They pickle potatoes, and cucumbers, and peppers, and to- matoes, and beans, and nasturtiums, in short, every vegeinble they can lay iheir hands on, and th'it is in an admirable state ol villanous immaturity. Such a borrowing of brass kf.tlca and eucli a scouring, happen to kick up a row in the niidal of this hurty and bustle, and thus interrupt the harmonious clang of pots and kettles, ho is almost eertniu to have his lit- tle rotundiiy pirUled very handsomely, and at the vciy moment wlicii he least expected or dctircd the favor. We have just lit uiion a rccei]it for making a glo- riouc pickle, which we copy for the benefit of house- keepers generally. It is like nil other pickles, about ns indigesiihio as the doctor or the undertaker could wish, and would give Old himself the gripes in five minutes if he were to swallow it. Manools. — These nro innde ef green ninskmel- lons, as late in the season ns possiole. The common mnskinellonB make the best ninngoe.". A small piece is cut from the siiie, and the seeds carefully scraped out ; it is then soaked in salt and water three or lour days ; when taken out it is sprinkled on the intido with powdered cloves, pepper, nutmeg, and filled with stripe of horseradish, cinnamon, small siring beans, small pieces of flng root, nasturtiuine, small on- ions, radish tops, Ac. The crevices are filled wiih whole mustnrd seed. The excessive Ibndnees of these diabolical com- pounds, which prevails more particularly among the younger portion of the fair se.x, is at t.nee the cause and evidence oiillUailth. We have seen moie than one of thefe loveliest creations of nature destroy I.er henlih and life, by the use of these unnatural siinui- lantE— actually pickle herself to dcalh 1 We advised the young men a short time since to marry, every mother's son of them, and we now ad- vise them to be partienlaily caielul of nianying giila who are rery fond of pickles, and will eat a half gal- lon jar full of them at every meal. If they do not take our advice, and marry animated vinegar cruets, they may, perchance, eteope being poisoned themselves, but thty will asgiiiedly have a weary time of it in this world, with their sickly, peev- ish, half-dead wives. 'i'he danger we run in making these nEsertionr, is great. Tiie ladies will all be in arms, or rather in tongues, against ns. But we do not fear to encoun- ter it. VVc write for the benefit of j.nslerily, and if the present race will not do us credit for our good intentions, the next will. — Hunnilud Journal. "Pearl Barley" of the West. The editor of the (Detroit) Western Farmer has politely sent us a small sample of what he calls " Teail Barley." He says respecting it : — *' A new kind of barley has been introduced into Wisconsin by an emigrant. A gentleman at Green Bay, last spring, obtained a quantiiy of the seed and has raised 150 bushels. The seed came from Rusfis, and is a Ifii'ge plump kind, and weighs considernblo more than our common bailev. A bushel weig! s 61) pounds. It makes fine bread, and is nearly equal to wheat. It was sown on the 15ih of May nnd harvest- ed in July, and with proper cultivation, it will yield from 35 to 40 bnohela to the acre. We have a small quantity of it in our office, and in- vite the agricultural public to call and exainii.e it. It is the beat article that has ever came under our ob- servation At our reqtust, a quontliy of it will Ic sent to Olivkr NriWiiKRHY, of this city, and Wm. S. May.nakd, Esq., ot Ann Arbor, for sale." The above named barley is not a new kind, but one which we have l«ng known by the name of Tico- lioin cd Naked Barley. It bears long heads, and hand- some grain which threshes out of the chaiTlike wheat. Small quantities of ithave been sold at the Rochester Seed Store for several years past, but its cultivation in this country has never to our knowledge been found ad- vantageous. Lawson, in the Agriculturist's Manu- al says, " tills variety has been introduced to the no- tice of agriculturists at various times and under differ- ent names, but iis cultivation hus always betn nbai.- doncd, or at least, never caiiied to a great extent. The straw becomes very brittle and tender towaida the period of ripening, ei5 as to be unfit for supporiii g the ears." Friim Maniung's Boot: of Fi nils. One of our beat European Pears, the "Duchess of All goulrnie," when grown ns a dwarf produces a fine large fruit, biit small and grea'.ly inferior when grown upon a standjid. > t 158 THE NEW GENESEE 1 ARMER, flheiuical, or Prepared Manures. It is aomctimea asked, niid that too in a way indi- cating a belief tbat tlie question cannot be satiatac- torily answered, what are the advantages tbat science baa conferred on Agriculture? more than intimating tbat Imowledge, ao essential to all other pursuits, is of no value to the farmer. It is a auflicicnt reply to all thi-?, to simply point to the articlea named at the head of this paper; chemical, or prepared manures. For the present we shall confine ourselves to a single clasB, those derived from urine and night soil, or of which these furnish the most important part. It may be said that the use of night soil has been known from the earliest ages as a manure. This is true, but its use has always been limited, owing to prejudices arising from its disagreenble nature, and its olfrnsive odor, ^be celebrated Swedish chemist, Berzelius, was among the first to call the attention of moderns to these sub&tances by his analysis of them, which gave the following results: Night Soil, 100 parts. Urine, 1000 parts. Water 7.3.3; Water 033 00 Vegetable matter and Urea, :J0,10 animal remains 7.0 Sulphate of potash, ... 3.71 Bile, 0.9 Sulphate of 3odi j\ll)umen 0.9 Peculiar and e.vtrac- tive matter, 2.9 Salts, 12 Insoluble residue 14.7 Phosphate of soda, . . . lUuriateofsoda (com. salt,) Phospliatc of ammo- i\Iuriate of ammonia, . Acetate of ammunia, } Animal matters, 3 Earthy phosphates & \ Fluate of lime, J Silica and mucus The intelligent farmer will see at a glance that the matters enumerated in these tables constitute most efficient fertilizers, and in spite of their repulsive na- ture, the Flemish farmers have long been in the ha- bit of nii.xing these stercornceous niattera with water, which, applied with much labor to their fields, gave a fertility unknown to the rest of Europe. Some 28 years since, Davy suggested to his countrymen, the English, that night soil was a very powerful manure, liable to decompose, Soluble in water, and in whatev- er state it is usjd, furnishes abundant food for plants. He found, by experiment, that quick lime destroyed the disagreeable smell, and ascertained that it might be diied, pulverized, and delivered by drills at the time of sowing the seed. The manufncture from night soil of the valuable manure, called pvudrctte, belongs to the French. Nearly 40 years since, a chemist, M. Bridet, obtained a paper for bispoudre vegctaLicc, manufactured from the cesspools of Paris; and such was his success that similar manufactories were erected all over the country, particularly in the vicinity of the large cities, so that what was once a nuisance, is now deemed of the greatest value. In 1814, the French Royal Society of Agriculture granted a gold medal to iVIadame Vibert Diiboul, who obtained a patent for 1.5 years for her " Alkaline Ve- getative powder." Her plai'i consisted in fermenting the most liquid parts of those niattcrs, and mixing them with slaked lime afterwards so as to form a powder much superior and more durable in its etfecls to common poudiette. In 1818, t'le first manufactory of " Urate" pro- perly so called, was commenced near Paris, by the chemists Douat & Co., and the product was submit- ted to the examination and test of a committee ol chemists and agriculiurists, in which were included some of the ableat men of Franco. This committee re ported that they had found the preparation so powerful on the dullest soila, that they recommended it should on ly be employed by skilful and discrimiunting farmers. On good soils, or in large quantities, it gave such a growth of straw as to be fatal to the maturity of the grain. The whole matter collected from the cess- pools of Paris, is now converted into poudrette and urate, and is used by the farmers and gardeners, principally within a circuit of 30 miles around Paris. A new preparation called " engriiis aniinrilize," or disinfected night soil, has recently been entered upon at Paris, and a large manufactory has also been es- tablished at White Chanel, netr London. It is made by inixiiig the night soil wiiu a conoiuer ble quantity of finely pulverized charcoal, and then drying the mass at a very gentle heat. Thus prepared it resem- bles the friable mold, rich and dark, of an old hot bed, and is totally deviod of smell. The English farmers, if we may judge from their reports and jour- nals, are highly pleased with this mnnure, particular- ly as a dressing for turnepa, giving them a quick growth at the start, which is of great importance with thii root. There is another preparation called -'Ow- cu's Animalized Carbon," principally brought into England from the Baltic, one ton of whiclt is consid- ered equol to 25 bushels of crushed bones, while the coat is but little more than ball as much. It proba- bly differs little from the engrois aninialize, except tbat it contains more carbon, and, of course, is a leas powerful manure. There is a chemical preparation called " Seed Manure," prepared by Messrs. Hodgson and Simp- son, of Wakefield, England, the composition of which is a secret, but the base of it is, doubtless, urate, mix- ed with a portion of saccharine matter, ammonia, salt, and nitre. Their directions areas follows, and by lollowing them Mr. Milburn and others have ex- perienced the best cfiiicts on their crops. " Dissolve 28 lbs. of this iiianuru in a pail by ad- ding water in small quantities stirring it at the same time, until the mixture is of the consistence of cream; it is then poured over the seed intended to be sown on an acre of land, and the whole rejieatcdly turned over, BO that it appears one uniform mixture; the seed is then to be spread out thin, on the Hoor to dry, for ten or twelve hours, and mixed with a siiiiicient quantity of Boot or any kind of ashes, to render it sufficiently friable or dry to be sown by the hand or by the drill." Prof. Johnson in bis valuable papera on mnnure, has the following remarks on these chemical [irepara- tions of night soil, particulaily the carbonized class, which, when properly made, he seems to consider preferable to any other of its mixtures. " The preparation of the Messrs. Fottevin of the engrais animalize at London, is the same as that of ftl. Payen at Paris. It combines, and successfully loo, the great object of driving off the water of nightsoil by a gentle heot, after all its gaseous matters have been absorbed, by mixing it with a portion of newly prepared carbon, in the finest possible state of divi- sion, than which, no known substance has such great powers ol absorption of all gaseour matters like those which abound in, and impart the disagreeable odor of nightsoil. The presence of the carbon in the ma- nure thus prepared, is valuable in two ways; it grad- ually combines with the oxygen of the atmosphere, forming in the state of carbonicgaa, the food of plants; and at the same time, all the gaseous matters ol putre- faction, with which it is saturated, are thus preserved, stored up, as it were, for the use ol the roots of the cultivator's crops; nothing ia lost, the emission of the gases from the slowly dissolving charcoal, being so gradual, as to be almost, if not entirely, impercepti- ble to the senses." The j nstly famous preparation, called aa above " Urate," may be very Buccessfully imitated by the common farmer who will take the pains to provide a reservoir or cistern for the preservation of urine, with which, when wanted for distribution with his seed, he must mix gypsum or plaster till the urine is ab- sorbed, and the mass sufficiently dry lo sow with the driller by hand. This is one of the most powerful pi'eparntiona on dry or sandy aoils that can well be imagiued, and ia one of which every fanner may avail himself to a greater or less degree. There are at the present time, two manufactories of poudrcUe and urutc'in the vicinity of -New York; and there is most abundant proof that it constitutes here as elsewhere the most valuable clasB o( manures. That such manufactories will become common in the neigh- borhood ofour principal cities and towns, where alone the materials are to be found, as the value of such manures, both for the efficiency and portability are beuer undeistood, we have no doubt. Their use is rapidly converting the vicinity of the principal Euro- pean cities into a garden, and the use of these male- rials whiebhave constituted the greatest nuisances and were most productive of diseases, into manures, will not have a better effect on the soil, thon on the health of those congregated masses of human beings. All. Cultivator. have dried the tomatoes with a recipe, however I successful. Very respectfully, H. L. Ellsworthv Hon, J. S. ShinncT. Rkcipe. — Take six pounds of sugar to one pe f/t, (or 16 lbs.) of fruit. Scald and remove the skin (loi the fruit in the u-ual way. Cook them over a fi their own juice being sufficient without the additi of water, until the sugar penetrntca and they i clorified. They are then token out, spread on dish flattened and dried in the sun. A small quantity tne syrup should be occasionally sprinkled over tb whilst drying ; after which, pack them down in bos treating each layer with powdered sugor. The syr is afterwards concentrated and bottled for They keep well from year to year, and retain surpi ingly their flavor, which is nearly that ol the bett qi ity of fresh figs- The pear-shaped or single tomatt answer the purpose best. Ordinary brown sugar n be used, a large portion of which is retained in i syrup. — American Farmer. lljiC (tiiil ,B«I ilik<; jiitii (111* f<" [ike I \\ ii Tomato Figs. Pjtent Office. July 10, 1841. Dkar Sir — The medicinal qualities of tomatoes have greatly increased their cultivation, and every new preparation ,.f the article is deserving considera- tion. A somple of **tomato figs" has just been de- posited at the Patent Oflice, of a superior quality. — From the taste I should suppose all the good qualities of the fruit are retained. In appearance, the drum of tomatoes resembles one of figs so nearly, that they might easily be mistaken for the same. The sample is deposited by Mrs. Steiger of this city, and the recipe transmitted with it is enclosed for publication. It is deeply to be regretted that since the periodicals ol the day are open to communications, that so many valuable inprovenienta arc lest to the world, barely for the want of publicity. Others may For the New Genesee jr^^ TRUE GLORY. BY UEVVITT C. ROBERTS. Man seeks co.iteut on every shore— AVherc deserts spread — where oceans roar I Wliat recks he danger, toil or blood, Ey famine, shipwreck, field, or flood i* AVhat boots it where bis footsteps roam, If he seek not the prize at IIom e .'' Deluded man I vaindteamer! cease I Say ? what can set the mind at ease ? Can gold-dust scraped from Afric'e sands, — Can diamonds wrought by servile hands — Can rapine, war, or murder yield Aught, save to Fame— a battle field? Back to tliy honest toils again! Go! speed the plough and till the plain. Thy bristling grain, in thick rows set. Shall rival e'en the bayonet — Thy maize, arrayed along the land. Shall image many an armed band — Thy gold, the yellow maize shall he ; Tliy gems, the dews that deck the lea; Such be thy glory — such thy wealth ; Thy rich reward, content and health — Nor prouder spoils e'er won the bay. Or dcck'd a Roman triumph day ! Julijiotk, ISJt Anti-Corn liaw Agitation in England. Papers by the Britannia bring us the accounts of t opening or first days' session of the great Auti-Co Law Conference of Ministers, at Manchester, on t 17tb of August. More than C.'50 Ministers bad a nounced their intention to be iirtsent. The people Manchester vied with each other in bospitoble arranf ments to entertain the reverend gentlemen. T Conference asaenibled in the Tower Hall, the benct of which were completely filled. The Rev. Dr. J kin waa called to the chair. In his opening address bespoke of the present me ing aa without a parallel among the counci'a and bj ods recorded in ecclesiastical history. Miniatera Christ from all parts of the Empire, not in hostile i roy, sect against sect, and party against party, witL the narrow lines of sectarian demarcation, but occu] ed with an object greater than that which could bare engage the minds of the moat eminent Christians. They had met at the call of sufl'ering humanity, whi reached their ears, not from a foreign land, but fro the green valleys and populous atreeta of their own b loved land. At the outset, however, tbey were in by the question, "What have Cbristion men, and bove all. Christian ministers, to do with temporal pt itics?" But when they became the denizens of an tlier kingdom, were they to abandon the duties of thi It was not necessary, when they became Christian that tbey should cease to be men. For bis own pai he would have considered himaelf a traitor both to ri ligion and humanity, had he refused to obey the sun mona to attend the meeting. What was the present situolion of the empire ?- Here was a country great in arts and arms — thescho of science and literotuie — the mart of literatnra — tl cradle of luxury — the emporium of the moral world- occupying the highest position amongst surronndir nations, and shedding its light over the most dista: lands. Yet this country, possessing within itself, ii exhaustible resources, whilst it wus ibe richest in tl 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 159 oiia, «ne in one sense, nlso, the poorest. Its popn- tion, instinct ne it wiis witli ariliir, nnd unnvnlled r iia inJustrv, wns nnomployed, ond in want.— oonis were siicni— niannfnetories were closeil— com- ercinl men looked ni encli other in consternation anil >spnir 1 Whnt was tho cause of this extrnnrdinary ate o( lUinas ? It was to be found in the laws which -ohibit the e.tchange of labor for food. The eyes ot le country were turned upon Manchester. It was •ocssnry, therefore, tlint those assembled should slaiul car from all impiuaiion, and it was most desirable lat Ihep should avoid committing themselves to any istinctive line of party politic, which might com- romiso them in public opinion. Let ihem aclbeie rm'y to principle, but avoid giving nflence to any no— uniting to tho courage of tho lion the gentleness fihe lamb." . , Dr. Pye Smith followed with an energetic appea 1 the evmpathies cf his audience. He contended int the Corn Laws were a part of that vicious sys- m of legislation which had its origin in the night ol cnonince and barbarism. Some person objected to [Uepart in the proceedings of the Conlerence bc- jusf ihey said it was interfering in a mailer oj liseal •ffulaiion. Such ought not so to be recnvod. He rolested against the doctrine that ministers of religion u.^ht not to interfere wiih politics. The alternative ovv presented to the country was this— removal ot liquity, or the ruin of the nation. — Emancipator. Ini latioii. The effecis of running water flowing over grass mds, is so highly bcinlieial that every farmer should ecertnin whether there is not some portion of his inds which may be cheaply irrigated. Wesay c/iotb- •/, because the price of lands in tliis region is not high nou.'h to justifv such outlays as are often prohtably lade'in Enaland and on the continent of Europe.— ■"he waters id' many a small stream in our hill country, rahi by a few hours work with the plough, be car- ied along the hill-side in such manner that ihey would ereolace through the slight embankment and nourish vii/orous (rrowth of grasson all the sloping ground slow the ditch or canal. This is cheap manure— ap- lyin" iiself year after year— and long maintaining the jriilav of the soil unimpaired. At the base ot the ill It wdl often be necessary to open a drain lor the /aier which tinds its way down. Should it come to (lilt and cold soil, as it often would, at the teriniiia- on of the deocent, that soil would be injured. While owino- water is favorable to vegetable growth, slag- int water is baneful. Wherever the farmer can au^e water to flow over his grass lands without stag- alin» upon thein, he will find great benefit irom the periuion. The following article from the Southern Vfriculturist, will be read with interest, though it de- cribes processes more expensive than most cultivators cill be ready to adopt. — JV. E. Farmer. Washington, April i, 1841. -0 Ike National IiistUutionfor the promotion of Sci- ence : Since the brief statement of the advantages of irri- •ation appeared in my discourse deiivered before the nst.tuiion iu January last, I have received so many pplications for informalion on the manner of water- ng land, that 1 am induced to believe a more extended lOlice of the subject may be acceptable and useful. The numerous and abundant rivers, streams, and iroo'is, which traverse our country in every direcuon, ifford fTCat facilities for irrigating the soil, and thon- lands o"f acres of barren land might thereby be render- ■d as produciive as any in the United Slates. The thin soils, which drain and dry easily, profit no6f by the use of water, and ale the least productive .vithout it. The gravelly, sandj land ol Chile pro- Jucesby irriiation, upwards of thirty bushels o wbea 0 the acre, and the poor lauds in the neighborhood ol Mexico, are made equally produciive by this process. The crreal advantage, however, to be de.-ived Irom he f°ee use ol water is not so much in the incrense ol :rrnin, as in that of grass crops. A water meadow attached to a farm, gives the farmer an abundance ot manure for that portion of his land which he keeps in tillage ; for he may cmvert into dung ihe whole ol the bay Tt produces, while it requires nothing m relurn but watering , , , j . j In the Carolinas and Georgia, the low lands border- ing on the rivers are irrigated as high up as the intlu- ence of the tide extends lor the cullivalion ot nee. J he wates is admitted into ditches parallel and perpenrlic- ular to the river, ^nd thence distributed by feeders over the whole surface, so as lo drown the land, by opening the sluices when ihe tide is rising ; and alier keeping it there as long aa is deemed necessary, tt is let olTat low tide. This mcihod might be practiced | with great advantage on all the tide-water rivers tliro'- out our country, where the banks are low enough to admit the water at high tide. I'Mal lands ihaljiavi' not the advantage of tide water, are the most diHicult to irrigate successfully, lor it is essential that when the waur is let oil', the land shmild be drained perteclly diy ; otherwise it will produce coarse grass of inferior quality. . , Lands that have a gentle slope, even steep hill side, are better adapted for iriigatiou, as they adniit of the water flowing over them without covering the top o ihc plants, thus giving them the advantage ot air and moisture. A genile current is considered nioro ad- vanta-eous than siaguant watc r, and the (and thus sit- uatedVill always drain dry when tho water ceases to How. On level land it is necessary to conduct the drain so far that it may enter the river low enough to ensure a suflicient fall to dry the land. ■VVhere the eiream is rapid and the fall great, it la not necessary to consiruct any dam ; hut simply to lap the river high cnougli up lo lead the water along the highest pan of the field ; bul where ihe current is sluggrsh, the water must be raised by a dam erected at the point where it is to be used. There are two methods of watering lands. Ihe one by dividing the field into regular beds, and the other by what is called catch work, which is resoited 10 where the lorm of the ground is irregular. It va. ries therefore with the circumstances ot ihc land it is proposed to water ; but the conductors, feeders, and drains, must be laid so as lo profit by the natural —iivemcnts of the soil both lo water and to drain ii. Tho fi'st thing lo be done by the farmer who de- sires to irrigate his fields, is to lake an accurate level of the ground which he intends lo water, so as lo com- pare the highest part of it wiih the height of the water to bo used. The surface of the water must be eight, twelve, or twenty incnes higher than that of the land, according to the distance of one, two, or three hun- dred yards from the one to the olher. The main con- ductor is then to be cut from that point as Btruight as it can be, to lead to and continue along the highest side of the field. If the land has any swells on its surface higher than the rest, it will be neceesary lo give lo each of ihem its own conductor, with feeders brauchingtrom it, to convey the water over that portion of ihe field. The width of the conductors must depend upon the quan- tity of walcr they are required to convey ; and be deep enough to receive the muddiest portion of the sueam ; for although the land will profit by being covered vvuh clear water, it is more enriched by the deposit ot tur- bid streams. Each conductor is to be provided with a sluice to regulate the admission of the water. In case the river does not run in such a direction as lo allow the water, alter flowing the land, to be dischar- tied directly into it, a main drain must be cut along The lower part of ihe meadow to lei-eive the surplus water and convey it to the river. This should be ot the same dimensions aa the principal conductor. The portion of meadow to be wale ed by each conductor is next to be divided into beds from thirty to fifty teet wide, the feeders, wiiich branch at right angles from the conductor, running along the centre of them, ex- cept where the ground falls two ways, when it may be necessary to make the feeders nearer to one drain than the other. A bed two hundred yards long will require a feeder where it leaves the conductor to be twenty inches wide, and gradually diminishing in width to twelve inches the extremity. A dram is to be made between- every two feeders, and parallel to ihom of the same dimensions, but reversed form ; tl^e upper part being ten or twelve inches, and the drain oradnally widening to twenty inches, where it termi- uaies either in the main or in the river. Supposing these works finished and ready to go into operation, the manager opens the sluice lo admit the water into the conductor, where he adjusts the stops in such a manner as to supply the feeders. He next regulates the stops in the first feeder, so that ihe water shall How regularly over its sides from one end to the olher. He then repeats this rrocess in ihe second feeder, and so on, uniil all the feeders are adjusted. The stops may be of pieces of board or of lurt pinned down, if iieccs sary. taking care to keep the heads of the pegs below the surface of the water, otherwise they are apt to Collect weeds and trash. The profits arising frcm irrigation are so great that they will justify a considerable outlay. The works, therefore, ought to be well and durably constructed ; the dams and sluices of ihe best materials, and able to resist the sndden rising of the v>atpr. The beds which as aheady stated, are to be from thirty to fifiy feel wide, should be raised from one foot to fourteen inches in the centre, so that the water will fall gently olV from the Icedcrs which run along their sununits to the drains. . r , I have endeavored to give such a description ol tbo process of irrigation as will at least unable a farmer to judge of the practicability of watering any portion of his land, if not lo execute tho work himself. Those who seek for fuilher informalion on this important eubjecl, may consult the works of Boswcll, WrJL'ht, Smith and Johnson, London's Encyclopedia ol Ag- liculiure, and Stephens' Practical Irrigator. The con- struction of works for irrigation belongs, however, to the civil engineer, and it is to be hoped ihal those of the United Stales will uirn their alicnlion to the tub- ject. Our extensive lines of canals may, for the most part be converted into conductors, and the water be benc- licially used to fructify the country through which ihcy pas-. If a blessing awaits the man who makes two blades of grass grow whcie only one grew before, the irrigator will be ihrice blessed — for well watered land will produce at least three times as much grass as the same quality of soil under dry culture. J. K. POINSETT. Iiidiaii Corn and Sugar Beels. We h.ivc certainly never had a more coatiiiued oail scorcliing drouijlit in Ihis vicinity than that with whii.-h wc lire now visited. The clouds sometimes roll up and present all the usual signs or rain ; but it would seem Ihat the dry and heated surface possesses a power of repulsion, or rattier a lack of .itlriiclion, for the sun again breaks out with its svonted (irca, and tlie clouds disappear as if they were in the " Deep bosom of the ocean hurled." Pasture is dried up ; potatoes, even those which were plain- ed early, are nolUiiig. But it would seem th,it a kind Prov- idence has given us, in addition lo winter grain, two articles of food for man and beast, which from their early rapid growth and large conducting leaves, are cahalile of sulisls - iiig and thriving well for a long time, without other e.vlctnal moisture than tlie dews of heaven. We have now Sugar Beets from 4 to 6 Inches in diameter growing only 12 inches apart, they were transplanted early in June. We have corn planted lolh May in drills 3 feet apart ; 8 to 12 inches apart in Ihe drills, with 1 full ear and a nubldii on almost every stalk. Such a growth of Sugar Beets and Corn we have never had before in the same space of giound, in any one season. A masterly farmer in this vicinity corroborates on a large scale our small c^perienec he also says that his clover hears the drought well. We have no douht hut that the green stalks and Sugar Beels raised on a single acre would feed more cows at this time than all the pasture within a mile square. A summer drought to some extent seems to us to he aa annual occurrence in the champaign regions of AVes:eru i\'cw Yolk. Hence the importance of a more general culti- vation of those vegetalile productions whicli thrive better iu dry than in cold wet seasons. It strikes us th.at this kind of cultivation should obtain more and more, around our now rapidly increasing villages, along the canal and railroad; routes, where manure is cheap and plenty, and the laborers are not few. S. W. n'nterloo, Augusl 2-3, lg4I. How to Cure Coru. Cut it off at the grounil, as every good farmer will do, then draw it olf and stand it up against the croolis of the fences around the field, from one to two feet thick. It will cure much better and quicker ia this way than if stacked in tlie usual manner; it is a saving of time; and the ground will he clear for putting in wheal if desired. M. N Remark.— If the field is not tier;/ umoH, we apprehend will require tho stalks to be placed more than one or two feet thick around tlie fences, unless the crop is very light, or the fences of other fields are used. — Eds. Driving Nails luto Hard Wood. We have lately seen another experiment of driving nails into hard seasoned timber, fairly tried. Tho first two nails, after passing through a pine board, en- tered about one inch, and then doubled down under ihe hammer; but on dipping the points of the olher six or eight nails into lard, every one was driven home witlioutlhe least difficulty. Carpenters, who are cngoeed in repniringold build- ings, sometimes carry a small lump of lard cr tal'ow for this purpose on one of their boots or thccs. 1(50 THE NEW GENESEE i ARMER, Vc CHOICE CATTLE, SHEEP, AND HOGS, for Sale»-"'riie subscriber, wishing to dispose ot'iian of liis turiii stock, offers for saic llic following v;ilu;ihle aiii- Thc tliorough-Ured short horn Bull. Young Albion. 3 years old, white; bred by Dr. Hossacli of Hyde I'aik ; good pedi- gree. A thorough-bred short horn bull calf, 3 months old, from the stock of t-atroon Van hensselaer, of Albany. A superior young buck, sired by Thomas Weddle's impor- ted Leicester; dam, an imported Cotswold. Three three-fourths blood yearling Cotswold bucks, and firieen buck lambs of similar and higher grade; and a few cwc.-^ of the Siinic tharueler, if desired. A full blood Berkshire boar and sow, 2 years old ; purcha- sed from C N Bemenl of Albany. Also — a thorough-bred Leicester hoar and sow, one year old ; from pure imported stock ; six boar piga 4 months old, a cross of Berkshire and Leicester; and one boar and two sow pigs, 3montlis old- pure Leicester. The above animals will be sold on very reasonable terms. Tart of then: will be exliibjted at the Monroe County Fair, if not previously disposed of. They can be seen at any iinie at the farm of the subscriber three-fourths of a mile south-east of West Henrietta. VVM. C. CORNELL October 1st, l&jt. A ?*mall Farm FOR Sale, of about thirty acres, very finely situated, near the pleasant village of Palmyra, and consisting in part of very fertile upland, and in part of creek Hats, producing two to three tons of hay to tlie acre r.nnually, or rich pasturage for rows. It has a good stone house and other improvements. Price reasonable and terms eiisy. For further particulars, apply, (if by letter, post paid,) to Ma ^don.Or :'.S4]. J.J. THOMAS, Macedon, Wayjie Co., X. Y. GIIi^O^■S STRAW CUTTER! ^EriDEDIiY the be^t Machine known in ;he>e parts, lor cutting fodder, for sale at the ricrd^-iiorc. ■ $.0. M. B. BATCHAM. APPLE TREES FOR SALE.-The subscriber has c.)n9*antly tor sale at his nursery on Main st. one mile east of tlie bridge. Rochester, a choice assortment of grafiM ii; '■'. ■■ •■i''....--^ i/.r*, warranteJ of ihekinds rep- rescu- I. . : Im : 'm 'iO to 40 of the best varieties for -i I ■ ■ I.I, 1 I r use. Price $-25 per 100. Or- ders iii'ii .. .- iMi^ 'Mil; r;:uir rtmittaiice or good city ref- ernncc. wili i(cci\'t- |iruiiij i. a'aention, iind the trees will he fihipi'eu or delivered according to ins ructioTis. Kociiestcr, Oct. 1, 1S41. ELECTUS BOAflDMAN. GARDEJV SEE13S in Boxes.-C, F. CROdMAN respectfully infotms his country friends and customers, that he will at the usual time, be prepareil to supply them Will! fresh assoriments of garden seeds, of his own raising or selection, su;;h as he is confident will give satisfaction. Ko.-be-stcr, Oct. I, 1&41. M IS.LEr SEED, Stor. ntcd at the Kochester Seel MOUNT HOPS GARBEN & NURSERIES. ROCHESTKR, IS'EW YORK. rr^HE Proprietors of this Establishment (jffer forsale age- X neral assortment of Nursery articles, comprising Fruit and Orni-.msntal Trees, Flowering Shrubs. Herbaceous Plants, Tulips, Hyacinths, and other Buliious Flower Roots. l)->a'ile Dahlias, &c. &c. They ha^'ealsoon hand a huge and fine collection of Green and Hot House plants, including Geraniums, Chinese Monthly Roses, Camellia Japonisa, Chinese Azaleas, Cape Jasmines, Cactuses, &c. &e. Orders for any of the above articles, whether large or sniHll, will be prompUy and faithful'y c.\ecuteil and charges in all cases Will be very moderate. Persons ordering from n distance may rely on having their articles securely packed ant marked anJ shipped as their orders m;iy designate. To such persons aa ai-* about forming new establishments or who may wish to dispose of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, &c. in their iieij:h!iorhood, our terms will be very li'ieial Garil'-i= .. : ! i'lc i-:urc grounds will belaid ovit in any part of :;; ri -fciiful gardeners furnished on rea- souiKi' i .1 iiif.irmatiou on any subject connected with III • : I I'— A ill be eheerfally and promptly imparted. It is p-\pe-te:I thai persons unacquaintci with tlie pjopri- c^ors vvill either acc<>mp;;ny their orders with a remittrjice or n;uuc a guarantee in the citv of Rochester or vicinity. , ELLV/ANGER & BARRV. Ro'bester, Sept. 1. 1841. IV. U. Our Fruit Tree? comprise the most de3irable early and late varieties and the utmost care has been taken in jirniiiigating from suth tree^s only as were in a bearing state ajii w Ju3c :iualitic3 h^vc beea duUi.icuUy tcj ci. FRUIT TREES. THE subscribers liave for sale, at their Nursery, near Macedonville on the Eric canal, 3000 Poach trees, of thrifty growth, at 25 cts. each, 020 per 100. 800 Cherry trees, (seedling stocks,) from 3 to 5 ft. high 37A cts. each. 700 Apple trees, 3 to 7 ft high, 2.5 cents each, ^IB per 100. And in addition, a few hundred pear, apricot, and necta- rine trees, of smaller size and of the best varieties. The Peach trees consist chiefly of the following varje'ies: Early Ann, Early Tillotson, Large Red Rareripe, Early York. White Imperial, Roval Kensington, Scabolt's rhirge red.) Yellow Albergc, Red Cheek Malucoton, Late York, and Heath, forming a succession of fine fruit for more than two njontlis. The varieiies of the apple are, Woolman's Early, Yellow Harvest, Bough, 8rne Qua Non, Bulhngton's Early, Straw- berry, itambo, bellflower, Swaar, &c. The Cherries include the May Ihike, Early Richmond, Black Tartarian, White Tartarian, Black Corone, Transpa- rent Guigne, JarnatiDn, &c. ^3" Jitl of which have been propagated from hcarinff trees, and their genuineness or excellence fulUj tested by rigid e£ami- nations of the fruit. XX This practice will be invariably adhered to, however limi- ted in consenuence may he the supply. In propagating, Uee use has been made at all times of the fine collection of pro- ved fruit in the possession of David Thomas of Cayuga coun- ty, and no pains have been spared liy the subscribers in ex- tending tlieir list of varieties for examination, selections irom whicJi, in addition to the above, will be otfered to ihe l>ublic next year. Orders from a distance, directed "Thomas & Smith, M.ice- don, AVayne county, N, Y." accompanied with remittancc-j, will be faithfully and promptly attended to. Orders may al- so be left with David Thomas, near Au era, Cayupa county Purchasers will please state when any discretion is i;iven the subscribers as to selection. W R. v^MTTH, Afarrffnn. 9 mo. ^'^U. J. J. THOM -S. SCWMERALL THE YEAR. THE subscriber having obtained the sole privilege of manufacturiiifftlie MACEDON HOT AIR FURNACE, Is now prepared to execute alt orders for warming dwelling houses, academies, churches and other public buihiings. The entire plan has undergone a thorough revision ; and no expense has been spared, to render the whole as perfccj as possible! The testimonials annexed from gentlemen of theliighest respectability, leave no room for doubt, that. Health, Comfort, aiad Economy, will he greatly promoted by the adoption of the method pro- |0>*'d. The subscriber is pledged to furnish the castings, put up in the best style, at a fixed and moderate rate: haviisi; full confidence that he will be sustained by the merits of tiie in- vention, and the discernment oftheconununity. ( cmmunicatioiis (post paid) requestins information, or cn-lo^ing orders, promptly attended to, if addressed to W m. R. Smith, Macedon, V\ ayne County, or to DAVID ANTHONY. Union Springs, Cnyvga County. Testimonials* Soon after the present year commcnred, I hail a hot-air furnace erected, with drums of W ui. R. Smith's invcnlion The mildness and pnritvofthe air that flowed into the rnnms, was all that could be wished : and on my heallh the pflect was eminently beneficial. I had been subject to colds (catarrhs) every winter for a long series ef years ; but from tfie time of kindling the fire in the furnpce until it was dis- continued late in the spring, 1 was enitrely free from every symptom of the kind, Three rooms were warmed by this furnace. From either of them when not occupied, the hot-air was turned into the others; and on the reverse, if it was sudtlenly wanted, by opening its ventilator and closing the other for a few mi- nutes, t»ie apartment was ma(!e coiufurlahle before a com- mon fire conid be well kindled In regard to the saving of fuel, I am not prepared to state any thing definitely ; but I have seen nothing to Induce me to question the very favoraDle statements of others. Tlie exemption from ihedirt and noise of carrying in wood, and the eX'_*!ugion of wood-boxes, are i:ems of some account: hut tlie saving of labor in preparing the wood, is one of great value which in many cases doubles or trebles its original cost. In using this furnace, we were also free from the constant care of attending fires in cold weather/> because it admits large wood in such quantities at a time as to serve for seve- ral hours, if the dampers are well regulated. In this way, the house may he kept comfortalde through most of ilie night without any attention whatever, and perfectlv safe from fire DAVID THOMAS. Greatfeld, Cayuga County, hmo., 03. isjl. PRINCE'S NT RSERIES AND GARDENfi — The iVew Catalogues arc now rci.dy for distril^uiioi gratis, to those who apply post pail per mail. Tl;ey tou p isethe immense assortment of fruit and orn-'UioiK; I tree: shrubbery and plants. China roses of 150 vnritties, bnlbou flower roots, splendid dohiias, green hon«e plants, <;arde seeds, &c., all of which are priced at much reduced riiles. A discount of 10 per ct is made where cash or a dr.- ft o some city is serit with the order, as then all troubic of col leci ion is saved. Orders per mail to Wm. R. Prince, wi receive prompt attention, and be executed in a manner thr cannot frJl to give satisfaction, and will be forwarded as di reeled. Also, for sale at very low rates and liberal creiit, 100,00 Mulberries of the choicest kinds for silk, comprising the ticaulis, alpinc,a!ata, cxpaiisii,moretti,broussa,&c. As of onr green houses have to come down on account of fatreetd I will sell 500O green hou.se plants very low. Flusbinff, (near New York.) Sept. 1P41. UATES OF UNCURRENT MOiNEY. Hpecie, par. 1 N. England Bank Notes, pa Eastern Drafts, 1 pr ct prciu 1 Indi:ina, 10 a di( Pennsylvania, 0 a 10 dis. I Illinois, 12 a dt Ohio, 8 a 9 do. | Kentucky. 10 a di [Michigan, l United States, 20 a dr iMaryland, 6 a 7 do. New Jersey, 3^5 df Susp's'n Bridges a 1 do. I Canada. 7 a do 75 38 5,75 G,Oy 5,00 5,25 1,'38 1,50 10,00 10,50 9,00 0,50 4,00 12. 12. 5.. . 5,00.. . 4,.')0.. . 30.. .12,00.. . 1,50.. • fc7^, . 6,00.. .14,00 . 1,75 MONROE HORTir?XTTTR^L GARDEN AND NTTRSGHIK.S. GREECE. fNEAR ROCUKSTEU.) :SIO\ROE CO. N. Y AGUEATLY increr.seu ::^tock of Fruit Trees, Orni men- tal Trees and Shrubs, Herbaceous Plant?, and a large assortment of rare Green House Plants and Bulbous roots constantly for sale. The s'ock of Peach and Cherry Trees on hand at the pre- sent time is large, nf young and thrifty srowlii, and were mostly cultivate.I from bearing trees in the ntirsery or vici- nity. They will be guarantied to be true to the kind repre- ny kinds, of large size, sen'ed. Ornamental trees aud shrub: can he supplied. Orderswith due reference?, or money enclosed, wi!l be '■arefully executed, and trees and plants packed in a secure manner, so that they may be carried to any part of the coun- try with safetv. Trees and plants will be delivered on the Etic Canal, one le from thr nur?ery, or at Roche^iter, or the stcam!;oat Lnnding, if desired- Catalogues can be had at the Rochester Seed Store or can be s nt to applicants per mail if requested. Addr^s?. ASA ROWE. Greece, Monroe Co , A'. Y,, Ju^'ust, lill.^ ROCHESTER PRICES CVRRENT- CORRECTEI) FOR THENEWGENE^^EE FAKMKIJ. OCT< BF.R I. 1H4I. WHEAT, per bushel, $ 1 , 1 8 d {|i 1 ,2U CORN, " 5G OATS, " 28 31 BARLEY, *' 41 56 RYE, '* G-^i BEANS, White,.. ** G2|. POTATOES,.... " 31,. APPLES, Desert,. *' 'i5.. FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl ** Fine, .... ** ... SALT, " ... PORK, Mes8, '* ... ** Prime, .... "... BEEF, per 100 lbs 3,50. EGGS, per dozen, i4. BUTTER. Fresb.. per pound 10. " Firkin,.... "... 9, CHEESE, " ... 6. LARD " ... 6. TALLOW, Clear, " . HIDES, Green " . PEARL ASHES, ...lOOlba. POT, " " WOOL, pound,.. HAY, ton, ., GRASS SEED,....bu6he],., FLAX '* " .. PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton, " bulk fat Wheatland). 3,50 The Wheat market has been very fluctuating during the pastmontli, owinfr^prlncipally to the variable accounts Hon England. First, news came that the weather was very un- favorable there, so that prices Ijad materially advanced; con- sequently prices advanced here aleo. But later arrivals havi brought Intel ligencethatlhc weather had improved, and pri- ces had declined; accordingly prices have declined heie also Frcni our latest advi-es from England (Aug. 4,) it is quit< evident that the wheat crop in that country will not fall mud if any below an average; so there was every prospect oi its being secured in good order, and that it is not jirobablc that very large orders will be sent for flour from this coun- try, and we see no reason for anticipating much rite in the price of wheat cr flour. NEW VORK MARKET, Sept. 24. Flour is a shade down, with a fair demand. Genesee hns been sold at ^6 37aoii ; though no larpe lots could be had un- der m U; < »h:o in round lioops, fresh, s.dd at^G 37. t*ouih- ern Flour ©6 50fl62-, a sale was made of Kye at 75^ tj; ken in the slip. Jersey corn icJ4 cts bush. The receipts of Flour are on a liberal scale; so far this month, the quantity dis- charced from the Erie canal is greater iJuin it was last year. The sales of Pearlashes are Sl> per 100 pounds. Pota arc 3^6 25rt:T/. Sales of Fir. vseed for crushing, at ©JO 2o tierce. Whiskey renuiins very dull. A sale was made of Ohio Turk at$lU, 2, meis. Cincinnati, Sept. 30. Floiih,— The Flour whi;_-h arrived to-day was not for sale, and no sales have been made from the canal. A few wagon lo:ida have been sold at $.5 25 « S-'i 3'. Wheat has again advanced and now commands ^la$l C6, according to quality. Cleveland, Sept. 22. The r.'-ceipts of wheat to-day are near 25,000 bushels, pn-l the market is vcrv much depressed Sales from boais, nf ICOO bushels from Cire'evillc at 1 10 centti. 1400 bushe ? from Newcomersiown at !].> cents, and 1300 bushels from Mnssi- lou at 1 17 cents, are all that have come to our knowledge— oOO bushels of corn sobl .it 47 cents. 200 bbls of flour •* J>. Adams" brand at $6 from boat. Detroit, Sept. 21. Flour 3oM this morninjr nt ^r>.lo. The news however, by the Great 'Veatern, km ckc 1 it down in the Lflernoun to t:0MMs.M±fi^^ B. BATIOIIA.M, rropriclor VOIi. tJ. ISOCIIESTEIS, 3«OVE>IBElS, 18H. IVO. II. ^ JOHN J. THOMAS, (, M. n. liATKIIAM, llcUlors. PUBL.ISHEU aiOXTHIiY. TERMS, IF r\' Cl'.NTr^, \tcr year, imjiihic iilways in ail\':ini-c. M.istoi^. A^iiis, ;inil otiicr?, sending niunci' free of , will rc.-fivcsece* copies ftir 0:J, — Tmetct copies for r./,(.»-yiic copies for «I0. '^lit^e o( this pjipcr is only one ecnl to nny pluco iiis stale, jiihi tMie aii;i a Jmlf cents lo any part of K'.l S;;itOS. ,1.1. ivs M. U. BATEIIAM, Hoi-lieslcr, N. V. CONTEXTS OF THIS NFMBER. I.IislK'is' Notices, &c Hints for lite Month. F..Tect9 • l)rou?;itanil l.iflrr U tin Flowers 1.1 rihac.i. Kirlv an.1 late fruit— Village of Au- Iniiiortatii OnciJa 163 r.Kr'-.ponilents Trial of Plonghs lit Syracuse The le^-..lll Fly an 1 otli^r Wlie.il Insects :C9 l'i<< at lloch.-sler, hy K. lAirwin Smith, Ksq 170-1 V r^ititc A._' Fair, at Syracuse HL'-S cTra'c-U.itisli Corn Laws at the lowest scale of niv. A.-!'o!!iiiio.lat;i»ns at Syracuse. MilKing prop- -tiea .>f Ll.irliaiu cows 174 t in .Alicliigan. Cause nnd prevention of decay li each Trees. Botanical Ktyinology. Sugar from orn Sti.lks I7.> ' of .V. Slierlirook, U. C. Seneca co. F,air. Gen. nn — Wheat Culture. Advertisements, Prices urreiit, &c 1~C ths Rea Jers of the New Genessee Parmer. t will be seen, by n n.ilice on tbe last pnge, tlint CJ-pJtrtnerahip w'.iicli woe lormed one year ngo be- icn myself and C. F. Crosma.-) is dissolved, nnd I attain s.ilu propriet.ir of tlie New Genesee Fo^me^ ike this op,)ortunity, therefore, to tender my ac- iwledgments to the ntiinerona friends of the paper the favor which they have shown it, nnJ cspeciul- ;o those kind fiiends whose icrUUigs hove contrib- J S) largely to its popularity and success. After i years of incessant efl'irt, I am exceedingly grali- with the prcs'nt c.m l.tioii nnd future prospects of publicition. My hcilth is somewhat impaired, so ; it is necessary for me to s-^ek relief or asaiitiince ; believing that the aid of sniic person can be lined, who is b.'tter qu.olified to do it justice, I •e determined to relinquish the clinrge of the paper noo as I can place it in suitable hands. Several ,1 known imlivi.luols have been conferred with on snbject, and it was hoped ibnt the new arrange- nt could be announced in this number, but it is nd necessnry to defer it till the ne.tt. In thr niean- e, a new Power Press will be obtained, and other lilies got in readiness for commencing t':e new nme in superior stylo. n order to complete the arrangements, I find it jcssary to go immediately to Boston and New rk, so that I shall he absent from home fiir tv,'o or e.. weeks. M. B. BATEHAM. 'Rackcsicr, Nor. 1, 1811. Terms ("or the Next Volume. Depending on an immense circulation, we slioll not increase the price, rJtl'ough our expenses are greatly increaecd. But we shall have to insist on a more strict construciion of our terms. 1st. I'oymcnt must in all cases be remitted before the paper will be sent, as we cannot keep so many iiecouiits and colUct the amounts. 2d. No commission or discount can be allowed to Postmasters and other Agents, uiless the money sent IS at par value here. Uucurrent notes of all solvent hanks will be received in payment where no com- mi.ssion is desired. I'Uasc to rememlicr tbat nil subscriptions for this paper must commence with a volume. Many per- sons have requested ns to violate this rule lately, but we always send the back ni mbors of the curt cut volume, or else let them wait and begin with the next. endure the frosts of spring, and early crops will be the result. Remember the icood jnlc for winter use, and hove plenty. And wUenevei the weather is pleasant nnd open, do not fail to plant ornamental and ftuit-trees wherev- er they are needed — and the former at least nre need- ed everywhere. If you cannot plant many, plant a few — keep at it — a little at a time will accomplish n great deal by porEcvcrauce — " noii dcspairo 1" ns tho young latinist said — " many a little makes a mickle." * Piosj)ectus for Next VoSame. Not having completed ctir contemplated arrango- !Ut9, we have concluded to d«fer sending out n ptos- 2lU3, till next month : but we wish to assure our ends that this paper will go ahead next year — no stake. It will bo improved in matter and nppear- ce — price only 50 cents. Sj, reader, when you \ for your next number, be prepared to Lend your jtmjterhilf a dillor fo u=, a;id diii't fjrget to . yo-.tr n -i^'i'iir ti 1 1 l.'t ■■ s? Eiisraving-,--Portraits of jVuimals. We intend in our next number \> give a spirited portraitof the beautiful Short Horned Bull, "Arch- er," the property of J. M. Sherwood, E^q., Auburn, which took the first premium at the Stale Fair. We have also reaoy for the engraver, portraits of two superb heifers belonging to J. B. Dill, Esq , Auburn, loth of which took premiums at llie Seneca county Fair ; also of several line animals bel.>nging to J. C. Hothawav, Furniincton. Wo intend these portraits shill excel nny pictures that have appeared of lote. But our readers must boar in mind thai they cost us a great deal of money and we shall call upon them to lend us a helping band in a month or so. SSl'dl Another Agricultural Paper in Boston ! — We noticed Inst m mth the Farmer's Journal, and now wo have before us several copies of the Boston Ploughman, a lively weekly sheet, edited by Wm. Buckminster, the firmer editor of the Boston Culti- vator, which paper he left on account of some misun- derstanding with the proprietors. Mr. B. makes an interesting an! useful paper, worth more than $2 a year, ihepiice of subsoription. Iliiits for the Month. The principal work al this season consists in fin- ishing the out-door vt'ork, and preparing for approach- ing winter. CMars should be properly secured front frost. Potatoes in heaps and elsewhere, sltostd receive their filial and full covering. The same care should be given to beds. liuta hagiis, \t not harvested, should be speedily — taking special care to ventilate the heaps as recom meuded and described on former occasions. Paiujikins, where fanners have them plentifully, ns all good farmers ought to have for milch cows, should he preserved froin frost, or they will soon be good for nothing, instead of being sound for use through win- ter. Tools should bo cilleeled from nil quarters, and be carefully housed. Do not forget the plough, harrow, cultivator, cart and wagons, horse rake, spades cpd shovels, hoes nnd picks, wheel-barrows snd hand- carts, and whatever else of n pcrisbnWe riatiire, riough all ground, intended fc? spring wopa, now, '' practicable. See I'lat drains are in proper order t-T perform their work efTtctiveiy wisocin sa the first thaw msy occur. /'/(.;.' ml *i!c ?.7iv;'eM sscds, of a'! p.!r.mB which nniily Effects of the Drought and the Latter Rain. At page 133, we gave some account of the late dr.iugbt ; but its efferls in conjunction with the latter rains, on some fruits, have been very singular. Nearly all the pears on the south side of a large Sum- mer Bon Chretien tree, which were most exposed to the sun, withered and shriveled willi large wrinkles. When the rain came however, tho hallows swelled, and ihe surface became even ; the pear took a new start ; and though not so large as those that lipened eorlicr in the season, thsy still continue green (10 mo. 25,) more than a month after the usual period. A tree of the Uoussdet dc Rheims is now in full bearing with pears not one half the usual size. These are spread however, regularly over the tree. If they were worth gathering, they might pass for wiiiteit pears, though they usually ripen six weeks e%rlici;. than the present time. The Blue Gage shows a still greater difference in the time of ripening. More than two nioj\ths a^o, the fruit began to crack nnd drop from the tree ; and though small on account of the superabundance, it was delicious. After the ruin that immediately succeeded the drought however, the truit "-eased to fall ; anij much of it now, even at this Inte period, remains on the tree. Wo have no recollection of any similar in stances. The cfiiectaof droughl nnd hot snnsbinc on differ- ent fruits is not regular — the ripening of some being hastened, of others retarded, while a third class is not materially allecied cither way. The Grare?iste'n ap-. pie has matured eailier than usuni, but the Simvbcr- rij npplc later. 'Jrnpes hnve been haalencd-r-jenciiea retarded. A Julienne iicar tree during tiie drought, dxoppetj nil its leaves ; but when that was over, it revived, nn.( one branch is now in fvitl flovci. This variety Urao;'C impatient cX drought iLan Bom* other kinds. A ^Pio"' from the stock, had shot up unobjPvveJ, among the brauohs ; but when '-hey ur&pped their leaves, this spnoul was detected by ap- Picaviug in fuH foliage, green and vigorous. t " Wmi is it thai the lore of foirers UiUs sarh ^etp hold of the hearty Why I Why it is bccauno they are the emblems of love Show mc one who does not ftel his own heart expand ns he watches thq expanding beauties of some delicate ftowcr, and yaa will show me one who knows iiuthingof that pure nnd periect affection of the heart which bir.ds the linjnr^ 162 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol 2I For ths New Genesee Farmer. Foot nil in Sheeji. Messrs. Ediiors :— Noticing an niticle in tlie last Genesee Farmer 011 the eubjoct o(foot rot in slieep, in which the writer eays he has prevenlod the disease by paring off' the nniier side of the hocf, 1 am induced to trouble you with a word on that subject. I do not know but pnring the hoof in the manner he suggests may be beneficial, but I doubt altogether that it produces the effect the writer supposes. 1 think he mistakes the nature of the disease ; I do not consider it to originate in the ball uf the foot — the part covered by the envelop which the writer would pare off, and of course do not believe, as he supposes, that the dis- ease is generated by the filth collected in the foot, and pro ec'.eJ and retained there, by that part of the hoof which grows over the solo of the foot. The disease commences between the claws of the foot, atthe8|)0t where tlie horn of the hoof unites with the flesh. At its commencement it exhibits the ap- pearance of a slight inflammation as if chafed or scal- ded. The animal at this stage is slightly lame. It soon becomes a sore, with slight maturation, which is aomewhat fetid. It i|' mend this practice urgently to larmers who either httVlf''^ the disease in their flocks, or who fear and dread itH', approach. I have made these suggestions, Mr. EditofP' in the hope of drawing the attention of farmers to thtr., subject, that flocks hitherto sound, may, if pojsiblel be so preserved, and that those which arc disease!* may be restored and a recurrence of the disorder bf*" prevented. A FARMER. V Brighton, October 11, 1841. Early and Siate Fruit"— Village of Aurora. Li Lovers of fruits and flowers, and the early things ill' the garden, were you ever at Aurora, on the eastci Us shore of Cayuga Lake 7 It is a quiet, unobtrusi u village, where the rich live in great simplicity — t! poor, with decent comfort. Here are green peas! 1st June, ripe potatoes and apples in July ; the mn delicious plums and peaches in August; and. at tl time, such high flavored clingstone peaches, Erap|it, and apples, as few other places can boost. 'Tis said that when D. T. coines down from 1 sparkling Eden niGreal Field tn 0 miles east; he cai his eye a: the prccoc.ous vegetation of this lake-wan cd spot with a sigh, not from envy, for his omnipr* m cut chriftianity ejects ike Iteling, 'lis only on em tion of regret, that Flora and Ponioua could not thus propitiated nt his more elev.ued location. I have often heard it said that peaches did ijitii thrive on a clay soil, but here are the best peaches the world, growing in great variety, on a hard cab reous clay relieved by slnhlo nianure alone. T trees are never pruned, the soil around them is ki loose and entirely clear from grata and weeds. Reader, if you never saw a village where fences »■ locks were unnecessary to prole, t the fruits and flu crsfrom biped depredati.m go to Aurora : Here 1 Full Pippins, Pound Sweets, and Brush's Nuuesui lying in heaps— ail who run may eat with impuni the balance is fed to the cattle. It has been said that a poor mar cannot live in I rora, but thi following anecdote will show that a pi man's widow is of quite a different opinion. A. i years since, a laboring man of this village rcmo' with his family to Iiidmna, where ho afterwards d of a congestive fever, leaving his wife and children destitution. The shrewd widow immediately wr to her former neigburs at Aurora, soliciting tl charity ; the result was that a purse was made up her relief, which was remitted to her by mail ; w' the widow opnued the letter, she held up the sHj fund bills to the astonished gaze 01 the long Hoosiers, saying there was more where that co. from, and that every dollar of this, should he expe eJ in paying her passage, and that of her child back to Aurora. She did come back in the cheeil month of November, but so far from finding a celd ception, the reeital of one half her sufferings, siiffi' to unlock every female heart in the village; a gent contribution to„k place, one furnished a bed, anot chairs, a third a table, knives, fjrke, &c. &c. 7' widow and her little ones are now the comforta tidy, industrious poor ones of Aurora, who are 0; poor in comparison with the general thrift which s rounds them. Here is an Academy well endowed, and wha better, cheaply and thoroughly conducted. A stra- er W'luid almost imagine himself at ti.nies in a flee' steam boats, or en beard of a man of war ; eo ofi boih late and early, docs the bell strike, summoni the classes to recitation. 'Tis said that the only pv ishment the principal inflicts on a dull 'die pupil, ii recomn.end him to go where he will be requirec study let'. nre all E.iisopal mid a Prcoliylorian t'djfiuu, joy »rc not well euiipoited ; ll'.crc me nlvvtiye tun prophesycrs ill tUo camp nmong ibcricb; Goil generoiiuly sbcils the- coinf.iriB nlhie iclinion "ii iwly licarlcd, causing him to rejiico in thepiivl- ftlie inbi-rnacle, '• when? ibe t'uce of the man ftaiene:b ihnl of bis friend." ere are liiwycri hero, but thny aru iiiit carniver- The r.'sldcnt pbyex-ion l.ivoa natuic lor her fairgeir, and acientv; for the good it has doM(? to cine, not for ibo benefit wbicb ine.litine liafi con Itl i on science, as some of our latter day lights J have us believe. m of the pent up city, who live where the strug- t Heiven-protcctcJ flower in Pir.cioli's prison 4 t.ikcs no ro.}t ; where puny infancy — the palK r •Wcileeccnce, the preinattiie decay of riper age, '■ka the violation of nature's laws ; if yon want to ~1tbe slip to corporation taxes, breathe a pure air, "W ynnr own vegotib'*^. fruila and flowers, ieed own cow and keeii a pi<;, without being classed our neighbors among ihc unfouhioiiable, go to .ra. S. W. 'ate:io:i, Oduber 2, 1841. .n Importaitt Discovery in Agricnlture. ue following article fiom the N. Y. Evening Post lins some new, and if tru.;, very important discov- in wheat grov.ing. There appear-^ to be much ibiliiy in the arguments, but for various reasons re inclined '.o think the account is somewhat ex- •aied. S;ill, it is well worth some experiments, we have no doubt many of our readers will lest matter fir themselves next etaaon. the Paalnnge, a F lurier paper published at Paris, 8.11, a iiivol discovery is described, which, it will w.uk a great change in an important depart of agricu'turnl labor. It is communicated ui P.iris print, by C.iaili 3 Puillard, and M. U.ruard, due their letter at B est, Aag.ist, 1841. It ap- 3 ibit while they and some of their friendi', wlio I their own rstotes, were engaged in conversation Ihe subject of agricuUn.-e, it wns observed by one hem, thai that branch of industry was suffering e from the want of capital and enterprise, than other, and that nothing was to be done without ure, which wns every day becoming more scarce expensive. T.iis remirk led to an inquiry into properties of manure, and particularly as to what lision nature had made in those uncultivated re- 15, where there seems to be a vigorous and luxn- t firowib, without artilieial assistance. In observing nature unassisted, or iintbwarted, ■er by the hand of man, in vegetable reproduction, I found that when the seed is ripe it falls upon the nnd, and tlien the [daut which has produced it Jsits leaves, or falls itself upon it, in de.-oy, and ers and protects it from the weather, uniil genera- i has commenced, and the young plant is able to w up in health and strength, and lull development, •ecommeiico the same routine of seeding ami of re- duciion. ' From this it follows that, in nature, every plant daces it8 own soil or humus, and that the earth y serves to bear the plant, anJ not t > aid or noiir- it in vegetation. Tuc nour shment ol' plants is 13 supposed to be derived from air and tcakr, hmL i light, or electricity, in different proportions, adap- I to the different varieties of vegetable nature." With this general notion in their mmds, nnd con- erins wheat to be, in present circumstances, one the most important vegetable substances, they a- eed to try experiments, and in October last, undcr- )k ths following operations : In a field which had been sown with rye, because e land was deemed too poor for wheat, a plot of 12 uare yards, untilled and left without manure, Vvas __ fully strewed over with the grains of wheat, and beaten straw was laid upon it closely and about one ch in thickness. In a garden, b1.~o, which had been jglected several years, a few square yards of car'h ere trodden over, and the surface being made close id hard, some grains of wheat were scittered on this ardened surface, and a layer of straw one inch in ipth, was carefully laid over it and left, a; in the for ler case, to take its chance without ulterior atten- on. \t\i, in order to make donlrt impospWe con- eerning the mere secoiuloi y f.inctioiis of mineral earth in vegetable reproduction, twentiy grains id' wlieiit were sown upon tbesuifaie of a pane of glass and covered with some straw alone, as in the other case. The germiiuuion of the seed was soon iippaieni and mn^t healiby in deveiopnuiit. '• Tue winter has been rigorous," says these conesponricnte, "for this part of the coiiTlry, and ibc earili has sometiniea been fro. zen in one solid mass to a depth of" 8i.\ inches in the gartlen whelv the wheat was sown, and this has hap- pened flevetal times during the winter, to the gicai j injury of many plants, and even the entire destruction ofsomo, while the spots nrotectui by the siiaw weie never thorouglilv c mge aled, n-or were the grains of wheat, thougii lying on the surfsce under the straw at all affected by the cold. Uiiiing spring excessive droughts prolonged, and several times re|ieated, have prevented vegetation on the common plan Irom flour- ishing in healthy progress, while our little spots ol wheat have hardly ielt the inconvenience ofo.xceESive dryness, for the earth protected by the straw has never I'ecn dejirived entirely of raoistn.o. and onr blades of corn were flourishing, when all round wan drooping and uncertain. Toeonclude then, we have thorough- ly succeeded in our practical experiment, and the wheat produced is of ihe finest quality. The straw was more than six feet high, and in the cars were 50, Gil, and even 80 grains of wheat of full development, the admiration of nil who saw them, and particularly iho.'^e which grew upon the pane of ^jlas-^, and which were quite as healthy nnd as large as those which grew upon the coinip.on earth. It must be obseived nlio that there was not the smallest particle of earth upon the glass, and that the plants were left entirely to themselves, without being watered nr attended to in any way whatevci, fioiu the time of sowing to the time of reaping. The cause of this success, they think, may be cx- plaine-l in the following niauner : " Straw beinjr a btid conductor of heat, and a good conductor of electricity, maintains ttie root of the plant medium temper .ture, and prevents the earth from being deprived entirely omoistn.e. The moisture oi the earth or the snbtratum, being continual, facilitates the gradual and constant absorption of carbonic acid gas from the surrouniling atmosphere, nnd hydrogen and carbon, the chief elements of nourishment to ve- getables, are thus economized in regular supplies where they are constantly required, and pass into combination with oxygen from the roots up to the stems and branches of the plants in which they are as- similated, and the oxygen throws off in exhalation frmn the leaves. The stra^v decays but slowly, and tbn? furnishes its substance by degrees to the young plant in due progress on and proportion, (such as the siliquous ingredients, for instance, of the pod of cap- sule) so that the docou'.pasition of the straw corres ponds to the four phrases of fermentation in progres- sing from the saccharine to the alcoholir. the acid and the puirlil states, ana'agous to thufc ol' infancy, hud- ding youth, and sending of the plant. '' We observe that our blades of wheat have but a V"ry few roots, and those are shott and hard, some- thing like a bird's clav.- ; and this agrees with the re- marks of Mons. Raspail, who atati's that the most healthy plants in ordinary vegitatioii have the least ex uberance of roots and fibres. •' Another important observation, also, is, that weeds and parasitical vegitation are prevented by this method, for the straw chokes every o her plant but that of its own seed. aMany other interesting obser- vations might be made on these experiments, but we refrain, at present, frtim obtruding on your readers; but if any of them wish for further information on this subject, wo shall willingly afford them every facility. The importance of the general result will easily be- come apparent vvitlioiu further comment, and a revo- lution in the present modes of ngticultural labor is a necessary consequence of this dir.covery. No tillage will now be required, nor any artiiicial stimulants in manure and othe/ more or less expensive combina lions with regard to soil and culture. In fact, it would be lediona to enumerate the various advant- ages that may result in practice from this ca ual ex- periment, and therefore, we proclaim it simply to the world that all may prolit by it." As this experiment can be easily tried, we hope some of our farmers will put it to the test, and com- municate the result. We shall certainly try it on a small seven by nine lot of ground, which is the larg- est that is vouchsafed to a dwi Her in the city. of Hi'k. TlK! immense (|U(intiiy ol luet, lately propo- ^ated for sptculation, csscntiully aiils thotc who now embark with a view of |iiircnfovib Bwth, Manchester. 3d best do. $2, toS. P. Harvey, Wist Blonmfield. Best 1 year old heifer, $5, to Robert Higham, Con- aiidaiguo, 2 J best do $'3, to Thomas Bell, G irbnm. 31 best do $2, to Anson Packard, Bristol. Best Milch ,c.nv, $5, to E. Hide Cannn.lHignn. 2d best do $'>, to IJenian Chnpin, Ku=t Bioonilicld. 3d best do f 2, to J. C If'ithawny, Farmington. Best Buli calf, $5, to Tim. W. G)oding, Canandui- gua. 2 I best dj .^l. to Heman Cuapin, E-ist Bloomfield. 31 best do §2, to J. C. Hnthoway, Farmington. Beat hoilisr ca|f, $5, to Anson Packard, Bristol. 2d best do $3, to .J. C. Hathaway, P'armiiigton. 3d best do ^2, to " " " Best pair of Working OieiJ, $7, to Jame.^ Sears, Sen- eca. 2d best do $5, to O Morse, Canandaigud. 3d bcs$ do $", to F. J. Bronsqn, Euit Blopijifield. ,shi:ep. Best Ram, reference to eai;case, $5, to, Geo. Cayward jr., Hopewell, gl best do, reference to cavcass, ^3, Ip.Guy Collino, ^Iisl Bloomfield. Best Ram, reference to fleece, $5, to W. B, Dicker son, Vielffir- 2d best do do $3, to Jared Hathaway, Farming- ton. Best G Ew.ea, reference to carcass, $5, to C. B. Meek, Canandaigna. 2d best do .f3, to George Cayward, Seneca. Bi-stC Ewes, reference to fleece, $5, to Jared Hatha- way, Farmington. SNVINE. Best lualeSvvine, $5, to H. Hubbard, Canandaigna. 2d best do $3, to Amasa Carter, Enst Bloomfield. 3d best do $2, to E. Humphrey, " '• Best Sow, |!.5, to John Jones, Canandaigna. 2d best do )|;3, to Amasa Carter, East Bloomfield. 3d best do $2, to J. S. Hart, Hopewell. Best Litter of Pigs, $5, to F. A. Spaulding, East BlooiTiiield. 2d best do $3, to John Jones, Cananduigun. 3d best do $2, to James D- Bemis, Canandaigna. PLOUOlllNG. Ploughing with horse team, ^ of an acre, to bt within an hour, $7, to William Burling, Conandaigua. 2d best do $5, to Charles Godfrey, Seneca. 3d best do .f 3, to Collister Millen, Gorbam. Ploughing with ox team ^ of an acre, best within on hour, $7, to George Hewson, Seneca. 2d best do ,f 5, to A. Jones, East Bloomfield. 3d best do $3, to Daniel Parahall, Conandaigua. DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES. Best 10 yords of Cassiinerc, $5, to N. P. Brewster, Farmington. 2d best do iJiS, to M. Norton, Farmington. Best 50 lbs Butter, $5, to Portz Hathaway, Farming- ton. 2d best do $3, to Thomas Bell, Gorham. 3J best do $2, to Baui Bradley, East Bloomfield. Best 20 yds Flannel, $.5, to Edwaid B. Dewey, Man Chester. 2d best do $3, to Thayer Gouss, Eost Eloonificld. 3d best do $2, to William Otiley, Phelps. Best 20 yds Carpel, $5, to John Lapham, Fanning- ton. 2d best do $3, to Franklin Beebe, East Bloomfield. 3d best do .f2, to A. B. Rnpaljo, Furmington. Best 20 yarda of Woolen Cl'-ib, .f-.'), to E. B. Dewey, ManohceLcr. 2d beet do $3, to William Bryant, iMaiichestcr. 3d best do .$2, to William Oiiley, Philps. Best 100 lbs Cheese, i§;5, to Uri Beach, East Bloom- field. 2d best do $3, to Juhn Lnpham, Farmington. 3d beat do $2, to P. Hathaway, " Greatest quantity of reeled Silk li(;5, to A. Hathaway, Bristol. Ne.\t do do iftl), to M. Newton, East Bloom- field. Ne.\t do do $2, to A. N. Buck, Manchester. Best 5 pounds Cocoons. $.'', to Jonathan Buell, East Bloomfield. 2(1 best do f 3, to A. Hathaway, Bristol. 3d beet do $2, to H, Munson, Enst Bloomfield. Best oimce Black Sewing Si.k, f 5, to Walter Whit- ney, Hopewell. 2d best do $3, to Jos T. Shaw, Conandaigua. 3d best do $2, to William Blodget, Gorham. Best ounce Sewing Silk, assorted colors, ^;:5, to Wal- ter Whitney, Hopewell. 2d best do .$3, to H. Munson, East Bloomfield. 3d best do )Ji2, to W Blodget, Gorham. EISCRETIONAEV PREMllMF. 3 Shawls 3 dolls to Justus H Sanger, Cannndaigna ; 1 do 1 doll to E B Dewey, Manchester; 1 Lamp Stand 1 dollar to Bani Bradley, East Bloomfield ; 1 Red Silk Coverlid, 2 dolls lo Charles Scoit, Phelps ; 4 blue and white Covcrlidn, 2 dolls lo William Oulcy, Phelps ; 1 red do 1 doll lo T Puliner, Gorhom: 1 blue do 1 doll to W Ouley, Phelj s ; 1 pint'jd Bit and Stir- rups, 1 doll 10 S W Gregory, Canandaigna ; 1 Lace Cap, 1 doll to Thomas Bell, Goihani ; For Slocking Yarn 1 doll to F Peiioyer. East Bloomfield ; 1 Cieo i Hearth Rug 2 dollais, to Mrs Hannah Siiuliiirn ; For blue and white Mittens, I doll to Frederick Peiioyer, East Bloomfield ; For fancy doil doll to ; For Hearth Rug red ond black, 1 doll Wdliam Bry- ant, Mnnchesier ; For black Siockinta GO
  • but we noticed n tine lot of grade nninials lifllTcnt breeds belonging to the Messrs. Ileston, ic of which nre very beautiful. Tbo large lierd of iroccd Short Horns belonging to Peter A. Remsen, ]. wc also witnessed with great pleasure. We were jrc that Mr. Remsen had some fine cattle, but re by no means prepared M see so large a nunihor I of such excellence. We hope to give a more licidnr accoiiui of them hereafter The Ploughing Match c.tcited a good dial of inler- , as usual ; but the work was performed in loo at haeto to be done well. We would advise the crs hereafter to offer premiums for those who form the work in the liesl manner within a given The exhibition of Domestic Manufactnres &c. was cqua! to our expectations, or very creditable to the isewives of Genesee, although n few families dc re great praise. We noticed, in particular, a very ;e assortment of useful and elegant articles exhibit by Mrs. Worden Mattison, of Darien, consisting iilk glovesand hose, sewing silk, linen thread and 1 work, domestic cloth and linen diaper, the ole affording a greater display of skill and industry n is often produced hy one family. Other articles ^erve to be noticed, but our space will not allow us mumcrntc them. •"rom what we saw of this Fair, we are constrained say we were disajipointed with Old Genesee.— is rich agricultural county is capable of doing bet- things, and ought to be one of the very foremost the march of improvement. We v\'ere greatly prised when the President of the Society iniormed that they had not raised a sufficient amount to be c to draw their full quota of funds from the State. •8 fact alone aflurds conclusive evidence that some- iig is rong ; and theofTicere will have to put forth * efforts to awaken interest in the subject. We have no desire to dictate, but from what we ire seen we are fully satisfied that Alexander is not ! most suitable place (or holding the Fairs, and ne of the best towns in the county refuse to co-op- te because they are held there. It appears to us :rc aro many resaons in favor of holding the Fairs at tavii. In the first place we believe the citizens of It place would contribute liberally towards the funds thi-Siciety, and with the co-operation of the rich >rthern and Eastern towns which now keep aloof, ;ro would be little difficitUy in raising at least n suf- ient amount to secure the full portion of State aid- e are aware that some of the Southern towns might ;I agrieved, but if we arc correctly informed there 3 but few of them that have heretofore rendered uch assistance, bo that but little would be lost in ■at direction. Besides, Batavia is the centre of bu- aess and attractions, has excellent accomodations ,d is easy of access. Sj that a inuch larger attend- ico would always be secured there than at Alcxan- ir. We presume the officers of the Society will con- dor this matter, and that such arrangements will be ade f )r the coming year as will redound to the credit 'thisjjmpiro county. For the Ne.m Ccr^csec Farmer. Ge.sts. — [ 8=nd you a brief noticeof the proceedings "the Genesee County Agricultural Society," at the lomd annual Exhibition and Fair, held on the 13th nd 14th of October, 1811. The show of cattle and horses was very fine, being brg: gi:n ovjr last year's E.'chibition. The sfeow of sheep and hogs, was very slim, and a great falling off from last year. It was far from creditable to bo large a county, and will probably be remedied nt our next Fair. The Mechanics seem to have taken little or no in- terest ill onr meeting. Premiums were offered for al- niiist every kind of mechanical production, but there were only a very few kinds exhibited. The household arts were, if possible, still worse represented, and the Ladies of old Genesee have much to answer for in allowing themselves to be so poorly represented. I feel confident it will not be so again. On the second day tbc ploughing match came ofl", and was by far the most exciting part of the whole ex- hibition. The ground to be jilouglicd wasonc eighth of an acre, and the premium to bo awarded to the person doing it the best in the shortest time. The ground selected was a pasture on the flats. Four teams entered at first, and their performances were as follows : — Ist, 13 minutes !>0 seconds, 2d, 14 m. 25 sec, 3d, 14 m. 35. sec., 4th, 16 m. 20. The second took the premium. The team and plough were own- ed by L. E. Heston, ploughman, Mr. Brownell. — Had all the ploughs been equal to Mr. Heston's it would have been a very close conten. The plough is manufactured by Smith & Co., at Batavia, and is called the " Scotch Improvement." It is a decided improvement, upon iheploughsof this county at least, and must prove a great acquisition. There is no farm implement ot more importance than thciilough, and yet there is almost as much improvement to be made, as there was from the old bull plough to the one now in use. Two other teams entered subsequently, and did the same quantity, in 12 minutes and 10 seconds, and 13 m. 35 seconds. I think the arrangements for the ploughing match were defective, inasmuch as it should have been the best within a reasonable time, say 25 or 30 minutes. It would then enable weaker and lighter teams to compete, as it would not be so much time as 00 3 00 Committee. Allred.) Tliomns Weddle, •2d do., J. K. Balentine 3d do , Win. Tone • • • ■ • • Best Pair Matched Hurscs, G. 1 eck •2d do., A. L'ine, 3d do., H. Olmsted Best Mare, John Ayrault 2d ilo., Wm. Tone 3drlo., Win. B'llenfne • Best 3 years old Colt, (Vjy Alfred) H. Pad. dock 2d do., (bv Alfred) H. K-llows ■ ' HERON HROWN, ) CHS D GODFRKV, /■ HARRY OLMSTED. > CATTLE. The Committee on catde report that owing to the i large number of superior anima's exhibited, they found it difficult n s >m.- cases to decide wliich was entitled to the greatest merit ; but after mature deliberation, and the exercise or their best'judgment, they decided 10 nwardpremiums as tullows. For the best Bull. (Durham Short Horned, Americ-inCouHt, Thomas Weddle $10 00 2d do, Rnmsdell & C"le 7 00 .■{d dt'.,( Albion,) Win. C. Cornell 5 00 Best Pair 3 years old Steers, John Ayrault. •2d do., Stephen Lefigott Bi'Bi Pair ol Fatted Oxen, John Ayrault. . . . ad do., John Brmlley Beet Pair of Wo'king Oxen, John Ayrault. 2d do., JohnLeagett 3d do., Gideon Ramsriell 3 U(l Best Milch Cow. (Durham Short Horned Gazelle.) Thomas Weddle 7 00 •2d d.i., Wm. C Cornell 5 00 3d do.,— Smith 3 00 GEORGE SHEFFEK, ) JACOB STRAWN, > Committee. JOHN BURNS. ) SWINE. I The Commi'.tce on Swine remarked that the exhi bition of this class of animals was highly creditable to the Society and the county. Many very beautiful hogs, besides tbose for which premiums were award- ed, deserve special notice. Among these was a sow with six pigs, Byfield and Leicester, owned by John Putnam of Greece ; three fine young Leicester towii. owned by Matthias Garret of Gates; three beautiful young 8 >ws and one boar, pure Berkshire, owned by George Whitney of Rochester ; a very supc.ior Berk- shire boar pie, four months old, owne I by Ch'rles Marchant of Greece, and a sow with six pigs, Russia and Leicester, owned by Harry Olmsted of Greece. For the best Boor. (Berkshire) Isaac Moore. $7 00 •2d do., Nathaniel Hnywnid 5 tJO 3d do., Amos Sawyer, (Berkshire) 3 00 Best Sow, (with pigs, Leicester.) T. Watson 5 00 •2d do. do., Amo.^ Sawyer 3 00 For the best Buck, leference to carcass, ^ (Leicester,) Simeon Lewis S^ 2d do., John Betteidge 3 Best lorFleiec, Mdls Landoii 0 2d do., Jpsse Hatroun * Best 3 Ewes, reference to carcass,(Coi6Wold,) Wm C. Cornell ■ •2d do., (Southriown,) J Parsons Best 3 Ewes, reference to fleece, Mr. Ely. ■2d do , Mr. Snvder Beets Lambs. (Cotswold,) Wm. C Come l2d do.. John Bt-tteridop Best 3 fatted sheep, Wm. C. Comell «)»'■•' II »« lintl at, mill iiitifi 7 00 hid do., Simeon Lewis,. 3 01; 7 00 5 0(1 7 00 5 0(1 GIDEON RA.VISDELL, ) JOHN FULLER, S Con EDWARD CHAMPENEY, ) SHEEP The Committee on Sheep report that they discharg- ed their duties with all the care and faiihfulnesB of which t' ey were capable. For the honor of the county, and particular ly for that of the farmers owning ;he numerous be.iutiful animals exhibited on tbeoc- •asion.the Committee take pride in saying they were all very choice and desirable lots of sheep. Besides those icir whi''h premiums were awarded, the Committee desire to mention as "orthy of special notice. THOMAS WH.LCOX JOHN ROBINSON, > Committ ARTHUR CLARK, FIELD CHOIS. The Committee on Field Crops, refpcttfully ri that they have attended to npilications for pr urns, in this department, from the following lis Gentlemen who have, by evidence satisfactory ti Committer, established their claims to the boni having ra:sed upon their repective farms the lol ing products, viz : WHEAT. James BeUty of Griere, an average of 53 bn and '21) Ins lo /'lie acre— (3 acres. Giorge Sheffer, of Wheatland, an average bushe's — 7i acres. Samuel Shadbiilt, of Chili, an avetngc ol »oJ els — 9 acres. CORN. Robert D. Mnrlin, of Chili, an cvernge of 94 els to the acre. Elienezer Gooding, of Hcnrrietta, an averS' 9(1 busiicls to il,e i.erc. Lyniari B. Lnngworthy, of Greece, an avert, 30 1-32 bushels to tl e acre. Jnrai e Hirl, ol Sweden, at the rate of 96 bli to the acre on one acre and a half. Abram Cnshmnn, without vi uchere, presen menioiandum, s'o^ing 18 bushels to the acre. POTATOES. Owen McGure, of Grtcce 340 bushels to the George S efier, 312 bushels o the acre. S imirel Davidson, of Greece, 2t0 bushels acre Ebntzor Gooding of Henrrietta, 247 btisheis acre F. P. Root, of Sweden, 1200 busl-els Ruta B- the acre. George Sheffer, 6.^3J buekcls Carrots to iht [ '• " IdOO bushels Mangfl W rt: " 1160 bushels of Sugar Bei i< " 552 buthelsofRuia Bags d 1 Charles Filer, Carrots at the rale < f 720 busl Jth of an acre, which being short of the prescril mensions cannot cleim a premium. The Committee, in accordance with the abo' have awarded WHEAT. To James Bcaity, Esq., t.f Greece, the first „m ,$10 — qirantity 53,20-6' bushels to the t George Sheffer, Esq., Whatlrnti, 2d do $7— SamiTel Shadbolt, Esq , Cliil., 3d do. $5—2 CORN. Robert D. JMarlin, Chilr, first premium, quantity 94 bushels to the acre. Ebenezer Go Henrietta, 2d do. $5~!J0 do. L. B. Lairgw 3d do. $3—60 1-32 do. POTATOES. Owen McGuire, Greece, first premium, $5— lity 340 bushels to the acre. George Shffler, \ land, 2d do., $3 — 312 do. Samuel Da\i6tn, G 3d do., $2--280 do. ROOTS. F. P. Root, Sweden, first premium, on Bags, ign — quaniiiy, 1200 bushels to the acre. Sliefi'er, first premium on Mangel Wurtzel, 1000 do. Do. do: Sugar Beet, $5—1160 do. The season liaving been an unfavorable one I production of large crops, the competition for ] ums has necessarily been confined to a small ni' These, however, it is thoughi, do no discredit ed by Ellphalet Day, of i specimens exhibited, to the soil or culture of M owned by his son; al- I Little rcg.ird has been paid, by many of the some Merino Rm'ks, owned by Gideon Cobb of rants, to the rules prescribed for ceitifying imall lot of Meriu'i Ewes, ow Ogden, and of i\lerino B eks Brighton, — Premiums were awarded as follows. I Committee, the neccr=pnry fade in r'Tord vo. 11. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. -urcof llie Iniid and iho ini'di; orneccrlniiiing llic net, Olid ibe Cnniiniuee bnvc rcjulod, in one or vo iiisianci'8, np|>liuaiU8 «bo di>iibiI<'Ba niighl hnvc c'd iireiiiiums bul for tbia neglect. Tbo impor- int duty <>r riirnisliing a description of soil mode of jiture, expense, &c. bos been neglected by several f the applicants — they have however pi'oniiaed to eup- ly this defect in nil cases vk-liere prcniiiirns arc awnrd- Tiie Coiiiinitee would respecttuliy recommend bat all wbo may be d.sposcd to contend for premiums icreaftcr, procure in due lime the proper directions It regard i-i tlieps particulars. LEWIS RROOKS, } NirHOL.AS Rl.y.O. } Committee. KLISH.V HAK.MO.V, Jr. ) f.\ceount,of the mode of cultivation, anil &e. of the roniium crops wdl bo pubiisheil hereafter — Eds ) rLOlfGHING MATCH. The commilice on ploughing, report thnt twelve 'horse) teams entered the field for competition. The :ontedt was very spirited, and was witnessed by a arge concourse of spectators. The work was mostly perfimicd in good style, .Tiid the committee were lighly gratified at the display of sk, II in this importont Besides those to wliom premiums were award- ed, the committee would mention that Mr. Robinson and Mr. Crittenden, of Henrietta, deserve much praise for iherr skilt'u! plouyhmanship. The piemi- «ms were awarded as fiillows : First Prcoiium to Simeon Lewis, of Brighton,.. .^7 Second do. Edward Howell, Chili '5 Third do. Chs. Burr, Pprint.)n 3 R. HARMON, Jr, Chairman ot Committee. I.MPLEMENTS. The Committee to whom w-is referred the e.xami- nalionoffarm implements, &c., report ilmtthe num- ber ol articlfs presented for their inspection, was very small, and does not reflect mucli credit on the mnnu- fiietnrers in this county, who it is well known are se- cond to but few in this business. Some meritorious articles were exhibited without competition, and therefore are not entitled to premiujne. (Hatch's Sjwing Machine was exhibited, in operation, during the Fair, and elicited great praise, but as it was not present at the time of inipection, the Committco omit- ted to rtjport on it.) They decided to award premi- ums as follows. To Andrew J. Langworthy, for ihe " Locklin Plough," it being considered the best green- award Phjugh $5 To p. D. Wright, for the Genesee Plough, eoiisid- erd the best for stubble or cross ploughing. ... 3 To A. & J. Wedd, for the Agriculturists Furnace, R very useful article for heating water or boiling food for animals, a discretionary premium of. , 3 To A. .1. Laugworthy, f"r an exhibition of various cast iron horticultural implements converted in- to malleable iron, a discretionary premium of 3 MARTIN SAGE. ) ABEL BALDWIN, > Committee. L. B. LANGWORIHY. ) BUTTER, CHEESE &c. The number of competitors in this class woe not large, bul tiie articles exhibited wcreot very rxcellent quality. The Committee awarded premiums as fol- lows. For the best Batter, to David Frost of Carthage. .$3 Second, do., Jacob Sirnvvn, Chili 2 Be.st Cheese, jVlfred Fitcb, Riga 3 Second do., Wm. Siernbeig, Henrietta 2 Maple Sugar, Alfred Fitch, Riga 2 CALEB K. HOBBIE, ) N B. MERRICK, ■■ Committee. H. E. ROCHESTER. ) On Silk, aud other Domestic Mauiifactures. In this department there was quite an interesting exhibition, althoi'gh the number and variety of articles were too small to reflect much credit on the house- wives and da'ighters of the farmers of .Monroe. The committee have omitted to notice some articles, owin, to the want of competition, and others from want of merit. Some of those for which premiums were a- wnrded, were deserving of the highest pinise. The committee award to Mrs. .\. GoodeM. for the best sowing silk, ij;3 Mrs. Hiram Robbins, for yd do. 2 Miss Eliza Bingham, for best silk hose and other artich'S 8 Mrs. Theodore Backus, for 2d do 2 Miss Lucina Goodrich, for 2 very handsome blan- ket shawls, 2 .Mrs. Lynnm Potter, for two fine pieces of carpet, and a beautiful beat th rug 2 M. P. PARKER. )V<>m- ALEX. KELSEY. > mit- MATTHIAS GARRET,^ tec. HORTICULTURE. The Committee on Horticulture report that the dis- play of Fruit, Vegetables and Flowers was very re- spectable, and in siitne respects extraordinary, eorsid- tring tho l.itcncss and unlnvorohleness of the season. The Apples, Grapes, and Qtimecs were very fine and iibundant. But the most conspicuous anil beautiful object in this department was a large ami splendid pyramid of Dahlias, from Alexander Kelaey, Esq. con slating of about forty vaiietiesof bloom8,lbe colors very hcantifully arranged. A table of elegant green house plants, and several large boijuets of Dahlias and other cut dowers, from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, also added much to the beauty of the exhibition. The garden vegetables were mostly of fine quality, but the competitors were not as numerous as they should be. Premiums were awarded as follows. O. Hanford, best doz. Apples $1 00 H.Colby, " " Peais 100 5. W. Lay, (discretionary) Peeis ) 00 Matthias Garret, best Plums I 00 L. B. Lnnworthy, best Peaches 1 00 Z. Burr, " Quinces 1 00 Do. " GraiJcs 2 00 .M. Garret, 2d " '• 1 GO Mr. Donnely, " Muskmelons 2 00 Wm Webb. " Watermelons 2 00 Alfred Fitch, " Squashes 2 00 J' T. Young, (discretionary) Pumpkin and Squashes 1 00 A. L. Jones, best Egg Plants 2 00 Wm. Hamilton " Beets 1 00 T. Backus " Carrots 100 Wm. Webb, " Parsnips 1 00 Z. Bnrr, " Turnips I 00 Wm. Webb, " Salsify 100 Simon Seller, " Cabbage 1 00 Wm. Hamilton " Onions 100 Alex. Kclsey, " Dbl. Dahlias, asst 5 00 Ellwanger &, Barry, 2d best, do. do. do 2 00 Do., best cut Flosvers, asst 2 00 Do. 2d" do. do 2 00 M. B. BATEHAM, ) H. M. WARD, ,' Committee. N. GOODSELL. ) Erie County Agricultural Society. Premiums awarded by the Erie County Agricultu- ral Society, at their Fair and Cattle Show, held in BulTalo, on the Cth Oct. 1841 : HOUSES. Ist Stallion, Stephen Osborn, Clarence, $10 2d do. Busbnell Strouff, Buffalo, 6 Ist Mare and colt, Sam'l Hudson, Sardinia, 10 2d do. do. Aaron Gould, Hamburgh, (5 [The Committee noticed with great pleasure, the fine display of raolchcd horses belonging to Jacob S. 6, Charles Miller, of Buffalo. Finer could no where be shown in the Stale.] CiTTI.K. l9t full bloo!cd Bull, L. F, Allen, Black Rock,.. .fC 2d do. do. Warren Granger, do 4 3d do. do. A. & J. McArthur, do 3 l.-it mixed do. George Bruce. Lancaster. ... 4 2d do. do. Joa'h Hutchinson, Amhert, . . 3 3d do. do. J. D. Van Alien, Bl'k Rock, 2 lst2yr. Duv'm do. Amos Chillicott. Hamburgh, 3 •M do. do. do. Orlando Allen, Black R.x.'U,.. 2 167 Ist do. Devon do. Aaron Gould, Hamburgh, ... 3 Ist common Bull, Aaron Parker, Haniburgb, 6 1st yearling do. John Webster, " 8 lot yoi,o working Oxen, John Collins, Bl'k Rock, 10 2d do. do. do. Jesse Vaugbnn, Cbeekto- wnt;,. 7 Ist 3 yr. Steers, Smith Salisbury, Hamburgh, 6 2d iliK do. Chaunccv Abbott, " 4 ist full blooded Cow, L. F. Allen, Black Rock,. . . 6 Ist mixed Durham Cow, Sylvester Chamberloin, BulTalo, 4 Ist mixed Devonshire Cow, Aaron Gould, Horn iHifgh 4 Ist common Cow, Alex. Hitchcock, Cheektowaga, 6 2d do. do Peter Citrtis, Buftalo, 4 Ist 2 year old Durham Heifer, William S. Reese, Evans 4 Ist common I leiler, Peter Curtis, ijuffalo, 3 1st yearling Diir'm Heifer, Orlando Allen. Buffalo, 3 1st (>0 per head, lor Mr. ttevenson. Bishop Meade, of Vn., and F Rotch, Csq , of Otsego co., N. Y. Mr. Rotch's Innib is a South Pown, only six months old, cjid weighs 1.j2 lbs. It i^ indicd an acquisition tn our M)il?, nnd wo doubt iiiH fi-l be a source of profit U< ^s imjfofter. Mr A. tame k j;.9.ci^pngcr in the lien drick Hudson, Captain Morgan. The last named gentleman brought out a very fine Durham cow lor his own farm on the Connecticut. Oneida County. The Cattle Show and Fair of this county, was held at Hampton, on the 2Uth nnd iilst ult.^ The Itoman Citizen saje respecting it, "although the weather was unfavorable, the extent of the exhibition exceeded all expectation, and the village ol Hampton was filled to overflowing in every nook and corner. Jt has ex- ceeded all our most zealous friends had dared to hope — and it has, forever, we trust, put to silence the evil forebodings of those, who have prophesied evil of this, Atsocialion, designed to do so much good lo the Farmers and Mechanics of this county. The display of working Cattle, Cows, young Cattle, Sheep and Swine, was very fine. In the Dairy Deparlment, Oneida has done her duty. The samples of Butter and Cheese, were such as to challenge competition. In Domestic Fabrics, there was a sad deficiency but we trust it will not be so another year. There wore many fine horses exhibited, though j great improvement is needed in breed of liorces, and some matched and draught horses, as well os Studs, and breeding Blares, were of the choicest description. The amountof premiums paid, was §614." The report on Field Crops, we deem valuable for the purpose of comparison : " To Elii-ha Fettibore of Vernon, best ncre of win- ter wheat, ;<*i bushels, sample ex hi hi ted of the very bet qcaliiy, (|15 00; Jidms Curtis, Wcstmorelantf, best acre ol corn jSI bui-hcia ^(i Ilis. .■jl.', (ji/i, uie corn was exccllenl Irom tmiii.le. Elihbii iSiinw, Home, 'M best ac;c torjh to bughvjs; JO, very ijuod corn, i^ii tii. \ Nathaniel S. W'.glit, Vernon, b(st acre of oats, 10 bushels, 3 pec'-^, $15 00 ; Jay Feltibone, Vernon. best acre ba.iey, 50 bush. 5 lbs. $1000. Bcnjamii P. Johnf;i>oii(leuts. Several connmunifaiions nre iinnvDidnbly deferred ^Is riioiuli, in order lo nmko_ruom tor lUe re|iorl8 ol irs&c. We trust however, tlint tbie niimber of iir pniicr will not be louiid Jellcieiit in intercbt, even s inir most disiiiiu renders. The second coiiinumicBtion of C. V. T. "on the nportance find utility ot the dissemination of knowl- dgo nmong Fanncra," is received, and eball have a aco in our next. The author informs us that a want lie prevoulej Uiiii from furnishing it several Inonths ago, as was intende i. The Peas received from Clis E. Norton, So, Ber- viek, Maine, oic called Knight's Tull Honey Pens; hey are the best variety known for the table, but ;row so tall as to make ihcm obji-ciiorable to mony. The specimen of Wild Pea from A ;a A. Burnliani, 5^q., Cobourg, is the LuUi'jnis vcuosus of botanists, t IS not often, though occasionally, found in ibeec inrts. The flowers nre quite ornuiuentnl, rescmb ing be Sweet Peo of the gardens, to which it is ncaily Hied. S. C. is informed that we know of no process by vhich good ic'mo can be made tVom the naiivs Frost ropes. " Monroe," and some others who wish to draw us no an endless Chess controvo: sy, shall receive atlen- lon next month. Trial of Ploughs at Syracuse. The late trial of ploughs at Syracuse, under the di- ectionof tbc State Conimittej, it was reasonably ex- lected, would be attended with most important re- alu. Wuen it is considered that the yearly cost ol iljughing in the State, amounts to millions, it be- ;onie8 evidently a matter of no small macnitude, il .hat cost can be diminished one third or one hali'. In olfering a few remarks on that trial, it may be uroll to state, that the writer, allliough of the Commit- tee, was unavoidnbly absent when the decision nndre- •lort were made, which he his not seen, consequently iio other of the Committee is responsible lor any thing ■here said. That tlie trial was unsatisfactory, none can deny. Tje failure of the Cominitteo to meet previously, ■and make necessary arrangemenls, caused a confusion 4it the time of the trial, which alone would have prevent- do complete success. Mjstof the members of the Com- mittee who were present, were appointed to lill vacon cieson that day, and consequently had no time to in- fjrni theinselvos af any particulars relating to the sub- oct. Sritable ground hud not been selected, and its uncvenneas rendered the strength for draught so con- Btamly varying that it was impossible to determine it accurately. The Dynamometer was very imperfec', though exhibiting v;iih some accuracy the relative ilmught of each plough. Only one kind of soil was I, which was so much drier than is usual in jj'lmigbing, that it was not a fair lest of the operation generally. The Committee had full opiwrtuniiy to cx:iriiiiie the construction and operation of each plough, so far as it could be dona by a single trial in dry sward, and that their decision is not far from the truth, is to 'if -.'nil':" i'^i'SianW. _\yc djiibi much if a finer col- cclioa of ploughs or even a.i liui; a one, wal ever bT". lore seen. The improvement , P- /U''. we are tol i .hat the Urea of the CncMmma tnUca Ibo a.-knowledged wheat fly of New-Lngland, a e p-eyed upon by the Ceraphon, an Ichneumon H , which deposits It egcis in the body ol the larvL* ot the wheat fly. " I could not determine, says the very „c 1 ate'u:horof that article, " whc.her it actual y deoiisits its egg in the maggot's body , but there can be'no doubt of the Ichneumon piercing the maggot with a sting : nud from stinging the eamc- maggot re- pea'edly, h is probable the fly delighla to destroy the na^gus, as well as to deposit eggs in their bodies We shall see presently that the use ol the words Urva Zimi-'Tot m the ab.rve extract, indicate strongly, "hat if tire writer has not the Hessan Ay heioro hm., he has any thing but the wheat worm "' i^*;;; '^'j?; land ; and he usos tlie terms " Cocidomijia triUca in the same sentence. , 1 think myself fully justiheJ in asserting, ibat the puncture so often observed in the wheat stalk, is made onW by the Tchnonmon, because I Lave Irequently been with Thomas Say. when pursuing his mveM'?''- lions upon this iueec,, and have seen and ,"3^i-«^ '" stripping down the glume or leaf ol the W"'-"' f'^'^^ exalniring the dead or punctv.red larva, and 'he vmg Oraobron ; and the circumstance furnishes ail.lition- uftestimony to the truth of Marcauutta Mounts discovery, that the fly deposits us <=gg on or in the i-rain, and not in the stalk. It seems indeed impossi- ble thV' the Hessian fly should eftect the latter object without puncturing the stalk "^^'^'l'l''"fj.,';7^," """ l^af- but it is not so clear an impossibility that it l^ou'ld be lain in the root Whether laid -n^l^^cr^ „a or in the root, it must have grown with the growti of the plant ; nod ,f in the latter, it will prcibah ly e found more difficult to provide a remedy. It '^e IH-S- siau fly and wheat fly both deposit their eggs on the grain, it shows that some of their hibits are simdar and that the ova most probably passes through the game process m its transformations. • > u I fraokly acknowledge that Margarettn Morris oB- servations received no favor in my eyes. I thought H eo well ascertained ihat the Hessian fly deposited 8 e.- in the stalk or culm, that her condusuins ex- cled^ilcule rather than conviction Having beei-, so much in the company of S:iy, and having relied so much upon his accurate habits of ■nvestigation my foiu, was not to be shaken by a woman : b t s not :!;^--^-nri;.^i:,^porr^:[i;t,^tf:;;i: awoiiu, .villipe to become vt^chcr for ihe fa, t The insect, whose operations she wat., lied so .lu.h, mav t leirforc have been the Cecidomyia :hi"c, which,' Is notoriously the opinion ot n,l New E Xnd, deposits us egg on or ,n the ber.y ; and Then '' crcdalj<^dc,s appcMn, makes Us "extnppea - Lnce in the shape of long, thin intusoua, .heir bodies. ::^^he"arl,estsi;gegelaUnouss.n.t™tspa^ ZS,SnS''>:etr;;n;:Mti all eaten. Whde on the contrary, the Hessiau fly in all its earli- er sttris found within the stalk; its arva when first moduced tVom the ova, is white, Us lad very acrte, andnbruptly attenuated, the head incurved; the up S"r sttrface of the body exhibiting a glassy or hyaline Lpec withan internal viscera like a greenish line underneath It shows thick white clouds, which as i advai ce°.o the pupa or flaxseed state, becomes iiimed so as to exhibit regular transverse Begme , « icn a ken Irom it. early membranaceous cove iiig 't seems erfecfly inert ; but when the pupa is advancid to it. u stature, and assumes a dark "^J'^V"':,: kni Uo' lil-e flax seed, with its pintcd covering hrnily knit to gcLr, I Uav'e known it to start and roll o..r severa fimcs on being removed from the wheat stalk If the nT,'et whose habits were thus wa.c'ued by Margaretta Morris, was obaerve i oy her from the "".e of dep si- tin,' its ec<' until it became n larva vi (uc rubn or 1 «yco,ff'iis progress was marked from the latter s a e tint 1 the egg was deposited on the berry, so as Teay with certainty that it was deposited by the same nsect thai was hatched from the larva that occupied he t dm thin I think the identity ol the two is pla- ced a ostbevond controversy. It is plain that the writer in the British Magazine could not have appliet^ du terms maf^got and larva to the wortns described ''^We have '.Tow arrived at what seems nn insuperable impediment to recognizing the two insects as congen- eHc viz.: the birth' from the ova, ol a living acive w" rnrm the one ca.e, and of an inert ve.nehra.ed lar- vain the other; and I mu^t ^e Perm.t ed ..e o make the remark, with perfect detercnce lo the judg- n ent be accurate ob,ervation and excel ent intention "That great and good man. Judge Buel, that he has br'/clv contributed to circulate erroneous views upon h 8 important subject. In lookingover the eaily vol- mesof theCultiiaior, I find all his u.formation de- i";jnom others; most of it trom British writers and some from very inacenrnle corresponde. ts_not one syllable from o man of scientific investigations - In vol. I, p. 82, he considers the wheat u;,rm as ovi- oarmis • and even goes so far as to disp te the exist- ence of a/y altogether, giving trom authorities near- Iv forty yty^sbauk, drawings of the full grown worm, , )" very act of laying its eggs within the kernel of he wheat where it had attained maturity. The whoie :"f this article commendina r,ud adopting a report to I some English S.ciety, said to be from the pen of Mr. I BaTer is evidently a labored efl-ort. not to identify the whea >'/ or C..cidom,jm tritica, (whose cMslence is I disputed,) with the insect then making such disastrous tie ays of its power ; but to show that the injury v 'snot to be imputed to any 'I'-g be^tmging to the i-laRS iasccta. That the Judge was soon obliged to modify hVB opinion is manifest from the subsequent "libers of the same vol. p. 115, where he coulounds it through the aaency of a correspondent, with the weevil ; and in v.d. 3, p 05, he admits ,t to be a sanf.brow,ifiy, and says it U s.wicUmcsconJmmdcd Zhtl,e rcJJl; and finally on p. 1 IS, he arrives a he same conclusion as other naturalists, and makes it any, depositing its eggs on the wheat, but dropping when in the pupa state upon the ground where it re mains during the winter. As all ihe prevalent no- Oons of the wheat irorm deriving its existence from the wheat fly. have originated from this or some equal ly loose foundation, wifhout any "eenrate or properly authenticated investigation, I shall take the liberty of ihinkhKr that the wheat worm is the Ascms pumUai- ius whteh is said t.. have been so destructive in Seot- ^din the year ISMO, (Country Times May 17 1830 1 I place oil the flics tuat infest the wheat, il ndeed the e are nice than one, under the order D.j, J^aMr. Bauer (and JudgCBticl endorses h„ opin uuO calls his worm the nirrio tritica, which in ploiii English, me^naafy vibraimg or rpavering over Ih, ,cl,ait,-aud at the same tiine lurn.shcs (i pl'"^ '' » r™rm lavin" iia egg in the grain, and surrounded by s onnVbrood. i^s'described in the figure ; the Ju ge naturally enough ad.ipung the figure and rtjeciing thn |,atin cautions liis readers agamat the opinion ol a Jt,j originating so much mischief and argues in lavor ol the worm. But the whole argument derived i;rom the deposit of larva in the one ca.e, and of a living animate be. „B ,n the other, may be put on the debtor side of our p^fit and loss account, when we know that theie ar« a considerable number ol insects ol the order D,pla,, and a large number of the Vibrio, that ore oviparoue and viviparous in tl. J same stage or lieriod o their ex- ?stcnce,i. e. they produce young '>"e«"''^e in he spriuff, and then lay eggs till autumn^ Whethe tho Hcssfan fiy or the wheat fly possess this power, I am "t aturalist enough to decide ; that they neither 0 he,n produce living animated contrnctile worms, L fully satisfied, as well froin all the "■■» "S es o "a- cure as iroin the writings ot those who ■"'"^•'' ' :^ opinion in the columns ol the Cultivator. They hay had no more success in convincing me of euch an 1; n on, than they would have bad it they had tiac Ihe -Hiicalo-y of the House ot Hapsburgh-or the trana".,v,tation of wheat and chess to tire eatne souice VVhen the two insects attain what is called the perfec or fl; state, they are so exactly similar that 1 am all :oss to make the necessary distinctions ; and , Ither is any, it probably arises liom '''e one being hai he from the ova and larva in the gram of the "l^e»t '«' same season, and the iother ■remaining o^e 'he w^in ter, and growing with the wheat stalk 'Tne f 1 v. . ing very significant remark of Say, who bad Kiily | EntomologT. before him, is worth noticing upon ihi subject: "When several of them {CcculonnjiadA sl:nctor) arc contiguous on the sAme plam,^he pieel eiire on the body of the larva is unequal, and an >n: qaaUUj in the form of the body is the consequence. It is admitted hy all scientitic writers, that in W sp.-d^.- of the Cecidomyia, the atlcnna ore ti.ilortr tah joints subequal and globular ; wings mcumhe and horizontal, and proboscis Ea.ient or moving wii a snap ; their legs and poiscrs the same in tonn.a , numbe;. Having myself never seen any but wha Zmdnthe same insect, and having no compouu microscope, hut only a small magnilying glass ii description of the Hessian fly would of course be n very iriinute, but the head and thorax oreblact ; w ni dialc dark brown, lon££er than the body ; the aW men itself is brown and is covered with short blat "airs. This description is from the living specme Now what says Kirby, who describes both msec ond every olhlrwritcr who undertakes to describe ll Cecidomyui tritica-xnv^i ,be head and thorax ^ black, body of a dark orange hue-wmffs bio«n f f,C'edwi,h aauler hair., incumbent and horizonla shorter ond wider than those ot the Hes^i^n fly a approaching more to the sub oval ; the whole , sect somewhat leas than the Hessian fly. Ht rep sents it as having o sting or puncturing .nstrume which wc have not yet detected in the Hessian i but which U is very probable the latter also possess If I should follow the example of Judge Buel, i iect the writings and adopt the drawing of the wbj head from Kirhy, it would be very e.asy to a' ow ll every ivorai delineated in the wheat is a true larva th" joincii segments, membranaceous covenr and general aspect 'indicate this very strongly ; a Ihe cUcumstonce of its being preyed upon by the li neumon, corroborates the opinion. Holkham. Friend villc, Pa. 7 mo. 20, 1841. Agricultural Adiress at Rochester. The Address delivered before the Monroe Com Agrictfllural Society was listened to by a large a evidently highly gratified audience. Notbwiihstai ■m however, what is well known, gentlemen,, to yon, but may nit be to oil who may read the address, thai ibe opinions e-^prcesed in it have this con- firmation .11 my practice : that I removed fror.i this city s.une two or three years ago, on to a farm in an adjiiniru; town where 1 now actually reside and culti- vate such farm. I am vours &c., E DARWIN SMITH. A I> D K E S S Dititrered before the Monroe Co. Agricultural Society, By E. Dakwi.s' Smith, Es^. Mr. Preaident,Bnd Gcn'.lemen of the Society; — The first instinct of man is to piovide for his siil/sii-tcncc. Toe first eli'jrt oi his reason will be to determine how this can ies< be done. If man were like the bcasie which peneh, and had id higher purpose — if sotitlied with a suHi'.'ient provision lor his oniiilal wonts — he had no ungrntiHed wishes — no lollier aspirations, the neci63i;ie8 of his nature would require of him but 8fna!l physical e.\orlion, and the character of his em- ploynent would be a matter of viacli indifference. — BJt such IS not m:m : hj *• feels within himsell an eiiergv diVine :" he is co;isciou8 that his existence ht-T-j has a higher aim — he is tilled with longings for o better state — ie believes there is in reserve ior him o nobler destiny. When, therefore, man looks around him to carry out the primary instinct of his natuie, as a rational being possessed of an immortal spirit, he ii'iturallv seeks tor such employment as will best enable him to provide lor his physical wants, and at the same time be most conducive to his iinppinese here, and most aub^iCrvient t) the groat ei d of bis being. lie finds ill the simple doom of I'rovidence — " by the sweat of thy face sholt thou eat bread" — that he must dig hia suDsistence from the earth. For the most of mankind there is ni other alternative. The inquiry then nat- urally arise?, Is the employment of the agriculturist bsst adapted tj promote the true interest and happi- ne-s of ma:i ? The allirmuive of this interrogate y, it is my p in ose to illustrnte. All the enjovmenis of m Tc sense centre in good health. To a diseased or Hickly frame, what lu-Vury addrcesed to the palate can minister grntilication ? To a pale, emaciated, heart- stricken being, what is there in the magnibcence of o palace, in the pride an.d pomp of wealth, in the graces of beauiy, tbat can confer any thing more than a pain- ful and trai'flient emotion of pleosure. Where, then, do we find good health — the chiefest blessing in ex- istence— to eo great a degree as among the cultivators of the soil ? The laboring man knows nothing of the dys.iepsy, the gout, and the numerous other ailments tliat nfflict the sedentary and the inactive. Laboring in the open air strengthens and invigorates bis constitution, gives a keener relish to his food, and a sweetness to his sleep, i.t erly unknown to the lux. utious idler. He may be without some of what the wealthy nnd clleniinate of the cities tall luxuries ; but he has a siin|iler taste and fewer niliticiiil wniils. 'I'liu wcal- lliy inholiitant of the city may hvc in splendor, eur- rounded by his retinue of servants, — the fanner, like the patriarchs of old, lives in simplicity, a servant unto himself. A luxurious dinner moy detain the genileninn of the city two or three hours at the toble. More liiiyal of his time, and more rational in his taste, n simpler meol satisKes the farmer. The citizen may sip his wine after dinner, and dissipate his evenings at the theatre, or other places ol amusement. The pure cold water of the bubbling spring is the lu.turious drink of ibe farmer, and his evening amusenieiii is gathered in the bosom of his family, impar'.in;; ins'-ruction to Ins children, and receiving happiness in return from their dudful attention, from the interesting develop- menia of their budding intellects, and from the ninny testimonials of gratitude and ullection which then simple, pure, waim young hearts prompt them to exhibit. So fur then, ns good health and mere uniiniil en j:>t,!nriits are concei ned, the cultivators ot the soil have gieatly the adviintiige over any other chits of men. Bat it is not chiefly in th so respects that 1 claim superior adapledneee in the employment of Inc agr.- cuiiurist to promote the true happiiie.-e of innn. Tlie greatest source of happiness among iiii n is far above the n\erQ griitijiculiotts oj" sense: it lies in the cultivation and developnieiit ot ihtiir vicntal and inor- III jiuwers. So i'tiT aa mental power is concerned, it is a well settled truth, tbot the increased physical stiengtb which manual hibor confers, impoits also uddiiiunal vigor to ibe mind. Hence the capacity for nientnl improvement exists in a higher degree with those who lob.ir than with those who do not. But it may be said that the agriculturists have not the same time to devote to the cultivation of tlieir mentnl poweis as some other classes of men. This is not necessarily so, so far as primary edueatinti is concern' d. There is no reason why the farmers children in this country should not be as well educated as those of any other class, and so far ns mere common sohool education is con- cerned, they generally are. When the farmer has a good education at h.B setting ovt in life, he will nat- urally bo constontly adding to hn- store of knowledge, by reading and reflection. It is doubtless true, that a farmer whose necessities require him to be constantly employed, cannot make the same advances in the sci- ences. 88 the man of wealth and leisure. Neither is It essential to his happiness that he should do so. In the present state of civilized society there iiiiist be a diversity of pursuits — the exigencies of society require it. It is not best or fit that every nion should oltempl to be his own physicion, lawyer, tailor, cobbler, and the like. Greater excellence is attained in thevuiions departments by these divi-ions, and community is of course much better served. Now I ask not for the farmer that he should spe- cially excel in any department i«£ /«.? o«'7t ; it is not to be expected; but I do ask that he have af'iir start at the beginning — that be be as well edticoted ot adult oge OS the rest of the community ; then I sny tluit his emph'yment is most favorable to mental improve- ment. The farmer lends n quiet and peaceful life. He has more time for rending nnd reflection than the mcr- i-hant, the meclinnic, or any class of business men, except such reading as necessarily falls in the woy of the professional man. The merchant, the anizan, or other business man of the city is in a constant whiil of activity and excitement. His store or his work-thop, his ledger, hi? notes at the Bink, the protest-i he re- ceives or fears, the fall or rise of stocks, the fluctua- tions ol trade, the competitions, and strifes, nnd bus- tle of business, the thirst and the plans tor great gain, and the apprehensions of sudden loss from the bank- ruptcy or fraud of others, occupy, unsettle, and fritter ov.'.iy bis mind. This class ef men read much less than the farmers of the country. They may take their two or three daily newspapers and other periodicals ; they glance hastily over their contents and then throw them oside, no more to think of them. How differ .;nt is ibe ease with the farmer. He tokes his weekly or semi-weekly paper for general intelligence, nnd his agricultural paper, and perhaps others. He reads them carefully at morning, noon, nnd evening, ond p'Uideie well their contents. Besides this, he has much time for historical, scienlitic, and mieeeUnneous reading. As he follows hi- plough, na he boeg his corn, or milks his cow, his mind is bus?/ with v.hnt he is reading. But if the farmer reads less than the business man ol the city, it is not those tbat rejid. the must, that linuw the most, but those that rrjiert the most. Who ever, among profis.-ioiiol or literary inen, has had occosion to mingle with the farmers of this coun- try, ot least in WeElcrn New York, nnd spend n night now nnd then at a farniei's house, cannot fail to have been delighted, perhaps surprised, nt the extent and variety ol the farmer's informnlion, nt the strength and vigor of his thoughis, at the aculeness and fnreo of his understanding. Such bus heen the epeoker'a experience on more than one occosion, nnd be is proud to pay ihis tribute of respect where ho thii'iks it is so justly due. lint if the farmer equals, if not surpasses, most other clnsses of men in inltlligcnce, he fads not behind ony in riitiic. His employment is peculinrly favornble to piety. "For hiin ihe spring distils its dews." Ho notes each declining sun — he niniks each rising cloud. When he ecutters hie seed be puts bis trust in Provi- dence for its germination. He watches it as it spring- eili up, knowing that his piinv arm cuniioi make even a blade of grass to grow. If the earth is dry and imrched, he looks to Him who hnih sei bie bow in the eloud, nnd hnth proinieed the curly nnd the Utter rain. M.ire than to other nien each day's labor suggests to the farmer his dependence upon a Supreme Being. — To most other classes of men it iiiolters not, whether the sun shines, or the tempest lowers, or the rain de- scends in torrents, their doily avocations ore the same. Not so with the iormer. Like tne mariner tossed upon the billows of the trniibled ocean, ho is constantly ut the mercy of the eK inon'.s. His fields tif ginin, one uiipiopiti-jus show- er, one storm of hail, one untimely lioct, may desiioy. When, then, autumn comes, nnd " tinges cvciy fer- tile branch with blooming gold," nnd be gathers in ihe corn fully ripe, inuot not his heart oveitlow with grntitude loHim '-whorideth upon the whirlwind and directs the storm" ? The farmer must be a good citizen. He 'etoo busy to be vicious; he hns no time for ploiting mischief an I wrong ; he is removed from the temptations to crime ; he is the centre of a social, moral intiui m . ; his every action is known to his family end l;,e.,o= ; bis ambition will lead him to be useful ; Lu position ninkes him independent, high m.nded, and patriotic. The occupation of the agriculturist is supposed by many to be unfavorable to tlie cultivation of taste and refinement of manners. This is not so in any just and legitimate sense. If attention to the foppery of dress and the frivolities of fashion — "if sacribcing subttunce to siiuw, nnd Eubetiluiing the artificial for the natural" — if a passion for vain nnd Irivolous a- musement-", if a contempt for all industrious employ- msnl, if a paltry afiectat on oi cxclusivenessav\A caste, ifa taste for trif! ng and eensejess conversation, onil an exclusive regard to the accidental ciicumstances ol birth, or wealth, or position, constitute superior re- finement of manneis or of mind, then I confess the farmer, nnd the fanner's sons, and t' e farmer's daugh- ters, are destitute of taste and refinement. But if good sense, elevation of thought, respect for mental and moral v. -rib, and a cnpnbility of discern- ing it, ifa sensibility to all the beauties of nature and of art, if an ndmiinlion of wbot is grand and sublime in the works of the Creator, or niognilicent, or great, or noble in the workji of genius, or in the develop- ments of mind, constitnte or indicate good taste nnd refinement, these belong to the culiiiators of the soil : nnd one well educated Inrnier's family possesses more genuine good taste, refinement, nnd peliiei ess, than all ihe gentlemen and ladies which the Fnrisinn tuil- ors nnd milliners linve ever made. If ihe views I have presented are just nnd coorrect how intrinsically respectable is the employir.ent of the farmer 1 — and yet it is quitj obvious that these views are not generally entertained or practicolly regarded — and why is it so t Certainly the greatest department of human indiietry — that which Providence hns allot- ted for the most of mankind ought not to be die-, esteemed. That it is to nnv extent diseeteemed nnd undervalued is the result of opinions and prejudices that ought long since to have been exploded. It is one of the errors tbat have comedown to us from a feudal age — and monarchical governmenis — that to la- bor l8 not respectable. Because in the countries of tho old world the farmer is a tenant or n serf — subject to the capricioiisnets of some arrogant nobleman — the opini-in seems to be entertained by many who aflect to give a tone to society in ibis country, that to labor with the hands is disreputable or alien to true gentil- ity. Hence, the age is clinrnctcrized by a general strug- gle to escape from labor — the notions of the age seem I proclicslly to regard idlmess ns the only state oi haii. 172 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. piness or rc3pectnbilJty. How false the idea I bow egregious the mistake ! Those who me raised to n condition of cnfennd In- dependence seem virtually to despise liinse who are compelled to earn their subsistancc by the sweat of the brow — not that many will admit ib'u — not that many really think so when they trouble themselves to think nt all upon the subject — yet many such per- sons actually do treat the laborer as though he were nn inferior. This is radically wrong It is no dis- honor to be n laborer. It is noble — it is best — ills wisest (or man. It is a necessity imposed upon him by the Author of his being, more in mcrcij than in chas- tisement. It is unfortunate to be igiiorinU — perhaps a reproach, so far as the means of inipi'ovcnient are neglected — l/ut to labar with his hands no man shovdd be ashamed. It is the false pride of a weak mind to feel it is any degradatiim to labor. To icorh — what is ii but to fulfil man's dutyand destiny — to promo c his health — invigorate his body, develope his powers, and perfect his nature. The desire to escape from labor is particularly in- dicated by the rush that has been for years going on and is still going on into the learned professions and into mercantile pursuits. How many a farmer in this county within the last ten years has listened to his son against his own better judgment — and strained himself to bis utmost to sot up that eon in trade, or to aid him to buy city lote — or wcslcrn land — and bow many families have been mined by this greedy deeirc to accumulate property rapidly — as though wealth were the chief gooil. Ilow many n father too, who had earned a handsome property by his own hard labor and honest industry, has been stripped of his all, and been obliged in his old age to leave bia long cherished home and seek a place to lay bisbones in the far weft, because bis son wished, by trade or epeciilation lo get qidcklij rich, that he might escape labor. But this is not all ; how many a father has selected his most weakly SKI, whom bethought too feeble to labor on the farm, and sent him to school and college to get his living by a profession ; as though men can live by ilieir learning alone, and acquire that learning with- out the secerestand most dcjyrf.ssiiig toil. How many lives have been thus sacniiced I Bat if any think that professional men escaiie labor, they are most cjre'^iously mistaken. When all the professions are BO over-crowded and surcharged, as at present in this country, no man can get a livelihood honestly, in any jirofession, without the createst exertion and the most }ab.)riou3 ap[)lication. Tiie (irofessional man who at- tains eminence, or even respectability in his profes- sion, labors harder than the cuvimonest hodman. Un- like the farmer or the mech:iuic, his task is not done at the sciting sun. The midnight lamp witnesses his toil, and his wasted health and his enfeebled body tes- tify the price he pays for whatever ol diaiiiiction he acquires. No — fellow-citizens, you may assure your 8 ma that no yrofesiional man reposes on a bed of roses. It is not my purpose to exalt the employment of the Agriculturist at the expense of other occopations. — Far be it from me to depreciate the mechanic a ts, or any other department of industry. The exhibitions of the last few days in this city, have presented many works of skill, ingenuity and taste, to e.icite on odmi- nnion, and make us proud of our relations as neigh- bors and friends to the mechanics of this county. — The Mechanics' Fair just held in this city, reflects much honor upon the mechanics concerned in it — honor upon Rochester — honor upon the county of Monroe. But then, I must insist that theartizan is not gen- erally surrounded by inOiiences so happy — so elevat- ing and 80 ennobling ns the farmer. He is ordinarily l>ent up in crowded cities — " tJwsc festering sores up- on the had 1/ politic." B.it he has even there some ad- vantages over farmers — principally, however, in tb.e facility with which he can associate with others in the same cmditiim. The mechanics can often meet to- 6cthcr,and by meansof their Trades, Union, and oth- er Ass>ciation3, are doing much to elevate tuemselyes as a class. These societies, the offsprings of free in- stitutions, indicate the existence of a noble impulse pervading the popular mind — an impulse that iscalcH laiej to break down the sicial barriers and artificial inequalities that e.tistin society, and place all men up- on the repttblican ground of a common equality. It is in the same spirit and f>r the some pnruose that Agricultural socielics are formed. Such socie- ties arc eminently caleulHicd to elevate farmers as a clasP. Tiieir object and purpose is to remove, as far as practicable, the disadvantages attending their dispers- itd 1 on lition. Tlicy sock to bring togelbcr those who )!3l'ow a commni occupation aiiJ have a common iii- leres . They serve to promote acquaintance and so- cial feeling — to excite emulation and to Elimulate ac- tivity and enterprise. These societies now, through the munificence of the Sinte, are springing up in ev- ery county. and are calculated to do great good — every farmer should sustain them by bis aid and his influ- It is true that the premiums which these societies are able to award are but trifling — but they can be in- creased and will be, as fnrmeis nioro generally contri- bute 10 their funds. But il is not ihe premiums that our members chietly look to. These cannot be awarded to but few — and diversity of opinion may arise and dnubtlcss will exist in regard to the discrim- ination which 'he various committees must necessari- ly make. Th.c committees may err — bat ivhiit of Oini:- — i'\e principle of improvement is A\e point M which wo aim. If but twenty farmers in the coun- ty give increased attention to the cultivation of their farms, by reason of this society, much is attained. — The experiments, daicoverics and improvements of these twenty farmers may do incalculable good. Let but one half ihe farmeis of this county come into this work, and let the New Genesee I'armcr, (which per- mit mc to say should be a constant visitor in every farmer's family in this county,) herald monthly the improvements and discoveries which would be made — and what important results for the farming interest of his county, and ihia whole country would be pro- duced. The American farmers have a noblo field for culti- vation. In ihe r hands is ihe destiny of this nation. " To them is committed the nrk of man's hopes" — and it rcmnina a fearful problem lo be solved " v.beih- er they will faint by the way or hare it on in tri- umph." Farmers of Monroe — Are yon prepared to meet your high lesponsil.ilities'! In the heart of one of ihclincst sections of country in the world — occupying a soil of unsurpassed fertility — wiih hardly a wasle acre of land in your counly — where luxuriantly grows ntl the frui'sof a temperate climate — posseegeil of extraordi- nary facilities for the marketing of your surplus pro- ducts, and lor the diffusion of inielhgencc and the in- terchange of social ofTices — what may not the world expect of you in advancing the important interests o'" Agricidlure, and in carrying forward the great cause of human rights and chrislinn philonlliropy 7 Who can tell but thai from this Fair, an impulse may be gathered which in the process of years may result in converting this county into another Paradise, and in rendering its inhabitants the most enterprising, the most intelligent, and the most enlightened in all America confeea that our favorite Western New- York will stand disgraced until by proper exertion she retrieves her character. All wo can eay for licr is, wc believe HJIl 'hat she will be well represented next year, and that a goodly share of the premiums will go to pay the ex- pense of transporting Western animals. Want of space, this month, compels us to omit some of the remarks connected with the reportsof Committees; also the resolutions and proceedings of the Society. Wc may give some of them next month, togelher with the list of premiums on Field crops, and Butler and Cheese lo be awarded at the annual meet- ing of the Society to be held at Albany on the I8lh and lOih of January, 1812. Awaii! of Premiums. CATTLK. Class I.— Bulls— 3 ytars old and octr. To Jolni M. Slierwooil, Aulmrn, for hisliull • Ar,:hcr,' Lrcil liy F Kotch, Butternuts, lat prize. To E. r. rreatice, Albany, for his bell 'Nero,' Ijrcd liy liiin- self, 2(1 prize. To C. N. Beuient, Allmny, for Lis bull ' Astoria,' brcrt by himself, 3il prize. To Siliis Uuylord, Skaneateles, for liis bull ' Splendid,' 4tli The Fail" at Syracuse. Before this paper reaches onr readers, most of them will doubtless have seen pretty full accounts of the Cat- tle Show and Fair of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, held at Syraease on ihe 23th and SOih of Sept. ; and as our columns are very much crowded this month, we have concluded not to give any detailed remarks concerning it. The exhibition was a very good one, and il in some respects i! did not quite equal our expec- ta ions, it exceeded them in others, si> liiat irpon the whole we were highly gratified, and became fully convinced that ihe annual Fairs of the State Society may be made eminently useful, as well as interestirg. The attendance of fc-rmers was very great— and the bringing togelher of such an asfembtage ol intelli- gent and public-spirited Agriculturists, from all parts of ihe country, cannot fail to produce the most benifi- cial results. It is proposeti to hold ihe Fair at the some place next season, and if thnl ia agreed on we fell quite sale in predicting that it will be a most splendid affair. We were greatly disappointed at the late Fair, in that there wore no cattle or ."^toek of any description from the Wesiem counties. Our Western friends are greatly at faalt in this thing, and we will not at- tempt to screentte 1 rom the censure whien is justly cast upon theni- It is true, the expense of transpor- tation waa great, and, in one case sickness was a par- tial excuse, still these are not fuflicient. The East- ern stock owners expected and desired compelilion from the West ; and while we give them greot praise for thcT noble and cffi'^itnt zeal, v.'c ute obliged lo '* There were several other aiiiinul." [in lliis clnsB] on tiie ground, possessing in the rsliniatiiui of your toinniitlce, high grades of excellence, and they only regret that the iircmiunm were not more numerous. Among these, your coninu'tec piirticuliirly noticed the ioiiiii.-ils of Messrs I\k-Iiitj re, Van Bergen, Fond.-i, and Scars."— fiejiorl oj llic Cummitlu. Class II. — Bui.i.s — 2 _i/c«rs old. To John .Tolmston, F.avcUe, f-ciicca rii., for his bull ' Bnyal William,' bred by t-i V ^lujiet, Scncc.-i FiUls. 1st prize. To Thnmiis A. CUirlf. Cbiitcnanpn for his bull ■ Vioing War- den,' bred by Thoniii? llolljs, Gilbcrtsville. 2d rrite. To U 1). faniplcll, fitbrncctady, fur his bull 'Itotierdrai,' bred by himself. 3d prize. To Nkhohis tlarncr, Burliiiffton, fur his bull ' ^,' bred by himself, 4th (irize. Closs III.— Bulls — 1 year old. To l\Io-.c3 Kinnev, Corll.-indvillr, for his ball ' D,iiiiel AVcb- sier,' bred by 6 V S.-vcllct, Sencra Falls, 1st prize. To Knoch Martts, N.ivarino, for his bull 'Brutus,' 'Jd prize. To Rciijnniin Stoker, Cortland co. for his bull 3d " To Joseph Baker, Onondaga co. for his hull 4th " "Vour committee beg leave to express their regret, tli.at though the e-xbibitit^Ti in classes 1!. and HI. were very nume- rous, jet but few of the animals were in wliat they coiisid- creil commimalorc order ; which rendered the effirt of coiniia- rison with such as were high fed very difficult."— ScjJort of CummilleE. Class IV.— Cows. To John M. Sherwood, Auburn, for his eow 'Slclla,' bred by F liotch, 5 vcars old, Isl prize To Ezra P. Prentice, Albany, for his cow ' Daisy,' 3yrs old, bred by Iiiniself, 'J I prize. To John !VI. Sherwood, Auburn, for Siis cow ' Daisy,' 12 yrs old, 3d prize. To John M. Sherwood, Auburn, for his cow 'ran5cy,'5 yrs old, 4lh prize. To Onrning & Solliam, Alliany, for their Hereford cow •Matchless,' imported, an extra prize, eqoal lo the highest premium aw.arded on cattle. " Vour cnmmittrr. further report that n new nnd beautiful race of cattle were presented forth -ir exnniinstioii, the Here- fords, imported by a distinguished breeder of cattle, lesiding in Albany counly, which they tafte pleasure in rcecnin'cnd- ing to the attention of those who ilesire to improve their slock. Vonr conimitlee rcconiniend a special premium ol twenty dolhars for iheHcieford cow Matchlpss as we con- >iil,.r her a very superior animal-, and Ibey wonid also sug- gest the propriety cf offering and awarding premiums for the hejt blooded uiiim-ils of each individual breed. Improved Short Horned Durhams, Hereford?, and Devons, at their next annual ngricu'toral meeting, tn addition to premiums offered for il (I est animals of any breed." — Ecport of Com. Class V. — Two Yeaks Old Heifers. To John 51. Sherwood, Auburn, for his heifsr ' Sylvia,' bred bv F Rotch, 1st prize. To'E P. Prentice, Albany, for his heifer 'Dli.na,' bred by himself, ad iirize. To Corning &. Sothnm, Albany, fur their Short Horn and Hereford heifer ' Eliza,' imported, 3d prize. Class VI. — Yearling Heifkrs. To Ezra P. Prentice, Albiiny, for his j cirling calf ' Char- lotte,' bred bv himself, 1st prize. To John ST. SiiVrwood, Anbnrn, for bis yeailias! culf 'Noma' breil by H S Kandail, Cortlnndrille, •2d prize. To John M. Sherwood, Auburn, for his yefrling bcifcr • Di- anthr,' bred bv J Alexander. Burlington, 3d prize. To William Fuller, Skancaielrs, for liia Rcifer calf , bred by himself. 4th prize O" All the animals on which the al n\fi prizes were awar- ded, with the exception of the Hereford cow nnd the Short Horn and Hereford heifer of illrssrs. Corning k. Sothrnl, were thorough-bred improved Short Horns. Class VII. — Grade Cows. To William Ward, Ci llolderness cow, 1st To \v . II. Snth.-m. Perch Lake Farm, for h i\o. 1,'ifl pr for his 8 years old half blood half blood Pur. . II. J-nlbam. Perch Lake co\v Xo. ■-•, 3d prize. . for his htlfl Iced For- No. 1!. AND GARDKNEli'S JOURNAL. IT-? <\\ .\l Si)tlinm, I'croli Luko I'nnii. for his half blood Uev- i>ii-liir*i cow, -llh prize. !' ;:• host jir.-iiic I'ow which cam? iiinlcr our ohscrvntlon. ■ I to (i. V. iSncltc: 111" .■^cMU-c:i Fiilla. Iiut he Ueinu one ' >>itiiiii.tce, ecnoroimly wUlhlrow her from couipeti- lieport of Cum. Clots VIII. — Gradk Hkifkks. 11 s R.imlall, CorUiiuclville, for hid ronii heifer, breil Ijy 1. . .If. Isi iiri7.e. ..I.. V . .-^a.-ket, Seneca Falls, fur his re,l and while heifer, liic.l liv liiiiis,.|f, Ul ir,7.e. 0 o believe th.-it there :.re not cows In his village and i-liuly that would have honored the exhibition, an, I liccn a ^*.lil lu the stale. 'I'liey regret that a m.-itter so ioiiuirlant the iinpro\emcntof »nir native oiws does not e\cile more ■lleiitit'ii. Such cows must of necessity be the ground wi.rlt inu.-li of the inii ro\eouMit in cattle. If a fanner has a cow jsessiug Millie e.vcclleiit (innlilies, he is prepared lo Inl- ine in an> ile.-:r.i!ile point, t he general dissemination of :h Mood auiinal? rcn.lers such crossings easy ami cheap ; I it is a m;iUrr yet a', issue Whether such crosses will imt ke the most ilesir ilile animal for Ihe common farmer. Wc ,nt the best u .ii\'e cows fcr such crosses and the coni- ;;ec are of oidnion th.at ihe Kxccutive comniiuce of the ite So.-lely are hol.lin;! nut lilifMMl encouragement for ae- e compe:iuon in the mailer of iiii];r.)V;ng our n.ative cal- In conclusion, we would add lliat we hope that no fu- e commit. C3 will l;c un lor the iieeossity of reporting no u;ie.iliiin, bul let Ihe I'^irme', the lawyer, the nierchant, I mechanic, bring forward iheir best cows, and rcmler it a ::er of nice discrimination to decide between them," — Re- l of Cummittet. CInea X. — Workisg Oxen. "0 Oaleli Casper, Alaroellus, 1st prize. o Samuel .\llen, jr., New Haven, 2J prize. Fat Cattle. 'o P N'. Rust, Syracuse, for llie best yoke of fat oxen, one uf which w.as bred by O V fracket, l.-l prize. Bull Calvks. o Ezra P. Prentice, Albany, for his thorough bre I improv- ed Dorhaiu bull calf ' Homer,' * (i months old, I red by him- self, 1st prize, 'o Samuel Phelps, Ira, for his grade DevonFliirc, 2d prize. To Btu-.tiir.iis. '0 Francis Rolch, Butternuts, as the breeder of the best bull, "o the same, as the breeder of the be^t cow, prize. ■u the same, as the brce.ler of ihc best 2 years old heifer, prize. [The premiums to breeders having been offered hy I\Ir. oteh, he declined receiving more than a certificate of tlie ward, leaving tiie money (830) wi.h the .-ociety, lo be of- •rcil in premiums for the same purpose nexl year | HousKS. — StaUioiis, athan A. Cooper, New Vork city, for liis bay horse ' iHes- scnger,' goL by i\lembrino,dam by iuiportc.l Messenger, 1st prize. K. 'I'lionip^on, Favetleville, for his hav horse '\onng ii Memlirino," got by Jir. Thorn's liclipsc, dam by Membrino, ' ■•■! prize. . .V i;. \\ arren,Manlius, for their grey horse * Messenger,' I. M l.v nhic Mejisent-er, dam Queen Ann, 3d prize. . ■■' i :,isper, Warcellus, for his bay horse ' Gasper,'— pc li- • iH.t known— Idi prize. Mares. ■.:il Townaend,C,;n:erluirv, for liis b.ay mrre 'Lad' :u.-a,' by ' Onondaga,' out of the ■ bady of the Lake prize. V, Collon, l.enox, for his grey mare, 2d prize. Vm. Liook, r.ysauder, for his bay iiiai-e, 3,1 prize. SHEtP. Clasa J. — Lo.sG Wooleb. OTUin' &. Solham, Albany, for Iheir imported Colewold buck. No. J, )sl prize. criiina .t SoLliam, Ali)any, f\lieii t is a truth, and well known, that no state in the Union can iriidiice so rreat a proportion of sheep proiliicin? fine wool nm|ii:rcd with Ibe whole nuiiilier within us bounds. 'I'lie aiise^ 111- lliis ineaere display, however, are several and very ore pm-.icularly timidity, STouiided on the expectalion of great coinpctition and consequently an apprehension of failure to obtain an award. This should not be so, for if many are disappointed, let it be noted and remembered. 'hat on all future occasions of this kind, animals characterized by general excellence will meet with ready sale, and at jnices much exceeding 'hope in the inime.liale neigh: orliood wliere they belong. This rem. ik is confirmed hv the large number of wool growers who have come here at this time— and many from a di.stance— lo make piircbases of the class of sheep under consideration. — Sepoit „f Com. SlVINE. C. N. Dement, Albany, for his IJerkshi re boar. Rip V.an -Win- kle, 1st prize. Jesse Campbell. Sullivan, for his Berkshire Iioar, 2.1 prize. P. N. Rust, Syracuse, fur his l^^ii-ester boar, 3d prize. Siinniel Hecox, I.vons, do do do 4ih do C. N. Bemcnt, Albany, for his Berkshire sow, 1st prize. Anthony Van Bergen, Coxsackie, for his Berkshire sow 2il WiHitun BIcKnight, Syr.acuse, for liis Berkshire sow, 3d L. 0. Collins, Butternuts, for his Berkshire sow, 4:h prize. On Ploughs. Howard Delano, Mottsville, Isl prize. !•;. O. Hnlladay. Oansville, for the I.ocklin Ploiigti, 2,1 prj^.p. t'.iij.Lh Wilson, Vernon, for the Livingston coon y P.ongli, ' No. 1,31 prize, llic.lir Devter, litica, for the Wisconsin Plough, 4th prize. jMooers Sl .-^Uitcr, Ilhaca, fur their double mold-board side- hill plonsh, en exlra prize, eqiud lo the 1st premium. Sievens Cook, for an improvement in the Onondaga i'lough, an extra prize of ©.">. " The committee appointed by thee.vecntivc board to exa- mine ami test the valuable properties and improvements in the plough, beg leave 10 report, that they have had a mos arduous "duty to \ierform. Near 20 of them were presented for our inspection, and the cotiiniitiee aie fiee to say that ■ before, and have to regiet that liiey leir !iw; r.I of premiums, ivhen they ;irs confident so many are entitled to the f.iior of the soci- ety t ploughs » This c.-.|f was sol.l by Mr. I'rcn',; .-e, at the Fair, to .^:i >imn, of I J on.'', for g'-'o'j cash. li nation of the subje ; r.s we have il of ploughs by the djnanmmeler, awarded Hie firs', premium of $dO lo Howard Dela- no \for a very beautiful and Irghly finishe.l plough, with a new form of a cutler in pl.a.c of the common cooi.er, wbi.h we consider an improvement well worthy of a fair trial a- moui' the f.^rmers of the coun-.ry 'I'lie second ]iremium of $-20, the committee have awarded to K. CI- Holladay. for his plough, already favorably known as the Locklin Plough, and which the committee found lo work liytri.al with theDyn.-uiiomctcr with great ease of draft and steadiness. The third premium of SIO, the commlilee award to Klijah Wilson, for a very fine well made and well pro[(orlioneJ plough, called the Livingston comity PIoueIi, No, 4. The fourth premium. adipl tee award to Chestc Plough. The committee have .also determined to aw.-.r 1 an lionora- rv premium equal to the first premium on ploughs (S'50,) to Mooers &, Sl.aler, for a newly invented lioul Ic inoUi-board side-hill plough, which the committee believe will prove a very valuable acquisition to the farmer for m 'oy other pur- poses besides side-hill ploughing, it having performed admi- raiilv liandsnme work upon a levelsiirfiee, Tiie comniiltec also awur,! a prcinium of ®.> to Stephens Conk for an iniprovenieiit iiiMle by liiiii in the made of fas- tening tl.e laud side of the Onondaga Plough, including a verv good model. The committee c-innot dose without saying that ovvins to Hie implensantness of the day, and the want of lime, they were utiable to devote that .atientiou to this important sub- ject, that this most important of all agricultural implcincuts require, and we most earnestly recommend to 'lie society to levoc more attention to this matter another year, rn I wr hope th-t the compeltrrs who hove been unsuccessful tb vear, will not be discouraged, but will continue w.-ird ill this grand work, recoliectins' that the coinii dlstincMv sav I hat the whole collection of ploiitrhs exlii! were such as do great ere lit to /»iiiericaii maniif.icture a;ricultural imnleoienls."- Bejiorf nf Coin. CCLTIVATOKS A.ND DrIILS. C. N. Bemen', Al'i.iny, for the best Cultivator, 1st prizs •Vn'honv Vail Bergen, f'o'sackic, '21 prize. Cnrvin Olds, of Vermont, for a Drilt l!arro-.v, 2.1 prize. ess for. TiiRA.MiiMO Machines. A. Ilouglnss, Ski.nenteles, for TliMishing IMachinc, 1st prize. Henry Olds, Syracuse, 'id prize. 1). ti. Stafford, " 3d prize. House Powers. •Noiinnn Ackley, Rochester, Dibble's Horse iiower, 1st prize. David (i. Stiill'ord, Syracuse, 21 prize. Archibald Duuglacs, Skanealulcs, 3d prize. Straw Cutters. Jonathan S. Wilcox, Auburn, for • Gihon's Machine,' Isl J. S ^^ right, Jordan, 'id prize. W. B. Abbott, Syracuse, 3d prize. Horse K.ikes. But one was exhibited, and as there was no competition, the !id prize only was awarded to A. llolhrook, Whiteaboro'. Sowing Machine. Julius Hatch, R( Chester, for u machine for sowing seeds anil plaster, a prize of $IU, Pitchforks. swisSnndford, KastSolon, a premium of,?.), for half a do- zen, of superior nianufaclure for strength and liiiish. Fanning Mills. Orrin Heffron, Dryilen, 1st prize. James UeeI.e, Sullivan, 2d prize. John Gilbert, Lyons, 3d prize. Agriculturist's Furnace. Jordan L. Mott, New Vork, for liis Agriculturist's Furnae.' ,d Cauldron, a silver cup. Smut MachiiNe. Jireh Durkce, Ulica, for 'Grimes' Patent Smut SLichine,' ;i premium of ^'iti. Rout Cutter. Wm. Thorbnrn, Albany, for Fowk's Machine, a prize of 02 Samples of Grain. Rawson Harmon, Jr. Wheatland, for samples of21 difl-eient varieties of wheat, ex.iibited in the berry, an,l in the head on tbest.alk, apiemium of®iO. iW. II. Baleham, of Kocbcster, for 12 varieties of imported wheat, a premium or«.). Setli Starr, of Sullivan, for the best specimen of Spring WheiU, So. John I'ownsend, of Albany, and to Wni. Ingell, of Volney, for two best specimens of Indian corn, ^; each. Roots. I'lic comniiltec on P.oots notice with commcnd,ation,snninle!i of I'olatiicslr.iiii J. I'. Osborn. Port Byron ; Wm P.Buel, Alliaiiv, ami Wm. logells, Volney. Samples' uf while carrots, from C. N Bement, Th ee Hills l.'arni, and V\ ni. P. Buel, Albany— Vellow do. from John Hainbiidge. Samples of Mangel Wurtzel, from J. P. Osborn, and Red Beets from Rulus Cosset. Also a very tine sample of Onions, owner's name unknown. Fruits and Flowers. Premiums of Books on Ilorticnlturc were awnided to David Thomi s, Aurora, for a lot of about forty varieties of apiiles, pears, peaches, plums, and gr.-pes, some of them of new and valuidile varieties, presented by J. J. ■] houias, nurseryman, of .Macedon. Dr. Beaumoiil, Lyons, for several haskc's of very fine and excelent grapes, including the Grey Tokay, Golden Chas. sehs. .'^npiiernong, I'urple Royal Ch.assel.as, Jsabella. and Sweet Water the quality of which the Society had .in opportunity of testing at the dinner table, "incoipniittee of ilic whole." Samuel Uecox. Lyons, for a lot of sixteen varieties of for- eign .and domesibi grapes, very Hue and well ripened,— of wliicli .Mr. Heeox raised above fifty bushels the present James Wilson, nurseryman, Albany, for a lie.tutiful boquet, and a large lotof Dahlias of splendid varieties. Win. P. Buell, Albany, f.ir a miniature parterre of Dahlias of very perfect and well chosen varie'ies of great beauty, and twenty-one kiJids of well selected varieties of tipples of fine growth. F.zra Cornell, Ithaca, for a basket of fine Red Check Malacn- ton Peaches, some of thorn lueasurtug more than 7 inches in , ircumference. James Cochrane, Oswego, for a basket of foreign varieties of grapes, among which w ere the Cliasselas, Sweet Water, Frontignac and i'inou Noire, a hardy variety with a vin- ous and pleasant fruit— also a basket of Silver Clingstone Peaches. Mr Wiltse, of Oswego county, for a br-sSet of fine apples of J. K. Osborn, Port ", ron, for 'M varieties of cultivated ap- ples, of well selcclcd sorts, together with three varieties of .Mr. Ciissett, Onondaga, for a basket of fine grapes-ineludin^ the Isabella. Alexander, Munier, and Sweet Water, well ripened ami large growth. Mr. Huntington of Ononilcgn, presented a Large basket of apples, of beautiful form and fine flavor. M. B. Baleham, proprietor of the Rochester See I .'''ore, pre- sented two seven vei.r pumpkins, raised by H. N. Lang- worthv.of Iroiiii-qnoit, in ISii and IS4II. John Richards pieseiited the \ine and products of one feed of tlieCitroiiWjitermeIi.il, t. mounting lo 13 in number, and weighing over 3U0 U.S. ITT Tli.ise lo whom Prize? wore awardel, and who have not re.-eived tlieiii, can oblain them by i.pplic.ation lo E. P, Prentice, Esq., Treasurer, or to L. 'i'ucker. Secretary, Al- DTJ' The Report on S.Ik nt.tl ihe remniUsof ilie committee on Hm-sps. tooeil,er iviili Eome oilier iiiai- t. re, ni-e uiiavoklnlil}' defeii';(J till next momb. 174 THE NB:W GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2 Free Trade— Briti<:h Corn l,a%vs at the Low- est Scale of Duty. A writer in the October number of the Democratic Review, produces a long elaborate, but rotber elaebing article under tbc nbjve hend, in whicb he Bays that the effecle of restriction on trade in the shape of a na- ticnal tariff is to "produces mere transfer of labor " and capital, to take money from the pockets of one " class of men to put it in those of another ; what one " class has gained another has lost. One method of " industry has been encouraged while all others have " been depressed. Labor and capital in a particular '• departmcMt have been rendered more productive by " diminishing and exhausting their energies iu other " departmcjits. In what «ay has industry been " stimulated 7 What general advantage has there "been in this? By diminishing its productiveness " in ninety-nine brnnchee. in order that the hundredth "may be raised to the average productiveness of what " the others were before 1" &c. i^c. Well mav the writer of the above article call to his aid the far fetched and one tided evidence given in before the British House of C imnions, to support his doctrine ; smco all the results of practical e.tperience on the subject in our own country strike at the very root of his theory. We will not go beyond our own manufacturing town to prove, that s.nce the manu- facture commenced, of those articles which arc pro- tected by the compromise tar.if. real estate has lincn 50 per cent — both the consumption and the price ot nil agricultural production in the vicinity hnvj in- creased in still greater ratio, giving a correepondcnl increase to the wages of the mechanic and the labor- er, and multiplying the number to a ton fold c.-slont. So far from those manufacturing pstablisbiuents which are favored by a tariff, beiny prejudicial to the gener- al trfle, they give it iu greatest aiiniulous, by the aid they give to the farmer in the purchase of his staples, an! t ) the laliorer and mechanic in the employment Itjey receive. We have ono extensive woollen company here, which could not have had an existence, but for the pro- ■ lection given by the conipron »e bill — at this time their cloths are aellmg in N. Y. at remunerniiua prices, to an extent which alone does more towards equalizing the exchanges of this county, than nil the other staples sent to tl c fame market, if we except iloui, and yet the amount thus disposed of is not a tytheof the home trade. And what has produced all this — we answer manufacturing industry judiciously stimulated by moderate protection, in the shape of a national tax on the correspondent imported article, from the over populated old world. The advocates of free trade have supposed that the repeal of the British Corn Laws would be a great boon to the United States, what is the result now when the duty on wheat in England is reduced to three half- pense a bushel. 1 he continent of Europe supplies her cheaper than we can. Such is the price of labor in the United States, such the demand for the home consumption, — for manufacturing New-England ; — that should England want two or three days rations of bread from u£ — the price in New York would rise a dollar or two on the barrel of flou!. When ilour in New York id above $6, Europe can successfully com- pete w.th us in the sale of brcaJ stuffs in most of the fjreign markets — let us then look to a home trade rather than a free trade for our sure and stedl'ast hold of hope. S. W. Waterloo, October 8, 1S.)I. cu?e did their very best, at the late State Fair, none, Dy Joseph Lee ; and one cow. the produce of Ariibel- Accommodatioiis at Syracuse. A M.VN ClIARGf^D A DOLLAR A MKAL. It must be confessed, that il is no very easv task I ^"^'i^'i' Robert Curry ; one r ,, ,:■ L , ■„ . . scendanls, the produce of tor tha public houses ol ono village, to accommodate ' . - . r _ several ihousmil pers-ms. That the people of Syra I presume will question. But the extravagant chnr- geb made by the principal tavern, should not be pass- ed in silence. If any thing will deter our farming citizens from attending such faiia, it is ihie genteel and honorable way of emptying their pockets. Indeed, we are rendering ourselves altogether ridiculous, by preaching economy and mcderatiou at all other times, and then recommending thiit, which is accompanied with profuse waste of money. Some of ue well re- member, of other similar S)cielies broken down, and by costly diuucrs, merely ; how much more so then, will it be in the present case, where after spending two or three days, and partaking of no better fare, certainly, than at our own ordinary farmhouse dinners, (g >od enough to be sure.) we found ourselves very n o- destly charged at the rate of about a dollar a meal, in- cluding breakfast and supper, throughout. I am told that other houses were very reasonable. But it is said that this high charge secured select company at the house in question. Not at nil I The majority, I doubt not, neither knew nor suspected any thing till they paid their bills. But had they all known previously, — why tlien — save me from such company I A company, not of the ncnsible, the in- telligent, the wise. But raihcr of spendthrifts, and purse-proud, and needlessly wasteful, and would be- thought rich. No wise man, no business man, will throw away money. There are calls enough fir it elsewhere. An extravagant man is one generally who neglects to pay his honest debts, so far as my ob scrvation extends. I would respectfully suggest, that the Executive Comniiitee of the New York State Agricultural So ciety endeavor to remedy this tvd in futiite, as they desire the prosperity and good of the Society, and to extend the benefit of its fairs to the f rul- ing community at large. And I would propose that an arrongeuiont be made with public housea to give the prcftrcncc of admiaeion to members ; this would induce many to join, lor the eake of entrance, nral be the inefin:f ■perluips of putting kundeeds of dollars rn to the treasviij. Having now done with the cxorl'tant eMc n{ i\v question, pirinitme to notice one 'ustnnce of praise wortby libernliiy, in the case of the Auburn and Sy racuse rail-roail officer-, who ran an extra train of cais each dfiy, charging only a dollar for each passenger to Syracuse and back. And a lowme to say also, while on the subject of rail-roads, that I was very sorry to see some time ago in the New Genesee Faimer, a le- commcndaiiou of this and packet boat travelling as cheap modes for farmers. Old Ben Franklin preach- ed from a different text, touching economy ; — read Poor Hicharcl. A MEiNIBER. From the Albany Cidtirator. Milkiiis Propeitics of the Improved D. Cows. Messrs. Gatloud and Tccker — An esteemed friend, Mr. BAKTr.LTT of Connecticut, has called up- on my brother and myself, through the July number of your vi-.lunble periodical, to give some account of our herd of Short Horned cattle, and I must plead other and more pressing avocations as the only reason why he has not met with an earlier response. The object of Mr. Bartlett appeals to be, to show that so far as our animals are concerned, they do not sustain CoL.MAx's position, that Durhams are inferior to the native race for milking and dairy properties. Lkwis F. Ali.f.n, Esq to whom Mr. 15. refers, has, in the June number of your paper, met the position taken by Mr. Colman with great ability and success. Besides high grade, and some native, we have twenty-five thorough bred animals. By the term thoroughbred, I mean animals which are themselves, or whose dam j and sires are recorded in Coate's Heid Book, which furnishes for them full and undoubted pedigrees. Among these animals, we have one cow nd three female descendants, the produce of twoani- imls which were imported by Enoch Silsby, Esq. of his state, under the name of "Boston," tmd were with two female dc- Washiugton and Panzy, | mportcd by the late Patroon, and bred by Mr. Cham )ion ; twofejnales, the produce of Harriet, imported ' la, imported by thelate Stephen Williams, and other female descendants of the last named ajiimnl One of these cows is sixteen, and two others four- teen years old. All of them are in good health anil exhibit the appearance, so far as condition is coneein- cd, of being young animals, and two of them have regularly bred up to this time. These facts do not contribute M prove tiiat ihis breed of animals are too tender and delicate to eituurc our cold climate, as [ have occasionally seen and heard it alleged The inilk iVom nearly all of our cows is unusu- ally rich, and the quan.ity much greater than we have been able 'o obtain from superior native cows with ihe same kce|i. My brother has regularly had good common cowaon his farm for about twenty jcaie, and he affirms without qualification this fact. Our cows have not given as much milk, nor made ns great a quantity of butter, as have someother Short Horns, yet one of them, in Ajiril last, on hay, made more than twelve pounc's ot butter in a week, and we have repeatedly converted the c eaiu in small quanii- 'ies from this cov/, into butter ir, fifteen seconds In June, ppon grass alone, tlis cow gave MGII lbs. of milU in a week, being milked but twice a day ; the milk at this time was converted into chrese, and con- sequently no butter maiie from her. Htid she been milked thne times a day at this jicriod, [ am quite coafident that her ]iroductof milk would have reached 4(10 lbs. and of butter not less than 14 lbs. per week. We have another cow which averaged 48 lbs. of milk per day in June, and still anothej, (now quite old,) which a former owner assures me has yielded i'H quarts of milk per day. We have also two heifers with their first calves, which averaged ''>7 and 3.51b3. niilk per day through- out the month of June last I will readily admit that among the great mass of the common cows of the country, we occasionally find ihose which are very deep and rich milkers, lint lit- tle reliance, however, can be placed on their progeny for the same properties, whilst with thorough bred animals, by using bulls from deep milking tamiLes, the produce is quite certain to paitake largely of the sires and dams. ]t would indeed be remarkable, a" Mr Allen well obecrves, if, iu traversing tlio who'eof this State, in the discharge of h. 8 official duties, Mr. Colninu, our late highly respectable Agricultural Coinruiseioifr, did not discover among the gieat mass of our com- mon stock, some superior milkers and vaUiab'e dairy animals. In the 4th toI. New-England Farmer, I find the following opinion given of the Sliort Horns, by Gov- ernor Lincoln, in a letter to Mr. P.iwell : " I have now (of Denton's progeny) tcven heifets iu milk, four of them three years old, and three two years old ; and for richness iu quality and abundancu in quantity, they are not excelled by the best cows of innj age of the native stock. A heifer thiee years old, with her second calf, has not been dry since she drnpt her first calf, having given 4 quajtson the morning of her second calving. For the dairy and tbc stall, I speak with the utmost confidence of their pre-tmi- nerce." 1 have recently had an interview with the intelli gent and persevering owner of the "Cream Pot" breed of cattle, and Col. Jacques assured me that In attributed the rich dairy properties of his herd moii- decisively to the Short Horned bull Ccclebs, than ti the native Haskins row, from which his whole beid 86 I understand, descended ; and it would seem fion Mr. Haskin's own account of the produce of ibis cow 1 as published in the 5ih vol. New England Farmer that he must be correct in this opinion ; she is theri represented as having made in two days i'J ILs. but ter, which is 9 lbs. I'l ounces per week, being by ni means a remarkable product wl.cn compared with tha of many of the Short Horns. Iu Mr. Allen's valuable communication, be to given the product of six short horn cows, viz., in hotl milk and butter from three animals, in butter nloni from one, and in milk alone from two animals. The butter from the four animals varies from IIJ ti 22 pounds per week, making the average of the ton cows 15 lbs. 6 oz. per week. The milk from the five cows is from 28 io 35 quart, per day, averaging lor each animal more than 32 quts per day. Besides the product of these six cows, I find th< produce of butter from six more Durham cows, a* lollows, viz : Mr.Hasket's cow, 19 lbs. butter in Iweck, \ Jf"" ^ Mr.Calvert's cow 373 do. do. in SSweeke, ', '''"™^ Mr.Canby's cow 533 do. do. in one year, S \'i^ f 5 150. Eltl Vo. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 175 'livinins Asb'fl cow, 54i Iba. do, in 35 tloys. — do. vot. 1-', f>. 50. I Diiilinin cow, IJj lbs. ilo. in one week. — Vol, 17, p. 4iy.i. tr. VVo.iUvicb'a cow, HJ \bs. do. in 1 wnk.—Ctil.- tirtttor, ml. ii, p. 11)2. My liflii'I'is tbal ibe pure Sbori Hums, wiiU good cep, (ami n.i animni will lUrive when sinrvcd) ia iiicU more vaUinblo ili!i» nny oiher race, for ibe eiinni- ies. r.)r tlie pnil, nnd lor tbe dairy ; yet if our foibcrs ave renrod « belter race, without system nnd witlioiu ie leaat cure in brerding, 1 eball bow with subniia- ion, regiet the cost ofiny einr, and herenri'T "trend II their lootsieps." WKLLS J,.\TIIK01'. Soiclk Ilailki/ Fulls, M.is.!.. Amx- I!», ISll. Salt in .1Iiciii§:iiii. Tbe following article fioin tbe Grand RapiJs In- uirer, contains interesting and important facta for our Veatern Readers : Salt. — We congrntiilnte nnr fellow-citir.ens ol Jrand River Valley, in J of Weatirn Michigan, up- n the fjriunaie result uf the unJer'.akingof iMr. Lt- .V to obtain salt water at this iilace. Hia eltiirta are rownc'd witli success coequal with bis wishes, and in ne particular far exceeding bia imnginatiinis. For bout eighteen inoiuhs tbe work has been progressing, .'bile many doubted, nnd all hoped, but few weic anj;uine ofsuccesi^, At a di-pih of about 30J feet, idicuiuna of salt lirst bocniiie apparent, but for a long .slouce after nitbing further seemed to be gained, nd inauy begun to think ihey U.id been cheered fur oug'jt. Tae w.irka were continued until the abaft a.l be;,Mi sank (>ol feet, wuea the evidences weie .i;h that the opcrstion of boring waasuspeneded, and ibes sank to as^'ertain tiic quantity and quality of tbe rine. — On Saturday last (IheSStb) the tubes wore at down to the depth of 360 feet but little over ball QC deptii of the well, when to tbejoyfu! surprise of all, •sre hrin'^, nf thr. qudlUy nfonc bushel of suit tofiom ) tit ^iiif iUo:is, ascended and poured out uf ib.: tube ?ith i.Muiense force. It is estimated that the tub. s ligjt be cirricd fifty feet higher, and the brine vit scipe Wuat is tbe quantity of the brine which will l>;nentarily disc!iarge, it is difHcutt to nsceitain, but is estimated from 6 to 3 gallons. This, without as use of a pump, or nny means of elevation, we eeni unparalleled in tbe history ofe'ilines. It ia intended to sink the tubes still lower iium the s!t well, under the nniicijiaiion that the brine obtain- H will be much stronger, as it is further diacjiinected iJm tbs fresh fountains above. Mr. Lyon, as we earn, will cumnience b.iiling immediateiy, as sojn ns le-cnn obfiin kettles and place them. Again wecungiaiulate our readers and this valley — ■re have ii fountiiin of wenlih in our midst, which will mah!.; us to forget the . et >, and anap our lingers at tbe Bankrupt and Distribution B. lis. Wiiat may we not o V anticipate from our s.7//,oar plaster, our //m«, the 'Ttilitii of our soil, our iiitmease iDafer power, oni iii:d, and our nacigaOtc riccr. Where can we find dcj a combination of sources of wealth in Michigan r the v.eat t" J .1 ::,e irtftern Fa'-mer's and Gardriicrs Jtmar.itc far ISt-J 'au';cs of Decay i» Fcach Tiecs, aud it;- Pieveiitioit. To t!ie early sottlera of tbe West, tie peach was n ' eip na I easily procured lu.xury. The kernel was laiited itt tbe ffuce-corner, and grew and p.-oduc d a tlirifty and hcaltliy tree, witii but little care oi ultare, bearing large and regular crops cf tine huit. jr a number of years. Thii being tbe ca^e, why do we find eo much difTi iihy at the present day ? IIjw do we account foi iieir Sllcce^B then, nnd for our frequent la. lures now 1 In early times, when the whole face of titc cuuntrj vas heavily timbered, our winters were leas severe hon thev are now. Our climate, unlike that of Great Britain, seems to increase in rigor as the country is mpioved, until, at this time, tl.c peach trees are not infrequently winter-killed. In addition to this, tbe following causes bad theii nflnence : Tuc kernel was taken trom tbe fruit of an inbndded tree ; those being of course selected which iroduced good fruit — thus the influence, e.xerted by he stock if evil, was avoidt-d. The,kernel was plant- ivbere it was meant to stand — the young tree escaping ;he mutilation and checks too often received in trans ilnniing. It was left to grow pretty iiiucb in a state )f nature, by which the stem was shaded from the in urious effects of the full blaze of a summer's sun; for his tree, like the beech, will not do well if so exposed. Tl'.e 6oil was fresh nnd good, nnd kept the tree in n vigorous nnd growing state. The clearing being generally email, was in n great luensurc protect- ed from late spring fros'.s. Tiie diHcnse called "yel- lows" had not s lown itself, nor had tlie peach insect, the " jEgeria e.titiosn" ot nnturaliste. Now, trees are bongbt from the nursery men, the older nnd the larger the belter I The Hoeka too of- ten produced from the kernels of inditVerciu or even unhealthy peaches; allowed to grow two or three years before they arc budded ; dug up without care, nnd ecaree a root, and certainly not a fibre, left for their suppoit; the steins bruised nnd chafed, nnd closely pruned to pro|iorlion them to the inntilaled roots. Tlicy are kept out of the ground for a length of time; conveyed to the plintmg ground unprotect- ed ; nnd there set out, in little holes, dug out of the sod, in thin, poor soil, where they are left to struggle through a year or two of a miserable, sickly existence. In tbeiiHreery-iotv, the top of the one protected the stem ol the other ; hut now there is no such defence. The peach-fly deposits its eggs, wl.icli nre left to hatch, and the worms to commit their lavages undis- turbed. And being generally planted in an open, southern exposure, the blossjm-buds swell too soon, and are destroyed by the first severe frost. Let us now state vi'hat we consider to be the proper practice. Select a piece of rich, new land ; if a tolerably still loam, with n surface coating of leaf mould, on the north or iioith-east side of a hill, rear n large wnler course, the crops will be more abundint and sure, ibo' not so highly fiavored ns if grown in a sandy soil. — Plough it deeply and carefully in the fall ; and In ad- dition, maik olf the holes, and have them dug down to the sub-soil, or at least twoepaucs deep, and eix feet in diameter. If you intend purchasing trees of a nur- sery-maK, which is the cheaper course, il jou have one within reach, in whom you can depend, go na early as possible in the spring, and select young, thrif- ty trees, not more than one year from the bud, nnd two from ibe kernel. Have them taken up very cnie- fully, eo ns not to destroy even a rootlet that can be avoided ; dip the roots in sludge, il you have to carry tbein more than a mile, and plant them without de. lay. Throw sune of the su.-fnce soil into the hole, after loosening the bottom with the spnde ; drive a stout stake into the centre, to which to lii.-tcn the tree; then place the tree close up alongside of the stake, nnd while sn n^sistant throws in the enrlaoesoil round tbe roots, shake the tree gentiy, so as to allow tbeltaith to run in nnd fill up every vacant space ; taking ca;e to spread the roots out regularly, and to plant it but vejy little, if any, deeper than it stoo btlore. Tread the ground lightly ; aud alter pouring a couple of buckets- lull of water round the tree, and fastening it firndy to tbe stake with a soft band, you may c nsidtr the ope- ration of planting completed as it ought to be. It is perfect fully to purchase trees and plant them, as they arc usually planted. If the soil is not naturally rich, mnnuro it all over, but do not put any round llie roots ol the trees — rich compost or mould from the woods or stable yard, may bo placed imniediKtely round the roots. It it is intended to grow the trees from the kernel, select good ones, tbe produce of healthy tieee. Bury them in nbout tv,o or three inches of soil, ns soon ns pacucnble after they are taken from the peach. If they nre in quantity, mix them with double their bulk of earth, and ridge them op in a safe part of the gar- den, covering the whole with an inch or two of soil, and leave them over wiutui. Towards the endofFeb- ruary, or first of March, examine them, and plant nut such as tiave opened but without removiug the shells. Put three or four where they are intended to stand ; and in July or August, inoculate them with the kind of fruit you wish. In tbe fall or E;iring, all can be removed but one. Never put off inoculating till the second year. For their after treatment, see the article on budding. A peach orchard should be tended in some such crop as potatoes, beefs, melons, sweet pota- toes, etc , and if necessary to sow it down, let it be like clover ; taking care to keep a space round the tree, of six or eight feel in diameter, free Irom grass and weeds. Trees never do well, bear or thrive, in a meadow, or blue-grass sod. F t some years past, the insect called the " Peach fly," or " Peach-tree worm," has occasioned the ruin of thousands of trees in the west. See article on their history, and the ureventi^es to be used. New Boots. A pint of linseed oil, two ounces of beeswax, two ounces spirits of turpentine, nnd half an ounce of Bur- gundy pitch, — slowly melted together, and then ap- plied to new boots, will render them water tigkt with- out becoming stifl". The Corrcspundent of nn ex- change paper, says he has used this compos! lion mnny years ; nnd believes that his shocmukcr's bill luis been iciluccil by it one half, eo conservative nro itsellicta on the lenlber. t Uuluuicul Ktymoliigy. When Dean Swilt snegettcd that ibe nnmc of /1k- dromaclie (.in Homer) was derived from Anilrcw Ma- cliiea Scotchman, ho was in kin ; but when Profcs- aor Eaton attempted to make out Adliimia dom iho Greek, lie was in KAUNtsT. — tbongl, ,ve consider it (if poESibleJ the greater burlesque of the two. A few words will explain our meaning. About twenty-five yeniengo (more orless) Professor Rati- ncsque ehnngcd the name of the plant Corydulis fiin- gusalo that of Adlumia cirrliosa ; aud Dr. Dailmg- ton says* (what we hnd undelotood belore) that the new genus was " dedicated to Major John Adluni, a distinguished cultivator ol ihe vine," who resided some years before his death near the cily of Washing- ton, and v\'boi6 name nnd chnrucler to ns had long been familiar. With part of bis father's family in- died, (mother, brother, nnd sisters,) we were personal- ly acquainted, so that no thade of uncertainty or doubt can hang over tbe reality of ibnt family name. In the 8ih edition of tbe " Manual," or " Norih American IJ.Unuy," published lost yenr, we find bow- over, nt page 211 that AdUmia conies from the Greek ; — ' u (wiihout), lumen (dirt), a supposku ch'nnscr." Now will not the learned author of tbe " CUKIOSITIES OF I.ITtKAlURE," give ihis cicum- stunce a filling place in his next edition ? - t Sugar from Com Stalks. William Webb baa addressed a letter to tic Presi- dent of the New Castle county Agricultural Society, in the Stale of Delaware, dated Wilmington, 9th mo. 25, 1811, icconiraending the ninnufaeture of sugar Irom corn stalks ; and we learn from the Pennsyl\a- nia Frennan, that the specimens exhibited (including iiiolassi-s) were much admired for their I'.nvor and ap- pearance. During the Revolutionary war, when our commerce with tbe Wtsi Inaies was nearly nnmhilated, we can remcnibcr tliai molasses was prepared from this ina- lerial, by pressing out tbe juice in a cider mill, and boiling It down ; but though sweet, it was rather ua- palaiable, not having been properly purified. No doubt can exist however, of well ripened corn stalka abounding in saccharine mailer; and boys in the bit of chewing them, soon discover that the smaUes and reddest ore oltcays the fleeciest. In accordance with this fact, W. Webb recom- mends planting the corn in rows two nnd a half fi:et apart, leaving the stalks to stand in the rows only thiee inches fiom each other. No ears are allowed to grow or ripen ; nnd on this prteantion he considers the success eniirdy to depend. In releience to this improved method, he says, *' In one case I obiaincd from a tinnll piece of ground, nt the rate of 100 lbs. of sugar per acre ; but other e.\|ierinienle made since, have conclusirily shoicn that had a diflerent mode of planting been adopted, the product would have been increased tenfold.* The ciop will generally be fit to take up " in Sep- tember. The stalks nre then cut up at the root, strip- ped of their leaves, and taken to the mid, where tbe juice ie pressed out between iron rollers. Lime water affout the consistency of cream, is then mixed with the juice, one spoonful to the gallon. It is left to settle one hour, nnd then poured oflfinto boilers, which nre covered until the liquid appronchea nearly to the boil- ing point, when the scum must be taken off. It is ♦Flora C'cstrica, page 309 176 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. then boileJ dow.i as inpidly as possible, taking olVibc 6Ciim as it rises. Ai tbe juice approaches the state of eyriip, it is necessary to slacken tbe lire to avoid bnrn- ing. The boiling is generally completed when six <|unrt8arc reduced to one ; it is then poured into cool- ers, or niiinlds, and set aside to crystalize." He contrasts the ninnufacture of sugar from corn stalks and beet roots, as follows : " 1st. The corn is clean and agreeable to work with, while the beet is not. 2d. The machinery for extracting the juice from beets is not only more costly, but is more liable to get out of repair. 3d. The beet juice contains a much greater propor- tion of foreign and injurious matter ; decomposition commences almost immediately after it is pressed out; and if allowed to go on to any extent, will entirely defeat tbe making of sugar. 4th. The proportion of saccharine matter contained in equal quantities of cum and beet juice is as Ihree. to om: in favor of the former ; therefore the same ditfcr- ence will bo found in the amount of fuel nceessary in evaporation. 5ili, Beet sugar wliCn obtained is inferior in qual- ity, anl loses a larger per centage in refining." t ihat you invite such of your fi lends as would be like- ly to attend. Perhaps there never was a time like the present, when the eliorts of all inliuential good men were so necessary to arrest that growing deterioration in the public morals, incidental to late speculation and extravagance, and the consequents ibey have entail- ed on community. We feel that those efforts cannot bo better directed than in encouraging a thorough system oi Rural Econ- omy, whereby man may be made h(moraiily useful and intelligently happy, in the succiasful pursu'tol this, almost the onJy ciiUhig, which bis no lemplation ad- rerse ti) \.\ia precepts ot religion and vtoridily. Very Respectfully Youis, SAMi,: WILLIAMS, Cor. Secy. eet Geii. Hai moil, --Wheat Culture. Gen. R. Harn.on jr., of Wheatland, in this coun- ty, exhibited at the State Fair at Syracuse, 21 varie- ties of wheat, in samples both clcnn and in tbe straw. He exhibited the same at the late Kair in this city, but as it .lid not come under tbe pariiculur inspection of either of tbe coir.mittees, no mention is made of it in tbe reports. The Slump Pulling Machine. --Co\one\ Drake of Owego informs us that the patent right for this ma- chine, of which he was the proprietor, expired in Au- gust last ; and any person who wishes to construct them is welcome to do so. Geology of North Sheibrooke, V. C. We received, in August la=;t. a communication of n very interesting character from E. Wilson of North Sherbro.ike, U. C, on the Geology of the District, where he resides. We have only ti> re.^ret that it is of a character more purely geological than comports with the ohjr;ct of oiir paper. We had designed to give some portion of it, but have ibouglit it would prove more S'ltislhctury to our friend, ibo author, to f prwaid the whole article to Professor Silliman, for publicntiun in his Journal. We quote, however, the following in relation to the elTects of tbe violent earth- quake, which, according to the words of the Jesuits, in Q.iebec, deranged a large trr-ct of country, in U. C. JVIr.W.says," With the exception of a fewrctovHiS I find no trees in my broken neighborlioid older than about 2 n years, [have ciuuted the aunu'il circles of the Wltite Pine, t':e stump of which was G feet 3 inches t)y 1 feet !) inches across, iinJ found it (about ten years ago) 221 years ol. I, so that it begin its career y:!l years ago. Now, as it happens ever in tempests that sweep the forests, thit only small trees are left standing, a young tree struggling to get up in the for- est is neither large nor cosily thrown down at the age ofGl; for such must have been the age of one now 240 years old, in tbe year 16G5, that is 17G years ago. I counted the annual rings of n sugOT maple less than six inches in diameter, and found it 80 years old." It seems very probable th'jn that the earthquake of 1GG5 prostrated the older trees of tbe forest. The fact w.iuld account fir the age of the trees now existing. It should however be enquired whether over this wide c Mintry t'lc trees of the forest have n much greater a'e than tbos! mentioned by Mr. W. D. important cousideraliou, and will go far to recommend is, that it requires niucli less wood than one of the sau size and form set in brick, or even the box, wi iron bottom, so highly recoinlnendea in some of the lor-, mer volumes oflhe Cultivator. Although wood maybe plenty, it takes time and labor to piwure it. '■Steam boilers may answer in very large establi.'sh- ments. but I have fouiid ihem very iniwnvenieiit, as L-veiy farmer is not engineer enough to manage it, and the con- in either case an expense and considerable trouble was *' Some five or six years ago, I tried a copper boiler — a (■\ Under within a cylinder,tlie lurnare in the lenlre, sur- rounded by water, very similar and on the same principle as tbe one ligured in the 13th number of the current vol- ume of the New England Farmer, as IJoctor Warren's Patent Cylinder Vegetable Steamer," but 1 found it very expensive to keep it in order, and abandoned it. (Signed) Threp-Hills Farms. C.N. BEMENT." Jj-Tlicy will he sold at New Ynrli prices, aililing tran=. portation i lianel Sl-2; 1 liarrel gau ; 2 b.arrel «:!U; 3 liiir- rel $'IU ; 4 li.'n rel Sj '. Tlic .MetllaniL-s' Fair awarded a sil- ver ineual fur this; and the Agricultural Society ii'3. Also, for sate ai tne same place Wedd's celebrated Hot Air Cooking stove, for which was awarded a silver medal for tliebest cooking stove, at the last fair in this city. The public are invited to call and see it. WESTERjV Farmer's and Gardenei's Al- umnae, for 1842-B.V Tlimuas Affleck, Cincin- nati.—.^Isu "lice hreedinginthe West," liy llic same au- ilior. I'ricc '^a ets. each— §2 per donen, lor sale at tlie Seed Store and Boolcslores in llocliesler.— -Nov. ]. Seneca County Fair. This Fair was held at Ovid, Oct. 2l5tand 22d. We h.tve ujt yot seen the repirt, but the Ovid Bee siys, " nnwillis'.aniling the nnfavornblo weather, the allow of Hue Guide, Horses, &c. was such as to d> credit to the c.niuty." We deeply regretted our ina- bility to attend this Fair, especially after receiving tbe follo.ving ])olite invitation, which we tnliC the liberty t.) publish on account of the just scnt.n-.ents it con la U.S. WiTERLOO, Oct )G, 1841. i\I. B Bvrf.HMvi, K-(i. : Dear Sir — lam request- rib/ tlio oHicL-rs of the Senecn County Agricultural S .iNe.y. loinvit!' you to atteu 1 the Agricultural Fail to bj held at O.' d, .>.^ [ le 21st 1 I 22.1 lUst , n:id als < YOUNG'S Farmer's Almanac for 1843.— We have just pulilislie I tlie " Kariiier's Alinalia.; for 1S4-2," containing 3tj pa^es, printed on fine paper, witli appropriate cuts, Agricultural remarks, cures, valu.ihle taldes anecdote.^, lecipes and miscellany, for sale at wholesale and retail pri- ces upon the U1031 reasoiialile terms. llj C. W. FISHEIt fc CO., 0 E.xcliangc st. MOTT'S P.VTENT AGUICUI.TURISTS FUUXACIi.-Manuta.-lured by M. C.Wedd, No. 5.1 maiii-st., Kocbestev. N. Y. — This article was cou- .stucted in consequence of a suggestion from the Ameri- can Institute— that a siinple.porlable, and lowpriced Fur. nace was much wanted by farmers, for boiling or steam- ing food, preparing maple or beetroot sugar, and for ma- ny mechanical purposes. It is so I'ormed that a space from one to two inches is lefi between tlie boiler and the casiiigtliatsurrnuuds it, caus- ing the heat in its passage lo the pipe, to encir-ele all parts of the boiler even to its upper edge. The American Institute awarded a silver medal at iheir late fair. The following is an extract finm the Cultivator extra I'.ir December:--' AGiiicui.rLuisTS FuiiNACE." [Fig. .ji;.]_'A good, cheap, aiid.lurable boiler has long be. n sought for by ihe farmer. I'otasli kettles, cauldrons and boxes, with sheet-iron bottoms set in brick, have been used, as well as steam boilers, of various descriptions; hut they all take up coi'.iiderable room, are clumsy and burdensome. For the last seven years, 1 have tricil all lie abovenamed articles, and have laid them by. and lubstttuted one of" iVIott's patent A[;i iculturisl's Furnjce mdCauldion." "It will be readily perceived that it lias many advan- .a"ej over those sel'in brick. It takes up but little room, is^light, ami niav be placed on the floor, and requires lo foundation to support it. Besides being portable, it may je removed from place to place, as occasion or conveni- ence reqnre ; two men are suflicient to remove it. It •an be ina.le to boil full of vegetables in 30 minutes, and '.le second fiilins in 20 miiiulei. In this I was happily lisapi*iutpd. fur I had always supposed ihatbricU retain- ed the heat belter than iron, and alter being once healed, vould require less fuel m keep it b.'iling. Ai.olherveiy DIS.SOLUTION.— The co-partnership heretofore istihg helwreii the snl.scriliers was dissolved liy inui consent on lljc Ist day of October All accounts .anl ;.ff, retatiiis to the Seed More and Genesee Farmer, will he i tied hy and witli M. U U.crtHAM. who will continnenho husiness as heretofore. All matters relating to llic I' j Seed tiarilen. Will he settled liy C. F. t;Ros.M,\N, who \i ill f continue the business of growing seeds. M. B. BATEHA'M, Roches-er, 0,;t. 20, 1611. C. F. CliO.-^.MAN. { i Gl ARUEN SEMUS in Boxes.-C F. CHOSINIAN r respecll'iilly info lus his country friends and cusloinei that he will at the usu:U time, lie prepaieJ to supply tli( with frcsli assoitnicnts of garden seeds, of his own rai.-:ing,jffi or selection, su h as he is confident will give satisla Kochcstcr, Oct. 1,1641 M IliLET SEEU, tiled at the i?ee Al'PI.E TREliS FOR S.\I,E. The suhscrihei has colislantly lor sale at his nursery on Main st. one mile east of the iuidtic, Uiahesier, a choice assortment oli grat\ed apple trees, of large size, warranted of theXinds rci»- rcsenled, and eiulnaciug from 3U to 40 of the best varieliesi for sunmier, f.ul, and vviirer use. I'rice $2j per lUl). Or- ders from a ilislance containing rLUUttaiice or gooil city ref- erence, will receive prompt attention, and the trees Hill hfr shipped or delivere.l accoi Ilc.chesler, Oct. 1. ISJl. ELECTUS BOADDMaN. D GIL«OX'S STR.\W CUTTER! ECIUIOOl.Y the best Machine known iih lese Maris tor cutting fodder, lor sale at the Seed store $iu. ' i\l. u. bati:haiM RATES OF Ui\CUliRE.\T MONEY. ie, par. 1 N. Eiiglancl Bank Notes, pa sp'! I liridgea a 7 do. lllilKii.s, 12 a Kcntuikv, 10 a Vnircd States, •20 a New Jersey, n « 5 Canada. 7 a do ROCIIIiSTER PRICES CURRENT- COKKECTKll FOR TlIF, Nl'.WGE.NESEE FAUMEli, NOVEiMBF.R 1. ISII WHEAT per bushel, $ 1,00 a $ l,f;6 CORN " 50 OATS " 31 BARLEY " 44 50 RYE, " 56 ta, BEANS, White,.. " Ii2^ 75 POTATOES " 22 25 APl'LES, Desert,. " 25 oS FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl.... 5,50 5,75 Fine " 5,00 SALT, " 1,38 PORK, Mess " 10,00 ]0,.''>n " Prime " 9,00.. " per inoibs 3,00... BEEF per 100 lbs 3,00... EGGS, per dozen, ISi... BUTTER. Fresh., per pound 13.. " Firkin, " ... 10. . C'lEESE, " ... 5.. L\RD " ... C.. TALLOW, Clear "... 8.. HIDES, Green "... 5.. SHEEPSKINS 50... PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,25.. POT, " " .. r>,.50 WOOL pound,... .SO 40 HAY, ton, ...r-,00 14.00 GRASS SEED,.... bushel,... 1,.50 I.7i FLAX " " ... I-7J 1,00 PLASTER, r,n bbls) per ton. . COi) " bulk fa; Wheallnnl). V'f^ 9,50 3,50 15 14 I '21 (I' 7 <.) C2J B. BATEHAM, Proprietor. JOHN J. THOMAS, M. li. liATEHAM, FJitors. PUBLiISUGD MO.XTHIjY. TERMS, IFTV CENTS, per jc.ir, pnynMe a)n-(iys In advance. CO.VTE.VTS OP THIS NUMBER. Pliers \oticej. &.c. H. Colman's Card t»le-». To iii.irk names on fruit. Ripening of Win- :irs. Tne .McJiterune^m Wheat. Kevien — Til.' Orchar.l." II A:. S.)cie;ie< I'c sustained? Love nf Birds... rait .It' J. :M. Shenvniid'a Buil " Ari-her." Alle- riv Co. A-riculmrnl Sa>:icly. Wayne Co. Fair a Catilc cijunv. .Murrain in C-itllc ur«' of the Preiniiiiii Crops— Kuta IJaija— Carrots, ilturr of Silk in Families. Agricultural Fairs. The IJixlit Siiitit rovivinj; nt'slon i-'i). Fair and CattleSliow Niagara Co. do. FnrniiT. lu-m^i-Creal Heifer— In.lia CoUon— 1 .-laje .Sprinu's iii:i.l.- of Air— Corn Oil— Trees— Jieaplioofs- linrl.linj; lloses-To remove old putty ■Transplanting l>erErecn9. Germinating seeds ider colored gl»s8. lIoSv to have good peaches. ' n Planter. Kcporl of the Cominitteeon Silk. State Agricultural Society. Preniiuins to be •M in January .' . . r the .Mouth. Dry Feet, Lend us a Hand. lake llntne Happy the D;ti*:rent Breeds of Cattle. On the Importance id Utility of the Dissemiualion of Knowlcdgeainong lunl Exhibition of the Mass. Hurt Soc. TheShirrt urns as .Milkers — M.-ihers N.ilices. Cnniptiinentary Notices of H. oiman. Prospectus of Vol. 3, New Genesee Far- Rochester Prices Current, &.c THE CASH SVSTESI. •ubscribers are reminded tliat this paper is published :hc CASH SYSTEM, and this number completes volume. Those who have not paid for tlie next imc, are required to remit payment before any more era will be sent them, (Correspondents excepted.) Hand the half-dollar to your Post Master when get this No. from the office. See terms, &c., on page. New Arraiigpment— New Editor. t is with feelirigs of no ordinary degree of satisfac- . that I announce to the public, tliat HENRY LM.*VN, of Massachusetts, has consented to re- .•c to Rochester, and take t!ie editorial charge of this er. As an agricultural writer and or.ator, Mr. Col- >• is so well known to the public, that nothing more d be said at this time on that subject. The readers his paper, and the friends of agriculture in this State ocially, have reason to congratulate thenjselves on : arrangement ; and Western New York may well proud of the honor conferred upon her. Mr. Cni,- :< will advocate the interests of the whole country hout sectional prejudice or partiality; but at the ic time, the district in whii.rh he resides will ofcour.se ive the greatest benefit from his influence, and )uld make the most exertion to Give Him a Hearty Welcome! iMr. CoLiiAN has been assured tliat the friends of •iculturc in Western New York and the Great EST would lend him their co-operation and support; 1 through the medium of the Genesee Farmer, he lid hold monthly converse with a Vast Ho.st of the ers of the soil, an.l that the profits of the publication ■uld afford Iiija a libera! compensation. J3r Lkt .1 NOT BE DiSiPPOiMTED. Take your horse and I on your neighbors — get them all to subscribe, and !y win thank you for it hereafter. The o.'Scei-s and friends of the nuTicrous AgriniUuial Societies should make especial elTorts to circulate the paper in their dititrscts or counties, Experience proves that THIS IS THE ONLY WAV to havc useful and spirited as- sociations, Farmers who do not read such papers never make good members of agricultural societies. — Their mind.s are not interested in the subject, and they do not rightly appreciate their profession. Let the friends of the cause in the Empire State remember this, and act acconlingly ; and the spirit of improvement wliich began to manifest itself so generally the past season, will soon producp most glorious results. M. B. BATEHAM. To Correspondents. Several eommuiiieations were received too late for insertion in ibis number, and various matters requir- ing editorial attention are unnvoida'dy deferred. IC We hope our friends will improve these long evenings and stormy days, on as to send us accounts of their past season's opperations. T/i« Si/nicuse Hotel. — We hove received a letter from Mr. Rust, proprietor of the principal Hotel at Syracuse, complaining of a communication in our lasu It shall have a place next month, with explana- tions. Tlus Index and Title Page for Vol. 2, will be found in the middle ol this number. Those two leaves should be tnken out, and placed ill front of the first number, then the whole volume stitched together. Those who have the l.-t and 2d vols, should get both bound in one. The first volume can still be furnished if desired. Post Masters In this and the Western SLiles, will receive pro- spectus* and a specimen No. of the Farmer; they arc respccttuUy solicited to remit names and payments to us, (as allowed by law.) Our most sincere ackr.owl- cdgements are due for past favors of this kirid. Papers to Europe. Subscribers who wish to send thp Farmer as a pres- ent to their friends in Europe, are informed that we send quite a number of copies every month. The price is 75 cents per year. (This pays the American postage.) A Card. At the desire of Mr. Bateiiam, the subscriber an- nounces to the friends of the New Genesee Farmer his engagement to remove to Rochester, and take, on the firet of January ensuing, the exclusive editorship of this work. It is not without a just diffidence that he undertakes this enterprise; but, with honorable inten- tions, ho is persuaded that in the generosity and public spirit of the New York agricultural community, he shall find a welcome. He leaves the good old Bay State, the land of his nativity and the sepulchre of his fathers, not without many strong emotions ; but he does not feel that in going to Now York he is going from home. He has been long acquainted with New York and her citizens ; and has taken always the deepest interest in her enterprizes and improvements. He has always regarded her agricultural progress and success with admiration; and now that in addition to the coininori ties of friendship and )X)litical fraternity the two States are to be linked together by iron bonds in the great interests of internal trade and commerce, he deems his removal much less a separation from home and the friends of his youth. In going into New York, he feels that he is going among old acquaintances. He had many years the pleasure of an intimate friendship with the late lamen- ted Buel i and he is happy in standing in the same re- lation of mutual respect and esteem with the present enlightened and indefatigable editor of the Cultivator. Her Aliens and Thomases, and Wadsworth and Gay- lord, and Rotch and Viele, and Ball and Blydcnburgh, and Bcekman and Grove, and Bement and Hall, and Walsh and Van Rensselaer, and Dunn and Corning, seem to him like old and tried friends, united by a bond too sacred to be polluted by any base and selfish inter- est; the bond af a common devotion to the advance- ment of an Improved Husbandry, and the social, ir- tcllec^iial, and moral elevation of the rural and laboring classes. H<; goes toNewYorktocontinue the labors to which forty years of his life have been devoted; and to unite his hiV"bl? yfTwts more closely with theirs in this com- mo.n cayse, the cause of human comfort, of good mor- als, of privatp a«d public good. He will be most happy to he recognized as a joint laborer. He goes to New York with no assumption of authority either to teach or to lead. Nothing is farther from his thoughts. Ho goes not to drive the team, but to draw in the team ; and while he has wind enough left, he promises, with- out goatling or whipping, to do his best to keep the draft .steady, and his end of the yoke square. He has no higher earthly ambition than that it may be said of him, when the bow is pulled from his neck, " he has done a good day's work." The object of the present note, is merely to make his bow to his New Yoii friends ; and to say that he hopes for thelf better acquaintance ; and that when he calls again, somewhere about New Year, he shall, "if the old folks are willing, leBpectfully ask leave to stay all nio-ht." He has now just dropt in, and won't intrude Respectfully, HENRY COLMAN. Boston, 27th Nov., 1.9-11. Premium Pitchfork. When at the Syracuse Fair, Col. H. S. Randall presented us one of the Premium Pitchforks manu- factured by Lewis Sanford of East Solon, Cortland county, N. Y. For beauty of form and finish, and es- [locially for the quality and tcm]ier of the'steel, we have never seen its equal. It is quite a curiosity ; we wish the maker would send a thoasand this way— they would sell rapidly. Hatch's Sowing Machine. Mr. Hatch requests us to sny, that in accordance with numerous reqiiesls, he is now engaged in manu- facturing the Machines at this place, and will be able ti supply orders in lime for spring sowing. If you wish to be wise, it is wise to wis. 178 A pples. We should estimate the difference of product be- tween common seedling apple trees and the beet se- lected varieties, to be not lees than ten to one in fiivor of the latter ; but the difference of value will apiiear much greater if we take into view the quality as well as the quantity. An extensive orchard of seedling trees, originally ; ahd great numbers growing in a hedge, fully bear us out in these concliiaions. The fruit of seedling t^ees, is not generally so dili- cient in number as in size, though boih deficiencies of- ten occur ; and in wet summers many apples, which would be of good size in dry seasons, become block knobs in consequence of the Lichcji ? which spreads over them in the form of scabs. It is remarkable that pomologists have generally neglected to notice this circumstance. Hove all of them lived in drier climates than ours 1 Be this as it may, some fine varieties are scarcely worth cultivating in Western New-York, solely on this account. The Queen apple may be given as one instance, and the Autumnal Swaar as another — both fine fruits in dry hot summers, and both without doubt, better adopted to a lower latitude. On the other hand, russets with scarcely an excep- tion, arc free from this smut. We are also inclined to think that apples with thick skins, like the Black Gillifiovoer, more generally escape than those with a thinner integument. It is not Improbable however, that some variation from this rule may be foimd. The value of apples as food for milch cows, and for the fatening of swine, is becoming more e.ttensively known ; and it may serve to console such friends of Temperance as were once largely engaged in cider- making. We find that we have never too many, though we make no cider except for vinegar or apple sauce. Many years ago in a dry season, we first tried the experiment of giving bruised apples in measured quantities to our cows ; and their milk woe greatly increased. Our hogs also grew fat by feeding on this fruit, without any labor of ours, except to see that a suificiency falls. As the weather grows colder how- ever, they gradually lose the relish for this food, espe- cially when they get something better. It has long appeared to us thot farmers might save themselves from much expenee, by planting out small orchards expressly for the keeping and fattening of swine. We recommended this measure to the public more than twenty years ago. By selecting the earli- est apples and such as ripen in regular succession, food might be provided in abundance for them during a pe- riod of three months. A little swill enriched by milk or meal however, is a valuable auxiliary. More than four hundred kinds of apple trees are ad- vertised by some nurserymen ; and among ihem are doubtless great numbers of which we know nothing ; but we are not acquainted with any apple better adapt- ed to such an orchard than the Sweet Bous^h which begins to lipen in harvest. It bears every year with us, and every year alike— a fall crop without breaking down. The tree is rather compact in its form, not spreading wide, and one hundred and sixty might grow on an acre. The fruit continues to drop from it for more than a month, and sometimes for nearly two months. In planting out such an orchard however, there ought to be earlier apples than the Sweet Bough, such as the Yellowi Harvest ; and some later. We want apples for swine, several weeks after the Sweet Bough is commonly gone ; and among the multitudes that ripen at this season, the farmer cannot be much at n loss to select some that are always productive, and always good. In another article we have mentioned the Grazm- $tein~" esteemed the best apple of Germany and the THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. Low Countries." We have waited two or three years after the tree began to bear, without propagating it, so that we might fully and fairly test its fruit ; and we have now arrived at the concUisioH that it is first rate in every respect. The tree grows freely— a model of thrifiinees withoutany wild luxuriance. It bears well, and the fruit is large, fair and excellent More than one taster has exclaimed--" I never ate a better ap- ple." Its excellence is tbe more remarkable on account of its being one of the very few European sorts that suit our climate. Some years ago we received from Buel & Wilson, a considerable number of auch as are most highly recommended by LinJIey in bis Guide to .the Orchard and Fruit Garden ; but with this solitary ex- ception, they are not worth cultivating here. It is true that the King of the Pippins ia beautiful, but it IS too austere for our purposes. Several things are necessary to constitute a variety of \.he first class. The fruit may be fine, but the tree comparatively unproductive. Such for instance is the case here with the Newtoicn Pippin. It is eaeier to raise five bushels of the Sicaar, or the Spitzcnburgh, than one bushel of tbe farmer kind. It is a first rate apple in well grown specimens, but there our eulogy must end. ' Ripening of Late, or Winter Pears. At poge 82 of our current volume, we mentioned the effects of an inereose of temperature in ripening winter pears. This fall, when we gathered in our Virgdlieus, part were put in a warm room, and part in an out house. The former ripened much sooner than the latter. Steven's Genceee pear was much later thon usual in coming to maturity. They turned yellow about the commencement of our autumnal frosts, and fell Irom the tree ; but remained hard while they lay on the ground exposed to the cold On bringing ihcm into a warm room however, they soon became melting. — The Beurre Diel and several others, under s'milar treatment, were attended by similar results. Nuiiher apples nor pears ought to freeze ; but the nearer they are kept to that temperature without freez- ing, the better they will Iteep ; and we have no doubt that some autumnal poors may be kept until winter, or even until spring, in an ice house. Many apples may be frozen hard without moterial injury, if the warmth be afterwards applied very grad- ually. For instance : if they are taken in a frozen Slate, not exposed to the sun, and buried in the ground. The intensity of the frost is of leefl conse- quence, than the manner in which it is removed ; and if frozen apples were packed in ice, it is not im- probable lliey would keep all the year. But what we want chiefly to inculcate at present is, that the time that winter pears ripen will very much depend on the temperature in which they are kept. t The Mediterranean Wheat. We cbserve that the attention of farmers in thi south-eastern part of Pennsylvania, is becoming mori and more turned towards a new kind of wheat collet the Mediterranean, the merits of which hove beet variously estimated ; but as we have not seen thi sou, we shall confine ourselves to laying the opin ions of others before our readers. From a writer in the Farmer's Cabinet, (Vol poge 69,) v/e quote tbe following : " lis diminutive ears, and bho.-l straw, its inequali "' ty of sample, and inferiority of flour, render it to me *"" a very exceptionable variety ; indeed I wonder \\o\ any good manager vvoiildbe content to grow cars tw inches in length, yiel'dijig only twenty grains on a overage, with straw so weak and short as to tall b< fore the crop is ripe, and diminishing the size of th dung-hill nearly one half. I have examined mon crops ol this peculiar species of wheat, and am con vinceil in my own mind, that it is the real " Tri mois," or French spring wheat, which as its nam imports, becomes ripe in three momhs from the tim of sowing, and of which I have seen hundreds of acre growing in Europe, particulorly in the Channel li lands, Guernsey ond Jersey, where it is \ a' lied, chie iy on this account, a character tor earlinees which bos sustained in this country and climate ; comin ripe under the some circumstoncee, ten days or a for night earlier than any other variety known omongi us ; thus probably escaping the rust which is pretl sure to fall on the late ripening wheal ; but wherevt it is sown in Europe, it is considered a very inferit crop, ond is cullivoled only on hind thoi is either tc poor or ill-conditioned to warrant more than hall yield of other varieties." In thesamepoper,./«teye7iAinsof WestWbitelonc in Chester county, says in regard to the same kindt wheat : To Mark Names on Fruit. The Chorleston Tronscript recommends putting wax on thesunny side of half-grown peaches and nec- tarines, "in any desired shape or form;" ond the wax will hioder the suji from coloring tie part that is covered. When the fruit is ripe the wax may be re moved. A more convenient method however, moy be adopt- ed tor morking pears and apples. Write on the fruit when it ia gathered, with a biack lead pencil, or a small stick not sharp enough to cut tlie skin, and the bruised port will soon chonge color. Wliero the fruit is not deeply colored, the writing will be as plain as if done with ink, and perfectly indeUble. We have found tWs method veiy convenientond useful. t (1* ibeft. Tit " It appears to have CBcnpcd the Ilession fly an' the rust. On a rich lot of two acres, 1 have hav vested 14!)4 sheaves of usual s;ze. The cJ-op on tvw |i large fields is not heavy, owing it is thought to t(k large a growth of timothy that had been sown with i but the yield is tolerable and the quality good." A correspondent of onre near Downingtown in tb * same county, says in a letter lately received ; — " Oi wheat in eastern Pennsylvania, will average about tw thirds of a crop ; but the lately introduced wheat cal. ed the Mediterranean bos yielded nearly a full era wherever it has been sown ; ond as j'ct it bos escope- the attacks of the Hessian fly and the mildew, makes good bread, though somewhat harsh, an weighs from &i to 66 pounds to the bushel." Another of our correspendents i Bucks county who resides more than forty miles from the forme- under the date of 9 mo. 27, says : " A kind of ri chaff wheat with large kernels not unlike rye in shop. "' and called the Mediterranean, has been sown in th vicinity for several years past. It is not liable to ll^JJ' ravages of the Hessian fly, nor affected by rust or mi dew, like other wheat ; and does not require su( high manuring. It is fully as productive, and i inany instances more so than our other sorts of whoo^ "' It can be sowed early without danger of the fly, and is fit to harvest a week or more before the usual timi I he flower made from it this season, is better an whiter than any we have had in our house for a Ion time. A very deep rooted prejudice prevails wit many, against it, without ever giving it atrial." We should like to knew whether this kind of whet hos been introduced into Western New-York, and so, in what estimation it is held ? t li Review. "The Orchard: including the management o wall and standard fruit trees, [and the forcing pit with selected lists and synonymes of the most choici varieties." By Charles M'lntosh, London, 18391 (Price unknown.) This is a lorge duodecimo, very neatly printed, s: ontaining eighteen handsomely colored plates, a numerous wood cuts, all executed with much tas!« o. 12. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 179 1. ll hti8 good doscriptiona of one lm?idicil y-six varieiiea ol" tlic Apple, riglil »l llie Ap .iTi ot ihc cherry, tiictre otlhe ll^j.fffcof ibe itteii of ilie melon, secmlcea of iho nccm- . . iitij of the penr, twinti/sU of ihe pench with .|| nmiiy others, (hirtij of the pioe npple,/iir'y r.iii, tutciitij-onc of tlve sirnwherry, Ucenty one. ,:aiH!, and imperfect deser.'ptiona of sovcrnl oih- kinJd. Thae descriptiona are vidunble, from the 0 mken by the niithor to eeize on dittmetive nml manent charnctera. only. Some of ihr-m, of four es, eiinbJs lis much beilerto identify the fruits, than L' pitge of loosely written stnlT, from some wri- f of former years. We give the followiug as spe- nens of the authors dj-'scripjions : " Grnvenslein. Originnled at ^rnvenalein, in Ilol- in, Gormnny, and with the Conrlpandee Pint, iB ? best npple the conilnenl can bonel of. S;ze, large; ni somewhat oblong, w th angles lorminalingin the >wn ; color, yellowish green, marked with red on e side next the sun ; stalk, very short; eye^ \vide, nk in 0 deep basiu ; flesh, pale yellov,- ; flayor, very ;h and vinous; doration, fiom Novcmbf-r t,iU April; hit, pxiremoly henlihly, rniher n shy beater ; merit, e of our first rale desert fiults." *' Gansel's Bergamot. [Si/n. Broeaa Berganaot, Mine R)Uge, .loe's Burgamo*.] Orignated about 'fiS, frotn aeeed of the Autumn Bergamot, at Don- land IIill in Esse.\, the seat of General Gnnscl. z?, large; form, c.val roundish ; color, dull brown 1 over, rather deeper brown next the sun ; eye, II ; stalk, short and iicshy ; flavor excellent ; du- lion, November and beginning of December ; habit, .hough of English origin, it is much too tendi r to cceed as a standard ; its merits, however, claim for a place on the wa,ll of every good garden." The author, in addition to, his own extensive and orough knowledge, has availed himself of the assis- ncc of Robert Tho,riip5on, of the London Iloniculiu- 1 Sieiciy, under whose eye a greater number of iiits have been proved and minutely e-iamined, than at of any other person, ffor this reason especially, e list of synonymes is very valuable. A number of blunders, typographical and subatan- d, occur here and there, which we pass by, and erely give the following queer statements ; — " It is no unusual ihiiig to fee an American peach chard containing one thousjuid trees growing as ■andards, as the apple^ do with us, and after th? juice fermented and distilled, producing one hundred vrrels of peach braridy. The Amcricmis usualhi eat ep'tvies oi clingstones, wh'dctlicy reserve the melting • freestones fur feeding their pigs." " In the United S;atcs the stones of the peach are iwu on a seedbed, [&c.] In the fourth or fifth ear, they produce friut, and thus thousands of suh- «rieties are produced ; not one perhaps in ten thojts- md is fit for the tnUe." &c. The work is however, so far at least as tbe practi- at part is concerned, written with great judgment nd accuracy, and notwithstanding the peculiartiee of ultnro in Englau'l, it cannot fail of being of great alue to every American cultivator of fruit Aiiedi- ;on, adapted to this country, would be still njore val- able. Being under an ennagement at the time, and the lircMinistances not bejug exactly suitable f Ge,nesee Ffirnttr. Shall .-Vgricultnral Societies be Sustained ! Messrs. Editors : — A few days after tbe Fair of ur County Agricultural Society, I was accosted in ne of the streets of our village, by a very reepectable armer, with tbe following question, viz : '' Would it t HiniJ of feed is mosl profitably fed to cattle or swine. Also, the same rule should he applied, in awarding premi- ums for agricultural ijuplcmrnts. Now suppose our whole farming commuaity. I mean cjTri//(n7?icr, sljould CorefuUy read an agiiciil- inral paper, should joiif the county agricultural so- ciety, and should apply himself, by reading, reflection, conversation, and experiment, for a couisc often years, according to the principles set forth in the said act, wha do you suppose, Mr. Editors, would be the re- sult ? Shoidd we not see the, qflect on the very face ol nature 1; >,nd?spcoially orjihefucje oi'jnari? Should we not see it in our buildings, iij our fenceg, as well as in our crops? Should we not feel it in our very bones, as we return from our daily labor, lo the houses- on which no man has any claiin for tj)e erection there- of, and where with tbe happy fatnily, »c enjoy the fruit of cur labors, and where no constable or sheriff can " molept, or make us afraid." Again. The opentlJon of agriculliual eocistiea uj>- der the present law, will lead farmers to keep aqcounts of their expenses and profiti ; a coiiaideration of no small ipiportance. He thus ascertains, not only what his wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, &c. cost him per bush- el, bu,t which ia the moat profitable crop. And the same prnctjce cg:ried out, will lead him to keep at» account of hia. expenses for the support of his family, for his hired labor, imarpvetijeaiB on his farm, build- ings, &c. Again. The formation and support of societies ia the most efficient means of improvement in all the use- ful arts. It encourages a spirit of enterprise and em- ulation, it diffusea a knowledge of useful experiments, affords opportunities of social intercourse, and serves to dispel those illiberal feelings and groundless jeal- ousies, which often exist in communities, and blosli up the avenues of friendly feeling and pleasurable en- joyment in a neighborhood. The Iruiis of such 6ocietijs,w;ill be the improvement of our agricultural iraplements— the introduction o£ improved breeds of atook in>o every town and neigh- borhood--a proper rotation of crops wilt be better un- derstood— manures will be greatly increased andmwe understandingly applied— and a general spirit of in- quiry will be awakened, and a spirit of commendable competition will be encouraged. We not only calcti- late ami reason that such would be the ct^e, but these statements have been proved irtje to a demonatratioij, in the operations of many sociotice, both in thia coun- try and in Britain. Yours, «&c.,a8 ever, Lockport, Nqv; 184J.. NIAGARA. Next to the lore of flowets is Uic love of birds.—- Teach your children in mercy to spare the nests of the harmless little birds, and if you have a heart to ba thankful, it will rise up in union v;ith the Imlc songs- ter's coral, to think your lot is cast in auch a pleasant vale of flowers and singing birds. These are some of the many things provided to lighten the toil of labor, and it ia only a vitiated taste acquired from a false sys- tem of education, that prevents us from deriving a great deal of happiness from such small accompani- moms of the journey of life. ■ '>'0U\Od. "Archer," is Calved, Ifjih of J IMPKOVED SHORT II OR IV BUIjIi '"ARC HE K.?? THE PROPf:RTY OF J M. SIHCRWOOO, ESQ., AUBURX, N. Y. Obtained the first Premium at the Fair of the New i'urk State Agriadtural Sucictij, at Syracuse, September 20/A, 1841. n color mostly white, with n roan head and neck— bis body, has Eome ronn spots— was bred by F. Rotch, Esq, Butterniils, Olscgn Co., N. Y. line, 1837. Sired by Roi.i.o. G. G, G. G. G. G. G. G. G. G. * We regret th Dam, Adalizn.by Frederick, (I^erd Book) 1060. G. " Adelia by Orpheus, - - 473. G. G. " Alpide by Allied, • . 23. G. G. " Strawberry by Winsor, - . 698. G. G. " Old Dairy by Favourite, - - 252. G. G. " Old Dairy by Punch, - • 531. G. G. " Old Dairy by flubbnck, - - 319 RoL-r.o, sired by Patriot. (Herd Book) -4 '2. t the absence of IMr. SneRW Dam, Romp by Admiral, G. " MobS Rose by Young Denton, G. G. " Rosa, by Young Denton, G, G. G. " Ruby by Denton, G. G. G. " Old Red Nose by Frunnc'l, ] a W. 9i3. 913. 198. e.9. prevented liim frnm inspectins n proof of Hi- .ihove Ensravin;. 'We have spnreil no pain^ tn ha AUegauy Co. Agricultural Society. At a meeting, held for the purpose, in Angelica, October 6th, 1841, an Agricultural Society was form- ed for the County of Allegany. The following per- sons were elected officers for the ensuing year; WILLIAM G. ANGEL, President. ' Vice Presidents. — John Ayres, George Lockhnrt, Orra Stillman, James Wilson, jr., Andrew Baker, William Van Campen, Stephen Wdson, jr., John Boles, Martin Bntta, Stephen Mundy, Rodman Free- born, William A. Stacey, Edward H. Johnson, Peter Lervy, David T. Hamilton, Josiah Uiler, Isnar. Van Austin, John White, Jabez Burdick, Luther Couch, Samuel C. Clark, John Seaver, Asa K. Allen, Jacob Clendening, John Jones, James Perkins, James Mc- Call, Abraham Middaugh, Jeese B. Gibbs, Jonah French. Recording Secretary. — A. S. Divcn. Corresponding Secretary. — Ransom Loyd. Treasurer. — Alvin Burr. Managers.— Vial Thomas, Stepto Woodruff, Chas. Maxson, Brice Carr, Hirnm Harmon, John Simons, William Brown, James Mthews, Eli Lasure, Noah Smith, Elias Smith. Levi Latham, William Duncan, Moses Parsons, Stephen Wing, Hollis Scott, Samuel Jones, Reuben Weed, Hiram Wilson, Oliver M. Russell, Samuel S. White, Calvin B. Laurence, Isaac Andrews, Joshua Rathbone, Moses Smith, Orleton F. Messenger, Abram J. Lyon, William Knight, John Lockhart, Daniel Willard. Wayne County Fair and Cattle Show. At Neicari., October 16, 1841. 'We find the following remarks appended to the list of premiums in the Wayne Co. Standard : Thf. Fair. — Saturday was a great, a glorious day for Newarli, and a proud one for this county. The Fair which came off here on that day, was, to say the least, more than ordinary. The weather during the week preceding Saturday, was April-like, showers and sunshine, with a considerable more of cloudy murkiness than sunshine, ardconsequenti/ the roads were somewhat wet and muddy. These circumslnn- ce3 seemed to impress our villagers in the morning with the belief that the Exhibition would prove to be rather a " slim af-fair" — yet contrary to the expecta- tions and forebodings of all, and in accordance with their v/ishes, the overhanging clouds withheld their showers, and the attendance of people and the num- ber of stock and articles exhibited were far greater than had been anticipated. The Wayne County Agricultural Society is yet in its infancy. It is, to three quarters of the farmers of this county, what may emphatically be termed a " new thing ;" y«t with its present flatter- ing prospects, and the awakening interest that ills apparent is being taken in it, bids lair to be one oi the first agricultural associations in the State. Murrain iu Cattle. " A Grain of prevention is worth a pound of cure," S3 says your correspondent N. in the October num- ber of the Farmer, and in that 1 perfectly agree with bim. I think it is probable that ashes may be of some use as a preventive of Murrain, but from my observa- tion, I believe that sa^( ;)e(re is a much better article for the purpose. The proper quantity is, a peice about the size of a large kernel of corn, given once a week A neighbor of mine has used this mode of prevention fur twenty years, with almost entire suc- cess. When cattle arc attacked with this deadly disrate, I would recommend giving th«m, eay, 2 oz. of Gum Gamboge, dissolved. This is a pov/erful physic ; and it is very necessary to get something to pass the animal. I believe that the Dry Murrain always pre- cedes the Bloody Murrain, and ie the cause of tkia last and most fatal disorder, which is often quite prev- alent in the Western country. WILLI VM WALLACE. Barcelona, Richland Co., Ohio. Annual Meeting of the State Society. We invite the attention of our renders to the notiea in another column, of the Annual Meetingof the N. Y. Slate Agricultural Society, at Albany, January ISih and )9th, and to the list of Premiums then to be awarded. All who con, should attend. ). J 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 181 Culture of the Prenilum Crops. e intend in ibis nnd fortb-coming numbers to Ish the Btatemcnta respecting tbo mode ond cx- 0 of culture, value and use of nnidiici, &c. ,o( timorous extraordinary cropa for wbicb premi- have been awarded tbe past season. From the cation of this kind of information we believe will t Bomo of the greatest benefits to be derived from uliiirnl societies. We cannot devote much space uliji ct this month, but will commence with : lloiH Crops. KCT.V nAGA. ■ap r/iifc'l by F. P. Root of Igtccilcn, Monroe -l-.'OO bus/ul per acre — Soil, black vegetable d — rather moist — previous crop, Wheat. The nJ was ploughed once in the fall and twice in ibe g, previous to sowing. Only a part of the land nanurcd— that part produced tbe largest roots, seed was sown on the ICihuf June. (Other par- irs not state '.) op of Rata Biiga raisat by Geo. Shcffcr, of atlandj Monroe Co, — 552 bushels per acre — black clay loam, f Genesee Flats',) hears drouth vet extremely well. Previous crop, corn ; no ire. Soweil at the rate of two pounds of seed to ;rc \ in rows 2 feet and 3 inches apart, and left lants 6 to 10 inches apart in the rows Consid- le roots worth 12J cts. per bushel — feeds them to , principally. StG.in BEETS AND MANGET, Wl'BTZEL. aiscil by Geo. Shcjer, of Whcaaand— li 00 Js Sugar Beets, — iO'M bushels Mangel IVurlzel ere — Sjil the same as above ; previous crop, Po- i ; manured with 25 loads of vs'ell rotted manure ere, ploughed under in the fall. Plouahed once tprliig when ready for phmting — midle o( May. ner of preparing tbe ground, planting, &c., the as described hereafier for Carrots.) Sow three Js of seed per acre. Feed these roots to my cows ther cattle — consider them worth about the same itB B.igas. CARROTS. isid by George Skrffer — 65oJ bushels per acre. E.MESTs. — Tbe soil on which I raised my cairots, lack heavy loam ; { Genesee Flats,) not liable to much from drouth or excessive moisture. The oue crop was potatoes. Twenty-five loads of rattled manure were applied per acre, and •bed under in the' fall. It was then left till tbe of planting — 20Lh of May ; I then commence ilougU a narrow land on one side of the field — harrow and roll immediately, before it becomes which leaves the surface line and smooth for ing. I then mark out the rows, two feet apart, an iniplcincnt made for the purptiec, resembling avy rake wiih two pegs or teeth 2 Icet apart, h is dniwn across tbe field by a man, P- st pulling rce or f >ur slakes to nicasure with and go by. so make the rows atioight. jak the seed 48 liour^, then roll it in white plas- efore sowing. Two pounds of clean seed arc site for an acre. I measure olf the ground and tain how many rows there will he, before I com ;o sowing ; then I measure tbe seed and calculate uantity per row ; then a boy drops the seed by along tbe brills calculating the requisite qunnti- reoch row. Another person inunedialily pnsse ; with a hoe and covets the seed I to |th8 of an d'ep, with fine earth, smoothing it down firmly the back of the hoe, which leaves the rows dis- ly visible and.gready facilitates the first weeding. i soon as the plants show tbe third leaf, I hoe and them, leaving them frmn 'i to G inches apart. I them clean of weeds enuring the summer, and I the Ist of Noveniber 1 harvest ihr cmp— dig hem with a spade luid put them in a cellar. The following is as nearly as I can estimate the ex- pense of raising and volue of my crop, of one acre of carrots. Preparing the land and planting, -i days work. lloeing ond thinning Int time, 9 do. " 2d " 6 do. «' " ;!d " (J do. 4ih " 4 do. Digging and sccnrii g crop 10 do. Say 4n days labor at 75 cents per day, $30,0(1 Two pounds clean carrot seed, "',00 Expense of crop, - - - $:!3,(I0 I feed my carrots to horses, and consider thom worth at least half as nnich as oats. Say (i.'>:U bubbclsat 1 shilling and T. pence 103,10 Value of the lops for fall feeding, at leaot 10,00 Total value of crop. Deduct expense, as above, 112,10 3S,00 Nclt profit of the crop. ,$79,10 GEO. SHEFFER. Whcadand, Monroe Co., N. V. Remarks. — Our readers will perceive that Mr. Shefier has omitted to reckon tbe rent of the land and the value of the manure used for the above crop. These items we should judge, woidd reduce the nett profit to about Sixty fice dollars. A liberal sum for one acre. — Ens. inr ( Olhcr premium crops ncort month. ) Cnlture of Silk in Families. We have received a communication of some length IVoin Thomas Lcfevere, of Venice, Cavuga county, detailing in full his first experiment in the culture ol silk on a small scale, which ou li nils will not permit to give entire. Ourcorrespondcntdid the whole of the work liimeelf, and kept an accurate account of the lime required in attendance upon the worms, on ab- stract of which is here given, with cost and proceeds : Dr. Time fcc^Iins, &c 103 hours. Kivia? frame, ic ~ " (uitlic: ing cotioons anJ picking them cleaa . 3 " Bryingtheni 2 " vliicli at 10 hoars a day ,vhich lit only 30 tts 1 year interest 1 1 days cost of trees,. . . 60 Iliiir.i l.'i •1 he .^u! Stiite bo S6 25 Cr. ^hcl and 2 quarts cocoons, at ©3 00. uru Prii-e 1 7S ^l 1)4 ■ SI 21 The mulberry used was the v, hitc Iialion and Mul- ticaulis — mostly the former — and our corrcspondonl adds, " I find by this experiment 10,000 worms would be full employ for one person, which, if no casualties occurred, would produce 3 bushels of coccoons ; these at the Auburn price would be !} dollars, and the state bounty would be $'1,35, making $10,35 for the labor of one person for al least 40 days ; allowing nothing for trees and attending them, interest on their cost, and on the ground, itc. tind without any allowance for time in obtaining the stale bounty. And even it it could bo atiended to by ihc wife ond children of a farmer, to save expense of hiring, even then the poy IS so .-mall as not to be worth the additional labor — leaving out tbe loss by neglect that the butter and cheese wojld sustain — as n ost ftmales, particularly the wife, have as much woik as can usually be accom- plished. From this trial I am fully persuaded that silk cannot be rai.^cd in a small way in a larmer's family, to any advantage — though it may perhaps an- swer belter on a large scale as a business by itself, as with many other things." We would merely remark, that with all the disad- vnnt'igi'aof a first experiment, imperfect fixtures. Ac, we think this ia perhaps quite as eucceesful as could have been expected. The silk business must of course be like every other pursuit — it niiist requiro thorough experience, slrici economy, close application, and everything in good order, to bo profitable — and those who expect to jump at once into wealth by this means, will lind tliemsulvcs as greatly mistaken, as ihe farmer would, who, without knowledge, without tools, without seed and without live stock of modern kinds, sbcnild dive at, into the wilderness, and attempt at oiici- to compete successfully with the products of our large maiketa. * A^ricultn al Fniis— the Iti^'ht (Spirit Ileviving. The Autumn of 1841 bus been peculiarly distin- guished by the attention that has been given to tbo caureol Agriculture. The great Fair of the State Agricultural Society at Syrocuse, the Fair of the American Iiittiiutc, in this city, numerous Fairs of county Societies in this State and of other Agricul- tural Societies in the State of Massaehueetls, Con- necticut, Pennsylvania, and several other States, havo exhibited products of the soil, and improvements ill ihe mode of cultivating it, never before equalled in this country. These assemblages have also encour- aged, aliendcd and conducted by the very ablest and best of men in the country ; and we cannot doubt have sent abroad a spirit that will exercise a most wbolesome.iiillucnce upon the pursuits, thehabit", and character of tbe people of this country. The natural businees of the American people is agriculture. It is tbe basis of our wealth and inde- f^endence. This is evident from tbe extent, fertility and productiveiiesBofour soil, 'i he national and in- dividual welfare of our people requires that agricul- uvre should keep the position which nature has assign- ed it. in advance of all other callings. We would ntit depress manufactures and commerce, but vvotdd let them depend upon ihe products of the soil, and be sustained thereby. It is impoisib'.e that they should be Eucccssful to a proper extent, if regulated by any other standard. It is gratifying, therefore, to see the lively iiiteicst every where awakening in the cultivation of the earth. It is an honest, ond independent and a healthy business. It was grossly neglected a few years since : farms were siild in city lots on speculation, ini-tead of being planted, as ihey should have been, with corn, potatoes and turnips; our people were so deluded as to buy grain from the shores of the lilack Sea, rather than raise it on their own lane. Depravity of mor- als, commercial ruin and general distress followed as tbe inevitable consequences of this great en or. We arc ^lad to see tbe people returning home from their wanderings, filling their barns, and houses and stores with the products of honest industiy, and rejoicing in ihestuidy independence of tl rifty farmers. Long may it be before our fertile " potati e patches" and "cabbage yaids" are again laid waste by being sur- ve-.edand lithographed into uninhabitable cities. It is the duty of the press and of our public n.cn to encourage the niovenient of what may be considered our great naiional business, agriculture. There ia no danger of overdoing it. Who ever heard of over- trading in this branch of business ? No matter how extensive our surplus products may be, there will be a market for them in some part of ihn world. The bu- siness of exporting and exchanging them will suppo t a vast commercial interest, and a large manufacturing interest will also grow up as a natural and neccstaiy incident. But agriculture mui-t take the lead; in it is he oiiginof a 1 prospcriiy; before we begin to trade we must produce somilbing to Hade with; and we must pr;iducc the law matcr.al before we set up lac- tones to improve it. . , > No matter, therefore, how much we stimulate by proper means the cultivation of our soil, there is no danger but that commerce and nionu.'acturcs will fol- low la.-t enough of their own accord. They ore niore liable than ngricullure to excess and over action. Tlieir recruits are more splendid, and ambitious adven- luresaie more caaly capiivaud by them. The re is a c.nsiant tendency, especially m conimerciol alloiis to .'0 too fast. Noapprehtnsion need therefore be lelt \eil the business of agriculture should get too far ahead; the diflicully is in Ke ping it sulnciontly ad- vanced. Let commerce be regulated by it, dealing only in the surplus values produced in the country, and looking to no ficiit ous ond temporary stimulants, and how soon the business of the country in every deportment would become settUd, stable, rcgnlur and permanenrly profitable. We should heor ol "omore ruinous revulsions and fluctualioiie, and should have , no troubles with a depreciated currency. —2V. J. aun. THE NEW GENESEE lARMEIi, Vol. tiviiigstoii CouMty fan and Cattle Show. I (At Gcncsco, October 2id, 1641 J Tbc Secretary inlbrine iia that, nUhough the dny waa stormy, and ibe roadd muddy, the exhibition was Buch as to lual'C it a meeting of greut intcreet. Tlie display of stock was unusually large and fair. The numerous pens and ample grounds set apart for the ex- hibition were at an early hour filled, end the ramniit- too for that purpose had to construct a range of new pens to contain the incoming throngs of cattle, alieep and swine. A great many very nolle specimens of stock wereexbihiicd. A fine pen of Holdeniess own- ed by Mi- SUinner of this town ; a Teeswater of Mr. Kemp of Grovclond ; several Devons and a great many Durhams from several towns were exhibited. The improved Short Hum Durham breed seemed most in favor. There was aleo a fine show of Swine; of the Berlvshirc, Lfjicesters, and Bytield breeds and crops. The Butter cvhibitcd viai Very abnndailt and of matchless quality. Some very beautiful specimens o( Needle Work. Djmeslic Cloth End Carpeting were ol(iO exhibited and e.xcitcd much aduiiraiion. Upon the whole, the exhibition, considering that it was the first of the kind, was highly cred. table to the county. And if the Society follow up this firnt efTori with becoming zoal the next exhibition, which will embrace a greater range of articlci, will show that Ijivingston will not be mire famous for the fendity ol her vtllies than for the richness and variety of her pro ductions. The following Tremiiirns *'ere awarded : 1st best Bull 2 years old aiid over, ijilS, David M Smith, Avon. 2d best Bull do $% E. A. I,e Roy, Caledonia. 3d best Bull do .$5, Uoil.iway L )ug, York. Best Yearling Bull $3, David Brooks, Avon. 2d best Yearling Bull $•>, John R. Murray, Mount Morris. Bast Bull Calf.f5, Daniel H. Fitz'.nigh, Groveland. Best Pen not less than 3 Calves $5, Thomas Tyler, Geneseo. 2d best Pen not less tlian 3 Calves $4, David Brooks, Avon. Best Cow $10, David Brooks, Avon. 2d beat Cow $5, Thumas Newbold, Caledonia, j Bedt Ueiler 2 years old$r>, ls:iac Casey, York. 2J best Heifer 2 years old $3, Itoswell Stocking, York. Best pair Working Oxen flO, Roswell Root, York- 2d best pair Working Oxen $3, Allen Ayrault, Gen eseo. Best pair 3 year old Steers $'>, Holioway Long, York. Best pair 9 year old do $o, George Root^ York. Best StallioniJllO, David Brooks, Avon. 2d beat do $5, Robert Wbaley, Avon. Best brood Mare .$8, Pell Toed, Leicester. 2d best do $4, Reuben -Sqider, Geneseo. Be»t Spring Cult .*5, Pell Tce.l, Leicester. 2d bO--t do $3, Reuben Squier, Geneeoo. Best pair Matched Horsea $J0, William A. Mills, jr. Mount Morns. 2d best pair Matched Horses $5, Ja's. S. Wadsworth, Geneseo. Best long Wool Buck $6, Mr. Olipbant Mt. Morris. 2J beat do .f 4, Thomas Parsons, York. 3J beat do $-2, Richard Peck, Lima. Bs-it fine Wool Buck $6, Roswel! Root, York. 2d best do $4, Charles Colt, Geneseo. 3d best do f 2, Reuben Squier, Geneaeo. Ben Pen not lesa than 5 long Wool Ewes $5, Allen Ayrault, Geneaeo. 2d best do do William Squier, Geneseo. B.;3t Pen not less than 5 fine Wool Ewes $5, Chailes Colt, Genceco. S 1 best do $3, Reuben Squier, Geneseo. B M Boar $S, N. Hathaway, Geneaeo 2J best Boar $5, T. Tyler, do Best breeding Sow $8, WilUam W. Wadsworth, Geneseo. 2^1 best breeding Sow $5, Sullivan Drew, York. o fl' '^'"t;'"'' *^' ^- ^- H'>llidny. Sparta. 2J best Plouub $3, none offered. Beat firkin of Butter $i, David Brooks, Avon. Be.i2Jlb.. RoU do ^-i, Mr. 8. A. Hooper, York Best 50 Ibe. Cheese *3, Thomas Tyler, Geneseo. Best pair fat Oxen $10, William A. Mills, Mount iM.rris. 1 Divan, 3 Ottomans, needle work, $2 50, Mrs. Campbell Harris, York. 1 woiki'd Chair and 1 Screen, needlework, $3 50, Mrs. John Youiii;, Cenesoo. Plaid Flannel .$3, Mrs O. D. Lake, Mt. Morris. IJlack and While Flnnnel $2. do Moscow stripe Flannel 3, and Full Cloth 2— $5, Mrs. Eolber Harris, York. 2J best fulled Cloth $1 , Lyman Turner, Geneseo. Stocking Yarn $1, Mrs. Cornelius Shepard, Gen- eseo. Skeins Silk.f1, Mrs. McVcan, York. 2 pieces Carpeting $i, Pell Teed, Leicepter. Entry and Stair Carpeting $4, Mrs. 'G- Nowlcn, Geneseo. Specimens of Glass $2, Mt. Morrii3 Factory. Best fine Wool Lamb $3, Charles Colt, Geneseo. Bist Leicestershire L'unb $2, William Squier, do. 2d best do do !*1. Richard Peck, Lima. Dost Yearling Colt .f 1, Jonnthnn Miller. Best 2 year old Colt $-i, U ,bert Wnnley, Avon. Best improved Fanning Mdl-i!!. Pell Teed, Leicester. Improved Clevis $1, 10. G. Hollidny, &j"_rta. Immediately alter the reporla of the committci.s were read and the foregoing premimiis were declared, the Society pVo ceded to the choice of ofiiccrs lor the entoing year. The tiillowing nfHire'S were elected : — JAMES S. WADSWORTH, fresider.t. EuvvARii A. Li; Roy, ) * RuEi, L. Bi.iKE, > Vice Presidents. Paul Goddaijd, ) C. H. Brian, Recording Srcl-otary. Fklix Tuacv. Corre?i)onding Secretary. Ai.LEN Ayrault, Treasurer. MANAGERS. Holioway Long, York. Jeredinh Horsford, Leicester. William A. MiUe, jr., Mt. Morris. William Scott, Sparta Harvey S. Tyler, Springwatcr. John Hen dersmi, C'onesua. Augustus GibbS, Livonia. Aenhel H. Warner, Lima. D. H Fiizbugh, Groveland. Ira Merrill, Avon. Charles Colt, Geneseo. Niagara Co., Fair aiitl Cattle Sliow, Jt Lochjiorl, Oct. 22rf, 1841. The following account of this exhibition from the pen of our old friend "Niagara," acccmipanies the list of premiums published in the Lockport poper. We arc happy to learn that this fine county is olbO waking up to a sense o( her true iiitercet^. A'lbough this was the first attempt at any thing of the kind ever Witnessed in this county, and though the roads weie exceedingly muddy in consequence oi recent rains ; yet the gathering of the enterp ising tarmers Olid others ol the county was very numerous, even beyend the expectation of any. The day was favorable, for tta acason of the year, iknd tiie multi- tude were apparently never in better spirits x\s such a meeting was a novelty with us, many attended merely as " lookers on," yet words, actions and looks, bespoke unuaual gi-atification and pleasure, and this ' farmei's holiday ' was pronounced by more thou one, a proud day for Niagara. Political and sectarian distinctions were apparemly nnkuown or forgotten, and an expression ot kindly, fellow feeling was uni- formly manifest. The show of animals, although not as numerous as in some of the eastern and middle counties of the state, was very respectable, not only in number, but in grade and appearance, and afford- ed the most gratifying evidences of improvement, and that our farmera and herdsmen are not asleep, or indif- ferent on the subject of cattle hutbondry. The cattle exhibited were neaily all of them cross- ed between the Short Horn, Devonshire and the na- iive breeds. Although the frosty nights, rainy days, and muddy roads, bad rendered their appearance less sleek and beautiful than it otherwise woold have been, yet we venture the opinion that many of them would not sufler in comparison with the best animals in some of the older counties. There were several calves ol improved breeds which excited much attention, some five or six yoke of working oxen were presented, ol the most stalely and beautiful npjiearance, and were much admired. The number of horses, &c., on the ground was very satisfactory, and better fiairs of matched work- ing horses, such as the farmer wants, can hardly be found. Of the ewine exhibited, some were specimens o( very good Berksbires, Chinas, &c., but the show wos not very numerotia, nor as good as may be expected in future ysari. Enough was \o ha seen however, to convince the observer that our pork makers were di| posed to improve their breeds of porkers. The difi'erent varieties of sheep, were several C them represcnittl. The Merino, Saxon, Bakcw ' and South Down were by no means indifferent sp^ »>• cimens of those varieties, some of which attract^ ^ much notice. Oi.e buck introduced by Mr. Hess, Somerset, was very much admired on account ol tL fineness of the wool and size of the carcase. A fui ^»" blood South Down Buck exhibited by Rlr. J. Wi||teli« beck, of Cambria, presented a good coiiibmalion ( the most desirable qualities for the farmer, viz : a st 1 erior quality, and a fair quantity of wool, wiib a e\1 of carcase ond a nobkness of form showing a tlror and vigiirous constitution. There were others pc; haps equally deserving, which 1 did not particular' notice. The show of vegetable products, such as beets, co rots, pumpkins, squashes, Ac, wese such as to prov that the soil and eitltivation of Niagnro, (suiiie par at least,) are not surpassed any where. A sugar bci exhibited by Mr. E W. Smi h, raised on as hard an clay aoi! as can he found, weig'-ed 22J pounds, show*" ing what mov be done by cultivation. Seveial spec i mens of cauliflower, also raised on the some grouilt ^4 were most splendid. Whealfield and Combiia fiv nished pumpkinb weighing 40 pout.ds and upward Squashes large enough to fill a half bushel ineasun were exhibited by Mr. Alwater, of LocUport. The specimens of Wheat and corn, oais and poti toes, were admirable. As fine soniphs of wheat I can be iiiund in the world, were exhibiied : corn arf'"' oats at the rote of 'JO bushels per acre, and poiaioea ihe rate of 400 bushels per acre, and that too, wit) out any reference \a an agricultiwal e.xbioiiion, gi ne evidence at least, that our bolder county c« ._.ns the soil, aiid the cultivators thereof, which w< not sufler in compaiiann with many others tnuchnioi lebrated. Notwithstanding great credit is duo our yeomanry, to our breeders of cattle, horses, she nd swine, yet, a meed of praise not a whit leas, dwe to ihe " ladies of tliB farm house," many of w lie graced our numerous assemblage, not only with ih( pieaence but with the work of their bonds. The c hibition of corpeta, flannels, woolen yarn, suckinj socks, &c. &c., were all respeciiiblc, ond some them ve-y much admired. But in the article of bw ler, there were many samples of superior exc lleilw One of the viewing committee rcmaiked to nie, tbi he had served in the s«me copacity 14 years, in M "^ eastern counties, and that /« ncixr had seen so mam ^' us perfect aam) les of butler, — a foct reficciing inui|gii credit upon this bra ch of household manufactures When we consider that this was the first eHbrl the kind ever aitempted by ue ; that our eociety w nor organiKcd till near the last of June, — that the 1 of premiums was not made known till the middle' July, ao that no stock, or vegetable could have be raised, or cultivated in refiercrce to suth premiums, what may we not expect when our tocitty shall hO" attained ycaraof maturity ond experience. Yours, Ac, NIAGARA Lodijiori, Ociokr 25. 1841. The election of officeis 'or the ensuing year, whi took place on ihe dny of the Fair, resulted os lollow WM. A TOWiNSElXD, President. DAVIS HURU, ^ y p.eeidentf. JOHN GOULD, Jr. S ^- * '^'^'^'^"'f- Wm. Parsons. Secretary. Wm. O, Brows, Treasurer. ExecctJve Committee. Cambria — Thomas Comatock, D. W. Cropei H. McNeil. Hartlasd — C. H. Skeelc; Abner Kitridge, Ha*' Harrington. L0CKPOHT — Joel McColluni, Jacob Gaunt, Rivi Stevens. Lkwiston — Asahel Lyon, Rufus .Spaulding, ! Playter. Niagara— Paikhurst Whitney, C. H. Witin Eliphalet Gillet. Nf.vvfane — James Wisner, Peter McCollum, VV. Merritt. , „ , PoiiTKR — J. C. S. Ransom, J. Clapsaddle, Jai Most. PE.NDi.EroN — John Baker, George Hawley, Ani Paraons. RovAi.TON — Wm. Freeman, Ercstua Hurd, ■" Cnrpenier. SoAir.RstT — M. S. Douglass, Peter Hess, J, Babcoek. Wii.so.v— Daniel Dwight, D.tniel Holmes, Morj Johnson. WBiAirmc— N M V/sird, J Sweeney, H. M 12. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. is:j The Faiuicr. If I vvQs oalicd who belonged to lUc piiviloged order our laiid, I eliould reply, tbc farmer, for no olber sasoH ibnn ibal be ie riirciv ever llic vielim of llioee ucluationii of irndc niu! the nirrcnr}' — and that he is ntirtly relived in the sale of his products Ironi the vils of thai eredit system to which almost evciy oth- elass of the eomiminity is suhjccted. Wbcibcr the price of the lieeeesaries of life he hit;h r low, it is all tbc same to the faiincrso far as be pro. uces llieiii for his own consuniplinn. His surplus nlilte the wares of tbc tradesman, or tbc products of the lonufucturcrand the mechanie, will always command aab, and on that account it is at all times freo from hose Hssesaiiicnts which the credit tystcm never fails > mipohx on the capital and products of the other lasses of community; in fact it is always the farmer's iwn fault, and it can never be said that it was nn evil nc;deut«l to bis profession, if he is ever found linked ill bankruptcy, or bis subctaiice diminisheil by bad lebis. Look at the poor unfortunate miller antl the pro lucc-buycr, growing up under the hot-bed influence f Banks, which gives an additional stiiniilous to their ■eady too active ganjbling spirit. They are the ■mei's victims. Look at the clergyman, faithful and gifted as he nay be in teaching those lovely leBSona which make nan godlike ; yet is he hardly sure from one year to uoiher of a place whereon to lay his bead. Louk at the lawyer, now etui ving, unlcES he can get ractieo in that juryless court, whose title burlesques he name of equity. The merchant and the trader encumbered and pnr- dized by competition, bad debts, embarrassment, lankruptcy. A victim of the credit system and bank ntiiitions. Tlie mechanic, felony eating out bis substance or lisgracing his fair fame, in the shape ofa States Prison •o-brother ; often reductd to the hard necessity of ■naking his employer rich before he can get his pay ; lie career is too often one of labor and embnrrassnicnt. But the farmer with the staft'oflife in his barns, sbeep >n his hills, and pige in bis pen, laughs to scorn the I'actitious ills of life ; 'tis true, he has his cares, but writbout them he would be much to be pitied. If ev- ery thing was done to his liking without his own su- pervision, the devil or some demon passion would be- come his master, " M.aking his abundance, tlic means of want." The industrious, provident farmer baa the earth for lis chemical laboratory, which, in common with it? [lowing vegetable surface teaches biin many lessons. Flora e his handmaiden, and Ceres and Pomora shed (their bounties upon him, making him nature's iioble- miau. S. W. ItemS) Condansal from Exchange Papers, S^-c. Grkit Heifer — A heifer, raised by Col. Paxton, •of Columbia county. Pa., was recently exhibited at iPh.ladelphia. She weighed three thousand pounds, is half blood Durham, and wos sold to her present owner for one thousand dollars. She is live years 'old. This shows the great advantages which farmers would rierive from crossing their native cattle svith good full blood Durbams. I.NDiA CoTTo.s. — A lot of 100 bnlcs of cotton was sold in the summer in London at 8^d. per lb., being the first shipped from Madras, from the new English plantation. C.iRRiACE Springs Made of Air. — Allen Put- am, of the New England Farmer, says that II. L. Ellsworth, (who is at the head of the patent office,) informs him that he lately sign?d o patent for a man (d construct springs f;r roil cars so that ibs passenger' may read and write without any inconvenience ; and that he rode in a car, constructed with such springs, loutaining 80 passengers, which fully answered the iX|)cctatioii8 and promises of the patentee. Ilo|ipcars that the spring is made by using npriglit \'i inch cyl- inders, containing nir condensed to oncthirteeiitb of its usual bulk; on which a piston rests ; but how the air is kept cdm|iletcly confined by this piston, while the latter plays freely, we cannot fully understand, as it is unexplained. Corn Oil. — In Indiana, vi'bcrc corn is worth only 10 cents a bushel, lamp-oil is made from it, by grind- ing the corn, and fermenting it with malt; the oil rises, and is skimmed from the surface, and the meal fed to hogs. Trees. — In Japan, there is a law, that no one can cut down 0 tree, without permission of the majeslrate of the place and even when he obtains permission, be must ininiedialcly replace it by another. Cheap Roofs. — A correspondent of the Famcr's Cabinet, says, that if rafters, are covered with kiln, dried half- inch boards, closely fitted at the edges, and these with sheathing paper, (such as is used under the oopper of ships,) with a coatingof tar added, nn excel- lent roof is formed that will last many years. That the fg^lowing composition was used in this way for a roof, twenty yettrs ogo, w hicb is now as good as when laid : Eight gallons tar, two gallons Roman cement [woter lime], five Ibs. resin [rosin we presume], and three Ibs. tallow; boiled and very thoroughly stirred, laid on the roof very evenly with a brush while hot. Sprinkle this while hot with sharp s.fied sand, when cold apply another coat of tar, and of sand; and one coat of tar in si.x years. An incombustible wash for tlie above is made by mix- ing six quarts of dry, water, slacked, sifted lime, with one quart of line salt, and adding two gallons water, boiling and ekimmilig it. Add to live gallons of this, one pound alum, half a pound ofcoperass, and slowly half a pound of potash, and I'our quarts fine sharp sand. It may now be colored as desired, and applied with a brush. It is said to be as durub'e a» stone, will atop leaks, exclude moss, and is excellent on brick work. Try it. Bdddi.vg Roses. — Dr. Van Mons buds roses in June, so that they grow, and frequently blossom the same year. He prepares the young and nnripe wood by separating the leaves, leaving only the foot stalks ; two weeks after the buds .ire swollen and fit for in- sertion ; at the time the bud is put in, the stock is cat off six inches above it. They are bound with bass matting, previously drawn through a solution of alum and white soap, and dried, which completely excludes water. To Remove Old Putty. — In taking out broken window glass, nitric or muriatic acid will soften the putty at once. Traxslanting Evergreens. — P.nee and spruces arejustly considered a great ornament in door yard scenery, and few ever succeed in transplanting them successfully. The following mode, copied from Downing's late admirable work on Landscape Garden- ing,though notaltogethernew,isexcellent,nndwe hope many will be induced to practice it at this season ol comparative leisure. " The trees to be removed are selected, the situations chosen, and the holes dug, while the ground is yet open in autumn. When the ground is somewhat freztn, the operator proceeds to dig a trench around the tree at some distance, gradu- ally undermining it, and leaving all the principal mass of roots embodied in the ball of earth. The whole ball is then left to freeze pretty thoroughly, (generally till snow covers the ground,) when a large sled is brought as near as possible, the ball of eartk contain- ing thj ijaAioUe-' •".?•■> -• - ■-' ' • — v, '• — -i.».-'s' to the hole previously prepared, where it is placed, in the proper position ; and as soon as tlie weather be- comes mild, the earth is properly filled in around tho ball." When skillfully performed, says Downing, this is tho most complete of all the modes of trans- planting, and the trees scarcely show, on the return of growth, any elVtctsfrom removal. • Germinating Seeds Kuder Coloictl Glnss. The following rcmarlis by " fllr. Hunt, the Secre- tary of the Royal Polytechnic Sol;!cty," in England, relate to a most curious discovery ; and, one which may prove very Useful to the cultivators ol rare exot- ics. We hope some of our readers will be stimulated to repeat the experiments, and to lend us the results. "It is scarcely necessary to explain that every beam of light proceeding from its solar source, is a bundle of dillerent colored rays, to the absorption or reflection of which we owe all that inlinite diversity of color which is one ofibe greatest clianns of creation. These rays have been long known to possess different functions. " The light which permeates colored glass pai takes to Boiite considerable extent, of the character of the ray which corresponds with the glnsa in color ; thus blue glass admits the blue or chemical rays, to the exclusion, or nearly so, of all the others ; yellow glass admits only the permeation of the iuvd- nons ru5'S| while red glass cuts oll'aU but the healing rays, which pass it freely. This allbrds us a very easy method of growing plants under the influence of any particular light which may be desired. "The fact to which I would porticularly call attention is, that the yellow and red rat/s are destruel- iteto germination, whereas under theinjlucnce nf do- let, indigo, or hive light, the process is quickened in a most exiraordinanj manner. "The plants will grow most luxuriontly beneath glass of a blue character ; but beneaih the yellow and red glasses the natural procies is entirely checked. In- deed, it will be found that at any period during the eaily life ofa plant its growth may be checked by ex- posing it to the action of red or yellow light. " It is with much satisfaction that I find the resnl's to which I have arrived, corrobcrated by Dr. F. R. Horner ol Hull." Blue glass for hotbeds could be very conveniently employed. t How to Have Good Peaches--Iiic!ian Coin* Much has been said and written about preserving the life and fecundity of peach trdes. From the great success attending the recent practice which has come under my obaojvaiion, I am inclined to believe that keeping the ground under the trees clear from grass and weeds, and loose and mellow by continual work- ing, with a judicious opplication of nionure, will do more towards preserving the tree and inipioving the flavor of its iiuit, than all the nostrums in the world. It is said that the coffee tree can only be made pro- fitably fruitful, by adopting the above plan. A cofl'eo planter would as soon allow his yard and planting patches to overrun with weeds as his coffee grounds. I am much gratified to see of late a moie lively in- terest in the bett'T cultivation of tliat King of the ve- gitaole kingdom, Indian corn. If it is true, that stalks alone, can be more profitably cultivated for sugar than sugar beetf, as affording more soehcrinc matter, and requiring less outlay of capital and expense in the manufncluring process, then truly u happy new era has orrived in the rural economy of the north and west, which will give wealth and independence to the . great corn growing region of the great Wcm. The red blazed is the favorite variety of corn among the masterly corn growers of Oneida Co. — it has a small cob and large kcmel. It is earlier than the Dutton, and grows larger in .Seneca than in Oneida c--"-*- 9. W, 184 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 2. OL>»'S COR.lf PliANTEU. Mkssr3. Badhim &c. — 1 have fir about iwo yearj been engngcd in ceitin; up a inncliiiip, under tlie briiad nairie of Cuni I'lnnler and Seed Sower; which has been aecuied by letlera Pateiil; aud nlth.iiigb awarded the Scott's Legacy Premium, (.IS'-iD, ) by the Franklin Institute at Philudclpliia, I was not entiefied ihat It had attained to its highest elate of perfection. • 1 hove therefore, instead vhee'8, 4 the blank places on the hind wheels to show where the bills are, c the plough, d the coverer run- inn" with an angle of 43 degrees, replacing the earth thrown out by the plough, e the mitre gear of the • hopping wheels, g the cups, with moveable bo'.tonis to increoae or diminish the quantity of setd at pleasure, A the boxes containing the seed, i the tube to convey the seed to the plough, k the slide or gate to regulate ihe depih of seed under the dropping wheel. I have aUo machines fur planting one row of co'ii, horse power, which may be arranged to drop the corn any distan'e apart, from a continued drill, to hilla of five feet or more. It will also drop two or more kinds of seed iu the sinie row, a' given points, and may be applied tj dropping the fine mauure in the hillf with the seed. The same princijile applies to the hand drills, for sowing or planting the seeds for the various root crops, tfec. 1 have also a plan for sowing wheat in drills or broadcast, which will npp y to all grains and grass seed, together with the fine manures. 1 have appointed J. fcott & Co., 'il Corthind street, New York, ocent to maimlacturc and sell the above described machines, wliere they can be seen at any time. All orders from any part of the United States, post paid, directed to them, will be promptly attended to. Those wish ing to obtain machines for the coming spring, will do well to order ihein soon. I intend myself. Providence permitting, to travel through the western and southern states this foil and coming winter, to introduce the ab we articles where they may he wanted. E litore of ugricultuial papers generally, and all papers friendly to agricultural improvements, are invited to give the above such notice as they may think practicable. They will also confer a favor to the subseiiber by seudiui' him a copy containing tlieir quotations and remarks, directed to his residence. Miirlhnlough. Vt. CALVIN OLES. Report of the Committee on Silk, Al the Fair if the N. V. St<^lc Agricultuiul Socieli/ at Syracuse. The coinmittee on Sdk Culture have e.ximined Eiinples submitted for inspection by the following per- sons : Thomas Melle.*;, of the town and connty of Mud- Ison : 1st. Four fkeiiis of reeled silk, of difTerent num- ,3er3 of lilameuts to each thread, and fed on different varieties of mulberry. 21. Several varieties of cocoons, fed on different '/arieties of the Morus multicaulia, and made by differ- HUi kinds of worms, as the Puamlt, Sulphur, Oiauge, and Two Crop. Ud A fine, but small, sample of sewing silk. 4tli. He showed a sample of the trees and leaves of B v/triety of Mulberry which he calls Morns Oregona, vh cb he rejiresenta as possessing excellencies not to be found ill any other ; his cocoons were very fine, and his sampleaof silk showed an elegant lustre ; his Ireca were very small, but their leaves large, and ta- ken all together were meritorious. However much the Committee may have been pleated wiih Mr. M:j1- len's samples, they would have been more gratilicd bad thev been larger. By I\Ir. Robins, of Brighton, Mjnroe eoumy ; \ small sample of sewing silk, nnnnfai'tured very handsomely, dyed and put up with taete anil success v/ortbv of encouragement to all new beginners Bv i\Iia. Melora Shove, of the town and county of Onondaga ■ A large sample of aewing silk, successfully nianu- factureil, and that upon the common spinning wheel and reel, handsomely akemed, after having been beau- tifully olored, ■and all this wthout instruction, evinc- ing much persevereuce andcrjwned with correspond- ing success, f{y Mr. LK0SAur>, of Carthage, Jefferson connty : 1st. A sample of beautiful f1 iss from the pierced Ijocoons. together with samp'es of knitting yarn nian- utactured therefrom, a valuable article. "id. An elegant sample of reeled silk with a large 3an:)le of aewing silk, all handsomely manufactured in his own laoiily, and upon tlie ordinary spinning- Wheel and reel — the tewing of beanii!"ul and various '.O'.urs, a very Ruoocsaful experiment. 3d. Samples of Sulphur and Orange cocoon.-, fed on Miilticaulia and were a fine aize and firm. Mr. L'onard also exhibiied a model of a feeding Irame, c linbining much that is Useful with some that ia new. Tue ingenuity, perseverance and success of Mr. Leonarii tMunmends him to the approbatory notice of the Society, and a worthy example to all who may feel disposed to enter upon the silk culture. By Thoma.i G lousFi.L, of Utica, Oneida county : lat. A apccimcn of nutsidc floss, perfectly neat and clean, but not bulled out, in fine order for nianulac turing. 2'l. A sample of floss from pierced cocoons boiled, free from gum, and drawn out in roping form and wound in balls without twist, and about the size or oranges, wh'ch he la instriictpd is the form and condi- tion for the article to he marketed. ."id. Very tine specimens of cocoons in point of size and firmues-i, from the Orange, Sulphur, and Peanut varieties. 4th. A sample of reeled silk, a worthy article for Inatie, eveiip.ess and strength, wrought on the P,cd- montesc and Dennis' silk reels. .5ih. A Multicaulis tree of the present yeir's grow th (and not far from the average growth of his lot ) nearly nine feet high, with leaves accompanying it. (although plucked from it.) measuring thirteen by fourteen inches. 6;h. One bent of his Cabinet Feeding and Wind ing Frame, full size. This Frame, in the opinion of the committee, pes- sesssa advantages which should recommenil it to the attention and condiiloration of ailk growers. It is a neat and compac: strrtcturfi, ocHJupym^j little room, re- quiring less labor in tending, and rendering grt-nter faciliiiea tiir winding, than moot articles of this kind in use. By Mrs. Dakius Cartkr, of East Blcomfield, On- tario county. Jst, A tomple of fair cocoons of the P anut variety. 2d. A large sample of tewing silk, pretty well man ufacmred, and very fticceasfully dyed, exhibition (at she informed Hs)8evenly diU'eient shades of color. 3d. A very handsome piece or specimen of Black Fri 11 se. 4th. One pair of ladies' stockings, black,and a pair of mitts. .5th. One elegant reticule, 1 purte, 2 pair niitis, all of net work, manufactured from yarn prepared from flits. 6ih. One piece of cloth, 1 apron, 2 handkerchiefs, together with yarn enough already colored to make 2:jyuids of cloih, all of which articles and jam well prepared from floss, and is the work of her own hands ; she informed the committee that her co- coons measuicd one bundled husi c'a ; the manu- facturing, all performed with household implements only. Euterprite, induatry, and succets like this, should not paaa the committee nor the Society, un- heeded or unrewird'.-d By the Agent of the State Prison, at Auburn : A fine sample of sewing silk from convict's labor, which lor unilormily and equality of filament, lustre III staple, brilliancy of colors and taste of putting up, would not discredit an Italian factory, and is to li e State of New York, an encouraging earnest of what we may expect with the advantage of a few years' ex- perience. The committee recommend that a premium be awarded to Mrs. D. Carter, of East Bloomficid, for samples of JOO skeins of sewing silk of 7,4 differeit shades, samples iif fringe and silk prepared for weav- ing, ] pair silk hose, 2 pair i"ittf, 1 purse, a piece of cloth Iroin silk floss, a peminm of $20. To Mrs. Melora Shove, Onondaga, for 100 skeins of sewing silk, a premium of .$10. To Mrs, Harve) Baldwin, Syiacuse, for specimens of Needle work, a prize. New-York Agrjcnltural Society. Annual, Meeting, Jan. 18 and 10, 1842. At a meeting of the Executive Comniitiee, held al Albany, on the 20th October, A. Walsh, Esq. of Lansingburg, in the chair, it wae unanimously re- solved, that the Prenn'um list for Field Crops Buttrr and Cheese, be enlarged and amended so as to read us lollowe : PREMIUMS ON BUTTER AND CHEESE. Forllie 1 en s.-impio of Butter, For tlie sccoml liest. . . .do* ■ For the ihiril hcst do. . __ For the Ijcstsaniple ot'Cheeae, over one i car old, ant loss '" thnn lOU pounds, .' oo For llie second best, do do 10 For ilic liest ilii., less than one year old, not less tlian aoo Tie I mill 1 lb! 20 Fur tlic second best do do.. . , The butter offeied for premiums may he presented in tubs, jars or firkins. Each lot must be numbered but not marked, and any public or known niaik most be completely concealed, nor must the compi titors be present. In default of either of these requitilioua the claimant will not be entitled to a premium. The claimants lor premiums on butter, must state in writing, the number of cows kept on his faim ; his mode of keeping; the treatment of the cream and milk before churning ; the mode of churning, winter and summer ; the method of freeing the butter from themilk; the quantity and kind of salt need ; wheth- er saltpeter or any othersubsiauces have been employ- ed ; the best time for churning and keeping huticr in hot weat'uer ; and the best mode of preserving it in and through the summer and winter, and in what vea-cla. Thoae k ho present cheese for the premiums offered, must state in writing the number of cows kept ; whether the cheese is made from one, two or more niilkings; wdiether any addition is made of cream; the quantity and kind of salt used ; the quantity of rennet used and the mode of preparing it ; the mode of pres- sure and the treatment of the cheese afterwards. PREMIUMS FOR FIELD CROPS. For lh( Fur th( car ! ond lie Fur tlic lies'- acre of Itj t^or the tccond lie?', . . Fortlie liest Hereof 0;.i Forthescciin.|l)csl,.. . ncs. iiiTeoriu-U.-iii I 07 of Barley, jj Pritl re nf Ci.rriit mid he.^t. . . t a.Tp nf Pe mod be>t,.. e Those wdio present claims to premiums for farm crops must state in writing the following particulars : the condition of the soil at the commencement of cul- tivaiion for the crop ; the previous cultivation, pro- 12. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. l^i 111 ninnuie used upon il ; tbe qunntity of ma- ■ • preeeiu season ; the qunmiiy of s^ed ueed ; '■•• uiid mam. er ul' Bowing, cltniiing and hnrvrat- orop : ilienmountof ihe crop dcttMiniiied hy :!ionsurmenl ; and tlie oxponse of cullivnlinn. My some tworn surveyor, c-laimnnt of [he premkiiii, witli one olber pcr- ,..:.. ,...,',\ coriiiy 10 the above particuhirs. Apphennis tor the premiums on bntter, cheese nnd orni crops, must make known their dotcrminaiion to UruKKTrcEtK, Alliaiiy, (i("by letter, poet paid,) on ir bellire the lirst ol' January next, and the parcels de- >osited in such place in Albany astlie Kx Committee uay hereafter direct, on Tuesday morning the 18ih IJiC Jmiuary, before ten o'clock, at which time the immiitce will proceed to examine the lotoflered for einiums. Hints fur the Month, Winter is now upon us — and the farmer must he •igilenl to secure what he has gained by the labor of niiimer. Flocks and heids need close attention, or hey will soon lose much that has been gained by hall year's care. Animals thrive rapidly in warm weather — this riving' may be continued through winter, by creating riilicinlly the advantages of summer; for instance. The green and succulent food of summer is imltat- by feeding roo/i copiously; The comfort of summer may in some degree be nTerred by having good slablea and other shelters; And other things may add materially to theje, as ic frequent salting of food; the f;ee use of good tter; and constant supply of pure frceU water: — To [led on animal on dry food exclusively, would like feeding a man on dry Indian meal, which ould be rather hard; To deprive it of shelter, would be like malii^ig a nn sleep in the snow drift, which would be rather Id: And to deprive a man of drink and condiment, he ould think was rather short allowance. All would ive a tendency to thin ofi' his flesh; nnd what would iduce the flesh of a man, would tend to reduce the of an animal. A warn of comfort is a waste of esh. Horses that have run to grafs all the past season, ould not be kept on dry hay and giain; the danger disease, so conmion at this season, would be grea'- lesscned, if they had a liberal supply of roots. They esent year, make a memorandum of every thing ■irth practising, arrange these memoranda for every much inii)roved upon that 1 think it worthy of record. The tar on (or rather in) the snlcs, I have used for a great number of yenre, nnd have found that it not only made my boots water proof, but nearly proof against wearing out. The receipt is as follows, and is 10 be used for the " uppers" only. Neats-foot oil J pint. Beeswax, 1 ounce. Spirits Turpentine, 1 do. Tar, 1 do. Burgundy Pitch J do. To be .slowly melted together nnd well incorporated by stirring, taking care not to set the mass on fire, as the nriiclce ore all highly iuflnmnble. The boots being damp, the composition is to be spread on with a small brush, taking care to cover the seems well, and then allowed to dry. The applica- tion lobii renewed until the Icalher is eaturatcd. The above is for the " upper leathers" — for the soles, tar alone is the best application, to be put on while hot, the boots also having been by the fire, so t'lat the soles are quite warm. If there is no greose or other foreign mnt'.er on the soles, three or four, and sjinctimes more, coats will sink into the leather. It must also be used until the soles are completely satu- rated. B'lOts whether " new" or old, (provided they are sound) will, by the above, be rendered entirely water proof, and the leather not only retain its eineticily, but become soft and pliable, nnd less liable to crack, as well as much mote durable. Nor will there be the objection that there is to boots rendered water proof by linings of gum elastic; for these being also air tight, the feet are kept, when ex- ercised, in a constant stale of perspi ation, which is very uncomfortable aa well as prejudicial to health. The trouble of preparing boots after the above di- rections is very trifling, and any one once having tried it, and experienced the comfort of being all day in the snow and eluah without having wet feet, will never fail to continue the use o( it. y. Cazenotia, Noe. 20, 1811. [We borrow the following dialogue from the New- England Farmer, but hope our readers will eonsidei the sentiments our own, nnd addressed to them indi- vidually.] Lend us a Hand. Farmer A. Yes, Mr. Ediior— I'm not very busy now — I'll give you a Ml. Wlnt do you wnni done. Editor — I want yo;', now ihfit you have got your fall work w-ell done up, and can spare n little time, to write out an account of your pnicess in reclaimint; that mcdd.w of yours, where you now ciit^J tone ai English hay per acre. Farmer A. 1 thought yon neked for a hand that I could have len: ; but you seem to be calling lor bend work, and that's quite another affair ; I don't kuo.v about that. FdUnr. I want the hand at the pen. Furtner A. At the pen that's wiiere it dont't work very well : it's loo stifl' for pen w.irk— let it go to the shovel, or e\mde, or hoe, nnd it feels at home, and will work well, and ihe bend will work with it down in the ditch ; but when you come to put the huge paw upon white paper, the head won't work riijht, n°ud the fingers don't move right. I don't know-, Mr. EtJitor, about my helping voii. Edilur. Well, suppose none of you practical men write, how shall I make up such a paper as you want ? The facts which common farmers give to one an'Uher through the papers, are the most instructive and use- tulpait of our weekly sheet; nnd if you wont tell what you have done, and larmcr B. w-on't tell what he has done— if all the others all ihe way down the alphabet won't tell— why ihen tbe editor can't furnish all djni you want— he can't furnis!; whit vou want most. Me can theorize nnd give advice, and extrac from other publications ; but ho can't get hold of thu Muportniu Incta, unless you — yen, yott, and others like vou, will " lend a band" and a head too. Conic, iu)w, farmer A., give us a few lines, and act n good example. Fiirmrr A. Fact, Mr. Editor, what yon say tnkes u leetlc o' the starch out o. my lingers. 1 never sce'd the matter jst ill that light nfore. 1 want to know how nc'ighber D. raised his luuider'd bushels of corn to the acre ; and how Mr. \V. raised his 'leven buii- der'd of tatpis I'dhke to have 'um write nil about it ; whnt kind o' land 't w-as — how niucii tbiy plow'd it, diing'd it, and work'd cui't. Yes, i'denitinly liko to know all nbiuit it. But as to my niedder, Mr. Ed- itor, w by it's done pretty well, as to that. 1 do gii a good crop of English liny where 1 did n't git nothing to speak on, and that poor stufl'. I'd like to know how other folks work it, and if you ran'ly think, Mr. Editor, that my writing would set Ihcm at it— why ihen I'll try. F.ditr the increased value of the different varieties of neat stock, we might arrive at a safe determination upon this point, yet but few of our farmers are able, and if 60, willing to go into the rearing of those breeds which s'.and in higher order than our native stock, as all en- terprising men are v/illing to b;; governed by the ex- perience of those pei sons or nations that have excelled in that Uind of business which is necessary in a course of farming operations. If we place due credit to all that have written on this BubjccI, and no doubt from a thorough conviction of the truth of iheir observa- tions in this branch of business, we shall find that all, or nearly so, vary in their observations according as they are interested, consequently we farmers tnust be "overned by those who have two or more of the dif- ferent kinds, &c. : Derons, Darhams, and Ilcrefordd ■which seem to stand preeminent amongst all distin- guished breeders, both in England and the United Spates. Yet, in England, we find n variety of con- flicting opinions in regard lo the above breeds as in the States, for instance — in Cultivator, Vol. 8ih, No. 1, page IS, we find a Mr. Price in England, challeng- ing the Kingdom to produce as fine a stock of cattle aa those reared by him, which weio pure Hcrefords. But on reading fariher we find a Mr. Bates who was ready lo meet him in his challenge by producing a stock of pu.e Durhams; but sickness of the formtr gentleman •\vaa the cause of the lailnre in the testing between the exceedingly fine qualities of those two stocks, which would have been a great point decided if disinterestedly upon their true merits. Mr. Bates remarks that ho thinks the very best Short Horns, which arconbj a few, are capable of improving all oth- er stocks in the Kingdom, yet he says the common Darhams are inferior to the Devons, Herefords and others, which is candid in him. It seems aleo, from the statement of Mr. Howard of Gainsville, Ohio, that in the year 18'2.5, there were sent from England, as a present to the M.iSiachusetls Agricultural Society a true Hereford Cow and Bull, from Sir Isaac Coffin, of ihe Rjyal Navy, which proved a great acquisition lo the stock of that country, and were highly appreci- ated by the teamsters from their fine horns, stately gait, powerful draught and beautiful mahogr.- iiy color, &.C. In the same article which will be found in CuI. Vol. ^, No. 1, page 19, he says — "I will here re- mark ibnt I knew many and owned several of the pro geny of the improved Short Horn Bidl Admiral (which animal was also sent as a present by the same Mr. Coflin to the Missichusetts Agricultural Society) and 1 have no hesitation in saying that for iheordini- ry us'Mto which cattle are applied iu the Northern section of our country I cinsidered the stock of the Hereford Bull alluded to decidedly preferable. ' Next ■we hear from a very intelligent rearer of stock, Mr. Hepburn in CuI., Vol. 8, No. '2, page 33, in an arti- cle whichsnys, " that an argument to prove that the Herci'ords nre an aboriginal race is the largeness of tbf bend and thickness of the neck when compar- ed with the Devon cattle :" — Funher ho states, " were it not for the while face, thick neck, and large head, it would not be easy at all times ti distinguish a light Hereford from a he.-ivy Devon," &c. &c. His ideas are quoted from Youait. I would here remark, I'nit by some the Herefords are considered n dislinrt race of cattle, by others across of the Devon, with some larger breed. From the heat of souices of informa- tion, I should think that they were most certainly a cross of the Devonswith moat probably the Durhams. In support of this I would also refer the reader to an article witlen by Judge Buell, in C'ul., Vol. 5, No. 1, page 8, headed " Select Breeds of Cattle." He also, in the same aeticle quotes from a British author in high terms of a ci-oss between the Holderness and Durham for the dairy, and ends in these words: •' The Devons were introduced into Berkshire county some dozen years ago, by Col. D>vight, and at the last fair in that couiily we thought the wyrliing catilc surpass- ed any we had before seen, and we atiribute their ex- cellence in a great measure to the D,cvon blood which we saw strongly developed in some of the finest indi- viduals. We unhesitatingly reconrmend a cross of the Devons upon our native cattle, as a certain means of improving both their working and fattening proper- ties." In the foregoing extiacts which ore only a few that might be cited from good authority, whal course is it proper lo pursue in getting certain ond cor- rect information, so that in impioving our stock we shall not be disappointed but what we hove the best animals for the country ond latitude in which we live ? I am aware that it is impossible to have a breed of cows which will keep fat and give great quantities of milk. I would upon the whole, from the conflicting opin- ions and views of those who are interested in rearing and selling their stock, that farmers who are wishing to improve their stock, (and I doubt not but what all nre,) that a course of inquiry he insiiluted from those lienllcmen who have Bulls and stock lo sell — setting forth by their own statements, nnd corrobcrated by the certificates of their neighbors, what has been the course pursued in feeding their improved stock, in comparison with their other stock, and the result ac- cordingly, for instance, if a cow gives 2."> quarts of milk per day on the same feed of another cow which gives only 20 quarts, then slate the different results of butter made from the milk of each which may easi- ly be done by the Lactometer which is a tube of glass gradualed, which readily shows the percentum — as I presunre all are aware that it is not the best c(.w in all cases which gives the most milk, as experiments go to show that in some cases the milk varies in goodness some 50 per cent, accor ling to quality In short, we wont to arrive at ihe fact which breed of caille will produce ihe niosl net pvnf.i from ihe same feed--requirilig each breed to stand the seyerityof the climate alike. Jn conclusion I would ask of Mr. Shefiijr which he considers liie best breed of cattle, the DurhLin or the Devon 7 as I see in the report of a visit of Rawton Horinon jr., of Wheniland, in ihe August number of the New Genesee Farmer that he has both kinds of Bulls on he farm.— -Also stole wh ch of these iwo breeds he considers best for the mojoriiy of fnrm- ers in Genesee county. Slate fully which will stand our cold winters bc5t, fed as is ihe case of the exten- sive wheat grov\"er in this county. — Also which arc the most profi able to raise for the eastern market, consid- ering the keeping, iVc. By answering these ques- lions he wili confer a favpi on Yours Trulv. Genesee Co., No'-. 14. A. SUBSCRIBER. Ou the Ini port rtKce anilUlility of thcDis-'icrjii itatiou i>f Kiio\vltd!;e Aiiioiig Farmeis. Mtissus. Elitors. — i owe an apology to you, if noi lo your renders, for the delay in further considej'ing the subject proposed in my first article, which pci'- hnpa was hardly worth the space it occupied in your :!■ p'r, and siiU less the attention of your numerous eade-?, though honored by an insertion. 1 urn aware that, in treating upon subjects about which there has been much said and written, there is great danger of falling into old ond beaten trackfl ^j, where nothing new can he introduced to attract thd 0. atieniion of ihe reader. If in the further remarls| 0, which i shall submit on the subject already inlroduCj! j,| ed, I may be so fortunate as to present some consider,* jd) aliens ihat will not have a "hackneyed" appearanc^ j,il I shall consider that neither my lime, nor your spacSJ j^ will he unprofitably occupied. , ^i: I propose to speak mainly of the impiirlance of ilia te, dissemination of knowledge among formers, as it^ jiid greatest if not the only means of establishing a pr« g-i per system of human economy in society, ond as tbj ia« surest method of procuring the greatest amount ofaO' |li{ cial hnppincss. There would be but little to compen jjjj sale for the toil and exercise of the mind ond body i, if:. procuring something beyond a competency of food an? jli roiraenl, if the demands of nature did nol also requirt iit every man to provide for certain social duties and ai )si vantages. The elejiienta which compose the best re |ieii gulated and beat organised society, experience teoche gi us, may by comprehended under the head of virtiji Ik and wisdom. This idea may be at variance wiih lb- dti prevailipg notions of ihe day, still it ia ncknowledg^ ^k by the candid and reflecting portions of communit| i(i[ over whom custom as yet, has not had sufKcicnt iuflui ,l«, ence to make them mieiake the true test of charaete| mi It is 0 popular, and may be said to be a prevailing d^ j;, lusion, to judge of the shadow insteadof the suhstaii^ ;|i,i of what in fact constitutes a character for worthy oii ,(1 socialion. The modern notion of refinement, huesf ,1,; up an oibitrary rule, by which external nppcoront and outward show, accompanied by certain set lorni|. of ceremony and eliquelie, are mode requisite qualili, cations for such as wish lo mingle in what is colUlj polished aociety. Thus it frequently happens, lhi|, the most worthy, ore overlooked and neglccied, froi |j the fact, that the fashion of their dress, and iheir woi of thatgrace wichcon.=ititntes an exquisite bow ; — thf i, arecalled " aivlcward fellotcs" because they hove ns learned to play the hypocrite in those obsurd notio;^ ^, sviih which community bos already been too mut^u fooled. The dignity which always graces a m refined talents, a blight intellect and a well stori^ |^ inind, all, tending especially to qualify for social di( ip ties, are now looked upon ty the devotees of fashion m as secondary cqnsidcraiions, and by too many wH pretend to take the lead in giving a direction to pil- lic opinion, as of little consequence. And it is to- r.'grctied, ihat wealth, power and education o'e ma" the evil instrumenls to produce the advancement such a state of things, when, on the contrary th might be the means, and God who gives. grants thejii,! no other purpose, than as elements ministering in t eeiablishmentof sound principles, which insure tr freedom of action, ond the enjoyment of both bo and soul. The occnpation of o farmer is looked upon, by 1 class alluded to, as disqualifying him for the hi rank they have assumed f>r themselves, while the d ernment and common sense of the ui'in who tills I soil, foibids that he shonid desire such asaociatione, envy their station, in preference to the peoee 0' !«l tranc.uility of his own. Properly considered, tbert- uo situation in life, in which a man may be placM affording him greater advaiitagce, than thai of a farli er. This pi'oposi lion needs only to be reflected upoii/ ordertobpcomeatonceoonvincedlhatilistrup. Wh* i4 in all the other occupations in which men areengngj Js con there bo found so much lime for reflection, ti where the mind is left free to form sound view without being contaminated by the evil aseociatio< of eueh as are not perniiilod to enjoy the b'essingai so favorable a retirement. It is a common en among farmers, that the business in which they arei gaged, shn'.s them out from the enjoyment of adv»> Vo l'>. AND GARDl'^NEU'S JOURNAL. 1 87 aliuiidiimly Btrured lo oiher men. Whnl niu I'.v called great odvuntBges am by no mcnns ' nioiic lo any one class of sociely; indeed, ibcrc i!c worib seeking lor, but wba: niny be ob • all who lire willing to make the effort. The I n polished education is an indispensable re ' r the acquirement ol' knoudodge, and that '.niiDg will only enable one to jioBecss iniclli- J not oiily erroneous, but a miiicbievious con- lil'tbomind. For such as would snogiile to 'vo3 the riyht of monopoly over the abundoni ■ which are pouring into the mind of every one, _l'i8 of knowledge and inielligonce, it is not snr- na to hear them advance such an idea. Upon the "nice of education wc cannot however place too : cstiniaic, for the benefits which it has and ul- mnst bestow upon lynnkind. But it is only location if used as a means of enlarging the \ of the mind and prepares an individual to fill i. ful station in society, that the greatest good result from it. And on the contrary, if used as 3 instrument of producing those sickly plants, too quently sent forth from our schoolsof learning to play fop or the piano, it overloads society with a set of eless beings, that ore a burthen upon it. From the owledgo of educated men Agriculture has not failed receive important aids, but not, when compared th other things of Jess importance, its due propor- n of benefits. When considered a ecience, as il ily is, it is easy to conceive that the study of it ght profitably occupy the most polished mind, and rhaps there is not a science from which eduea'.ed n, who strive to apply their knowledge to useful rposee, have derived greater pleasure, than from the idy of the principles which cause the eaith to pro- ice all the wealth of which individuals or even na- ns can boast. I vcn'ure to predict, that no one 10 has applied his talent, education, or experience, the examination of the most simple principles ol «bandiy, but what has found an ample scope for the ifitable employment of eiiher. But while such as are gaged in what are termed " profeesicnal pureuiis," I obliged 10 become acquainted wiih the ancient gnagea, in order to be familiar with certain obscure ims and phrases, the farmer h.as no occasion to Tch out any but the most simple terms to gain al knowledge his most ardent desires may demand. the school of practice he has daily opportunity for ning knowledge, while ut the same time, experi- Te and practical observation, will enable him to rnonstrate every principle connected with the busi- of his life. Comparatively but few engaged in it, tuidcr how important is the calling of a farm- and many have settled down under the con- ition that chance or necessiiy has compelled them to a station, if an opportunity had oflered, their choice uld not have dictated. From this, perhaps, more n any other cause, the but too prevalent idea has ginatcd, that ihis class of our fellow citizens are set crna9 only worthy of the associations of the '"sc- id class." What error has failed to do in fill ng ; mindsof many with false notions, prejudice has . failed to accomplish the whole «oik : and ihere- o it is, that a moie general disseminalion of Unowl- -ge may beconeideied necessary. In my next it will be my purpose not to deal so ich as heretofore in general remaiks, hut shall en- ivor to confine myseli to a more particular applica n of the subject. \'ours, &c., Jiataria, Oet.Wth. 1841. C. P. T. FOT the Hew Ocnesc: Farmer Annual Exhibitiou ■ the Mnssacliiisctls Horticultural Society— Horti- culture- in Monroe County, Sfe. Si-c, it will doubtless be gratifying to the friendsof Hor- iltnre tbron^^honi the ronntvy.to hear something of the lute Annual K.xhibitionof the Maisaeluiseits Ilor licultural Society, held on 2'2d 23d and 2-lth of Sept. From the repoi t publithed in the October number ol the Miigr.ziue of Horticulture, it appeals thai the va- riety of Fruits wcs greater than any ever before exhi- bited in the United States, Mr. Manfiing, of Salem, the greatest promologist in America, sent one hundred and thirty kinds of Pears ; Mr. Wilder, the Presi- dent of the Society, lilty ; Mr. Gushing, forty, and many other gentlemen, ihiity, twenty and ten each. A magnificent pyramid of Grapes, comprising twelve varieties on a base td' Peaches, Nectarines and Plums waa^)rescnted by Mr. Haggcrtson Gardener lo J. P. Cushing, Esq. The exhibition of vegetables was also unusually good. Tie Dahlia show far sur- passed any previous exhibition of this splendid flower by the .Society, and the number of Pot plants, Cul flowers, Bnquets, &e. , wcs very great. At the close of the exhibition the members celebrat- ed the 13ih anniversary by a dinner, after which sev- eral exeellont addresses were delivered and oppropri ale toasts and sentimenia were given, — of the latter we have selected the following, as our limited spaire will not admit of publishing all : — Agricvlttire and Horticulture — The first a notion's greatest wealih, the next, ils greatest luxury. The Cu/tiration if the Earth — It was the first act of civilization, le lie basis of all other bronchia of in- dustry and is the chief source of the prosperity and the wealth of nations. Tiic Primeval F.mploymcnt of Man — To dress the garden end keep it. HiiHiadtiiral Societies — " Fiscol corporations" whose capital stock is a well cultivated Bavh of Soil, whose Directors are producers, whose depositors gel cent per cent for their investments, whose exchanges are never below par, and which " operate perse over the Union." The Massaclinsctta Horticultural Society —ItB binh doy opened a new era in the horticulture of Nevv Fng'ond. The Hose — While we acknowledee her ns Queen at the couilof Flora, we are happy to recogni/e nmoiig our guesls the distinguished representative* of thai Queen, who.^e Kingdom have adopted in the Rose their Floral emblem. Horticulture — The art which strews our paths with Roses — loods our tables with luxuries, and crowns our labors with the rich fruits of contentment and happi- ness. TI'Qman — " A seedling sprung from Adam's Bile, We cannot bin do injustice in this brief noiieeto the report, which occupies nine poges uf the Magnzine, and mueli remains yet to be puhlished. This Society is one of the most useful and flourishing of the kind, in the country. Bnl 13 years ogo since it was orga- nized ; their meetings were at first held in a small room; and by steady and persevering efibi is wortin of all praise, they have gradually advanced so that now tliry occn|>y a spacious hall in Tremonl Row, Boston. It would be impossible to estimate the advanliigts which have resulted from their labors, not only to Ne« England, but lo the country at large. Mr. Walker, a prominent member of the Society, in speaking ol this, remarked, *' who can recount ils acts and ihi benefits thereof to the community and after genera- lions ? Had I the eloquence of a Cicero, il might bi oxliaustcd on this subject." We would strongly recommend this subject to ih< attention of Cuhivalors in our own favored disiiici. In view of such results the friends ot Ilorticultuu should want no olher inducement to associale iheni- selves together for ibe purpose of promoting Horticnl- uiral improvements. Every instance where prop r atiention is bestowed lo this branch of industry, proves most satisfactorily that we possess the mtans, if we only avail ourselves of them, to excel both in quantity and quality of our Horticultural productions. At the ale Agricultural Fair for this county the exhibition it garden productions was exceedingly limited, only ibout half a dozen exhibitois ol fiuii — two or three of lowers, and five or six of the more common svits i f vegelables. This, for the Ilortieullural depariniert ifiheFairfor the whole county of Monrce, will le iidmiited by all to be far from what it ought lo be, and argues forcibly the necessity of making some move- iiienl that will excite more general interest on B sub. ject of such vast importonce to the public. I'. • Mr. Ciaiiiui, ilie lirititli (.■ounsul from the Atliany Cultivator. The Short Horns as Milkers. MKssiie. GAVLoun & Tcckkb — In the .Tunc No. of the Cullivator there appealed nn article, signed Lewis F. Allen, in which the opinion was advoiiceri, ihat the improved Sliorl Home wore the stock best ndapied tor New England dairies. The abiliiy with v^liieh this article is written, and ihe suoree Irom which it comes, ensures it great weight with your readeis. But as this opinion is contrary to ihni of most ngiiculiurolisls in ibis reigh- liorhocd, (the vicinity of Boston) I have been in hopes of seeing an answer to it in your paper by some one more familiar wiih this subject than luyselK Tlialthis slock is the bestsnilcd lo the rich papturrs and fer'ile lands of New- York and ihe Wetlein stateu appears to be generally admilled. Are they equally well suited to ihe thin sods and scanty pasluiesof l\ew-Englnntl 1 111 the fear of saying too much for his favorites, Mr. .•\. has given them less praise in some respects than wc slinuld readily conced to ibem. He eomiicris them with our avcroge native cows ; we are in the habit of comparing ibein «iihi,ur good dairy cows. The quiiniiiy of milk given by ihe Short Horns as compaicd with our average native cows is greater than Mr. Allen asserts. Thoqualiiy of ihe milk is con- sideied by us generally as inferior to iliat of ihe com- mon cows of the country. Much of il would not, I ihiiik, sell readily lor milk. This is contraiy lo Mr. A'.'i e;:perie.nce with his Short Horns; and there iire (cerlainly among ihe grade coivs) many exceplion.s tu 11 here : Writers are too apt to forget that ibe most impor- tant question, and what we ically want lo know ir, what slock or sUicke will give us the best end cbeap- esl milk, butler, cheese, end beef; and iioi what stock will give us the mist per eopiiem. Ifitiosls three limes as miub to raise end to keep nn imp'0\- ed Shoit Horn in our climate and on our soil us one of ihe native breed, allhongh it gites twice the butler and cheese and twice the beef, it may be a pcor slock lor ns. No one here I think would be inclined to accept the wager ofl'cred by Mr. Allen at ihe end of his communication; for w e do not contend that ten or iweniy cows, which tlioiild be a fair average of the native breed of New-Englnnd, w.;uld give as much milk, butter ond cheese ns ten or twenty cows of a hieid of nearly twice their size when both lots hid as much nutritive food ns ihi y collide al. That, our cows seldcmi have all the year rmind. Mr. A. refers to British publications lo prove the superiority of the Short Horns. Following bis ej.- aiiiple, 1 will quote ihc British Hutbondry ai.d Low, ns the best Bri'ish authorities I know of on this sub- ject. In British Husbandly, eh, 26, on milch cows. It is si id, " the breed most in esteem wiih the London cow keepers who sell the milk wiihout making butler or cheese, is of the old Yorkshire stock, or a cross be- .ween the Tvveeswater and Holderness, as producing -he gjealcEl quaniiiy ; for they aie in that case roiled in the house, and of course provided with an obund- Muce ol cut gross brewers' grains, and succulent roots ; but when grazed, iliey rcquiie vci)' good j asinie, and lire not gi nerally consideied Co prodcce milk of a rich qiinliiy. But the bried wliuh of fill oiheiE appeals to lie gaining grcunil ibiouglioiit the UnileJ Kingdom tor obundant produce upon ordinary posture is the Ayrshiie kyloe," David Low in his Elements of Practical Agricul- ■ure says, " by long attention lo the cbaincteis tuat iii- dicnie a disposition 10 yield milk, ibe breed of Ayr- biie has become greatly more esteemed for the dairy 'ban Olher animals much superior lo them in size and leiduig qualities." I hope 10 see this subject more thoroughly discussed m yo'ir journal by Mr Allen and others, who, like iiim, speak forcibly what they sincerely bilieve. A YOUNG FARMER. Vicinity of Boston, Sept. 23, IKll. Tllli NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. UOCHESTiat, DE4'i:nBKR, 1811. Farcwell—Till Sext Year. We feci somewhat rehiclant to throw aside our prc- Bcnt subscription book, containing as it docs, tlic names ol' nearly twenty thousand of our esteemed friends!— Kut it cnn't be heljicd— and we hope to have the plea- sure of recording them all again in a short time, witli many more besides. We have got a larger and hand- somer book for the next year, and all who wish the Iionor of having their names recorded in it, will send 1'3 FIFTY cents! (hiciirreiit Moupy. Bills of Bulvcnt banks in Ohio, Indinnn, Ken'ueky, rennsylvnnia, Canada, &c., will be received at par in payment for this paper, if sent free of postage and nn commission dcdacleJ. Michigan and Illinois bills cannot be received nt present. Bills of the Buffalo (Safety Fund) banks will be received from siibjcri- bers in Michigan and Illinois. (Till l'urlhe;r njtice.) ■ Tiavelll!!? Asants. We do not find it necessary to employ travelling Agents for this paper; hut C. F. Crosmak, will art as such when travelling on his general business in the country. He will carry out Garden Seeds of his own raising and Corn Brooms and Brushes of his own man- ufacture. The Editors. Mr. Colman is expectaJ at Rochester bv thelatler part (.f December — in time to superintend the next No. of the paper. The present eJilovs w.U cnitinue their ussietance, and the character of the work will not be a rural life, and of rescuing that occupation on which all other occupations depend, from the neglect in which Indolence or lack of enterprise attempts to ob- scure it." The next is from the (Baltimore) Ameri,can Farmer, the oldest agricnUuroI paper in the Union, edited by John S. Skinner, a veteran w-iter in the cause. " HENRY COLMAN— We draw three lines un der this name, as wo believe it is the printer's sign for large capitals 1 and because we wonld, in every do honor to an cm Jnr«'/f/«.''//u/ m, no one whose labors of utility ore more wide-sproad, or likely to be more enduiing than ' the Comsussioneb FOR THE AcRlCn-TURAI. SuRVEY OF MAfSACHtlSETTS.' There is originality, vigor of thought, and practical nsefulness in his observations on the ngricultnral prac- tice-, and prodncls, and capacities of Lis State, and his suggestions for the further dcvelopement of its re- sources, that must srike every one, nt whatever die- lance, who, by any chance, sees what he is doing." Tlie following is from the (Rochester) American Ciiiz.'n, edited by Gen. Wm. L. Cicaplin, who is personnllv acqnuinted with Mr. Colma.n : I am happy to annonnce U' the farmers of Western New York, that Mr. Biueham has recently been able 10 secure the services of He.n'RV Colman, of Massa- chusetts, as Q permanent Editor of the New Genesee Farmer. He also becomes a joint proprietor in the paper. Mr. Cohnau was for many years an eloquent and popular preacher. He is a well-trained scholar — richly furnished with inlormat^on in the various de- parimenta of literature and science — a man of warm and generous impulses, and nn accomplished gentle- man. His pen is sprightly, nervous and instructive. Some years since, he became a praciieal farmer in one of the most delightful spots in the beautiful valley ci{ the winding C'oniKclicut in the \ipper part of Massa- chnsetis. From that time he has cherished agricul- Hire as a profession, sviih the loving enthnainsm of the most devoted artist. For a lew years past he has been the Agriciillural Commis.iioner of Massachusetts by the apiiointment of the G ivernor under an act of the l,egisbitnre : along widi his keenness of observation, •md hia untiring zeal in the cause, he has enj.)yed the amplest opportnnilics for acquiring and digesting a vast sore of every-day available knowledge. It is hazarding nothing in saying, that it would be difficult, f not impossible, to find a man in the country whose qualifications are more happdy adapted to give life and interest to an agricultural journal, than Hknry Col- li;t nil aericullure— promote tlie best inlcrcsta of .ommunity, tena to increase tlie wealtli and pn,»iierily of the Na io It is hoped, thp.ierorc, that every frieiiil ol'ugrkulinre-e' well-wisher of liin neijjnborhood and his county. Will his aid, and not only subscrihe himself, but induce hisne , iiors to subscribe also. The paper will liecominncd at presieni low price, in order that its iiiHueiice may be m( widely extended. Its appearance will be cons derably proved, and llaving now a Power Pre.ss e.nclusively foi worlt, greater promptness and regularity will be secured. i;areful clerks are engaged to mail the papers, so tr- " '" believed there will he little cause for complaint he.-e I'ost Masters and their Assist.-vnts, are autlionzal gpectfully solicited to act as Agents and remit Buliscnptiop, an "'and we know of ''<"• ">e Farmer. The low price at which it is published wj an. ana wc Kno^w oi ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ pecuniary compensation to Agen;s. it is believed they will find u reward in the bcneti.s \vr result from the circulation of such periodica' s in ihcir ne borhoods. ... I O-Persons ordering papers are requested to slnrlly ohsrn the TEa,«s, and be c-arefnl to wriie^(ui7/iy the names r'' ■■' scrlbers, their Post Office, County, and Stale; and cases to send the money with the order, an that the perplel ity of keeping accounts mav be avoi lei. ' BI. 15. BATEllAM, Propri TEBM.'.— If current money is sent (sucli as New Yoi ■ iVew kngland bills, J conuuission w ill be allowed as fo ,even cnp.es, for ®?'^S? Payment always to \ I'welve do. for -^.O" ( ,,,.,je ;„ :.drfance rwenty-fnedo. for lO.OU S "" No commission will be allowed, if u/irurrejif money is s Address, BaTKUAM & COLMA.V, December 1, 1=11. Rochtiler, /V -2a materially changed. Tt mnv bo well to remind some o( our readers that >t.\N . , ., It may OL wc.i lo it,iiiii.uou... ./ He cornea to Western New York, with the purpose the articles which are found in this volume, marked thus, t are wiitton by D.ivid Thomas, of Aurora, Caynga Co., and th.ose marked thus, * are by his son Jjh.i J. Thomas, of Miccdon, Wayne Co. llcary Colman. Much has been said in prais^^ of Hhnry Colman, by a:;ricultural papers of late, but as many of our readers prob:ibly do not see other papers of the kind, we dce:n it proper to give an extract or two by way of introducing him to their acquaintance. As we do this wiTiij-jT Ills K^^owLEDG^; or consent, no one can accaie hhn of egotism on account of it. The first is from the Farmers iVIontlily Visitor, edited by Ex-Governor Hill, of New Hampshire. '• The Miissiichvsctts Agiiailturul Ci:mmissoiier. — There is no man in Auerica more ardent in the cause of Agriciillural im|irovcment than Hk.vry Col- M^v, wh. MS under the employment of ihe Le^ialamre ■ if Musachusetts, and who visits different point.- in liiat Comraonwealih with the view to inspirit the far mora and t ) present the results of his observations and labors to ihe public. For elfcciing his objoct, Mr. C ilman travelj in various directions among tbe yeo. niinry of the Commonw a'th, with hi.^ horse and g'g wagon and in almost as plain an attire as the workmen in ihe field. Wc have a few times seen M'. Colman umong the farmers at agricultural exhibitions ond (dsewuere ; and the enthiisiaaai he exbihiH on each iiifricultural topic cannot fail to inlnse itself into the most insensible farmer and arouse oil his energies. The conversational powers of Mr. C. are equal lu those of the beat man we ever met ; his language flows like a stream of pure water ; and like many gushing rivulets that ooze from the hills and ferialize the land below, s) do his writings tlirow translucent light upon the subject he describes. * ' The Commias.oner will find but few equals in the art oi 4escribing the plo.atures on I the advantages of of making it a p;rman(nt residence. In comparison with New England, he will find a new country, whose resources as yet a e but very partially developed, and but imperfectly comprehended by the people. He cannot fad to be delighted in nnticipaiion of what in- dustry and ingenioua husbandry will one dny make ihis gar.lcn of the State. If by bis written ess-iya and oral adilresjes he can succeed in imparting lo a few loading mind?, but a tithe of hie own enihusinsm in the pursuits of agricullur.-, a tew years will |)rodiice a tevolulion in that department which will ast'inish u.s. T?.\RM ANI> SAW i«ILt. 1 OH SAL J; acres of choice land (i and a half ni.les from of the city of Kochcster, about ilKl acres under eocJ ht nroveinent, and ihc rCMduc finely tiiiiliereil with \\ 1 Chesnut, and otlier timl;er suitable for sawing, i'be S»v Mill on this farm has l;een recently put in complete repai; and Is rigged for either a single sB^v or a gang of 8 s.av .sawing boat or ship plank. There's tiuibcr enough n prcmijca when mnnufnctured imo lumber, lo p y In: farm. The buildings, besides the saw mill, arc a coniforti ble dwelling bouse, and a large frame barn. Aiiout 3,1 r.cn :vre sowed with wheat this fall. To nn nierpri^iing uian.i; ■tier opportunity can be i.ffcred for profitable investinen ihe men and teams engaged in funning in Ihe summer, en 1 advantageously employed in lumlieiing du r. ®2.Ull.l willl-c irchasc money cai Apply to the subsi Oil. 2.1. 11-41. ,( cqulred in hand, and the t riber at lEochcslc : of th (iHO. W. PI! ATT. aud Gard ma'iiac," for i842-By Thomas AfliciR, < inc nali —Also " Bee breeding in the West," by the same i thnr. Price 2o cts. each-«2 per dozen, for sale at the £51 Store and llooksti Al Chester. — No 1 AKOKiV !!>K!il)S ill Uoxts.-c. K CUOc^M* ~ respecirully infotms his country friends aad customers lie will at the usual lime, be prepaied to flupply the* fresh assortments of g.irden seeds, of his own ri ' lection, su h as he is confi.lent will give salisi act Chester, Oct. I. lS4t _^ aotllillSTUK PKlC'l:;."* t;L'Klli;NT COP.KECTKfJ FOR TIIF. XF.WGE.NESKF. FAU.IIEIi, DF.CEMBRR I. 19W WHEAT per bushel, ,'§; l,0(i a THE KEW GKNESKK FAKMEK, A.ND GARDK.VER's J11UHSA1.. VOLUME THREE — FOR lBJ->. TTI B Clieapest /i;;ricii!t«ral Papfr in thr Union:— U Large Pages .Monihlj, cwilh engravinga,) only 50 Cents per .» ear I! HENRY COLMAN, EDITOR. (Lntc AirrifiiUnrnI Cummisuwnrr of Ike, Slate of MassachusMs, and F.iLitur oj Ihe. 7\\w Eng. Farmer ) Grateful f.ir the extensive p.-ilr„ii.-,^.. «lii,:li ;!,<. New Gen- Farmer has re eive.d d r I,; ilie|:,iH vear, the proprieli CORN, OATS " BARLEY, " RYE " BEANS, White,.. " POTATOF.S " AI'l'l.ES, Desert,. " FLOUR, Supeifine, per bbl. " Fine, " .... SALT " .... PORK, Mess " .... " Prime " " per 100 lbs 5IJ. 28.. 44.. 56.. an. 2(1.. 3f .. 5.25.... .. 5,00.... .. 1,3a.... ..10,0(1.... .. y,oo.... .. 2.50.... now has the sails ":ic!ii su.^h arr ingements for 1 highly g at.t"» ng t itbe it u Etill mure c.\t» ■Desiri lo to 11,1k.- il II .igricult lal 1 i[.ei ill :li lliescrv tcrand. n.lnr 111- Nlt\ and fori iiTly ..lilo r of I nnd- iiieiKlpor, uiiil ci.nnot fjiii Lo be :fi>r somu.'h honor a nd sii,'.-e-s, an 1 loca c r,t Ro,;licii?r, where. hrnugh tbe me ! am of Ihe G.-ncfce Fanner, he eXi.ects lo ■ ive lipid of usefiilnpss. itOM and contriliu-.ors will conliniip iheir The former e: aflsislaiice, and i are will lie liikpn to make the pappi imer- csling and usplu . not onlv tn fanneis, bill to all pci sons eu- CHgc 1 In r-iral o r doiiieBt c atT.irs M ith suib a iT):nl.in,i- tion of talent, til Ne>v (iene..=ee Farmer cannot fail to obtain an imm^n-^ i-iri' ji..iioii— !!iver.new imrulsc to the cause of BEEF. . per 100 lbs .'i.Od POULTRY per ib ~ EGGS per dozen, BUTTER. Fresh., per pound " Firkin, "... CHEESE " ... L\RI) '■ ... TALLOW, Clear, "... HIDES, Green " ... SHEEP SKINS PEARL ASHES, ... 100 lbs.. POT, " " .. WOOL, pound,. HAY ton, . GR.i^SS SEED, bushel,. COVER.. 7.00. FLAX " " ... tTJ PLASTER, (in bbls-) per ton, . 6,00 " bulk fat Whenthinil). :i,.50 Rcnuirhs. — Navigation is closed — tbe mills hs stopped, and the roads are bad ; of course very lit bnsincs.s is doing in market, nnd tbe prices of piodu nre very unsettled. The principal ariic'e now oifei. is Pork, and tbe price of that is not very sntis-fact" to farmers' although we perceive it is as high here, comparison with other places, as can be afforded. Tl latest qnototions from Cincinnati are 9,95 per 100 11 18., 13. 10. . .5,25. . .5,50. . 30. .13,00. . 1.25 • 4' .14,01 . B,0t .1,00 ' IX iltontl)l2 JPubltcatton, Heoote^ to tl)e Improoemettt c( GRICULTURE AHD HORTICULTURE, AND TO RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY >I know of no pnrsnit, in whicU niore real and important serFices can fie ir«il4ered lu any Country, than by improTing Its Agricnlture^"— IVasblngton. EDITED BY HENRY COLMAN VOIiUME 3i PUBLISHED BY M. B. BATEHAM, ROCHESTUIt, lir. Y 1842. INDEX 10 VOLUME III. Address of J. B. Notl, ai Albany, report of, 26. extract from, 47. J. S. Sleeper, extracts from, 47. D. Thomos, 6oi!a, nianagerneiunndraisman- agemeiit of manures, 66. Alonzo Gray — importanco of agricultural , "tiidy, 91. Hi:mijhryHowland— extracts, 92. David Wright — extracts, 92 . Abni. Morion — notice, 93. John Caldwell — exiracta, 9'J. J. E. TeEchemncher — Horticulture, 163. Advertising not done graii8.72. Advice, homely but good, 31 . Agricultural Books, notifies ot': — Orcbardisi's Companion , 5. American Almanac, 5 Liebig, Dana and JobneoK, 89. Liebig's Chemistry, 116. Gruy's Elemeiils, reviewed, 134 , The Farm HouBe, 137 Agricultural Fair of New York State Ag. Society, account of, Hjfi a^ard of premi-iima at, 170 )f Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, and Genesee, 1 68 Cayuga and Wayne, 1 69 Seneca and Oneida, 1 72 Fairs, remarks on reports of, 33 of Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, and Oneida, announced, 65 Erie county, i81 ,...<.. notices of several, -97, 125,133, 145, 159. AgricnUunil Improvement, letter on, 33 meetings recommended, 7 Museum at Rochester, 74 ,,..> Papers, notices of: Collonial Farmer, 5 Chautauque Co, Silk Journal, 8 Farmers' Cabinet, 15 N. y. State Mechanic, Central N. Y. Farmer, Eaetem Farmer, British Amer- ican Cultivator, U. S. Farmer, and re- marks on several others, 29 History and notices of eevcral, 100. Berkehire Farmer, 137 Agricultural papero, important, 15 proper objects of, 17 value of, 94, 87 cheapness of, 113 .i as premiums, 11.^ Agricultural products, prospoct of prices of, 81 School, legacy for, 49 liberal donation for, ,13 Soc. ofN. y. S., winter meeting, 5, 26 ■• cost of transporting cattle, 6 .■•■.premiums on field crops, 28 premiums on butter and cheese, 38 premiums offered, 74 ■ Transactions of, con- tents, 100, 118, 150 coming fair noticed, 133 account of cattle show and fair, 166 speeches at meeting of, 167 Steuben Co-, meeting and offi- cers of, 8 Ontario Co., notice of premi- ums offered, 21 • premiums awarded, 36, 168. Wyoming Co., officere, 29. Moor«e Co., officers, 37 notices, 129 rules for premiums, 129 committees, 1,V3 Fair of, 168 Reports of, 179 Seneca Co., premiums of, and history of the county, 46 Fair of, 172 Niagara Co., strictures, 141. Fair of. 168 Yates Co. Fair and Show, 178 Agricultural statistics, Ellsworth's 54 error in, 55, 81 Warehouse at Syracuse, 104 at Troy, 128 waicbutise, hisicry of, 128 Agriculture, English and American cotiiparcd. 28 Ecie.iiitic, letters on, 50, 70, 98, 114. JMaine report on, 95 in RusHi'a, 155 of Madison comity, 1£S of Ontario ccmity, 184 Analysis of toils, renmrlio on, 88 Apple, King, noticed and described, 57 Springport pippin described, 73 ...... treee, pruning, 99 Army worm, 109 Ashes as manure, to mnnogc, 11 saiiefactoiy experiments, 164 Asparagus, culture of, 123 made into paper, 123 Aurora, or Elysian Fields, 137 B Bankrupt Liiw, first efTects of, 37 Bnrlcy, naked, subeiilute for wheat, 86 Born, plan of, 95 Bees, iiunagement of, 86, 157 Beet sced^ success and Jnilure in jjlpntihg, 73 Bemeni, C. N., commended, 59 B.rdsand Frogs speak English, 135 their naelulnrsb-, bow tried, 143 Book farming, remarks on, 2], 107 Batany, ignorance ol American ladies in, 135 Bowlders, remarks on, 36 Broom corn, culture, cost, and profits of, 51 and other vegetables, degeneracy in, 72 Buildings wholly of horizontal boards, 62, 88 Butter, directions for making, 31 importance in quuliiy of salt, 32 Bemeni's mode of making in winter, 02 Andrews' mode of making, 106 C Calves, rearing, !03 Camels recommended on the wcBlern prairies, 115 Canada thistles, destroying, 89, 105 Candles from castor oil, 17, 55, 65,179 Carrots, white recommended, 7, 71 .i culture of 77 good for cattle, 123 effects of on horses, 126 Castor oil beans and candles in the west, 17, 55, 85 Cattle, Ayrshire, produce of, 2 Uurbatn, disciission of their merits, 3, 4,35,6f shipped to Canada, 85 portrait end pedigree of bull 'Archer 89 .... romparieon with Devons, 57 sale of T. Weddlc's, 41, 85 Creampot, sale of, 6, 20 Holderncsf., 53 Swiss bulls and cows. 111 ..... improved, in Genesee county, 149 enormous, 165 fat, weight of fifty years ago, 171 in Genesee Valley, 149 premiums on at SiniihfiielJ, 49 of Western N. York, hard to send to the State Fair, 6 heated, remedy for. 88 cause of murrain in, 439 Cauliflower, bad seeds, 65 Chemistry applied to Agriculture, 50, 70, 99 nitrate of soda, 53 Daniels' new artificial manure, 84, 114,116 manures, 93 poudrette, urate, guano, 114 Cherry trees, grafting, 37 Choked cattle, remedy for, 43, 84 Cisterns, 72 Climate of U. S. compared with that of England, 39 Colman's, Henry, Ag. Tour in Europe, 188 Coloring compounds, Edaon's, 105. Cooking apparatus, figure and description of, 94 Corn for fodder, direciions for raising, 34, 94 .... and wheat alternately, remarks, 70 ..b. eighty bushels for one pair bo0ts, 85 large cope, 100, 101 .... remarks on best manures for, 158 Correspondents wanted, 24 kind letters from, 33 notices to 40, 56, 104, 178 and quarrels among, 72 Cottage, elevation and plan of, 62 Cows beat for dairy, several facts, 2 discussion and remarks, 20 . native, excellent selections, 2 instances of great m ilkers, 34 Durham, discussion of their tnerits as milkers.! as milkers, wont of accurate experl niems, 22, 34 .... to prevent tiiinip taste in milk ol, 71 ; ill harnasa, K ivies, 145 • Cranberries, euliureof, 45 Crauberry-rikc, figure and description of, 124 Ciaier in the Sun, 123 Crops should be ua large as possible, 71 and niai Lets, protpectsof, 121 .... insurance of, 123 in South Venice, 145 Crow convention, inieiesting debates at, 10 Cucumbers, Culture of, £5 Currant, direciions for culture titid description of va. rieties, 171 Cut-worm repelled by salt, 109 Cjlindric Tiller it Planter, fig. and desciipfon of, 15 O Dial, east-iron, 88 Dinner at SyracUcP, 7 Do Is in America. 135 Uotncsliu Econumy : Bcecher's treatise on 37 Hung or dried beef, 32 Yeatt, 32 Sbnkc carpets often, 38 Watch your pork, 32 Various uses of vvatcr-Iime, 43 Cleaning glass, 47 Hogs lard and wheat flout fot wheels, 135 To kill Hies, 147 Summer cooking apparatus, 94 Edson's Coloring Compounds, 105 Paste for sharpening razors, 132 Moths ])rcvented by red cedar, 141 Draining, lecture on by Smith of Deanston, 130 figures illustrative of Smiths lecture, 132 expeuree and profits of the old system com- pared with the new, 175 Drinking, times for, 1.59. E Economy for females, by Zelia, GO S. W.,78 Zelia rebuked by Flora, 108 Editor, high complimenis to, 16 terrified, swarm of queries to, 44 Editoiial Addresses, 1, 17, 152, 161 life, bewitching clia -1118 of, 40 Education, imponance of, 138 Ens;Iand, news from, 9 climnteand productions of compared with' U. States, 142 English farmers, condition of, 142 Evergreens, transplanting, 22 F Farm management in winter, llO Farmer, n quite stingy one, 128 Farmers' Cabinet, plagiarism of, 15 winter meinoronda, 31 Farmers, comparison of Eiig. and Anier. 107, 142 unreasonable complaints of, 143 Farming, general directions, 11 importance of accuracy, 12 in Jefferson county, J18 Onondaea county, 119 the Genesee Vallev, 120, 136, 148 Illinois, 139 Coyuga county, 150 Cortland Co., and Dutchess Co., 150 Herkimer county, 151 Madison county, 186 Russia, 155 Farms, directions for laying out, 23, 41 description of three good ones, 119 Fences and buildings in Genesee Valley, 148 Flowers, love of. 61 poetry, 78 to preserve, 1 37 Fiance, number of domestic animals in, 135 Fruit needs thinning on trees, 97 fine, noticed, 137 .... trees, great profits of, 7 swelled buds, 10, 36 to repel mice from, 55 to prevent black gum, 36 transplanting, 73 good crops on this year, 81 remarks on the culture of, 153, 173 to prevent caterpillars on, 153 to protect from frost, 167 Fuel ; comparative advantages of dry and green wood. 22 INDEX TO VOIIJME lIL G GorJtning ; rcinoike on iintive tlirubt nil J pinnw. 90 J. K. Teschemscliere oddrcES on, 102. culiuru of Conipsmila roiundilblin, ?8 lemnike on flowers by 2clin, 44 floricuhuro, 47, 90 Gurdciis, nionuiiiig, 11, 39 larmcis' retnnrkson, '39 Gale hinges and fniieningB, figureoof, 8 Gvncsce Vnllev, dfecripiion ot, lUi) ■. forming in, 136. M8 Good temper nmoiiL' edilorf , 60 CJooeeberrics, to prevent mildew in, 53, 91 Grafting, new mode of, 160 Crape vine ciittinfjB, ISO ■ tine, noticed, 137 Grass, orchnni. suctessfiilly cultivated, 72 ..... llnlinn Rye, 1*S0 lands, siicccfsful nmnageincnt of, 171 (Jrasoce, cnlturo of in Gtncsee Volley, 136 Green erope for inamire, discussion, lUS, 12'2 Grub worm repelled by salt, H9, 109 H Ilord litnce, 125 remedy for, 13 Iliiicli's sowing inacliine, successful, 105 engraving ol, 112 lleoriache, pitiful, 41, 12S Hedge, Ilorce-ebesinu!, 180 IJeiiip. culture of by J. Wilson, 50 H.Clay, 59 rotting, 106 Hogs, Berkshire, very great, ">5 at Clyde, do 79 in Maine, do 79 to cure worms in, 147 tonintoes cure fet-onre in, 155 Hcllow-head, marks of, 53 Hops, great yield of, 165 Horee killed by garget or poke, 103 HoiFee, Cheap food tor. 179 Horticulturnl societies, notices of seTerol fnirs-, 13 House-jilattts, culture recommended, 63 Hussey's rtsping machine, engraving allJ descrip- tion of, 173 I Inquiries, sarcastic replies tn-, 56 Insects, remarks on various kinds, 138 Intellectual culture, 140, 182,177 Ireland, condition of, 142 K Knowallsand Searchers, 75 Knowledge is power, — mechanics, 175 L. Laborers, comparison of English and French, 126 Lodies Saloon, 56 Law, advantages of, 160 J^ecther business in Danvcre, 126 Lo Pioy Female Seminary, 77 Lightning-rods, to erect, 134 Lime, remarkson, 115 and mode of application, 1 1 7 Literature a source of happiness, 15 M Madder, culture of, 69, 180 Magazine of ilurtieulture, extracts from, 13 Manure, liquid, and urinaries, 53, 156 Daniels' new artilicial, 84 icmarkson components of, 11 4, 116 inquiries respecting, 1 75 leaves for, 93 green crops tor, discussion, 108, 122 leoiher shavingo for, 123 ...'. bran for, 123 Bommer's nev/, noticed, I. "4 amount of woolen rags used tor, 141 Manuring V/ith straw, supposed discovery, ll Maliures, management and mismanagement of, 66 chemical remarks on, 53, 84, 98 > urate, poudrette and gu- ano, 1 44 Animal, 180 management of pflu'drette, &.c. 147 strewing stables with gypsum, 31 Markets, 9 Marl in Vermont, 9 Meadows, successful management of, 171 Meanness and wheel grease, 113 Maple sugar, large product, 115 Moral and Intellectual culture, 162 Morpeth's stanza at Niagara, 125 Muck and peot bogs, to reclaim, 35 to make into manure, 35 Mulberry trees for sale I 77 i\ Names of plains and lloweip, 187 New Genesee Kuinier, publisher's nofoc, 1, 101 Ldi tonal notice, I, 8 addicBU, 1, 17, 102 ngrnts, 32, 48 O Onts. directions for culiure of, KJC Oil from Indian corn, 54, 125 lard, 55, TJS Onions, culture of, 71 P I'atints iesiicd in 1641 55 Patronage, wiihdiawal of, dciied, W I'ench tices, cure for riiacatrs in, 15 Peor trees, great profits of, 7 Seckel, not Scl-kle, 23 Peas, great crop, 170 Plngiarisni, remarkson, 88 Plaster, great fertility pieduced by, 45 remaiks on upernlion of, 67, 1 19 lull directions tor using, 1 1 1 Plough, Wi.ojd'e, greot ilijusiice towards, 124 Howard's at Rochester, 128 Ploughing matches, remnrUs on, 6, 23 condiiiona at, 139 » at Rocheeter, 1 71 subsoil, object and advontoge, 8S great and beueliciul results of, 1.30 in autumn reconimemied, 1 19 Ploughmakcr's convention, e9, 104 Poland, condition imd prices in. 125 Political inconsistencies, 97 Portraits of nnimals, remarks en, 17 Posts e and lines, tyranny, 139 Pobt ofHce Olid postage, remoiks on, 83, 104 Potatocsi Shefrer'sniid McGuiro's prcm.um cropS) 17 greot crop, .39, lOl great improvement in cultivating, 93 exoerimcnlsin cultivating, 103 crop covered with straw, 119 i 10 dig lor summer use, 109 . plucking the blossoms, 151 remarks on, 121 10 grow in clay soils, 180 use of Frozen, 180 Poultry protected from hawks by guinea hens, 45 K flailway speed, 166 Recipes-^tocnre wounds and bruises, 93 Ridge vs. Flat Drill, IHl llonds, easily improved, 23 absurdity of turnpiking and other execrable practices, 10 Roller, value of. 87 Root crops, enormous, premiums nt State Fair, on, 7 practical remarks on, 11 amount cultivated by G. ShelTer, 49 strictures on VV. Garbiitt'e opinions, 63 \V. Garbmt'a corrected views, 68 Root cutter, cheap and gdodj 72 Rural life and pleasures, 78 Rust in wheat, 184 Rusty straw supposed injurious to cattle, 133 '. ...I denied, 147 suggestions on, 179 Ruta baga, culture of, a d experimrnts, 71 to prevent taste in milk, 71 Rye cultivation of, 122 Salt, Onondaga, impurity of, -13, 123 .... repels cut worms and grubs, 109, 133 .... tor destroying grubs, leiiiarks, 116 etticacy of, 133 Scarlet fever, simple and ell'eciual treatment of. 13 Seede, change of, by Spreiigel, 146 hybrids, 1 38 sowing, and causes of failure, 61 Seeding on greensward furrows, 181 Shakers' establishment, visit to, 156 Sbalc, marling with, 117 ^hcep, expense nnd profits, 11 description of difTcrent breeds, 14, 30 feeding trough and rack for, description of. 24 mantrer, figures and description of, 24 shearing, premiums for, 99 productive, 101 large fleeces, 101 wintering, experiments in, 110 in Genesee Valley, 137 foot rot in, causes and remedy, 165 great price paid for, 182 Short speeches, 93 Silk worlds, Tillinghast'e mode of feeding, 14 . mode of reeling, 135 machine, 153 .... culture, itueons for, 14 in Pennsylvania, succetsful, 176 amount produced, 28 in New Englond, wi lb accurately rc- poited expeiiuieiits, 42 • New England circular respecting, 144 ntLima, N. Y., 151 in Ohio, 135 greot increnscin U. S. shown by boun- ty paid, 115 and miinuloctured by J. CaldWell, 59 Ellsworth's report on & crroi in, 56, 81 \V. U. C'.ook'a experiments in, 178 Slaughtering ami jiackirg, pricts, 107 Snakes iiselul, 09 Social evils, 88 S.'ils, remarks on, 66, 185 analysis, 88 Songs of birds in English, 135 Sovereign remeilies, 103 SquosU cultuic, 5.i Stables, strew ihtm wiih gypsum, 31 Siuiisticol tablts of M. L. Ellowortb, 54, 81 Stearine i'rom lard, .^i5, T6 bow obtoined, IS5 Slovc, eelf-regulaiing, 167, 173 Straw, good wny to feed, 7 Sugar from cornstalks, 54 mode of obtaining, 76 Summer beer, excellent, — when let alone, 1(;6 Syracu:re dinners, remarks on, 7 'J" Tarifl ; home league, 10 triasury report, and objections lo protection, 12 ; ctilcts of increosed duties, 29 meeting in Rochester, 53 reiniirks on by Old Humphrey, S3 high, objected to, 67, 158 injustice to wool growers, 101 John Farmer's remarks on, 126 ...... reply to John, 141 Duttnn's remarks on, 154, 183-4 'W. Gnrbutt's reply to B. W. 183 Temperance Reform, 1(1, 113 Thames Tlmnel done, 175 Thrashing machines and horse powere, remarkson 102; 140 i Pitts' , recoiT.mended, 140 Titles dicii^arded, 45 Tobacco, 182 Tomato, culture o!, 5 figs, recommended, 57 Town and couiiliy, 71 Trees, ornamental, 79 transplanting, 79, 1.53,73 Turnpis, practical remarks on, II .Scotch yellow, 105 without cost, 117 bran as manure for, 123 Typhus fever, to destroy contagion of, 39 V Vegetable compass, 146 Ventillator, Espy'f conical, fiirure and account of, 10.5 Mr Water lime, its various uses. 43 Waterloo woolen factory, 117 Weather, how to foretel to a nicety, 56 and season, 65,81,97,113,129,145,161,177 Weeds, remarks on, 103 ...... turned to manure, 147 oxeye daisy, 1 1 1 Weighing machine for animals, 41 Western manners — letter from the West, 85 adjuncts and contiasts, 85 What isbeoutilul '! 177 Wheat growing, three experiments in, 6 smut in, causes and cure, 12, 139, 147, 167 premium crops, 17 M-3diterraneaii, 36, 158, 182 ..-.. rolling and harrowing in spring, 4.9 alternating with corn, 70 varieties compared, 117 large crop, and mode of culture, 119 great crops noticed, ISO ploughing and following for, remarks on, 123, 124 . . . crop, prospect of, 129 Seed,177, Windmill, horizoniak figure and description of. 9 Glover's, 21,89 obscurely described, 125 Wine, ingredients in, 13 Wmterof 1841-2, 37, 65 Wintering stock, 110 Wool, immense importations duty free, 101 and clolb, protection asked. 115 HATCH'S mm SOWIIG iiCHIIi. B. BATEHA Intending to spend several months in Ohio, has obtained the Right of Hatch's Sowing Machine for that State ; and he takes this method to inform his friends in that re- gion, that he will soon exhibit among them one of the Machines in operation, a bare in- spection of which will convince all that it is just what is needed by the Wheat Growers in the Baininer State. (For particular description, &c., see New Genesee Farmer, Vol, 2, p. 143— and Vol. 3, p. 112.) Mr. B. will sell County Rights in Ohio, on very advantageous terms, to enterprising Me- chanics. Mr. Hatch will continue at Rochester, where he will be happy to receive any applications for Rights or single Machines. He deems it unnecessary to say any thing more of his Ma- chine at present, than that the numerous and respectable farmers in Western New-York, who have used it, all agree in declaring that it is just what they wanted. He challenges the world to produce a better article for the purpose. Letters must be Post Paid. Mr. Bateham will also act as the authorised Travelling Agent and Correspondent for the next Volume of this paper, which will be enlarged and improved. Terms, |1,00 per year. Bound volumes, 1, 2 and 3, are for sale by M, B. Bateham, and at the Rochester Seed Store. .,lfe.^.^*^^*».If-'B^4^^4^, BATEHAM & COLMAN, ^Proprietors HENRY COLMAN, Editor. PUBIilSIIED MOx\TIIL.Y. TERMS, FIFTV CK.VrS, per year, payaljle always in advance. Posr Masters, Agents, and others, seiuiinE current nMin- ey free of postajie, will receive seren coities for ®3, — Ticctvt copies (or So,— TVenty-Jiie copies for filO. T/ie poslaffe o( IMa paper is only one cent to anyplace wiitiin this state, and one and a half cents to any part of the I'liited Slates. Address BATKIIAM & COLMAN. Rochester. N. V. ICr For Contents see last page. Publishers Notice. " We wish a happy New Year'' to our numerous frienjs who have so promptly sent in their new subscriptions. Those who have not itone so will not receive this number till tliat duty is attended to, and we insert this Hibernian Notice to inform them thereof ! CanJid'i and Pennsyhanin money, is at a discount of 7 to 10 percent, here, and some of our agents complain because we refuse to allow them a com- mission on it. We now say that we will allow them one half of the usual rate of commission on such money, if sent free of postage. Asents anl officers of Agricultural Societies in Canada, are requested to remit payments to Messrs. Ljfmiin I'lirr, \ Co., Toioiito. Those who do so will be allowed the same rate for Canada money as last year. A New-Years Gift. We print n few hundred extra copies of this num- ber, and send ihem (with show bill) to I'ost Mnstere and others oe n New. Years Gift in return for the nu- merous favors they hnvo granted us. We hope they will Vy "plcrise read iind Cimilatc." Sditorial Notice. The necessity of Mr. Colraan'sattendins to com- plete the publication of his Fourth Report on the Agriculture of JVIassachusetfs, and a multiplicity of cares and labors incident to a removal from one home to another distant home, prevent his doing but very little for this number of the N. G. Far- mer. He will endeavor to atone for present defi- ciencies hereafter. It is his expectation to take up his abode in Rochester about the 20th of Janu- ary ensuing, if a kind Providence permits ; and there at that lime he requests his friends to ad- dress him. EDSTORIALi ABDUX^SS. Few men who have had much experience of life venture upon any new enterprise mthout an oppre.s- Bivc and embarrassing feeling of the uncertainty of success. The young may be confident ; the old know how many reasons there arc for being wary and dis- trustful— of themselves as well a.s others. It is not alw.iys easy to satisfy one's self; it is often difficult to satisfy others ; and what is best to be done and how it is bc-=it to do it, the mest sanguine arc often at a loss to de- termine. But it will not on tliat account do for us to hesitate to act ; or to stand like the traveller on the riv- ers bank, who deter.iiined not to cross until tlie waters had all !\o-xn by. We must act; and in attempting to do the best we can, we may at least satisfy our own con- science, if we satisfy no one else. I have now this strategic to go through with in under- taking the editorial department of the New Genesee Farmer ; and I do not know how other.visc to determine it than as above. I promise my best ser\'ices. I will do what 1 can to render this paper instructive and usc- fij, agreeable and entertaining ; ecrvieeable to agricul- tural improvement ; conducive to thedilVusion of whole- some knowledge; and the iiromotion of sound morals. I enter upon the undertaking with an unfeigned dif- fidence, but at the same tune ivith great pleasure. My mind has been many years occupied with agricultural inquiries and my heart has been long and deeply inter- ested in the improvement of the farming art and the fanners themselves. My habits through Ufe have cal- led me to mingle with them conslantly. There is no rural or agricultural labor with which I have not been fimUiar. My enthusiasm in the cause of agricultural improvement has never in the slightest measure flagged or abated. I know no more reasonable or useful object to which I can devote the power of doing any thing for my fellow man which Heaven has given me. With these sentiments I enter upon a now field of enterprize and labor ; and I shall be happy to do what I can to enrich and adorn it, and to render it more and more pro- ductive. I have often thought, indeed I think eveiy day of my life, what a curious process this writing and printing is ; and I never receive a letter but I look upon it as a kind of standing miracle. When Capt. Smith was threat- ened with death by the Intlians in Virginia, he was re- leased by the interposition of Pocahontas upon a con- dition that he would give a certain amount of arms or ammunition for his ransom. To obtain these he mitst communicate with his friends. In order to do this he wrote a few lines upon a leaf torn from his pocket book and having sent this by a messenger to his friends, the ransoniwas immediately p.aid. The Indians looked at this proceeding with unutterable astonishment. What indeed can be more a.stonishing than that by a few scratches, a few black marks, a few mystic characters, we can communicate with each other as effectually as if we grasped each others hands or looked in each others eyes; that we can tell our thoughts, feelings, purjMses, history, with certainty and precision, though those with whom we communicate may be hundreds and thousands of miles removed from us, though moun- tains may raise their inaccessible summits, and oceans spread their unfathonable depths between us ; that we can live indeed after we aredead ; achieve as it were an immortality on earth; and transmit that which shall materially affect men's condition, their subsistence, con- duct, virtue and happiness, far on the line of time, with generations yet unborn, who never knew us nor ever heard our names. But it is not merely the wonder workings of this wonderful invention that impress us ; but there is con- nected with it a moral responsibility that is most seri- ous. Whoever ^vields a pen wields a powerful instru- ment for evil or for good, indeed in many cases far more powerful than the sword of the victorious hero, leading on his thousands to conquest. The martial victory may be soon forgotten; the blood-stained field be cleansed; and the field covered with the dead and dying become again verdant and waving with the beautiful products of the husbandman. But what io written is written, and cannot he taken back. It must remain to work its effects as much in the end as the be- ginning ; and how long and to what extent do human s.igacity can predict or even imagine. It is said to the singular praise of one that he never wrote a line, which "dying he would wish to blot." This is a most covcta- ble eulogy, and happy, thrice happy shall I be if I can but approach so high an honor. The New Genesee Farmer has two objects; to im- prove the soil and to improve the man. To illustrate the best modes of culture by precept, by example, and by experiment ; to treat of plants and products, soils and manures ; of the influences of light and heat and rain and dew and frost ; of farm stock, farm buildings and implements, and every thing connected with hus- bandry and domestic economy. This will be its first object. The second will be to treat of all such useful knowledge and inventions in the mechanical depart- ments as will be particularly interesting to farmers, the tillers of the earth, and persons dwclUng in the cotintry and interested in rural pursuits. The third will be to treat of markets and trade and commerce, and all facts and laws bearing upon these subjects as far as they con- cern that particular class in the community to whom the paper is mainly addressed. The fourth object is the moral improvement of the young and of the rural pop- ulation generally ; and if possible to render the profes- sion of agriculture attractive and respectable. As we claim for it to be the most Important of all pursuits, vitally affecting every condition in society, so we wish to see it not exalted above any other respectable pro- fession in the community, but not degraded and dis- dained as it has too often been; and taking its proper rank with the first and best. These are the general objects and views by which I shall govern myself in the conduct of this paper. I shall not now enter into details. The New Genesee Farmer has not now character to estabhsh. By the ability and intelligence with which it has been conduct- ed it has already obtained a wide circulation and has been held in liigh esteem. I am happy to say that I am not to be deserted by those, who have hitherto served in its ranks. I shall do what I can therefore to main- tain its character and to extend its usefulness. . Besides the co-operation of those,who have hitherto contributed to its columns, I am promised other and most valuable aid, from some of the best minds in the country; and from such co-operation in a cause so important we may anticipate the best results. I have many more things to say in relation to these matters ; but I will not ex- tend my editorial at this time; and these matters will come in in various forms and on other occasions. It has always been common in the clerical profession to preach on the Sunday after their ordination on the duties of a minister. A very shrewd friend and one of the best of men said to mc that he took care after his settlement not to do this, lest he should come short of his promises, (as who in an untried case does not) his people might not forget to remind hhn of what he promised. Perhaps it would have been wise in me on taking my seat in this editorial chair to have said noth- ino; but having said what I have, I shall after this avowal have, in a due regard for my word, very strong motives ts act upon the principles, which I have laid d,,n. HENRY COLMAJf. THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. IMPROVED STOCK. Ayrshire, Durham and Native. I aonniieference whatever, I nioy be allowed to sny tbat Lewis i\ Allen, Esq., of Buffalo, in an elabornle ^^ ,„y opinion, intelligent fnrmeie, who have valuable article in the Albany Cultivator of May or June last, animals, owe it to the ngiicultural cairy Stock. " Middlesex county, though very poorly suited to grazing, and, on account of the high prices of jill cattle feed, not at oil adapted to the raising of stock, has yet eeverol individuals of intelligence and pubUc spirit engaged in this patriotic object. Some years since, (about 1630,) a number of gen- tlemen associated for the purpose of establishing a stock farm, and purchased in Chorlestown a valuable properly for this object. " It was proposed to estab- lish a stock farm in the vicinity of Boston, devoted to the intportant objects of breeding and rearing the best breed of horses, neat cattle, sheep and swme ; the re- ceiving and selling on commission all kinds of live stock ; and combining also with these the business of agriculture and horticulture, upon the most approved and economical system. This farm consisted of 222 acres, was made up of a variety of soils, and waa well adapted to the purposes either of summer or winter feeding of animals, yielding a great quantity both of English and salt hay." Samuel Jaques, a man well experienced and of excellent judgment in these mot- ters, took the farm with this view ; and has succeed- ed, by judicious selection and crossing, in rearing a milking stock of extraordinary valuable properties for the dairy. Of this stock I gave a full account in my Second Report, and, as far as appears, there is no rea- SDn to withdraw the commendation there bestowed on them. Their cheese properties have not been tested ; nor have I been able to ascertain the quantity of milk afforded by them in any given time ; hut the quality of their milk for butter is not surpassed by any ani- mals which have come under my observation. There can be no doubt that cheese from their milk would correspond to its superior quality. Mr. Jaques in- forms me thot they still maintoin their excellent char- acter in this respect. My only regret is that I have not been able to induce him to make such continued experiments of their yield in milk or butter, for a week, from abroad, and the gratuitous distribution of their progeny among the formers with a view to improve their stock, has likewise imported some of the finest animals, which skill and money could select, of the Ayrshire stock. It does not lie in my way to go into a history of this stock in this place. They are generally agreed to be the best dairy stock in England. They are reputed to yield large quantities of milk and produce large amounts of cheese and butler ; besides keeping them- selves in good condition and being easily mode ready for the butcher. The cows are eminently beautiful. 1 n size, however, and symmetry, they ore decidedly inferior to the improved Durham ebon horns ; but there is good reason to think them a hardier race of animals. From some of the gentlemen to whose care the so- ciety's ouimals were committed, I have been unable to obtain as full information as is desirable. Mr. Webster's foreman, in his absence, informed me that the cow was quite superior as a milker. Mr. Brooks says. " My cows give about the same quantity each, biit I cannot boost of their doing like many which I have heard of^ My Ayrshires do not, 1 think, give more than thirteen or fourteen quarts at best, and the milk no richer than others with the same feed. It is, however, a valuable race in our State, as doing well in our common pastures and not running to fat like some. They are very gentle." Mr. Phinney, in a recent letter, thus writes : — " I have given the Ayrshire stock a |iretiy fair trial, con- sidering my limited means, — enough however to sat- isfy me of their valuable dairy properties, mid of their capacity for enduring the cold winters and short keep of the northerly part of the country. In the month ol June, 1641). I selected from twenty cows my beet na tive cow, for the purpose of making a trial with my Ayrshire cow as to the quantity of butter each would make. My old pastures, for I had then done little to improve them, afforded but a very short bite of grass. These two cows rgn with my other stock, and had no other food than what they could get in these dry pas- tu res. The quantity o( milk from the Ayrshire was not greater than that from my native cow ; but the Ayr- shire made nine and three-quarter pounds of liuttcr in o week, while the notive cow in the same time made but eight and a half pounds ; besides, the quality of Audovcr, and at the cottle show in that county in 1840, the first premium oiTered by the Slate Society on bulls was aworded to him. The third isp hiefer, now little more than a year old, ond is a beautiful creature. Upon the whole, from the little experience 1 have hod, I eanuot doubt that the Ayrshire, for its dairy proper- ties, is greatly superior to the Durham for this part of our country." •Mr. Gushing has been kind enough to favor mo with on ctoct account of the produce of four Ayrshire cows on his farm for the times therein specified, which 1 here subjoin : 1. Memoranda of Milk given by imported Ayisldre cuw Flora, for one year, 1837. From 17ih ol May to Ist of June, 608 lbs. " Istof June tolst oi' July, .1192" " 1st of July to 1st of August, 1064" " 1st of August to Ist of September, 841" " 1st of September to Isi of October, 718" " 1st of October tolst of November, 489" " Ist of November to Istof December, 409" " Istof December to Ist olJonuory, 432" " Istof January to Ist of February, 4-12" " 1st of February to let of March, 383 "' " 1st of March to Istof April, 484" " Istof April to Istof May, 419" I " 1st to the 20th of May, 242" 7728 lbs. 1 At 10 lbs. per gallon, 772 gallons. 2. Mcmorandu of Milk given by imported Ayrshire cow Juno, for one year, 1837. From May 23d to June Ist, 243 lbs. " June lat to July Ui, 796 " " July Ist to August 1st, 845 '' " August 1st to September 1st, 600'' " September 1st to October Ist, 475" " October Ist to November 1st, 313" " November ist to December Ist, 340" " December 1st to January Ist, 394" " January 1st to February 1st, 401 " February 1st to March 1st, 826 " " March 1st to Apiil 1st, 328 " " April 1st to May 1st, 216 " " May 1st to 7th, 30 53i;7 lbs. At 10 lbs. per gaUon, 530 gallons. 3. Mcmoravda of MiVc given by imported Ayrshire cow Venus, from June2{lth to May 2lst. From 20!h June to Ist July, 283 lbs. " 1st July to 1st August, 805 " " Ist August to 1st Septeniher, ^'■'^ " " 1st September to Ist October, 5H7 " 1st October to Isi November, 498 " let November to Ist December, 319" " Ist December to 1st January, 4U3 " " Ist January to Isi February, 4Uti " 1st February to 1st Morch, 351 " 1st March to 1st .April, 368 '| " 1st April to 1st May, 319 " Ist May to 2l8t, 151 " 5163 lbs. At 10 lbs. per gallon, 516 gallons. Memoranda of Milk giren hy imported Ayrshire cow Cora, from A'or. \~thto May 21 st. ■ - ■ ■ 388 lbs. 834 " 846 " I November 17th to December 1st, December 1st to January Ist, Januuiy 1st to February Ist, February 1st to March Ist, March 1st to April 1st, April Ist to May let, May Ist to 2l8t, 704 " 670 " 405 " 4023 lbs. At 10 lbs. per gallon, 462 gallons. The mode in which these cows are fed is as follows: " Our Ayrshire cows, during the winter, have half 8 bushel of sugar beets or potatoes ; with the former, about a pint of rye meol mixed with the cut beets; but when they have potatoes, the meal is omitted.— With the above, they have os much English bny as they can cot. In the summer ^hey have notliin I the butler from the Avrshire cow was decidedly belter whot they get in the pasture. 1 hey are dri No. I. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 3 ning iiiict night, trom iho posture to ihe Imni to be inilkoJ, nnd nlUr tlinl opcrnliou nic driven ngnin to tllo pnsuire."' Ill nililnion to these slntrmenls, I nm favored with an nccmiu ol' the produce ot nn Ayrshire cow imported and owned by George llnndall, of New Bedford, llie letter to me i8 as follows, dated Sept. 9, 1811 : " My thorougb-hreil full-blooded Avrahiro cow Swinley, was imported hy me from Scotland in IS;'.'). She was six years old in May last. She cnlved on the 31si of last March. Shu was milked regularly three days previous to dropping her calf; and hail diawn from her in the time from 45 to :>Q quarts. Common- cod setting her milk for butter on the Istday of April. The calf was not allowed to touch n teat, was fed on ' milk for nine days, and after that time on skim- ined milk. In all April, the quantity made from her I was -13 lbs. 6 oz. The quantity in May was 42 lbs. -1 oz. In this month her milk decreased. Quantity in June was 44 lbs. 7 oz. In July and Auirust, her milk was not kept separate from that of other cows. Weighed her milk [l\.r one day, H. C] on the 7tli of April; it weighed 4S lbs. 0 oz. On the 2d of Sep- tember commenced weighiug her milk ; in four days it has averaged 25 lbs. 8 oz. nnj has made in four days just five lbs. of butter. My pasture through the season h.i9 been very poor nnd short, owing to the dry weather and having too much stock for the quantity of pasture * From the time this cow was turned to grass until this day, (!)th Sept.) she has hod by mea- sure two quarts of Indian menl per day regularly." The Ayrshire bull belonging to the Society has been kept in Berkshire, Hampshire, nnd Worcester counties ; nnd a fair opportunity will soon be had of testing the qualities of his stock. One of the best farmers in Berkshire county, speaks to me of their promising extremely well. In ray opinion, the only certain test of the dairy properties of a cow is in the milk pail and the churn. Of the Improved Dui ham Short Horn race, we have undoubtedly had some of the best animals ever bro't nto the country, both with high aristocratic pedigree, and without pedigree, of uncertain and plebinn orTgin. In some parts of the country, large expenditures have been incurred in the importation of this stock; and Admiral Coffin, of the British Navy, in grateful re- membrance of the land of his nativity, presented to the Massachusetts Society several fine animals of un- doubted pedigree of the improved Durham short horn race, which were some time kept for the improvement of the bleed. In addition to these, we have had a valuable bull imported by a merchant of Boston, un- derstood to be the sire of Mr. Jaqnes's eream-pot breed ; and the superior bull "Bolivar," imported by John Hare Poivell, of Pennsylvania, from J. Whiia- ker's stock in England, celebrated for its extraordina- ry dairy properties. This bull was the finest animal of the kind which I have ever seen. A full-blooded short horn bull (Denton) was likewise imported into Worcester county, whose progeny has been highly esteemed. Several other animals of the same breed have bei-n imported and kept in the State ; and their blood has been considerably dili'used throughout the country. In point of size according to their age, in respect to Bymmoiry and perfection of form, these animals are in my opinion not surpassed, indeed not equalled, by any which have come under my observation. The Here- fords are extremely beautiful ; in neatness and fine- ness of form perhaps superior to the improved Short Horns. The Dcvons likewise, though considerably Bmaller in size, yield, in compactness of shape, in quickness of movement and muscular strength, and in softness of hair and beauty of coloring, to no other race known among ue. They are the prevalent race of our country ; and in nn extraordinary instance, when I bad the singular pleasurcof seeing three hun- dred yoke of these cattle — that is, all more or less of this breed — in one team, in Connecticut, I could not resist the conclusion that a finer team, of the same number of cattle, could not be found in the whole country. Yet I am ready to admit that I hnve seen some lew yokes of oxen of mixed blood, of the Im- proved Durham, as fine in appearance, and in reputa- Whcn such farmers .is Messrs. Pliinney .-iiirt Rand.-iU say as docs ilie t'.iniier, " that his |j,isturcs nfforde.l hut a very short hite 111' jirass, iinrt that these two best cows ran with mr stock and had no other food than what they could tliese dry pastures ;" and tlie latter, that his pasture, whore he kept his Ayrshire cow, was poor and short and overstocked, 1 cannot hut hops they had n few twinges oi conscience for presenting such an evil exainple to their brother fanners, who are looking to them as fuglemen. Thii IS ceriainly not the w.ay tliey treat their other friends ; nor ore they at alj suspected, from appear.ances, of sulijectin" i to the aamc penance. The general treatment of in l\ew England wouU not be an inapt subject of Iheinselv the cows presentment by i grand jury. tion as good animals fir worli, as any that I have mot with ; nnd some individual animals of the Improved Dim ham Short Horns, both pure nnd half blood, bulls, oxen, and cows, when all points have been considered, hnve surpn.sscd any thing which I have eecii. They have approached ns nearly to what I imagine the per- lection of form in this roce of animals ns is to bo looked for. With good keeping, they come early to maturity, and attain n huge weight. The butchers, however, whom I have consulted, give it ns their opinion, that they do not tallow so well, in proportion to their size, ns our own smaller cattle. In my observation, no animals degenerate sooner under neglect and poor keeping ; nnd they require extrnordinnry iced nnd the most careful nltcndtttice to keep up their character nnd condition. The progeny of Bolivar, from some of our best na- tive cows, ncsording to the testimony of a farmer who probably has hnd many more of his stock than any other man among us, have not proved remarkable for milk or butter ; to use bis own expression, '• they are, upon the whole, above mediocrity." The progeny of Ccelehs has been quite various ; in some cases very good, in others inferior. Mr. Jaqucs is of opinion that the excellence of his cream-pot breed is principally to be ascribed to a cross with Coilths, but on what rational giounds it is dilTicult for me to discover. — Their beautiful color is certainly derived from the dam ; and as the distinguishing feature in this stock is the richness of their milk, and this being precisely the quality for which the dnin, the Haskins cow, was distinguished above nil others, and it not njjpearing that ony stock of Coelehs but when connected with this cow has ever been remarkable for this quality, it would not seem difiicult to determine on which side of the house this excellence belonged. So much sensibility exists in reference to this sub- ject, the dairy properties of the Improved Short Horns, and so much of private interest and speculation is now mingling itself in the judgments which are formed or the opinions given in the case, that, if it is not diflr- cult to speak with calmness and sobriety, it may be unreasonable to expect to be beard with candor and impartiality. My business is however with facts; and having no prejudices of which I nm conscious to warp my own views, I shall, as fairly as I can, state those facts which have come generally within my own ob- servation, and leave the conclusions to the honest judgment of my renders. I have already touched on this subject in my First and Second Reports, and the render will not have a full view of the case, as intend- ed here to be presented, without a reference to them. As to what these cows are stoted to have done abroad, it would lead me too far to treat much of that here. When a bull will bring at a public sale one thousand guineas, cows more than four hundred guineas each, and heifer calves over one hundred guineas apiece, we may infer tbot guineas nre more abundant than with us. It would not be an unreasonable suspicion that a fever of the same typo which prevailed to so alarming a degree among us in 1835-6, &c.. and known here ns the midticaulis fever, may have infused itself into the veins of some of the bidders and com- petitors on these occasions. It may be premised that a very large number of these animals hnve been brought to this country, and those of the highest character, boih as to pedigree and attested merits, since persons of the greatest skill have been commissioned to make the purchases, without any restriction as to cost or expense of transportation. As early as 1825 fifty-six of these animals, all of them ofhighbb)od, had been exhibited at the cattle shows in Pennsylvania, and before ond since thot time lorge importations have been made into Maryland, New York, Ohio, Connecticut, nnd Massachusetts.* I have seen large numbers of these cattle, and have to regret that I hnve not been able, after repeated private and public solicitationa, to obtain inore exact and authentic accounts of their products. From this backwardness on the part t.f the owners and importers I think there is reason to infer that some disappointment in respect to their dairy properties has been experienced. My belief is, that our expectations in this matter were too highly excited ; and that qualities, for which some extraordinary animals among them were remarkable, I mean particularly the quality nnd yield of milk, were erroneously deemed invariable characteristics of the race. In a former report I quoted the opinion of a distinguished Scotch farmer, Mr. ShirrelT, and the authority of a private letter from a competent judge in England. ShirrelT pronounces them, in an off-hand way, "the worst milking breed in Britain" The private letter stated " that this breed of stock has not been hold of late years in great estimation for milking. Short Horns arc only calculated for ihe best and most poweiful bind ; on poor soils they will do nothing." To these I now add the remarks of Geo. W. Fenther- stonbiiugb, in a letter to Mr. Powell, ol Pennsylvania. Mr. Fenihoratouhaugh, from his acquaintance with the farming interests both in this country nnd nbroad, will be deemed a competent judge. He snys " the property of being very deep milkers, therefore, is to be coHsidercd accidental, radier than one which cna he continued with any ccnninty in the breed. Take one short horn with another, no breed is more valua- ble for its milk, or keeps in better condition under the same circumetancea ; or goes to beef at less expense ; or fiuniahes more money ond manure* in a given time. In order to keep u]i these great qualities, we must remember that, in their native country, it is considered indispensable to keep them o-xtremelywell, and in a very difi'erent manner from the general cus- tom prevailing here ; which is, in summer, to leave cattle to help themselves to what they can find, even in the most severe droughts ; and, in winter, to give them a moderate quantity of bay nnd straw. In Eng- land, where they nre less troubled with dry weather than we are, they have always green crops nnd roots to give them, and they give them in abuntiance. It is there considered that the higher this sort of keep the better the health ot the cow, the richer her milk, the stronger her calf, nnd the greater the quantity and value of her dung. If all this provident attention bo necessary in that moist climate, it ia certain that the breed will degenerate with us, if it is not kept in high condition. Hot climates produce shallow milkers; and where exceptions occur, they get poor very fast when indifferendy kept, ond it becomes more expen- sive to recover their condition than to keep it up. — The wear and tear of condition in deep milkers ia very great, and is only to be checked by abundance of suc- culent food and roots ; or, when these are not to be had, by occasional feeds of meal with their hay." These remarks are ao well founded and so much to the purpose, that I have given them at large That this highly improved race of animals ia of nil others best suited to our climate, soil, mode of husbandry, and general condition, is a question I shall now pass over ; but on the subject of the milking or dairy prop- erties, I will give the most exact returns of which I have been able to avail myself, and shall aubjoin an account of what we call native cowa, that anyone may compare them at hia pleasure. It may be said that the native cowa to which I refer are all select animals. I admit that they are remark- able animals ; some of them very extraordinary ; but in respect to the large majority ot them, I have met with them accidentally ; and 1 can find in the Slate hundreds and hundreds equal to them, if any justice were done to their keeping. But the truth is, that in general, nothing can be more negligent and mean than the manner in which a large portion of onr cows are kept. On the other hand, it will not be denied that the Short Horns to which I refer, are selected and highly fed auimale. It seems not a little remarkable among the many hundreds which have been brought to and produced in the country, if extraordinary dairy prop- erties are the characteristic of the breed, as many of their advocates maintain, and when there is such nn extreme eagerness to establish this point, that more of these distinguished examples should not have been given to the public. Let us look, however, at the focts in the case, and make up our judgment accordingly. In all matters of inquiry or debate, or object should be truth, not tri- umph. 1. An improved Durham short horn cow (Belina,) imported by John Hare Powell, ol Pennsylvania, pro- duced in three days 8 lbs. and 13 oz. of butter, which would be at the rate of 20J lbs. per week. The cow was fed with slop of Indian meal, clover and orchard grass. She has yielded repeatedly hy measurement, and so far as can be ascertained by the bucket, twenty- six quaits within twenty-four hours. One quart of her cream produced one pound five ounces and one quarter of an ounce of butter. In one case two min- utes, in another case only three seconds, were required to convert the cream into butter. The butter trial was certuinly a short one, and it is to be regretted that it had not been longer continued. *One hundred and fifty of Improved Short Horns and grade ;.ittie were exhibited at the Fair of the Aniericoo Institute ;n New York, October, 1841. * Tills 'furniahingmore manure in a given time' is rather an equivocal recommendation ! It has once happened to me to know a case where the sale of the manure at a livery sta- ble more tlian paid for the cost of the liny given to the horses; and the litter was furnished gratuitously by the purchaser to the siable-keeijer. 1 will save the reputation of the farmers in this oase; the manure and litter were wanted fur a pai- ticular use in the arts. This was certainly u novel and eco- nomical application of horn-poKtr, THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol 3. Tlie qiiamity of milk was very great, though wo are left at a loss whether it were wine or hecr measure. If it were beer measure, one fifth is to be deducted to bring it to wine measure. The measurement of milk in the bucket is always a very uncertain measurement. This cow was a most extraordinary animal, and it were to be wished that we had returns from others of Mr. Powell's line stock, and some particular inform- ation of the progeny of this cow. 2. The celebrated cow Blossom, an improved Dur- ham short horn cow, owned by Mr Canby, in Dela- ware, is stated to have given in 1840, in one week, 247J quarts of milk, or more than 35 quarts per day — from which were made 13^ pounds well worked but- ter. Tbissummcr, (1841, )iwo monthsafter calving, Bhe gave in one week 253^ quarts, or 36 quarts per day, which yielded 17^ lbs. of superior butter. On the i3ih of ,Iuly, fourth month after calving, the fol- lowing is a record of one day's milking : — Morning, 12jqfvts; noun, 111 do; evening, lldo.=35qt8. She gave 16 quarts per day up to the lime of calving. The measure is understood to be wine mea.-ure. Thjs is one of the largest products on record. In the first case it seems to haverequiied IS 44-53 quarts to make one pound of butler ; in the latter case, 14 48-69 qts. This is a large amount. For the difli;reuce in the two cases it is not easy to account. The mode of her keep- ing is not slated with any explieitness. Theownerof the cow is not known to me, either in person or by reputation. 3. My next account is from Paoli Lathrop, of South Hadley, in this State, a farmer distinguished for his intelligence and success, and on whose statements, made on his own knowledge or observation, cnlire reliance moy be placed. I give an extract of a letter, winch I have recently received from him : " We have now tweniy-five head, which are thor- ough bred improved Short Horns, without the least mixiure of other blood, and are, beyond question, as pure blood as can be produced. These animals gen- erally possess great weight, and are perlectin syinme try. At two and a half years old the heifers will ave- rage about 1200 lbs., and I have raised one bull calf which weighed 1020 lbs. the day he was a year old. Our stock has been fed upon grass and hay only, with the cxcepiionof a small quantity of roots in the winter months. One of our cows is sixteen and two others fourteen years old. and they now exhibit the appear- ance, so far as conatiiution is concerned, of being young animals, which I ihink is conclusive evidence of this race of animals being well adapted to our cold climate. " They mature early and take on fat easily, and, in these respects have a decisive advantage over our na- tive stock. To test an experiment between a native and a short horn, I took a cow of each of about the same age, dried them from milk at the same time, tied them side by side at the same manger, and fed them both exactly alike on hay only through the winter.— The result was, that the Durham, in the spring, had gained flesh and was in high condition, while the na- tive was in only ordinary condition.* " Their product, in both butter and milk, is mneh better than I have ever been able to obtain from native «ows with the same keep. We have one cow which made more than 12 pounds well worked butter per week in April last, and 1 have repeatedly converted the cream of this cow into butter in fifteen seconds.— She gave in June last, upon grass alone, 360 lbs. milk in a week, having been milked but twice a day, and she averoged 51 lbs. per day for two months. We have another cow which gav» 48 lbs. milk per day through the month of June ; and we have still another (now quite old,) which a former owner has asured me has given 28 quarts of milk per day. We have two heifers, with their first calves, which averaged 35 and (111,'" ° ''"''' ''^'■ough the month of June. 1 have tested the quantity of cream obtained from given quantities of milk from the above cows, and find It to be IJ to li inch from 10 inches of milk. There are some persons who deceive themselves, and doubt- less others who are guilty of deception knowing it to ,r n" u,' * J ."presenting mixed blood Short Horns as full blood, ' pure Durham,' ' thorough bred,' &c. Aow u la not sufficient that an animal is called ' full blood, or guessed to bo ; the breeder of this race of animals, who understands himself, will require evi- dence of the tact, and such evidence as cannot be call- ed m question. .« f: SIt''"' ^'^'"■' florne'J cow Annabella, presented Tofflt *^^^«?y'»'J?etts Agricultural Society by Admiral «pSr.'„,- ■ ; ^"'^^ ^""«^' " """ fae lias a perfect recollection^fwe^bing_h^ repeatedly in June, when she hal no other feed than what she obtained from the pasture ; the milk, mori.ing and night, weighed 4-i lbs. At the same time, we weighed the milk of a very fine native cow with ihe same keep which gave 33 pounds. The greaiest objection to them in my opinion, is, that they incline to go dry longer than our native stock." 1 cannot agree with Mr. Derby in thinking the go. ing dry a long time a constitutional feature in this ttock. This circumstance depends not upon the stock but upon their treatment and keep ; especially their treatment with their first calf. 5. A short horn cow, imported by F. Rotch, as I understood, then I believe of New Bedford, and own- ed by C. N. Bement, of Albany, a farmer well and deservedly known to the agricultural community, was one of the most beniitilul and promising animals of the kind that 1 have ever seen ; her pedigree undoubted and carried up to the highest sources. At my request, Mr. Bement tried her capacities fi)r butler, and in one week in September obtained 6 lbs. 6. A cow, owned by Gforge Johnson of Lynn, of whose iiedigree, after much inquiry, I can learn noth- ing, but whose genuineness as an improved Shorl- Jlorn I have no doubt, if not ol full blood yet very high bred, has produced this season, from 12th March to 12th September, (six months,) 7100 lbs. of milk, averaging 15 beer quarts of milk per day for that time. She is now (November, lc41,) giving at the rate of nine quarts per day. Her feed is now one bushel of mangel- wurtzell and half a peck of wheat shorts per day, with what hay she will eat. The butter properties of this cow have not been ascertained, as her milk is sold daily by the quart. She is a supe- rior animal, both in appearance and product. 7. Wm. K. Townsend, of East Havi-n, Connecti- cut, hod eighteen cows of the Durham Short-Horns, full-blooded or in part, which were kept for supplying milk to the city of New Haven. These, in milk, gave a daily average of 1 10 quarts, besides the milk and butler used in the family. It will be at once per- ceived how indefinite this account is, though given by the intelligent committee of the New Haven Agricul- tural Society. We are at a loss to know how many cows were in milk at a time, whether all or a part only, and how much butter and milk were used in the family. The family, it is said in another place, was large. I have had the pleasure of seeing this remarkably beautiful stock. "Their appearance was in the highest degree favorable to their character and keeping. The average return of milk, os above, wasC 2-9 quarts per day, exclusive of the required quantity. 8. I subjoin on extract of a letter from one of the I , u - c - fr.i. the most intelligent and public spirited f„mers in '"" .^.^°" f'"' f ".'r™""'™,""'?' ^^^ V"'" ing the bull, when she again increased, and after- wards diminished to 16 quarts. " My second cow, Violet, gave, after cnlvine, 24 quarts of very rich milk, and coniinued to milk deep- ly for three or four monihs, when the quimtiiy was diminished to 10 or 12 quarts per day. " My third cow, Strawberry, gave by measurement 22j quirts of milk on the grass she could clip from my short pastures. Her milk was very rich and yield- ed a large amount of butter, though I cannot say ac- curately how much, as it (the milk) was not all bro't to the house, and a fair proportion was used for ordin- ary purposes in the family. Mr Lnthrop, on whose farm, at Hadley, she remained iour lU- five weeks, wrote to mo on her return as follows : — ' 1 must spenk in the highest terms uf S;rawberiy for a milker, and butter cow. As for size and shape, she speaks f^r herself.' She is without doubt, a very supeiior cow. She was at Hodley in October, 1810. "My founh cow. Ringlet, calved about a year since, producing twin heifers. Slic was milked turee or four times, giving from 10 to 12 quarts each milk- ing, when she fell sick with the milk fever and was two or three weeks ttetore she recovered. During her illness she bruised one of her tents so badly, that she has lost the use of it. This cow is undoubtedly the best inilch cow I have ; bul as the calves have sucked her until within a very short period, I cannot give any poriiculars. She is now five months in calf ; her twins ore one year old, and she gives now fiom three teols 8 quarts per day. Yon will please under- stand that I measmed the amount with care, full beer measure, purposely for my own gratificution and with- out giving any extra ieeA for the purpose of increasing the milk. "My cows were fed in winter on cut straw with corn or oil meal mixed — say half a peck of corn meal to 4 bushels of finely cut sitraw and about 2 quarts oil meal added. About a bushel was given to each cow once a day, and 3 pecks of turnips or ruia bagas twice a day to each, besides a liule hay. This was my feed when they were in the greatest flow of milk. In sum- mer they are out at pasture, and when it is short, corn stalks and other green feed are given to them.— On our dry soil, however, it is difficult for the Dur- hams lu thrive when the summer droughts commence. They suffer, too, much from the beat and from tie stings of flies, which almost set them crazy. They stand our winters fully as well as our common cattle, and put on flesh very rapidly at that season, if well fed. " My calves, at a year old, weigh from 70 to 1050 lbs. ; and I feel confident that a thorough bred Dur- ham steer can be made to weigh as much at three or New England, Henry Whitney, of New Haven, giv ing an account of his Improved Short Horn stock. — Perfect relianoe may be placed on it, and it will be read with much inte-'est. Mr. Whitney's personal improvements iuagriculture and gardening, his liberal expenditures in his importalions, with a view to im- prove our live stock, and the intelligent and efficient aid %vhich he is rendering to the great cause of an im- proved husbandry, entitle him to the grateful respect of the agricultural community. Many men are like the spindles in a factory, which make a great deal of buzzing and racket, yet peiforin a very humble part. Mr. Whitney, without noise or ostentation, moves with the force of n power wheel. He turns the spin- dles, while the little things, with their heads always erect, imagine that they fly round of theirown accord. Though we would give honor to whom honor is due, it is not worth while to undeceive them. They per- form their part well, and their operation is essential. The Connecticut agricultural loom is now turningout many a beautiful and substantial fabric. fc-!J'™'',^l^i"''"'^!''« •''•''' "S"':'. tbe two cows should luive OwS rt "'-'"= begiuniagknd end of the e"pe In ent "I have never kept an accurate account ol the milk given, lor any particular lengtii of lime. The calves generally have been allowed to suck until three or lour months old, after which it was given to them from the pail until 8 or 9 months had expired. "I have impoited four cows, ail of which were carefully selected in England, and at high prices. They have all produced one or more calves since I have owned them, and with one exception they have been dropped in winter. Strawberry, the cow you saw at Northampton, calved in July 1840. I have carefully measured the milk from each soon after calv- ing, and they have averaged from 22 to 29 quarts per day. Betsey, the first cow I imported, gave in Janu- ary 1839, soon after calving', 29 quarts, and 1 months afterwards, she was giving 20 quarts. Her milk was only of a fair quality. She continued to milk very largely unlil within a few weeks of slipping her calf, which occur.rsti dbo«i th« 7iij or Stb montlj after taJt. are certoinly objections to the breed where pasiurage IS short and a full supply of hay is not given. They are greater consumers than the common cattle of the country, but they are of much greater size, and, as said before, mature much earlier. My cows ire mostly uerd-bouk aiiiina'p, thorough bred. I enclose you the pedigrees in full, of Strawberry, Ringlet, and Violet, as requested." 9. Cow. LeviLincoln, Worcester, 1823. Across from Denton on a superior native cow. " This cow has often given from 24 to 27 quarts of milk per day of excellent quality, yielding a large proportion of cream. The least quantity of milk given by her in any one day during the summer drought, on grass- feed only, was 13 quarts." [Mr. Lincoln stales to me that this was beer measure.] For the dairy and the stall, he speaks with the ut- most confidence of the pre-eminence of Denton's stock. One of his 3 year old heifers (a half or three i'ounha blood) gives from 10 to 20 quarts of ih-; richest miik by the day since calving ; the other a little less, from the circumstance of having been in milk continuolly for more than a yeor ; but her milk is in no degree inferior in quality. The last season she gave eleven quarts at a milking, with grass only, and this not un- frequemly. Mr. Lincoln likewise states to me, that on putting six o*" our best native steers, purchased from Vermont, and six others of the mixed blood of Dentoji into the same open yard in the fall, and keeping them through the winter at ihe same manger, on ihe same feed, and in the same exposure, the growth and condition of the mixed bloods in the spring were greatly superior to those of the native stock. 10. Cow. Dolly. George Hood, Lynn. "Dolly had her first calf in Apiil, 1833, before she was two years old. In the following June she gave 14 quarts per day, measured a number of days in succession, and made 10 lbs. and 2 oz. of butler per week. She calv- ed in October, 1839, and from the loth of that month to April 13ih, 1840, 180 days, she gave 16 quarts per No. 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. dny, which eold for $180. In Jnniinry, 1840, she e 565 quarts meneiired outi averngnig over 18 qimrie per day in ihe coldcot winter monih, nnd ihree months niter i-he calved. Some dnys in that mont i elio t,'>ivc 'JOJ quarts per day. She culvcd again in Diceniber, 1840, anrt from the 17ih Deccinbe-, 1810, to .'illy llih, 18 II, Cil~' d.nye,) she gnve ollO-! qiinrie niilk, being II l-O quarts per dny lor seven.nioiithe, which wns sold for i|llio,C~. Her milk is rich and mnKcs dcliciou8 bntier. She IS fed on three pecks of sugar heels nnd cnr- rois I'cr day. with good hay, and in the coldest weath- er n bucket of warm water with a quart of shorts in it. Djlly is remarkable for trnnsniitling her milking qualities to her offspring. Three of bfir calves hnve been raised here, nnd they are nil great milkers. One of thcni, called the Countes?, gave Inst winter 14 qis. di.y for some months after she calved, being lour >-enrs old. I have a heiler from ber, ]5 months old. ind n bull 1 1 months old from Dolly, both sired by VVyccomet from Mr. Wells's stock. They are fine iniinals, nnd 1 e.xpect to get n good stock from them. " Dolly's color is light red, with a few white spots. . he has the line mellow skin, beautiful proportions, md ninjestic mien, peculiar to the noble race from vhencc she sprung." 11. Cow. O. N. Breed, Lynn, 1841. This cow supposed to be one-tourth ol the Durham blood — ri3e subj.iined is tjiven as her product : 1839. April 15. I bought a cow 6 years old that :ionth. 15 days in April I took from the cow more than the nlf received, 90 qts milk, lay 31 , 31 days, average 1 4 qts pr day, 434 " une 30, 30 '• " 16 " " 480 " uly 31. 31 " " 13 " " 403 " i.ug.31,31 " " 13 " " 37-2 " 30, 30 " " II " " 330 " let. 31, 31 " " 10 " " 300 " fov.30, 31 " " 10 " " 300 " >ee. 31, 31 " " 9 " ■' 279 " in. 31,31 " " 9 " " 279 " eb. 28, 23 " " 7 " . " 196 " larch 15, 15 days, 30 " 3,.503 qts milk, 12 months ; cow calved April 10, 1840. (Continued next month.) stock ; and that she hail at her very door, in her gyi> sum nnd ILuc, the most sure elements of success. The redeemed salt marshes on the shores of the Bay of l''undy, converted by drainage nnd dyking into most (irodnetiec mowing niid arable lands, have long been celebrated as lunoiig Ihe finest triumphs of anrieultu- ral skill. Potatoes likewise nnist always be ,a great crop in the productions of this coundy. Their cool and moist summers and their calcareous soil .are pecu- liarly favorable to this plant; and we award to the -Vova Seotian potatoes the palm of excellence above all others, which we have eaten. We have chcerfnlly paid a dollar a bushel for these " white blue noses" in preference to buying our own at twenty-five cents, rhe directions given in the 5th number of the Colo- nial Farmer respecting the cuUivation of potatoes, h.ive somewhat amused us, where it is advised to have salmon lines stretched across the field, in order to make the rows straight, &c. &c. This is a little too much in the kid-glove style of agriculture. A good Scotch ploughman, of which we know there is no want in Nova Scotia, would with his plough open a furrow for the planting in a tenth part of the time, as straight .as any fishing line could be drawn even with a spermaceti whale at one end of it. The paper is well got up. It is filled principally with selected matter, which is well chosen. We, though liable to the same charge, object strongly to the size of the tyjje, as quite too small and crowded. Much of a farmer's reading must be done in the even- ing. He will be repulsed, when the type used is so small as to try his eyes severely. We are of opinion that in our anxiety to give our readers the worth of their money, we crowd a great deal too much matter into our periodicals. It is very much like filling a liquid measure to overflowing for the sake of showina that we are not mean, where all that runs over and of course is spilled, impoverishes oureelves without ben- efitting our customers. "The Orchardlsts' Companion." The tliree published numbers of tliis splendid work have been received. It is quarterly, and each number contains twelve colored hthographic plates, and more than twice that number of pages of letter press. The ditor and proprietor is A. Hofly, 41 Chesnut street, Philadelphia. The figures of the fruits, as paintings, are the finest that I have seen in any work of the kind. But as ac- curate representations of individual varieties, they are deficient, especially with regard to coloring. As this part of the work is doubtless committed to other hands, It should receive tlie more careful supervision of the editor, or every copy may lUffer from the original, and from other copies. Except this care is taken, engra- vings will lose in correctness all they gain in splendor, iiy coloring. So.-ne old acquamtances represented in the work, I should hardly have recognized, as for in- stance, the Washington plum, Prince's Yellow Har- vest, and the Early York peach; while others, as the Peach Apricot, and Black Tartarian cherry, are admi- rably executed in every point of view. But other copies D'.ay vary. All the fruits are represented with the branch and leaves, and arc drawn with much taste. But the reader must not c xpeet to see equal taste in the written part of the work, which however contains many valuable remarks, wluch arc accampanied with some excellent original communications. To represent fruit in such a manner as to assist in identifying the varieties, such only for copying should be selected, as are a imavnage of fine specimens ; and not, as In the present instance, the very finest that could be found. This may be one reason why some old well known fruits appear so dilferently from wh.it we are accustomed to see, when they arc only in their aewniui, every-Uay iie«. But with all its inaccuries, the work is a noble effort in the cause of American Horticulture, and no amateur should be without it. Its cheapness, considering its style of execution, is worthy of conunendation. The best edition, each number containing twelve colored phtc-s, is seven dollars a year. 'The secondary edition, each number containing only three colored jjlate, but otherwise identical with the best, is three dollars aycar. The first furnishes the plates for about fourteen, the latter for twenty-five cents, each, and the letter press besides. J. J. T. New-York State Agricultural Society. The annual meeting of the New-York State Agri- cultural Society will be held at the Lecture Room of the Young Men's Association, in the Exchange, in the city of Albany, on Wednesday, the 19th of January, 1812, at 10 o'clock, A. M. The annual Address, by (he President of the Society, Joel B. Nott, Esq., will bedehvered in the Assembly Chamber of the Cap- itol, on the evening of the same day. On the day precceding the annual meeting, (Jan. 19,) the Exhibition of Butter and Cheese, together with samples of Field Crops, will be held in room No. 10, second floor of the Exchange, at wttler—A\ex. Walsh and G. E. Richards of Rensselaer, Robert Denniston of Orange, M. D. Bur- nett of Onondaga, and J. M. Sherwood of Cayuga. 0>i Cheese— C. N. Bcment and E. R. Satterlee of Albany, John Caldwell of Orange, Benj. P. Johnson of Oneida, and Samuel Perry of New York. On Wlieat, Rye, and Barkij — Anthony Van Ber- gen of Greene, Rawson Harmon, jr. of Monroe, Or- ville Hungerford of Jeflerson, William Parsons of Ni- agara, and William A. S. North, of Schcnectada. Onliulian Corn, Oats, and Pais — Henry V. Grove and Henry Holmes of Wasliington, Howell Gardner of Saratoga, Pomeroy Jones of Oneida, and Joseph Hastings of Rensselaer. On Root Crops — ^J. P. Beekman of Coliunhia, Fran- cis Rotch of Otsego, G. V. Sacket of Seneca, John Sanford of Onond.iga, and L. B. Langworthy of Monroe. The above named committees are requested to meet at the office of fhe Recording Secretaiy, (Cultivator office,) at 9 o'clock^ A. M., on the 18th, at which time the Executive Committee will proceed to fill any va- cancies which may occur. LUTHER TUCKER, Rec. Sec'y. 5^ Editors throughout the state are requested to publish the above. The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, for the year 1843. Boslwi; published by David H. WUUains. New-York t Collins, Kiise,and Company. It wotjd be difficult to name a more useful book than this. It contains all the usual astronomical cal- culations in any Almanac, together with a great amount of other most valuable information of a statis- tical, political and general character, in relation to this country and the world. This number, the l3th, and the third of the New Series, contains the Agricultural returns obtained by tlte Marshalls in taking the last census. They cannot be reUed upon as very accu- rate; but as being as near an approach to accuracy as can be expected. No man of intelligence, who is in the world and means to remain so ought to be without this book on their tables. As to those who choote tc live as the bears pass their winters, we have nothing t»>Nty. 6 THE NEW GExNESEE FARMER, Vol. 3, Three Experiments in Wheat Growing. Mr. Culman — Wlien I commenced farming, some five or six years ago, having Ijecn previously engaged in mercantile and manufacturing operations, I was told by an esteemed friend, who was a thorough practical farmer, that if I intended to grow wheat successfully, I must in all cases plough my land three times in Bummer fallowing ; for said he, " if you plough once, you will have 10 bushels, if tmce, 20 bushels, and if three timez 30 bushels per acre ; this may not be the exact ratio, but it is near enough for a general rule." Well sir, I commenced in thi.s way and had fair crops, and set down my friends advice as my golden rule. — my bed of Proclstes, and I sawed of the legs and extremeties of all other plans, until they fitted my theory. My land was a rather light soil, and I used clover and plaster freely ; turned in the clover when in full blossom, and gave it two after ploughings. My neighbor, whose land was of the same description as mine, and who practised the rotation of clover and plaster, used an entire different process ; he took off from his fiald a clip of grass for hay, or sometimes pas- tused it till about haying time, when he let it grow till about the last of August or first of September ; then he gives it a shallow perfect ploughing with a good green sward plough, turning ever.' thing carefully un- der, and usually rofls it down ; within a few days after and sometimes immediately, drags it once and then BOWS his wheat. I was quite determined that his crop should not be as good as mine, but what was my astonishment. when I observed, that from its germination to its ripen- ing, it was as good or better than ray thrice ploughed crop, and finally resulted in a greater yield i>er acre. I then gave it up, as I found others were successfully following the same course. A little reasoning on the subject rendered the R.\- TIONALE of the process quite apparent, especially on clean clover lays, free from all foul grasses. The young plant has the benefit of the first and entire de- composition of the rich, succulent herbage which wa: ploughed under ; while m the other process of turning over and over, and consequent exposure to the sun rains, and atmosphere, has its volatile parts more or less exhaled and lost. Well sir, "tliinks I to myself," ray rule is infallible as to meadow and pasture lands, wliich contain Jun< grass, red top, and other foul grasses, there can be no gainsaying that doctrine; but alas for the infalibility of genenJ rules and specifics, and for the mutability of preconceived opinions. An acquaintance of jjiine making good crops with once plougliing upon the worst kind of foul grass green sward the country pro- duces, and with considerable less labor than the three plougliijig process is enabled to do. He commences at the usual time for summer fallow- ing in June, and turns over liis land in a good and husband-Uke manner, and not in the hclter skelter, hit-or-miss manner in wliich too much of our plough- ing is done, by being run over as if you was rithng a steeple chase ; but carefully and entirely turning everj' green thing fairly imder. It is then left until he finds that the grasses begin to shew life through the fun'ows, when it immediately gets a thorough harrowing, and so on, from two to four times, till the period of sowing, according to the dryness or wetness of the season, and the situation of the land ; the surface is left in fine smooth order for mowing, free from those unsightly and troublesome lumps of undecomposed sods; and as far as my observation has gone, the grasses were as Well got under as nine tenths of the lands fallowed by the old process, and is performed with much less la- bor ; for with a good 30 tooth hinge drag, a team will go over from G to 8 times as much land in a day as they can plough. Now sir, in these days of tribulation for farmers, from the depreciation of real estate and low price* of the produce of the farm, "when we can't get a dollar a day for labor, and it is State Prison for stealuig," it behooves us to look about our own interests, and if we crn't get rid of our old habits of cxi^enditures, wliich high notions and high prices have saddled us with, we should at least try if we cannot get our usual quantum of produce with less expe.nse and ljeop.. If the saving of a -crop of grass and once ploughing, will give as good or better return than the thrice ploughing pro- <^^^, let those who dare depart from the old beaten track, try it. AGRICOLA. Greece, Monroe Co., N. V. P. S. In your next paper I propose to give your readers my three experiments upon raising potatoes, and some of my notions about sorts, soils; productive- ness, and their elementary value as a crop comjarcd with the other roots. For the iN'crr Gtneaec Farmer, Ploughing Matches. Mr. Editor — As ploughing malchcs ore now con- sidered an essential purt of our Agricultural Fairs and are usually mentioned as that part which excites the most interest, it becomes a matter of interesting in- quiry, why they excite so much attention, and wheth- er they niny not be improved eo as to be still more useful and interesting? I have sometimes felt at a lusa OS to the cause of the inlense interest with which thousands look upon a few teams ploughing, when that is the ordinary every day business of the former, and teams may be seen engaged in it almost from one year's end to another. An equal number teams engaged in the ordinary ploughing of the form would scarcely nriest the oltention of the traveller, and would perhaps only elicit n single remark, although greater skill were exhibited in the performance, and teams and ploughs better adapted to the work. It is evi- dent that it is not the raritij of the shoic,nor the beauty or oppenronce of the teoms or ploughs, for these are gen erally quite ordinary in oppeorance. Nor can it be in the work to be done ; for the ground is usually the most unsuitable for ploughing which can any where be found. The Work is beyond the capacity of the team— the plough is not adjusted to the soil, no op portunity being given for regulating the depth and width of furrow which on experienced ploughman is coreful to do, and which requires some three or four bouts to adjust aright. The teams are frightened by the throng which surround them — the ploughman ie excited and nervous by being the object of bo much observation and remark. The word is given and off he goes at the top of his speed, his plough bounding from right to left and making more bullcs the first time through than he would make at home in a week. Geuerollytbe team which is most accustomed to noise and bustle, and the plough which is adopted to no VN'ork in particular, comes out first and wins the day. As to the the performance, the judges ore saved all trouble of an opinion upon it, as the stamping of thou- sands of loafers obliterate all distinction of furrows. The contest is over, the premiums paid, and who is the wiser for it : teams are over driven, the land is rather injured thsn benefited ; no information is gain- ed as to easy draft of ploughs, the ability to lay over a furrow or give it the requisite slope, width and depth. No man is the wiser or better, except those who get the premiums, and they often pay deorly ibr their money by the harm done their teams. And yet mul- titudes go away highly pleased with the ploughing match and think it the most interesting part of the exhibition. Would they not be as tvell pleased had these teams been hitched to logs and drawn, to see which could draw the heaviest log with the greatest speed ? And would they not be almost as much en- lightened in the science of ploughing ? It seems to me that ware our AgricuUaral Societies to give this subject a little attention, our ploui^bing matches might be greatly improved. As in every other art, the watchword must be onward. But these matches ore now managed just as they were twenty years ago. If we have mode no improvement in Using ploughs in Ivsenty years, we hove greatly im- proved the instrument. We hove not now the sauio obstacles to contend with that wc hod then. Our farms are in a good measure cleared of roots, stump, and stones. Therefore it ceases to be a recommenda tionofa ploughman, that he is skillful in dogginj stumps — wejequire something more. Whotconsii tutes good ploughing? Verily, thot the soil be equal ly broken to a uniform depth. This evidently can- not be done except the furrows be straight. For ii crooked furrows there is an inequality in the width and of course some pons ore more pulverized thai others. Let, then, our ogriculturnl societies rcquin these three things in ploughing, viz : thot the furrow, be straight, and of uniform depth and width. And would suggest that the field be selected beforehand and that a competent committee determine what tha depth and width shall be, by an examinntion of th soil, and let these be published as the rules of th match. If the field be in good condition for plough ing, and the crop that is to follow admit, I woul name five inches for the depth and eight for the width and let the premium be awarded to the man wh shall the most accnrotely comply with these requir< ments. Let ample time be given thot the plonghma may go deliberately at his work, and I am grentl mistaken if these matches do not tend greotly to tb improvement of ploughing in all its variations, or be equally interesting with those whose princijial ri quirement is speed. Yours, &c. MYRON ADAMS. East Bloonificld, Dec. 21, l.-j.ll. For th& S^'ew GtKesee Farmer The State Fair and Western Cattle. Messrs. Editors — I observe that Western Ne York receives severe censures for not being better re resented at the State Fan- at Syracuse, but I thin when all the circumstances arc considered, it will seen that much of this censure is not deserved. It is a fact that the farmers of Western New Yo are more in debt than those of the Eastern porric and when the times are as hard as at present, it ca not be expected that tliey can afford to spend as mu time and money a.s would be necessary to take aniin to that Fair. Let us, before we go further, see wl would be the probable expense of taking one anir there, with an attendant, say from Batavia ; — Fare by Rail-Road to Rochester, 3,0( Expenses of man and beast in Rochester, l.Of Fare to Syracuse on Boat and feed, 7,0( Expenses in Syracuse 2 or 3 days, say .'i.OC Returning to Batavia, ] 1 ,2f $27, 5C Thus it will be seen that the expenses for one a mal would be as much as the price obtained for 1] pounds of [lork or beef. In this cstunate no allowai is made for the time or services of the man who companies the animal, which would swell the anioi to at least ten dollars more — making no uiconside ble smn, if it has to be made by raising pork or b these times. I have no doubt but that Western New York < compete with any other portion of the State in prod ing fine anunals : and I for one should have gone that Fair and taken some stock without calculat) expenses, had I found others in this county willin|; do the same ; but I did not like to be the only rei sentutivc for old Genesee. If the farmers of this region had an opportun like those of the East, for transporting their calUi Syracuse fre« of supeiwe, i have ne d»ubt but I No. 1. AND GAUDENEll'S JOURxNAL. the Eastern farmers woulJ have gone home minus at who mode the charge woo the regular book-keeper or least one lialt" of their prize msney. A noiidents. . The non-arrival of Mr. Colman must serve as an apology for any deficiencies that may appear in this number. Our readers may rest assured that full amends will be made hereafter. Our acknowledgements are due for the goody number of valuable communications received du- ring the past month. Some of them requiring Mr. Colman's supervision are necessarily deferred till our next. Asrimlu is welcome to our columns ; we hope to hear from him (and others of our friends) often. Quite a number of inquiries, notices of periodicals, &c., are awaiting editorial attention, and for the delay of which we claim indulgence. Mr. Cobuan intends leaving Boston in time to attend the meeting of the State Agricultural Socie- ty at Albany on the 18th and 19th inst., and then coming to Rochester. C.eam Pot Breed of Cattle. Samuel Jaquea, of Charlestown, Mass., at his Stock Foim near Boston, proposes lo offer on the lOih ol January instant, at public eale, a large number of Cows and Bulls of bis improved stock. These ani- mals have been bred with great care. They are de- scended from an Improved Durham Short Horn Bull and one of the best cows ever owned in Massachu setts. This cow was moat remarkable for the peculiar richness of her milk, and its large proportions of but- ter properties. Mr. Jaques assures the public that the progeny partake of the qualities of their ancestry. They are generally of a deep red color and more than medium size, and are without doubt, among the best cattle to be found in New England. The eale will offer a favorite opportunity for persons who wish to improve the character of their milking stock. This attempt of Mr. Jaques is probably the fir.^t systematic attempt made in the country to form asupetior dairy Block. Several of hie animals are of the fifth gener- ation. Gate Hinges and Gate Fastenings. Most of our readers may have seen an estimate of the relative cost in using bars and gates for one year, and the consequent economy of the latter. It may be casi'y conceived, by thinking of the labor required to open and shut a set of bars five hundred times in im- mediate succession, and then the same for a gate. A very good thing was mentioned in a late number of the Cultivator, of R. W. Scott, a farmer of Kentucky, •very field of whose farm was entered by a well-hung, self-shutting, and self fastening gate, and each field numbered conspicuously on the gate-post. Many gates are passed twenty times a day, or more than seven thousand times a year, and it is a matter ol some importance whether they shut easily or not. — half a minute spent in dragging a half hung frame over the ground, and crowding a pin with difficulty intr an auger bole to fasten it, amounts, in such a case, in one year, to no less than one full week of hard la bor. Hinges. — As a corrective to the falling of gatet from their original position, the following is a good, but not new mode, though but little known and used. Fig. 1, represents the part of the gate attached to tht post, and the hinges ; the eye b of the lower hinge has • ivrew cut upan it, and by ratons of tke nut e, th« gate head may be elevated or depressed at pleasure - This is often very convenient when the gateway obstructed by snow. In order that a gate maybe self shutting, it should be hung as follows: — Having set the post upright, draw a plumb line on the face of the post, and by this line set the hook of the upper hinge ; and the book of the 'over one two inches from this line, on the side to which the gate opens ; this will cause it to fall shut, while opened less than ninety degrees or the quarter of a circle. To continue this tendency to fall, when opened still wider, k-t the upper hook project :bur inches from the post, and the upper eye or loop two inches from the gate ; the lower hook project two inches, and the lower eye four inches. Agate thus hung will fall shut through the half circle. ^ Ms-^ F.4STEN1.NG3. — Thcso arc almost aa various as the niechanicB who make them ; and are of all grades, from the leather strap tied round gate and post, to the well made spring — latch shutting with all the pre- cision of a mortise- lock on the house door. An e.\cellent latch for a farm gate, in frequent use, is the horizontal wooden bar or bolt, suspended either at the middle or at each end, by a short chain and stn. pies, and sliding through a mortise in the gate-bend, into a corresponding mortise in the post. When drawn back in opening, the chains being thrown from the perpendicular, the weight of the bolt throws it back to its place. F>g. 2, represents this fasiening ; , the bolt ; b, the chain. The dotted lines t-how the place ol the chain and bolt when the latter is drawji back. The fasiening represented by Fig. 3, has been found, by the writer, simple, cheap, and effective. — K > is a r«d of iron, half an ineh or mora in diamstcr, bent as shown, passing through the two narrow morli. sea c c in the head of the gate, and movirg on a in at b. When the gate is thrown shut, this iron latch strikes the projection d on the post, and is lifted back- wards ; its weight causing it to drop forwards aa soon OS the gate is shut. Such an iron rod, for a large farm gate, need cost but a shilling or two, and any farmer of ordinary skill may bend it to suit his fancy, by heat- ing it in a stove, with a few minutes work. It may be made much Bh«ter than represented, if desired. — Besides being cheap, and never liable to get out of or- der, a little sinking of the gate, not affecting it, it is easily opened by persons on horseback. J. J. T- For the IS'ew Genesee Farmer, Steuben Co. Agricultural Society. Mr. Editor — I send you a notice of the first annual Meeting and Fair of the Steuben County Agricultural Society ; also a notice of the last meeting of the Society's Board. It is not yet a year since the question was raised in good earnest by a few entei'prising citizens of this county, whether they should have such a society or not. This circumstance, together with the fact that the great mass of the farming community felt but lit- tle or no interest in the subject, put it out of the power of the Society to say what, or how large premiums should be awarded at its late fair. But feeling that such an exhibition as, by the blessing of God, they might be able to make, was the best, if not the only means in their power to awaken interest in behalf of their cause, the Board ap- pointed Wednesday, the 10th of November last, as a day for the election of new officers, and for ex- hibiting such animals and articles of domestic manufactures as those who v,-ere already enlisted, or who would then enlist in the cause, might see fit to make. The wisdom of this step has since fully appear- ed. The day was highly propitious, and at an early hour it was seen that the most sanguine had fiiiled to imaging the deep interest that was every- where being manifested in the operations of the day. Our list of names was swelled to one hun- dred and eighty-three ; and the cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, &c., that were presented would have reflected honor upon a society of more days. The following is a list of the officers that were chosen for the present year : Lazarus Hammond, President. Otto F. Mar- shall, Israel R. Wood, Lyman Balcoin, Vice Pres- idents. Zibact Leland, Corresponding Secretary ; Theron Loomis, Recording Secretary ; Henry Brother, Treasurer. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Henry Wambaugh, Lay Noble, Elias Mason, Samuel Cook, Warner Patehen, John- McBurney, Sherman Rose, Jacob Van Valkenburgh, Orlando Comstock, William Dixon, William Kernon, Ar- thur IT. Erwin, Amos Lewis, Albert C. Morgan, Stephen Kent, Nathaniel Mallory. Levi Davis, liarvey Andrews, Samuel Mathollen, Otis Thatch- er, Daniel N. Bennett, Joel Canington, John- soil N. Reynolds, Wm. Hastings, Hiram Merriman, Jason Chamberlin, Araasa Stanton. I send you a paper containing a list of the pre- miums awarded at our recent Fair. (Received but have not room to publish. — Eds.) T. LOOMIS, Rec. Sec'y. Balk, Steuben Co.. N. V. Dec. 2i, 1841. " The Chautavgiia Co. Hilk Journal." — We have received the first number of o paper with ibis title, published at Ucxterville, N. Y. by Edwin P. Lord. VIr. L. 16 said to have been many years engaged in the Silk business, and I e nppenrs to undeis'.and it ihoioughly. He gives some interesting statietice of the exteut and success of the Silk Cuiiure in Chau- '.nuqua and S"me other counties ; and if his pnprr is supported as it deserves to he, it will tend greatly to «ncourBg«thi< ii»p«rlant caui-e. Vo. 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL IVE^V HOKSZOA'TAIi ^VIXDMIIiLi. The use of wi^d power for rropelling macbinery, is a subject of consi.lcrnble importance to the Agricultural conimunity, nlihonah it is one that lias received very tile attention. Indeed we have often wondered that more use is not made of this cheap and powerful agency in this labor saving conniry. In thoee part.* wuere ;ator power is ecaice, wind power can be made a gn-.d substiiula for driving ordinary Mills and other Machinery; but in addition to this w,- believe it might be u.rd > great advanmge on many of our large farms for such purposes ae cutting fodder, grinding corn on iho cob, sawing wood, pumping water, dec. i>cc. 1 he p line i pal bjection to using Old Boreas we apprehend is, not that he is unable or unwillins to work, but the difficuby ot harvf^siv^ him so tha he can be easil? n>anageri «e 'ish therefore to'siiggest to our readers n plan for removing these obioctions. The above cuts (furni lied us by the N. Y. M.chnnic) lep.esent a veiy beat, lul and lijemoue contrivance' of which it is said "all the difficulties heretof.re existing in the Wind Wheel, have been overcome. The invetitor not only ^•'"'f^ ^'^ "^ "" nprovement on all others, but that it is the " ne plus ultra" in Wind Wheels. The advantages nre na follows: Firstly^ every tttiU-at all times Heonieincul y .oncct , Its position to the wind to exert the greatest force in propelling the Wheel ; its power is double that of anv other Horizontal Wheel. S^.'ondly, '"^^ ^°"' "'^ ^ onstnicted, that they open at a given pressure, and rilow ib.^ excess of wind to pass through. Thiidly, it can be stopped .nstant».,eou,'Iy, and as q-'cl'lvj^' »f" et in motion : in thesame wind I will move with different degrees of poxoer : for instance, if yon have wind sufficient to run four run ol Mones, and your Mill le set 5 that power, vou can instanHii reduce the power oif the Wheel to drive two run of stones with the mmc speed th-it it drove the lour run with. EXl'LANATrON.-A, ia a plan ot the Wheel : B, an elevation in pcrspecnve ; C, the vane, supported by a truck riinnmg on a circular rail ol hard wood near le eave of the building ; D, is an enlarged plan of one of the sails, showing the manner in which the pitman, and connecting rods, are attached to the cianlt , 1., epresents a section of the sail, shewing the manner in which the slats open when the prcsstire of the wind IS greater than required. w v i, ^;rw For .'urtber information and particular description, or for the pnrchose of Rights, inquire of the subscriber, at 203 Dekucey, or 31 An^^rfe^ VA \'nfinVf .. itter, post paid.) New York. December, 1841. JOHN M. VANOSDEL. News from England. The Steam ship Culumbid brought London dates to he '■'' Dec. an I Liverpool to '.he 4ih. The news is lot very important. Trade was very dull and Money n great demand. The prices of f.our and grain had lecliiied. The Banker's Circular announces that a strong con- ictioh prevails that •' the present government will re- ommend to pailiamem a material alteration in the ex- eting corn laws." It appears by the late advices from England, that loverty and distress, to an extent which can hardly be innccived of in this country, continue to exist among he lower classes in th» populous towns, and many are iciuolly starving in the streets^oihers are induced to »mmit crimes in order to relieve the sufferines of their ■iwilies. — The following is an extract, presenting an ippalling picture, from a late English Journal : "On every hand we hear of the abounding of dis- ret"; and not only so, but of its rapid and alarming ncrease. It is not one particular branch of industry hat 1I-- assailed — it is not the trade of one particular ocnlilv but all seem liable to be involved in the wid Jning and He^trucuve circle. Tales of woe and sof r«ring, ihut arc almost too horrid for belief, ar» repeat- ed from the West Riding for Yorkshire, whilst Lanca" shire awakens echo with the painful response. From Paisley to Spitalfields, a cry of all but absolnte famine prevails." , ., Aoain we are told that the debtors prison in New- castle, Durham, Lancaster, &c., nre all crowded to c.xces", from the commercial loilures which have taken place within the last year. Another London journal tells us that on the Scith uU., there were 714 peib||s confined for debt, in the five metropolitan prisons ! Huw long will this state of things coniiuue ? 1 be wealthy landed proprietors, and the lords of the prince- ly halls and the immense estates, will nm part with their worldly inheritance, tu relieve the poor and bum- ble operatives, who are willing to work tor a mere pit- ance, but even that privilege is denied them. 1 he only remedy left appears to be emigration, and ship- loads ..f poor Englishmen are every week sent to Aus- triia or the provinces in Netat Washington, the crows held a convention in the woods near this place ; and judging from tbs thousands that attended, I should rather think it n " mass meeting" than an assemblage of delogatos. I remember several simiWir' gatherings, which have generally been late in the fall, but not continuing more than a day or two. I am ne>t aware that any ornithologist has noticed ibis cir- cumstance. On the present occasion they seemed to be in earn- Cot debate, though not more (Jisorderly th»u some of their betters under particulor exuitement If rhey had a apeiker, his voice and authority must have been uu- aViiiling, for their clnmir rose at times, on the wind, like the roar ol Niagara. Having neither pay nm rations however, a pro- tracted ss3sion was out of the question, so the adjourn- ment was carried by acclamation, and the dark clrud passed away. Whether the old resident crows of the neighborhood were engaged in the enterpri2a;, is not known ; but they were seen soon after, flying over on their daily excursions, as if, like Gallioofold, they cared for none of those things. A few d.iys ago, when the ground was bare and ■well soaked with the late raius, overseers of highways or candidates for that offi-je, especially if they have the bump of observation, might h.lve been profitably em- ployed for a 'inie, in examining the condition of the Poplar Ridge road— the direct stage route between Au- burn and Ithaca. Wherever the grotmd was nearly in its natural stale — that is, had not been disturbed by the plough, the liories could proceed on a trat ; hut on the contrary, who -ever the road had been raised by the scraper, the ruts an. I the mul were so daep that the traveler was glad when lie got safely through. Tne contrast was very remarkable. Now what was the cause of this dilTorence 7 Simo years ago, I heard one of our Judges, in his testimony before a board of inquiry, say that six years at least were required for a new road to become fully settled and firm, like one that had long been traveled. This opinion, tho result of observation, had no refer- ence to n3w roads through tho woods; but such as are built up b/ the scraper, when sods, and muck, nnj chips, and whatever else is at hand, are canted over promiscuously and without discrimination or se- lection into a pile. Six years for a road to become settled ■ Why, if this is true, what are our pnth-mastera every year about when they spend the strength of the district in making long deep beds of mctloic carik for us to trav, 1 over. But can it be true thot six years are required for a new embankment to settle ! If it were made ol sound etulV— a clean subsoil mixed with sand and gravel. It would nosbe tiue, for it would soon become compact ; but when it is made of such materials as corn and potatoes delight to grow in, it Is true to the letter. The filth with much of the fine earth has to be washed avvny by the rains; and not only that which is on the surface at one time, but all that which the wading home and loaded wheels bring np to the sur- face at another time. All such impurities mi'st be swept away before the road canbecotric firm and good, not sinking under the hoofs of the horse nor the wheels of the cairiage. Now all this reasoning corresponds exactly with the condition of the Poplar Ridge road, and with that of every other road in this quarter which is much travel- ed. . For many years, I have observed that the best roads are generally those which are the most neglect- ed Except in regard to bridges, dug ways, and ditching 10 tnrn off the water, the laziest pathmaster is commonly the best, becau3e it is better to do noth- ing than to do mischief. When the State of New York shall waken up in regard to loads, she will manage things differently. She will not allow her citizens to be heavily taxed so needlessly. Skillful superintendents will be paid for their services, and our taxes will te usefully applied. Thousands arc annually wasted through false e^jonomy. If her CANAL POLICY were no better than her roarf system, instead of a revenue of two millions, she would have n line of duck puddles. The admonition of the prophet, would apply well to our overseers of high-ways. " Cmsc to do ceil. Learn to do icell." Quit ploughing up the sides of the roads, and destroying your sleigh tracks. Use your scr&pers Icnglhwisa to cut down banksand ridges — not crosswise to haul in sods, muck, and mud. GRAVEL YOUR ROADS ; and if the material is not within one mile, go two. Every load is o real good, for the present time, for the present age, and for posterity. TeniperaHCe Reform—IIoine League. It strikes us that the present is an era of great re- forms ; great abuses in social life having reached the ultimate point of human endurance, a retrogade move- ment as the unavoidable consequence has commenced, which promises under a kind providence, to bring buck the moral and social health of the nation. Tiio great temperance reform is the first in order ; when the benevolent and Godlike of the land, com- menced their labor in thiscauie, they dispaired of do- ing any thing more than to malte the practice of dram « inking odious and unfashionable, in order to arrest e young Neophyte of intemperance in his down- ward course of fashicnable delusion. The poor bloat- ed drunkord was given up as past all [lOwer of reform, his h:ibits were considered too chrome to be within the reach of human aid ! What is the consequence of this neglect of this unfoitunate portion of God's accountable creatures I Verily the words of scripture that the '• last shall be first, and the first shall be last," is now in the rapid progress of fulfilment. Who are now the miracle working missionaries in the temperance cause, 'tis true they do not raise the dead, but they perform those miracles which are the " next o! kin ;" tlicy draw from the kennel of death the long lost abandoned sot, quickening him by the force of sympathy anJ kindness intj a thing of life, and health, and usefulness! Every distillery is now ehuf up I The grog shop is now converted from a charuel house of corraption, into the btrsy mart of life and) comfort 1 The more respectoble tavern, now finds itS' bar-room a bootless appendage, while those of lesser note sink tcnantless "Ami make no sign :" The next reform in order is the Home Leaguew Who that has saxon blood in his veins, docs not feeM a th ill of domestic comfort at the very sound of such a name. But alas, it strikes us that its office is not' properly understood by those who proclaim its dutiee., Unlike the temperance reformers, they call upon Gov ernment to .nid them by prohibitions and restrictions, to arrest that over-trading in foreign finery, whicl can only be eftectiially done by a labor of love and the power of domestic example. Blessed would be that home league ; verily it vi'ould compass more than twenty tariffs, if it could by the power of its action in the home circle countervail a part of those evils which grow out of the equality of our institutions ; I mean the general epidemic for expensive foreign finery, thff grinding waste of that ever changing fashion, and un- limited extravagance, which pervades all grades of; society in our land ; that morbid appetite for extcir- nal show among our men and women, which resisli with demoniac f irce, alike the precepts of morality,, the restraints of insolvency, and the more dark and tangible barrier of grim poverty itself. It is said that in England among the genteel classei of community, economy in dress and living is madei a matter of boast, while the family that should iiid in fashionable show beyond its pecuniary ability, isi held up to universal ridicule. Far be it from us to wish to impose restraint upon society in these Unitedl States, inconsistant v/ith our foreign trade, or out! great national progress in refined civilization. Bull we can see no more danger to these interests in thtia curtailing the excessive importation of foreign fab rics, than is now produced by the temperance reforn* in the diminution of our imports of wine and brandy, III the beginning Jesus tonght of the beauty of sim«l plicity, and in his perfect life he gave e.xuni])le of iti( truth, St. P.iul preached it and his epistles enjoin i' with eloquent and earnest affection ; the early Chris tians followed the precepts and example of their maS' ter, some of them it is true, in over zeal, carried thi point a litde too far; 'tis said that Chrysostin rebuk ed the "sisters grey," for the too nice fitting of tbei^ simple attire.- At the court of Louis 14th, the Arch bishop denounced from the altar, the meretricious at tire of the females of the court. But m our repnb licttn land in these last days of light and prolestan reform, fashion and extravagance is ten fold mor universal, than in any other part of the ciyilizei" Christian world. It is a gangrene on our social sys tem, whicTa promises, if not restrained, to np'roo morality, and bring all our boasted professions of re ligion to shame. AVe have read oi savages so addicted to gambiingf that when they had lost all, they set np their 'owi" children ! We have not done this great sin ; but w have sold our hirihrig/its for tinsel ! our Statn Stock are pledged for the payment of debts based on foreigi finery, and children yet unborn must redeem them ! Waterloo, Pen, l.o, 16J1. ' S. W. Mr. Editor. — The following memoranda contaii so much good sense, given in a plain, familiar manner that I believe you will think them worthy of a ploc in yonr columns. They are extracts from letters of practical man to a novice in the business of farming yet may perhaps give instruction to some "old bond at the plough." V. Sheep. I consider them the most pleasant as well as profit able branc'i of farming — indeed there is no doubt o No. 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 11 it. The exiierimeius 1 made were under disodvnntn- geouscircumstunccs, ciinvinrod mc perfectly. 1 ibiiik 1 hove beard you toy tbere nre some on tbe fiirm now, look well 10 them this winter, nnd you will be con- vinced of the justice of my reninrkg before many months. You witl find that your flock is doubled (with proper cnro and attention) tvcry year — that the manuic will pay all the liouble and what it takes in the way of fodder to support them. In tbe 8un\mer tbey will live where nothing else can, and improve, or rather give barren fields more than they take olT, find the wool, in consequence, will be clear prolit— thus:— Dll. inO sheeu cost, say $3 per head, $300 Cll. 100 lambs worth to you .'ji:! per head, 300 3 pounds wool each, 300 lbs. at 35c, 105 One of the principal nia.\im3 as regards tbeec, as well as cattle, is to have iboui well attended tu in winter. Eoonomy, to say nothing of humanity, re- quires if— lor if neglected at this time they got out of condition, and it will take half the summer to restore them to good order, and all the time they are recover- ing, they are not profitable — hence the economy — for Just so much lime is lost. The best plan to winter cattle, is to get them into as good condition as possible in the fall — wlien it costs comparatively little, for the grass is then the strongest — keep them np in condi- tion during the winter, and they enter spring profita- ble at once, without loss of time or provender. TarnipS) Rnta Baga and Beets. You will have to be careful to raise a crop of tur- nips, for the fly is very severe on them when young. Fine lime dusted over them is a great protection. — For winter net I would not advise yi>u to d<5i)end on them, as they do not keep good longer than Christ- inoj ; after that they get watery and hollow. Ruta Bagas are much better, and are siiund and good the whole season. For cattie they are not so much liked as beets, and are not near as prolitablo. I would ad- vise you, by all means, to pny every attention to the laltet — where tbere were potatoes last year, particular- ly if it was well manured, is tbe very ground for them. Have it well prepared — ploughed deep and well, to make it fine — cultivate with the plough, keep the weeds out, and you will be astonished at the result. These, cabbage, ruta baga, and indeed nhnoet every vegetable can be cultivated with tbe plough, not only as well, but better than with the hoe, and at a great saving of expense. Rlanuriiig Gardens. If your garden has been manured regularly with Btable manure, as I suppose it has, you would find a great advantage in trying lime and nshes — the lotttr from the ley tub ore very good — and all the stable manure you will want in tbe fall for tbe garden, should now (April) be hauled into a snug pile ; you will find it when wanted, rich and mellow. Farming Generally. The grand secret in farming, I am well satisfied, is to be early in planting and having your ground in good order — well ploughed and harrowed. Get your oats in as soon as the ground is fit for ploughing — be sure to roll them when about two or three inches high, and do it well, just before a shower if possible. Finish planting your corn one day before any of your neighbors, and if your hands or help are wet by rain in covering the Inst hill, so much the better. Keep working at it until it is above knee high, and you will have no further trouble, except, perhaps, to en- large your crib. IMPORTANT DISCOVERY. Messrs. Editous: — Some time since, you pubUsh- cd air article from a French paper, on the subject or process of self-manuring land, for grswiiig wheat. En- closed, ymi have ■■mother article front the same source, on the sclf-mRnuring process for the Grape, which ex- periment too has been trii'd, with complete sucCctjS. on the continent of Europe. They are spoken of, not as ex|x'rimenl.?, uNTiitun, but as pr.-ictical results. And if there is any reliance to be plaewl on them, they are invaluable, and well worth the attention of all — cs- [wcially so, to our agricnlturaliBts. You will confer a favor on the writer, and no doubt on all your readers, by ftiving the enclosed as wide a circulation as po.ssiblc. And let all who have an opportunity avail themr-elves of an experiment so cheaji, and if found successful, so beneficial, that is to produce an entire revolution in ai;- riruKure througout the world. Nature si)eaks volumes for it, and the ease and happiness of the human race, invite all who have an op|)ortnnify, to text it. W. Discoveries in Astriciiltnre. A few months since we extracted from a Paris pa- per, the Phuliinge, a statement to tbe efiect that tbe straw of whcnt, sctittered over a field in which wheat is sown, makes the best manure that can be procured. The same paper furnishes us with what it considers a parallel case, in-the mode adopted by certain vine dressers of France, who cut off the leaves and twigs of the vine, and mingle them with the earth about its roots; and in that way, it is said, produce the moat hardy prolific vines that are known. He quotes Irom the ' Organic Chemiairy' of Docl. Liebig, one of the most distinguished philosojihers of Europe, the follow- ing remarks in relation to tlie subject : Tbe observations contained in tbe following pages should be extensively known, because they furnish a remarkable proof ol tbe principles which have been stated in the preceding part of the work, both as to the manner in which manure acts, and on the origin of the caibon and nitrogen of plants. They prove that a vineyard may be retained in fer- tility without the application of animol matters, v>l(en {he leares and brandies jn'vncd from the vines are ctit into svudl pieces and. used as a mrnimx. According to the first of the following stat»ments, both of which merit conipKuo confidence, the perfect fruitfulness of a vineyard has been maiiitoined ni this manner for eight years, and according to the latter statement, for ten years. Now, during this long period, i» carbon was con- veyed to tbe soil, for that contained in tbe pruned branches was the produce of the plant itself, so that the vines were placed exactly in the same condition as trees in a forest which receive no inanure. tinder ordinary circumstances, a manure containing potash must be used, otherwise the fertility oftbcsoil will de- crease. Tiiis is done in all wine countries, ; fo that alkalies to a very cjnsiderable amount must be ex- tracted from the soil. When, however, the method of manuring, now to be described is adopted, the quantity of alkalies ex ported in the wine does not exceed that which the progressive disintegration of tbe soil every year ren- ders cnpable of being absorbed by the plants. [The author then proceeds to scientific calculations, which will not interest the general render. AlUr these we have tbe two cases alluded to, taken from an article by M. Krebs, of Seeheim, in a German peri- odical of July, 1840:—] "In reference to an article in your paper. No. 7, 1838, and No. 29, 18C9, 1 cannot omit the opportu- nity of again calling the public attention to tbe fact, that nothing more is necessary for the manure of a vineyard, than the branches which are cut irom the vines themselves. "My vineyard has been manured in this way for eight years, without receiving any other kilWof ma- nure, and yet more beautiful and richly laden vines conld scarcely be pointed out. 1 formerly followed tlie method usually practised in this district, and « os obliged in consequence to purchase manure to a large amount. This is now entirely saved, and my land is in excellent condition. " When I see the fatiguing labor used in the ma- nuring vineyards, horses and men toiling up the mountains with unnecessary materials — I feel inclin- ed to sny to nil, come to my vineyard and see how a bountilul Creator has provided that vines shall ma- nure themselves like trees of the forest, and even bet- ter than they ! Tbe foliage falls from trees in a for- est only when it is wilhercd, and it lies for years be- fore it decays; but the branches are pruned from the vino in the end of July, or the beginning of August, whilst still fresh and mo;st. If they are then cut into small pieces ond mixed with the earth, they undergo putrefaction so completely, that, &a I have leornod by experienrfc, nt the end of four weeks not the small- est trace of thehi'cnn be found." Tbe following remarks are by the editor of the pe- riodical. Wc find the following notices of the saino fact in Henderson's "History of Wines of the Old and New Time : " " The best manure fiir vines is the branches prun- ed from the vines themselves, cut into small pieces, and inimediately mixctl with the soil. " These branches woie used as manure longsinco in the Bcrgetrasse. M. FniicnlVhler soys : " ' 1 remember that twenty jeajs ago, a man colltd Peter Wuller, had a vineyard Iwre which ho manured with the branches pruned from the vines, and contin- ued this practice for thirty years, ilia way of apply- ing them was to hoe them into the soil, after having cut them into sinnll pieces. "' His vineyard was always in a thriving condi- tion ; so much so, indeed, that tbe peasants hero speak of it to this day, wondr.rinr farmers to let their land lis unlilled for one, or more years, for the purpose of being enriched by tbe growth of grass and weeds. This was the great defect in farming; the cultivators relying wholly on this natural I'nanuie, without ony rotation of crops. Before the Revolu- tion 1 never knew an instance, in my native village, of an attempt to fertalize land by green crops or ro- tation. At this day, there are districts of land, within my observation, which are, year after year, sowed with rye, v\ithout any manure, except the stubble of tbe former crop. In many places, this stubble is suffi- cient to keep the land in good heart for rye, for any pej'iod at pleasure. The esperimeuts, stated in the article above named, are not in exact accordance with the practice of our 12 THE NEW GEiNESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. formers, but nil dependin ^ on ibe same principle. I have never seen on experiment made by placing grain under Blraw upon glass ; but it is not an un- cumm on proctice for farmers to spread straw upon grass laud for manure. Whether sunw upon the surface will produce more edeci than when covered with earth, ia a practical question ; but I see farmers covering the seed of pota- toes with straw, and plowing it in with a shallow furriiw-slice. iM. WEBSTF.R. (nr We too were "bred in the Conntry," and hove some knowledge of farming. We were laiher favorably struck with the ■'dibcovery in agriculture," to which our learned correspondent alludes, and are also inclined somewhat to his opinion that the princi- ple 18 not entirely 7icw. We think we can give a stronger instance of ite practical utdity than either the French writer or our correspondent, but we only vouch for its truth so far as having heaid it when a boy from the lips of a resi-ectable farmer who resided on the banks of the Susquehanna. The statement was this. A portion of his farm was hare rock, which, in view of the small amount of lahor bestowed upon it. he made the most productive. Jn the spring of the year he laid down or planted his potatoes on the rock, and covering them over with sira^v, |)uk1 no more at- tention lo them until fall, when he uieiely raked ofl' the dry straw niid exposed a most nl)undunt crop ol the liiicct quality 1 The advantages of this method ol raising potatoes are : 1. No ploughing. 2. No hoeing. 3. No digging — the rake only being required. 4. They are perftcUy dry. 5. They ore perlcctly clnen. — Ed. Tkiblse, A Gooil Thins ^oi' Farnici's* There is no one thing, it is believed, that would in- crease the profits of fanning more, and better enable farmers to know what they are about, than the most rigid accuracy in cxix^riments. Here is the great de- fect ill agriculture in Western New York, and doubt- less elsewhere too — guessing and estimating, but not actually measuring. For instance, — a farmer belicveshc has found a very much improved mode of fattening cattle — ^he feeds them so and so — and with this and that ; but how does he know how much better his way is tlian other [woples; and how can he satisfy others that his mode is best, and induce them to adopt it 1 How can he ? Why let him forthwith procure a weigliing machine, such as we use for weighing hay — costing fifty dollars perhaps — a large siun for most far- mers; and let him perform all his experiments, by measuring his feed, and at the end of every week ac- curately weighing each of his cattle, and observing what kind and mode of feeding incr.-ases their weight most r.ipidly. From such experiments, he will soon be enabled to calculate his prolit and loss to a dollar. Let him jiursuc the same course with liis hogs, and other animals, at the same time that he endeavors, by read- ing and intjuiry, to learn the best on the subject, anil before many years he will have a fund of facts, (and of money too, 1 trow,) of more v.alue, three fold, than the cost of his scales. AVho will be the first to do th.is ■? Who ' " I pause for a reply." Again — there are nrany new, and very valuable things, lately discovered in raising crops. It has been found by fair experiment, for instance, that lime on land greatly benefits it — that marsli muck' is of great v.ilue for some crops — Aaisiihsoil ploiLghing vtWl double perhaps the products of tlie soil — that certain modes of culture without additional cost, or certain varieties of seed with little additional care, will add bushels to every acre. But who knows the precise amount of profit — if after all tlicseare any profit at all, except un- der favorable circumstances — if the thing is done oirly by guessing ? A merchant or a banker would find it rather dull business, if, instead of keeping every thing square and accurate, he should set about guessing his profit and loss ! No wonder then, that farmers some- times feel a little dull and heartless. Well — how is tliis diiTiculty demoUshcd 1 Why, you have only t« get a lape-lim, costing about one dollar, — and measure all your fields— and any farmer who has studied arithemtic, and who has no more than 350 acres, can do this in half a day or a day. I'hen, count your loads of manure — register the quantity of seed and every particular in sowing it — and measure, not guess at, the crop which comes from the land. All this, on a fann of common size, would not cost in ad- ilitional time, more than ten dollars ; and how^ much think you, would it be worth'? As much as ten dol- lars 1 How much would it be worth to each farmer of you, who cultivates fifty acres every year, to know, for a certainty, the way in which he could increase the nett products of every acre to the amount of one dollar a year % And how mucli value would it he to Western New York, in ten years, if every intelligent farmer would now get a weighing VMc/u/ic, and a hipc-liite, and keep acairaU az-rmmis^ and at the same time inform himself through the New Genesee Farmer of all the best modes of fattening animals, and of raising crops, and of the best seeds, and of the best ploughs, and other implements, and should practise en ^getically, system- atically, mathematically, upon this information ■? J, J. T. Treasury Ueimrt--!J laiiit lo: jnntectjou can- not fiivora Mniiid e;iiiiHcy""dniv on iiott-- (•o!i!iBHii(i isureave ol inasiufacluriixg in- (hi'tiy in the v.oist of tisnis. In the late report of the Secretary of the Treas. ury we find an ingenious argument in favor of in- creased protection to our home manufacturers ; we should have been better pleased to see from the same maslcr pen, an apology for that moderate protection which our present tariff for revenue in- cidentally gives our home industry. In times like the present when the whole nation is prostrated by that reaction which has succeeded inflation ; wo cannot but expect from the fathers of the nation, such councils as will tend to turn the people back to retrenchment and reform, in- dustry and econffray, instead of encouraging the delusive hope, that an increased tariif on foreign fabrics will bring back high prices and a prospe- rous trade to the country. The Secretary says that " nothing is 'better es- " tablishcd by our experience and the experience " of other nations, than that the augmentation of "' duties, dees not augment in an equal degree the " cost of the article to the consumer; in many " cases it appears not to increase that cost at all; " very often the price to the consumer is kepi " dov.'n notwithstanding the increased duties." We would ask then how is our manufacture to be protected by an increased duty ? But we appre- hend that this part of the Secretary's argument applies only to the ultimate consequences of pro- tection ; infiation and high prices are the first fr«ils, and the only ones coveted by the manufac- turer ; competition, over production, low prices and bankruptcy follow. The high tariff of 1S2S ruined half the manufacturers in New England by the con^letition it induced, and the only argument we now know of .in favor of high protection, is that we should create an evil that good may grow out of it. During the palmy days of Bank mak- ing, when money became scarce, new Bank Char- ters were applied for in order to supply the defi- ciency ; but now when a reaction has deranged the currency, we seek to increase the tariff in order to make up for the fluctuating vicious state of the cur- rency, and our consequent losses by bad debts. Ask an intelligent manufacturer which he had rather have, all the States south and west, sound and punctual customers, or an increase of 50 per cent in the tariff of duty on foreign fabrics, and what will be his answer, "a nimble penny is bet- ter than the slow and doubtful shilling?" It is true that we have bought too ranch from abroad, because we have bought more than we have sold ; but if our present tariif will not prevent this, how can we hope a higher one to do it ? If the increas. cd duty raises the price in our market, the foreign producer can still compete with tis, as the increas- ed prices will ofl'sct the increased duty, and when the price falls our manufacturers will be no better off than they are now. A member of Congress fMr. Marshall) in advo- cating protection, says, " our manufacturers must be guarded and fondled in the first days of their childhood," very true, but the over zealous friends of protection w'ould destroy the health of the child, by feeding it strong meat and stimulating drinks, instead of the more simple aliment suited to its ten- der age. Under the protection which our revenue bill incidentally gives to our various manufactures, they have been continually on the increase. Our cotton goods are now exported in large quantities, which could not be done if they depended on a tar- iff to protect them. We know of no one branch of industry which suffers from foreign competition at this time, unless it may be Iron ; and as Govern- ment has for some years back admitted rail-road Iron free of duty, .it would now be no more than a just retribution to our Iron manufacturers, to es- tablish the duty, as sundry memorialists have pe- tioned, at the rate charged by the compromise act in the year 1839. Much is said and written of late, about foreign restriction on our bread stufi's, still we find that last year England admitted our bread stuffs under the lowest grade of duty to the amovmt of six millions of dollars ; through the Canadas much of our flour and provisions finds a foreign market at a low rate of duty. If England admitted our bread stufls free at all times, it would only lower the price of her own corn, without materially increasing the de- mand for ours ; we should also have to compete with Europe for the English market, and Russia and Poland can raise grain cheaper than we can, because their labor is cheaper. But if we had the exclusive privilege of supplying England with all the foreign corn she needs, it would in ordinary years be very little ; New England alone consumes more of the production of the West in one year, than is exported to all parts of the world in sever- al years ; and this market, based on the rapid pro- gress of manufacturing industry, under the healthy protection which is given by the provision of the compromise law, will be found continually increas- ing, even in times like the present, when a general bankruptcy threatens the more agricultural por- tions of the country. If the agricultaral states had not involved themselves in debt, our manufac- turing stntss would be in a very prosperous con- dition at this time. S. W. Walerloi,. Nor. =1?.. Igll. .^ Smutty Wheat iu Old Genesee. Ma. Ge.n'r:see Fakmes— If worthy of a place in your valuable and extensively read paper, and if, in your opinion, beneficial to the far- mers of Western New York, I should like you to ha nd round to them through your columns, these few remarks in relation to that great evil, — Smut in wheat, Y'our readers in New England and elsewhere, will probably many of them, on casting their eyes upon the caption of this communication, exclaim with surprise, — What, smutty wheat in old Genesee'! That garden of the Empire State 1 Can it be, that the wealthy, the intelligent, the enterprising, the successful farmers of that favored region allow their priiiccly fields, their ex- cellent soil to produce I his detestable fungi % Yes, Mr, Editor, and however it may reflect on our character ahread as wheat jjrgwerrs, the fact caau»t be denied, tha No. 1. AND gardi:ni:r's journal. !3 to a consulprable extent it is Init too true. And it seems to mo that so;iie portion of your columns should occasioiinlly speak out njainst this great e\il. The origin of this ihsoase, I Ulieve, may be dated as far back as the (•ullivation of the grain itself; and from that day to the present, numberless exix-viments have be<>n made by agriculturisLs of the old world, as Well as by those of our own country, to ascertain the cause ; and yet up to the present ti;iie, the conclusions which have been arrived at, are not entirely satistacto- ry. One of these cxj)criments ascribes it to too much moisture in the soil, or a too humid atmosphere at a particular stage in the growth of the grain. Another was of opinion that it was causcvl by an insect. An- other t!i,at it was a fungus, and that the |X)wder which is si.niilar to that of the common puff-ball of our fields, was the infecting agent. Another is of opinion that the minute grains of smut arc in fact insects, and that when they coine in contact with tlie sound seed wheat, they adhere to it, and inoculate it in such a manner a- to cause it to produce smut. Another opinion, and which is now generally admitted to be a true one, is that it is a sm.iil parasitic fungus, which being absorbs ed by the roots of the seed grain while in a state of germination, and being thence carried by the sap to the young germen, multiplying rapidly and continues to grow in like manner as the sound grain, which at ma- turity it much resembles. But let us turn from the cause to the cure, or rather preventive, which is of far more consequence to the farmers, and tliis is what you should urge upon the notice of 5-our readers, as of paramount importance to them in more ways than one. They need not expend their time nor their money in making experiments. These have already been made in numerous intances, and in every variety of form, by some of the most sci- entific agriculturists the world has yet seen; and the result is, a most complete and efl'ective remedy , and one which comes witliin the reach of every farmer, viz : — To soak the seed in strong brine and then stir into it fresh slaked lime until every kernel is coated. In no single instance within my luiowledge, has this failed when properly appUed ; indeed so perfect a cure is it, that in some sections of Western New York, where formerly the wheat crops were greatly injured, if not entirely ruined by smut, a proper application of this remedy, and an annual continuance of it for a series of years, has totally eradicated the evil ; so much so that brining and liming is now considered unnecessary. Great quantities of smut have been harvested in our town the present season, more than for several years previous. Some farmers of my acquaintance have had such an abundant crop of it, that ^t was with much difficulty the hands could attend the machine during the operation of threshing, so dense and suflbcating was the cloud of smut-dust which constantly encircled them. To these farmers, and all otlicrs who are troub- led witli smut in their wheat, I would recommend a thorough appUcation of brine and lime without farther delay. ' J. HORSFIELD. CtzstU-e, Wijomvig Co., N. Y. Progress of Horticulture— Exhibitions, &c. In the last number of the Farmer, we very brief- ly noticed the more interesting portions of the Mas- sachusetts Horticultural Society's report; we now extract from the Magazine of Horticulture, the fol- lowing items of intelligence from the published re- ports of other similar institutions. We agree ful- ly and with much pleasure in the remark of the Editor of the Magazine, that these reports bear sufficient evidence that a taste for fruit and flowers is becoming general and is attracting public atten- tion. Essex Co. Natural History Society. — "During the present season, the Horticultural exhibitions at the Society's hall have gone off with great eclat. The variety of fruits and flowers was not only greater than at prior seasons, but the number of contributors has very much increaseJ. Several new amateurs have entered the iield, and are be- stowing great attention to the cultivation of flow- ers, particularly of the dahlia, or to the growth of choice and delicious fruits. "Ten weekly exhibitions have been held on Wednesday of the respective weeks, and the annu- al on Tuesday and Wednesday, September 14th and loth. The hall was also opened on the even- ing of the I4th of July, for a display of two of tliose favorite flowers of midnight, silence, and darkness, " the niglit-blooming cereus," from the green-liouse of Mr. F. Putnam. About eight hun- dred species and varieties of plants have been ex- hibited in flower ; one hundred and fifty were na- tives of our woods and meadows— the others the product of the green-house and of the garden. Of these last, one hundred and twenty were roses, one hundi-ed and twenty dahlias, sixty geraniums, &c. Of two hundred and thirty-three varieties of fruit, one hundred and twenty-two were pears, twenty- eight apples." Amtrican Institute, Neio Yoik. — At the fair of this Institution last October, the exhibition of fruit, vegetables and flowers, was excellent. EdiiUtion of the Bmiinstun (N. J.) Lyceum. — The labors of this institution to spread a tase for gardening, have not been in vain. The reporter says : " The fruits exhibited were remarkably fine, and the specimens numerous. The vegeta- bles were greatly increased in number and variety, compared with former exhibitions." The collection of hot-house and green-house plants, pjTamids and boquets of flowers was very creditable. Louiscille (Ky.) and Jefferson Co. HoriicvUural Society. — The exhibition of this society in Septem- ber last, being its first, shows that there is a lively spirit of improvement going on in that region. The report enumerates a much greater variety of fruit and flowers than might be expected in that qimrter. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, (Philu'd.) — In concluding a long and interesting report of the Fall exhibition of this Society, the committee make the following remarks: " The onward march of horticulture in this community was strikingly man- ifest at the present exhibition ; the great improve- ment in all the departments of that science was evinced in the increased variety of exotic plants, the successful culture of the rarer and fiaer fruits, and the remarkable progress in the growth of cul- inary vegetables. Nor was the growing interest which our citizens generally feel in the subject, less apparent or less gratifying on the occasion, for at no former period have the rooms been more thronged with visitors, or more animated by a de- lighted and refined public. "- These items are such as every farmer should peruse with interest, and be stimulated by tliera to devote that attention to the production of fruit and vegetables particultirly, as their importance in do- mestic and rural economy would plainly suggest. It is not our wish to . infringe on the Agricultural character of the Farmer with such notices as will merely interest the scientific Horticulturist, and which would be neither read nor cared for by the great mass of its readers, but we think it the duty of every Agricultural Journal to keep regulary be- fore its readers the progressive com'se of those branches of Horticulture, to which every well- sher of his country should wish public attention might be efl'ectua'.ly and generally directed. E;^- ample is very powerful, and wherever examples are afforded us of our brethren in various parts of the country uniting their efl'orts to promote the ad- vancement of Horticulture, to increase in quantity and quality the products of the soil, thereby aid- ing onward the great cause of human improve- ment and human happiness, and when those noble efforts are successful, as they generally are if prop, criy directed, we consider that they should at least receive a brief notice in every journal devoted to the interests of the cultivator. It must be through the influence of Agricultural Journals, that any thing like the general attentioa of community can be directed to the advantages to be derived from the practice of Horticulture, and they must be the principal channels throu;»h which that knowledge must be conveyeil so essential to its progress. The circulation of books or period- icals exclusively Hoiticultural, is exceedingly lim- ited in any part of this country, in the West par- ticularly, nor can Ihey be made to circulate until both taste and skill have been disseminated ; to do this, we would repeat, 7n'isl be the work of Agri- cultural Periodicals, and it is pleasing to see that some of the leading journals have already expres- sed their intention of giving the subject tiie atten- tion it merits, or at least more than heretofore, during the ensuing year. We hope that all will consider the propriety of doing so and ilo it. P. Scarlet Fever. A correspondent snys, "The happiest elTecis hnvs resulted from wnthing the patient in weak lye which feels a little slippery to the fingers. It is beat to be- gin in time, wiiun the fever or redness first appears ; nnd with a cloth or sponge apply it all over the child every few hours ; but if the feverhasgot up, itshould he repeated every live minutes till the hoot abates. One of our children was getting better under ihia treatment ; but his nurse observed in the night, he was again very hot, she washed him all over, nnd in a lew minutes every trace of fever hnd left bim. He felt cool, slept comfonobly till morning, and has hod no return of it since. Even bathing the feet in weak lye bos a very soothing effect. "Bleeding and strong ecthartics ore l/ad — n.iuse- ating doses of ipecac g-oorf. If the throat is swelled, apply Bwcet oil, or a liniment made of iliis and ogua ammonia, and drink fieely of slippery elm, cotiiep, or sage tea. "If the awelling is very bad, it is best to call in the doctor — or blister, 'md apply n bag of hops dipped in waim vinegar round the neck from ear to car, the suf- ferer breathing the fumes of the vinegar. Gargling n strong infusion of Seneca snake root or Cayenne pepper will do for large children or grown perenns ; nnd nl'terwords «ae vinegar of squills. Give a doeo of cnlomel when the skin begins to peel olf ; end be very careful l^ir many doye after, not to tnke cold.'' " The country is full of RtsoimcEe, nnd the people t'uil of energy, nnd thogicnt nnd petmnneiu remedy ibr present einbarrassmenlE muBihc sought i?:. indysti-y, econo-my, the observance of good faitli, and the favor [ibie influence of time." — TylcT^s Message, A EOTTLF. OF PoRT Wlnt., of Ncw York mnnufoc- lure, has been found to contain .*? ounccS of olcohol, 4 nf cider, ]J of sugar, 2 of alum, I of tartaric ncid, and 4 of concentrated solution of logwood. New doctrines never please the old. They like to fancy that the world has been losing wisdom intp, and an endurnneo of hardstocl;- ig, scarcely surpassed by any other sheep, an early laiuriiy inferior to none, with llcsh finely grained, ^d wool of the most useful quality. The .Southdown leep are polled ; the dusky and sometimes black col- r of the head and legs would almost go to prove that lis was their original color . and in almost every ock, iiotwithslaudiug the care that is taken to pre- ent it, several particolored lambs will be dropi'ed, nd some entirely black : and there is scarcely a oubt that if left in a wild state, they would in a few ears bocoms black altogether. Theic are no sheep lore heaUliy tiian the Southdowns. 1 bey seldom ufl'er from the hydatid im the brain, neither are they nuch subject to the rot. The following is :Mr. Ell- 's descriptim of bis improved Southdowns : The head small and hornless; face speckled and ;ray, and ncit ler too long nor loo short; the lips thin, ind the space between the nose mid the eyes narrow ; be under jaw or chop fine and thin ; the earstolera- )ly wide, and well covered with v\'Ool, and the fore- lead also, and the wliole sp.iec between the ears well ir.'iected by it as a defence against the fly ; the eye- ap or bone not Ino jirojecli ng. that it may not form a ratal obstacle in lambing; the neck of a medium eugtli, thin towards the head, but enlarging towards the shoulders, where it should be broad and high, md straight in its whole course above and below ; the rcnst should be wide, deep and projecting forward be- tween the fore-legs, indicating a good constitution and a disposition to thrive. Corresponding with this the shoulders should be on a level with the back, and not too wide above : ibey should bow outwards from the top of the breast, indicating a springing rib be- neath, and leaving room lor it. The ribs coming out horizontally from the spine and extending far back- ward, and the lastrib projecting more than the otliers ; the buck flat from the shoulders to the setting on of the tail ; the loin broad and flat ; the rump long and broad, and the tail set on high and nearly on a level wiih the spine ; the hips wide, the space between them, and the last rib on either side as narrow as possible, and the ribs generally presenting a circular form like a barrel ; the belly as straight as the back ; the legs neither too long nor too short ; the fore-legs straight from the breast to the foot, not bending inward at the knee, and standing far apart both before and beliind, the hocks having a direction rather outward, and the iwist or meetingof the thighs behind being particular- ly full ; the bones line, yet having no appearance of wenkuees ; and of a speckled or dark color ; the bel- ly well defended with wool, and the wool coming down before and behind the knee, and to the hock ; the wool short, close, curled and line, and free from spiry projecting fibres. The average dead weight of the Sonthdown is from ]'20 to 160 lbs. though they have been .fed lo weigh 2!)4 lbs. ; the fleece, varies from 2J to 6 lbs., dependant, of courss, on circnm- Btances. The wool of the Soathdowns, when in most repute as a carding]wool, principally used in making eeivanta' and army clothing in Kngland, and it was sparingly mi.xed with other wools for finer cloths ; with the introduction of the Spanish and German wools it hoe changed its character, and fioni being an inferior carding wool, has become a good combing one, and enters into the composition of flannels, baizes Bi d worsted goods of almost every description ; heavy roibs for calico printers and paper manufacturers, woolen <;ords, and coarse woolens, blankets, carpets, druggets. &c., so that although it has lost ca.-it, the most enthusiastic admirers of the old short w-ools, canot but look with saiisfaclioa al ils e.vlraordinary usefulness. I have said that the face and legs of the Smthdowns are speckled and gray — I wish farmers, however, to understand that it is not every sheep that has face and legs speckled and gray that is a Southdown ; and I make this observation, for the purpose of call- ing attention to the importance of purchasers beins particularly tenacious of buying of no persons but those of established character, and lo beware of im- position. The Cheviot hills are a part of that extensive and elevated range, which extends from Galloway through Northumberland into Cumberland, occupying a space them arc pointed like cones ; their sides are smooth and steep, and their bases are nearly in contact with each other. The soil, except on the very top, is fer- tile, and from the base to the summit of most of ihcm, there is an unbroken and rich greensward. On the upper part of that bill in Northumberland, which is piopcrly termed the Clicnot, this most valuable breed of sheep is fonud, ai.d hence again its name. It is said they have been bred there from time immemorial. A strong prejudice wasat one time entertained iigainsl them, but they are now spicadiiig themselves rapidly over every part of the south imhlands of Seothind, to the exclusion of the native black faced breed. The head of the Cheviot ia polled, bare and clean, wiih the jaw of good length ; the ears not too short ; the' neck round, not too long, and well covered with wool ; the shoulders deep, full and wide set above ; the chest fall and open ; the body, in general, round and full, and hams round and plump; the. legs clean, of pro- portionable length, and well clad with wool to the knee-joints and hocks ; the fleece fine, close, short and thick set. It possesses very considerable fatten ing properties, and can endure much h rdsliip, both from starvation and cold The experiments ihal have been made in crossing the Cheviofwilh tiie Leicester and Southdowns have been entire faiUirce, and in ev. ery instance has the original fleece been deteriorated by the system ; it is, however, carried on to a consid- erable extent, and a great portion of the sheep on the Cheviot range, have a considerable quantity of Lei- cester blood in them, by which the cbaracier of the wool is being entirely altered. umbra. Fj-om Ihc Phihuklphia Fvenin^ Post. Cure for Diseases in I'each Trees, Gentlemen — As I have undei stood from a source that cannot be doubted, that there are several persons employed in this State and Pennsylvania, curing dis- eased Peach Trees and charging for doing so, and as that information has been received directly or indirect- ly through me without cost to them ; I feel it a duty I owe my fellow ngrieulturis's to make it public. The application lo the trees consist-) of salt and salt petre combined in the proportion of one port of salt petre lo eight pans of salt, one half pound of this mi,\ture lo a tree seven years old and upward to le applied upon the surface of the ground around and i immediate contact with the trunk of the tree ; this will destroy the worm, hnt to more eft'ectually preserve t'e tree I also sow this mixture over my orchard al the rate of two bushels to the acre. The size of the fruit is increased, and the flavor very greatly improved, the worm destroyed and the Yellow prevented. I hope that other papers will place this matter before their readers so as to prevent the public from being imposed upon. With high respect, I am yours, &e. LYTTLETON PIIYSICK. Ararat Farm, Cr.r.il ronnli/, Md. Ijitevatiire as a Source of Happiness. In treating upon this subject we will take a liberal view of it, and understand, that by the term literature is meant every tning thai is comnutled lo letters. Whatever by means of these is ta'-ght us, whatever pleases the imagination, cultivstes the taste, improves the mind and perfects the character, is to be allribuled to lilersiuie. To it belongs not more ibe petty news- papers of the day, than treaties upon mental poiloso- phy; not more Iho 'latest vortl,' than the funda- mental and scientific works of Newton and Franklin. In line we will take the word in its widest sense, not iimiling it, as ie frequently done, to works purely sci- entific. if we carefully examine the subject, we shall with- out diflicuUy discover that literature is truly a source of happiness to us. In the acquisition of knowledge we obtain svhat is fitted to give us true pleasure at every step. We continually meet with something new, interesting and useful as we advance in our course. Our minds also become improved and stregih- ened in literary labors. What was once a myeiery has now become thoroughly understood. The point, which we once supposed we could not gain, is kit for behind. That pe.fection, to which we once dared not aspire, even in the wildest flights of the imagina- tion, is now a common possession. There is even a pleasure in our toil — it brings ils own reward. The stores of knowledge, which we are continually adding lo what we before possessed, urges us to slill greater diUigcnce, gives a laudable zeal in our pursuits, and leads us to the consummation of our hopes. How does the inquiring mind rejoice al the developemenl of each truih, that is presented — at each unexpected discovery I What are our sensations as ihe unbound ed fields of science open before us I AVith alacrity Again, liteiaiure is the eourco of happiness to us on account of rendering o.ir oesociationa with each olher more pleasing and profitable. »Sinco oiir minds aru improved by literary exercises, our powers of eonver- ealion are increased and improved. Al;d as man is a BO>.-inl being, whatever is added in this way is neces- sarily added to his happiness. One' sk lied in science is thua.bionght in contact wiih the good and great, and has his pleasure increased by aseociating with them. ll adds to our happiness by enabling ns to do good to others. It gives us plea.-ure to import to others iho rich treasures thai wo pots ss, and which wo may im- parl without injuring ourscIV'S, but on the contrary, rendeiing our own possessions more sure and fixed. Willi what interest does the teacher engage in the task of diieciiiig the "yoirng idea bow lo shoot." And this eatiefaction arises from the fact, that he knows he ie performing a good action, and is benclitting the one that receives it. The writer, who publishes the re- sullG of hie labor and rescaich, and thus becomes in the highest degree beneficial to man, has his share of enjoyment. The oiator slam's up before tbo assem- bled multitude, pours forth the thunders of his elo- quence, reproves, convinces, enlightens and sways all around ; and ho too has his- reward, the rewaid that always followsa just act. Literature renders ils possessor happy from the very fact of bis possessing such stores of knowledge. It spreads out before hi in information of all kinds. It.") vohinies are ever open before him. Even from ficti- tious writings he obtains a knowledge of human na- luie, an insight into character, and the, extent and power of the iinaginaiion. In the histoiy of the woild he Laj a treasure inestimable. He almost sees the sceresof thecarly ages acted over again while he pur- sues their history. He holds " A/g/i conrerse" wiili the good in the most ancient limes. They speak to him in differenl languages — in poetry and prose. Ho is acquainted with every region — al home in every stale. He is the keeper of niony books, and eepe- ci'illy of the " Book of honks," '■ the key of heactn." Every thing is ready for his use ; all he has to do is to open tlie slore-hnuso of bis mind, and let it flow forth. Ho is always ready for action, and able to do good. — Muine Farmer. of from 150 to 500 square miles, The majority of I we renew our study. It ie our joy — our life. Agricultiiial Papers. The vast improvements in agriculture, which have been made throng!, out the countijj lor some yeais past, have been brought about in a great measure, by the dissemination of valuable information through agri- culuiral journals. The farmer now finds that he neeria a paper devoted to his business, as well os olher men. There is no class in whose affairs there are so many subjects piescn'.ed, on the most of which every one may learn something new from the experience of oth- ers. ■ Cultivators now read papers devoted to their interest, not only as a matter of [ileaeurc, but as a mat- ter of profit. They learn the heelniethod of improving soils of every description. The detailed accounts of reclaiming low lands, and of renovating worn out fields, as pursued with profit. The most successful ways of preparing niAUures, by which the quantity ia gready augmented, and quality greatly improved. — The most profitable nnides of culture, the best pro- ductions of every description, &c. &c., and the re- sult of the best practice in every department, is related in a poper to tbo community, as one neighbor would slalc his practice to another. This is book farming, at which some, even in this day of light, have tho prejudice lo sneer. — Fur. Jovr. The Farmei's' Cabiaiet. We have had occasion, heretofore, lo speak in llio highest terms of praise of this publication, and espe- cially of its engravings of animals; but wc deem il on ' act of justice now to say, and especially that we ap. pear not invidious towards other agricultural journals, that most of the figures of cattle we have lately seen in that work, are copies from Eiglish standard hooks, especially Youatis, some of which are given as accu- rate and apparently original portraits of particular an- imals recently imported, and in no case we believe is the source acknowledged. Perhops tlie Cabinet cua explain this. T Always think what you say, though you may not always say what you think. After kindness has failed il is quite seasonable to re- sort 10 coercion. Folly does not always end with youth, nor wisdom begin with eld oge, THE \FAV (JKNESJ'.E FARMER. t;oi!M'i>>n«--al^ ol' tUe Public Piess. We tender our sincere acknowledgements to Ed. itors generally, for the favorable notice they have taken of our humble efforts. We feel in duty bound to give our readers two or three specimens of the numerous flattering commendations we have received since the announcement of our new arrangements. /• From the Kcntuchj Farmer. V The New Gknesee Parmer. — We are very much graiifiL'd to h"arn that the sciviees of Rev. Henry Col- man are eecured ns the future editor of thie \>\\ics pub- liahed inonthlv at Rochei^tcr, N. Y. Mr. C. is well and fav.irably kmiwn to thengriciiliurnl public, having been Agiicultura! Ci)mmis8ioner "f Mnasachiisetta and editor of the N. E. Farmsr. Mr. C. will prove a powerfai acquisition to the corps of agricultural editors and in welcoming him again into the fraternity, wc congrntuliue the paper and the public to which hia use- ful luhore will be devoted. He will iiiRtruct bis by practical knowledtje, entertain by his fresh, lively and elegant style, and stimulate by the enthusiasm, he him- self fcela. We would go many a mile out of our way *o spend a night with Henry Colman ; and we are Bure that many new friends will feel towards him just as we do, who will learn something of him in the New Genesee Farmer. From the American Farmer. Henry Coi.man. — We observe by the New Genesee Farmer, that this genileman is about ti assume its con duct as exclusive editor, and we seize the occasion to c.ingratulate the pa'rons of that excellent publication, upon the important aceusition they will obtain in the i".a\, talents, industry and experience of that emineii; agriculturist. In bis '• CartV' of annunciation, Mr. Colman says, that " he feels that he is going amon^' 'old acquaintances' — and why should be not? H'>w could such a miin, whosn intellectual and physicial la- bors havo been identified with the cause of agriculture for fuiy years, locate himselfany where in our wide- sp ead country and not find himself among old ac- quaintances !" The thing is impossible. For oiir- self we can say, although we have never seen him, were it to he otir lot ti^ieet him in the de.-.erts of Ara bia, we should hail him as an *'old acquaintance,"' with whom fir years we had enjoyed the conmiunion of mind, and for wkom we have long entertained a sincere regard. We welcome him to his new post, with the kindliest feels of friendship, and shall indulge in the hope that his translation from the cradle of li- berty to the young giant of West' rn New- York, may prove to him aliite the source of pleasure and profit. From the Sulcm (Mass.) Gazette. The Rev. Henry Colman, late Agricultural-Corn missioners of this State, is about to become editor o( the " New Genesee Former," published at Rochester, N. Y. Mr. C'jlman is one of the best writers of the dyn, and his numerous admirers, throughout the Com- monwealth, will hear of his removal to another State with sincere regret. His labors have contributed more t'lan those of any other person, to give to agriculture the' improving impluse which has advanced it so rapid- ly within a few years. From the Maumee (O. ) Times New Ge\f.S5E Farmer. — We had been looking over sevsral late No's, of this paper borrowed of our namesake iVfr. Smilh, and had alrt ody got our opinion of its merits — np to that degiee of comparison called the superlative — when we were favored by the pub- lishers with a prospectus for lb.-? Volume of the coming year — embracing a specimen sheet. In that we noiice with great pleasure, that Mr. Henry Colman, one of the moat distinguished of the Agricultural writers of the Nation, ha3 been engaged as its future editor. When we consider toe great and well known merit of Mr. Colman as a writor, and, iho favorable prosition of the paper, for western circuiiition, we cannot doisbi that it will be ere long bo the m )st widely circulated Agricultural oeriodical of this region. Its articlei have heretofore been much better adopted to the Western States, than those of the We hope such will continue to be their character under its new F.ditor. His good sense and extensive exporiencewill, we trust, enable him to steer clear of the error of hislate lament- ed friend. Judge Buel^ — that of devoting too great a portion of his papei to the subject ot improving poor eoils. To people of this western country, such arti- cles can be of little pracical benefit. Our soila are uivariahly rich and wc hope thmugh the influence of such papers as the New Geneesc Farmer, they will always be kept so. From ll.r. UlMer Raihilirun. New Genesee Farmer. — We have heretofore on evcinl occuodMio boiiie ll^l iiii-i.y lo the ii-gu chain. ■ ier of this paper, of the talents ol its conductors, and the valuable and varied inrormaiion imparted through iis coluiiiiia, Wc would again earnestly recoin i end the puliiicMtion to tlieottenlionof the|!nblic. It should be in the hmids of every lariiier. Adilitionnl interest will lie given to the work the ensuing year, is the editorial department will be sustained by Hkni.y Col- man, late Agricultural Commisjioner of the Stote of iMassachusette, and liJ|own as an eminent agricultural writer. " Phase Exchange," — We almost daily receive several newspapers with these two words written on the margin. We never refuse to exchange, but as ordinary country newspapers are of no use to us, wc offer to send the Farmer without an ex- change to all papers that publish a notice of its character and Terms. Editors of. Agricultural, Scientific and Literary periodicals, and city news- papers, who generously give us an exchange, will please accept our thanks. If any of them desire an extra copy of the Farmer, they will please in- form us. THE MEW GEMBSEE FARMER, ASP gariie.ver's journal. VOLUME THREE — FOR 18-12. T' II E tlieapest AgriciilHiral Paper in the JL I'nii.n :- U Li.iiiC I'^ses .Muiillilj , (wjlii engravings,) only oO (-ei.ts per ye;-.r ! ! HENRY COLMAN, EDITOR. (Late Agrirnltaral Coaimissioncr of the State of Massachusetts, and Eilitor oj the New Eng, Farmer. ) Graterul r r !»'» f -;""t--r\ p piilronaae wliieh the New Gen- esee Fiirmcr ]■ :,;-,' trJdtyjohserve Uic Terms, and he careful 10 wti-.c ptaiidii the names of su!i- 5:ii!)ers, their Post Cffi,-e, County, and .St.-ite; and ill nil cases to send the money with the order =0 ih,-.t the perplc.v- ity of keeping acco! M. U Proprietor. , h as New York ; allowed as fol- .*;even copies, for .63,00 ) p..,_,.„, ,|„..„a .„ ].„ Twelve do. for o.llO V ' '^J ,^ "..?'. ","l^f,„ Twentv-fivedo. for Ul.OI) > nmnc m adi ance. Nocommission will he allowed, if unoiri-endnoney isscnt. Address, U iTKHA.M & COl.MAN, Drrember 1, 1^41, Rnrhtster. If Y. IVTEW rt'.STO i^ the White ^1 for the purpose ot 1 MILL— The subscrilicr having taken !1 on Water Street. E.ast side of the river r-unniiu it as a Custom Mill would give vv pt.-iirnerl to do work ill 11= short a lime fi"'il'"e"!,i,l. lit iii.pes WANTi:.; .^i Beans. O.as P. a liccs Wax and i- price will he paM N. U Flour wli reason ahle terms sronnd. Rochester. Janu , (Jris^'see-I, Flr.\. Fins Seed, IJri'stles.' e 1 Fruit i for which the highest mr.rke- he at all limes m nnfaclnred on the most for merchants or others who wish erain W. C. FO.STI-.R. -iry I.IMI. 3m fX. i-hid mllerr-ii ' r ■ \'v li.-e. A n w Imiise. Iiarii, ai 1 fences— 11 ' '■ ooti an ' u-a'er, &c. Fr .., I, ii'.ars, etirpine ^-n t e prcn iscs. or ad- dresv r. \V .1 1;,, iie»t rPonO(il/e, N. Y., Pi st pa d. R«.-hr,i,r ;,Ve. -J.VA.IStl. WESTERN Faimrr's ami GaidPnei's Al- manac, for 18ia-By Tliomns Afile,-k, 1 incie- nati.— Also "lice hree-lini: in :h,' West." |.y the same au- thor. Pi ice '2.> ctH. eacll— 32 per dozen, for sale at the !?eed Store ?.^i, SfoeSstorci ia Rochester — Nov, 1. MILLISSl'S ROOT <;l'T'M.P.. ■ing for several yeais in.^l liail nouicri.us iiiqu .'peifc-l t he lias fidlovviiis rii-omiiicmlation b; C N. licment was puhlislic I in llie Alhanv Cullivutor am clearly sets forlh the advantages of the Machine '■ As much attention lias licen paid of l.ate 10 llie culture c Roots for feeding !>tock, &c. At first some difficuHy oicurie ill sowing. 1 n:II ine drill was invented which dilninisiicdth. lahor to a pastime • here a larsre Mock were li'..i, iiiucl time and lahor was spent in slicing or cutting the roots suit ■ihle for feeding with safety. Atlirslthe spiide, snick chopper were hronght Into loinisilinn.hut no satisf.ictoi Other nuichines have since lieeii used, such as tlie Grater orizontal Knives, operated hy ate.iin. liut Mdlish's^Vege. tahic Cutler eclipses the whole. It consists of a Box I Inches lone, 2 feet wide, and 3J liigh, with a hopper aliovi and a receiver or spout below. Near the cen re of the ho: is a frame hearing a circular plate of cast iion on a horizon tal a.vis to which a crank is afached; this wheel three knives set parallel to the face of the plate am ting from the centre, tile vege ahle presses aeainsl the knivei i^.nd iheir own weiglit keeps them within the stroke of tht knives. I have had one of -Millish's Vcgetali'c Cutters in use, a; consider it one of the most Useful machines ever iveiitcd and think iliat no farmer wlio values the lives ofhis cat- tle or his own inleicst should he without one. Thev will cut more potatoes into thin slices in one hour ihan a' man can cut in two davs wiih a knife. 1 find thai Vc"e:alde3 cut in this machine, will boil in one half the liio'e, making a great saving of fuel and labor. The Ma- chine cuts potatoes, turnips. Iiagas, calibagestmnps.duimp- kins and sipiashes. when broken.) with ease. The above is "iven to answer the many enquiries made, - ' - -' - •'■- best improvement or machine, for the safe p getal Icb lor feeding stock " ,Tan. Is Id ve- C. 'N KV.M- NT. ... the°Kochester Seed Store— I'ricr $10. 1^4-2. M U, l;.\! i.llAM. UOCllESTliK PKICK.S CtRUEN corrected for TUF, \EW GENEsr.K FAKMlili. JA"^ UARV WHE.AT, perbushel, $1,00 a CORN " 44 OATS, " 31 BARLEY, " 44 RYK, " 56 BEANS, White,.. " 62^ POTATOES " 20 APPLES, Desert,. " 25 FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl 5.00 " Fine, " 4,75 SALT, " 1,25 PORK, Mess, " 10,00 " Prime " 9.00 " per 100 lbs 2,75 BEEF perlOO Iba 2,50 POULTRY, per lb..... 5 EGGS, per dozi^n, 15 BUTTER. Fresh., .per pound 13 , " Firkin,.... " ... 10 OriEESE, "... 5 L.IRD " ... 6 TALLOW, Clear "... 8 HIDES, Green " ... 5 SHEEP SKINS 3S PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,25 POT, " " .. 5,50 WOOL, pound,... 30 HAY, ton, ...10,(10 GRASS SEED bushel.... 1.25 X. ),lf42, $ . 50 50 62J 75 25 3S 5,25 3.00 3,00 18 15 12i, 6 7 9 . 40 .12,00 . LO <'OfV I'ENTS Ol' I'HSS NUMHEK. Publishers Nolices Editerial Address Impro e! St .ck— Ayrshire, Durham, and ,\ativc. con p.arison of their Dairy qualities, liv H. Cobiian, 2- " I he Colonial Farmer," "The Oridiavilists' Comp i ion." Meeting of the N. Y State Agricultural Si cleiv. " idle A.m rican Almanac and Repository i Useful Knowledge for !.*l-2." Three E.vpcriinents in Wheat Crowing. Plonghir M.itclies. The St:;;e Fair and u esiern Catle. ." . . The f'yraense House. VidnablePear Irees. Agrlcu tural Meetings. White Carrots— Sti aw Hoot Cu To I and S.-de of Ci ■lle.l Fruit I>u,ls— Pc-ich Trees— Cr ws— Roads, eniperance l-'eform— Home Le; 10 ilf was killed. 4. Cow owned by John Barr, in Salem. 1822. In 174 daysthe weight of milk was 7611 lbs. No. of quarts, beer measure, 2965J 1823. In 268 days, weight of milk was 7517 No. of quarts, beer measure, 2923 The sales from this cow, including the calf at 5 dol- lars and milk at5 cents per quart, in 1822, wa6.ftl53,- 25. In 1823, $151,15. 5. Cow. John Stone, Marblehead. From June to October, this cow averaged 11 lbs. of butter per week. 6. Cow. N. Pierce, Salem. 3,523 quarts of milk per year; nearly 10 quarts per day. 7. Jeremiah Stickney, Rowley. 19 'quarts daily ; calf at 6 weeks old weighed 196 lbs. ; gain 2 3-7 lbs, per day. 8. Cow. Isaac Osgood, Andover. 17 quarts of milk per day ; made 5C lbs. of butter in the month of June. 9. Cow. S.Noah, Don.'ers. In 148 days from 2d May, gave 587J gallons milk ; more than four gollons per day for that time. This cow calved on the 28th of April, and in the 148 days succeeding the 2d of May, she yielded 6054J lbs. of milk. 10. Cow. T. Flanders, "Haverhill. From 20th April to 22d September, besides 46* gal one milk used for family, made 163 lbs. 4 oz. butter. 11. Cow. Daniel Putnam, Danvers. " This cow calved May 21 st. The calf was sold June 20th for$7 62J. During the 30 diys that the calf sucked, there were made from her milk 17 lbs. ot butter. From June 20th to September 26ih (fourteen v.'ceks) she gave 3370 lbs. of milk, or more than 34 lbs. 6 oz. per day. The greatest quantity on ony one day was 45 lbs., or 17i quarts. "The weight of a quart of her milk is 2lbB. i) oz. The greatest quantity in one week was 288 lbs. The quantity of butter made in the saine fourteen weeks was 139 lbs. The greatest amount in one week was 12 lbs. 2 oz " 12. Cow. Owned by William Osborn, Salem. The milk of this cow from Januory 24ih to April 10th, was 3127 lbs. varying from 33 to 48 lbs. per day, averaging 40J lbs. per dny during that time. 13. Cow. Owned by Richard Elliot, Danvers. This cow's milk gave 16 lbs. of butter in one week ; and she yielded on an averoge from 15 to 18 quarts per day, beer measure, for a length of time. 14. The yield of a cow owned in Andover is re- markable. Her origin is not known, but her appear- once indicated a mixed blood ; and I was led to be- lieve she partook of the Yorkshire blood, a race of cattle which I have found in the neighborhood of Moultonborough and Conterbury, N. H., but whose introduction I am not able to trace. In 1836, besides supplying the family with cream and milk, there were sold 127| gallons milk at 14 cents per gallon, $17 88 166 lbs. butter at 25 cents 41 50 Calf sold 8 00 $67 38 " Tiie keeping was good pasture and awill of the houEC, including the skim milk, with three pints o 1813, 180 lbs, of butter ; in 1814. 300 lbs- ; in 1815, ' mesl par day," Thes* statements show, in s »lrdiwf N. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 19 light, the ditlerence between a good mid a poor cow ; end the utility of liberal keeping. 15. A cow of Samuel D. Colt of Pilisfielii, from 1st December to 26tb April, 1418 days, produced 19:! Ibe. of butler. . Itj. A cow owned by R. Cniupbell ol riltetield, baa yic'ded '.'6 beer quarts of milk per day. 17. A cow owned by Ilosea Merrill, garc 30 beer quarts of milk per day. IS. A cow owned by D. Fenn of Slockbridge, 8 years old, produced in one week I'i lbs. 9 oz. builcr. During ihe same lime, JO nuaris of the milk were sold, and in addition cream and milk were used freely in the family. 19. A cow owned by Calvin Davis, 4 years old in the spring of I83S, in 17'J days produced '2'2r< lbs. butter, and fatted a calf. An accidental injury to the cow prevented a continuance of making buiter. '20. Two cows of VVm. Dewey, of All'ord, in good season, averaged, for a length of lime, 14 lbs. ol but ter each per week. 21. A cow belonging to the late Pr. Hyde, of Slockbridge, for some time produced fourteen pounds of butter per week. 'ii. Two cows in Vandeuseiiville, produced 14 lbs. of buiter each per week. 23. A cow belonging to Millard of Egre- mont, produced 14 lbs of butter per week. •24. From two cows belonging to Russell Brown in Cheshire, besides the free use of milk and cream in ihe family, 90 lbs. of buiter were produced and gold in three weeks, and in four successive weeks 1 1 4 pounds. 25. A cow owned in Slockbridge, by Stephen Wdlard, produced as follows: In 321 successive days 331 lbs. butter. "284 " " 293 "306 " " 318 quarts. Befoie grass feed in April, the cream of two days mads 2^ pounds butler, and was ina^lo from 2 l-l(j quarts of cream. Two or thieo minutes in churning. This was (he mother of Mr. Jaques's fa- mous Creampol breed. X>. Two cows — Ker. Mr. Phenix, c;iiicopce Mats, 1828: for sovcial weeks averaged 20 lbs. per week, besides what milk and cream were used in the lamily. 315. Cow. W, Chase. Somerset, R. I., 1S3I Most of the season, 20 quarts milk daily ; averaged nearly 14 pounds butler per week during the season ; 120 pounds made in ten weeks. 37. Cow. Israel Graves, Northampton, Mass., 1830. Four years old ; one week, 13 pounds 9 oz butler. 38. Cow. L. Hosmer, Bedford, Mass., 1S30. 14 pounds butler per week. .39. Four cows. Jesse Putnam, Danvers, Maes , 1830. Averaged more than 208 pounds butler each in the season ; highly fed. 40. Six cows. J. Curtis, Marblehead, Mass., 1830. Averaged over 181 lbs. butter each in the season, without extra feed. 41. Cow. W. Dickinson, Deerfield, Mass., 1830. One week, 14 lbs. ; first ei2ht weeks after calf was taken away, made 9(3 lbs. Six quarts of milk mode one pound of butler. 42. Cow. H. G. Newcomb, Greenfield, Mass., 1830. From March 27ih to May 25ih, made 100 lbs. of buiter, and reserved 160 quarts milk. In 14 days, made 29 3-16 lbs. buiter. 43. Cow. D. Wait, Greenfield, Mass., 1830. In one fortnight made 25 lbs. butter. In May 1832 she produced, in one week, 15| lbs. butler. Average daily weight of milk, 47 Ibe. Measured one day 26 beer quarts. 44. Two cows Ilart, Shelburne. Mass., lS:i4. Besides milk and butler used for a family ol three persons, they sold from these two cows, in one season, upwards of 400 Ib^. butter ; feed, grass only. In June, they made in one week 23 lbs., one week 25 911 days 942 lbs. '• The above is exclusive of 85 lbs. made while fat teni;ig three cilves." He adds " my method of keep- ing has been grass only, from spring to fall. In the I lbs., one week 28 lbs, fall 1 begin with pumpkins and potatoes, and feed 45. Cow. Barrett, Northampton, Mass , moderately during the lime she gives milk. An ac- 1830. This cow milked, for one formight, every ejunt has been kept for only three years ; but it would eight hours ; at each mi king has yielduil a pailful, not vary much from the above, for the twe ve seasons holding 10 quarts — the weighlof the milk averaging 1 have had her, exceiu the present season she has heen daily 49J lbs. Her milk has yielded daily 2Jbs. 5 oz. farrow." This cow is now eighteen yenrsold will calve again about the middle of February." 23. Two cows owned in Pitlsfield, produced each 50 lbs. of milk per day ; and one other 32 lbs. at a milking. 27. A cow owned by Thomas Hodges, in North Adams, produced last year 425 lbs. of butter ; 400 lbs. of this amount were made in nine months. Her ''eed consisted of one quart of rye meal, and half a peck of poiatoes per day ; and very good pasturing. 28. A eo« owned by Joseph F. Upton, of Ash- field, Franklin Co. From the first of April, 1837, to the middle of February, 1838, her product was 335 lbs. 15 oz. From the 9ih ol May, 1838, to the28ih December, 1838, she had produced 303 lbs. 3 oz. of buiter, and was still making at the rate ol one lb. per day. The owner adds, " In the year 1837, I killed my calf at three days old, and gave my cow the skimmed milk through the summer. I coniTnenced the first of Outnb^r to feed on poiatoes. 1 gave her about one peck per day boiled, as long as she gave milk. In the year 1338, 1 fatienod my calf and killed il at four weeks old. It weighed 75 lbs. She has had nothing but grass this year, until the first of October; since then I have fed her with one peck of boiled poiatoes per day. My cow is seven yenrsold last spring." Her winfr keep at present, whde Hiving milk, is as much hay as she will eat, and one peck of boiled pota- toes per day. 2.T Cow. N. Sanderson, Waltham.Mnss., 1828. Tuirteen and one half lbs. buiter per week through the season, on an average. 30. Cow. Luke Fisk, Walthain, Mass., 1824. M ide 12 lbs buucrper week. 31. Cow. George 11. Hardy, Walthain, Mass., 1326. Averaged, for four months, llj pounds per week. 3i. Cow. John White, Dedham, Mass., 1826 Gave 12 pound butler six weeks in succession ; one week 12 pounds 13 ounces ; three m(jnihe, aver- aged lOJ pounds per week ; gave 18 quarts milk per day. at times. 33. Cow. James Robbins, Walerlown, Mass., 1827. May and Juie, from 10 to 13 lbs. butler per week. 34. Cow. R"lph Has';in3, Dorchester, Mass., 1827. Eig'iteea quorls per day— average 14 to 15 butler, making 32 lbs. 6 oz in 14 days. From one milking alone, 1 lb. 0 oz. were made, which will give 4 lbs. 2 oz. butter in one day, from one cow ; the butter was of a superior quality, and brought a high price in the Northampton market. 46. A cow owned in New London, Conneciicul, yielded 10 qiiaris milk per day, for 14 successive months. 47. Cow. i. G. Tyler, Bradford. This cow, from April 1 lo Sept. 23, produced loJ^ lbs. of bui- ter. In the second week in June, she yielded 126 quarts of milk, beer measure, at ihe rate of 18 quaris per day for that time. 48. Cow. C. C. Sewnll, Danvers. From the 2f;th of June, in 95 days she gave 3189 lbs. or 1275 quarts beer measure. The greatest quuntiiy in one week was 116 quaris ; in one day, 17 quarts, 1 pint The daily average quantity was 13 quaris. 52. Cow. Julius Smiih, Cheshire, Conn. This heifer, two years old, averages 18 quarts of milk per .53. Cows. Spencer, Guilford, Conn. These cowrt average 14 quaris daily through the season. .54. Cows. Allen, Cheshire, Conn, Kightcowa. 15 (luarls of milk each, daily. 55. Cow. Shelburn, Vt. Has yielded 26 quarts, beer measure, in a day ; and at two milkings in 24 hours, produced 3 lbs. 14o/.. of butler. This cow was raised in Vermont. Sonic persons, from her great product, call her F.nglish ; but the ndmixtiiro of blood is very small if any ; and if any, it is not known, whether Durham, or Ayrshire, or what. There is nothing but her color, which indicates any diilerencefiom our beet formed native slock. She has some progeny by an Ayrshire bull, which are veiy promising. 56. Cow. S. Henshaw, Springfield. 173 l''^- of butler per week, and in one case, 21 lbs. of excel- lent butter. In 4), days, ih it is 4 days and one milk- ing she produced l4 lbs. 3 oz. of butter at the rale of 22i lbs per week. I had in a former publication marked this cow as a croEs from a Durham bull ; but 1 was misinformed. Mr. II. tells me she was a nalivo cow without mixture of foreign blood. .57. Cow. WestS|)ringlield. This cow in sixty daysprodiic, d 26921 lbs. of milk, averaging 44 5 6 lbs. per day. This was equal to 22i quarts per day for that lime. She repeatedly produced over 50 lbs. and sometimes 54 lbs. of milk per day. I have iho exact daily reiurns for the time. 58. Cow. O. Morris. Springfield. "TheBum- mer after she was seven years old, the quantity of bul- lei made from her between the first day of April and the first of Scpiomber, five months, was 206 lbs. During the lime, we used milk and cream in the fan^- dy freely. Some weeks we have made 14 lbs., ex- clusive of milk and cream used for lamily purposes. 1 have ol'ien weighed her milk in the month of June, and she has frequently yielded 31 lbs. at one milking atnigbt. We have been particular to haveher milked in the summer at five o'clock in ihe morning and at seven o'clock in the evening, and always by the same person. I think much of regularity in the limes of milking ; and that one person only should be permit- led to milk the same cow the same reason; My cow ha^ always had a good milker, and her milk has been rapidly drawn. Her food in the winter is good hay, and in addition thereto from 2 to 4 iiuarls of rye bran at noon. I feed and give her waler three times each day. In the summer, besides the posture, she has 4 qu.arls of rve bran at night. From the experience I have had with this cow, 1 feel quite sure that many cows which have been considered as quite ordinary, mi»hl, by kind and regular ireulmenl, good and rcgii- larleeding and proper care in milking, have ranked among ihe firsl-raie." 59." Cow. Roxbury. This cow. besides taking care of her calf, produced 3975 beer quarts of milk in one year or before her next calving, which was wilhm the year. 60. Cows. J. p. Gushing, Watertown. " Ihere has been no account kept of any of our native cows. Several ol them, however, on grass, and also m ibo winter (soon after calving) have given 20 quarts a day 49 Cow. Albert Johnson, Lynn. From 27ih for a nionlh or more. Several of oui nalive cows, March, 1840, when she calved, to 28ih Sepiember, 184 days, she produced 6840 lbs. of milk, or 2736 beer quarts, averaging nearly 15 quarts per day. The largest qiuintity any one day was 52 lbs. or 20^ quarts. She had good pasturage until the drought in summer, and then some hay and one bag (four buth- ele)of shorts. The account of this cow for part of iho present year i? as follows. From March 29lli to September 30ih, 186 days, she has given 6783 lbs. of milk, equal lo 2714 quaris, averaging 14i quarts per day. The hirgest quantity given in one day >vns May 9ih, 51J lbs., equal to 20i quaris. She has been sick a part ol ihe season, by browsing the leaves and branches of the black cherry iree, which has occasioned some di- minution of her milk. • 50. Cow. Charles F Putnam, Salem. From November 15, 1839, to November 13, 1840, she pro- duced 4214 quaris of milk, beer measure, being an average of 12 quaris per day through the year. Mr. Putnam writes 10 me, "ibal ilie first month this sum- mer, (1841,^ with two quaris of meal per day, she averaged eighleen quaris of milk per day. I am eon- fiilenl that the cow v.'ill give twenty quaris per day in good fair feed. She was milked till within three weeks, and could have been mdked to tje time, ol calving." 51. Cow. Ifobart Clark, Aiidover. Bu'ter in a week 14 founds , pariicnlarly two which you recommended, gn greater quantity of milk than any of cur imported cows, with a single exception." 61. Cow. Page, Danvers 13 lbs. butter in ono week : 30 lbs. in three successive weeks. 62. Cow. B. Shurtlell', Chelsea. Supposed to he of the Galloway breed, small cow, has given 21 quarts per day. ,, ^, ■ ■ 63. Cow. Daniel Breed, Lynn. " She is fix years old. She gives now (Nov. 19.) on grass and U peck of roots, six quarts of milk per day. Slio has not had any buy or meal this fall, and all the hay consumed by her last winier. was 2900 lbs. without meal. She calved last April, and comes in again March 12ih. She gave in June nn average of 45 lbs. of milk per day, and has given 2490 quarts the last seven months. She is milked until within a few days of her enlving. What is remarkable ab.nut the cow is her small size" and its requiring so little food to pro- duce so much milk." The above measures are allele and beer measure. 64. Cow. " Georee Goodnow, of Soulhbor- ough, in the county of Worcester, keeps 10 cows upon his farm. He has kept an accurate account of ihcir produce lor a number of years. The amounl ot hulier made from these 10 cows in the season of 1839, was 2172 lbs. The amount sold 2028 lbs. The nmount used in iiis family, 144 lbs. During the ' ;aon;bi^f June, the famescaBon, the 10 cows n\erai:cd 20 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. 9 Iba. each per week on grass feud olone. He has a number of cowtj ibot hove made ]0J ibs. per week, and rue that he haa made JIJ Iba. from. Afler ihe 1st of December he makes no buuer, but eells his milk during the winter, the account of which haa been mislaid. His calves euck till they are 7 weeks old, then they are mostly slaughtered. The cowa are dry from 2 to 3 months previously to cnlving. In the season of 1840, the butler made from 10 cows was 19G5 lbs. Amount sold, 1831 lbs. Amount used in the family, TJl lbs. Mr. G. had not footed the ac- count for the present seoson, (1841,) but he said it ■would not probably vary much from the two previous yeara. The cows arc all native. You may rely upon the above being correct." 65. From 3U cows in Cheshire, Berkshire coun- ty, all native cows, an average of iii Iba. of new milk cbeeee has been produced to each cow, and 10 lbs. butter, or 300 lbs. in the whole in a aeason. 66. Two dairies in Cheshire ; one of 21 cows, pro- duced 626 Ibs. of new milk cheese, and 1700 Iba. of pork were made on the same farm, half of which was to be credited to the cowa ; one of t8 cows, prodnced Co'2J lbs. of new milk cheese in a season, ami 1000 lbs. ot pork were made the same aeaann on the same farm. Two quarts of rye meal were given to each cow two months the first of the season, and one quart for one month during the last of the season. Most of tlie time they had Iheir whey to rich. I might greatly enlarge this list by a mention of other native cows as remarkable aa those to which I have referred ; but here 1 shall submit ihe caae. — The beauty of the Improved Durham Short-Horna and their perfection of form are admirable. They come with goud keeping early to maturi'y. They have a tendency to keep thcmfclvca in good condition : and with extraordinary feeding and cure, they arrive at a large size, and some individuals, all points con- sidered, have surpassed any thing within my knowl- edge. The Claremont ox, a half-blood Durham, whoac pedigree is not known, which was sent from this country to England for e.thibilion three years since, ■was pronounced by competent judges the lincet ani- mal of the kind ever seen there. Hia live weight was reported aa not far from 3700 lbs. The Green- land ox was nearly as heavy, and singulaily beauti- ful. A native ox e.'shibited in Boston, in 1840, did not differ much from these in size, fulness, and weight ; but compured with them in appearance, he was misshopen and deformed. The Durham cows, in general, especially the selected ones, which have been imported on account of these qualities, are large niilkera ; but their milk seema generally inferior as to richness or butyraceous properties. The milking pro- perties of Mr. Whitney's stock at New HaveiT, are very remarkable. The Durham cowa are large ani- mals, and should be expected to secrete largely of milk ; but niimy of them, however, are inferior as millters ; and, upon as calm and impartial a view of the subject as 1 can take from my own personal obaer- vation, 1 cannot piononnce them, as u race distinguish- ed and preferable to all othere for ther dairy qualities. I have come to this concluaion ivith \»ry strong pre- judices in their favor ; and as I measure my words in this case, 1 wish to be judged only by what I say. — Whenever a Short-Horn cow proves an inferior milk- er, the enthusiastic advocates of the race are pleosed to tell us that it is because she hie no pedigree, and ia not aherdbook animal ; but admitting that her aene- nlogy is aomewhat mixed, it is singular that the vir- tuee of the blood should not ahow themselves to n de- gree, and that the impurity or defect should always predominate. It is certain, however, that many mixed bloods have in eveiy respect excelled many of the pure bloods. In regard to what we call our native stock, in which various bloods and breeds are intermingled, many of them are indeed miserable in appearance, in ehape, in condition, and every other quality. This comes in general from neglect and indill'erence, because we kill or sell to the butcher our best cnlvee, and com- monly leave what we do attempt to raiae, " to shift for themselvea." Yet at the aame time, without pre- sumption I think. New England may challenge the world to produce finer teama of oxen, by fil'ties and hundreds of pairs, than are to be found at our catlle- Ehowa. Let any intelligent judge uf stock go into Worcester county, Mass., into New Haven and Hart- ord counties, in Connecticut ; or especially to Sac- carappa, in Maine, where ox teams are constantly em- ployed in carting lumber to Portland, and if he will find ony superior oxen for labor and condition than are to be found there, he would do a signal favor to the agricultural public in letting us know where we moy ook for them. 1 have ecen none. I believe we g :ouM search the world over in vain to find any. Our native cows are of every variety, but there are several parts of the State where, though it cannot be said that any scientific or systematic improvement has been undertaken, yet by a long-continued selection from the best, whole families or breeds are to be found distinguished for their excellent properties as dairy stock. The list of native cows, which I have given, shows conclusively that we have those which, for the quantity of milk they give, are scarcely inferior to any ; and for the amount of butter and cheese which they produce are surpassed by none. The numbers referred to prove that they are not rare. Whether any thing would be gained by substitu- ting the Improved Short-Horns for our present stock, is, to soy the least, questionable. The Short-Horns are great consumers. Though animals do not alwoys consume in proportion to their size, yet this must be considered as a genertd rule. . They require most.par- ticular attention and liberal feeding to bring them to maturity, though we admit that they arrive at maturi- ty early. Many of the Shoit-Horned premium young animals which hove been exhibited at our cattle-ehows have had the benefit of two wct-nuri^es lor ei.i months. Most of our native calves are pat off with two leata, and at eight or ten weeks old are turned adrift into the pasture to live or die as they pieose. Our own stock has never had fair play , and it treated in the same manner as the best Short-Horn stock they would not perhaps fall so for behind them as might be sup- posed. Our pastures are in general short and our winters long. A small race of cattle, therefore, and n more hardy Block would seem better adapted to our condition. The London milk eelablishinenta are mainly sup- plied with the Short-Horns, becati.sc, it ia aaid, they give more iiulk, and after becoming dry, take on flesh sooner than other races, and ore therefore more easily disposed cf to the butcher. The size ot these animals would naturally indicate a larger yield of milk, and, at the same time, a greater consumption of food. — But the yield of milk is put down at an average of nine quarts daily. These are presumed to be wine quarts, and deducting one filth, it does not much exceed the yield of some milk eslablishmenta among us. Besides, in the London dairies, coivs are not suffered to be- come wiib calf". One of the moat extraordinary Short-Horn cows known in England, it is said, produced 373 pounds of butter in 32 weeks ; 17 pounds being the largeat quantity made in any one week. This is quoted as quite remarkable ; but tbia, as far as it goes, does not equal the Oakea, the Nourse, the Adama, or the Springfield cow. One of the best-informed arid moat ardent advocates for the Sbort-ISorns, the late Henry Berry, remarks: — "That their milk docs not con- tain the same proportionate quantity of butter as that from the Long-Horns, the Scotch cattle, or the De- vons, is probably true ; but we have reason to believe that the dill'erenee has been much exaggerated, and is more than compensated by the additiojial quantity of milk." Whether this additional quantity of milk car. be procured without an additional quantity of food, is aqueeliun which naturally arises, but which I have no mennsof answering with confidence. The quantity of cbeeac made in a year from a eow in the celebrotcd cheese district of Wiltshire, Eng. is thus Etoted. "The quantity of cheese that is made from each cow in this district is greater than is com- mon in any other cheese-making country, sometimes as much as 4J cwi., or '> cwt. per cow, seldom lower than 3 cwt. Ferhapa 3i cwt. is a fair average in a good cheese-making year on every cow that calves in proper time." In the fomoos district of Cheshire in England, the average amount of cheese to a cow, is slated atSjcwt. The old breed oflrish cattle, much valued for the dairy, will produce from 84 to l\2 Iba. of butter per year ; a very good cow will yield 1 J cwt. ihati5l68lb8.net. Of the Ayrshire cowa, kept in the highest condition for giving milk, it is stated that the yearly average in milk may be 6r>0 gallons or '2600 quarts, (wine measure 1 presume is intended) and 90 gallonswill make241bs, of butter, or loquarts ( wine measure) to a pound. In another case it is said " thata well fed cow of a good breed, will pro- duce on nn average 180 Iba. of butter in the season ; though the common calculation ia 1.50 lbs. In the EiJping district, where there is an indiscriminate mix- ture of Devon, Suflblk, Leicester, Holderness and Scotch, the calculation in a well managed dairy amounts 'o 219 lbs, per year to a < ow. In one case in Sussex, upon an actual trial, the cows produced only 106 lbs. per season." As tar then aa we can depend on these accounts our ovsn native catile for dairy stock will not suffer by comparison with the best English stock of ony of those rnccs most distinguished for their milking iiro- perties. Our own Cheshire cheese dairies certainly yield the palm to none. The cross of the Durham Short-Horns with the De- von has produced in many cases an excellent stock, But ifof no other value to the country, their introdno- tion will prove an immense benefit by showing our far- mers what can be done in improving the size, form, and condition of their own stock, by a most careful selection from the very best, by persevering attempts to amend defects and engraft good properties in the animal constitution, and by constant care and good keeping. It cannot be denied that a vast proportion ol our cowa are wretched in their form, health, and condi- tion. There in no reason on the other hand to doubt that by breeding only frotn the best on bothaidea, and by a liberal mode of keeping, we may produce a doiry stock, and a stock for labor, aa well adopted to our postures, climate, and husbandry aa can be found. — < Perhapa I ehould be authorized to add for beef also, that is, producing aa many pounda according to the expense of their keep. The average weight of but- locks slaughtered at Smithfield, the great cattle mark- et of England, is 656 lbs. At Brighton in this coun- ty, the average weight of oxen is 87.") lbs., and of steers OtiO Ibs. each. The lost is thought by some persona to be overrated. The weight used at Brigh- ton ia net weight ; one hundred weight being nov» reckoned at 100 Iba. avoirdupois. Sale of Cream Pot Stock, At the Viinn of S, Jaques^ Charlcstown^ Mass.f January 11th, 1843. We annex a list of the animals sold, as n'umber. ed in the catalogue, ■with their ages and prices, which they brought. The result created almost universal disappointment. It was not in our pow- er to attend the sale ; but it is cause of much re- gret that, after tlie pains which Mr. Jaques has taken to rear a race of animals whose richness of milk peculiarly fitted them for dairy stock in New England, there should so little reward have been fonnd for his exertions and so poor encouragement presented to future eflbrts. That a bull of admi- rable character and points, for which, as wc liavo understood, 700 dollars have been more than once offered, should he knocked off under the hammer, for 64 dollars, is a sad disappointment. The time of year for the sale was unfavorable. The high price of hay was against success ; the scarcity of money still more against it. A forced sale, as this was understood to be, is always unfa- vorable. How far the animals presented could be warranted secure of the excellent properties of their ancestors, ■we are not able to say ; and have learned that some doubts on this point operated ec- sentially against them ; but the extraordinary ex- cellence, ■we mean especially the richness of the milk, of the best among thera, there can be no ques- tion whatever. The fortunate owners of the best animals will, we hope, do them full justice. We only wish that Mr. Jaques could have found a more essential reward for his exertions than the satisfac- tion of having led the way ; and we believe with much success, in endeavoring, on enlightened prin- ciples of breeding, to form out of the materials which we have at hand, a stock adapted to the purposes of the dairy and to the climate and pas- tures of New England. BULL?. ATo, on Catalogue. Name. 13. Clyto, 7. Medium, 16. Globe, 5. Orange, 8. Curvet, 3. Don, 10. Count, 12. Silver, [4. Leo, HEIFERS. 26. Topaz, 2S. Nymph, 30. Ghent, Age. Price 2 yrs. $10 2 1.2 "2 3.4 IS 4 1-2 10 2 1-2 28 7 64 3 23 2 26 9 8 1 3-4 yrs. $21 11-2 14 1 1-4 12 No. 2. AND GAKDENER'S JOURNAL. 21 9. 10, 11. 13. 11. If.. 16. 17. IS. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 12'. 1 2-3 13 12 3 35 1 3.4 41 1 12 1-2 It) 14 yrs. $16 ,10 31 IS 7 M 3.S 7 1-4 34 7 HI 24 days, 12 7 JTS. (JO 23 days, 6 5 1.2 )TS. 02 6 65 6 37 5 1-2 75 5 1-4 40 4 3-4 3S 4 1-2 35 4 1.2 47 4 1-2 31 4 1-2 67 4 1.3 65 33.4 39 3 2-3 71 3 1-2 45 3 1-3 25 n 19 6 29 31. Brtinc'ii, 32. Chrystixl, 25. Crimp, 27. Charm, 29. Couslaiit, 33. Cologne, COWS 1. Civilia, 3. KatcBoliv'r.lO 4. Crcampot 5. Glossy, 6. Olive; 7. Bettv, Her Calf, 8. Coral, Her call", Gaze, Dolly, Clierry, Gipsy, Anna, Lemon, Cypress, Grecian, Huldah, Only, Bountiful, Bouquet, Otter, Diana, Cosset, Fanny, Coquet, Cow Gem — not 00 the catalogue, was bought at 165 dolls, Ilercalf - - • . 10 " BuLi. Brilliant, not on catalogue, 51 " PcEE .South Down Sheep — R.\ms avd Ewes. Lot of 4 sheep brought 12 dolls, each. '• 10 " " II " " IT The manure on the farm sold for $5,25 per lOrd, or 12s cubic feej. ]wsoil th.at whoa the weeds ar.^ subdued, tlic hoe or cultivator has no oflice to perform ; but n.-iture rcvevs»-s this ilecision as actual experiment invariably proven.— The frequent stirring of the earth lets in the oxygen of the atmos](here, which isoonveited by iheJtvnnis, in tlie soil into c-ubonio acid, to be absorvcd by tlie plant.'j. It should be tlie object of every f,xrmcr to understand Uic substance's which goto form the plante ho iis about to cultivate, in order that he may know how to apply such substances to the soil as arc found to be the inorgiinic constituents of tlie plant he proposes to grow. Hence, as wheat straw contains twice as much potash a-s barley straw, and barley straw twice a.s much as o.it straw; it is to the interest of the fanner t-i spread liis ashes on his wheat fallow, rather than on his oats. It in said that those plant.s which contain the least alkaFi, may be the longest cultivated on the same soil ; hence by covering old meadows with a coat of ashes, you quicken fertility by restoring that potash which was carried olT by the preceding crops. Lime is a constituent part of wheat ; hcnre in those sections where there is no limestone, wheat only grows well as a first crop. It would not succeed then, were it not for the presence of lime and potash in the ashes of the great mass of vegetable matter burr.' d in clearing the land. The doctrine that humv.sis extracted from the soil by the rootsof pbnts seems when submitted to a strictex- amination to be untenable. This opinion, that all ve- getable nutriment comes from the atmosphere, seems of late to be corroborated by actual exjierimcnts in France. The Phalange a Fourier asserts on the best authority, that wheat has been grown to great perfection on a " pane of glass," without other aid or covering than a thin layer of wheat straw. In this ca.se nature, seems wisely to provide in the debris of the plant, the elements for a perfect reproduction of the same plant by atmos- pheric aid alone. Hence the furmcr should take the hint that wheat straw forms the most valuable base for manure to be returned to the wheat fallow ; and that the straw alone if it could be properly distributed and retained on the sown surface, would while it prevented winter killing, secure an abundant crop. When we reflect on the great developments which agricultural chemistry is now makirtg for the benefit of africultural economy ; the now progressive march of our moral population in mental culture; we cannot but feel that the much wished for era, has commenced when two blades of grass .arc to be made to grow, where one now hardly vegetates ; when instead of tra\'elling a mile over the most tertile portion of the earth, without seeing more than two or three human tenements, with field: and tallows whose unpromising appearance hardly re deem them from the desert ; we shall find every high road a continuous rambling village, animated by a ru- ral population whose busy intelligence in the agricultur- al art, will offer to the eye of the beholder the interest- ing spectacle of the maximum of vegetable production. The problem will then be solved of what a single acre can be maile to produce, by examples without number. Waiuho,N. Y. S. W. ducfl a better growth than a I.1 The Ontario A^ricultnral Societ}'. Will hold their annual meeting and winter show ot Cunandaigua on Tuesday 8th Feb. current. We de- sign, extraordmaries excepted, to be among the Live Stock, on the occasion, not for exhibition, still less for premium ; surely not, for we du'nt belong to the coun- ty ; but that we may, if it be allowed us, have the pleasure of making the acquaintance of some of the best farmers in the State; and joining in the festivities of one of the best day's in the year, the Farmer'b Holiday, Compelitora for piemiume on Wiiilur Win at 10 pro- duce written statements of the kind of soil, whether clny, enndy, gravelly or otberewiee. 01 its locnnon, whether hvel or rcdling, protected by woods, orchiirds or hills. The manner the field has been eultivnlcd for the Inst two years, whether any course of rotation of crops is pursued, and what ; whether manured, and when, what quaniily and of whot kind. How many times ploiiged and when, deep or shallow, bow many times borrowed. VVlicu Eowcd, what kind oi seed, and how muili ; seed covered with n ploiigh or burrow; what time ripe and haivesied. Spcciinena of tho wheat are to be exhibited to Uie Commitic, Competitors on Indian Corn, Barley, Outs and Pcoa to produce like etaiaments of soil, system of lotaiion, if any, preceding the crops, manure, how applied : when and how mucli, how ploughed, anil number of times ; quoiuity and kind of seed, when sowed or planted. What further cultme; when ripe and bar- vested, quantity of produce, accompanied with speci- mens. Corn to be weighed, seventy five pounds of ears ot corn allowed for n bushel. Barley, Oate and Pea« lo be determined by ttandard weight. Satisfactory evidence will be required, ne to quanti- ty of land, amo'int of crops, way ascertained, &c. To be awarded by the Committee. In respect to roots statement's in regard to the soil and culture are to be given as for corn — the roots are to be weighed after ihe tops are removed. Six premiums are likewise 10 be awarded on red clover Seed — three to the farmers who produce the greatest quantity ; three to the farmers, who pro- duce the greatest quantity on nn acre. The premiums on Animals we subjoin at large aa their appearance now is not too late to induce cflmpell- tion. Os Animals. 41 For the best yoke Cxen, fatted for slaugh- ter, 7 42 " the second best do 5 43 " tho third best do 3 44 For the bestCow, fatted for elaughter, 5 45 " the second best do do 46 " the third best do do 47 For the best Steer, under 4 years old, fat- ted for slaughter, 48 ** the second Lest do 49 " the third beat do 50 For the beat Heifer under 4 years old fat- ted for slaughter, do 51 " the second beat do 52 " the third best do 53 For the best Ram, reference to carcaaa 54 " the second best do do 55 For the best six Sheep, fatted for slaughter, 5 56 ■' tlie second best do do 3 The Fat Cattle will be exhibited on the Public Square, in front of the C^^urt House. The Fat Sheep will be exhibited in the lot adjoining the south west corner of the Public Square. All samples and specimens of Grain, Roots and Clo- ver Seed, will be exhibited at the Court House. Competitors for premiums, are requested to have their Animals and' other articles at the appointed places, ar.d ready for inspection, by 11 A. M. Wind Mill. The subjoined is from a gentleman on whose good judgement and faith entire reliance may he placed. The best foim of a wind mill must be of much im- portance in places where water power ie wanting. Mr. Henrt Colman — S,K — I observe in your first number the plan for a Horizontal Wind Mill, which is recommended supe- rior to any form hitherto discovered. Should any person have occasion to erect n wind mill, even in your distant part of the country, I ihink he would be well paid for his journey lo Roxbury before he under- touk it, to examine a plan of one for which Capt. Stephen Glover has obtained n patent. I believe there has not been one erected yet on this plan ; but I think, he would grant any person the privilege to erect one, that it might be proved superior in simplicity and du- rability, and unalTectcd by gales or storms, and that t will run equally steady and rapid in a gentle Premiums are then to be awarded, (three) on each article, on crops of Winter Wheat, Indian Corn, Bar- (jreeze as in the ley, Oats, Peas and While Beans. Nei!, three pre 1 am wilh respect and esteem, 22 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. For the New Genesee Farmer Dnrhani Cows as Milkers. Mkssrs Editors — I noticed in the New Geneece Farmer of a few monlha ago, some remarks of Mr. Colman concerning Durham Cows as milkers. Mr. C. speaks well of the Durhnms in most rcBpccts, but remarks that he yet wants the proof of their being the bjst breed of cattle for the dairy business. For my part, I am satisfied that they cannot he surpassed by nny breed in America ; and I think if Mr. Colman would lay aside all prejudice and take the pains to in- form himself that I have, he would be of the same opinion that I am. 1 was raised in the State of Vermont, where the dairy business was carried on extensively, and I have taken great pains to obtain information respecting this branch of business, and I can safely say that I have never seen any breed of cattle that would equal the Durham for the dairy. I have some half, and three quarters blood, and some of my neighbors have the full bloods, and I challenge Mr. Colman or any other gentleman to prodttce their equal among native cows, in the quantity and quality of milk. I have a Dur- ham heifer, two years and a half old, that has often given 31 quarts of milk per day, and that of a good quality ; and I have some others almost equal to her. One of my neighbors has a full blood Durham cow that he values at §300 ; he offers to give the cow if ehe will not average 32 quarts of milk per day, for a month at a time, and that of superior quality ; the cow to have no other feed than a good pasture. I could mention a vast number of other cases to show the excellence of Durham Slock for the dairy. The question is well settled in the South part of Ohio. Yours &c E. D. SMITH. Brown City, Ohio, 1841. Remarks. — We are most willing to be enlightened, and are much obliged to Mr. Smith for the kind sug- gestion, " that if Mr. Colman would lay aside all prejudice and take the pains to inform himself that I (Mr. E. D. Smith) have, he would be of the same opinion." This is all charming ; and Mr. Colman promises that he will do his best to follow his friend Smith's advice, and make some inquiry in regard to this neic race of animals about which Mr. Smith speaks, and about which poor Mr. Colmau nerer heard beforel Mr. C. cannot promise to lay aside all pre- judice because he may be under its influence without being aware of it ; but he humbly hopes his chance, being no dealer in cattle) to escape prejudice in this case may be about as fair as that of some of his Ohio friends, who have Improved Durham Short Horns to sell. Mr. Colman has gone very fully into this subject in his Fourth Report on the Agriculture of Masaa chusetts, in the chapter on Dairy Stock ; in which it will be seen that, without having had the honor of re- ceiving Mr. Smith's card, he has virtually accepted his challenge to produce "native stock which equal the Durham Short Horns in the quantity and quality of their milk." This chapter from his report which has just issued from the preste, is given at large in the New Genesee Farmer ; and it will be seen then by the impartial observer, whether Mr. Colman stands fire or not, or whether he has been completely demol- ished by the sledge hammer of Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith's communication is of the same charac- ter with many both verbal and written, with which Mr. Colman has been favored ; and now let us see how much of it is fact and how much of it, we say it without any disrespect to Mr. Smith, is mere words. The first fact stated in it then is this, "I have a Durham Heifer two years and a half old that has often rriven thiitv-one quarts of milk Dcr dav. and that of a few questions. Were these quarts beer quarts or wine quarts ? because it makes a fifth part difl'erence 1 How was the milk measured, in a quart measure, a gallon measure, or a paiU How oftenhaa this cow done this ; twice, or a week, or a month ? How was she fed at this time 1 How did Mr. Smith deteimine the quality of the milk? Did he make butter, and did he ascertain how much butter she would make to a quart of milk or in a week or a month ; and if he did why did he not state it? The only test of the good quality of milk is in the butter, which it produ- ces? Again, Mr. Smith says " he has some others almost equal to her." The common saying is that almost is more than half! What does Mr. Smith mean by it ? does he mean any thing more than that they are a little more than half as good ? and if so, and if be knows what they are, why does he not give us some actual measurement in the case ? The second fact, which Mr. Smith states, is that "one of his neighbors has a full blood cow that he values at three hundred dollars ; he oficTs to give the cow, if she will not average thirty-two quarts of milk per day for a month at a time, and ihat of a superior quality, and the cow to have no feed excepting that of good pasture." Now all this is just such flummery as we hear every day. Who is this neighbor? Will he give his bond or his word of" honor to do this? Does he mean beer quarts or wine quarts ? Why does he not try the cow without a bet ? He can do it without much trouble. Why does he not see how much butter she will make in a week or a month, and let us know the fact, so that there can be no possibili- ty of mistake or deception? We do not say that he states what is false ; we do not know that this cow wdl not do this and more than this ; but we do say, that there will be no difficulty in his getting three hundred dollars for his cow if she will do what is here stated, and if her pedigree is genuine. It is said that Mr. Clay in Kentucky got two thousand dollars for a cow, which certainly did not promise better than this. Again we should like to ask Mr. Smith, if these extraordinary properties are characteristic of the breed, why we do not have more of these gifted animals among the Short Horns It is one thing to find ex- traordinary individuals and another a whole race. Will Mr, Smith inform us likewise, if this is the best race in Great Britain, why the first farmer in Eng- land Mr. Coke (Lord Holkham) prefers another race ? and in the next place why the Herefordshi res take the prizes at the English Cattle Shows aa often ae the Duihams ? Now Mr. Smith may be assured, that we have no prejudice against the Duihams. We admire them and mean to do them ample justice. We cannot see any reason why he or our friend Allen should erect their quills and dnrt their hard looks at us in this man- ner. We have no Short Horns to sell. A burnt child dreads the fire ; and we shall not try again. If Mr. Smith has any valuable and well authenticated facts to communicate, we shall be most happy to re- ceive them. As to " guesses, and almosts, and chal- lenges," wo have little regard for them ; and have seen in our day as much of cojv-jockeying as horse- jockeying. Fuel. Farmers who drive instead of being driven by their business, will be busily occupied in winter in drawing and cutting up their wood for smnmer use. The great advantage of dry over green wood is generally understood. Green wood usually con- tains at least one third of water which is evapora- ted as it becomes seasoned, as is proved by weigh- ins it : this amounts to several barrels of water in wasted, generally at least one- half. . The only case in which green wood can ever be tolerated, is where the draft is so strong up the chimney, as to carry off the greater part of the heat; as in^re- places, and badly constructed stoves. But in stoves where the draft can be closed both above and be- low the fire to prevent this sweeping of heat up the pipe, the use of well-seasoned wood will be found a matter of great economy. Small stove-wood, cut up green in winter and placed in an airy wood-house, will be well seasoned by mid-summer ; but larger wood requires more time. Large wood, seasoned two or three years, is decidedly better than if seasoned but one year. Those who have not spacious wood-houses, where quantities may be stored, should place their wood for seasoning where it will be most exposed to the heat of the sun, and the action of the winds. And if protected entirely from rain by a covering of boards, it will be much better. The superiority of wood thus secured in seasoning to that corded up in shady woods as is frequently done, is very great. Indeed, the less compact woods, as elm, black ash, and soft maple, are comparatively worthless, unless thus thoroughly dried. J. J. T. Roa(ls."Eversieeiis.~Seckel not ("Seckle'') Pear.—Mediterrauean Wheat. C In a letter from Cuyvga county) In the haste of writing my last letter, I forgot to mention the operation of SCRAPING THE ROADS as soon as they are dry enough after the ground has been soaked, and the ruts become deep. Except THROWING OFF THE LOOSE STONES from the beaten track, there is nothing that improves them so much with the same amount of labor. It is true the efl'ects may not be perma- nent in rainy weather ; but the chances are much in its favor, and the expense is too small in pro- portion to the benefit, to constitute any valid ob. jection. When the roads are full of ruts and hubs, which happen more especially in the spring, it is very fatiguing for the team, and straining for loaded' carriages to pass. In many districts, the overseers let the traveler work along over such obstructions in the bestway he can— and for weeks and months —until the hoof and the wheel batter down the hubs, and gradually fill up the ruts, while ont- man with a scraper and a yoke of oxen, couk malce it all smooth tliroughoutthe whole district ir half a day, or a day at the furthest. Work o this kind is a real labor-saving operation, evincing both intellect and benevolence ; and entitling thi overseer who directs it, in no slight degree to thi respect and regard of the community. A scraper of this kind is easily constructed of i plank 8 or 9 feet long, guarding the edge tha breaks the hubs, with a bar of iron. In stiff clays, a heavy roller to precede th. scraper, would render the operation more effectual As Noah Webster has not given the word huh as we use it, a place in his Dictionary, I copy th following definition for the accommodation of you distant readers, from an article I wTote severa years ago. HrBs— Such parts of a road as have been raise when muddy, by the hoofs of horses or- cattle and have become hard by drying or freezing. The trade in evergreens amongst us, is increas ing ; and wagon loads from swamps of the neigh boHng counties, are brought every spring and fa bv pedlars wlio find a ready sale. It is quite a o. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 23 U. arance of the counliy, especially in winter, I ikethe following suegestions. Evergreens generally succeed best when set out the spring ; and for this reason : a plant in a ipplcd condition is loss hardy than when it is in irfect health. Besides the leaves of evergreens tain their sensibility throughout the year ; and if e roots are much mutilated, or become dry in itumn, they must stand six months without nour- hment.* Such a fast is too much for them. Even iciduous slirubs when taken from the woods at at season, not unfrequently die down to the root. hese however, may "revive in spring, sending up 5W stems ; but no such resuscitation awaits tlie ne or the sprues. When their leaves fade and op off, there is no hope of recovery. But when an evergreen is transplanted in the )ring, it has time to recover from its crippled ;ate, before the rough hand of winter assails it. k^ithout delay it begins to acquire new roots and ourishment ; and takes possession of the soil efore any adverse season approaches. The roots of evergreens generally incline to pread near the surface ; and in this they should e indulged, and not loaded heavily with earth. ecurc the trees against wind, they should be veil fastened to good stakes fumly driven into the Tound. To compensate them for the rich muck and moist- ire of the swamp, give them liberal supplies of :hip-dirt, mixing it well with the soil ; and water hem moderately in dry weather. A covering of eaves or litter over the roots would be useful to jrevent the earth from caking or hardening, to irotect the shallow roots from the heat, and to as- sist in retaining the moisture. Evergreens from the swamps or woods have to icquirenew roots before they can flourish in ara- ble land. After the first year, they are generally out of danger from transplanting ; but two or three years elapse before they send up vigorous shoots. On this account, they are muph more likely to grow from the nursery than the swamp. The most beautiful of our native evergreens, is the Balsam Fir. The White Pine, White Spruce, Red Spruce, and White Cedar of the swamps, are also fine ; and the Hemlock and Red Cedar are likewise deserving of a place in the door-yard or shrubbery. Pedlars of evergreens are not always to be ti'ust- ed. Last fall, one of this enterprizing class, cal led on a friend of mine, and offered to sell him trees of a rare and extraordinary kind. He had purchased the seed on ship board, and raised them in a nursery of his own in a distant county. They were beautiful evergreens, bearing red berries ! What an acquisition ! My friend bought some, but learned in a few days they were the Red Spruce — probably from a swamp in Tompkins or Cortland county! Laierence Seckelvrsis a merchant of Philadslphia, distinguished for his wealth, public spirit, and be- nevolence ; and always spclUd his name in this man- ner. One of the streets of that city is dedicated to his memory. The original pear tree, bearing this name, was found on his farm about one mile above the confluence of the Delaware and Schuyl- kill rivers. It was still standing there eight or ten years ago, though somewhat decayed on one side. All pomologists who are averse to having their ♦That is, without nourishment drawn through the proper organs — the spongioles. Moisture would he imtjibed hy the b.arit, as it would he by tlie sltin of a bather ; but this Is in- sufficient to nourish the leaves, except in the most favorable seasons. ,mes twisted out of shape, ought to assist us in resisting such innovations. I was conversing lately with a friend of mine from the neighborhood of Philadelphia, in regard to the McdilcTTtncan Wheat, which he considered a very valuable kind ; and we concluded that the writer* in the Fanner's Cabinet who Ihouglit it so inferior, must ha\ e meant some other sort. The editor of that paper ought to be competent to set- tle such disputes. He is " inclined to believe" it however, " a spring wheat which ripens in three months from the time of sowing"; while my cor- respondents represent it as a winter wheat; and one of them remarks that it bears to be sowed " early" in autumn. Since my former communication relative to this wheat was written, I have received a letter from a (third) correspondent, living remote from the others, and dated near Moore Hall, in Schuylkill township, Chester county. It contained the fol- lowing postscript : "Hare you the Mediterranean Wheat? If not, get it." Ploughing Matches. I was gratified to see in your last number, the just and excellent remarks of Myron Adams, on these matches — where the man wins the prize, usually, who drives his horses most severely. In addition to what is there suggested, I would pro- pose that the reward be given to the man whose work most nearly approaches that of a perfect ploughman in his common, every-day operations. The team should move quietly, moderately, stead- ily ; and the furrows should be of uniform width and depth, handsomely turned, and as straight as a mathematical line. The object of these exhibi- tions, is to improve the art of ploughing ; to ren- der it what it should be, for every day work ; and not for the purpose of wearing out horses by over driving. It is not the man who scratches over most ground in a given time, but he who does his work best, deserves commendation. There is one other thing that needs attention on these occasions. The committees who superin. tend the work, can always find some man in the neighborhood, who has a field, full of stumps, stones, knolls, ditches, and so forth, and who, wishing, if possible, to save his own team the irksome job, would be very glad to have others plough it for him, and therefore ofiers it for the occasion. Instead of the worst, the best field should be selected ; which public spirit, or money, or local pride, if nothing better, certainly ought to accomplish. And just allow me one remark on the reports of ''airs. We have had column after column, con- taining nothing but the information that A. B. has the fattest hog, and C. D. the finest calf, and E. F. the largest crop of corn, G. H. the heaviest crop of wheat, and I. J. K., &c. the second best of all these ; but of what use is this information to the tens of thousands of readers of an agricultural paper ? Five readers out of twenty thousand may know the individual named : and here the value of the report terminates. How large the crops were, or how they were raised, or what the size, quality, and breed of the animals were, we are wholly un- able to determine. But if the amount of the pro- duet and the means by which it was obtained, were given, all would be more or less benefited. J. J. T. Laying out Farms. There is one department of agriculture very much neglected, — that is the laying out of farms • See New Gen. Far. Vol. 2, page 178. for convenience and economy. Much attention is given to improvements in stock, in implements, in modes of culture, and in the conslruclion of farm buildings, all of which are of the very first impor- tance ; but the proper disposition of the difl'erent fields of a farm, for the sake of economy in fcnc ing, for convenience of access, and for a full com- mand of pasture and protection of crops, has hard* ly received a word of attention in any of our agri- cnltural journals. Many farmers suppose that this business may be very quickly disposed of; and that a few minutes, or a few hours at most, will enable any man to plan the arrangement of his fields about right. But this is a great error. Even where the farm is as simple in its shape and situation as can possibly be, which is that of a square or parallelogram, in a level country — there are many things to be considered in laying it out. In the first place, we all know that the fencing of a moderately sized farm costs generally, at least several hundred dollars ; and it is very desirable to do it well, so as to protect every part of it, and at the same time use as little material as we can. To accomplish this, much will depend on the shape of the fields. A certain amount of material will enclose more land in the shape of a square, than in any other form.* Hence it is important that all the fields should be nearly square. The disposi- tion of the lanes which lead to the field, is a mat- ter of importance, in order that they be not of un- necessary length, and consequently require an un- n«cessary quantity of fencing, and occupy more land than is absolutely essential. But there are other considerations which may materially affect these rules. For instance, it is exceedingly desirable that land of similar quality may be in one enclosure. Some may be naturally too wet for any thing but meadow or pasture ; some portions of the farm may be much lighter than others, and susceptible of plough- ing while others are not ; and some may be sterile, and need all that can be done by manuring and ploughing-in green crops. All these kinds of soil should, as far as practicable, be enclosed, each in its separate boundary. The situation of surfact drains, which are needed on all farms, and which should form a part of the boundary of field, may affect their shape. Facilities for irrigation, a practice of great importance in our comparatively dry climate, and greatly neglected, should also be taken into consideration. Convenience for water- ing cattle, and other minor particulars, are not to be forgotten. All of these should have their in. fluence in laying out a farm, even if that farm be a paralellogram in a level country. But in hilly countries, where farms are often of irregular shape, and where it is impossible that fields can be square, still more thought is required in their subdivision, which wiH perhaps require years of experience to perfect. But when fixed fences are once made, it is no easy matter to re- move them, and hence it becomes important to as- certain beforehand where they should be. Much trouble may thus be saved, by a judicious weigh- ing of advantages and diflSculties. For instance, a farm road, which will be much used for heavy loads, should be hard, level, and short ; and th« shape of fields may conform considerably to these requisitions. But a road of little importance, should not interfere with the shape of fields-. So with other particulars. In a future number, I propose to carry out these hints somewhat into detail, and perhaps give a few plans in illustration. J. J. T.^ * A circle and hexagon are eiceptions to this rule, but their introduction into plans of furmi wonid be impracticaj ble, at leaat in most instance!, 24 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 31 ROCHESTER, FEBRUARY, 1842 Monroe Agricultural Society, \otice. The annual meeting of this Society will be held at the Arcade House, Rochester, on Saturday the 19ih day of Feb. inst., at 1 o'clock; for the election of of- ficers and the transaction of other important business — a general attendance is desired. H, W. WARD, Sec. We invite the particular attention of the Farmers to the above notice. Matters of interest are likely to be presented to the meeting and we hope every member will be in his place. TO CORRESPONDENTS. We respectfully solicit the continued aid of those persona, who have heretofore enriched the columns of the Naw Genasee Farmer with their communica- tions. We solicit at the same time the correspondence of all dieposod to aid us, to whom our paper is sent. To those who thus favor us and desire it we shall be happy to send the paper free of charge. We should be glad to receive communications and propositions from persons willing to become regular correspondents for the New Genesee Farmer upon pecuniary com- pensation, engaging npon our part if the communica- tions are what we want, we will pay for them as liberally as the circumstances of our paper admit. We have no pretensions to making our paper the best ag- ricultural paper in the country ; but we promise to make it as good as our ability and means will enable us to do. We shall not be sorry if others beat us. The competition will do good. Let us have a fair field. The success of a paper or a man is not to be considered in comparison with the advancement of the great cause of an Improved Husbandry. If we ore distanced at the first heat, w'c will try again We will not be quarrelsome if we come out head and head. If the steed fails because the jockey does not know how to ride or to manage his horse, we think so far as we know the lad, he will at once dismount ; but if not let him be thrown The judges we have no doubt w.iU see fair play. To the LADIES, or as good John Q. Adams would say, to the women, which, we like much better; Why should not you help us ? In the present number we have a letter from a female correspondent. We shall ■welcome as many as may be sent us, unless they should happen to contain a gentle offer of a nameless kind, which, whether willing or unwilling, we shall be compelled to decline for the simple reason that we are provided for. Our co-laborer however, of whom we have not a print at hand or we should be tempted to give it in these days of ornamental typography, is still in an unfortunate baccalaureate condition, .and all Euch letters, we shall hand over to him ; with what succMi we cannot predict. AVe should be glad to hear from our female friends on thesubjects of gardening, floriculture, silk-raising bee management, poultry management, house-keep- ing, house-hold raanufactures, the management of children or the management of husbands, and any thing which comes within their beneficent province of mending the manners, or mending the hearts, or mending the morals. They are the salt of the social body, without which it would soon dissolve in cor- jt^Jtion, Explanation. — The editor hopes it cannot be neces- sary to say that the .Tanuary number was made up with- out his agency or knowledge, or he could not have ad- mitted on the lai5t page some kind notices of himself, which lus friend Batcham, with the best intentions in- serted. but they are equally liable to waste the bay from rack* Another objection we have to it is, that if the eheey feed on bath sides of it, as we sitppose is intcndfij their heads are brought too near together ; and thonoJi in general peaceably inclined, we cannot entirely da pend either upon their nstural teanperamcnt or tbeii good principles, to feed quietly when placed close contact. We do not think, in the nest pleea that the rack proposed is made with so little expeni and trouble as our friend suggests. We do not mean however, to object to his plan without ofiering to th judgment of the farmers, what we deem abetter one It may not be however ; but we have tried vsrioa kinds of hay-savers and mangers, and for sheep wi prefer this to any other. We give it with th« plati and description from our Fourth Report on the Agri culture of Massachusetts. It will be seen that bj placing two pieces of board like an inverted trough, or like the saddle boards on the roof of a house, lengthwise of the manger, the bottom of the mangel is divided into two troughs ; and passing along as \v« have often done in feeding sheep, with a measure oli corn or a basket of cut vegetables, lengthwise of th manger and turning them up on this ridge they are di. vided nearly equally on each side. The trough _. equally favorable to feeding hay ; and is easily swepti out and kept clean ; and if not mode too long and heavy, is without difficulty removed from one part ol the yard to the other and placed under cover as may be required. The only objection we have heard made to it is, that the wool is liable to be rubbed off of the neck or throat of the sheep. We have not e.xperi- enced this difficulty, and whore sheep are in health, their wool is not easily started. Hay-savers or mangers for feeding neat cattle in the yards, should be mere bo.xes, too high for them to think ot stepping into them, and about five feet square. Four or more cattle can stand and feed at such a bo.ic without being able to quarrel by reaching each other fiom the opposite side, as they are likely to do, where the manger at which they are feeding ig. far the Ifem Geneeee Farmer. Feeding Trough and Rack for Sheep. Mr. Bateham — I have seen several differently con- structed Sheep Racks recommended in the agricultu- ral papers, and have tried several. I have found some objection to all that I have seen. In this vicinity, where we do not feed exclusively on hay, but make use of straw, chaff,roots and bran, it isimportant that we have racks and troughs in which we can feed the different kinds of food in the same trough and rack. I used for several years the common board troughs for feeding choff, roots, and bran, but they were not suited to straw or hay. Last winter I attempted to improve on my board trough by attaching a rack to it ; and so combined I find it the most convenient that I have seen. It is cheap and light, so that it is easily re- moved ; and if they are kept under cover in the sea- son when they are not in use, they will last many years. Description of the Rack Trough. — Toke pieces of timber three inchss square and twenty-two inches | ""' ""'' '^^P' clean ; and if not made too Ion long, and halve them together crosswise, so that the upper ends will be twenty two inches apart. Moke three pair of them for one trough, one for each end and one for the middle. Put into them two boards 12 feet long, 1^ inch thick ; one 12 and the other 13 in- ches wide ; put in the widest first and secure them fast to the timbers with nails and a board at each end, and you have the trough. Then bore holes one and one finirlh inch in diameter, eight inches apart, and one inch from the outer edge of the board for the rack ; make the sticks for the rack three feet long. I have used cedar for the rack sticks ; they are suffi- ciently strong and are easily made. Split them one and a half inch square, take off the corners, insert one end in the holes and on the upper end put a board three inches wide with holes corresponding with the bottom, and you have a rack and trough complete. Persons feeding sheep, will find such a rack trough well worth theii notice, if they feed hay and grain only. The readers of the Farmer have reason to congrat- ulate themselves on the arrangements that you have made in the editorial department. Mr. Colman is favorably known as an agricultural writer, and his locating himself in the Genesee Valley will open to him a new field for his usefulness. While in the ag- ricultural survey of Massachusetts he must have laid in a valnable stock of information, from which he may frequently draw, to the interest of the readers of the Farmer, and through its columns they can inter- change opinions with him. And it is to be expected that he will frequently test the hospitalities of the farmers of the Genesee Valley, and that he may frequently call on the Wheatland farmers, where he will receive a hearty welcome. R. HARMON, Jr. Wheatland, Pec , 1341 . Remarks cm the above. — We feel obliged by the communication of our respected correspondent, and hope often to hear from him. We think his sheep rack, on some accounts, well contrived ; but not the beet mode. We object to all racks in feeding sheep or horses. The hay which is put into them protrudes itself between the stakes and is liable to be drawn out and trodden under feet. The position in which it obliges a horse to put his head, is an unnatural one, and must be a painful one, unless, like the skinned eels, they have ceased to feel it by getting used to it. MA!5r.ER FOB Sheep. — -\mong the various racks and mangers which I have seen f -r feeding sheep, there is a simple form which seems preferable to any other: it is as cheaply constructed as any other, and it pre- vents all waste. In the common form of racks, where they are inclined outward (rom the bottom upwards, nearly as much hay is drawn out and trodden under foot as is consumed by the sheep. The manger which is preferable to anj' other is of such length as to be easily moved by two persons, and is made with four or more upright posts, and with two boards or elate extending the whole distance round its sides and ends. The bottom board on the side may be ten or twelve inches in width ; and above that, leaving a space of about a foot or fourteen inches, there may be another board of about 8i.t or eight inches in width. The w^idlh of the manger or box should be about two feet. It should hove a tight bot- tom, with two pieces of board rising to a point in the centre, say about four or six inches, so as to form a trough on each side, into which when grain or cut vegetables are put, they may be easily reached by the sheep on the side on which they fall. The top may be lelt open, or a board may be so placed lengthwise in the centre of it as to prevent the sheep from jumping into the manger. I give a rough sketch of an end This objection does not apply eo strongly to sheep ; i view of it, though the form is very common. No. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. Cylindilc TiUw aud Planter. AVe peblish the account of the Cyiindric Tiller and Planter, becsBsc vie would gladly give encouragement to every attempt and enterprise to abridge, alleviate, or facilitate labor. We know nothing of this machine other than from its advertisement. It would be prema- ture to condemn it ; but we should be glad to have some evidence that it had been tried ; and were glad to learn that it had been successfully tried. It strikes lis at first blush as 'promising a great-deal two much. — If it will pulverise the soil and put it into a condition for planting at the rate at which it professes to move, it will be an immense gain over any common mode of operation ; but when in addition to all this, it promises with only one man, and he to ride upon the machine, to do the planting likewise, we confess we should hard- ly trust our fields to be sowed under such superinten- dence. We have seen and experimented upon various sowing machines; bnt we have never yet fonnd any one, excepting the human hand, (the best upon the whole wliich has as yet been invented though not pat- ented) which did not require constant watching; it would be liable to become clogged ; or the dropper would not revolve ; or the seed would become too damp and adhesive to rim freely ; or the bands would become too tight or too lo»se ; or the hopper would be- come empty sooner than we were apprised of it; and many other incidents and accidents in such cases but too common. For the laborer therefore to be riding at his ease, driving three horses, and perhaps smoking his pipe at the same tune, with a planting machine follow- ing hun, is certainly not the most careful mode of ex- ecutiniT this nice and most important operation of hus- bandry. The advertisement, and cspeciidly a part which we hav? taken the liberty to omit, where the ma- chine is recommended as likely to atti-act young gen- tlemen to the pursuit of agriculture from the pleasure and amusement of this operation, is a little too much in the Panacea and Catholicon style, to induce the fermers to throw aside their pleughs in a huiTy. 'W'e da not however, condemn the macliine ; and when it has been fully and fairly tried; and even halfits professed merits established, wc shall warmly and honestly re- commend it. In the mean time we engage to keep our- selves cool; and "hearken to the evidence." Prom, the N. Y. Mechanic. The Cyiindric Tiller and Planter is the inven- tion of Messrs. R. Porter and J. F. Schemcrhorn, anrl as its name imports is designed for agricultu- ral purposes ; and in lands free from stumps and stones, is calculated to supercede the use of the Plough. It is composed of a strong wooden frame of about eight by eight and a half feet square, and in the fofw ard part of which is fixed a cylinder, three feet in diameter, and about seven feth Ions;, with twelve rows of sharp iron teeth, nine inches long, and twelve in a row. In the rear of the cyl- inder is placed a shaft, to which is aflixed eleven spiders of equal length with the teeth of the cylin- der. In the rear of the spiders is placed a corn or cotton planter, and both the spiders aud planters are connected by wheels and bands with the main cylinder. This machine is so arranged that when put in motion, as the cylinder rolls forward, each tooth will enter the earth, at the precise point, that in the progress of the cylinder, will come in contact therewith at the point from which the tooth pro- jects. Each row of teeth, as soon as they have penetrated the earth to their full length, begin to break up and raise a piece of the earth or make a furrow about nine inches wide, six feet long and six inches deep. This, as it is elevated, comes di- rectly in contact with the spiders, which as they revolve break it to pieces and pulverize it. After this comes in play the corn or cotton planter, which first opens a furrov.- to receive the seed, vrhich is then dropped from the hopper, und imme- diately after covered. The corn and cotton planter caE be removed at pleasure, and a drill substituted in its place to plant wheat, rice, or any small grains — and by removing it entirely, the cylinder and spider is well calcula- ted to break up «.nd prepare the soil for any crops — sugar, tobacco, or root crops. It is estimated, that with the Cyiindric Tiller and Planter one hand, with a team of three good horses, will be able to prepare for planting and seedin supposition, tliat the team moves at the rate of about two miles an hour, and reckoning the usual timejthat a farmer works when engaged in plough- ing, which is over twelve hours a day. This is more than ten ploughmen, with ten teams can do, with the best of ploughs in the same time. This may perhaps appear incredible, that the Cyiindric Tiller should possess such great advantage oyer the common plough : but if we consider tlje in- mense friction of the plough on every part where it comes in contact with the earth, besides the di- rect resistance it meets with, by the continual pres- sure of the earth against the plough shave, frora the time that it begins to raise the earth from the furrow, until it throws it over, and the dead pull by which the whole has to be effected, it must be acknowledged that no machine has ever been in- vented, that requires so much power applied to it, to move a given weight, and works to so great dis- advantage^ as the plough. The Cyiindric Tiller and Planter has also considerable friction, and re- quires some power in pressing and drawing one row of teeth in the sround, while it is elevating the earth with another, and breaking it to pieces with the spiders ; yet it must be remembered that much of this friction in pressing the teeth into the ground, is overcome by the weight of the machine itsell', and the leverage which the team has in re- voting or rolliug over the cylinder, gives it a vast advantage over the common plough, in raising the earth, and performing all its operations — and if a man can with ease force his spade into the ground nine inches, and raise a spade-full of earth, and turn it over, — and the power of one horse is equal to six men, it does not appear tliat it would re- quire a very great effort for three horses with this machine, to turn over about twice nine spades-full, allowing the spade to be eight inches wide. This machine will be of great advant:,ge especially on the prairies of the west and the plains of the south, in which grain, cotton and sugar, are the great staple produce of the country. It can be rnade and kept in order by a common Carpenter and Blacksmith, and purchased for what one sur- plus team and plough wsuld sell for. Information respecting the Cyiindric Tiller, may be obtained from R. -Porter, City of New York, or Mr. B. F. Schemerhorn, Delphi, Carrol County la (and at the same time actually plant or seed,) Editors of papers who take an interest in agricul- twenty acres in a day, of corn, cotton, wheat, rice, tural improvements, are requested to give the above or other grain. This calculation is based on the ■ a notice in their papers 26 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER. Vol. 3. Meeting of the New York State Agiiciiltural Society at Albany Jan. 18th and lUth, 1842. The Now- York State Agricultural Society held its nnnual meeting in Albany on Wednesday and Thurs- day, the 18th and 19th inst. The Executive com- mittee met for the transaction of business on Tuesday, in the hall of the Young Men's ABsociation. The attendance was large, numbering irom IM to 200 of the enlightened and strong friends of agriculture from different parts of the State. The Chair was tak- en by Joel B. Nott, President of the Society, and a large number of the County Societies were represent- by their Presidents or by special delegates. The room was hung round with well executed portraits of superior animals, chiefly of the Improved Durham Short Horns, and improved breeds of sheep, a large portion of them beinj portraits of ani- mals belonging to E. P. Prentice, Treasurer of the Scciety, C. N. Bement of Albany, and other mem- bers of the Society. To an unpractised eye, accustom- ed to look only at the common herds and animals which are seen in our farm yards and pastures, these pictures would have been pronounced the mere fictions of the painter's imagination ; but an actual examina- tion of the animals themselves left no reason to ques- tion his fidelity to truth and nature. The pictures seemed as handsome as the painters art could make them ; and the animals were quite as handsome as the pictures. The President's table was at the same time covered with several valuable pieces of silver plate, a tea-pot of silver, and several cans and tumblers, which were to be bestowed on the fortunate competitors for prizes St the Inte Fair at Syracuse. In a neighboring room was a large and handsome show of dairy products, presented for the premiums of the Society, and some samples of vegetable and grain crops. Some skeins of silk likewise, produced and manu- factured at the Auburn State Prison, were presented for the examination of the committee. The reports of the several committees having been made, the premiums were duly awarded end present- ed, some in plate and others In cash. -These reports and awards will hereafter be duly given. At pres- ent not being familiar with the names either of the several committees or competitors, we cannot trust our memory to report them. We can only say we felt a little envy of the gentlemen who carried out of the room the brilliant trophies of their honorable suc- cess ; and could not but imagine the charming and complimentary reception they might expect at their own domiciles, with such dazzling bribes in their hands. There was exhibited likewise, a most excellent and beautiful article of household manufacture, in a lady's bonnet, made of Manilla grass. Its fineness was nut surpassed by anything of the kind we have ever seen. The Society voted to the fair nrtis; a complimentary gratuity of five dollars. This was certainly well. One gentleman, a bachelor we believe, and there wns certainly strong internal evidence of the fact, com mended the article, among other excellencies for its darabiUli/. " It was not a flimeey thing which wocld bear the wear only of a season, but was likely to en- dure for years." Just as though this would recom- mend it to our fair city ladies, or even to the farmers' daughters of one of our most secluded hamlets. Alas 1 how little does he know of female taste, when unless it goes by Hardcn's express, it is not certain that you could send n bonnet from New York to Buffalo before the fashion would be changed. One would suppose that this gentleman had just descend- ed Irom one of tlie mountainous cantons in Switzer- land, where the same woolen tiara and the same quilt eii petticoat go down to daughters and granddaugh- ters, and a pair of wooden-shoes lasts through several generations. The report of the Treasurer was received with much applause, announcing as it did, so different a condition of things from most other treasuries of the day, in stating that the S eiety had remaining in its coffers, after all its debt were paid, a balance of 828 dollars for future operations. In this day of universal empti- ness, when there is scarcely a barkeeper or toll-gath- erer, who does not rei]Ort embezzlement, or over- issues, or suspension of payments, or necessity of a loan, or some new exchequer plan, or ask leave to is- sue treasury notes, this result produced such a shock as the assembly did not recover from for some time. For ourselves, we could only wonder where this green hand of a treasurer could have lived in these days of financial discovery and improvement, and pray that no one would think of putting him into public life lest his good morals might be endangered. The great security is however, that the kind of tact, which he displayed, is not at all in demand just now. Promo- tion with such a man is well nigh hopeless. The Report of the Corresponding Secretary wos read, announcing that, in reply to his applications, he had received valuable communications from various distinguished gentlemen at home and abroad, for the volume of Transactions of the Society, now in a course of preparation (or tlie press. His correspon- dence had been extensive and had met with a hearty response. Among others he had received a valuable communication from the Phillippine Isles. On motion of Air. Randall of Cortland, a commit- tee to nominate officers was raised ; and it was de- volved on this committee to designate the lime and place for holding the next annual state fair. On the report of the committee, the following gen- tlemen were elected officers for the ensuing year. President. JAS. S. WADSWORTH, of Livingston. Vice Presidents. 1st dis. Jeremiah Johnson, Kings. 2d do Robert Denniston, Orange. 3d do Antho.vt Van Bergen, Green. 4th do John Savage, Washington. 5th do Obville Hungerford, Jefferson. 6th do Geo. I. Pumpelly, Tioga. 7th do John M. Sherwood, Cayuga. 8th do L. B. Lasgwokthy, Monroe. H. S. Randall, Cortland, Cor. Sec. LuTUKR TfcKEB, Albany, Rec. Sec. Ezra P. Prentice, Albany, Treasurer. Ezeculice Committee. Alexander Walsh, George Vail, Henry D. Grove, Rensselaer ; John M'D. M'Intyre, and James L'Amoreux, Albany. The committee recommended that the annual state fair be held at Albany on the 28th and 29ih Septem- ber next. This proposition wos subsequently modi- fied so as to read Albany or its vicinity. On motion of Mr. Johnson of Oneida, a dynamome- ter was directed to be [lurchased, and it was recom mended that the county societies each procure a simi- lar one. On motion of Mr. Clarke, the executive commit- tee was directed to off.T premiums of gold medals, or plate, or their equivalent in money, for the best essay on subjects to be selected by them. On motion of Mr. Morrell. of Tompkins, the ilianksuf the society were voted to the Young Men's Association, for tlie use of their rooms. The thanks of the society were voted to the officers of last year, and the meeting adjourned, to meet at the capitol at 7 o'clock, P. M. The Society having accomplished its business, met at the Capitol ut 7 o'clock, where an ad- dress wo? delivered by Mr. Nntt, the President nt the Society. The address was excellent in manner and matter, and received with universal satisfaction. We shall attempt a brief sketch of it, but it must be very imperfect excepting as concerns its topics. A copy was requested for publication ; and in due time we hope to lay it before our readers from the author's own hand. Many of the members of the Society and friends of Agriculture, in the evening, partook of an elegant supper at the City Hotel- The company were hon- ored by the presence of the Governor and other guests. The evening passed off with much hilarity ; and presented a beautiful demonstration, that when the benevolent and patriotic affections are kindled in a generous and noble cause, as much healthful heat and exhiliration can be manufactured out of the crys. tal spring of pure water as ever flowed from the col- ored waters of Madeira or the sparkling and gushing fountains of Burgundy, and this too, without leaving any scorching, or cinders, orsmuttiness behind. The meeting was addressed in an cff..ctive, appro- priate and agreeable manner by the President, the Governor, Gen. Leiand, Alderman Joy of Albany, Judge Hungerford, Mr. Walsh, and other gentlemen, and broke up seasonably in good fellowship, and with a more quickened zeal and a more fixed determination in the great objects of iheir association. So mote it be ! But where are the broken glasses, and the up. turned tables, and the smutty toasts, and the ribald songs, and the profane jests, and the vile taunts, and the fiery resentments, and the folly and the stupidity, and the leadings home and the disturbed households, and the violent headachs, and the bitter mortifications, ond the quickened appetites for further and more de- grading excesses, which constituted once the usual accompaniments and appendix of such evening enter- tainments. Thank God, they are among the things that were! They will soon bo looked upon only as the fictions of romance ; and gentlemen will feel that the very mention of them, is an imputation upon their honor. Mr. Nott's Address at the Meeting ol the State Agricultural Society of New York in the Capitol at Albany, on Thursday even- ing, 19th January, 1843. We subjoin an imperfect report of this excellent ad- dress from our iwn hnpcrfect and hasty notes taken at the time, under many disadvantages. We have sought only to give the topics and the sentiments, but we may have heen so unfortunate as even to liave mistaken or omitted these. In this naked condition Mr. Nott may not be able to recognize his own off- spring ; and we shall not charge it upon him if he docs not choose to acknowledge it. Presently we may be so fortunate as to receive it in its full dress from his own brilUant wardrobe and perfumed toilet. Mr. Nott commenced liis address by stating that the First Meeting of the Agricultural Society of the State of New York awakened a strong interest and excited sanguine hopes of its ultimate success. But year after year,asmallbutgallantbandof the friends of an improv- ed agriculture had nothing to cheer them. They were compelled to struggle with many difficulties ; but like chosen men placed upon the forlorn hope they were determined to triumph. There is a moral power in such a resolution, before which, ordinary obstacles at once retire. Their efforts have been successful. They are cheered with an actual and glorious triumph ; and their path onward, is brightened with the confident hope of continued and extended successes. At one time they had neither the aid of the government nor the inspiriting favor of the people. But circumstances have changed. The Legislature have extended a helping I'.and ; and the people urge them onward by acclamation. The great Pair at SvTacuse.held in the last autumn, Vo. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 27 i\is all unusual but a succd, labor and other expenses incurred in the results stated, are so imperfect that it was impossible to arrive at the lom- parative merits of the ciops, as to expense — which de- fects can be remedied another year, by having i/lank /iir;ns made public tbruigh ib.e agricultural jjress — No man should be allowed to compete for premiums, who is not liberal and patriotic eoough in tho great first cause of national prosperity, to put himself in t!idtunu of Orociirin;r ihp npre«..nrv inrmmni i.in English anil American Agriculture Compared. Mb. Editor. — To improve the condition of the cultivators of the soil, and increase the productiveness of the Earth — arc objects well worthy the attention o' the Philanthropist and Statesman, and it is highly gra- tifying to see the increasing interest that the ablest and best part of the community are taking in these per- euits. We in this country can and are deriving much benefit from the many and valuable improvements and useful experiments made in England. Yet in intro- ducing them here it is very esential that we should at I'lrst test them on a small scale, and prove them thoroughly before we adopt them as our own ; for there is so much diflerence in the situation of the Ai'riculturiss, in the two countries, that what answers the one well, will i\ot io for the other. Tho length of the season for agricultural labor, the shortness and mildness of the winter, the low price of labor, the great value of land, and the high price of its products place the English farmer in very different circumstances from us here. Oar inquiry must be, how can we cultivate so as to give ua the greatest return fur our labor. There it is, how can they increase the products of the soil, regardless of the expense. I am fully aware that the farmers in this section run over too much cround for the labor they have to bestow upon it. Yet I am equally confident if we were to apply the lohor and exjicnse per acre that ia generally done in England in cultivating, we should not be compensated, the crops would not pay the expense. Here roots can be cultivated on ..a small scale to ad- vantage, but never so extensively as in England. Our frequent drouths in eummer, which cause so many 'ailurea of the crops, the severity of our winters which makes it necessary to secure them all from the frosts and the shortness of our autumtis which allows so very little time tor thit bitaines.a, oil operate against the extensive cultivation of root-crops. How could the farmers in Western New-Y'ork niana^'e to raise .')'J or 60 Dciee of ruuls ^annuolly 1 Yet more than that ratio is profitably and easily cultivated in Eng- land. The horses which are considered to answer their purpose best, arc not suitable for nst they gene- rally keep two distinct breeds tho one for the draft and the other for .=pecd. Here it is very est niial that we should unite both properties in the ecnie animal. Our Sheep husbandry too differs very eseeniially. There the great value of mutton and low price of wool make carcase the principal object, and the fleece but a minor consideration. Here the flvcce is the ,,r;,i,-;r,nl vnlii* ii-,.I ill.? cnrflae of lilthi cnnieiacnci' There the primary object is to increose the size of tho animal and optnesa to fatten, here the value of the fleece. Y'et 1 think it would be well for us to unite both properties in our sheep, viz : fleece and mutton. In the breeding and feeding of neat cattle the difference between the ton countries ia yet greater. The certainty and ease with which they Boon raise abundance of seed and forjd, the cheapness of labor, the great price of animals and high price of beef, make the heavy and fine breed- of Durhams very pro- fitable to the breeder, for it matters not what quantity of succulent food they consume, nor what amount of care they require— if they do but increase their weight the producer is remuiiorated. But it is very different with the husbandman here. The expense and dificulty in raising our roots compels us to use them sparingly; and the high price of labor will not allow ue to bestow on them that care whicb these heavy and delicate animals require, and if we should, sell these animals fur hetf at the market value they are generally so low that they would not pay the expense. The tough and hardy animal that can feed in a dry and often scanty pasture, and live on coarse forage ia the most profitable one for us: Our neat stock have to consume our coarse forage and give u-s som' thing for that which we cannot otherwise take to marJut. Although we require hardy animals that can live without much expense. Yet I am confident that many, yes, very many of ua do not pay that attention to them which we ought, even fjr profit, to say nothing of the cruelly of cattsing them to suffer eeverely from hunger and cold. The better we can feed with the food we have to give, and the more comfortable that we can keep our stock the more profitable they will be to us. Yours respec'fullv, mteatland, Mon. Co. 1842. W. GARBUTT. We cannot say that we acquiese in the doctrinea above of our respected correspondent to any consider- able extent. We have not however in this case time to enter into the wide field inuj which the discussion of this subject would lead us. At some future occa- sion, we should be happy to treat the various positions that he assumes. To labor and capital judiciously ap- plied, there is reason to believe that agriculture among us affords a most ample reward and would justify a much more liberal application of them than now pre. vails, either in the culture of our soil, the production of root crop', or the rearing and maintaining the moft improv. d and best live Stock, which can be procured at homo or abroad. In the mean time, we hope some of our intelligent correspondents will enter upon the various important topics suggested in Mr. Garbutt'a letter and give ua the lessons of their experience and the rich fruits o their wisdom. ■00, »,« Irtii [lieCcocin8. •^— Shelly I.V. Co. lino rained and reeled 172 lbs. cocoons, Olid made IdJ lbs. of Bilk. Many more bnve raised from 20 lo 50 lbs. Mr. umncy adds, that he will worronlhis bilk to be not jiial but much bettor than the best of Calcutta or jlian 6ilk, for quality and texture. These, together « ith the facts stated by Dr. Dcane, ■ Greenfield, to be given in our iie.xl, and the rc- >rt8 from the Auburn penitentiary, with many ibers that have reached us, speak with an eniphasis hicb iinist cnmninnd attention. 'he Constitution of Wyoming County Agri- cultural Society, Recently formed, provides that their oflicers shall J located one in each town in the county. Any person can become a member of this Society, ,' paying into tho Treasury, fifty cents annually, and r subscribing to this Constitution. The funds of the Society shall bo appropriated for ic encouragement of Agriculture and the Mechanic rts. OFFICKRS OF THE SOCIETY. For President, 3. C. FERRIS, of Middlebury. for Vice Presidents, Ptter rAirjcRsox, Esq., of Perry, Eee.mzkr P, BtcK, of Sheldon, C O. Shkpap.d, of China. For Scfretarij, At;cusTUs Frank, of Warsaw, For Treasurer, Tkuman Lewis, of Orangeville. For Directors, LevereltPeck. of Bennington ; EzraBisliop, of At- ca i Milo Warner, of Java ; George B. Chase, of Dstile ; Uriah Johnson, of Covington ; Christopher ost, of Gainesville ; Daniel Wolcott, of Wethers- eld. The Society holds its annual meeting on the Tues- ;y succeeding the third ?>Ionday in October. NOTICKS OF NE\V PIJIJUCATIOSS. New York State Mechamc ; under the direc- 'onofthe Now York State Mechanics Association. ublisbed at Alb.vSt — weekly — by J. Muneell & !o. — at ,$] ,50 per annum— in advance. Eight pages uarto. Ckntral New York Farmer. — A monthly Jour lal devoted to Agriculture. Rome, Oneida Co. N. Johnson and Comstoek, Editors. IJorar.c N. lill, Proprietor. 50 cents pei annum. 7 copies for 3. 16 pages — 8 vo; Easter.-) FAK>rER & Journal of News. — Semi- lonthly. Ei:;ht pages folio. Edited by Francis O. . Smith. Portland, Mc. One dollar per annum. The British American Cultiv.ktor. Toronto. Jpper Canada. W. G. Edmundson, Editor. J. i^astman and W. G Edmundson, Proprietors. One lollar per annum including postage. 16 ps^es qto. United Sutes Farhlk an.o Journal of Aher- CAN Institutes. — Each number from 32 to 40 large ctavo pages, illustrated with engravings. Price two lollars per annum in advance. S. Fleet, editor, as- listed by S. Blydenburgh. We welcome the above nevr co-laborers to the lield ind heartily wish them all the success they can desire for themselves. The field is white for the harvest ; md the world is wide enough for us all. We have only to express our regret that so recently have they come to hand ; and so recently have we ourselves come to hand, that we cannot pay our personal re- spects to ea-h cf them. We may Lave this pleasure at some future time. Wo can eay ol all of tbem that their appearance is not fair only but respectable t and that they work woiiderrully cheap. Wo hear contin- ually that presently prices vtust come iloten. It is rather diflicult to imagine how the prices of agricul- tural periodicals arc to go down any farther. There is no getting below the bottom unless v/e knock the bottom out. Where that will bring us, imagination does not venture to prodicl. The great consolation is that having got down, we need not live in rontinual fear of a lurthor fall ; and flat upon our backs, it can only be said of us that "we are looking up." We welcome our old friend Fleet back again to the duties of ' auld lang syno' , and arc rejoiced to find him still j/cf^ and sound, wind and limb. The old Pioneers in the ciiusc, the American Far- mer at Baltimore, and its early coadjutor, Tbe New England Farmer in Boston, preserve a green old age, and hold the even tenor of their way. 'Honor to the brave.' The Albany Cultivator is still in its power and un- stinted obundancc, pouiing out its monthly floods of inlelligence and wise and judicious counsel ; and moving on like the brenking-up team of the prophet with Us twelve yoke of oxen. We are looking daily for a Family Vititor from the Granite Hills, radiating with intelligence far and wide like the reflections in a sunny day from itsov^■n White Summits ; and*urning with a warmth of zeal, which has made many a farmer in that region trickle, who never had his ico melted before. Boston opens the year with a numerous family, and all healthy and hearty. The Boston Cultivator, un- der its intelligent editor, H. G. Meriam. The Far- mer's Journal, edited with all the industry and expe- rience of S. W. Cole, not unknown in the walks of agriculture. Add to these the Massncbusetts Flough- nian to which is united the Yankee Farmer, under the veteran Buckmineier, lull of practical lore, but who, unfortunate man I aa we learn from tho New England Fanner, does not yet know how to spell his own name, as be is quoted the Massachusetts Flow- man. We shall give him up, if he does not find out his mistake S'ton. Then there are the spare hands, the Boston Con- rier and the Mercantile Journal always n aJy to lend a helping hand and able to do three days works in one. As to friend Sleeper's sound and useful agricultural ad- drest: al-Wcslboro, we had prepared a notice of it for this paper but it is necessarily excluded. A man so wide awake to all good interests should be called any thint; but Strr.pcr. Wc had prepared to speak of other agricultural con- temporaries, equally demanding our re^peet ; but it would be idle, for it seems like noting the trees in a thick forest^ Effects of Increased lintjes. We quote an ortiole from the New York Evening Post, depicting in strong colors, tbe evils which must fall upon the silk manufacturers in Lyons, from the impost by our government of 20 per cent, upon im- ported silks. There is, it is to be presumed, no e.x- agerated coloring in this picture. The operatives in the silk manufactories both of Franco and England, and so also of China, are probably the worst paid and lihe worst fed of any class of laborers on the coutineut. We may, wc must, if we are men, feel for them. Every benevolent mind dseply corapaasionates their condition : but the care of them and their relief be long to their own government and not to us. The situationof few ol the manufacturers of any descrip- tion, on any [.art of the European continent is better. They are all worked excessively and fore moat hardly. The wretchedness in England prevailing among many classes of manufacturers is extreme, and almost past relief. But hew to remedy this, or even how to alleviate it, is dillicult to say. This is a problem for the solution of which tho heart of tho christian pbilaulhiopiBt aches with agony. If all men were christians, and lived only and fully upon christian principles, if justice and the love of our neighbor prevailed every where, there would bo little of this sulIcrinE. There would be no oecaeion for laws other than what would bo dictated by every man's own heart and conscience. All penal enact- meiiie would be needless, and government would bo felt by us only aa the great law and power of gravita- tion are felt by us. But it is not so ; and while the reigning spirit of chrietianity is universal love and universal equity, that of the world is universal selfish- ness and universal raparity. In such a condition of things, it seems idle to talk about free trade. There is not, nor is there likely to bo, a civilized nation upon the earth where it exists : and for us to act upon a system of entire freedom of trade, would be only to crush our own industry, tn arrest our own improvement, and to expose ourselves as helpless victims to the rapacity of other nations. If other nations were willing to receive the proJucla of our industry without" impost, we might ihen con- sent to admit theirs upon the same terms; hutwhila ihey prohibit all competition with th";ir labor, wo should seek, in tbe same way, to protect and encour. age ours. Tho only true independence cf an individ- ual or a nation, lies in its power to supply its own wants; and this it should constantly seek to do. We cannot, in this case, enter upon the great and vexed subject of protection. It would be a charming pietuie, if we could see all the nations of the world engaged in a free and unrestricted exchange and in- terchange of their various products. Hut at present, such a thing can exist only in the benevolent imogi. nation. In the present condition of society, nations are compelled to act upon tho defensive, or sufl'er tho bread to be taken from the mouths of their own chil- dren. The governments under which these unfortu- nate people live and suiTer, are responsible for a great portion of the misery to which they are reduced ; and for that system of bloody tyranny by which they com- pel them to stifle their complaints, and to die in the agonies of starvation and famine. Our movement in this matter moy produce extreme distress, but it is the duty of their own governments to alleviate their sufl'erings, or by timely jirovision pro. vent them. There is not a single objection to be urg- ed against tho encourogemcnt of our own manufac- tures in this case, but what would opply with equal force to the invention of any kind of art or machine- ry by which labor may be abridged and transferred, and consequently vast numbers be thrown out of em- ployment. In tho end, however, all such improve- ments redound as much to the benefit of the labor- ing as of other cbsses. It would not be difficult to show that the consequences of the free introduction of j-oreign luxuries, foreign silks, gewgaws, and wines jUto our country, if it could be examined in all its va- rious influences, has been productive of more sufl^ering or evil in orr coiintiy, t an the imposition of duties upon such articles can produce in Lyons or other manufacturing towns in France or England, from tke If. Y. Eiismig Post. Tiie following possage occurs in a letter written at Paris, for the London Examiner : " Alter Paris, the greatest and most dangerous ag- glomeration of artizans ie at Lyons, ond these must be mjch affected by the 20 percent increase of -duty on silks imported into the United Slates, half the French export of silks going to thot country. If to a thus di- luinislied demand for work, and consequently no hope of a rise in wages, be added dear bread and increased taxation, Lyoif? may give some trouble during tbe en- suing year.' The trouble, however, is now without danger to the Government, for Louis Philippe has takeli care to surround and curb the town of Lyons 30 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 with a mass of etupeitdous fortifications which might defy Babylon itself in a stale of insurrection. There is not n weaver's garret at J^yons that has not a call- noil's mouth looking down upon it, aud all these most exieuaive forifications are sa d, hko those of Paris, to have been erected against the foreign erwmy I and to dear bread and diii^inished exports is now to be added the burden of increased taxation." Such are the relations between countries in amity with each other, as it is called. The diiferent govern- ments of the world profess for each other, in their pub- lic documents, the most • friendly sentiments ;' not a diplomatic note is written from (>ne minister t> anoth- er, that is not ns full of goodwill a^ a Moravion ser- mon ; yet their whole conduct towards each other is but a selfish struggle for advantages, without regard to the sufferings it may cause. In the midst of these mutual professions of justice, kindnesd, and bcuevo lence, one nation will, without any s^irt of scruple, adopt a measure which levels a deadly blow at the in- dustry of another, and dooms a largo portion of its liard-worUing inhabitan's, the most helpless, as well as the most meritorious class, to starvation. This is done with the utmost coolness and uncon cern ; nay it is made a matter of boast, if, in conse- quence of starvation of a few thousands in another country, it is thotigbt that o remote possibility exists of enriching a few hundreds at homcj and he A-ho should apeak of this as a wrong, or express any sym- pathy lor those who are its victims, would be regard- el by most men as a person of very superfine mor- a'ity. America, for example, levies duties on the silks of France, which throw the inhabitants of populous French cities nut of employment. In all the discus- sions which have arisen upon the question, nobody we believe baa thought this view of the subject worth the public attention. The grou masimof doing to others as we would have them do to us, has not been thought worthy of quoting in a question affecting the interests af another nation. Every government, it is said, should take care of its own subjects. As the world ]•? now governed, this is done. When the people grow tierce with hunger, the government shoot them down. When the looms, which yon hear clashing in every street of populous Lyons, are stilled by the check which American laws have given to the exportation of silks, the starving weaver, to escape the cries of his children for whom he has ni food, walks out into the streets, diaoonlented with the ord ;r of society, and meets with others as discontented as himself. If they talk of their sufferings too loudly, and with demon- strations of impatience, they are arrested by men in Louis Philippe's uniform ; if this does not restore tranquility, there are the batteries of the enclosing for- tifications ready to bo opened upon them. What is tie recipe of the Britisi government for appeasing the tumults caused by the starvation of the British operatives? A detachment of the military, powder and ball. It is thus that governn^ents take care of their subjects when the legislation of other countries leaves them without bread There is a numerous and respectable religions sect who bear their testimony against war, and peace soci- eties have been formed all ovei our country, of which men of all denominations are members, including Bome of the greatest intellecta of the age. Di not this sect and these societies, vre have sometimes asked ourselves, mistake their true object, and have they not put the effect for the cause ? Might not their exer- tions be b:!tter directed to do away that miserable con- test of selfish legislation out of which spring so many misunderstanJinga- so itj^ny mutual discontents, so many rooted prejudices, of which actual war is but the nolural consequence 7 If wo bring famine upon the laborioits classes in other countries, it matters little whether it is done by n statute or an invasion ; it matters little whether we point against them tlie weapons of their own govern- ment or of our armies. The whole protective system, as it is called, is as much a system of mutual amioy- nnce as a state of wor ; the evils it inflicts are certain, the benortis it brings are imaginary. It is a struggle between nations to do each other harm, to cut off' the brau-;hei of in lustry by which each other's populaiion is fed, to exclude ea I'j other from the markets in which their industry meets its fair reward. It is a slee.jless warfare npju each other's prosperity, as ma- lignant and almost as harmful as if it were carried on with the sensible array of 7-fa.r, with ordinance and batteries, with fleets and embattled hosts. Its effect is to destroy property, to tnnihilate copilal, to frustrate enterprise, to depopulate cties, to bring sudden desti- tution np>n whole provinces. The world will never c:ij ly durable peace until it ceases to be the general policy of nations. Ou the Dilleient Breeds of Sheep. [co.\CI.UIIED FHOM OUR LAST.] In describing the Merino sheep, itnioy he advisable, previous to tracing their eprsaci over other parts of the world, to give some account of them as they are found in Spain, their native country. I do not deem it at ail essential, in doing this, to go far hack into the history of the Saracens, other than to mention that the li-xury of the Moorish Bovereigns has ever been the theme tif most writers ; and the cosdinesaof their costume has,at all times,been dilated upon in all tl»c glowing terms of fuble and romance. The expulsions of the Saracens from Spain, de- stroyed, however, the woollen manufactures of that country ; and we are told that Ferdinand the 5th ban- ished nearly one hundred thousand industrious people, because they were Moors. Phillip 3d, his successor, drove from Valentin one hundred and forty thousand of the Mahomedan in- habitants ; and in the three follov.'ing years six hun- dred thousand were e.tpelled from Murcia, Seville, and Granada. Notwithstanding the political changes of the coun- try, the total loss of its manufactures, aitd the conse- quent neglect with which they were treated, the Me- rino sheep Bcem to have been perpetuated in all their purity. The sheep of Spain are divided into two great classes — the Stationary end the Migratory. The Statioinary sheep are those which remain the whole year on one form or district ; while the Migra- tory, are those which are driven from one pan of the country to aiiotber, periodically, in search of pas- lure. The Stationary sheep ore sifid So consist of tvvo dis- tinct breeds, and a ihird or intermedials one. The first is the Clamah. and is aliogelh*r different from the Merino, being the breed of the peasant aud small proprietor. The other principal breed of Stationary sheep is, the true Merino — and the third, v\'hich are found in every part of Spain, are a various mixed breed, ihe produce of the two former — the value de- pending upon the amount of the Merino blood in them. The Migratory, or those which are driven to the mountains in the summer, onU to the plains in the south of Spoin in the winter, are the description ol sheep by which so many countries have been enrich- ed, and the character ot which it is here attempted to explain. These, like the Stationary sheep, are divid- ed into two classes, and are known as the Lconcsn, and the SarianSj which names they take from the dif ferent parts of the mountains to which they are driv- en. It is not the intention, here, to trace the opera- tions of the sheep-breeders ot Spain, or to give any account of the semi-annual matches of these flocks, from one extremity of the kingdom to the other ; — though it is a subject well worthy the attention of the :;areful and judicious farmer, in as far as climate ap- pears to be of the greatest importance. These two divisions of the Migratory sheep of Spain, viz : the Leonese and Sorians, are again divided into particu- lar breeds, as the Escnrial, Gauddoiipc, Puulars, fnfantadocs, and Negretti — the last being the largest and strongest of all the Spanish travelling sheep. The general impression made by the Jlerino sheep, upon persons unacquainted vritb them, would be unfavorable ; the legs being long, though small in the bone ; the breast and back narrow ; the sides somewhat fiat ; the ehoulders and bosoms heavy ; and a considerable portion of their weight, carried on their coarser pans. Both male and female hove a large tuft ol hair growing on the forehead and checks, which should be always cut away previous to shear- ing : they have an extraordinary looseness of skin un- der the neck, which gives them a Ihroaliness, which, in England, is looked upon as a bad properly, while in Spain il is the very reverse, and esteemed as de- noting a tendency both to wool ond to a heavy fleece Such throatiness is said to be characteristic of no ap- titude to fallen ; but this appears to be a matter not considered of snflicient importance to call attention, the fleece being the only object In noticing ihe importations of the Merino into England, which took place under the immediate pat- ronage of George the 3d, it is hardly necessary to give any account ol the first lot of stieep which ariivetl in that country. They were picked up without that at- tention to selection, which forms so important on es- sential, ond consequently fell very short of the e.xpecl- ation which hod been roieed upon ihem. An applica- tion was then made, directly to the Spanish govern- ment, for permission to purchase a small flock ; and consent having been oolained, n limited number were collected, of the Negretti breed, and shipped to Eng- land in 1731. The product of the second and lliird lO^ shearings was compared with the best sample of in- ported Spanish wool, and it yielded not to them i any of the properties of fineness or felting. The som comparison was kept up for many years, with equall satisfactory results : and many of the most epirite breeders experimented upon the eflects of crossing Uf on t'src various native breeds of England, reporting tb results. There appears to have been a prejudice fortr ed against them, and it was thirteen years after th arrival of the Negretti flock, before it was thougl Jjp prudent to expose any of them to public sale. It not my intention to detail the Merino mania whic followed : it is enough to mention that a society w! established, with Sir Joseph Bonks as its Presiden wUh Jiflti-four Vice Presidenls, ond local committei in every county in England, Scotland, Wales, oil Ireland: expensive premiums were awarded, ar every inducement offered to persuade the farme generally to give the preference to this breed of shee Their decay in the public estimation, however, b. came as rapid and as extensive, as their value on tl olher hand had been overrated — and that for the mo simple of all reasons. The British people ore, omong some olher peculiarities, especiolly eaters of mvtlon and, to suite their tastes, every thing has been ove looked to produce a sheep for the butcher ; and in th respect the Merino is entirely deficient. The carca did not afford a remnneratory price, and they we consequently obondoned. Again, the British sho wools, ihat is, the Southdown, &c. though not in iii for the finest of broadcloths, are equally valuable their respective deparlmenls of manufacture ; whi the carcass fetches the highest price with the grnzie &c. 'I'hese two circumstances combined, produce the farmer a more certain, and, on ihe whole, a be ter remnnerotion than can possibly be gained by bree ing the Merino. They arc, notwithstanding, a mc valuable sheep, and yield a wool which, for finene and felting properties, is unequalled ; and, thouf literally given up in England, the Anglo-Merino mi occasionally be found in high perfection. Lo Western, ihtir especial polron, has paid every atte liun to them and has considerably improved his floi by a cross of the Saxony- Merino upon the original it portation to England. This has been likewise tl case with other breeders, not only in England, but Ireland also, where they are said to have improvi ralher than deteriorated. The importati .>n of the Merino into Sa.'sony, tot place in 17(35 ; the Elector purchasing one hundn rams and two hundred ewes, of the most improv Spanish flocks, and placing them on one of his o*" farms, near Dresden. The prejudice against inn vation was strong, and the greatest difficulty preva ed in inducing the sheep masters lo make any alu alien in the systems which they hod imbibed. T Elector, however, having assured himself that th could he naturalized without any deterioration in I quality of wool, look measures to earry out his vew which seem unworthy so good a cause — be compell those who occupied land under him, to buy a cent number of Merino sheep. This compulsory systc was happily of short duration ; the farmers genera were brought to see their own interest ; the nauira zation of the Merino in Saxony was perfected -, 1 breed rapidly increased ; and after a few years 1 fleece of the Saxony-Merino became superior in fit ness and manufoctming properties, to that of t Spanish. One of the greatest causes, however, to the prodi- lion of such results, was education. The Electi aware that nothing could he done where ignoron prevailed, took the true and legitimate method of i moving this obstacle ; and under the auspices ot i government of Saxony, Ai» Agricdltural Schoc and other minor schools, for shepherds, were eslt lished ; ond publications, which ploinly and Intel gibly explained the real value and proper managemei not only of the Merino sheep, but of every other c scripiion of domestic live-stock, were distributed. T full acomplishmenl of his purpose, wos the Electo: rewaid; and he had the gratification of knowing, tl by this enlightened policy, he had assisted materia informing the foundation of the weolih and the hopj ness of his country. It is impossible to pass over this example, witho calling the attention of .the farmers of America, the most important of all subjects now agitating t minds of the retieclive part of the agricultural popul lion — I allude to the National Agricultural Associ tion. Such results as those which have token pla in Saxony, must necessarily follow a similar syste in this couniry : and it behooves every man, who h the least particle of palrotiem in his blood, to stai forward at this time, ond give the necessary assisian to this great National uadertaking. No man shou ' ro. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 31 isidor hinisellof not sufficient imporlnnre, to ninke neell especially B pnrly to the work. There is no 11 or cUilJ in tho whole community, whose interest not completely wound up in its being lully carried t — and no one can siind nIooC, without being as- ed, that he is recreant to the inieresis of bis family, d to the prosperity and independence of his coun- Every man may do a little — merely talking up the subject, will go a long way towards ils sure ee- hnient; tho attention once led to it, its advanla- s must necessarily present themselves to view; and ery man, be his present opinions what they may, by il/itivn, must necessarily prove himself a friend of Ic cause. Bin enough — the matter is in better and ore efiiuient hands. I will now make some few observations on the Me- 10 sheep in New South Wales. The climate of the untry seems better adapted to sheep, than any other !t discovered on the globe ; and from all accounts appears to operate so decidedly, as to be an e,\cep. jn to the fundamental principle, of the paraviount ifluence of blood — no sheep have been imported into lat country, without the most rapid improvement mediately taking place, not only in the roundness d compactness of body, but in tho fineness and eight of the fleece. The history of the introduction of the Merino into lis country, I will leave for the subject of my next es- ly. UMWA. loinely but Good Advice to Readers and Editor. Whoever reads the annexed article, will' not be nrprised that we publish it. As far as our read- rs are concerned, we shall not intrude upon their irovince and say that they ought to follow this ounsel. It is quite enough to receive advice at irstltfinds, without, what gramrharians call a re- luplication, and being advised to take advice. But for ourselves, we at once agree to our friend's iroposition, that we shoiJ^ havca-regnlar corres- pondent in every to-ivn,^5t '. B xl-y, John M. Ives; Francis Futmaii, J.imcs Deane, Charles Coolidge, S. Proctor, Vortsmouth, N. H. Nutli'l March, FroTidence, R. I. Hiram Fuller, Hartfo'd, Cs. E. W. Bull, New York, Theo Foster, Albany, W.^l. Thorburn, Utica, J. E. Warner, Syracuse, T. .B. Fitch, & Co. Auburn, T. M. Hunt, Buflalo, W. & G. Brynnt, Toronto, Canada, Lyuinn Farr & Co. Hamilton, " Samuel Kerr, Brantfjrd " John Curtiss, Kingston, " J. W. Brent ; John Creigbtun. A Nisrseryman Wanted, io Ohio. I'^irr, proptletnr of .1 well r,5t;il)lloht!j nr.rl favortil.ly situn- . te'.l Nursery Garrten at Coluinijus. Oiiio, wislies to eii- giigo a MAS of »om9 ciperience is Uk busine-s, to tnke ihe luaisageiufiit of ilie csl.ililislimenl, either aa a partner, or for aaulary. Address, if by letter pflst-paid. J. A. LAZELL. CciUuilbag, Ohio, Fch. 1, ISll, o CLOVER Wn TISIOTHV SEBD. |P tlif best iiualiiy. free froiii foul seeils. Fur sale at lie Seed Store. SI. B. B.^TKIIA.M. GRE.\T S.VLE OP BJ^OODBO STOCK. Ipropr.se to sell hy l>ubii= Auction, on TucJd.-iy 99;), March, at my f:irni in G.-cme, atljoinin? the Kric ruo:tl. eii miles west of liochi-sler. all ciy bloojcil an.l grade stock, incliufins my choice lJurh-;m Cattle, Hor'^es, Leicester tjlmep and Hogs, the paruculnrs of which, witlipediereesot Jhe=„mn. wiiiucgiveuatafiil '-■• the Roche ter. Jan edav. , ISIJ rilO'.? WEDDLE. Kocljestcv Stft'd. Store asi«l Agi'lcul- iwral EJppwsitory. TIIK proprietor oflliis cstablisliruem, would now inform his friends, ih;it li.iving relinquished the charge of the New Genesee I''!;rnier, [to abler hands,] he will hereafter devote his whole atr(^n:ion to the business of the Store, coniident that lie w ill thereby give iilcreased iathifaction to bis cuatpiners. A full supp;y of nearly all kinds (.f SEEDS art now on hand for ihe cOinirtg sftasoA ; pun of thent rais- ed in tuis vicitiiiy llie iiast season, by C. F Crosm.\n and other careful sced-srow ers, and the rest obtained from the most rcsp.H-table foreign sources. Knowing that success in this business must depend on merit, great pains will be ta- ken to hn\ c :-ll seed*, just what they should be— o/ tH right kinds and t/ie best qiiidity. OX AOKICUL-IURAI, I.MPLEMENTS, OiRDENToOLS, BooKS, &.C., there is a good sufiply on hand, but many more will l:c ob- tained in the spring, when it is intended to enlarge the es- tablislinient so as to allow more room for this class of arti- AIcRcHANTS will be supplied with seeds for retailing, at very low prices. The usual number of Agents will receive assorlincnta on eominission as heretofore, during the win- FHt'IT TKEES. THE subscriber is now preparc'l to furnish in large or small quantities, the ffnest varieties of jfruit 'frees. Flowering S.'irubH, Hrrbaceoue plants. Bulbous Flower roots. Duuble Dahlias, Green llouse plants, &c. 4ic. Also, GARDEN REEDS, raised by the proprietor .at the Ro- chester Seed Garden, and put up in bo.\ea or packages to order-, all of which are warranted genuine as represented, and of superior quality. Orders ibr the Spring, u-ill be promptly attended to on very liberal leriiis, Vi'hcn accompanied with cash or satisfac- tory references. Selections will be made by the proprietor, when requested. C. F. CRCSiSlAN. Rochester, Feb. lst,18P2. THE KEW GENESEE FARi^IER, hVM G-.iKI)j;NE:^'s JUUKKAL. VOLUME THREE — FOR 1842. TIHE Cheape.st Agricultural Paper in the X Vnion ;— li Large Pages .Monthly, (with engravings,) only 50 Cents per year ! I HENRY COLMANf, EDITOR. (Luts .igriailtiirnl Conniiisfioncr of the Slate of Ma^sachn^p-lts, and Editor oj the NciD Kng. Fanner. ) Grateful for the extensive p.atronaire which the New Gen. esee Farmer has relreiveil dti ri ng the past year, the proprietor now has the ealisfaction of a.tnounciiigtliat the has made such arrangements for the coming )-car as c:;liilot fail to be highly gr.atifying to the readers of the paper, and secure for it a still more e.vtensive clrcul.ition. Desiring to maSc it the most useful and widely circulating iigrieultural paper in the union, the proprietor has engiigej tile services of the ceicbraredaiid eminent agricultural wri- ter and orator. IiF.N'llV eOLM.W, well known as thslatc Agricultural (.■ouimissioncr of the State of M.-issachusctts, and formerly e;l;ror of Uie New England Farmer. Depend- ingoii the >-o. .] - : t; ". nml aupport of the friends of agricul- ture iu lb. I , , , :jid the Great West, Mr. Colm.an has con..icn . , i ■ ; .• lield whore he has labored with so much ii I. i -.!.■ ^, and locate at Rochester, where, 'hr(uigh iijc 111- :ui[ii Ml liie Genesee Farmer, he e.vpects to find a uiiirceAlciiHue liclil of usefulness. Post .Master- and tiieir Assi.'itaMts, are authorized and re- s|iectfully solicited to art as .Xgeiils and remit subscriptions for the Fanner. Tlicluw price .at which it is publishedwill not allow of lunch pecuniary compensation to .Agents, but it is believed they will ffnd a rew.ard in tlie benefits which re5Ult from the circulation of such periodioa's in their neigh- borhoods. lUPcrsons ordering papers are requested tn strictly ohserre the Terms, and be careful to w-tV.ejAainly the names of sub- scrilicrs. their Post Office, County, and State; and in all cases to send the money with the order, so that the perplex- ity of keeping accounts inav be jivni.Ied. iM. I!. BATI'.II.VM. Proprietor. TKRHJS.— Ifcurrent money is sent (such .as New York or iVew England bills.) coiuinissiou will be allowed as fol- Scvcil copies, for ©3,00 T„ . ,_. . v Tn clvo do. for 3 (10 ' l^ayment ahv.aya to be Twenty.fivffdo. for 1p',IIO ) '"•"■'''' '» advance. No commission will be ullo>.vc.i,if ijiir«ri-«,(monpy isseut. Address, BATEHAW & COLMAV, December 1, 1^-11. Rnclusler, iV Y. AJEW CVSTon MILL— The subscrHier havin? taken l\ the White .Mill on Water Street, Ea.st side, of the river for the purpose of running n as a Custom Mill wv.nd give notice that he is no-v prepared to rt atimpf and as v.cll as any Mill in Western ,\cw York, and witJi his tacilities and a close application to busincea, he is in hopes of meriting and obt,-;iiiing a share of public patroniige. V/AN'l'ED immediatel:, , Sllllll bushel Wheat; also B.arley, Beans. Oats, Peas, Grass Seed. Flax, Fta.T Seed, Bristles, Bees -Wax and dried Fruit ; for which the highest market price will be paid N. B Flour will be at all limes nranufacttlred on the most reasonable terms for merchants or others who wish irraiii ground. -w. C. fOSTEK. IloebeMer. January 1,l?tl. 3 m A FINE FARM FOR S4tE-Of fifty .acres of chuice Land, situated only about ) and a t-') mile§ from the centre ofthe flourishing city of Rochester, N. Y on the south-east ronl leading from Monroe street east, and half a mile from the city line. A mw house, barn, and fences— a line orchard, good wood an t water, &c. For further particulars, e-qiiirc on the prcmi.ses. or ad- dress I'. W .1.. Ho -best- r Post Otiicc, N. Y., Postpaid. Rochestir, Dec. ^ilh, 1:11. MILLISH'S ROOT CUTTER. Having lor several y6ais past liad numerous iuquiricaj IM.achines to cut vegetables for feeding sto-'U, and thd hitlierto obtained not giving per ftM:t satisfaction, thesuba^ tier now lintters iiimsell Ihat he lias procured some thatai just the thing wanted. The following rccoinmendatinnl 0. N. Benieut Was published in llie Albany Cultivator*! clearly jets forth the advantagee of the Mactiinc i "As much; attention has been paid of late to the cullurB Roots for feeding stock, &c. At flrst some difBcully occur! in sowing, i.niil the drill was invented which diminisheOT labor to a pastime Where a large Stock were fed, mj time and labor was spent in slicing or cutting the roots ail able for feeding with safety. At first the spade, snick* chopper were brought into requisition, but not aatisfactorj Other machinea have aince been used, such as tlie Grater ,i tlorizontal Knivea, opertited by a team. But Milliah's Vej table Cutter eclipses the whole. It conslsia of a Box inches long, 2 feet wide, and 3i high, with a hopper alia and a receiver or spout below. Near the centre of the b is a frame bearing a circular plate of cast iron on a horizo tal a.xis to which a crank is attached ; this wheel carri three knives set parallel to the face of the plate and rad' ting from the centre, the vegetable presses against the kniv and their own weight keeps them within tho stroke of t knives. They will cut more potatoes into thin slices In one hoi than a man can cut in two daya with a knife. 1 find tb Vegetables cut in this m.achine. will uoil in one half t time, nlaSing a great saving of fuel nnd labor. The M chinecuts potatoes, tiirnips, bagas, cabbage stumps, (pum kina and squashes, when broken.) with ease. The above given to answer the many enquiries made, which is tj best improvement or machine, for the safe preparing of V' geiables lor feeding stock. C. N BEMKNT. Fo -- - - .'-- "--, ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. tORHKCTED FOK THE NEW GENESEE FARMER. FEBRtTARV 1, 184 WHEAT perbushel,.... .$ 1,06 o $ I,C COJIN,,...,..^.. " f 44 OATS " 28 31 BARLEY, " 44 5C RYE " 53 51 BEAlN'S, White,.. " 62^ 7i POTATOES,.... " 25 2e APPLES, Desert,. " 25...... 33' FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl.-... 5,00...... 5,2» " Fine, .... " .. 4,50...... SALT, " 1,38 PORK, Mess " 8,00 " Prime " 7,00 " per 100 lbs 2,75 3,00 BEEF per 100 lbs 2,50 3,00 POULTRY, per lb 6 EGGS, per dotcii, 15...... BUTTER. Fresh., per pound 13 15 " Firkin "... 10 12 CHEESE "... 5 6 LARD, ..., " ... 6 7 TALLOW, Clear, " ... 8...... 9 HIDES, Green " ... 5...... SHEEPSKINS 3S 62 PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,00 POT, " " .. 5,95 WOOL pound,... 30 40 HAY, ton, ...11,00 13,00 GRASS SEED,....bushe),... 1,25 1,60 CLOVER SEED,.... " .... 6,50 .... 7,00 Kcie Yitrh Market, Jan 29.— The foreign news haa lowct ed the prices of Ashes, rearls have been said at SO 5ii, nit there are atill sellers at that price ; for Pots there are buy ers at S.t "S. All provisions reinrin dull— 4000 kegs old Ohi Lard sold at 4 1-2 c Ih. cash. Cloveraced is dull at lie lb and Fl.-i.xseed at 12 ^tc, v. itli some sales of both. Genese Flour is ra her dearer- there have been sales at gO, but hold ers are not disposed to go on at that. There is nothing t report in Grain. Money .-.flairs are quiet. Philadclphi Funds are bc'ter. The rate is 7 a 7,J cIls., with a good cle CONTENTS OP THIS NUi»IBEIB. Publisi ers iiotfces. To the Friemls of the New Gene- tee Farmer. Creinium C.-ops in Monroe Co.,— Soil, Culture &c. Castor Oil Candles. Portraits of Ani- m.als. 17 Improved Stock— ^vrshire, biirham and Native 18—10 Sale of Cream Pot Cattle -20 Book Fanning — Agricultural Cliemistrv. Ontario Ag- ricultural Society. Wind Mills. . .' St Durham Cows ,-vs milkers. Roads — ^h'vererreus — Secitxjl (nof'Seikle) Pear— .Meditermncan Wheat 22 Ploughing Matches Laying out Farms 23 Monroe A g. Soc, Notice, To rorreepondcnls. Sheep Troughs and Rucks (with cut) 2-1 The Cylindric Tiller and planter (with cut) 23 Meeting of 'he N. Y. State Ag. Soc. at Albawy- List of ofBcera—.Mr. Notfa address 26—27 N Y. Agricultural SociPly Reports. English and Amer- ican Agriculture compared. Silk Products 28 Wyoming C^1. Ag t*ocie'v. Notices of i\ew Public.i- tions. Ellbcts of Increased Duties 29 On the Diflereni Breeds of Sheep SO Hoinel" but Good .-Vdvice to Readers and Editor. Mak- ing Butter. Farmer's Winter Memorauda. Impor- tant lUjgestion ; Importance of ihequality of salt used in making Butter. Dried Beef. To make Yeast- Hints. Agents for the From l/ic Poicer-Pras of J. I. lUilty S,- Co. BATEHAai & COLMAN,^^^^ I VOIi. 3. KOCHESTER, MARCH, 1842. NO. 3. | HENRY COLMAN, Ed-W. PCBIilSHEO MONTHLiV. TERSIS, FIFTV CENTS, per year, imyablc nlwsys In a(!vancc. Tost Masters, Agents, ami ollicrs, scn'ling current mon- y fteoofpostastc, will receive scutn copies tor 93,— Ticctve ot'icsfor 85.— 7>«ni biisheU per ncre. Mvroji Adams, E. Bloomfield, second do. $3. — '''.>.]-2 biisbrls. .Ki3cpb lilodgot, Goilinm, for the best acre of 'tis. $5. 47.;!o bushels. \Vm. Brynnt, Mancbester, for tbe best field of ' tiuoes, ^'r). 109 bushels on balf an nure. 1 '!>ns. B. Meek. Cannndaignn, for best Rutn Bagn, - '. — 30 tons. Same, !J3 for second best, 2'3 tons. i lie. $r>, lor best Mangel V/unsol — 15 tons on •'■' r.'ds. • iias. Godfrey, Scnecn, for best yoke of Fat O.xen, T. MiTon Adams, EaslBloomlicild, for the beet iat- 1 I Cow, jj.^). T 1 I : o. Cay ward, Seneca, for second best do. $3. T. I icsier Osborn, G.irhnni, third do. $2. ' ron Adams, E. Bloomlield, for best fat Steer, 11. Greenlcnf, Canandaigua, second do §3. I ' 1 iins B. Meek, do third do. $2 T' A. .M. Bush, Hopewell, for the best fat Heifer, T.> .lolin B>idler, Canandaigua, for best si-i; Fatted Sheep, ;Ji5. Mr. Godfrey's fat oxen, a cross wiiU the Devon, ind 5Ir. Myron Adams' steer and cow, of Devon lood, would have done honor to any show. Mr. Cayward's cow was a very fat and heavy animal with- Dutany pretensions to aristocratic blood, and certainly one to symmetry or beauty. Monroe County Agricultitral Society. At a meeting ol the Monroe County Agricultural Society, held al the Arcade, in the city of Rochester, in the 19tb day of February, 1842. Tho meeting was organized and proceeded to the slectiou of officers for the ensuing year, when the following persons were elected ; For President, HENRY COliMAN, Rochester. For J 'ice Prcsiilcnis, William Gvrbutt, Wheatland, LvMAN B. L.VNGwoRTHV, Greece, WiLi.iiM C. Cornell, Henri^^tto. Hr.sRT M. Waku, Recording Secretary. M. B. Bateham, Corresponding Secretary. For Managers, Uawson Harmon, Wheatland, Nathaniel Haywan), Brighton, Asa Rowe, Gre.ce. Caleb K. Hobble, trondequoii. B>. H. Barnard, Mendon, Jacob Strawn, Chili, Gideon Ramsdell, Perinton, Miles Lawson, Ogdcn, .lohn H. Robinson, Henrietta, Alfred Fitcb, Riga, Abel Baldwin, Clarks.:)n, F. T. Root, Sweden, David M. Smith, Rush. For Town Committees, WlieatlanU. — Jirah Blackmir, George BhefTer, Samuel Wood. CliUi. — William Pixley, John K. Balentine, John (Tnller. Riga. Dennis Church, Charles Tenney, John Rowe. OgiUn. — Oliver Day, Mjdad P. Parker, Jesse Harroun. Siocdcn.—S. D. Baldwin, George Allen, Hum- phrey Palmer. Clarkson. —Hiy'ii. Forsyth, Frederick F. Church, Abel Baldw n. 'anna. — L. W. Metcalf, Roswell Atchinson, Abner Darling. Greece. — Hali Colby, Nicholas Reed, John Moxon. dates. — Lyman Potter, Moses Dyer, Matthias Garrctl. Brighton. — Timothy Wallace, Romania Hart, Oliver Culver. Mniriel.tn. — Matthias L. Angle, James Sperry, Stephen Leaget'. Hush. — Tnonias Wright, William M. Molt, Chas. Chamberlin. ^ Msndon. — Abner Cole, Benjamin Biraaall, Jr., Thomas Wilco.T. /'i«s/or(/.— Alexander Voorbees, Ira Bellows, Eb- et\ei^: SuiberlanJ. Pcrinton. — Zcror Burr, A. Goodell, Elieha Ram- Pcnfield. — Eliaa Boach, Daniel Fuller, Samuel Mil Webster Bryan Woodhull, William Holl, Alphc- us Crocker. Irondc'ptoit. — Benjamin King, H. N. Lnngworthy, -^— — Cuminings. liodiestir. — Alonzo Frost, E. Darwin Smith, Na- thajiiel Draper, Ansel Frost, George Whitney, Alex- ander Kclsey, Patrick Barry. On motion, it was Resolved, That measures be taken by this Society for establishing an Agricultural Museuin in the city of Rnchesler, and that a commit- tee of five be appointed to make inquiry respecting a room for tho purpose, and to send a petition to the Guvernor and Legislature for a set of the specimens of Natural History colloeted by the Geological Sur- veyors, and to report at the next meeting of this Soci- ety. On motion of E. Darwin Smith, Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be tendered to Lyman B. Langworlhy, for the able, diligent, and faithful atten- tion to the duties of the office of President of this Society for the last two years, during which he has officiated as such. Adjourned to meet at the same place on the ITth of March next, at 10 o'clock, A. M. HENRY M. WARD. Ree. Sec. The First Effects ol the Bankrupt I.aw. We are told by the New York papers that since the operation of the Bankrupt Law, numbers in that city have come forward to compromise with their creditors who for years past have made no effort to pay their debts. They now evidently dread the searching operations of that Law. The doctrine that when a man fails, he has more money to expend in show and amusement, seems now to be on the eve of an explosion. With pru- dence and economy — hard times can neither affect a farmer's independence, nor retard his mental culture and intellectual pleasures. In some of my former brief articles, I have en- deavored to impress my rural friends, with the ne- cessity of thoir predicating their futm'e expendi- tures and habits of living, upon that economical scale, which the approaching low prices of agri- cultural productions would soon render impera- tively necessary to their comfort and independence. Within the last few months wheat has fallen from the price to which an infatuated speculation had forced it, down to 87b cents per bushel. In its fall it has carried with it most of the millers and speculators, together with several banks ; so that for some time to come farmers cannot expect another inflation of prices, from a demand purely speculative. Pork, which had last season touched the lowest point in price ever before quoted in the market, has now gone down so low as hardly to cover the expense of barrel, salt, and freight from the far West. Whiskey, owing in part to the glorious temperance reform, has shared the same fate. Indian Corn does better, owing to an im- proved export demand for this grain. It would seem that a kind providence has thus smiled upon the legitimate uses of Indian corn, the moment that man had ceased to pervert them, by '■ turn- ing good to mischief!" Clover Seed, which was supposed so be a very sliort crop, has, contrary to all calculation, continued to decline in price until its price has become merely nominal. Still, in the midst of low prices, the independent farmer is better off tlian most of the other classes of com- munity. He has no rent to pay, no corporation taxes to tease him weekly ; so far as he is the consumer of his own products, the price is of no importance to hinv ; in barter for cloth his wool is worth as much as ever. Many of his other pro- ducts are equally available in exchange for labor, &c. He may not indulge in as many far fetched luxuries, in all such imported fabrics a= fashion imposes ; but his intellectual pleasures need not be abridged on that account ; as mental culture depends on taste and enthusiasm, and not on mer- itricious display, nor does it cost any thing but time and study. The delightful study of nature's laws, is in the way of the farmer's vocation and daily calling ; let him then, instead of repining at low prices, hard times, and a lack of money, re- llect that such privations are the only means to bring back the nation's long lost health ; that, al- though the medicine is repulsive and exceeding bitter, it is nevertheless indispensable to a perfect convalesence, S. W. Waterloo, ScncQa Co. N. Y. Grafting Cherry Trees; A practice which has hitherto been attended with some difficulty, insomuch that inoculating has usu- ally been substituted for it. In the spring ol 1841, we engrafted a few small trees by the following process. It was in March, and rather a cool day, so much so that a furnace of coals was necessary to warm the wax. After sawing off the head of the tree to within about six inches of the ground, we took a sharp pen-knife and made incisions in the bark, designed to be parallel and over the cleft of the wood. The wood was then split and the scions set in the usual way ; after which I took a fine piece of paper over which wax had been spread and carefully applied over the wounded part. Over this, wax may be again applied to keep it in place and over the whole we placed a ligature of India rubber cut entire to keep the parts from extending by the frost. W. B. Monnt Osceola, Feb., 1842. A Treatise on Domestic Economy, For tbe use of Young Ladies, at Home and at School. By Miss Catharine E. Beeeher, — late Principal of the Hartford Female Seminary. Boston : Marsh, Cnpen, Lyon and Webb. — 1841. This ia a capital book ; full of wise and UEeful ad- vice, showing intelligent and exact observation, and speaking often kom experience. The objection we have to the booTt is, that it contains a great deal too much, being a sort of Encyclopedia of Agriculture, Gardening, Honsc-keeping, Health, Manners, &c. It does not seem civil to complain of getting too much for our money, but the book would be much more read if it we-e smaller. We ore not quite satisfieJ with the copious drafts, which Miss Beeeher makca upon other and contemporary writers. If they were books of many years atjo, out of print end unattaina- ble, there might be reason for it ; but there is no jus- tice in plundering the baskets of those who are in the market with ourselves. Fair play is a jewel, and this lady has no occasion to shine in borrowed dresses. Nor do we see the appropriateness in a book for young ladies at school or at home, of treating of the construction of barns and barn yard.', coio Icupirg and horse keeping ; unless her book is specially de- signed for some of the Dutch girls at the West, whom we have seen more than once in the market driving their teams loaded with wood. In New England we have not yet quite got to that. The book, however, is a good one, and we shall enrich our columns with some ueeful extracts from it. It must, we think, however, unless the author is fire proof, prove fatal to 3/iss Beeeher. We know half a dozen good fellows who, if they kneiv what is good lor themselves, would at least try ti» put such a house- keeper into her proper sphere, and compel her to doff her maiden plumee. ^^ Winter of 1841-2. Tbe winter just closed upon us, has been most re- markable for us high temperalure and the small imount of Snow, which has fallen. The \yheat, na i'ar as we have seen it, looks well. It remains to he icen what is the ultimate effect of such a season, upon he crops l 'remiume, expenses, $2,099 69 '&c, 1,065 46 .•filGl 23 r:,iiii which is to bo deducted about $200 for pre- " - nwnrdtd, but not paid. I II irL^nsurer also reported that a quarter of one M RfsT'e lat oxen, presenied to the Society by ■' sr, had been sold for $64 C7, which, added "'ve sum, would leave a bnlnnce in the trea- about $800, after the payment of all dc- ,..1.1 - against the Society. Thecommitte appointed frecoMi mending a place for holding tlie anual Show or fixina Albany or iia vicinity for 1642, recommend It the Show for I84;{ be held at Rochester. On motion of Dr. OoonsELL of Uiica, Resolced, That lbi.< Society recommend to the ntyagrieulinral societies to use their exertions to nblisb town societies. On motion of J. U. Nott, Esq., Resolced, That a committee uf five be appointed to Kort at the next meeting on ihe propriety of estab ing an Agricultnral Board for this State. [Com ttee — Messrs. Nott, Van Br.RCEN, Bekkman, *tow and Vif.le.] Amendments to the Constitution. On motion of .1. B. Nott, Esq., Resolced, Th.Tt no article of the Constitution can rcofier be altered or amended, without a notice reof being given one year before such alteration. Mr. Fuller gave notice that at the next annual eting of the Society, n moiion will be made to end the Constitution, eo that presidents of county ■iculmral societies shall be ex officio inembers of Executive Committee of the said Society. The Society then adjourned, sine die. For t/ie I^^ew Gcncsce Farmer Farmers' Gardens. What higher authority can we quote than a lady ? 10 has better taste, more refined sensibilities, inder judgment or nicer observation, than the lale part of community ? Happening to meet ■ who possesses the excellencies of her sex i nan linent degree, the other day, we heard her re- rk that the farmer who failed of having a good den, failed in eco-nomy, and not only that, but he himself oflF from many of the comforts of life. Iging from the practice of most farmers in our [uaintance, we must suppose they are ready to out " this is a hard saying, " but let them enjoy comforts and luxuries of a goor/ garden for one ir, let them count the actual cost in labor and er expense it requires, and give a careful credit its proceeds, and if they do not find it the most ifilable investment of their estates, we will — con de that their experience has been different from own. Though our garden is done up in a all way, yet we find it not only an invaluable ap idage to our affairs, but with our present idea oi :h things, one of absolute necessity; for we can- : forego the delicacies of the rich tomato, or the der vegetable it affords in the hot summer days, y more than we can our daily bread. And the e cauliflower, who that ever tasted of them uld willingly suppose that a future season could ss without furnishing himself with an abundance. t many who profess to admire them do live, ir after year, without making a single effort for 'ir production. They are almost as easily raised common cabbage. Like them, they should be rted for early use in a hot-bed, an article that ery one who cultivates a small patch of earth ould prepare; for by sowing in them, a month or weeks may, without diminishing in any way from the general reign of cold weather, be added to our short summers. They may be got up very cheaply. One with half a dozen lights of glass will do to prove llipir utility, and these lights may be set in any old sash, or in a cheap frame, which any one gifted even with a small measure of me- chanical sliill, may manufacture in the leisure lime of winter, and by so dtiing, heavier bars and frames may be made, than is usual in common sash, which will give them a firmness that their exposure requires. If c/iCT/mcir.s- is studied, the box may be made of slabs, with the edges squared so as lo set close ; on this, the snsh should lie at an angle of about 45*^. In our climate, the best loca- tion for the hot-bed is at the south end of a build- ing, for there, the cold northerly winds are broken off" and the sunbeams rf/cf?, as well as fall directly upon it, thus proving that in cultivation of plants, as well as animals and intellects, reflection is as use- ful as more direct action. But farmers who would have every part of their garden perfect, should have larger hot-beds than the one we have quoted, or, perhaps, what would be better, have several of the size alluded to, for then different vegetables caiv be started at a dis- tance from each other. These small ones may have, among other things, a hill of melons, or of the exotic squashes planted in the centre of them, if located in different parts of the garden; and when plants, like the cauliflower, tomato, or any of those designed for transplanting are removed, the ground, well fitted for thcirgrowth, remains for the nourishment of the vine. By having them in dif- ferent parts of the garden in different years, it may be kept ia a very rich condition, by the well rotted manure they contain, and which, by the second year becomes, through the fermentation of the first, free from the seeds of foul weeds, so very an- noying in a garden. Hot-beds should be made in March, and co^•orod in severe weather t)y an old rug. W. B. Mount Osceola. 1842. l^Iaiiure for Gardens* We have tried a variety of kinds of manure for a garden, and these kinds in a variety of forms, and as far as our experience warrants an assertion in favor of any particular kind, we must give a decided preference to swamp mud, or muck. One argument in its favor is, that it seldom produces weeds. Another, that it contains so much vegeta- ble matter in a decomposable state that it is easily brouglit to operate as the food of plants. It also, from the slowness of its decay, continues its effect longir than most other manures. Its cheapness also commends it, for all it costs is the mere getting it from the pond hole, which will be sm-e to fill its treasury before a new draft is necessary. In order to have it prime, it should be placed in a pile for a few days, and ashes or lime mixed with it, and subjected to workings until the lumps are all re- duced, and the two simples thoroughly compound- ed. It may then be put, half a shovel full will answer, in the hill for melons, cucumbers and squash. For radishes and the like, we use it as a top dressing. W. B. Mount Osceola, Feb., 1S42. power of terrestrial mngnctisn),or some involution in nature's couriSC, the soil of England could be so far slimulnted l)y the sttn's rays as lo produce In- dian corn to perfection, should wc any longer hear of her " starving population," reduced to live on the miserable bread made of damp mouldy grain? It is true that England has less severe cold weath- er ami a shorter winter than wc have ; but look at the slow process of vegetation there as compared with that of Ihe United States; her late harvest crowded into the short, cloudy, and even wet days of autumn, and it is not surprising that her corn is damp and mouldy. What would become of our ease. loving farmers if they had to encounter the cold, sour, wet climate, and slow vegetation of that country called merry, not sunny, England? Would they not be reduced from bacon and corn bread, to turnips and pea soup, from the delicious wheaten loaf and hot rolls, to oatcakes and potato broth? Mr. Garbutt says that roots cannot be cultivated in this country to the same extent, adtantagcovsly, as in England. Very true, but then does not our Indian corn, that thrifty precocious king of edibles (it being both food and fodder, oil and sugar,) ren- der the like extensive cultivation of roots unneces- sary Y But we deny that roots may not be as easi- y cultivated in the United States as in England. If our more sunny champaign country is not as well suited to the turnip and potato, as cool and misty England,— our early planted svigar beets never grew in greater perfection with us, than du- ring the last summer, the hottest and driest season we have had in many years ; and there is little doubt but that one acre of sugar beets is worth two acres of turnips. We fully agree with Mr. Garbutt that it would be folly for our farmers to follow the rural econo- my of England in all its variety, but for very dif- ferent reasons than a part of those set out in his otherwise interesting and well written article. Waterloo, N. Y. S. W. Advantages of the Climate of the United States over that of England. Your correspondent, W. Garbutt of Wheatland, gives to the English farmer the advantage in length of seasonover the farmer of the United States, with- out even adverting to the very great advantage wc have. In the superior stimulating power of our much warmer and more kindly season of vegeta- tion. If iy some change in the .Solar System, the From the Farmer' s Monthly Visitor, Great Yield of Potatoes. In 1839, the late Mnjor Caleb Stark planted potatoes (the large round redj on several patches of ground in Suncock village in the town of Pembroke ; he plant- ed them without assistance, and hood them three times himeelf. They were planted in drills, one piece (cut) every ten inches, and when be dug them in the fall, they were weighed, and he proposed, from the result, (he following questions to lion. John Vose, then pre- ceptor of Pembroke Academy. I find the questions and answers among some of hie papers, and send them to you. QUESTIONS. 1st portion, 168 square feet produced 126 pounds. 2d " 147 " " 1:58 " 3.1 " 18 feel square, " 384 " 4ih " 43 " " 1435 " ANSWERS. Ist portion, per acre, 32,670 lbs. 605 bushels per acre. 2d " " 41,715 773,055 " 3d " " 51,626 2 3 956,349 " 4th " " 33,806 426,05 " The above results were brought about by Mr. Brown ; o( their accuracy, I have examined them, so as to be satisfied they are correct. I witnessed the progress of the growth of the pola'oee, and the aver- age weight of them was 54 pounds per bushel. JOHN VOSE. Typhus Fever. It cannot be loo widely known that nitrous ncid gas possesses the property of destroying the contagion of the typhus fever, and certainly of preventing its spread. By the followin;,' simple me! hod the gag may be pro- duced at a very trifling expense : — Place a little pow- dered ealipctre in a saucer, and pour on it as much oil of vitriol as will cover it ; a copious difcharge of acid gas will instantly lake place, the quantity of which may be regulated by lessening or increo^in^ the quantity of the materials. — English paper. 40 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, VcL. 3 ROCHESTER, MARCH, 1842. To Correspondeuts awd Readers. We cannot soy with one nion on receiving his friends that we have too much company for our chairs, bin we sincerely regret that wc have not chairs enough for our company. — Our limits and ibo late hour at which several communications were received compel us to postpone them until our next. J. E. T'e most welcome essay is in type. C N. B's valuable article on Winter Butler is in type. J. Ws excellent letter on the cultivation of Ilemp will be in our next. A " Subscriber's candid remarks on Improved Stock and the sound views of a " Friend of Improve- ment" are both received with respect. Inquiries as to Gypsum, W. S. T. on Maple Sugar, a second letter from our fiiend Gnrbutt, our Iciend M's communication on choked cattle and Ruta Baga, valuable articles on Farm and Cottage Build- ings, on Ploughing, on Protective Duties and Ex- periments in Forming, with various others, are of necessity laid by. But our friends may under these circumstances safely anticipate a choice sheet for April. Having said so much fnr ourselves in this number, we shall in our next yield the floor to our betters. In the menn time we beg our friends not to think we overlook or forget them. Let them turi in their grist ; and so long as they give us cle8n grain, without any chess, or cockle or smut, as they have done, we'll do our best to turn out as good flour as any mill with the Rochester brand. Broom Corn and Madder are waiting a place in our next. Mr. Weddle's sale ought to command attention. There are some animals nf extraordinary excellence. Charms of Editorial Life."Agricultnral lii> quiries. January 92, 1842. Mr. Colman— Sir — Having been somewhat acquainted with your views upon agriculture while you was in Massachu- setts, and learning that you now stand at the helm of the Genesee Farmer, 1 think to extend my acquaint ance with you, by perusing your monthly periodical. I have a lew questions to lay before you, hoping for some valuable information. My farm consists of about fifteen acres of a yellow loam mi.xed with wind. I have occupied it one season only, and find that rye, corn and potatoes, may be raised to good advantage ; also carrots and sugar beets. But I am destitute of an orchard. My neighbors, who are in the same condition, tell me I must submit to it, which I am very unwilling to do. I therefore hope to learn from your paper your opinion, whether fruit trees will be likely to grow and flourish on my land — the best time for transplanting them — the man- ner in which it should be done, &c. — the treatment they should receive after, and the kind of manure most adapted to their growth. I wish to know the best manner of curing hams, and of preserving beef from fall to spring, and for summer use. Permit me to extend my inquiries a little farther. Be good enough to inform me of the best kinds of swine, and manner of rearing pigs, and the treatment of sows suckling them. Also, how I can best keep bees through the winter and manage them in summer to gel the best profit from them. Yours respectfully. .^■^— Remarks. — Now here is a pretty kettle of fish to fry, from Connecticut river. AVhat shall we do ? The editor of the New E ; gland Farmer recently very politely remarked, that the late Agricultural Commis- sioner of Massachusetts 'could put more questions in a given time than any other man of his acquaintance.' But the late Agricultural Commiesioner now acknowl- edges himself fairly beaten. Why could not our cor- respondent have put to us at once all the questions in the Westminster Assembly's Larger Catechism? — Why could he not have asked us a few more quosUons in natural history ; as for example, why Niagara Falls do not stop running? How Connecticut river ever squeezed through Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom ? How the trees ever got upon the top of Sugar Loaf? Why black-wooled sheep eat less than whit£? Whether fleas can be best caught in a common steel trap, or as the boys catch pigeons, by putting a little salt on their tails ? and sj on to the end of the chap- ter ? We should like to be near at hand when our friend desires a visit from his family physician ; and should not be much surprised if some such application as this takes place. Doctor ! when you are passing my house _7«s( call in in a fiiendbj way, and see my wife, she has had now for some time a bad cough and pain in her side ; and I want, at the same time, you should look at Nancy's finger, she has got, I believe, a felon upon it ; and do aek for John and tell us how we shall remedy his club feet ; and I hear. Doctor, that you can cure squint eyes, and I wish you would see what can be done for Tom, who seems always to be trying for his life to see whether his nose is on or off; and by the wny. Doctor, if you have any genuine matter, 1 should be glad to have all the children vaccinated at the same time ; and while you are there, Doctor, I wish you to took at my old horse, who seems to have a film over one of his eyes, and I wish to know how to get it off; and at the same time, I wish you to exam- ine the milk of our heifer and let me know if yon think there is any danger of our getting the milk sickness which I have read about in Indiana ; and one other thing, Doctor, 1 came near forgetting, about which I very much want your tidvice, tbat is wheth- er our baby's porridge should be heated in a tin dip- per or on iron skillet- All this, too, the man expects to get out of the Doc- tor without any fee, because he only asked the Doctor to call as a friend sometime when he should happen to be passing by the houee. Now we certainly mean nothing disrespectful to our good friend, but if it was the feather that broke the camel's back, what is to become of us when the whole bed, tick and all, is thrown upon ours ? Perhaps we (^bould save trouble in the case, were we to recommend to our correspondent to apply where he will find all the information he desires at his fingers' end. There are only twenty quarto volumes of the N. E. For- mer, let him read them ; there are only eight volumes of the Albany Cultivator, let him read them ; there are only four volumes of Hill's Family Visitor, he can read them as well as not ; there is the old Genesee Farmer and the New Genesee Farmer ; these, with- out reading the advertisements and the price currents, might stand him a little while; and then there is a little (not exactly pocket) volume, colled Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, which might occupy a few leisure evenings and assist him essentially in the management of his farm of fifteen acres. But to be sober. Our fr end we hope will pardon us for amusing ourselves at liia expenscj We renlly hove no serious objection to his inquiries. We like his curiosity. We will do every thing iu our pov.'er to encourage and assist small as well as large farmers, and if he will have patience with us, we promise that every one of his questions shall hove due attention, and so of as many more as he will put to us. Withdrawal of Patronage. We are honored with a letter of a different descrip- tion, in which a respected friend complains that we admit the communications of a valued correspondent, S. W., whose ?iews do not agree with hie on the subject of protecting duties, nor indeed with our own. But he soys " he handed our January number to a brother farmer hoping to induce him to become a sub. scriber, but on returning it he objected on account of S. W's. communication, saying 'that any paper ad- vocating British intereots, he was not disposed to pat- ronise.' Jly views are the same, and I shall cease to • 1 be a subscriber if such arliclcs are permitted to ap- \pcar." Now we beg to say confidentially and respectfully to our friend, that bis threat has not scared us out of s night's sleep, and that whenever he thinks proper to withdraw his patronage from our humble ptiblicalion, we shall be most happy to return his fifty cents. Sell our liberty of speech or discussion on any subject and all subjects we shall not, nor abate it one hair's breadth; If our friend wishes to know our creed on the subject of protecting Home Industry, he will find it in this very paper in the Reeoluliona of the Rochester meet- ing of the 16ih tilt. These we think he will pro- nounce ortbodo.-c.* But we are happy to hear iha other side. Our great object is tmtfty and the only certain road to truth is free inquiry and discussion. We are willing, therefore, ourselves to hear and to let our readers hear what may be said on both sides of tbil great question. We do not consider it at all a party question, but s great national question. We never will present it a» a party question, or suffer, so for as depends on us, party considerotions to be mingled with it It is a» political question we admit; and a question whichi concerns the farmers, the agricultiiral interest of thei country certainly as much, perhaps more, than any other class in our community ; and it is one of the most important questions in which they can take an' interest. Our paper Shall never be made sectarian or party in* any sense, even on the vexed qne»tion whether whe«> can be changed into chess or chess into wheat, but i shall be open to the well expressed opinions of intel ligent men, on ony subject concerning directly or in directly the agricultural interest. The communica lion signed S. W., in the January nimiher, was ad mitted without our knowledge, and before we hai reached Rochester. "Vet upon review, we canm see why it should have been excluded. Since tho time we have received a communication from S. W on another subject, evidently written with the feeling of a partizan,and reflecting upon one of the great pai ties of the country, which we notified him could ni be admitted. Our columns shall not be stained b personalities or party reflections or discussions ; bu. if we must lose our subscribers because we adra opinions or discussions, which do not occord withjou own, we will bid every one of the 2C,000 farewell b( lore we will budse on inch. We hove no feors bi that truth and patriotism will here triumph ; and w ask our good friend to review his decision and com out in his true character as the friend of universi liberty ; and at once lend the aid of his good sense an his souno judgment, matured by much experience, i showing the formers who read the New Genese Former, how deeply concerned ore the wool-growin *Tlitee Kcsolulions aie unnvoiilably ileferreii till our oe.i -1 c- ■■• — — ~ zr m ;j' /^ ^ — "zr C7i ^. 77 5 -1 ^ 'iO '00 00 00 -1 00 O GO 00 en CO 00 ^ to O X o CO ^j ■JJ ■A '- ^ *" ^ K ~ ::" ; Sfe -Ul Tk rx =-.o, M' ■_, n " " " " " '^ '^ r* o Ci Ol 4^ lO ■^ i tl' 5r ^ p = Cbo-o-p-a o o o o o o '^ ^ s-. .U -^? III 1^^ - rgB o S g a, > C-OQ f 2, It 1 S Hi S p." f re < s c O to ,_° 3 ^ •a P- ^S ■c w 5' - S. s a. re ^ ll > Cm ^- ^_^ ? p t.-iigj ^__^ 3 j'^ g--S 5 -i '•^,^ v & ^^ -- JO 5.:^$ ■^ " 0 ._ ^ -., to 3 o = 1 §§- ■ S 2 s ^ ,- " '^ -^ • «3 g Nearly the entire amount hatched vigorously on the tenth and eleventh dnys, and all others were rejected. It will be noticed that the temperature was gradually elevated about one degree each day during the hatch, in^ process, and was maintained as nearly as poss ble 10 77*^ during tiie subcequent feeding stale, the tssen- tial features of which are presented in the following table. The silkworm being a cold blooded insect, receiv- ing its temperature from the atmosphere, the necessity of keeping up a suitable degree of vvarnnli will at once be perceived. The de^'ree ol temperature has lieen found by experience to he not far from the num- bers indicated in the table, and it muot be maintained not only through the feeding and spinning state, but also through those of the chrysalis and moth. It is indispensable, for in all the mysterious changes of ihe silk worm heat is the exciting agent ; it is nearly in a state of torpor between 50^ and 60", yet it wiil spin, but the time lequirtd will be twice as long, and the amount of silk not half so much, as when slimtilaied by a congenial deg of 77°, under active management, it completes its feeding state in 24 to 3)1 days, its spinning state in 5 or 6 more ; it is n chrysalis ali-iut two weeks, and a moth one, during which time the sexes unite, and ihe fe male laying two or three hundred eggs, the circle of transformation is lor the first time broken bv doalh. French writers c:> > putean ounce of eggs to con- tain 40 000, but from numerous calculations 1 have never found the nnmber to exceed 2.5,000. In this experiment I hatched an ounce, and the number of worms was not greater than set down in the table. The nnviee is always overestimating numbers. I stifled the chrysales with camphor, and approve of the method as being cheap, expeditious, and perfectly effi- cacious, and at the same time not hardening the gum of the cocoon, which consequently reels with uninter- rupted freedom. Miss Barton, who reeled my silk excellently, i referred cocoons tiented with camphor to those not stifled, because the dead chrysalides gave her much less annoyance in the heated water of the basin. Reeling silk is a beautiful process that never fails to excite admiration, yet it is accomplished with ease, and with a little practice and sieady perseverance, a young woman will reel a bushel of cocoons, yielding a pound or more of silk, in a day. T!ie art is net however, yet carried to such perfection as to enable us to make the most of our materials, for all but cxpejt rcelers waste a considerable portion. The actual amount of labor required in the first ages of the silk worm is very small, it is an agreeable pastime. But whep immense numbers pass into the fifth age, the labor, difficulties and cares become great and incessantly greater, ami for the first time we aio of heat. Near the temperature ' sensible of the enormous service which the establieh- ment demands. Then we discover the obstacle, and it is like a mountain ; we suddenly find ourselves sur- rounded by myriads of voracious insects that double their dimensions daily. Dirt and filth rapidl) accu- mulate, signs ol putrescent decomposition begin to appear, the weather is perhaps moist and sultry, and finally wo perceive iudications.of disease and confu- sion. These considerations teach us the necessity of preparation, and of peifecting .>ur system with prudent forecast. The sudden and enormous demand of labor in the filth age, is the ureal barrier to an unlimited produc tiiin of silk. It in a great degree prohibits the appli- colion of capital, and the culture of silk naturally be- comes an incidental branch of agriculture. Whoever discovers the method of di.-pensiiig with the tediona labor of this age, will confer everlasting obligationa upon his country. That it will be systematized, and even in a great degree abolished, I think no one who is acLpiainied with the subject can reasonably doubt. HSS^HSLJJ AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 43 I lios already attracled the aticniion of American ciil- iirist8, and plausible tbeories have hecn announced i\\" may c unlidonily prediei ihni when the subject has Mce taken hold upon llie puhlic mind, as it surely luist, peculiar systems will he unfolded, baaed uponn iiuly of naiuial laws, and upon the application of sci- ■mirtc principles. 1 led upon burdleg consisting of a light frame ol V lod three feet square, intersected every three inches Villi broom wire. They were strong and light, and .'111 upon groovci nailed to upright frames, so ihot hey could tie drawn in and out nt pleasure, tbusallord- nj> great fncilitiea to the operations of fcedini! and ■lo'ining. These hurdles are cheap, and, materiuls iiiUidcd, cost leis than two cents per siiuarc foot, and irc very durable. 1 placed iheiii in tiers eight inches isiiudet, and each tier was separated by a shelf a foot 0 Width pl'iced on the same level with the hurdles, to 1 'I.I the biuihwood for spinning. The hurdles were overed with paper, and v>hen the worms lelt them r the spinning shelves, they were removed with the ;isi remains of dirt. We should anticipate our prepniationafor spinning, HI I may derive from our knowledge of the hnbiis of iise insects, many practical upplioations. When it 11.1 ceased to «nt, the silk worm, for the fiist time in It I'fe, mnnifesis a dispos'tion to ramble. Its desire s I'l aicenl as fur as possible, and if no impediments ;.xi&l, it will wander away many yards. Il it can jossi'ily set to the ceiling it is perfectly satisfied with ho corners and angles it discovers there. The entire nirfnce of the ceiling can be rendered available, by lailinii to it strips of board edgeways, and making luitable communication with it and the feeding shell, Khicb is perfectly practicable. It is a gieat objeit •villi the culturist to get them out of the way, and heir injitinets certainly harmonize with our wish'.s. [ succeed in the following manner. My hurdle rallies te in nated within two feel of the ceiling, and hj« sp ice I Tided with green feme, supported upright, iq( h'?>yever quite toucliing the ceiling. Underneath ihis mass of brush, which occupied (i superficiol area )f less than lorty square feet, we had an ni/gregate of learly three hundred feet of hurdles. The commii- liuation between the hurdles and the brushwood, was jy means of rods and strips of boards nailed to the inrdle frames so as nearly to touch the hurdlps. In :bie way, with a little care, the entire family ascended .0 the brushwood, which, in a fev/ days, was convert id into a web of cocoons full forty pounds in weig -t. Every huidle, of which there were thirty, was remov- ed. An ingenious observation of these little erlists ..illaiiggest a hundred ways of promoting their in- jtructive'labors, and the culturist must make his otvn lelections. From data acquired by practical experience I pro- ticed to draw up u list of expenditures in cultivating -Jk, which, under judicious management, 1 believe will be found to appro.viniate actual resulis. But 1 must say th.nt there can bens stundard of costs, where every thing depends upon skill, knowledge and judg- ment: and smco the audocious falsehoods of mulberry dealers have been circulated to accomplish their ob- jecis, I h'lve looked upon published statements with some distrust, and accordingly invite to my own the sharpest seriitiny. Good land, with a warm rich mel- Ijw eiil, will contain from 10,000 to 15,000 plants of the multieanlis variety, and they may be computed to yield 5,0i)l) lbs. and upwards of foliage. For this arniuFitof fodder Kve ounces of egss will be required t) be hatchel. producingfull 100,000 pocoons, aquau lay :n lei~isiiffijienl to reel 35 lbs. of pure silk. It B'-lls readily for $5 50 per lb., and would therefore bung the gross sum of $193 50. EXPENDITURES.— for Foliage. Rent of lau'l,...., • $6 00 Pr.'paration for planting, • 4 00 Plnnung and dressing two or three times, .... 8 37 Iniereston trees worth $100, 6 0>) Taking up trees, trimming, protecting, &c. . 5 72 For Feeding. One lad, 16 or 17, first two ages $6 00 TN^olads " third age, 6 00 T.iree " " fourth" 10 00 F've " " fifth '■ 25 00 Guiiering and curing cocoons, 5 00 Iiiierest on 2.000 leet hurdles, worth $40,.. 2 4U " " apartment aod fi.\tures, 4 00 Reeling 35 lbs of silk, 75c 26 25 $114 74 Net income for one year, $77 76 The farmer must bear in mind that thia sum ta over and above a handsome compennation for labor, in lad, thai if his danglitcrs perform the reeling, every dofnr will remain with his faniily. Can persuasion be wanted to induce bim '.o see if these things he so? Here is no competition to f ighten him; the con- sumption of the article is truly enormous, and no pro- duct of the soil finds a quicker market. 1 will not, however, weary you with further comments, but will close this long letter by expicssing my belief, thot the enterprise of cultivating silk in the United Slates will speedily make its way against the tide of prejuilice and derii^lon which now sets strongly against it, and that silk will become one of the staple products of our Iruiifulland. I am, dear sir, respectfully, Your ob't servant, JAMES DEANE. Mr. Colman, — Dear Sir — I take pleasure in acquainting you with a very successful experiment in raising silk, mnde by Mr. Benjamin Barton, of Gill, which I deem to be so conclusive, that its publication is well calculated to dispel the prejudices which ex- ists against this important branch of agriculture. The silk worms were reared by an invalid member of the family, and the silk beautifully reeled by his daughter, whose smallest daily product was oue and one quarter pounds of superb silk of the peaiuit variety. This fact may forever settle the question of reeling, concerning the difficulties of which so much has been said by those who know nothing of the art. Miss Barton is a young lady of intelligence, energy, and ingenuity, and will reel without ditliculty in a perfect manner, two pounds of silk of twenty fibres in a day. Partly at my suggestion, the details of this ex- periment were accurately noticed. The weight of eggs hatched was 2J oz. The worms spun in 28 and 29 days. The amount of leaves consumed was 2500 lbs. The weight of cocoons was 248 lbs. The weight of reeled silk was 20 lbs., and the amount of labor was one month, that is, the first half was greatly less than that, and the last days something more. The building used, was a vacant corn-house, which, of course should not enter into the list of expenditures, and the fixtures were merely temporary shelves of rough boards, and a few hurdles to contain the larviE, during their three first ages. Neither should there be any charge for eggs, as a great quantity was produced for fiiture use. The expenses therefore stand as follows ; Labor, one month, $12 00 ; board do. $6, $18 00 2500 lbs. mulberry leaves, 50 cts. pr 100 lbs. 12 50 Gathering cocoons, camphor for curing do. 2 50 Reeling 20 lbs. silk at 75 cts. 15 00 Interest on reel and fixtures, 1 00 $49 00 And the income, 20 lbs. silk for which Mr. B. has refused S5 per pound, - - - $100 00 The state bounty of 15 cents on 248 lbs. cocoons. - - - 37 00 The state bounty of 50 cenfs on 20 lbs. reeled sUk, . . - 10 00 Deduct, Profit, including bounty, " excluding " $51 20 The reader will observe that the cost of cultiva- tion, including every thing, was less than S2 50 per lb. and that it is very nearly covered by the bounty of the Commonwealth. There is, more- over, another fact that deserves peculiar attention. The worms passed each entire ngc loithimt the remorul of their litter J which service was only performed immediately after moulting. The worms were re- markably large and perfectly healthy ; they were fed during their first three ages with chopped leaves, and during their two last ages on branches. This is unquestionably the best method ever adopt- ed, to promote the perfection of the worm and its economical management. It is in harmony with the natural habits and the peculiar structure of the silk worm, that when large, it shall extend and repose itself upon the stems of those branches that furnish its nutriment. The insect is thereby ele- vated above its litter, it has a natm-al support for its body, its respiration is uninterrupted, it is high and dry above the fermenting mass of litter, and consequently an immense deal of fatiguing manual labor may ho dispensed with. If we can dispense with the di^lre^^ing labor of cleuuing silk worms, except nl the period of moulting, we have nothing more to desire ; that such is the fact, I cannot doubt, for the instance I have just related, is but one of the many, that the experience of this year has disclosed. I hope this letter will be acceptable ; there is such a degree of prejudice, hostility and ignorance displayed by some leading organs of communica. tion, that facts are either studiously suppressed, or converted into contemptuous ridicule and surcn!>iii| but truth will triumph still. With great respect, I am always yours, JAMES DEANE. Gruvficld, Oct. 20, 1841. Uses of Water-Lime. Water-lime, if properly mixed and applied, forms a water-tight coat wherever frost cannot penetrate ; hence it is valuable for, 1. The sides and bottoms of cisterns. These should be covered at the top one foot in thickness with two layers of white oak plank or slab!, (or other durable wood) and an intermediate layer of the mortar. Then cover with earth. Cisterns in cellars will not of course need this covering. 2. The bottom or fl«ors of cellars. The first coat should be mixed with gravel, or pebbles not larger than a hen's egg; the second, of sand, and smoothly spread. Cellars which cannot be easily drained, may be cheaply and effectually kept dry by thus coating the bottom, and pla.stering the side walls to the neces- sary height with water-lime mortar. The water will be eflectually excluded, 3. Baths, for bathing rooms in basements. These may he finished as elegantly as of cut stone. 4. Underground water-pipes, — by covering astraight smooth wooden rod with the mortar, and withdrawing it as soon as the mortar is set sufficiently, which will be in a few seconds. The materials for this purpose should be first rate, and the ditch dry and beaten hard. The mortar should be mixed in small quantities at a time. 5. The basins of small ponds, for landscape garden- ing, and watering cattle. For the latter, after the ce- ment has become hardened, it should be covered one foot with earth, and the surface then paved. But where cattle do not enter the pond, and it docs not freeze at the bottom, the rim only need be thus cov- ered. Sharp, coarse sand, and even small pebbles, render water-liine cement harder than fine sand. The pro- portion of sand should generally be about twice that of the lime, but this does not appear to be accurately de- lermined — experiments on a small scale are easy. The mortar sets best, when suffered to become quite dry, before water is admitted in contact with it. J. J. T, Onondaga Salt.— See lo your Picliie We have recently heard much complaint of On- ondaga fine salt. Hams, after being five weeks immersed in strong pickle, were found to be fresh in the centre. Lime is often used by the salt boil- ers to discolor the sulphate of iron contained in the brine ; this enables them to do without hitron pans, which are used to take out from thebottom of the kettle the red sulphate and also the ocherous substances deposited by the brine ; this lime or the other precipitates, form a coating on the salted meat and prevent the thoroitgh absorption of salt. Hence the frequent complaints of spoiled meat, when salted with Onondaga fine salt. We would advise all those who have old brine, to scald it and skim it, if not sour ; if there is no blood in the pickle, a little fresh blood will cleanse it the .roughly, and render the brine pure, strong, and caustick. "• " • u THE NEW GExNESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. i (iiieries to a Teriiaed Eilitor. We had supposed oiireelves fairly out of the woods, when wc replied to our Connecticut River fiicnd's queriea, varied and variegated as tliey were ; but aloe! how vain is all human confidence I We have heard of a man being in a peek of troubles, which has been ordinarily coneidere. I as the f.r/;Tme of human afflic- tion ; but who ever heard of a bushel coming at once Wc are reminded rather too seriously of the poor Frenchman who fell overboard, before he had quite learnt the force of the English auxiliary verbs; "1 will be drowned, said the poor dog, and nobody shall help me." Now look at the list honestly made up I 1. How shall we prevent gooseberries from moul- ding ? Move the bushes once in three years, and grow them on a single stock. 2. Will my soil do for hemp, or shall I raise broom corn, and how ehnll I raise hemp, and how eholl I raise broom corn ? From a noble fellow who never chooses to dine at a public house at another man's expense. Answer next month. 3. How will you kill Canada thistles ? Two years carel'ul planting and hoeing, and persuading your neighbors to dons they would be done by. 4. Can yon sell my Berkshire pigd ? Not without a description. What are their developements 1 5. Do let H3 \nnw how you cure the measles in swine? Brimstone and charcoal frequently, before and after they get the disease, G. Give us a little on Horliculture. What is the best time and mode of transplanting fruit trees? — What are the best kinds ol fruit trees ) of apples ; of pears ; and what are the best modern treaties on Hor- ticulture, and where can they be found ? Call at M. B. Bateham's store, Rochester. See advertisement. T. What is the beet plan of a Ho'.-iir Farnac; ;• what machine will give the most heat with the least wood ; what would it cost at Chicago or St Louis 1 The tight-air slove or Arnott's patent. Can't an- swer the last query any more than the question de- bited before the London Club — How far it was from the 1st of August to the foot of Westminster Bridge ? 8. " On a fnrm of 250 acres, M'hat is the most prof- itable husbandry ? How must 1 commence ? How many sheep and swine, &c., must I buy, and what are the best kinds ? How many cows and what breeda ? How many teams, and whether oxen or horses, must I keep ? How many hands must I em- ploy to do the labor, as I do not expect to work my- self? IIoiv many acres of wheat must 1 sow annu- ally ? and what quantities and kinds of spring grain ? and what varieties of grass for hay and pasture, and what number of acres of each will be necessary for the stock recommended ? and lastly, what amount cf profit may I reasonably expect annually, if I superin- tend it faithfully and judiciously 1" Here's a smash- er for you I "Yours moat truly," with a witness ; why did'nt he say your.? till death us do part." This is nndonbtedly a twin brother of our Connecti cut River friend. 9. Will hemlock bushes given to sheep, cause the ewes to drop their lambs ? Don't know. Where can subsoil ploughs be had and what is their price ? At Worcester and Boston ; price reasonable. Once more, could not one of your mechanical friends con- trive a small wind-mill ? In respect to the last matter, we have no question of the talent of the Yankees, as we saw lately a picture of a renovating mill for grinding over old people, operating in the most interesting manner, an ohl decrepit woman just dropping into the hopper, all gone but her feet and her blue woollen stockings lately footed, and coming out at the bottom a charm. jng lass of bloomiug seventeen. 10. Another friend, who signs himself Plato, the • .«ee .^. G. Farmer, vol I. p H3,anJ vol . p. 141. old original no doubt, just coming round ao be predict- ed, wishing to know whether he shnl! fence his wood lot or let it remain in common, or keep the cattle out, oil expensts consideied. Perhaps they would die if ihey gbt in, as Judge Paine said to the farmer fencing in Kittery common. Whether he can mnke trees grow in his door-yard where the soil has been strip- ped off; whether he had better plant horse chesnut, mountain'ash, spruce, fir and pine ; but then he has his doubts ; and then he wishes we should solve all iheec doubts through the Farmer, or by a priiale let- \er. Only twenty private letters a week for a regu- lar manual exercise I All these men, like good honest fellows, paid their postage, which is not a little remurkabl*, considering the state of the currency. 11. Then comes an inquiry why butter will not come? Wc shall answer this in another place. 13. Next a sober inquiry oboiit a diseas'^, a species of murrain among the cattle in Rhode lisland, which wo wish much that we could answer, but our experi- ence is small and all our books and records are 300 miiesofl". We advise application to the best physi- cians in the neighborhood. We have ho opinion of Cattle Quack Doctors, though they abound. 13. Have the leaves in hard-wood land been used ns manure in your vicinity, and if so, with what success? Will say some other time. Now this is not one half. We do not complain of it. We like it. It shows the wokefulncES of the public mind, which is what we want in order to make progress ; for what can we do with men who are asleep? Inquiry, inquiry is what we want. It can- not be too active ; too direct ; too persevering and pertinacious in regard to all matters of science and practice. From inquiry will grow up, of necessity, observation. Put inqiriry a?id observation together, and then comes truth, that most precious of oil gems ; ihatonly safe guide in life; that first of all elements in the power of doing good ; that first of all move- ments in the highway tohoppincss. Now there is not not a question proposed to us as above, that is not worth asking, and there is not one we will not endeavor to answer, or get some other person to answer. Let our friends give us answers a-^ may suit their convenience, and let there be as many more inquiries sent in os you pleose to put. But then, gentle friends, hove mercy ujjon us. Do not, if you find us stopping for breath, thump us Upcn the back too hard ; we shall cometo presc ntlv, and if nothing else will do we'll ask some friend to put US in the Magnetic sleep, and wo shall then answer at once. The above queries, we infer, all come from the "Lords of the Creation." We hove many more from the other and better side of the house ; but they, weeny it in n whisper, are sfrirtly confidaitial^ To the fair friend, who asked something about persona! appearance the oilier day, wo only say, " Handsome is as handsome does.'' Other Queries. Adolescens asks some questions, which as well we can, we shall answer. We wish he had been more definite. Does he inquire to what particular science he shall turn his attention and bowsholl he master it; or does he desire that we should prescribe a general course of reading ? In either case, however, we do not know how we could do better than to direct him to the " School Library," published by Marsh, Capon & Lyon, Boston, which embraces both particular and general subjects, and is prepared with great ability by some of the ablest writers in the country. The vol- emea are sold separately at all the principal bookstores in the country ; and no better service could be ren- dered to a community of young prople than to form a 'reading club for the puichnse of all of them. Besides hese, Harpers' Library abounds with useful works, atD very low price, though they have conducted with 60 much irrochery in regard to some works, take for j example the Life of Joy, tbot th6ir bonks on contro- verted subjects are to be received with caution. In] other respects, they furnish an immense amount o{ , reading on vfiriouasuhjects, at a very hnv rate. Female Correspondence. Wo publish here a charming letter from Zelia, a kind lady, who rea'porrds to the invitation in our last. We assent to every thing she says, and wish we could say it half as W'ell. If she would only have subscrib- ■ d herself Rota, or Lilia, or Japonica, or Daphne odorala, how much more appropriate I But we wel- I come her to Our columns under any name she may choose, thinking he must be o lucky fellow who can alter her name at his pleasure. She will find a kin- dred spirit in W. B. in this poper. What cfTecl her j letter will have upon this poor fellow when he comea'j to read it, we cannot saj*. He is quite plaintive she V will perceive, the natural efieci of his condition. We cannot q-iite agree with him that woman is never so lovely ns when "administering to the drooping wants of the lily, or watching the expanding beauties of the rose." Though fairest among all (lowers, yet wb think them much more lovely when ' tying the old man's slipper ;' or watching the expansion of far fairer flowers than those, which bloom only to perish on earth. But we are growing too sentimental. It won't do, Zelia I we must leave that to you. We, had once some fire, but it is only Ushes now. Mr\ CoI.MAN — In the last number of your paper you say that you _ will be glad to hear from your female friends, on the subjects of gardening, floriculture, and other domes- tic matters. I am exceedingly glad ita: you have so promptly suggested il J. matter, and 1 Ope it will not be in vain. I hope that your generous and praise- worthy efforts to render your columns instructive and interesting to your female readers, will be by them fully opprecJated, and thit they, on their part, will not withhold that co-operation, A'hich their duly as well as their interest shoiiU prompt them to bestow. The object of such journals as yours, being to promote im- provement in domestic as well as rural afiuirs, cannot be fully ottoined without female a'd — aid of those whose chief duties consist in domestic management. Your extensive and intimate knowledge ol the con- dition of our rural population, renders it unnecessary to tell you of the fauliiness of female education in the country. You are aware that those of us, who havo been well instructed at home, in household affairs, have not received a liberal, or seldom, an ordinary school education ; and on the contrary, when much care has been taken to give us ajiolitc education, that the home branches have been neglected, forgotten, and eventually despised ; this remark, you know, sir, will admit of general application, though there are, of couise, numerous except ons. Home and school insiruciions are by no means properly blended, and until they are, we need not ex- pect to find a great number of temale essayists on ru- ral or domestic economy. The increased attention, however, which is now given to the improve- ment of agricultural science, ond particularly the laudoble effort which is in progress to owoken a tpirit of home industry — multiply its sources — and afford it suitable encouragement, will tend in a great degree to remivethis evil, as well as many others, ihot have crept into our domestic habits during a peiiod of su- perficial wealth, and deceitful, and intoxicating pros- perity. When I took up my pen, I meant to confine my- self to afew remarks on ornamental gardening and floriculture by females, the preceding remarks will, iherelore, have to go for a preface. ^'o, ^o. 2. AND GARmiNKK'S JOURNAL. 45 There is BCnreely anything which logitimately Uc- )ngs to fcinals imlufiry, bo niucU neglected as tlini rhich is of all others the meet »^reenble, the most ondiicive to houltli nnd iinppinesj, viz. the cHlliVn- cin of shrubs, ploii^s and flowers ; those ox'.eriial rnameius of home, that throw around it such nn air f comfort nnd contentment, that cheer, enliven, nnd eaiitify country life, thnl multiply nnd etrengthcn the ttachnient of families to their heme, and that cause it 0 be associated in the memory, when pjrhnjis fnr, far listant from it, with the most endearing recollectione. f the altenlion of fomnles enu be generally eul^ted II this cause, if they can bo persuaded to vcninr« out ntothe pure air, nnd, with their own hands, aid in he cultivation of the ^' lovelieet of nature's gems,** hen we may expect a change to come over the ai»penr- nco of our country homes, and such a cbanjje as annot bin givo universal delight. Instead of see- thcni ns they now are, for the most part without a shrub, a (lower, or aught that indicates an apprecia- ion of nature's beauties, we would IJnd a shrubbery nda llower garden a certain accompaniment of the dwelling. Why should we devote such assiduous ntlenlion to our furniture, its brilliancy and beauty, and with nn unwearied care keep all the internal ornaments of our houses in order, neatness and taste, while at the same ime we never think of displaying our taste jin out- door ornaments? Is it right? is it consistent? I ;m sure the reader will tnswer no I and certainly I do. Notiiing is mere provoking than to hear a woman isk " what is the use of plants or flowers?" Hns ihe Almighty created us without any i tier than animal feelings and appetites ? What a grossnesa of intellect it must be that can prompt such a ques- tion ! yet that same person is nn ardent admirer of B'lk ribbons, and other similar gewgaws, and would not hcsitRte in eacrificing whole days and wcel'sof valuable time, and spending much hard earned money «n fashion nnd Irivolity 1 The advantage which our hea'th would derive ifrom the delightful labors cf the gord.n, is another etroug argument in favor of it; thrte fourths of us are coniplaiuing of ill health, one of the greatest of human ills ; and no one will deny but that it is caus- ed by the delicate manner in which we are brought up. We want more exercise, — wc vyjnt physical ns well as mental exercise in the free open air ; our honlth nnd true rational enjoyments have been sacrifi- ced, to unworthy motives. Strange illusion 1 That in the pursuit of mere phantoms, we should so shame- fully neglect the means vihich a beneficent creator has kindly given us, for the grnliticalionof the purest desires of our natiire! Ifow is it possible that so many should seem insen- sible to the pleasures of the garden ? What more ex- quisite than to leave the confined atmosphere of a dwelling, and inhale plentifully the balmy breath of morning, sweetened with the perfume cf flowers, perform the neceasary labor, nnd roturn to the domestic duties with a glowing check and a healthful appetite ? How sweet to pluck the opining rose bud, or gather n nosegay which, with our own hands, we have planted and cherished I "As long as I live, flowers shall multiply in my gard'sn, and be cherished in my bosom ; and when I die, if ony kind hand will place them there, flowers shall smile upon my grave." 1 fear I have extended my remarks too far already. I intended to alludt to other matters, but will postpone them till next month, when you will hear from me again, if these humble remarks arc wo.t'iy a corner of your paper. I do not wri'.e with a view of afford ing instruction to others, bat to elicit the views of those who are competent to in3tri;ct, that I may my- self learn. Were it in my power to do, say, or write anything that would promote the general gt.'od. most happy wou'd I be indeed. Wishing you a honrty welcome to our rcgioji) nnd hoping thnt your Inbors will be rewarded with the fullest fiucccss, J am &c. i^ELIA. Chesmil Hi!', HI: Unh, 1812. Crunbeiries. We extract the following article from (lie Maine Cultivator, ai highly deserving the attention of far- mers. Wc. have had no practical experience of this cultivation, but have known cases in which several acres of swamp or low meadow have been sown'wilh Ihem, which have afterwards yielded n large product. We know one instance upon the best authority, in which a i'armer sold of them from his own farm lo the amount of more than one thousand dollars. That they are capable of being grown with advajitage upon high ami sandy land, is to us a new fact ; but, from the confidence with which it is stated, it certainly deserves attention. The fruit itself is healthy and, properly prepared, delicious; and large amourUs are wanted as well for exportation as home use. The cultivation of the cranberry Coxycoccusmac- rocarpus) has not, we believe, received much at- tention in this region. Most of those usually exhibited in our markets, are gathered by the country people from the bogs and swamps where they grow wild, and without any assistance whatever from the hand of man. Like all our native (iuits, however, the cranber- ry is susceptible of being greatly improved by culti- vation. In Massachusetts many farmers cultivate from one to a dozen acres, and as the fruit brings readily a dollar per bushel in the Boston market, they iind them the most lucrative crop they can raise. It is stated in the New England Farmer, Vol. IX, No. 18, that Mr. F. A. Haydcn, of Lin coin, in that state, raised, in 1830, four hundred bushels, I'or which he received four h«udred dol- lars in cash. This IS profitable farming. Kenrick, asserts Sir Joseph Bank*, who had ta- ken pains to obtain the oxijcoccits macrocarpus from America, harvested in 1831, from a square of eighteen feet each way, three and a half Winches- ter bushels, being at the rate of four hundred and sixty bushels to the acre. The soil inosisuitaWe to the culture of tliis plant, is a low, moist and swampy muck, but large crops have been taken from lands in every respect pre- cisely the reverse of that in which they flourish in their natural state. Even light sandy loam, and in which there is a predominance of vitrious or si- liciousinatter, if manured with compost composed of clay, muck, and swamp mud, and kept uniform- ly and moderately humid, will produce excellent cranberries. It is even asserted by those who have had ample experience in the business of cranberry culture, that the vines, under this treatment, will not only be much more thrifty and prolilic, but that the fruit will also be much larger, fairer, and of belter flavor than that gathered from vines in their natural state. On most farms, however, there are numerous low places which might be advantage- ously devoted to this plant, and wherever such pla- ces arc lo be found on a farm, they should un- questionably be seleeted in preference to artificial or compounded soils. The method of planting, in such locations, is to dig holes in the turf, from one to two, or two and a half feet deep, and two feet over. Into these holes are placed the sods or com- pact turfs containing the roots which are then care- fully covered with the soil and a sprinkling of beach-sand thrown over the hill. The hills should be four feet apart each way, which gives ample scope for the vines to trail or branch out. Plants, cultivated in this manner, come rapidly into bear- ing, after which nothing more is requisite for sev- eral years, than merely to give them a slight dres- sing, occasionally, and to supply new plants where the old ones have decayed, or died out. A plantation, managed in this way, is amost val- uable appendage to any farm ; and in this section of the country, where the fruit brings one dollar and fifty cents, and often two dollars per bushel, it would be peculiarly so. The labor of harvesting the cranberry is very simple, and very expeditious- ly performed by means of a rake, constructed ex- clusively for the purpose, and with which, in fa- vorable seasons, a skilful band will gather, with caie from fifty to a hundred bushels a day. W. Titles.~A Rule. Wc particularly rctjucst that all our correspondents vvoiild att;icli their names, places of abode, and dato, to their comuiunicitions. If they desiiclhcir names con- cealed it Bhall be so done. Wc must ask indulgence if wc withhold in all cases all titles, such as Excellency, Honorable, Kevercnd, or even Esquire, which in trtith is now generic Instead of s|KTiri<' ; .Tiid WC should be pir//led to say whoHiitdooB not designate, unloss it be a woman. As things go, hovvcver,it may not be long withheld from them. Jotu- slui Salmagundi, Esij., for example — how finely that appears — certainly the women cannot long resist the temptation. In all our oflicial reports for the last fovir years, we have made an absolute rule to give no title ; and It has saved us much trouble. ] f, however, any of our cor- respondents desire their titles to lie annexed or prelix- ed to their names, wc promise to give all they will hon- estly send, whether it be F. R. S., which a fellow in England lately assumed, because he said lie was Fa- mous for eating Rich Soup, or A. S. S. which may mean Sccius Societatis Agricultuifo, shall be duly dis- played. In the last Case however, we cannot promise that every one who does not understand Latin shall hit upon the right interpretation ; any more than in the case of the Tobacconist, who on setting up his coach and six, desired his carriage-maker to place a coat^of- arms and a motto on the door, which should reprove any who presumed to ridicule his elevation. The coach-maker accordingly put on the door the two Latin words, Quid ritlcs; or why do you laugh? but wliicl'., unfortunately, by the illiterate, was read without regard to prosody, and as if it were plain English, Cluid rides. Gypsum. JosiahBordweU, of South Hadley, Mass. has -1 acres of pasture ground, and applies to it annually one thou- sand pounds of gypsum. The same application and at thesAme rate, has been made 35 years in succession. On this lot he pastures annually one large yoke of oxen, one horse, two cows and some years three cow."!. Prior lo the use of plaster, Mr. B. says it required at least six acres of this land to afford as much fcetl as he has obtained from one acre, by using plaster. He has also a piece of mowing ground which con- tains four acres. Two crops of hay are taken from it regularly. On this ground he uses plaster of Paris freely, and applies a top dressing of manure. His an- nual product of hay is fully sixteen tons. P. L. A Protector for the Defenceless. The subjoined statement is new to us. It is made on good authority in the Maine Cvllivator, nnd we hope may be well founded. Many object to rearing hens on account of iheir lia- bility lo be cnrried off and destroyed by ha\^'ka and owls. Ill sonic situations this is a serious objection, as the hen, if suffered to run ai large with her chicks, is almost certain to be lost. But the evil may be avoided. A Guinea hen, if suffered to associate with the flock, will at all times prove efiicieni in protecting ihc latter from the hawk, who no sooner hears her voice than he takes wings and carries the war into some other quarter, w here hia murderous propensities for slaughter may be more ea- sily gratified, and without the fear inspired by eo val- orous and powerful a foe. The eggs of these fowls are also highly prized by some, and meet with a ready sale in our markets, being much larger than those of the common hen. W. A meeting of the friends of Home Industry wna held in Rochester on the IGih ult. The subject of governmental eticouragement nnd protection to do- mestic Inbor, was discussed in their benrings upon labor in nil its forms, ngricultural ns well ns mnmifnc- turing, nnd likewise upon the commercial interests of the country. We may on some future occasion have oppoi tunny to ticat this aubjcct moie at laige. I 46 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vo.. 31 Seneca County Agricultural Society. Through the politeness of the President of this Society, we have receiveil a copy of its constitu- tion and by-laws, and of the dddress delivered at their annual Fair on the 21st Oct. last. It forms a closely printed pamphlet of 20 pages. The address is preceded by an interesting sketch of the history of the county, the whole of which we should be glad to transfer to our columns, if our limits admitted of it. It is from the president of the Society, G. V. Sacket, of Seneca Falls. The country now constituting Seneca county, and indeed Western New York, was in possession of the ladians until 1779, when Gen. Sullivan and Gen. Clinton entered it with a strong military force to repulse the Indians then in alliance with the British troops, and whose incursions upon the settlements of the whites had become exceedingly disastrous and troublesome. The enemy were routed and the combined forces having travelled 300 miles in a circuitous route in the wilderness, came at length upon the Lake shore. Mr. Sacket says that, until this time, none but the captives taken from our border settlements, or perchance some struggling French Jesuits, had ever set foot on our soil. Yet when the array reached the love- ly Lake country, as they approached the margin of the Lake " they found in many places instead of a howling wilderness, orchards, farms, and gar- dens resembling civilized life." These were im- provements made by the Indians. Seneca, he denominates the mother county of Western New York. In 1784 a treaty was concluded between the United States and the Six Indian Nations, and t'le lands east of Seneca Lake were ceded to the United States. The change in the value of lands since that time in this part of the country, is most remarka- ble. Lands in this and the neighboring counties were then estimated not by the acre but by the lot, (the number of acres in a lot is not stated) and lots which then sold for $25 per lot, are now worth $25,000, being an increase of a thousand fold in about 50 years. W^ho would not have pronounced the prediction of such an advance a mere dream out of the Arabian Tales ? Mr. Sacket then speaks in an interesting manner of the first settlers, some of whom were present on this occasion ; one of whom Andrew Dunlap, was the first man who put a plough into the gi-ound between the Lakes, and now in his 83d year, acted as chairman of the committee on ploughs and ploughing on this occasion. The President pleasantly remarks, that although he is in favor of rotation of olfice as a general principle, yet this appointment he hopes will be continued to this patriarch as long as he can meet with them ; and then he hopes to see it descend to the heir, who should occupy the old homestead. A brother of Andrew, William Dunlap, likewise a pioneer at the same time, was on the same committee. There was no mill in the county so late as the year 1794, nor in what is now called Western New York until the end of the year 1790. Until that time the inhabitants were under the necessity of going to Rome, on the Mohawk river, or down the Susquehannah to get their flour and meal. A fam- ily of religionists under the direction of their founder, Jemima Wilkinson, came here in 1789, and built and put in operation the first mill in Western New York in the latter part of 1790. Since that time the increase of mills has kept pace with the increase of the inhabitants and the growth of wheat; and now in the villages of Seneca Falls and Waterloo there are 13 raiUs ; myst of them of the largest class, turning 35 run of stone, aud ca- pable of flouring 10,000 bushels of wheat daily. The county of Seneca is 33 miles long and 10 broad, containing 330 square miles. When settled at S25 per lot, it would have been valued at $8250. In 1840 it was estimated that 5-6th of the land had been brOughtintocultivation,and estima- ted at $44 per acre exclusive of villages, it would now be valued at $8,250,000. In 1789 it may have had 75 inhabitants. It now contains 24,000,. (jflual to 75 souls to the square mile. The annual pro- ducts of the county were as follows : Wheat, 350,804 bushels at $1,00 $350,804 Corn, 178,674 " ,50 89,337 Rye, 5,520 " ,63 3,425 Oats, 213,826 " ,25 53,455 Barley, 15,819 " ,50 7,909 Buckwheat, 19,798 " ,50 9,899 Potatoes, 263,293 " ,25 50,848 Hay, 33,163 tons at 7,00 267,141 Beef&,Pork,20,010 lbs. at ,10 206,610 Wool, 166,954 lbs. at ,50 83,277 $1,122,105 These facts are remarkable and highly deserv- ing of being recorded. These historical sketches are followed by an ad- dress from A. B. Dunlap, the Recording Secreta- ry. The svibject is the " Nobility of Agriculture and the means by which it may be elevated." The agricultural profession is to be elevated by the Archimedean lever of education, scientific and practical education. The agricultural profession is among the most important in the community. It should be among the most esteemed. The cur- rent of public opinion is now setting strongly in its favor. It has been made honorable by the ap- plication to its practical improvement of some of the brightest minds, and of men of the highest po- litical elevation and influence. Immense service has been rendered to the cause by various publications, especially of a peri- odical character. These have diffused widely a vast amount of information. Agricultural Socie- ties have contributed most essentially to the science and the practice of an improved Husbandry. The means of advancing its progress, however, upon which he dwells with most emphasis, is the estab- lishment of Agricultural Schools. It seems extra- ordinary that while the teaching of almost every other science and art is efl'ectually and liberally provided for, this, in various respects, among the most important, should have been to so great a de- gree neglected. These are the main sentiments of this useful and sensible address ; and we subjoin an extract. " AVealth, influence, and talents have long been engaged in building up the agriculture of Britain ; and she will continue to take the lead of us — say and do what we please — unless science is made the basis of our agriculture. Her legislators are not unwilling like our republican statesmen to grant legislative aid to protect in every desirable way her agricultural interests. We are not launching upon the dangerous sea of experiment — we have well established landmarks to guide us in our course. Agricultural schools have been establish- ed in Ireland, in France and Germany, in despotic Prussia and Russia. The despotic reformer of down- trodden Egypt has established a school for the application of science to agriculture. But here, in this boasted land of liberty, a govermnent emphatically resting upon the shoulders of the farmer, there is not a solitary school to foster and protect this great, this all absorbing interest — an interest upon which is based our national greatness, and upon which depends tlie peace and perpetuity of our free institutions. We require the physician to have a knowledge of his profession, before we entrust to him our lives and limbs. The lawyer must understand the laws, before we allow him ti take charge of our property ; and the divine whi has not stored his mind with the truths of botl natural and revealed religion, is a blind leader ol the blind. What then shall we think of the doe. trine that the termer has no need of preparatio: in order to fit Aim for Ais elevated calling? Wi have our law schools, our medical schools, and ou; theological schools ; and now we ask the impor tant — the weighty question — why shall we no' have our Agricultural schools ? We now close the subject, trusting that an inleL ligent and enterprising community will answer the* *" question, as their important interests, huliriilinily soddl, and polUicfil, require — as the spirit of th age and the honor and independence of the nation demand. We have glanced at a few of the means by which the character and standing of the Amfer» lean farmer can be elevated, and his profession raised to that point where nothing shall be abov^ it but " God and the Laws" — means which will bring back the golden age of husbandry, wheh " The sacred plough employed The kings and awful fathers of mankind ; And some with whom compared your insect tribe* Are but the beihgS of a summer's day. Have held the scale of empire, rul'd the storm Of mighty war ; then with unwearied hand Disdaining little delicacies seiz'd The plough and greatly independent liv'd." The address is followed with a list of premiums^ and the names of the successful competitors. Few things will more contribute to the success and popularity of the Society, than the publication an- nually of its transactions, annexing the address, the reports of committees, the names of the Win-T ners of the prizes, their accounts of their ctiltiva.,J KJ^ tion and management in all their details, a list of; members, a list of officers, a listof pfemimns, and' generally some valuable agricultural communica- tion or information which may interest the far- mers. Thi'? being sent to every member, will put him in mind of paying his subscription, will lead him to induce his neighbors to become members, and will create an interest in the Society most can. ■ ducive to its increase, its successful management, i and its beneficial fruits. The following are the Officers for the ensuing year: President, G. V. SACKET. Esq., Seneca Falls. Vicfl PrcsulcittSy Nathan W. Folwell, Lodi, . Truman Boaruman, Covert, WiM. R. Schuyler, Ovid, John D. Coe, Romulus, John Y. Manning, Varick, John Johnston, Fayette, Joel W. Bacon. Waterloo. Matthew W. West, Junius, Jason S.mith, Tyre, J-tcoB KisHLEK, Seneca Falls. Abijah B. Dunlap, Ovid, Ree. Secretary. Samuel Williams, Waterloo, Cor. Sec'y. James Stevenson, jr., Waterloo, Treasurer. ill «1 nl Sleeper's Address. An Adukess delivered before the Agricultural Soci- ety of Wcstborough and vicinity, Mass., Oct. 1841. By John S. Sleeper, Esa. This address abounds with sensible remarks and useful suggestions, and advice to the agricultural classes, given in a perspicuous style, which is not a common characteristic, and inalivelyand playful man- ncrsoas to attract attention ; which is as it should be. The Society before which this address was delivered, consists of farmers of Wcstborough, one among the best farming towns in Massachusetts, and some of the neighboring towns, who meet occasionally and fre- quently for mutual inquiry and discussion in relation to the great art by which they subsist; for the intercommu- nication of their own actual experiences; and the im- Li.iMi^ii»umjmmiHiiMM«UM»..ii..jgTi 3. AND GARDE.NER'S JOURNAL 47 t" such iiiformatinn aa any may have acquired, hey lioM likewise in the town, an annual cattle show, whicli they display their beat stock, and exhibit sum- 's of their products, which are cvamined and repoitcd 1 by co:nmiltecs appointed lor that purpose. This is a ieci;ncn ol" many societies, founded on the same plan, dilVcrcut parts of the slate. Tlioy are cinineiitly iii'lii-ial ; they stimulate inquiry ; they arouse a whole- aieciuulation ; they lead to experinlonls; and arein- rumcntal in diffusing a good deal of practical infor- ation. AVe should be glad to give this avldrcss entire, but our lils fcrbid it ; and wo must conline ourselves to some ief quotations. ' Out of titirfcen tnilliotis of the population of reat Britain, ong.'iged in various purpuiie, iiine mil- is are employed in agricttliurc I And ihe soil of rent Britain is by no means naturally fertile, but re- tires the continued appliooiion of an and labor to 3ep it in a highly productive slate. Yes, in Great land represents more thaji scrr.-t limes ihf vnl- 2 of nianufacluiiug cii\iii.a\,/iiur Ji/lhs cif which cap- il 18 employed in furnishing ibc le.ptisite suiiplies to iiiiurists. And the average nett prolit arising om the immense Uindal capital is eslrmated at seven- a and II h'df \)Ct cent. It is iliertfore generally ImiLted in Great Britain, that agriculture is the baeis British prosperity, and the chieC pillar of the gov- nment ; and the ijroader anil tirnier tire foirndation, ,e more prolitable and durable will be its concomitant lies, manufactures and coiinnrTcc. This fact js well illustrated bv a i allegorical sign r a country inn, called the " Five Alls." ltrepre-1 intB five human figures, beneath each of which is a Otto, The first figure is a king with hie regalia : is motto, '•! govern nil." The second, a bishop in is pontificals; motto, " fproy for all." The third, lawyer with his gown ; mono, "I plead for all." ourih, a soldier in his regimentals ; motto, '* IJigkt. ir nil." And the fifth, n farmer, in appropriate cos- ime, with his scythe and rake ; motto, " 1 pni/ for 1." In the United States, the actual produce of our lil, unless iu seasons of great scarcity, after supply ,g the demand for .home consumption, furniobes tbi'ee 'Urtbs of our exports to foreign countries. And our ;ricultural riches thus give an impulse to commerce id mauulacturea, and enable us to import comforts id lu.xuries from abroad, by which a revenue is de- 'ved for the support of the government. According to the Reportof the former Secretary of ie Treasury, giving the value and quantity of the gricuitural productions in the year 1839, it appears nal in that year the article ot greatest value produced 'aa funj' The number of tons computed to have een raised, being 9,830.415, which at 80 cts. a hun- ted weight, the average price in the New York inar- Bt, amounted to the enormous sum of .$157,'286, 840 ! "be article next in value was Indiun corn, viz., 08,164,445 bushels, wliicb, at fifty cents a bushel, aiounted w$154,0S0,2'-io. Alter this comes cotton, ooutone billion three millions of pounds, which at '.even cents, gives $114,909,577. Then we have 'heat ne.xt, amounting to 7.'>, 983, 449 bushels, at one ollar a bushel : potatoes , one hundred and twomil- ona of bushels ; which at 43 cts., gives 42, fc82, 000 oUars. Products of tlie dairy, equal to 34,159,000 ollars. Oats , at 33 cie. a bushel, amounting to 33 liilions of dollars : then sugar, 19 millions ot dollars, »d tobacco at 10 eta. a pound, amounting to §14,- 00,000. In these returns the product of North Carolina, Kentucky Florida and Wisc.insiii, are not included ; Jew York, and with his facilities and a close application to business, he is in hopes of meriting and obtaining a share of public patronage. WANTED immediately, 5000 Vush , Wheat; also Barley, Beans. Oat?, Peas, Grass Set^a, Flax. Flax Seed, Bristles, Bees Wax and dried Fruit for which the highest market price will be paid N. li Flour will be at al' limes manufactured on the most reasonable terms for nie'chauts or ot. ;era who wish grain ground. W. C. FOSTER. Rochester. January 1, IP41 . 3 ni Valuable Works on Horticulture and Agricul- ture. Just received by Rait Road, from Otid Eruadere &■ Co. publish^ crs,Bo;lon rriHE NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST ; or an ac- X count of tlic most valuab'e varieties of FRUIT, of ai: rlimates, adapted to c iltivation in the Uniled S-ates; with tlieir history, modes of cu'ture, management, uses &.^. — "With aTi appendix yyn vegetables, ornamental trees, shrubs and flower:?, tlie asricullural resources of America, and on Si k. &c By Wi Jiam Kenrick. Third elition, enlarged. THE NEW AMERICAN GARDENER; containing practical directions on the culture of fruits and vegetables, iuc udius Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Grape- vines, Strawberries, Si;k, &c. By Thomas J. Ffssenden. editor of the New England Farmer. Fourtecntli edition. THE COMPLETE FARMER, and Rural Economist; containing a compendious epitome of the moat Important hranchea of Agriculture and rural Economy, by Thomas G, FfssKNoEN. Fifth edition, revised, improved and en'arged. The r^biive three books uniformly I)Ound, in beautifn' style-pric" $1. each—are for sale at (he Rorbes-er Seed gtore an] its atencie:] M. U- BATEIlAM. March 1st. Rochesttr Seed Store and Agricnl- Sfti'^S liciposiJory. rpHE proprietor of this estal'lishment, would now inform L his friends, ihut having relinquished the charge of the New Genesee Farmer, [to abler hands,] he will hereafter devote his whole attention to the business of the Store, confident that he will tliere-jy give increased satisfaction to liis customers. A full supply of nearly all kinds of SEEDS arc. nov/ ou hand .for the couiing season ; part of them rai?- ed in tnis vicinity the past season, by C. F Crobman and other careful seed-growers, and the rest ol)laincd from the most respectable foreign sources. Knowing that auccees in tills business must depend on nitr it, grafii pains will be ta- ken to have jiII seeds just what they should he— of the right kinds and ike IjcH gunliti/^ Of AaRicuLTuftAf. lMi'LEMeNTS,GARDENToOLS, Books, &c., there is a good supply on liaril, but many more will be ob- taiiielin the spring, when it is intended to enlarge the es- tnblidhment so as to allow more room for this class of arti- cles. Merchants will he supplied with seeds for retailing, at very low prices. Tlsc usual number of Agents will receive assortments on comnii:i3iou as heretofore, during the win- M. D. BATEHAM. AFIIVE FARM FOR SALE-Of fifty acres cf clio]-e Land, situated only about land a t-2 miles from ;ity of Rochester, N. Y. Monroe street ean, and half; '■.w house, barn, and fences— j ntrc of lb south-cast road leading mile from the city line, fine orcharit, good wood For further particulars, cquire nn t' e premises, or ad- dress 0. W. J..Rni'hr5l-rro')t Om-e, N. V., PoBlpald. Rochester^ Dec. 2o(ft, ISU. -1 TI5E NEW GENESEE FARMER, iND GARDKNEU'S JUUKNAL. j VOLU-ME THREE— FOR 1843. | THE Cheapest Agricultural Paper in f Union i-16 Large Pages Monthly, (witli engrnvmj only 50 CentM per year I ! J HENRY COLMAN, EDITOR. (Late AgriaiUiiral Cunimisswncr of lite State Mateachustt^p, and Editor of titc New Eng. Farmm Grateful for the extenaive palronape whi'.:h ttieNew CA csec Farmer has received during the past year, the propria now has the satisfaction of announciiigthat the has iQl such arrangements for the coining year as cannot fail t(U liighly gratifying to the readers of the paper, and securOT it a still more extensive circul.ttlon. Post Masters and their Assistants, are authorized an^ spectfully solicited to act as .Agents and remit subscript!* for tlsc Farmer. The low price atwbicli it is pubiishedw not allow of much pecuniary compensalinn to Agents, * it is believed they will find a reward in the benetits wh! result from the circulation of such periodica's in their nei( borhoods. [CT Persons ordering papers are requested to strictly obsd\ the Terms, and be careful to wu'e. plainly the names of a scribers, their Post Office, County, and State; and in cases to send the money with the order, so that the perpi ity of keeping accounts may be avoided. i TEKMS.— If current money is sent (such aaNew Y or New England bills.) commission will be allowed aa ^ Seven copies, for. Twelve do. for. Twenty-tivcdo. fo No commission will be allowed, If ancarrcHt money is hi Address, BATEHAM & COLMAiV, December 1, Ibll. Rodusler, N 1 $3,00 ) , 5,00 > ' 10,00) ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. CORRECl'ED FOR THE NKW GENESliE FABMER. MARCH 1, 18^2* WHEAT,.... 'per buBhel, $ l,U6 a $ l,i CORN, OATS, " BARLEY " RYE, " BEANS, While, . . " rOTATOES " APPLES, Desert,. " FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl. " Fine, .... " .... SALT, " ...; PORK, Mess, " .... Prime. 44. 28. 44.. 53.. 62i. 257. 38.. 5,00.. 4,50.. 1,25.. 8,00.. 7,00. 3 a t 9 9 5,8 3,0 BEEF, .....per 100 lbs 3,00 3,5 perlOOlbe 2,75. POULTRY per lb C. EGGS, per dozen, 12J. BUTTER. Fresh., per pound 12J. " Firkin, "... 10.. CHEESE, " ... 5., I.,AED, " ... 6.. TALLOW, Clear, "... 8.. HIDES, Green "... 5.. SHEEPSKINS 33... PEARL ASHES, ...lOOlbe.. 5,00.. POT, " " .. 5,25.. WOOL, pound,... 30 41 HAY, ton, ...11,00 13,« GRASS SEED,....buBheI,... 1,25 l.TJ CLOVER SEED,... " .... 6,50 .... 7,01 Neu> Ynrk Market — ^shes— a small lot of Pots have kl- soUl at $0..)0, ;ind another of Pearls at 33,7J. t'lour— There rs-uo ch.-mge in prices, and a dull marke 230 barrels Ge'nesee were taken for export, at »0,12} a $6' —400 barrels Richmond county sold at 8S,7.'> a $5,81 and ' barrels Corn Meal at SJ3. Troy Flour is held at «6,0«l 6,12.1— Ohio, U6 a B.iaj. Nothing of inipor'ance was done in Gr.Tin. Seeds dull— Clover sells in small parcels at 9 1-2 a 10 els. lb., Flax Seed fclenn) ,it S12,'2,5 pr tee. CON TENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Publishers Notices. Letter from "Niagara" — do. from I. Cook In-iian Corn for Fodder. Improved Short Horns as Milke Stock. B rkshirc Pigs. Peat 111 Durham and Devt Ontario countv . •' Blatk Gum"— Bowlders— Mediterranean 'Wheat- Peach Buds. Ontario Co Ag. Society i Monroe Co. Aj. Society. First Effects of the Bankrupt Law. Grafiins Cherry Trees. Miss Becchcr's Trea- tise on Domestic Economy. The \\ inter of ie4 1-2. I N. Y. State Agricultural Society Reports i Farmers' Gardens. Manure for Gardens. Advantages of the Climate of the United St.itcs over that of Eng- land. Great Yield of rotatoea. Typhus Fevor. . . . ; To Correspondents and Iteaiicrs. Cha-ms of Editorial Life. Agricultural Inquiries— Wuhdrawal of Piitron- age— Heartache ; pcihap* We Idle's Great Sale of Blooded Stock. Weiehins Machine. Laying out Farms .f . . . Silk Cul ure in New England Uses of Wntc-r Lime. Onondaga Sa't — sec to your a Terrified Editor. Female Correspondcnci I of Cranberries. Titles -a Rule. Gypsun Agricultural Advertisements. from the FotoirPrcss nf J. I. Rdllij if Co^ Im. B. BATEHAM, Proprietor. | VOIy, 3. ROCHESTER, APRII>, 1842. NO. 4. HENRY COLMAN, EdUor. PUBIilSHEI* MONTHIiY. TERMS, riFTY CENTS, per year, payaliie aUvays in itdv.%ncc. Post Masters, Agents, uiid otlieru, sending current mon- y free (>f ^)Ostage, will receive sccc:i copies for $'i,— TtoclBe o\ncs for S5, — Twehty-fivh copitja for SIQ. The postage tii \\\\s paper is only one cent to anyplace within this state, and one and a tiali' cents to uuypartof the United States. -Address IM. B. BATEH.AM or II. COLMAN, Rocliestcr. inr For Contents see last pa£;e. The Monroe County Agiicultural Sbciety licld a Special Meeting on Tbursday, l/'tU ult., for the purpose of fLxing a liat ol' premiums and ar ranging the lime and place of the next Cattle Show. The business not being complcled, the meeting stands adjourned to the 2d Tuesday in Apiil, being the 12th day of April, ei 10 o'clock, A. M., at the Arcade in ilochester. Much interesting matter will come before the meet- ing and a general altundance is requested. Gardening. For remarks on the time lor performing the differ ent operations in the garden, we iniist refer our readers to the two former volumes of the Farmer. More particular directions for cultivating various gar- den crops, will be given in successive numbers during the present spring and summer. RoUiiig Wbeat in tiie Springt Mn. Col -MAN — It is evident that much of the wheat through the country, especially on moist mucky lands, is injured by the frequent freezing and thawing during the past winter. Unless something can be done to remedy the evil, to some extent, we have to fear quite a failure in the coming crop. Farmers may say that tliey have done all that they can do to secure a crop; hut there is one tiling which, if done in season, may elTect a great savijig. Lctcvery &rmer who has not one, provide himself with a good roller, and as soon as the season of freezing and thaw- ing Is over, roll his wheat fields thoroughly, and I have no doubt that it would saVe thousands of bushels of wheat ill Western New York, the present season. Farmers ! try it, leaving a part of a field unrolled, and give to the community the result of your experience at some future time. M. N. Geiicseo Co., March, 1813. Editorial Remarks. — Rolling and Harrowing Wheat. The above advice is seasonable, arid, we have no doubt, judicious. We should recommend something more than rolling ; and that is, harrowing before rol- ling. As soon as the land is well dried, give your wheat fields a good harrowing, by passing over them with a horse harrow or one not too heavy ; then roll them. In a fortnight or three weeks more go over them again \vith a harrow and a roller. Do not be afraid of destroying your wheat. Unless your har- rowing is too heavy you will not displace or pull up many plants ; and the advantages which those which remain will derive from the operation, will be a full compensation for any loss in tliis way. We have fully tested this jnatter more than once, having harrowed our wheat crops twice in a season, and after the plant was eight or ten inches in height ; and with decided advantage, having left in such cases [iRrts of the field untouched with a view to determine the exp''dieney or inexpediency of the operation. The result has been highly beneficial. The eflect of it is, by stirring the ground, to bring the air to the roots of the plant, and to loosen the soil so that they may extend themselves I'recly. This induces avigorous vegetation, and causes the plant to tilFer abtindantly and throw out numerous shoots from the crown. We advise to harrowing only in one direction. The rolling will serve to break the clods and to fix the plants, which are thrown up, in the ground. In England, wheat is frequently sown in drills with a machine adapted to the purpose ; and af- terwards cultivated by a cultivator, contrived to pass thrdugh and loosen the soil in the rows, as we plough and cultivate between the rows of our Indian corn. This is said always to be beneficial to the crop, though with our imiierfect means such refined tillage can hard- ly be looked for, and, with prices uf labor ainong us, might not be compensated. We have yet to learn the value of constant tillage to thfc growing plant ; and believe it would be found of the highest importance to our Indiaii corn to plough and cultivate il much more than we do. These sug- gestions coincide with the true philosophy of vegeta tion as far as it is understood, as such tillage causes a discharge of ammonia from the decaying vegetable matter in the soil, and quickens the receptive powers of the roots and leaves of the plant to take it in. Value of Root Crops—Mr. Sheiter's Practice. Mr. Editor — In order to show that all the farmers of Wheatland do not agree with Mr. Garbutt in the opinion that root crops cannot be raited cxtensicdy to advantage by farmers in this country, it is only necessary to refer to the practice and opinions of Mr. Geo. Sheffer, some accounts of which have repeatedly appeared in the Farmer. In a conversation He'd with him a few days since, he stated that the quantities raised by him the past season were, as nearly as he could estimate, as fol- lows : — 8 acres of potatoes, yielding 2,000 bush. 3 " ofSugarBeetandMangelWurlzel,!i,500 " 2 " of Carrots, - - - 1,1C0 " 3 " of RiitaBnga, (injured by drought) 900" Making in all, - - - 6,500 " The Beets, Carrots and Turnips, he finds by actual calculation, cost him on an average lees than 6 cents per bushel, including all expenses ; and he considers them worth about double that price for feeding stock ; the beets he feeds to cows, o.xen, fatting cattle, &c. ; the carrots for horses and hogs, and the ruta bagas for sheep. His farm stock the past season consisted of — 60 head of horned cattle, 12 Horses, 190 Sheep, 138 Hegs, (56 fatted). If Mr. Sheffer were as expert in the use of the pen as he is with the plough and hoc, he could easily fur- nish statements of the results of his experiments that would plainly show the advantages of root cultrvatlon. M. B.B. Remedy for Choked Cattle. Mr. Editor— In last month's Cultivator I noticed a simple instru- ment recommended for unchoking cattle ; but simple as it is, I consider it would be very dangerous in un- skiliul bands. Having same years ago lost two val- uable cows by quite as simple a thing being pushed down their throats to unchoke them, I would by no means recommend the use of it. In discarding it, however, I will substitute a remedy quite as simple and efiicaciotis, and much safer. Ihke a round stick about 12 inches long and the circumference of a com- mon rolling pin, used for rolling out paste, cut a notcU round each end of the stick and tic some twine in the notches ; put the stick into the creature's mouth and fasten the twine round each horn to keep the stick in its place ; when this is done, turn the animal into a yard, and have a litt'e patience, and it will unchoke. I have tried this frequently, and never knew it to fail. I am not philosopher enough to explain the principle of this operation, blit I imagine tha: the external air or tue breath of the animal, or both together, aot upon the substance and corrode it, so as to allow the crea- ture to swallow it. Be that as it may, you may rtly on the proctical result. Youre truly, January 20, 1842. B. M; AGRICULTURAI. INTELLIGENCE. Hereford and Improved Durham Cattle. — It is stated that at the gl-eat Agriculturol Cattle show last autumn at Smithfield, the largest ever holden in Eng ■ land, out of eleven premiums open to general compe- tition, the Hereford oxen tdok Three First Premiums, Two Second Premiums, One third Premium. The Durham oxen took One First Premium, Two Second Premiums, Two Third Premiums. Earl Spencer, tho great advocate and breeder of Durham Short Horns, admitted the defeat ; but expressed his determination to beat the Herefords tho next year. We shall see. Farm School. — Benj. Buasey of Boston, lately deceased, with most distinguished liberality, has left, at the decease of some heirs, half of his estate, valued at more than 300,000 dollars, for the establishment of an agricultural school on his beautiful and highly cul- tivated farm in Roxbury, six miles from Boston. It would be difficult to find a more eligible location for this object ; and the form is one of the most improved in Massachusetts. No expense has been spared in its cultivation ; and the stone walla upon it in particu- lar, for their firmness and beauty, considering their extent, are not equalled in the country. 50 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 C0BRB8P01VDENCE. Nothing could be more gratifying to us than the re- ception of the subjoined letter and the annexed com- munication under the head of 'Scientific Agricul- ture.' It is the bright face of an old friend in a strange land. Who docs not know the sunshine, which such an incident at once pours into the soul. We welcome him to our columns in fulfilment of his promise ; ubligations which so few men are ajA to re- member at a distance of fourhundred miles. We heir to assure our readers that communications from this source will always bo entitled to the highest respect and confidence. Our plainest matter of fact men will not, we hope, be deterred from their perusal. Facts are valuable ; and not less important must it be in many cases to know the reasons of those facts. To search into the causes of things, and if possible, to un- ravel the mysteries of nature, is one of the highest ex- ercises of the human understanding. Our line is lim- ited, but let us net tJiink that we have reached the end of it, while we have the power of trying to go farther. Truth docs not always float upon the surface of things. The pearl-divers of the Indies fearlessly plunge even into the troubled waters, and the most precious shells are often brought up from tho lowest depths. My Dear Sir — I beg to hand you the inclosed for your perusal, and if you think fit, for pubUcation in the New Genesee Farmer; if you approve and publish it, I will follow it up, if not I siiall not be in the least disappointed. The reason I write is that although Liebig's work is pretty generally distributed, yet, in order to get our farmers to undei-stand something of the subject, it is necessary to keep the subject continually before them; and I also think that the more the subject of agriciUture, or farm- ing let us call it if you please, is elevated by being yokei.1 to science, the more the practician will feel his mind and his pursuit elevated, and the more ability and dependence on his own judgment and powers vtill result. In other words, the more mind is used in the pursuit, the more will it be raised in general estimation, the more inviting will it become to the general popula- tion of the United States, who, if it be a fault, certain- ly possess that of too often abandoning the mechanical for the mental industry, to the great depression of agri- cultural industry, and the too great elevation of specu- lative or inventive conceits. Yours, J, E. T. Boston, February 15, 18H3. On Scientific Agricultare.»Lettcr Ist. I bog to congratulate you on your assumption of the editorial chair of a publication whose object is t* sup- port and promote the moat important and prominent interest of this great country, Aoriculture ; and while I congratulate you, I feel that I may with equal justice, congi-atidato the agricultural community on the a.ssumption of this iinportant office by one who, sensibly ahve to all the mechanical and practical paits of thw groat science, yet does not lose sight of that mental part of it which is beginning to be developed by the writings and studies of men of the most cultivated intellect of the present day. It will be readily imagined that I refer chiefly to those scientific principles of agriculture, the discovery of some of wliich, and the stability imparted to others which had been already broached, will forever reflect honor on the name of Liebig. These principles arc not only receiving daily confir- mation by the labors of science in every civilized coun- try, but are also being considerably extended; and as utility is the foundation of all the recent researches on this subject, itisahnost certam that the results of many of them must be of incalculable advantage to the farmer. In an admirable discourse lately delivered before the School of Medicine at Paris, Mr. Dumas has discus- sed witli singular ability, the science of the vegetable kingdom : with the assistance of tliis and many of the principles developed by Liebi^l 07, 4 37 Rent of land, 1 acre, '" "" $49 oe The sales of the above brush, 1000 lbs. at 8J cts. pqr pound 85 00 Seed upon above acre, * '' $87 77 Net profit per acre, •• S38,71 This product may be deemed unusual ; but there is no difficulty under suitable cultivation in ob- lainin" it. The price is nol extraordinary ; and had the brush in this case, been kepi until spring, il would have brought 124 cents per lb. Another estimate by a good farmer, is as lol- lows :■ — . „, „„ Ploughing, $4 00 ; ilraggmg, $1 00 ; ma- nure, $12 00; seed, 25 cents, 17 ^» Planting, 2 feet by 31 feet apart, 75, 75 First hoeing, $4 68 ;" 2d hoeing, S2 34 ; 3d hoeing, SI 17, : ■■•■■■•• ,° Z Gathering brush and scraping seed oft,. . . l^ 00 $38 00 Returns. 700 lbs. of brush at 8 cents, 56 00 40 bushels seed at 25 cents, 1" "" Net profit per acre ^^'' ^^ No charge is here made for the rent of the land. The Tomato. The celebrity of this plant has become astonishing. A few years since, prejudice reviled at its excellences with its most vindictive tauntings. Now, ilia an arti- cle of so general popularity, scarcely a garden, or an apology for one, is to be found where it is not cultiva- ted, and almost every voice is loud in proclaiming its excellences. The tomato has three kinds or varieties, to wit: the large common, the egg, and the golden drop. Wc prefer the two last kinds for culture, aa they are firmer, or more soUd in their texture and more delicate in their flavor. The tomato should be started in a hot-bed, or in boxes in the house in March.— Then, by care, largethrifty plants will be ready for put- ting out 'as soon as the season of frost is passed. They do not require a rich soil, this causes them lo run loo much to vine, but rather an excitement to push forward to perfection. AVe know of no more sure effective lo .- produce this, than to pul say half or a third of a o.m- mon shovel full of hen or pigeons' dung m the hill. Il is admirably calculated for pepper or for tomatoes. After the early frost had kUled the vines last fall, a I friend of ours, of close observation and exact calcula- I s^'bjoin also, the exact account of a crop culti- ,;„«. experimented feeding the tomatoes that remained vatedby Alvab Hawkes, in Deerfield meadows, L^ ],„ cow. They were readily eaten, and thequan- wilh which he was kind enough to favor me. ^^.^^^.^^ ^^,^^ increased. This certainly feltis anolh- Expcnse of culth-atiiv^ one acre of Broom Corn. ^^^^^^^^ thousand and one uses to which they have One ploughing the 12lh of May, 1 25 W. B. Holeing cut, one thud of a days- work, Sii "^" U 52 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, H09IB INDUSTRY. I tbe greatest amouiu of boppiness and good. Butliow Agreeably to promise, we eubjoin the reBoUitions at is this to be effected— certainly not by neglecting our a late meeting of the fiiends of Home industry in ! own to take care of the interests of other people. Our Rochester. Having been instructed to report them, \ powers are at best small, and our sphere of notion bm- they at least embody our own sentiments ; and we j ited. Every man acts most efficiently in Operating see no reason to retract or alter them. We have at upon what is nearest to himself. Would a man then least no pnnizaii views in the case. | do most good, he must do what he can to mend him- In the present condition of society, it is idle to think 'self, then to make his family liappy, to provide for of reaching the perfectionof any thing. We shall be their welfare and happiness, and then his town and fortunate if in any cose, we can reach the best possi- then his own country. Certainly he must violate no ble. In respect to many things, right and wrong are I law of justice or kindness in doing this ; he is not to intrinsic, absolute, unchangeable, and admit of no seek to rise upon the oppresciort or injury of others ; thus every encouragement should be given to homo industry. Without regard to any other people or country, we are bound first of all to provii'e for our- selves. In seeking to make our own country as in- dustrious, as prosperous, and as ihdcperdciit as we can, we best serve the public good and the good of all ; and on the highest principles of Christianity nothing more can be demanded of us than that noble principle incorporated into our constitution, which offers our country as a free asylum for the unfortunate and op- pressed and downtrodden of every land ; and admits quaUfication ; but in many cases duty grows out of circumstances ; and that which would be unquestion- ably right and best in some cases, in a change of con- dition ceases to be obligatory or expedient. The doc- Irines of the irce trade party, the peace party, the non-resistants, the no-government party, when jus tice is done to their principles and motives, breathe the highest philanthropy ; but they seem utterly impracti cable in the piesent state of society We admire the generous aims of noble minds devoted to these great objects ; but the loftiness of their purposes destroys the efficiency of their labors. The man who walks through the thronged streets of a city with his head turned and immoveably fixed upon the stars, will be likely to strike against a poet, to tumble into a gutter, or to run down many a passenger. Or if he under- takes to leap a ditch, which is too wide to be spanned by any human agility, it is not difficult to say where he will fall. Whoever would get along in the safest and best way for himself and others in the street must keep his elbows in, give ne well as take, remember other men's rights, take care of bis own ; and while fixed in his determination to show no discourtesy, un- kindness, or injustice towards those whom he meets, or who are travelling the same vmy as himself, and at the same time to preserve his own personal safety and progress, be must in some measure regulate hismove- ments by the movements or dispositions of those about him. If he in9ists upon more of the side-walk than belongs to him he deserves to be jostled off. If he chooses to yield in every case, there will be enough who, without compunction, will throw him into the gutter. If he chooses to step aside and remain until the crowd have passed, this dieintcrestedncss will be fatal to all progress ; and as wise ao the determination of the traveller who sat down on the river's bank to wait until the waters should all flow by before he crossed. We often admire the man, who yields his rights to others rather than maintain them against violence or oppression. This many times springs from a benev- olence of the highest character, but often as mistaken as it is disinterested. If any man stood alone in this ■world, if his condition were not ultimately insepera- bly linked in with the condition of others, and to what extent no human imagination can determine, be might at pleasure make any personal sacrifices and yield any rights. But tbe condition of no human be- ing living is thus insulated, and no man can yield any of his own rights without jeoparding the rights of others, or establishing a precedent for an encroach- ment upon theirs. The ilocliine of expediency, not in a low and contracted sense, but in the most eleva- ted and comprehensive view, is the foundation of all >ight, because it is conformable to the will of God, which aims at the happiness of all men. It would be charming indeed to see all men brought entirely under the dominion of universal love, in which every other man's happiness should be as dear to us BB our own. This spirit of universal love and justice should actuate us ; but how this spirit or principle will beet exert itself in any particular case must de- pend upon the circumstances of that case. This them to a full participation of all our civil and social but within these rules, he must labor and can labor | benefits, upon the reasonnble conditions of good con- with success only in this direct luanner. If every duct and a due subordination to the laws and institu- man shoidd neglect his own family to take care of his neighbor's, neither would be so efficiently or so well served as if each performed his duly to his own. In the preaeiit condition of human nature, therefore, the only principle upon which individuals or families, or larger communities, can properly act is not n mean and morose selfishness, which always leads to fraud and injustice ; but an enlightened self-interest, which seeks continually to rectify wrong, to do good, to make good better and better best within its own imme- diate sphere. Here its powers will be most efficiently applied ; here the efi'ects of its exertions can be best watched over and controlled ; and here cor.sequently, it is bound first of all and constantly to exert itself. Toliiical Economy, though like every other science, very much mystified by men, who either want to make a parade of learning or else having no clsar ideas on any subject, stir up tbe mud from the bottom when they get eVeii into the clearest water, or otherwise, who want to controvert the plainest and most establish- ed principles, and inslead of conforming to nolureore vain enough to think they can make her conform to their notions, is as simple as domestic economy, and rests upon precisely the same principles. The best ordered and the most prosperous family is that, which seeks as far as it can without the most obvious disad- vantage, to supply its own wants from its own resour- tes within itself. If it demands the aid of others it will first be sure of the means of paying for that aid, and especially be equally certain that others will be willing to receive their pay in the products of its own industry. It will in no case encumber itself with debt, unless it be that wholesome credit for tbe sake of productive improvements or inveetments, where the provision for the extinction of the debt is sure as any thing human can be, and made when that credit is assumed^ It will seek first of all to give employ- ment to every member of its own household in the various forms to which their capacities, dispositions, or habits are best adapted, because the interest of each one is the interest of all, the duties and obligations are reciprocal and thus the productive power of all is most certainly and successfully availed of. Above all, it will spend nothing for supeifluities until neces- saries are provided, nothing for elaganeies until com- forts are obtained. Then there can be no objection to the innocent luxuries and elegancies of life, where there arc the means of paying for them from tbe sur- plus profits not needed or required for the equal com- fort and benefit of all tbe members of the household. This is sometimes stigmatised as a Robinson Crnsoe and selfish system. AVe only add that in its moial tendencies upon character, improvement and domestic happiness, it has prove. I itself over and over again in tbe highest degree salutary. Certainly it cannot be pronounced either selfish or inhuman, if we open wide the doors of tbe household and offer an equal share in all the domestic benefits, to every man, who is willing to throw in bis lot among us ; and give for the common benefit, all tbe advantages of his talents, sertice, education, knowdcdge and skill. This is true tionsof the country. The committee reported the following leEolutions ; 1. Rcsoiccd, Thotlabor isthecrcator of wealth and the conferrator of morale. 2. That Government, established for tbe geheral welfare, is bound to protect and encourage the whole- some industry of its people in all its forins. 3. That the true independence of an individual, a family, or a nation, consists in its ability to supply its own wants from within itself, in the exertion of that ability, and above all, in keeping clear from debt. 'I. That the interests of the whole people are one end indivisible. Tbe eye caunot say unto the hand, I have no need of you, nor the bead to tbe feet, J have no need of you. Tbe poor are dependent on the rich ; the rich equally dependent on the poor ; the laborer on the employer, the employer equally upon the labor- er ; and the interests of the agricultural, the mechan- ical, and the commercial classes — of him whose capi- tal is money, and of him whose capital is skill, and of him whose tapital is knowledge, and of him Whose capital is labor — ore the same and indissoluble. 5. That on every principle of public good as well as of equity, government's bound to cultivate and strenethen the tics of mutual dependence nnjong its ptcplc, so that the products of tbe skill of the one may be exchanged for the products of the labor of the other ; tiiat where such a mutual intercourse is secur- ed against the disturbance of foreign influences, prices and values wilLadjust themselves to a fixed and equi' table standard, and ' live and let live' will be the uni- versal rule. 6. That to admit to an equal competition with our own, the products of foreign labor, must tend to reduce our laborers to the condition of those unfortUnatb foreign operatives, whose oppression and degradatiotl compel them to toil, not for the comforts of life, but for a mean and bare subsistence. 7. That a home market ought on every account tij be encouraged, as most important to our agriculture, and to oil our productive classes. 8. That every article which we can produce our- selves, should either be absolutely prohibited from abroad, or admitted under such reatrictions as to dis- courage its introduction, and to encourage its produc- tion at home. 9. That the tendency of a discriininating tariff; founded upon this plain principle, is not in the end to increase prices, but to equalize and reduce them ; and even if its tendency were otherwise for a time or to a degree, the man who lives upon bis money bos little right to complain, since it is only reooonable that his money should be expended for the benefit of those by whose labor it has been earned, and by whose power it is protected. 10. That a trade with a foreign country to be free, should be on terms of perfect reciprocity. 11. That tbe restrictions upon our trade which ore imposed by any foreign nation iniefusingto receive the products of our industry in a fair and equitable ex- change lor the products of her industry, con be prop- erly met only by an absolute refusal to receive her products at all, or by such countervailing and corres- ponding restrictions on our port as shall serve to equal- ize the trotfic. ] 2. That holding the above principles os evident and undeniable, we respectfully transmit them to our Representatives in Congress, with a request that they would so dispose of them in reference to any meas- ures that may be taken on the tariff of duties the pres- ent session, as shall best serve the views and wishes of this meeting of the citizens of Rochester as thus ex- pressed. spirit will have no other object than the production of 1 domestic economy and tiuc national economy; and O' Our partial deficiency in plates this month will be compensated in our next number. Mr. Sherwood's bull did not show his horns until too late to bring him on the turf :no. 4. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 53 NITRATE OF 80?»A. We ore much obliged to our gooj Iriciul for the subjoined commuiiicniion. We ore glad ol the infor- mation which it furnishes on n eiibject which must nltimately be of groat importance in wheat growers.^ We shall presently follow it up with more full infor- mation on the manor. lie could not have made us a promise more gratifying than that he will communi- cate to us the earliest valuable agricultural inicltigcnce wliich comes within his purview. His foreign cor- respondence furnishes in ihia reefiect peculiar advan- tages. We hope likewise to hear from him occasion- ally on the subject of HorticultHre. No man is more compete!; t. F.rlract fro^^ a private letter. "Being desirous to communicate to you on the subject of Nitrate of Soda, received from London by the arrival ol yesterday, 1 also include the eulijoined statement on the subject, on the chance of your not having received it. Tue Gardener's Chronicle of .Tanuary, edited by I.indley, contains an extract from the report made to the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society, by Mr. G. Webb Ilall, and of couree entitled to the fullest credence. A piece of land of which the wheat crop previous to 1838 was not worth gathering, was, in lS:i9, 1840Gnd 1S41, manured with a new (or;ili- cial or compounded) manure, and each of iheee years sowed with spring wheat; the first year the crop was oj saclis per acre, weight G4 lbs. to the bushel ; the second year 6 sacks, apd 1841 nearly 7 sacks per acre, the straw each year extremely heavy and fine. The manure is cheap, averaging cost 205. sterling per acre. Observe here particularly, no jolation, each year wheat, and each year an increased product. The manure was not named, but the man who helped to make it says it was Curhunatc of Ammonia. On this statement Mr. Lindley observes that he does not see why Sulphate of Ammonia, which would be ob- ' tained by strewing the stables with Gypsum as men- tioned in the books, would not do as well. Now Mr. Lindley is no chemist, and I difier from him in opin- ion, for the foUpwir.g reasons : When a sulphate is decomposed in any other way than by the complete saturation of the sulphuric acid by another base, fumes of sulphuric acid or sulphurous acid gas are prob- ably created, than which gas there is nothing more injurious t) vegetation, even in the smallest quantity ; this has been proved by various quite recent experi- ments. I have lately tried ;7Urc sulphate of ammonia on Geraniums, which were nearly killed by it; but I do not offer this as conclusive against the sulphate formed by gypsnm, — this is an experiment I should like to see tried by farmers on a large scale, and I have no doubt several are now trying it. With carbonate of ammonia both the carbonic acid gas and the am- monia, are highly useful to vegetation. Now for the Nitrate ol Sodo. London, I5th Feb- ruary, 1842. The sale of Nitrate of Soda for agri- cultural purposes, is pretty brisk ; the price is 2is. sterling to 24s. Gel. per 112 lbs., about 2000, say two thousand bags were sold for this purpose during the month of January, 1812. The stock of this article in Lmdon and Liverpool ot the end of each year, 1840 and '41, averages from 21 a S.'i.OOO bags, a pretty clear proof that the demand for it is pretty steady, and the value of it ns an agricultural monure ascertained. Saltpetre, which is used for moi^, and vastly more villainous purposes than for maiW?ing the land, sells at from 26s. 6d. to 28s. Sd. per 112 lbs." Boston, nth March, 1842. J^ E T. For the Neic Genesee Farmer. Gypsum--Infonnation Wanted. Liebig considers urine as the richest of all excre- mentitious manures. " Human urine is the most powerful :— that of horses and horned cattle contains less [ammonia,] but infinitely more than the solid excrements of these animals." * \Ylien it is considered that with every pound of ammonia which evaporates, a loss ol 00 poiinds of, c6rn> is ^sustained ; and that icilh ccenj pound of nrine, a pound of wheat might be produced, die indifference with which thpse liquid excrements are regarded, is quite incomprehensible." t "In dung reservoi s well constructed and protected Irom evaporation, [the ammonia] is retained in the state of solution ; and when the putrefied urine is spread over the land, a part of the ammonia wiU escape with the water which evaporotes ; but another portion will be absorbed by the soil, if it contains either alumina or iren ; but in general only the muri- ate, phosphate, and lactate of ammonia remain in the pround.— The loss suffered [by the escape of carbon- ate of ammonia] is nearly equal to one half of the weight of the urine employed, so that if we fix it [one half will be saved.]t" To fix it, he proposes to strew gypsum over the field, and then the pntrcfied urineor drainings of dung hills, 60 that all the caibonate of ammonia may be changed into sulphate of ammonia which cannot fly away, but will remain in the soil. He adds however, "there are still simpler means of effecting this purpose :— Gypsum, Chloride of lime, sulphuric or muriatic acid, and super- phosphate of lime, are all substances of very low price, and completely neutralize the urine, converting its am- monia into salts that possess no volatility."^ But I have not found any further directions in re- gard to the application of these substances. He in- forms us indeed, that 100 pounds of burned gypsum would fix as much ammonia in the soil as 6,250 pounds of horse's urine would yield to it ; or that I pound of gypsum would fix the aminonia in 62J pounds of urine. But62j pounds of water (1000 ounces) would only dissolve 2J ounces of gypsum, at the rate of 400 parts of water to 1 of gypsum ; and therefore we want a barrel of water in addition to dissolve gypsum enough to fix the ammonia in 621 pounds of urine. In other words : the urine would not dissolve one sixth of the gypsum necessary to fix the ammonia. How theit can gypsum strewed in stables (accord- ing to Liebig's directions) which must he dissolved, to save all the ammonia that forms there ? My object in making this question is to acquire in- formation. I have tried to undersmnd the subject, but may have much yet to learn ; and if I am wrong, I should feel grateful for being set right. / xoant some cheap reservoir or method, to save urine from icaslc; but if I must add a barrel of water to every six gallons of urine, it must be b troublesome concern, and°I should prefer marl, or old lime, or even pulve- rized charcoal. I have no fancy for distributiiig liouid manures. ^ , AN ENQUIRER, Editorial Remarks.— Liquid Manure and Urinaries. We are not certain that we quite tinderstand the difficulties of our respected ccrre pondent, as we do not understand that the gypsum must be dissolved in water in order to absorb the urine, and so fix the ora- proving their pcraonol atlriictions. Detestable indeed must be such practices. But better methods have been adopted, where, as 1 have seen, troughs or channels have been laid behind the cattle stalls ; and all the urine conducted to a covered cistern or receptacle, from whence it was pumped out at intervals into a machine drawn by one or more horses, like what is used for watering the streets of Cities, and distri- buted over the fields. The beneficial cfTects in such cases have amply compensated the cxpences. When designed however to be so distributed, strainers mua' be carefully affixed to the conduits, or otherwise the machine will notdistribute it. It will bear also being diluted to some extent in the cistern with advantage. We have likewise known a cow stall with a vault extending the whole length of it, four feet wide, and three feet deep, carefully stoned and cemented so as to be water tight. The cows were tied in the stalls every night in the year. The vault was emptied two or three times a year, being as often filled with muck or loam, which became thoroughly saturated with the nrine admitted through holes in the floor. The boards of the floor were easily removed and replaced, ond a large amount of most valuable manure was made in this way. This is a very homely subject, wa know ; and the fastidious we hope will not look nt it ; but there is none which more essentially concerns a farmcr'sinterest, and scarcely less, the cleanliness and Ijealth of his premises. Holderness Cattle and Hollow Head. To S. St. John, who inquires about the Holderness breed of cattle, we answer that they came originally from Holland into the counties of Durham ond York, n England. They were coarse and thin animals, but yielded most abundantly in milk ; the milk however, of an inferior quality ; the distinguished breeders of the Teeswater cattle crossed their best stock with the Holderness, and from this cross with some variations, have sprung the Yorkshire cows, which are the most celebrated in the London Dairies or milk establish- ments. These Yorkshire cows are, properly speak- ing,lmprovedDurbamB,and therefore,many of the Im- proved Durhoms may be regarded as abounding in the Holderness blood, the cross of the Teeswater having improved their shape, lessened in some degree their yield of n-.ilk, and given them a tendency to fatten. The weight of the bull at three years old, which he describes at 21 to 220U lbs , is an evidence in favor rather than against his being an Improved Durham. When he asks us to give him the marks, which show the Hollow Head, we can only say that we know nothing of thib deficiency in brute animals ; but poor soul 1 have ourselves labored under the complaint all our lives ; and, if he wishes to know more about it, he must surely apply to a full head for on explana- tion. , Mildew upon Gooseberries. Advice from one competent to give it — " Say to the growers of gooseberries, if they wish to keep off mildew, troin your bushes so as to admit o free circu- lation of air through them ; manure obout the roots ; and forget not to sprinkle them with soap-suds on washing" day.", three or four weeks m succession be- fore blossoming ; and they cannot miss having fine, either in the stables, or when spread upon the ] fair, Urge berries. I know this by several years' es- ground. Of couise it is supposed to be finely pow- dcred- Our friend knows as well as we do, that in Fland- ers the urine vaidls are made under their stables and cemented so as to be water tight. Here it is mixed with rape dust, and carried out in tanks, often upon ihe shoulders of the women, and sprinkled upon the growing crops ; o process, which cannot be consider ed as at all superior to the best can dc Cologne in im- •Org.inic Chemistry, tst Amer. Kdit.. p. 13S. t P- 94'ond our reach. Not one 0/ your readers can foretell he irentlicr/or three )iai/s ii;. iidiancc. I may startle hem indeed ; but if ihey think I am wrong, lot them t)ri/ig the matter fairly to the teat. Let two or more »f them agree on what shall happen, and reduce it to priting. I give the form of such a minute, to be al- :€red according to circnmetanccs : — Ttire^: days liencc, 'he sun tcilt nse >rithout a cloud — mild and pleasant — mnd in tlic icest. In the 'y climate \\ithout adding much to our stock of inowledgc ; but you cannot tell the quantity thai viU fall. You cannot tell, for instance, when one of ?our friends comes a hundred miles in a sleigh to see fou, and the snow goes ofl", how long he must wait or good sleighing to return ; nor whether it would be )etter for him to stay a few days longer, or procure a (vagon and go honic. 4-11 our knovvledge o( ihe third iayhexce amounts exactly to nothing ; and the soon- r wc become satisfied of this truth, the better it will le tor lie, — for we shall then not be disappointed, but )repared to take the weather as it comes. yague and indefUiite pretension is a mere cloak for gnorance ; but I believe that many persons are not uvareof the deception thai they practice on ihem- :elve3. Numerous are the rules for determining the weather that is to come ; and many who adhere to hem, believe in their correctness ; but this could not lapf en if they kept accurate records. They forget heir failures, and only remember their sncceae. It Toidd be strange however, in on.- variable climate, f they did not hit sometimes ; and when they do so, hat satisfies them. Two misses to one hit, has no jermanent efi'ect on their cred,ulity. They console .hemselvea with thinking that all signs foil sometimes — or the miss was merely accidental — or they came ^ery near it — or something elae. AH the rulca that I have heard for judging of the iVeather, are entirely fallacious ; and founded on no :auBe capable ^of producing such efibcts. The moon aas been credited on this score to a great amount; )ut accurate registers, kept in one place for fitly ^ears, and in another place for thirty years, show that jhe has nothing to do with the matter. The rules ;alled " Herschell's" are spuriaus ; and our observa- ions have proved them to be utterly worthless. gome judge of the v.'eather by the aspects of the new moon — whether the points are turned up to hold Ae raire, or turned down to let it sprinkle us. Now ill this depends on the relative positions of the sun md moon, easily calculated by any astronomer fifty fears beforehand. The moon never strays from her jrbit. But to show that all such rides aie unfounded, t is only necessary tfl remark that one tract of country IS deluged while another is suffering from drought. While we were parched the last season, the country 300 miles south of us, had rain in abundance. " We have had a wet bummer," says a correspondent in that i}uarter, " except in the beginning of the siiih month. In the eighth month the water issued from the sides of the hills along the roads, as it does in the spring of the year." Now it is always raining or snowing on some parts of the earth, and always dry and parching on some other parts. All such such rules must there- fore be nonsense, and nothing else. Can the moon make wet and dry at ihe same time? It is absurd for both often occur on ihc same meridian, or in the same latitude, and not unfrcquently even in the same country. Some say the last Friday in ti;e month is the index of the weather for the next month. Why should it be so ? There is no reason why. This notion, found ed on nothing but a whim, could only have origina- ted in the meat deplorablo ignorance; and its adop- tion is n proof of the grosscDt credulity. It has not even the plattsii>iliiy of witchcraft, {U^d is unaupponod by either sound sense or observation. Many judge of the mildness or severity of the com- ing winter by the shape of a hog's melt (spleen). If ihai viscus had been moulded by the weather that had come when the animal was living, it would he odd enough — as odd as if the weather had given a new shape to their own noses ; but that heat or cold which haa sot l/cen felt, and hud no existence at the time, should give it form, exceeds all credibility. It re- minds me of ihe aruspicy of ancient Rome, and de- serves no more credit — 111 only to be enlcrtained by the woishippersof idols. N. B. The preceding remarks have no reference to seiemific investigators of atmospherical phenomena. The King .ijiple is a v/inter fruit ; and wasbrougiit to this place from Tompkins county, though I believe it was previously cultivated in some other parts of this county ; but I have learned nothing of its origin. It appears to be a good bearer. The following descrip- tion may assist, iii ideKti-fying it : Fruit large, or middle sized, ronndieh or conical, inclining to flat. Eye small, closed, in a narrow shal- low basin. Stalk an inch long, set rather deep in n wide cavity. Skin a light yellow on the shaded side, streaked or blotched with red nexl the sun, ond where much e.vposed, passing into a full red, sparsely mark- ed with brown dots near the stalk, but more thickly doited near the eye. Flesh whitish yellow, subacid but more sweet than tart, of a fine flavor. For the New Genesee Farmer. Comparison ot tlic Devous and the Short Mr. Editor — In a late number of your valuable paper, " A Sub- scriber" enquires how the farmer, in view of the con- flicting opinions with regard to ditTerent breeds of cat- tle, can arrive at correct conehisinns respecting the best breeds, both for ihc farm and the dairy? Permit me, having had some experience with the Durhoms and Devons, to give my views of the two breeds of cattle. Both are unquestionably excellent kinds of cattle, the rearing of which has been too much neglected. I should be much influenced in a choice by location. If in the Western port of New i'ork, Ohio, Kentucky, or Tennessee, I should prefer the Short Horned Dur- hams, for the following reasons : — in a grain growing country, or one well adapted to the culture of rootf, the Durhams would be Lest ; for they are a large breed of cattle, and require good keeping, and more lime to mature than the common kind ; and their size is, I believe, much increased by warm stables oj climale and good feeding, for they are generally in the hands of those who take the best core of ihem. So far as my experience has taught me, they do not endure the cold .weather of middle New York, as well as our common cattle, nor equally fallen on grazing, at two or three ycais old; I have not seen them used as working oxen, and cannot, therefore, speak of them in that capacity ; as milkers, I consider them good as to quantity, though not above the common cattle, with ihe same treat- ment. But for t'le New England Slates, and the northern and middle parts of New York, I should prefer ihe Devons ; for they arc lees in size, arc finer boned and closer made ; will thrive wellon lees strength of food, are easily kept on hoy, mature younger, are very har- dy, and prove well for the slaughter al two or three years old. For working oxen I hove seen ncihing their superior in the New England States ; for thry are tracioble ond active, unsurpassed in color, am easy to match and of good size. With full blood Devon cows I hove hud lint liltlo experience ; bnt the hnlf breeds aie exceHcnt in size shape, and color, and their milk rich, though not largo in quantity. I think our common cotile much im- proved, both as woiking o.\en and as cows, by a cross «iih the Devons. Having thus given my opinions, very briefly, \ipon both kinds of cattle, I would, in conclusion, request ony of ihe subscribers to your valuable paper, also to state ihcir experience respecting the Durhams and Devons. It in only by a mutual interchange of opin- ions, tha,;sj;t;tb is elicited and prcmulgnted. December, 1S4I. A SUBSCRIBER. F.ditorial liimarhs on the ohore. We owe an apology to 'A Subscriber,' for delaying the publicaiion of his article. One reason is that mir paper has of late been so bristled with horns, that we feared many readers might be deterred from approach. A better reason is, that his comniunieaiion is not sat- isfactory, especially as it was without authority ; ond wo regret that, now wc have the authority, we are enjoined to withhold the name. The question on which he pronounces so confident a judgment is a liebaiable one, involving some feeling and many interests. We want then facts, not mere opinions. In this case, for exomple, we wont 10 know how mony of the Durhams or Devons he hos owned or bred, ond how long an experience he has had with them, what wos their pedigree, what their ages, wjiat their w.cighi, how they were fed ond how nionogcd ? Wo want te know likewise, in regard to ihe Durham and the Devon cows, or the mixed race, what was their actual product in milk or butter. The pail and the churn are the only tests, which we admit, of the character of a ,cow. In some respects, his judgment is entirely opposed to the prevailing opinion. He speaks of the Durhams OB coming .Zn/c to maturity. A poinl for .which their advocates most strongly value them, and we think with apparent reason, is their coming caj/?/ to maturity. He says the Devons will thrive wellon "less strength of food." The Durhams are larger amimale ; and size, thougli not always, yet generally requiies a proportionate amount of food. But excepting this, we doubt whether the Devons will do better on hay only than the Short Horns. That the Devons are more hardy must probably be admitted, 09 high bred animals, such as the best Short Home, require pecu- liar attention ond care to keep up their condition. We have seen some admirable oxen of very high blood ot the Improved Durham ; but we can hordly expect to find any cattle which, as working o.vcn, sur- pass the Devon and their crosses. In general, ani- mals of moderate size and snugly built are better woiking oxen thon those which ore large ond heavy. As milkers, many of the odvocolesof the Improved Durhams admit that a cross of the Durham with the Devon is an improvement, as it respects the milking properties of either roie. We have seen excellent re- sults from such a cross. Tomato Figs. — These are certainly a iuTury — one which conies within the reach of all, for every man who can put down pork for his family use, can put down a jar of them^ and by so doing the utility of to- laato pills, which now rank so high as a ■narspaprr medicine, will be superceded, for in preparing the figs the medical qualities of the fruit are all concrntrattd. At the South they are already in high repute. And at the North too. as far as they have been tried. W. B. 58 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 Ti) ihc iiiqaiiiee ol T. li.. B. in rpgnid to the ciil- tivuUoii ol Hemp, we ore happy vciy I'ully to respoiiil in this miniber of the Former; in a way wh:ch, we trust, will be EOtisfnctory to him. Toe report of the Commissioner of Patents gives the amount of flax and hemp produced in the United Stntoa as amounting to 101. ISI^ tons. Bat it is a curious circumstance and adapted in some degree to abola our conlidenco in these tables, that in the re- turns obtained by the Uniicd Slates census, in the first place the two articles ore not distinguished one fro'm the other, so that there is no possibility of deter- mining how much of fla.^ or how much of hemp was roised ; and in the next " the amount is sometimes given in tons and sometimes in pounds, so that it is irot always easy to diecriminnte between them ;" that is, as we nnderstind it, it is not known whether the figures of the Morshnls mean pounds or tons, which to be sure would make Bomc little difference in the re- sult. OiTi^-ers empl-oyed by the government and paid forobiaiiiing returns, who have not knowledge enougli or care enough to distinguish between Ions and pou'.iilj, certainly deserve a vote of thanks from Con- gress with brasd collars for their exactness. The Commissioner says that probably more than half the whole amount must be allotted to fla.t, as but litllc he.np, comparatively, is known to be raised. He snys again " that some of the amounts should rather have been credited to pounds for flax than to tons, as more nearly corresponding to the actual condition of the crops in cur country." lUaJJs, that " Kentucky probably ranks the high- est with respect to the production of hemp. The crop of ISIU was a great failure, and that of the past year also sutferoi from the dry weather. There is not BO much attention paid to the culture of this aiticle as )ta importance demands; yet there is every grounl ol encourage. .lent for increased enterprise in the pro- duction of hemp from the supply required in our own country. The difficulty most in the way of its suc- cess, hitherto, lias been the neglect either from ignor- nnce, inexperience, or some other cause, properly to prepare it lor use by the beat process of water-rotting. The agriculturists of our country seem, in this respect, to have ton soon yielded to discouragement. The de- sirablenees of siime new and sitijtactory results on this subject will be seen floin the fact that it is stated the annual consumptionof hemp in our navy amounts to nearly two thousand tons ; besides which, the de- mand for the rest of our shipping is not less than n'lout eleven thousand tons more ; making an aggre- gate ol nearly thirteen thousand tons — the price of which is put at from $220 to ijp'iSfl, and by some even 03 high as $'280 per ton, together with other and in- terior qualit es, which are used to supply the deficien- cy of the better article. Our hemp, it is further stat- ed, on high authority, when properly watcr-rotled, prove), by actual experiment, to bo onc-tourth stron- ger than Russia hemp, to take five feet more run, and to 6,)in twelve pounds more to the four hundred pounds. When so much is felt and said on the in- crease of our navy prospectively, it is an object wor- thy ol a'.teiition to secure, if possible, the production of hemp in our own country, adequate to all our de- mands. The introduction, too, ol gunny bags, and of S.:otch and Russia bagging, andiron hoops tor cot- ton, renders this direction ot the hemp product mote necessary and important. It is hoped that some pro- cess of water-iotting, which will prove at once both cheap and satisfactory, may yet be discovered." We subjoin first a letter from John Wilson of Deer- field, Mass., on whose intelligence and experience, eo far as it has gone, entire reliance may be placed ; and I have great pleasure in adding a letter from Henry Clay, of Kentucky, on the same subject, with which I have been recently honored. Mr. Clay has ever dibtinguisocd himself as the devoted and inflex ible friend of domestic industry in all its departments ; and his own improvements in agricullure and his en- lightened zeal and labors for the advancement of this great interest, are not among the least substantial ben- efits which he has rendered to his country, in a lile de- voted 10 her,honor and prosperity. Lttter I.- Froni .JohiJ Vvilson. Dcajldil, rcb. 11, 18J2. Mr. Colman — My Estkkmed Friend — Your letter of'the 5th came 10 hand yesterday : with pleasure I will answer yc.ur inquirieo in relation to the culture of hemp, so far as I am able. I thought I could find my memorandum on the subject of hemp, by the help of which I should have been able to give you much valuable informa- tion on the subject, but I cannot find im I must there- fore, do as well as 1 can from recollection. Not hav- ing expected to have my ntlcntion called to the sub- ject again, I have forgotten much that might now be useful, though I should feel a confidence in myself to manage its culture in all its parts, were I to go into tiie business as I once did. In 1830 1 was very large- ly interested boih in raising the crop and purchasing hemp in the stalk by the ion," for letting and dres- sing by a machine for market ; this then being a new business, wo suffered much and learned much, which might he turned to a good account now were I in the business. I will proceed te answer your questions. Ist, What is the proper soil ? Perhaps no soil in the world is better adapted to the growth of hemp than the tillage land in the meadow in iront of your house at Meadow Banks, or much of the rich lilLige in Deerfield mead- owe, or on my old farm on the Connecticut. The soil on the Genesee River I should consider well adapt- ed to bemp; in short it wants a warm, deep, rich loam, just suited to the grov.-th of Indian corn. What are the necessary preparation, manure, &c. ? That land which has been in Indian corn, potatoes, or any other spring crop the last year, may be prepared for hemp. The land should be well manured with any kind suitable to plough in for corn, (I never saw too much put on) the land should be ploughed and harrowed two or three limes, to reduce it to a fine tilth — rolling is very useful to crush the lumps. The time of sowing, quantity of seed, preparation of seed, drills, hilli or broad cast ? From 20th of May to 1st of June (here). I suppose your seasons will not vary much from ours. Two bushels to th acre is the usual quantity of seed, and it should be of thelast year's growth— try it before sowing, old seed will not vegetate well — very rich land will require moie ; no preparation of seed required. Sow broad- cast, and he sure that the seed isequally distributed over the surface, 1 have practised sowing a part of the seed one way, and the remainder crosswise. The seed should be covered with a light harrow, and were it not that the hemp pulls harder, I should prefer roll- ing cfter sowing. The after culture, and whether the male plants are gathered before the female plants, &c. ? The male plants are not gathered before "the fema'.e plants, for the fibre ; both are palled together soon after the male easts its farina, before the seed is ripe ; the male ri- pens first ; when the male stalk turns yellow and drops it leaves, both are in a fit stale to pull. For rais- ing seed a piece should he set apart expressly for that purpose. I practiced sowing in drills; rows about two feet apart, three or four inches between stalks I should think a proper distance : they Should be hoed ; the male stalks should be taken out after casiiiig the far] na ; in this open culture the female plant grows very large nnrl blanching ; before it begins to cast its seed it should be tut by the grov.nd, and after lying long enough to wilt, should be tied in small bundles and a few set together, open like shocks of corn, to dry ; when dry let it be carefully carried to a threshing floor on the ground or to thcbarn, where, ill's dry day, it should be threshed. Fitty bushels of good seed are sometimes produced to the acre ; after cleaning the bced ill u winnowing mill, it should te spread in a loii to dry. The time and mode of harvesting ^ As before stated, when the stalk of the male hemp begins to turn yellow, after casting its farina and its leaves prin- cipally thed, the hemp is in a proper state to pull ; this is done in the same manner as of pulling flax, each hand taking a woik wide enough to spread hia own hemp on after him ; the hemp, after lying a day or two in good weather, should bo taken up and bound with stray.' in email bundles, and set up in fmall open bunches to dry, the sheaves should be well bound or by ofien handling they will get loose and open ; after the hemp is perfectly dry, it should be either housed or well stacked in the field for retting. Standing out exposed to dews and bad weather, gives the bemp a dark color and is not so good. Ifow rotted and broken and prepared for market * About the l3t of September,'" the hemp should bia packed down in a pond, and boards or rails pnt across the bundles with sufficient weight on them to keep the hemp under water, here it is to remain till it iS' sufficiently rotted to separate the fibrous from the lig- neous part of the stalk; ffohi 4 to 6 weeks, according to the tempeiature of the water, will complete the pro- cess. To know when it is in a proper state to take from the water, small parcels should be repeatedly taken out, dried and put under a break like flax; when it is found to be in a proper state, the water should be drawn ofi"and the hemp drawn out on sleds and set up against fences or poles, put Up on crotches, to dry ; here it may stand without injury during the winter, or be dressed out like fiax at any time when it can be dried ; if it is to be dressed by hand, which I should prefer tb any machine that 1 have seen, it requires »• break much coarser than for flas, l>rcaking the woody part of the stalks coarsely, they separate from the fibrf in dressing much easier thon if broken fine ; aftei breaking and shakinR out what sbives will coir.e oiii readily, it is put on to a perpendicular board like fla-r, but does not require that quick powerful use of th( swingling knife as fiax; a light slow brush of the knift downward on the hemp, will separate the wood frotr the fibre better than a quick motion, and with Icsi waste to the hemp ; I would premise that the end before swingling should be cleaned by a coarse beckl? AAer the hemp is cleansed, two or three handfull should be put together, twisted a little and laid a length on the floor, and when a bundle or ball ofgoO' size is so piled,, it is bound firmly tog&lher in tbrc places with handfulls of the same hemp or with rope. The average yield per acre 7 The expense of cu! livation ? The value to the grower when prepare for market 7 How disposed of? Objections to i' culture, '&c. ? The avera'ge yield i'5 from 4 to 80 pounds per acre ; the expense of cultivation depend on the quantity of manure,number of ploughingsnn harrowings in the first place. It is a day's woik 1 pull a quarter of an acre of good hemp. After pu! ling, the carting and retting will depend very much o the situation of the pond, whether it be near or dii tant ; as to dressing, I believe a man can break an cleanse 00 pounds of good hemp in a day. The pric of hemp in market varies like other productions though good walev-retled American hemp I consii er equal to good P..ussi'in, yet I believe it does m ueually sell quite so high— the price ranges from 10 lo cents per pound I should think that in your cei tion of country mnch of the hemp that might be lai ed there would find a home raaiket, to be manufa tured into cordage for various usee. I know of i objections to its cultivation ; it leaves ihe soil in a fii «I tliink we paiil 1-2 or S13 per ton, ilelivere.l at the pond, for dry lienip in the stalk. le loo esrly, llie wcatlicr should t of llie water to prevent fenceal AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. n jiiue for jiny toUuwiiig crop; ji tills ihp ground 6o pleicly ibni no ncedaot'niiy kind will grow with The amount of vegetation taken from the soil t make it an exhausting crop of course, but the ntity of manure previonaly put on to the ground reduce the crop, will keep it in a productive slate the next. I hclievc I hove noticed all your cnqui- , but I fear not much to your benefit, at least 1 iild hove been glad to have done it more to my 1 satisfaction. Lrtter II— From IleuiT Clay. IVashiiifrtmi, ilh Murrh, 164"?. 'KAn Sir — My engagements of a public nature are sucli that I cannot answer one letter in 20 I receive, and I must reply very briefly to yours the mode of cultivating Hemp. I once wrote ssay on the sulijcct, of which I regret that I have opy to send you. It was published in some agri- iiral periodical published at Cincinnati, he host soil for Hemp is a rich vegetable mould, I a clay substratum, either fresh, or which has long fn p.i5tnrc. Any stable or ordinary manure lod, if it be necessary to use any, which depends 1 the degree of the fertility of the soil. Hemp iU3ta very lit Ic, and I have known it cultivated uccossive years in the same field without any nution of the crop. he ground should be prepared exactly as you Id make the best preparation for wheat. A bush- id a pi'ck of seed, or, if th-^ Iciid is uncommonly a bushel and half, to the acre, should be sowed, d cast, from the first to the 23th of May. All plants, male and fema'e, are gathered, by pulling uiting close to the ground by a cutting knife re- blinga reap hook, but shorter. The plants in- led to prodiice aaed are sowed by themsolves in 3, and cultivated with the plough and hoe, so as eep them clean, he Crop Hemp is pulled or cut (for there is not h difference between the two njethods, although jfer cuttmgj about the 5();h or 25th of August ; the proper time is indicated by the Hemp leaves ing a little yellosv, and the farina escaping when stalks are agitated. When cut or pulled, the ts are suffered to remain on the ground a few days I they are cured, and if a rain falla on them so h the better, as it will render the separation of leaves from the stalk easier. After being ciired, hemp is tied up with a hemp stalk in small bun- , convenient to handle, and shocked in the field. best farnierej in a week or two afterwards, stack 1 on the field, throwing the tops inside and the 5 outside. ate in November or in December the stacks are en, and the Hemp spread dbWn on the field, or hesod, to ret. The lengthof time it should remain nds upon v/hether the oeasonis wet or dry, but it not he lees than seven t^r eight weeks, and may inger. It is spread as you would spread flax reg- !y, and avoiding its being tangled. You cannot e whether it is sufficiently rette.l Or not but by !ig up a handful and ascertaining if the lint v^'ill rale easily. When sufficiently thus retted it is n up, and ogiiir. nhpcked, and broken out, in the ths, of Febrrirj", Jiarcli, April, &c., as conve- t, by a large hand brake. I task my hands 80 per day, and allow them a cent per lb. for every iJ beyond that. I have known, in some instan- as much as 250 pounds per day broken out. As handful is broken out, the shoes, that is the little icles of the stalk which adhere lo the lint, ore fu'.Iy beaten off, so as to make it clean, and the p is laid away, and at night tied up in a bale or 9, ond carried to the Hemp house. All attempts ibaiiiute horse, water or Blsatn power to the bond brake, and there have been many, have hitherto fadtd. The above method is what wo coll dew retting. I have never tried water retting. That is effected by immersing the hemp stalks in bundles, in water, and keeping them under with weights. September is the best period, and standing better than running water. The length of time may be a few days or more, ac- cording to the temperature of the water. You judge, OB in the other mode, when it is sufficiently retted. The Hemp intended to produce seed is suffi-ied to remain in the ground until the first light frost, is then cut, and after a few days the seed arc threshed out. I regret that I hove not time to enlarge on this sub- ject. I am respectfully Your ob'tserv't, II. CLAY. Mr Hr.Nnv Colman. ^^' CORUESPONDENCE. Extract of a letter from C. N. E.^inent, Albany, of the 21st February. " I forwarded, a few days since, a communicotion for your paper, detailing some experiments which we have tried, to make^oo(Z butter in the winter, which I hope may be of some consequence to the dairy- women and interesting to your readers. We are so thoroughly convinced of the utility of the process, not only in the quality but in the quantity of the but- ter, that we have procured a supply of water pans for our use, with hot water in winter and cold water in summer. We claim nothing new or original in the matter ; but if we can induce the farmers to try it, we shall think we have done some good to tlie cause. I am certain those who try it will thnnk me for the in- formation. If 1 can add an unit to the sum of human subsistence and comfort, I shall consider myself well paid for my trouble, (nol pleasure) inc.'jmmunicating i!. I will not make any rash promisee, but you may he troubled with some more results of experiments which I hav>5 made, or shall make herea'fter, if my life is spared." We most certainly hope and desire that our friend Bement'a life may be spared, for agriculture has not in the country li niore ardent friend to its improve- ment. His zeal, while it ia associated with great exactness of observation, must essentially contribute to this good object. We cannot wish, in the terms of the Spanish proverb, that he may live a thousand years, for that would be much longer than many of his l"ricnds would like to remain without seeing him ; but may he live till all his-agiicultural experiments are completed, and as much longer as he himself desires. Extract of a letter from John Caldwell, ot Salisbury Mills, Orange Co., N. Y , dated February 28ih, 1842 — ^On the subject of the Manufacture of Silk. Mr. Caldwell is an intelligent and attached friend 10 the agricultural interests of thecoi;ntry ; is Presi- dent of the Orange Co. Agricultural Society of thai county ; and delivered a very sensible speech at their annual meeting, which wo should bo glad to transfer to our columns in full, if Onr limits allowed of it. We have little hopes of the Government's ex- tending its protection to the industry of the country in a form in which we think the interests of the country demand. At present, it might be well enough to leave the introduction of foreign raw silk free ; but we think it should not long remoin so, but the production of raw silk should be cncournged by a duty, which should amount almost to a prohibition. We believe that the production oCraVr silk is of much more importance to the ogricultural interest than the manufacture of silk ; and that under a juJitious law of import, the manufacture would soon grow up, and as rapidly as could be dtsircd, when the raw material 59 came to be produced as abnudantly among iia as in three years from this time it might be. Under the operation of a liberal bounty, Massochusetis has with- in a year iiicrci.8cd her production of cocoons from less ihan throe thousand lbs. o year, to more than 27,. 000 lbs ; and this,as is ascerlaiiird, without the boun- ty, at anct profitof more than twodollars per lb. on the silk. These are most encouraging (nets, especially to ihe small formers and those who feel the wont of profitable employment in their own families, ond feel how closely connected with domestic comfort and good morals is the encouragement of what ia called household industry. The silk culture is a subject in which we take the deepest interest, and we beg our friends in all paita of the country, to let us hear from them whenever tl.cy have facts to communicate. " As no doubt you take an interest in the raising of silk and its manulocture, 1 beg to inform you that Mr. Gcoi'ge W. Murray has established on extensive fac- tory, propelled by water power, at Paleison, in Now Jersey, for the purpose of manufacturing from the raw material, sewing silk ; which heenl'icrhe moy extend to that of weaving. It has been about one year in operation, and its success ia equal lo his most sanguine expectations. His dyeing cstoblipcmenl is in very superior style, and turns out sewing silk of beautiful and standing colors, put up in half or quar- ter pound packets. In the present state of preparation he can only send out 50 pounds on a week's notice, put up as may be requited, being dally called on to supply the mannlaclurers who make fringe, coach lace, &c. This is a kind of silk totally different from sew- ings. He offers to purchase America;i silk, or lo manufacture it into sewings for the proprietor at '.wo dollars per pound for blacks, blues, drabs onj hght dyes, — for the higher colours, such as scarlets, crim- sons, purple and plumb colors, three to thiee ;.nd a half dollars per pound. His works will turn out shortly, independent of the coach makers' enpply, 200 pounds per week ; and a few days since, he received from Connecticut a quantity of American law silk to be manufactured into sewings, and to bo put up ia skeins and on spools. Silk for weaving is made into tram and organzine, but it is not possible to succeed in that branch in this country, so long as there is any duty on raw silk; whereas this material ia charged with the some duty as the foreign silksof all dcscnp- tions, putting, by this policy, the foreign manufacturer on an equal footing, and all the advantages of cheap labor, with the domestic manufacturer. It is to be hoped, however, that this condition of things will be modified under the contemplated regulation of the taiilT. For sometime to come, the entire produce if the raw material in the United States wou'd not pro- duce of r.aw silk, a thoHsondih part of the demand. As it may be on object lo the growers in your parts to get this information through your valuable publica- tion, you can if you think proper, make it public. In this county we hope to have many specimens of the industry of our people exhibited ot our next fair in this branch, and I trust in all oihers that may and must contribute 10 our welfare, we s^oll not be found wanting. I did hope that atnur Albany meeting there would have been some expression of our feelings fa- vorable to a protective tariff, and was very much dia- appointed at the apathy on that sutjcct. Do not impute to me interested motives in writing as I do about a proieciive tariff, further than t' e inter- est every citizen should feel for the we'd being of hia country. I am not, nor do I expect to be, concerned in any manufacture whatever." Nothing is high because it is high in rank ; ond nothing is low boeauso it is low in life. — Dickens Speech at Hartford. 60^ Uood Temper or Elesaiit Specimens of Broken t'roclvevy. "We strike the New Geiictee Farmer from our exchange list, llic editors haying forgotten their prom- 166 to send their paper lo those n ho, like ns, have published their prospceius. There is a trickinees about th s manoeuvre that the ogricullural press should be ashamed of." There's for you! from the BuRLiNfiTON Gazette, printed in Burlington, New Jersey, and edited beyond all question by the President of the New Jersey Peace Society. Unfortunate wights as we are! wc failed to see his elegant sheet, until some kind young man pre- sented the paragraph to our utter consternation. But we hasten to make amends. We ivsukl by no means lose a sheet so redolent with the spice of good liumor ; and since he has seen fit to send us so uncereraonious- 1 / to the dogs, we dp not prcstunf to ask any longer an nchangeallononeside;'but beg him to put us down as subscribers, and promise to pay in the first bill of the United States Bank of Pennsylvania, that comes into oar possession. The next is from the British American Culti- vator, published at Toronto; and this, another steam- boat Caroline affair, threatens the peace of the two countries. It isstrange that men living under a petti- coat government can be so ferocious and bcJhgerent. Wc shall certainly tell the aucen, when wc see her. " Desirous of doing all that we could to make our piper interesting, we kUely applied, through a friend re- siding at Rochester, to the Proprietors of the Genesee Fanner, which has been so largely and liberally sup- ported by our own farmers, for the privilege of using their cuts when applied to the subjects in our columns. They of course have many wliidi they could, without inconve.iicncc, seilus; but we felt disappointed when wc were informed our journal was looked upon as a rival, and that consequently we had no reason to ex- pe,-t any favors from such a quarter." Now why could not our neighbor, when he stated the case, have given the words and not his version of our answer to his application. Had our neighbor been unfortunate, had he been p.Tor, had he been so situated t'lat he could not procure cuts for himself, v,e certainly should not h.-ive cut him. But the well executed en- gravings of this present number show that there was no such want. Why should he desire to shine in bor- rowed plumes when his own feathers are so brilliant 1 Wc should be glad to learn upon what principle of morals any man is bound to relinquish to his next-door neighbor "in the same trade, any honest advantages which perchance he may have from his industry or en- terprize or more liberal expenditures, which same ad- vantages his neighlwr may have upon the same terms. We recollect a student in college sending to his neighbor to borrow his bellows. The very proper an- s'.ver vifas, ' come and use them at my fire all day if you please.' This system is carried to perfection in Mich- igan. There a woman sent a cliild to her neighbor's with this civil request, '-Mamma wants to borrow your baby because her breast is sore." Now we ad- vise our neighbor at Toronto to move at once over the line, and try in Michigan if he cannot find a cure for h's broken temper. We mean nothing uncivil we as- 9 ire him. To other Papers and Elilors.—Wc are happy to ex- change our humble sheet as far as lies in our power, with other editors and papers, and must take our chance of sometimes making an advantageous and sometimes a profitless exchange ; not profitless, however, for we s'.iall always be gainers by a friendly intercourse. If in any instance our paper fails to go where it is desired, we beg to be notified, as in no case shall such miscar- riage or omission be attributable to any intentional n !Tlect. THE^JEW GENESEE J^UMER^ Tae Season.— The plough was under full way in Onondasa Co in one place on the 11th March. Indtistiy ijnd Econi.my. Here is a 'second letter from Zelia, " mixinw the useful with the agreeable." Sh9 discusses some of the causes of our public embarrassments and troubles like a politician. Wc fear, however, she does not do lier own sex full justice. We admit, that many women have bfought ru,in upon their families by extravagance in dress, furniture, apd eatertaipnionts ; but we believe this has be«n done in most cases, because they have been kept by their husbands ignorant of Uieir true condition, and the husbands have been dispsed to en- courage, oftentimes, this extravagance for the sake of the reputation of wealth or for concealing their own bankrupt condition. It must be said likewise, to the credit of the women, '.hat in gen?ral no [len-^ns be- have better than most of them under the reverses of fortune; and their sense of justice is much more sel- dom impaired or destroyCAl than that pf men. The advice of Zclia ca-jniit, however, be amiss. We ihould be glad to enlarge upon it, but shall leave it to her skilful, pen. Mr. Colmav — Encouraged by the favorable notice you gave the few remarks I forwarded to you last month, I send you the following observ.-itinns on Fenmk Economy, a sub- ject, in my opinion, not unworthy of attention in these trying times. There is a French proverb which runs thus r " Women can do everything, because, they rule those who command everything." I am not, nor would I advise any one else to be, so vain as to believe this to iU full extent, but that such and similar ideas havebecomeproverbial, proves that women possess a powerful influence in society; and we may ajd, in no country does that influence prevail tp. a greater extent than in our own. As all rational beings are responsi- ble for the influence they possess, to society -and to a higher authority, it may be well to consider how we have exercised it; whetlier to meliorate the condition of society bypromoling temperance in all things, indus- try, and economy, with their natural cpnscquences, 1 virtue, health, happiness and independence; or wheth- er its general tendency has been to cmbaiTass and im- povcri-sh, to promote and encourage extravagance, folly and idleness with aH their consequences. These are important considerations for women of every age, class and conditipn, at all times, but espe- cially 7W!C; and there are no means so effectual to bring them before the publ;c as through yours and sim- ilar "journals, the public advocates of industry and economy. I believe it is generally admitted that the extravagance which characterizes our age, the enor- mous expenditures of time and money on mere trinMs, is the predominant cause of those embarrassments that press with such deadly weight on this country at pres- ent; nor need the remark be limited to this country It is applicable to others, but mir own country must be the first object of our cons-deration. No particular class is esempt from the charge. All have lived be- yond their means, beyond the limits of common sense and prudence, particulariy in our republican land, where it should be the aim of all to secure and main- tain their personal independence as well as the inde- pendence of their country. Indeed these are insepera- ble. Neither can be maintained withoutlrue economy. No person or peo.ple who consume more than they pro- duce, can long escape being enslaved some way or other ; nor will the millions, who are now trodden down by ill-used power, ever attain to freedom, so long as they waste their scanty means in imitating the extrav- agance of those whom fortune, fate, or other powei-s have placed above them. Economy, public and private, must be the watchword of all who aim at true happi- ness and independence. Legislation, to be beneficial, must be dispensed on these principles; but the certain remedy, without which all else will be of ne avail, must be found in the reformed habits of the people. It doc.=; not requiremuch sagacity to perceive this. iioti Knil What I wish particulariy to speak of now, is, t women have done much, both by precept and examji ^^ in bringing ovu: affairs to their present depressed co ' t, dition. At the advice ami solicitation of wives a: 'ifnp daughters, how many hu^baads and fathers have be leiJil" induced to assume, a ra^k gir above their means, to i j,| ii< dulge in those fashionable fulUss and vanities that ha p'tii! brought such wreck and ruin upon the land ! Ht^el^- many splendid entertainments have beea given, eleg; and costly furniture, carriages, dresses, jewels, &«.1 marks ota Seeds and Seedsmen—Sowing Seeds, C-auses of I'aili'iCi 6:e. The produclion of livin;; [ilimis from aii'all grnine Becd dropped in the enrih, is one of ihc moat won- ful Slid beniuiful opcrniioiis of Nnmre. Wlioii imined by llic light of Science, it ie found to be clcd by ibc combined agency of earth, iiir, mois- e, and hent ; and to ensure bnccoes, it je necessary t these four elements be combined in due but dif- nt proportionb, according to the nature and habits he difl'crent kinds of seeds. Hence arises the .ciilty of causing some kinds to vegetate ; and the irtniniy which gardeners generally feel respecting iiy of their crops nntill ihcy sec the young plants ear. Hence, also, arise most of the complatnts h arc made to seedsmen, and the censures which unjustly cast upon them by inexperienced cultiva- n ordcf to explain this subject, and with a view to sen the evil, the Propictor of the Rochester Seed ■e has annexed the testimony of several highly ectablc and successful cultivators in the country, 1 Some accounts of their methods of preparing 1 sowing several of the most important kinds of ds that are liable to foil with careless management. The Editor of the Albany Cultivator, speaking this general subject, says : — Seeds often fail to grow ; and the seedsman is in faulted, for vending bad seeds, -when the tse of their not growing is owing to the gardcn- OT planter. To induce germination, moisture, lospheric air, and a certain temperature, are ispensable ; and it is also requisite that light be •luded from the seed, niWil the uuffiraent of the d is exhausted, or imtil the root can draw nour- ment from the soil. The first effect of the air, it, and moisture upon the seed is, to change its iperties — to convert its starch into sugar — into a t of milky pulp, the proper food of the embryo If at this stage the seed becomes dry, its llity is believed to be destroyed ; but if these nts are permitted to exert tlieiv influence, the tents of the seed swell by degrees, and the first ,ilt of tVie futvirc root having formed, breaks OUgh the shell in a downward direction, and )ut the same time the first point of the I'uture m. comes forth in an upward direction. The sence of the air, heat, and moisture are as in- pensable to the growth of the plant, as they are the germination of the seed. •■ Now it often happens, that when seeds are nled in fresh stirred ground, or when the soil is Bist, they undergo the incipient progress of fer- Untation, and the earth not being pressed Upon Jrt, and dry weather ensuing, the moisture is ab- ided, and the seeds perish. Too much mois. e is also often destructive lo the vital principle seeds — and others again are buried too deep to vivified by solar and atmospheric influence. — e first object in planting, therefore, should be to ce the seed just so far under the surface, and so ;ovcr it with earth, as shall barely secure to it a istant supply of nioisture. There are many ds, as of the carrot, parsiiip, orchard grass, &c., ich if not previously steeped, or the soil well verized and pressed upon them, fail to grow for nt of moisture. Hence, in sowing orchard grass, s found prudent to spread it upon a Uoor and inkle it with water, before it is sown, and to pass oUer over the ground after the seed is sown; and ice, in light garden mould, it is abvisable to ;ss with the hoe or spade, the earth upon all ht seeds after they are sown.'' Ou Solving Fle'iver Seeds. enough to scorch them. The dust-like seeds of the Orchis nYid Cypripcdium sometimes grow in beds of damp moss. Common garden loam, vvli'cther clayey or sandy, is much improved by a dressing of vegetable earth from the woods, well mixed before planting. If prepared in the preceding autumn, and pulverized by the frost, all the be'ftcr. Siich a soil is favorable to seeds of almost any kind, but essential to the finer and more delicate sorts. The preparation of the soil alone, however, is not enough. Fine seeds may bo smothered if covered more ihnn from oneeighih to half an inch deep ; and theirshort roots may be i}nrchcd if exposed to the sun except in morning and evening. To a faie soli, theretbre, wo must add the protection o( shade, and in time ol drought, a regular supply of moisture. II the seeds are sown in an open binder, a sprinkling ot Water in the cvef.iiigs is best, but carefully abstain from apply- ingso much as will bake the ground." Oh Preparing and Sowing Onion Seed. W. Itci.BV— fjV. a. Farmer, I'cl.i, FtigcW.) says, " First, soak the seeds in water from six to twenty- four hours — sonic seeds being slower to admit mois- ture than others, is the difl'erence in the time required. After soaking, drain ofl' the water, and mix the seeds with a s-jflicicut quantity of earth to absorb the mois- ture remaining on the seed- ; stir them often that they may vegetate evenly, and keep them in a mode- rate degree of warmth and moisture nntill they are sprouted, \Vhen they are ready to put into the ground. If the weather should be unlavorable, put the seeds ill a cool place, which will check their growth. ' * It was left in that situation until the time of sow- ing. In April, as soon as the soil was sullicicntly dry, the ploughing was commenced, and the second day, at night, the sowing w'as finished, with seed prepared as before stated. In one week the onions iccrc vp, rows were soon visible nearly twenty rods, and no weeds yet appeared. The operation of stirring the soil With rakes and hoes wos then commenced, and the weeds were noteuffered to grow during the sum- mer. (It is a mistaken notion that it is not time to hoe a ganjeii until it is green v/ith weeds ) The first of iSeptember the onions were harvested, and the pro- duct was over lioo Ikousaiul bushels of fine onions from two and a half acres." On Soaking Alangel Wurtzel Seed. J. RirvLJKK saya, (N. G. Farmer, vol. J. p. 14!),) '* ! prepared half an acre of land for Mangel WuriiEel, and obtained the seed from your agent at fanandai- gua. After soaking the seed Olie day, I commenced sowing ; but rain came on, and the soil being rather clayey, it was a whole week before I could sow the remainder. The seed was sOakcd all this time, and supposing it was spoiled or injured, I sowed it thicker than usual, and had not enough to finish the ground. Accordingly I sent to the same place ond got more seed, and sowed the remainder without any s'laking ; so that liart of my ground was sown with seed soaked one day; onother part one week, and a third part not at all. Now for the restilt : — The part soaked one week, came up first, and much too thickly ; — the part soak- ed one day, came up slowly and very thinly ; while the part not soaked, did not come up at all. Thus showing conclusively, the necessity of thoroughly soaking these seeds, and the little clonger there is to be apprehended from soaking too long, lam conlident that inattention to this subject, is the most frequent couse df the failure of the Mangel VVunzel and Su- gor Beet seeds." WiLi.i.iM Garrutt, (N. G. Far. vol. I. p 20) says, " Much complaint is sometimes made of Man- gel Wurtzcl and Sugar Dcet seed failing to grow. These seeds are not quite as sure of vegetation as some kinds ; still, if rightly prepared, and sown when the ground ia in good condition, before the weather becomes too dry, they will very seldom fail. The seed should be soaked in soft water, standiuii in a warm place, /"or thrcr, or four days before sowing. The shell of the seed is very hard, and requires a long time soaking for it to become softened so that the germ can burst it open. I have sometimes known it fail after being soaked, owing to late sowing and dry weather." riantinp; Ino deeply.— In vol. I . p. 97, W. R. Smith states that he " planted half an acre of Mangel Wurtzel with two pounds of seed from the Rochester Seed Store. Jn a few days some scattering plants made their appearance. « • • VVell, nearly two weeks after I was surprised to find a fair num'ier of plants just peeping through, and from their wcali and tbiii appearance, evidently weaned with their journey to the surface, which they never could have reached, if the toil had not been light." Another correspof.dent (p. \'i\ ) says " I purchased in the spring, at the Kochcster Seed Store, a email quantity of mangel wurtzel seed. Some of them I pfanted myself, and the ground being dry, I put them in about three inches deep, bting resolved they should grow. Another portion of them 1 left for my hired man to jilanl, who, I ascertained, put iheiii in siill deeper. The first came up rather thinly, although abundance of seed was ut-cd ; mid the second •scarce- ly grew at all. As eoine of my iieighliots bad been equally uuouctxesful, the emicluaion iiceee,=ar;ly fol- lowed that the seeds, if not the venders, Were no bet- ter than they should be. Having some seed still ou hand, and a little nunc vacant ground, after a rain I concluded Ui plant the remainder ; but working rather in despair than in hope, I buried them only an inch deep, dropping them by the line without making ony lurrow. The rcrult was they caiiic up as thickly as could be cxieeied from the best of seed with the best of culture. I conelud. ed it must be lather a dillicult business to pursue, where one's hopcsty was thus cstablirthcd merely by accident; rtnd that before condemning others, vo should be careful that we ourselves Lad done our part for insuring sucrcss.'' l\irsnip, Carrot, Celery and Parsley Seeds are all slow to vegetate, and, il sown late and dry weather succeeds, they will not often conic up. I'hcse seeds should be sown early, in fine soil, rolled or pressed down and kept moist. Mr. Geo. Shefler of Wheat- land, raises large quantities rtf carrots for feeding. He soaks the seed .18 lioiirs, then rolls it in plaster, and when sown covers it from one half to three quar- ters of an inch deep. — (N. G. Far. vol. 3, p. 181.) Cneumher, Melun and Squash Sce'ls, seldom lose their vitality by age or otherwise, but when sown they often fail to grow, owing to the ground being cold or wet. These, and some other seeds, will inva- riably rot if sown too early — before the ground ia euliiciently warm. Lima Bca-as and Sweet Corn often fail from the same causes. Egg Plant Seed will not vegetate in the open ground — it requires a good hot-bed. Loeusl Seed must be thoroughly scalded, by pour- in" on boiling hot water and letting it soak 2-1 hours. The liovc of FBo^vers, " Who does not love a flower ? Its hues are taken from th*; light Which summer's suns fiing pure and bright In seatlercd and prismatic hues, That smile and shine in dropping dews. Its fragrance from the sweetest air, — Its form from all that's light and fair, — Who does not love a flower V "Flowers, of all crcaled things, arc the mc;t Innocent and simple, and most superbly complex — play things for childhood and ornaments for the grave. Flowers, beloved by the wandering idiot ; and studied by the deep thinking man of science ! Flowers, that of all perishing things are the most perishing ; yet, of all earthly things are the most heavenly! Flo\vcrs, that unceasingly' expand to heaven their grateful, and toman their cheerful I'ooks — promoters of human joy, soothers of human sorrow ; fit emblems of the victor's triumphs, of the young bride's blushes — welcome to crowded halls, and graceful upon solitary graves! Flowers arc, in the volume of nature, What the expression, " God is love," is in the vplliilie of revelation," "The taste for flo\vers, every where increasing among us, is an omen of good. Let us adorn our parlors, doorways, yards and roadsides with trees, shrubs, and flowers. How delightful they appear to the passer by. How favorable we think of the person whose yard and garden is decorated with shrubs and flowers. When we view a dwelling, the doors and windows of which are adorned with flowers, we asso- ciate the females within with all that ia neat, gentle, pure, charming, lovely and refined. Saw you ever a coarse, ill bred, awkward family, wdicre a tnste for flowers was displayed ^ Wc trow nut " 62 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. A Cheap amd Couvenieut Fiii'in Coltage, REFERENCES. A. Parlour 14 by 14 feet. ii. Kitchen 14 by 14 feet. C. Bed room ofT parlour, 9 by 7 feet. U. Beil-room off hall, 9 by 7 feet. E. lied-ioom off kilclien, 9 by 9 feet. I''. Buitery, 9 by 5 feut. 0. Unll, 6 i'cct wide. H. Stairs,— length, 34 feet. 1. (Clothes room off kitchen bed. room. K. Clothes room off hall. L. Dooi to cellar stairs. M. Dior to wood bouse. N. Froutdoor. O. Back door. P. Inside doore. -Width 23 feel — beight of posts 12 feet. Mn. CoLMAN — A goodly portion of your readers are like myself, yet the tenants of primitive log cabins, of which perhaps, coming as you do from one of the oldest states, you arc not aware. We are looking forward to the day, however, which shall see us comfortably settled in snug convenient houses, and as the busy note of pre- paration is already sounded by some of my brother farmers, 1 have thouglit perhaps, that a plan of a cheap and convenient farm house might be acceptable ; and if your opinion coincides therewith, you arc at liberty to serve it up to your readers. It will be observed tVom the plan above, that there are no fireplaces in this house. Stoves, both for parlor and kitchen, have now co'.uc into such general use among farmers, and cook- ing stoves are now brought to sucli perfection, that firc-pIaccs have become in amanner utmcccssary. The chimnics are built upon the chamber floor; and in pre- paring the frame work of the floor, the part upon which the cliimnics rest should have extra firmness, so tliatit may not settle with their weight. The stove pipes from tile lower rooms pass through the chamber floor, and thence by an elbow into the cliimnics. Should a fire-place be wanted in the kitchen, one may be con- structed with some additional expense; or, which would be preferable, a small roo:ii might be finished in the end of the wood-house, adjoining the kitchen door, ^vith a fire-place and oven in it. The cost of this house finished in a plain, neat, substantial manner, built of wood, would be, in the county of Wyoming, N. Y., about «700. It is a gratifying fact, and one which everj- observ- ing traveller will notice, that much improvement has bren made the U:>t few yearn, in the ccn^tructiun of" farm houses ; the neat, snug, convenient cottage takinii the place of the overgrown meeting house style, which has so generally prevailed. Still great errors are oflen made by firiners in building, and perhaps not the least, is too great an expenditure upon a dwelling house, while the other buildings of the farm, and indeed the improvement and cultivation of the soil are neglected. An instance came under my obscnation last summer. In passing through Cayuga county, a splendid brick edifice met my eye in the distance, ajid the thought struck me, that the owner having brought up his soil to the highest pitch of cultivation, and having his bams and out buikUngs extensive and convenient, and his fields all secured by ample, permanent and handsome fences, had appropriated six or eight thousand dol- lars, for the want of other use for the money, upon a dwelling house. But upon arriving in front of the elegant mansion, I was sadly disappointed. Bad taste, disorder, and slovenhness filled up the picture ; barns and out houses miserably arranged and dilapidated ; crooked and rickety rail fences on the road side in a state of advanced decay ; and last though not least, an extensive and thrifty crop of Canada tlustles upon eith- er side of the road, promising soon to occupythe ground to the exclusion of every tiling else. In the miilst of all, behold the splendid monument of the folly of the man who would allow so many thou- sands to be swallowed up in that stately pile of brick and mortar, instead of applying it to the improvement and cultivation of his soil; in the latter case yielding him a rich return, in the former, remaining totally dor- mant and unproductive. J. HORSEFIELD. Castile, y. Y., Feb. ISI'2. . licmarks on the above. We give above the plan of our con-csiTOndent,not that we deem it the best which has been or can be contrived, but because it is certainly well contrived, and embraces many conveniences for the extent of land which it cov- ers. The height of posts should be 14 instead of 12 feet, and thus making the lower story 10 feet, it would give four upright feet in the chamber. Wc protest against bed rooms not larger than 9 by 7 feet. They ire inconvenient and unhealthy ; and liable to many olijcctions in ease of sickness. A bed room should never be less than 1"2 by 12 feet. By widcnin" the house and lengthening it a few feet, aiid by adding to the height, which may be done without incrcosintrthe extent of the roof, tl:c house would be rendered much iiore convenient, and the expense not greatly increas- ed. Wc would by no means give up the plan of a chimney in the kitchen, which, if necessarily closed in winter for the purpose of using a stove, should by all means be open in summer forthe purppseof ventilation, when the cookingstovc should be transfcn-cdfoashed, or to a temporary out-building, if no other convenient place offered. We are of opinion, Ukcwise, that one window, per- haps as large as one and a half of those described on the plan, or it may be larger, weuld lie more economical and handsomer than two, as put down. About mat- ters of taste, however, there is no occasion for dispute. Tlic plan, furnished by our correspondent, we are glad to publish on another account, as all such clever plans, if not exactly what any one wants, suggest valual;lc hints and arrangements to be worked up by other minds according to tlieir convenience. A plan of building has recently come under our notice, which promises to be econouiical, substantial, and comfortable. We will describe it. The window frames and door frames are to be first made. Tlie un- derpinning or cellar wall is then carried up for the re- ception of the sills, which ai'e to be kid. Strips of boards, in the rough, of aninchin thickness and about 4 or 5 inches ill width, are then laid one on the other, flatwise, and nailed through and through, taking care to break jiintc and to cross or bp at i])c comers. In tliis Way the wall is Carried up the desired height tore ccive the plates, upon which the garret floor and th rafters for the roof rests. Tiio boards, which are use in this case, may be of any qtjahty, common hemlocl or spruce, which should be sawed accordingly, wi! answer equally well as the best of pine. The wall b< ing thus carried up, is prepared to receive a coat of lim plaster on the outside, which should be sanded or grav elled; and on tlie inside it may be phistered direct! upon the wall without lathing, and whitewashc: That the surface may be suitable for the plastcrin; both inside and out, the boards composing the wai! should notbeiaid exactly even, but alternately projeci ing or receding in a aliglit degree, by which means th mortar will adlicre strongly. Such houses are perfec: ly secure against vermin m the walls; they are substar tia! and as strong against the wind as any frame houses there are no crevices in the walls to admit the air ; an they are soon put up, and built at a small expcnsi Our remarks in this case apply to wooden houses. C building with stone and brick wc may spealc at a mor '■ convenient time. We agree with our corresponder ''' entirely as to the folly of wasting alargesumof mone in a large and expensive house, before the farm itsclfi F put into the highest and most productive condilior- i Yet no ciTor is more common. It may be laid dow, jj as a well-nigh estabhshcd truth, that no man know how to build who has not built. Winter Butter. Every person at all familiar with making butter i wiiiter, is aware of the difflctiUy attending it. Butt< made at this eeaeon, is generally deficient in cole and flavor, is white, crumbles, and not considered I for the table. This arises portly from the cows beir kept, ns they generally are at this season of the yea exclusively upon dry food, and partly from not rightl managing the milk. ' In the stQlcmenta of Mr. Merrilield, who took tt. 2d premium for butter at the lato meeting of tbd in: State Agricidtural Society, he says — "In winter, oi. inilk stands 12 hours, is theri rerhoved to the etov- i and Ecolded over a slow fire to near boiling heat; tb pane-removed to the cellor lo cool ; the cream onl cburnod ; the butter placed in tb« coolest part of tk house, will keep good any length of time." llisbu ter was much admired for its cblor oiid flayor, but should think the scalding process rother tedious oi troublesome. In the 7th edition of •' Moubroy on Poultry, &o. I found the following, which struck mefovorably, ai > ^ I was determined to profit by the hints. "A peculiar procoBs of eslraclingcrenm from m by which o superior richness is produced in the crear has long been known in Devonshire ; this produce the dairies of that country; being well known to eve: one by the name of ' clotted' or 'clouted cream.' J there is no pcculiority in the milk from which tb fluid is e.i;tracted, it has been frea.iienlly a matter surprise that the process baa not beenadopted in oth parts of the kingdom. Afours'ded vessel is forrai of zinc plates, 12 inches long, 8 inches wide, and inches deep, with a false bottom at one half the dept The only coramunicntjon with the lower compar nient, is by the lip, througli which it may be filled emptied. Having first lilnced at the bottom of ll upper compartment a plate of perforated zinc, Ihear' of which is equal to that of the false bottom, a galh of milk is forced (immediately when drawn from tl cow) into it, and must remain there at rest for tweh hours; an equal quantity of boiling water must th« '." bo poured into the lower compaitment through tl lip ; it is then permitted to stand twelve hours mor (that is twenty four hours altogether,) when t cream will be found perfect onl of such coreisten that the whole may be lifted off by the fijiger ai thumb. It 13, botvever, tnote eflfeciually removed ifiii iuji To. 4. AND GARDl^iNER'S JOUUNAL. t)3 mly raising iho perfornlcJ plnte of zine from tlic itom by tbe ringod Iinmllcs, by wliicli menus the lolo of the cream is lifietl olT in n sheet, wiihoiit mixing nny part of it with tho milk below. With !S nppnrniua I hnvo instituted a series of cxpcri mis, nnj ns a menu of twelve succossiTo ones, I ob- ned tbe following restilts : — 4 gallons of milk, atcJ 08 above, produced, in twenty-four hours, 4J ita of clotted cream, which after churning only fi""- nutea, gave 40 oz. of butter — 4 gallons of milk atcd in the cominoii mode, in carthen-warc pans, 1 standing forty-eight hours, produced 4 pints of am, which, after churning ninety minutes, gave oz. of butter. The increase in e Roy i. ...Tompkins & Morgan. Batavin J. V. U. Verplanck. Attica R. & N. Wells Perry L. B. Pnrsons & Son. Mjunt Morris R Sleeper. Geneaeo .J F. & G. W. Wyman. •Janandaigua H. O. Hayes & C '. York R. H. French. Geneva Van Brunt & Son. Waterloo Abrnm Djuel. Auburn T. M. Hunt. Palmyra Iloyl & M«y. Syracuse T. B. Fitch & Co. Uiiia J. E. Warner. Oswego D. Canfield. llanidtou J. A. Mott. M. B. BATEHAM. liocltcster Seed Storey March I. IMft John Norval is Agent for this p'apcr, at London, Sale of Improved and Thoroughbred Sheep, &c WILL Ije sold by .-Miction, at ^Vaverly Fiirnj, near Drurn- niondsville. U. C, on Thursd.-iv, tlie SSth of April, TWO llAiMSand FOUK KVVES, (ttia liilLir are e.vp4cted to hnvc Iambs by llieir side). Some were imported, and otliers iired from such Ttiey are a cross of tlie Improved Keiits, Cotsvvoids, and Leicedters, are very iiiglj bred, and to persons deeirouenf breedinfj ttie targesl slieep wilfl' fine wool, they may prove a valuable acfjuisilion. Also, will be sold, some very BU[)Crior pigs, two Iiorses, iresh milk ctws, together with larmlrrg implements, the proprietor leaving the farm. Sale to commence at 10 o'cloclc. April 1, 1842, To Farmers aud Graziers. TIIK .subscriber, being about to dispone ofhis farming business, presents a good opporlunily to all desirous of improving their breed of cattle in olfering for i=ale his cele- brated Devonshire Butt "Lord Western," coming four ye.trs old in i\Iay nc3:t. This beautiful animal was purchas- ed by liimself of .^Mr. Davey, of Feuiloii, the most distin- guished catile breeder in the north of Devon, and is univer- sally allowed to be the best specimen of his race ever pro- duced in Western i'Jevv \'ork He lias been exhiliited twice at the Catile Show at Alexandria, and won the first prize; his sire was lately exhibited ift O.vforrf, EuglanI, in conse- quence of a challenge against the best breed in the country, with the same success Furtlier particulars nmy be obtain- cd of IVIr William Garbult. n( Wheatland. Mr. liadley, of Stafford, or at the offiu-e of the subscriber at Roanoke. " Roaniikp. April 1. 1842. SAM VKRNON. VOLU.M KS 1 & 2 of the Now Genesee Farmer, bound to- gether, are for sa c at the Seed S.orc, and its agencies, price «;1.50. G OLD VL\E PE.AS— A fine yell Also. M.tr vfat, .nndchoii-.'En iety of peas, = Seed " ly Peas, by the bui FR5IIT TREES. is now prepared to furnish in large or all quantities, tlie finest varieties of Fruit Trees. Flowering Shrubs, Herbaceous plants, Bulhou,s Flower roots. Double Dahli.'is, Green house plants^ &c. &c Also, G.\RDBN SEEDS, rafsed by the proprietor at the Ro- chester Seed Garden, and pnt up in boxes or packages to order; altof which are warranted genuine as represented, and of superior quality. Orders for the Spring, will be promptly attended to on very liberal terms, when accompanied with cash or satisfac- tory references. Selections tVIII be made by tlie proprietor, when requested Rochester. Feb. 1st, 1&12. C. K. CROSMAN. lada. Mulberries for Silk, and other Trees. W.U. It. PRINCE offers for sale at the Linmcr.n Garden and ^furcerics, lOO.UOO .Mulberry trees of thv, hncsl kind, for the silk Culture, at S30 per thousand, and at a credit that will enable the purchaser to pay for them out of the silk produced. They consist of the splendid new Circassian, iMulticaulis, T"sp.-insa, Elat.a, Aljii e, iVIoreltl, and Broussa varieties. .. Iso, the usual immense assortment of FRUIT AND UR- JV\.ME.\TALTIll-ES. and Shrubbery, Green-lious- Plants Bulbous Roots, Splendid Dahlias, and Garden Seeds.' The new fatalogues, with very rc.luced prices, will bo sent, gratis, to all who apply, post-paid, and on all orders enclos- ing cash or a draft, a disconnt of 10 per cent will be allowed. t'lvshinsr, near ^ew York, March 15, 1842. I'ruil aud Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Green House Plants, &c. &c. riTHE subscribers are prepared to execute all orders foi J. Fruit and *-»riiamcntal Trees, Flowering Shrnbs, Green lliuac Plants, Bulbous Flower Roots, Double Dahlias, and all o>Iier articles in the Nursery line, on the most moderate terms. Persons who are ibout establishing new Nursei or wish to act as agents tor the sale of any of the above ar- ticles, will be very liberally dealt with,- and all Such are TO lueslct to cotmnunicate their indentions to us immediate- ly. Where several persons in the sanic neighborhood, are desirous of procuring trees, they wi 1 do well to unite their orders, and let one person forward them, to whom ;•. deduc- li»>ii of 10 per cent will be male in all cases where the whole or.Ier iimounts to $.>U or upwards Persons who design planting in the ensuing Spring should transmit their orders as soon as possible, so that they uiay be forwarded in due season. All orders must be accompanied with cash or a salisfajtory reference in Rochester or vicinity. Priced Cata- logues will be tent graiis to all .-ipplicants. Address (Post Piii I) ELWANGER & BARRY. mt, llcpc Butauic Garden ami Nursery, Kochcstcr, N. Y FARMS. FOR SALE, on a long credit, a farm of 50 acres— 40 acres Iniproved—with a good house and barn upon it, in tiie town of Ridgeway, Orleans Co. Also a farm of 118 acres— 70 acres improved — with two lions s and a barn upon it, in North Clarence, I-'.ric county. Apply lo Win R. Wontgom- ery at his office, or to H. MONTGOMERY, Rochester, Feb 7, 1842. No. 44, Spring-st. New Arrival from England. JUST received from London *ia. Boston, n large aesor meiit of seeds of the growth of 1841 , cmbrp.cing upply of all kinds of Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Rai tsh. Turnip (tc. Genuine Purple top Uuta Baga, long re .Mangel Wurtiel, white Dutch Clover, a choice lot of Flowi seeds, and a uiultitudc of other thin^js- See Catalogi:es M. B. BATEHAM. March Ist. 44 28 44 53 6'4.... 25 50 5,25 1^25.'!!!! 9,00 . B,00.... 2,75. 3,0(1 4,2! 4;: 311 il 5C|« 7,' s 5,.'''l 5,01 l,3>4ii CLOVER AND TIMOTHY SEED. OF the Ijcst quality, free from f-oul seeds. For sale at the Seed Store. M. B. B.Vl'EHAiM. Valuable Works on Horticulture and Agricul- ture. Jitst received by Rait Road, jrom Olis Brocders Sf Co.pubtish' ers, Boslon limates. adapted to, C'i,ltivat!6n i.l.the t'pited S ates ; with their history, modes of culture, hiafiagenient, uses &.C.— - With ari appendix an veiretab es, orhamcntal trees, shrubs and ftowers. the jigricultiirfvl resourcj's of America, and on Si k, Slc Bv Wi ti'ani Keurick. Third edition, enlarged. THE NEW A.MlilKICAN GARDENER; containing practical directions on the culture of frcits and vegetables, inc udin? Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Grape- vines, Strawberries . Si k, &c. Bv Thomas J. Fessesden, editor of the New England Farmer. Fourteenth edition. Till". COMPLETE FARMER, and Rural Economist; containing a compf^ndious epitome of the most important iches of Agriculture and rur^I Ecouoiny, by Tl " ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. corrected for THE NEW GENESEE FARMER. APRIL 1, 1842. WHEAT, perbuehel, $1,09 a $l,]3t':' CORN, " "^ " OATS " BARLEt, " RYE, " BEANS, White,.. " POTATOES " APPLES, Des-ert,. " .... FLOUR, guperfiite, per bbl " Fine, .... " ... SALT, " ... PORK, Mese " ... " Primk .... " , .. " per 100 lbs BEEF, per 100 Iba 3,75 POULTRY, per lb 7. . EGGS, per dozen, 9.. BUTTER. Fresh., per pounil 12^ " Firkin, " ... 10. CHEESE, " ... 5. T,ARn '■' ... 6. TALLOW, Clear, " ... 8. HIDES, Green " ... 5. SHEEPSKINS 38.. PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,00. POT, " " .. 5,25. ^^'0OL, pound,... 30. HAY, ton, ...11,00. GRASS SEED buslicl,... 1,50 CLOVER SEED,... " .... 6,00 SfSome4,CflO busbrls of % be shipped (>rdelJ7e;Cd as directed. A. so a few Peach aniJ Locust "Trees for sale. ELRCTUS BOARDMAN The above Establishment has been carried on in this LAR1> LAMPS, THE suhscrihera h\:ve jtist received a large lot of the above mentioned L«ainps, niit> would invite the attention of fiirmers, mechanics, aud others who wish an article from which the cheapest light may be obtained from the use of Lard. They burn well, and in a great measure are doing away the use of oil. For economy they are not surpassed, arid are worthy the trial of every domestic economist. To be had at No. 3, Exchange-st., «it wholesale or retail. EBENEZEU WATTS, &. Co. Rochester, March 1st, lei'-i- liO bi 111! CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Monroe Ag, Society. Gardening , Rolling and Harrow- ing Wheat in Spring. Value of Rnpt Crops, dy for Choked Cat If. Hereford '~ ' Farm School Correspondence— Letter 1st. On Scientific Agriculture. Culture t)f Bronm Corn. Tlie Tomato *..... Home Industry, and the Tariff Ni'rate of Soda. Information about Gypsum. Holder- ncss Cattle and. Hollow Head. MUdtw upon Goose- [In berries. Munitkeiit Donation Interesting Report of Ifie Commissioner of PaCents— Corn Oil— Sugar from Corn Stalks— Oil from l^arc and Castor Beans— Silk— Statistical Tables— Agricul tural PjitcTitB '' Anti-Mouseology. Squash Culture To Keaders and Corresponilonts. The Weathei KingAppIS Comparison of the Devon and Short Horn Cattle. To- mato Figs On the Culture of Hemp— Letters from John Wilson and Henry Chiy Correspondence— Letter from C. N. Bement, on Makinji Butter, do. fr. m John Caldwell on Silk Good Temper. Indnetry and Economy— Letter fron Zelia -Th< mi Remarks on Seedsmen— Sowing Seeds and Causes c Failure. Love of Flowers A < heap and Convenient Farm Cottage (with cut) Winter Butter House Plants Advertisements. Market Reports, &c From the PoiBcr- Press of J, 1. Udlhj ^ Co» B. BATEilAM, Proprietor. VOIi. .1. KOCHESTER, MAV, 1842. IVO. 6. I HENRY COLMAN, Editor. PUBIiISHEI> MOATHIiY. TERMS, 'irTV CENTS, per year, piiyulile .llwnys In advnncP. osl ."Masiers, Ageiil:', ami others, semting current mon- Troe nf ,josta>e, will receive sjcen copies for 83,— TiM/ce .ir 'J5, — TweiU\i-Jivcco\\\esiot ^io. riic pasla^e o{ this paper is unly one cent to any pl.ncc a'l.iti-,!! and and a half cents to any part of 5« M. U. UATI'HAM or H. COLMAX. Rocliester. C For Contents see last page. Explanation. — Mr. Colman has of necessity been aeni dining the last half of tUe past month, for the irpoto of cliieing some buciincsa in Museochusetts id removing his inmily to Rochester, lie is e.>:pcct- I to reuirn about the 15th iiist. For the Ntio Genesee Farmer. The Mild Wiuter and Eiirly Spring. It has been observed that mild winters have occurred regular distances of 2G years, as follows; — 1685, 12, 1733, 17154, 17D0, 1816, and ISHO. The mildness last wiuter was a subject of constant remark, par- ;ularly among the farmers, who observe thepecuUari- >a of the seasons with more interest, perhaps, than ly other class of citizens. This led me to compare e monthly temperature of the corresponding months ■ the last three winters, viz: 1810, '41 and De iSlO. 13-1 :. IS 10, 1841, lSl-2, 1840, 1841, 1813, 25,37 de! 19.48 37,91 29 'M 39.17 24,27 31,03 ii apium) and strawberry, -lid : currants, 'ilth. Last year cherry and peach began to blos.so3n May •21st-, thus you observe thatthey are more that amonlh earUcr this spring; and so of vegetation generally. Wheat .ind grass look very fine. April vSd was a very warm day; l'.io mercury in the Thermometer stood at 82 degrees iii Ihe shade, and 8S in the sun. Note. — There was but little snow here last winter, but frequent rains, and some very heavy thunder show- ers; the first Jan. oath. The quantity of rain and melted snow during the winter ending Feb. 1843, 5,78 inches; do. 1841,4,27 inches. The harbor at the mouth of the Genesee river was clear of ice February 1st, and the 6th the river was very high, from the melting of the snow on the south- ern hills. L.ist year it was uncommonly high March 3l6t. METEOROLOGIC AT, OBSEHVATIONS, MADE XT THE ROCIIESTEIl COLLEGUTE INSTITUTE BY L. WETIIKREI.L, APRIL, 1812. Tkcnmmc'cr. i s- I Winus. \>\y Weather. > I r« ""he mean temperature of the winter 1811, 25,8S deg, " 1312, 30,40 " The mercury in the Thermometer did not fall to cro l.ast winter ; the lowest, .Tan. '24, being 5 degrees bove zero. Farmers, I think, will rec"°y ^-"^'yj^'unn' that the owner is greatly in want of instruction. These are excellent manures, and permanent in their "'^Fe'haps some would ask, why »,re difTcrcnt things nccc-Bsary to constitute a ertile soiH Aibw me to answer in the language of Dr. Jackson s Geological Report on Rhode Island : " Cuemical science ar- ranges all bodies as electropositive, or electro-nega- tive The electropositive are always the alka ine or basic substances, while the acids are always electro- ne»ative when brought in contact with matters ol the poruivc class, if a soil is wholly positive or negative in its nature, it fails to be fertile ; and when one pow- er greatly predominates over the other, it is not m iis moit favored condition. Silex is regarded as an acid, and alumina, lime, magnesia, iron, and the alkalies, are its opposites." •, j According to this view, the soil may be coiisidered OS a vast galvanic battery. "It is rendered nearly certain," says an eminent writer, •' that manures act bv the salts they contain, acting when brought m con- t^t with the earths in producing galvanic currents and of course stimulating the plants in their growtb. On this subject, however, I give no opinion ot my own, because I can comprehend much more clearly, the neutralizing efl-ects of acids and alkalies, and the absorbent powers of the different materials. I his view may regulate our practice quite as well as the former ; and indeed there seems to bo nothing discor- dant between them. . r -J It is not many years since the existence of acid soils was denied, or overlooked. The talented editor of the Farmer's Register in Virginia, was tbt; first to point out the error or oversight: and the subject is now better understood. He furnishefl no evidence indeed of the presence of uncombiued acid : but the circumstantial evidence was very strong and pointed; and in my judgment he fairly made out bis case. Since the publication of his " Essay on Calcareous Manures," other writers of great respectability, have either adopted his views, or furnished additional and positive proofs of their coirectness The question may occur, why is not an acid soil as fertile as any other? It is more fertile than any other for such plants 08 the Red Sorrel ; but not lor the plants which ore the chief objects of the farmer s culture. These generally require a neutral soil— that is, one in which lime under some form or other, oc- curs in considerable quantity. , , c Although clay, according to Dr. Jockson s classih- cation, is arranged as an alkaline earth, yet as such, it is so feeble that when united with silica or sand a'one, the mass becomes acid, ond unfitted for our usual crops. On such lands, Indian corn assumes a yellow sickly aspect, even when it is not in.iured by stagnant water. And what is the cure ? Apply liine enough, and then, says an accurate observer, "the young corn lakes immediatrly a deep, healthy color, before there is anv perceptible difl'erence in size. 1 he crop will produce from fill); to one hundred perctnt. more the first year, before its supply of food can have possibly been increased.* And why ? Because the poison which has paralized it, was destroyed. It is well known that when magnesia occurs among quick-lime, it is often injurious to the land. Such a mixture is called hot lime, from its burning alkaline quality,— the magnesia not combining so speedily as lime does, with carbonic acid, which would reiider it mild. Besides, the lime, having a stronger attrac- tion for that acid, will either be served first, or take it from the mngnesia till it has got enough. I have seen spots of earth, where large heaps bad been thrown down to slock, remain barren- asfree from vegetation as this floor— for two or three years, although the ground had been carefully scraped over when the heap was removed. Yet such is the stuff" to which the south eastern pact of Pennsylvania owes much of its fertility. For- merly, when 1 lent a hand to that process, it was con- sidered tbat 30 or 40 bushels to the acre were as much as the land could bear without injury. It was found. hdwever that rich land land ; ond in pr .vould bear more than p( lime they diaco^ered tbat 1( j„# l;,b;tll iMill* pis Btllb mid, *E96ny on Calcareous IManurBs. Sd::;;h;';c;;m;ghti;e- ..^y and profitably aj ,..;'?^, pied to pastures or meadows. The Imie was slacWl- • ed in large heaps ; and ibcn from a cart or wagon o a ca r^ day, it was scattered with a shovel evenly ove "he gmss It fell among the decaying leaves w'^hm . in worm weather yield carbonic acid, and it becaia , mild without injuring the crop. . r .l i -u Some years ago, 1 published on aecoun o Hh f , simple method, believing it superior to tbat of ai ^«j; oZ country, and you may judge of my suiprise i 'd* see it stated n a work of high authority, bearing tbi 0:'\ date of 1S40, that magnesian limestone is unht for tte ,#^* '7::^ ,t:^:Ss:ies mher properties besidj l^^ that iutrahzing acids. One of the most remark ,« ble is the power to absorb putrescent -^»;«';«; ^ Z"' * ,', to hold the fertilizing escence till u is ^'''""'^ ^V tbte F crop, through every vicissitude "^ '^If «^"»°"«', '''Jf " through indefinite periods of lime. The e it is, loch* , edup"; and nothing at common temperatu.es but th . eiief"Vofn growing plant, can unlock It. .,|" „ Lime has ^heretofore been styled the basis of alLrf good husbandry. It scores up the manure tl'^^ J^ »» «»^'; mediately wanted, for future use-a kind of sal. »oM«; ««. When the supplies from the barn yard are spreai. 0 and ploughed into a soil that is nearly destitute 0 W l.me. the growing crop catches a pan of i .=■ virtue butnveiy'largepart escapes and very ''' '^ ^ ' ^ , left for the benefit ot those tbat succeed. I hod bce.^i,b used to such soils until 1 removed to my present fa tn ond was tlien agreeably surprised to see how mud^ more durable were the efl-fcts of stable manure. M)| fields were limed by the deluge. Unwholesome vapors ond viliainous smells, ar also absorbed by lime ; and some places once remarfc able for insalubrity, have been changed m ^^^'J^'-^" [\ acterby liming or marling the fields around them I, ... Nuisances are t-onverted into manures. A ^ j^^ft illustration of this piinciple is contamed in 'l'« f"!!* lowing account from the Essay on Calcareous M.. e- 'Tb'; carcase of a cow, killed byaecident late in th.. « soring was laid on the ground, and covci^d by abou- « 25 bushels of broken sheila mixed with 45 bushcjso ,- earth chiefly silicious. After the rams had Bet led tb. heap, it was only six inches thick over he bights- (,. part ;.! the carcass. The process of putrefaction wa. „,. so 8!„«fcat several weeks passed belore it «as ov" «. nor wW ever eo violent ns to throw off" any efiluvi. that the calcareous earth d\dmtinUrcepttn itsescape.. so that no ofl-eusive smell was ever perceived. If October the whole heap was carried out and opplie. to one sixth of an acre of wheat ; and the efiect pro duced far exceeded that ot the calcareous irianur. alone, which was applied at the same time on the sur rounding land. », The same valuable work contains a caution to th.. k farmer which may save him from dangeious error ■' He is not to suppose that calcareous earth con en rich a soil by direct means. It desiroj s the worst lo of productiveness, [acidity] and uses to the greates advantage the fertilizing powers ol other ina.imcs but of ifself it gives no fertility to soils, nor furnishc f the least food to growing plants." In other words, i IB the strong box lor the treasure, but not the treesur. '"^Liine also possesses the property of making sandy soils closer and firmer, and clayey soils lighter. It i£' .[ a mean between two extremes. . , r I was conversing several years ago, with a farmei from a sandstone district, who expressed sorne sur- prise tbat 40 bushels of wheat could be raised to the acre. "1 don't believe," said be, "that our land could be made rich enough to produce such a crop- it would lod»e." 1 am entirely of the same opinion, unless lime be employed. Stable manure is too sum- uloiing— the stem grows too lapidly— it is succulent and weak. Whether the lime by combining wiili, .ihca assists in stifl-ening the stalk, or not, we may be- certain at least, that it yields nourishinent as the plant needs it ; and that cvcrj^art will be healthy and properly developed. ^^ !„„.„„i Professor Emmons soys in one of his Geologiial Reports, that the most fertile soil forrned artificially, bv ihe mixture of difl-erent earths, yielded on analysis :i7 per cent, of carbonate of lime. Aj_u_is_k>.ovni, iTliefon^nTextrattfro™ Liebig's Organic Cliemistry, " ''An afinoS'p'r'oZ^ion of certai- ecnponent parts o_f pl..nt." presuppose, a power and "P--"!' '^ '/ ■\!'"'f^ "^ io nhii-btlumost poicerful chcvuciil orton cannot lie cri pared Th5bestde.a. fit nir-v lie formed by ''ons^f";.^- hBt it .urp<««. the pcusr of the strcgest l"'"'^''^'}'"^ wiih wbicb we are % able to eepnratc the oiyg.-n from cjiibonic AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 67 livcr, ilint tiiiu' 111 some soile, eoun censea to he n unnie,* ii is probable ibni the renl quaniiiy ot lime even grciiicr ilinn what was iiulicaicil by iho nnol [have seen sills of remaiknble fertility, ihn> irnlly coninined n very largo proportion oi lime : there is no dnngerol having toj imicli when it is jerly applied. 11 drought, how ore plants supplied with water 1 !r n fhowcv, theaoilmny be wet enough forn time; when the sun and wind tliy the surface, the inois- ; rises up from below by capillary atirnction, as the 81011 tallow rises np through the wic-k o( a candle upply iho deticienoy above. It is from this cir- i^uinoe ihnt our crops over deep beds of sand suf- less in dry weather than where the subsoil is hard mpermeablc, showing the benefit of deep and rough ploughing. In either case, however, as the ply bigins to fail, and the soil grows drier, its St parts absorb moisture from the air ; and the nts are constantly nourished by this invisible foun- ^' But the difilrent constituent parts of the soil, act h diflorent degrees of energy. t Of the earths, silioioHsis the wcaUost, ami the aluminous the ng?;t, while lime holds an intcrmediste position. one of these, however, would do by i'.aclf. We lit snnd, because no s.iil cimsibt ug entirely of im- julile nialicre, is fertile ;§ and we want it to keep soil loose, so th.Tt the air ean enter Its pores, anJ 0 up the water which it liolds as vapor. Without h assistance, stitT clay or aluminous earth would jorb bat little moisture from the atmosphere, bccouse cnkes, and shuts out the air. Lime is also a valua- : auxiliary in rendering the Bill more absorbent, in- pendent of its other indispens'ible qualities. But the soil, however it may be tempered and con- tuted, can never be absorbent in a h gh degree thout culture. Some crops indeed require more of is quality than oihers- Thus Indian corn requires ore than wheat ; and wheat more than the grasses the meadow. But vegetable and animal matters e more absorbent thon the earths ; and culture only n properly introduce them into the S'd. Even when ere, frcqu'int stirring is necessary to keep the ground ose and the pores open, for the free admission of the r and the easy passage of the roots. Our coats sometimes become spotted with mud. e apply the brush, but the bristles pa-s over with- it effecting its removal. What is the reason ? The ay which was suspended in the water, forms a gk/.e t. It Is just so with the interior of a soil hich has laid long unstirred. The clay forms a ust round the inside of all the little cavities, prevent- g the free circulation of air, and the introduction of oist vapor. The fertilieing principles are excluded. Tiiecelebiated Tci.i., observing the extraordinary Tecta of high culture, concluded th.it plants fed on ellow earth, and Duhamei. adopted the same notion, 'heir philosophy was coarse, but their practice was Tie. If we were to follow their example, making lenty of tine earth for the plants — not to feed on, ut to drink from, our crops might be greatly incrcas- d. One of the chief errors of our husbandly is to ult-va:e too much land, lecause it is only half done, lalf the quantity with double the work on it, and oubla crops would be found more profitable. 1 have long believed, however, that no part of the ystem required reformation more than our manage- nent of manures. Manure has been called the wealth f the I'armer. When it is taken out in the spring, s com.Tionly scattered over the ground in "large umps ; the plough comes along and covers thorn, or as the case may be. If covered, they interoopl he GS'.-ent of the moisture from below, especially in ry seasons. If not covered, they lie wasting on the ?round — of very little value. Indeed some excellent "armers have sotiefied ihenisclves that strawy manure nnprofitable for summer crops. I am lar from holding that opinion, however. The error consists in not applying It to t e soil m the best manner. lu the spring of 1840, I had no ground tor field beets, but a small lot where corn had grown fur two years in succession. It was unfit for such a crop withoui miinure ; and I had only fresh manure from the stable, which has Ions been considered most un favorable to the beet. My necessity, however, pre- vailed against opinion ; and I took the responsibility, •"rom each line where the beets were to grow, two furrows were turned so as to leave a wide dead fur- row. Into this the manure was thrown from the i:\y (ill Cal 'Uavy's A»risiiitur:il Chsiulstr.v-. {■"Siind gives litt o alisorbent poveT.''—Jfriru!lura2 Chtrmatrij. ■• Saad is incapiil.ls ot" nbsorWng niciii, urc iVo.m the ntmospherfi. or of rotainlncunv vsualile vapor oriiuld." wi'gin, each fork full touching the one just behind it, tilt the row was comjilcted. it was well c-ovorod by turning two furrows togeiher over it, wliicb /itW i> rfoirn while the harrow was passing four times in suc- cession, breaking, pulverizing, and nii.\ing it intimate- ly with the soil. Again two lurrows were turned to- gether over the row, and the harrow pafstd twice more — in all, six times. By this piocess the ground wos reduced to a fine tilth : .iiul If there M'ero any better beets in the county, I did not see them. To me, It was a most instructive e.tperinient. I have often seen manure applied to corn fields, but never in any case where it was eo completely incoi- pnrated with line earth. Even in the driest part of that season, the giound was always moist and mellow. I am satisfied that we have been too saving of our iiarrows. Thirty years ago, there was a method of ploughing in this country called " ctit and cocer." It was ploughing, not to the sharcf. but the hnlrrs — the furrow slice covering the space where a furrow ought to have been. I am apprehensive that our ideas of harrowing were learnetl in the some school. When grain Is sowed. Is It not the prevailing opinion that it is harrowed enough when the seed is covered ? I had a narrow land harrowed sixieen times in one day, and was satisfied that the labor was well applied For beets, or torn, or potatoes, what would be the effect of ploughing In a heavy dressing of stable ma- nure, harrowing twice, and repeoting the operations ol the ploughing aiid barrowings four times more, ad- ding each time to the deoth of the soil 7 I have not yet performed the experiment, but the nearer I have approached it the finer has been the clop. Thorough culture would seem to require that every little lump should be broken, so that the roots could wander freely in every direction, and that every drop of a summer shower, should be caught and retained for future use. Hard land and thin soils have some re- semblonce to a dish bottom upvi'ards. An instrument for pulverizing the soil was invented a few years ago in Virginia, by Thomas B. Gay. It is called the Drog-roller, for it operates just as a roller would that does not Ivrn, but drng. Take a hollow log, six or seven teet long, split it in two, and one half would serve for this instrument. The greater the diameter, the easier it would run ; and he less liable ,0 clog by gathering clods before it. Three feet would he better than two, though either would answer. F"rame two pieces of scantling into it. connecting them in front ; and to this fixture the team is to be attached. D) you believe that clods as big os a man's fist, or as big as his head, are more useful to the crop thon stones of the same size ? I do not. But If we break them — grind them to dust — and leave them on the land, they would do as much good as other inellow earth of the same bulk. Now in warring against the clods, this Instrument is formidable : and most so be- fore they become thoroughly dried. On the same day, therefore, that 'he plough turns Ihem vp, let the dthg-roUrr grind ihem dozen; and let me suggest that lumps of barn yard manuie would escape not much better. Stable manure, however, ie often saved for the wheat field ; and at any time during the summer, either before or after harvest, It is taken outand thrown into heaps, where it lies wasting until seed lime. It is then thrown round into large lumps as before men- tioned, the plough covering some, wiiile others too big to cover, stick up over the field. If the wheat is harrowed, perhaps some of these pyramids arc upset or demolished ; but often the harrow serves them as the plough did — gives them a shove and passes on. iVow it seems very clear to me that manures applied in this way, is comparatively of little value. There is another class of farmers who manage things differently. Soon otter the warm weather commen- ces in spring, they collect all t'ae manure of the barn yard into large heaps ; and work it over, two or three times in the course of the summer, fo that the straw may moulder and be more easily mixed with the soil. This advantage — the only one that I con discover, is indeed secured, but at a heavy expense. The best part of the manure passes off to visit their neighbors, or roam at large through the atmosphere, leaving the worst part, though still of some value, for the own- ers. The praise of industry is theirs, and the reward of working for nothing and finding themselves. Another set of farmers, more enterprising still, make up all their barn yard manure into compost. This is done by successive layers of manure, rich earth, and lime, together with any refuse stuff, a:ii- malor vegetable, that may be ai hand — to be turned and mixed several times in the course of the season. Such manure is always valuable ; but with a little more knowledge, its value might he much increiued. Lot us cone der this subject. Fiom o heap of fer- menting manure, a vapor contlnuolly rises, very dif- ferent from the exhalation of a pond, as our noeea might testily. I'eihaps some may think il at such thin diet as that would be of no consequence to n plant : but I can assuie thorn it Is the beat part of the manure. Humphrey Davy lllled a three pint vessel with a bent neck, lioni a lermcniing heap of stable manure while it wos hot, and turned the beak among the roots of some gross. Nothing but vapor left iho vessel ; yet in loss than a wtck the gross grew with much more luxuriance tlian the grass In any other part of the garden ** The value of this vapor is thereliire evident ; hut how shall we save It? in the first ploce, the lormen- tation should be very gradual. Moke the heap In the shade, or on the north side of a building, and monoge iljust OS you would monoge a coal kiln. The more the air is excluded, the slower and better will be iho process. Now covering it with earth will hove this efTecl ; but vapor will rise even when it fermenis slow- ly, and therefore marl maybe lieely scattered through the heap as it is made ; but no quick-lime. Lime in deed, should form an outside covering for the whole pile (when marl is not at hand); but it should be care- fully prevented from coming in contact with stable manure, or any animal matter. It must not touch them. It spoils them. A layer of earth should be interposed: ond then the lime would be highly use- ful in catching and retaining the fertilizing vapor as it rises. I believe there is no dlflerence of opinion on this subject among chemists. Humphrey Davy speaks in the plainest language against mixing quick-lime with common dung OS injurious ; and other eminent men fully accord with the doctrine. On the outside of the heap, hovi'ever, quick-lime in a few weeks would be carbonated ; and after undergoing this chon^e, it might be safely mixed with the compost. A fresh coat may then be applied. But some farmers may not wish lo apply their barn yard manure in the spring, or make it into compost — they may prefer using it after harvest, and yet not have it wasting in the mean time. In that case I wpuld advise that it be thrown inward where it Ilea thin, just so tar that this work conjointly with the work ol covering il, shall amount to the least labor. Then cover the whole with straw or earth to protect ic from the sun ; and couse it to be trodden down by the eotile as firmly as possible to exclude the air, and pro- vent fermentation. Some of yon inoy reeoliect when forking up such matters after horvest, tboi the straw In spots was bright and unchangeil. That was where it was well trodden. All change is attended with loss ; but as some change may be expected, strew lime or marl and plaster plentil'ully over it, to absorb, or arrest the fertilizing vapor. The elTect of plaster (composed of lime and sul- phuric acidl has long been a source of wonder ; for it was a wonder how one bushel could add more thon 2U times its own weight to a crop of clover. Inquir- ing minds of course have been busy in trying to ex- plain the mystery ; but I doubt if all 'he properties of this manure are understood even at this day. Hum- phrey Davy was inclined to think that plaster was a necessary port ol the woody fibre of some plants, an- alagous to the bony matter in animal structures. The plant could not do wuhont it, though it wanted but little : and hence so small a quantity had such a pow- erful efl!eet. " Plants which seem most benefitted by Its application," soys that eminent chemist, " always afford it on analysis." When this theory woe announeedsome thirty years ago, it was rejected In this country, where the effects of plaster were much better known than In England, but if he cou d have shown that it enters into sucli plantain any definite proportion, some of the argu- ments against him might have been refuted. It ap- pears, however, that he never pursued the inquiry with much interest. Judge Peters of Pennsylvania, had done more thon any otiier person lo extend the knowledge of this ma- nure, ond to favor its introduction. He had been very diligent and minute In his Inquiries ; and though not a professed chemist, became satisfied that sulphuric acid was the active ingredient in plaster. He show- edfromthe observations of Beraid, that lands near Catanea in Sicily, abounding in volcanic matter, in- cluding sulphur,! were very fertile ; and from an ex- periment by the same person, that brimstone, pound- ed, silted and mixed with ashes, had a surprising * navy's Atfri.ultural Chemistry. t A lute traveller writing from Italy, says of the f easanta residing in the neighborhood of Vesuvius— " If the, r llouECfl Bie liuri.eil, they return, when the lavauools, to bui'dnew OLCs, and cultivate a soil inevliaustibly fertile,"' 68 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3! effect on lucerne and clover. Sulphnric acid greatly diluted will) water, had a similar effect. Asa further confirmation of the effects of sulphur or sulphuric ncid, when Chancellor Livingston was travelling in Flanders, he saw the farmers preparing pyrites for manure. This mineral is a combination o( sulphur and iron, and when partially burnt is employ- ed in the same manner, and for the same purpose as we use plaster. Dr. Chapman of Pennsylvania, found a similar result from sulphuret of barytes. li'jst summer, a new work called Organic Chem- ISTRT, by Professor Liebig of Germany, was first published in this country ; and it has been considei- ed by those best qualified to judge, as constituting a new era in agriculture. It is not my intention, how- ever, to detain you with any of its detoils, except his explanation of the effects of plaster on gro\\ing plants. Ammonia is an essential part of the food of plants. It affords all vegetables, without exception, with the nitrogen that enters into their composition. It is very volatile ; but sulphuric ooid (furnished by the plaster; can prevent its flight, and fix it in the soil. This con only be done, however, when the plaster is dissolved. The sulphuric acid then unites with the ammonia, and the carbonic acid of the ammonia unites with the lime. Such is the purport of Professor Liebig's explana- tion of this great mystery. If he is correct in ascrib- ing ALL* the effect of plaster to this new combina- tion, its importance in the economy of our farms, must be evident. All our fields, pastures and mead- ows, ought to bo strewed with it ; and in accordance with his suggestion, it ought to be scattered in all our Btnblcs, and over all our barn yards. The quantity required is not great ; and many experiments may be instituted at a trifling expense. I ought to sav, however, that this theory appears insufficient for explaining oil the phenomena, in con- nexion with the use of plaster. Why is its effect on clover so extraordinary, and on wheat so insignificant? Judge Peters, after using it forty years, said he never found it beneficial on winter grain ; ond others, after long trials, thought it did little for the natural grasses. All these, however, are powerfully affected by stable manure — by the very ommoniot whirh that manure yields. And what do we observe ? Clover of luxu- riant growth, and close along side of it, wheat with- out any indication of benefit received, though both have been plastered alike. Again — Professor Liebig inlorms ua that every shower of rain, or fall of snow, brings down ammo- nia to the ground where the plaster ought to arrest it, nnd the plants that feed on it ought to be more thrifty; but wo have much testimony to show that on many fields no trace of such improvement could be discov- ered. These facts may not bo inexplicable : hut they appear to me at present, quite sufficient to l)ang a doubt on. ( am aware that we have statements in regard to the use of plaster, of the most conflicting kiiids, so that with some few exceptions what oTie denies, another affirms ; but would this be so if it acts solely in the manner described by Professor Liebig ? A simple cause might be expected to produce a uliiform effnct. For instance : Poudrette is a simple cause : and as far as I have understood, it operates with uni form effect, whether on clover, wheat or cabba»es. On some soils indeed,, plaster is uniformly inefli. cient — not the trace of any effect is perceptible. This inertness has been more frequently obser\'cd in the tertiary formation near the sea coast ; and therefore it was ascribed to the salt vapors. Plaster, however succeeds well in many places on the coast, and fails in others far beyond the sea breeze, so that the cause seems to reside in the toil, ond not in the air. There are several substances that decompose plas- ter, besides the carbonate of ammonia. Caibonatea of potash and soda have the same power. In the hands of the chemist, plaster and common salt readily change into sulphate of soda, and chloride of lime; and Judge Peters said, "I ruined a bushel of plaster by a handful ot salt — it was unfit for either cement or manure." Some of the oxalates also effect its do- composition. When this happens, the plaster no longer exists ; and most of these results are not known tube of much value as manures. Such failures, however, rorely occur on calcareous soils, or on such as contain a due proportion of lime. There plaster generally proves beneficial ; and even in England it has succeeded on * "The evident influence nf Gypsura upon the erowth of 51 if.V ''.^"''^ "."'*■ "P"" '"* "''"g '" '"e soil, the aiurao- IiU ot ttie atmosphere."— Lieliig, p. 142. ,.* '.', ■*?'.'".''.' •nanurf »ct9 only by the formation of ammo- such lands. Miny years ago, in the south eastern part of Pennsylvonin, some farmers thought it would supersede the use of hmc; but it gradually lost its ef- fect ; regaining it, however, when the land was limed. Wherever plaster proves of no use therefore, try i.iMi.'JG. On a small scale, it may be done at a trifling expense ; and may lend to the most beneficial results. And remember that plaster must be dissolved before it can do any good. Sometimes there is not rain enough for this purpose in summer, and therefore there is always a risk to bow it late in the spring. Let it be done early. I have now arrived at my lost parogiaph. From bogs or deep swamps, manure may be manufactured to a greot extent. Three pans of peat and one of stable dung are nii.vcd together and fermented through the summer. It was used in England* many years ago ; ond has been found in New England, equol to the same bulk of stable manure, ond more permanent in its effects. t tiir the Netc Genesee Fimmr. Strictures on Mr. Garbutt's Views respecting Roots and Improved Stock. Mr. Editor — I wos much surprised on perusing Mr. Garbutt's remarks in the January number of the New Genesee Former. I did think he would have been the last man that would go against agricultural improvement ; and especially root culture ond im- proved slock. It is admitted by the intdligent cultivators of Great Britain, that the root culture has doubled theproducts of the soil of that country. There one fourth, and frequently one third, of the arable land is annually sown to turnips or mangel wurlzel, and the advontage of this crop to the cultivators is almost past calcula- tion. The greatest proportion of their beef and mut- ic'U is fatted in the winter with these roots, and tlieir stock ore wintered on them and straw. Where the farmers of this country to adopt the sanio improved husbandry, the benefit to them would he equally great. It is true that labor here costs much more than it does there, but thot is more than over balone- ed by the exhorbiiont rents and heavy taxes which have there to be paid Were each farmer here to raise 40 or ."in acres of roots annually, (which they could easily do) our country would soon wear a very differ- ent aspect. Instead of the poor miserable onimals which generally occupy our barnyards in the spring, they would exhibit the fat and thrifty appearonce of our stock in October, only much improved in size and beouiy, as in Englond, The greoler port of our beef and mutton would be mode in winter, and \vc would nut only save our bummer's posture, but our animals would bo much better fattened and their flesh of much more volue ; instead of 2J cents per pound, it would be worth 8 or 10. There would also be a great sav- ing of grourd and labor by wintering the stock with out hoy, and the consumption of so many roots in win- ter would greatly inciease the bornyord manure, wh'ch is the former's gold mine, and thus enable farmers to enrich the soil ond double the amount of their grain crop per acre. Such wou'd be the benefi- cial results of introducing the root culture, and the benefit of introducing the " best and nuet improved stock" will be of more importance, ond if possible of more profu. Let any one look over the soles of these beautiful animals which have been made in this coun- try for four years past, and he must conclude that .f 200 per head will be a low calculation for an overage price of such oniaials in future. I think that the average value of our native cattle which are slaughtered at home or drove to market, will not average over $25 per head, but say $30, and what an immense diffi^reiice in value and profit, is there in favor of the Improved Durhams. And the improved sheep ore olso well worthy of at- tention. The 10 or 12 lb. Cotswold fleece is of much more value than the Merino's 3 lb, fleece ; nnd the tJu rtprioiiltura) Chenii-try. 'e CeologlciU Repnrt.«a Ithorte Island. ■fit ill (roir liletl gt» Hi'"' 35 or 40 lbs. of good mutton per quarter of the foji mer, ore certoinly of more value than the 10 or I'iit the latter. Were these improvements in husbandtf but generally adopted, the products of the soil wouli be diiuliled ond the wealth of the country inereaso threefold ; ond then thchueand cryobout hard timn and the scarcity of money, would vanish like smo! before the wind. These facts, Mr. Editor, are self-evident to all wH are not wilfully blind, or stupidly ignorant ; iherefon" U(, persevere in your v^'cll doing, extend your voluabi poper to every cottage, homlet, yes, and etately mot ,' ( sion, that all mny know what they can do for then selves and iheir country. And to effect such Inudi hie purpo.ses, I propose thot each friend of the No Genesee Farmer pay for three copies annually, ni distribute them amongst thope of their acquaintani who are not willing to pay for it, and it will soon 1 in the hands of oil, I remoin most sincerely, A Frif..\d of IiMPnOrEMEST. February, 1842, Corrected Views on Root Crops and Impro'V ed Stock. Mr, Editor — I am glad to see that you call en yon intelligent correspondents to correct my crroneot ideas published in the last number of the Farme We ore oil liable to form wrong conclusions, and frank discussion of them, with liberality ond kindncs is the only way to orrive at truth; and why should tl cultivators of the soil quarrel with each other ) W have one general interest, viz,, the improvemei of the soil, and the increasing of the pioducls of oi labor. Petty jealousies or individual strifis should ne' er disturb the free interchange of our views. But, my esteemed friend, I think that you mistoo , r /■ ... IKB my suggestions. It was for from my intention to ii- sinuate that labor and copitnl judiciously cmployci were not rcv(arded to the American farmer. I thim that we, who ore lords of the soil, do reap the frui' of our own labor We are better off than any ter» nnts in the world, independent of the enormous rem and heavy taxes of England. Nor did I intend to hint that the root crop, to a mot* erote extent, was not profitable. I know the reven» from experience, ond much regret thot formers in get eral pay so little oitention to it. And I nm, also, as warmly* in favor as any one, i rcoring and maintai'iing the 7nost impToicd and bes (but I would rather say most profitable) stock for th. country. It was my wish to convey this idea, ond I did not do it, yon must excuse a ploughman's blur ders. There ore great differences in countries relativ to the profit of certain crops ; what suits the one doe- not always onswer for the other, and in intioducin any new thing, it is very essential that we should [ first test its value or advantages on o small scale, an prove them thoroughly, before we odopt them aS ou own. It is yet my notion that there would ben" harm in always doing bo. This jumping ot ever; new thing as a trout does at a fly, is the bone of ogri cultural improvements, ond prevents us from bring ing ony thing to perfection. They who have thi means to give .flO per bushel for Rohon Potntoes, o as many hundreds for a Durham Bull, can do so ; bu if they should have to poy for the one by raising pota toes at 20 cents per bushel, or the other by beef ni 2 J cents per pound, I fear that they will think that they have paid rather too dearly for the whistle, and their ardour for improvement thus receive a severe iamper. That various agricultural productions are better adapted and more profitable to be raised in one country than another, is not denied by ony. It would not he very profitable for a Cattaraugus farmer to sow annuilly 100 acres of winter wheat, nor for us Wheat- ianders to stock our diy toils with redtop. If I em Ibiv 0. o. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 69 ong ill slating tbot Englnnd is better adolped to ex- isive root ci'illnre, mid iliat it is more profitable ;re than it cnii be here, I hope tbnt I hove done no in saying so, and that it will not prevent any 0 from trying n t'cw. Thai tbc heavy Durham lie which arrive toon at maturity when supplied th abundance of oueculcnt food and extraordinary e, are better adapted and more profitable for that tntryj where stieh food is abundant, labor cheap, i beef high; ilinn in onrs, where all are the reverse, my hnniblu opinion, and 1 hope that none of my low fiirmers will be offended at my eaying so. 1 have often wondered nnd much regretted that iiC enierprismg and wealthy gentlemen, who have ml 50 niHch money in introducing these fine, heavy uials, have never taken the trouble to ascertain the ici amount of _/!«/(, or itainj ihallhey make for food they consume, and let us know for certainly, «' much they are preferable to our native slock. Lei any one pass through various parts of Western w York in March and Aiiril, and see the number meagre and half starved cattle which are etrol'ing rough the naked fields, or shiveiing by the side ol e fence or empty barns, and he will have rcn^on to ink that it would not be much profit, to juch farm- 3 at least, to have animals that require more Juod d better care. If we feed, and breed, our animaU so as to improve em, our native slock would sonn become good ; d if v.'e do not do so, the best breed in the world 11 soon degenerate. Yours most respectfully, W. GARBUTT. Wheatland, Februa.T/, 1812. VVe must say that we consider the sentiments ad- nced above by our good friend, with his qualifica- ms, in the main sound and orthodox ; and so lar ini his feeling any diffidence in sendingorwe in iblishing, let bjm understand once for all. that we I for ihe fullest and freest discussion. Sofarlroni :ing oflended at another man's honest opinions be use ihcy difler from ours, we should just as soon ink of being oflended because his eyes are blue and irs b!ai:k ; or because the point of his nose does not ppcn to be placed at the same angle of inclination the right or the left as our own. Away with such jotry, it is only fit for fools and Inquisitions I On the other hand, while we think our friend Gar- ni is likely to err on the side of too murh caution, a friend of Improvement," is Q little too buoyant ith enthusiasm, and his morning sky is colored nicwuot btyond nature. In their present condition e cannot think of pulling :wo such animals in the me yoke side by side ; but with friend Garbutt in le filler and a " friend of improvement" forward, e may g t along safely and succesefully, though in jch case there must ol necessity be conoiderabic lafing of B^des and of haunches, and a great loss of 0 iver. >'.)W with all due repprcl for our friend Garbutr, e cannot see the advantage or necessity of begin- ing with the alphabet when we have already learni 1 read, nor with a "friend of improvement," thai ecauee wc have learnt to read, theretlire, we now every ihinor, and there is no longer any occn- ion for books. There is always some danger in go- ng between opposing parties of getting hustled our- !, but wc shall, if wccan, get through) no matter f our coat is torn. The value of raising vegetables fiir stock and in arge qiianiities is well established in England. Why ;annot we avail ourselves of their c.Tperience in a luesiion which they have settled ; nnd let stock rais- ng farmers, and wheat grooving farmeis too, make, stock an indifpensoble branch of husbandry 1 The extent to which we pursue it must be settled by a sound discretion, having refercnco to our wants and to our mean?, and to the whole of our condition. But the question of their utilily, in respect to keeping our slock and the means of enriching our farms, is no longer nn open question here any more than in England. Then again in regard to the introduction of the Im- proved breeds of cattle among us. In Englnnd the most extraordmary pains have been taken lor more than half a century, ihe highest skill exerted and the most lavish expenditures incurred in improving their breeds of cattle ; and through the liberality or the commercial entcrpriao, or, if you pleose, the avarice of many individuals, public spirited or otherwise, we have the advantages of these improvements placed direclly within our reach. Now why should wc not avail ourselves of them, either by judicious crossing with the best of our breeds, or by adopting the luire stock and making for them such provision as is de- manded, in order to maintain their superiority? Such exertions would very much benefit our husbandry and undoubtedly give iia an omple profit. At the same time the expectations hold out by "o friend of im- provement," that 200 dollars per head for our rattle will in such case be a /«!p calculation, and instead of getting 2J cents per pound for our mntton we shall be sure of 3 or 10 cents, is not a calculation that we s'lould think safe to encourage, ccitoiiily not in the present dilapidated and fluctuating condition of our currency, when no man can tell for bis life, what a dollar is worth. Prices arc of all matters in political economy, the most dift'icult subject of calculation, combining, as they necessarily must, in order to any safe reckoning, sj many various elements, such as the condition of the currency, the supply of the article, and the demands of the market. Wiih these brief hints, we submit the case between the parties to the cuan.-~lEdi(or. Madder. Our respected correspondent, L. A. L., who desir- ed some information from us on the culture of madder, we are compelled to refer to the subjoined notice which appeared in the Genesee Farnirr in 1837, vol. 7, no. 39., which perhaps will be as full ns he desires; if not, let him do us the favor to suy in what particu- lars he desires further information, and we will meet his wishes. We have delayed replying to his inqui- ries because we hoped we should lind aoine itidiviilual practicolly acquainted wilh its cultivation and man- ngenient. Ti.at has not been our good foi lune, and we have never seen the plant growing. We should infer from the statements given, that the crop might be cultivated to much advantage, if we liove only pa- lienceenouah to woii fiir the harvest ; betas to pres- eni prices of the article we know very little, and whoi price it is likely to bear lour years hence, who is gifted with the power of divining 7 " Madder, or Rnbia tinctoiivin, io one of a large lamilyof plants, and lor its valuable qualities in color- ing has become an iinportani article of cultivation in several countries, paniculnily Holland, where the ;irovinceof Friesland is almost wholly devoted to its production. In RadclUf 's Flemish Husbandry, the iollowing condensed rules are given lor itsculiure; The soil a rich sandy loam of from two to three feet in depth, te the roots must have r lom to penetrate ; — die land laid up in ridges in autumn if to be planted 111 the spring, and kept clean from all weeds ; -plani in April, on ridges if the ground is wet, if not, on a level, in rows 18 inches apait, and the plants 12 inches distant in the rows ; — as niuch root as practicable should be 'akch with the slips to be planted, and fro: they are dug by deep trenching, the roots quickly and carefully dried to prevent discoloration or molding, washed ond dried in a building resembling a hop oven, and dun ground and packed lor utc. Rliidder roots are long and creeping, about as largo as a quill, red within and wiihoul, and a single plant will, in a good soil, yield aliout 4(1 pounds of fresh roots, which will in drying be reduced about six scv- cntlis. Some have dug the roots in two years, but the roots do not then contain the proper quantity of coloring matter ; and if they stand longer than three years more is lost than is gained after that period. Afl parts of the root contain tome coloring moiter, but it ie in the middle part that the moat and the beat is found, the microscope showing in this part a inulli- tudc of shining red particles, conbliiuiing the rich dyeing malerml, thickly dispersed omong the fibres. "According to experiments made in England, five pounds of frefch roois go os far aR tour of the dry ones : and it is estimated ihat seven or eight pounds of fresh roots are reduced to one in drying; hence the great advantage of using green roots where practicable, be- comes apparent. They are more exicnsivcly used in a fresh slate in France than in any other country, and are the recalled alizari." Good madder when ground for the market is of nn orange yellow, passing into a brown red, having ati acid sweetish taste and a strong smell. Some improvements in the culture have been made since it wna first attempted here, and if the amount of product per-ocre may be considered ae a cri'erion, our meihods have the advantage over those practiced in Europe. Mr. Woodberry of West Winfield, Her- kimer Co., in a letter to the Cultivator, says, — " It is now ascertained that the beet method of jlaniina mad- der, is in beds six feet wide, with four rows of plania to n bed, leaving a space between the beds nine feet wide unoccupied ; or it may be planted with rows of corn or potatoes the first season. This space is use- ful for various purposes, ns possing with a team to carry manure, should it be considered necessary the first and second seasons. The manure should be dropped between the beds, and mixed wiih a plough before it is used on the beds." By treating the inter- vals in this woy, Mr. Bronson, a cu tivaior of madder in the snme vicinity, on a few acres of land p anted wilh madder, raised upwards of one thousand bushels of potatoes; and bandsoms crops of corn have been obtained in the same way. The advantage of plant- ing in beds, arises from the greater extent to which the tops may be eovoreil, as each earthing, properly performed, adds materially to the quantity of the roots produi-cd, the top itself to that extent being conven- ed into root, and not to be distinguished in its quali- ties from them. The following estimate prepared by Mr. Woodber- ry, and it does not vaiy mater. ally from ihose furnitli- td by other cultivators, shows at a single glance the expense of cultivation, ond the value of the article produced when ready lor market. Seed per acre 8 bush, at $4 $32,00 Interest on land 4 years at $40 per acre 11,2(1 Ploughing and harrowing twice, 2,50 Dressing first year, 8,00 " second year, 7,00 " third yearj. 3,00 Digging 21 ,00 Drying, 2^ cents per cwt 12.50 Grinding do do 12,50 Total expense. .$111 70 Product if well cultivated, 5000 poHNdis, average price iO cts. per pound Jti> 1000,00 Deduct ; 111,70 Clear profit....... .f868,30 We have heard bui one serioue objection made to the culture of madder, and thai is, the long lime re- quired for its cultivation allows great fiiictuaiions to take place in the prices ; and those which may exiat at the time of commencing with the p'ant, cannot be relied on as those which will prevail when the article is ready for niaiket. When we remember, however. IX to eightbushelswill be required foran acre, though iliat the demand is s'.endy, a d increaaing ; that the his of course must depend mainly on the distance | quantity produced is not likely to vary suddenly ; and idopted by the planter ;— plant nothing in the inter- ] ibai for a number of y nrs the price has ranged he- als, hulas the tops shoot up bend them occasionally to the ground and partially cover w.th earth ; — when ihe tops fall off in autumn, eartli the rows as a pro- tection against frost, and in the spring hoe theinter- vals thoroughly ;— 'the slips of the second year are the lest to plant, and should be taken of! in the spring when about an inch above tlie surface ;— three years are required for the roots to arrive at perfectionj when twcfcii from 17 to 23 cei Is for good qualities, we think little apprehension need be entertained of on over- slocked market, or heavy soles. Seed at the proper seasons, may, we believe, be obtained of the grow- ers in the region we have mentioned, as well as milla fiir grinding the roots, ond we shoidd be pleased to learn that farmers suitably located, had added to their other sources of profit, that of the culture of madder," 70 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol.. SCIENTIFIC AGRICl'LTURE."l,ettei 2erfect parallel in animal existences ; a certain quantity of azote is necessary for the digestion of their food. As upon the views taken of this substance, azote, de- pend results of the utmost importance to agriculture ; its nature and properties cannot be too well under- stood, its application and effects cannot receive too much attentive consideration. I may, therefore, at the outset, be permitted to enter into a few scientific details ■which shall be as brief and as clear as I can make them. Payen, a French Chemist of high repute, who has devoted much time and study to these enquiries, has shewn that azote is requisite in the formation of a sub- stance ui plants analogous to fibrin in animals ; that this azolated substance is the origui of all the parts of plants, ia always preeent with, and accompanies all their J organs. Azote is, therefore, necessary to produce, with other materials, this concrete fibrinous substance, as the rudiment of all vegetation. Azote also serves to produce the liquid ul/junwri which all coagulable juices of plants contain, and a substance called <:<«(?(»«, which has often been confounded with this albumen. Fibrin, Albumen, and Caseum, therefore, exist in plants, and these three azotated substances offer a re- markable similarity in properties with the three non- azotatcd substances mentioned under the consideration of Carbon — thus. Fibrin, like woody fibre, is insoluble ; Albumen, like starch, coagulates by heat ; Caseum, like dextrine, is soluble. A more profound analogy also exists in the simplicity of tile combination of their elements, tlius, 48 mole- cules of carbon, 6 molecules of ammonium, and 17 molecules of water, constitute or may constitute by a different arrangement of these molecules, either fibrin, albumen, or caseum; and thus in both cases, carbon and water, or ammonium (containing azote) and wa- ter, arc the oidy ingredients necessary for the compo- sition of the substances on which we are now treatijig, and the production of tliese ingredients is constantly renewed by the circle of reactions of the animal and the vegetable existences as stated in my last letter. Now it is of much importance to observe closely and separate distinctly in the mind, two operations of na- ture in the growth of a vegetable, because it will be seen that .ample provision must be made for each of these operations. These two important periods are, first, the growth and increase of all parts of a plant, that is stem, leaves &c., until the flowers and fruit ap- )}car in their earliest stages, and fecundation and ripen- ing begin ; the growth and increase of the first period is then gradually arrested, and a new or the second operation commences. It may, I think, be conclusive- ly shown, that if we were to continue during the sum- mer and the early autumn constantly to apply fresh stimulus in the shape of manure and moisture to a plant, take for instance one of annual duration, we should obtain an immense growth of leaf and stalk, but the fruit would amount to nothing — on the other hand, if we abstain from applying moisture and stimu- lants to a plant half grown, we .should obtain prema- ture but worthless fruit. This fact is well known to gardeners who, by confining the roots in small pots and depriving them of stimulants, force their plants into premature bloom — or it may be observed on hot and poor spots of land, where the same causes are in natural operation. It is, I believe, sufficiently appa- rent that proper soil with a suflicient supply of carbon and azote, or in plain terms, well manured land, and plenty of water, are the indispensable requisites for the first operation, and equally so, that sunlight and heat are the necessary conditions for the second operation. If the manure on a hill of corn be examined when the fruit is formcJ, it will be found pretty well exhausted of its powers — tliey are no longer absolutely requisite, Jhey have played their part, the chief necessities now are sunlight and heat, with a degree of moisture in the atmosphere sufficient to keep the outer coverings or in- teguments, and particularly those of the seed and seed vessel, in a soft and yielding state, until they become well filled with the materials which this light and heat is converting, in other words ripening, from the sac- charine and other juices prepared in its first stage of growth. The phenomena attending this second period are extremely curious. During the first period the vege- table manufactures and stores up an ample supply of saccharine and other juices, containing chiefly carbon and hydrogen, now when a bud is to open, a flower to be fecundated and fruit perfected, heat is required, and is produced precisely by the same method as in animal life, by the consumption, or rather by the combustion as it ought to be termed, heat being produced, of carbon and hydrogen in these saccharine juices, beetroot, lor in.stance, previous to flowering, cent; a large quantity of saccharine juice, alter flowerim however, this has all disappeared. If barley or wha are made to germinate, heat carbonic acid and waM are produced, the starch which these grains containj converted, first, into gum, then into sugar, and the ci^ bon and hydrogen which- this contains, are changj by combustion into carbonic acid. Fecundation is a ways accompanied by heat, flowers respire carbonj acid, they therefore consume carbon ; this carbon the sugar cane, for instance, must arise from the sugt accumulated in the stalk, which sugar disappears whe flowering and fructification arc accomplished. Thu at certain periods in certain organs, a plant, like m animal, becomes an apparatus of combustion — carboii and hydrogen are burnt in it and heat is given OUI This view of these phenomena, will sufliciently t# joti count for the differences of opinion amongst many < the early observers of vegetable physiology, on tb subject of plants respiring carbonic acid, oxygen, &c; In my next letter, I will endeavor to give some stt count of the means, both by the common and by artfi ficial manures, of supplying that absolutely necessap hlii substance, azote — and if I am fortunate enough to obljn'*' tain any insight intj the new artificial manure wliicl has produced the effect on wheat I mentioned in a latJ letter to you and which is now being manufacturetf tor sale in England, I will coimnunicate the informal f lion. I suspect, however, that the same manure wa4 Fori' under process of manufacture here last year and U now awaiting the trial of its efficacy. J. E. T. Indian Cum and Wheat Alternately. Mr. Colmax — I do not send you a description of the manner ill which I have raised my corn for a few years past, bw cause I think my crops have been over large, but ratiM p. er from their uniformity in yield, which is a desirabW object for ever)' fanner in all his crops. For the last five years I have alternated corn anM mj wheat, drawing from my barn-yard in the spring, from thirty-five to forty wagon loads of long manure to thH "•' 1 '«■: acre, putting it upon wheat stubble, spreading it even ly, and ploughing it imder ot least eight inches deep then harrowing lengthwise of the furrows, and mark ing rows three feet apart each way, planting six ti eight quarts of seed (Dutton) to the acre, from the 8tll to the •30th of May, according to the season. Whew 'i, up, I leave but tour stalks in a hill. I tilled with a cul livafor, and hoed twice during the summer withou ifi hilling, and harvest by cutting up at the ground fron the first to the tenth of September, and draw it off ant set it up to cure. The land is then ploughed once and sowed tc-l wheat ; one and a half bushels of seed to the acre, anc well harrowed in. Froni the above management, my^ corn has yielded for the five years, at least sixty bush- els to the acre, as ascertained by accurate measure ; ii besides giving about two tons of stalks to the acre,. !" which I calculate to be worth at least three fourths as' much as hay. My soil is a gravelly loam, dry and warm; subsoil differing very little from the surface, except a liltio more tenacious. One advantage in planting corn on» wheat stubble is, that it is not as liable to be injured hyp worms as when planted nn sward land. My wheatt- [ji that I have sowed after corn, lias yielded from twenty to twenty-five bushels to tho acre, except the past sea- son, which was quite a failure, owing to the badness of the season. Gsncsee Co. Mirck, 1842. M. N. Edilm-ial Remarks. — Emulalion in AgricuUvre. We call the above good husbandry. Sixty bushels of Indian corn and twenty-five bushels of wheat are certainly very good croi53,but they are onlj- halfeneugh (jNo. 5. AND GARDENER'S JOUHNAL. 75 uniiiml, ibu kind, quanlily and cost of food, to enti- tle tbein to tlie piviiiiums. TO BREEDERS. Tothebrcfilerof ihu lieat Bull, rUiss I $10 To ihohreciler orn.ebrsl • nw. clnas \' 10 To the breeder of ijie l)o«t llcifci- in class VI,. . 10 * ON HORSES— Ofcr 4 years olil. Pnr the best Sliiilinn,. .. §J0 I Ilcsi iiiee.lliir iimre & coltS'-O the second lies:, 12 1 f r ihc sccon.llieal,.. . . 12 for the lli.ril hebt S Forilu- iliir.l best y For ihe fourth best, Diploma. \ For Ibe fourth besl, Diploma. H Forthebcat pair of nn.tt-heil Horses. ,-5 15. For the second best,. . . $10 | Korthc third best, 85 Three ijaars old Studs mid Metres ■or the best Stud $ 0 | For tlic best iM.-ire §10 "or the seooiid best 5 For the seoond b, at ... .'. 'or tlie third best. Diploma \ For the third besl, Diplmia. A variety of horses possessing size, strenglb, and ciuliirr.nce for field labor, combined with ihnt action vvliieh ijualilies ior the carriage or saddle — in short flthe horse of all worlc, is probably tbo most profitable c;Ios3 which our farmers can now entjage in rearing, and to such, therefore, v.-ill iho prcrercneo of the SiH-ieiy be given. SWI.NE— Orcr TO months old. For the 'estBo:ir.. . . $10) For the liest breeding sow^lO , StiO 80 pounds, J I 100 pounds ) onJ best, 12 I Ttie second best 12 The third besl 8 1 The third best, 8 The fourth best, 5\ The fourth best 5 riic fifth best, Diplmna. \ The fifth best, Diploma The butler ofTered for premiums may be presented n butter tubs, jars or firkins. The claimant for premiums on butter, must state in wiiting ihe time when it was made; tbe number ol ows Itept on hia farm ; his mode of keeping ; the treatment of the cream and milk before churning: the mode of churning, winterand summer ; the meih- jd of freeing the butter from the milk : the quantity end kind of ealt used ; -whether saltpetre or any other n substances have been employed ; the bcM time for churning and keeping bulicrin hot wcnthor ; and the best mode of preserving it in and through the summer and winter, and in what vetsels. Those who present cheese for the premiums ofler- ed, must slate in writing the time when it was made ; the nninber of cows kept ; whctliLr the cheese is made from one, two or more milkings ; whether any addition is made of cream ; tbe quantity and kind ol salt used ; the quantity of rennet used and the mode of preparing it ; tbe mode of pressure and the treat- ment of the cheese afterwards. FIELD CROPS, Best crop Indiaa Corn\ „, not esslloin onoucrc J *" The second best 10 !•■. rthe thirl best 3 The fourth best Diploma. Bestcrop of /TAeu*, not r j,,- IcsslLnu one acre, ..5 '*''' The second best 10 The '.bird best, 5 ■Phe fourth best. Diploma. For the best crop of Barttij, not less than one acre.'^io Tlie second h sf «.i | The third best. Diploma l-or the he^t crop of liiic. not less oiio acre, $10. Tiic second best,w. S'l | The third best, Diploma. ^ or the best crop of Oats, not less tlinn one acre,4tlO The second best,. ;.,.. . ®j | 'I'be third best. Diploma For the best crop of.iPo/atwtsfor the table, not less than one •'.'•acre, 10 dolls. The second best,. . . :-■..•, g.) j The third best. Diploma. 1- or the best cron of Potatoes, (luaiiliiv considered, not less than. one ;i«e, 10 dulls. Tlie second best, $.5 | The third best, Diploma. ' or the besl crop of Beets, not .less ihan . ne acre, 10 dolls The second best, .«ij 1 The third best, Diploma. I'or the I est crop of Kuta Dooa.j^en less than one acre. SIO. The second best »■,> | The Ihird best. Diploma.. The best crop of Carrots, net less than one acre, 810. The second best ft3 | The third best. Diploma The besl crop of Pens, not less than one acre, SIO. The second best «5. j Tlie third I est. Diploma. Those who present claims fo p|emiums for farm crops must stale in writing the following particniars : The condition of the soil nl the commencement of cul- tivation for the crop ; the previous cuhivation, pro- duct and manure used upon it ; the quantity and kind of manure the present season ; the quantity ami son of seed used ; the time and manner ofsovvini;, clean- ing, and harvesting the ciop ; the amount of the crop detciiniued by ncinal meiisurement : and tbe e.vpense of culiivntii.n. The land shall be inensurcd by some sworn surveyor, and the claimant of the preiniuiii, with tvu^ther persons who assisted in measuring, shall certify under oath as to the quantity produced from the piece of land mentioned in the certificate ol the surveyor — MAPLE SUGAR— 50 Iba. The best spccitoen, . . . .tlo I Trie third besl, 5 TI.esecoiui b St, 10 I Tl c fourth best. Diploma. Applicants for the premiums on maple sugar will be required to furnish a stateutcntof the manner of mak- ing and clarifying the sugar. DISCRETIONARY PREMIUMS will be awarded for such itnplements and products, not enumerated above, 83 shall be deemed worthy of notice niid cneourngcincnt. HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS, &c. The list ot premiums on horiiculinral and house- hold products will be published ne.\t nionih. PREMIUMS FOR ESSAYS. I. Thehcst popular treatise on Apricultiir.il Cheniistrv ©:C0 II. 1 he best essav on the Rotation cf Crops, best auileil to tlie soils of this state, 20 III. The best essay on the General itlaliagenicut of the 20 IV'. Thcbest essav on the introduction of NcwAgricul tiiral Products, 20 V. The best essay on tJie Maiuiycinent and .\ ppiicalion of Manures 20 TO ARTISTS. I. To the painter of Ihv best specimens of OrLcxinal Portraits of Domestic Anima e~.4 Gold Medal. If. Totheen?rave.r ofllic best spcciineiisof rortraits of Do- mestic Aniin.ils on wood — A Gold Medal. PUBLIC SALE OF STOCK. On Friday, Sept. 30, there will be a pu'.iiie sale of stock ; go' llemen wishing to disposi* of their stock are requested to enter them wiih tbe Recoroiiig Sec lelary previous to the l-5ih Sept., that the cotiiogues may be prepared in season. RULES AND REGULATIONS. Applicants for premiums are requested to pay par ticular attention to the .notes attached to the premiums on Doiry Cows. Fat Cattle and Fal Sheep, Butter and Cheese, Field Crops, Maple Sugar, and to the follow tug regulations. All persons who intend to exhibit catde, horses sheep or swine, should give notice to Luthek Tucii- ER, P.ecording Secretary, Albany, previous to the 15th September, in order that the necessary accom- modniiono may be nindo for them ; and all nniinala must be on iho ground by 9 o'clock of the ;.'8tb. All peisoiiB intending to compcle for the |irriniuni» on plows, uiiist Eond their plows to ihe Recording Secretary, Albany, previous to tbo 1st of August next, that the committee may liovo oiiporluiiiiy to test ihcm thoroughly, and ht such limes and places as they may think best, and be prepared to report at tho Fair. All other agricultural implements ninst be sent as above, on or before the "Cth of ^epleiiiber, that the eommiitce may have an opportunity to test ihem tho day behire the exhibition. The stutenM^ts required from those who coinpeto for field crops, must be sent to the Recording Secre- tary, Albany, previous to the 1st of .Tanuory, 1843, and the premiums will be awarded al llie annual meet- ing of the Society, on the third Wednesdoy in Juu- unry. It is very desirable that all those who intend to compete lor the premiums on bu.ier and chcere, ma- ple sugar, cocoons, silk, &c., should have their epcci- mens in AlLauy early on the moining of Sept. iT, that they may be deposited in their appropriate places, and the rooms suitably arranged on the day previous to the Fair. All premiums will be paid in cash or plate at the option of the winners. The premiums for cEsays, to artists, and for agri- cultural iniplenieniB, will be open to the United Slates ; but all others will be confined to residents of this state', who are menibera of the Society, or who may become so by the payment of one dollar ou entering their ar- ticles. Competitors for the premiums on essays must for- ward their innnuecri|ita to the Recording Secretary, Albany, previous to the first of June, ISii, free of postage. A Doubter. The philosophic Tucker divides mankind into two great i'nmilics, the Knuwnlls and the Searches. Our correspondent S, \V. places our friend David Thomas among the latter, a very respectable connexion indred, but not a numerous one. .We suspect that some of the same blood runs in his own veins The Knowalls ill this world have a remnrknble comfortable time of it; but the Searches, a meddlesome ret of dogs, oro always making difficulty for other peojile and never satisfied themselves. O I fir a pope and an infallible church — in agriculture we menn — certainly wo would not Buy any thing about a Babylonish lady, whoao character and pretensions ha\ c been among the saints to long a matter of discussion. But if we only hod an infallible agricultuial bend, eveiy thing would be quiet and eomfonable ; this terrible inkshcd would cease: and our quills, instead of being worn to the stump in inditing many a goose's lucubrations, might repobc quietly in the wings of those branches of the family to whom they originally belonged. " D'Alembert said that ibe first qualification for a P'uilosopher was the faculty of doubting. As mar- velouences induces us to embrace every absurd im- probable theory, so does the faculty to doubt enable us to scan every theory, both by the tests of scientific proof and the sober lessons of practical cxporimem. David Thomas is clearly one of the number of those individuals in whose mind this cardinal qualilicatioii of the philosopher is most fully developed. In some of his communications on botony, he has sometimes noticed the small blunders and marvelous conceits of certain cvnnoisscnr writers, with a spice of humor and pleasantry suited to the nature of the oflcncc ; but in ihis address, given in this month's Farmer, which re- latcs to the all impoitant theory of the nature and action of manures, he has taken up the theory of Professor Liebig, in relation to the mysterious action of piaster on vegetation, and shown most conclusive- ly from bis own experience, and the general fxperi- enceof our whole rural population, that the theory of the learned professor is at least shaken by long estab- lished and often repeated expeiiincnts. S. W." It is a curiosity to find a man who places too Sew an estimate on his own abilities. 76 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 311 Ho Sugar from Indian Corn and Stearime from I.ard. We have received fioin tbeCommieeionerofPateme: olwnya on ibe alert tu collect ond diffuse useful inlor Illation, an Essny on the manulacluring of Sugar Irom the corn stalk by William Webb of Wilming'.on, Del aware ; and a communicalion on ibe ouliject ot Oil and Stearine from J^ird — in a pamphlet published by the National Agricuhural Society. They are higlily Interesting Olid valuable. We shall select only those parts which are directly proctical ; omiiting such as may be considered too scientific for ^nieral readers. The prospects which they bold out, especially in re- spect to the product of sugar from maize, are very highly encouraging. The first step only in tho pro- cess is as yet taken ; and especially it remaine to he seen what are to be the expenses of the process. Ii is conSdently stated that eight hundred or a thousand pounds of sugar may be produced upon an acre of corn, planted as Mr. Webb directs. We shall be ready to believe it when it is done ; in the mean time we de- sign not the slightest impenchmcnt of Mr Webb's in- tegrity and intelligence, and entertain no distrust or doubt, which should interfere with the immediate and faithful trial of the experiment. Heaven grant that these e.xpeetutions may be realized on the tc ire of hu- manity if for no other reason, if human comfort ia taxed and human lile used uj) so cruelly and so prodi- g'llly, as it is in this pamphlet represented to be in the manufacture of sugar from the cane. " I have felt tonsidcrabic interest in the plan for extending the cultivation of sugar in temperate cli- mates, and have made many cxperinienls : lira!, upon the B-!et, and recently upon INiaize, or Indian corn, ill t'le hope of discovering some mode by which ilie des red end might be aiiained. The results from the liilter plant have been e.t'rcniely encouraging. The inaiiufaciure of sugar from it, compared with that from Beet, oilers many advalnages. It is more sim- ple, and less lialiie to failure. The machinery is less expensive, and the amount of fuel required is less by one-half. The quantity oi sugar produced on a given space of ground is greater, besides being of better quality. "The raw juice of Maize, when cultivated forsu- gir, marks HI" on the saccharomcter while the aver- age ol cane juice (■■is lam informed) is not higher til in 8"^, and beet juice not over 3-'. From !)J qt'a. (dry measure) ol the li)riner, I have obtained 4 pounds b ounces of syrup, cnnceniraied to the pi-int suitable for crystalization. The proportion ol crystnlizable sugar appears to be linger thai) is obtained trom cane juice in Louisiana. This is accounted for ny the fact, that our climate ripens corn p' rfecily, while it but rarely if ever happens that cane is fully matured. In some eases the syi up has cryslnlized so com| lately, tli-ii less than one sixth part of molasses remained. This, however, only happened after it bad stood fiom one to two months. There is reason to believe that if the plant were fully ripe, and the process of mann factiiro perfectly performed, that the eyr-.ip m'ght be entirely crysialized without forming any molasses This [lerfcction in the manufacture cannot liowevc r be iiltained wilh the ordinary ai'pnratu.i. Without any other means for pressing out the juice than a small hand-mill, it is impossible tosny how great a quantity of sugar may -be produced on an acre. The e.vperi- lyenls hriveheon directed more to ascertain thenaccha- rme quality of the corn stalk, than the amount a giv- en quantity of ground will produce ; but the calcula- tions made from iiials on a Fiiiall scale, leave no room o rionbt that the quantity of sugar will be from 8U0 to 1,00.) poumls. "Another mode of cultivation, to be employed in combination with the one first proposed, consists sim- ply in raising a greater numl>er o( plants on the same space of ground. By this plan, all the nnfavorable results above mentioned were obviated; o much lar ger quantity ot su^or was produced, and of better qiialitv. " The juice produced by this mode of cultivation is rem.arkably pure and njrceahle to the taste. Sample- of the sugar yielded by it are now in the Patent Of fice, with a small hond-miUhy which the stalks were cr shrd. " On tlie whole, there appears ample encourage- ment lor perseverance ; every step in the investiga- tion has increased the probabilities of success — no ev- . deuce having been discovered why it should not sue- ] 'leed as well, if not better, on a 1 rge scale, than it has done on a email one. In the fii si place, it has been satisfactorily proved, that sugar ot excellent qual- ity, suitable (or common use without rchuiug, may be made from the stalk ol i^.Iiize. •2d. Tuat the juice of this plant when cuhiviileil in a certain manne"*, con- tains saccharine matter remarkably iiee from liireigu substances. 3id. The quantity of this juice, (even supposing we hud no other evidence about it) is suffi- cientiy demonsliated by the greatomount of nutritive grain which it produces in the natulal course of veg- etation. •' It is needless to expatiote on the voat advantages which would result fiom the introductiouof this man ufaciure into our countiy. " Grain is produced in the West, in such overflow- ing abundance, that the markets become glutted, and inducements aie oU'ered to employ the surplus produce in dietillation. This business is now becoming diS' rciuitahle. Tue happy conviction is spreading rapid- ly, that the use of alcoiiol as a beverage, instead of conducing to health and strength, is the surest means of destroying both. Some other production, ihere- liire, will he lequired, in which the powers of our soil may be pioliiably employed. This, it is hoped, will be found in the business now proposed. Instead of distillerie.-j convening food into poison, we may have sugar houses, manufacturing at onr doors an ortiele in universal demand, not merely useful, but necessary ; furnishing as it docs one of the most tinqile, natural, and nutritious varietire of human sustei.ancc, found in the whole range of vegetable production. It is said that the general use of 5Ugar in £crui e, has had the effect to extinguisb the scurvy, and many other dis- eases formerly epidemical. The lime 1 1' tue crop in tlie sugar island, (soys Ed ivards,) is a season of gladness and festivity to man and beast. The incngie and sickly among the ne- groes exhibit a surprising alternlion in n few weeks after ibe mill is set in action. But though the uee rii >ugar is attended with all these agreeable eiVecIs, there no agricultural production furnished at so great a sacrifice oi human life. The reasons of this mortality may be found in the climate, and the peculiar titua- ms in which cane is cultivated. How nj^'b then II be taken oil the load of human suflering, if this article can he produced in more temperate and h'-alih- Inl irnions I The wide praries, ond fertile alluvial valleys of the West offer an ample field, rich wilh all the elements of success. " It may be doubted whether a tropical country can ever furnish o great amount of exports, except throuch the ineaus of compulsory labor. It appears then, highly probable, that if the iiihabitonts of temperate countries wish to continue the use of tugor, ll ey must lind some means to luoduce it for tlitmsclvea The Beet appears to succeed well in Europe, and the man- ufacture from it is extending rapidly ; hut theie is no liazard in making the assertion thai Indian corn is far tievter adopted to iiiir pnrpnsc. '' Tlie following mode of cultivoting ibc plont, ond making the sugor, is the best thai can now be of- leied. " The kind of toil best adapted to rorn is so well understood, that no directions on this poinl are neces- sary, except that it should bo licb, the richer the bet- ter ; if not naininlly fertile, maunro must he applied cither ploughed in or spread upon ihe siirfnce, or used both ways, accoidiug to the ability of the owner. Nothiivi can foini a heller prepnr.niion fiir the crop, than a clover sod well turned under, and harrowed fine immediately befue planting. "Select for s cd the larcesi and best cars of any variety ol corn not disposed to throw up suckers, or spread r ut in branches ; that kind most productive in the neighborhood, will he generally the one hesl adapt- ed to the purpose. The planting should be done with a drilling mnchinc. One man with a pair of horses, and an inst ument of this kind, will plant and cover, in the most pi;rfect manner, from ten to twelve acies in a day. The rows (if practicable, let th' ni inn north and south ' two and a half feet apart, and the seed dropped sufKciently thick in the row to insure a plant every two or three inches. "A large barrow made wilh teeth arranged so as not to injure the corn, may be used to odvantage soon lifter it is up. The after culture is performed with o cultivotor. and here will he perceived one of the great ■idvantages of drilling ; lEe plants all growing in lines, perfectly regular and straight wilh each other, the horse-1-oe stirs the eonh and cuts up the weeds close by every one. so that no band-hoeing will be required in ■my part of the cultivation. "It is a part of the system of cane planting in Louisiana, to raise ni full a stand of cane upon the ground as possible; experience having pioved that the most sugar ia obtained from the land in this way." As far as my experience has gone, the same thing la true of corn, 'i his point must therefore beotUndi.d to, and the deficiencies, if any occur, made up by iiniely replanting. < " The next operation is taking off the cars. Many stalks will not produce any, but wherevur they appear,, they must be removed. Il is not best to undertake tills woik too early ; as when ihe enie first oppear, they aie tender, and cannot be taken ofl' without breaking, which increases the trouble. Any time be- fore the formation of groin upon them, will be soon enough. " Nothing further is necessary to be done until tha crop is ready to cut for grinding. In our lotitude, ihs cutting may commence, wilii the eailier varieties, iibout the middle of August. The later kinds will ha ripe in September, ond continue in season until cut ofV by frost. The stalks should be topped and bladcd while standing in the field. They ate then cut, tied in bunulee, ond token to the mill. The tops and blades, when properly cured, make excellent fodder, rather belter ills believed, than any hitherto used; and the residuum, after passing the rollers, may easily be dried ond used in the same way ; another advai> tage over the cane, which, after the juice is expressed, is usually buined. 'i'he milis should be made on the same general prin eiple eniplojed in constiucting those intended for grinding cane. .\n imporlaiil diflerencc, however, will be foanil both in the originai cost, and in the ex- imise of woiking them. Judging fiuni the compor- ntive hardness of cane and corn stalk, il is believed thatone-lourlh part of the strength necessary in tho construction of o ennc mill, will be amply sufficient for corn ; and less than one-fonrlh port of the power will move it with the same velocity, li moy le mode with three npiight *vooden roUere, from twenty to for- ty inches in lengih, turned so as to run true, and fit- ted into a strong fiiime woik, consisiingof two hoii- zontal pieces siictaiuLd by uprights. These pieces mo mortised to admit wedges on each side the pivots of ihe two outbiiie rollers, by which their distances ficni ibc middle one may be leguloicd. The power is ap pi ed to the middle roller, and the otbeis are moved from it by means of cogs. In grinding, the slnlkB pots through on the right side of tho middle cylinder, and come in contact with a piece of frame woik cbI- led the dumb retnruer, which directs tbem backwards' BO thai they pass through the rollers again on the op- posite side of the middle one. (Seecni.) The mod- ern ireprnved inachinB is mode entirely of iion ; ihleo horizontal rollers ai ranged in a triangular form, one- above and two below, the cone or sialk pafses direct- ly through, receiving two pressures before il escapes. The lower cjlindeis are conioined in a small cistern which receives the jnice. The laiier machine is the' most complete, the former ihe least expensive. These inilis may he moved by cattle but for large operations, steam or water power is preferable. When the veiti- cal cylinders are turned by cattle, the axis of the mid- rlle one has Umg le\eis fixed across it, extending from ten to fifteen feet from the centre. To rcndt^ tho arms firm, the axis of this roller is carried up to a con- siderable height, andob ique braces of wood by which the oxen or horses draw, aic extended from the top of the vertical axis, to ihe extremities of each ot iho arms. When horizontal cylinders oie propelled by animal power, the upper roller is turned by ccgs at one end, which are caiiehlby cogs on a verlico shaft. It is said that in the West Indies, the purest cono juice will ferment in twenty minutes afier it enters the receiver. Corn juice has been ktpt for one hour before boiling, wilhoul any apparent injury resulting ; U. 5 AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. iiuicli dulnv is riDt dcsiroble, au it tnny be Bt ridfil wah bnd elTecld. Tbo proceso wbich hns been employed in tbe nniirii-ture ol' Maize sugar, is ns loliows : The juice, "ler earning from the mill, e'ood lor n short time in Jlio.^ite saine tif its conrser impiiraies : it was then ured oil', and passed through a flannel etrnincr, i]i dir to get rid of such matters as eould be separated 1 this "ay. Lime water, c.Tlled mdk of liine, wa? en added in llie proportion of one or two table 's lull to the gallon. ' It is said by sngar manu- cturers, that kniuvkdge on this point enn onlv be ed by experience ; but I have never faded in g sugar from employing loo nimh or too little " the lime. A certain portion of this substance, in'evcr, is undoubtedly necessary, and more or lees an this will be injurious : but no precise directions in he given about it. The juice was then placed •or the lire, a;id brought nearly to the boiling point, ben it was carefutly skimmed, taking care to eom- ietc thisoperation before ebullition commenced. It as ilien boiled down rapidly, removing tbe scum as lose. The jnice w.ts examined from lime to lime, id if iheie was :in appearance of feculent panicles hich would not rise to ihe surface, it was again pas- ;d tlirnugli a tlannel strainer. In judging when the rup wa^ sulHciently bijiled, a portion wns taken be- vcen the thumb r.nd linger, and if when moderntely ol. a thread half nn inch long could be drawn, it was ^nsidered to be done, and was poured into broad shal »w vessels io crystal!. zo. in some cases crystallizn- on commenced in twelve hours ; in others, noi till f'.er several days : and in no case was this process so r completed as to allow the sugar to he drained in !SS than three weeks from the lime ofboiling. The 3asnn wliy so great a length of time was requited, 1 not yet been able to discover. There is no douhi that an improved process of manufacture will ause it to granulate as quickly as any other. *' Enough lins been said to eiiable Qnyone6t>dispos- d to manufaclure sugar Ironi Maize, either on a large a small scale. As to the proliis of tbe business,! liaU make no positive assertions; experience on the object is yei loo limited to warrant them ; and as all le facts in relation to it are now bercro the public, very one intercsti'd can draw his own conclusions. 1 is said by those ac]uainted with the cultiration of le cane, that that business cannot ba carried on pro tably on less than one hundred acreo in crop, and lat tliempts on a small scale will be certain to fad lb a great loss of lime and labor. Hoiv far ibis lay be applied to corn, remains to bo seen- " Some comparison between the cultivation of cane d tliat of corn may perhaps be interesting. "The cane lands in Louisiana are redeemed to ericulture, by strong embankments along the river, nd by nnmerons ditches, which extend bark into the waiup lo a considerable distance beyond the line of ultivaiion. The ground ia still further divided by nailer ditches into lots of from one to two acres in xient. It is extremely rich and productive ; but ihc xpcnse of d.-aining, and keeping up ilie embank- lenis, must be very considerable ; this forms the rsl differen^;e to be noted in iho culiurc of the two jants under consideration. " The best season for planting cane in Louisiana, in the fr.ll, which is also the lime of harvest, when bor is most valuable, and the greatest exertions are jquired to secure ihe crop before it is destroyed by ■ofli. But the most striking differe- ce will be found I the cosl of seed, and in the labor of planting. The ane is propagated by layers ; these are partly fur- shed from ihe lops of the plant, when cut for grind- ig, but are principally raitoons. Of the latter, it re- iires the produce of one acre to plant three. The rain from one acre of corn will be sufficient for piant- ig forty acres. Therefore, the difference in expense rseod, will be as one lo thirteen. "In planting cane, furrows are made with the !oU!jh f^rom two and a half lo three feet apail; in liese the layers are placed in a double row, and the arth drawn over them wiih hoes to the depth of three r four inches. In the spring, before the plants are p, this covering is partly scraped off, so as to leave hem buried Irom one to Iwo inches. '■From this account, it is evident, that no more annal labor will be required lo drill fifty acres in orn, ihin 10 plant one acre in cane. The labor of iliivnting the latter plant during ils growth, is also ;rea!er : but this may be balanced by Ihe extra work equired to take off the embryo cars from ihe corn. Vhen cultivated in tbe mode recommended, the stalk f corn is soft, remrirkably heavy, and full of juice rom bottom to lop. The amount of power required r grinding them inns' be much Icssthan is necessary spring and fumincrdiouKhts, which are voiy injurious to them, come on. The best manure we know of for them, is that recommended in No 2, prceteni vol. of N. G. Karmor, for gardens. If this is not conve- nient, mould from the wood.n answers n very pood purpose. They must be thinned end kept very clean, which in fields may be dime with n corn harrow or cultivator. W. B. Movnt Osceola, April, 1842. Mulbpiry Trees and Silk Culture. An old friend of ours, Geo. Dickinson of Deer- feld, Mass., desires ns to say that he has 100,01^0 of mulbeny trees, of the Canton, Miilticaulis, Mnroiti, and several hardy varieties, which I e would be ghid to dispose of on the nioei reasonable terms. The pub- lic mind must presently be aroused to tbe importance of silk raising and this most invaluable aiticle of cul- ture. The apathy and incredulity of the public in re- gard to it is deplorable. They seem now like a tired and foundered horse, whom you con neither by coax- ing or driving even get into a trot. What may he accomplished under n new rider and since the Com- missioner ol PaientB* hos mounted t le silk horse, with bright spurs and a new w hip, we kIkiII sie. We only add that whoever deals with Mr. Dickinson, may, wc ore saiigfiefl. relv emiiely upon his honor. The Le Roy Female ^cnlinary• Mr. Editor — In some of Ihe early numbers of the New Gencjce Farmer, a correspondent atlcmpt- ed lo show that Female Seminaries of the present day are unsuitab'e places for farmers' daughters, and that a modern liberal education is calculated to make them dissatisfied 'with their country hemes and rural life ; and in jonr intercourse wiih the agricultural community, I doubt not that you find the same opinions quite prevalent, especially among those who, being destitute of a good cducaticii themselves, are ignorant of ils true value and in- fluence, and know nothing of these inEtilutions against which they disclaim. It is not my present intention to expose the fal- lacy and injurious tendency of such sentiments, but merely to express a regrel Ihnt all who cher- ish them could not hare the privilege which I en- joyed last week, of witnessing the examination at the Le Roy Female Seminary, under the raai;- agernent of Miss Emily E. Ingham, Princip.il. The catalogue of pupils for the past year shows the number to have been 232. The winter term clos- ed on the loth of April, with four days public ex- amination. Each class in the school 'was exam- ined separately and thoroughly in the various tracts on the subject of obtaining branches of study, and each pupil, excepting the junior class, read a composition of her own pro- duction. The proficiency and depth of research manifested by the pupils in their examinations, and the knowledge, talent ani sentiment displayed in their compositions, reflected the highest credit on the teachers, an 1 gave conclusive evidence that they had been eminently successful in their avowed aim, " to make thorough scholars, independent thinkers and reasoners, and useful members of society.'' Many of the pupils are farmers' daughters, and if their parents were asked whether they think the instruction imparted at this institution is ''cal. culated to make them discontented and unhappy," I have no doubt their reply would be in sub- stancelike the expression I h"ard made by a wor- thy farmer from Livingston, 'who had come to wit- ness the examination and take home two lovely- daughters, in parting with the principal and teachers his last -n-ords were, "my only regret is, that I have not more daughters to send you." The next term of this Seminary commences on the first Wednesday of May. E. for cane — or, what is the same ih'ng, an equal power will do it with greater rapidity. The average yield of cane in Louisiana, is one thousand pounds of sugar, and forty five gallons of niolnteespci acre. " From ibe above compainiive statement, it would appear tliat one half ih's amount ol crop from com would be equally, if not more ))roliinblc. I will only add in conclusion, that whether or not sugar fiom the corn-stalk may soon become an article of pi'ofii.'ible export — its maiuiliictuic in the simplest I'orni will enable every family to eupply themselves with this article (or common use, now bcconieto oiucli n necessary of" life, and thus save a consideiable bill of expense yearly paid for foreign sugars. (Translated at the Patent Oflice, and highly con- firmatory of Mr. Webb's Essay. H. L. ELLSWORTH.) Extract frum Annnlcs de la Sonde Poli/techniqiie Pialiqnr., No. "il, for October, )8"3!). Sr-aiROF Coi!.-».— There is no plant of greater general inierest or utility than Indian corn, it can servo, under n great vaiiety of dilTcrcnt forms, for noorishnientof man and the d micsiic animals, and above all, the application of indusltious science. In reference to its faccbarine qualities. Maize has u^t been sufficiently appreciated. Tiavellers report, ihai under the tropics the stalk of this plant is so very ^accbntine that the Indians suck it as in olher places they do tbe sugar cane. M. Pullas, who has made a great many researches on this aptilicaliou of Maize, has arrived a . a remark- able retull — be has found by many ex| eriments both in Fiance, and miu'c recently in Africa, that this veg- etable, by a simple modificiuion applied lo its culture, is able to furnish a much more considerable quantity of fugar, th'iii by the ordinary method. This method consists in deiaebing fVom the plant, imuiedialely after the fecundation of tbe ovaries (after tbe plant has lasselled) the young ear, and to leave it to develop itself thus deprived of its fruit Arrived at maturity, the stalk of the Indian corn contains eryslalizable sugar in quantity very often double that obtained when ibe plant is left to mature with the grain. In fact, by the ordinary mode of euliure, the grain is nourished at the expense of the sugar in the si.ilk. as it absoibs a great quantity of ibis immediate piinciple, which, liy the proces-i of nutrition, is con- verted into starch. On the other hand, if iho young ears are immediately destroyed, the sugar intended to nourish ibem remains in them where it accumulates, and the Maize plant is thus converted into a true eu gar cjue, whde the fibrous pait can be mann.^ciured into paper. The quantity of sugar ie so very great in the stalk of tbe Maize deprived of the ear. that the pith of this vegetable retains a sensible flavor of sugar even after it has been dried, as is easily proved by examining the specimens deposited by M. Pallas in the Bureau of the Academy of !?ciences. These resul's ore go impor- tant 08 to merit experimetits on a grander scale, which may obtain thus for France a source of new industry in the manulacture of sugar. We give no ex Stearine from Lard lor Ihe purpose ol makng candles equal to *ox, as it would not be generally intelligible and is adapted lo the manufacture upon rather a larger scale than could be used in families, as the patentee advises that " To operate with advantage, the vessel in which the boiling is effected should be of consider- able capacity, holding' soy from ten to a hundred bar- rels"— or about aa large ne a common log cabin. We have no reason to doubt the success of the process. Carrots. These are one of the most iinportant crops a farmer can cultivate, whether for bis dairy, young stock, sheep or swine, or whether they are considered as a crop which yields rich remuneration for his labor, or as one leaving his land in a healthful and active state « ben taken i ff. They succeed aa well, and perhaps better, when sown succcsaively on the some soil for many years. The ground for them should be deeply and thoroughly pulverized, and then they will send their long roots to a depth which the spade has not penetrated, thus to some extent, imitating the work of the subsoil plough by breaking the hard soil beneath them. Carrots for slock should be sown eorly, before tbe j ?ec ids Ilrport i : l;i«t Etm e 78 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. FLOWKRS. The fnllciwinc is « prc'.ty bmiuct received from f^ir hands, which, we hojie, will cull orhers for our use, even sweeter and more fair. For the TVeuj Genesee Farmer, The following lines were suggested hy the perusnl of an nrtlelo on FLriculture in a late numljer of the New Gone- 8ee Farmer. I love the flowers, the fair young flowers, Where'er their dwelling l)c ; Though splinting i n the mountain side— Or 'nealii the greenwood tree. Though found In each sequestered nootr, Of every woodkind shade ; Or bio -ming, 'mid the gay parterre, By tasteful fingera made. A pleasant task it is, I worn, Thsfragi.e things to rear, Whose wc.-iUh of verdant h.vclinos, Life's weary hours in.iy cheer. To watch llie opening inids that spring, 'Neath summer's genial showers ; Each 8tri\in^ in i'.e bluflhinii pride, To b.'oom the fairest flower.*). And when at last the blossoms lie All witbere.1 at our fee;. And lavish on the pasiin? breeze Their perlumed odors sweet ; Tl ere comes from every fading flower A lesson for the heart. That earth's most fnir nn.-I love'y things "The soonest must ilcp.'.i;," " For voiceless teachers arc tiiey cl!," And einhlemstcio, of youlh. Its days of infant purit;-. lis trusting yeprs ol Ir.ith. And liltc the Iinman flowers that spring In iieauty 'loundour liear h, Till, fad ng from our sight aw.iy. We know not half their worth. J.I.._ Ruinl Life nud Plea.«iuics. Mm. CoLM.iN — Your correspondent Zelia, eaya tbnt our dittn nd interest slioiild prompt n3 to bestow our co operation to moke your columns iiisiriictive nr.d interesting ; and tliat '.hiscnnnotbe fully ottaincd unless your fe- inn'e readers render some assistance. With Bn imperfect ednroiion, I feel mucli difTidence in presenting you this communicolion. But since my education taught me lo peiforni every known duty, 1 fim most happy to render niy part, hnmlile as that mny be. The offering, if not accepted for its intrinsic value, may be welcome (or the good intentions which dictate it. I have not the vivid imagination and envi- able sensibility of W. B., nor the fund of interesting ideas of Zelia ; but I hope I mny be allowed to claim f-ir myself n grateful and holy reverence for ray Cre- ator, and a thirst for improvement in science, in liter- ature, in floriculture and horticulture, in rural and domestic economy, and finally, in every thing that pertains to the developemcnt of human virtue, iho ad- vancement of good morale and the present well-being nndfiiture happiness of mankind. An attention to flowers and shrubs, serves to inspire a taste for natu- ral beauty every wheie, and lor nil that is delightful and lovely in the works of our Creator. It is our duty to cherish and strengthen and nourish the benev oient aflections, and a sympathetic attachment foral! that s.irround us. Much certainly is to be done for many of us, in order to prepare our minds for enjoy- ment in the works of nature, in erasing our false ideas and prejudices in relation to the true sources of our best and purest pleasures. A ramble through the green fields and over the hills, may be prompted by mere listlessnefs or accident, or if you please, by ro- mance or (asliion ; and without some cultivated taste for rural scenery or some synipaihy with nature, wc may not Icel in such case a single emotion of heart felt enjiymeni, nor one grateful or reverential .ispirn lion of the soul to heaven, for the infinite abundance and exquisite and countless forms of beauty which arc spread around us. But we connot expect every one to look upon nature as in every deportmnnl and object alive with the pres- ence of God, nor to feel deeply conscious of the great source from whence tiiese pleasures flow, and happy always in this recognition ol the divine goodness. But 1 should rejoice, if any motive, even of an infe- rior character, would induce them lo spend Eome part of their time in the fields and the garden and thefor- ests, by the silver etrenm and by the mirrored lake, rather than that they should not do it at all. But in order to taste the deep and exhsuslless fountains of pure bliss, enclosed, il I may so say, wiihin the folds of every shooting plant, or under their full developed leaves, amid.sl all the secrets and all the wonders of vegetable life, we inusi feel and reflect and meditate upon the design and intentions, for which their aulhor formed them, and the sublime and happy influences, with which they are capable of inspiring our minds. It is with peculiar pleasure I peruse an occasional line from llie pens of a few of the many gifted females o' our happy and privileged country. Mny they dig deep for the the rich stores of intellectual wealth wiihin iheir reach, and bring them forth to adorn and bless the community. They cannot exert their talents too much in order to render rural scenery attractive and rural life delightful ; and to show how much itsp'eas- ures and privileges are to be coveted. Happy is the condition of that rural retreat, where the peaceful labors I. f agricnUure and the calm pleas- ures of country life divide the hours; where abun- dance comes as the honest compensation of labor ; contentment springs out of an innocent mind and a guiltless conscience, and simple mirth and youthful glee are but the pourings out of a full heart, like the bubbling and sparkling waters from a gushing spring. It is delightful to see the love of natui-e in her simpli- city, in her beauty, in her variety, in her grandeur, in her glory, highly cultivated and strengthened; ic pour our hearts out in grateful admiration and wonder at the exhibitions and testimonials of the divine boun- ty in the lliwcrs, die forests, the fields, the fountains : in the multiplied forms of life every where crowding uponoursight, and every where manifesting their own enjoyment of existence ; in the budding and flower- ing foliage of spring, in the golden and ripened har- vest, in winter's glittering mantle, in the reddening dawn, in the gorgeous siniKet, am! in the star span- gled night. When lo such loses as these are added stores of inttllcctunl wcrdih, consisnily increasing, iho charms of unbroken and warm domestic affec- , lions, ibc mingling of sympathclic hearts, which in every kind and every elevated emotion, vibrate in harmony, and wilfa all a deep and grateful sentiment of depcndance and duty to the great and exhaustless source of all happiness, where on earth shnll we look lor a condition more privileged and blessed ; what stimulants does il furnish to virtuous industry, and what alleviaiions lo those pains and afilictions which are inseparable from onr humanity. FLORA. ZeUa-"I)o!ncstic amd Political SIcoiuomy-~ Kural Tastr, &.C. Mr. Coi.mav — I felicitate you on the acquisition of such a female correspondent as Kelia ; her lessons on domestic economy if lived up lo, will do more to- wards curing hard times, and commencing a henllhy social reform, thnn a hundred essays on political econ omy, or twice that number of common-place high tariff or home league resolutions ; in fact, stern neces sity alone is now dealing with the people, and bring- ing about that state of things which Zelia would ef- fect by moral suas'on, nnd the beauty of her own in fo. dividual and may I not say, tiuly intellectual cx-l ample. Since " foreign goods and trinkets" cannot bo paid for any longer in paper contrivances, prices in New nts York have fallen bo ruinously low, that next to none! will now be imported for the remainder of the fiscall year; and the gieat puzzle now is with our nationall financiers, how they are to raise a revenue at ell, ifAitii they increase the present larifT of duties, since larg^jijuit quanliiios of foreign goods ore now being reshippcd tol avoid the payment of our present taritT; what a hies, sed thing it is that all foreign balances against us can* now only be paid in coin, as noihing short of ihisi would have slopped imporlalions ; a call for specia' strikes at the life of our Banks, and they are so aversei to dying, thai they had rather see all ihe ladies in tha country go wiihoul biocnde shawls and velvet c'loaksj than to lose even a nioiiie of their coin. Who is so blind as nut to see in this state of things a belter and more lasting encouragement to silk cul- ture ond home industry, than all the special legisla* lion Congress could bestow in the shape of high lariflj orslill more senseless retaliatory restrieliorip? •What has England's high tarill reslriclions done for her,i bul increase the volume of her population, her paupers and her poor rates? Her manufacturing industry haa | 'F' been stimulated by protection, until it was necessary '" 10 give to her ogiiculture like protection, in order to make her independent of other nations for bread, ond also to stim.ulatc ihe home market for her surplu* manufactures. Let us then in these United ?iatea, with our vast territory, our endless rolling prairicsi nnd superior sunny climnlp, be slow to think that wft have the same need of restrictions on trade, as iitllei colli, wet, over populated Great Britain ! Zelia inculcates domestic simplicity and economy, in a manner which shews that she has arrived at thi corner stune of political economy almost witboul knowing il ; her lessons shew that simplicity in d meslic arrangement, is the true handmaid to menta| culture, that meretricious display and fashionable ex. cess, can hardly conceal vulgarity of mind, or maki up for a deficient edu;-atinn. I hope 2elia will writi often for the Farninr; U i her tell her log house sisteri to keep their scnniy turiniuie "bright and clean a little white wash bolh within and without, a clam- bering vine, a grass plot, a garden with a few flower, ing shrubs and plants, will speak a much belter civili" zation and mental culture, for the unknown inmalaJl of ihal cabin, ihan the most ambuious farm house i^ the land. S. W. 'i FIoricultuie.""L'anipanula rotnndi-'bla. | Mn. CoLMAN — I have ever read with a great deal igs that grow to a rge size, one of which about two and a half years I I killed on the 14th inst., that weighed when esaed 80.'! lbs., of which T'll lbs. was lard, and the uns weighed .56 lbs. each. II commenced feeding him about the middle of ivembcr with peas and corn, at which time he was llow condition. When alive, he measured 6ft. 8 in. iiund his body just ba:k of I he fore shoulders. The ight of this animalsounds large to us in this neigh- ■hood ; and if you consider him deserving of it, It will no doubt pay him the compliment of a no « in your useful paper, the JS^ew Genesee Farmer. Your ob't servant, JOHN POTTS. This hog certainly deserves a memorial, and is »rthy of being an Emperor among bis own counlry- n. He must have taken a lesson of the frog, who id to equal the ox. but with a good deal more sue- sand without ending in the same unhappy explo- n. He was as heavy when dressed as hal tha ill that are killed. Onr correspondent doea not e his breed of swine a name ; and it might be !med uncivil to call them the Potts breed ; but con ering the value of such pork for boiling, we might forgiven if W3 should call them the Pot Breed. a\'a "doing the thing to a t." The Ne Plus intra. Since giving a notice of the Clyde Breed of Hogs ra Mr. Potts, we have received the subjoined from orrespondent in Maine. The Yankees may well this the " Beatem ;" ond il will be a small afiair any other state to talk of " going the whole Hog" •r this. Tbe amount of loss in killing ia very small i contradicts the usual experience. Blaine Pig vs. Genesee Pigs. Mr. Adams, in the last number of tbe New Genesee mer, says " Mr. Marks had four Berkshires which ighed 1838 pounds, and Mr. Corter'etwo weighed 10 pounds, when twenty months old." Now. Mr. F.dJtor', I ha>-e n tale to tell worth two of that. Mr. Jameson, of this place, yesterday killed a pig twenty two nioniha and twelve days old, which weighed alive 1010 pounde. Urccscd he weighed DOS lbs — without the caul, that weighed thirty eight and a half pounds. Rlnkinghis whole weight 94:iJ pounds — a loss of only 6t5J pounds. He was a cross of the Berkshire and Bodl'ord — girted seven feet, and was live feet and about ten inches in length. His keeping till September last, was not high or expensive. Six bushels ol potatoes and two of meal, with weeds and tbe spare milk of three cows, lasted him and two breeding .sows of the same age, two weeks. They were fed but twice a day. The potatoes were boiled, mashed up in n large tub, the meal added and water enough put in to make it quite thin. In addition to this feed n'ght and morning since September, he has had three quarts of corn at noon. Your ob't eerv't WM WATERMAN. Cornish, Mc, March 2.'), 1842. Oriiaineutal Trees. [fViim Caimans Fourth Report. 'i The cultivation of ornamental trees ought to be strongly pressed upon the farmers. " Put a tree down ; it will be growing while you are sleeping." Many of thera enrich the country ; all adorn it, and thus essentially increase the value of an es- tate, and render the country more healthful as well as beautiful. Every place on a farm, where they can grow without injury to the crop, ought to be planted with trees. Timothy Walker, of Charles- town, Middlesex county, lately deceased, left a legacy of some hundred dollars to be expended in planting ornamental trees on some of the great roads in that town. This was a noble bequest ; and places him among the benefactors of the com- munity. It is an example worthy of imitation. A taste for the beauties of natural scenery can- not be too much cultivated among us. A taste for natural beauty is closely allied to a taste for moral beauty. The more attractive our homes are ren- dered, the more shall we love our homes ; and the love of home is the parent of many kind and no- ble afl'ections. A taste for natural beauty is an original element of the mind. It may be strengthened, elevated, and enlarged by education ; but it appears even in the rudest minds, and thus speaks its divine origin. I believe the perception of beauty exists in all an- imals ; or why should they have been made so beautiful ? Natick in Mdidlesex Co., was the seat of the fir.st christian mission to the Indians, where the benev- olent Eliot, designated as the Apostle, sought to pour into the minds of these children of nature, benighted with the thick darkness of superstition, the heavenly rays of inspired truth. Eliot was followed by a worthy successor, Oliver Pcabody. The Indians appreciated the blessings of the reli- gion of peace and love which he taught them ; and in gratitude for his services, these sons of the for- est, to whom the trees seemed as their own kin- dred, came in a deputation bringing two elms, and asked leave to plant in front of the humble dwel- ling of the missionary these ''trrcs tiffiicnilsliip." This was in 1722, and these trees stood for ninety years, when one was rived by lightning, and the other seemed to perish through sjanpathy. When the successor of Mr. Pcabody, Mr. Badger, was settled in lla'S, the Indians offered the same token of respect and the same pledge of good will to him. These trees are still in full vigor, and re- main as beautiful monuments of ofl'ections, which have gone out on earth, but are destined to be re- kindled .and burn with a purer flame. Nature is every where prodigal of beauty, as if she would stimulate the passion for it to the ut- most extent. Among the varied combinations of charming objects, which mingle in a rural l.ind- scape, the trees are preeminent. Sometimes rising in single cones so exact and symmetrical in their form, that they seem the perfection of art ; some- times spreading their umbrageous limbs in curves and lines of the most graceful expansion ; some- limes bending their boughs to the earth loaded with golden and crimsoned fruit, and when the sun pours its bright rays upon them, presenting not an inapt image of that sacred bush where the divine presence wrapt itself in robes of lire ; sometimes seen in long single lines skirting the trnveller's path ; sometimes in beaulilul clumps and clnsli-rb, alfording a grateful shade to the panting lierds ; at other times in the wide spread forest, shading a volley with their deep and black green; here again burnishing the mountain's side with their thick and matted foliage ; now in autumn robed ia the gorgeous vestments of more than oriental mag- uiliconce ; and often in winter bending under their piled-up lleeces of snow, or glistening with match- less splendor when cased in ice and changed into a crystal forest of glass and diamonds ; in all these cases how suited are the trees to charm Ihe eye and delight the mind! Why should not the eye be charmed ? Why should rtot the imagination be delighted I Why should we not take pleasure in the beauty of God's works? Why should we not do what we can to make our homes continually nrore and more beautiful ; and to multiply and fill to overflowing these innocent sources of pleasure 1 The country is full of poetic sentiment and re- ligious monitions. The privileged inhabitants of the country should seek to rise above the mere drudgery of life, and make themselves familiar with nature in her ever varying and charming as- pects. It will not hurt their industry, but it will cheer their toil to study the benevolence of the Creator in the perfection of all his works ; and, I trust I may add without irreverence, to second his provision for the happiness of his creatures in multiplying every where around them the forms of beauty. I hope I shall be pardoned for the enthusiasm which I may betray on this subject. Let those who think ray remarks out of place, kindly pass them over. Penetrated to the depths of my soul with a sense of the beauty of nature and the charms of rural life, I am anxious that even the lowest laborer may have his toil alleviated, his self-respect quickened, and a sentiment of the dig- nity of his own nature breathed into his heart by a habit of observing and studying ond enjoying the wonders and glories of the visible creation around him. I cannot think it difficult, under a just education, to awaken this sentiment and form this habit, even in the humblest minds ; and what sources of gratiticalion in such case shall we open to him, which the wealth of cities cannot purchase, and what motives to religious trust and joy shall we inspire, -which written teachings can never im. part. For what a prodigality of beauty is every where manifested in the natural world ! Light it- self is the perfection of beauty, and wherever it spreads its glittering robe, converts every thing which it touches into beauty. Take the great fea- tures of nature, the earth, the water, the sky, the sun, the moon, the stars ; and what beauty is re. splendent in every one of them. Take the vege- table tribes, the trees, the flow'ers and the verdant fields ; take the animal creation, from the fairy bird that cleaves the liquid air with his burnished wing, to the pearl of exquisite briUiancy, that lies buried in the depths of the sea ; and what a divine beauty shines out in the whole. Examine the mi- nutest atom, which you cnn pick from the earth with the finest needle, the smallest flower that drinks in the refreshing dew, the least insect that floats in the sun-beam, the tenderest leaf that quivers in the breeze, and the vast continent with all its mixed and varied features of land and water, of valley and mountain, of prairie and forest; take the vast ocean, with its ceaseless heavings, and its deep curulean waves, and the golden and crimsoned heavens at the rising and setting sun ; look at nature, even in her decay, in the variega- ted glories of autumn, or reposing under her jew- elled mantle in the death of winter, look at every thing in its individual form, or in its combinations, and even in objects which seem offensive or loath- some, or terrific, — all, all, is flooded with beauty. I have stood hour after hour, gazing at the mighty Niagara ; and while I beheld in its tremendous ' movement, an image of the Divine Power, and in its ceaseless flow, a symbol of the Divine Eterni. ly, yet in its deep torrent of living grten, its glit- tering tresses, of a whiteness which the drifted snow does not surpass, and in the dazzling iris, spanning its troubled and foaming abyss, anti girding, as it were, (he lion's neck with a cincture of brilliants, beauty, ineffable beauty, pervaded and triumphed over the whole ; and there, of all other places on earth, seemed to have fixed her shrine nnd to demand universal homage. 80 THE NEW GENESEE FvVRMER, Vol. 3 Agents for the Rochester Seed Store. A general Bisortiuent ol' seeds, from ihe Rochester Seed S:ore, mny be found at corh of the following places. Subscriptions nill also lie received there for the " New Geaesee Farmer and Gardoner's Jinirnal." Buffalo W. &G. Bryant. Lockpoit S. If. Rla'-ks& Co. Albion C. VV. Swiin. Brockport Giwrye Allen. Scottsville Andrns & Gnrhutt. X^e lloy Tompkins & Morgan. Batavia I. V. D. Verplanck. Attica R. &,N. Wells Perry L. B. Parsons & Son. Mnint M.irriB K Sleeper. Geneseo .1 F. &G. W. Wyman. Canandaigua .' H. O. Hayes &, C i. York 11. H French. Geneva Van Brnnt & Son. Waterloo Abram Dcnel Auburn T. M. Hunt. Pnlmvrn Hoyt & May. Syracuse I'- B. Fitch &Co. Utica J. K. Warner. Osweuo I). Con field. HamiUun •'■ A. Molt. iM. B. BATEHAM. Non-Resident Lands in Michigan. THKuTulcrsIoiiel respectrully announces lo the public, thiU lie h.as opened :in Office oiijeirlot' acting as . gcneri ' II this city for the specitii for the payment of Taxes __.dent Liuuis, now, or hereiiflPr to 'lecoiiie due. in any of the Oountie? of this State and he will visit himself. or l)y a trusty person, each of the Counties, to ohtuin all ne- cessary infiirin.VLion upon the sulijmt. 1*319003 wishing t.axes paid in any of the Counties in Mii;hig.-!n. .^nd f.irwardinslo the undersigned the necessary lunollill of fun s free of postage, toacthef with an accunite description or their lands, may rest assurejl that iheir inter- ess sliall he s;riipulnusly r.ttend.'d to. lliscnarg'^s willatall t.nies he rcasoaaWe, and proportion- el lo Ihe Hervices rendered. The un lersi^nej will endeavor to make himself thoronsh- !.■ a- luainlol with the vu neof Lands in every part of ihe Sia'.e thill he may he enabled 10 give infoimation to all en- qnirors-, an I if desired, will an Ifrtake the sale of ihe same. He hegs leave most respectfully to refer as t< and capacit to redeem the pledges above siven lievelcertificates. Ditrolt, Marciti, 1840. J. L. waiTi.\G. rctrnit. ^Tarch 3, 1S40. Ithinksuch an offu-easlsproposcl liy Dr. J. L. Whiting highly ne:cssnry for the convenience of the cQiomunity, and thai he is exceedinsly well (pialihcd by long residence in ftiichigan, much knoivlcdgeof the country, strict integrity, a, d correct business liabits, t"ur the duties of the proposed Aeency. C. C TRipWBRIDGK, Prcs't Bank- of iVIichigan I concur fully in the sentiments and opinions expressed in the.l')Ovenoleof Mr. 'rrowliridse. Detroit !Harch .5, 1S41I. WAI. WOODSItlDGK, Govern r of Michigan. I have been .acquainte 1 with Dr. .r. L. Whiting for many years, an 1 fully concur in the views above expressed by Mi". Trow^ri Ije. E. F\K Vri'.VO !TH, Chancello . Dr. J. L. Whiting is in my judgment fully conipe ent to d:a- large the duties of the proposed Agency, and i cheerful- ly rejoinineud hiiu to_the p ' " ATKINSON FEMALE SEMINARY. MllS ATKINSON', bavins removed lo the cily i pared to receive n f>iv „v.rr- - ImiIos into Her fan .irders— competent t. - ; -.Mledand ail hri. sTiirly pursued o L.l. :. 'iii'lon Parent ■it .assured that pv,-r, ,i . i :i Ip paid lo the d physical, = v." i - ;■■ I. ■ ' • ' " mul < " tu ti n, bo.-ii .1 The follow . h.fierman,! ■ .. payal : i-Mr — 1 ill Dr.awii he moral nc'oiltng BEEBE'S STRAW CARRIER. rpllF. Biibscrilier having sold Ihe ri ht of his Patent Straw ' " i^r ill tlieionniies of Gene-oe, Livingston, Onta- iieiiiii Orle-ms, in the state of New York, .and in ;iesof Huron, S.vndusky, and Seneca, in the slate .■ill persons wishing the above machines pan be in OrlcansCo.. N.Y., bv Philiplnman of Claren- Gcnesee Co., N, Y., bv Laioens Cossilt at Riga and in tbi- counties of Ontario and Livingston by ■ V, r-, . , It ScoUsville, Monroe Co. Those wi.=h- I.. list's in any other part of the United M 1 ; ,' npply to tbe snliscriber. All persons :i .1." . iiia'-bines before 'he first of October next CouiiTv and stale rights on rca- URLHH BEEBB. Riga, MouroeCo., N. Y. 1 Pat- roniis tbe work of separating the ^al, Outs and Barley, with tbe . does it cleanly, and is durable, 3ing, jis we conceive, all those ree, we cheerfully recommend it call s and cheap. Vi R Ha Willii . AVheatland. R. P. HAr- ri\n From a long and Intimate ac'iuain "Whiting, I am happy to aboie st.itemenis. ditor Gener.al with Dr. J. L. irurrence in the 'rUb.U.\S ROU'L.tND, Se,;ri-^arv of State. I.anI office, netrnit, March .'i, 1840. Hiiving long known Dr. J. L. Whiting, I most cheerfully concur in ibc .above re.-omniendations, and would fiirliier tender to him any facilities th s Land Office may aftord In tti 1 of the objects of his advert The Imported Ilorse Alfred, ■fTtrlLt. stand forni:ires this season. 1842, al thefollowing VV places, viz : At George Fordon's, near Geneva, on Satiirdiiv, Mon.lav. and Tuesdav, April SO. iind May 2. 3, 14. Ill, 17. 2=^, :io nndSI, and June 11, 13, 14, 25, 27 and 28, and JulvO. 1 1, and 12. Al .lohn Laphani's. I\ra'edon. on Friday, Saturd.ay and :Mnnday, May 8, 7, !), 20, 2! , 3, and June rS, 4, 6, 17, 18, 20, and.Iiilvl,2, and 4. At Hopewell Centre, on Wednesdav and Thursday, Mav 4, 5, 13, m, and .lane 1,2. l.i, 10, 2f>. and 30. At .\ Gnnn's Im. Eiist Hloomfield. on Tnesd.av. WeJnes- dav andTbiirsbiv Mav 10 1 1 , 12, 24, 25, 26, and J une 7, e, 9,21. 22. a!, and.TilIvS; 0.7. TKI!MS-Ten dollars e ch mare, for the season, to he se- cured bv approved notes pnvaiile on the 1st "f Dcomber. Sliould'ui" of Ihe marcs prove not 'O be with foal, tbe own- ers to have the privilege of putli gthem the next se.aaon. if the horse remains in this region or in the event of his re- moval, to have one half the amount returned. THOMAS WP;DnLR, M.av 1. 1813 GRORGB FOIJDON. The Youns Lion of Monroe, WILT, stand ll,e ensuing seiison at the following places : Wednesd.iys and Thursd.ays at the stable of the siih- scri'ter ill Chili ; ridayaand S.aturd,ays at the stable of P. Hotel.) Rochester. IN will be five years old next .Tune his is sixteen hands high and weighs over took t' e second prize l.aa' fal' at Roch-- Agricuturnl r.^ir; waa .'ired bv the OldBIucher; Old HI " AND RHUBARB ROOT.-3, (iAIilJE.N' II 'ND GLASrilO.S. very useful arlicci fq piotec'ing and forwarding cucumber, nislon, toma'.o, her pl.iniB ., pricp .'Sl,2.'> each, 812. per dozen. t-F.UICON-, atrealisoou the art of rearing silk wormJ id conducliiig filatures, hv J. Clark, Philadell li [.M.ay 1.1-44 ] M B. BATKHAM. FOK SALE. A I air of fine large MARES, very powerful indraiighl and wo. k together perfectly even. They arc eifePi 1 respects. One of th of thea sired b^ . ..cellcrs, and t 3 in foi'l to imported Altred. The full bloorled Durham Bull, American niported Rover, dam imported Primrose, Also the full blooded Durham Cow, Mailda, nod HobleivS i.ssCow, Brilliant. THO.MAS WEDDLE Rochester, 2:ih April. IF-42. I have been intimately ace for several years, and fully expresse.1. in relation to hi . KF.ARSLF.V. Receiver. uainted with Dr. J. L. « hilin" oncur in the sentiments above Such : 7. PITCHER. Mavor of Detroit, i Dr. Whiting proposes, will be of great ntili y an Ic -nvenicnce to non-residents ; and I nin happy to ossuie the public, that he is evcrv w:\': ijiutlill" 1. r.n I can be ful y confilcdin. ROBERT STU.M'.r. Treasurer of Mi lilgan. Having known Dr. Whiting for mnnv vears, I fullv con- cur in tbe above. II. GOODWIN. U S. Attorney. To the above ample testimonia s in reference to the ciipa- city, industry and integrity of Dr Whiting, I take pleasure in ad ling my full and cordial concurrence; and lieartily eommenj the prop:isei Agen -y for its convenience and use- fului^BS. .lOH.V A. WELLE-, Cashier Pannprs & ;Mecb inics' Bank. Lion of .Monro, er was sired hy Old Duroe -, Young Lir Obi Florizcll, his srand daui a blood.-d country hv Col. Fitzhugh. So mav he a en on I be farm of the sulisi Tbe season will commrnce the 1st i of July. TI".RMS,tenflollarsloinBu be provided for Mnres from a distanc risk of tbe owners. Persons putting them before foa ingliaie, will be held red lo ilav.and end tlie 1st ifoal. Pasture will All accidents at llie res and parl-"ng with ponsible for the ser- vices or the horse. J. K. BALLINTINE. Chili. April 2.1. 1812. We the nnlersiL-ned. have examine 1 Mr. Balliniine's horse the ^ ouue Linn of .Monroe, and th uk him decidedly one of thelesl horses in the county. G. C Baker, Stephen Charles, William Charles, Mr.lhew Witbeck, A.R.Shaw, .Ta's "W. Sawyer, John Parsonsnn. P. G Jones, Geo. Charles, B. :\T Baker. Wm. Toi.e Rochester, April -2". 1842, ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. CORRIXTKP FOR THE \EW^ GENEl^l.E FARMER. MAY 1,1842. WHEAT, per bushel, $ 1,12A a $1,15' CORN, OATS, BARLEY BEANS, White,.. POTATOES,.... APPLES,- Desert,. FLOUR, Superfine " Fine, ... SALT, PORK, Mese, " per 100 lbs 2,7.5., BEEF, per 100 lbs 3,50. POULTRY per lb EGGS, per dozen, BUTTER. Fresli.. per pound " Firkin, "... CHEESE " ... r,ARD, " ... T.\LLOW, Clear, "... HIDES, Green " ... PEARL ASHES, .. POT, " " . WOOL, pound,.. HAY ton, .. GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. CLOVER SEED,... " .... Remarks. — Whent has advanced a other grain rem.-iinsdJll. Fresh butter some lots have sold as high ; I.B, New York ApmT.27th \ sale i> reported frot n good order, and oTh S.),U4. For fresh grm ;,l. Sales of New Orl remains dull.- liontof'iOO bhis »t 85.87 i, n(( -reels can be had from store ! prices would not be acci - are going on at i^fi .5000 bushels New ©riears Corn sold ,at r>8cts. BuFFjiLO, April 2.flth.— There I's more riemnnd for here an<; a much better feeling existing in the mnrkel thu w-e have observed since navigation opered. JMi tiers pay^ $1,00 readily. Fiour ia seling b the cargo at «5. CiNCiNN.\Ti, AiRtr, 'JO.— Flour — Sales were made yesterdaji at canal , t .S1.12J per harrel, being a small : sa es ROO bbls. City Mills have also been sold at S4, 12 LH per birrel. Wheat at Chicago is 90 cts. in eastern funds ( Flour .at g4,.iO , During the first three davs of canal navigation, there wei spipped'.at Ro,'liesti r, i2..W0 harre s flour and a cor/e-poncM iueqiKntily of o'hci MULBERRY TREES ON SH\RrS. AS there is every prospect that tbe demaml for t'le finest kinds of Muiherries forsilk will be gre.iter next spring than the supply. I now olTer tofurnlslrjrill.unll verv fine trees of the Alpine, Elala, Broussn, r.n'\ Mill icaulis ATillierrlei, to lie cultivated on e.iu lsha.es, one half the lie -s produc- ed therefrom to be deliverel to luv orde." in th-* soring of 184:i. The expen.se of packing anitransnortaiio , tj he i,:ii 1 by the per on desiring them Tbe m vessel or Transportation Line, will r.n 1 any person desiring to contrHct niitliug .?2 perth -usand to cover Ihi! witti the number he may desire. WM. R. PRINCE. Lianian Botanic gardea and Nurseries, Flu hing \. Y April iSlh. 1341 Sl's2 •aliove 1 llcliv per 11 , wiM ery to a ousand. peiise recei ■e forth- v-.Tlinrs- ,20;li.27th ;; S;h, 0th, Youns Alfred, WILL s'anl for mare' ibis sea on, 18-12. at the followine pl.iccs, viz; At John Lowry's, Chili, Tuesdays, Wed- uesd'vs. Thursdavs and Fridiivs. tbe 31. 4th, .lih, 0th, 17tli 'Pth, i9;h,20tli, nod 3 si of ,\Iiiv, and 1st. 2d. 3. 14lh, '5th, Gib, 'Till 2-t'i. -ini: nnd ibllli of .Inn-, rin 1 Istof.lulv. At IheN.i-; ,, ■ , v.,!,;,.-,- , , ■,■ II ",', i;,i ■hc=ter. .: I, 'iSd, 21th Ji 7tb andSlb.luly Young Alfred ia a line bay, was sired by my imported horseAlfrel; Alfred was got by SlricklauiPs King Alfred his dam hy Suihlis' old horse, grandr.m by Fr.arik's Voliin teer. gr. gr. dnni hy Harrison's horse of Sketcnbeck. St-ubbs. horse was hv Dii' slcy's old horse, dam by Ouslon's horse' Diinsley's hnrse was by Agar's old D-irt, dam bv old Rain- '•ow; Fra k's Volunteer washy Milner's obi Volunteer; King .\lfred w as bred bv Sir George Stricklanl, and was bv Providence, dam by I'eerlesi, &c. TRRM.->— Ten dollars ;;ch mare to insure, pnv.able on the Istnecooi'er neM. TH01IAS WEDDM!:. Miy Ist, 1?1>. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. ATicultural Fairs for if4". '1 lie IViiltl Winter and Karly Spring Cauliflowers BSI David Thomas' -Agricultural Address 6;-! S-iiiMiirrs on M' . Garbuit's views respecting Ron Crops, Improved Stock, &c On the Culture of Madder , Scientific Agriculture. Indian Corn nnl Wheat A Iter- natelv 7W Cultivation of Ri.ta Saga. Ruta B.-gi-s for .Milch Cow The White Cnrrot. Town and Country— Atti.actiVc i^ Industry. Ch. kert i attle- Onions 7fl To Correspondents— Orchard Grass- Wells Jnd Cis- ' terns— Editorial Lilierties. Degeneration of Broom l-c.iii|andolh r vee'-'nhlcs llnss-v's Reaping Machine- The Weather— Trans- -: pl.aiitiiig Trees— The Sprlngport Pippin— Sowing Beet Seed 73 Agricultural Museum at Rochester. N. Y. State Ai. ety list of premiums for 184'2 — Rules and Regu- '4i latil Indii Lar Sugar troi Carrots. Mulberry Trees and Silk Culture. The Le 1 Rov Female Seiuinarv 71J Flowers (poetrv). Rural Life and Pe.asures. Zelia- Demestic and Politi al Economy— Rural Taste, &c. ^^ F oriculture _• • I Large Bre(»l of Hogs In Clyde— Large: ROCHESTER, jN. Y. ' PrI.NTED for the ProPRIKTOR, M. B. BATEnAM, By lleiirv O'ReiUv and John I. Reillv. Book and Job Printers, n"d Puhlisbers of llie " Rochest«r<| Evenine Post" and " Western New-Yorker." jt (Daily Post, .?C per annum— W. N. Y., week y, -B2 in nilnl (EJ- All kind' of Printing promptly eveeu ed.JTD 41 Press. work ilone for Booksellers on the Power-Press wblll prinln the " New Genesee Farn:er " 11 /^ m. '^ 5^^ 'v^fi ^4^: A ^/-S? f»ii!03^J MMn U B. BATEH AM, Pro;>nrfor. | VOI/. 3. ROCHESTER, JUNE, 1842. ]VO. 6. ^ HENRY COLMAN, Editor. l»tKl»lSllE» MOXTHIjY. FIFTY CENTS, per year, payalilc nUVays In advance. Piist Masters, Agents, and others, sending current mon- free of jostage. will receivescucM copies for U3, — 'Vxatlvt lies fir i(f,— rircnlrj-JiTC copies for ©10. T/ie postage of l\ua paper is only one cent to anyplace itliiti tliis stale, and one and a half cents to anypartof c I iiiied States. Artilrsjs M. U. BATKH.\M or H. COLMA,\, Rochester. METEOROLOGIC At OBSERVATIONS, 4DE At THE ROClTESTi'K COLLKGIATE IN.STITUTK BY L. 1TETHERELL, MAY, 1843. TMnnniueter. Winds. Weather. Ill i f > |t3 > ! y ^ 1 » y 1 3 2 ■s •W 7 ^I !S 3S a 35 iO 'iH 1 53 2 37 3 43 4 43 & 37 6 46 7 3ii 1 S 42 1 9 32 1 0 42 u. 60 12 4-1 1 4S 33 5 50 16 50 n 4S t8 €1 14 61 30 40 21 35 22 .^4 23 4S 24 49 35 42 7fi 66 37 46 61 4; 5.S 44 57 44 .i.T 46 7.5 52 81 62 79 64 of) 44 52 41 fiS 54 62 53 62 59 75 52 65 49 3Silean temperature 43.16S.W, 41,83'w. 43,16 w. 53 5 |s.w. 45, |w. 46, |w. 46 66jw. 46.66;w. 52,lij,iv. 51, w. 47, kr. 46,66 w. 43, kv. 64,33'w. 51,66 w. 51,66 w. 45,S3|w. |47,5 [w. 51,66 a.w- 5S,66 s.w. 65,S3 s.w. m, ,9. 48,16 N.w '43,5 N. 55,5 s. 55,331 s. ]56,5 [N.w 57,5 js.w. 152,33 w. of April, s.w. rain cl'ily vari'able cl'dy fair fair I fair air I fail' s.w. N.w. cl'dy fair fair fair ram fair fair fair fair 1 fair fMLT J fair fair I fair vari able fair 1 fair fair I fair fair cl'Jy fair fair cl'dy I fair fair i fair s.w.jcl'dy icl'dy s.E. fair fair s.w. fair 'cl'dy w.| fair |Cl'dy raiujcl'dy N.E.I fair fair s.E. fair 'cl'dy E. I rain cl'dy In.w I rain cl'dy jw. cl'dy I rain |w. I fair I fair 1812, 45. 85 1841, 39. 87 1840, 47. 80 Rain Gage, April 36th, to May 35th, 1842, 1-91 in. « " 1841, 2.61 " " " " 1840, 5.04 " The Weather of the past Month. The month commencing April 26th and ending May 35th, has been cool and frosty, and also very dry down to May the 18th, when there was a very fine shower with thunder, — a little more rain the 19th ; a plentiful rain the 22d and 23d ; a little more tlie 34th Wheat has suffered in clay soil on account of the drought in this region. It docs not look quite as prom- ising as it did early in the .spring. I judge from what I have seen in the vicinity of Rochester. Farmers, am I right 1 Vegetation was considered very forward April 25th, but since that time, its progress has l>cen very much retarded in consequence of cold and dry weather, and is now Utile in advance of the corresponding day last year. Apple tree in blossom May 4th ; Lilac do. tjie 10th ; Butternut, 14th I Q,uince, 17th; Horse-Chestnut, the 22nd. Last year, A^^ple in blossom May 27th; Glulnco and Horse-Cheslnut, 28th ; Lilac, 2Gth. CoM.MON R.iiN GaC.e. — "In explanation of the principles on which the rain gage is constructed, and in answer to various inquiries which have been made on the subject, it is proper to observe, that the area of the funnel at the top of the cylinder, in its widest part, being eight times the area of the cylinder below, one inch in depth of rain falling in the open air, and re- ceived through the widest part of the funnel, will fill eight inches in depth of the cylinder; and consequent- ly, the moveable rod in the cylinder, being attached to a hollow, floating bulb, will be raised eight inches above the crossbar at the top of the funnel. This space of eight inches is divided into 100 equal parts, or small divisions, so that each part or division above the cross- bar will indicate the one-hundredth part of an inch of rain fallen ; and iOO of those parts or divisions, cover- ing eight inches on the rod, will indicate one inch qf I fallen and must be regii'tered at-cordingly." State of Trade, Prospect.sof Prices for our A g- ricaltural Products. Flour and corn now brng remunerating prices in our Atlantic pons, pork is still by far too low, but when the reduced duties in England take effect ae per Sir Robl. Peel's* bill, we may e-tpect an export ofbeef, pork, lard, bufer &c to England: even under the late high tariff, it is said that our biuter would havcsold at a good profit in England, if it had been made as good as Irish butter. Strange as it may seem, when good Orange Co. butter is selling in New. York at twenty cents a pound by the firkin, our western butter or rather our miserable imitation of butter, is selling there in large quantities at eight cts. a pound, and yet it takes as much milk to make the bad butler as the good. Under the proposed reduction of the duties on imports in England we may even export apples there, to a profit. Thus while in the United States we are clamorous for a prohibitory tariir, as the only antidote to that ruin brought upon tlie country by the abuse of the credit system, £ngland,sick unto death of prohibalory restriction, is now adopting a plan, to encourage for- eign trade, while it also increases the revenue of the nation. I was about to admonish Farmers not to expect pre- sent prices for wheat after the coming harvest, as Russia, Prussia, and Germany will have their Grana. ries filled, ready for every foreign market, and if Eng- lond should be once more favoied with a good crop, she will need no foreign corn until her crops again fail; but we have now, 15th of May, every prospect of * This patriotic statesman has reduced his own rent roll ■20 percent, in order to enable his tenants to live under the rcquctioa In the duties on Imporieil provisions. another cold dry season which must seriously curtail our summer crops ; this owing to a wise provision of providence only increases and improves our wheat crop, and its price for home use must increase in pro- portion to the diminution of our summer crops. Butter and cheese are at fair prices with the proepect of an increased demand for export, pork must improve as less' will be mode and more exported, so that those farmers who live out of the pale of the wheat growing region need not be discouraged ; let them be true to nature, and nature wdl reward them. Waterloo, May 15th, 1842. g. W. Fruit Trees in this vicinity have not suffered mate- rially from frosts, and most kinds promise very abun- dant crops, although we perceive that the curcniio is thinning out the choice stone fruit as usual. The following letter from the Commissioner of Pat- ents with the remarks annexed, were prepared for the May number of the N. G. Farmer, but by an accident did not seasonably reach their destination. We have since read Mr. Smith and Mr. Ellsworth's letters in the Cultivator for May, hut we see no reason therefore t» qualify our remarks. Mr, Smith says that the amount (of cocoons produced in Massachusetts,) set down in the tables of 198,432 pounds, should luuioubtedly have been 19,843 pounds ; and Mr. Ellsworth aaepts the correction saying " the error was dmibtkss occasioned. by reducing the two classes of products reported tq me, thus giving one figure (the last) too much." Here, as we conceive, is another beautiful example of guessing. How should Mr. Smith know uiuioubiejly that it should have been 19,843 pounds, when the actual quantity returned to the Massachusetts Secretary's of- fice under the bounty law for that year, was 27,219 lbs. ? Our friend Smith, mdefatigable, disinterested and most deserving as he has been to advance the silk-culture, says " I have sech SO ilSUch mjury (to the silk interest especially) fromeSdggerated statements and estimates of results, that I am particularly sensitive on this point." Under this excitement it may not be safe for us to have approached him; but we do it, he knows, with all goodwill and respect, and beg him above all things not to put it down under the head of "ridicule." Patent Office, April 8, 1842. DkaIi Sir — 1 have just received and read your paper, the New Genesee Farmer, in which you no- tice my Report, and regret th:it you had not, before you pubjisbgd your strictures, read the details of Mr. W'ehb's experiments with the specifications for mak- ing oil and stearine, published by the National Agri- cultural Society, a copy of which hos probably before this reached you. The public undoubtedly should be guarded against extravagant statements ; still there may be danger of encouraging scepticism and stifling effort when experiments are needed, and which may confer great benefits. As to the error respecting the amount of Silk in Massachusetts, 1 have already written an explanation to the editor of the Silk Agriculturalist, who, believing from the context of my Report there must be a mis- take, was so kind ai to write me snd inquire respeci- THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. ing it. The error arose in reducing the different statements of accounts collected, some in cocoons and some in fcilk, the latter of which Lad to be increased, and the time of printing my Report did not allow me to review the computation of the assistant. As to the wheat crop of Masaachitaetts, which 1 have estimated in 1841 at 189,571 bushels, I remark there is only 31,648 bushels more than that of 1839, on which the census of 1840 was taken. The census was taken, you are aware, by peoons under oath, and is high authority — the gain, about 16 per cent, in two years, is not incredible, allowing for the increase of population. The bounty too does not apply to any fractions under 15 bushels. As to the quantity of green stalk per acre, at which you marvel so much, you will find that 5 lbs. per square foot is not an over estimate for the richest land well prepared, in the latitude where the experiment was made, and where the stalk grows much higher than at the north. If you have seen the Bodcn corn grow at the north, you may well imagine, that if, as you admit, herds grass has produced, when green, 40,837 lbs. per acre, such corn sowed broad-cast, say 5 bushels per acre, and permitted to grow as thick as it will flourish, may yield a crop five times as great as that of the grass. You mugt not of course expect so much in the short summers at the north, but I care- fully weighed the produce of two feet square or four square feet of ground of the stoutest in my field, and the aggregate was 20 poundi, equal to 5 pounds per loot. The march of improvement is onward, and when you peruse the process of converting pork or lard into •il and stearine, end examine more fully the data on which the statistics are founded, you will be lees sceptical as to the early period when you may " throw up your hat." While the guardians of the Frees should sedulous- ly avoid imposing on credulity, it must not be forgot- ten that it requires strong encouragement and great faith to induce the travellers in a beaten path to take a different one. I will not say that your remarks will have the effect to stifle effort, though the tenor of the remarks is supposed by some to cast an air of ridicule on the experiments mentioned. Wishing yon success in your zealous endeavors in the cause of agriculture, I remain Yours respectfully, H. L. ELLSWORTH. Henbt Coi.man, Rochester, N. Y. Editorial remarks on the above. We have much pleasure in presenting to our read, ers the foregoing letter of the Commiesioner of Pat- ents in reply to our strictures upon his late Report. Mr. Ellsworth cannot, we are persuaded, for a moment distrust the high personal respect, which we have for years entertained towards him, and the grateful sen- timents with which we have regarded his zealous, disinterested and enlightened efforts for the advance- ment of an improved Husbandry. W» shall add on this subject nothing to what we have already said. We dismiss, therefore, every thing personal from the case, and look at the Commiesioner's Report as we would look at any other public document of the Gov- ernment. As such we hold it open, and deem it well for the public and the Department itself, that it should be subjected to foir and honorable criticism. If our remarks have been of a different character, no one will regret it more than ourselves. At present, how- ever, ao unconscious are we of any intention of that kind, that we do not see it. We write these remarks five hundred miles from home, and therefore are unable to recur to Mr. Webb's statement of his proceea of extracting sugar from corn ■talks given in the valuable pamphlet published by he National Agricultural Society, and which will ap- pear in this number of the Farmer.* We do not im- pugn any of the statements there mads ; but we con- fess we shall wait with some impatience to see th»»e anticipations verified. The production of 108 tons of corn fodder to an acreisslilla matter of surprise to ue ; not that we doubt Mr. Ellsworth's testimony, but because the amount is so very large. The editor of the New Eng- land Farmer has kindly stated to us that the crop of 37 tone, to which he referred, was produced on the place of Daniel Putnam of Danveis, one of tho beat farmers in Massachusetts, and that in this care three square rods were cut and weighed, in order to deter- mine the amount of the whole crop. He states like- wise, that in referring to a product of more than one hundred tons to an acre, he rested on tho atatcmentof Mr. Ellsworth. Mr. E.'e result was oblained by measuring and weighing the product of foui square feet. In both cases the seed was sown broad-cast. There is alwoye an mncortainty or liability to mistake where the whole crop is determiaed by the measure- ment of suoh small parcels. Here for example is a difference of 71 tons upon an aero between the results obtained by two gentlemen of equal credibility and undoubted truth. Mr. Ellsworth may account for this difference in the different kindn of corn st.wn, tbe gourd-seed at the South, the flint corn at ths North, tho stalks and foliage of the former being much more abundant than the latter. But we under- stood Mr. Putnam to say that the gourd-seed er eouthern corn was sown in Danvers, in tho case re- ferred to. The difference in latitude or climate would undoubtedly produce a difference in tbe amount in favor of the South, but to what extent it is not possi- ble for us to determine. When we admitted that Herds Grass, out green, had produced at the rate of 40,8.37 lbs. to the acre, we did it upon authority, which is deemed sufficient ; but, as will be seen from the form of expression used, not as a matter which ever came within our personal cognizance or eiperiense. But again, upon the supposition that by Mr. Ells- worth's mode of planting, 1 08 tons of green corn fod- der can be produced, it will be seen that tho growing crop must cover entirely the whole ground, whereas, on Mr. Webb's plan at least a third ol the ground must be left in the open spaces necessary for the cul- tivation of the crop and for access in order to pluck the ears before thoir maturity. The product of corn sowed for fodder is undoubtedly much beyond what most persona would apprehend ; but how much may be obtained is a matter of suoh easy ascertainment by every farmer, that we may best leave it to every far- mer to determine for himself. Our remarks on the amount of wheat given in Mr. Ellsworth's statistical tables, as produced In Massa- chusetts in 1841-2, were designed to show mainly how little reliance can be placed upon statistics of that sort when obtained by estimate, not to say co7ijctttire. An error of 31,000 in a sum of ]6!),000, does not seem to us a small error ; and if proper information had been given to the Commissioner, we believe that the return of wheat produced in Massachusetts in 1841, instead of being increased over that of 1839, would have been diminished, as the cultivation has evidently fallen off since that time. Mr. £. says that his tables give only 31,648 bushels more than was given in 1839, on which the census of 1840 was based. Now we have no disposition to be hypercritical in this case ; but there appears some reason to suppose in this in- stance, that in making out tho return for 1841 no ref- erence was had to the returns by the census. The returns by the census for 1840, gave 158,923J bush- els. The returns made to the Massachusetts Secre- tary's Office in 1838-9, with a view to obtain the bounty, were 108,570^ bushels, See last month's Farmer. estimate in the Cornmisaioner's tables are 189,571. Now to say nothing of the eitraordinory accuracy of estimating or guessing in such case to a tingle bushel the whole crop of wheat raised in the stale, yet tho two numbers, 108.570i and 189,571, look so nearly alike that we can hardly refrain from the conclusion that the latter is somehow immediately related to the former ; and that therefore the clerk, who made out this return in Mr. E.'s tables, did not as Mr. E.'s let- ter would seom to imply, make it out from the United States Census, but from the return made to the Mas- sachusetts Secretary's office, and wholly as matter of arbitrary conjecture. The extraordinary error in the tables as to the amount of Silk Coooons produced in Mossachusetls in 1841-2, of 198,432 lbs. instead 27,219 lbs., Mr. E. accounts for partly in the want of time to review the computation of bis assistant. Clerical errors in all numerical calculations are very liable to oc;cur even with tho most exact ; but this was so large that we can only adviso Mr. E.'s assistant to take shelter un- der the distinguished example of the Secretary of the U. S. Treasury, who we believe in his reports to Con- gress only made a trifling mistake of one or two mil- lions of dollars. Mr. E. would seem to suggest, that we should have followed the example of the Editor of the Silk Agriculturist, who kindly icrote to inquire if this -tateraent of silk product were not an error, and to (vhom Mr. E. has furnished an explanation. Had this report been a private or personal matter with Mr. E., we should certainly have adopted the same course ; but in respect to a public document, published by order of Congress, it might be coiuideied intrusive if not imperlinont, if gentlemen requiring explanations or information in such cases, should wiite private let- ters to the different heads of departments in order to obtain U^em. But our remarks had, we trust Mr. E. will do us the justice to believe, a much higher aim than the cor- rection of a mere clerical error. We deem otalistical knowledge of great importance, and Mr. E.'s desire to furnish it in ihe highest measure honorable to him ; but in order to be valuable, statistical statements should rest upon perfectly authentic data ; and we wish that Congress should see tho necessity of making ample provision for obtaining and publishing them ; and not. euft'erthemto be given upon mere vague estimates^ nor impose so much duty upon a public officer that he should not have time to review and correct them, nor especially that returns such as those of hemp and fln.x should ha 80 jumbled together, (the fault of those who took the census) that il could not bo determined how much of flax or how much of hemp was raised, nor whether the figures in which the returns are made mean tone of hemp or pounds of flax. In Mr. E.'e extraordinary anticipolions respecting the production of silk, we confess we have no sympa- thy. We would, as we have done, ardently, constant- ly, and indefatigably, through good report and evil report, encourage its production as one of tho most important agricultural interests of the country ; but the calculation of one person in every hundred of the iuhabilants of the United States producing annually a hundred pounds of silk, and the product being 18,- 000,000 pounds, worth 90,000,000 dollars, seems to us pure romance. If "some persons" suppose our remarks in this case adapted to "cast an air of ridi- cule" on the subject, we apprehend that this "air" belongs to the thing itself and not to the spirit or ten- or of our humble observations. The public would suflcr far more from encouraging such expectations than from showing their delusiveness. The cause of silk culture has been already put back a quarter of a century by the cxtravagonce of the statements and The return given by I calculations of those, who called themselves its most I ardent friends, and who, with the exception of a few ■No. 6. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 83 lonosi anil honorobls men, wero mere gamblers in niillieiry trees and epeculmors upon iho public credu- iiy So it is likely to be in respoct to other ogricul- iirnl improvements. We inuet not expect to reach the ;oal at which centuries have aimed by a single leap The public mirtd by groat paino-tnking has just come ,0 that healthy state in which it begins to take an in- erost and find a rich pleasure i.i agricultural inquiry; ui.l ihe ignorant are ceasing to sneer at book-farming in.l have become willing to rend end to listen. They u'l J now to bo nourished by ihc calm and reasonable <:i;.iiKntof facto and eiperimenle ; but to approach : now with mere thcoroiical calculations, and ^os 80 extratragant that they transcend all reason : I xpectations and experience, will only create dis- pppuintmont and disgust, and essentially injure the treat cause, which many of the best and most intelli- tent minds of the community have so much at heart. f There is a great deal of valuable matter in the re- toort besides that to which we have referred, of which tt'o shall hereafter avail ourselves. To Coriespondeiits."Post Office and Postage. We do not agree with our respected friend from Cayuga, that the decision of the Post Master is wrong in regard to endorsing ucws-])apcrs. If " A. B's com- pliments to C. D." mean nothing, then the writer can- not complain that he is not allowed to put them on the paper. But they mean a good deal ; they signify the good will of the person who writes ; his kind remem- brance; that the paper coincs from him; and would be understood generally to imply that the writer was well, and invited attention particularly to something in the paper. If it was lawful to put so much, why should it not be lawful to put compliments also, to E. F., and G. H., and so on, inserting as many tender messages you please to the mistress of the household, and so through all the aunties and Cousins down to Boots and Betty, the scrub. The mail is designed for the general accommodation and comfort j for the aid of business and commerce, the diffusion of intelligence, and the maintenance of social intercourse, the great charm of lite. Every man or woman, therefore, who in any respect whatever avails himselfof its advantages, should be willing to pay for those advantages, and not at- tempt to evade then- obligation by any sort of skulking whatever. Then we think it the imperative duty of the Gov- ernment to render tlois form of communication as rapid, as certain, as dilTusive, and as cheap as [wssiblc. We therefore protest against the late proposition of the Post Master General to increase the 18 3-4 cer bc.wks Ihc direction. For instance: If a person sends a newspa- per with his name or. it, to ir.dicntr •.vheiice << came, ought it to be considered an offensel But I wlllgoono step further : f uppose he writes on the margin '^ A.B i compliments In C. D," and no more, would a liberal con- stntction of the law make it an offence 1 It is equiva- lent to the simplest act of recognition when we meet a, passenger in the road. Not a word is spoken in one case, nor an additional word in the other. It wrongs the Department out of nothing, for no man would write a letter for the purpose of saying no more than that. He communicates no more intelhgencc thantho man who silently touches his hat. But the Post Master General has the jmixr to say that a compliment so written and so sent shall subject the receiver to letter postage, or the tcritcr to a fine of five dollars ; and out of ' Respect for liis high place" — I would on no occasion offend him in this particular j but it is bad policy for an officer to strain his authority. Home League-"Protcct»ve Tariff. Those who take but a superficial view of trade and When its ramifications, are very apt to hail a protective tariff" wheat was carried to Albany in sleighs at a cost of 75 cents a bushel, money was hard to get, and post office bills not so easily paid as at present. Letters and pa- pers were luxuries that but few persons could well af- ford, to much extent. Now there are seven post offices within the limits of that old to^vn, on the two stage roads between Auburn and Ithaca, besides four more at least which arc kept in the eastern parts of the dis- trict. These notes are intended to show the general and increasing interest that is felt in the Post Office De- partment, an establishment which necessarily requires millions for itssupport. Thisrevenueisderivedchiefly from atax upon letters. With a liberality adapted to republican institutions, newspapers weighing several times as much as a letter that is charged twenty-five cents, are carried throughout the whole length of the United States for one cent and a half— so we may all be politicians. This liberality however, is not met in all cases in a proper spirit by our citizens. Under the shelter of a newspaper, many contrive to send intcl!igenc« which ought to be subject to letter postage, and which is sub- ject to it when foiUid out. IL>norable, upright minds however, that have roflcc!«l on the matter, will refrain from such practices ; and be willing to bear their propei proportion of the burdens imposed by the Government. The law of Congress requires the postjnaster when any thing is written on a newspaper, which u 'iiounls lo (^mc««)™^^'/K;«,tocharge letter postage for it, ami if the recdvcr will not pay it, the paper is sent back, and the writer subjected to a fine of five dollars. All laws of this nature, leave much discrclionary power with the Heads of Departments, and it is very desirable that they should receive a liberal inteqirctation. It is very desi- rable that whenever a citizen is mulcted, that both he and the community should be satislird that the intent and meaning of the law, as well as the public welfare, required it to be done. When a person writes a letter on a newspepcr, or transfers a letter already written to a newspaper, by dotting or underscoring aprf/i/ctAvord for each u'rittcn word, as they occur in succession, — it is clearly an at- tempt to evade the law, and to wrong the Department of its just dues. No candid person can say a word in defence of such practice, and it ought to be discounte- nanced by every good citizen. When the penalty of the law overtakes such cffcndcre aftoj due warning, ft ii^ a just punishment; and the hands of the postmaster ought to be strengthened to perform the duty. ' Inmy judgment however, it is a different affair when as the only panacea to bring back a healthy, prosper- our trade to the nation. My experience goes to prove that the pecuniary ills we now suffer, are by no means chargeable to a dim- inution of tariff under the compromise act, but i ather to the abuse of the credit system. Now my agricultu- ral friends, I appeal to your expcnencc in relation to the credit system ; have you not seen at a farmer's ven- due, cows, horses, oxen, and all implements of hus- bandry, sold 50 per cent, higher on a credit of 13 months, than they would bring in cash 1 The samo extra price for credit will apply to all our imported goods. When wc can pay England with paper prom- ises, we always buy too much, hence the outcry for a. tariff to stop the overtrade ; but when wc have to pay specie for goods, the check to excessive importation i» sufficient, without an extra tariff. As long as England would take our State Stocks and United States Bank Stocks at par, our banks dis- counted freely and our imports were excessive; but now when these paper credits have exploded, and we must pay specie for the excess of our imports over our exports, the necessity of a protective tariff is don« away. If I was asked what was the leading cause of Iha present money pressure, I should say it was the depre- ciation in State Stocks, they no longer being available in England at any price. Six millions of specie had to go forward last fall to pay for goods, which at other times had been paid for in scrip; this brought our specie paying banks to their marrow bones. Had Ejigland continued to take scrip, there would have been no present panic, but our debt to her would soon have been so large, that our export of cotton and to- bacco to Great Britain, would hardly have paid the in- terest of it. If I mistake not, this failure of our credit is a better protection against British manufactures, than .50 per cent, increase in our tariff. Hence my doctrine is, let us have a tariff for revenue only, but let it be im- posed with such discrimination as will protect those branches of our manufactures that most need it, while it promotes free trade with those nations wh» take ex- clusively tlie products of our industry in payment for their produclions. To say the least of the evil of a protective tariff, its tendency to inflation is inevitable ; ruinous competi- tion and reaction must follow— the extravagant habits it entails upon community palsies all the humble char- ities of social Ufe, and brings economy and self-dcnid to shame. Old HuMPiiBEy of the Geneseeb. 84 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, New Artificial Manure. ;i3,n,ightbobeneficiallva,,,!,e,lforU.rnipsorn.nngellNo.2. do. l>y sulphuric acid and the same^x- ^'-" - " I vvJmel. The most beu.tkml qunnimeB >v.ll easily ti.re, •" ' '■ We have seen in several English publications, no- ^^ „scertnined by the iiiielligent iarmer^ jsjo 3. ^o- muriatic aciJ do 1^ m^- tices of a new manure invented by iMr.DanieU. The Mr. Hall produced a sample ot the manure-^^^ ^^ nitric acid do 65 lbs. SwL Lunt of it gi.en to the Hoyal .^gricultural -- b^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^e" oHf :::^:^^y Nc 5. do. with earbonateof a™Bonia dissolved Society, we extract from the Boston Courier, a paper ;^7']^;';';f„'=;";;e „ho exhiUr-d, and it was stated, in leaving the same amount of ammoma withtheear hy ahvavs aUve to thesubjectofagricultural improvement, ,j^^j„g^^,„,,g^ (hat Ihe crops produced %yere great- ^^,^^_ , ^^ which quotes it from a London paper. We subjoina ;„ ,„n,uy, "et.cyn quality «.ui weigh^ a^nd^pro- ^^ ^ ^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^^^ ,,id but no sulphate or •• "■ :"•""■■-"»-""■''«- '"iuciJ with one ^third the mdmary qua. y „Wr.hate of lime, 63 lbs. letter on the same subject from our intelligent corres- :L";=^Jj,;;^';;;';i,|'^,l„'b,y be about one third the pre- phosphate of lime, pondent at Boston ; and shall give at the earl.est oj^ ^^"^^ ' ^^ bone dusu No. 7. do. sulphuric ae.d portunity, a,.y lUrther information which we may ob- __— — ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ 8_ ^^ Xtacid" *™'lt hadloncr been a subject of inquiry, what iathe | The knowledge of the ingredients of the celebrated | J>^ ^'^ _,; ^„^„„„,p food of plant6,°how are they supplied, and what are the elements of their growth ? There was every rea- , artUicial manure°of Mr. Daniell, has 'at length roach- Ta ed this side of the Atlantic. They are as follows • ^" '" 'ti'I«or;'n" trr'e'fha""litd:v:rbee'n'rrerto Any ^ wood mechanically reduced to powder-in ^ - ^ ' ^^^^.^ ^, „,,„„,,, kn"otnbSw"h:cb:bV the discovery of Mr, Dan- p,^„ Lrjs saw-dust-this isthe basis, and .t ts to be ^«^^^^ ^,^ ^ ^^, ^^ ,0 ^^^ „,,„,, , ■ .. '__. : .....»««» ..«rrr,i.rtrntu.n linH bccn obtBincd i , 1. 1^ .:o(.,r5.to«i wirh hikHiumdud matters oi all or I _r _™ i..;^ oiro^/W pvkti thoroughly saturated with bituminous matters ot all or nnv kind-to this is to be added small proportions of 63 lbs. 39 Ibf. 291b=. 23 lbs. 12 lbs. 37 lbs. 23 lbs. 40 lbs. O. 10. uu. i «.=^ Here No. 5 and No. 10 are useless or jxrhaps worse, ;nrbonate of ammonia already existing in the Uquor, No. 10. do. [No. 11. do. No. 13. do. do do do carbonate of ammonia do with dung alone, witliont dung. Known; uuameo •>""-". -.r ■"- V,, ■; u,.;„„j iell, a most important corroboration bad been ohtnined ^ ^^ ,,_,„„„„..„... .,..„„ - of what had been considered 'l^^ ''''^'P^"'' "' .^'T L„y kind-to this is to be added small P^P"''™^ o , ^ jjit;o„ of more ' only renderi♦; g^"' ''"'^ " When made into hay under equal circumstances, oi^ called the ammoniacal liquor of gas works. Accord- ^^^^^ ^^ August, the result was— ing to Mr. Blake, of the Boston gas works, 1 chaldron j ^.^^^ saltpetre, 31 pounds orli700 pounds, gives 33 gallons of tliis liquor, con- tainin.r5per cent of ammonia, and 21 gallons con- taining 4 per cent-hut the strength of this hquor gcnerrUy varies in different and also in the same gas each year ; its good enecis are luercioie .uu.,u.>, ..p... "" ^'^ Gardener's Chronicle, 2d of April, 1842, is a 1 • Xr;rsr,i:^nrt:Tudgl"'Fr:rr:rele^^^^^^^^^^^ rollowmg ex,.riment made with ^^^l-''^^;'^;^^^^^^^^^^^ as^to the great of the manure, it is applicable, with some variations i;,juor; ' —' »' »!"> »'"" in its composition, to every kind of crop. It is not a ^ j^^^^ quantity of this ammoniacal liquor was test- stimulating manure, in the ordinary sense of the word = <,-en | -^^^^.^ .^^ ^^ .^ ltinued_effects as muchas by those lere as tuey give u oiu to liiuma uuiuig i"^'» secunu v»i,i. ^.-t — - ; . ■ * *- ooservaiiun wi i^ *^- — — - , . - owth. It will probably prevent also the ravoges of „^^_a^e third with nitric acid, forming mtratoot ani- ^^ .^ immediate action. The value of bituminous sects. Its mode of application may be various, ac- jj^^„i3^_ti,e fourth with muriatic (hydro-chlonc acid) ^ manure has never been doubted; but like ;bSbytin'rcrdr.;r.ot;nr;ofre^Ja: formingmu^^^ . , ._.... | many other manures, ithastoooaen been applied in growth, insect nure, and a direct application to the infant plant as is the case with bone dust. Care, however, must be taken that it is not applied too directly to the piont, or without some portion of mould around it. This 10 the only precaution needed to avoid danger in its use. There is one required to prevent waste, as it is of a volatile character ; ihat is, to place it several inches in the earth, as the earth will absorb and retain the volatile and valuable part. For grass lands, for simi- lar reasons, it will be well to have it mixed with a con- siderable portion of ordinary unvalued moidd. If the manure, as manufactured, be mi.xed with an equal bulk of mould, it will be perfectly safe for application ; pr if the mould of the field be stirred over it when drilled it will suffice. The quantity to be used will vary according to the crop, like any other manure. Ahput twenty four bushels per acre are recommended Each of these solutions were so BOOL as- » "^.*.. „ , I- J -_ - X. ,, many other manures, it has too oRen been apphed in mixed with these „,,,ntiiies or in such strong solutions, as ^,ci. o. t.i.=. = ^ '^^^ 3„,h large quantities or in such strong solutions as acids that the quantity of ammonia in each was tne ^^^^^ ^.^ndered it injurious instead of beneficial. Ihe same; they wer. much diluted, and half a pmt of this ^_-^^^^^ consideration of this new manure I will, how- dilute solution was given to each plant ever>- other day . ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^ ^^^j letter. J- E. T. Thirteen experiments were made with 2u cabbage > -— --f „, novea Cattle. ,^ plants each. The weight of the cabbages taken up m ^^ Colma n-I saw in the April number of the the autumn, was as follows; , Pamier a simple remedy for choaked cattle. It may No. 1. Liquor neutralised by phosphonc acid, '° ^^„„^,i^ known that the same remedy may be which was added 300 grains of a '»'^l"«°!^"'" I ^^j i^'eascs of bloat, occasioned by eating clover, with phate and phosphate of lime, 1\d honornhle occupa- tion upon the pnlms of my hands. And I would here like to say, not only, to you but also to your host of teadrrs, that when you see i communication with my name attached to it, you must not expect to find it written in a smooth, flowing, finished stylo, with a Etudied degree of perspicuity and elegance, according to all the rules of silk glove husbandry. But you will rather find it plain, off-hand, farmer-like ; using as much ae possible fhs manner and the terms of an every day cenversation between farmers. And I can- not but hope that you will grant ms your forbearance end forgiveness, if I do occasionally " Knock pronouns, nouns and verbs about, Put adverbs in a flurry ; Run interjections out of breath, Conjunriions hurry skurry ; To ihe real death of Dilwor-.h, Dyke, Home Tooke and Lindley Murray." J. HORSriELD. CasHU, TTijoming Co., N. Y. [We arc always glad to hear from our friend Hore- field. We like his plainnees, frankness and spirit. If ho doe? not write good grammar, we have not dis- covered it. We know what h« means ; aad that is till we want to know. Tho Naked Barley of which he speaks, or as some coll it the Wheat Barley, is not unknown at the East. We have seen it repeatedly, and in one instance we ki'-ow a trader to take it in for a new epeciesof wheat. But whoever eats wheat bread and barley bread near together, will not be at a loss for the dilVorence. The difnculty of threshing is not of much consideration. The grain deserves cultivation and makes good bread when warm, if the bread-maker does her duty. By Da- vy's tables, barley meal cnntains a largo proportion of nutritive matter ; being U20 parte in 1000, viz — 790 of mucilage or starch, 70 of sugar, end 60 of gluten. Il is highly nutritious when mixed for cattle and swine. —Editor ] Value of Agrlenltnial KnowIedge.>-RolUn^ Land. Mr. Cot-MAN — Ha-ing been a constant reader of the Genesee Farmer since its first publication, 1 have been interested and have found it protliablo to practice in accordance with its recommendctioiie. I have also been much assisted in the arrangement of my farm, in preparing the soil for different crops, and in determining what kinds of grain will follow each other with success, by the experience and exper- iments of brother farmers, as made known through your valuable paper. This is an age of experiments, and this aceoiinle for the vr.luoble iniprovcmrnts in agriculture inadcat the present day. If I understand the character of your paper, in it there is a door opened through which farmerr (though living in difl'erent parts of the elate or of ihe United .States) may, ns il wore, meet in one general delegation and confer togelhcr, by relating the results of our experience and the improvements wo have made in the cultnro ol the soil. By taking ad- vantage of the privilege yon set before us, the im- provement made by dill'crent farmers in agriculture, will not only benefit themselves individually, but the whole mass of farmers who wish to become enlight- ened and profited by ihc great improvements of the day. I am fully sensible, that the influence of the light and irulh, now being disseminated throughout our country by the means of agricultural periodicals, is what the farming interest has long needed. Through these means we have tho assurance of great and last- ing blessings to lbs farming community ; and in the same ratio that they are blessed the whola of mankind is benefitted. Your paper, with others of a kindred spirit, is exerting an influence through which the country fellow, as he is sometimes called in derision, is to be elevated to a man among men, to his proper standing and character in the community. Forming has had ray attention and labor from ray youth, and as I have endeavored to influence farmers to speak through your paper to other farmers, I would not be behind hand, though I have nothing remarka- ble to communicate. I would say one word ae to the practice of rolling hnJ, This praciica ia beneficial in most caseS; especially on a loose soil, and especially so when we stock down land with spying crops. By rolling land after tho grass eeed is sown, it compacts tho earth around the seed without covering it so deeply that it cannot come up ; it aseists ths earth to retain its moisture ; the seed sooner sprouts and comes up, and the drought does not so readily destroy it. I seeded a field of nine ceres to clover with oats last spring, rolled it with a heavy roller, and the seed took well and looks finely, whilst most other pieces in this neighborhood wore cut offby the 'drought. It was also beneficial to the oat crop. It was a Stiii upon which I had raised five successive spring erops ; five acres of the nine had never been manited, the rest not heavily. I sowed upon tha nine acres 30 bushels of seed ; they stood up wall when I harvested them. I thresh- ed them the last winter and had 575 bushels, weigh- ing 34 lbs. to the buchel, averaging about 64 bushels per acre. Land should always, if possible, be dry when it is rolled ; then it does not make the earth hard and im- penetrable to moisture. Yarn's with respect, JUSTUS TOWNSEND. Ira, March Z6th, 1842. [The above crops must bo deemed large, and Mr. Townsend'fl experience of the value of a roller on his farm, is fully confirmed by the experience of every other farmer, who has judiciously used one. No far- mer should think of being without a roiior hardly more than ha would think of being without a plough; that is a roller should be considered as absolutely in- dispensable.— Editor.2 An Apology for not Advocating High Tariff Kestrictlons. I was somewhat surprised to learn that my January article on Tarifl'and Home League, was regarded by a subscriber and his friend aa evidence of a want of patriotism in the writer ; the more especially as I have ever advocated in the columns of the Farmei, the im- portance of fostering domestic industry, and building up a home trade aa a certain mcriietfor tho farmer, a hoM qf hope, ten fold more sure and siedfast, than all tho foreign demand of all tho world besides. Tha ► ubjrct most certainly demands tho freest discussion nnd inquiry, and if I mistake not, the great bulk of ilie candid and inquisitive rural readers of the New Gcnosee Farmer at least, arc not averse to that free discussion on tho subject of national economy, which alone can keep us ns a people, intelligent nnd free. 1 have suppoeed that every farmer wants to know why the times are so out jniui, and if I give him my sim- ple opinion of the causes as I understand them, or by virtue of my poor experience, I hope ho will not ar- raign my patriotism, for I love my country in iheEO last days of her gambling excesses, aa a mother loves her long lost prodigal son. The theory of a protective tariff and retaliatory du- ties, recoinmcnda itself directly to the feelings of tho superficial observer, and he becomes averse to listen to the detail of such focta ns may overthrow his lon^ for- tified position. The restrictive policy of England ia cited by high tarifT advocates, atone time as an ex- ample for US to follow, and at another time aa giving necessary eause on our part for the enactment of coun- teracting restrictions. But when we reflect that tha restrictive policy of England has grown with her growth, until such is tho fearful factitious state of her civilization, that free trade would at this time only compass her utter deeelRlion ; eught we not to pause before we follow the example of England in her career of high inrifT restrictions ; at least to the extent which is proposed by the high tariff advocates of the pres- ent day. A cold damp climate, a contracted territory, mid a dense pent up population, present the excuse of stern necessity for Great Britain. But with our extended country, all producing soil and sparse population, wa are reduced to no such hard alternative. Countcr- actine restrictions would only aggravate the ills v{& Bufl'er. Can it for a moment be supposed that Eng- land will ever cease to stimulate her agriculture to its highest apint of production, when that agriculture as it is, only can enable her to exist in time of war, to maintain her political integrity, and feed her masses independent of aid fr»m without 7 Will a nation whose enormous home trade is little less thae £400,- 000,000 sterling consent to prostrate the great sup- porting iitterest of that hoiiie trade, in order to en- courage a trade of a few extra millions with us 1 I think not. Why is it that New England, the great work-shop of the union has never advocated a high torifl? be- cause her sound laws have kept her currency sound ; while Pennsylvania, a state with a population equally frugal and industrious, ia crying out in tho dark hour of her distress for a tariff, thus vainly hoping to cur* the evils of a legalised depreciated currency, by a collateral inflation. I am in favor of a tariff ample for the purposes of revenue, framed wiih such discrimination as will fa- vor both revenue and protection to our home indus- try. Any higher tariff than this cannot fail to be dis- astrous to the three great interests of the nation, agri- culture, o:mmerce, and manufactures. MruUrloo, March, 1842. __S. W. £nr>i —Envy ought, in strict truth, to have no place whatever allowed it in the heait of man,--for ihe Boods of this present world are so vile and low, that they are beneaih it; and those of the futura world are so vast and exalted, that they are above it. Workingmen should be especially careful to treat each other with urbanity, and politeness. They will always feel better for it and command the respect of others Toliteness is what every man owes to every other whom he ocknowledges worthy of respect.— Elevator. 88 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. ROCHESTER, JUNE, 1842. Acknowledgements to Correspondents. Cast Iron Sun Dial.. — We acknowledge wilh pleas- ure an Iron Sun Dial from Sheldon Moore of Ken- sington, Conn. It is well cast and neatly graduated, and may be confidently recommended to farmers, w!io now go by a V2 o'clock mark, and some of wliose wooden clocks from the land of steady habits are quite sure to be right twice in twenty-four hours, because they politely wait for the hour to come up to them. Heaven sends to man no more beneficent monitors than tliose which mark the flight of liours. They seem eometimes very unseasonable and often sad, but always useful counsellors. Subsail Ploughing. — S. A. inquires what is subseil ploughing, and if it is any thing more than ploughing a field deeper than it was ever ploughed before "! Sub- soil ploughing consists first in making a furrow with a conmion plough, say six or seven inches deep, and then following in the same furrow with a plough construct- ed f»r the purpose without a mould board, which shall effectually loosen the ground eight or ten inches deeper without bringing it upon the surface. By this process, especially connected with a thorough system of under ground draining, the whole land beuig loosened to a depth of sixteen or eighteen inches, all superfiuous moisture is carried off, air and warmth are admitted into tile soil, by which vegetation is greatly advanced, the roots of the plants more easily extend themselves, and portions of the lower soil being gradually brought to the surface, the whole becomes by degtces enriched under the action of the atmosphere, and by cultivation. Remedy for Healed Cattle. — S. A. recommends when an ox suffers by heat, to throw salt down his throat at the rate of a pint per day, and to do this day after day, until the ox has quit complaining. This would be effectual without doubt ; but would it not be quite as well to salt him regularly in the barrel 1 This giving a sick animal medicine until he has done com- plaining reminds us of the practice of some physicians, (Gluack doctors beyond all doubt and none of the Med- ical Society,) who succeed \i\ stopping ail complaints but those of the heirs of their patients when their bill comes to be presented. It is somewhat akin to De Foe's Short Method with the Dissenters, recommended to the dignitaries of the established church, which ad- vised to hang than all. Social Evils. — The communication of Veritas upon Social Evils is under advisement. Her politeness is re- spectfully acknowledged. Her views are strong ; in the main just; but if she gives us a third specimen of her quality after this fashion, we shall set her down as an arrant scold ; the last thing that would ever Ci^me into our heads, when we look in her face and hear the natural tones of her gentle and musical voice. She charges us with deficiency of hope and want of trust in Providence. We have trusted in Providence all oiu' lives, but still don't find things come out just as we would like to have them. The reason, we believe, is that our views do not exactly accord with those of Providence. Had ve made the world we would have had no storms, no night, no sickness, no sin, no suffer- ing, no death. But Providence permits all these things, which we call evils. Many people often ask us, can't you trust in Providence to put an end to war, and sla- very, and drankenness, and oppression 1 We could, U Providence would regulate it« mea3Vir«8 by our e»a- ceited wisdom ; but what folly and presumption and mailness to expect this ! As these things have been suffered to prevail ever since man was created, experi- ence certainly gives us no reason to suppose that they will not continue as long as man continues to exist. We will contend against existing evils as long as we can and with what little strength we have, and be thankful when the sun breaks through the thick cloud and cheers us with a spot of light, if no bigger than the palm of our hands ; but we confess, after the experi- ence of more than half a century, it is almost hope against hope, and is somewhat like a man's venturing into the rapids of Niagara. If by chance he gets back with his life, he is sure to come out dripping and bruis- ed ; but he is most likely to be carried down by the torrent, which seems destined to flow on, who can say how long, in all its violence, turmoil and frenzy. Zelia has fled and is clearly guilty of a breach of promise. If we had her true name we should find a legal remedy. But like a South American belle, she wraps herself in lier incognito. With our friend W. B. it is clearly a dead shot. His chaniicd imagination has invested her with every thing beautiful and celes- tial. It is cruel thus " to strike and conceal the hand." To W. C. Ws inquiries respecting the plan of build- ing described in our April number, vje answer, 1st, It would undoubtedly he better to have the lum- ber well seasoned on account of the plasteritig. 2d, Boards 11-2 inch in thickness would answer as well as inch boards, — the thinner the boards undoubtedly the firmer the work. 3d, We are not prepared to say that it Would not be equally well to lay the boards in lime mortar as to nail them j but have not seen it done. It strikes us favorably. Flora in reply to Zclia, J. S. D.on Condition of the Fanners, Turnipseed, Inquiries respecting Wher.t, J. R. B. on Silk Culture, S. C. L. on Threshing Ma- cliines, J. W. S.'.-; second valuable communication, B. M.'s remarks on Condition of English Farmers, in- quiry respecting While Daisy, J. Mc. L.'s inquiries re- specting Stearine from Lard, J. C. on the same sub- ject, A. G.'s plan of a Cheap House, B. K. D.on Pruning, and various other favors, which we have no room even to particularise, are necessarily excluded by the press of matter previously received. We shall do what we ca n to clear the docket at the next session of the court, and hope our friends will give us many new cases. Plagiarism or Poaching; or iu the language of the Coves, Lifting, The Farmer's Gozeiie in Cuiiii., publishes, wiih- out the customary credit a long article, which cost us some pains to prepare, on, raiting ludinu Corn for fodder. This is soon after copied into t'.ie American Farmer as from the Connecticut Fiirmer's Gazette, and now renripeara in the Southern Agriculuuist un- der the same head. This is all very graiilying to our self estfem and our honest desire to be useful. As tu its moral liearinge, we mean the rules of editorial courtesy and jusiice, we submit to the honest judg- ment of those who are taken in the fact. We have been honored in a similar way recently by our good I'liends the Family Visitor and the Boston Cultivntor, which they will probably set down to the head of fair cousining ; and, as being all in the fami- ly, we will not complain. Even the old honest New England Former has got some few spots upon its hands. We sny this in the most civil and friendly manner ; and so sure as wp should unfortunately dis- cover that we have disturbed a single live hornet, we shall beat a retreat ; and to those who have taken away our coat we shall surrender our clonk tko. But this is not the whole of it. If we were intro- duced to the public only under such honorable auspi- ces, we shr.idd not be so much disturbed by it ; but when the beUvvethersjump over the fence, all tharest ' of the mution-henda loUow. Bo our old clothes me at Inst hung out at every Jev/'a stall in the coiuiiry, and represented as bran-new and of the laiiEt foehion, without a worfl being said of the real stitcher, nor even of the goose that pieeeeJ them. Now all this is very comfoiting to one's vanity, but it does not but- ter poor Snip's bread. Sometimes in such cases we thiiiU that our wares, poor Be they may be, are iilie the sheep upon the island of Nantucket, where in shearing and killing time, like gentlemen among the umbrellas and hats at the close of a fashionable party, the propretora go upop the rule of taking the best until all ore gone. Gentlemen I in all coses cf future appropriation, we beg of you to look at the ear-marks. For ourselves, we belong to the non-resistants, and shall knowingly go upon no marauding expedition. We shall sail under no pirate's flag, though the agricultural sea ia now covered with the noblest barks, spreading their canvas to the breeze and laden with the richest car- goes. We navigate only a humble coasting sloop, wilh a bit of bunting at the mast head merely for a weathercock. We mean to carry an assorted Con- necticut variety cargo of nicknocke, useful in a lamily way, but no wooden nutmegs or bnsswood melon seeds ; and if any of our good friends desire any of our humble wares for use or disposal, they are wel- come to any or all of them, if they will not tear off the shop bill. We hope we shall not give offence; but for fear, we can only add, '• Rips mended gratis." Analysis of Soils. G. W. of Northbridge, inquires as to the anolyeis of soils. We are entirely satisfied that no common farmer can undertake successfully this difficult chemi- cal investigation. Davy has given s.ime directions for doing it in bis Lectures and Chapial in bis valua- ble treatise on Agricultural Chemistry, but neither of them io deemed satisfactory or accurate by modern Chemists. Dr. C, T. Jackson has treated to the subject in his Geological Survey of Rhode Island. It requires apparatus, preparation, and practical skill quite beyond the reach of persons who liave not mode chemistry matter of long, careful study and practical application. We want, therefore, a State Chemist, whose business it shall be to exomine, chemicolly, soils which may be sent to him. But in order to un- derstand how much valuable knowledge even the most common farmer con acquire of the nature of dif- feient,soils, we would refer our correspondent to n ircBWse on the physicol properties of soils in the sec- ond number, vol. 1. p. 177, of he 'IronsoctiouB of the British Royol Agricultural Society, This is a paper o< very great value, oiid there are severol others relating to the same or kindled topics in the same excellent work, which has now reached to its third volume. The paper to which we refer is practical as well OS scientific, and has likewise the great merit of being intelligible. We ehall presently give it to our readers. For various reasons, which we shall some time give more at large, we have net the same confident anticipations of extraordinary benefits to be denred Irom ihe chemical analysis of soils, which many per- sons look for, unless by a process not yet adopted, we first ascertain what the soil contains before the plant is grown in it, and what it contains afterwards, that we may if possible, determine what the plant has taken from it. But the great difficulty iB,that in the piocefs of analysing the soil, filtering, drying, burning, aiid- so-forth, many subtle matters entliely escape ; and such new orrongements and combinations loke place, that from the condition to which it is then reduced, it isdifliciilt to determine what it was or how it opera- ted in its original condition. We aniicipate most val- uable results from the analysis of crops and manures, and much fiem the analysis of eoils, but what baa No. (J. AND gardeni!:r's journal. 89 been acc.nnplislied in ihe wny ot cxplaualion, h scrvcJ linloelse tUnn t" cimvjirc us of our ignuriiiu and tn show ua how iiruluuiid, to lulinnn perecpiion arc the siiln'e rni'f.f>r;e-> "f voa^'talilo and nniniol li(V Conveutiot) of S*l»ii$Iiniiik(!is niid Fa i mors A convention of rionglimakiMs from all parts ol i he coutitry and others interested, is appointed to \tc ho!i en in Canandai<;ua on Monday, the '2l)th day of .liiin inst. 1'his da^v precedes the meeting of the Circuii Court, when it is expected the eases of the heirs oi Jethro Wood against several ploughmakers for an al leged infringement of his patent right, will be tried. The ploughinakers in djlTercnt parts of the countrr have been threatened ami visited with vexulioussuit^ on these grounds ; and their conlident expectation is by eliciting such facts as may in this way be brought to light, to show that Wood had no just claims to an ex- clusive right in the case; and tiiat the extension of hit patent was surreptitiously and fraudulently obtained ; and thus put an end to these prosecutions. It is a subject which concerns all the manufacturers of cast iron ploughs throughout the country, and the fanners g'"nerally, who, so long a6 this claim remains must be ta.ted for the patent right of every plough they purchase. As much valuable information connected with ploughs and ploughing may be thus incidentally brought out, it is earnestly hoped that the attendance of farmers and others interested will be general. Canada Thistles. A correspondent G K. inquires if "in respect to that vilest of nil weeds, the Canada Tbistle, some- thing cannot bo done tor its exiirpniion. It is really high time that the farnifirs lonk to this ; and that im- mediately. If something is not doiio soon, the whole country will be nothing but thistles. In vain may the industrious farmer cut and plough and plough ami cut, and endeavor to extirpate this vile weed, if his neighbor is allowed to supply him from his land ; and it would seem ss though the seed thus supplied from a neighbor isbetter than our own." We agree to all this ; and consider such a neighbor a3 he describes who willingly, by positive act or by nvo.dable neglect, inflicts any injury upon his neigh- bor, is even a viler weed than the Cnnnda Thistle, and deserves to have his nose powerfully rubbed with a good bunqh of them three times a day until he re- forms. But there is no legal remedy in this case, though we think there should be, since theraare few ways in wli' :h a man can more injure bis nWehbor than by filling his field with noxious and untra^ble weeds. With respect to the destruction of those weeds, a former in Le Riiy states that fourploughings in n sea- son will effectually destroy them, and that after this he has taUr-u a fine crop of wheat on the same land. cnnsMering tlie ploughing in of these thistles and their decay as a nue preparation or dressiuit of tue land for the wheat. This in some degree conforms to the experiment of Mr. Kelly in Haverhill, Mass., who ploughed in an abundant crop of charlock or wild musisrd three times in a season, and obtained a crop of rye of thirty seven busliels to the acre, where be- fore not more than from eight to thirteen bad been the usual product. Of this remnrkaLle and mosLni- Btructive experiment we shall give a full account hereafter. G. K. promises that we sliall have his method of destroyins Camda ThiKtIes. Pay your note by all means. We understand it as nijw due. Wiml a-U. J. Horsefield says in a P. 3., "Allow me to say to Mr. O. Wuyte, that lie will confer a lajor on me and proonbly on mhers, if he will sjivo in yo.ir paper a plan and description of the Wind Mill whichhe no- ticed ill a late number." M.". W lyte, pi^i.se to comply. We know your kindness in licys r;iiiie by. 'I'kire are few men ot whom we would soon r ask a favor. Your old friend, Tb£ EDiTts. IMPROVED SHORT HORN BULL "ARCHER." OWNED BY J. M. SHF.RWOOD, ESQ., AtlJSURN, N. T., IV/ikh oblaiwd the fust Premium at t/ic Fair of the New York Stale Agriatltiii al Socirty, at Syracvse' Scfiember 29.'A, 1841. " Archer" is in co!or mostly white, with a roan head and neck — his body has some roan spots— was ired by F. Rotch, Esq., Butternuts, Oisego Co., N. Y. Calved 15ih of June, 1637. Sired by Rollo. Dam, Adni:za,by Frederick, (H.ii)li)60 G. " A'lelia by Orpheus, 473 G.G. " Alpide bv Alfred. 23 G.GG. " Strawberry by Windsor, 693 G.G.G G. " 0!d Diiiry by Favorite, 2.52 G.GG. G.G. " Old Dairy by Punch, 531 GG G.G.G G. " Old Dairy by Ilubbotk, 310 RoLi.o, sired by Patriot, (KcrJiSoofc) 2.112 Dam, Romp by Admiral, !» S G. " Moss Rose by Young Denton, 96S G G. " Rosa by Young Denton, 96:? GG.G. " Ruby bv Denton. 19.5 G.G.G.G. " Old Bed Nose by Frunncll, 639 / Salt and the Grub Worm. Mil. Editor — Through the columns of your valu- able paper, I hope to make the public acquainted with value of the common black grub, as an agent in the cultivation of corn, when their labors are directed by the genius of man. This, sir, is a new position, a position which has for its foundntum that there has nothing been made in vain, but that all things were made for the benefit and service ot man and subject to his direction, and that it is only in the ignorance of man that worms and insects become a scourge upon the face of the earth. Tha grub has been literally mreed i".jr following the instinct of his nature, which teaches him to eat the corn and reject the glass and orrel, with which our Golds are generally filled. Now, sir, if those who have onifced the grub and have advised the agriculturist to follow him with a sharp pieceof tin or a knife, with which to decapitate him, or to tie him up in a rag and let him float downstream, had but applied common ,^alt to the hills of com in the plaL-e of gypsum, then, throughout the land, the mer- 19 of the grub would have been duly appreciated, ih';n he would hove destroyed the grass and sorrel in placa of the corn, — thuamaleiiolly aiding the agriculturist. In my humble opinion, the introduction of salt as a lanure, and to prevent the ravages of the grub, will be of incalculable benefit to the country. Upon our I'tri-j we have used suit as a manure and as a protoc- iion to the corn from the grub, for a period of sev.n or eight years. We ought to be capable of judging of the benelits which we have leceived from usmg it. During this period we have missed the application but one season. — the result was the losS of our crop : from a field of about twenty acres, we harvested but one cart load of corn, where, had not the grub injured it, we should in all probabiliiy have harvested lifty bush- els to the acre. Last season, 1841, we planted about twenty acres ; the grubs were so plenty that we des- paired of protecting it from them : indeed, upon on average, I should tbjr.k th«r« were twenty to every hill of corn. We applied one bushel of salt to the acre ; the protection was ample ; scarcely a single blade was touched, but every spear of grass and sorrel was destroyed by them, and in this way they assisted in the cultivation. Tl,e application should bo made as the corn is just peeping out of the ground. The tsit should be put exactly U|ion the bills, and at the rale of one bushel to the acre — -rnore than one bushel to the acre would do no harm, provided it is put on with com- mon judgment. One bushel is sufEcient if properly applied. If you thinlc this communication will be of any ben- efit to agriculture, you will please publish it aud oblige a constant reoder of vour valuable paper. THOMAS N. ALLLEN. Salt Point, Dutchess Co., 1842. There is some wit in the foregoing, and we believe 33 much truth as wit. We know a farmer in whose statements we place entire reliance, who has been ac- customed for years to put a quantity of salt and mix it well with his manure, which ho intended to put in the hill at planting. It has happened repeatedly in these cases that his own corn has been uninjured by the grub, while his neii'hboi's just over the fenc^cs suffered severely. He is confident of its efliLacy.' The application of salt to the hill, as described by our correspondent, is a new mode. — Ed. ^ Agvicuitaral Publicatioas. Wiiey & Putnam, New York, are importing and republishing with great epirii, several Euglislj Agri- cultural Publications of much value. Lkbig's Agri- cultural Chemistiy hoa gone to a third edition oi the Cambridge Press. Dana's Muck Manual for fanners is on its way to a second edition. Little & I^rown, Boston, are importing ciuistanily many valuable works on Agriculture and Gardening. We shall get up and keep up with our notices of them presently. A valu- able notice from J. E. T., of Johnson's Lecture on Agi icultuial Chemistty, republished by Wiley & Put. nam, la necessarily postponed. [The following nrlicle was wrilton (or our Mny mimbor, bnt was unnvnidably deferred. — Ed. ] Mnny thanks to Zclia for her invitation in the «' Indies' enloon." We sholl " wnik in" and have a chat with her, Cnpt. Colman's Inbel over the door, *' no ndmieoion to gentlemen," " to the contrcry not- withstanding."' And if. or Bupposing, (as the case may be,) iho old gentleman looiis a little awry at 119, why, we'll make the best we canof it, nndifhe is real- ly vociferous ngainat us, we'll take passagein another boat next time, onJ ten to one if we do not take some dozen or so of his passengers along with tis. But for Zelia, how siisll wo approach her pure spirit, with a basket of vegetables or a bonqtiot of flowers? 8ht w certainly deserting nf her choice, one so eloquent In calling her country women to the path of duty in a time of such calamity as the present. Surely she must be one of a thousand. Yet why do we dwell upon the eiccllcncies of one who fully developes her own merits, and who is emphatically "above all praise." Floral I)epnrtnient,"AnnnaIs. It is a very common if not almost universal error in the culture of annual flowers, that they are sown too thick. Of course, the coneequencs is, that they grow np in a dwarfish and imperfect manner. Their thickness should be in proportion to the Bi7.e which they will ritural'y atiain. China asters and plants of that size, require to be at least one foot apart, in or- der to give themselves a full developement. Zinnias, immortals, &c., eighteen inches ; gilliflowers and balsams are very imperfect, comparatively, unless they have ample space; to Mignonnetle two feet at least, should be allowed. In preparing the ground for the reception of annuals, too much pains connotbe taken for its pulverization, nor can it, in most cases, be made too rich. Let not the farmer deem the manure lost which is put upon the little patch which the females of hia household ask for their flowers. Though it may be taken from some other portion of hie premises, where its good efl'ects would surely hffve been visible, it will produce consequences of a most cheering char- acter in its present investment, by encouraging his daughters in pleasant habits of Aome industry, while those of his neighbors, it may be, for want of thia ho;\lth-promotiug, good taste-exciting employment on their own premises, may become wanderers forth among the daughters of the land, to ihcir own injury, nnd may be, to the annoyance and injury of those who ought not to be contaminated by their influence. But if economy, which surely oujht to be a unircrsal watchword, scowls too hard at the idea of 0 little com- post for the parterre, by putting on her specs and pushing her inveiiligalion of domestic concerns a little further, after the demands of the farm and the vege- table garden have been supplied, or " every thing bns been rated and scraped" to satisfy their demands, and they, like the sorrowing creditor, who trusted too far, when the arrogant debtor comes to reguirt an accept- ^anoe of a dividend or nothing, have yielded to the necessity of tUo case, will find in certain bye ways and about hedges enough to s-.tisfy the demands of Flora, which, unless it were gathered up nnd offered V nt her shrine, would hnvo been lost, or worse, would have tended to promote luxuriant growths of weeds, the vile peats of the farmer's interests, and foul spots on the beautiful sui face of hia cultivated territories. If tliis plan is thought foolish or wasteful or out of place, we have another remedy to apply, by which these objectors may pursue the tven tenor of their way, and yet flowers be made to spring up and bloom in loveliness and beauty nnd perfume the air with healthful fragrance. This is to throw the haulm of the flowers into the lurm yard wtieu the season of flowering is pest, instead of allowing them to remain upon the ground over winter, to be burnt in the spring. In this wcy, flowers will work their own passage and pay toll The form of flower gardens, is host when left to the t.Tite of the occupant. Thus a grent variety of flowers, in passing throngh a country will present themselves, to invite the nltemion and ex- cite the admiration of thebcholuor. T'jo ShmSbery. It any thing con be more disagreeable to the mind (i. e. as regards man's local habitation) than a large and elegant dwelling, freshly painted and adorned with its bright green shutters, with yards around it filled with dock, thistles, or any of the &c. family, with here and there a slough, broken cart, er brneh heap, all which go 10 make up ti ruriely ; wi(h tho hot tun scalding with hia piercing rays the newly burnish- ed castle, er the relentless storms brcathins out their fury in mockery of the improvements which euter- ee has begun on the premises, without a single shade to give freshness to the scenery, or a single cluster of shrubbery to impart loveliness to the sipot, t mnst be the idea o( the deluded spirit of a man who conceives the (.bjccts of tasto nil gratified, and matters of utility all arranged, and motives of interest all ful- filled, when he brings his iinproremmts to the state of things which we have described. Think of it Zelia, there is something wrong, morally and physically wron^, where such a state of premises is found as we have described, and were we a lady, we should re- verse the saying of Solomon and conclude that we should live — any where else, " than in a wide house" with such a being as we should naturally conclude occupied the one above noted. Yet we would not in- fluence nor hinder any one from forming a l»agu» which should give them internal possession of such premises, hut on the contrary encourage it, on a prin- ciple of general benevolence, for they might do much good by such a sacrifice. *^ The front yard (and as mnch moreaa they wish) should always be placed at the disposal of the femaiss of the household for flowers and flowering shrubs. In the culture ef these, grass and weeds should be as ihomughlyestricnted as for a crop of corn. Then they will grow luxuriantly with little care beyond that of pruniag, which every one will attend to in order to bring them into the beautiful shapes which their fancy may direct. Shrubs, to succeed well, should be re moved with care, nnd may be done either in fall or spring. Tress should be placed on the outer margin of shrubberies for their beauty and protection. ^ W. B. Native PTinibfi and Plants. ' It brings no very rhsoriiig reflection upon the taste of the American people, that every thing must be transatlantic in its origin, in order to secure their at- tachment. But it is loo true with regard to many things. Our hats must be of the latest London or Paris fashion. Our boots must not only, in too many instances be of European fahric, but must bo of Messrs. Jnquee & Go's, last style. Our boots — shoes at least, must bo Victoria ; nnd even our American planls, like the aboriginese of the country — like the republican simplicity of our fore.'nthers, must be crowded out of iho way to make room for those of foreign origin. And this is directly in the face of the wisdom and good taste of our enstarn brethren. In all Europe, travellers proclaim the beamy of American forests. Their natiiraliats have traversed them in their length and hrondlh ; and have carried home at great expense, their rich and varied produetions. The Garden of Plants, one of the rieheat collections in the world, ob- tained some of its most valued speciiaens from our wiUls, and the parks of tho lords of ancient Britain are decorated with trees and shrubii of our republican origin. Though the forests of our country contain far greater varieties than can be found in theirs, they IpioS do not trace to this the coupe of their attachment t< i""' our plants, some of which boar the names of thei: '„•., most distinguished men. But it is their peculiar am L|i unrivalled beauty which attracts their notice and se l\\> cores to them a right of soil in the domains of kingi •* and emperors. And it argues wall for the veterans 0 "^^ laste and science in tho!S connt.-iea that it is so, fo ^gt there is certainly no portion of the earth that can ex 0f hibil a greater variety or more beautiful vegetabl "" productions than ours. What is a fitter emblem 0 meekness nnd simplicity than our Arbuttin, trailing i; humble qniclnde on tii; gronnd, and opening its chnst petals while yet the earth is held in the durance 0 frosts, and the snows are siill unpasaed ? What Ktte j emblem of purity than is to befonnd in the short livei jite Sanguinnria Canadensis, which comes nnd goes whil "" yet the frogs are piping ;b? early matins of nature lib jj|j erated from the bondage of winter 1 Go into th nim woods and along the glens at any time while ih len* early season is yet fresh in youth, and what more pic tureeque beauties San present themselves than thos there exhibited ? Take summer, the noon of the sea sons, and look at the Azelias, the Kalmias, the Rlio dodendruns and a thousand other families, which though not nf royal blood, have been introduced t JJ,[ royal fttTor,RTtd where can nature's storehouse fnrnis me objects to charm ibe eye euperier to these ? Yet w pass them almost unheeded, or perhaps what isworsf we mutilate them in this season of their beauty an glory, 10 furnish fading memorials of their lov?!inc-s for a brief day fur our parlors, while the weeping eter from which ^0 robbed our trophies, must in solitud sustain its fair remaining blossoms •'to bliiali unseen. And waste their avycctneasonthe desert air." When if the root and branch were removed to ou dwellinso and given a kind location there, they woul charm in some varied form at all seasons, and in th bright time of flowers, r"gnle oir eyes and perfum the atmosphere through the period of their floral ei istence, withoat the neopseity of a daily renewal t the vase or recourse to artificial means. Let it nc be inferred that we would oxthide foreign plants fror onr grounds, far from it. We admire and wou!dcii! tivate them by all means, but let us not stumble ove those all around us, to catch greedily at the "fs fetched and dear bought." But we must leave th Saloon, Zelia, and go on deck and try to make 01 peace with Capt. C. W. B. NOTICES. dre]i before the Nets York State Agricultural Si rietyin Albany, 19/A Jan , 1842. By J. B. Not Esq., President of the Stciety. This sensible address has at last made its appea ance. Immediately on its delivery wo give from 01 notes a sketch of it. In comparing our sketch wi I the address, wa are happy in finding that we had gi' en in t'ae main a just account of its views and sent ments, and in but one instance, and thatof triflin moment, bad we misrepresented it. The manm was of course far inferior to tliat flowing and classic style in which the autlior presents himself. W should have bceit happy to republish the whole ni dress, but as it will bo circulated throughout tl state, as we hnvo given an extended sketch of it, ar as our columns are crowded we must forego any oth' pleasure than that of prcseniiiig tho subjoined extrae " Young men, nfter having finished their academi course, are embarrassed in the choice of their futur professions, for thoy find the professions crowded t excess ; so crowded that men of fair talents and re apoetnble industry are rewarded only by a mcdioct success. Hence it is that we unfortunately find many too many otherwise respectable men of all politici creeds, who are ready at any fortunate crisis to obar don their profeasions and seek instead, the rewards ' oflTice. I do not spoak of those whose nmbitio pionipts them, regardless of the cost, to climb ihi fiii* liinecience ; and with rcsulta quite as useful to their juntry und to the world." It ia important therefore to do away the erroneous nprcasion thnt ihore is no other pursuit worthy the llention of an cdnoiitcd man, than the so called lenrn d proferisions, and that a lihernl educali^ui is thrown way if bestowed upon a farmer. If the larmer must f necessity be a mere rustic, and any one who en ngee in the pursuit, will allow himself to sink to this nglorions level, then will a very humble education fit im (or his untoward destiny. But if a former is de- rous of taking rank with the Gaylords and the Phin- leys, of our land, and with men of kindred spirit in •ther lands, their will his calling give abundant occu- '■' raiijn to h'S talents, however gifted, and his attain- nente, however profound; This is not all ; a farmer nay be even a man of refined taste and exquisite renins. A good farm should not be characterized done by its trim fence and its straight furrows, hut it hould also be an object of beauty. " Man made the own, God made the farm ;" and it ought to bear ihe mpress of his beautiful workmaiisliip. There are arms too, where, by the skilful disposition of wood ind of shrubbery, there ia, as it were, grouped into a icene of surpassing loveliness, the beetling clifl", the imiling meadow, ond the meandering river. And iUih the claims to taste and genius be denied to a far- mer who can create such a scene, and be awarded iolMy to him who can transfer it lo the living can- '' ?ns9 7 It may be said that these higher acconiplish- Jrnenis, constitute no pan of piaclicalfarming, because It contributes nothing directly to a furmer's prosperi- ty. "To such men," as Cheever says, " (jod him- self, as the creator of the universe, cannot appear as an architect of practical wisdom, for he has covered the earth with objects, tho sky and the clouds with tints, whose surpassing beauty is their or.ly utility. This beauty is eminently useful, because man who beholds it is a moral," as well as a thrifty being — "be- cause it awtkena the soul to moral contemplations, excites the imsginnlion, softens the seruibilities of the heart I because it tells him of hia mortality and his immortali:y, giving him symbols of both, and holding with him a perpetual conversation of the glory and wisdom and goodness of God." ^ " 'ro ecimc. the itieanest flower tliat hlowa can give TboUijlua tbat do oftco lie too deep for tears." If I am auked whether tlie pursuits of literattire are incompotible with the practice of husbandry, I an. ewer that they are at all events incompatible with the Vractice#ff a profession. Whoever would woo the muses must bid farewell to professional eminence. But there are farmers, thrifty lobnrioue farmers, men ex- posed to the summer's heat and the winter's cold, who are well known in the walks of literature. Why ehould it be otherwise 1 There is not an operation of practical husbandry, however humble, that is not immortalized in Thomson's, or Gray's, or Cowpcr's Bong. To such men, how melodious wbb the reoper's song, how graceful the mower's movements, how picturesque the loaded train, groaning beneath the burden of the gathered harvests 1 Much more then Bhould rural pursuits awaken the high souled eloquence of those who are habitn dly engaged in them. There was a time, it was olden time 'lis true, but there was a time when pastoral life was deemed especially favor- able to sublime conceptions ; and one shepherd at any rate has raised thiough many an ago tho loftiest emo- tions, who exclaimed as he stood amid his flacks and raised bis contemplative eye to yonder firmament: — " When I consider thy Heavens, the work of thy fin- gers, the moon and the stars which thou has ordained, ■what is man that thou art mindful of bim, and the son of man that thou visitesthim ?" Agriculture then, is not inimical to the pursuits of BCience and literature ; hut still it ia too often deemed a degrading employment. He talks of beeves, said Dr. Johnson sneeringly, of one of his most intimate friends, and yet the ill tempered and ungenerous satire is utterly at variance with even his utilitarian notions. In settling the relative ranks of the various callings of life, it should be remembered that we are governed in our views by old and inveterate prejudices. The Bcole by which they are graduated, was formed in the ages of ignorance, when men of the learned profes- Bions were monks ; men of ambition, soldiers ; and husbandmen, serfs. But the times are altered ; the pathway to fame no longer leads exclusively to fields covered with cnrnngc and shusihter, and may yet lend to fields amiling with tho gifts of Ceres and Po- mona. We, therefore, who arc ardendy attached to our fa- vorite pursuit, who are aware of ita privileges and ac- quainted with its delights, should do all in our power to disabuse the public mind of its mistaken prejudices, and to raise it in the public estimation to the level of the liberal professions, so that he may have no fear of losing cnato, who exchanges the merchant's couiuing- rooin and lawyer's dcok, for the pursuits of agrirul- lore, "Nnr ya who live In liixBry anil ease. In pomp and prirfe, Tliink ihone l,?«t theme? unworthy oi' your oars. Such sccncH as Ihrsc the rural Mnrasnng To wlilc ImperiBl Itomr, in the full hciuhl or eloiiiicnrcnnd mstr, liy Orcrxc refinril. In ancient limes the Fftcrcd plow emploj pd Ihc kiiiES ^nrl nwAil rmlicra of mniikinil ; Anil some, with wlioni compared ynur iiiafct trpic* Arc l)iu the hcinirs of a suinmorfl clay. Have hdJ the scale of empire, ruled iheatorra or miphty war ; then with unwearied hand Disdnlniiig liule delicacies, seized The plow and greatly independent lived. Venerntc the nlow, And o'er your hilla and long wiljidrawing velea L,-! Autiinin spread hi»trco»urc» to the sun, LuxDrinnt and unbounded. A Fur through his nzur« turbulent do Voiir empire owns, and from n thousand ehores ■\Vafts all the pomp of life into your ports So with superior b»on may you Exuherant Nature's betttr blessings pour tv cr evcrj- land, the imke^i nations clolho. 1 be Uie elhau-^Uess graniir ddrcss ddircred lefore the Essex Agricultural Soci- ety in Massachusetts, Srpt.^Qth, 1811. By Alon- s^zo Gray. This address is very creditable to the author. Its main object is to show the advantages and importance of science to agriculiuie ; its connection with the im- provement of the art, with its prodnctiveneBS and with tho dignity and respectability of the agricultural pro- fession. In the main we agree in all the sentiments expressed. If the farmers would elevate their art, they must elevate themselves. Mr. Gray speaks of an establishment in connexion with tho theological and literary institutions at Ando- ver, designed to furnish instruction in gardening and agriculture. These institutions have bee."-! endowed with a most extraordinary liberality for the ejiecific purposes of their establishment, and euch an addition to their other means of improvement will doubtless prove of eminent utility. There are particular branches of study directly con ccrned in agricultural improvement. These should of course he objecH of pursuit ; and to practise farm- ing with success, a man should become familiar with all its operations ; and if not himself capable of per- forming them, yet capable of determining when they are done and exactly how they should be done. But very much more than this is desirable. The most humane and liberal education will not be lost upon a farmer, unless it should, as is alas! but too often its effect, inflate his mind with foolish pride and selAon- ceit, and lead him to disdain labor and its humbre ac- companiments. In all great improvements in any thing connected with human life, society, or the arts, mind is tho propelling power. The cultivation and strengthening of the mind, the creating within it a thirst for universal knowledge and continually stimu lating this appetite, is the great instrument of success in any and every valuable art or profession. Educa- tion for the formers, as for every other class in the community, ehniUJ be regarded in its most compre- hensive seme, not so much as the imparting of knowl- edge, this is hut a small part of education, but as teach- ing man the proper use and application of all his in- tellectual powers, and exciting him to their constant and highest exertions. While, therefore, we rejoice in the establishment of schools designed to teach the practical operations of husbandry, and all the arts and sciences more directly and specifically connected with it, we should insist, wherever we had the power, as is suggested in Mr. Gray's Address, ilint there should be nesociaiod with euch insliiuiions the fullest course of instruction in all liberal arts and in general knowl- edge. We should be glad to quote liberally from this ad- hfee, but at the present wo mnst restrict ourselves to a small portion. " It is one of the most glaring defects in our syatem of popular inetruetion, thnt no provision ia made for the study of thote branches which are intimately con- nected with agriculture, and a knowledge ot which is necessary in order that the science itself nmy be understood; we are therefore met with an obstocle which it is not easy to surmount, whenever we attempt to instruct the community into tho principles of the art. There is wanting not light on agriculture, but a recipient poiocr in the general mind to collect ibc light which actually exists. There is knowledge enough in the world lo save it, if it could be brought to bear upon the popular mind ; hence what we need is such an elementary knowledge of mineralogy, botany, chemistry and natural philosophy, w ith their applica- tion to the arts, that the ecienee of agriculture may be understood, and such a dirciplino of the popular intellect that (his knowledge may he practically ap- plied. For want of this recijricnt pcncer, the press, that great engine of popular instruction, is deprived of the greater part of its efficacy, Popular lectures, the ef- forts, the discoveries of scientific men exert but a (ee- hle influence. The fostering care of the Leoislature and the indefatigable labors of agricultural societies scarcely reach the general nines of farmers. The con- sequence is that no preparation is considered desimbla to become a farmer, as if men were endowed for this employment with an instinct like the bee or beaver which is perfect in itself and could not be improved by education. While some degree of preparation is deemed ne- cessary to practice the rudest trade, that of a cobler or common 7>e(fi«r, the most ditticult and important of all trades moy be carried on, it is suppi-sed, without any preparatory or professional knowledge. What should we think of the wisdom or sense of that community which should encourage all its physicians, lawret^t ministers, merchants and politicians to engage in 't?»- • respective professions without any professional knowl- edge whatever t And yet there is aa much propriety for a young man to engage in the profession of law, medicine, or theology, without professional knowl- edge, as in that of farming without a knowledge of it^ fundamentol principles. True, he might do more injury to society in the former case, but he would have nn equal title to the character of a quack in both ; and quackery in (aiming has many striking analogies to quackery in medicine, and were it not so common, would meet with similar ridicule end rebuke by all in- telligent men. But how can this recipient power he supplied, anil how can this professional knowledge be acquired, un- less agriculture be made a subject of study ? As our common school system excludes those kindred branch- es of notural science which are necessary to a profes- sional knowledge of agriculture, the commencement of improvement must be made in our academics* and higher seminaries. Our colleges have a different ob- ject, their course of study has become too ritjidly fix- ed to be altered, and it is doubtful whether any success could crown the clTort if tried. But this is not the ease with our academies, and scientific agriculture may be introduced into some of them and taught suc- cessfully to those tvho are to be the future cultivators of the soil. With an institution liberally endowed, with' proper aids, text books, lectures, apparatus, antl experiments conducted in the field, the young farmer, after having received a thorough discipline in a pre- paratory course, may finish his education by obtaining aecientific knowledge of agriculture previous to enter- ing upon the great business ol life. ._ We would not establish institutions for the mere study of agriculture, but would connect it with an ex. tended course of English education. We are no ad. vocates of a superficial course of training. We woulj * After the subject has. been inlriiduced into n few of our higher seminaries, for the i)urpoae of preparing the teachers of ourcommon schotls to instruct intbe v.irious departments of Natural History, the subject may then be introduced into them; but until we have teochers qualified for such instruc- tions, we must contiiie our efl'orts to higher seminaries, where those facilities may bo furnished which are reiiuired for Icachiuf! the first principloj of Ciicinislry and Niitural History. Thcjreot difficulty now is Ihatwc h:ivc niulher qualified teachers, uor books, nor cabinets, nor opparaluB. which are requisite to prepare men in nur common ecbools for the theoretical and practical parts of agriculture nnu the various other arts and trades. •12 d'SL'mnteiKinne llv; idea iliat n competi^iit know'edi^e of tbis suhjeci, eufficiont to answer tlie ends designed, can be obtained in a single term, or a eingle year ; II ir dii we believe iLint evory young man, whose duty it iniy be to till ihe s.jil, in capable of gnininga scicn- tifie knowledge of the subject ; but we would projiose the course to those young men who arc to become the leadiiijj niindd in society, (nnd there ore rnniiy fcucli in every county, in every town tbroui;hout the etiile, ) we would niniie them scientific Inrniers, and, scattered as they would be ninung the Inrmmg community, their example and influence would so n give character and pornianenry to thi.' profession, and bring all under the power of its beneficial effects. There is not, lo tny knowledgS, a siligle institution in the country where agriculture is actuallij taught in any of its departments. There are institutions where men niny be instructed in almost every other art but this. There should bo at least one place where the subject may receive that attention which its iinpor tance demands : one ray of light lo show, if nothing more, the darkness which reolly exists. H is impoa sible for me to understand the reason why farmers have not ere this established schools* for the 3ir.dy of Bcientilic agrieullnre. They have given their money to educate ministers, lawyers, physicians, merchants, mechanics, and sailors. They have, as it were, gone out of their appropriate fields, to eiiliivate those of their neighbors ; thoy have been ready to aid every other profession but their own : they have sent their sons to learn to be gentlemen, and to pass well in the world ; but have not made provision for teaching them that professiou in which they are to spend their life and gain their support. Attempts have been made in several places to intro- duce agr'cuUure as a branch of study, but have gener- ally lailed, either because ii was a plan to raise up a sinking institution that hnd no foundation to it, or be- cause the institution was established for the mere study of agriculture, as if no prepiiratory course were re- quired, 110 discipline of mind requisite, to obtain a scientific knowledge of the subject. Etfortsare now in progress :o introduce the subject into the Teachers' Semiuaryf at Andovor ; lectures are given upon the subject the present term, nnd it remains to be seen wiiether the farming community will sustain the efTort, J.and make it a thorough and permanent means of ad- vancing the art, or whether they will permit it to add another unsuccessful attempt to raise the employment to the dignity oi a profession, nnd rescue it trom mer- ited contempt. A better day, I.irusl is dawning upon us. The pub- lic mind is awakening to the subject. Scientific men are turning their attention lo it. The friends of edii- outioiiare nn.xinusly inquiring forsomelhing to remedy the de.l8'.ed for ditionan. all th(! hr and s.-'.pni nportant of the arts de to 9t;'rethat r.rr.-".neements have lieencom- '■■■' !■ -leiitiliciit.Ticultnre.aTidthiii.inad- ' -I IV 1! lie laid . at in tho spring, .ind ', ■ ::!-tirc r.itended lo bv a practical ' i !'■ 1 is'. One of tie principal objects ^■iniit Ires and fruit; of course al the ' •I'ingf uit ,ind veg tables may be studied ■ "~e who may wifhiop.ilronize the effort. colle sho wholly -.0 ihe stud'.' and pr.ici beeqaiv.Meiitlnnli Ihe dep.-irlments of EiigMa i' lUeniturc, le our eeileges and superior t» tUem la the natural ssleaoca. from noxious weeds. Thirdly, thai it ought M he kept rich, or in other words, highly manured. I am anxious to impress upon Ihe society the import- ance of the first rule. Our Country, particularly re- quires it. Even our hill lands would be much bene- fited, the declivities and vales nm>.iiora;ed by open ditches to conduct off the surface water, and blind ditches, the water from the soil. This system is ob- taining with good farmers, which will abundantly improve our rich soil, and salubrious iiliniate. The frost of winter perlorins an imporlanl operation by leaving the soil pulverized nnd spongy, easy access to plants which send out tender r^iots lo gather nutrition. Hut if there la early in the season a superabundance ot water, it settles the soil down an unfavorable compact mass. A cousiderable portion of each of a few suc- cecihng yonis should be appropriated by every former for drninage, which will prove an investment worih 20 per cent, per annum. Although water is indispen- sible to vei elation, too much of it is as hurtful as loo little, li is necessary to germination of seed, to the decomposition of vegeinb'e matter in the soil, to ihe transmission of the tond from the soil to the plant, to its circulation. But when water remains in the soil to excess', the vegetable Dialler remains insoluble, in consi quence of the absence of heal and air. The 2J Rule, with regard to noxious weeils. I am sorry !o have to acknowledge that the Canada Thistle, St. Johns Wort, (Hyperiaum-, perforatum,) Red root, (Liihospermum Arvensc, i &c., are invading our fields. Summer fallow i.driicularly in dry seasons will destroy the Canada Thistle, if when it mskce the least oppearance, or rather previous to ito being ex- ;eot30, plough it once in 10 days for half a dozen itnca. If it cannot respire during that time in sum- r, it mv.stdie, and a remuneraiion for extra labor the well prepared ground, will be reaped the next rvest. The free nef. of plaster will drive oiii St. Johns Wort and daisy with usuol rotation in Crops. Eor the 3d Rule, we have inexhaustible materials in ihose invtihiable minera'e, plaster and lime stone. They should be more used; they will increase the quantity of hay and straw, thebas'e of manures ; the sub sod contains lime, it would be beneficial to loosen it up. Beds of marl 4 feet thick, nearly pure, shells liartially decayed, within 4 feet of the surface, under- lay 10,000 acres along the Seneci river, which was formerly a part of Cayuga lake, now filled up. This marl will be extensively need. A good farinei will turn eveiy atteniion toivards enriching the soil. old require a lo e study, iitions of ho Hence it n betler,) of and the Oil lauih: pr. witness . houl.l ,v. rains, n i . .ils.' r'nd p Mtiv« dcparfitueats. ; Ipast tliree veai It should be funi ■:iculture and iig ■eilent. Alices r would b ilh a fiirm, griculture should he sr, the pupils thould in of a teacher. It philttsophical appa- l,i:;ora'.ory. for eJe- As Hi the material for fencing, we are not as provided. LocuM trees should be planted alone borders of our numerous roads, which would re" no land from our enclosures. They are ornanie nifirding a cooling shade. The i>ta63 is sweet i: the acacia, the timber enduring, and nithough th sect has severely ottacked it tor the l-ist five observe that most of the trees are gai'ning the a dency. They are not injured after thoy alia, inehca diameter. And we may remember tin that hurtful insects only prevail a very few years lime. They have their day, and disappear lor n interval of years, or for ever. The bqrei has since disappeared in the sontliern pan of thisslal he is no longer there injurious lo the locust. Wheat is our staple and most impfirtant pro It is fonnd on analyzing to coniaili moie sacch matter, than sonthein wheat. We may exp( heavy t-rop, if we repeatedly plough deep, and nure with clover, and plaster, or other material ; as earlyas the fiist of Sepiembcr, or before, wi bushels per acre; a less qusiiiity of seed would the ground v/ith plants, but oiTsels or suckers or ns vigorons as the parent slock, which will have a ger head. Seeds of all kinds should be ekilfull lected Ar;riru!'ure as a means of Wealth. — A wo my young friends. Do not crowd into the profess and trade, — lh?y are overdone. It has been SU| ed by those who have long observed the cour things, thaito take 40 lods, divide them, ell thing sidered inlo two equal companies, place half ot i in the professions and merehundiss, the ntJiHr ha agricultural pursuits ; llie result will be alte^ of years, the latter will have the greatest a,^i wealth, diffused among the whole ; v.ihi!e perbi fourth of the former may make lorge acqirisitillls families of the other ihree fourths may be fonr rather straitened eircnmstonces. It is the o])inii those whj have long held situations favorable to ohservatione, as lo enable them lo corrie to co conclusions on ihia subject, that only one in fo the trading classes, perhaps from causes beyond ontrol, escape insolvency, or are successful ii rofessions. Is it not strange that young mei I'illing to enter inlo schemes wheie only one in succeeds, while' the farm is like the incxhaui ruiae of oil ? We are directed to draw from the stnntly productive earth, a Bank, which may be di upon at- all times, nnd will not tail, while seed and hnr'.'cet remains. It is the main Spring that the whole machinery in motion. Therefore appl your energies with increasing vigilance to rntal suits. The brief period of Youth is invaluable, "i each day into the account. It is barely suffieic lay the siiperatrueiure of liierary education, and itsofmannnl industry The edifice must be t( by the assiduous attention of after years. Address before the Cayvga County Agricultural defy, October I'Uh, I?II. By Dutid Wrigh This address is creditable to its author for its e and judicious remarks. We subjoin some iev tracts. It would be greatly for the advantage o Society if the address of Mr. Howlnnd, together this address of Mr. Wright and ihatofDavid Thi in February last, with tueir list of ofHcers and n hers, and the reports of their diflerent commii were given to the inernbcrs of the .'Society and tc public in a pamphlet form, that they might alwa; accessible nnd form the commencement of an an publication of the same character. Ednenlion and Knowledge important lo the |r. mer. — There iFccrininiy no ociupaiion, profesitf or calling, wherein talent, industry, intelligence m ■ -ience are niore needed, or more amply rcwar iff in no other department can it more truly be said, m " knowledge is power." There is no science m may he made subservient to the interests of tin ir- mer, and amongst them may now be lound sodHI our most intelligent nnd best citizens; men olW greatesi atiainmeiits in all the various departroenw literature, science and the arts. And in order tclf' fuse the knou ledge of the few amongst ihemOflto rendei any improvement made by the individual ii n- hers of any class acceptable to the whole of thai c! 3 ; in fine to enable all to profit by the enterprise ani tclligence of each, some method must be neces! and nlilioiigh agricultural journals, if well condui may aid and a.^eist veiy much, j'et it is by meai organized ond efficient agricultural Societies iha greatest pubUeity con be given to the impreveu 6. AND GARDENFJrS JOURNAL. i)3 icw inventions whitb mxcontinuiillv being iiinde est 113. We can by nieina nf our Fnira «ce«ch ' iineeU", ami Bccaig, be cnubjcd lo iiulge of ihe ef- ' of whnt niny be ofierod. al!. dairy amriint3d to near one hundred nnd ninety •nisand dodura, The aggresiate value of all the ove. the produce of a single year, at present pr:ces, uuld exceed two millions of dollars, the agricultu- \ products of about eleven thousand men, many ol hnm doubtless were mere idlers upon the soil. A^ain, as appears from the same Census, there were v'ncd by cititeiw of tbe County, on the first day ol muary of that year, more than thirteen thousand irsea near huy thousand neat cattle, near two bun ■ed thousand sheep, anii more than eii-ty ihousan- f/ine. This is not mere rhetoric, but eobcr truth ; nnd no one can possibly suppose after thio thai tl.o Colonel can be a bachelor. iddress dclicercd before Ike Maima County (Ohio) JgnciiHural Socktij, Oclober7lh, 1841. By Col. Abraham Morton. This is a glowing and impassioned address in favor f ngriculturc ; inctdcating the value and dignity of ibor, and urging with great earnestness the cause of gricuUural improvement. We give the tittle as it ppears, and though it is not exactly turning a spenr atoapruninghook, it exhibits a transformation not ;ery unlilie, in changing a military onicer into a good "armer. With all the gallantry of a military man, he speaks thus of the influence of woman in every good cause. "While the unlettered nations of the earth have oither deii\ed woman as a goddess or debased her ns ,. slave, we are delighted to accept her as the equal and honored companion of our homes, and the pride and ornament of our assemblies. At her feet do we learn lessons of mental rehneraent and moral sensi- „,„ty. This is no ideal compliment of mine, or vain picture drawn to foster her pride and feed her vanity, but the sincere cnnviciion of every mind susceptible of truth. When the tide of woman's influence is turned to upbuilding of our societies, of whatever nime, we ask no surer token of enccess. With it our highest anticipation3 are realized ; without it our sturdiest efforts are paralyzed. Whatever be her en- terprise, if succesbful she is not so elated as to miss her object ; it disappointed, f he does not give up the pursuit ; and if the lost prospect of success vanish away, she will not despair, but sits "smiling at grief." I care ivt how great, how difficult and discourngmg the enterprise, she has courage and perseverance ade- quate to its accomplishment." _ Address delivered brforc the AgricuUurid Socictij of Onmgc County, A'uccmbcr Vth, 1641. By John CaldKcU, Ksij., rrcsident. This is a sensible addrcFS ; and we are glad that the fanners of Orange county have among them so en lightened and zealous a friend of the good cause of Agricultural Improvement. We shall give two ex- tracts from the address. The caiiic of an iudiislrious profession. — Agricul- turnl pursuits are peculiarly congenial to the people of this country, and to our republican institutions, they are tbe liiuudation of our prosperity and the main link in thai ihain of connection which binds ns together as a nation,' and contributes lo our wenltb, our strength, and our independence. It is, therefore, gratifying to observe the lively interest every where taking in the cultivation of the ennh. It was grossly neglected a lew years ago, when speculation in building lots on the mountain tops, or cities in the moon, seemed to overrun the world with madness; the dire resultBofsucb infatuation has cured the evils, and rationality is again restored, though at heavy enerifices to the bewildered victim of cupidity. Manufactures, Commerce, nnd the mechanic arts, owe, ae to an indulgent, fosuring mother, their protection in infancy, and their success in the after days of their progress, to the never failing ] aid of successful agricid'.ufe. Is it not, therefore lamentable to see so many of our vigorous youth, withdraw themselves Irom its ennobling pursuits, to waste their sweetness, not as the Poet says — "on the desert air," but behind the counters ol petty and ef- feminate irnilic 1 Thus, loo, by filling Biations pecu- liarly suited to the softer sex, depriving thousands of unprotected females of approprinie employment, and compelling them to earn a scanty subsistence in such other ways as remain open to them, by incessant, but ill-requited labor ; often at the expense of health and constitution, worn down spirits and broken hearts. This is no esnggerated representation ; let any of you visit tlie abodes of honest poverty in our cities, and you will rtnd it more than realized. One of the ablest periodical wrileis of Great Urimin, speaking of the ambition in that country for profi.ssionnl life, and the rush into what are called the learned professione of law, physic, and divinity, points to some of the conse- quences in language which is no leas applicable here. "Bat thousands," says be, "have died of broken hearts in these oursuits, — thousands who would have been happy behind the plough, or prosperous in man- ufacturing or mechanical pursuits ; — thousands in the deepernls struggle of the thankless professions, look . upon the simplieily of a life of manual labor with per- petual envy, and ihoueanrle, by a worse fate still, are driven to necessities which degrade tbe principles ol honor within them, accustom them to humiliating modes of obtaining subsistence, and make out by ad- ministering to the vices of others, tbe livelihood which IS refused to their legitimate exertions." There is, however, in this our beloved country, a general feel n" which pervades the entire raass. An idle man, however wealthy, is looked on with contempt, andean ne^er enjoy the conSdence or respect of his fellow- citizens practice of some intelligent farmers, to keep a farm book, in which every lot is designated by number, of otherwise, and ihe ircatment to which each is tubject- cil in eaeii year regulaily recorded, thereby laying the basis for just cunclusioiiB, from well established preniisep. . 'C 1 Habits of exact observation eneovraged. — While I conoratulnte you on the vast amount ol useful matter scattered over the land in these periodicals, I object to the unnecessary parade of scicntilic terms, frequently unintelligible to plain men like my.-ell, which there is reason to fear deters n.any from looking at them at nil. A woman may bake a good batch of bread in total ig- norance of the theory of fermcntatinn, and a farmer may raise a good crop, and know little of the nmiii lies of soil nnd manures. It is well— it ia praisewor- thy for those who have leisure, talent, nnd inclination to pursue such investigations, whilst tbe practical man applies them lo his every day pursuits. Indeed, the whole process of cultivation may be considered as a well arranged series of experiments, and every Intel ligent farmer an experimental philosopher, the soil his subject matter, the elements his agent, and his labo- ratory bounded only by the wide cano|iy of heaven — there he follows up causes to their etfects ; there be trncesbnck eflecis to their causes, nnd there too, in the midst of his labors ; he looks from nature up to nature's God. But allow me, gentlemen to suggest thnt, as in all other arts and sciences, so also in agri- culture, the various operations as ihey occur in thi. 8ucce.-:>ive stages of tbe process, ought to be carefully and minutely noted, nnd for thl.i purpose ; it is the lifnVns for Mniiiiic. '^ An enquiry comes up in the second number of the cnrient volume of thc{''ariner concerning ihc leaveB in "Aani wood land" beinjj used ee a manure, nnd the success ntiending. In arawer lo which we fay, thnt if the land produces only hardwood, they furnish the principal manure for the limber when growing, nnd for other purposes wlien the wood is taken off. The growth of such timber is neually of a profitable and somelimcsof a rapid character. The land where such timber ia found, is of various but gcnnially pro* ductive character, nnd retains its ferlility well. Taken from iho forest and placed in the sly or born>- yard, where they can be subject to the operniionB of swine and other stock, and it forms one of ihe most vnluable manures, boih for present use and future du- rability, that can be employed. Il answers well for all kinds of crops. In the crude or unmanufnclured state, in which it is taken from the woods, tbe manure is perhaps as good as any for potatoes in the hill, for fruit and forest trees, currant bushes, &«. W. B. For the Ne7c Guicgee Farmer. Harrowing Potatoe*. Friend Colman— li is not my object to argue the profitableness of a crop of potatoes, or how the great- est quantity can be raised from an acre, but lo suggest nn improvement in the cultivation of them. My prac- tice has been, for two or three years, with q light drag 10 drag them over thoroughly, just before they come up. My objects in this are lo pulverise ihe ground well, which it wUl do without injuring the polatoeo, if they are planted at a proper depth, nnd destroy the weeds itfat get up generally very much before hoeing lime. By these means the crop is kept much cleaner with less work than any other way that I am aware of ESEK WILBUR. Macedon, ith mo. 23rf, 1842. We have seen this method practised with much od- vantage, and know that it greatly facilitates the cul- tivation of tbe crop. — Ed. To THE PiiiNT. — When the Mayor and Common Council of Albany, at the oiiening of the "Western Rail Koad. visited Boston and were received by the municipal autl;orilicG in due form, the Mayor said for 1 himself and associates that they would be glad to see the city ; he was a business man , and not used to I making speeches. A captain of a merchantman whose cargo was con- signed to Sam'l WiUiams, the eminent American mer- chant in London, not finding such a market as he de- sired wrote a letter of three quarto pages for advice aa to what he should do, proposing this and proposing that course. Mr. WUliams' reply, very much to the chagrin of this long winded gentleman, was, "Sir, fake salt and go home." Farmers! No long talks in the morning. "Take tune by the forelock." Cure lor WoUntJs? Galls, asiil Urtiises. Take one quarter pound of Saiipare, htilf a pint ofVinerrar, half a pint of Spirits Turpentine ; put them to°gether into a bottle, nnd shake up be.ore using. Apply it to the wound with a leather, three limes a day. , . , , • . „• * The above was handed ns by a highly intelligent friend, who assures us that it will be found a moet efficient cure for sores on horses. The Season now, 30ih May, hne sehlom promised better The wheat looks finely, nnd grass abundant. The prices of produce are such ns to satisly leDsoriable men ; wheat in Rochester, $1,S5 per bushel, and bay 10 to 12 dollars per ton. THE NEW GENESEE FARMER Vol. For the A'ct;- Ocnesee Farmer. Sowing Com for Foddere Mr. Colman" — In the Fannor for Marchj your cor- respondent Lcdyard asks information on the subject of sowing corn: broad CRst, for winter fodder. I was, at firstn»6urpriscd at the enquiry, but on reflection, con- cluded he must have been a stranger to your paper, probably just then commencing an acquaintance with it. I ask leave, therefore, to refer him to your number for July, 1841, page 109. He v/ill there find an article on the subject, that will, I think, in a measure satisfy his enquiries. I have been for twenty years accustom- ed to this culture, and havo there given the result of my experience. I do not feel as if I coijd say too much in its favor. The product per acre, on a rich soil, and in a favorable season, will be very great. I iiave never had occasion to asc* riain with accuracy the amount. But have considers!, or estimated the B-nount on different fields and in difl'crent seasons, to varv from five to seven tons, or more per acre. I have carried well a very large stock, rising 1000 cheep, and many cattle, farint* January, with very little hay. I would by no means sufler the corn to stand to let the cars ripen before hiU"ve3ting. It should be cut when rao?t juicy, when the juice is richest and sweet- est. This will be, I suppose, at the time when the kernel has become nearly or quite full of milk. When sown 2 1-3 bushels of aecd per acre, the quantity which I recommend, and from which I would not vary, it mil stand so thick and the stalks be so slender, that but few ears will set. Cut up at the time I pro- pose, it will be so extremely succulent, that it will iTecd to stand in small stouts to cure, during the dry and hot weather; and should be put into stacks, as recommend- ed in the aitido refered to nbore, just before the fall rains comuicnce. The idea suggested in the Farmer for March, jiagc 31, '-that weeds will check it* growth, if the land is rich, and fill the ground with seeds," I cannot tliink correct. It is entirely at variance with my experience. Tiro ground is so deeply and pcrfretly shaded, that I have found nothing could live or grow among it, save the Canada thistle ; and this would shoot up a slender, pale, weak, and sickly stalk, unable to produce or sus- tain a blossom. I have been pleased, after taking off the corn, with the condition of the ground for cross-ploughing and sowing with wheat. I recommend to sow corn early, that it may bo harvested early, and thus have the full benefit of the dry and hot weather, for the process of curing the stalk. If cut late, it will be more difficult so to cure it as to secure its safety. I once lost a large quantity, supposed well cured, by stowing il away in a large and solid mow. Of course, I prefer stasking it, as recommended in the article refered to above, around a [wle, the length of a sheaf only from the pole, so that the butts shall all be exposed to the air. April, 1S13. A FARMER. us aharvest of IVuit as large and larger than robin's eggs, as clear as o qiiill, and as delicious o§ a plam or peach if you plecss. And the said bushes contin- ue in good b^ing ever since without any change of local habitation or name. My mcnagement with them has been to keep ibo earth light and rich around the roots. If moss collected on the stalk scrape it off, and cut the old stalk down once in about three years. The bushes must be kept well pruned, which is not very difficult, if you have a choice fruit, and set them where the air will circulate freely. A cold exposure is suited to their tastei, hibits and constitution. A very dry soil irc think unfavorable to their growth, as we have, in several instances, knoicn of their be- ing attacked by mildew in eandy soils, also in those where racks lay but little distance from the surlaco. The bejt we ever saw, grow in a moist loam, which was kept enriched by decayed chips. W. B. Moiint Osceola^ 1842. OIll«k;w on Gooseberries, For the Ntto Gencscc Farmer. Mr. Colmak — One of your subscribers inquires Iww he shall prevent gooseberries from moulding. Some few years since, wlido passing through the Shaker settlement in Hancock, Mass., we stopped (its a gift of ours) to chat awhile with one of the brethren. Among other topics our conversation fell up:m gocsuberriea. lie said Ihcy had a very fine variety, but in consequence of their mildewing, he was going to pull them up and throw them into the street ; they wero useless to them. We made a truce with him for the said rejected bushes, brought them home, and put them out as we had been want to put out gooeoberry bushes in former time. It was ton I'Uo in the season to expect any good from them thai year, for their blighted fruit had just fallen premature- ly to the earth. The next ecasoi, however, brought , t " ^ 1 ''. (1 ih R 1 1 -L2^»j^_,_J_-p- 1 , 1/- \ ^"K^ jisx For tlui \ci€ Gcncsce Farmer. Siimmer Cookiug Appaiatu.'t. I furnish a description of such an apparatus ; which I have found cheap in construction, saving of fuel, ond very co.Tifortcble indeed for the woman who used it. Though perhaps not adapted, in utmost strictncsa, to an agricultural journal, cobblcra and carpenters being sometimes compelled to do their ov/n cooking, still 1 Hatter myself it will not be e.tclndcd, while iho col- umna of the Farmer are open to hng/unnyisms about Contlccticiit River letters, old bachelors' griefsj and young ladies names. Tile npporatus in question, consists of an iron ves- sel A A (reprcaenleJ in section,) having a lorgc hole at the bottom covered with a grote P, firmly set in sol- id brick-work. This is for containing the fire. Di- icctly beneath it is the ash-pit C, enclosed on cU sides, except a small hole in front, 2 by 4 inches, for ex- tracting the ashes, and for the admission of air to the tire above. To ihis hole is accurately fitted by grind- ing a piece of brick, so that the draught may be en- tirely cut off, when the fire is not lo burn rCpiJly. D is the boiler, made, as is perceived, in the shape of a frustum "f a cone inverted ; and when set in, leaves an overage space of one or two inches for the upward passage of the smoke. On opposite sides of the iron vessel A A containing the fire, and the thickness of one brick from the top, are two square holes for the horizontal passage of the smoke to the chimney. The position of one of these holes, is represented by the square dotted figure. A chimney about 5 inches c-quare and four feet high, will afford draught enough, and may then pass into a common brick chimney ; or 4 feet of rlove pipe will answer the same end. Sev- eral boilers of this kind may be connected in one mass of brick work, and then form what are termed in some of our cities kitchen, ranges, where they are not very uncommon. The fuel used may be small blocks of wood, chips, or charcoal. If charcoal is used, lees space should be allowed between the grate and the boiler, than when chip? are burned. From three to six inches is suffi- cient. The quantity consumed la cxceedinely small. The stratum of hot air rijund the bottom and sides of the boiler, is so thin, that little heat comparatively es- capes, acting, 03 it docs, on a principle similar to that of Moit's Agriculturol Furnace. A bushel and-haU basketj filled with blocks of wood, were enough to cook all the food of a family of four adult persons fo two days. By shutting the draught, combustion cor tinuesfor along time. Three blocks of wood, th size of common half bricks boiled the dinner pot wit 7 quarts of water, at 11 o'clock, after which th draught was closedj and they continued to burn, kce[ the water at boiling heat until & o'clock fo lowing. A pint of charcoal was sufficient to boil 1 quarts of cold water. The fire communicates scarcely any pSrceptib! \ heat 10 the room, hence it is particularly adapted fc summer use. Every woman (I don't mean ever lady, whose fingers never bent for household duties, every woman knows that ironing clothes, and bakin griddle-cakes, is desperately hot work in eummcr bat not so with this apparatus. With it, she may iro as comfortably as she rakes her flower bed ; and bak cakes, sitting in her easy chair, as easily and coolly i she writes a letter. I have seen il done. The vessel A A would be best if made of cast-iroi Mine was made of thick sheet-iron, and though th lower part burned through in a few months, yet th bricks, having been made lo fit its outside, still kej the proper shape. The upper rim of ihis vessel, an the shoulder ol the boiltr, should fit accuratelj Cooking-stove boilers may be used, but being shallo' below the shoulder, are not so economical of fuel. The cast of n single boiler lipparatus was aa foi lows : — Sheet iron vessel A A $0,83 TiuboilerD 1,00 Giatc 25 Brick and mortar 1,75 Mason work 87 Iron strap round the top layer of brick to keep ihem firmly together 25 $5,00 When the boiler ia of moderate size, fuel is put i at the top, by removing it ; but when very large, small door is fitted in front to shut very closely, j volve shutting the flue above the fire would bo u ver good tffiiigTan'd'lhe'aiNb'eing thus excluded fromabov as well as from below the fire would keep aa well ( when covered with ashes. T. Western New York, l*-4?. Value of an Agrlcnltural Paper. Extract from a private letter from one, whone intel! gcnce and experience gives him a right to spec with authority, in Ontario county, and dated 4i March, l&i3. "I want the farmers to cast away their pTejudi' against reading an agricultural paper. I think the are alVaid of being caught in reading something, whii perchance may have been written by some one, wl does not belong to their calling, in whose vie%vs thf miirht coincide. They are not comiwllcd to practi any information communicated, which does not cor mend itself to their common sense and judgment, cannot bo that the chiu-ge of fifty cents prevents the ticking an agricultural paper which usually contains) a single number information respecting some subjct worth mca-e than the entire cost of the paper for whole year's publication. But light is gleaming throug the mist of ignorance and prejudice. The farmers a waking up, and that over- weening confidence in one own experience, possessed by many, is giving wa Many are wiUing to read an agricultural paper, ar arc not ashamed to confess that they find it useful ar instructive to them." We cannot help considering this advice as eensib and sound; and therefore wo rocommcpd to thi who need it, to tii^c it. As Q,aacks often say of the medicine, " it won't hurt you if it docs you no good Ignorance and prejudice arc extremely intractable di cases to contend with. Advancing education and tl Hlj dif (I I Lj o. 6. =; - .- sii adu&l spread of knowledge, will, by slow and impcr- i(» ptibic degrees ncooiupUsh that which cannot be liii ichcd by any sudden movement. That which is •j incil by the gradual difiubion of light and knoTvI- 1 It gc, now since the art of priming hasbef-n discovered, kiti sure to be retained; and "thoee revolutions do not (fi ibackwird.'' Men after they once become accus- ijjl med to road a well conducteij agricultural paper are rite sure to keep on; and from being an indulgence I'k; bcconios a necessity, like a dog whose toeth has once it len flcshe sure afterwards to be ,j und anioiig the flock. ^Ve wish we might thus Sii larpeu the Lipi)elite of our itadera. If an arden' dc- », re and much painB-takiag will make our paper ser- in ceable and attractive to them, wc shall confidently i Jculatc upon success. — En. rj ' PL.W Of A U VR\. Mr. Editok— Not the least among the many ad- m mtagee to be derived ftom an agricultural paper to it le farming community, is that it may be a medium i r information adapted to save time and money, and i; romoie economy and convenience in giving plane of a ttildinga- Such have been given from time to time 1 your valuable paper ; aud without further preface, submit the following plan of a building, which I ave found from experience, to be cheap and conve- icnt, and adapted to save much labor every year. 'iie whole is a building 38 it. by 7'i, with a basement. a ^ Fi^l. S — ^'C £ Zi -^s?- g. — \—\ — J? A V.S — 1 1 — B D X> D JO Fig. 1.— Plan of Basement. A. Carriage Room, with spouta s i from granary ibove. B. Stable for horses. C. Meal and Grain room, with manger between hat and stable. D. Cellar, which perhaps some would have larger. E. Place for sheep to eat. F. Cow sheds. G. Calf shed. ■m. Tit. Mangers for horses, cows and sheep, com- municating with the upper floor, s. s. Sponts communicating with granary. h. h. h. Bins for grain and meal. Stairs from stable to upper floor, between B. «& C. Fig. II. — Uppkr Floor. A. The main floor, i. spout to bins below. B. B. Bays. C- Floor with scaffold overhead, c. corn crib. D. D. Granary with a passage through, and spouts leading to carriage room below. It was wisely and justly remarked by Mr. Peters, on page 25, vol. 2, of your paper, that there should be B place for your horses and carriages, harness and grain, and hay, all under one roof if possible, and those who have it diflcrently can hardly know how much time and labor are lost. Here we have the same as a building 72 ft, by 75, AND GARDENER'8 JOUlltNAL. or a« the (ollowing buildings, which are ncceseary for every farmer : A carriage house 21 by oO ft., and a homo barn 22 by :'>0 ft., which, built in tho ordinary way, would aist at least .... ,f "DO Sbcda for cows, calves and sheep, - 200 The same or more than two barns of the com- mon size, 30 and 40, ... 500 Total $1000 Tho cost of this as nearly as I can estimate it, is about $500, covered with rough boards, being a sav. ingof f500over tho common plan, which is worthy of consideration in theee limes But where, says one, is the saving of labor ? Be- sides the saving of labor and time in doing my 'choree,' which IS considerable, I save in getting out and stack- ing the straw when threshing, at least two hands per day, besides a great deal of very hard labor in loading grain for market, and in conveying tho oats and meal lo the bins back of the stable through the spout in the middle flixir. Another item ; I generally thresh my grain early in the fall and stack and mow the straw, and this leaves the middle bay for the corn which I draw in when dry and it may be husked in any weather and put in the crib, thus not only savint! time but much of the fod- der; and the corn can be thi'eehed (as it should be, and ground) ready for the ewice. Voiire truly, P. PARKS. Victor, N. F.,18.12. Kcmnrks.—We feel obllgod to Mr. Parks for the above communication. He speaks of it as his first at- tempt. We hope it will not bo his last, and that he will let us hear from him aa oftea a« his convenience admits of his writing. We look upon the arrangement and construction of his building as convenient, and combining much in a small space. We think that thirteen feel do not give widih enough for a horse stable ; it should not be less than fifteen ; there v/ill then be room enough to hang up their hamoes and to pass in safety behind them. We consider seven leet for n sheep house as quite too narrow, though something must depend in regard to all these matleis, upon the size of the farm and the amount of stock to be kept. Wc are much too strong- ly inclined to give too htlle room to our animals; and one would suppose from the construction of a large proportion of the barns built fifty years ago, that men wore not to be found at that time over fiva feet and a half in height. We think the cellar in the plan is not half large enough, because every farmer who keeps sheep or neat stock, should always have an abundance of succulent food upon which to feed them, for the storing of which he requires a good bnrn cellar. It is diflicuU from merely looking at a plan upon paper to pronounce with confidence upon its advanta- ges or inconveniences. But we shall be happy to give a variety of plans, such as have been tiied, or such as may suggest themselves to reflecting minds, who are endowed with a good CO netructivenesa. We have dif- ferent wants and very diflisrent notions, and very dif. fcrent locations in which to place our buildings, and very diflerent uses to which to apply them. But by presenting a variety of plans and giving the suggest- ions of different minds, any one disposed to build may follow, select, combine or alter the different arrange- ments as may suit his own taste and convenience. We have known very few men to build a house or a bnrn, who were not obliged to confess, when it wasccmplet- ed, that there were some points, were they to bi.ild again, in which they should do difierenlly from what they had done. — Ed. 95 ItTnliic Report on AKrlcultnre The Report on Agriculture presented at the Agri. cnUurnl meeting held in the (Japitol, in Augusta, Maine, January 3d, 18-12, and signod by .Tames Bntuo, tlhairman, is given in the Maine Cultivator of Janu- ary 22d. It is drawn up with signal ability; and in clear and a direct n-.anner points out tho most impor- tant objects of agricultural innuiry, e.tperimrnt, and improvement. We subjoin some extracts, and regret ihai our limits forbid tho insertion of the whole. Although Maine stands unrivalled in its niaritim e facilities and iucxhaustible water power, is rich in minrrala ami fontte, its giuwih and prosperity must mainly depend on its agricultural re aoun'es ; and tlinl to doveliipo these and irctcaae their productiveness era objects worthy of the best effort of ' its citizens and government. In biinging forth the productions of the earth, he ia the meet BUcceseful agriculturalist who manurce and culiivn'.es best. Whether a man cultivates ii any acres or few — whether his soil bo rirli or \>aor—/iis precept and example are most important to the con niu- nity, who makes the greatest improvemen ol his means and position. Tho man who turns ahnireii plain or heath to a fruitful field, or reclaims a woiih- lesa bog, which was before only a nuisance, may do more for himself, and be of more esc to his neigbhrr- hood, than ho who cnltivntce the largest intervale fnim in the Slate. We do not feel sure thnt there exisiF a correct public sentiment on this pan of the subject ; be that as it may, it cannot be concealed, that much diversity of opinion exists as to the best mode of ciilii- vating almost every variety of soil, and the kinds and conditions of manures and modes of applying then — and for want of ihe uecestary information upon this subject, much loss of labor annually reeults from ill- directed effort. Men must already be in poesession of facts of high practical importance ; which are either not known or not duly estimnleH by others ; which if epiead before the people, would cdvance the interests of our entire agricultural population. Such men pts- sces the means and information necessary for institut- ing experiments, which would continually aid and in- crease such advancement. In order to avail ourselves of what is a'rcndy knoRn and to keep pace with improvements wh.VA are daily developing themselves, measures are required to (lit- fuse extensively that knowledge which is already p"S- ecesed by some, and vfell conducted and judicious experiments are needed to add to what is already known. They believe the time has arrived when induce- ments should be held out for well conducted and fuith- fiilly recorded experiments Ist, To test the comparative value of different man- ures as applied to similar or diesitnilar soils. 2 The best mode of manufacturing manures, and ihe time and manner of applying them. 3, The most prolit.ablo crops to be grown on dif- ferent varieties of soils, having reference to locality, market, &c. 4, The best mode of preparing the sod for, and management of, different crops. 5, The advanlages to be derived from admixture of soils, by supplying those constiiuen Is, found to be mate- rially wanting, cr in too small proportion. The ma- lerials for doing this, existing in abundance in every part of tho State. It seems of great importance to as- certain not only the best mode, but the time when, and place where, increased production will compen- sate Ihe outlay of labor and expense. We doubt not the time is approaching when our sandy plains, stiff clays aud stubborn bogs, will, by simple admixture, with the addition of a small qunrtity of lime or other olkalino substance, be rendered abundantly produc- 6,' To test the cjmparative value of the different grains and roots to he consumed on the farm in ieeding and fattening animals. 7 What animals are best suited to our climate, and' most profitable in the different sections in the State. . . ,. . , We cannot doubt that such experiments judiciously made and faithfully recorded, would greatly conduce 10 the public go"d ; aud since such experiments would often require a sacrifice of expense and labor on tho part of those who make them ; we believe sound poli- cy requires that inducements should be oflered at the public expense, sufficient to secure the aitention and enlist the efforts of those most competent to make and record them. No mode of doing this, has suggested itself to your committee, which seems so feasible and at the some time eo equal, aa to offer such inducements througli 9(5 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 the medium of the Comity Asiiculturol Societiee. In eevernl counue3 eiicU eocietiee nlrcndy exiat, nnd, should our views be ai'opted. others wdl doiibtlcfe be ebinbhehed in every county in the State. The gener- al interest already token in these eocietics, the mani- fest good they hove done and are doing, very mnteri ally points us to them as the proper instrumenie to be employed in bringing about the greutcr good ice eeek to accomplish. GaideM, Field, ami Flower Seeds. THKsubscrilier havinj cBt.ihliallcil a large SccJ Garden aliout .1110 liiile from" the city, .ui Monroe street, would City to liis old cusLuiuerd and iHl'ier-, III it lie Is prepared to execute criers f.ir seeds at wliolfsale or retail, on the most reasonaidc iiTiiu. IJy his lonj; evperiencein lite business In th** Shaker Seed (jardeu ..t Ni w Leiianon, and u deteriiiinii- tion to offer no se. de hut such as are raised under his imiue- Uia*e inspection or imported from t- e iijust respectahlc es- tai lishnients in Kurope. and their vitality carefully tested, he th relore confidently expects to give t e mo I ample satisfaction to all who may favor ti in wlili their patronage. Orders lor Fruit and Ornamental Trees Floivering Itoo s. and Green Floui^e plants, promptly exe uted in i heir season. Selection made by the proprietor wlieii reqiestcl Roche ter, June 1. U. F CROS.MAN. Rochester Plough Manufactory. AT No. 00 «nie s'reet, niav he f und a good .assortment of ploughs of lie most approved pattern ^. suili as t e Genesee, CnvugaCouty, Giheoii's, Wood's, Ri.-h's Side II.II ,lnd Shovel plough, also, Ouliiv.ators, Revolving Horse lirkes. Road Scrapers, and Canai Wheel Harrow-. Jnn- 1. I' 1), WlilGHT &. CO PLOUGHS. » iVEW AND SUPERIOR KtND OP PLOUGHS ±\. (two sizes) dealgnsd for hreakini up aumnvr fallow nav he purchased at the Rochester Kagle Furnace,— prici «j'.anl ijl each. Wood and other_ prodnce t;ilten V/' Rata Basra and Turnip Sepd ANEW supply < f genuine impurled pnrpli Daj-a Sccd,-al.?o - "■■" ""■' - "'■ '■■ tch Turnip Seeds, Sen top Ruta (lish and at Ike Rochester Seed Store age II WHITi; in Tni clover seed, a fresh supply, re- eeivedatthe Seel .~lnre. SILK \VOi;,1t rC^G*. oflhe large .Sulpher variety, for ;ale at the Seed Store— $4 per The Youug Lion of Monroe, JILL stand the ensuing season it the folloi Wednesdays and Tliurs lays at the scrilier in Chili ; • riihiys and r-atiirdays J G. Jones, (National Hotel.) Rochi-Bter. The YOUNG LION will l,e five years old nex: color is dark gray, he is sixteen hands high ano Wf twelve hundred I he took ester at the County A gri „ , ,i. , Lionof .Monroe, who V ass red hy on Blucher; Old IJJiicll- or was sired hy Old Duroc ; Young Lion's dam was sued hjHi/ Old Florizcll, his granddam a Idor.ded innre hrotight " '. places 1 ahle of the sub. the stable of P, line bill fal at Ro '^i^lii^e ry l;v Col, Fii7.hugh. Some of the Y'oung Lion's Btod farm of the substril cr. ommenoe the 1st of May. and end the li ten dollars to insure n foal Pasture wi res fiom a distance. All accidents at th Persons putting marcs and part'ne will lime, will beheld Jun M. R. BaTEH »M. Jun nge. , 1?12. A. J. LANG WORTH V. Farmers Take Notice. THF, STA'^E-STREF.T DRUG STORE is removed to No. -tl Buffalo-street, the fourth door helow the Arcade Hall, where may he found a large assortment of Druos. McDiciNEs, Paints, Oils, Dve Woonsi and Stuffs of the very liestqiia ity, also. Choice Family GaoceaiEs, bought in New Vork t cash prices, all of which will be sold at the lowest market prices. The MadderCompound, Indigo Compound, and Pink Com- pound, which has been sold by M. B. Edson.and which al- ways give entire saisfaction for their certainty in coloring, (the dire;tions for which will he given grails at our stnre, and which may be found in the June number of the New Genesee Fanner.) Will be kept always on hand for sale to C othiera, at wholesale, or in siiial er quantities at retail prices. EnsON & PERRIN. Druggists and Grorers ■2'2 ISufTalo street, Rochester. Edson'.-- Ceebrated Vegetable Remedy, warranted to cure the Ague and Fever, for 5a e as above. May 1. IS-li. Non-Hesident Lnnds in Mtchigran. THW undersisned respecifullv announces to the public, that '■? has opened an OlTice in this city for the specific ohject of I'lctingaa a general A gent for the payment of Tn.ves on non-resident Lands, now, or hereafter to 'ecoine due. in any of tlie Counties of this St.ite ahd he will visit himself, or by a trusty person, each of the Counties, to obtain all ne- cessary infnriiiatinnupon tlie subjgct. Peisons wishing taxes paid in any of the Counties in Michigan, and I'lirwardingto the undersigned llic necessary amount of fun 's free of postage, together with an arriiMte description ol tlieir lands, may rest assured that their inter- ests shall he scriiiiuloiisly attended to. His ohargeswillat all times be reasonable, and proportion- ed lo the services rendered. The nmlersigned will endeavor to make himself thorough- ly acquainted with the va'nc of Lands in every part of the Stale th.at he maybe enabled to give information lo all cn- qnirera; and if desired, will nndoriake the sale of the same. He begs leave most respectfully to refer as to character, id capacit. to redeem the pledges al of July. TERMS he provided for i\I risk of the owners, them before foa ia{ vices of the horse. Chili, April 23. 1842. AVethe undersigned, have exniuined Mr. Balhntine'shnrs the N oung Lion of Monroe, and th nk him deciuedly one o thebest horses in the county, ,„,„. „,. , G C Baker, Stephen Charles, William Charles Mathew Witbcck, A.H.Shaw, Ja's W'. Sawyei John Parsoiison, P. O Jones, Geo. Charles, B. M Baker, Wm. Tone ROCHESTER PRICES CHRKIiNT- COKRECTKn FOR THE NEW GENESEE FARMER. JUNE l.lSi'i. WHEAT,.... per bushel, $1,28 a $1,31 J. L. WHITING. Petroit, ■Ma ch 3, 1S40. proposed hv 0 . J L Whiting venienceof the IP' initv, and qualified by lo oi^ the coimlrv np rrs dencc in str ct intetrrity. for the ihities of he proposed ;d cerliticates. Detroit, March i, ISW. I think such an ofli,-e as i highly necessary for the Co that he is exceedingly wel Michigan, much knowledge a"d correct business habits, f Agency. C. C TRdWRRincE. Pres't Bank of .Wchigan. T concur fully in 'he sentiments and opinions expressed in the above note of Mr. Trowbridge. Ilc'roit IMarch .5. 16411, WM. WOOnBRinOE. Govern r of PMichiiran. I have been acquainted wi'li T)r J. L. Wbitinc for mans years, and fully concur in the views abnve expressed bv Mr Trowbridge E. FAR XSWO'tTII, Cliancelior. rir. J. L. Whiting is in my indement fully conipe ent tf discharge the duties of the proposed Agency, and 1 cheerftll BKEBB'S STRAW CAHRIER. THE subscriber having sold the ri ht of his Patent Straxv Carrier in the counties of Genesee, Livingston, Onta- rio, Wayne an. I Orleans, in the state of New Y'ork, and in the counties of Huron. Sandusky, and Seneca, in the state of Ohio, Til! persons wishin!: the above machines can be supplied in Orleans Co., N. Y., by Philip Inman of Claren- don ; in Genesee Co., [V. \'. , by Laurens Cossitt at Riga Centre; and in the counties of Ontario and Livingston ty Daniel C. Mcl'ean at Scoltsville, Monroe Co. Those wish- inglhe above masfaiiies in any other part of the United States, will please apply to the subscriber. All persons wisliing the above machines before the first of October ne.xl will do well to call soon. County and stale rights on rea- sonable terras. URIAH BUEBE. April Ist, 1842. Riga, Monroe Co., N. Y. RECOMMENDATION. The und rsigned having seen or used Uriah Beche's Pat- ent Straw Carrier, believe it to possess niitcli inerii as a la- bot saving maciiinc— it performs thework of separating the straw and chafl'from Wheat, Oats ai.d B.irley, wi-h the smallest amount of powe-, does it cleanly, and is durable, simple and cheap. Possessing, us we co'ncelve, all those qualities in an eminent degree, we cheerfully recommend it 10 the public. Win. I'iilev, Chili, R Harmon, jr. Wheatland, tV. H. Snii'b, Cale Ionia, Win. G.irbu'.t, feamuel Cox, Wheatland, George Sheffjr, •• Jams Cox, WUIiam Reed, The Imported Horse Alfred, Wir/, stand formares this season. I84J, .at Ihe following pla;es, viz : At George Fordon's, near Gr^iicva on Saturdiv, Slondav. an 1 Tuesday, April no. and May -J, 3, l-I, 18, 17, «, 31)and31, andJune 11, ,3, 14, 25, -27 and '2^, and JulvO, ll.and 1-3. At Jiiha Lapham's, M.-.cednn, on Friday, Saturd.iy and Mon lav. May 0, 7, 9, 20, 21, i3, and June :J, 4, 6, 17, IP, 20 and July 1.2, and 4. At Hopewell Centre, on Wednesday and Tliursday, .May 4,5, IS, in, and June 1, '2, 1.% Hi, 29, an.i 30. At A G'lnn's In i. East Bloomfiel I. on Tuesday, Wednes- day and Thurs.lay, May 10 II, 12, 24, 2,5, 28, and June 7, S, 9,21. 2). 23, and Julys, 0,7. TEil.VIS— Ten dollars e-chmarc, for the season, to be se- cured by approved notes pay.able ou the 1st .if December. (Should mv of the mares prove not o be with foal, the own- ers tn ha>e the privilege of putti igthem the next season, if the hor.snrenaina in this region or in the event of his re- moval, tu have one half the amount returneJ. THOMAS WEDDLE, May 1, 1842. GByROB FORDO."*. -^ --COmlueild him lo tbe piibll, E. p. HASTING? From along and intimate ricqiiaiir.: Whitins, 1 am happy t abore statements. Auditor General >■». Land ofiice. Detroit. Marcii .i. IPJO, Having long known Dr. J. L. AVhltjnj, I mo=t cheerfully concur inlbe ahove recommendations, and Would further tender to him any facilities tills L-nd Office nitty afford In aid of the objects of llis advertiseineiit. J KRAR^t.EV, Receiver. I have been intimalelv acquainted with Dr. J. L. Whiting for several years, and fully concur in the sentiments above exptessed, in relation to h Such an ofli, ntiliiy aUdc.r assuie the public, that he fui:y confided ' Detroit. PITCHER, M Dr. ■Whiting proiiMS..?, wiM be of great idnce to nOu-residrnis; and I am happy to every w.u' qualified, and can be ROBERT .STUART, Treasurer of Michigan. Having known Dr. Whiting for many ye.ars, I fully con- cur ill the above. I). OOOiiWIN, U. S. Attorney. To the above ample tcstimnnia's in reference to the capa- city, industry and integrity of Dr Whiting. I take pleasure iuaddiiijmy fjll and cordial concurrence; and heartily "ommcnd the proposed Agon :y for iln convenience and use- fulness. Cashier P; Young Alfred, WILL stand for mare= tl^is sea on, IS42. at the following places, viz; At John Lowrv's, Chili, Tuesdays, Wed- nesI.VB.Tbnradavsand Frid.iv-', ihe 3.1. 4th, S'h.'Oth, 17th ll^tb, ]:)'b,2'llb, aiidS si of Mriv. and 1st. 21, 3. 14;h, 15th. ;0;li, '?'li ■:--h.ePthand 3'".hof June, and 1st of July. At tlie Ni'i.iiial Tenireran'e li.ucl, Rochester, Saturdays, and .Moiiilais. from the7-|i of Slav to he 4th of July At 11 I'.nldifk's, Penfield Tues.lavs, Wcil'iesdiys. Tliurs- daysaril Frilays, 'Otb. Ilih, 12lh, 13th, 21tli, o.ith, 2f.th. •27th Mav ; 7th Ph. Olh, llUh, 21st, 22.i, 23d, 21th June ; 5.h, 0th, 7thaudS.|i July Younir Alfred is aline bay, was sired by mv impo-ted horseAlfrel; Alfred was got by Strickland's King Alfred, hisdamby Stuhbs' old bnrse. grandam by Frank's Volun- teer, gr. g"r. dam by Harrison's horse of Sketenbeck. Stu'ibs; horse w.is by Du'isley's old horse, dam bv Ouston's horse' Duuslev's horse was by Agar's old Dart, dam by old Rain- bow; Fra k's Volunteer washy Milncr's old Volunteer; King Air, .■ I was bred bv Sir George Strickland, and was by Providen-e, d:ii„ by Peerless, &c. TERMS— Ten dollars each mare to insure, payable on the 1st De.:einer next. THO.MAS WEDDLE. May 1st, li!'2. 41. 28...., 44 53 ■7h 25 62 5.75 5,2.5 1,25 8,50 CORN,. OATS, " BARLEY,, " .... RYE " .... BEANS. White... " .... POTATOES " AITEES, Desert,. " .... FLOUR, Supeifine, per bbl " Fine, .... " ... SALT, " ... PORK, Mess, "... " pc-r 100 lbs 3,00. BEEF, per 100 lbs 3,50 POULTRY, per lb 7. EGGo, per dozen, BUTTER, Fresh., per pound " Firkin,.... " ... CWEESE " ... LARD " ... TALLOW, Clear, "... HIDES, Green " ... PEARL ASHEri, ... 100 lbs. . POT, " " .. WOOL pound, HAY, tt.ii, GRASS SEED bushel, CLOVER SEED,... " . 1 00 28 75 6,00 9,00! 4,00 10 JO 6 7 7 8- 8 4 4* 5,00 5,00 30 40 10,00 11,00 1,50 1,75 5,!-.0 .... 6,00 Nkw York MArket, Saturday, IMay 2S,— Flour, snys th Jour a' of Commerce, is dull i the sales of Genesee are i n small way, at f 8 31, though sellers would part with lard lots t 88 23. Bt'FFALO, May 27.— Flour f ontinue* to advance, contrac having been closed to take heavy lots of Mich gan, jet i arrive, at ©5,50. All unsold this morning is held at the abov price. A full cafgft of Illinois whe.-.t, not be t samples, h: been sold at SI, i3; and 1200 hush, of very fine Cliio, vi Fairport. was sold at «1,17. Both go to Rochester mill Bales of corn iire making at 33 cents bush, for the Ne Vork market. TIncurreiit Money. Belotv wl 1 be found the rates at which our brokera pu chase Wrsicrn and i. anadian funds: Micbig D .Discount 10 Ohio •• 8aI8 Ind Illinoi! sale COM ENTS OF THIS NtJi>IBER. ?'eorological T.able. State of Trade. Letter of Com- nissioner of Patents 81 1 Correspondents— Post Office and Postage. Homo League !w Artificial Manure. Coniniunicaiion on do. Bloat- •il C ttle ndles from Castor Oil. Culture of Cucumbers Wes. of V\ cddle,a Stock. ed n.ada Acknowledge ;— Bee IVIanagenient. Naked Bailey. lowledge. High Tariff. iijts toC -rreapond nt". Subsoil plough- ing. Plagiarism. Analysis of Soils Convention of Plou >hnlakera i.nd Farmers. Canada Tliistles. VVininiiil. Sherwood's Bull. Sa't and Grub Worm. Agricultural Pnbl. cations. ' Floral Department— .Vative Sh ubs and Plants t Notices of Addresser liy J. 8. Nott, Alonzo Gray. Hum- phrey Hnwland. David Wrighi, A. Morton, and John Ca d.vell 31- Leavcs for .tlanure. Harrowing Pot toes. To the Point. Cure of "ounds on Horses C Sowing Corn for Fodder. i\:ildew on Go seberries. Va ue of an Agrieul ural Paper, Advertise ; Report on Agricu 1 , &c PniNTEn FOR THE PROPniF.TOR. M. B. BaTEH. y > ^ ^ , ■ 3. ft_ es ! 3 S S s S 5 J(l r 3 1 0 1 f s £ M 1 V6 44 68 52 !l.'^5.66 N W N wjcl'dy cl'dv ... 1 a .-)ll Gl 52! r>4.33 S K N vvraln rain .22 H'28 .iO (i2 50 J54 N W N VV fair Inir S9 50 G-2 56 15583 s N lain r^in .43 30 4y 59 49 151.16 NW N VV ei'dv cl'dy ;'.i 42 (56 52 53.33 vv VV lair lair 1 4y 70 51 .54. N N lair lh:r 2 40 7« 64 63.16 s w S fair fair 3 55 77 62 65.83 .s s cl'dv cl'dv 4 li-i 70 58 65.66 •1 VV rain Inir .04 i> HO 80 51 62.5 s w rain lain |.ll 6 47 55 46 47 66 !«• r. N cl'dv fair 7 ■S7 57 47 48.06 S E N £ lair fair 8 47 50 54 .52. s S E rain rain 9 r>7 70 55 60.16 8 W N cl'dv cl'dv .25 10 54 5:5 ;5S) 4.''-.66 N K N VV rain rain 11 .■i6 4!) 45 42.66 N W N W fair Ihir .70 la 42 7-2 .56 .59 N VV lair ram 13 50 7i 49 57 66 S VV N VV rain lair .46 14 4S 76 61' 62 83 W £ Inir luir 1,5 57 77 66 1^7.66 ."i VV S VV cl'dv Inir 16 (i3 M 64 68 5 s N W fair Inir 17 5R 71 5S 61.66 s w VV lair la.r .05 IS 5H 81 68 71. £ S VV inir rain .52 19 FS 74 66 66. ■(3 S S VV rain ram .42 20 ;-,0 66 56 57 66 w N vvllnir lair 21 50 75 57 62.16 S VV s VV fair lair 22 .W S4 64 68.16 S VV N w cldy ram 21! 54 61 52 j 54.66 N 1 N rain cl'dv .25 24 4S 72 5S |59 83 VV N wifair cl'dv 25 51 74 64 1165. VV s-N lel'dy rain |.23 Mean tempcratiiie of May, 1842, 52.33 degrees. " " " 1841, .52 51 " " " 18-10. 57 97 " Rain Gunge, JNlaySC, to June 25, 1842, 3.G8 inches. " " " " 1841, .97 " " " 1840, 2.13 " The laat month, conimenciiig May 26ili ai d ending June 25tl', has been very cold and vi'ct. It was remarked to me a few days ago by a gentle- man fron Connecticut, that he thought it the ccldeet June since 1816. What says that aged, venerable farmer, who has kept a record of all the extraoidina ry events of the last 60 years : is the above statemeni orrect. according to your record and observation ? May oOth, Radishes in market, SIst, Ruse in bloom — red and yellow; also, Peony. June 4ih, Aurora Borenlis ihis evening, very brilliant. 6th. Red Clover in blj om 7ih, Frost this morning — veget.:ble8 mu''h injured in many places. It extended east into Masea- cbusetts and Connecticut, where corn and the loliage of trees were killed. 9th, Gan'.cn Strawberries ripe. lOtb, a Very rainy day ; in many places east there was erow. At Pario Hill, Oneida Co., snow fell to the depth of two inches. The eaine in Newport, Herkimer Co. 8nowin Poetoii, and on the hills in BL-rkshirc Co., Mass. It was said ihnt the snow tell 3 inches deep onthehdis back ol Syracuse and within 6 miles of that village. llih, Ice this m rnilig the thickness of half a dol- lar. BiidgCs and walks were glazed over with ice in real winter style. The canal was frozen over in sev- eral places — that is, ice was fiirmed on the surface. Field Siiawberries ripe. Cherries in market. Iftth and I9ih, Summer heat ; showers with thun- der. New Potatoes ann Green Peas in market. 23d, very cold — oveicoaisand fires requisite, the one if yon go out, the other if you stay within doors. 25th, Thunder Shower near sunset. It is taid to be very fine weather for wheat and grass ; but Indian corn is small. POLITICAL ANOiWALIi S OR IIVCONISI8- TENflES, We are not willing 10 plunge into the political sen, turbid and bitter ae its waters are too often rendered by party e.xcitemenis, prejudices, and reseiumeins ; but any calm observer ca i:ot fail to be struck with the anomalies and inconsistencies, which every where present themselves. We are told even by those who have lived longest, that the tin.es were never harder than at present ; and- that ihere has never been more general distress and sutTeriiig and want than now prevail in our community. Yet all this in a country, where there is neither war, nor siclmese, nor famine, nor oppression; where the tn.xcs are not even felt by the people ; where the blessings of education, and law, and order, and civilization are enjoyed to the full ; where the most fertile soil under the sun is 10 be had foi asking ; and where in ihe free States is en- joyed as inuch ot personal liberty, as ever fell to the lot of man in a social condition, and a perfect security of the fruits of his own indu^ty. Now, where is the cause or the seat of the disorder and suflcring, which are so prevalent, and every where the topic of com plaint? Again look at the foundation of cumpUiint every where expliciily avowed ; over-production — over-produciion. It is not want : it is not failure of crops ; it is not universal indolence and inactivity. — No, it is too much bread, ; 100 much clothing ; too much luxury ; too much of every thing that is good ; too much personal industry and labor. We must cut ofl' the producers and increase the consumers. Ah! IS all gratitude to Heaven, and all humanity dead in the soul of man 1 Then again another cause of complaint is, that our farmers are losing the market for their grain and their meat, because of the Temperance rrl'ormation and the progressofGrnhnni principles. That is. wo are be- coming too moral ; too abstinent : we are not willing' to indulge ourselves enough ; we are not willing to poison ourselvea ; we are not willing to make our- selves and our friends miserable and infamous, in or- der to encourage agriculture. How eeUisb and un- patriotic I We might go on to extend this lable of social an- omalies and inconsistencies until we reached the end "four humble sheet, but we must forbejr. We throw out these facts, if facta they are, for reilection. So far and so intimately do they connect themselves with the condition of our rural populati n, that we hold them open to, ami invite discussion in our columns — We believe for ourselves that the source of them lieu muidi deeper than most persons imagine. We be- lieve that no government that has ever yet existed can cure them. They are far beyond the reach of all ar- lificial remedies. They grow out of the fixed and unalterable laws of Divine Providence, which in its certain retributions men seek continually to contra- vene. We have bad already a great deal too much law and too much political quackery. The diseases of the social condition spring out of the unmitigated eellishness, and unbridled rapacilyand avarice of the human heart. Sir Robert Peel, in his late extraordinary speech on the revision of the British Tariff, remarked that his proposed reduction of the duty upon cured fi=h, {by which the condition of the poor would be greatly alleviated,) was very warmly opposed by a man ex- tensively engaged in the Herring Fishery in the is- land ol Jersey, who very frankly wrote to him, tba " he was for free trade in every thing but herrings. Here is the secret out. " I mistook ; it was your bull that gored my ox." "Ah 1" said the impartial magistrate, " i\\ni niters ihe case," entirely. Cattle Shows, Fairs, and Ploughing Matches. We subjoin a notice of the times of holding the several Agricultural Fairs, which come vv'ithin our knowledge, within the district where our paper prin- cipally circulates, a. d shall keep it in until the times arrive. We shall be obliged to the Se<:relnries of tho dilTeient Agricultural Societies in New York. Ohio, New En. land and Canada, if they will give us (post paid) the notices of their respective lairs. New York State Fair, Albany, Sept. 28 and 29. Oct. 13 and 14. Oct. 20 and 21 . Sept. 5 and 6. Oct. 4. Oct. 1 1 and 12. Oct. 20 and 21. Oct, 6 and 7. Oct. 5 and 6. Monroe County " Rocbeste Ontario " " Cananda Genesee " " Biitavia, Wayne " " Palmyra, Livingston " '' Geneseo, Oneida " " Rome, Seneca " " Waterloo, Tompkins " " Iihaca, Onondaga " '' Svracupe, Thin out your Peaches. The peach trees in this vicinity are overloaded with young fruit, and those who wish to have fine peaches should lose no time in thinning them out ; not leav- ing more than about one thira of the number. These will grow three limes ns large, and be worth six times as much as the whole would be if left to grow. B. Omissions, We regret that the articles on Stearine from Lard, Oil from Corn Meal, and Tomato Figs. &c., from our respected correspondents McLean and Crocker, though in type, are unavoidably postponed to our next number. 98 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. . Scientific Agriculture."LetterlV.~Maiinre8. The value of nmmonincal liqi'or produced from the istillnlion of coal for gas beinj lully aecertaiiied. 'it seemed to be desirable to make a composition which besides other actions, should produce the liijuur or a good substitute fur it, with the additional adTonlage, that it should, by its very gradual decomposition, sup- ply the ammonia slowly and in email portions at a time. Let ua examine how these conditions are ful- filled in this new artificial manure. It is now admit- ted on all hands, that coal is of vegetable oi igin ; in other words, that it is formed from the dense forests of the primeval ages, buried and carbonized by heat under immense pressure, and also that all vegetable substances contain n small portion nf azote or nitro- gen. Now saw-dust is the basis of this new manure, and wood is the basis of coal, according to Liebig ; also vegetable substances when decayed from humus. This sawdust is mixed with carbonaceous matters ; what tbeee ore I do not pretend exactly to announce. Coal tar, as tar, is certainly injurious to vegetation, yet it may, by some proceeo, be deprived of this prop- erty, but nearly nil these carbonaceous substances con- templated, except coal aahes and antliraeite, contain a certain small quantity of nitrogen. To these are ad- ded lime and soda ; these two, besides their value in agriculture by themselves, according to recent chemi- cal discoveries, when in combination, are very power- ful agents to cause the evolution of ammonia ; lime is BO by itself. Of the small proportion of sulphur added I will say nothing, except frankly to confess that I do not at present see its value, unless it produces Bulphuielted hydrogen or in some way assists the de- composition of the mass. Nevertheless, I should by no means omit it in making the trial. Here then is an admixture containing many of the most valuable requisites for lu.Nuriant vegetation, which, if its own internal action produces gradual de- composition, must be of much service in agriculture. One thing, however, is still wanting.— proof, cxten- aive proof under many circumstances. That it will be extensively tested with various soils and in various situations, there is no doubt ; if successful, it will be another jewel added by science to the ngricultural wreoth. Reason and experience teach the undoubted value of nitrogen or azote to plants ; let us now seo what substances contain this, and how the farmer may pro- cure it in the most economical way, for it is no use to oxplain to him the value of the gas liquor, when there are no gas works within miles of his farm. All animal excrement, as cow and horse manure, but particularly that of man, contains a large quantity of ammonia, which is azote mixed with hydrogen gas. On the proper management of the dung heap of bis own farm, the farmer has chiefly to depend. It is now the fashion to say that fresh manure is the most valuable, that is manure previous to fermenta- tion, as it is by this fermentation that much of this important ingredient, ammonia, evoporates into the atmosphere and is lost to the owner, although bis neighbor moy reap the benefit of it. But the farmer can only manure his land at certain periods of the year ; therefore, even it it were best in this state, it cannot always be used fresh. Formerly it was be. lieved that old and well fermented stoblo dung wos the finest and richest manure that could be had, and this is now not far from the truth, although some val- uable ingredients are lost, and the quantity appears to be much diminished. Let us reoson on the subject with the new lights. Fermentation and heat in the interior of a large dung heap, carbonize the vegeto. ble matters, which ore then in the most extreme state of minute division ; the particles being much smaller tban the finest powdered charcoal, each of these mi- n«M f aitltkt it tbsraughlf ssturased with !b» Rtaine nia formed in the centre of the heap, and which was prevented from cscapingby the manure outside; these particlca are moist and coed iind packed together so closely that ail farther caciipe is pie\ented. On the application of these minute well saturated particles to the action of the roots, great lu.\nrinnce results ; their contents, both of carbonic acid and hmtnfiiio, arc af forded to the plants just as ihcy are wanted, in great plenty, and in a Btnle of the minutest divieion. But it is true that much ammonia is lost, and what is lost is wasted, and must be saved. Now good loam is found on many forms, and ihisisan excellent absorbentof amnioniaiaUhough not so good as carbon. The intel- ligent larmer should therefore pny much attention iin making up his manure heap, mid as he lengthens the ridge by nddiiions, should carefully cover it up with loam, which would thus absoib the ammonia that would otherwise escape, and become so impregnated with it as to forma very vnluoble oddition to the heap. Mr. Scliaitcuman in Germany, who has the manuie of about 400 horses to nionage for his land, in order to save the ammonia from escaping, constontly moist- ened his heap with green vitriol or sulphate of iron, and OS fust as it ran through poured it un again ; the sulphuric acid of the Vitriol cr sulphate of iron catches up the ammonia and forms a sulphate of am- monia, which with oxide of iron or iron rust, remains in the dung heap. I confess I am a little tccptical on the value of this plan, and believe in the superiority of covering up, but it shews at all events that there is a general faith in the value of ammonia. The labor, to say nothing of the viiriol, would be too valuable here, and it is probable that the oxide of iron in any quontity would be injurious to vegetation. All night soil and excrements of man, must be carefully col lected and added to the heop, as well as all slaughter house oiTnl, except the fot which is of no value; these contoin a very large quantity of ammonia. It is in the careful preservation of these, and no doubt in the useful practical preparation of them, that the Chinese BO far excel the rest of the world. The communi- cation of the minute details of the Chinese methods of preparing and applying manures of all kinds, would unquestionably be of the greatest interest to ourogri- culturisls, and it is to be hoped than when all the po- litical troubles are gone by, we shall be enabled to get some insight into their practices. Theio substances, however, require to be used with the greatest caution ; all food offered to plants, except in a state of the mi- nutest division, is injurious to them ; the Iloniceopa- ihic system suits them beet, but then it must be given in great plenty and all the lime they require it. Thus the ammonia in roin and snow water which, accord- ing to Liebig, is absorbed by plants, is in so small a quantity as to have, until within the last few yeors, escaped the reseorch of chemical analysis ; and the value of the well fermented manure mentioned in the former part of this letter, depends much on its minute division. The night soil and oHal should therefore he added to the manure heap in small quantities, and spread thinly about, so that its decomposition by the fermenting heop would be surely effected. Green crops also contain ammonia, and mutt therefore be useful manures. There are, however, several other sources, from whence azote or nitrogen may be read- ily obtained in obundance. These are the class of salts called nitrates, such as nitrate of potosh or salt- petre, and nitrate of soda. Your renders are already informed how extensively these are used in English agriculture, and by the last accounts, the application of them was certainly imrensing. Dumas, in his Treatise on Chemistry, states thnt 100 pounds of saltpetre Cvintains ns much nitrogen as 3 to 400 pounds of animal matter. These nitrates consist of nitric scii end p^taai: anJeodai resp«ctiTely. and nitric ncid contains one part or equivalent of n trogen and five parts or equivalents of oxygen ; a the constiiEientsof these stbetanres iLsn, are nccessoi to vegetation, and according to the obove ttalenici of Dun as, which there is no reason to doubt, thcs requisites are condensed into o tinall space. My ow experiments with saltpEtre, which were not on a ver extensive scale, gave a lorge increase of foliage ; but could not observe a eorretpouding increase of flow« or fruit, -^this, however, on grass lands would be ve advantageous. Yet these nitrates, hoTiever, like lb former compounds of nitrogen, must be used wit much caution, as too large a quantity presented to tlj roots at once would intviiably desticy them ; of tb many instances have occurred under my own observa tion. With respect to solipetre, it often comes frot »'' the East Indies considerably adulieialed with cummo salt, 03 much ns 5 to 12 per cent, sometimes eve more, and although salt in small quantities is not in jurious, yet it is by no means so valuable as saltpetre It also comes sometimes in large crystols— fomctimi drier than at other times. These remaiks apply t the quontiiy per acre; of saltpetre of fair quality about 1 cwt. to the acre, sown broad cast in the spring is considered a proper supply ; but if the crystols ar large they ought to be broken, ns n large lump fnllini near a plant would prove very injurious on that spot These remarks are equally applicable to nitrate of 8odfl> which, however, seldom comes in such large crystoUi and is often more damp than taltjietre. Of cotirS' the more moisture, the more water, and the lessniirot of soda in the weight, so that it will often be requi site to apply ]| or even \i cwt. per acre of this lotte substance. Another source of nitrogen or azote ti plants is rain nnd snow water. Liebig stotes thot al animal and vegetable substances which decay in ih open oir, give out ammonia in quantity, that wher the rain descends in drops through the atmosphere, i combines with this floating and aeri.'brm ammon:a>| which is thus conveyed to the roots; nnd that in tbii wny 0 considerable part of this necescory substance i provided for vegetation. It will hove been observei in. one of my former letters, that ammonia, nlthoagl found in olmost every part of a vegetable in vei; small quantity, still doos not constitute any consider ably port of the plant as does caibon, but that its us is chiefly to assist in the digestion cr assimilation c the food which the plant takes up ; hence we see th necessity of its being supplied constantly with thi ■ food, and in small quantities ; in proportion, there fore, to the supply of food, so must be that of niiro gen and ommonio. J. E. T. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry, by Jas, F VV. Johnson, reader of Chcnitstry and Miu" eralogy iu the University of Dm ham, Eiig. This is an excellent work arid contains a largt quantity of valuable information ; but these Lecture: ouTht to have been called Lectures on the Clicmistrj of Vegetation, rather than on Agricultural Chemistry and this distinction is drawn in order to prevent those who take it up from being disappointed in their expec tation, if they think to find it full of ideas and recipci respecting the mixture of composts and the varioui scientific modes of tillage. Although very f;ir from wishing in any way to de'l predate the value of the great mass of scientific knowl edge, of which the rays are now accumulating to con- centrate in one brilliant focus of light on agriculture the truth is the numerous recent publications on this' subject render it quite clear that before this knowl- edge can attain its desired practical force, cither the farmer must become more of a chemist, or the cheniisi more of a practical farmer. When this union of char- acter and pursuits shall have taken place, then, and then only, shall we be able to pass just sentence on racst of thethssrita lecentiy put forth by soientifia meci Na. 7. AND liAROENER'S JOURNAL. 99 In the mean time it is quite ilcliglillul to see with wliat ro:iland energy, with wlmt care anj caleulalion, men of science institute aeu c exporimcnts to elucidate par- ticular [loints, ami to extonJ their knowledge on tlie subject of agriculturul c'.ieaiistry ; and as directing posts to the agriculturist, th"se experiments arc of the greatest importance ; but in order to understand them, to draw proper intercncca and deductions from them, or to vary the application of their principles to varying circumstances, such as situations, soils, crops, manures, &c.,the lannermust brush up his knowledge, must cul- tivate his mind as well as his lield. Let him rest as- sured that in both cases the cn'i>s, in profit and pleasure, will be in proportion to the lahor bestowed, The chemical statements and calculations or, as wc ought to Call them, the chemical statistics in this work, appear to be exposed with much simplicity and accuracy, consid- erable industry has been likewise expended in draw- ing information from the latest and most authentic Bourccs of knowledge on the subjects discussed in each lecture. The Urst lecture contains an account of the nature dnJ known properties of the four chief ingredients of all the vegetation around us. Carbon, O.xygcn, Hydro- gen, and Nitrogen or Azote. The second lecture discourses on the substances or- ganized out of these ingredients, of whicli t!\e vegeta- ble is composed ; and their relative proportions in vari- ous plants. The third explains the properties and relations to vegetable life of carbonic and oxalic acids, and of am- monia. The fourth gives the probable sources of the ingredi- ents mentioned in the /irst lecture, with various con- clusions drawn. The fifth, an account of the general structure of plants, with the functions of their leaves, stems, roots, bark, &c., and of the various circumstances by which these functions are niodilicd. The sixth describes the substances of which plants consist — such as woody fibre, gum, starch, sugar, &c., with their mutual relation and transformations, and considerations on the acids in plants. The seventh is on the chemical changes which take place during the germination of the seed, development of the leaves, roots, flowers, fruit and seeds, and the circumstances by which they are promoted. The eighth and last, is on tlie theories recently prop- ag'ated of the chief supply of carl'on and ammonia to plants from the atmosphere, and on the various means by which carbonic acid and ammonia arc constantly BuppUed to the atiuosplicrc to make good the large quantities constantly abstracted by plants. Here is also an appendix of 40 pages containing the results of practical experiments in agriculture, with suggestions for expcri-ments. From this brief analysis of the work, it will be seen that the information it contaijis is of a varied charac- ter, and it cortainlj' o.Ters to notice many facts which deserve to be deeply studied by every agriculturist. In pages lt6andl 17, there is a very singular result given as oi frequent occurrence in Holstein — it is, tl'.at in con- tiguous fields, some of which arc manured with marl and some left unmanured with marl, the crops in the unmanurcd fields are worse than if the whole fields liad been left unmanured, which is just like saying that the healthy crops on the manured lands appropriate to themselves a larger portion of the nourishment from the atmosphere of the unmanured (carbonic acid and ammonia), while the weak crops of the unmanured fields are obliged to put up with the smaller quantity left by the others, for their support. If this be true, and we see no reason to doubt it, as it corresponds with theory, then the farmer who manures his land well anil keeps It in good heart, obtains from tlic atmosphere a large portion of the nourishment contained in it, which would have gone to his neighbor's crop had it been equally well manured. It in hardly possible to imagine a fact n-ore calculated to give rise to emulation in ma- nuring land than this, and the most delicate conscience could hardly feel it an injustice to appropriate to itself the carbonic acid and ammonia of its neighbor's at- mosphere,by highly manuring the laiiil. How vastly puzzling to the lawyers, were the fiirmers to bring ac- tions at law against their neighbors for the abstraction in this way of the atin.osphere on their different farms ! In this work there are many confirmations of the truth of facts strongly insisted upon by L.iebig, partic- ularly that of the existence of ammonia in almost all vegetables, and the probability that much of it nmst have found its way there from the ammonia of rain and snow water, although not to the extent supposed by Liebig; for Mr. Johnston states in his last lecture that much of the ammonia combined with rain and snow water, must find its way in its natural descent, as well as by means of rivers, to the sea, and there be engulfed, — there being, as he states, no process by which this ammonia can be restored to the atmosphere. In this point, however, he is in error, or probably he has not heard of the experiments of Mr. Aime, Prolcssor of Physics in the French College at Algiere, which prov- ed that large ([uantities of gas were disengaged by ma- rine plants (sea weed) from the salt water, which gas contained from 4j to 83 per cent of Nitrogen and the remainder Oxygen — the percentage of nitrogen de- pending on the lime of the day when the gas was dis- engaged, the bubbles of gas disengaged bet'ore sunrise containing the largest quantity, those after sunset the smallest ; several new facts are alsoadilcd to our knowl- edge, such as that the hydrogen of the ammonia is useful to the growth of vegetation. The accounts in the Appendix of the experiments with various substances used as manures, such as sul- phuric acid, gypsum, saltpetre, nitrate of soda, sul- phate of soda, charcoal, salt, ammoniacal liquor, &c. &c., are of the greatest interest, and should be spread among farmers through the diflerent agricultural peri- odicals in the greatest profusion. But they ought to be accompanied with remarks on the condition of these experiments, many of which secin altogether to have escaped the notice of the experimenters. Thus a soil of stiff loam holds moisture and ammonia with much more tenacity than a sandy dry soil : lience in the lat- ter, any solutions of ammoniacal liquors, of nitrates, or other substances, require to be applied in a weaker state and much oflencr tlian in the former. It must also, not be forgotten, that the solution of animoni:', which nature presents to jilants in the form of rain and snow water, is in so weak a state that our chemical tests wilt hardly discover it — aTid that if this annnonia is given in strong solutions it is more likely to injure than benefit the crops. Now all ammoniacal licjuors from gas works are of varying and uncertain strength; therctbre, unless this strength were known pretty nearly, the result of the experiment would hardly be a fair guide for others. The strength of various applications is an object of the greatest importance in experiments, as is also the nature of the soil and the kind of crop. Another remark may also be of service. The saltpetre imported from the East Indies is usually adulterated with a mixture of common salt, t"rom 5 to 20 per cent, and also with sulphate of potash. Now in experiments the refined saltpetre should either be used which is free from these admixtures, or the saltpetre, if used as im- ported, should be analysed to ascertain the quantity of them. The nitrate of soda is probably less liable to these adulterations. In the appendix are also many suggestions for experiments, which are of considerable value. Altogether, it is a work well worthy the study of the practical agriculturist, and if there are many parts of it which he cannot at first understand, this .■study will elevate liis ideas on the subject, and create that desire for knowledge in his mind which will urgn him forward in acqturing it, until those parts wliich at first puz/.le and conlbuud, will ap|)earto him quite sim- ()le and clear. It is a great atlvantage to the agricultu- rist in reading such works, that he lives surrounded by the means of testing its principles, that such operations are his daily occupations and the observation on them is daily before him ; so that if he employs well his pow- ers, but a season or two can elapse before he himself will be a better judge of what is there laid down than the writer of the book himself J. E. T. Cure o* Apple Trees. Mr. EniToii — Traveling through the United Slates, in 1S40, '41 and ' \'i, I observed tbeopple trees were beeonic very scrubbed, and ninny of the apples inferior in eiise and llavor. The inhabitnnte oscribcd ihese eflects to the npplo tree worm. I btlieve they arc nil mistaken. AVhy do they not destroy tbo wciniis ; it is fery cosy to be done. Lime water, or strong sonp tuds, thrown on thcin will give them a quietus. I oni, however, ccrtnin the delect is owing to no other cause ihon lopping the trees in the n-.oiitli of iMnrch and April. Let ibcm alone until after they are out of blossom, and then lioiii tbnt time, uniil the leaves foil, trim and lop thein. If you are doubtful of the good efVcet of this irentirent, just try one or two of the worst trees in your orchards, find you will see n great cliongc in ihcni in less than two years. Ii.- oteadof putting out suekeio, as it ie generally called, the trees will grow smooth and thrifty, ond the fruit become smooth and fine, with a grcot inerense in size and flavor. I hove tried the experiment, and found it to succeed beyond iny expectations. The best ma- nure I ever found for an orchard is to draw fiesh earth from a dielance and throw a few ebovel fulls eareleealy ncnrrti^ root of the trees, but not to touch the trunk. Ifyou-iliink this hint worth o place in your useful paper, perhaps some one besides myself may try the experiment. Apples are deemed by many o worthleaa crop since the leinpcronce eocieties hove be. n estab- lishcd. As cider ia going out of fashion, try how your horses, cows, nnd swine will relish a teed of those eortg you used to grind up for eider. Apple trees in gen- eral, produce the greatest profit for the labor, of any rop pioduced on a farm, and if well attended, will pay 50 per cent clear gain, on all outlays. B, K, DODGE. Premiums for Wool Shearing. In England, Sheep Shearings arc made the subject of spirited competition and premium. This is a capi- tal plan. Premiums arc awarded to those, whoperform the work of shearing in the best manner, and in the »lio:le6t time ; and also do up the fleece in the neatest and best style. Five sheep in general constitute a trial f. r one adult person. Three sheep to boys be- tween 14 and 10 years old. Two sheep to boys under 14 years cdd. The highest premium noticed is £Z stg. — the lowest £1 stg, — but a gratuity is bestowed upon the unsuccessful competitors. This would be an ex- cellent subject of competition with a farmer's club in the same town, or one made up of several towns in the vicinity of each other; and now grog money has ceas- ed to be demanded, it would not be dilHcult to make up a purse. After the play, the farmers dine together. This is always, in such cases, a comfortable and desi- rable accompaniment, where the expense is within tho reach of the humblest individual. ^NAKE8. Those who are in the habit of destroying snakes, hod better h t ihtm alone for a few years, aa they ate early risers, and generally at work in our field by the break of dny, picking up those little depredators, the cor7i worm, which any person moy fee by going into the com ficlcis as early, and may satisfy themselves. B. K. D. 100 THE NEW GENESEE FAKMER. Vol. 3. Transacliotis of New York Agricultural Society* We ore indebted to ibe politeness of our friend Luther Tucker, of the Albany Cultivator, for " Tlit Tronsactiona of the New York AgrieulturnI Society, published by order of the Legislature." The volume has been got up under the superintendence of the Re cording Secretary of the Society, Henry S. Randoli of Cortlandville, and does great credit to his intelli- gence and good judgment. It contains s large omount of highly Taluable matter, and may be con sidered as an important step in the advancement of a Saciety destined, from its position, the zeal which gives it impulse, and the intelligence which it com- bines, to exert an efficient influence upon the agricul- ture of the whole country, The volume will be extensively circulated through theeta'e, but as many of our readers can scarcely ex- pect to become acquainted with it excepting through our columns, we propose to go through the book, making such selections and notices aa we deem inter- esting and bearing most strongly upon practice. To the honor of New York, she has not been back- ward in giving to the country several valuable pub- lications on the subject of Agriculture. We regret that in this case we cannot refer to dates, but they are not material in relation to the facts. She early insti- tuted an Agricultural Society, which, under the care of Chancellor Livingston and M. L'Hommedieu, and other eminent compeers, gave four valuable quarto volumes to the public, containing discussions and in- formation in relation to several impoitnnt subjects ol agricultural inquiry and experiment. Her Legisla- ture iftcrwards, under the direction of Mr. Feather- etonhaugh and Mr. Buel, published three octavo vol- umes of agricultural essays and communications, which we have always regarded as among the very best papers ever given to the country. In the mean time, one of her distinguished citizens gave the pub- lic an important treatise on the Management of Sheep, mainly translated from the French ; and another, a Treatise on the whole subject of Agriculture, which, for the amount of useful information, compressed into a small space, is surpassed by no book within our knowledge. The Albany County Agricultural Society about this time likewise published several useful tracts ; but their publications were soon interrupted, for reasons of which we are not apprised. Then came al'.ng the Plough Boy, printed at Albany, which we have had noopportunity of examining, but which we believe was mainly intended for a Farmers' paper. To this succeeded the Genesee Farmer, edited by Luther Tucker ; and after that the Albany Cult vator, under the care of Judge Buel, and since his lamented death transferred to the very able editorship ol Messrs. Tucker and Gaylord. It may be said with no dis- paragement to any other publications in the cnnutiy, that more intelligent, useful, anu able periodicals than these two papers have been, and the latter continues to be, have, so far as our knowledge extends, been produced in no country. At the demise of the Gen- esee Farmer by the removal of its principal editor and publither to Albany, the New Genesee Farmer made its appearance at Rochester, and for two years the strong approbation with which it was received, evinc- ed the ability with which it was conducted. Now in its third v^lume, having passed into the hands ofa particular acquaintance and friend of ours, we feel some reluctance in saying what we think about it: but we may be allowed lo add that we hope something from the lad's industry and good will in the cause. In thecity of New York at the same time were pub lished the Now York Farmer, edited by Samuel Fleet ind the New York Q.i»rl«rly Farojeri' and Mechau. cs' Magazine, which latter proceeded lo four vol umcb octavo, but was in the main a reprint of thi former ; both of them fidl of valuablb information ind useful suggestions and essays. This has been followed by the Farmers' Library, n republication of several valuable foreign works, in monthly numbero, by Mr. Fleet. The Silk Worm likewise, devoted to the Silk Culture, and published It .\lbany, reached several numbers under the editor- ship of Mr- Blydenburgh. The .)"iirnnl of the American Institute, Under the i-are of Mr. Wakeman of Ntw York city, gave many of its monthly pages to agriculture. The Central New York Farmer, under the able ed itorship of Mr. Juhneon, and published monthly at Rome, N. V., and the United S:atea Farmer and Jour- nal ol the American Institute, opened with the pres- ent year, and are doiiig good service to the cause. A new coadjutor is now added to the great cause in the American Agiiciiluirist, of which we have been lavoied with the April number, published nionihly in New York city, Ifi pages octavo, at one dollar per year, edileJ by A. B. &. R. L. Allen ; and promising from what we have seen, efi'icient and intelligent iiid lo the improvement of our Live Stock in particular, and the general interests of an Improved Husbandry. We inost heartily wish them success. In addition to these, Messrs. Wiley &, Putnam of New York, boukscllersand publisheis.have issued sev- eral highly valuable publications on Agriculture and Horticulture, and design lo keep the press warm. In the production, therefore, of agricultural infor- mation and knowledge. New York may justly lay claim to the credit of having contributed no inferior share. We trust she will continue to yo on in ihis im- portant career every year with increased spirit and in- telligence. Agriculture is her great iniercst ; here her resources are immense ; and we had almost said it may require centuries fully to develope ibem F.very forward step in the subjugation of her unculti- vated territory, in the improvement of that which is already subdued, and in the increase ofher productive powers, must essentially advance her prosperity, her wealth, h^r indepondrncc, and, above all, the general comfort of her rapidly increasing population. The volume commences with a general history of the New York Slate Agricultural Society ; the Cattle Show and J'air at Syracuse, and the proceedings of the Society at its annual winter meeting in Albany, with the address of Mr. Nott, the President of the Society, on that occasion. These have been already given to the public through our own columns and those of the Cnltivnlor. These are followed by the Reports of several of the County Societies, of their condition, prospects, and the use ihcy made of their funds and the bounty of the Elate. Societies were organized in thirty-two of the counties of the s'.ate, but only nine have made re- turns of their proceedings, and these returns are very partinl and imperfect. Tompkins Coiinlij.—i''win the return of the Soci ety of the County of Tompkins, reports are given on the subject of Live Stock and the cultivation of Corn and Beets. The report on Live Stock highly approves the Im proved Durham Short Horn. For size and symme- try, for early maturity and an aptitude to take on flesh of the bett quality, as well as their production in milk, [he commiite pronounce decisively upon their supe- riority ; but ihey have some hcsiiatioa in recom mending them for oxen. From the style of this report we are inclined to re gard it not so much the result ol actual observation and personal experience, as ol general and popular impression. We have seen only one yokeof pure full bloods, but wf have sfn sevpinl paT of half bloods. vhich were powerful, quick, and perfectly well train- id, and we know no reason why they should not uake as good oxen as any. The coinrnittec proceed to denounce the Yorkshire >reed, by some persons mistaken fbr the Durham, as I race by no means to be esteemed. They fat poorly : do not tallow well ; tbeit meal is not good and they ire bad milkers. In some parts ol the coufitry this kind of stock re- mains ; but they are ntjt approved. The farmers in Tompkins are certainly not alone in this decision. Crops, — Four crops of corn are reported to have been presented for premium. Three kinds are men- tioned as having been cultivated. The Dutl'ui, planted in hills four feet iipart each way gave 113 bushels o*^ corn and three tons of fod- der to the acre. The Brown Corn produced 105 bushels of corn and two ions of fodder. The China "Tree Corn produced DO bushels of corn and four tons of fodder. The Blown torn, but for some mismonngement, it was thought would have produced the largest crop. The China Tree Corn is pronounced too late for our climate. The mode of harvesting was by cutting up and slacking, when sufficiently glazed. A second account is given of producing 92 bushels of corn per acre This was on a clover lay manured ihe previous sea- son. The account of cultivating this acre is thus stated : 92J bushels of corn at 5(1 cents, .39,25 Two loads of stalks at 2 dollars, 4,00 Expense of cultivation, Use of land, profit, &c. &c. 50, '.iS 14,05 $3ii.20 Svgar Beets. One plat of i acre yieldtd at the rate of 790 bush- els per acre. On plat of I acre yielded at the rate of 596 bush- els per acre. One plat of i acre yielded at the rate of 502 bush- els per iicf e. Orange County. — The Report of the Orange County Agricultural Society is only remarkable for Mr. Bull's account of his method of raisins calves. This is certainly high authority, as who should know better than he 7 The Orleans County Agricultural Society report a premium on a crop of Corn of 112 bushels and 30 quarts per acre: And of potatoes of 700 bushels per acre. The potatoes were planted upon a low piece of "rich mucky ground never before planted, and had hem used for a hog pasture two years previously. " The potatoes were planted " close togeilier one way and aiout two leet and a half the other." Tliis account snot rcmarkalily di finite, and the mode of measuring IS not given ; this we should have been glad to have unown. The corn succeeded corn on the same land ; and the lireparation was merely splitting the hills of the pre- ceding crop and turning a boi k funowond planting •n the ridge. No manure was put on the land. " It was alowish pieceof ground inclining to muck. Two (lushels of plaster were used upon it." We should iiere likewise have been glad to know how ihe amount if yield was determined, at what season it was ascer- lained, and in what mode the plaster was opplied. Butter. — To these statements is subjoined an ac- •ouut of a mode of making butter, which being thus iiesented by the Society, we infer is appioved by ihem. They state "that milk set in wooden kceltrs or tubs will probably yield ihc most cream, but not the So. 7. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 101 jvvii'iusi '■ Why jish'Mild yielil inorccieom ihun in till I'ana wo shall cerininly undoriRke to givenn rea- son, iiniil we knuw tiic fact, whicli al present we dis- triisi. Tbe sweeinees of the cream will depend, we believe, upon the dairy mni I, upon plenty of water among the pane, and sonicwhot upon the nee ehc muket) of her elbowjoinis. Ho advises tone three fiiirihs of an oiinc i)f good loaf sugar to a pound of biicor-— this we utterly protest against. The butler is injiirod by the application of any thing but the pniesi silt. The contributions fo: premium? In Oneida county are highly liberal, amounting to 67.S dollars — from the state $"i")5 — from snbicriptions $4'23. Niigiira County Socichj. Indian Corn. — A pre- I miumon a crop of corn of lli9 bushels 44 pounds to the acre, and for a crop of oats ol 92J huehela per acre. N > account is given of the mode of cultivation ; but we have anoihi r account of a premium crop of corn of 71 bushels per acre andsLt hundred pumpkins on the same land. We think it quite loo late in the day to give a premium on 71 bushels of corn, unless there is something peculiar or eiiraordinary in the cultivation. We should be glad to know the opinions of farmers on the expediency of cultivating either pumpkins or turnips with corn. Washington County Agricultural Society takes the lead ol all others in regard totrops; and announces the largest crop of corn ever recorded in the country within our knowledge. Job Eldridge produced 122 baskets of corn on an acre, each basket i 15-3-.; bushels strict measure, which if there be no error in onr reckoning, would be fqual to 179 bushels 6 quarts to an acre. This state- ment will be received, we apprehend, with some in- credulity i and we can only expre33 the wish that it had been more fully certified. We do not deny its possibility, for we have not reached the end of our line yet; but, but, but, -we should like to have done it, or to have seen it done. To Pelcg Shermon likewise was awarded a pre- mium for 806 j bushels of potatoes toon acre. This was a magnificent crop ; but the committee are care- ful to express in a note their chagrin at the imper- fect manner in ^rhich the amount of crop wos verified. The mode of measuring, that is finding that six hills would make a bushel, and then counting the number of hills on the acre, is altogether uncertain and objec- tionable. We should be very glad to know how they arrived in the case by such a mode, to the frac- tional exactness of two thirds of a bushel. We do not, however, desm the statement absolute- ly incredible, as we have the assurance of one of the best farmers and best men in the country, that he as- aisted in the cultivation and harvesting of 4000 bush- els of potatoes from five acres of land. Eight premium crops are mentioned in this case, but with the exception of Mr. Sherman's statement in a note, no account whatever is given of the modes of cultivation. To know Itoio a thing may be done seems in these cases to be rr.uch more important than the simple fact that it has been done. We shall pursue the examination of these papers oa R future occasion. Wool Growing. The subjoined article is from the Boston Cultiva- tor of June 4ih, whose editor, H. G. Meriam, wheth er bis view* be tight or wrong, is entitled to the high- est credit for the ability and zia with which he advo- cates what he deems the best interests of the Farmer. We arc not prepareti to enter npon this subject at this time, but the facts which are stated here ce--tainly de- serve the most serious consideration. It is obvious how difScult it must be under any protective system, to adjust harmoniausly and satisfactorily all the diver- sified >f sense, that the whole depends upon an adequate market. Wc hove before said, that the wool growing business was already neotly mined by the importation of foreign wool admitted dutyfree, such as come in competition in our own market, with our wool of a medium quality. In this we were grossly dereived — we shoulif have .»ai(l such as come in direct competi- tion with oitr wool of every fjuality . We have before us now on our toble, six kinds of woo], imported duty free, from South America, fur nished ns as samples by one of the largec-t importers in the United States, which actually cost in South America from 3J to less than 8 cents per pound, and therefore oil adimited duty free. The Ist kind is a long coarse wool about 7 inches in length, and aoout as fine as the wool of our coarse long wool sheep, ond such as is manufactured into carpets, worsted, coarse blankets and negro cloths — and conies in direct competition in our market with the wool of our Unkewell and other coarse long wool- ed sheep. This sample is very white ond clean and mav be afforded for 12J to 16 cents per pound. The 8d kind is a coarse wool of a finer grade, full as good as the wool of the best of our old fashioned common sheep, and is admiiably adapted for a middle grade of satineits, coarse woollens, and common blankets. 121)0 bales of this wool were imported into the port of Boston, last week, duty free. If this wool be sold at IC§ cents per pound, it will afl'ord the im- porter over one hundred per cent, profit. This wool by comparison is full as fine as the wool we took from a half Dishley and half Irish corset ewe but not qnite so long, and may be made as white as the driven snow, by washing alone, aa we know by actual ex periment. The 3d is full as fine as our best half blooded meri- no wool, and may be cleaned, as the importer told us, from IJ to two cents per pound, either by band or machinery. This wool is good enough for the second grode of broadcloths, cassimeres, flannels, and the first class of satinets, and may be imported so that it shall not cost the manufocuirer, when perfectly cleaned, twenty cents per pound. The 4tb, same grade, full of burrs and dirt, may be cleaned for two cents per pound, and may be pur- chased abroad at the lowest rate above stated. The 5th, is a sample of wool ol about the same grade as the above, short and fine, cleansed in South .\merico, very white and clean. We were surprised when the importer assured ns, that this very wool was imported duty free, and coBi in South America, positively less than 8 cents per pound. The 6th is very ."imilor to pure merino wool, and I he sample which we have washed in hot soap suds, has become beautifully white and clean. This wool i:oinparcs well with some samples we have from the Hon Isaac C Bates' flock, and others of the western liait of this Slate. So fine was this wool, that when compared with Mr. Bales' wool, we were unable to decide which was the finest, nd so we called in a third person, who declared Mr. Bales' a little the finest, but the difference was trifling. This wool was imported dutyfree, while the very ctollts manufactured from this wool, by the compromise act, have been protected by a dulv ranging from 50 to 2U per cent, down to June 1842. Is this the justiee our 'public men render vnto the farmer f II so, tell us what you will call injustice. Our annual product of wool is just about equal to our annual consumption, and under ajust nriffgiving ihe farmer an equal protection with the manufVieinrer, sheep husbandry would expand equally with our man- ufactories, and the formers grow rich equally fast. Much of Snuih America is very favorable to sheep husbandry. One hundred (heap may be raised there as cheap and easy as ten in New England. They may graze the year round in cheap pastures, and are con- scqiienily less eiiljeet to disease, and seldom dicex- 'epi from severe storms and old age. Aware of these fact-", enterprising men from New England and other parts of the world, have gone nut to South America, ud engaged Inrgely in wool-giowing, and who, by judicious crossings, have produced the fine wool of which wc have spi. ken. These facts hove led us to alter our views in relation to the amount of duly proposed to be put on this wool now imported duty free. The Hon. lease C. Bates' wool, being the clip of 1841, is now stoied and un- sold in the city of Boston, ond if we are r orrectly in- formed, cannot now command an ofltrof one half so niucn as ituold lor four or five years ago, so great has been the improvement and increase of South Ameri- can wool, and the facilities for cleaning it. The iwenty per cent duly proposed by the Secretory of the Treosury, on thi se wools, purchoei d for less than eig! t cents per pound abroad, will not save our w(;ol grow- ing fanners from absolute destruction and ruin, and runnnlfail to preistrate this deportment ifugrievllnre throughout the United States. For what dues 20 per cent on wool, which costs in South America 5 cents per pound, amount to, as a protection of our wool growers, ag.iinst this immense and noir ruinous com- petition. One dollar on 100 pounds — just nothing. The Secretaiy of ihe Treasury is certainly mis- taken, when he esiimotes the annua! amount of this wool imported, at 9,303,992 pounds, for there was importeil into the port of Boston alone, in 1841, by on actual account, which we obtained from the vigi- lant collector, 0,858,957 pounds, and we are assured by an extensive importer, who is thoroughly acqiiaint- ed with this whole subject, and the amount of impor- tations in New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Balti- more : and he sayh there is as much imported into New York as Boston, and that the annual and increas- ing importaiion, is from 15 to 17,000,000 pounds per annum. This accounts for the great glut and falling of prices in the wool market. "Thnt ibis subject may be understood at Washing- ton, we shall send on a card containing each kind of wool of which we have spoken, also the sample, which we were told was from one of the fleeces of ihe Hon. Isaac C Bales' flock — one sample from Mr. Strong's flock, to some Hon. Senator, with a particular re- piest ihat he shall exhibit t to hie colleagues, and thus we shall soon know who there are there worthy of the votes of farmers, or true to the great and lead- ing interests of the whole people. Baltimore Wool, Transactions in wool to a considerable extent hove taken place during the week, among which we noie a sale of 10.000 pounds Saxony and Merino fleece, washed, at 26 cents, 6 months. Sales also of three quarter to full blood Merino at 33 • cnts on time, and of unwashed at 16 to 18 cents. We note sales also of washed Native to quarter blood Merino, at 20 to 28 cents, as in quality. Productive Sheep. ILr A black fi II ewe, sixteen years of age, the prop- erty of Mr. Tyson, of the Old King's Head Inn, Broughton in Furness, has within the last fourteen years yeaned and reared no fewer than twenty-nine lambs ! namely, one when two years old, and two each succeeding year since. — Eng. paper. Large Fleeces. Two fleeces of wool shorn this year from Merino Bucks owned by Jesse Harroun, Ogden, Monroe Co., of two year's growth, weighed together S3 lbs 13 oi. One fleece from a Merino Buck owned by Mills Landon of the same place, of one year s growth, weighed ten pounds. The above wool was of fine quality, washed and neatly done up. NEW YORK ill iRKET, Saturd.iv, Juae 95. FLOUIl— Asae of 5UU bbU good liruiid Genesee, was made at ^5,^7^. Shi pers .ire willing to t.-ike large pjir els at that rate, but . aanot iind it. From Ihe East the demand is lim ted. W. quote Genesee 85 e7J a 5 M ; Ohio flat- hoop, 5 f-"J ; round Miehigan 5 87^ ; Troy 3 87i a 6. A lale of 1 hio flat-hnop from store was made at 5 T5. Southern is very inactive. GRAIN— The market is very scantily supplied, and is con- sequent y du I. Small sales Northern white ro n at r,2 1-3 cents, nieaBure. and New Orleans at 55, weight. Oati 39 s 40f. Uye scarce : nominiilly 6-2 -i and 63. CINCI.NNATI. June '20— " Business in the produce mar, ket remains dull— produce of all kinds very ow Pork auIlB for $6 .;0 a $7 per barre —Flour 8375 n $i 87 1-2— Whii. bcyl3v'peir gallon. No 4a'99 of Bot» for ihe^iait w^f^,'- 1(12 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 $ Threshing Machines. We give below the opiiiione and experience of two respectable farmers on the subject of Threshing Ma- chines ; and we add to this an account of a Threshing Machine invented and used in New Hnnipsbirc, from a correspondent who has n i pecuniary interest in the machine, and and mony have supposed that threshing machine |»li have been a great benefit to farmers ; that they bav not, it is my intention to show. First, threshinjiin inaehines hove bscn a great dieadvrntnge to loborin people. In mony places poor people now hove no cm ploymcnt in the winter months, ond to farmers them selves it is of no advantage. The majority of former do not calculate to roisc over oOO bushels ol whet annually. This may be set down as an overog, quantity. To thresh this amount, including the sel ling up oi;d taking down the machine, takes at leai two days, with from four to six horses ond ten hands Two of the horses ond two hands, are usually foun with the machine. The hire of ihe oilier horses, tc gcther with the owners of them, two days, iiioy b set down at §3, pay of the other seven hands iw days at 75 cents per day, $5,25, odd lo this the us^ of the mochine, at five cents per bushel, (the usun price) on 300 bushels, ,f 15, making .f23,25. I wi now estimate the cost of threshing 300 bushels b hand. A common thresher will, during Ihe winte months, thresh eight bushels per day. This, at fifi cer.ts per doy, the proboble price of lobor during th winter months, will be l5;b",75. Lcov.ng a balanc of .$4,50 in favor of ihrething by hand. A sli. greater objection to them is, that it erables farmers t ihieeh their wheat all at once and send it to mai- ket, thus filling the market beyond the demanfl- and depressing the prices. Such hos been the cob for the lost few years, consequently the price of whe» baa been low and little demand for it. Yours, &c. F. Greece, -V. V , 1841. Mr. II. Cor.MAN — At your request I now give yo 0 description of Hibbotd's Horse Power and Thresh ing Machine. The horse power consists of a light whe. I, UEiiall' 4 feet in diameter, connected with asboli7J feet longi or long enough to permit a horse to pass under it, hov ing an iron gudgeon in each end. The shaft is Be up, varying from perpendiculor to 20 degrees, to ac commodote the bond running from the wheel to th^ thresher, which moy be set higher or lower than ihi wheel, as the case moy require. The wheel is neai the top end of the shaft. The gudgeon at the top enc of the shaft, runs in a box at the junction of tw( braces made of light poles, and hoving their opposit: ends, when the power is in operation, fastened witl screws to the posts of the barn doors, or any othei posts or timbers sel np for the occasion. The lower gudgeon runs in a box in a small sill mode fast to the ground. On the same shoft ond 2i feet from the lower end, is ploced a pully deeply grooved, 16 inches diameter in the bottom of the groove. Thirty five! yords from the foot of the shaft there is placed a pully | horizontally on an iron spindle placed in the ground, (a common iron bar usually answers the purpose,) braced at the top. The power is then put in operation Tk liil Almost any of the horse powers now in use moy be I by placing n band round these t^o pulliee drawn euf- AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 103 10 li •M' ,-ienily I't;''' I" opoiQtc. For this purpose n rope IJ i-h'-s ill diameter iaordiiinnly used. Any number f li'irsea niny be nltnehoJ lo this band, to draw in a traiglu line the length of the band and turning short round the pullirs. Attached to ilie thresher is a speed wheel 18 or 20 t,jj nehes in diameter, from which a belt is run on the yliuder pulley. A small grooved pnlly connects vith the speed wheel and receives the band from the main wheel at the top of the shaft. The cylinder is liirnei from l.'iOfl to QflOO timeein minute, and with force sullicient to thresh a bushel y )f wheat in lees than three minutes wiili one l;orsc Fhc pylinJcrof the threshers used ig about 2i inches 4 diameter, and about two feel long. This machine costs from $Xy to $40, and in opera- ■l^ion and construction is very simple. There is no oi.bt but, with good attention, it will with one horee power weighing 1200 pounds, threth 100 bushels of wheat in 10 honra. I have attempted to give such a description of the horse power aa thnt yoa may understand it. 1 have no doubt it is ju3t the thing for the wheat growers of the west. There is an account of the use of this inachine in 'f Hill's Monthly Visitor for June, 1 34 1, and from my acquaintance with quite a number of the men who there certify, I have ihc fullest confidence in their Btatomenis. Yours respectfully, S. C. LYFORD. Meredith, N. H., April, 1842. Manure for Potatoes. Woolen rags are an excellent manure for potatoes. The rag5 are cut up in small pieces and put under the sets at planting ; and the effect produced is wonderful. It is a long time since I planted any in this way, nor did I ever at the time make any particular observation as to the quantity produced ; but this I can say, that ihcy far exceeded those that were manured in the usual way. It might heighten the effect if the rags were dipped in, or saturated with ammoniacal gas- liquor; atleaet it might be interesting to moke the trial. — Gitrdener's Chronidtfor April 16(A, Culture of Potatoes. — The cultivation of pota- toes being considered of great importance, whether relating to increase of quantity or improvement of quality, I would submit a method of culture, which may be new, ard which I havo for some years found to succeed with a second early kind. Of the potatoes to be planted I destroy all the eyes except one or two with a hot iron. I set them whole, and at the distance between the rows of 2^ feet, and 12 or 14 inches apart. The produce has generally been 60 to 70 well formed potatoe ■, instead of 20 from those planted in the usual manner. Mine had the same management and quantity of manure generally used. E. \^Gardener's Ckronide for April I6th. We have read the above with some little surprise. We cannot say that it may not be true, nor havo we any objection to onr friends boiling their seed, il tfiey think it would do better. For the TVeuj Genesee Farmer, Oil Rearing Calves. Mr. Cot.MAN — Having seen occasionally a hint in reward to the rearing of calves, and also recently a call (or some remarks on the subject, I offer the following fl' ggesiions as the most economical and convenient, and consequently the best mode that I have adopted. As soon as the cow has calved, she is milked clean and suffered to remain with her calf for the space of about 12 hours or to the next milking time, when she is again stripped out clean and shut away from ber call until the next milking time. She is then piir- tially milked, leaving enough for the calf, but not to niuc-li as lo satisfy him withiiiu his sucking the cow entirely el an, so aa to bring down the bog and fro vent its caking. The c.nw is then let in to hef'calf, which will greedily take ll c balance left for him The cow is again removed aa soon as she has sup- plied the wants of her calf, and so I continue morning and evening, partially to luilk the cow before she is permitted to go to her calf, leaving him to do the 'tripping until he is 3 days old. He is then weaned from the cow entirely and fed with the new milk o( the CO*' by hand, from one of the 'calf's pails,' and so I continue to feed l.iiu until he has learned to drinU freely, probably at about a week old. I then take away a share of the cream from his milk, and give him a mixture of new and Bkimmed milk, say two quarts new and one quart skimmed milk, with a spoonful of oil meal or oil-cake ground, sjirinUIed into his milk, instead of boiled fln.xseed. The oil is worth more for painting than for feeding cattle, I therefore let the painter or druggist have the oil and the call takes the cake. The quantity of new milk is now daily decreased and the quantity of skimmed milk and oil meal in daily increased, until at the expiration of another week, when his allowance becomes 3 lo 4 quarts of skimmed milk and a hall pint of oil meal, which will make him look as slick as a mole. The milk is warmed a little and the oil meal sprinkled in, and the whole poured into a 'calf's trough' made for the purpose, which is a stick 3 feet long, 12 or 15 inches in diameter, split open, dug out and legs set in ol the right length to bring the trough up to his chin, 80 that he may take his allowance standing in an erect and natural posture. I usually feed two in one trough and see that they are well matched nJ Remedie.s. — For the gout, toast and water; hooping cough, ipecacuanha; bile, exercise; I'orns, easy s'lioes ; blue devils, employment; rheuiiia- lisni, new flannel and patience ; tootlwche, extraction ; debt, retrenchment; love, matrimony." 104 THE New XtExNESee farmer, Vol.3. ROCHESTER. JIII.Y. Important Notice. There is a large amount due us from Post MnsI erf and Agents in the Western States and elsewhere mostly in small sums it is true, but our whole resour cea depend on such small sums, and therefore we hope no one will delay sending on that account. ILr One word to our friends. — We have a large supply of back numbers of the current volume ou hand, which ought to be in the hands of subscribers Will you not help us — would you not be doing yi'ur neighbors as well asoursclves a real kindness, by soli citing them lo subscribe ? The currency is now con- ■■derably improved, and bills of most of ibe states will answer for remittances. Publishers. We thank feme friend for copies of a Letter toLor( Uhburton on the Corn and Flour Trade with Eng and. lis views are highly important and must com nand attention. We had been promised for this number by compe KM hands, a notice of Pr. Dana's valuable book, thi Muck Manual, and of Alonzo Gray's book on Scien- .ific and Practical Agriculture, but are very sorry ti be disappointed. AVe hope for them for our nex. number, but alas! for promises for the enforcement o which there is no legal remedy. We commend to persons interested, the advertise ment of John L Whiiing, Land Agent of Michigan. We have no doubt that business committed to hit charge will be conducted with the strictest fidelity. To Correspondents. The article on E. Foot's valuable and highly im- proved Tight Air Stove, came ton lale for notice this month. The article on Onondaga Salt is necessarily postponed until our next number. Thecommunica tionof M. R. P. on the beemoth, shall receive due attention. The inquiry of R. respecting the destina- tion of Farmers' Sons, is one of the most important that can be made, and shall have the atteniion which it deserves. We have tn acknowledge a valuable com- munication from G. S. on the subject ol' Canada Thistles, which we very unwillingly defer, because received too late. Our respected friend S W. will we trust, have patience with us for this mon'h. We forwarded at once by his request the papers to New- port. The Northern Light we receive very rarely ; but Tve know the admirable talent with which it is con- ducted, and cordially recommend it to our friends as one of the most useful and best monthly journals in the country. J. V. K. of Little Britain, is advised to cut off the black excresences or diseased limbs of his plumb trees as fast as they appear and immediately burn them. If the condition of the tree is such that he cannot hope for a cure, he cannot remove and burn the diseased parts too soon. His communication on Mildew on Gooseberries we shall avail ourselves ot hereafter. An article on the culture of asparagus in reply to a correspondent, is necessarily postponed. We thank our trieno T. T. from Le Roy, for his valuable communication. We appreciate the good will of an " Old Tutch- man," but should prefer lo receive him in his native costume. As it is, he " oui.herods Herod.'' Our friend the Vicar of B. Vt., remembers us kind- ly. God bless him ! We shall not overlook his rea- sonable inquiries. Heaven send him a Cardinal's robe and cap, if he desires them, or any thing else good which he can ask for short of a heavenly crown. May that coronation be long postponed. Is he the onlij friend we have left there t To other friends and corrospondenls we send all kindly salutations. Though not named ihey are not forgotten : and though some of their favors seem long deferred, they are none of them overlooked or neg lected. If our omnibus continues full, we must pre •ently set up an extra. We have to acknowledge this 25th June, a small basket of the Methven Strawberry from Mr. N. Draper of this city. They are extraordinary. We have heard often of two bites to a cherry— here are three to a strawberry. Patronage and Postaiie. A subscriber, who informs us that he joined with n neiglibor in taking our * valuable paper,' price 50 els per year, informs us likewise, that he ie so well satis tied with the publication that he has concluded to taki it separately ; and, instead of sending by the post- master, taxes us 12} cents lor the infiirmotir;n. We are certainly obliged by his good will : but it is obvi- ous how soon we should be enriched by such pat- ronage. Postmasters are aulhorited to transmit the payment of subscriptions to periodicals, free of charge ta the publishers, and are generally kind enough to do it. Here we trust, we shall be excused for expressing oui regret for the discnijragement 'hrown by the Post Master General in the way of post masters acting as ngcnls. We deem it extremely impolitic and liardly just. Take our own case. Publishing at as Iowa price as we do, we cannot afford to employ or send out special aj^ents. Postmasters have heretofore al- ways been allowed to act qs agents for us, and we cannot conceive in what way it can interfere with iheir duties. Now our hnnible sheet, with the post- ages incidental to it, contributes annually to the Post Office revenue a sum hardly less than three thousand dollars per year. Is it not, therefore, right and just, for the interest of the Department itself, that we should be indulged in this matter. We hope that the other publishers of periodicals in the country, will sec how much it concerns them to make suitable represen- tations to the government on this subject. Notice of Convention of Floughniakers. We regret to learn that the notice in our last of a Convention of Pioughmakers to be holden at Canan- daigua, was regaided as designed or adapted to preju- dice a case lo be brought to trial before the Circuit Court of the United States, al its June term in Onta- rio county. No such design was entertained ; nor, do we think, that the terms of tbe article warrant tht inference. The notice was inserted at the request of the pioughmakers, who called the meeting and hand- ed by them lo the printer. We understand it as ex pressing tlieir view of the case, and their statement of what they confidently expected to prove. What could be proved, or what were the actual facts in the case, might be an entirely different matter ; and of the evi- dence in ihe case we know nothing. Had a commu- nication of the facts expected to be established on the other side been presented, we should as cheerfully have published it. In this case we had not even an opinion; and did actually reject a communicaiion in reference to this matter where ihe facts eipected to be proved were ahiolutely and icithout qualificutiun as- serted. One of the last things we should be willing to do, would be to interfere in any way whatever, to disturb the impartial administration of justice between man and man. Allow us, as it seems to be necessa ry, to add to what we have before said, that ice hold ourselves in no respect responsible for the opinions and notions either of our correspondents or adveriuiers, nless tee directly and ezplicilhi indorse them. As' his subject is a matter in which the farmers are much nteiested, we shall report ihe decision of the Court ssonn 08 leceived. Our only desire is that the right nay prevail ; and this is always ultimately for the' ;uodof all. Since the above was in type, we are informed that iie decision of the Court has been given against thei :laim8 of ihc heirs of Jclhro Wood. Of the partic- ilar grounds of the decision we ore not apprised. June 27ili^ Vew Agricultural Store.--Farming Imple^ ments. We are much gratified to learn that B- F. Smith & Co. have opened a store in Syracuse, N. Y., for he supply cf the besi agricultural implemenls ol every vnriety, which tbe New England or New York n ifaciories con furnish. If this establishment is well ijondncled, there can be no doubt that it will afford Imminent advantages to the farmers of Western New York, of which we hope they will fully avail them, selves. We cannot advise farmers to be in a hurry to get overy new tool or implement, which presents iiseli and promises lo effect a great saving of labor ; for in many cases the promise is delusive ; and ihe saving proves only an increase of labor, and no little expense. We advise them not to pprch'ise too many tools, fop ihe use of them will be troublesome, and the mora ihey ore multiplied the lees care is hkely to be tokeni iif them. We advise formers not to purchase aiiyi implcmcnis or machines, which promise to do half dozen things by the some operation, for in this ca; ihey are generally complicated and liable lo get out o^ order, and if out of order, not easily mended or re- paired. Besides the_y seldom do many things well. We advise farmers likewise to remember that the best' of all machines ie the human hand, when guided bjn a sound judgment and a cieareye- But then we ad- I vise them to obtain all such implements as are neces- sary for the proper management of their business, and never to live by borrowing, which is generally the meanest of all ways of getting along, and makes a man a perfect nuisance lo his neighborhood. We ad- vise them to get the best tools and to keep them in the best order. We remind them that there may be a great saving in tbe kind of phiughs which they use, so;iie doing the work far better than others, being handled with much more ease ; and requiring perhaps not half the power of draft which some others re- quire. We remind them that n good sowing machine may enable tbem to sow their grain much more even- ly than they could otherwise do it, and wiih a great sivlngof seed. We remind them that a culling ma- chine of the best kind will enable them to save cer- tainly a third of their hay ; and their catile, if well fed in this way, will be in belter healih and condition ihan when led wholly upon long feed. We advise ihem by all means to have a good roller, a very rare and yet one of the most useful implemenls on a form, for sinking the seed, tor forcing the stones into the ground where there are stones, so that they may be out of the way of the scythe, for crushing the clods so ihai the tilth may be made finer and for leaving ihe land in a clean and handsome condition. We advise, likewise, to a farmer's having a revolving horse-rake wherever his land admits of its use, as saving, when well managed, at least two thirds of the labor. So we might go on with further counsel, but ibis will do l(>r a beginning. Whatever n farmer gets, let it be of the best quality. We do not mean that his plough should have either gilt or mahogany handles ; but we would have it made of the beet materials, in the neat- -■st, strongest, and most substantial manner; and if it should be painted and kept well painted, and slightly No. 7. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. lOo ornamented, hnviiig for rxomple n iiinily curved bun- dle, inslcnd ot conrBO eirnigbt once, or oihrrwiee ninde handeomer wiihoiit nny increase of expense, iliere IS hardly a boor in tbe country so rude ihnl bo would not, let bim say wbat be pleases, on tbie very ncconnl vfilne it the more liigbly and use it ilie innrc carefully ^Ve were going to add wbateviry man will say be knew well enough before, and what some grumblere will complain that they do not tec why tlicy should pay for it again ; we were going lo add, "have a place for every thing and every thing in its place," but we will not add it, bui leave it to suggest itself to every refiocling man's own mind. He wll then val- Hc it the more, as thinking it the fruit of hie own wise cogitations. We will say, however, let it come from where it will, it is one of the best rules that was ever thought of^ Hatch's Sowing Slactiine. The following letter was wriiien to Mr Batehnm by a friend in Ohio to whom be sent one of Hatch's Sowing Machines ; and a3 the full sowing season is at hand, many of our renders will find it interesting in connection with the advertisement on our Inst page We have not yet hod an opportunity of personally witnessing the opperation of this machine, but we learn that it is rapidly gaining favor among farmers in this region, and quite a number hove b,eci) sold o' late. — £(Z. <'The Straw Culler mentioned by the same writer, in another column of this paper, is Gilsoii's Patent, manufactured by Joseph Hall of this city.) — Ed. Mr. Bateham — I have just finished using for this spring, the splendid Siwing Machine which you fo?? warded me la t fall, and 1 must confess that it has ex ceeded all my expectations, and those of my neighbors who wiineesed its operation. I went to ihe firbt field with my grass oced with a doubting heart, and wh'.n I looked at the nmuhine and then at the diminutive size of the seed it was to sow, my faiib was in jio wiee strengthened. But I out with my letter of instruc tions, made my calculations bow much seed it would take to sow one hmit, measuied it out exactly, turned it into the hopper, mounted the choir and drove ofi'. leaving my friends who came to witness the operation grinning like bo many Cheshire cats. First bout my seed was out when within about two rods ol the end. Regulated the screw, poured in the quantum suf. of seed, and at the end had about half pint left. Third bout,— started the regulating screw a very little, and it came out as even as you ever bad your pic and cJiccsc. I then turned into the hopper, from time to lime, as became necessary, without measuring, having previously measured out the quantity of seed for the lot, and when I got through I had abotit one quart left. The sowing of the lot (<3 acres) occupied about two hours. The wind blew considerably, but 1 could not dis- cover that it affected the seed, the hopper running so near the ground that the dropping seed wasnotdis turbed sulliciently to do the leost injury. A boy that can drive a horse and otherwise posses.'»ed of ordinary judgment, can use it, and when properly regulated it cannot sow wrong. I have tried it with oats with equal success ; and wheat, flax seed, piaster, &.C., can also be sown with it. It certainly is a very valuable machine, and ought to be in the possession of every farmer who has much work of the kind every year. J. W. SMITH. Kniggs Farm, Manmee City. O., 1842. E.spy's Conical Ventilator. Mr. Espy, the gentleman who has, with much suc- cesB, been delivering lectures through the countiy on the Piiilosophy of iStorms, has recently invented a machine for the purpose of remedying the evil of smo- ky chiraniei. We give u plate of it below. Wherejt has been tried it is said to have been elfeclunl. From the description, we should have strong confidence m ■te success. If effectual, Mr. Espy will he entitled to rank among the distinguished benefactors of mankind, ns obviating one of the two great acknowledged cvi b of this world — the one a tmoKy house, the other n scolding ah I hut we won't say ; we have noi the heart to wound the feelings of nny of our kind subscribers by awakeiting disogreenble associations. We copy the plate and the detcripiion from thai valuable publication, the American Mcc-banic, printed in New York. Rufue Porter, editor. A sectional view of Mr. Espy'e Invention for ven- tilating Ship.-, Hospitals. Piieons, M.nes, Cisterns. Vats, S nks, &c. — also for producing a strong drnh in Chimnies, fines of Steamboats, Locomotives, &c. Descrijition.— A, denotes the chimney. B. a short iron pipe secured upon the top of the chimney. C, a cr.llnr of slieet iron fitting loosely over the pipe B D, a hollow cone, also made of sheet iron, into which che collar C enters. E, a vane, to keep the cone pointed to the wind. F, a perpendiculor iron rod, on wliich the cone and collar levolvc. n, a, h, b, r, c, and e, arrows showing the course of the cm rent ol aii. Now suppose the wind tn blow m the direction of the arrows o, a, — it will pnea along the surfnec ol the cone to its base, when it will converge as lepresented by orrows 4, i, and r, c, and produce a vnccuum lit O, the open cud of the cone, thereby causing a strong current of air to ruth up the chimney A, in the direction ol the arrow c. Scotch Yellow Turnips. The proprietor of the Rochester Seed Store has im ported from Scotland, seeds of some of the finest va- rieties of Yellow Turnips; which on trial bnve been found to succeed well in tbis climate, ond he confi- dently recommends them to his friends and customers as superior to the Wnite Knglieh Turnips, being bet- ler adopted to 0 d or light soils, more nutritious, and of firmer texture (consequently keep longer). They are fine for the table ns well na for stock. Those who have delayed sowing Rata Bngas till too late, or have had them destroyed by the fly, will find the Yellow Turnips a good substitute. The fol- fowing kinds are the most valuable : Lorge Yellow Aberdeen or Bullock, Yellow Ox- heart, Yellow Globe, Dale's Hybrid, Hood's New Yel- low. The Red Round is particularly recommendej for light soils It is a white turnip with a red top. M. B. B. Canaila Thistles. This communication deserves particular attention. Mk. Henkv Colmas — An allusion appearn to be maHe in the May number of the New Genesee Far mer, to a conversation with you when yoH was in this place, some little time since, relative to the des- truction of that pest, the Canada Thistle. The tvoy ol doing it, which is both sure and certain and attended with but little expense, would be profit ably expended in any land infested with any foul weeds or worn downby shallow ploughings. All the foul seeds in the ground would sprout and be destroy- ed and the ground be left in first rate order for wheat, or almost nny other cron ; and if the ploughings could he made twelve inches deep, the wheat would not be much liable to get winter killed. And if the same imonnt of green vegotaiion could he ploughed under lliat would be in the Thistle ntebes, the good effects vhereof would he hietiiig, as much so, or more, ilinn a nea\y cont of manure. In a visit to my brother .\aron, then living in ■Soiiib Le Roy, in 18)1, but now Pavilion, I noticed that the whcnt on o part of biB field was twic. as large as on other parts. I inquired of hint how it happened that there wns such a difrercnee m his wheat O 1 says he, t Pt is where my old Thistle Bed was six years ngo, that the wheat is so stout. lean feel the dillertnce where the Thistles were the moment the plough strikes it ; the lunil is more mellow, and ihe plouj^b inclined to go deeper than in any other parts of the field. The way I took 10 destroy iheni, says be, 1 commenced ))loughing them iibout the first of .lune, in the most careful and thor ough manner, taking special care that not a single ihisile root should escape the plough. A month from that time I ploughed ngoin in the same careful man- ner,— and in another nionib I ploughed ngoin ; the fourth month I ploughed it again, making four plough- ings, not harrowing it utall, that it should be left in the some order at eacn time as the plough left it, ex- eepiing the lost time, when it was in b-f^h order for the sowing of wheat. Not a particle of any foul weed appeared upon it, and 1 got as fine a crop of wheat as I ever hod on any lands, and not a single particle of a Thistle conld be found among ti.e wheat when I bar visted it. I have not the least doubt if any person troui.led with Thistles, or nny other foul weeds, v\'ill follow the method here loid down, in ns iliorough a manner as my brother did, they would he ui;crly and completely destroyed. Thus it may be seen that the entire destruction of the pest costs nothing ; it is merely a superior method of preparing toe land for a crop of wheat, and that the extia expense will he found 10 be more than compen- sated by an extra cri>p of wheat ond the finer tilth in which the land will be left, when the wheat is taken from it, over that managed in the common way. I am respectfully Your frimd &c. THOMAS TUFTS. Le Hmj, .Tune 9th, 18-12. EDSOK'S COLORING COiSlPOUNDS. (Direrlwns for using- > TOC LOU iM.^UDlilt Ui D. Take one pound of '. julcl r for every two pounrla of yarn or cloth ; soak the nirulitcr in a Ijriiss or copper kett e one niglit in warm water enough to cover the yjirii ou wisli to color-, next niomiiig put in two ounces ot'unidiler conipouiid fore ery pound of niadiler which yem have soaked. 'Jhen wet your varn or clotll and wring it out in clean water; af- icrw.irdu pu it iotlicdjc. .Now place Ihe ken e over the fire, and hring it slow y to ii scald he lie t, which w II ttt'e iiliout half an hour, keep it in tlii heal lia f an hour, if a liulll red 8 wanted, and longer if a daik one, tile co.or dc- peiidlns upon the time it remains in 'he dye. When tlie color i.^ ni.ide, rin-c liie cloth immedintely in cold water and it will liien he finished. ■lO COLOR SUAItLKT RFD. Take soft water, uffl;icnt to cover llie cUKh or y.-irn you wish to color, hring it nearly to a Imiling heat in a copper or hr ss kettle; then add one .ind :i half ounces of creiuii of t.irta for every pound of cloth; now hoil a niinure or two, then ndd two ounc s of powdered t.ac. and three o nces of Madder rs or pits 1 One word to our friend M. B. B., who has given us an account of Mr. ShefTer's root crops to show that root* can be grown extensively in this country. Now 1 understood Mr. Garbutt in using the word " exten- sively," asapplyingit to the growth of roots in England. Mr. Sheffer has certainly ilonc well, and deserves great credit, but should an English firiucr, or any frif nd for him, boast of raising G500 bushels of roots, he*vould assuredly get laughed at. But above all, look at tlie verdure of an English pasture, which gives a richness to the face of the country, the absence of which lure gives to an Englishman, on first travelling through this count-y, an idea of barrenness and sterility. Wm. Howitt, in his work entitled " Rural Life of England" says " one of the great charms of the country, ricpciulail on Us climate, is that rich and almost perpetual green- ness, of which strangers always speak whh admira- tion." S. W. asks what would become of our " ease-loving farmers if they had to encounter the cold, sour, wet climate, &c , of England! would they not be reduced f'rom bacori and corn bread, to turnips and pea soup — from the dclic.ous v.lieatcn loaf and hot rolls, to oat cakes and potato broth '•" I cannot possibly tell what would become of our farmers, but I can tell how the English far.mcre faro under what S. W. considers such adverse circumstances. And I cannot do Iwttcr than quote again from Wm. Howitt. After describing a substantial luncheon, he comes !o the dinner. '■ The hour arrives; well here they ail are; and hero are the ladies all in full dress. Hands that have been handling prime stock, or rooting in the earth, or thrust into hay- ricks and corn heaps, arc washed, and down they sit to such adinner as might satisfy a crew of shipwrecked men. There arc seldom any of your wisfiy washy soups, except it be very cold weather, and seldom more than two courses; but then they arc courses* all of the meat kind seemingly on the table at once. Off go the covers, and what a perplexing, but unconsumable variety. Such pieces of roast beef, veal and lamb ; such hams, and turkies and geese; such game, and pies of pigeons or other things equally good, with veg- etables of all kinds in season, pe.as, potatoes, cauliflow- ers, kidney beans, lettuces and whatever the season can produce. The most potent of ale and porter, the most chrystalline and cool water, are freely supplied, and wine for those that will; when those things ha\c had ample respect paid to them, they vanish, and the table is covered with jilum puddings and fruit tarts, cheese- cakes, syllabubs, and rdl the knicknackery of whipt creams and jellies that female invention can produce, and then ade.ssert of equal profusion." But really, Mr. Editor, I will not tantalize you and myself by enumerating all the good things, but if you have not read the work from which I have quoted so largely, do read it. The authorthen goes through tea, and finishrs up with a substantial supper of hot game, fowls, &c. He then concludes the chapter by remark- ing, "such is a specimen of the fostivitica of what may be called the middle and substantial class of farmers; and the same tiling holds, in degree, to the very lowest grade of them." If this be a true picture, which I know it to be, you must agree with me that S. W. has paid a very poor compliment to the industry and intelligence of our American farmers, to suppose that with a climate sim- ilar to England, tlicy would be reduced to live on tur- nips and pia soup, oat cakes and [xitato broth. B. M. f'lr l^tr IVcto Gencsct l-'arntcr. Bonk" l''arm i It j;. Ml!. EniToii — I have been an attentive reader of several agricultural papers for four or five years past, and trust I have been well paid in the knowledge gained* at any rate. I have received from them much gratification. I think one great benefit to be derived troni their jierusal, is the exciting a spirit of enquiry. I have been termed among my neighbors an expcri- . mental " Book Farmer.'' I have failed in many things, and succeeded in others, but in the most important of all, that is in making money, I have met with a total failure. I propose, therefore, to give to my brother ^rmerj. my practice and experience in full, and my opinions rather generally, on a variety of subjects, al- though somewhat di,sconnected, and yet such as I be- lieve havoan important bearing on the true interest of the farmer. If you deem them worthy of insertion in your valuable paper, I shall feel much gratified in hav- ing furnished them. My motto is, that every disea.so has a remedy; but we must first point out the disease, before we shall be likely-to (iiscover the remedy. Would not agricultural pajicrs benefit the fanners still more, if they would examine more fully the Sta- tistics of the Country; and instead of urging us on to over-production in some things, tell us how we rany raise enough (and no more than enough) to supply the market, and at the same time get the greatest re- turns fiir our labor. In my opinion, much more money woulil have been maile by the farmers, if they had been timely informed of the amount of Pork in mar- ket kept over from last year, and how much wouM he required this year to supply the demand, being myself conv inccd that if there had not been more than one half of the surplus produced this year, that the firmers would now have had more corn in the crili, and the one half would have put more n-.oney in their pockets, than the whole amount of the proceeds of their pork has done. Eucli are my views of the effoet that supply anil demand has in cstablLshingpricea. On this branch of the sul>ject and some others which I wish to dis- cuss hereafter, there is a bioaii field left wholly uncul- tivated, that needs deep ploughing with a "strong team.' 1 shall attempt only to clearclf someof the underbrush, and leave the use of the subsoil plough to some one who drives a " stronger team," as I am admonished that my stumbUng ponies will net be al)le to do the work elTectually. The manufacturing, commercial and mercantile in- terests, h.-.ve for a long time supported papers devotely the same reasoning to the difl'erent sec-^ tions of our own country. It may be profitable or good economy to cultivate roots on a large scale for feeding stock in the vicinity of our cities and large to<.™s, where laborers are more plenty, land dear, and Kay' worth from ten to twenty dollars per ton ; but frouf my own practice and experience, I am convinced Jhat it has cost me on my farm from fifty to one hundred per cent more to winter a creature on roots, than ^fSs on hay. .s Permit me here to remark, (with a desire(.riot to ap- pear censorious, as it certainly is contrary to my feci- incs,) that the agricultural p.ipers, in recommending a system of cultivation, have not duly consider«i« the natural differences of soil, cUmate, prices of labor, pio- ducts, lands, &c. ; but have too generally recommend- ed tlie same system for every section of country. Or perhaps, they have supposed that the farmers themselv.s wouM take those things into consideration ; but the farmers omitted to use iheir mental faculties, and conse- quently have fdiled in their first experiments, which is the cause of some of our bc.«t farmers entertaining strong prejudices against what they .sneeringly term "Book Farmers." I was much pleased with the manner which you treated the suliject of a threatened withdrawal of pat- ronage, because you admiticd an article in your paper that did not correspond with the views of some of your subscribers, on the subject of Protective Duties. You say, and say truly, that it is a matter of great nati.inal i nportance, and a question that concerns the farmers as much or more than any otiierclass; ami further, that you are willing to hear, and let your readers hear what may be said on both sides of that great question. 1 have read several times, and with great satisfaction, the article in your January nu;i her complained of I con- sider it a spirited, well written article, and an honor to the head and ho.%rt of the wi iter a i containing the sen- timent- of a true American, tin I perfectly free fro n the " advocacy of British inte ests." I ask your respected friends, if they have not seen much stronger articles in t!ic Far.ner in favor of protective duties than on the opposite side of t ic question, or the one signed S. W., the article objected to. Suppose that S. W. or myself should threaten to withdraw our p.itronage on that ac- count,what would you think of us ? would you not say that our cause was a bad one, if it would not bear dis- cussion and investigation, or " He that will nit renson is a bigot, lie thai dare not is a slave." But, .Vlr. Editor, you need not fear that S. \V. will withdraw his pa ronage of 50 cents or 50 dollars, be- cause a portion of your correspondents differ with him on that suliject. I will voucli for him, although an en- tire stranger to me ; yet I am certain he docs not fear free discussion. Should you consider my desultory remarks worthy of a place in the Farmer, I propose giving at some fu- ture '.iinc, an estimate in detail of the first cost of pro- ducing the several agiicultural products of Michigan, tbun led on an assumed basis, of improved land at S2U per acre, labor at 00 cents yicr day (by the year), and 6 pcrcentinteNst-on the capital invested, which is not very far f onjfthe real standard. And trust that some one, if not all, of your correspondents, in the diflcrent sectionsof this glorious country, will concur with my views on this subject, and made it manifest by sending in their estimates in detail, with all the circumstances, whys and wherefores, for publication. J. S. DUTTO^'. Monroe. Mirhiirnv, ISI'2, neply to Zclia." Dclence of Farmer's Wives and Daiighlers. Mm Editor — I would not inlriide.iipon yotir pa. tieneeso soon ncoin, If I did not feel n little excited nbom eome of Zel a's remorks, which, though good and full of interest, I eonsiiler as not applicable to larmers, their wives find their daughtere generally. 1 commend the discretion and wisdom she is anxious to (enforce, but would guard ngninst views which I con- ceive to be erroneous In the first place, she calls upon women to consider whether their influence goes to promote temperance, industry and their nalurnl results, or the opposite. These considerations deserve the attention of every niTother and daughter, every father and son. The mirjd and the body are so connected, that the occupa- tion and condition nf ihe one sensibly affects the other. When we labor with our hands, our minds almost un- consciously imbibe ecntimenta and feeling which the employment is adapted to inspire. When we open our hearts to the influence of pieiy and compassion, our hands are prompted to acts which may alleviate the sorrow and distress our eyes behold. For this reason, it is judicious and highly desirable for all per- sons to employ their minds and thoughts in n manner that may actuate their hands to perform their duty ; and study to use physical st.'cngth in a manner that may impart to the mind the satisfaction resulting from a useful and virtu:.>nd life. She farther adds, ** that she believes it is generally admitted, that the extrovagance that choracleriacs our age, the enormous ei^iiendiiurcs of time onti money on mere trinkets, is the predominant cause of the em- barrassments of our times. I suppose that politicians would differ on this point. Be that as it may. I really do not believe that the tiinkcts of the farmers, their wives or dniigbteis, would amount to a vast sum. They generally understand too well that their money is hardly earned, and therefore prize it loo highly to trifle it away. ] should have supposed that Zulia in- tended her remarks for n certain clnse, to which it would bo very ap|ilicable, if she had not said " no particular doss is exempt from the charge." Now I contend that fnnners, ns a general thing, are exempt from extravagance in any thing, except the idea thai ihey are loo poor to lay out a great many dollars ip enlargin; , uultivaiing and ornamenting the minds or persons of iheir children, or of affording themselves the means of useful in iruction. Not that I would advise or wish anyone to live beyond their means; not so, hut every one should study to make themselves useful, and use the means which God has given them to elevate and improve, to refine and polish, ihe men. lal powers and personal qualities, for which the means of improvement have been so amply providrd. I should be sorry to indulge any unjust prejudice, but the farmers are more exempt from this reproach ol extravagance than the working classes of ihe cities and villages, as ihey live more secluded from the fashionable and vain, and consequently have lesB to tempt their love of show and splendor. Again she says, "all have lived beyond their means, beyond the limits of common sense and pru enee," &c. I must think il Zelia were os well ac- quainted with the habits and management of farmers as I am, she would not have said all. Thai they have been to a degree involved in the generol ruin ond dis- tress ihot pervades the country, I do not deny. But that il has bt'en brought upon them ihroi.gh the niis- innnagemeni and extravagance of iheir wives and daughters, or even their own, I connol odmit. That the merchants and mechanics, the professic nal men, and the drones, have long indulged in a vain and de- ceitful ottenlaiion and exiravafionce, is evident. But the farmers, although their produce has been much of the lime almost imniarkctable, and when sold, sold nt reduced pricee^aOT on credit, still by the persevering industry of the msclvee, their wives end their daugh- le B, ond the economical management of their busi- ness ofTairs, they have broved the storm of broken banks and broken credit, broken lortnnes and broken spirits; and by a un firm course of good policy and praiseworthy sell-denial of the dainties and luxurice of life, they have saved their own and many other fortunes. How seldom do we hear of a farmers breaking or losing hie farm, except through the gen erous endeavor to save np unfortunate friend or falling neighbor, or by some rash trade or speculation, whol- ly foreign from his propel puisuit as a larnier. Again she says, " no person or people who consume more than they produce, can long escape being en- slaved some way or other." As Zclia has made no exceptions before, I conclude she did not intend any here. There may be some it is true, among the lar- mers, ihal are possessed of a false and vain ambition ; but I fancy they are few, compared with those who deem time and money expended in the cultivation of the mind and person, as almost wostcd and improp- eriy applied. It must be evident, that this paragraph cannot touch the farmers, who support the whole com- bined mass of all classes; the high and the low, the great a()d the small. If ipstcad of confounding the industrious a d frugal wives and daughters of the land wiih the city automatons and villoge dolls, who view labor os degrading, and those who labor as slaves, if Zelia had made a wise distinct! m, ond di- rected her remarks to those whose views are bound up in purposes of ambition, or their lives consumed in a round of idle indulgences of fashionable dissipation, and who subsist only on the plunder of the fruits of the industry of other rnen, instead of implicating the industrious and independint yeomonry, then I would heartily haveaccorded in her views. But Zelia, this will never answer — we have come within an inch of tiolitics— and shall be very likely to get n lecture, or an excommunication, either of whicli would be dreadful. But to atone, Zelia, for the liberties I have taken, let me say, bad ynu and I lived in ancient times, and 1 had happened to have been o priestess at the temple of Delpbos, I would have consecrated in golden let- ters (with the precepts there) your remarks. " I am not desirous of curtailing the pleasures of life, or hoarding up riches lor thcii o.vn sake ; but would re- commend such true economy as will promote perma- nent and rational hoppiness ; anJ enable us to do good where the opportunity presents itself. For any other purpose the acquisition of wealth is scarcely worth a thought." Let this ever be our motto ; to combine in a con- sistent and reasonable manner, the useful with the re- fined and the ornomenlal. FLORA. Ploughing in Vegetable Crops to Enrich the Land* We publish to day a communication ol "Turnip- seed" (pray take some other name) on the subject of "Glowing Wheal on Inverted Gieensward;" to this H'l; are glad to add a communication of Mr. Tufts of Le Roy, on the subject of destroying Conoda This- No. 7. AND GAllDENiars J()Ui'i>y at the time-two Englishinrn, bred franiere from tli?ir childhood, ahd skilled and competent in every branch of hnsband'-y. We gave them an acre of land, a clover ley, and desired them to prepore for and culti- vate it in turnips ofier their own fashion, engaging on our part to offer in no way either advice, interruption, or interference. A crop of clover had iieen taken oil early, ond llicy then proceeied to plough and harrow the land thoroughly, and then to pick out every rooi and every particle of grass left, pulling it into small pileS) and burning it on the ground, giving the land as they termed it n thorough denning. Tbe land wn- bigbly manured afterwards, ond the crop of turnips was good and cultivated in drills in a very fine style .- but we hod no doub: at tbe time anti have as little now. that it was a greot error lo rob the ground of all this vegetable refliae ; that the crop waB less than it wnul'J have been but for this abstraction ; and tbe fer- liljiy of tbe land reduced for a length of time. The Isnd was afterwards liid down to grass, ond we weie Batisficd suffered much from ibis thorough cleaning. Ou Growing Wheat on Inverted Sward. Mk. ColMak — Allow me to call J'oor attention to an article m the -January number of yciur paper for this year, on page six, entitled "Three Expcrimens in Wheat Growing," and signed by " Agricolu,' dated Greece, Monroe county, N. Y. I am myself, like Agricolo, a young farmer, and have liltewise been a merchant, and have also a fnend 10 advise me respecting my farming operations, to whom I showed tbe above article in your paper this morning, at tbe some time asking bis advice about practicing upon the above experiments of Agricola. He object- d entirely to the manner ond method of the second experiment, but finally said that it might possibly do to treat a clover lot after that manner, that it, I i. e. the clover) would he killed, and what wheat there was would be clean, but did not believe it wouli produce a good crop — that tbe seed could not be well covered and would he liable to freeze ont — that the ground would be hard beneath the surface, and ibc grain would not be well rooted. He did not believe the third method would answer at all, as the naturol grasses would never be killed, ar.d would grow up in the spring nnd destroy what wheat did grow, which he believed would be bnt little. He said that there weie a great many things writ- ten for agricultural papers which would not bear ex- amination, and he believed that this was one of tbem_ That many theories were advanced rashly without being sufficiently experimented upon, and that he did not believe that either the second or third method was as good as tbe fiisl, v^z : old fashioned summer fal- lowing. On poge eight of same paper, in on editorial to readers and correspondents, "Agricola" is welcomed to your columns and a deeire expressed to hear often from im. I presume that desire would not have been express ed, if tho editor did not think well of his communi- ■ D'ion ond believed wbnt 'Agricola' sinti d was sub- stantially true, and that the experiments bod been ac- f.ally made. The object of this communication is to ask if Mr. Colmon has any personnl knowledije of bis correspon- dent, or whether if in Mr. Colman's knowledge the practice of summer tallowing has given way to 'Ayri- cola's' system, ih any of the numerous farming dis- 'ricls which he ha6 visited, and with what success. Perhaps this commlinicntion, if published, may draw out 'Asjric-idn' once more, but I hope not angrily nt ibe doubt tlirown out about tbe results of bis practice nnd experiments. Rcsjicctfully your ob'tser'vt, TURNIPSEED. Neic Windsor, Orange Co., N. Y. Editorial, remarks on the above. In reply to the inquiries of ' Turnipseed' we hove only to sny that the authority of Agricola for tbe three experiments in wheat growing, deserves his entiie confidence. We have known the system procticed upon by two of the best farmers in the whole Conn- 'ry, Earl Stimpson of Gnlwny, Saratoga county, N. Y. . and Elias Pbinney of Lexington, Mass We have known, likewise, other coses, where the same husbandry has been pursued. Success, however, must essentially depend upon the manner in which the plouobing is executed ; the sward should be so neatly nnd completely inverted that all the growing vegeta- ble matier may he covered. Tbe decoy of this vege- table matter will furnish nutriment for the growing plant. Another point, which is not generally understood, but is so well settled by the experience of judicious farmers, given without concert with isnch other and without knowledge of the opinions of each other, tbnt it may be considered as ascertained, is tbnt it is much belter to plough in this vegcinble matter after it has become perfectly ripe, decayed or dead, ihnn in a grpen or succulent state. For spring grnin there would of cotirse be no difTiruhy in doing this : to wait for this in autumn miabt carry the sowine on too Inte in the season. We shall not enter into ihe phi- losophy of this, though good reasons moy be given ; the fact is all .nbout which in the present case we are concerned ; and that we deem establiabcd. As to the olijections of the eccpticnl friend of Thi- nipseed they do not surprise us. We admit that a great many things are written for nnd suggpsied in aiiriculturnl papers, which are not well cc'.nblisbed and which must rest upon the responsibility of those w-bo ofTer them. Where they are clearly erroneous and would be likely to lead our friends into mislakee, we certainly sbonid accompany them with a coution. Where we know them to be well founded and impor- tant, we ebou'd, if we deemed it neccssnry, endorse them. Where they are doubtful or altogether specu- lative, they must pass with our renders for just what they deem them worth ; but they are surely not to be considered as o)ir views because we insert them, nor in any case, unless we openly nnd directly approve them. An agriculiurni journal must be open to free discussion ou all subjects connected with husbandry ; nnd though we have a tolerable mensure of confidence in our own judgment, we claim no infallibility, and will not reject statements or opinions of respeclnble correspondents because they may not quadrate with our own. As to the other objections of hie ecepticol friend, ^ Inch spring out of his superabundnnt self-confidence, we hardly lliii.k they deserve a grave answer. There are a stnnl many men in the world, who hove never yet found out that tbe eorih turns round and it is quite probable they never will. Let such men colculote iheirown almanacs, and let us be thankful that the cause of on improved or an improving agriculture, or any oibef cause of ((Uhlic or p'lvaie improvement, ra not left In their bands. Put such men into a conal boot under lull woy, and you could not moke thini ncknotvlidge that the boat moved ; no, it is only the land running away from them, they hnotc it because ihey see it. Artny Woiiu nnd Cut Wuriii. (Eztrntl of a letter iltitcd Maumce City, June 2hJ The army worm is ninkin^ drendlul ravages in ibis county arid in some other paits of the stnK, taking whuli; pieces of wheat and mowing grass* neoily clean as they go — or at least so much as to ruin the crop. The cut worm has also done very much damage thia i^pring, culling off almost entire fields of corn. I snVed mine by one of the three following operations, 01 by them all combined. F'list. by ploughing my bottom lands very early in the spring, say first of March: secondly, ploughing lightly and droging tho- roughly jnel before planting; and thirdly, 1 si-aked ni]^ seed in saltpetre water 24 hourB before planting. What think yob 1 I was less fortunate in my gorden ; the cut worm took almost every thing, and finally I set out a large pntch of cabbages ond they look them clean. After a good rain [ act out more, using as many of the com- mon pieventives as I could hear of, but all to no pur- pose ; ond the second day they had ruinid about 200 plums. About ,') o'clock of that day I received your excellent paper at the ofTiccnnd by the lime I reached home I found a remedy recommended ; I immediale- ly set about it, and put about a table epoonfull (of salt) around the stalk of every rcmoining plant, ond in the murning, lo my at.loni-bnient, not another plant bad been touched, neither bns one been injured since. So much for being a etibstribcr ,^^j.^| ^.^^j.^ ^,,j ^ f^,^ ,^^„|,,g„;,^gf^.„ij„„^ and as the result of which nllow me to stale a few facts, and first in relaiion to the manner in which I have wintered my ttiick. This consists of twenty-si.t head of cattle, princi- county, is 34 cei.-s, and hoy Inia sold ubiind.intly for j |,^,|^ fyy i^i^^jed ond grade Durha-s, ond twelra $•7 per ton. Another smoll item, you perceive, Mr. | ^„,^^^^ n^,„,|y „|| ihorough bred. Four of the horfcs as before, wj should have need 9 tons, at $7 per ton, $6;i,n0 Milking a d flercnt-e of §18,00 The averoge price of oota this winter in Tompkins j C. M. ve consider well dcserv- Fceding upon hay ex- Editor, ond if icononiy be the watch word of eveiy former, then let us look to these things, and disregard them not. Yours, i&c. Lvdluicrilk, Nay, 1842. I'heobove commiinicotion ing the ottention of farmers, clutivcly must be considered, in ict-pi ct to almost oil animals, os the most expensive of fill feed. A large portion of the stock in Greot Biitoin we suppose is kept upon strow ond turnips, and much of il foiled upon the some feed. It were very much to be desired that our farmers shnuld raise some succulent feed for their stock, to mix, during our long winters, with their dry feed. On the ground of economy, os well ns regard to the he-ilth of their nnimols, this maybe siiongly urged upon them. We have mode repeated experiments in feeding horses ond oxen upon cut straw ond meal, end have found it a great saving, cer- tainly a third of the expense, over the mode ol feeding them with boy. We sbnll subjoin to Mr Morell's account, a statement of Mr. Bard on the same sub- ject, published in the Memoirs of il:e New Vork Stale Agricultural Society, vol. ii, which is confirmatory of the results of the experiment detailed above, Letter fiom W. Bara, Esq., on Wintciiug Sheep on tut Straw and Jleal. My Deah Sin — Though late to do so, I will now answer the inquiries you make relnlive to the nianni r n which 1 fed my sheep last winter. 1 was feaifnlol wanting hay belore spring, ond determined to tiy the txperimeiu of feeding a Sock of one hundred wctbeis on cut strow ond Indian meal. I begun when tiiey ivere fi'sl put up for the winter, ond continued one pinn of feeding till they were Inrncd out in the spring onpos'iire. 1 o low six quarts of straw and hnlf o pint of Indinn nieul, inixed with water, to e.ich sheep per riny ; it was ffd ot three times. Now ond then, iliey had on armful of hny thrown to them, perhaps 2')0 wt. in the course of the winter. I lost none of ihcin. When turned to posture they were in good healih, ond apparently os ortive ond strong as my other shci'p. Thry sheared about three pounds ol wool per head. Their bellies were not swi lied oul like the bellies of my oiher sheep which had hny ond water ; they hod a gonntness I flid not like. Wheth- er this was owing to the qnolity ol the food, to their not being ollowed enough of it, or to their not get- ting through the winter any water, excepting the little thot mixed the straw and menl, 1 can not tell. 1 have Bomewhit altered rny plon of feeding this winter. I feed all my sheep 'oiind onec a day, in the morning, with hay. und give them meal and straw in the middle of the day nnd ot night, ullowing them two thirds the quautiiy of meal ond etrow per diiy which I ■illowed th m last winter. I consider this higher l'"eding, and the mixing long ond short feed may be nn advantage. I shall be bc.ter able to any in the spring which I like best; ot present my eheep look very well ; they are fond of the mool ond straw. 0;ie mun tends 420, nnd cuts the strow for them. I remain, with great respect, Your obedient servant, W.M. BARD. To G. W. Fcotherstonhonoh. hnvebecn woiked ond kept ot boy ond groin all the lime, and two others port of the winter, the remain- der of the entire stock hove been securely tied up during the night under good sheds, nnd rcgidarhj fed twice e day; in strong plnnk mongers, with as muth corn stolks, cut up at the roots, as they could cat ; on which, after being cut up in n cutting box about one inch long and properly wet, hat been put corn and cob col, nicely incorporated with il; ol ihe rote of four torts to each onimal da ly, or obout two quarts of In- dian meal. Pcrhops some one will say thot thot oraount of meol with plenty of good hoy, would hove answered just os well, ond soved oil the time and trouble of culling nnd prcporing the food ; but hold on friend, we'll mnkea"7y!n<" there. Hny is worth here fourteen dollars per ton. Now according to the utuol eslimolo in such coses, my stock would hove consumed obout fifty Ions of hay, amounting to, ot that price, seven hundred dollars. My corn stalks weie.eut from four- teen acres of corn ground, when the corn v. os newly glazed, oil sound ond in good condition. The ex- pense of carting the stalks to my born I consider more than poid, in the odvantoge and pleasure of til- ling the crop the following year, when compared with the slovenly manner so often adopted in Ohio, in hav- ing a corn swamp in the field lo clog the plough, con- fuse the team, and after the corn is ready to plough and hoe, ot least two boys ought to follow the plough to act ns resurrectionists, and lo bind up the broken bocks of the young corn. But we will soy corn stalks from 14 ocres, at g5 per ocre, 70,00 Five months, or 150 doys feeding 32 ben', 4 qnnrts per dny each, corn and cob meol 600 bnsliels ; corn worth here 25 cents, corn and cob meal soy 20 cents, 120,00 Extra expense between cutting stall's and foddering boy 20 shillings pi r month for 5 months or 150 doys, 12,50 -Making the expense of wintering my stock on stalks ond meol. $202,50 Which, when token from the estimate above of $700, leaves the snug sum of $198,00 Again, during the fore part of March I ha I a job of work which I wanted done with dispatch, nnd no tlmo seemed to bo left for cntiing stalks, and I told my foreman to give my stock their usual quantity of meal with 08 much good boy os they would eat. This last- ed obout a week cr ten days, ond ot the end of the time I was Oitonished when told by the wife of my foreman that the milch cows bad decreased over one half in their milk. We immedinlely returned to tha uaunl feed and with it returned the usual quanty of Again — a very important consideration, to nie at least, is that my stock ore oil fat ; many of them good beef; ond I don't believe thot with nil tne good hoy Winter Farm Management. Friend BATF.HiM — Agreeobly to your request nnd my promise, I herewith send you a few facts in rela- 1 they could eat, even with the nb .ve quontity of meal lion to that subject of subjects, Agriculture, And I j per day, they would hove been in os good condition, must here premise that in oil my life I hove written Scverolof my cws, which will calve in from four to lull three otticles for piiblicotion, ond that Inst yeor I six weeke, now give from six to eight quarts of was ihe commencenienl of my forming operations I milk daily. The beontiful patent cutting box which I '^ns necessarily absent much of the season, consc- 1 you sent me lost fill, I consider one of ibe greatest qu«ntly, «8 you will perceive, I am rather grroi in ' niprovements of the nge ; it has cut all my corn stalks No. 6. AND GARDENER'S JOUKNAL. Ill butisonJnll, together wiib miicb other siul)', nnd bos nevcrcost me n ehilling for rapiiirB. A ninii cnn, in Dtiohoiir, cut '10 bushi:l8 with it ; but ihie senaon I de sign getting a pormble horfc imiwct, which, when nttiichcd to it, can cut up a sninll 'haymo-.v' of corn eiiilke in a obort time. And now Iriciid, have I settled that ''pint" — $5'J0 saved in hny.-fnt cattle, plenty of milk, loie of butler to sell every «cck at Is. Gd. to 2fl. per lb., while it is scarce, nnd any quantity of manure to return to that laud whii-b my noighbora told me I would ruin by taking olT that cane brake, tmd fat leania to draw it. I had designed mentioning other subjects, but as this has been extended beyond its designed limits, I must pnetpoito their considera- tion until some future tlin '. I remain very respectfully yours, JNO. W. SMITH. iTfldcrg's Furm, Matimee Cilij, 1842. Tiie subjoi' ed article from the Farmer's Gazette, published at New Haven, is entitled to particular at- tention as from one ol the most iuieUigeut friends of Agricultural Improvement in the state of Connecticut, upon v/hose carefulness and exicincsg in experiment- ing and reporting bis experiments, entire reliance may be placed. — Ed. VSE OF PL.\STSR. Mr. Storek — In answer to the inquiry of your Bubscrib r from Cbeshiro, as to the best lime to sow Plaster of Paris, I will give the result of my observa- tion and experience, and dtt'ul the mode a- d the time of its application, wiihout in every instance stopping to assign the reasons, since that w.iuld render my cuminiinication of an unreadable lensth. By the way, tbe inquiry in iis form, is as pertinent as it would be to ask, •* when is the beat lime fur a man to sneeze ?" OS If a mail migiit sneeze but once a year. A vague impression bas prevuilcd that this article is of little value asa manure near the sea shore ; yet no detailed experiments have been tried which at all favoi that idua. On the contrary, when they have been carefully made, results directly the reverse have been obtained. The truth is, as suggested in ibe report of the Ex- ecutive (Jommittee of tbe Agriculiural S >ciely pub- lished in your paper last fall, and, as stated in tbe " Transactions of the Society for promoting Agricul ture in Conneciicu ," referred to by you in your Inst number, too little attention is paid to the manner in which plasler is ground. All the ground plaster 1 have been able to find in this city is brought in casks from Mi'ne, and is little finer than sand. In that condition it is of trifling value. Plaster will in time be dissolved in some two tbou- BBud times it* weight of water ; but if in that slate in what time, if ever, it will receive tbe requisite quanti- ty of water, in such condition and at such temperature as will dissolve it, I leave it to your readers to conjec- ture. One thing is certain, tl'iat it is of no value un- le8^ dissilved, since ii is supposed that its utility arises in a great measure from its uniting with nnd absorption of ammonia from snow and rain. This it is evidumt it can not do while it remains in the form of Band- If however the article is perlccily floured — is ground 60 fine that it has a rich oilv feeling and no grit can be perceived between the fingers, it is per- fectly obvious to any one who w.ll obscive and reflect, that it ie far better adapted for immediate and power- ful etfect. Not until plaster thus ground is provedby Bctual and careful exp«rirnein to be of no value on the Eea coast, shall I at all doubt that the opinion which now prevails arises from causes here pointed out. To me this is the more obvious from an examination o{ the extent of this opinion. Around our city, and no far in the interior as ground plaster is carried from here, this btlief exists. Twenty miles northward, where the article is obtained fr m Moore's ^^^J's in Berlin, in ils modt perfect c(nditi"n for use, it ie con Bidered indispensable. So also in the western and north-western portions of tbe cuunty, where it is pro- cured from Derby, and is said to be well ground, it is used in very considerable quantities, and with evident benclit. Pliifter may be sown to advantage on meadows in the fall, where it is not liable to be washed away. It then cjoibnes with the oinm utia in the snows and abundant rainsof winter nnd spring. If not sown in the fall or winter, it is well to sow it upon a light snow if psjtibls in tbs spring- Permit m«8l93 tc remiirk: ibol ibis is tbe bcBt time to sow graee seed, — clover lor instance, — on grain lands fown in tbe fall previ ou.-i, when from any circumsionce it is not ditnied ex- peilient lo bow the grass seed with the grain in the fall. On the ground sown with ernes eced, it ia itupor- tiini that the young pinnis uhould receive tbe bcmfit "I ile application as curly as may be in the spring. Many pert,. no have tiied plaeieron pn^turc giounde, and have found as lliey think, no arivantnge from its use ; nnd why ? Tbty bow a part of a lot on which caiilo run at large, expecting of conrte the feed im the part thue sown to be much fresher nnd fuller through' the scas.in ; but as they in fact find the herbage short- er and apparently loss ibriliy, they very naturally in- fer that the plaster does no good. More careful at tentiun would conviice them that there 's more in this matter than they dienin of. The cattle soon as certain the part on which tbe plaster was sown, on ac- count oi the superior svvcrtnefcs and succulence of the lieibage, and are found feeding coutinunlly upon it This 1 have seen benulifiilly illusirnled on my own farm, by sowing in ditrercnt years diflerent lots out of a range in wiich my stock was pastured. The cattle always made their head quarters in the lot which had received the plaster, and kept the feed ehort in that while it was abundant in the others. On pastures it is nlso well to sow earlv, because of the more frequent rainsof the spring. Some farmers, however, whose pastures are nb-uudant in tbe spring, nnd early summer, reserve their plaster until near the close of summer, in order to induce a fresh growth for fall feed. Many also, who have tried sowing ear- ly in the spring, and also in the fall, think that they derive more advantage in that way, than from sowing an equal quaniity at one time. Seed corn should be soaked in a solution of salt- petre and rolled in plaster. Aa soon as it is fully up, ibe corn »-hould have a carelul boein^, and about a teaspoonful of plaster to each liill, or about one bushel to the acre. It should be scattered nround the corn as much as is conveuieul in putting it on. If sown broadcast, the immediate eft'ect is less, but the final result isr.boui the same. Potttoca should either be wet and rolled in plaster, or a email quantity should be thrown into the hill upon the Feed before covering. Here I can not but beg of our farmers not to expose their seed potatoes to the rays of the sun, even for a single hour, since, unlefp the land be moist or the season prove exceedingly wet. tbe crop may be entirely rm'ned by eo doin2, and will under any circumstances be greatly retarded and lessened- Poiatoes are bei'efited by larger quantities tiinn are requisile for corn, and tbe npplicaiion to them nfler hoeing should be liberal. From my own expe- rience, and thaio'' my neighbors, I consider plaster indispensable for this crop. The fa'mers of this countv are yet to learn tbe se- cret of raising potatoes, if, as I am led to believe, the average crop is less than two hundred bushels. Five hundred bushels have often been obtained from the acre in other parts of our stale ; and w' y not in this counly 7 Some of oui best land ought to produce as much as any other. I have never perceived any beneficial cfTocts from the direct application of plaster to rvc, oats, or whrat, altbouiirh those crops have been exccedinely fine on lard which had previously been improved by the lib- eral use of plaster. Turnep seed may with advantage be mingled with plaster at the rate of a bushel of plaster to the acre, and be sown broadcast in the fulJ. The crop will be ereatly benefited, and the seed easily and evenly sown if due care is exercised. Plaster may also be used with great benefit on buck- wheat. The seed should be prepared ns seed corn, nnd plaster should be sown broadcast upon the young plants as they appear. From n series of experiments in my garden !nsi season, with plaster saturated wiih urine, I am satir- fied that a great nf cession of the most powerful ma- nure may be made to the farmer's stock, by strewing plas er in stables and elsewhere, .'^o as to absorb all the urine. In this w.iy, if hia mauuie when thrown from his stable is protected from the rain, even by a slied only, he may oblnin a great amount, little if any infe rior to tbe boasted poudrctte which sells at two dollars the barrel. I wish it to be distinctly understood, that when I recommend Plasler of Paris, and speak of its effects. I refer only to that which is ground ns fine as the finest flour. No other, a'' I view it, is worih the trouble of patting on to the Innd. CHARLES ROBINSON. .Vfic Hazen, Marili 23d, 1842. >VUite Weed, or 0.v-Kyed Daisy. Mn. KniToit — Will jou or some of your correspon- dents liavc llic goodness to inform me of the best meth- od of exterminating white weed liotn fields aiidpastuio '"nJs! A YoLNti Fak.M£h. We know no belter w.iy than to cullivnte the land a year or two, and then l.^y it down with clean seed. In a barn yard where tins weed in mixed with the hay that is used, the manure will of course he filled with tho seed; or where manure is purclia.scd from city stables, ' as ill tlie neighborhood of Boston for example, where this weed abounds, this manure is undoubtedly in many cases surcharged with the seed. If the land is culti- vated wilhcorn forcxamplc, and kept thoroughly clean, and the ensuing year sowed with grain, w Ithout ma- nure, and laid down as we observed above with dean seed, it will be mainly extirpated; but if any appears among the grass, we know no other way than to root it out thoroughly as fast as it appears by hand or hoe. Some fiirmers do not object to it as hay. Cattle and horses will eat some portion of it « hen cut early ; but its free growth very much diminishes the crop of hay ; and putting before them the best mixture you can find of herds-grass, red- tip and clover, and an equal quantity of white weed in the best cured state, and we think tliey, brutes as they are, will have no dilFicnlly in making a choice. We in such cases, if left to us, should be very apt to Ibllow our nose. Swiss Bulls and Co«s, Tho Swiss Cows htve been much celebrated for their milking qualities, and a friend of ours, who has resided in Switzerland, has spoken of them in the most extravagant terms as exceeding any thing known. We concluded that he had never stood by the pail and that bis glasses were of tbe very bighcsl magnifying power. Another friend of ours, from these represen- tations, was induced to v/rito to Felleiiberg, at the celebrated school at Hofwyl. in order to procure aomo of this stock. The difficulty of procuring and tend- ing the animals at that time, prevented tbe euccets of the application. From Fellenbcrg's Icltcr. wbich was at one time in our possession, we inferred that tbe statements commonly made of their yield, were not q little exaggerated ; and tbe product of the cows, iliougU very large, was not unsurpassed. If we understood the measures, their average yield in tbe beet of tho season, was about sixteen quarts per day, and from seven to eight quarts through ibe year. Tellenbcrg seemed to have no disposition lo exngerate their good qualities. The breeders in England will, beycnd a doubt, bring them to a fair trial, and determine the question of their superiority. " Swiss Bulls. — Wo are naihorisod to make known . that four first rale two year old Swifs bulls, purchased for Sir Francis Mackenzie by Professor Agateiz, of iN'eiifcbatel, and wbich, after a search of many nmiitl-s iiy the best judges, were selected with'Uil regard to any limitation of price, ns the very Lc^t all Swiizerliind could produce, ate n"W on their viay down tbrRliino for London, wbeie Sir F. has desired that nil ama- teurs may have an opportunity of seeing them. Two of ihem aie deetincti lor Scotland ; the oilier two Sir F. wishes to dispose of in England, at whatever may be deemed a fair price, even should be not be rtmu- nerated for his expenses and their cost, as he feels cer- tain from what be has often seen in Swiizciland of the beauty of their two breeds of cattle, combining grrnt milking with fattening qualit es — n thing so very de- sirable—that their blood could be ciossed most ndvnn- lageoiiely :o the improvement of our short-horns and other breeds, 1'he best proof of their milking quali- ty is, that no other cow is kept in Lombardy at tl o Parmesan cheese making dnries — and their shape will be seen by all good judges to show good fattening qualities. They will leave Basle about the 15th of May by steam, nnd may be expected in Lnndni about ilie'2lltb. Mr. P. Honbnry, letter, 15 Albany, will give infornmiion ns lo w lore tbey cnn be seen, or at (311, Lombard-street. Tbey can remain in London but a very short time."— CAaJcan de Talhouct. May Oih^ 1842. ■HHMMjaMam 112 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. HATCH'S SOWING MACHINE. Haviny disijoped of quiie n number of these mn- cbiiies during ilie paalseiiSJii, ihey are now becoming etlonsively linown.and tUe d.-munJ for them ia rap- idW jiicrensing ; the inventor baa therefore increased histacilities for niiinsifncturing, and is now prepared to hirnif^h m:ichine3 to order, at short notice. Evciy farmer is aware that sowing of grain by band is one of the most Inti irio.ie ajtd diHicnIt opijerniions of his pro- fession, and one wliich but lew men can perform cor- rectly This machine will sow oil kinds of grain, g-n^s-eL'd and plaster, at any desired rate, from four ') tans to four bushels per acre ; and n man or smart bjy, with a horse, will sow 25 acres per day. Besides ihe saving of time and labor, the product of the crop iiincreasid by the perfect evenness with whieh it dc- positL'S the seed. Tne machines are made in the best manner and warrnnied — price $41). It should here be observed that two or three of the macliines first sold in this region were somewhat de f'ctive, and a tew individuals may in consequence have been prejudiced againjt the invention. Others Ijave conip allied that tiie machines would not sow dump piaster, hut tlio inventor osanres th.^ pubbc that this, and allodier objections, are now obviated, ne be wiM convince those who will ciiply lo him. State and Coiuuy Rights Will be add on very favor- able terms to any enterorising mechanics, Any in- fringements Will be strictly attended lo. All letters must be post paid. Address JULIUS HATCFI, Rochester, N Y. Instead of pimlishmg the numerous and highly re- Bpectable eeriilieales and recommendations which niiiiht be obtainiid, the inventor respectfully solicits farmers to call on any of the toilowing well known gentlemen who possess the machines. Unwdon Harm m, jr., Sylvester Harmon, Elisha Hirmm, ilenry Rigers, Daniel Rogers, Isaac Cox, Wheatland. T H. i\ewbr>ld, Caledonia. Isqac Licy, Chili. Mirvin S.nili, iVIendon. H. Fellows, Samuel iVliller. Pcnfield. .Tohn Mo.xen, Asa Rowe, G.eeee. Chester Scott, F.lba. AlvaS. Hoyt, Buavia. J'livis Adams. Pitislbrd. Jacob Clapp Rush. Aaron lijnUs, Riga, II. M irrison. I'urTna. David Brooks. Avim. Wm. VV. Gorbaoi. Cannndaigua. P. L. B .nesteel, Victor. J W. S.nith, Minmee Citv, Ohio. John Johnston, Ffironce, Mich, T. C, Legale, Galena, 111. J. M. Sherwood, Auburn. As Mr, Haie.li is not vnry exisrsiftly known, I cheerfully state that from an iniimaie acquaintance of the year past, 1 believe him to be a man of honor and iniogrily ; and having repeatedly seen his machine in oppenuion, 1 do not hesitate to prcnounca it the best machine in use forihe purpose. J have also convers- ed with several farmers who lave purchased and used them, and they express the highest satisfaction. M B. BATEHAM. R'n-hcslrr f». .Iilnc. tXi. A..I. l.A.NCXVOUTHV. Kiita Uag'n and Turnip Seed. A NKU' su|,ply ,:( tciHiine imported purple top Rata ±\. M.iti.x !S,-e I,— :il30 a full nssorlmcnt of English and :!onroe street, would say to his old ciisto.Mcrs and other . tli t he is prepared 10 c.vccute orders for seeds at wholesale or retail, oti the most reasnn,-ilde li-rnis. Bv his long experience in the liiisiness in the Shaker Seed Oarden t New Lebanon, and a detcrminii- ,ion to of?er no se da hut such as are raised under his innne dtte inspection r>r imported from t c most respectahle cs- taidishnienls in Enrnije. and their vitality i-arcfaMy tested, he th reforo cnnlid-nlly e.vpects to 2ive t e mo t ampl sa-isf.iction tn M who may favor h m wi h their p.itrioiaEe. Orders for i-ruit and Ornamen'al Trees, Flowering (too s, and Green II.Mi,e plants, promptly cxc uted in thcirseasmi. Selection made liv the proprietor when reri este I. Ro.-he ter. .Iiine I. c. F TKOSMAX A-r. NT Rraclifstei- Plough iManulacti>rv. T No. no Mate s reet, ma: he f iind a good assortment of ploughs of ihe most approve 1 pa'tiTn: such as t e Genesee, I ■nyngaCon^.ty, Gibson's, Wood's, Rich's Side H.I andr^hnvel plough, also. Cultivators, Revolving Horse A PLOUGHS. iVE'.V AND Si;Pi;i!l(lli KIMl OP PLOUGHS ('WO sizes) designed for breaking up suinin r fallow; m.ay he nilrcliased at the lioi-.hester Eagle Fiirn.i.-e.— iirice $8 and §7 each. Wood and other produce ti ken' in e\- WHALE OH. SOAP— for destroying S ugs .--n I Insects in Gardens. Csee fiew Genesee Farmer, 'VoI, '2 p 11k) For sale :ii ilif '!ojhc3'.er «c«J Sicro, ROCHES I'EK PRICES CURRENT- ConiliXTKD FOR THE ?f E\V GENESEE FAP.MER. JVLY \, ISJ'i. WHEAT, per bushel, , - . . . $ 1,19 a $1,32 CORN " 41... .. 44 OATS, " 28... BARLEY, " SS.... .. 41 RYE, " 53.... 56 BEANiS, White,.. " i:,.... . 1 00 POTATOES " 2.5.... .. 31 APPLES, Desert,. " 62.... 75 FLOUR, Superfiite, per bbl... " Eine, .... " 5.3S.... r),oo.... .. 5,50 SALT, " 1,25.... PORK, Mess " 8,50.... . 0,00j •' per 100 lbs ;i,0().... BEEF,' per 100 lbs 3,50.... POULTRY, per lb.... . 7... 9.... .. 10 BUTTER. Fresh., per poimd JO.... .. I2i Firkin,.... " .. 10. .. CHEESK " .. c... 7.... 8.... 7 I,AR1), " .. 8 TALLOW, Clear, " .. HIDES. Green " .. 4.... .. i\ PEAtlL ASHES, ... 100 lbs. 5,00.... POT, " " . 4,75.... WOOL, pound,.. 2.J . . . . .. 30 HAY, ton, .. 8,00.... ..10,00 GRASS SGF.D bushel,.. 1,50 ... .. 1.7,S CLOVER SEKD.... " .... 5,o0 .. . 6.00 CO\! E\rS OF TMIS XU;I3ER. Meteorologii'al Oliservations— v\ ealh r of Ihe P'st JMoiilh Political Anomalies, &c. Agric. Itural Fairs for 134-2 Thin ont vour Pc.vches Letter V, on S.-ienti(ic Agriculiurc— Manures. Review of .lohnsnn'- Lectures on Agriciilliiral Chemistry. . . Care of Apple Trees. Premium for Wool Shearing. Trr.nsaelirns of N. V'.'stitc'Agric'u'li'irai s'oc irt'v '.'.'. ! W ol Grow ng. Baltim.*- Wool. Productive Sheep Large Fleeces. Tlio jl/arkets Thrashing llachiiies, var oils kinds Manure for Potatoes. Ou Re.aring Calves. Noxious AVeeds. Fatal F.tl'ects of Garget on Horses. Punc- tuality Important Notice. To Correspondents, Patronage and Po*ige. The Convention of I'longhmakers New Agricu tu'til Store. Agricuitu al Impb-ments Halcli's Sowing Machine. Espy's Coni al Ven'iliitor. Scotch Yellow Tuinips.. Canada Thistles. Dve ng. ' O.ats. On ALking Butler. Summer Beer. Retting Hemp j English and American Fnrmers Bonk Karniiig. . . . Reply to Keli.a— D fence of Farmers' Wives and Daug'i- Plonghing in cire n CropVfor Manure.' Army Worni and Cut W rm Savings I'nd doings. No. 1—'.' intering Sheep. Winter Fiirin Management ' I's of Plaster. 0\ EvedDaisv. Swiss Riills and Cows. i Cut and Adver isemcnt of Hatch's Sowing M.achinc. sCnr 1 From the PeieeT-Pitss of Joh, I. iltillu 4- Co. ^ rP. '^?^!ij^ '^'■^^^^ft*^'- M. B. BATEHAM, Proprietor. | VOL.. 3. KOCHESTER, AUGUST, 1842. NO. 8. | HENRY COLMAN, Editor. PUBIilSHEO MO:VTHIiY. TERMS, FIFTY CENTS, per year, p.iytilile nlways in nrtvancc. Post .Masters, Agents, and others, sending current mon- '7 free of postage, will recciveceotn copies for $3,— Twelve jples for 85.— 7>«n(y.Jfre copies forSlO. TA<-/»oi(tf^e of tills pairar is only one cent to anyplace vithiii tliis state, and one and a half e&nt^ to anypartof he rnitfd St.ates. Address M. B. BATEHAM or H. COLMAN, Rochester METEOKOLOGICAIi OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT THE ROCHESTER COLLEOIATE INSTITUTE BV L. -WKTIIERELL, Jfl.Y, 184'3. ~~r Thermometer. much. 1 Wealha: \ ^\ W s^ cr t< > y > y 9 \ 3. l- 2, 2 V g '^ B pr 3 S ? 1 26 fi3 82 63 168.66 N N crdy|eh'w sh'w eh'w .15 27 59 66 62 til.6li N van. .12 SS .57 76 66 |65 66 VV N \v cl'dv ram M .^3 72 59 161.66 w N fnir lair .08 30 55 86 70 J72.33 s w s w cl'dv sh'w 28 1 67 68 59 63.16 N N B cl'dy rain 2 58 75 61 65. ■ E W rain fair .71 3 60 81 64 68.83 S W s w fair ram 4 63 7S fiO 67.16 w V. ■ lair lair .07 (i 64 65 60 61.33 s w ■ rain rain .16 6 54 63 52 55 N N W cl'dy tair r 46 72 .5t 160.33 B W s w tQir fair 8 58 77 6S [67 33 S s w cl'dy rain .60 9 56 65 58 l60. W N W rain lair .'n in 5S 71 58 60.33 w K fair fair 11 .5'^ 75 62 64. N W N fnir lair 12 58 S3 68 70.83 s v." N lair lair n 65 87 72 {74 66 s w N K kir fair 14 65 72 63 !65.8; N W N W cl'dy lair Ki 60 71 58 62 5 N N VP lair lair ifi 57 78 70 69 83 N VV N lair fair ir 66 86 70 74. N W W lair fair is 66 88 72 76. S \V N W fair lair 19 70 91 70 75.33 s w N W fnir fair 20 60 68 59 '61.16 N N W •air tair 21 .53 74 59 62.5 S W N W fair fair 2?, 56 84 70 71.5 S N W fair tair 23 65 89 74 77.lt s w W fair Inir 24 79. 76 66 68.6C s w N W sh'w tair .23 25 56 72 53 62.6t N W| N ■ tair cl'dy Range of thermometer for the month, 45 degrees. Mean temperature of June 1842, 60-6G " " " " 1841, 67.62 " " " " 1840, 63.81 " Rain Gunge, Juno 26, to July 25, 1842, 3.12 inches. " " " " 1841, 2.77 " " " <' " 1340, 3.55 " Remarks on the weather and progress of vegetation, commencing June i&th and ending July '25th. June 26th, shower at 2 o'clock, P.M., with thun- der and wind; 27 ih, thunder this morning at 6; 29th, thunder showers in the evening: 30th, showers with thunder at 5 o'clock, P, M. July, the seventh month of the year, so called from Julius, the surname of Caius Cesar, who was born in this month. Before that time, this month was called Qtiintilis, or the fifth month from March. July 1st, rain ; 2d, rain in ihe forenoon, dear in the afternoon ; 3d, a shower with thunder at 6, P. M., Aurora Borealis this evening; 4ih, fair; river high ; 7ch, farmers have commenced haying ; Cth, thunder showers at 1 and 2J o'clock, P. M- ; 9lh, very rainy Inst night; clears ofT this nficrnoon; 14th, a little sprinkle; no rain from the 15th tothe24ih; 24th, thunder showers in the morning. Corn is small, but has grown very fast for the last 10 days ; corn in silk the 16th ; last year it was in silk much earlier. |'armev3 commenced harvesting about the 20ih ; green corn in market last year the 16ih of July. Whortleberries were in market the 13th. Chestnut trees in blossom the 5th. Tomatoes were ripe the 26th. J have seen no green corn, nor whor- tleberries, nor tomatoes in market yst. Chestnut trees in blossom the SOth, much later than last year. Note. — Venus ispow the evening star, and may be seen in the west a little after sunset. Jupiter and Saturn may also be seen ; they come to the meridian about 11 o'clock in the evening;. Jupiter shines with a white light and is very brilliant. Saturn ie of a dim reddish color and comes to the meridian a little before Jupiter. Roya^ Agricultural Society of England. "At a meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, on the 18th of May, in London, on mo- tion of the Duke of Richmond, seconded by Earl Spencer, Prof. Justus Liebig of Giessen, Germany, and Mr. Henry Colman, Agricultural Commissioner of Massachusetts, were unanimously elected honorary members of this Society." Mr. Colman gratefully appreciates this distinguish- ed honor ; an hor.or much higher than any to which his ambition had ever aspired ; and the more highly valued on account of the eminent friends of agri- culture at vvlioae instance it has been confeiied. Viewed aright, it can serve only as a new stimulus to render oneself deserving of it ; and quicken ef- forts, however humble, to be useful in a cause deep- ly and inseperably connected with the physical com- fort and the moral welfare of mankind. Agricultural Papers, In noticing the American Agriculturist in our last number, by an inadvertence we staled that each num- ber consisted of 16 pages. We should have said 32 pages imperial octavo. We are happy to make the correction, as it gives us another opportunity of com- mending t» our readers'a puhlication ably conducted and promising much advantage to the agricultural community. |t is published monthly by Qeo, A. Peters, New York, and edited joimly by A. iJ. Jt R. L. Allen ; price one dollar per year. The cheapness of agricultural publications is a re- markable feature of the times. The American Far- mer, the noricultural pioneer, was published at Balti- more for five dollars per year and liberally sustained. Now a New York Farmer, without going out of the State, to which, we hope he will not confine himself, may have the Albany Cultivator, one of the best pa- pere ever primed, the American Agricultufist ae above, the instructive Central Farmer from Rome, and our own humble sheet, which we do our best to make useful, for three dollars per year. To these ho may add the excellent and highly useful paper the Northern Light, printed at Albany monthly, and Unit- ed States Farmers' Journal, printed in New York city, under the able and experienced supervision of Fleet & Blydcnburgh, for a trifle more. Few New York- farmers, who have a hundfed acres of land, are ex- CHsahle if they do not take all of them ; and if they cannot read them themselves, circulate them among their neighbors, in the public schools and reading rooms. How can they do a better service for the cost I Yet strange to say there are many who will not aid us at all ; and there are others who threaten to with- draw their patronage, if we happen to differ from them in opinion. There are too, some patterns of liberality and justice, who want to beat us down from 50 to 25 cents. E.xquisite magnanimity I men, a million of whose souls could make together a somerset through the eye of a fine cambric needle without bruising or jostling or crowding. Out upon such meanness I We remember one day, in Boston market, buying of a farmer, who had come two hundred miles, some lump butter as fine as could be made, when one of these folks came up to inquire the price. The current price at the time was from 17 to 20 cents. The reply of the farmer was 12i cents. Why, said the man, wishing to "beat him down," don't you think that's high ? We could not restrain our indignation.— "Throw it at him 1 throw it at him 1" said we, "such a fellow ought to have his bread spread with wbeel-grense." A Liberal and Usefiil Movement. The Livingston County Agriciiltiiral Society have offered gO vols, of the Cultivator and 20 do. of the New Genesee Farmer, to be given as gratuitous pre- miums to the deserving. Allow us to gay this is highly creditable to their good judgment. If we re- collect aright, the I^hode Island Society for the en couragement of Agriculture and Manufactures, have been accustomed for years to take fifty copies of the New England Farmer for this purpose. Important Notice. There is a large amount due us from Post Masters and Agents in the Western States and elsewhere, -mostly in small sums it is true, but our whole resour- ces depend on such small sums, and therefore we hope no one will delay sending on that account. \Cr One word to our friends. — We have a large supply of back numbers of the current volume on hand, which ought to be in the hands of subscribers. Will you not hplp us— would you not be doing your neighbors as well as ourselves a real kindness, by soli- citing them to subscribe 1 The currency is now con- siderably improved, and bills of most of the slates will answer for remittances Ppblishers. The Stupendous Temperance Reform.— Snch \e lYte progress of this reform that the most credulous and enthusiastic laborer in the cause, has bsen struck, dumb by its all-sweeping progress ; while the more sceptical looker on, is beard to exclaim, that God is performing a miracle tor the cleansing of a leperoiis generation, S. W. aei 114 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 Scientific Agriculture.»Iietter V. MANCHEs. — crates; poudhettk; guano. One of my chief designs in these letters is to endeav- or to elevate th« mind of the agriculturist, by bringing him constantly and repeatedly in contact with the liigh- er branches of the pursuit be follows. The names Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, &c., may appear at first puzzling to him, but by frequent collision with them, and by the persuasion that they represent substances as distinct, although not quite so tangible, as his own plough or harrow, this appearance will wear off, and he will be gradually brought to pay attention to their ope- rations. When he becomes convinced that the ammo- nia of his dung heap is its most valuable part, he will exert himself to economise and save it in' every possi- ble way. When, by practice and experiment on his own farm, he becomes intimately acquainted with the powers mi his men soil of the different ' artificial ma- nures, of nitrate of soda, of Guano, or of the composts under various names now regularly offered for sale as raaniures in this and other countries, then will he dis- cover the great value of the study of those principles and laws, which, always found to be simplest when best understood, nature has wisely ordained for the regulation and connection of the animal and the veg- etable kingdom ; a kingdom in the midst of which the farmer passes his whole existence, and in whom, there- fore, an ignorance of these laws is only to be excused by want of the means of obtaining a knowledge of them. I vriU then, at the risk of repetition, and in or- der more clearly to elucidate what follows, recall a few facts and principles already set forth in these letters, and which cannot become too familiar to every one connected with agriculture. They are that vegetation iscliiefly composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and azote or nitrogen, and that this latter substance is prin- cipally useful in promoting the digestion of the food absorbed by the vegetable, or in otjier words of convert- ing this food into its substance and juices ; assimila- tion, as it is most properly called ; hence that ij" a veg- etable absorbs more food than it can procure Tulrorren to assimilate, all such superabundance is worse than useless, it is injuriojis. Frpm this it wiH be seen that during the whole time a plant is growing, (which is this action of assimilation) until the formation of the flower and the fruit, it is necessaiy that aioie should be supplied just as fast as, and for economy not faster than it absorbs its foo^i ; that the more of this food is healthily digested or assiinijated by means of .-iote, the larger will be all the parts of the plant, and the greater will be the quantities of saccharine and other juices stored up in the stems, roots, &c., for conversion into flower and fruit, and the larger and finer of course will this flower and fruit be, provided th3 necessary heat and sun light to ripen these juices be present, and the requisite arrestation of growth of stem and foliage take place as prescribed by nature previous to the formation of these products. This statement renders quite clear the importance of a constant and abundant supply of azote to vegetation, and will therefore shew the value of urine as a manure. Urine is composed chiefly of Urea wjth a few extreme- ly useful salts, as sulphate and nitrate of potash, com- mon salt, phosphate and acetate of soda, a little phos- phate of lune, and a httle muriate and urate of afli- monia. '' ' ' Urea, the chief ingredient of which i? unp acid, contains in 60 parts, 12 of Carbon, 28 of Nitrogen, 4 of Hydrogen, 19 of Oxygen, 60 X7ric acid contains in 100 parts 36.11 of Car'bon, 33,36 of Nitrogen, 2.34 of Hydrogen, 28.19 of Oxygen. 100 This uric acid combines with various alkaline bases, such as ammonia, soda, potash, &c., and forms salts called urates, thus urate of ammonia, urate of potash, &c. Now one great ftaturo of these urates is their slow solubility in cold water, although some of them particularly urate of ammonia, is very readily soluble in hot water ; this is as though nature had said in stamping them with this properly, "You are required to supply digestive powers'to vegetation, and yourqual- ity must be to dissolve only just as fast as you are wanted." We shall see hereafter the value of Silex, Lime, Potash, Soda, &c., with Iheir different salts ; on these much|discussion does and always will exist ; they are all good applications when the soil does not already contain a sufficient quantity of them ; but no discus- sion ever arises respecting animal manure containing nitrogen, no farmer, whatever may be the quality of his soil, ever doubts the value of this — on this the only discussion which arises is as to its economical anplica- tion. In our Chemical Laboratories by the applica- tion of fierce fires, of concentrated acids and alkalies, we can analyze various fubstances and exhibit to our limited senses their constituent parts, and in many cases we can gain some knowledge of their properties; hut nature does not act thus, yet she analysps and sep- arates the same ingredients, by action on infinitely mi- nute particles, such as are entirely invisible to our most powerful microscopic efforts. We analyze for exhibi- tion, she for use. She analyses or forms combinations and again separates these into their original particles, just as they arc wanted hy the animal or the vegeta- ble creation, but of her methods of so doing we are at present profoundly ignorant ; our chief exertions must be cor>fined to observe her operations and afford ample ingredients for carrying them on. Thus soon after animal urine is voided it begins to ferment ; urea and uratep are formed; these, applied to the soil are acted upon by plants, and their constituent parts, nitrogen, oxygen, &c., with their alkaline bases, are separated by them for their growth. The immense value of this material is therefore quite evident, as is also the folly of wasting it. The great practical knowledge now re- quired, is to find the best way of preserving its virtues until wanted for use, and the quantities in which to apply it With the utmost economy and advantace on soils variously constituted. Much experiment is still needed to advance the present infancy of this great practical -study. There is a substance existing in im- mense beds of GO to 100 feet in thickness on the coast of Peru, called Guano, pronounced somelliinir Uke Huano, with which the people of that country have time out of mind manured their almost barren, sandy soil, and by the help of which they have raised good crops of corn. The recent application of science to agriculture, has caused this substance to undergo inves- tigation for the purpose of ascertaining its value as a manure. Amongst much other valuable information contained in areccnt publication of Dr. Dana, of Low- ell, ma^ be found the latest and most correct analysis of Guanob^ Vpelckel. It contains in round numbers. About 31 per cent of eunmoniacal salts, (amongst them urate of ammonia.) About 14 per cent of phosphate of lime, the chief ingredient of bone dust. About 31 per cent of orgarjic substance:;, such as will form hitmus or geine. About 30 per cent of salts of soda, potash, magpesia and lime. About 4 per cent of sand and clay. So that according to our present knowledge, it would hardly be possible to concoct a compound of greater apparent power en vegetation. Its operations have consequently been found go valuable in England, that about GO vessels are now employed in removing it there from Peru, and it has taken its place in the price eur^ rents of that country as an article of standard valub. The London price current of the 24th May, obser.es, " Guano is now dull of sale, though offered at th 2 re- duced price 'of £lo to £16 sterling, about $G0 to S64 per ton" of 2240 lbs., it used to sd\ for about 8^80. Not- withstanding its immense quantity, it can hardly be any thing ejse but the excrements of birds, urates nev- er having been /ound naturally formed, except in ani- mal excrement. It will be obsened to contain many of the ingredients of urine. I am not aware that any expetiments have been yet made on this substance in this country, but having, by the kindness of a friend, received about a pint of it, just arrived here direct from the coast of Peru, I have applied it to different plants in quantities varying from one sixtieth to one hundreth part of the soil. Two or three plants of delicate hab- its to which the smallest quantity has been applied, have in 14 days been killed by its too great power; other plants of more robust habit, are evidently getting of a deeper green color in their leaves — all have been most copiously supplied with water. Dr. Lindley, in the London Gardeners' Gazette, states that not much is yet known there on the subject, but advises trials to be made by solutions of it in water ; this method, however, is evidently inapplicable to large agricultural operations, besides it is dissolving out the soluble salts and applying them alocie by themselves — whereas by intimately mixing with the earth and copiously water- ing, the roots can act on the substance in the way most congenial to their nature, and the salts are also dissolved. The best way, probably of using it on a large scale, would be either by luLxing it thijily spread throughout the manure heap, or strewing it seantiljr over the ground previous to ploughing. From its in» tense smell and appearance, it must be a very strong manuie, but to what vegetation it will be most advan- tageous, and how best applied, will require some expe- rience to decide upon. Oiher artificial manures called Poudrettes, are norw commonly known here; they are or ought to be chiefly compounded of night soil ,wij}» or without animal offal, prepared so as to retain the am- monia, which, although not the only, is yet the cliief valuable ingredient. It is obvious that its effects will depend on the proper preparation which it undergoes and on its freedom from adulteration of other substan- ces of little va,lue as manure. Nitrate of soda, with several other salts of impor- tance in commerce, are found in large quantities in the province of Tp.rapaca, Peru, where it never rains. — This district has been visited by Mr. Blake of this city, and much valuable intelligence obtained. Dr. Dau- bany, well known in England for the unremitted ap- plication of liis scientific attainments to the promptioij of agriculture, is about quitting England for the pur- pose of visiting this spot; so that agriculturists may perceive that scientific persons are every where bend- ing all their energies towards the improvement of the cultivation of the soil; it behoves them, therefore, not to be behind hand in endeavoring to second, by their practical eipeijment, the efforts of these worthy co- laborers. ' J. E. T. Boston, July, 1842. .Additional on Daniels' Patent mannre. In my last letter I gave you my ideas respecting Mr. Daniels' new manvire; since then, I have received the speciticaiion of the pMent ; here it is a litUe abbrevi- ated. The substances are divided into three classes : First ; Ligneous matters, (say sawdust of any wood) also peat, straw, and weeds of any kind. Second: Bituminous matters; these are, mineral soal, (not antljracite, I am siu?e ,although this is not so No. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 115 Btated,) nsphaltuin, pitch made from coal tar or other pitch, mineral rosin, and also tar. Third : Animal matter|Sueh a.s butchers offal, graves, flesh of any dead animals, also fish. The ligneous matters are ground to powder — or the same edeet may be produced on them by mixture with caustic (unslacked) lime. The bituminous manors, when brittle, arc ground into powder by machinery ; but if sticky like piti h, a small quantity of dry quicklime is added (o prevent their sticking to the machine. When these bitumin- ous ingretlients are liquid, they arc converted into va- pour by dry distillation, with which v,ipor the ligne- ous matters are saturated. Those ligneous matters may bo, spent tanners' bark, dyers' spent wood, saw- dust, &c. The soft bituminous matters may also be reduced to a state of minute division, by being render- ed soluble in water by the addition of caustic alk;di — and in this solution the ligneous matters are steeped. 1'hc animal matters are mixed with pulverised lig- neous Qr bituminous ingredients before mentioned, and are then ground into fine powder. This manure is deposited in the ground with the seed by means of a drilling macliiue, or scattered over the ground broadcast. The words within brackets are my additions. It will be immediately perceived that the particu- I.ars given in this patent are calculated move to conceal than to disclose the real method of concocting this manure. Still, as the patent right would be vitiated nnless all the ingredients were mentioned, there is no doubt that every substance used is given, and that the sulphur, of which I lUd not see the use, is not amongst them. There arc two ways in which tliis preparation may be made. The bituminous matters, any or all, may be dry distilled, that is, inclosed in an iron retort and acted on by fire, the ligneous substances exposed to the va- pour proceeding from this distillation, and thoroughly saturated with it. Coal gas, for illuminating cities, is produced by dry distillation of bitummous coal. This method, however, would require a regular manufac- turing establisliment with proper machinery. When peat, weeds, &c., are used, then, with the tar and liquid bituminous matters, they may be operated on by quicklime, and sawdust added, — either of these mix- tures, with finely divided animal matters, would no doubt make a rich manure. The principles of the for- mation of this new manure of Daniels', seem to agree pretty well with those I have laid down — namely, that all ligneous matters containing the basis humus or geine, a source of carbonic acid gas, well saturated with azote, particularly in the form of ammonia, and mixed with alkaline bases, as lime, potash, or soda, are highly important manures, particularly on light sandy soils; and that animal and carbonaceous matters are excellent ingredients to produce this saturation of azote. Also, as a general rule, that whenever any rich ma- nure, as cow or horse dung, is put on a hill on which plants arc to be set, it is an excellent plan to mix a little quick lime with it before covering up. The lime liber- ates the ammonia, with which the earth around be- comes impregnated, and the roots then lind their prop- er footl with its digestive power ready for them in abundance. The only precautions necessary, are to guard against the lime coming into contact with the roots, and also to cover up carefully, so that none of the ammonia may escape into the atmosphere. J. E. T. Reuben Miner, of Peacham, Vt., has this year pro- duced 612 lbs. of sugar from 80 trees. The sugar producers uf Louisiana represented to the Committee on Manufactures, that ihey cannot produce sugar at less than 5^ cents per pound. If true, the farmers of Vermont can compete with them at a profit. From the (London) Muric Lane Ej press. LINK. There eeemo to be n growing difierence of opinion (IS to the state in which limo should be applied to the soil. Wo have always been of opinion that lime, generally speaking, operntcs upon ibo soil in two ways, namely, chemically and mccbnnicnily ; >vhen it is merely to operate mocbnnically, as lo lighten heavy clay soils, it is of no moment whether it bo np- plied in a caustic elate or not ; but when intended to act chemiealTy, we hold tliat it must be applied in n I'ausiic elate. Wo can spcaK of our own personal experience os to the practice over a very large district, miiny thousand acres of rcclainrcd land in the West of Knylnnd, where lime was the article generally used in ibe first inetance to stimulate the land to fertility. The lime is deposited or. the land in heaps n perch npart each woy, the heaps of courso varying in size according to thequontity per acre intended to be ap- plied, but ordinarily one bushel in each heap. It is ihen covered with a portion of the soil, and oufiered to remain until it begins to slake into powder, ond which of course varies in point of limo according to the dry- ness or moisture of the weather; the heaps are then turned, and sufTered cgain to stand until the small lumpo remoiniiig are slacked, when it is spread upon the soil whilst yet in n caustic elate, mid immediately well harhiwed into the soil. Thatit is more elTeclive in a caustic than in an eft'ele state, has been frequently proved in cases where, from some cause, two or three rows in a field have been siitfered to remain uncover- ed, and i>y being exposed to heavy rain, was run to mortar betiire spreading : in such eases ihe diflfercnce has been manifest in the crop. We know it is the practice in some districts to mix the lime with head lands, diich scrapings, and any other mou'ij that cnn be collecled, in large heflpri, turning it over, ond in due time carting it on the land. The operation of the lime, however, in this mode, is precisely the same as in the mode first described, with this difference, that in the former method ils immediate effect is on the toil of the field, in the latter on the soil collected in the heaps with which it is mixed. It has been said that, inasmuch as lime in u caustic slate has been found not to be injurious to anin^al life, it therefore v/ould pro- duce no efl'act upon the sod ; abstractly this may be true, but it is the application of moisture which causes it to operate on the soil, and were water applied in proper quantity, it would immediately become destruc- tive to annual life. This subject is one of great im- portance to the farmer, and we would strongly recom- mend those who desire information upon it, to read o chopter on lime in a " Treatise on Monures, their na- ture, preparation, and applicotiou, by John Donald- eon,'' just published by l?aldwin, in which the ques- tion in all its bearings is treated in a clear, systematic, and praciicol monncr. This chapter is forty pogcsin lengih, and forms the best essoy on the subject with which we are acquainted, and such as we can with- confidence fecommend to our readers. Use of Camels on the Western Prairie.s. Mr. Editor — The writer of thij is a native of Russia, and has spent many years of his life in thai portion of the Empire which borders on the Ural and Volga Rivers, noithof the Caspian Sea. I have, during the lost two years visited, many parts of the United States ; lately I have been in Missouri, [owa and Wisconsin, ond during my journeyings have bad the fact strongly impressed on my mind tbot the Camel would prove a most valuable animal for burden in those prairies, and especially for traversing the coun- try west even of the States I mention, where water is sometimes not found for days. Camels used only foi voyaging, possess great speed, and in the unsettled country would be found good to carry moils ond convey intelligence. Their speed is great,120 milesbeingacommon day's travel for speedy animals. Some individuals have expressed to me doubts of their being useful in this latitude. I mention the place of my birth only to show the most doubting that, in o more rigorous clime, they are extensively used. The breeding of camels is not more expensive than horses. You no doubt are informed with regard to this sub- ject, and lorn convinced con give to persons desirous of breeding the cornel, valuable information through the medium of your journal. They (ihe come!) con be obtained on the Black Sea, and if Agricnitural Societies would import a few pairs, they would con- fer n great advantage on this country. From COO to 1000 pounds, with a rider, is a com- mon load for the camel ; ond ihe commonesthcrbage, even weeds and twigs, will sullice for their sustononca while enduring the severest labors. I was advised by some gentlemen, to whom I cas- ually meiuioucd this subject, to write to someedilor of nn agricultural paper of this matter, and being about to go to the east through Canada, have thought beet to write to you from this place. Yours, with respect, H. EOHLIN. Buffalo, Juli/Glh, 1842. The stotements in the foregoing letter certainly de. serve attention. The facts given in respect to the speed of the camel, their strength and capacity for burden, their endurance of fatigue, ond the cheapness of their support, are well established. They are as susceptible of training as the horse. They are of a mild ond peaceable disposition, and live to a great age. We had supposed that they could not endure our cli- mate, but the statement of the writer of this letter shows that it is otherwise. Thot they would be use- ful on the prairies and in the long journeys now con- stantly undertaken in the vast and unsettled plains to- wards the Rocky Mountains, into Mexico, and other territories, now and likely to remain impenetrable by carriages, it would seem but reasonable to believe. On first reading this communication, we were dispos- ed to regard it as mere matter of romance ; but upon reflection we cannot but think it is worthy of consid- eration. The only great difliculty would be in fin t importing them. This has been done, however, in eeveial instances ; and with proper care and manage- ment, the race might, for any thing we can see, be as easily extended as the race of oxen or of horses. — Ed. Native Silk. The Cincinnati Gazette give the following state- ment of facts showing the progress of the silk busi- ness in this country, os indicated by the bounties an- nually paid in the several States : " In Ohio the bounty paid to silk growers in 1839W08 $71 10 1841 was 2681 76 The whole amount of reeled silk produced last year is set down at 3000 pounds. In Mossachusette the bounty poid in 183Gwas $85 20 1839 was 439 99 1841 wos 4675 10 In New York, the increase in the quantity of co- coons produced, has been very rapid, in 1840 being 2000 pounds, while in 1841 in wos b426 pounds. In PennBylviinio, the bounty paid in 1840 was $210180 1841 was '1418 55 The Rev Frederick A. Ross has probably loised more silk than any other peison in the country. Dur- ,n<^ the lost year he sold 300 pounds ol reeled silk m Burlington, N. J., for $1600. A silk filature has been recently establshed in Philodelpbia. Wool and Protection. Your memorialists respectfully siiggeet, that the iuiroduction of every yard of broadcloth into this country, is the introduction of two and a half pounds nf wool into the ceuutry-and the introduction of every yard of beaver and pilot cloths is the introduc- lion of from three to four pounds of wool mto ho country, and each st.ch yord of cloth foregoes the ncome of an acre of land of the American farmer, md "f course employs the ace of land of the for- "'Arcitizens of this great Republic, we are entitled tofurownmaiket; we are entitled to the cultivation ,f ouro«nlands-to the employment of our own la- bor these are not unreosonable privtleges, and to den; them is to destroy the orts of peace and prospert- ty.—Man"facturtrt' MemonaU 116 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 On Daniels' Artificial Manure. The subjoined communication refers to the remarks of our correspondent J. E. T. in our July number These remarks it will be seen arc in some measure qualified in his communication of this month, made after having become more acquainted with the actual constituents of this celebrated maniire. We sjive place to this communication from the highest nnlhor- ity, with great pleasure. Dr. Dana's valuable book, the Muck Manual, has not yet received that attention in our columns which is due, and y7hicli wp design to give to it. This is owing to repeated disappointments in " promises to pay" on the part of our correspon- dents. In that book is illustrated more fully the "action of carbonic acid" upon oilicates, which Dr. Dana refers to in this letter as of so grept importance. We shall presently give his views of it more at large, leaving to others to determine how well they are founded. Of this book, the Muck Manual lor Farmers, by S. L. Dana, we find the subjoined notice in the July number of Silliman's Journal of Science, which we have no doubt is from the pen of Professor Hitchcock. *' In conclusion, we can cordially recommend this work to our agricultural friends for its practical char- acter. It is not saying too much to assert, that Dr. Dana has done for the farmer in this treatise, what Dr. Bowditch did for the sailor when he published his Practical Navigator. In this respect this treatise con- trasts strongly with such a work as that of Liebig on the Organic Chemistry of Agriculture, &c., which, notwithstanding its originality and the pliilosophical beauty of its theories, is apt to make the impression upon the farmer that he is not at present to expect much from agricultilral chemistry but ingenious con- jecture. We are sure that Dr. Dana's work will re- move this impression, while ort the other band; the chemist will see in it evidence of the rapid advance of this science. Within two years, three able Europeon chemists, Liebig, Daube'r.y and Johnson, have given to the world most mature and vchinble treatises npon it ; and now we have a cis-Atl'aiuic effijrt, v/hich will not suffer by a comparison with any other. Tiuly the genius of agricnltuie may exult in the bright prospects that are opening before her." Dear Sir — The remarks of your correspondent J. E. I', on the " new manure," like all things from his highly gifted peri, are of great value. He does not, however, seem to go to the root of the mat- ter. After showing the value of nmmoniacal liquor Irom gasavrorks, hesuppoBcs that the " new manure" may be an attempt to form a substance or miiiuro, which resembles pit-coal ; that this evolves ammo- nia, by spontaneous decay, as coal does by dry distil- Igtion. This is his explanation of the action of the new manure. It is good as far as it goes ; but attrib- utes too much to ammonia. When we consider the very email proportion which nitrogen forms of the whole mass of vegetable matter, averagino; about 0,173 ot the whole mass of cultivated crops, seeds, roots, stalks, &c., when green, and that whatever may be that proportion, nitrogen forms only 14-17 of any portion of ammonia, the quantity of this element, formed by the proportion of the new manure said to be useu, must he quite too siriall to exert such effects as are soid to be produced by its use. The proportion of nitrogen in coal is rated too high by J. E. T. Dr. Thomson assigns, according to Henry and Ure, quite too small a portion of oxygen in coal, while his quan- tity of nitrogen, though estimated according to the best mode of analysis then in use, is much too high. It was probably a mixture of oiygen and nitrogen La;er analyses, conducted on more refined principles by Richardson, give an average of nitrogen and oxy- gen, of 8.852 in caking, splent, cherry and cannel coal. What proportion these bear to each other, does not appear ; but, since Liebig, deducing the compo- sition of coal from woody fibre, by subtracting water, carbonic acid, and carburetied hydrogen, excludes nitrogen from coal, we may suppoae that it doos not amount to a much greater proportion than that actu- ally formed by Dr. Scbafhaeutl, in Welsh anthracite. The average of two samples aflTording of nitrogen only 0 962, or, in round niimbers, one per cent. This analysis confirms what observation has long shown, that the burning of our anthracites, produces abun- dant nmmoniacal salts. The remark of J. E. T., therefore, that antjiracite contains no nitrogen, re- quires modification. Had not analysis detected ni- trogen, we might have attributed (as no doubt itis, in part,) the formation of ammonii in this case, to the paesoge of moist air over tha ignited carbon ; o well known and abundant source of the formation of this alkali. It is a question whether the sppntan»ous de- cay of coal ever evolves ammonia. It is on this point that the c-:;planaiion of J. E. T. rests, so far as bitu- minous substances forms part of Daniel's manure. Spontaneous decoy is a very different process from dry distillation in a closed vessel. It is quite probable that the bitumen acts less than the Bitlphur. This last acts by gradualjy forniingsnlphalee, and probbaly your corroppondent is right iji attributing very little to its effects. We have then, sawdust, alkali and lime for the active agents. The effects of the new manure are duo to other causes : 1st. 'to the evolution of carbonic acid gas. 2d. To the alkali forming soluble geine. with the woody fibre, whose decay is hastened by the presence both of that alkali and of lime. Tho saw- dust, coritaiiui all the elements of maiiure, organic and inorganic. Dry sawdust expopel to air, decays — car- bonic acid, water and ammonia result. While it loses, thus 3 parts in 100 of carbon, it loses] 2 parts of oxygen and hydrogen, as water ; or loses altogeth- er 15 parts. l( the air is excluded, as in the present case, End moisture is present, then the water is decom- posed and a larger portion of carbonic acid is formed. The loss of weight is now from 18 to ?5 per cent, and the resulting mssB is £ei;)e or humus This imme- diately combines with the alkali and abundance of soluble manure is formed. The small portion of fixed alkali here acta like ammonia in cow dung. "The im- mediate effects of the " new manure'; ore due to the evolution of carbonic acid among the silicates of the soil, "rhese are decomposed by it. Their alkali is let loose, and acts on insoluble geine in the soil; the phosphates, combined with the silicates, are set free. This action of carbonic acid upon silicates, has been quite overlooked. The necessity of forming it, among the silicates, where plants are sprouting and growing, is of the first importance. The function of carbonic ocid is here of the highest order in vegetable growth and culture. It is the high function of fermenting manure. It must never be lost sight of. No matter how rich a soil may be, in goine, if that has lost the power of sponloneously and readily producing carbon- ic acid, it is is dead, barren — it must produce carbonic acid, not for the food of the plants, but to decompose the silicates. On thia turns the theory of rotation of crops. I shall touch upon this hereafter. To the causes above referred, is to be attributed the effect of the new manure. I doabt not the same results would follow from alkali and sawdust only — ihe same re- sults w}iich follow from muck and alkali, a little quickened perhaps, by a more free productio^i of car- bonic acid. If so, we are taught an important and practical lesson. Saw dust, or fine woody fibre, is to be added to swamp muck and alkali, ii.ll this is to be learned by trial. Let it be tried. In connection with this subject, this evolution of carbonic acid, I would suggest to J. E. T. whether his remark, that fat is useless among the offal of tho slaughter house, may not lead to a waste of a very good manure. Fat, &c., is useful in two ways : 1st. By exposure to air, it evolves much carbonic ocid. 2d. During this process, it gives up its glycerine. This last is an organic product, highly soluble in water. To this fact, "spent ley'' owes no small part of its good ef fects. S. L. D. LmocU, July, 1842. Notice. Professor Liebig has a new work in the press on Organic Chemistry and Physiology. It will be pub- listed simultaneously in this country under the care of Professor Webster, the able editor of Liebig's for- mer work. The work has been tronslated by Profes- sor .(Jregoryj who expresses himself as follows in re- lation to it. "In my opinion, this work will mark the com- mencement of a nsW era ih Tphygiology. In trans- lating it, 1 hove experienced the highest admiration of tlie profound sogocity which bos enabled Liebig to erect so very beautiful a struclure on the foundation of facts, which others hod allowed to remain for 30 long utterly imcless, and of the logical structure antl extreme cogency of his arg.umcnis. There is hardly a point in physiology occessiblo to chemisty (I mean, of course, those on which experiments hrive been ac- tually made) on which he has not, by the mere iorce of his intellect, thrown the brightest light. In short, we now feel that physiology has entered on the trae path, and the rerjiis, before long, will, I prophesy, hs altogether astonishing." On the use of Salt for destroying Urubs. We have much pleasure in submitling the subjoin- ed communication to our readers. Jts suggestions in regard to ngricultunjl experiments are of the highest importance. Experience is the certain road to useful knowledge. Every farmer can afford to make ex. periments, if not on a large yet on a small scale ; and experiments on a small scale may be eijuoMy /^oncja- sive and satisfactory as others. All that is wanted in these csECs is exactness of observation in regard to all the circumstances under which the experiment is made its progress thoughout and its results. Every practi- cal farmer is continually making cxperinients. Jiis whole course of culiivaiion is to-o degree, a course of experiments ; here then let him carefully write its pro- gress, its incidents and itp, results ; and let him jour, nalise them for his own benefit, and communicate them for the benefit of his neighbors. The " Plough Boy" we have never seen. It is we believe the only agricultural publication of the State that we are not in possession of. We wish some friend would put v.e in the way of obtaining a copy ; and we should certainly republish the communication referred to. Nor do we recollect Cartwright's coni- munication on preventing the rust in wheat. To the concluding suggestion of our respected friend wo must demur, as believing it wholly impracticable. At a convenient season wc design to treat the whole sub- ject of salt as a manure, a subject on which much has been wriiteu but little is determined. Ed. Mr. Henrv Colman :— In yo;;r Jcne number is a valuable communication relative to the efficacy of salt in destroying the grub. By way of confirminjf this information would it not be well to repuhlioh a communication made by J^Iojor Smith of Albany, upon this subject to the Plough Boy, as long ago ^ 1821. You will find it in the 2nd vol. 98ih page. — I am induced to make this suggestion in consequence of our mutual friend H. D. Grove remarking to me that he had used the quantity per acre recommended by your correspondent, without complete success, if with any succeos at all — which according to Mr, Smith is* quite impossible unless the salt is dissolved. My experience confirms the truth of Mr, Smith's statements--! have loiig since called the attention oj the Cultivator to it as one of the most important com- mnnications that liave been made to the farmers. Dr. Harris, in his report on the insects of Massa- chusetts, has made mention of the value of salt water in removing those aphides that prey npon the roots of No. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. plonls — wUich confirma ns far as it goes, tho state- ment of Mr. Smith. Tbe English periodicals con- tain numeroua communications relotivo to the value of salt in destroying slugs, (snails?) and worms. — Grub worms I presumo is meant. Tbey also stale that to insure success the weather and the land must be damp. Mr. Field (Cultivator, vol. 4, p 183) kill- ed grnbs by using beef brine. Any farmer who has a quantity of old brine and a watering con may easily prove the truth or falsehood of these positions wbeii the grubs appear next year. — It is very desirable that intelligent farmera would on 6ome scale oi- other, no matter how small, settle the question experimentally— and forward the result to iome agricultural journal so that from the number and variety of tbe communications ooraething Tike certain- ty may be derived. It is to be regretted that the at- tention of intelligent farmera is not sufficiently con- centrated npori the various topics of agricultural inquiry that are continal recurring. From the want of concert among them many a valuable suggestion is lost. Here is a communication from a most respecta- ble and accurate man that has slumbered for twenty years, which would have been of inealciilable value 16 the farmers if ten of thorn had during that long pe- riod ftated its truth and piibliq|]ed their experiments. It is true that v.'ith the generality of farmers their ex- periments are rather the result of accident than de- sign ; at least this has been the case. But as there is now a spirit of liberal inquiry aroused in the farming itiind, can it not be directed in a good degree to the same channel by the agency of the agricultiiral editor? Will it not do for you to urge your correspondents, for example to put a good deal of salt, attic, as well as common, in their comtjiunications for some time to come, and thus furnish abundant data for settling the value of salt to the farmer both as a manure and a vermifuge. Every year the wheat districts suffer to a greater or less extent from the ravages of rust, arid yet it is ren- dered more than probable that the free use of salt as a manure prevents this terrible disaster. At all events the celebrated Dr. Cartwright aseertained that if one pint of salt be dissolved in eight pints of water and applied to rusted wheat at the rate of two hoghsheads to the acre, the rust entirely disappears in two or three days, leaving only a alight discoloration of the straw. Now will not tbe sowing of very fine salt upon rusted wheat when it is wet with dew or rain answer every purpoaa and save the farmer from heqvy loss ? Yours most triily, J. B. NOTT. Norman Vale, Guilderlan^, July 7, 1842. Every thing connected with the great elh^Ve of \^estern New York is important, and tterefore we subjoin the following communication published in tbe Maine Farmer of a late date. We do not feel author- ised to decide upon its soundness, but submit it to the observing and e:^perienced. Advantages and Disadvantages Of the Bald and Bearded varieties of Wheat. Mr. flor.MES : — As the fdrrtlers of Moine are at some loss as to which is tbe most profiiab'e to raise, tbe bearded or bald varieties of wheat, I have thought that it would be beneficial to state the advantages and disadvantages of both, according to my experience. Advantages 6/ Said Wheal. — The flour is whiter, tHakes more pounds of flour to the bushel, as the hull i« thinner and there is less bran, packs closer in the bundle, and takes less room in tbe stack or barn. TAc disadvantages arc, the liability to lodge or to be thrown down by storms and roins, rusts or blasts easier, or more likely to be rusted and blasted, takes longer to gr(-w, does not ripen as early in the season, and must be mixed thinner in the paste before baking. The bread dries sooner ofter baking. The atltantages of Bearded Wheat, especially the Payson Williams Black -Sea, are, stiffer straw, nota- liable to be beat down by storms or to lodge on rich land, quick in its growth, lipens early, and will do to BOW late, i« seldom known to rust or Wast, and prob- 117 ably beara more heads to tho acre, though that is doubtful. It need not be mi.xcd so ibin in the poatc before baking. The disadvantages are, yellow flour, thicker hull and consequently more bran. Does not make as many pounds of flour to the bushel. Let it bo remembored that all bald wheat rhakes while flour, all bearded wheat yellow flour. Wintlirop, Maij, 1S42. E. W. Seed Wheat.— Caution to Farmov*. Tbe subjoined ie a very important Commiinication. Some years einse, having taken great poins to gel some celebrated wheat from a distinguished cultivator, we received a few bushels very much mixed with rye, oats, &C. We undertook to clean it by picking ou^ with the hand all the " foul stufl"." The undertaking was most tedious ; nnd being obliged to leave home before it was finished, we left it in charge to a man in our employ. He being very impatient, and not destitute of that self-conceit of superior sagacity so common in such cases, immediately after we left, took tbe whole to tho mill and passed it through the smut machine. The conseqtVence wos, its germinating power w«8 destroyed, and with the exce[)lion of a very few straggling plants, we lost our seed and our labor ; to say nothing about our temper. — Ed. Mr. Golman — Through the niediwm of yoUr paper I wish to caution the farmera of Weslirn l^ew York againslsowing wheat threshed with a machine, fori believe it is one great reason, if not the only one, why we do not have wheat grow as thick now its it did be- fore machines come in use. I came to that conclusion last fall, and threshed my seed with flail, arid the re- sult is, my wheat came up twice as thick as my neigh- bors, according to the quantity of seed sown per acre, threshed with machine, which was about one bushel and three fourths per acre, and it stando so yet. I further believe wheat should be sown as soon as the last week in Augubt, for as far as my knowledge ex- tends, wheat Down at that time has not failed to be of a good quality, when thet sowed ten or twelve days later has been very much injiif ed by the rust. JO. WICKbFF. Romulus, Julijj 1S42. For the Tlea Giftesci Finiier, Tiirnips without Cost. In well manured ground, now occupied with corn and potatoes, where it is not intended to plough the ground before late in aiitiimn, a crcp of White Nor- folk or other fast growing turnips, may be raised with- out detriment to the present crop, nnd without any cost excepting the seed and sowing, by scattering a small quantity between the rows tbe last time the cul- tivator or plough is passed between them. This lat- ter operation every good farmer knows, should tie done much later than mony practise, stirring the soil end destroying the weeds often being a matter of great iriiportance, so far at lec'st ija the corn crop is concerned, even v/hen the plants have attained the height of two or three feet. The corn being cut up early in autumn, leaves the full occupancy of the ground to the turnips and they advance rapidly in growth. When sown among potatoes, they will in general have at least one month for growth after the potatoes are dug from the ground. It is true that by this method Keavj' ctoips CnHHot be obtained ; btit that a considerable (Quantity is gen- erally affor-led and much more cheoply than they are otherwise obtained, has been sufficiently proved by the experience rif the writer. j. Lime and Mode of Application^ from Pro- ceedings of Royal Agricultural Society in June last. Mr. Raymond Barker communicated some obser- vatinna on the use and abuse of lime as a dre.ssing for and, by Mr. Wm. Henry Fisher, at 18 Conduit 'treet, London. The author's groat object is u> im- )i(sa upon farmera the importance of using quick lime, and not lime which once bad been quick, but by deloy in use and exposure to tho atmosphere haa become effete, and has obsorbed from the air the car- bonic acid which it ogiiin chonges to the carbonate ot lime it was before burning He considers that many thousands of pounds arc annually thrown away by ag- riculturists from want of a proper knowledge ol this simple foct ; and he recommends them to use their lime in the fresh burnt state, by caning it direct from the kiln upon their land, spnading it in the lump, and in that stale ploughing it in directly, the sooner it being got from the kiln into the land the better. The autbor concludes bio communication with tbe follow- ing remarks:— "The lime will be found, if proper, ly burnt, On rt Second pliughing, to be crumbled to pieces or powder, nnd on harrowing will be intimate- ly mixed with Iheeoil. From the bent evolved during tbe slacking of the lime underground, and its cnueti- city, which din"uses itself by the agency of tbe mois- ture it meets with through the soil, it will be found to destroy, or at any rate to be extremely obnoxious to wireworms, slugs, grubs, and other enemies which the farmer haa to contend with, nnd which are very frequently the cause of failure in hie crops, as well as in rendering most vegetable matter in tho soil soluble, nnd food for future crops. These are the properties that lime has in contradistinction to chalk ; the latter, no doubt, is ti very useful addition to many soils, but do not go to the great expence of buying or burning lime, and then oilow it to be converted again into chalk, or carbonate of lime, bciisre you plough it into your land. In some districts the limestone is burnt in large lumps, particularly where wood is employed as a fuel— in which cose it should be broken to about the size of a small penny roll before it is ploughed in. In some cases it may be said, that, owing to the dis- tance of procuring lime, enough cannot be brought at one time for a ploughing ; all I can say is, plough it in as soon as poeeibie. If the turnip-fly is generated in the soil; lime, applied in the manner I have direct- ed, would no donbt do much towards their extermi- nation ; and the Bami3 effect and result would hold good in respect to the black caterpillar. In conclu- sion, tbe good effects of applying lime in the manner recommended, I have myself experienced, and have received ample testimony to the like purport from ex- tensive agriciiUilriats, who, at my suggestion have adopted tbe plan." Royal Agricultural fSocietr.— Marling with Shale. Charles Charnock, Esq., of Holmefield House, near Ferry Bridgb, in Yorkshire, Eng., communicat- ed to the Council the results of his application of Burnt Blue Shale, as a substitute for clay or marl on the hilly and thin soil of his farm. Mr. Charnock stated that in the coa! districts, a blue clay was brought up, and nccuniulated so rapidly near the mouth of the pits, as to become a great nnd inconvenient incum. brance to the owners; that this clay was similar to the " Blue Shale" of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and was frequently burnt, and when drilled along with crushed bones, was in this state found useful in pro- moting ihe growth of turnips ; but as the whole of the heated moss required frequently to be turned over before it could be thoroughly burnt, the operation was found to be tedious and expensive. Mr. Charnock having bad some years' experience of the utility attending the application of the Blue Shale to the gravelly part of bis own farm, was in- duced, fiom the success which had attended his triols of it, to select from the numerous experiments he had made on this point, one average experiment to be sub- mitted to the consideration of tbe Society, and to show to its members that even an article so abundant and liseless as this shall become of value if rightly ap- plied to its proper purpose, and, as in this instance, to soils of a gtdvelly and sandy nature. Mr. Charriock'S experiment in question was tried upon a soil lying upon the magneeian limestone — a substratum proverbial for its natural poverty nnd ina- bility to resist drolight ; and he enters into a detailed statement of all tbe particulars relating to his opera- tions. The result of this experiment was found to bo in favor of the system he had pursued, and that hia barley crop gave an increase of 27 3-7 bushels, and his wheat crop 17| bushels, per acre, besides saving the expense of from 12 to 16 bushels of rape-duat on the crop. Waterloo Woolen Factory — Is now daily thronged with farmers and farmers wives, many of the latter encumbered with their nurslings ; 4000 lbs. of wool, on the daily average in June, are here sold or exchang- ed for cloth — the long sales room is crowded with ea- ger buyers; such another hum of voices and confusion of tongites, is not to be found outside s Jews Syna- gogue. S. W. 118 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAI. SOCIETY. The Report of the Jeflcrson County Agricultural Society is exceedingly well drawn up. We give mere- ly an analysis or abridgement of its contents. The report commends the practice of manuring fal- lows for wheat. It would have been gratifying and instructive, had the committee informed us when and how this manure was applied ; whether at the first ploughing or at the last ; what manure is applied and in what condition ; whether ploughed in or dragged in ; and in what quantities. The average yield of cheese to a cow, 309 pounds, by which we suppose is intended new milk cheese only, is respectable, but not more than that, in a country where the pasturage is so abimdant. The yield of but- ter, 112 pounds to & cow, is much less than it should be. In Cheshire, Mass., 500 lbs. of new milk cheese and 25 lbs. of butter are not infrequently obtained to a cow, in dairies consisting of thirty and forty cows, and we have known, of butter, 180 lbs., 200 lbs., 212 lbs. obtained to a cow, where several cows have been kept. We speak in tliis case of native stock altogether; what might be done with the Improved Stock and with bet- ter keeping, remains to be seen. Premiums appear to have been bestowed upon three farms, although ten farms are briefly referred to. The names of the successful competitors in these cases do not appear, and in only one case is the town referred to in which the farm is situated. This is a singular omission, for which undoubtedly the committee had their reasons, but do not give them. No. 5 particular- ly, is represented by the committee as being "as fine a farm, in all respects, as the county affords. There are on it 750 rods cedar post and board fence and 350 rods staked with perpendicular stakes." Now it miist be admitted that this is a very meagre account, and about as instructive as if the coimnittee had told us of a farm in the moon of as many acres and with just as many rods of stone wall. We like very much the suggestion of the committee to give a premium to the best farm in each town ; and we mean no disrespect in remarking upon the deficien- cies of their valuable report; but the object of agricul- tural premiums is not merely to stimulate agricultural skill, industry, and enterprise; but also, and chiefly, to obtain from another man's success such information of his mode of operation as may enable us to obtain simi- lar results. From a farmer, who becomes the subject of a premium, we should have so extended an account of his whole farm management, operations and experi- ments, that his farm may serve as a pattern and guide for others. But where not only the farm management is not detailed, but even the names of the farmers and the places are not given, certainly the public are httle benefitted ; and one of the best objects of giving pre- miums is entirely defeated. — Ed, Jefferson County Agricnltural Society. Paid in premiums, $385 00. The viewing committee visited twelve towns of the county, and inspected twenty-two farms and eighteen dairies. It is the unanimous opinion of the commit- tee, that the premium should hereafter be given for the best farm in each town. Desirable Improvement.— "We distinguish a most gratifying improvement throughout the county. The committee regret that less attention is paid to ornament- ing the front yards of the new houses with shade trees and shrubbery, than they deserve. Attention paid to these interesting objects, is labor well applied. PaUtrws Mamired.—We observed a great deal of land so\Ting to wheat. We never saw fallows in finer condition. Among the gratifying improvements every where observable in our husbandry, the renewed atten- tion now paid to manuring the fallows is very conspic- uous. In the first settlement of the county, good crops were raised without manure; but the generality of our lands demand it. Diligent attention paid to accumu- lating heaps of compost for our fallows, can alone en- sure us a reasonable prospect of a profitable crop. Whether lime can not be used to as great advantage, as in some of the older States remaihs to be seen. To our knowledge the experiment has not, as yet, been fairly tried. AypU Orcliards. — We saw enough lo convince Us, that with proper attention, the common prejudice that apple trees will not flourish well north of the Black river is erroneous. We passed some as fine orchards in this section, as are to be found in any other parts of the country. Fencing. — Great improvement has taken place in fencing. Some farms that we ^itcd are almost whol- ly fenced with straight post and board fence, thus mak- ing a great saving of land, as well as a permanent and handsome banier. Public Roads. — We found the roads perfectly good ; though much of this is owing doubtless to the dry sea- son, yet in turnpiking and bridges there is a gradual improvement. In the town of Alexandria, the newest in the county, we found the roads fully equal to those in the oldest town. Canada Thistle. — We saw less of that pest to our farms, the Canada thistle, than has heretofore been ob- served. Our good farmers have learned to exterminate them by thorough ploughing and mowing. It is the duty of the path-master to have these cut from the roads, but surely no good farmer would allow them to remain on roads passing through his farm, even should the overseer neglect his duty, which is manifestly the case in some places. Size of Farms. — One great error in our farming, observed by us as well as others, is in having too large farms. Except for grazing, it is questionable whether a farm ought to exceed one hundred acres; and one half of this may be considered ample for a farmer who has not afamily ofboystoas-ist him. Isis afacl often spoken of in the older portions of the State, that after the paternal farm has been divided among the children, as much is raised from the parts by increased attention to manuring and cropping, as was formerly raised from the whole. It is very certain that a small farm adjoin- ing the village of Watertown, of about forty acres, is, by thorough culture and undivided attention to that small number of acres, made more profitable to its owner. Hart Massey, Esq., than some farms in the county of three times the size. Silk Culture. — The raising of silk worms and the manufacture of silk, is, as we learn, in very successful operation in Carthage. The small children of the family can be employed in this occupation to great profit. Cheese Dairies. — The twelve cheese dairies we visit- ed milked in all three hundred and fit^y-four cows. By adding to the gross amount already made one third for the remainder of the season, we find that each cow will have made 309 pounds of cheese. At six cents per pound this brings the earnings of each cow to eighteen dollars and fifty-four cents for the year. Butter Dairies. — The six butter dahies offered to our inspection milked one hundred and eight cows; adding one third to the amount now made, they will average one hundred and twelve pounds each; this, at fourteen cents per pound, is equal to fifteen dollars and sixty cents; a difference in favor of the cheese dairies of two dollars and eighty-six cents each cow. Premium Farms: — The farm to which the first pre- mium is given, contains about one hundred acres of improved land. The present occupant has been on it thirty-three years ; he originally took up but forty acres, and having paid for that, has been gradually adding to it. It is a grazing farm, and in a high state of cul- tivation^ not a weed or a thistle to be seen upon it ! ! | There is on this farm, 550 rods of cedar posts and board fence. The second premium has been given to a farm of 160 acres, 80 of which are improved. The owner has on it, 700 rods of handsome stone wall, nearly every rod of which was laid by himself. It has a fine or- chard, and is in all respec'.s in the most farmerlike con- dition. The third premmra is awarded to a farm in the town of Alexandria. This farm is an example of what can be accomplished in a few years of patient industry. It contains 200 acres, of which 150 are improved. It is mostly a grain farm, in a high state of cultivation, free of weeds and thistles, and has been cleared by the present occupant within the last nine years. There are on it lOOO rods of black-ash fence. OuoiKla'ga Agiicultnral Society. This is a highly valuable report, and may be rfead vrith advantage by every farmer. Mr. Gaylord's notion that by keeping the locust tree shaded he shall ivoid the attack of the borer, remains to be proved. We should be glad to know on what facts or experience it rests. The most successful experiment, we have known, in expelling and keeping ofl'the borer has been made by Allen G. Metcalf "of Lenox, Massachusetts. He washed his locust trees as thoroughly as he coUlJ with spirits of turpentine mixedwith water. His trees were much infected with the borer. After this they were not found, and when we saw the trees, which was some years after the application, thsy had not re- turned. Mr. Gaylord's corn it appears was much injured by the wire worm. We have known one good farmer, who was accustomed, after ploughing green sward, to take a crop of oats, that he might avoid the wire worm, as his com always suffered severely when it was made the first crop in such cases. Another experienced far- mer recommends not ploughing until very late, so that there may be a considerable amount of young grass turned under, upon which the worm's might feed, in- stead of feeding upon the corn. We gave an account in a late paper of a skilful far- mer, who was rccustomed to mix saltwitli^hismaniire, by which he, from long experience, was satisfied that his com was saved from the attack of the worm. From this and some other facts known to us, it seems quite desirable that salt should in some way be tried for this object. It is important that it should not be appUed in too large doses. — Remember Lot's wife, poor woman ! —Ed. Onondaga Agricultural Society. The farm of Silas Gajlord is on the west bank of Skaneatelas lake, and about four miles south of the village. This farm contains 145 acres, 25 of which are covered with wood. The 120 acres are all arable land, and suitably divided into fields, on which is pur- sued a course of crops. A large share of the western part of this farm was formerly so vret as to be unfit for tillage. This Mr. Gaylord has very properly reclaim- ed by underdraining, which is a very profitable opera- tion on lands which are so moist as to be otherwise un- tillable. Twelve hundred rods of stone undcrdrain are already constructed on this farm. The buildings are well located and in good repair. The outbuildings are extensive and convenient, especially the barn, which is very large, with cellar, shed or stabling, under the whole of it. Tills is a great improvement, as it re- quires no additional roof, and furnishes a place where stock can be kept comfortable in the most inclement weather ; a convenient cellar for the preservation of roots, and a place for preserving manure from the great waste attendant on exposing it to the storms of winter and spring. The farming tools are in good order, under cover and ready for use. The fences mostly in good order, and 3« — No. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 119 a l.\rgc sliaro made of [Xifts and boards. The fields ! arc generally in good order, and few weeds are aRowed to [icrfect their seeds. All vacancies in the timber liuid are filled by transplanting locust trees, which arc taken from a nursery on the farm. By thus keeping the locust tree shaded, Mr. Gavlord thinks he shall avoid the depredations of the borer. The stock ontliis f.imi consists of 33 neat cattle, all of which arc full Mooil or grade Durham, 4 horses, 15 hogs, and 74 i sheep, of the iuitirovcd English varieties. The divis- 'i ion of the farm the present year, with the quantity of I crops is as foUows : I Wheat, IS acres, 400 bushels. I Barley, 10 do 300 do I Peas, 5 do 100 d0 bushels. Corn, 20 do 1460 do Oats, 33 Jo 1320 do. injured by drought. Barlsj*, 25 do 750 bushcts. Potatoes, 5 Jo 1500 do Meadow, 10 do 20 tons. Pasture, 47 do The Etoik kept on £he farm consists of l2 horses, 28 neat cattle, 83 hogs, and 150 sheep. Mr. AVoc'dward has given a practical illustration of the fallacy of the idea which is so often advanced, that the farmer cannot afford to be nice in his farming ope- rations, and that the profits will nut pay for an outlay of extra capital in improving the soil arid fence. One of (he committee asked Mr. Woodward if he took an agricultural paper, to whiih he replied—" I do, and have for a number of years, and h'aVe found it of great use. And couTd I have had the Cultivator, with the present light upon the subject of farming, when I first commenced, (18 years since,) I think it would have been more than $1000 benefit to me." * The farm of Mr. Woodward Exhibits in a favorable manner the beneficial effects of whit is denominated the new syet^m of husbandry. The antiquated cus- toms of farming which our forefathers followed, are not so dear to him as to cause him to shut his eyes to the improvements which modern agriculturists are an- nually making in the science of farming. He is not se fearful of being called a " book farmer" as to refuse to take and read the agricultural publicatbns of the day. He is not so' fearful of being denominaf cd a theorist as to ref^jse to try the improvements which are recom- mended in those publications ; and his farm shows the conseqnence ; it being well fenced, well ciiltiVated, very productive, and very clear frott weed?, none of which are suffered lb seed, In short, everything shows that the operations on this farm are directed by aft enter- prising, intelligent, practical farmer. Your committee were nextcalled toe*afnihe the farm of Hiram Church, situated in the town of De Witt, 2 1-2 miles northeasterly from Syracuse. This farm contains 137 acres, about 100 of which are under improvement, and all suitable for tillage. It is divided by a good cedar fence into fields containing about, 10 or 12 acres each. The produce of this farm the present year is, 3Q acres wheat, 679 bushels. 4 do corn, 200 do 6 do oats, 360 dd 3 do peas, 75 do 1 acre potatoes, 150 bushels. W acres meadow, 2-1 tons hay, 22 do pasturfe. 22 do summer fallow. Mr. Church prepares his ground for wheat mostly by summer fallowing, ploughing three times. HiS method of raising corn is much Uke that pursued ly Mr. Woodward, except Mr. Church uses a small plough instead of a cultivator ; consequently he makes some hill around the corti. The stock kept on this farm consists of 9 neat cat- tle, 7 horses, 10 hogs, 60 sheep. Mr. Church makes liberal use of clover seed and plaster, and this practice your committee would earnestly recommend to every farmer. The farm of Mr. Church is newly improved, com- pared with the farms of Mr. Gaylord and Mr. Wood- ward ; but is naturally choice grain land ; and we doubt not, Tjvith the industry and enterprise which Mr. Church exhibits, it will soon show such a degree of neatness, and amount of produce as few, if any, farms can now exhibit. Royal White, of Onondaga, called the attention of the committee to a field of wheat, containing tour acre* and fifty-two rbds, which Mr. White informed us yielded 167 bushels of wheat. Method of cultivation — ■broke up viUifdi the middle of June, about ten inches ileep, and immediately harrowed. Ploughed and har- rowed again the fore part of August. Ploughed and harrowed the third time the 10th of September, and immediately sowed with seven bushels of Canada flint and white flint wheat. Three-fourths of an acre of this piece of land was sowed with peas, and was ploughed but twice. Col. W. Abbott, of Otisco, presented a fine sample of spring wheat, which he originated by a series of cx- periuients from the bald flint, which is a well known variety of winter wheat. For an account of his cx- pciiments we would refer to page 138, of volume 9 of the old Genesee Farmer. The cornmittcc recommend that the first premium on farms be given to Fletcher Woodward. The second to Silas Gaylord, and the third to Hiram Church. It was unquestionably the intention of the Legisla- ture, when they passed ihe act for the promotion of ag- riculture, and devoted a part of the funds of the Stats C8 that object, that the money so distributed, should bo applied in the way btst calculated to benefit the agri- culture of the State. To do this, it was not deemed enough that agricultural fairs should be held, and the money expended in premiums, but provision was ex- pressly made for giving the greatest pubUcity to the modes of agriculture adopted, or the diflerent processes pursued, by the successful applicants forpremiums. No premium was to be awarded, until the statements refer- red to, had been made, as without the knowledge that could be gained in this way, one half of the advan- tages to agriculture, proposed by the State in its appro- priation of funds, would be wholly lost. All such statements, reports, vouchers, &c, made to the several county societies, were to be transmitted to the Execu- tive Committee of the State Agricultural Society, whose duty it would be to select, compare, condense, and arrange into a report to the Secretary of State, such papers, statements, &c., as should be deemed best adapted to subserve the cause of agriculture in the State. The Executive Committee regret to say, that in too many instances, these requisitions of the law ap- pear to have been entirely overlooked ; and that where partial returns have been attempted, they have in most cases, been very meagre and unsatisfactory, barely an approximation to the returns contemplated by the pro- visions of the act." Sotcing Plaster. — Many farmers suppose that plas- ter should only be sown after spring vegetation has ad- vanced ; this is evidently a mistake, as plaster must be dissolved before its manuring properties are devel- oped ; rain, frost, and even snow, are necessary to eflTect this result; hence some hove observed that their plaster did no good in a dry season of the first year. S. W. What shall Farmers do, when Doctors disagree ?- It has been said that plaster thrown among horse lit ter will seize upon the ammonia of the urine and pre- serve it with the manure. I believe this is agreeable to Leibig's theory ; but other chemists say that the lime in the plaster will certainly expel the ammonia. S. W.- FaU Ploughing. — Some farmers condemn fall ploughing, because it does not succeed on an easy. friable soil. Is this any reason why a stiff clay should not be improved by it ? A clay garden with long ma- nure ploughed under in the fall, will save much tedi- ous labor in the spring, besides vegetation will be much earlier. S, W. 120 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER Vol. 3. ROCHESTER, ArorST, 1842. AGRICULTURAL EXCURSION. By the invitation of several respected friends in Monroe and Livingston County, the editor has had the pleasure of passing a few days with some of the excellent farmers of the Genesee Valley. He grate- fully acknowledges their kindness aiid hospitality. He could not have had n more delightful excursion. He is never more nt home than among the farmers, and truly enviable is the condition of the residents of this charming country. He has taketi the liberty of adding some hasty and superficial observations made in this jaunt in reference to the agricultural condition of this region, which he trusts will give no offence, and which will be extended when he has more room. They are given not from any conceit of their value — very far from this ; but in the hope that they will call attention to the subjects adverted to, and elicit com- munications from those whose intelligence and expe- rience would greatly instruct the agricultural commu- nity. The Genesee Vallfey. The river Genesee rises among the high lands of Pennsylvania in the neighborhood of the Susquehan- na. Winding its way among the mountains, it enters New York by the Southern side of Allegany county, passes into Livingston county, which it divides loir giludinally nearly in the centre, and after traversing the whole breadth of Monroe county pours its ricli tribute into Lake Ontario. At its ordinary level it presents an average breadth of only a few rods. Its course is remarkable fbr its windings and doublings- It has some rapids ; and it has at least si.\ considera- ble falls, all within New York, of remarkable pictur- esquenees ; and at high water, of singular beauty and grandeur. Its rapid torrents, its brilliant cascades, its sweeping and in some cases its terrific floods, and its lofty and precipitous walls, rising for a considera- ble length of line to a height of 400 feet and present- ing in some instances, perpendicular cliffs of 600 feet, are objects of attraction to men of taste, the geologist, and the curious traveller. In these respects they are surpassed in the Northern United States only by the world's wondfer, the giant of the waters, Niagara. The river, after successive leaps and rapids soon after leaving Allegany county, at Mount Morris be- comes a quiet and in low water a sluggish stream, bordering on each side meadows and alluvions of large extent and eminent fertility. At the village of Mount Morris the river may be said to enter the Genesee Valley. Here the fiats begin, forming an extensive region of alluvial meadow, surrounded by hills of medium elevation and of easy and gradual ascent, presenting an expanse of an average width of more than two miles, as nearly as the eye would enable me to judge. A large portion of this land is cleared and under cultivation. It was to a degree cleared when the whites first came into the country ; and was a favorite resort of the Indians, whose judgment direct- ed them to select the most fertile as an instinctive taste led them to spots the most picturesque and beautiful. A considerable portion is still occupied by a deep and dense forest of extraordinary magnificence; The parts which are cleared, are adorned, or perhaps it inightbeproperlysaid,left with excellent taste, as they were adorned in their original condition, with here ond there a single tree of beautiful proportions, some- times a bBlt of considerable length, and at other times a clump equally as grateful in thsir shade as they are exquisite in their form and foliage. The largest tree that has ever tome under my observation, is an oak on the meadow of Mr. Wadsworth in Geneseo, being full eight feet in diamater, standing out in its majesty as the contemporary of other generations and the mute historian of departed centuries. Under its shade the imagination naturally reverted to days gone by and to the changes which have transpired during its long reign. The wild children of the forest, who were accustomed to gather under its sprcoding branch- es to celebrate their rude festivitiGsorbold their coun- cils of wor, have all departed ; and the quiet and re- joicing herds, marking the progress of civilization and humanity, repose securely around it. The council fires are extinguished ; the deadly arrow no longer rustles among its boughs ; and (he warwhoop and shrieks of vengeance, which once filled these valleys with terror, have given place to the songs of harvest- home and the gentle and peaceful undulations of the village bell. Everywhere among these meadows, clad in a verdure of surpassing depth and richuess, and waving with their golden harvests, cultivation hos triumphed over the rudeness of nature, and art and skill and taste display their brilliant trophies. It was once asked what was the use of rivers, and the reply was, to feed canals with. Acting upon this assumption, the Stale hos penetrated the whole of the Genesee Valley, from Rochester to Dans- ville, with a canal, and availed themselves of the wa- ters of the Genesee river to fill its banks. The line of passenger boats on this avenue are of the best de- scription. The canal from Rochester passes for some distonce through an uncleared forest of extraordinary growth until presently it emerges into a highly fertile and cultivated country, and for its whole distance to Mount Morris, as far as we pursued it, intersected an ogricultural country as rich as the eye could rest upon, and doited all over with flourishing villSges and the abodes of rural wealth and independence. Nothing seems wanting to render the picture perfectly enchant- ing but an expanse of water ; and if nature had seen fit to spread out in this valley a lake like that of Can- andaigua or Seneca, the imagination would have had no difficulty in recallmg all iHs beauties and splendors of the primeval slate. The Soil. — The soil of the country varies some- what in diflii;rent places, but is throughout strongly aluminous and calcareous. On the meadows or flats it is alluvial and I'ull of vegetable mould, the wash- ings and gradual deposits of the hills, and so clayey as to be used with advantage lor bricks. In some cases on the uplands, it is so strongly clayey as lo be cold and heavy, and unfavorable to any grain crop and difiicult and discouraging in the cultivation. The best soils are undoubtedly those of a gravelly nature ; with clay enough to render them tenacious ; and lull at the same time of small and finely comminuted stones, which are supposed to be limestone, though as well as I could learn no exact chemical analysis has been mode in any case. This kind of soil prevails in Wheatland, Caledonia, York and other places, and is eminently productive. On Mr. Wadcworth's farm in Geneseo, I found a marly substance composed of lime ond clay, which readily effervesced with acids, indicating the presence of carbonic acid. In the hilly portions of Mount Morris, the crops were later than in the valley region, but promised most abundantly. Here, it was slated to me, no lime is found. These lands, however, haver been much more recently brought under cultivation than those which I have be- fore adverted to. The best crop of wheat which I found in my whole journey, though by no means the most exteneiye, tUat which promised best intcTiect to its evenness, cleanncES and fulness, was in this part of the coLintry on the farm of James Conklin of Mount Morris. It was of the red chofi' variety. None of these soils as yet, however, exhibit any di- minution of their product, though in some caaes thB cropping is severe and often without manure. Ckops. — The crops cullivoied in the county are al- most wholly wheat, oats, and grass. Wheat every where predominotes, and is the article on which the farmers mainly depend for their cosh returns. On the alluvial meadows herds-grass, red top and various natural grasses prevail ; on other lands, subjected oftener to the plough, clover is mainly cultivated. Of all the crops, wheat claims the principal atten- tion of the farmer. The average crop, as rated al- most unanimously by the intelligent farimers whom I consulled, does hot exceed twenty bushels, which is certainly very much below what the land is copoble of producing. Where the error or deficiency lies, if error or deficiency exist, is not readily perceived; but if possible il is most desirable that it ehould be as» certoined. The quonlily per acre of seed sown ia about IJ or IJ bushel, and the general practice is to wash in brine, and lime the seed before sowing. The time of sowing is from the first to the 15ih Septem- ber. One or two farmers spoke of the advantage of putting in their seed the last port of August. Much larger crops are sometimes obtained, and I saw several fields of large extent, which might safely be put down at thirty bushels per acre. Mr. Shef- fer near Scotlsville, one of the earliest settlers in thb country and the owner of a magnificent farm origi- nolly of 700 acres, in Monroe county and intersected by the canal, in the early settlement of the country obtained from forty acres of land in a single field, 2500 bushels of wheal, which was at the rale of 62j bush- els per acre. Within a few years, Mr. Hall, in the centre of Wheotland, on 12 contiguous acres of land, obtained 648 bushels, or 54 bushels per acre. A neigh- bor of his, Mr. Blackmir,. obtained in one cose 68 bushels per ocre. Not having hod the pleasurs of an introduction to either of these farmers, I could not ascertain what paiiicular circumstances of soil or culture enabled ihem to produce crops so extraordinary. No such re- sults are matter of accident, or, as it is often termed, luck, and must in a great degree depend on some pe- culiar superiority in the condition, cullivalion, or management of ihe soil. The best cultivation in England and Scotland produces 50 and 60 bushels of wheat 10 the acre. Now there is no circumstance con- nected with our climate, soil or condition, which should prevent the wheat farmers in the Genesee vaU ley from producing as much as can be grown by any farmer on any land in the world; and the diflierence between 20 and 50 and 60 bs. in the produce of a field, certainly deserves all consideroiioh. The crops of Wm. Gorbut of Wheatland, whose farm for its con- dition and crops, strongly attracted my attention, usu- ally average twenty-five bushels per acre. There cer- tainly is no reason why our friends Garbnt or Harmon, two of ihe best farmers in the country, should allow themselves to be out done by any farmers in any country. Mr. Harmon of Wheatland, has taken great pains in the cultivation of wheat, and made experiments with several kinds of wheat, having cultivated them separately with a view to ascertain their comparative times of ripening, tlieir hardiness, their proof against or freedom from injury either by insect, rust or mil- dew, lie is sliU pursuing these experiments with great core. At the Monroe Agricultural show he ex» hibited twelve different kinds in grain and in sheaf, with a view to nttract the attention of the farmers to this important subjecu He has now growing several of the bald and bearded varieties, among which are ^o. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 121 tlio Talavcro, iho Trovciice, the Virginia Mny, ibe Red Cbaff, the Hutchinson nnd the Crate, bcsidi-e others ; and of the conif oralive result ho hos kindly promised a full account. Ho desires me Ukewiee to Eoy, that if farmers will npply to him for seed, tliey mny rely upon that which is clean nnd genuine. I can hnve no do\ibt that this w nrranty may be entirely relied upon. Oats are here a remarkable crop. I have nevei eccn heavier crops any where. The ont usually c\d I vnied is the common branchin's oat, and weighs 32 n -iinds per bushel and yields ordinarily forty nnd up- wards of bushels per acre. I saw one field of the Tartarian or Horse Mane ont, so called from the pnii- iclcs hanging nil on one side. This I think wns at the Shaker settlement in Grovelnnd, nnd in iheir ciil- livation usualfy yielded from 40 to 60 bushels per acre. The largest growth of the common oat I saw on the rich meadows of Mr. Cuyler in teiccEter ; they were nearly five feet high throughout the field. Their yield, though it nnist be matter of conjeclion, would probably not be less than '30 to 60 bushels per acre. But by far the best field of oats which came iinder my notice, was on the well managed farm of R. Harmon in Wheatland. It wns the Scotch potato oat, weighing ordinarily 44 lbs. per bushel, nnd must Jrield a very Inrge crop. This ont is, enid to degener- ate after the first year's cuUivntion. It would be well to inquire what occasions this degeneracy. The amount of seed sowed ie 2J bushels per acre. Mr. Harmon informed me that in one instance he ob- tained forty bushels from 15 qts. sown. I found some farmers who were accustomed to sow three bushels per acre. The black oat is sometimes cultivated, but I know no advantage which it has over any other. Rye appears to be scarcely cultivated here. I saw in my journey only one field. Where as much wheal con be obtnined as rye from the same extent of land and with no greater expense of cultivation, the supe- rior value of the wheat product leaves no ground for hesitation is to Which to choose. Baklev. — Of Barley I saw many fields and some very heavy. The average yield strted to me was 28 bmshels. Wm. Garbut of Wheatland, gives me as the average product of his fields, forty bushels. He BOWS the double in preference to the four rowed bar- ley, and considers one bushel of barley as food for any stock, equivalent to a bushel of corn. Some ex- tensive fielijs on the Genesee Flats must yield more [ tban forty bushels to the acre. The breweries in the country formerly created a lirge demand f'or barley, but the progress of temperance has greatly abated this demand. Peas. — Peas are considerably cultivated, and under successful management yield forty bushels per acre. This, however, is an extraordinary yield. They are mainly cultivated for stock, the grain being quite , equal to corn for sheep, and the houlm, when well saved, is as nutritious and as much relished as any long feed which cSn be given them. A pen called the grass pea I found growing in two instances, in the one for the use of Bees, for which purpose it was sown broadcast and much esteemed ; in the other, as mat ter of experiment, in order to ascertain its yield nnd ita value. It did pot promise much. Indian Ookn. — This may be considered as a rare crop in the Genesee Valley, and the cultivation of it inferior. Mr. AVadsworth gave it as his opinion that the average yield was not over 25 bushels per acre ; but Mr. Bond, an experienced and intelligent farmer, stated that with good cultivation fifty and seventy-five bushels per acre might be had, and he had himself known inntances of 116 bushels per acre. Indian corn is evidently not a favorite, and is fairly distanced by its great competitor, wheat. There mny, in the condition ef th« market and various local circumstan- ces, be good reason for this ; but when the value ol the grain and the value of an acre of well cured corn fodder are both considered, when sbrep, or horses, or horned cattle are kept, I believe that tlie corn crop de- serves much mere a'.tciuion than it receives. I wad surprised at the stntemcnt of Mr. Brooks of Brooksgrovc in Mount Morris, that corn to use his own exproi'sion will not grow there upon newly clear ed land even when it has been burnt over ; nnd thai the land must be sometime under cultivation before n crop of corn can be produced. This is contrary to almost universal experience in other places, where newly cleared and burnt land is considered highly favorable to corn. I am at a loss to account for ibis, but I cannot demur to so high authority. Large crops of wheat are obtained here. The growth is principally oak on the high lands, with some sprink- ling of hickory; on the 'ower and moist lands we find much rock maple nnd e!m. Potatoes are not .largely ciiltivntco, 't'hey are valuable for sheep ; hut the present prices of pork and beef give no encouragement to their culiivation for swine or caii'.e. That potatoes are much more valua- ble for sheop and cati'.e "thin rnta baga, I have no doubt ; but as many bushels are not usually obtnined OH the same extent of land ; and the care of preser- ving and the cost of seed, and the labor of harvesting favor strongly tKe cultivation of ruta baga in prefe- rence. Esculent Vegetables — In so hasty nn excursion through the country ond so superficial a view ns wss in my power, it would be presumptuous in me to speak with confidence on any subject connected with the husbandry of the country, or think to afford much knowledge in relation to it. 1 can only cay that I saw but a single instance of the ci:ltivation of esculent vegetables for stock. This was on the farm of Mr. Garbut in Wheatland, who had several ncres in cnr- rots, beets nnd mnngsl wurtzcl. I must leave it to some other occasion to discuss the pros nnd cons in relntion to this mntler. Of Flax, I snw only one field nnd that at the Sha- ker village in Groveland. It appeared well. The habits of this industrious peoph. who, as a general rule and as far ns it can be done, produce and manufacture all their own clothing, lead them to the culiivation of flax, which Is in a great measure abandoned by other farmers. This crop I am pereiinded might be eulti vated to advantage by many farmcra. Where 300 lbs of lint and fourteen bushels of seed can be obtained to an acre, and this is not uncommon ander good culti- vation, the crop will yield an ample compensation for its cxpenee. (To be Continued.) Crops and Markets. Throughout the whole country the crops of wheat nnd grass are represented as most abundant nnd fine. There are some emnll complnints of rust in some places, ns indeed there always will be, but they are of little moment ; and a finer season for harvesting never was known. It his been almost une.i;ampled. Indian corn, likewise, which at first seemed likely to fail, is making rapid advances, and promises a good crop. The same with potatoes, barley, and all other pro'ductb. The crops of wheat in Ohio and Michigan are like- wise as good as wns ever known. The price of wheat in Rochester can hardly be considered as eetlled or even fixed, as no new wlieot hob as yet come into the market. Some millers have expressed the opinion that it will begin at a dollar but soon go down to 75 cents. The Beef and Pork markets at New York and Boston remain without material change. Probably a much smaller quantity of pork will be made this sea- son than usual, and the prices for pork or for live hogs are not likely to recede from their present position. Wools of a fine grade command only 25 cenls ; nnd in many coaes orily half of this ia poid in cnsh, nnd the rest in cloths. The f'rce importation of Souih American wool costing loss than 8 cents, nnd iho rais- ing of wool oi\ the Western Prairies, for which there arc large preparations, must koq) prices down, tariff or no tariff. In the midst of the gVcntest plenty that ever fell to ihe lot of any country, wo are crying our eyes out for distress: ond the National cow, with a swimming pail of milk under her, sectiis detcrrtiined to kick it all over. Prospect of prices of toestcm agriciilturiil products. — As over-production and a reduction of the currency have reduced the price ol most mnnnfucturcd commoV- ities, and steam is now employed on the prairies to drive ths plough, it would be very strnnge ifngricul- tural products (pork excepted) did not also decline in price. The cnsh received for a bushel of wheat, will now purchase in this village, 10 lbs. of good Riocof fee, or 20 lbs. of inferior N. O. Sugar. A pail of buftcr v;ill eicbniige for n bundle of domestic cnlic.i nnd muslin, ns Inrge in bulk as the butter itself. — Ought farmers to e.\pectthis unequal exchange of commodities to continue so much in their favor al- ways J 1 think not. Flour is f.ow selling in New York at $6 the barrel to export to England ; if Great Britain has good crops thisyenr, and there is no failure of crop on the conti- nent of Europe, nothing con prevent very low prices for flour in New York in one year from this time, but a failure of oiir own wheat crop, which is improbable, or a partial failure of our summer crops, which, from present appearances, is very possible. In either caeo farmers must elpect and prepare themselves for small profits, ns high prices from failure of crops ie a calam- ity, which compels eVeii the farmer to ent denr lood. It is common for farmers to coniplainof the low price of wool, yet wool is milch lower in Europe than in the United Stales ; the English mannfneturer gets fine wool from the continentlbr25cis. a pound, whilo our manufacturers pay our own farmers 40 cts for wool of like grade. The fact is, what is a low price to an extravagant, expensive man or family, is a high price to those whose vvnnts are fewer, who practice a better industry, economy, and self-denial ! In ihis reduction of profits and the consequent means of ex- penditure, who does not see a precious result, even to the farmer? Ask a thriving, weallhy American lord of the soil what are his troubles ; if he is honest, he will tell you it is the effeminate habits and expensive wants of his children. With uninierrupted pecunia. ry success, where would these troubles cud ! Waterloo, m June, 1842. S. W. Protcclive Tariff. — A former who writes In the May No. of the Northern Light, saya that a high tariff would " make us farmers work harder to obtain iho same amount of enjoyment," and "protect our indus- try much in the same way that it would be protected by compelling lis to resilme the old fashioned wooden mould board, and throw aside the cast iron plough." But the other side of the question is ably maintained in the Sams capital monthly — it has two sides. S. W Culture of Potatoes. — II they are grown in a warm dry country, as between Syracuse and Buffalo, put no stable manu^e it', the hill ; but if on cold Hemlock soil, where it rains or snows at least once a week, they may be covered in the bill with warm manure without any danger of burning up ihe tubers. Prov- idence is truly kind to such countries, in giving them grass and potatoes, such as would make a western vil- lager's cow laugh, and bis own mouth water. If they can't grow gourd seed corn, neither can they even in their wet grounds, raise miasma enough to furnish a single case of fevsr and ague. S. W. 122 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 Ou IMougliiug in tJieen Swartl for Wheat.— til ten Vegetable Slanuief and the liaud uiade to enrich itself* Mr. Colman — The objectiuna of yoar eonespoii- deiu " Tiumiiseed," page 106, be itobeervccl, nruen- liiely tbcoreiicnl, the reuuU of mere opinion. Not so Agricolu'd remarks, pnge S, for they rcniy nppcar to he hosed upon experimcnla! Inet. Which are we to choose 1 I for my part have a guess, that our friend A will bring his harrow fo ftork pretty smartly in th 3 case, which will sntioTactorily settle iho rjHcstion, It ill !eeJ euch be not already done. Probability lavors his ubiervaiions, iitasmuch as ihe mellowness of the 60,1 ia at all times favorable to its fenility. The burn- ing iiilliience of the siin upon land deprived of its nat- ural vegetable coating, is pcciliaily impoverishing, and i; seems probable that the longer this unnatural exposure is kept up, and its surface varied by repealed and rough ploughinga, the greater injury it eustaina by summer heals, and the more need will there be f.ir the mellowing ingrcdienti of manure and other dressings. If the land be rolled and dressed to receive the seed after a single ploiigliing, it is clSar that the exposure of the whole body of the e'oil to the influence of the sun's rayS has not been so complete as in the firmer insiance of repeated ploughing ; nothing more has been done than is requisite to destroy the former Tpgetation and prepare for the intended seed, which soon comes up and protects itst'lf and ihs land from the parching heat by throwing cut the blade ihat pro- tects the root. Now it will b'e observed vfith the slight- est aiteniion, that of the three methods proposed, page 6, that by the first o good crop ofclovsr was sac- rificed to begin with, and tbb subsequent plougbings served to perfect its dcstrlictioii, logeiher with such weeds as might have been present, and yst with all this, pinster must be frtely used ; in the other two plana as before alluded to, the land was not exposed more than was requisite tb destroy former vegetation. I might add mon^, but leave the subject to the dis- cussion of abler individuals, ahd dismiss it with earn- est good wishes for the success Of both parlies. Yours respectfully, Ji W. Rochester. Jubj .5, 1842. The suggestion of our correspondent that land suf- fers by exposure to iho sun withotit any vegetable covering, is very questionable and by no moans an es- tablished philosophical tiuth. The soil undoubtedly gathers much of its fertility from exposure to heat, light and air. It suffers, however, when the vcgela- ble matter in it is brought to the surface, and there being decoyed, may be said to be evaporated instead of being retained as so much humus in the soil. S'nce the remarks in our last in relation to this subject, we have visited the farm of Mr. Cornell in Henrietta, Monroe Co., who has been in the habit, for the Inst five years, of ploughing only once for wheat and turning in a clover ley. His success in this practice is complete, and there is probably no farmer iu Western New York, whose crops yield o higher average. By this process fallows are entirely abolished ; and his land is alwoya under a crop. We shall give in this paper an account of Mr. Kee- loy's e.tperiinent, to which we referred in onr lost, and ■some remarks made ot o lale meeting o! the Royal Agricultural Society on the same siibjecl, where, by a curious coincidence, it is advised to sow mustard wiih a view to its being ploughed in,in Older to enrich the ground. — Ed. Oa the Cultivation of Rye.--John Keelcy's Slatemesit. To the Trustees of the Essez Agiicultural Society : Ge.vtleimes — Having for some years past been more than commonly aiiccessful in raising large crops of winter rye by a process of cultivation which I be- lieve is eniirely new ; 1 have been ii«Juced by the sug- gOEtion of some gentlemen whose judgement I v^ry i much respect, to Bubinit for your coiisideraiion a ataie- inent of the mode of culture with the produce. Affd that the snccess of the experiment this season, may not appear to be altogether accidental, it will perhaps be as well to communicate the result of the process for the three or four previous years. The land on which ihe e.\perinient has been con- ducted is siiMaled on the Mernmuck, about a mile and a half east of Haverhill bridge; and crime in lo pos- session of my lather i-i IH'SJ. The soil is ft sand, ap- proaching to loam 08 it recedes from the river. Per- haps the icrm plain land (by which it usually paasee) will better convey an idea of the quality of the soil. It isaliogether too' light for graue. The crops we lind most priifuable to cultivate on it are winter rye, In- dian corn, poiaioes, and to some extent turnips. Oais might probably be raised to ndvaniage.were it not that ihe loud is completely fibed with the weed common- ly called charlock, which render!) it entirely unlit for any spring crop, excepting such as can be. hoed. The crops of rye, on the neighboring soil of the same na- ture, vary I believe from seven or eight, to twelve or thirteen bushels per acre, according to the cultivation and their nppibximatiou to the.rivtr. VTe usually raise on the land Ironi, thirteen to ibirly bushels of In- dian corn per acre. Potatoes aie very good in quality, but the quunliiy is quite sniafl ; not sutBcient to be prolilablcjwere it not that_tbe land is ver^ easily culti- vated. In ihe sumtner of 1827, we sowed three bnshels of winter rye near the river, on alioui two acres of land, which produced twenty eight biishfels. In IdSij, we sowed four bushels on foiir acres of land running the whole extent of the plain, from the river. This piece wos sowed in the spring with oats j but they were completely smothered with charlock, and about Ihe middle of Juno, the whole crop wis mowed lo prevent the charlock seeding. By about the middle of August, a second crop of charlock hav- ing Covered the land, it was ploughed very carefully, in order complelely to bury the charlock ; and then suH'ered to remain until the 15ih of Suptember, when we began sowing the rye in the following manner. A strip of Und about twelve yards wide was, ploughed cry ev?nly to prevent deep gutlers between the fur- rows, and the Eccd immedialely town upon the furrow and harrowed in. Then another strip of the eapie widlh, and soon until the whole was finished. We found the oat stubble and charlock entirely rolled, and the land appeared as if it haci been well manured, though none had been applied lo this part, since it hai bo3n in o'jr possession. The rye Sprung very quick and vigorously, having evidently derived great bene- fit from being sown and sprouted before the moisiure supplied by the decaying vegetable matter in the soil had eyaporale.l to any conOideriibls exieni. This crop produced Voi bushels- In lsi9, iho charlock was suffered to grow on the landappropri.ited to rye, uniil it had attained its growth and was in full blossom. The land was then plough- ed very eorefully and the charlock completely covered in. Inn short iim5 a second crop appeared more vigorous than the first. This also was allowed to at- tain its growth, and then ploughed in as before. A third crop soon appeared, which of course was de- stroyed when the land was again ploughed for sowing about the middle of September. This piece of land was a parnjlel strip running fiom ihe river, and con- taining two acfes. Twobtish'Js of rye were sowed. The crop presented a reniorknbly promising appear- ance, and yielded seventy foiir and a half bushels. In 1830, the land appropriated lo rye included near- ly all the lighter parta of the soil, and owing to a prcsure of business was not attended to na we could have wished. It was ploughed in the early part of ihe summer. But horiowiiig to destroy the weedo was substituted for the sejond ploughing. This, and the unusual blight which affected all the grain in this part of the couniry, led us to anticipate a small crop. It yielded however fifteen bushels to t' e acre. The land on which the crop of rye was raised the piesent season, had for the three or fohf previous years been planted with Indian corn. And owing lo the extent of our tillage land, we have not been able lo opply more ilian four or five loads of manure to the acre this season. The eharlfck was suffered to attain its growth as usual ; andon h ; 18ih and l.9lh of June it was corelully ploughed in. The second crop was ploughed in on the 6ih and 7ih of August. On the 14th and I5lh of September it was sowed in the usual monner, namely : a small strip of land was ploughed and iho seed bowu immediately upon the furrow and then harrowed in. Then another strip of land was ploughed, and so on until the whole was completed. One bushel per acre was sowed as usual. The seed was originally obtained from a farmer in ibis vicinity, and I suppose is similar to that which is generally u^ed. _ We have never prepared our seed in any man- ner, but have directed our atlchtion solely to the pre- paration of the land ; and to this we attribute our suc- cess. Owing 10 the unusuol severity of the winter, the crop was considerably winterkilled ; but recover- ed very soon in the spring, excepting in the midfur- rows. There, as the land lieo very le*el, the water settled, and so co.mplelely destroyed the rye that they continued bare the whole season. This would of course cause some diminution in the crop ; perhaps a bushel or two. The rye was reaped at the usual sea- son, and, as the weoihsr was favorable, immediately put into the born. The land contained one ocre and thirteen rods, and yielded forly-sit bushels and three jjecks. A rcmarkablyjine sample. In cfitering a claim for your premium, t would ask your attention particularly lo the process of cultiva- tion. Ills, I believe, entirely new; slid capable of general application. Sowing the seed immediately after the plough, we (jonsider very advanlageoua to the crop. The soil being then moist, causes the seed to spring immedi- ately, ond gi^'es a forv\ardne'5s and vigor to the plants which they ever aficr retain. The process of ploughing in three crops of weeds before the seed is sown very much enriches the soil. It would be altogether unnecessary to attempt to re- fute,the notion, that by such a process, nothing more 18 applied to the soil, than was before derived from it. If one could not discover by the light which Chemis- try has shed upon the subject of agiieultu'e.-eufficient reasons for the comrary conclusion, observcfion, one v\'ouId think, would be sufficient to convince any intel- ligeiit man of the fact. And here I would suggest that 1 do not consider the experiment as we have conducted it, quite com- plete. To render it more so, in the first ploee, in ploughing in the weeds, I would not turn a furrow after the dew had evaporated. I have no doubt but that a large poiiion of that fcrtilidng quality in the soil, which (during the summer months^ is continual- ly exhaled from the earth, is by the dew brought again within our reach, and it would be wise to avail ourselves of the opporiunily of ogain burying it in the soil. And in the second place, I would by all nieons use a heavy roller after each ploughing. It would fill all the cavities lelt by tne plough, and by pressing the soil mote closely to the weeds, at once hasten their decomposition and Very much retard the evaporation from the Soil. But the land la not only ,very much enriched by this process. There 18, I. conceive, no, method by which it can be so effoctuolly cleaned. Three limes during tie season, a fresh surface is presented to the atmos- phere, and each time, as ihe decaying vegetable mat- ter increases iu the soil, so is the exciting, pause aug- mented to make a more vigorous effort. We have in this manner gone over nearly all our land which is in- fested wilh charlock, and the diminution of the weeds is quile sufficient to worrant the expeclaiion, that in a few years it may be eomparqlivcly eradicated. Very respectfully, JOHN KEELY. Hai-erhill, Sept. 22, 1832. The subjoined sioiemcnt woe made at a meeting of the lloyol Agricultural Society in Englond on first of June lost. It is not a little remarkable that this experiment of Mr. Covvslon so strongly confirms the results of Mr. Keelcy's eApericnce. These cases ore among the most striking on record of the value c, ploughing in green manure ; and show that the means of enriching the soil at a trifling expense are within the reach of every farmer. Vegetable Mannre. Mr. W. Vf. Cawston, of Worlingion.near Milden- hall, in Suffolk, transmiiied the following result of his expel ience in the ploughing in of green crops — " I am not aware that the attention of the agricullural world has been drown to the following process, which I have had many opportunities of seeing tried with the most decided and benefitiol effects in this neighborhood. When trefoil has been seeded, clover or other layers failed, peos or lores grown, or a clean summer fallow made lor wheat, in the middle of August, or there- about, skeleton-plough, or plough very fiai, and sow a peck of white mustard seed (sinapsis alba) per acre; harrow in with light diogs, clean off any grass or rubbish ; and as soon as it is well up, top dress with n light coat of farm-yard dung (sny 6 or 8 loads of 32 bushels). Ill 6 or 8 weeks a very heavy, fibrous, lux- iVo. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 1^3 iiiniu crop will be ready to be ploughed in for rvbeni iBBoon ns the llowers are beginning to open. Tliie ipcrniion luav bo easily neconiplibhcii whth lUo pl«ni ma risen U or 4 feet high, by attaching a chain tu the liead and handle of the plongh, Which will camplcte- y draw it all into the furrow, and the following land liuries it neatly. A large eupp'y of vegetable niannre thns cheaply obtained, and the eeed costs now abonl !3. 6d. per peck ; while the mustard, if wanted, is xcellcnt feed for ewes at tupping time. II any fur- her directions ehonld be deemed useful, I shall at nil inies be most happy to supply any iiilormation 1 uiny lessees." We give with the greatest pleasure the subjoined oinuuinication, quoleil from the New England Fur- ucrof the '23d of March, first, because of i.ls intrinsic alue and interest j and next, because of the source roni which it comes, Morrill Allen of Pembroke, lass., one of tlic most practical, intelligent, and suc- es.sful farmers in the country. AVe take, the liberty D jo*; his elbow as ours is every day jogged, to remind im that the time is short, that what wc do ice must do uickly; and that he is bound on every principle of uty and humanity to ict the world have tli? benefit of is rich cxix-rience before he leaves it, especi?jly as he now taken out of the yoke. It may not seem very econiing for us to catechise an old friend in this way; ut we hope he will remember that five hundred liles makes no diflerence in the affections ; the chain f friendship disdains all distance and reaches alike om pole to pole and from earth tp Heaven From the tter place, however, agrictiltural conununications will ot be so direct as here, excepting in the form of dew nd rain and air and ten thousand other blessed intlu- ices, but not in the way of pen and ink. This is infilled t.) earth ; Jo therefore let us hear from him hile here , and we will listen as reverently and as •atefully as if, as we have oflen done, we were guests his hospitable board, or warming our feet (we can- it say smoking the pipe of friendshij>, that we never 1 but figuratively) at his kitchen Circ.—RiJ. Leather ShavMjgs for Mamtirc. Mr. Editor — One of yourenrrespondenis inquires hat is the value of a cord of leather shavings desti- te of oil. We should suppose it v\'ould be difficult find a cord of those ^havings,, in any manufactory, tirely void of oil. There may, hov/ever, be opero- ms e.xcli!sively in sole leather, which would produce em . We can speak only of the efficacy of the shav- gs in the shops of the shoemaker and currier. The in those shavings is no doubt a powerful ingredient, t cannot be powerful enough to produce more than imnll portion of the efTccle witnessed. The gelatine skins W'ould be generally admitted to be a very ef- ;tive mahuie ; this quality may seem lost in the con- rsion of skins into leather, /and there may be so firm ;onibinttion of gelatine vvilh tannin, as to defy the wer of the chemist to educe from the leather any ■ng sti^'angly resembling the original qnalilies of the in. The laboratory of nature, however, will often 3w results which that of the chemist cannot. The pposed insolubility of leather shavings should not erate as an objection against the use, nrore than the ne supposition d'cs against the application to land the hair and hoofs of animals, feathers and wool, lich by general consent rank among the most pow- "ul of manures. We did not sit down to write a disserta'ion, but to 'e a narration of facts. Forty years ago, we pur- ased a small farm of a shoemaker, who had cast tbe avinga from his shop by the roadside or in the cor- rs ol lota. Our first object was to clear away those sightly heaps. We carried them into the field?, be- ?ing if the leather could do no good, the vegetable bstances would, which time had incorporated with Every field on which these heaps wee spread, come remarkably productive ; — so much so as to cx- e the admiration of neighbors. And something ght have been ascribed to ingenuity in cultivation, lich was due rather to the energy of old leather, lis early, and in some degree accidental success, ir then we had neither read nor thought much on bjects connected with agriculture,) induced us to be ry saving of scraps of old leather, we have been in 3 habit of cutting up old shoes and boots and spread. ; them on fields, and always think there is an am- 3 remuneration for the labor bestowed. It will be pcrceiTcd there has been no course of experiment! which could qualify U9 to give dtfihite answers to nil tbe questions of " Inquirer." We think, however, that leather shavings are a good dressing for almost any desciiplion of soil ; that they w II assist in tbi growth of nearly every class of plants, perhaps more from prepariii!!; the soil lor vigounto acticui tlinii diieci inliuenccs. \Vc think three cords suHieienl for one dressing of an acre, and believe the ultimate results of such a dreseing would be greater ibaii a dressing ol six ccrdaof the richest barn maliure. M. ALLEN. Pimbrokc, March, 1842. From the Rlnrk Lnnc Express Baieficinl Ell'ccts of Uraii ns Manure for Turnips. Sir— A letier appeared in the " Farmer's Mago- ;tlnc'' of Inst year, giving the analysis of bran, (the husk of ftbeat) and recommending the farmers to try it aa a substitute for bones and oiher manures; and when tried as an experiment in competition with other qianuree. that the result of such c.':peiiinent should be reported through some of the journals for the benefit of his brother agriculturist. With this request 1 am willing to comply^ After losing two crops of Swedes successively in a field that had been drilled with ashes, 1. noticed tbe leltera on ll^is subject, and determined on drillinj twenty. five strikes per aero of pollard, (the finer portion of bian) Willi the turnip seed over one- halt of the field ; tbe result proved that when the men were put in to hoc the turnips, tbey fancied the field had been sow.n at twice, and at an interval of two weeks; so gr"nt was iheditrercnccin thecarly growth — a most desirable point, ae is assists their getting out of the range of the fly : this marked and sensible dif- ference was always apparent throughout their growth, and at the maturity of tne crop. There was as nearly OS could be estimated an increased produce of unc- third more in weight of iurvips per acre, w hich must have arisen lohvlUj Irom the pollard, as ih all other re- spects the field and its treatment were alike. The experiment has been to my mind so conelnsive and satisfactory, that 1 intend drilling some quantity this year, and shall also iry it with other crops besides turnips where the land is not in high condition. It can be easily carried back by tbe farmers when deliv- ering CO n to their respective, millers, therefore with, out any cost or expense of transit ; it is now selling ot about il. 10s. per ton, which is cheap for the benefit received when compared with the cost of bones, about lOZ. ot I'M, per ton, which inakes jt the more desirable. 1- would not recommend so much as six cwt. being used to an acre, but any quantity fVpni six cwt. to five cwt. per acre, which would be at a cost of manure of uboiit \L 2s. 6. per acre for an increase nf one-third more ill produce. SboulJ others follow, as I have done, tbe recommendation given in tbe letters before alluded to, it would only be fulfilling the duly we owe one another to report the result, more espe- eiolly if it should jirove favorable as in the above in- stance. 1 remain, your obedient servant, WILLIAM MONK. Midkurst, Sussex, April 14. Garden Seeds. — Why don't seedsmen mark the year on their papers of seed, in order that tbe retailer may not impose old seed on the customers? nothing is so provoking, particularly in a backward aenson like this, as, after waiting three weeks, to find no beets or onions out of ground. If the doctrine that " honesty ia the best policy," will apply to one trade more than another, it is to that of a seedsmen — many of my neighbors who are not pinching oi aid, nofrt-aise their own seed to avoid being cheated. Onion seed wants much soaking. S. W. Onondaga Sail. — The salt inspector at Salina has turned the tabfca upon the Albany Cultivator, fo'r say- ing that "large quantities of lime were used in the adulteration nf salt." Had the Cultivator said a little lime was used to discolor the red oxide of iron which colored the salt, he would have nailed the inspector to the counter. S. W. Indian Corn. — At the moment when the tempe- rance reform is doing away with the use of corn as tbe basis of alcoholic drinks, man has discovered '.be invaluable secret of turning the stalk into sugar, at a far greater profit to the agriculturist, if report is true, !hon can be realized froin the ripened grain. ?. W. Asparagus Iletl. To J. S. who inquires what is the best mode of making and cuUi\aling an Asparagus Bed, wo anewor that the whole nffiiir, which vvos once hidden in mya- lery or rather involved a very eomplieaicd process, ia now as simple as the simplest operaiiim in husbandry, ^Sow your seeds in a nursery bed in diills and keep ihcm clean of weeds the first year. The next year prepare your bed by trenching the ground fourteen to eighteen inches deep, always keeping the top soil up-* permost ; or, If the bed is to be a large one, by treneU ploughing, that is by passing twice in the same furrow with a plough, tbe sscond time with a plough without a mould board, or a subsoil plough ; and manure the ground as highly as possible. After ii is well prepar- ed, mike Irenehee with a spade or plough about eight inches deep and two feet apart ; place your plants of one years growth in these trtnches ; put in upon the plants two or three inches of good well rutted cr com- posted manure and cover them fully with dirt. Get the fairest and largest kinds ot roots for planting. Keep the beds entirely clean from weeds. They may be cut the third year from the seed ; and in cutting the plants, cut them obliquely about an inch below the surface. Cover the bed, if convenient, annually, in the fall with stable manure two or three inches thick ; in the sprihg dig it with a dung fork about six inches deep, and rake the bed clean. These directions will almost insure success, if you desiie early asparagus, secure a Worm and sheltered spot. Some persons re- commend, as asparagus is a maritime plant, the ap- plication of salt to the bed. A small omount mixed witii the manure or scattered upon the bed would prob- ably be beneficial. Asparagus well cooked, is one of the earliest and best of vegetables. Manufacture of Paper. Mr. Diercey, a pnper nionufacluier of Ghent, 1 aa discovered tbot the refuse ends of aspoiagtismuke ex- cellent pnper, at half the expense of paper IVom rags ; and that a still greater economy is obtained by mixing the pulp ol asparagus with tiiat of tiie beet root — E-ig. paper. lusfirauce against Damage to Standing Crops by Hail storms. In.Fralicc, and some other countries of the conti- nent, companies for the Insurance of Agriculturists from loss through the destruction of steiiding croiis by hail-stiirms have long been established, end have prov- eil of great utility. In England, happily, our ripen- ing harvests are not so liequenily exposed to injury from such causes, but, neverihelets, it is tbe part of prudence to guord against even impiobable danger, when the cost is trilling. Men do not insure ibeir houses from fire because tbey expect a visitation from the devouring element, but 6ini|)ly as a measure of wise preeaution against a possible casualty Acio Farmer^s Joiirhid. Feeding Cattle on Carrots. To the Editor of the Doncastcr Chronicle. Carlton Hall, Feb. 9, 1842. Sir— Noticing a question in your lost neck's Chro- nicle, on Feeding Cottle on Carrots, being o means of bringing on the Opthalmia, I beg to say, we have been in the practice of feeding cattle with carrots very freely, more particularly milch cows, and hove never had any thing of that disease amongst them, generally being very healthy, and I certainly consider them very healthy food for cottle and horses. When- ever they are amiss 1 generally order them a few car- rots. I am, sir, your obedient servant, V) and the same process which originated " with M. Braconnot, is also applicable to hog's lurd '• This process by which M. Cbevreul obtains these " principles, is by treating hog's lard in succeeeivo por- " tions ol hot alcohol. The spirit in cooling deposits " the slearine in the form of while christnline needles, " which are brittle and have the aspect of wax, fuse "readily wbon boated, and are insoluble in Water. "The alchobolic solulion, when cvnpoiatcd, Ictu'cs "an oily fluid whicb is elaine." — iliid, p. M4. Here are two methods of procuring Slearine irom Lard, of which, according to Mr. Ellsworth's report, candles are made worth 25 or 30 cents per pound, and one by which the same substance is obtained from veg- etable oils for the same purpose. Whether either ol them is the besfribat can be devised, remains to be seen. I hope we shall hear more on the subject. But the subject in Mr. E's. reporl, or so much of it as you have noticed in your paper, appears to me to be the most extraordinary, and if the results of Mr. Webb's experiments an^ the deductions drawn fiom them by Mr. Ellsworth are not deceptive, will un doubtedly prove of great importance to the people of the Northern and Western parts of the United States. Mr. E. does not give us particularF, but says minute account of these experitnentscan be furnisbed if desired" I hope you will desire it, and also pub lishit. Let us bave facts; there is still immense room for facts in the science, yes, science of Agriculture. We have not yet learned ever, its lirst niJime.tts. Oil from Corn Meal. I am informed that Oil from Corn Meal is obtained by a mercantile firm in this slate to a very considaia. ble extent. I am told they are largely in the distilling business, and purchase large quantities of corn and obtain the oil from the meal while in a state of fer- mentation, byBkiming. The meal is afterwards dia tilled, by which operatior., as my informant said, the oil they saved wes clear gain above that of other dis- tillers. I presume this is the company to which Mr. p. refers in his report, as wisbingfor the privilege of supplying the light houses on the ],,akes with oil. Our fruit trees are now in ftiU blossom, and the earliness of the season keeps the owners in constan, fear that a frost may come and disappoint their best hopes. The man who can devise some cheap meth- od, within the reach ol common farmers, whereby orchards could be protected from early frosts, would deserve well of bis country. It is a subject which I hope your correspondents y/ill take into considera- tioR. Yours &c. J. CROCKER. Wooster, Ohio, 1843. Mr. CoLMAN^In your May number of the Gen- esee Farmer I discovered an article headed " Sugar from Indian Corn and Stearine from Lard." On reading the article I was much disappointed in not receiving any information on the method of obtaining Stearine from Laid. For the past two months I have devoted some time and pains to the investigation of the best method of obtaining stearic, margaric and oleic acids, and sti arine and oleine from lard and tal- low. The method which 1 found to be the best for obtaining the above acids from lard and tallow, is this : boil the fat in water for four or five hours, with a suf ficient quantity of lime to form an earthy soap. Du- ring this process, the elements of the fat are so ur- ged as to form the acids, which combine with the alkaline earth and form with it their respective salts. These salts or earthy soap is decomposed in a large quantity of water by sulphuric acid , the acids being thus liberated, rise to the top of the water, which, when cold, is to be taken off, shaved fine, and iben subjected to strong pressure, when the oleic acid will run off in a substance resembling oil, and leaves the stearic and margariv acids in the press, a substance very much r«somblingepcrmnceti, which, when made into candles, I found to be disposed to nieltandrun dowji ; this, however, might be owing to its not being sufliciently pressed, as iho press «bicb I bud unsnot very good. Il the process which you referred to in your last number is any thing like the foregoing, it is the fore- mentioned acids that are obtained by it and n»t tho stearine and oleine, as you there stated. The stearine arid oleine are obtained by a dilTerent process. I have tried several experiments lor the p.urpoEcof obtaining them, but aa yet am not satisfied with the results. From what investigation I bave made on the subject, I think I can soon satisfy myself with a process for obtaining them. My object in writing to you is to obtain informoiion on the subject. If you have a p^mrhlct on the sub- ject you can spare, \ wisii ygu would send me one. If not, be so ^'bod as to write me those thi;i^ that are practical, Yours&c. JOHN McLEAN. JacJifOn, Michigan, 1842. P. S. The process which I have given you in part in this letter, was patented in England in the year 182^}. J. McL. We have sent the pamphlet of tbo National Agricul- tural Society to J. McL., and hope it has been recei- ved. Cattle Shows, Fail's, and Ploughing Matches. We subjoin a notice of the times of holding the several Agricultural Fairs, which come within onr knowledge, within the district where our paper prin- cipally circulates, and shall keep it in until the times arrive. We shall be obliged to the Secretaries of the diffeient Agricultural Societies in New York, Ohio, New England and C'anoda, if they will give us (post poid) the notices of their respective fairs. New York Stale Fair, Albany, Sept. 28 and 29. MonroeCounly " Rochester, Oct. ]3andl4. Ontario " " .Canandaigua, Oct. 12andl3. Genesee " " Biitavia, pet. 20 and 21. Wayne " " Palmyra, Sept. Sand 6 Livingoton " " Geneseo, Oct. 4 and 5. Oneida " " Rome, Oct. 11 and 13. Seneca " " Waterloo, Oct. SO and 21. Tompkins" " Iihaca, Oct. 6 and 7. Onondaga" " Syracuse, Oct. 5 and 6. Jefferson " " Watertow'Q, Sept. 15. Cayuga " " Auburn, Oct. 12and]3. (Dswego " " Oswego, Oct. 5. .CANADA. Durham, Bowmanville, Oct. 18. Nortbumbeilnnd, Grafton. Oct. 12tb. Over- Production. — It would seem „h«t whateve can be prodiiced by the steam engine power-loom and other improvements in machinery, has been generally, and in some articles of manufacture, sadly overdone in Europe and the United States ; but this only adds to the farmer's comfort and wealth, as whatever de- pends solely on the hands, the plough, pr the team, is not depressed pro jnta in price and demand. When I see a farmer's wife exchanging a pail of butter, a basket of eggs, and a badly skimmed cfieese, for cali- co and muslin enough to clothe all her children, while her husband stands by complaining of hard times, and contending that the dealer shall add thread and tape gratis, I am ready to exclairn vfith the Mussulman, "God 18 just: he gives to the rich man only one belly." ExTRAORDiNAKi.^-Three hundred large Hogs, brought from Kentucky by wtiy of New Orleans, were offered for sale last Monday at Brighton, Mass They remaineil unsold. What next? New Wheat is selling at &0 pents per bushel in Cint>innali. 125 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER^ Vol. 3; tiom the Maik Lane Express for Ftbitiary. Comparative Condition of the Eugiish and French Laborers. To the Editor of the Mark Lane Express : Sir — As at tbis moment all Englishmen ore oceu- pied witlianticipatcil alteinijons in the corn In-.ve, Uie relative niodee of txistenee ol tbe Bridahand foreign labourer are often comtjared. lam aware that no man understands better tban yourself tbe comfjne or the wants of the farm servant in England ; but as, during your sojourn and travel on the continent, 1 think you did not visit tbe West of France, give me leave to point out tbe situation of a day laborer in tbatcpuntry (eay Department de la iMayeiicc). He came Uveniy- rwo sous a day, lid., (untej) ; his ordinary food con- sists ol black bread made of buck wheal, and a soup composed ul salt and water, in which a lew cabbage leaves have been boiled with a little grease— of this he eats three times a day ; on Friday a ceitain quan- tity of buck wheat flour is boiled into a kind of paste and eaten, stasoned wiih salt. On Sunday, some- times, he has a little bacon, hut fresh iheai.(exeepting a bit of liver or the inside of a aheep) be docs not eat° nor docs he taste wheaten bread, liis general bever- age ii water, sometimes, when at a good house, he gets a little cider water of the most piqiiant descrip- tion. A woman earns four sous a day, and her food, which is soup such as J have before described, and sourinilk eaten with black b.-end. The man's drees in summer is a coarse linen jacket, troweers, and shirt ; the hemp with which they are made has been grown m bis garden, spun by his wife, and woven by tt neighboring weaver ; that nsed for the outer gar- ment is dyed blue, and the shirt is left unbleached ; he wears no stockings, a red or grey woolen night-cap covers bis bead. In winter the same, only substitut- ing homespun wool lor hemp, and a wisp of straw in his sabots to keep his feet warm ; t'ljee pairs (of these last) per annum, at eight sous a pair, keep him well shod. Ho possesses a hat, pairol shoes, socks, and a neckcloth, but these he only wears on Sundays and lete days. His dwelling is stone built, a ground tioor; the window place is iron-barred with a strong inside BbuUer, and totally unglazed ; the door is divided in two, the upper half and the shutter are generally left o.jcn lor light ; a bed or two in the corners, on wood- iii liames, and the floor is of earth. This is not an exaggerated statement, but one drawn iioin real life. My only wish is that when the com- lorts ol the foreign laborer are vaunted, the real state of ibe case may be known by those interested in tbe vellare of our own men, but whose pursuits or occu- pations have not permitted them to make personal ob- servation. There is a noble emulation now e.xistino in England for the improvement of agriculture, and it is not a compliment when I say that you have lent n powerhil aid to its progress. That England eoula feed her people, and have to spare, I have no doubt ; but to accomplish that great good, ber millions of acies ol yet unreclaimed wastes must be given up to spade husbandry, her pastures must be ploughed, and her tattle be stall-fed. Forgive my trcepassiiig so long on your lime. Yours, &,c., Q_ g_ may be got at a much lower price ; whilst for coffee and sugar they must pay from 18 to 25 cents a pound, and for tea from 75 cents to $3. The consequence is, that the foreign articles, even of the first necessity, as the above are used by a very iew families, in proportion to the population of the country: scarcely one person in a hundred is rich eno^ngh to use coflee and tea in Poland, since it has been diemembertd. An owner ot two or three hun- dred acres of weil cultivated land, sjildoni mokes use ol any article which does not grow on his soil. As to the laboring class, they never see any. The pro- duce sf tbe soil feeds and clothes them. A Common laborer gets in Roland from 6 to ISj cents per day ; n mechanic seldom more than 95 cts ; a lemale servant, in tbe country, has from 37 to 75 cents per month ; n male servant from 50 cenii/to $1 per month. In the cities, the wages of servants are about one loiirth higher. The cloth'Sig of the labor- ing class of both sexes, is comfortable, but very poor, made of linen and' woolen cloth, and furs of the country. Tbe whole dress of a country female per annum costs from 3 to $6; tbe drets of n laboring man from 4 to $8, including shoes and boots. A pair of shoes used by a laboring female sells' from 18 to 37 cents ; and a pair of boots of a laboring man, from 37J to 75 cents. As to the tlotbiugof a lady, this costs nearly as much as in the United Slates ; the cot- ton and silk stuffs, the ribands and other aiticlcs ne- cessary to make ladies' dreesos, being almost of the price throuebout Poland as here. It is tbe some regard to the dress of a gentleman, — only that the ladies' shoes and the gentleman's boots are cheap- er in Poland : Fuch shoes as we pay here SI, 25 for, are selling in Poland for from 25 to 37J cents ; for such boots as cost here 7 or $3, they poy from 2 to !fe3. But to get boots for $S, they must sell from 12 to 15 bushels of wheat; and tbe dress of 'n lady, worth only $20, will cost them from 80 t,i 100 bushels of it. A farmer, who has 2,000 bushels ot wheat for sale, can buy a silver watch for biniecif, but not one tor his wife ; while had he, before the dismemberment of Poland; sold 9,000 buthels of w^heat, neither he or his lady and half a dozen of daughters would look at golti watches, notset with diainondo, or al len^t; with rubies. The cattle, flocks, and herds, are also very cheap. A milch-criw' sells at from 2,50 to ,f 8 ; an oX for slaughter from 10 to $30. A horse, such as we pay here $70 for, is svorih in some parts of Poland about .■$25; in the pans a( the country incorporated with Russia, such a horse is «orth only from 7 tn ijiio. A common sheep sells from 13 cents to one dollar. Those called ' merino sheep,' introduced from Spain are sold from 20 to jUii (10. POLANO. BYMAJOR TOCIJMAIJ. Money is very scarce in all parts of Poland, the la- boring class is in a wretched condition, and uneasi- ness is to he seen even in the magniticont palaces built by their fathers. Many a Pole, who possesses thousands o/ acres of land, and who has thousands of bushels of wheat in his granaries, Hnda himself often under dilhculty to pay taxes and arbitrary contribu- tions. Consequently every thing that the laborer and the soil produce is very cheap -whilst the foreign ar ticlea ol all kindsare rare and very dear ; the import- ers ot the Inst being obliged to pay heavy duties, to maintain their new commercial policy. In the last two or three centuriesbd'ore the dismem- berment ol Poland, copper money woa almost un- known ,„ Poland— silver and gold were in circulation —the people scarcely knew any other money than dol- lars and ducats, (a dollar was of the same value os the American ; a ducat is a gold piece worth *2 50)- now a Polish florin C-lohj poliski) which is equal to one shilling of the State of New York, is divided into thirty very small pieces of copper, called Vroric,' and lor one such piece of copper, that is to say, for the tbinieib of a shilling, they have a loaf of h?ead sutticient lor tbe breaklast, dinner, and supper of an American gemleman. The price of wheat is from 18 to X,c cents a bushel ; rye, barley, ond oais, s'ell at two thirds or a ballot the price of wheat. In some parts ol Poland, incorporated with Russia, these articjes Wind Power Machine. Mr. Henry Coi.man— I have this day received the enclosed lett-r from Captain Glover, giving men de- scription of bis Wind i\lill ; but as he observes in his postscript, "but little insight can be had from the de- scriptioy." Jet I am persuaded that the view of tbe model for one minute by any mechanical genius, would imprees its importance on the mind over all other forms for Wind Power. I om respectfully, yours &c. O. WHYTE. Broolilinc, Jane 25, 1842. Foxbunj, 3Iass.,.r!i,ie^4, 1842. I now will describe, as well as I c;,;!. my Wind Eov/er. |t is adapted to be placed on the roof of a building, consequently occupies no room wanted for other purposes ; it consists of 4 arms, to which is at- tached the wings, composed of thin boards, cross lined with the same, and fastened together with rivets or nails, and is hung to the arms with staple hinges about I by J, and is supported by a spring, of which there are several sorts. The one I have adopted is some- what like that of the main spring of a watch, wound round the arm, and extended to the wing, so that when a greater force of wind strikes the sals than is required, this spring gives way and diminishes the surface in exact ratio to its force ; hence it cannot re- volve with any more speed in a gale than in (as we sailors say) a royal breeze. It tends to the wind like a weathercock ; has no canvass or cloth for sails ; no rcefin?, no fiulingof sails ; reqv.irea no attendance. and by a simple brake is made to stop. A spindle, 81 bevel cogs, and shaft, are all that is necessaiy. The' latter i= brought down through a pump log to the loft where the drum or cog-wheels is to he attached, as< the case may require. For grinding corn a simple cog wheel will give mo- lion to as many run of stones as can stand around it, and be thrown out of gear nt pleasure. For sawing, ite.,. a drum can be used with bands. When not wanted in motion for any considerable time, the wings can be hooked or pinioned back. The power is in proportion to its size, and if found too much or too lit- tle in its operation, it can be regulated by extending or contraciing the spring nut or in on the wing ; out to increase, and in to decrease the powqr. The arms or wings fly to leeward. The fan or wind board is about twice the width of the wings, secured to the frame of boards on each side, similar to a b(ivn door_ Any carpenter can make the whole, except shaft, spindle and cog wheels, which are of iron. P. S. You can get but little insight by this, tho only way is to see the model. From tlie Boston Daily Advertiser. The last Monthly Chronicle contains a statistical accouiit recefuly published, by which it appears that the agrrculturists of Franca possess the following number of animals : Ox< n and Cows Merino Sheep Common Sheep Horses and Mulei Pigs 6,^81, OCO ■31,612,162 l,65t),(00 3,900,162 43,849,162 In Mr. McCuIIoch's statistics of the Bri'ish Em- pire, published in 1839, the number of oxen and cows in Great Britain is'eslimated at 5 220,000 Sheep and Lambs in England 26 148,463 ' ' do • do Scotland 3,50C,000 29,645.463 l,500,OuO . Horses, prnhahly including Mules Pigs, tbe number not staled by Mc- Culloch, but are estimated by another writer, including tliosa of Ii eland, at 18,000,000 . ".'5r4,368,463 By the census of 1840 there were found in the United gtates Neut Cattlq ' Sheep Horses and Mules Swine 94,919,622 Supiosingthe foregoing cslimates of 'the number f those animals in Gieat Britain and France to bo correct, it follows that there are in the United States upwards of three millions of neat cattle more than 111 both Great Bmain and France together. Fiance has upv\-ards twelve millions of sheep, and Great Bril- «in upwards of ten millioiia more than the United Swtes. If to the number of horses in France used for agri- cultural pu poses be added, three hundred and forty four thousand, for tbe cavnliy and other uses, it gives for that kingdom a total of two millions — these added to the til'teen hundred thousand in Great Britain fall short ot the number in tho United Slates by more than eight bundled and thirty-live thousand. The Swine in tbe United Slates exceed those of France, Great Britain and Irelond together by about four million lour hundred thousand. From the above it will be seen, that with the excep. tion of sheep, there are many more of each of the other animals in the United States than in France and Great Britain together. Q. The subjoined siarzi was penned in an Album at Niagara by Lord Morpeth, on his late visit to tho Falls. Every generous mind, ond every friend to the two countries must cordially join in the prayer. " Oh, may the wars, that madden in thy deeps There spend their rage, nor climb the encircling steeps. And 'till the conflict of thy surges cease The Nations on thy banks lepose in peace." No. 8. AND GARDENER'S JOUliNAL. 127 Protecting Home Industry. Mr. Editor — I observe, by ihe freedom of your own rcmnrks as well as by the coiiflicling sentiments of correspondents adaiitied to your columns, ibnt you »re no enemy to the free discussion of all questions connected with the general prosperity. On tho sub- ject of a tarilV, I see two articles in your Fanner for June — one of S. W., the other of Old Humphrey of the Genesee. Plain working folks hke nic, don't know much about " the theory of a Protective Tarifl' and retaliatory duties," or indeed about theories of any kind ; and if it wcuid not be deemed rude, I would venture to say to S. W. that, after looking over several of his well polished communications, a number o( ns havo come to the conclusion that if he were a practical working man, he would find less time, and perhaps hnve less disposition to theorize. The last I beard of him, he was with Zolia in the Saloon, contrary, as I understand it, to express regulation. But if I was you, I would not make a fusa about it — better let biir, be — for tUat,of all places in your boat, is the very spot for him. The first statement made by S. W. which I judged material to the support of his anti-iarifl' theory, aston- ished me, for it was indeed news to me, and I think will be to yon, that New England, the great work- shop, has never advocated a high tariff. I have all along supposed that she cried out ns loudly, as united- ly, and 1 may add morj efiectually, for a tariff than Pennsylvania ; and that she has steadily and perse- veringly pursued a policy forced upon her by non-in- tercourse and embargo measures, and in which she was induced to embark mucht)f her capital to supply the demand created by th.;ee measures, .gnd rendered apparent by the v/ar whioh shortly succeeded them. And why is it tfiat factories, not a few among her cities of factories too, are closed, and the hands unem- ployed t .Why,,bnt bec;au5e she cannot stand com. petition viih the pauper labor of the old world — be- cause the protection .which her m.-vn'-ifactures have en- joyed, and ruder which all have lived and many of them flouris.Ued, is about to be withdrawn? And does not New England know all this — and knowing it, has she not sought from G nment the boon of that protection that ensures her prosperity ? 1 can- not doubt it ; for the Yankees, 1 toiie it, .&re among tho las', men on earth, to let any blessing slip by them • unenjoyed because unasked. But near the close, S- VV. says he is in favor of " a tarifl' ample for the pur- poses of revenue, framed with such discrimination as will favor both revenue and protection to our home industry." If Pennsylvania, "in the dark hcur of her distress," asks for any higher tariff' than ibis, ( never heard of it, and you are welcome to say that I think her very unreasonable. Cut says S. V/.,"! always go for encouraging domestic industry and building up a home trade, as a certain market for the fanner." Them's my sentiments, Mr. Editor, and though S. W. and I may not have agreed enti.-ely by the way, yet so cordially dol concui^in his closing re marks that we part the best of friends. At odd spells, bt!tween plonghing and pulling Btumps, I have ottentively read your friend Old Humphrey, and am by no means sure that I under- stand him. He speaks approvingly of a tariff' for revenue only, and immediately adds that it should be imposed with such discrimination as to protect such of our manufactures as most need it. Now so far as I understand, this is about all any body wants. And yet in the ne?t paragraph he seeraa to speak of a pro- tective tariff, as evil only, and that continually. I cannct understand this, and without designing to cen- sure the old gentleinnn, I must say I think him a trifle metaphysical, according to the Scotchman's defini- tion of it, — " when ye hear a man talking and canno understand what he means — and when be that's tolk. ing does'no understand what be moans himeel, that's metaphysics." Not long ago I heard a laboring farmer address a meeting of laborers on tho suliject of protection to home industry. He started with tho position, that the habiis of business that contributed to the thiift and prosperity of a family, had n.> necessary connexion with its number ; ond consequently that those pruden- tial rules and economical habiis that would create and secure the prosperity of a family of five or seven, were in general equally applicn.blo to our great American family of seventeen miUions. .Every economist knows at the end of every year whether he can make the two ends nieet. If, after disposing of the produce of his labor to the best advantage, he finds that he still owes for articles purchased, and that the balance of trode is thus against him, or in homely phrase, that he has bought more than he can pay for, he is forced to the conviction that he can recover from the embar- ra.sment and prevent its recurience o?;/?/ by selling ■more or h'j hnj'mg less — or best of all, by dning some- thing in loth ways. For so surely as be continues to buy more than he sells, and year after year runs be- hind band, so surely is he bankrupt. When the far- mer can pay the shoemaker in the produce of his farm he had probably better nialte the e:;change than make his own shoes ; but if he require in payment that which the farmer does not moke or cannot produce out of his labor, he had better sit in the honse where he can do without shoes, than buy them with the certain- ty that they will be worn out in travelling the road to inevitable ruin. Thete positions, it was argued, had an application to every variety of human intercourse, and were as true of families as of individuals, and of nations as of families. Protection to manufactures, by affording bibber wages, w))uld draw off from a redundant agricidtu- ral population, oo many as would equalize production and consumption, thus rendering each one's labor more profitable — for it is clear, if you make consumers of those who are now producers of food,_that ogricuUn- rol labor will be better paid. Protection to home in- dustry will produce on the currency those beneficial results which aro confidently predicted of National Banks, Sub-Treasuries and Fiscal Agencies. So long as we continue to buy more than we sell, so long will there be a constant ttream cf specie running out of the country — ^for specie is the only article with which we at the North can pay foreign debt. Cher ish home industry^ and you will have no call to stnd specie abroad, after existing debts are paid off. Di- vert this exhausting drain — dam up this ceaseless cur- rent, and retain ilvviilh its constant accumulations in the country, and you have the only safe and reliable bosisof a sound and healthful paper cirooilation. The country is thus rendered truly free ond indccendent — a position demanded not lees by our interest than our national honor. Such v.-ere some of tjie views of my friend, and I thought he hit the nail on the head. Yours truly, June 27, 1842- JOHN FARMER. From the Salem Guietie, Leather Business of Eanvera. The fo'lov/ing statement baa been obtained for our use, and we take pleasure in laying before our readers the statistics of so industrious a community as that of Danvers. The well known occuracy of the compiler imparts to it perfect authenticity. A statistical account of the Shoe and Leather bu- siness in the town of Danvera for the year 1841, com- piled from the returns made by committees appointed in each department of the business, who reported spe- cially wliat was done by each person engaged in it. 1. Boots and Sluiea, manufactured, — 924,000 pairs. Estimated yalue, when ready for market, $650,000 40 per cent of this is labor npphcd — 1W.")5 males arc constantly employed, and 94(3 le. males. 2, Tunning and Currying — 37.'i,800 aides of leather. 10 per cent of labor applied in the process of tanning, — 20 per cent of labor applied in the process of currying upper leather. A large proportion of the Icnilier tanned hero is also curried. :t28 males are constantly eniployfd in this business. The Heal Estate, consisting of tanneries ind nuli'B us^d in this husiiicsa, is valued at $l'i:i,OUO. C500 cords of hark are used In the tanneries, estinnjted at$;S perctird, when delivered at the yard, .'tl|50,OIIO, 9 lOtbs of this is the result of actual labor applied. Tho transportation of the bark from Maine to Massachusetts employs I.'j vessels ol SO tons each, and (50 men. The transportation of hides Irom South America employs 5 vessels of 200 tons each and 50 men. In addition to the above, citizens of this place are con- cerned in tanneries in Maine and Vermont, from w' ich they leccive leather ready for the market, of the value of $200,000 3. Mamifaclure of Skins— VoOfiOO dress- ed annually. ' Estimated value ivhen ready for the mar- ket, 90,000 40 per cent of this is labor applied, — 44 males constantly employed. Gross amount of the vnlne of materials brought lo market annually by our manufuc- lureis, . $I,7;)2.9110 The whole number of persons employed as stated above ie 203!). Sujipobing one third of the neit pro- ceeds 10 be applied r.s a compensaiioii for their labor, this would give about $214 to each person, not by any meonc an extravagant compensation for their labor. It is not pretended that the amount of capital employ- ed is as large as the aiim above stated; because some of the articles are twice estiniatrd. Such fur instance is the case with tho leather pur- chased by the currier of the tanner. It will also be remembered that a large part of the stock worked in the shoo factories is purchased in the New York and Philadelphia and Baltimore maikela. The foregoing estimates are the best approximation to the facts, that I hove been able to obtain from an ex- amination of the returns of men practically engaged in the business. Throughout it has appeared to mo ihey v/eie not disposed to overrate their business. A moresoberi i;idu6trioiis, and mind-llieir-own-busincss class of people, than the manufacturers of this place, it will be difficult to find in any community. I hope sir, that the above stalemcnts, hastily sketch- ed, will he found a satisfactory answer to your inqui- ries. Very respectfully and truly yours, Danvers, March, 1842 J. W. PROCTOR. On the Effect of Carrots on Hoises. .0T^Mif^i4-J!ifar-k~LanG..J^f}j:fis^ : Sir — In answer to a query in your excellent paper of the 10th ins!., respecting feeding horses on car- rots, I am unable to give your correspondent any lenglbened experience on the subject ; but since X have given my horses (twelve in number) cni'rolg, I hove not perceived any ill effects from them, neither have I ever beard the root accused of injuring horses' eyes before ; but the chief reason of niy replying to your correspondent, is to inform him that the parsnip, a root having great affinity to the carrot, is thought tn have thia effect, as he will perceive by the following quotations from Qiiayle's Agriculture of the Islanda on the coast of Normandy, drawn up for the conaid- elation of the late Board of Agriculture. Dnder the head, parsnip in the Island of Jersey, he says : — " Horses eat this root greedily, but in this Island it is never given to them,aa it is alleged when kept on this food their eyes are injured." Again, in the island of Guernsey, he says : — " To horses, parsnips are fre- quently giyen, and have the property of making them sleek and lat ; but in working, they are observed to sweat profusely. If nev,', and cut sufficiently small, no other ill effect results, except Indeed, at one period of the year, towards ihe close of February, when the root begins to shoot ; if then given, both horses and horned cattle are subject, on this food, to an inflam- mation in the eyes, and epiphora, or weeping ; in soma subjects pcrhapa producing blindness." Trusting the above extracts may prove interesting to your correa» pendent, I r"'noin, &e , January 'Hth, ^ Devonshire FAKMEBt ^ / ^ 128 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol 3. Agricultural Warehouse «t Troyi N, Y. Mb. CoLJiAN— To ,be Inrmcr itie a source of hon- est pride to observe ihnt hie profession ie certninly ad- vancing to ihnt pre-eminence to which it is entitled ; a result produced in a great measure, no doubt, by the circulation of agricultural publications and the em- ployment of able pens, sound heads, and patriotic hearts for its advancement. New and interesting ex- periments are making — valuable facts are published to the world — a stimulus is offered to exertion—and while the bands are hardening with honorable and success- ful toil, the mind ia usefidly employed, and the means for its gratification seem to keep pace with the taste for agricultural improvement. *Twenty years ago, few ever dreamed of seed stores or agricultural repos- itories. Now they are springing tip at every impor- tant point; and a very great accommodation they certninly are to us, if properly conducted. Mr. Honry Warren of Troy, extensively and favor- ably known as the maker of Miner's Patent Pump, has recently fitted up and furnished an agriculturcl warehouse on a very respectable scale. I have known him long and intimately. Ho is upright, straight- forward, ingenious, practical, and to bis character lor probity, his persevering industry and good manners, is he alone indebted for his present standing. Mr. W. wants the New Genesee Farmer and send the euclofcd to pay for it, (pretty good evidence, is it not, that he is withal a discriminating, sensible man ?) Wil! you do him and me the favor of noticing his es- l.-i'-lishment in your next paper, and of ir^troducing him to the manufacturers of farmers' ware. Your friend and constant reader, JOHN McrONALD. Flalcm, Washington Co., J«Be 2^, '1342. We njiicej in our last the new Agriculti^ral Ware House of B. F. Smith & Co., in Syracuse. We are liippy to add the above notice of Mr. Warren's estab- lishment in Troy, N. Y. His situation ia on every account favorable, being a central point of business nn J resort for a larse agricultural oQinmuiliiy. There is room enougli and call enough for this establish- ment where he has placed it, and we cannot but wish him the most ample success. * More ihnn tliirty ycar.^ ago was connmenccdthc ^gi ' tural Warelic ring and Co , nl Seed Store of lAlessra. Newell, Feii- Boston, which h.ia since heen inaintiiiiied and is continued unri r the firm of iMeasrs. J. Brc.k & l:o., second to none in the United Stales for its extent, itie good workmansliiii of its articles, and its trustworthy niannge- inent. With this cstal) ishmenl is and has been connected almost from iti birth, that useful and excellent publication, the New Knjlaiid Farmer, now in its twenty-first year, tho atiiritv of its character and talent - of age" evfaijjj To Correspondei^ts. The communication of our friend B. M. is acciden- tally omitted. The review of Gray's Agriculture ie necessarily postponed. Wc regret both these cases , and several other valuable communications oreneceE. sarily deferred. As to Zelia, we presume she is married and gone to housekeeping ; and the long silence of cur friend W. B. gives us no little concern for his health of body or of mind. Our last accounts left him in respect to the last particular in a bad way ; and what effect the suggestion that Zelic is no more ?;elia may have upon him, we are afraid even to conjecture. We cdvise to homoepathic doses of the elixir of hope. "There are as good fish in the eea, &-c. Flora's last communication has been pxceedingly well received as its merits deserved. " One good turn deserves another." Therefore write again. A stint^y farmer. — Every farmer in this vicinity, save one, has now sold bia vvhoat at 10 shillings the bushel : this man has held on for twelve shillings, or as m;;ch more as he could get — his conscience would not stick at five dollars. No man, when the price has fallen, feels worse than the man who has no wheat to sell, and an inconvenient mortgage on his farm. To comfori him, some of bis neighbors commend his be- nevolence in keeping his wheat to (all on his own hands, rather than break down the millets- S. W. Imiiorlant S.tIc to Agricnlturists. TMPROVED SHORT HORN DURHAiM CAT i TLE. On Thursday morning, 8th September, at 10 o'clock, willbes,)ld, at the exhibition ground of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, Rising Sun, on the Germantown Ivoad. 3 miles from the city, a choice selection of'splendld Durham dairy stock from the hcrdol James Gjwen, Esq., of Mount Airy, conuisl- ino of imported cows, bulls, and calves from Dairy Miij; Pocahon;os, Victoria, lic, and by the cele- brated bullsColostra^ Prince of 'Wales, and Leander. This sale will afford to breeders an opportunity of adding to their stocks thorough bred animals of high cUaractcr and pure blood, and their diffusion into proper bands is a'primary object in this sale, tojjether with the necessity of a separation of the herd tri pre- vent over close breeding. Catalogues will be ready in dii3 tin^e, and thecat- de may be examined at the exhibition ground two days previous to the sale. August 1 . •onditioii. Also, or !trut-ti(in. One Lili FOK ^-Alit;:. ! patcnll 'arge size, : power nearly new, and the whole in perfect Cutler of a very superior con- nr horse power, nning Rlill, Seed Dresser, Root c Eng'isb Str; to work by hal nlier Waggon. . irrel Churn, two two boise Carriages, three le single horse Cutter and somu other fanning The \vtible will be disposed of very die 'p. 1P42 let ANBW .'\ND SUPKlilOlt KIND OF PLOUGHS, (two sizes; designed for breaking up eumnifr fallow, may be purchased at lli3 Rochester' Eagle Furnace,— pric" $6 and §7 each. ' change. June, 1842. . Garden, Field, and Flower Seeds. THE subscriber having established a large feecd G.-irden about one mil; from the cily, on Monroe street, would say to his old customers and other?, that he is prepared to execute orders for seeds at wholesale or retail, on the most reasonable terms. By his long experience in the business in Shaker Seed Garden at New Lebanon, and a determlna- 1 to offer no seeds but such as are I'aiscd ua.dcr his imine- diale inspection or imported from the moat respectable eg- tal-lishmenls in Europe, aad their vitality carefully tested, he therefore confidently expects to give tie mo«t ample satisfaction to all who may favor him wilh their patronage. Orders for Fiuit and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Rools, and Green House plants, promptly exe.uled in their Ecasou. Selection in.-ide by the proprietor wlien reqii " Unche.-ti C. F. caOSMAS ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT CORRECTED FOR THF, NEW GENESEE FARMER, AUGUST 1, 1842. ip a 33... 20... 38... 44... 7.5... 18..., from prov and an earlii ■ and talent - of agi ■ pioneer in apricultural i Dl EATII i'O INSECTS— A cheap and iffi-ctual remedy been found fur the vile slugs that iinaually . ,fest the Tear and Ch.rry trees, and a so for tie numerous tribes of insects flies lice &c. that commit such dcpred ^- tions on the plants :.nd vcgetabiea in our garrt us. It B the use Bf V'HALK GIL S 'AP. Sen the M g zine of Ho ti- •ijalturc.' viil'. vii. page 'ila, and the New Gei ; that lime have grown up and still flourish the seed estabishment of Messrs. Huvey & Co., witlVsome tools en- lirely worthy of confide ceitil/-jSfB copies for $10. The postngc of tliis paper is only one cent to any place ffitlitn this state, and one and ahalf ccllts tb atiypart he United States. Address .AI. B. BATEHAM or H. COLMAN, Rochester NETEOROLOGICAIi OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT TUE ROCHESTER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE BY L. WETItERELL, AUGUST, 184'2. T.'u: ■momctcr. Winds. IfcaMer. ff CC ^ ^ 3 > y ^ hj ? 1- k 5 1 1 1 P s: s S 2 1 HI) 86 72 73 80 68 fin 78 60 ,58 89 76 74 88 58 .o.-? 61 52 46 60 54 no m 59 50 74 60 52 74 60 55 67 67 60 76 66 58 76 66 fi2 71 65 6.-? 66 64 63 73 60 60 77 62 58 77 64 64 82 66 60 84 70 62 86 68 62 82 72 65 80 70 70 84 72 60 80 62 62 66 59 ,52 74 58 53 83 64 58 89 68 60 80 62 61 74 71 1 74 .76 71.33 [65.66 1 77. 69 83 54.46 54 69. 01.60 62 5 63.83 6 67.33 66.16 64. 64.33 66. 67.33 70. 71.66 72. 72.5 72.5 73 66 69.66 60.66 61. 05 67.5 75.33 67.5 69.83 s w VV fair fair s w N W fair lair N N K fair fair s S fair fair s w N E cl'dy rain N N cl'dy lair M W N W cl'dv cl'dy N W N W fair lair M vr W "air fair N W N fair fair N N E cl'dy rain 3 S fair tair N E N E fair lair N E R E cl'dy cl'dy N E » E rain rain N E B E ram ram S V E cl'Hy lair N F N y. fair fair N E K E fair lair S E N E fair fair N E K E fair fair N E V E fair fair S S E fair eli'w B W S W fair sh'w 3 W 3 W fair eh'w S W W fair sh'w N W » w lair sh'w N K E fair eh'w N T. N E fair sh'w N E N E fair sh'w N E N Z cl'dy cl'dy July 26tb, fair ; 27th, fair ; whortleberries ripe ; 28th, 8 little hozy ; ripe peaches and apricots in mar. ket; 29th, green corn in market; 30th, cloudy in the morning ; strong S- W. wind ; commenced rain- ing about 2 o'clock, P. M., and continued to rain un. til the next morning ; wind changed about the lime it began to rain to N. W. andN., about sunset to N. E.; the greatest roin ihis year. The temperature of the month has been about the same as last year; being thia year, (monthly mean,) 66.94 degrees — last year 66.79 degrees. The greatest heat, the 19th, ther. 91 degrees, — lust year the greatest, the 24th, ther. 96 degrees. Rain guage, July, 1842, 3 69 inches ; do. 1841, 4.58 inches. August, named in honor of the Emperor Octavius Augustus. Aug. 1st, quite cool ; rained a little about 2, P. M. Tomatoes ripe. 2nd, fair, and continned so until the 5lh ; 5ihj Commenced raining a little ofter noon ; 6th and 7th, fair ; lOth, a thunder shower a little south of this ; 13th, dense fog till 9 o'clock, A. M.; 14th, foggy early in the morning ; 15th, smoky dur- ing the day ; 17th, showers this P. M.; thunder and lightning in the evening ; 18th, gentle showers this P. M. ; 35th, very little rain. AGRICULTURAI. IlVTELIilGENCE. Monroe County Agricultural Society. — The Executive Committee and the Town Committees are particularly reminded of their meeting appointed to be holden at the Arcade In Rochester, at 10 o'clock, a. m., on the 15th of the present month. It is confidently expected that this- meeting will be fully attended, as arrangements are then to be made for the Show on the 13th and Mth of October. Other members of the So- ciety it is hoped will attend on that occasion. The spirit and success with which the show shall go off, must depend entirely upon the interest which the far- mers manifest in the matter ; and the farmers of Mon- roe county should not permit the greatest and best in- terest of the State and County to lag or retrogadcj for want of their cordial cooperation. The town commit- tees and others are specially reminded of the necessity of then- making returns of the monies collected, that it may be determined to hoW much we may lay claim from the State Treasury. The latter depends wholly upon the former. RDle« of Premiums and Forms of Certificates of the Monroe Agricultural Society. The necessity of exactness in all cases of competi- tion for prizes is obvious to every one ; and in all Cases of agricultural experiment, where the principal object is not the reward of the experimenter for his success, so much as the gathering instruction from what has been done, is equally apparent. AVithout this, the ex- periments and results are worth verj' little. As much inconvenience has resulted from a deficien- cy in these returns or from great informality, it seems extremely desirable to give to the farmers such forms and examples as are adapted to the purpose ; and notice particularly the points to which, by law, the inquiries of the Premium Committees will be directed, The following forms of certificates were drawn up by our friend L. B. Langwsrthy, and have received the ap- probation of the Executive Committee. These certifi- cates can easily be copied by any farmer and presented to the Secretary of the Society. I. This certifies that I this day measured a field of belonging to of in the county of Monroe; and found it to contain acres rods, in which I again measured one acre rods and entire piece containing acre staked the same correctly. 184 Survei/: r. Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of 184 Justice of the Peace. II. This certifies that we assisted to harvest the whole of the crop of grown upon the above land as surveyed and staked out by and on measuring the same find the yield to be bushels lbs, which measuruicnt we know to he correct and true. OiCTi^r. Assistant. Sworn to and subscribed before me • this day of 184 Justice of the Peace. Competitors for premiums on crops must give written answers or statements in regard to the following points. The nature of the soil on which the crop was grown ; whether clayey, sandy, gravelly, or loamy ; whether abounding in limestone or gypsum, or .my other par- ticular mineral; whether high or low, wet or dry; whether drained or not ; and if drained, how 1 The condition of the land before this crop was planted. The crop which preceded it. The amount of the next previous crop and the ma- nure applied to it. The manure, if any, applied to the crop for which a premium is claimed ; its kind, condition, and quantity. Time and frequency of ploughing, harrowing, cul- tivating, hoeing, &c. The qu'ajitity of seed per acre, which was sown — mention the kind and preparation of the seed, and the time and manner of sowing. Time and mode of harvesting and cleaning the crop. It is necessary likewise to state the whole expense of the crop \ including the value of the manure ; cost of seed ; number of day's works of man and team of two horses ; or the cost of the whole lab«r applied in sowing, cultivating, harvesting, and preparing for use or market ; or the whole cost, rating the labor of a man at 75 cents, and of a team of two horses at one dollar per day. Wheat Crop. A good deal of wheat in Western New York has been threshed and brought to market ; and wo are warranted in saying that the crop, though abundant and in general in good order, has not equalled the early expectations and calculations by one quarter, in many cases by one third less. Much of the wheat, likewise, which has been brought to Rochester, has evidently been damaged by being cut in too green a state and afterwards not sufficiently ripened or dried. This is a very serious matter. Early cut wheat will undoubtedly make more and sweeter flour than that which stands too long, and will yield more weight of crop, but this presupposes that it is not cut too early, and in the next place, that it is most thoroughly made in the sheaf ur stook. In some places the wheat suf- fered from rust, and in reference to the inquiry re- specting the use of rusted straw, one of the best far- mers in the state expresses his experience that cattle will not eat much of it, and his conviction that what they do eat will injure them. — Ed. Sale of Durham Stock. We beg leave to refer our readers to ihe Great Sale of Durhom Cattle advertised to take place at the Ris- ing Sun, three miles from Philadelphia, on the 8th of September, instant. There are several animals of the highest pedigree and character. The catalogue may be seen at the store of M. B. Batebam, Rochester. 130 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, VoL.3. IMPROVED AGKICUtTURE. At the late meeting at Biietol ot the British Royal Agriculturol Society, Mr. Smiih of Dennstoii, the author as he rany be called of ihe Improved System of Thorough Draining and Subsoil Ploughing, was called upon to explain at large, his views and practice in a public lecture. This was done without writing, and has been reported at large in the agricultural press- We have condensed it from the Mark Ijane Express, but have taken care to omit nothing that is essential to a full understanding of the subject It is full of im- portant matter, and will be read by every intelligent farmer with the deepest interest. The results of this system are beneficial in the most extraordinary degree, and bid fair almost to revolutionize the husbandry of Great Britain. The results are not more extraordi- nary than they are profitable, as it appears from the most undoubted facts, that while under the old eyS' tem, a Scotch acre of land in a lease of 18 years would, after paying all the expenses of cultivation and rent, leave a profit of only £5. 14s. stg., for the whole time, and at the same time the quolity of the land become deteriorated ; under the Improved Sys- tem, the land itself would be left in a highly ameli- orated condition, and the actual profits for the same time, after expenses were paid, would be £64. 14s. sterling. — Ed, liECTURE BY MR. SMITH, OF DEAN- STON, ON DRAINAGE. Delivered lefore the Members of the Royal Agricul- tural Society, in the Theatre of ilie Philosophical Institution, Bristol, Wednesday, July 13, 1842. (From the Biistol Mercury.) After apologising for the alteration of the time of lecturing, Mr. Smith proceeded : — The dryness of land is of great importance — in fact, the dry condition of the soil is the foundation of all good husbandry. It is beneficial to the wojking of the soil ; to the after-growth of plants. There is scarcely any labor of agriculture which is not facilita- ted by the dryness of the soil. If we find a tree stronger than his neighbor, we shall find that there the soil is derp and in a dry condition. If we see a stronger and darker-colored herbage growing on the hillside, there the soil will bo found deep, and in a dry condition. There is not one of the various soils of the United Kingdom which will not be much im- proved by being placed in a dry condition, if they are not so by nature. Even on a subsoil or gravel or eand, the introduction of the thorough drain system would be beneficial ; but as there is only a small por- tion of that sort of soil in this country, the greater part being super-imposed upon a wet soil, it becomes of the first importance to improvement in agriculture that means be taken to render the soil dry. Many attempts have been made with that view, but tintil the introduction of the thorough drain system, there was not the power of droining land, on whatever sub- soil resting, and rendering it completely dry. The purpose of this lecture is to illustrate the principles on which this system acts ; then, to show the a 1 van- tages in carrying on the difterent processes with re- spect to the various crops ; and then to explain the modes employed to render this drainage effective. [Mr. Smith here illustrated by a diagram, his me- thod of thorough draining ; the soil, the subsoil, the drains, &c., being represented.] In reterring to two lines, representing the direction of drains, he had drawn one at a greater inclination than the other, to show the advantage of making the drains deeper than they generally were. The pre- vailing practice was to make the drains two feet deep, but he preferred an additional six inches — it was of great importance to allow the water to go off as quick- ly as possible, and this advantage was secured by cut- ting the drain to a greater declination. People sup- pose that at a great depth water would not go off at all, but this was a mistake. Another advantage from a deep drain was that it allowed the whole bonk of soil to become completely dry, and it consequently re- quired a very heavy rain to wet it. The action of the atmosphere too required to be taken into account. He would not enter upon the chemical question, but it teas well known that soils were much improeed by the action of the air, and this advantage could only bt secured after Hit water was witkdravm. To raixkr th« 6*ld completely dry, a gr«M nnmber of drains should be cut, and they should be laid off in parallel lines beginning at the highest side of the field. This secures a thorough drying. When the lines t-un parallel, much greoler effect is produced than when they are drawn across. When drawn across, the drains may catch the water, but it does not run off .-o readily. The distance at which the drains should be placed, will depend on the soil. If the field hns been siib- eoiled, the plough will form artificial ehonnelain the soil below. If it is a stiff soil, it will keep long upon the Eurfoce ; the more free the soil is, the greoter ten- dency it has to allow the water to poss : so that on a stiff soil, such as thostiffer clays, taking into account the nature of the subsoil and the soil itself, about the same drain will serve on oil soils. The distonces are generally from 15 to 20 feet : in some soils individu- als have put in the drains ot 12 feet ; but that is, in some degree, throwing away money. From observa- tions which I have made myself on all Eorts of soil, I recommend about 16 to 20 feet as the distance froin one drain to the other. The way I usually proceed in draining is, first, to find a good bottom-level to run the drain into. In some parts of the country there is difficulty in getting an open level to carry off the whole woierof the dis trict ; but by a proper engineering it may be accom- plished in most situations ; because it is found that if proper channels are executed, a larger quantity of wa- ter will be discharged with a very small fall. In an endeavor to carry off water, I found that in a drop of four inches in a mile, thirty feet wide and six feet deep, I could discharge 300 tons of water per minute ; which is much more than would fall in a very exien- sive district indeed. So that if means be taken to carry off the main level, a fall moy be had. I shotild make the great main drain, if possible, about four feet deep — three feet six inches will do ; but in order to have a drop from the one drain into the other, I make the main drain four feet deep, th^. receiving drain three feet deep, and the parallel drains two feet six inches. When there is any rise in the ground, or any hollows over which the water cannot very well flow, it is necessary to make a cad's drain. That should be made about six inches deeper than the other drains which fall into it; then running on, it discharges itself into the main drain. As to the manner of executing the drains, various modes are recommended, and on looking to land which has been drained a great many years, where the drain- ing has been performed carefully, all the different modes employed for tlie purpose of keeping the drains open have been effective. A great deal of the want of effect in the duration of drains has been owing to bad execution. In some instances fagots have been introdiiced for the purpose of preserving the openings of the drain, and these have been found to continue and to preserve the openings in a perfect state for nine — in some instances, for twenty years. In Scotland the peat-top is frequently used to form the tiles for drains. It does well in clays which are pretty stiff, but not so well in softer soils. In some sandy soils, the sides not being sufficient to resist the pressure of the top, the tile gradually sinks down and closes up the drain. Another mode of filling drains is by stones broken into the usual size for making roads. Much has been said against tlie use of this sort of filling, but when properly executed, 'the work is as durable as can be required. Where stone can be had, and tiles are ex- pensive, I should prefer it to the tiles ; it prevents any vermin from travelling in the openings of the drain, such as rolsnnd mice, which do a great deal of mischief. The great point is, to be careful in cover- ing over at the tops. As soon as wet comes, the sand and other materials sifts down Into the stones, and they ore choked up. I have found drains carefully execut- ed completely destroyed in the course of a couple of yeors. If drains are so packed that the water falls down on both sides, the parts over-lapping each other, there is no opening whatever for the sand to find its way down. If drains are carefully cleared in this manner, I will warrant their duration for almost any period of time. I have executed myself about 130 miles of drain in this way, and have had them all filled with stones ; many of them have been done 15 years, and there has not been a single instance of failure. A gculleinau in the theatre inquired the nature of the soil in the case alluded to. Mr. Smith replied, both on a gravel and a clay soil. Many persons have asked whether or not the drams would be choked up in particular positions. I hove always asked them what position they referred to, and have opened it up that they may see ; and in no in. stancs have I found a single draia choked tip. 1 havr the drains of 100 acres all djscllarged into one pond, provided for the purpose of seeing how much deposit come Ironi the drain ; and although we have had heavy rain, I have never seen the vyater in the pond tinged as if there was much soil in it. I can, therefore) eofely recommend stone? m a sufficient drainage ; and' in many parts of the country it is much cheaper than tiles. The next filling used for preserving the opening of drains is the droin-tile. These ore usually made of clay, and burnt. They ore very bandy and useful ; and yyhere stones are not to be had they are to be pre- ferred. But there are diotricls where the clay-tile cohi not be prociired at any reasonable pribe. Lord Jamee Hay has recently discovered a method of making them of concrete stones cemented by lime; inmost instances they will come considerably cheaper than the brick- tile, and, if executed on the ground, where they will not have to be corried far, the breakage will be found to be very little, and they will prove to be durable.. The cement mode of lime is more lasting when covered iip than if exposed to the atmosphere. There are two other m"des of making draitis— peat-earth has been cut into a shape somewhat like a hollow wedge; and a sort of instiument has been made for the purpose of cutting peat-earth into the form of the tile, so as to produce an opening not Ha* ble to the objection of the wedge, which frequently sinks and pulls up the opening. A stone is frequent- ly used to lay the concrete tile upon, and prevent ita sinking. It is also made of concrete. Many persons have e.'ipressed the opinion that, in some of the very stiff clays, drains of this sort would not be efficacious, and that the application of the sub- soil plough after the draining would haVe no good ef- fect. With the viSw of showing the beneficial re- sults, both of draining and subsoiling, I have brought some specimens of different cloys, in order to show what improvement can be Jnode. Here is a piece from the Pass of Stirling. This kind of soil has been cultivated from a subsoil, and has been knowii to pro- duce excellent crops of Swedish turnips. Here is another very hard clay from Yorkshire. A gentleman enquired how long after the subsoiling the land assumed a different character. Mr. Smith — olmost immediately — in the very first year. It requires some years before it becomes adopt- ed for a turnip soil. I have a specimen of some soil which twenty yeors ago was so extremely stiff from the alluvial deposit in the Pass of Stirling, that it re- quired to be broken with large mallets, to reduce, me- chanically, the great lumps of soil. Thorough drain- ing or subsoiling was never thought of till about twen- ty years ago, when this land was first drained ; and now they get from it splendid crops of turnips, and in almost any season. A gentleman wished to be informed of the nature of the soil in Mr. Smith's farm. Mr. Smith — It varies. In some pirts it is sandy cloy, and in others, clay perfectly impervious to wa- ter. When IJirst began to subsoil there was not more than three or four inches of active soil, properly so called, for growing plants : after a labor of about fifteen years I hare noic an active soil of sixteen inches, and can turn over thai now in any part of the farm. How near are the d'-ains in order to produce that result ? Mr. Smito — Twenty feet. I think a distoncc of about eighteen or twenty feet from drain to drain is a proper distonce for almost any subsoil I shall now proceed to detail the application of the subsoil plough. When I begon to cultivate my own farm, although I had put in the drains, I found they were not so effi- cacious as expected, ond I then began to think of stir- ring up the subsoil, which gave rise to the idea of the subsoil plough. I thought I must construct an in- strument which would execute the work with the least possible power. I made my plough strong, and of that form to which the least resistance would be opposed, at the same time taking care to have euffi- cient power fairly to siir up the soil. I will here explain the principle of the subsoil plough. The great principle is, that there are many subsoils, which, though capable of being converted into a good soil, yet if brought up and mixed with the active soil, will so far deteriorate it as to make it for some time sterile. The great point is to stir up the subsoil, still retaining the good soil on the surface. Stirring up the subsoil would, in the first place, very much facilitate the cscapeof the water into the drains ; and in consequence of the passage of the water through the stirred up subsoil, and the attendant odmission of oir, it would be so acted upon as to be converted into good soil, while at the some time hove all the advan- tage! of working the active soil a> before. No. !). AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. J3l Upon the application of this principle, I have been aiicceestHl in »Tery inslanue. The proceeo of apply- ing the eiibsoil plough ia this ; a common plough goes Hlong firet, rind removes a lurrbw of tlio dciive soil. After thai the subsoil plough passes along below, and scarifies the subsoil to the depth of ffom twelve to six- teen inches, in some instiinces eighteen inches. This is continucj furro* after lurrow, the plough going first to lay the active soil on the part already opened up; then the plough conies a second time antj takes oir a furrow from another part of ths soil, and places it on that which is already ecaritied. As to the proper ptriod for Applying the subso.l plough in pli^ces where the driiiiis have much cflect, the subsoil plough may be applied the following year ; but in clay soils it is important to give the clay suHi- Cient time to dry, and to have it in a friable sttite ; be- cause, in the application of the subsoil plough, when clay svibsoil has been recently drained, and it is not eutiiciently dry, more harm is done than good : the clay being worlted in a wet state is almost prepared for making bricks. If we once work it in that state it is a long period before it recovers its frinb'.c property again. Therefore, in soils rather free, the subsoil plough may be used the second year after the drainage. The proper time to execute drains is the slimmer eeasoii ; you carl thert get it miich more tidily done, and the drains are prevented from running. In many places there are little sandy veins and portions of run- ning saiid, which are very apt to fall in before the idrains are covered up. In the winter season this is alrriost sure to bo so ; you may be taken with frost, which drawo oflT the adhesion of the earth*, so that it ifalls down, and fills up the drain. It is best to execute therii in gross lend before it is broken up for cropping, oiberwlse it is too soft. Executing it therefore in the summer season on the lee produces very little loss, because the growth of the grass in the after part of the season will bo so much increased by the execution of the diDilti, that you will be repaid for the time lost for the use ot the pasture during the time the drains were in process of execution, After the drains have been completed, take a crop front the lani, ohd if the land has been pretty good, it will, perhaps, afford two crops ; at all events, one crop should be taken ; that will pass over one summer before the subsoil is to be ploughed. During this season, the earth between the two surfaces has titne to dry ; it ia more friable, and the subsoil plough will be more etBcocioUs in stirring it up. It often happens that there are stones in the soil, which must bo removed before you can proceed with good husbandry ; and it will be found thot, in consequence of the contraction of the soil, they have become in some degree loose, and will be turr.ed out very easily by the subsoil plough. In many instances ■we have stones exceeding 2()0 lbs. weight, which are turned out very eaaily by the subsoil plough with four horses. With regard to tha direction ill which the subsoil- ing ought to be carried, I ahould say at right angles with ihe drains ; you thereby form channels, from the centre to the side, in all directions. In that manner you form artificial channels from the centre of the ridge into the drain ; these may partially close up, Btill there is on openness given to the subsoil, which will permit the water to pass freely. Having thus applied the subsoil plough to stir up the subsoil, the after cultivation may be the common rotation of the country, such as the former thinks suitable. When ogriculturials hove subaoiled their land, tliey should lay down the land flat on the surface, without any ridges or furrows. Nothing is more inju- rious to the land than ridging it up. In the old modes of diaining, it was quite necessary to have ridges and furrows; but now, when lond is thoroughly drained, there is no occasion for it, and it ie hurtful ; because when water tails on a roundcd-off surface, it imme diately begins to sink away to the lower level, and Ibe woier which has fallen on the tops and middle parts of the ridges is added to the water on the side, which thus has to bear a great deol more than its own pro- portion of woter ; the water c^irries portions ol the soil along with it, ond the cracks are constontly filling up by the running of the sond from the higher port of the ridge lo the lower part. When a field is laid down with ridges and furrows, especiolly on stiff land, a great part of the best of the land runs down into those furrows, and ia deposited in large quantities ot the bottom of the ridge, thereby doing a material mis. chief. If laid in a Sat form you get rid of this evil, and obtain this advantage — that if the woter is bene- ficial to the 8 lil, which it certainly is, you have that benefit equally distributed ; every part receives its own water, and the benefit which the water can give. It ia the Btiggeetien of wientific gentlemen that the laiii ill falling from the ntmoaphero nbsorbs o consid" erable lirtontity of nmmonin ; ond if there is ony of finity in the soil for ammonia, if the soil wants ammo- nia, the DlRniiy will fextriict the ammonia from the water, the ammonia remaining in tile soil for the nonrishniont of pinnls. Where artificial manure is put into the soil, some ol the fibrous parts of it will be carticd away with the water, and be carried down to the region to which it belongs ; and although not so near the surtocc as it was bctore, it is near enough for the plants to reach it when they put down their roots, A peculiar Change takes place in any subsoil — it does not moiter what composed of— after it is plough- ed. This change begins to lake place immediately, and the soil gradually goes from the state in which it was before to that of a m«uld. l( you examine a soil which has become mould, it is of a peculiar stiuc- ture. It appear^ as if all Ilie jiarticlcs were connected together, ottd it sfeems to have some attractive proper- ty by gathering together in that way. Vacuities for the air ore thus formed, and there is a tendency to ab- sorb ond retain as much moisture as is useful to the plant, if filled entirely with irioisture it ia injurious to the plant, but if a certain quaiitity, becomes bene- ficial ; and when a great depth of soil is attained, there is great advantage indeed, in either a wet or a dry season. In a wet seaso'.i the water flows away, leav- ing the soil in d di-y state ; buk in conseqtience of the mouldering state in which the soil is, it is retentive of moisture, and there is a great tnagozine of water preserved in soil for a dry seoson. Being covered by the active soil, the drought moy penetrate a few inches, but in consequence of the lower part of the soil beingcovered with this upper siotum, itisdetend- ed Ironi the e.xtreme action of the rain, and a very dry Etmoephere. It will be found ihat in soil so treat ed ohd converted into this mouldy condition, in dry seasons sufiiciont quantity of moisture will be retain- ed for the use of the plants, which will grow vigor- ously when land in the same neighborhood is com- pleiely dry, I do pot think that it is possible to drain land too mutih, fiom the fact that the mould becomes an excel- lent magazine for the retention oiF moisture. A cir- cumstance took place in regard to this in my own dis- trict, in 1826, a very dry season. In that year there was so long a period of dry leather ihat the pond was dried up, and there was a great deficiency of crops, [ hod 0 field which bad been treated in the woy 1 have explained, and I had a crop of hay on it. The hoy in the country round produced not above half a crop. On this field, which I hod deepened to 16 inches, I had a splfendid crop. A proprietor of land in the neighborhood, one of the old school, resisted to the utmost with regard to the result of thorough draining ond subsoil ploughing. A person occasionally em- ployed by me was also engaged in doing work for him. He had asked about this hay, and the old geo- tleman was rather puzzled at the state of the crop, and exclaimed that he really thought I b&d drained my land so much that I should haVeno crop at all. He was immediately after this comp etely weed«d lo the syetem, and from thot day he has been vigorously en- goged in introdublng thorough draining and subeoiling all over his estate ; aiid he is now having a great deal of poor soil, on a very rich and productive estate, treated in the same woy. Taking thfe average of that gentleman's estate, he now produces double the quon- tity of corn thot he uSed to obtain. He now grows potatoes where ho could not grow theni before, and on the old clay he produces regular and large crops of turnips. An inqiiiry was made os to whether there was any lond where subsoil-ploughing would be successful without thorough draining, Mr. Smith — 1 am much obliged for that hint. Many persons have thought that plougiiing the sub- soil might do without thorough draining, but there are few instances indeed in which that application of the plough will not be hurtful instead of being benefi- cial. If you have a retentive bottom which will not allow the moisture to pass awny, it must remain till absorbed by the atmosphere : therefore the greater ihe chombers for receiving rain, so much the longer will the land be kept in a wet state. The practice which now prevails in the English cloy districts of plough- ing with a shallow harrow, has arisen from the expe- rience of ages, which has taught them that on such soils you cannot cultivate wheat if you plough a deep furrow, because you moke just so much the larger chambers to receive water. Even in open soils 1 would not recommend the application of the subsoil plough till the thorough draining had been executed. A gentleman oaked if it was necessary to repeat the subsoil ploughing? Mr. Smith--lt may not be esscntiolly necesiiary to repent the subsoil ploughing, but it is beneficial, epcot the ploughing ot every shift, every time I break up my follow. la it always done in the same line 7 Mr. Smith — Generully ; eomolimes I have done it ohlii|uely. Did you ever try it diogonnlly ^ Mr. Smith — Yes; perhops it is better to do it in thot woy according to the drop of the lond. The first ideo 1 had was to use the subsoil plough ; then I thought I might ufc the trench plough, and that I might, the next shift, turn up the whole soil, so as to have a complete mixture. In some fields, where the soil wosof a better quality, and there was more vege- table motter, I had excellent crops ; on the poorer soils, I found that by brinsing up the subsoil to mix with the active soil, after the first shift, I did a great deal of mischief. 1 found, especially with regard to gross, that I could not get that growth of plants which I hod before; immediately on observing that, I re- solved a third time to go over those fields, and that I would again use the subsoil plough ; I have now fal- len into the practice of doing so every time I turn. I took up at the first shift, perhaps about 3 inches, even in the poorest field ; the next time 3 inches more ; and by that meons I gradaally attained a thorough depth of soil to the extent of sixtsen inches. On my own farm I hove a thorough depth of sixteen inches, but thot ie in consequence of using a trench plough on the second shift ; and in some fields that was unsuo- cessful. If I had bad then the experience I now i ave, 1 would use the subsoil plough at each shift ; instead of going down the whole sixteen inches, 1 would onlv take lip perhaps three inches the first time and three the next, till I had completed the depth of sixteen inches. A Geiitlemon — In draining in the summer season, how do you get the level ? Mr, Siriith — By the spirit-level, of course, A Gentlemon — The great object would be to get it done cheap ; but it would be much more expensive if done in the summer, Mr, Smith — No doubt ; but if I had the choice of executing drains during the winter, at an expense of 50 per cent less than the summer, I would prefer do- ing it in summer. The efficiency is of far more im- portance than the expense. In summer sometimes the land may e too hard 1 Yes. In some places, but the bulk of the land will re- tain os much moistureas will enable you to get through it with the plough. Of course that wi 1 vary in diti'er- ent parts of the country. In some places it had bet- ter be done when the ground is more moist. Still, I would recommend it to be done, not in the winter, but in the opting or autumn. A Gentleman — I may he perhaps allowed to say that there are cases where subsoil ploughing is effec- tive without thorough draining — as, for in6lan:;e, in the soils of the moorlands. I have tried it myself in the moorlands, and have found that by simply break- ing up that pan which holds up the water which made the lands dry in summei, and wet in winter, all the water escoped ; and lands before not worth 5s. an acre, let for 20e. after it was done. That was cer- tainly a peculiar case. A gentleman inquired whether the rocks under the stratification were horizontal or perpendicular. Mr. Smith — There was very little stratification at all. I am aware of what has been stated with regard to destroying the pans, such as are placed upon grav- el ; but, thorough draining moy be applied with ad- vantage losand or to grovel ; ond though in the grav- el the opening must be at a considerable distance, and consequently the water will be lony in finding its way out, if it gets into the channel it will go off easily. These dry soils retain moisture a great deal too long for agricultural purposes. A neighbor of mine was draining his land — a sort of irregular subsoil — and in some places had very considerable ruts or rising ground with sandy ond gravel bottom ; he instructed his stew- ard to stop the drain when he came to those holes. This was done, and two winters alter the gentleman was coursing one day, and all at once his horse sunk over the fetlocks in the soft ground. He called outto his steward to know the cause, and bis steward ex- plained that this was the portion of land on which ha had desired the drain to be stopped. This fact illus- trates what I have said, that when agriculturists have determined on draining a field they should resolve to drain it wholly, otherwise they are only throwing the expense away. Where persons have drained wet parts, and left what they considered dry undrained, they have soon found that the land formerly the wettest ivas then driest, and when the part which had been drained was ready to receive the eeed, they were d«. 132 THE NEW GENESEE FviRMER, Voi layed a few days till the other portion woa sufficiently dry. In a couatry where we have much changeable weather, all agriculturists know the advantage of a single day. Jf a field is uuil'ormly drained att over, you will, perhaps, be able to sow your seed one, two, three, or four days eailior than if it were not drained ; eometimes now you lose the opportunity altogether, because it frequently happens that two or three days intervene ; very newly dried land will be ready for being sown, whereas other land, which was not drain- ed, woitld require a week or fortnight before yon could 80W it. With regard to the application of thorough draining on porous bottoms, no doubt much good will be effect- ed without subsoil ploughing. I have found it most efHcacioua onsandy and gravel bottom. I have known instances of land of that nature being very greatly improved after being stirred up by the application of the subsoil plough. A Gentleman — Your observations apply to thorough draining ; many people call it furroic draining. I wish to know whether you have any reference to deep draining, and how, as in the case of a spring lying deep, you meet the dilTiculty occasioned l)y the water. Two feet and a half drains would not touch a spring such as that described on the diagram. How do you get away the spring water ? Mr. Smith — They are called furrow drains, be- cause they are made in the furrows. I call the mode of doing it thorough draining. I use the term to ex- press the result. They are called eometimes wedge drains, top drains and tile drains ; but the principle is, that you have the drains sufficiently close together to carry off the water quickly ; and then, that the best mode of laying them ofl' for that purpose is to arrange them in parallel lines, and carry tbem as much as pos- sible in the eloping direction of the land. With regard to springs, the spring water can do no harm till it enters the subsoil : so long as it keeps be- low that, you need not care about it. The moment it reaches the bottom of the drain, it finds its way into it, and will be carried off by it. I have found it necessa- ry, sometimes, to carry a drain through the eye of the spring. Springs sometimes come in little channels, at other times in a sheet, according to the nature of the subsoil. When they come in a sheet, the cross- cutting completely scarifies them. If a spring comes outata round opening and happens to fall in between two drains, I have found it necessary to cut the drain into the eye of the spring. But in every instance where the water flows between two beds, I have found that, by cutting the drain across, it was completely cut off. I will now describe to yon the modo of construct- ing the draining tile of Lord James Hay. One way of doing it is to construct the tile on the ground, and then carefully place it in the drain ; the other is to ex- ecute it in the drain as you go along, and immediately to cover it up. The composttion of the tile may be varied considerably, but the proportions which I have found to do very well are — Lime 1 part Blackened cinders Oi part Sharp fine sand i parts Gravel 3 parts making altogether 7^ parts, or 1 measure of lime to 6J of sand and gravel : the cinders may either be used or not. The gravel selected should not be of a large size. A question has been banded to me, as follows : — "What effect have thorough draining and subsoil ploughing on the habit of throwing out the wheat plant by frost V It is well known to be owing to the moisture that the wheat plant is thrown out, and whatever removes the moisture, will have the favora- ble tendency required. I have know many places where almost every winter the greater part of the plants were thrown out. Now, the result of thorough draining and subsoil ploughing is that they retain the plant perfectly well, and have very abundant crops. The beet of the two modes which I mentioned of forming the tiles, is to make them just where the drain is wanted, and in a few days they will become so dry that they can be placed in the drain. One disadvan- tage is, that tbete tiles will not stand carting for a length of time. They require several months before they will abmit of being laid one over one another. But, in most instances, the making of the tiles can be accomplished on the spot, and in the course of a few days they may be put into the drain. It is, then, of great importance to cover them immediately with ■ome light soil, free from stones, and to beat tbem down BO as to preserve it from h^ury. If there are any stones in the soil, they may get down to the tile and seriously injure it. [The lecturer ilien exhibited the method of for m ing the tiles in the drains, which is do.ie by placing the mould in the place in the drain to be occupied by the tile, then laying upon it the concrete, and after pres- sure by an instrument similar to that used in the for- mer process, drawing out the mould by means of a long handle attached to it for that purpose ] I have an interesting communication today from Scotland, which, though not immediattly connected with the subject before us, bears intimately npon it. Tbeieare great doubts respecting theproprieiy of put- ting seed deep into the soil, or covering it very light- ly. Experiments have been made on that subject, but none so conclusively as that which I have now be- fore me, which relates to the springing up of the more tender seeds, the grass seeds ; and it shows tlie great importance of having a eballuw covering over them. This experiment was made by the Messrs, Drummond of Stirling, the individuals who first introduced the agricultural museums. This experiment tends to show the great iinportanee of a light covering to grass seeds. I have made a harrow of a peculiar construction, which reduces the surface soil very much without tearing up the grrund. It has no teeth, but acts by little sharp discs, closely set together, Which curve very slightly, i have found this instrument also very efficacious if used as a bush harrow. COiitiiination of Mr. Smith's I.octnrc. The report of Mr. Smith's Lecture was given from the Mark Lane express, which did not contain the di- agrams to which Mr. Smith is reported to have refer red when lecturing. After that report was in type we received a secoild copy of the Lecture in the London Farmer's Magnzine, iViih the diagrams. For the gratification of our renders we subjoin these diagrams with the accompanying explanations. Though not in their original position, they will not be found out of place ; and the mere report of this lecture to any in- telligent farmer, is worth ten times the annual sub acriplion of our paper. — Ed. I shall first endeavor to illustrate by a diagram, the mode in which this system of drainage operates. soil itself, the stirred subsoil, and the subsoil which has been laid dry. When the water has drained ofl", air takes its place, and the action of the air is very be- neficial on the whole of the soil moved, particulaily the active soil ; and just in proportion as j'oti have a great area to receive the water, aiid to receive air aa the water is drawn ofl', so in proportion yon have a tide of atmospheric liir passing through the belt of ac- tive soil which is fotind very much to improve it. We know this soil is very much improved by exposure to the atmosphere ; but if it inif roves in a greater de- gree by exposure to the sun and light, it is still im- portantly improved by the passage of the air to the lower strata when the water is withdrawn. In order to render a field completely dry, it is ne. cessary that a great number of drains should be placed in it ; and the position in which they should be ar- ranged will be obvious from this diagram, which re- presents a field sloping down, wiih a lising ground in the centre, and rising ground towards the side. This is made for the purpose of illustrating the mode allaying oft' drains, and the mode of catching the water whfen any hollows intervene. In laying off the drains, you will drain the fie^d more effectually by laying them ofl'in parallel lines, than by doing it in any other form ; because, if you depart Irom the parallel lines, you get into corners, and into some spaces not so near the drain, and others too far from it. But in laying it ofl' in the manner shown in the diagram, you get a complete effect on the whole sur- face. When drains are laid off to run in the direc- tion down the slope, they have a much greater effect in draining than when laid across the field. It is ra- ther difficult to induce pereons to believe this, but it ia the fact. Ifcarried across the field, though they may catch the water, yet, having less declination it will re- main longer at the bottom of the drains. Another ob- jection is, that the water which is there retained, has a tendency to sink away to the sides of the drain, and therefore will probably come up some distance below the drain. But if the drains are carried in the direc- tion pointed nut, you cut the drain en that the water constantly sinks into it ; and though it may fall a lit- A represents the atmosphere, B the active soil, and t'e into the slope of the hi I, yet the greater part of it C the subsoil stirred by the plough; D 'represents goes to the drain. the part of the subsoil above the level of the drain.— \ Sections df the several kinds of drains referred to ] When the ground has been so drained, the first ef- ' feit that takes place is the drying of the subsoil, which begins generally at the drain, however close anil dense it may have been ; it begins to crack there by the wa ter giving way. These clacks arc continued till they pervade more or less; and irt the course of a few months, or perhaps a couple of years, they may have obtained complete effect ; the whole of the soil has become dry. The soil which has been worked be- fore on the surface of the subsoil, is in an open state from its former working; the rain falls on the earth, and is received into the intervening spaces, the cham hers all receiving so much rain, and the different parts of the soil absorbing a quantity of rain. But while the rain is falling, the drains are carrying off the water from the whole mass. Of course when the rain ceases to tall, this water goes off more rapidly. — At first it will be brim full (if 1 may nse the expres eion) of water ; it is constantly running ofl', and the water gradually subsides. The usual practice is to make the drain two feet deep, but I prefer two feet six inches, for this reason, that it is of the greatest importance that the whole should flow olfaa rapidly as possible. Persons are apt to suppose that the water will not find its way to a drain at a great depth, but that is in some measure a great mistake. When there is more water to pass through, there Is more retardation to the passing of the soil ; but, notwithstanding, by giving the drain the inclination which I propose, you have the water carried off much faster. There is also this advantage — that when there has been a long season of dry weather, the whole of the bench becomes completely dry ; and in that case it takes much rain to wet it, and if the rain is not very abundant, perhaps the water will not stand higher than B. When water falls up- on the soil, there is one very great advantage in hav- ing a large bench besides. There is a quantity of air siderably improved, and bills of most of the states will which fills all the vacuities in the soils— the active ' answer lor remittances. Pv-bmshisrs. Paste for Sharpening Razors. Take oxide of tin levigated, vulgarly called prepar- ed putty, one ounce; saturated solution of oxalic acid, a sufficient quantity to forma paste. The composi- tion is to he rubbed over the strop, and when dry a lit- tle water or neatsfoot oil is to be added. The oxalic acid havinga great attachment for iron, alittle friction with this powder gives a fine edge to the razor. — £ng. Pub. Important Notice. There is a large amount due us from Post Masl era and Agents in the Western States and elsewhere, mostly in small sums it is true, but our whole resour- ces depend on such small sums, and therefore we hope no one will delay sending on that account. [CT Chie word to our friends. — We have a large supply of back numbers of the current volume on hand, which ought to be in the hands of subscribers. Wi II you not help ne — would you not be doing yctir neighbors as well as ourselves a real kindness, by soli- citing tbem to subscribe 1 The currency is now con- No. 9. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 133 Salt for the Giiib Worm. Mr. Coi.man — In exauuning n nciglibar's liolJ of corn, I perceived some of it cut oil" by the grub worms, and decreed it best to examine my own. To my sur- prise I found they h^l been destroying my own at a great rate ; and had made Ihcir way into the garden and were engaged in cutting otV the cabbages at the rate of four or five every night. It appeared that Ihoy did not touch them by day ; and when I went out in the morn- ing I found m/ cabbages gnawed o(T close to the ground. I first applied ashes to the hill, but without oftcct; then soot, but it was like the w'inil and did not afl'ect them. Scotch snuft' was then recnmmended to nie, but it availed nothing against them. The June number of the New Genesee Farmer, however, arrived about this time, in which it was staled that salt was so disagreeable to tile grub that it Would elTectually pro- tect the corn and cabbages. I had tried every other preventive which I could hear off, and determined to make an experiment with salt. I applied, therefore, about two table spoonsful of salt to each hill of corn or cabbage, and laid it so as not to touch the stalk or plant. Not one has been molested by the worms since, though they have begun to eat the weeds in the vicin- ity, to which I do not make any strong objection. I send you this statement for the benefit of (\l^.^lers. Froiij a three years subscriber. Yours truly, R. H. Jr. Ensl BhomfieU, Aug. 6, 1842. We are much obliged to our correspondent for the ^bove communication, and should be glad to hear from hio), as he suggesu we may do, on other subjects. The observations of plain practical men are of great value ; and it is by the accumulation of sijch well estab- lished facts as these tliat we may arrive at the most im- portant and practical conclusions. The application of so large a quantity as two table spoonsful of salt is proba- bly much more than would be effectual ; but this can only be determined by repeated experiments. The salt in such case, beyond the destruction of the insect, is probalily not lost, but its benefjis may be felt ip suc- ceeding crops. As we have before said, we mean to go fully into the subject of salt as a manure at a future time — a present, however, we throw out only one or two suggestions. Lands in the vicinity of the sea, where sea-weed and sea-wreck are easily obtained, are, with few exceptions, essentially benefitted by the application of sea-weed, rock-weed and kelp, either simply spread upon the grass land or spread and ploughed under. Much of the benefit in these ca.ses is supposed to be due to the salt with which these grasses are impregnated. We have often applied them with the most decided advan- tages. One of the best farmers of New Ensland, liv- ing near the sea, assured us that he estimated the value of salt hay, that is, hay cut upon lands customarily flowed by the tides of the ocean, as equal to five dol- lars per ton as a top-dressing for his grass jand. We have known, likewise, upon six acres of land, dressed chiefly and most liberally with rock- weed gathered on the sea shore, a crop of upwards of twenty-njne tons of hay, weighed, when well cured, at the town scales, to be taken in one year; and we have been familiar for years with a field of about forty acres, annually manured with rock-weed, kelp and sea-wreck where the ordinary yield was estimated at 120 tons upon the forty acres; and as this hay was almost wholly carried to the market, there could be no essential mistake in the estimate. These facts present the subject of experiments with salt as a manure as matter of great importance • and as the cattle in the interior, remote from the sea influ- ences and atmosphere, require frequently this condi- ment or seasoning of their food to be given to them, may it not be inferred from analogy, that lands remote from the sea may be in some degree deficient in this element of fertility, and receive an equal benefit from its application ) I'ho iisc of salt as a manure is pot new at all ; but while it has been fully settled that a certain amount is almost invariably bcnoricial, any excess is directly per- nicious. To determine the safe medium is greatly to be desired, and can only be ascertained by repeatid experiments judiciously made; and in which all the circimistances are carefully noted. — Bil. Salt for tlie Grub Worm. Since sending to the press the conmiunication of R. H. Jr., on salt as a protection against the grub worm, we have received the subjoined, confirmatory of the foregoing, which we have much pleasure in inserting, and beg that we may again and often hear from our correspondent. — Ed. Extract.— iowV GENESEE FARMER, Vol. ? Uiay's Elemtnts oi Scip.itific and Practical Agriculture* Thiscompend is designed to supply n great desid- eratum among agriculturists. It has been compiled from all the important works on the subject which have appeared in the last few years. Its object is to exhib- it the principles of agriculture, and to set before the farmer the chemical and philogophicul reasons for many operations with which tbo practical farmer is familiar. It presents at the sams time many new principles and reasons on the business of agiiqulture. It is ihe post- ing up of the discoveries and elements and details of this first of arts and sciences to the present day. It is not a servile copy of any work, though it pretends to little originality. It embodies and carries out the grand principles of Liebig, perhaps the most distin- guished of all the scientific agriculturists of the day. " Agriculture, «ayo he, is the true foundation of all trade and industry— it is the foundation of the riches of slates. But o rational system of a riculture can not be formed without tlio application of scientific principles." The nature of soil.-, the influence of manures, the cqmpqsition of vegetables and the laws of vegetable life, the phanges produced by cviltivation upon the soil, the lilost economical means of preserv- ing the heart of a farm or field, and the reasons of the wasting influence of aoijie plants and somp modes of cultivation-^all thei?e need to be well understood. The great progress in this knowledge has been the result of the advancement of chemical knowledge and its application to practical agriculturp. A great amount of this knowledge ia contained in Mr. Gray's work, and presented in a form attractive, while it ia scien- tific, minute and clear. The work indeed must be read and pondered ; it must be studied, and made familiar. It ia a dishonor cast upon agriculture, to suppose that its principles or practice are too free or simple or obvious, to require much thought, study, efTirt or wiodom. Where the larger works of John- ston, Liebig, &.C., are not possessed by the farmer, the work of Mr. Qray will be a great uddilioti, and not be out of place even with those. Mr. Gray maintains, in opposition to the conclusion of Liebig, that plants dq not derive all their carbon from the atmosphere through the absorption of carbon- ic acid gas. Mr. Gray's reasoning seems to be deci- sive. It was the doctrine of chemistry thirty or more years ago, that the animal and vegetable kingdoms mutually minister to each other, and that the carbonic acid thrown by the respiration of animals, combus- tion, &e., into the atmosphere, was removed by the vegetable world, and that this is the grand instrument of purifying the atmosphere and continuing its purity. This is no doubt the fact. To maintain this grand principle, it is not necessary, however, tosuppose that the atmosphere is the only source, though it may be a great one, of carbonic acid, the greac pabulum of veg- etable life. Following great men, the author has given some particulars, utterly incomprehensible. Thus he says, p. 39, " The most correct definition of life is given by Bichet, and modified by Whewell. ' Life is the system of vital functions." No man can attach a meaning to this definition. Does not the system, in which the vital powers acted, remain after death, till organic changes take place ? Then life is not the system. Or, does he mean by " system of vital func- tions," only the totality of vital operation t Then life is life; the great wisdom in the definition. The truth is, as long ago said, we know what life does, not what life is; we define it by its operations, and not by its nature or essence, for of this we are ignor- ant. We are sorry to see any such philosophical ab stractions. We «re glad they are so few. Ill some cases it is very doubilul whi-ther the true philosophy has been given. The mistake is of little consequence, because on the right or wrong principle, the practice will be the same. Thus, the chief use of gypsum is maintained by Liebig to be incojidens- ing ammonia or othor elements, so that they may be conveyed into the plant. Now it is far more probable that a small portion of gypsu^n, potash, phosphate of lime, &c., is necessary for the full developement of the plant. The org-rt7tic elements are four, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen ; the inorganic are, besides gypsum and the oibera jast mentioned, silex, soda, magnesia, iron, &c. The latter are supposed to be as important as the other to the healthful and powerful action of vegetoble life. To a certain ex tent these niay he food and stimulus to vegetables. They maybe far more important than to bo the mere vehicles of transmitting other substances ; and such a principle is far more consistent with the economy of the laws of matter. Phosphate of limp ia essential to the formation of bones in inun apd beast. In (bp growth of the young t is rapidly deposited ; and in the older, it is npceeso- ry for a new deposit to replace that part of the bone which is removed on account of its being worn out. How beauiiful that economy which supplies through the food the constant (jemand for this substance. In the mammiferoua tribe, the very milk of the mother conveys this element of healthy growth and action. Small as is the quantity in any article of food, it is constantly passing in adequate supply, removed from he soil by vegetobles, and by animal and vegetable substances returned to the earth, again to perform its wonderoua work. Plants take from the soil those substances which are necessary for their healthy action. In time, these must be exhausted, if the vegetable growth be re- moved, and if they are not returned by monures. For the growth of any one plant, the best manure must he the plant itself, because it restores the elements re- moved. Thus the straw of wheat would afford the best manure for wheat ; the tops of potatoe, for thai plant; of corn, for corn. This is the lesson taught us by providence in the natural production of plants. This doctrine is insisted on by Liebig, and mifintained by Gray. It may be called ihe f.rst elaaent of scien- tific agriculture. The second dement is the adapting the plant to the kind of soil, or the kind of soil to the plant. This opens before us the broad field of science and practice in agriculture. In the examination of this field, the work of Gray will be highly interesting and useful. We cannot enter upon the details, but we trust the farmer wijl examine them for himself, for he connot fail to be amply repaid. C. P. Fermented Vegetable Manure. A new method of making Vegetable Manure by Fermentation has recently bien patented ond brought before the agricultural public, by Mr. G. Bommer. Farmers and gardeners have an opportunity ol seeing a heap of buckwheat straw under the process in the yard of Mr. Pachmeyer, ) 19 West Market street, in this city. Mr. B. is the agent of the patentee for ibis and several of the adjacent counties. By means of his method, it is said, every farmer may reduce his straw, refuse hay, corn stalks, and all other vegetable matter, to rich, unctuous manure, wiiijin 15 days, and at very little cost. The preparation is very simple and easy. This Manure is a composition of animal, mineral, and vegetable substances, and may be made at any season. A compost may also be made with common earth, where straw and other vegetable matter is want, ing, which will answer all the purposes of animal manure, and prove a superior substitute for lime, plaster, ashes, &c. The process produces nitrate of lime, potash, ammonia, and saltpetre, fourof the most fertilizing properties of good manure. Among those who have tried it with success we notice ihe name of Mr. J. W. PoiNiEK, of Morristown, and Mr. Pierre Grey, of Madison, whose testimony we subjoin ; *'Mr. Boiiiiiur has publicly made uj un my prem- ises his Vegetable Mnnure. The result of hie process has been entirely satisfactory to me and those of my neighbors who have witnessed the operation, and ex- amined the product. " The inatgrials mode use of in that experiment were straw from my barn, made into a heap on the 5th of May lest, and opened a fortnight afterwards. At that time the straw was found altogether decompos- ed, and changed into a dark Manure, very unctuous and rich, having a strong smell of ammonia, and of good litter. '• And I hereby further certify that this Manure has been uepd on a field of Xurnipg, in wliich it hjid an excellent effect, aad also in my gorden, where I ob- tained superior vegetables, among others some pump- kins of an extraordinary size for the kind, as may ba seen at piy house. PIERRE GREY." The Norwalk (Conn.) Qazette of the IStb inst., speaks of a sjucceestul experiment, in that place, witli Sedge, a coarse grass which grows about the flais of the liarbor, mixed Willi sea-weed. Those of ouf readers who are interested in the cultivation of the soil would doubileas be gratified to see the heap novv fermenting in Mr. Bochmeyer's yard. Tlie coat of this meihod is inconsiderable. Clear- ed land, intended for agricultural purposes, (wood laud excepted,) under 50 acres $10; more lhi.n 50, ten cents per acre additional. On payment of this sum, the meihod becomes the property of tbepurchas* er for evpr. — Newark Sentinel. liightning Bods. I wish every farmer would from this lime forth, keep a register of all tjie accidents from lightning which he sees in the newspapers — the deaths from the striking of dwelling houses, the well filled barns laid in ashes, &c., and if he is not then protected by a rod beiore tbesumrnerof another yeaf, it must be from the spirit of procrastination. What is the cost and labor of erecting one, contrasted with the feeling of Bpourily, "When o'er heaven's rending arch the rattling thunder rolls — " What is the cost and labor of erecting one t Four dollars — not often more. The writer lately put one up on a building 23 feet high — the whole length of the rod was 42 feet, so that Ig feel projected above the building, and it descended 7 feet into the earth. The iron cost less than two dollars — the blacksmith work was a dollar, which I thought too much ; and digging the hole and erecting it cost about fifty cents ; moking only three and a halt dollars in all. The part belovy the roof need not be large, — not more than five- eighths of an inch ; the part above should be of three or four pieces of successive sizes from one inch tq half an inch, welded together, so as to form a some" what conical piece, to slond firmly in the wind. The heiglit above the roof should be one half the length of the building if placpd at one end, or one quarter the length if placed in the middle. It shoulf] be continuous throughout— not linked— ^but the joint* welded together ; and it should descend into perma- nently moiat earth, which is not often found at a less depth than six feet. It may be kept to its place by small pieces of plank, with holes bored through to admit the rod, and these nailed to the house so as to keep the rod several ipches off. The pqints, which should be several in number, may be made of small iron rods welded together, and to the rod, filed ;harp, and polished. Tinning them might be an advantoge, When one point only termi- nates the rod, it ia not always sufficient to carry ofT silently the load from a heavily charged cloud, hence an explosion follows, which in one instance familiar to the writer, melted the point of the rod into a ball, but without any injury to the house or its inmates, though the noise of heavy artillery was a mere pop. gun to it. If lightning ever struck a building protected by a rod made as here suggested, or according toils leading principles, I have not beard of it. tw- E- D No. 9. AJND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 135 «0. iijlg !, who were born in the afternoon and never yet quite got their eyes open nor their shoes up to the heel. AVe are happy to recognise one of a difli-rcnt race, who has found out that gooseberries will not always mildew. Messrs. Elwangcr and Barry have favored us with a splendid spc<-imen of the Bolmar Washington Plum, quite as large as hen's eggs, and with some bouquets of exquisite beauty. We have transferred tlio plums to fair mouths, whose tints are ruddier and perfume sweet- er even than that of the richest nectarine; and the bouquets to fair hands, or rather ma\' we not say to flowers even more fair, one of which is as iijuch, even in this land of monopolies, as any one of us poor sin- ners dares appropriate to himself, though of this bright order we are compelled to say " Full many a flower is born to blush unseen And waste its sweetness on the desert air." We should like to say more, but there is somebody looking over our shoulder. Garget. — A correspondent inquires, what is Gar- get ? It is a root or plant well known amang us, and commoidy called Poke, having a reddish stem, broad pointed leaves, and bearing large clusters of black ber- ries. Its botanical name is PhyMoan dec-anilra. J. E. T. — A friend remarks in a letter to us ; " I have read the articles of J. E. T. twice over. Such a cor- respondent is invaluable." We entirely agree with him and regret that the pressure of business engage- ments deprives us this month of his usual welcome contributions. BF.RKSurnE Farmer.-^ We have received the first number of the Bcr/.shire Faniur, which, having been abstracted from us, we request our friend tile Editor to semi us another. AVe had only time to see thai it is a monthly agric«ltural paper of 8 Iblio pages, published at Pittsfield, Berkshire Co., Mass. ; and well printed, at 50 cents per year. It is to be edited by AVm. Bacon of Richmond, whose communications in the New Gen- esee Farmer, the New England Farmer, and the North- ern Light, over his initials and dated at Mount Osceola, have been always welcome to our readers. We prom- ise those, who choose t^ take the Berkshire Farmer under his care, that it will be instructive, useful, .^afc, piquant and agreeable. Its editor is worthy of respect for his talents and acquirements ; and regard and es- teem for his refined tat^te and his excellent moral quali- ties. AVe part with him as a correspondent with un- feigned regret, and welcome hiin with an equal pleas- ure to tlie editorial fraternity. The Farm Hof.sE or the XlXth Gen'tury. — Tills fublication has just ^ppearc^ from the press of S. S. Haskell, No. 138 Fulton street, IS'fiw York. It is a translation cf the celebrated French work, "ap En- cyclopedia of Agriculture, Maison Rnstique, in four closely printed 8 vo. volumes, by Elizur AVright,»Jr. ; and is to he pubUsKed in semi-monthly numbers of 48 pages each, in forty numbers, and at 25 cent each. The Translator is perfectly competent to the task and promises to add some notes, which may better adapt the work to the wajUs of American Farmers. AVe have known and owned the work in French for some time. It is a complete vvork and highly valuable to the Farmers. What the French do in this way they do most thoroughly. AVe hope all the intelligent farmers in the country will sock to possess it ; and we shall from time to time, as the numliers are sent to us, give some account of their contents. It will be embel- lished with 2000 engravings, and we trust it is not t«o late to express the hope that the public patronage will be such as to allow it to be printed on better paper and with a fairer type than that in wliich the first number appears. Several valuable communications already in type arc necessarily laid over. The vaUioble oommunica- liona from J. D in Monroe, Michigan, are just re- ceived, but loo lote for any farther notice in this num- ber. The following description of the visit of our friend to the Elysinn Fields, really mokes our month water. We have no doubt it ie every wurd true, graphic and imnginalive as it may seem to ony ; and we only re- gret that we could not ourselves have accepted the po- lite invitation of the principal of this Academy to at- tend on thifl interesting occneion. But liow we ever got our friend back from this Paradise we know not, unless he was driven out for looking, it may bo, too wishfully at some of the forbidden fruit ; and how he should ever dream, old and rusty as we ore, that we could have an ear for this celestial music, is beyond oiirimagii;Qtion. "0 1 the days of auld l.nng syne.'' But we mean to go eo far this autumn as at least to peep into this Eden ; ond if oar friend Flora, we be- lieve ihe privileged resident of this cbarmiogviclnitj', will condescend to give us her particular locale we mean to let her know in person how sincerely we re- spect her talents and sentiments and desire a nearer acquaintance. Here we are treading again upon dan- gerous ground, a sort of volcanic region, full of com- bustible matter, and therefore stop. — Ed. Aurora.— Cayuga Academy: Mn. Editor — I spent two doys the past week at Aurora, during the public examination of pupils of this Academy. Ijet me advise you to visit thischarm- ing place ; sail on the beautiful lake and feast your eyes on the unrivalled scenery ; then luxuriate among the highly cultivated fields, verdant lawns and shady groves ; taste the deliciouo fruit, hanging in profuse abundance in the orchards and gardens ; observe the beautiful flowers ond clustering vines surrounding tbe tasteful dwellings ; partake of the generous hospital- ity of the intelligent and wealthy inhabitants, and (tovtbeuu!)\\sen\.a the sweet music or sprigbty conversation of the beautiful and accomplished ladies — and you will agree with me, that Aurora is indeed a charming place. But this is a digression. — The Academy is the oldest institution of the kind ill this part of the country, having been in successful operation for nearly half a century. Some of the ablest men in the state, were, ineorly life, participonls of its advantages, it has permanent funds, which essentially increase the facilities of education. A full board of qunliiied and faithful teachers ore employed, and the opporatus and library are excelleni. The course of education deeer?es especial cotnmendolinn, for giving a thorough knowledge of the English lan- guage. This department is under the personal charge of that well known philologist, Saleji Tows, author of ' Town's Analysis,' ond other valuable works. Mr. Cooper, the Principal, appears well qualified for bis situation ; and much credit is due to Dr. Thomp- son, teacher of Botany and Chemistry, also to the Rev. C. N. Matoon, lecturer on Menial and Moral Philosophy. The catalogue of pupils for the past year Dumbcrs 138 moles and 'lO females — total, 208. The examination occupied three days, and was highly cred. liable to both teachers and pupils. An excellent nd- dress was delivered at the close by Gen. J. A. Dix of Albany. M. B. B. Bochesie' , Allg.\9,th,^Mi, To Prescne flowers .—Be careful not to press the flowers loo hard at first, and chonge the blotting paper frequently to absorb the moisture, increasing the pres. sure as the flower dries. — Eng. Puli. 13S THE NEW GENESEE FARMER. Vol. 3. Importance oi' the Education and Tiaijiing of Hie Yoiiiig^. In tlint model of a f!ooJ iiewaiiapar, or vyl^at in our bumble opinion a ncwepnper should be, the Boson Daily Advertiser or Weekly Chronicle and Patriot, we find some cotlracta Irom Horace Mnnn's Oration, delivered in Boston on the last 'Ith July. Mr. Minn is the devoteJ, enligluencd, and most efficient Secre- tary of the Board ot' EJiicatioii in Maaaachuscite. To him the State owes a debt, which no money c':n ever repay ; he baa broken up gronnij, which had lain long inert and barren, and cultivaled and enric lied and made it productive ; and sowed seeds in drills and broadcast over the land, which will continue to bear preciout fmit for e^nturi^s and ages to come- High 08 wo estimate our own art, and in some re- spects in importance it yields to few others, yet what is any system of agriculture compared with that mor- al husbandry by « bich the seeds o( virtue ore to be quickened into life and souls ore to be trained for im- mortolily 1 AVe labor in our bumble sphere that the earth may be made productive for the comfortable subsistence, and be embellished and beautified for the enjoyment and delight of man ; but what are its richest fruits or its brightest ai'ornmenle compared with the adorn- ments of the intelleciual nonire,and the moral fruits of the heart and mind ? We aim to give the famish- ing bread, and to cause the earth to yield to industry and skill those supplies which God designed that in- dustry and skill should command; and without our art and our effiiris, all other arts and all other eflTorts woii'.J be vain. We hold, likewise, thai the success ond improvement of tho gveot art which we profess, ore eminently the work of true philanthropy ; and have, in vorioua ways and forms, a serious connexion with man's moral welfare. But we nre not voin nor simple enough to place any merely worldly acquisi- tion, any physical improvement or advantage, ii| com- parison wiih ibe blesjing.s of high intellectual in its connexion with high moral culture ; the bread which feeds and sustains our onimal nature, in comparison with tho true bread of Inc, wisdom, virtue and piety ; the aliments of the immortal eoul. Mr. Mann's views on tbe subject of the iiitinite im- portance of this intelleciual and moral training, ore ni'iat admirable. Wo expected from him in this case as much aa we could have expected from any man, and he hasocquitted himscll', so far as these extracts go, as well aa any man living could have done. In beauty, in power, in true eloquence, above all in ihcir fearful seriousness and Bolemuity, we do not know when they have been surpassed. — Ed. " O ! bettor, far belter, that the atheist and tbe blasphemer, and be who, since the lost selling sun, has dyed his hands in parricide, or his soul in sacri- lege, should ohallsiige equal political power with ihe wisest and the best ; belter, that these blind Samsons, in tbe wantonness of their gigantic strength, should tear down the pillars of the Republic, thon that tbe great lesson wbiob Heaven, for six thousand years, has been teaching lo Ibe w.rld, should -be lost upon it ;— - tbe less ni that the intellectual and moral nature of man is the one thing precious in the sighi of God; and therefore, ih t until this nature is cullivaied. and en- lightened, and purified, neither opulence nor power, nor learning nor genius, nor domestic sanctity, nor the holiness of God's oliare, can ever be safe. Unlil tbe immortal and god-like capacities of every being that comes into the world are deemed more woriliy, are watched more tenderly, than any other thing, no dynn.sty of men, or form of government, can stand, or shall atand, upon the face of the earth ; ond ihe force or the fraud which would seek to uphold them, sbiill be but " og fetters of flax to bind the flame." "Let those, then, whose wealth is lost or jeoparded, by froud or misgovernnient ; let those who qunke with apprehension for the fate of all they hold dear ; let those who Dehold and lament tbe defecralion of all ihatisholy; let rulers whose counsels nre perplexed, whose plana are bnflVjd, whose laws defied or evaded ; let them all know, that whatever ill tiiey fee! or i'uar, arc but the juEi reiribuliona of a rightipouB heaven for negleried childboud. " Remember, then, the child whose voice first lisps, to-day, before that voice shall whisper eedilioii in se cret, qr ihunder treason at the head of an armed band. Remember thecbild whose bond, to day, first lilts its liny bauble, before that band shall scatter fire-brandt', arrows and death. Remtmber those sportive groups of youth, in whose halcyon bosoms there sleeps an ocean, na yet scarcely ruffled by tbe passions, which soon shall heave it na with ihe tempest's stienglb. Remember, that whatever slalion in life you may fill, ibese mortals, — these inmionals, are your core. De- vote, expend, eonaecrate vouraeivea to tbe holy work of their improvement. Pour out light and truth, aa God pours sunshine and rain. No longer seek knowl- edge aa the luxury of a few, but dispense it amongst all as tbe bread of life. Learn only bow the ignorant may learn : how tho innocent may be preserved ; the vicious reclaimed. Call down the aslronomer from tbe skies : call up the geologist ^rom bis subterranean explorations; summon, if need be, tbe mishtiest in- tellects from the Council Chamber of the notion ; en- ter cloistered halls, where the scholiast muses over euperfluoua annotations ; dissolve conclave and synod, where subtle polemics aie vainly discussing thqir bar- ren dogmas ; — collect whatever of talent, or eruoition, or eloquence, or authority, tbe broad land can supply, anil goforih, Afn tkach this people. For, in the name of ihe living God, it must be proclaimed, that licenliousnesa shall be the liberty ; and violence and chicanery shall be tbe law ; and superstition and craft shall be the religion; and the self-duelruciive indul- gence of all sensual and unhallowed jiaesions, shall be the only happinesa of that people who neglect the education of their children." niiscellaiieoiis Matter*.— Ch.qntre of Plants.— The Cut Worm. —The Pea Bug.— The Cur- ciilio." The Spider,— Flies Eating Woolen Yarii.«-Summer Potatoes.-i^Inrrain £u Cat- tle.—Wheat and Che.ss.— Horn Ail. We publish the subjoined letter with much pleas- ure. We cannot endorse all the opiniona and asaer- liona of our correspondent, and are not willing to op- pose ihem. ■ It is dilighiful to aee these workings of an inquisitive and obgerving mind; and the letter is ol great value, if it did no more than present so striking an example of intelligent and exact observa- tion, Tbe dilTerence between living in the country or travelling through the world with our eyes open or our cyea abut, is beautifully illustrated by auch an ex- ample.— Ed. Mr. Editoh — Perhaps you may think it elrange to hear from a friend in Ohio. I have token your poper ever since yoj commenced the New Genesee Farmer, but I do not recollect of seeing anything shewing the manner in which seeds of vegetables mix or omolga- mate with others of their own species. On almost all kinda of plants and treea there ore false and bearing bloesoms, which might be termed mole ond fcmalc, on the sonic tree or plant. Tbe dust or flour which these blnssome contain, ie necessary to form the seed ; now if thia flour ia taken from the male blossom of its own plant or tree, it will produce genuine seed, but if it is taken from another individual of its own spe- cies, it will produce mixed seed ; hence the reason why apple aeeda do not produce trees bearing fruit of iheirwwn quality ; but the quality of the fruit ie not changed, it being the covering of the seed, I have broken open a squash and taken out sceda to plant, when, to my uiter ostoniehment, tlicy produced bolf pumpkin ond half aquosh, good for nothing for cither, except one vine, which prjoduced ils original variety. Tbe question may properly be osked, what agent con- veys seed from one plant to onother ? I answer it ia thebeea, and all other insecta that delight to viait the (lowers of aummer, carrying with them the dual which lorms the aeed. All kinds of potatoes may be planted together in one field without mixing, so with all kinds of beets and turnipa. A white man and negro may as easily mix by working in one field to- gether, as those plants can by growing tsgetber ; the only time of omalgnmaiion being when in tbe bloe- aom. I must dismiss this subject for abler bands to finish. Will you accept some hinta on the natural history of some of our formidable insects. The Cut Worm or Black Grut. Thia worm is produced from on egg, generally in the month of May, and grows rapidly, shedding its skin several times, until it comes into the chrysalis state. It remains in this torpid state from 8 to 12 dojs, depending on the temperature of the weother, from whence it comes forth the perfect miller or moth, resembling the bee moth, though o little larger and of a darker color. Ita time of perfection is generally from the first of July to the middle ; its food conaists of all kinds of vegetablea and green roota ; it com- raits ita depredations in the night while in the worm state ; it goes through with the same operations that the ailk woim does, except spinning. The millers deposit their eggs ir\ the ground in autumn, where they rotnain during winter. The Pea Bug. So well Acquainted are mosi persons with this in. sect, that it needs no description, but the way it geta into the pea is not generally known. The egg is de- posited on the outside of the pod ; it is of a yellowish color, resembling that of the bo^se bee, though not quite so lorge ; it adheres to the pod opposite to the pea on eoch sid^, \yhen it botches and borca ita vyay through the pod into tbe pea, where it is transformed into a bug, ond remains there until the next spring, when it comes out and flies about and waits for the peas to grow. The Circulia. The insect or bug that dectroyo plums 0(i4 cherries, resembles the peo bug in size and color, except the head, which is very long and slender and armed with sharp teeth or a point, with which it perforates iha skin in a circular form jnd deposits the egg, which batches ai;d bores ils way to the stone, which imme- diately causes it to perish and fall off; thia insect can fly. I auppose it ie what is called the curculio, though I have not seen it fully deacribed. When this insect ie held between your thumb and finger it will make a squeaking noise. The Spider. Thia insect is a friend to ogriculture, although it ia considered to be disgusting ond poiaonoue, and many there are that will start back and screom at the sight of a spider, aa if it were a venomous reptile. This is because tradition ond superslition have got possession of our senses. J hove been bit by epidera ond leceiv^ ed no more injury than from a fleo ; yet there may be eome spiders whose bite ie poisonous. The apidcr baa eight lege and eight eyes ; it ebeda its skin seyer- ol limes in the course of ita life ; it eonietimea suf- vives tho winter in a torpid state ; it is, like other beasts of prey, capable of enduring hunger a long time ; its food consists wholly of fliee and insects, which otherwise would devour our crops. Look at ihe muliitude of ^ebs in the morning after the fog has left the air, and you will see your field nearly cov- eied, and all of ihece little neta are set to catch in. sects. How many thousonda ore doily destroyed. Yet prejudice has got such hold of our minda that we Irequently etep aside to crush them ond deeiroy their nests. Whoever ia guilty of doing so, is not ac quainied with the history of the spider, or they act against their own best interest. Flks Eating Woolen Yarn. We often bear our women sny the flies have eaten our yarn ; but this ie not correct. I will clear tba fliee of this mischief for tho good reason that they have no teeth. The insect that does this mischief ia alittle Dtilleior moth, which deposits its eggs in the Ijui AND GARDENER'S .TOTtrN\t,. 139 a or cii'tii, « IkcIi is Ihcro baulicJ nnj eiibsiaM on yarn or wuul and forms iiscll' n cyll o|' tbp 8anie stial, and then cbangea inln tlie cljryoalis slate, r which it comes out n perfepl r.iiller. How to ilig Potatoes for Sxnnmer Vst. lOok rqnnd your potato hills and where you seo groiind is cracked there you will find n potato; ! it out carefully with your fingers without dis ing the roots, and place bai k th2 dirt carefully, so on until ynu have enough for a mesa. If this roperly done, there will be no lees potatoes to dig lie fall. It operatesjust like picking cucumbers ; ' will set more if they have not got their growth, the t'ps y,ill not die until they have brought n to maturity. Murrain in Cattle. his dreadful disease in cattle is sometimes caused leeches or bloodsuckers. The cattle swallow n when small in-irinking from brooks and niarehes. y eat their way through the etomach into the liver, sh causes it to ulcerate. They sometimes eat r way into some large blood vessels in the liver, ch causes the animal to bleed to death immediate- Some may feel disposed to dispiite the above rlion, but I can bring living witnesses that have n them ont of the livers of cattle and put them in il of water, and they would crawl just as they do le brooks. Cattle kept in swanjpy pastures are e apt to die with the murrain than those kept in pastures. I understand that cattle from Ohio do sell so well in the eastern markets as those from r states, on account of their health. Perhaps e are othijr causes of the murrain not known to I think I have let dor,n one bar at the end oi ane v;hich leads to the field of discussion, and I ; you or some of your able correspondents will r in and give the matter a fair examination. Wheat turns to Chess, has been staled by seme that oets that live jgh the winter turn to chess, and chess, if son-n, produce chess ; so here we have three ways to uce chess and but a part of one way to produce U 1 It is no more absurd than to think that the a affects the weaiher or the growth of vegetables. Horn Ail in Cattle; Inquiry. oes cutting olT the end of the tail prevent this plaint, or is nature imperfect ? Tell who can. Yours, respectfully, GAIUS KING. ampden, Geauga Co., P., 1842. Conditions at Ph.iijhiug Matches, 'e have delayed the publication of the subjoined r until now, bslieying it wouli} be more aeasona- md attract more attention as the Fairs and Plough- Matches approached, than if given earlier. Its estions are all well founded. It is folly to insti- any such ejhibitions and competitions without :ribing exact rules, and without making those I absolute and inflexible. D premium in ploughing matches should ever he n upon hurrying the work faster than at a rate at ;h the team could work comfortably through the A ploughing match is not a race, nor a match asttime. The depth of ploughing, the width of urrow slice, and the angle at which it is laid, or ;her to be laid flat or completely shut in or lapped. Id all be matters particularly prescribed. So vise the lime of entering, the time fur calling the and the time ot starting, should be named and tly and absolutely observed. There is no end to vils which come in all such cases, from a relaxa- of the rules, or from any extraordinary indul- :e. is said you cannot make farmers come up and ad- to such rules. Then we would give up the com- petition. But ilicrc would be no difliculiy in miy suili case, provided il is understood that all the condition^ arc absolute, and that the committee will do their duly without fear or favor. In accommodation coaclief, how few persons will be found ready ot any preciei moment for starting ; in rail-road and stcnm-boat con- voyancee, where the precioe luiuulo for starling is fixed and where no grape if ever allowed, not one person in thousands is ever out of reason. There is no difficulty in such cases in compelling people to be exact and punctual, and the advantages of such ex- actness in every department of life ore infinite. — Ed. Mr. Editor — I feel desirous, at the approach ol spring, to offer a few remarks on o subject, which I was glad to observe brought under your notice by yourseientific and practical correspondent, Mr. Adams of Bloomfield, in your January number. I allude to the subject of ploughing,- — a work of all others of par- amount importance to the farmer. Considering the acknowledged importance of this primary department of agriculture, it seems surprising that so little pro- gress has been made in it. I can only account for this on the principle that Agricultural Societies in America, without prescribing fi.\ed dimensions, or at- taching sufficient importance to the excellence of the ploughing, have awarded the premium for good ploughing to the competitor who skims over the ground in the shortest space ol time, of which we had lately a notable instance in the neighboring county of Wayne. While this country, in the arts and sciences gener- ally, is keeping pace with the nations of the world, and in many instances going a- head of other countries, it is to be regretted that our farmers, laying aside the prejudices of the past, will not venture upon a style of ploughing more conducive to their real interests than the hurried, puperScial mode now so much in vogue. We still hope, hovfcver, to see in future Ploughing Matches Mr. Adams' suggestion adopted. — that the dimensions of 8 inclies in width, ajid 5 in depth, be prescribed, and that the time of performance shall be specified — soy an hour und a half to the quar- ter of on acre. The judges ought then to award prizes to those who shall most strictly attend to the directions given, paying due regard at the same time to the furrows being straight, and laid at the proper angle, somewhere about 45 degrees. The ezcelleiice of the ploughing, and not the speed at which it is performe,d, being thus made the subjoct of emulation, we might then hope for a general im- provement in the art of plougjiiiig. Care should also be token, os Mr. Adorns suggests, that a piece of ground suitable for the trial of skill be selected ; but until a proper met' od of ploughing be encouraged by agricultural associations, (os suggested in the hints I have given obove,) no farmer would be willing to hove his ground mangled and scrotchedin the manner we hove witnessed at some recent cxhi bitions. Yours, respectfully, A Canandaiooa Farmer. Canandiiigua , Fehuary, 1842. Western Prospects.'pirllliuGis. Mb.Colman — Though wholly unused to writing public communications, yet I send you this hoping thot o true, unpolished account of the prospects ond doings ol those living i(i what cos once termed the " For West," may be of interest \q (some of your numerous readers. We are now in the midst of an abundont harvest. The wheat crop is very heovy, of the finest berry I ever saw. Oats, borley, and indeed oil smoll grains, promise a rich reward to the Western Pioneer. The corn crop is somewhat retarded in consequence of cold, wet \veather in the months of Mny and June, vet should the fall eooson be lavorobk', there will be an ivcnige crop. There are greot inducements here for the eniigront. Improved formo con be hod at about their first cost. Many noble situations are yet " unclaimed," with lilenly of timber and excellent prairie adjoining, — the expense of the first ploughing or " breaking" is from two to three dollars per acre. But although the soil is exceedingly well adapted lo all kinds of groin, I think the Western farmer will eventually find it to bis advantage to pay his greaiest attention to raising stock, particularly sheep. When we lake into eonsiderotion the low price of loud, the short, mild winters, ond ihe smoll expense of irans- porling wool, I think thot the western farmer con roise it for one third or one half less than the New Englonder. Common sheep ore reodily purchased at from two to three dollors ; they grow lorge and thrive well on our prairies. We ore much in wont of good breeds of stock of all kinds. Farmers ore waking up in regard to the necessity of improved stock. They are purchasing some good Durham caiile, and we have a few fine Berkshire hogs. We have some good nurseries, and some fine young orchards just commencing to bear fruit. Here I would inquire whether the wheat crop is injurious to young opple trees t I plonted an orchard two ycois ago, and sowed the ground with wheat the some fall. Mony of my trees died, the remainder look unhealthy, while my neighbor's orchard looks fine and healthy ; his trees having' been obtained from the same nursery ond plonted the some time, and on the same kind of soil. I have a few peach trees from the seed, planted two yeais last April, that now have peaches on them. Building materials are cheap on the Mississippi River. Good pine lumber can ha had at almost any la;>ding at from ten to twelve dollars per thousand feet. Shingles from two and a half to three dollais per thousand. Should you think this or any part of it worthy a place in your valuable paper, you may hear from me again. J. A. S. Albany, Whiteside Co., III., July 19. From the Maine Fanner. Prevention of Smut. J have for the sixteen years last past, with com- plete success practised the folIoA'ing method, viz: Washed the seed wheat and drained off the imbibed water through a common basket. In this moist con- dition put it into a tight tub, long box, or trough ; and for eveiy bushel so prepared, disoolve two ounces of the blue vitriol in warm water, turned it into the wlient, ond with a shovel stirred it snihuiibe liquid should penetrate the whole mass. Tiiis may be ati.-er- tained by the color. The wlicat will assiinie a gret ii- ish cast, H-here the liquor has come in contact with it. Tuis method of preparing our seed has become almost universal in this neighborhood, and we hear nothing ot smut except from a dislnnce, OLIVER CROSBY. Postage and Fines. Some remarks have been made in a former number of the Farmei in relation to writing on the margin of newspapers, and in defence of the course of the post- master general in fining individuals fur merely writ- ing their names or compliments. The object of the post-office department is the occommodation and not the annoyance of the piuiple ; and when its officers go further than this in restrictive power, they become tyrants. Writing on newspapers to evade the pay- mentof letter postage, is defrauding the government, ond should not be allowed ; but no man would ever write a letter meiely to say " A. B.'s compliments to C. D.," consequently fining o man for writing it on a paper, must be regorded as a wanton exercise of ar- bitrary power. How much more so then, to make him poy five dollars for merely putting his initials on the paper, which cannot in any pos^'ilc way defraud the dof artment. JUSTICE. 110 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Intellectual Culture. Feeling somewhat gratified with the flattering notice bestowed on my former communications, and not wil- ling to appear indlti'erent to, or negligent in returning a compliinont, or in emlcavoriog to repay a "good turn," I have resumed my pen; noc, however, without the conviction that many, very many, mothers and daughters of the surrounding country, enjoying supe- rior advantages, bath of acquired and natural abilities, are far more capable of enlisting the attention of the heedless and casual reader, and of Inspiring the minds of the too busy-workers with a love for intellectual cul- ture and general improvement. Yet I do not feel un- willing to render my "mite" in acaiise replete witli in- terest, to the farmer as well as the statesman, to the farmer,8 children as well as the collegiate stuilent. The first most natural duty of man, appears to be, to provide fur the body sustenance and raiment. Our ap- petite prompts us t.i satisfy its cravings for food, our pride and ambition and the sense of heat and cojd in- duce us to provide clothing; hut ollen, through too much care and anxiety for those, the appetite of the mind becomes weak and unhealthy ; its perceptions and energies are blunted ; its longings for knowledge and inquiry into the wonderful operations of animated ex- istence and inanimate matterarcsnspended, and finally almost extinguished, until some whispe.ings of con- science penetrate the ear of the soul, or some thunder- bolt of omnipotent power startles anew into existence l!ie hushed and neglected spirit, thecriished and abused intellect, the intelligent soul, vyhich has been entrusted to our keeping. The enquiring mind cannot be satisfied and can never be stilled. It is boundless in its desires, and un- rca.sing in its efforts. It is capable of infinite expan- sion and endless duration ; but dependent upon the will and judgment of its possessor for a proper cultiva- tion to bring it forth in its native strength and majesty* in its purity and dignity, in its beauty and lovcUness. My feelings upon this subject induce me to address myself mostly to the fathers and mothers employed in the busy occupations of agriculture. Altliough I have not the experience of mature age, yet I hqpe the years employed havj not been altogether unimproved ; and while I would speak with the utmost deference to those older and more experienced than myself, I would soli- cit their attention to a subject involvin t the deepest in- terests of every individual. All acquainted with the history of the farm.ing population of our country, are aware that they have had, what is generally termed, rather hard times to get through the world with credit and honor, and secu;'e to their posterity a competence, an independent station in society. They have, as a general thing, commenced life, not in mate use. I will not accuse John Farmer, aa he did Me, Willi wishing to mietnte facts, when ho says that "our specie has gone out of the country in an u!limerr\ipled a ream," I only want to show him that he is at issue on that point with the report of ihe Secretary of the Treasury. Mr. f orwiird seta down the imports of specie into the United Stale* from 1821 to 1841, at •f I81,501,.')I0, whde our exports for the eafiVe time were only $133,759,910. As much specie is brought over by priVAte immigrants which is not iak«n into the above act^ount, the amount of our imporifl of spe- cie is iirobobiy much larger than this exbibii. During the present year, 1842, the import of coin has been unusually large. So that there is but little doubt hut that for the last twenty years, in spite of all our pa- per substitutes, the specie of these United States has increased at least fifty millions of dollars. The difference of opinion between John and my- self, is simply this. 1 want all our great national in- terests, agriculture, manufactures and commerce, protected by sound artd equal laws ; but be seems lo embroce the delusive notion, that if we stimulate man- ufactures by taxing the other interests, the home mar- ket of the farmer will be so much increased by it, that he can easily dispense with that foreign trade based on exports, which has for the last twenty years furnished us 60 many luxuries, and increased our specie to tho nmountof fifty millions of dollars-. S. W. Waterloo, Aug. 6/h. 1842. Sfiagara Agricultural Society,--Kule of Premlums« t" his Society, whose fair is fixed for the ]8ih and 19th of October, have offered $500 in premiuiiis. This does them much honor. They add farther, what ought to be considered every where os obsoluie, that the conditions of competition and premiums will be invariably adhered to. The crops, likewise, which will receive the premium, it is stated, will not be tho greatest', but those which are raised at the least ex- pense. We deinulr entirely to this condition, as its di. rect effect will be to discourage effort and cultivation. The great object of all premiums in regard to crops, should be to see Aot^ much can be produced on an acre ; and the whole method and expense of cultivation being detailed, nny man con then judge for himself whether the increased crop will pay the increased expense • or whether such cultivation be profitable. But in tho other ease, by theobove rule, a premium may in foot be given lor negligence and parsimony. An applica- tion was made not long since to an Agricultural So." ciety for a premium on a crop of grain, as well as we can remember, where the applicant rested his merit in getting a largo yield withcut hating applied any manure, without having ploughed more than once, and without having bestowed only the viost sxrpcrficial after culture. That is, be wonted a premium for the natu- ral fertility of his soil. Which was not due to himself; or in other words, he wanted a premium for having done nothing, which can haidly be recommended by the Society os the beet mode of improving agricul- ture. To determine the comparative profitableness of crops, an entirely different set of [iremiums and rules should be instituted. — Ed. Woolen Rags for Manure. — About 20,000 tons of these are annually consumed by the farmers in tho South of England. They are said to warm the land. The good effects extend to the second year. — Johnson. Red Cedar. — If the lining of drawers in which clothes are kept is made of pencil cedar, no moths or other destructive insects will get into them. This wood ia cheaper than wainscot or mahogany, and gives on agreeable perfume to the clothes. 143 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER Vol. Condition of the English Farmers. Dear Sir- In my commimicaiioii published in the July number of the farmer, I atlempted to establish two points, viz : that the climate of England is more favorable for Bgricultiual purposed than that of this country ; nnd that the farmers of England do not fare 60 poorly aa the letter of S. W. would lead lis to sup- pose. In proof of the latter position, I quoted from a recent publication of Wm. Howitt. You are quite correct in supposing that he is not describing the every day life of farmers, for 1 gave ano her quotation in which he says " such is a specimen of lliefcsiicilies ol what may be called the niiddlo and eubi^tantial class of iarmers ; and the ^ame thing holds in degree to the very lowest grade of them." As this description holds good, in degree, from the highest to the lowest class, I mean of farmers, so does it, in degree, from their days of festivity to their ever? day fare. Now you must not suppose, that, in giving Howill's spirit- ed description of the good Cheer of an English farm house, I was advocating the introduction of similar extravagance amongst our farmers, I was only attempt- ing to prove that the English farmsrs were not reduced to that miserable diet described by S. W. The far- mers alluded to are, I grant you, many of them mere- ly tenants, not Iilt.6 durs, freeholders, owning from one to two or three hundred acres of land, but surely this makes my case stronger. At any rate, I cannot agree with you that it is fair to draw a comparison between the substantial freeholders of this country and the laborers of England, Whose btily vl-ealth consists o( their daily labor. It is neither the climate nor |ioor liviuf, which induces the English iarmerto leave the land of bis birth, and his early associations, to seek a home in a strange land. I artl satisfied that in no other climate can man and beast endure an edual de- gree of labor and exertion with so little fdtigne ; and I am equally satisfied that no clasO Of meri need to live on better fare than the English fatmero. There are many other circumstances too, in AVhich the English farmer has a decided advantage over Us; he has at all times a market at hand, where he can get cash for his produce. Every farmer lives within feaCh of two or three towns where weekly markets are held ; if he wants to buy stock he knows where to go for it, and if he wants to sell grain or produce of any description he knows where to take it j and is eiire to meet with competitors ready to pay the value in cash, so that when lie has payments to make, he can provide for them without any sacrifice of property. I have said so much in favor of England as «n agri- cultural country, thai I fancy I hear you exclaim, " if this be a true picture, why leave it 7" Wait, and I will tell you. You have, as yet, only seen the bright side of the picture, let us reverse it, and what are alj the advantages nnd conveniences above enumerated, when we 6nd on the opposite side the tithcman, the exciseman and the tax gatherer ? The last named functionary has hie hands constantly in your pocket; the other is peeping about to see that you do not con- vert your tallow into candles, your barley into malt, or gather the hops which are growing wild on your fen- ces. But the visits of these gentlemen are as nothing in point of injustice and vexation whoa compared to the visit of the tilhcman. To give you some idea of the working of the tithe system, I will instance the parish in which I lived. It was the custom to take the tithes on a seven years lease, the rector appointed the valuer, and we had the option of taking them at his valuation, or suffering them to be collected in kind. We always chose the former as the leas vexatious ot the two. You will perceive that on this plan the best armers had to pay the highest tithe. On one occa- sion, we were rated at 9s. 3d, Htg. per acre ; produce was high when the valuation was mnde^ but it kept ng, fo that wc h^d a very hard bargain. We pre- sented n remonstrance to our rector and petitioned for a rediiction, but his cool answer was, "No, when I consult a physician, I take his prescription." Mean ing, that having employed a person to value the tithes, he would abide by his judgment. Wp certainly Could not complain of any injustice in this decision, because if prices had risen in the same proportion we should not have been called upon to pay any more. But the hardest feature of our ease was, that we had to pay him whether we went to bio chop for physic or not. He drew between two and three thousand pounds per annum from the pariah, and had all the duty done by curates for about £200 per annum. We never saw the rector e«cfept for a month, which period he was compelled by law to reside on his living, but he made it a month of Sundays, for he came on the Saturday night and left us again on the Monday morning after the fourth Sunday. Is not auch a system as this enough of itself lo drive a man from his country, let that country, iii other respects^ be ever so desirable lo live in ? I recollect seeing a letter from an English farmer who had emigrated to this country. Did he express his joy at finding a climate and fare superior to what he had left ? No! he commenced his letter by thank ing God that he had found a spot of ground where priest hod never set his foot, and showed all through his I tter a spirit ol exultation at escaping from the grasping rapacity of the titheman. Yours, &c. B. M. Climate and Productions of England compar- ed with the United [States. Mr. Colman — Your correspondent B. M. comes down upon me with a wet sailj for giving the prefer- ence to the climate and agricultliral products of the United States over those of Great Britain, As he very gravely asserts that " English horse beans are equal to our Indian corn for all (ceding pur- poses," I shall leave him alone in the glory of bis argument, and confess that ! was in "error" when I gave the preference to the agricultural productions of the United States over those of Enghind. But to shew that I did not speak without bobk, and that I had some authority for my " errors," I quote the opinion of an English maeter in rural economy. Capt. fearclay, in his agricultural toiir through our country in 1841, invariably extols our sol! and climate in the most elaborate and even extravagant terms, while he is very general and unsparing in condemn- ing our want of skill, and slovenly neglected system of agricnhiire. To account philosophically for our defects, he charges them directly to the overflowing bounties of our superior soil and climate ; he says " where nature is bountiful man is invariably indo- lent." In England, where natiire gives less, man is more provident and industrious. Struck with admi- ration at the luxuriant Indian corn in the neighbor- hood of Philadelphia, where it was grown for toiling cattle and horSes, Capt. B. fralikly admits thilt the cul- tivation of our " corn entirely supercedee the culture and use of other greisn crops as food for slock.'' In equinoctial America, where the cereal grains and tropical fruits alike abound, Indian corn is almost the only bread stuff of the country. Humbolt tells us that there is but one plant, growing from the earth, which yields as much food to man ; the plantain (Musa panidisaica) is si'pposed to yield more nutri- ment off a given space of ground ; but its various adaptation ns food for man and beast, bears no compar- ison to the Indian corn. In Spain, Portugal and Italy, Indian corn is culti- vated to a great extent as food f.jr the poorer classes, md 1 here once more venture to repeat, that if Great Britain, by some inversion of nature's laws, could be favored with our warm, stimulating sun, so that 1$ soil would grow Indian corn, we should hear no mc of her hungry popiilation feeding on bread made " damp mouldy grain." B. M. takes a narrow view of eur extended co growing region, wheti he says " that in a good Co season other crops suffer;"* large crop of corn common with other grain is very general in Oh Indiana, and in other states south and west, "it present season with ue, is called favorable for all crc except corn, and yet at this time, 20th July, we be here on the " Seneca level" the Dtilton corn in I blootn, with tin the cereil grains oh the eve of a dundaiit harvest. 8. W, Condition of Ireland. The subjoined interesting letter should have b( given sometime since ; but was accidentally oveflo; ed. It will not fail, however, now to be read w pleasure ; and v?e have strong hopes that it may followed by otters. . . . , Dubrm, December 14ih, ISii, M B. Bateham, — Dear Sir — I little dreamed two months ago thisiJi when we were at the Fair in Alexander, that 1 sto' be in so short a tims iii the old world. But so it ajthdugh I (lahnot realize that I am so far from hbn Steam has almost bridged the Atlantic, and brou; the two worlds to be near neighbors. Three weeks day I was in New York, and I have been nearlj week in Ireland. My visit to this country is one of business as W as pleasure, and t shall see alt that can be of use or terest to a practical man. I shall make myself fan inr with their methods of putting up their beef t pork, OS well as butter. I shall examine their cati hogs, sheep ond horsesi and see their mode of foi Ing, and If bo that I ani blessed with i safe return my own dear Counfry; 1 shall be able to tell oiir f mers all that is worth knowing upon these subjectf I have already filled many pages with notes uj these points, which at a more leisure period may condensed or olaboroted for the public. 1 troiible i self very little ivith viewing old castles or rcmarki ruins. They do well for the tourist who want spend his time Und make a book. The liVirg p suit now is my object, nnd lb that I mainly lenc my elTorts. Although 1 have been so short a tim< the country; yet I have not been an idle spectnier. have steh sotne of theit best fafmihg Country, their best slock. Some of the country is very fine, especially a i tion of that passed through on the route from Corl Dubliii. To me it has a Very odd looking, thoi pleasant oppcoronce. The fields ore generally sm the greater part being from three to five English oc divided by hedges and ditches, which at this seoj do not present a very cleanly or snug appearance, suppose in summer they look much better, though proprietors complain very much that the poor pee will cut down the trees and brush during the wii for fubl. The soil is good generally, and the cliir line, though varied. Winter wheat for the lost three years has bee very uncertain crop, and the prospect now is the will be shorter next year than was ever known heft All grain or spring crops grow remarkably well, i give an abundant return. At one time Ireland u to export large quantities of wheat and flour to E land, but now she imports more wheat than she e exported. The corn factors account for it, by the creased production at home, owing to the great i attending its culiivaiion, and the formers turning tl attention more to grazing, which is very profital owing to the immense demand for all kinds of st< for export, and an increased demand at home, gre ing outt)f the improved condiilon of the people ; No. 9. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 143 temperance movement bnving done ninre to rcgcncratp the coiinlry than any thing eloe. U ia a very uncom- mon thing to e«s tiny ninu drunk. 1 have oecn but <)ne ma.« yet in all Ireland that won the uorso tor drink. So that if they can, by any nicaiie, employ their peiiple, Ireland must become a very independent state. 1 think as soon aa it hoa been fairly tested that property is enfs, alid the pbopls w ish it, nibnufactures will tliiurish at once, and sobn become a great source of wealth. The weather, both here and in England, has been wet beyond any thing ever before known. It has rained almost constantly for the lost twu months. Thousand of acres nrs oil ready for the seed, yet they can get no opportunity to sow their winter wheat, and much that has been sown will rot in the ground Nothing but a miraclecan save them froin a short crop another year, potatoes have not been as productive as usual, and it is so wet, a great many are yet to be dug. To add still more to the misery of the people, the wot weather has prevented a great many from lay ing up their usual supply of turf for fuel : peat being the chief dependence of large numbers. The pros- pect ahead for the poor ic indeed oiIg of uiimingled blackness. Yet the oplendid mansion overlooks the humble cabin, and the rich and luxuriantly living pro- prietor, cannot feel the misery of the ill-fed and half clothed cottager, though a tenant of his wide domain. Ob, ours is indeed a glorious country, and we are blessed above any other people. May we ever be mindfnl and duly thankful for those blessings, the half of which we cannot appreciate without seeing the misery and degradallbn of the people here in this old World. Sincerely yoiirs, T. C. PETERS, of Dnrien, Genesee Co., N. Y. Useless Complaints. To the Editor of the New Genesee Farmer : As this is my first attempt to spread rny ideas before the readers of the Farmer, the meanness of my essay may require sdme apology. I live in a portion of the Union where the paper is hut poorly patronized, either by subscription or contribution. Most of the essays which fill its columns, Hre either from the pen of the editor himself or from those of correspondents living in the same latitude in New York, New Eng. land, or the western states. Not long since, two co- pies of the paper made their appearrnce at our post office with no definite address, and though they bore no other written message than the word " distribute," I thought this in common with their beiiigsent might be construed to inean considerable. It might signify that the Genesee school of agriculture wished to edify ns Morylanders ; or that they would know what we were thinking and doing; or that the Farmer desired our support ; or, perhaps, all these things together. I would not be the one to undertake the cause of my neighborhood with the New Genesee Farmer, were it not that I supposed there were no o'her likely to do It is true I have some ideas not just of a local na- ture to communicate, but these I could whisper to that abler correspondent, who might present them in a more attractive garb. Consequently, if my friend Colman thinks my remarks would be unprofi;ablo to bis readers, he may keep the edification to himself. It is a common thing with the farmers of this part of Maryland and our neighbors of Pennsylvania, to naking continually complaints about the weather. It may be that you Yankees are less ungrateful and more philosophical on this subject than we are — that you do not foolishly torment yourselves with viewing only what ie gloomy in every picture, but make the best of things beyond your control. If happily this ed for by the stnlo of afliiirs amongst you, I hope you Hill send us a luminous lecture on the subject in some future number of the Farmer. I ehfill lake great pleasure in | resenting it to iny neighbors, that they may see I am not alone in maintaining that it is un- reasonable as well ao unchristian, to complain that our \vi:ntlior ie riot better. Thfl religious farmer, who is thus inclined to murmur, I would rcntind of the debts he owes to a kind Providence. The farmer who does not allow obligations to a superior being to occu- py much place in his nfTections, 1 would remind of the unhappincss he brings upon hiijiself by bis prone- ness to find fault with the Vvcaiher. Upon taking a view of the past and this much of the present year, I do not find that heat and cold; rain and sunshine, coilld have been morfe happily blended in our climate to promote the whole happi- ness of hion. Produce tif most kinds Comes forth at II in abundance, the air has been healthy and pleasant, and yet thus fraught with blessiiigs as it is, I can hear scarcely any thing respecting the weather but a torrent of invectives. Because an occasional frosty night endangered the blossoms that had put forward prematurely, " It is the coldest spring t ever saw." When just a plenty of rain, with a tetbpera- ture the most agreeable to all who have been cursed to wear clothing, was nourishing sviih the utmost vig. or our wheat, oats and grass, " It is bad weather for corn, — the cut worm will have half of it." When the thermometer rose to 80* and 90° and we had a little moisture, quite necessary to prevent things from parching, " Won't this foggy weather be apt to rust the wheat." When, just iii hay time itnd harvest, the ritins were suspeiided for a month together, "lam afraid the corn crops will be shirt." Now, while the most agreeable vicisitudes of wetness and warmth are forcing our green crobs to a most luxuriant growth, almost every farmer who meels me exclaims " What a bud time to harvest." Should this essay meet the ey« of any one who has been tempted to such remarks as these, I beg him to consider that should the weath- er be really accessary to the evils here mentioned, if his care cannot avoid them, how foolish to bo tronblcd about it I If, on the contrary, his management might have averted the bad effect, let him blame himself not the weather. Such, of late yenis, has ment. Fellow farmers, consider that article. Ifyoti have any thina to say aboUt it, I woUld like to hear it. I would any something myself, but am too near tha end of my thect, I must yet notice an article on " Noxious Weeds," on page 103 of the late number. I object to the term ' noxious, 'as I have yet to learn that a single plant that has come from the Creator's hand is " noxious." It is true, the sacred historian seemed to consider "thorns and thistles" as an inconvenience, when he speaks of their growth aa n consequence of man's dieobedience ; but since the earth docs produce them, we might os well just make the best of it. We have found that thorns make very convenient fences, and to some parts of the world it would be a real loss to part with them. As for thistles, just look at the lair side of T. Tufts' account, on page 105. How much better for his brother's Iniid, that those Canada thistles absorbed from the nir a fund of nourishment for some future crop, than if, while its owner neglected it, no " nox- ious weeds" had taken poscssion. Continual crop- ping would exhaust ahy land, did not a growth (of "noxioils iVeeds r'Jspring up in the inicrvals of cul- ture, to replenish its fertility by their substance which is not thought worth gathering. Friend Colman, I have not room for more, thou eeest ; but 1 hope the subjects I hnve hinted at, will receive more ample jus- tice from aBler pehs. Thy patron, L. BALDERSTON. Cecil County, Mil., 7lk »no., 1842. Fdrtlte New Genesee Farmer. " Spare the Birds." A sort of skirmish has been goinj on for some time past between the advocates of the birds on one hand, and the friends of Unmanglcd fruit on the other ; the one maintaining that all the depredations of the feaih- ered rhce on the products of their orchards are im- mctisely overbalanced by the hordes of pestiferous in- sects they destroy ; while the others soy that the good they do is greatly overrated, and that even those in- sects which they do cot, are more commonly of the harmless kind, the inore destructive aiTurding not (juite such delicate morsels, and as a consequence re- maining untouched. Now all this contention wotlld much better become the mode of philosophical inquiry adopted by philos- been our progress i" Lphers of former centuries, who tried to investigate knowledge, that the weather is almost the only thing „je operations of nature by abstract reasoning in their tangible, whose laws we have not reduced to our own closets instead of observation in the open air. " They could tell what time of day The clock would strike, by Algebra," and some of thera even went so far as to get into long and angry quarrels whether two angels or spirits could actually occupy the same mathematical point at the same time I I Common sense teaches that when any thing is to he ascertained in the natural world, the right way to do it is by direct observation and experiment, not by splitting hairs and dove tailing syllogisms. If you want to know which way the wind blows, why, go out doors and see ; or how many bushels of wheat you hnve to the acre, measure it ; argument and guessing will not avail much. So with the bird controversy ; instead of battling it out on paper, resort to direct ex. aminotion. Watch their operotions, and sec what they eat ; dissect their stomachs and see what they have swallowed ; and let not hasty examination suf- fice. The experiments must be repeated, and repeat- ed, and repealed, — in all seasons and at all places ; and then we shall not woik in the dark, but know which are our enemies and which our friends ; which are devouring the noxious and which the harmless insects ; and properly estimate the pleasures of their singing, while we are sighing for the loss of our fine administration. J. P. Espy and his compesrs may in vesligate and theorise, but if they contemplate con troting the winds and clouds, I despair of their success Nor is it to be desired. This control of the elements is one of the essentials of success in farming, which the Creator has reserved to himself. He has promiseJ that "seed time and harvest, cold and heat, should continue" to the end of the world, and hitherto he has verified his word. So auspiciously has he order- ed the elements in eur favored climate, that we are actually groaning because of our abundance. How unreasonable and impious then to complain ! In- stead of murmuring, let us be thankful we were not doomed to toil to bring water from the clouds as well as bread from the earth. To the kindness of Provi- dence ore we indebted that this additional burden with a thousand more, were not imposed upon us. The receiver of alms has not the shadow of right to choose, and since fruitless murmurs about what be receives can only embitter bis condition, it is both wisdoin and virtue to be content with our lot. Since I commenced this article, the 7th number cf the current volume of the Farmer has come to band. An editorial on the first page entitled "Political Anom- alies and Inconsistencies," is excellent. In these ( be the case, and n»y remarks B^ould be thought uncall- times of silly eomplaim, it ia a perfect dainty insenti-l fruit which they have just swallowed. H4 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 We publish the following Circular with pleasure, and hope that all interested will give it their particu- lar attention. The silk culture ie certain to go for- ward. The public mind will presently recover a bealthjr state in fegnrd to it. We want the results 0( actual experience.^fncle, accurately observed, eleaily jtated and fully authenticated ; then no man who puts his hand to the plough need look back. We have had moonshine and Jack-o'lanterns enough ; mystifica- tion and impositions in abundance ; now let us proceed by the clear light of day. As a branch of domestic husbandry it is sure to afford an ample rfeWard to labor. SILK CIRCULAR. To Silk Growers in New Englmid. Gentlemen: — At a Convention of Silk Growers, held in Northampton, on the lOih Nov. last, it Was unanimously ticsaUert, That, as during the infancy of the Silk business, great practical beuehte may be expected irom periodical meetingo of its friends, a committee be chosen to consist of one from each of the JNew Eng- land States, whose duty it Bhall be to call a Conven- tion at such time and place as they may deem e-xpedi; ent, to be called "The New England Silk Conven- tion." Thereupon, I. R. Barbour, Oxford, Miss., Dr. P. Brownell, East Hartfoid, Ct., David Benedict, Esq., Pawtucket, R. 1 , Dr. Artemas Robbins. Bellows Fulls, Vt., Calvin Messinger, Newport, N. H., and Luther Severance, Esq., Augusta, Me., were ap- pointed as ihia committee. In pursuance of the purposes contemplated above, the subscribers say, that they design to invite a meet- ing ol Silk Growers at some central place, the early part of the ensuing autumn. In the meantime, it has occurred to them, that, by an early attention to the matter, a great amount of valuable information con- lu-oted with the Silk Culture, may be collected as the results of feeding the present season, and embodied in he form of a ULatislical Table to be laid before the Convention and the public. It is cheering to know that the renulta of the past Buniiner's operations have been generally decidedly encouraging, — that the aggregate of the Silk Crop in Massachusetts, shows nearly a three fold advance upon any preceding year, — -hat this ie probably about the ratio of increase in the other Slates of New Eng- land, and throughout the country, — that public conh- dence, alter the late revulsion, is returning to the bu- Binesa, and that the Silk Culture is e.ttending itself as rapidly as correct information respecting it is diffused ; thus giving proiniee that it will soon become fully es- tablished. To secure this important object, all that is wanted by our intelligent and enterprising men, is. facts, facts — well attested /uc(s. The results of feeding in 1841, could they now be all collected, and embodied so as to give a Tabular View of the whole matter, would, it is fully believed, at once satisfy any business man, in regard to the entire fea sibiidy of the Silk en terprise, and that its profits, when rightly conducted, are greater than in other branches ol ordinary terming. Let us, then, be prepared to give to the public the.se facte, nest autumn, in such a form as to command the confidence of business men. Do we not owe this email service to ourselves, to our country, and to the unborn millions that are in future times to be clothed, and fed, and educated from the fruits of this interest- ing form of agricultural industry ! For this purpose it is only necessary for each one engaged in the business, whether he does much or little, to keep such records aa will enable him to an- Bwer the following questions— 1. How many seasons have you fed worms 1 2. What qjianiitij of land have you fed from the past season 7 3. How oM are your trees? (If they are of dif- ferent ages, give the average.) 4. How many lbs. of cocoons have you made, weighed as they ore gathered 7 5. What has been the expense of making the co- coons here reported 1 These questions can all be answered in figures. For a rule of estimaiing expenses, see below. In ad- dition to these questions, tlnere are a few others which we BUgEPSt. 1. What kind of tiees do you use ? 2. Have your trees been essentially injured by Etanding out winters ! 3. Do you head down your trees in the spring J 4. In gathering foliage, do you cut up the bushes ? 5. What kind of buildings do you feed in ? and how leell ventilated \ 6. Do you give your worms any artificial heat ? 7. Have you ever fed in an open place, like a shed, or rorii barn, where the worms had a perfectly pure air? If ■•'o, state the results very particularly. 8. Do you use air-slacked lime upon your worms ? 9. Have yow failed in any port of your operations the pasu season? If so, stale the cttuse and circum- stances. These points will he all that is essential to the pur- poses designed, though we sboU be thankful for any remarks or facts bearing on the gensrol subject. To give expenses by some uniform rule, w6 suggest the following simple method. Make a little book, in which, at the close of each day, to enter the number of hours employed by men, women, and children. Then consider the labor ol able bodied men at 10 eta. per hour ; Women at 6 cents ; hoys and girls between 15 and 17, at 5 cents ; between ]'i and 15, at 3cents ; and under 12, at 2 cents. The expense of planting trees, we wieU to be given by itself, as that is not an annual expense. Give us also, the fair rent of the buildings used, and we have all that is wanted. That we may have time to prepare '.he contempla- ted Table in season for the Convention, we wish to have the returns oil sent in by the 15ih of September. To every person furnishing a return, free of expense, a copy of the table will be sent. Direct to / R. Bar- bour, Oxibrd. Masfl. , post paid-. 1. R. BARBOUR, 1 P. BROWNELL, ARTEMAS ROBBINS, i />„„,„;,,„ CALVIN MESSENGER, f ^ommiuee, LUTHER SEVERANCE, DAVID BENEDICT, March 24, 1842. P. S. The Committee design 10 send this circu- r to every Silk GrroWer in New England. But many of course will be overlooked, because unknown to them. Will you. therefore, show this to all in your neighborhood, and get as many returns as possible. In Massachusetts there cannot be less than SOU co- cooneries of some Gort. In New England probably not less than 2000. From all these establishments we ould hope for full returns, in due time, and free of expense. All Silk Growers are equally interested in the object aimed at, and the committee, as such, have no funds. 10,000 pejvch trees. Foil sale liy tlie subscribers at their Nursery, (nearJM ce- donville onllic EiieCmal,) all of wliiih have been |)rop,igatc(l from BEAHING THBliS, whose geauincness r excellence has been thoroughly proved. They are of liiT? nd very thrifty growth, and have all bct-n ntleiistonce trnns- anted, atid the roots thus greatly improved lor agaia re- loviiig, so that the danger of loss or even chc^ k in growth rom this oper.ition, is exceedingly lesseiierl. Price i-'o cents iich, S20 per huiiilred, $ISD p. r ihous.mdor $160 well pack- ed and delivered for tra-. sport .tioii. The following iirethe chief varietiis, which will afford a constant succession of t.pe fruit from early in 8th mo. (Aug.) till liite frosts ripening accordinglo the order in the list. E-iRLV An.v— fruit sni.i I, good; irea of slow growth. Early Tillotson — fruit media size, exce lent; a good bear- er, ami a most valuable early peach. Large i sd Rareripb— fruit large, excellent. Ripens ten davs 1 -ter ih .n the prect-ding. Early York— large, sweet and rich j a fruit of the highest White Imperial- large, white with a red cheek, sweet, juicy and meliingi a most excellent peach, obtained prob- ablj' from the celebrated Noblesse, which it excels. YeLlow -A LDEROE— fruit rather large, one of the tinest yel- low peaches— be >rs wc!i and while young. Seaboli's— fruit large, red, of firfct rate excellence. Red Cheek Malacoton— fruit rathcrlarg,-, bei uliful, of fine flavor; ranks as first rate ainoug ye low peaches — bears well while young. Hill's Chili- a very large, finfe, yellow peach. L.iTE York— an excellent freestone peach, except in unfa- vorable seasons. Heath Cling— fr iiit when not crow ed. and in favorable seaBons. very large, olten three inches in diameter, sweet and excellent. Orders directed ' Thomas & Smith, M.Tcednn, Waynt: Co., IV. Y.." wi 1 be promptly and faithful y attended to and the trees, 8 cnrely packed, sent by the Erie Canal, ir by the Auburn and Rochester Rail Road. J. J. THOMAS- Macedon. nth mo. I. 184a. W. R-tjAHTH. SALE OJ' SHORT HORNS IN CANADA. A VALUABLE lot of High Bred Durham Bulls, will te ulTereil cor -ale by auc'iim, on Tuesday, October loih next, at Dundas W. Flambr .' Caniida. Cuaiplete pedigrees will be given Terms liher-l. Par- ticulars next inniith Rasv I.aWV trnnsnort S.-.> 1. PLOUGHS. ANEW AND SUPERIOR KllVD OF PLOUGHS (two sizes) designed for brejikinir up summi r fallow maybe purchased at the Kochester Eagle Furnace, — pric $6 and ^7 each. Wood and other produce taken in ex change. A J. L.ANGWORTUY. JU115. 1615. BUFFALO IfURSEKY. THE stock now on hand for s ile is much larger than at any former period, t-mbracing a large colleclfon of the most valuable kinds of ihe Apple, Pear, Peach. Plum. Cher- ry, Quince, Nectarine. Apricot. Filbert, StrawberritS, Raspberries, Goosberriee, Currents. &c. Of Ornamental Tices. Flowering Shrubs and Plants.afino assjrtment. eomprisii.g almost eve y desirable articlein this dcp ar inenl. A laigesibckof Gn en-house Pants. I also olTer for B.-ile -JS OHO Apple Trees of one year's growth, from the gr..fl or iiiocu ation, in autumn will aver- ..[•eover one fool high. They consist of 12U of 111* uiOat valuable kinds- four-tiflh of whhh have been cut from bear* inji trees and consequ ntly will soon produce fruit. They ivifl besoidfnrcash at the low price of 88 per hundred.— No less than from 5 to 10 of any one kind to betaken. Also 0 000 seedling trees of the true English Mazzard Cherry, at 88 per 100; Orders, permail ni- otherwiefe, will receive prtitopt atten- tion. Trees or Plants packed in superior order and sniped at Buffalo on board of any steamboat, vrssel or canal boat reuuired. Catalogues gratis to every applicant. Buflalo Aui!. 1812. B. HODGE. Important Sale to Agriculturists. T MPROVED SHORT HORN DURHAM CAT 1 TEE. On Thursday morning, 8th September, at 10 o'clock, will be sold, at the exhibition ground of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, Rising Sun, on the Germantown Road. 3 miles from the city, a choice selection of splendid Durham dairy stock from tha hcrdol James Gowen, Esq., of Mount Airy, consist- ing of imported covVs, bulls, and calves from Dairy Maid, Pocahontas, Victoria, &c., ahd by the eele- brated bulls Colostra, Prince of Wales, and Leander. This sale will afford to breeders an opportunity of adding to their stocks thorough bred animals of high character and pure blood, and their diffusion into proper hands is a primary object in this sale, together with the necessity of a separation of the herd to pre vent over close breeding. Catalogues will be ready in due time, and the cat- tle may be examined at the e.\hibition ground two days previous to the sale. August 1. ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT- Corrected for the New GeticSe Farmer, September 1. WHEAT, perbushel, $ 81 o f g5 CORN, " 38 44 OATS, " 19...... 22 BARLEY, " 38 RYE, " i. 44 50 BEANS, White,.. " 75 88 POTATOES,. ... " 18 22 APPLES, Desert,. " ........ 25 38 FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl.... 4.3S 4,50 Fine " 4,00 SALT, " 1,00 1,25 PORK, Mesa, " 8,00 8,50 " perlOOlbB 3,00 BEEF per 100 lbs 3,50 POULTRY,. per lb..... 5 6 EGGS, per dozen, 9 10 BUTTER. Fresh., per pound 10 I2J " ■ Firkin " ... 8 9 CHEESE, "... 5 6 LARD, " ... 6 8 TAI.LOW, Clear, " ... 8 HIDES, Green "... 4 4i PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,00 POT, " " .. 4,75 WOOL, pound,... 22 28 HAY, ton, ... 6,00 8,00 GRASS SEED,.... bushel,... 1,00 1,25 CLOVER SEED,... " .... 5,.'"i0 .... 6,00 CONTENTS OF THIS NUSIBER. Mctei.rolotMcal Table and Observations. Agricultural Intelligence — Rules, and forms of certificates for Premium- of Ag, Societies. The Wheat Crop. Sale of Durham Cattle 129 Improved Agriculture— Smith's Lecture on Drainage ai d Peep Ploughing 130-31-32 Gray's Elements of Scientific and Practical AEriculture. Salt for the Grab Worm. Rusted Wheat- Rusted Straw for Catt e. N. Y. State Ag. Socieiy Fair. Cat- tle Shows and Fairs for 1842 • 133 Fermented VegtaMe manure. Lightning R'ds 134 Reeling Si k. Manufacture of Silk in Ohio. Botany— Female Accomplishment. Song of Birds. Tar for "heels 135 Agricultural Excursion, continued 136 To Fr eiid^ and Correspondent?, Aurora- Cayuga Academy 437 Importance of the Education andTrainIng of tlie young A Letter from Ohio— about the Cut Worm. Pea Bug, Circullo Spiders, Flies. &c. . . . , , , , . , 138 Conditions at Ploughing IMatches. Western Prospects, —Illinois. Prevention of Smut Postage and Fines I3» Intelectual Culture, bv Flor.i- Threshing Machines. 140 Rep y to John Farmer on a Prutcctive TariB", Niag- ar . Ag. Societv— Rue of Premiums 141 Condition of English Fa mers. Climate and Produc- tions of England compared wilh the Untied States. Letter from Ireland U2 Useless Coniplaiiits. Sparc the Birds J43 \ Crrular on Silk Culture, Adverlisements. &c 144 Printed by Henry O'Reilly and John L Reilly M. B. BATEHAM, Proprietor. I VOIi. 3. ROCHESTEK, OCTOBEU, 1842. NO. lO. | HENRY COLMAN, Editor. PUBIiI$II£» MOXTHIiY. TERMS, FIFTY CENTS, per year, payable always in ,-idvance. Post Masters, Agents, and others, sending current mon- ey free of postaee, will reccivesepen copies for S3, — Ticelve copies fur Si.—TKenly-JiTt copies for 810. TAepoBtaffe of Ihis paper is only one cent to anyplace within this state, and one and a half cents to nnypartof t he United States. Address M. B. BATEHAM or H. COLMAN, Rochester METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, M.\DE AT THE ROCnESTER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE BY' L. WETHERELL, AUGf.'ST, 184-3. T/icntwrnctcr. I M'inds. U'calJicr. > I y 2 ^ 2fi fiS 84 72 174.33 N E N E cl'dy cl'dy 27 66 7S 72 72.33 N E N E cl'dy fair .35 as 68 82 72 74. H E N E lair tair 29 68 74 62 65. N N loir lair 30 .50 74 («) 62.83 N E N E lair lair 31 59 83 73 73 66 N E N w fair lair 1 71 !)0 80 80.16 S W s w fnir fair 2 70 74 64 67,33 N W N w ul'dy lair a 58 63 58 ,.59. N E N w cl'dy cl'dy 4 -4 76 67 67. S £ s E fair fair 5 63 74 60 62 5 N W N wjfair lair 1.2 6 45 79 .58 60.5 N \V N W lair lair 7 58 76 64 64.66 N W N W fair lair 8 50 69 55 .56.66 N E N E Oair cl'dy 9 56 ,55 53 .53.5 N E N E ram rain .60 10 49 69 54 1.57 J 6 N E N El lair lair 11 69 84 72 73.66 S W s w cl'dv cl'dy n 68 74 61 65.33 W w cl'dy cl'dy .93 IK 54 69 54 44.66 N N fair fair 1.4 14 48 66 56 .58.33 E E lair fair 1.S ,58 68 60 61.5 E E rain rain .56 16 55 64 .54 .57 16 5 W B W lair lair 17 .59 69 56 46.66 W W lair tair 18 .59 65 .56 1.57.33 S W N W rain rain .14 19 50 61 54 J5S.66 N N V/ rain lair .10 20 49 59 53 153. N W VI fair SI 59 55 43 48. N W N W ram rain .16 2-PI 40 44 43 42. N W N VV cl'dy cl'dy .04 23 38 48 40 49 33 N W N W cl'dy tair 24 40 55 44 4433 N W N tair fair 25 38 60 46 47.66 N E N E tair lair Rain Gage for August, 1812, 1.42 inch " " •' 1841, 1.60 " " " " 1840, 4.04 " MonihlyMean, " 1842, 67,35 deg. " " " 1841, 67,34 " " " " 1840, 68,13 " Remarks on Ike Weather from August 26M to Sep- temler 2c>th. Aug. 26th and 27tb, gentle showers ; 23th, foggy lhi3 morning ; 29lb, fair and continued so to the end of the month. September, the seventh inonlh from March, which >vns formerly the first month of the year. Sept. Ist, fair ; 2nd, cloudy morning — cleared off in the afternoon ; 3d, cloudy ; 4th, fair during the day, but rain at night ; 5tb, fair and continued so until the 8th; 9th, rain; 10th, fair; lltb, thunder shower early this morning, also this afternoon and efpning, and very rainy through the night. 12ih, cloudy ; 13th and 14th, fair ; 15th, rain — a powerfu] shower this oftqrnoon at 4 o'clock ; 18lh, rain — clear- ed olf towards night ; 21et, a very windy day ; 25th, a little frost this morning. Tlic month has been warm and wet ; the rain gage has shown a fall of water equal to 5.15 inches. The mean temperature of the first day of Septem- ber, was 80.16 degrees ; the highest this season. Nolo. — The planet Mercury may be seen Oct. 8lh, 25 degrees and 7 minutes cast, angular distance from the Sun. Farmers' Holidays! This is the month in which most of the Fairs and Cattle Shows are held, and every farmer should at- tend one or more of them. In addition to the list giv- en on page 159 of this paper, we mention the follow- ing for the benefit of more distant leaders. Queens Co. at Hempstead, L. I., Oct. 13th. MASSACHUSETTS. The Hampshire and Hampden Society will hold their twenty-fifth Fair and Cattle Show at Northamp- ton, Oct. 12ih and 13th. Worcester Co. at Worcester, October 12th. Plymouth " at Bridgewater, " 12th. Bristol " at Taunton, " 12th. MAINE. Kennebec Co. at Readfield, Oct. 12th and 13th. Cumberland Co. at Gray's Cor. Oct. 19lh & 20th. Oxford Co. atNorway, Oct. 19lh. CONNECTICUT. Union Society, at Plainsville, Oct. I2th. PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia, at Rising Sun, Oct. 12th and I3th. T/ie Fair at Albany. — The Albany Argus says, — " The entire affair went off admirably. A great and generous spirit of emulation pervaded the Fair, in all its departments, and its vast and varied displays, producing results surpassing the expectations of its most sanguine participants." Sale of Short Horns. — Our readers in Canada and the West, will notice the advertisement in this paper of a sale of thorough bred cattle to take place at Dun- dass, on the 15th inst. We have seen some of these animals, at the residence of the Hon. Adam Fergus- son, and take pleasure in stating that they are among the most perfect and beautiful specimens of Durham Short Horns wc have ever witnessed. — Pub. If. G. Farmer. Butcher's Meat in Englaud. One of the most celebrated cooks in Europe, ond the favorite of dietingnished Sovereigns, gives the following opinion : " Butcher's meat in London is fine, and yet it has not the unctuosity of our meat in potages, sauces, and consommes. The cause is in the climate, and in those perpetual fogs which deprive the pasturage of a part of their nutritive .juices, by keeping them too green." American Toast. — '-The ladies — the only endura- ble aristocracy, who rule without laws, judge without jury, decide without appeal, and are never in the wrong." — F.ng. paper. Crops io South Venice in 1)442. Mh. EuiToR — Having given tiie readers of the New Genesee Farmer an account of the crops grown annually in this town, since the commencement of your valuable paper, (the New Genesee Farmer,) I continue '.'.'" practice. IVheat. — The crop in this vicinity is not very good; the rust has injured it so that the crop will be very light this season. The wheat, however, is somewhat better than some persona anticipated it would be, a few days before harvesting. Those that have thresh- ed for seed, find it better than they expected ; but on an average, I think there cannot be much more than half a crop grown in this town. Corn — The crop will be light this seneon. There are, however, some fields of corn that have the ap- pearance now of being pretty good. The cold months of May and June were injurious to the corn crop ; so much so, that many farmers ploughed their corn up and intend to sow wheat. If the frost should keep ofl' through the remainder of this montu, there will _ be some very good crops of corn ; but on an average the crops will be exceedingly light in this quarter. Barley has done well this season. The crop may be considered a good one. Oats have done very well too ; I think I never saw better oats and more on the ground than were sown this season. Peas are extraordinary good ; far better than last season. As a great many were sown this season, therefore, farmers will have enough to fatten their pork wiihout depending upon their crops of corn. Flax is good, and a great deal was sown in this town, expressly for the seed. Flax is not monufac- tured much into cloth in this vicinity, other goods being cheaper and which answer the same purposes for wearing apporel. The Potaioe crop will be a middling crop. The drought in July and August injured them somewhat, but there will be enough for our own consumption. Spring Wlieat. — There was not much sown in this neighborhood ; however, what little was sown came in very well, and better than the winter wheat. Roots. — "There are but few roots grown in this vi- cinity, and what few there are look very promising. Fruit is very scarce in this region of country ; there will be, however, enough for our own use if careful- ly husbanded. "The fruit is very inferior, owing, no doubt to the cold weather last spring. Under these circumstances, we have great reason to be thankful to Him, who has given us in sufficiency and abundance these comforts ami necessaries of liie. South Venice, Sept. \9th, 1842. W. S. T. Swiss Cows in Harness. We took a drive yesterday up a most romantic val- ley, and met two peasants driving their cow in a little cart. They stopped to offer us some pears. I par- ticulorly remarked the cow, to see if working did her any harm ; she was in excellent condition. I wish the cottager in England would adopt this custom ; it never comes into his head that the cow can do any- thing but give milk. We know nothing of economy in England ; what is daily wasted in it would save from starvation the miserable creatures who die in the streets. But what is every body's business is nobody's and so those who can afford it go on allowing waste, —Lady Vavasour's Last Tour and First Work, im THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 f Translated for the New Genesee Farmer from the German. ] CHANGE OF SEED. BY TROFESSOR srKENOKL, OF GOTTIlTOEtT. Oecasionnl change of seod ia unquestionably of the highest itnporlanco in agriculture. Observant for- mers have doubtless remarked that, though all possi- ble pains be token to secure the best and most perfect seed grain, it is generally more advantageous to pro- cure a supply from some other and distant section of country. In the year 1811, I obtained a parcel of multicaulis ryo from Friedland in Bohemia — a celebrated rye dis- trict, having a clay soil. This rye, thus brought a distance of 21 miles, was sown in a sandy soil, rich in humus, which had been manured by ploughing in a green crop of vetches. It vegetated well, grew as- tonishingly, and attained a height of from 9 to 9J feet, with heads proportionably long — measuring from 9 to 10 inches, and containing from 115 to 120 groins each. In the ensuing fall I sowed some of the rye thus pro- duced, on a soil of similar character and equal quali- ty, manured as before by turning in a crop of vetches. The stalks, however, scarcely attained a height of 7 feet — which was the more remarkable, as, in the sum- mer of 1812, the season being peculiarly propitious, all the other rye in the vicinity wos unusually tall. When sown again, the following season, this rye pro- duced stalks averaging only 5 feet high ; and the heads were proportionably shorter and less productive, in each year. The deterioration of this rye was ren- dered the more obvious, as, in the year 1812, I pro- cured some fresh seed from the original locality ; seed- ed it on land of similar quality, after plowing in vetches OS before, the stalks of which grew to the height of from 8 to 8J feet— contrasting strongly with the more stunted growth of the other. 1 have experienced similar results in the cultivation of buckwheat, oats, barley, beans, potatoes, and flax. With us, the stalks of Indian corn, also, from seed imported from the southern part of the United Slates, attain a height of 15 oi 16 feet, tho first year ; but the product of the second seeding will not exceed 10 feet in height ; and in the third year, it will not be taller than our domestic corn. On many soils a frequent change of seed appears to be essential, for various reasons. It is undoubtedly true that the seed can only produce a vigorous and perfect plant, when its germ is adequately developed ; and it is equally certain that such a developemont can result only from a proper commixture of the ingredi- ents of a soil, aided by the influence of climate, sea- sons, &c But the success of the plant is determin- ed also, in a great measure, by the kind of nourish- ment aflbrded to its earliest germs and radicles. Hence, when seed grain, having a perfect gorm, is supplied, seasonably and in due proportions, with those substances which contain, in an assimilable state, the peculiar pabulum or nourishment which the infant plant needs, it will grow vigorously, and flourish per- manently to maturity if the soil continue subsequent- ly to furnish a proper supply of the requisite food. A field recently manured with fresh stable dung, it is well known, will not produce good seod grain ; and hence it is probable that the good or bud quality of seed grain depends on the presence or absence of cer- tain ingredients ol soils. Grain grown on land re cently manured with animal dung, contains, accord ing to Hermbstadi, more gluten than that grown on lands not so manured ; and where the land was ma- nured with sheep dung, the grain produced is peculiar- ly rich in gluten, because this kind of manure con- tains in abundance the nitrogen essential to its forma- tion. Now such grain is probably unsuited for seed, precisely because it contains too great a quantity or proportion of glnien, whereby the starch t>f (he e« grain is too suddenly decomposed. Whereas, were a lees proportion of gluten present, the starch would be gradually converted into sugar — the earliest food required by the developing germ. Wo may, therefore, conclude that, in general, all groin is unsuited for seed if it contain every large proportion of gluten, or of other nitrogenous substances capable of converting starch ropidly or suddenly into sugar. But in grain intended lor breadetufls, this over-proportion of gluten is a very desirable quality; because the more of it any grain contains, the bettor is it adopted for produc- ing flour — gluten being among the most nourishing substances. Experienced farmers know it to be very advanta- geous to sow, in a sandy soil, rye grown on clayey or aluminous upland. The reason appears to ba this, that the rye from clay soils contains only the due pro- portion of gluton. On the contrary, it is found to be improper to sow rye from rich, moist, bottom lands on sandy soils ; because the seed contains such an over-proportion of gluten as to convert the whole ol the starch suddenly into sugar, and the sugar as sud- denly into other substances not eongenial to the germ- inating plant. Sandy soils in general do not furnish good seed grain, inasmuch as such grain is deficient in certain substances — as lime, magnesia, &.c. — es- sential, nay, indispensable, to tho perfect develope. ment ol the germ. That sugar does, in fact, play an important port in the germination of seeds and the first develorement of the plumule and radicle, is man- ifest from the fact that all the minutia seeds, parsley, carrots, tfec, germinate better if steeped for a few days in a solution of sugar or in a diluted syrup. But though sugar is unquestionably of great impor- tance in the germination of seeds and in the earlier developemont of plonts, I do not mointoin nor assert that the successful issue of the process is the effect, exclusively, of this substance. On the contrary, I am convinced that, to secure a propitious result, the presence also of alkalies, sulphates, and chlorides, in due quantities and proportions, is absolutely requisite. There ore soils which imperiously require an an- nual change of seed. But it is, in most cases, suffi- cient to procure a supply from places in the immediate vicinity, or not more than three or four miles distant — a circumstance which the principles above indicated will serve to explain. Climate also has a very conspicuous and important influence on the quality of seed grain ; and experi- ence teaches that, for seed, such grain is best suited as was grown in scolder region or district, Chemical ana'ysis shows that such grain contains a smaller quantity of gluten than that grown in warmer cli- mates. Wheat iiom the North of Europe contains much less gluten than that from the southern coasts of the Mediterranean. The deterioration of grain, so as to become unfit for continued seeding, I have most frequently observ- ed in oats. But 1 remarked, in every instance, that the soils which produced bad seed oats were deficient in lime, magnesia, or some other substance or ingre- dient requisite to the full developement of the germ. Oots invariably became unfit for seed if sown in soils deficient ill lime or potash ; and chemical examination shows that good seed oats contain much lime and pot- ash. Now, though we may, from these and similar circumstances, deduce in part the reasone to what change of seed is oftimes necessary, it is not to be de- nied that, for the full elucidation of this matter, more numerous experiments and observations are desirable, Probably results highly satisfactory could be arrived at if good and bad seed grain, as well as the soils on which they respectively grew, were subjected to accu- rate chemical analysis. The great benefit re^ullinj from frequent 'changes of seed, is purticularly striking in the culture of flax ; it being well ascertained that seed imported from Rus- sia is greatly superior to that of domestic growth. Russian flaxseed, though commonly an ill-looking, unpromising article, invariably produces a much lon- ger stalk and fibre than native seed, apparently much better. That climate likewise, in this case, exerts an important influence on the due proportionment and admixture of the ingredients of the seed, may be con. sidered certain. But v/hat the ingredients really are which contribute to, or elfecluate, the more vigorous growth of flax from Russian seed, remains to be as- certained. Again, by means of seed groin, climoto may in some sense, and lo some extent, be transferred from one reg'on to another. Thus, if we sow, in a colder climate, seed oats from a warmer district, where oats ripen early, the plant will, in its new locality, matura at on earlier period than the domestic oat, though not so early as in its native region. Finally, it may be considered osan ascertained fact, that soils chemically ill constituted, require the most perfect and best seed grain. A judicious selection will, in such cases, very materially increase the quan- tity of the product — the dift'erenco being in some cases not less than fifty par cent. From tlie National Intelligencer, The Polar Plant of the Western Prairies— a Vegetable Compass. Washinctoh, August 9, 1842. Dear Sir — In offering through you to the National Institution a dry-pressed specimen of the Polar Plant of the Western Prairies, itls proper that I shonld give 0 description of it, and of its location. It is a species of fern, with one large flot leaf, ichose plane always points to the north and south. The leaf is symmetri- cally disposed about the stalk. It attains the height of from ten to sixteen inches, and it is believed that it never blessoms. It is spread profusely in large beds over all the Western prairies, from the far Northwest to the far Southwest. It has been Eeen in the prai- ries of Wisconsin and other regions east of the Mis. sissippi. It is never found in the loresls ; or, in other words, out of the prairies. It has been well known to the hunters and trappers of the West, and to the officers of dragoons ; but 1 believe that its exis- tence has never (at least extensively) been mode known toibe world. Its plane is always in the plane of the meridian, when not disturbed by high Windsor other external couscs. The indications are always most nccurate in the valleys, where the beds are shcl- tered from the winds, and where the traveller finds them arranged in parallel positions, faithfully pointing out the direction of tho meridian. The leaf is sym- metrical, and thus there is nothing in its indications to distinguish the north from the south. The specimen which I send was plucked from the prairies near Fcrt Gibson, west of Arkansas. That its indications are actually the some wherever found is tho universal testimony of all who have known of it ; and I hove met many who have noticed it from south of Fort Towson to a considerable dis- tance north of Fort Leavenworth. In mony instances those who spoke of it derived their first intimation of its existence from that excellent officer and capital woodsmrin, Copt. Nathan Boone, of let regiment U. S. Dragoons, son of tho celebrated Daniel Boone. The cause of the polarity of this curious plant yet remains to be discovered. Being symmetrical in shape, or rather the weight being equally distributed about the stem, it is poasible that its sap or fibre is so thoroughly impregnated with certain salts of iron as to be deviated, from the period of its infant groA'th, by the action of the magnetism of the earth, turning like a compass needle on its stem or root as a pivot. That it is not caused by the action of light would seem pro- bable from analogy, as vegetables acted upon by light ore noted for turning their leaves or blossoms towards the sun instead of from it. At mid doy the plane of the Polar Plant posses through the sun, and thus it shuns the light. I have noticed it in long-continued cloudy weather, and could find no alteration in its po- sition. As the existence of the torpedo and the electrical eel exhibited the influence ofelectriciiy on onimal life, this plont is very interesting na showing its probable connnexion also with vegetable life ; thus furnishing a link to supply the chain of gradation. It is well 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 147 > :'. iliat ibere are mnny dJetinguisbed naturalists professors of physioloiry who wouUi go liigber , oven to the humnn frnmB, and predict the final iovery of the intimate connexion lietwecn clectri- and the operation of the nervous eystcnii Any coancctad with the action ofeleciricity ormognet- (suiposed to be one ond the snnio ngoni) is now ecially interesting, wlien there nre so mnny ince- 118 minds throughout the world devoted to juch in- tigations. hnveascert lined to my entiafacticn t!iat this plant been well known to trappers and to many of the an tribes, and that they have been in tlie habit of iling themselves (in their tours over those vast ts) of this humble hut omnipresent guide, which a id Proviilence has sprinkled over that region, ond ich is thus available in cloudy weather, when the II and stars are denied them. Even if it is granted t it 18 less needed by the red man, no one will deny uses to the whites in a country destined still for a period to be roamed by hunters, traders, pioneers, id other white men. I will here add that Captain Boon also states that re is spread all over the far West a certain root, lied the '' snake root,** whose juices are very grate |l to quench thirst, and which is found in the greatest undance in those parts of the prairies which are high dry, and most likely to be deprived of woter in a oson of heat and long drought. It is needless to descant upon these beautiful and riking examples of the wise provision of NatiiTC, rnishing a vegetable compass and the means of lenching thirst, ever ready for the wonderer, and ith located in a region destined perhaps for the long- t period in the history of the world to be occupied y a roving population. I am, with high respect. Your obedient servant, BE.\J. ALVORD, ■ Lieutenant United States ArmT/. To F. Markoe, Jr , Esq., ■orresponrting Secretary nf the National Institution. For the Neio Genesee Farmer. MANURE. The first step which a farmer takes towards succcss- ul business, is to understand the value of manure, ^nd, as he discovers the value, he itses all the means n his power to increase the quantity. The fact is, if very farmer who owns a hundred acres of good land, .nd who manages his manure according to the usual )ractice of the country, were to use the very best means 'vhich he possesses for its manufacture and application, lie would find his pocket-book heavier at the end of each year, to use the most moderate computation at he present low prices, by at least three hundred dol lars. I need not here attempt to show how that the jrro- I duct of the barn-yard may be increased fourfold by I the use of muck or marsh mud and lime properly ap- plied; but my object is to call attention to another source of manure which appears to be even less known and attended to. But I ought here at the outset to caution the delicate and fastidious reader not to follow me any further, as the Editor did some time ago at the chsc of a similar article, though of course I mention this fact with all deference. Poudrette is well known to be a very powerful ma- nure, obtained in the neighborhoods of the cities where it is in.tnufactured. But we, away back here in the country do not possess this advantage which our city friends do ; and very few have ever thought of manu- facturing their own poudrette. The contents of privies, instead of being regarded as of great value as they tru- ly are, mo.it people look upon as a downright nuisance Now, if the offensive odor may be removed, at the same time that a valuable manure is made, two very impor- tant points will be attained. I have searched in vain for a particular account ol the process employed by the poudrette companies ; and in the absence of such account have endeavored tc use such means and knowledge as I could lay hold of; and imperfect as the mode may be, it has been of deci- ded value to me, and may prove so to others. The en trance to the privy ia well flanked with evergreen trees, and on one of the other sides which faces low ground, is a passage or road through the trees for a largo tight box or trough to be drawn away from under the build- ing, which is place and cci^ainly more sotisfactory than naming a gross sum, calculated upon the nominal value of the whole farm. The rent is expected xo be paid in cash, not in kind. Short leases, where a change ot tenants is likely to toke ploce every year, would be prejudicial to both parlies ; but where the landlord is willing to renew the louse upon favorable terms to a faithful ten- ant, and encourage him in making improvements, short leases ore better both for londlord ond tenant. The moat remarkable sale of a single farm that has perhaps ever occurred in this country, took place in Groveland, in Livingston county ; where, as I un- derstood, one hundred thousand dollars in cash were paid for 1800 acres of land, and this was for only one half of the farm ot the individual, who sold the es- tate. The buildings upon it consisted only of a brick house and some bnrns ; but the buildings weie noth- ing more than decent, and these were perhaps some log cabins upon the place. This price o little exceed- ed fifty dollars an acre, and the estate was bought by the community of Shakers, not lor speculation, butfor residence and occupation os a farm. Thefoctof land in this county being held in very lorge parcels by individuals, hos undoub'edly imped- ed its settlement and improvement. I certainly do not complain of those who hold it, for I know no reoson to question the perfect legality of their poeses- eion, and the equitable manogement of their estates. Nor do I know of any scheme by which property could be generally equalized short of revolution, nor, if even by thot fearful remedy, it could be equalized, how by any possibility it could be kept so one hour, after the division hod been efiei ted. I am likewise as strenuous as any one in maintoining the unquestion- able right of every man to the fruits of his own labor, and to the disposition, bo far as is compatible with public order and good morals, of those proceedb ac- cording to hie own pleasure. But I confi'ss myself so far an agrarian as to think that the corth itself, the soil, the very foundation and means of human subsis- tence, should never be exclusively cloimed or appro- priated or porcelled out to the prejudice of any, who arc disposed to cultivate and improve it, and that it shonid never be held as matter of mere traffic or spec- ulation separate from the improvements which are made upon it- I could wish that the amount held by any individual should be restricted, that no man should ever be at liberty to possess that which he does not use nor improve ; that the fee of the land should always remain in the state ; and at the death of an individual should revert to the state, the state always being held bound to make a just and liberal allowance for improvements made upon it, or any increase of its value through the skill or industry of the man who had it in his possession. These notions, I am per- fectly oware, will be held by most men as mere dreams and moonshine. Let them go as such. I regard them as purely speculative, and in the present -condi- tion of society, how well soever they may be founded in natural right, their realization never likely to be approached. They are altogether Utopian, Those who have the property are too strongly entrenced in law and custom and mutual interest, to fear any change, and those who have it not, may make them- selves quite contented with the present arrangement ; for there will be no alterations for their accommoda- tion. A society or community established upon prin- ciples of strict equity ond justice, is little more than a mere fiction of the imagination, nor as yet likely to be realized upon any large scale even under the clear- est sunshine of the gospel. Even the rich national domain, which ought to be regarded as the great Jeg- No. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOUIWAL. 149 of the people, ord held encred Ibi- ibe rising mil i;s ihnt are yet lo demand bread from the earth, is, .11 ihe natural couree of human wpniity and aiilborie- ^'il abuse of power, to be covered wiib the mere paper iiilos of men, who never enw it, and care notbing for •5 improvement, who lie down upon it like the dog in iho manger, while they or tbiM-Jbeirs are t9 be made I iih by the increase of its value, although to its intrin- i-n- voUie or improvement tlicy have never contributed and never design lo contribute the worth of a straw. 1 have already extended my remarks upoa this ex- cursion to a much greater length than I had intended. There are many topics connected with it, which 1 wished lo have difciisseil at large ; but ihie could not be done to my own satisfuction unices I took the whole paper to myself; and this would be little to the satis- faction of my subscribers ; and very likely to leave the whole concern, both editing and subscription, to myself. 1 wished to have discu6eend, as lar as my obeervation has extended, only to the wonder- ful nnd glorious Niagara. In the course of about two miles the river makes a descent, in three successive leips, of nearly three hundred feet, and in a full state of the water, these falls combine in the highest meas- ure, the-' 'menls of beauty and grandeur. The riv- cr has worn its way for o distance of several miles through very tofiy cliiTs for a long extent, of four hundred, nnd in some inatnnccs, of seven hundred^ feet in height. The whole passage is perfectly unique in ils character ; ni>d while it charms by its piclur- eequcness, it produces a profound impression of awe for that mighty power which, by a stcndy operation for successive undefined periods, has carved out this inighly channel for these ever rushing waters through the solid rock. The traveller here, likewise, has a view of the great artificial tunnel of eleven hundred and ninety feet through the mountain, for the passage of the Genesee Valley Canal. This is a great enlcr- priso and a work of iminenso labor ; but slnndiiig along aide of tho deep gorge of the mountains, the nnghiy work of thousands of years, one can only exclaim, what are the works of man compared with the works of God I Improved Stock in Genesee County. Mr. CoLM.iN — I assume the liberty of calling the attention of those engaged in rearing fine stock, aa well as those wishing to. improve theirs, to the exten- sive herd of Peter A. Remsen, Esq., consisling of Durhnms, Herefords, (or a cross of Durham with ihe Devon,) the rest of various grades, amounting in all to 156 in number. lie commenced his stock by direct importations (rom various herds in England in 1834 — his Bull Volunteer, a while, was out of the stock of Mr. Coling ; his Bull Alexander, a red, waa out of the stock of Mr. Maynnrd of Harsley Hall, Yorkshire, Eng., and of as good pedigree as England can boast. I have it in my possession back to the fa- mous Bull Hubback. ^ Mr. Remsen resides one mile east of the village of Alexander, and any person wishing stock will, by calling on him, find htm cour- teous and affable, willing to go into the minutest de- tail nnd at once rendy to set prices upon bis slock in unison with the times. Any person calling upon me can see a sample of his stock in the Bull ' ' Red Jack- et," which I purchased of him soon after I came here. He has been fed only on hay nnd grnas, and he will raise the beam 2000 pound?, beiug only 3 years of age past ; he has been let to 100 cows this season, and I have had to keep him in my poorest feed, as his disposition for fattening seems equal to Hubbacks. I commenced improving my stock of cattle some 35 years since, from the imported slock of Messrs, Adcock & Mason, of Otsego Co., called by them I believe the Bakewell, which stock I continued to im- prove until a Devonshire Bull was brought into the country, from whence I came, and thinking a cross of my Bukcwell with the Devon would succeed, I com- menced bteeding from that stock, and found the result most highly satisfactory, and continued in that course till I removed hence. I am now breeding, or rather commencing, a stock from pure Devon cows and my bull Red Jack-eti and frora present appearances I am satisfied wiih my course. I cannot close my remarks without offering a sug- gestion to the various Town Committees of the Gen- esee County Agricultural Society, which is, that ihe members of each town committee should visit in per- son every farmer in their respective towns, and earn- estly solicit their aid and membership to said society, and I think we should have but little fear ; for when once fairly enlisted in a canseso worthy, the society must flourish, and not present such o scene as was the last year, by a deficit in means sufficient to draw the sum apportioned to this county from the elate. I am, sir, yours with regard, ZACHARIAH CONE. Baiaria, Sept. 9M,1S42. Remark — Having on several occasions visited Mr. Remsen's farm and admired his fine stock, we take pleasure in publishing the above notice, and can assure our readers that both owner and cattle richly merit all the praise bestowed. — Pub, N. G. Far. I,n0 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. { TnANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ^ STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The next paper in the Transactions is the Report of the Corresponding Secretary. Tliis does great credit to his intelligence, zeal, and industry ; and give him claims upon the grateful ackuowlcdgmcntj of the friends of Agricultural Improvement throughout the State. In all such cases as the trust undertaken by him, two things are particularly important ; the first a clear conception of thevpork to be done, and second, all due diligence and perseverance in its accomplishment. In these respects the Secretary desen'es all praise. We have room for only a single quotation. " The undersigned may be permitted to remark that he deems it one of the first objects of the State Socie- ty, to collect and disseminate information in relation to the most approved methods of conducting every pro- cess of husbandry, on the different soils, and under the varying circumstances which must necessarily exist on a tarritory so eitcnsive and diversified as that of New York. To note also the gradual changes and improve- ments which annually occur in its different sections, and to make them the proiwrty of the whole, is also an important branch of our duties. The unprejudiced observer who turns his eye back thirty, or even ten years, will perceive that changes of great magnitude have taken place. Nor has the skill of the husband- man yet reached its height. Science is daily placing new resources at his command, and pointing out to him potent and unsuspected agencies which, for the want of a proper knowledge of them, have lain dormant within the reach of his hand. Chemistry has consent- ed to become his handmaid ; and geology at his bidding unlocks th» secrets of the earth. Mathematics has wandered from the schools to teach him to construct the utensils of his labor ; and zoology has made known her laws, to enhance the value of the flocks and herds who feed and clothe him. The agricultural periodicals of the dar are doing much to disseminate and equalize, among our farming population, the light which is flowing in from so many quarters. It is the duty of the State Society to take the lead in this effort, and to stamp permanently on its aichives every progressive step, which attends the ad- vance of agricultural science. In canclusion, the un- dersigned takes occasion to reiterate tho hope already expressed by him, that the agriculturists of our State, if again called on to contribute their assistance to an undertaking of this kind, will evince as much zeal as they possess ability for the task." AGRICULTURE OF CAYUGA COUNTY. Two letters on the Agriculture of Cayuga County are next given. We should be glad to insert the whole, but must limit ourselves to some few quotations. " The principal improvements in this county consist in draining, manuring, and the use of clover and plas- ter as a preparation for wheat. Our intelligent farm- ers generally drain each field sufficiently, before break- ing up for wheat or corn. The increased product pays the expense in '.wo or three years. The beneficial eflccts of plaster consist cliiefly in pro- ducing a large growth of clover. If this be suffered to fall, or be trampled down by cattle after it has attained its full growth, the land will gensrally produce a large erep of wheat. Thesoil is generally adry loam. Tho west, central, and part of the northern and southern sections contain considerable limestone. A part of the northern sec- tions is sandy, with little lime. The hilly parts before mentioned, are nearly destitute of it, The principal products of the calcareous parts of the county are, wheat and wool. Considerable quanti- ties of pork and beef are also sent to market ; tho lar- ger portions from such parts of the county as are de- ficient in lime, and theref«re not adapted to the culture of wheat. For wheat, naked summer fallows on swarded land, are generally used by our best farmers. In most parts of this county, the crop ought to he sown as early as the Ist of September, and the land should be clean and rich. It has been proposed to sow wheat after one ploughing of grass land. This might answer on san- dy soils, but on clay, the sod would remain inert, ob- struct tho wheat roots, and furnish little nutrunent to the young plants. Frequent ploughings cause the sod to absorb from the atmosphere substances useful to vegetation. Barley requires a rich clean soil, and the more tho- roughly it is pulverised, the better. It should be rol- led before the last ploughing, and thoroughly harrow- ed in. Oats are usually sown on stubble land after once ploughing. Spring wheat is but little cultivated where I reside. Until our land can be freed from Canada thistle , charlock, &c., the three last mention- ed crops ought in my opinion to be cultivated as Utile as possible. I would say to ray brother farmers, drain thoroughly, cultivate less land, keep less stock, and never go to the expense of ploughing and sowing, until your land is in such condition as to afford a prospect of a remunerating crop. To new beginners I would say, imitate those fames in your neighborhood who obtain the best crops." " The condition of agriculture in this county has ma- terially changed within forty years. The town in which I settled was a wilderness, and all that was ne- cessary was to clear off the forest, and wo obtained from thirty to forty bushels of wheat jier acre. Our present condition is different. We obtain now, rarely more than twenty bushels per acre. The de- crease is owing to the manner of cultivation. Many farmers have been in the habit of planting their lands to corn, or sowing to oats, peas, barley, &c., in the spring, and after taking this crop off in the fall, imme- diately sowing to wheat; after this, peas or barley; thus taxing the land beyond its power of production ; while others, who have pursued the more judicious course of sowing clover after wheat, and rota'ing their crops, are still getting from thirty to forty bushels per acre, if the season be favorable. The soil of the most part of this county is peculiar- ly adapted to wheat, especially the southwestern part, in the vicinity of thq plaster beds. Whenever we sow this crop in this region, if we sow after clover and use the plaster freely, we seldom fail of obtaining from thirty to forty bushels per acre. The most judicious method, I think, is to sow to wheat in the fall, and the following spring sow from six to eight pounds of clover seed to the acre, with, perhaps, one and a half bushel of plaster. The next season after taking off the wheat, mow the clover the last of June, and plaster well immediately after, then the second crop of clover will start in time to fill well with seed, which will answer to mow early in Septem- ber , from which crop, we get from six to eight bush- els of seed per acre. The next spring after the taking off of the seed clover, we either plough and plant to corn, or let it remain and secure another crop of clo- ver, about the middle of July ; after which, we plouirh and sow to wheat. Frequently, however, before sow- ing to wheat, we roll the ground, and after Icttinj it remain a few weeks we go overit with the harrow and cultivator, which well pulverizes the surface of the ground. The long tap root of the clover makes a fine dressing for the wheat. Often of late, after sowing our wheat, we cover the ground from one to two inches with straw, wliich keeps tho ground moist and protects the tender wheat from the spring frosts. With respect to the West method of fattening cattle, I consider one bushel of flaxseed worth more than four buehels of eorn, if properly prepared. I will grvs you : my method. I put six quarts of flaxseed into a fiv pail kettle, and fill it with water, then hang it over thi fire in the evening and lot it simmer (not boil) all nigb Set it off in the morning, and you will have a kettl' full of jelly. With five or six quarts of this jelly mL the same quantity of shorts or meal, which an ox Oi cow will be exceedingly fond of, after eating of it few times. Any one will be convinced of this wh has been accustomed to feeding oil cake. If the o cake is worth three shilhngs per bushel after extraci ing six quarts of oil, what is the seed worth in th pure state?" The agriculture of Courtland County is next no ticed. AGRICULTURE OF CORTLAND COUNT'S " This is comparatively a new country. Withi) half a century it was one dense forest. The land which now sell for fifty dollars and more, were pui chased for less than five dollars. We see in almoi every part of the county evidence of well directed el fort in the cultivated fields, comfortable dwellings an. out-houses, public buildings, temples, seminaries c learning, and above all district school houses, whicl are the glory of our county. The general aspect c the county is uneven, though not mountainous. Ther is, properly speaking, no waste landin the county; n large bodies of water; no barren mountcuns, steril plains or sunken swamps. The hills are capable a cultivation to their summits, and afford some of on finest grazing land. The county is remarkably wel watered. The soil best adapted to cultivation is a deep grav elly loam, well adapted to the production of grain roots and grass, the three great staples of agriculturs' produce. The state of agriculture in the county i< such as might be expected in a new country. Then are some well cultivated fields, but no well directed syw tem of agriculture prevails. Many fields have boef under the plough for a number of years in succession producing annually small crops of corn and otha grains. The most important question remains to be auswe» ed, viz: what agricultiu'al changes are requisite 1 A well directi d system of convertible husbandryr by which I mean a judicious rotation of crops, and proper attention to the making and application of ma nure. The annual production of all our tillage lam may be doubled in a very few years, and the intrinsi- value of the soil greatly increased. An acre of good tillage land in Cortland county with thirty loads of long manure on a clover or gras ■ ley, and properly cultivated, will produce eighty bush els of corn with as much certainty as forty in the com mon way, after other crops, and without manure. Afte corn, the root crop can be cultivated to great advan tage, and without any detriment to the succeeding cro] of spring grain, and after roots the ground will be ii perfect order for the succeeding crop. After roots, sov spring grain, wheat, barley or oats, and sow grass see< and plaster with a liberal hand ; and for two or threi years you may expect three tons of good hay to thi acre, and at the expiration of that time a good grass lej for ant ther f ighty bushels of corn. The culture of roots, in a stock county like ours, ii of great importance. Cattle may be well wintered oi any kind of coarse fodder, such as cornstalks or straw with a small portion of roots daily, better than they cac on hay alone. But every farmer must adopt that sys- tem which bests suits his .soil arid circumstances." The agriculture of Dutchess county is next report- ed, in a very condensed and business like manner. AGRICULTURE OF DUTCHESS COUNTY, "The present state of agriculture is favorable, much improvement having been made of late years. Di'tchcBS county has some broken and rugged lands^ but the aspect of the county generally, is very fine. No. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 151 The soil is mostly gravelly and sandy loivm. Tin- products aro heef, pork, mutton, butter, chctiso, eggs, poultry, hay, Indian corn, wheat, xye, cats, and wool; tho lost, is fjist diminishing as a staple produc- tion. Kcw and iniptoved modea of agriculturo aro taking the place of old modes. The horses arc mostly of English descent. Among this blood, the Duroe breed is in highest estimation. The best cross, is considered that formed by tho French and English breeds ; this gives tho horse more consti- tution and hardiness, and consequently, le«s liability to disease, a.s well as greater endurance. Horn cattle— The Short Horn Durham is preferred for milk and beef, but as working cattle, the Dovon- Bhire is thought superior ; a cross of the two breeds is prcferrovi by many. Sheep — Formerly the fine wooled Merinos and Sax- ons were in vogue ; but are now giving place to sheep of coarser wool, natives, Bakewells, and South Downs; tlie latter varieties being reared moro as mutton sheep, which is considered most profitable. Swine — This animal has been much improved with- in a few years, by the introduction of the English breeds, Berkshire, Norfolk, &c. Cattle and sheep are, for the most part, fatted upon grass. More ur less beeves are stall fed through the winters, and generally fed upon meal and roots. Some few sheep are also fed for the market during the win- ter. Swine are generally fattened upon corn, at least, the heavier pork ; shoats on boiled feed, milk, &c. Ploughs mostly in use, are the invention of a man in this county, by name of CiiamberUi.u. Yaiious other kinds are used. The common square, four beam harrow is mostly used ; others of late invention are getting into use. Hay rake — The revolving rake is preferred, as deci- dedly the best. Value of our lands, is from ^25 to $V26 per acre, by the farm; average price, about 60 dollars per acre. The timber is mostly oak of difiere.nt kinds, chest- nut, hickory, and maple. A diffusion of agricultural science would lead very much to advance the general prosperity of tho county. To this source alone, may be attributed most of the im- provements within the last few years." Next follows the agriculture of Herkimer county. AGRICULTURE OF HERKIMER COUNTY. Tho experiment of Aaron Petrie, to whom we are indebted tor the report on this county, in preserving and feeding broom corn to Ids stock is not new. The family of Shakers at Canterbury, N. H. and others, have long practised it and with great success. So have others within our knowledge. — Ed. " The principal products here, at the first settlement of the country, were wheat and peas. They were marketed at Albany. Almost any kinds of tillage brought large crops, and little or no attention was p?.id to rotation. Crop after crop was taken off the soil, without any return to it, eiccpt such manure as was actually in the way. The soil of the interior is not so well adapted to the growing of wheat as the Mohawk lands, yet they raised some ; but their princi- pril products were barley, and the products of grazing. The barley business became large. Large malt houses were erected in different places, after the completion of the Erie canal, and it was sold to them. The lands of the whole county, with few exceptions, became so exhausted that farming was considered rather an up- hill busincjfl^About 18"30, the dairy business began to attract otBL ''"'"^''''"' '^ ''^^ "orthcrn parts of the county, (particularly cheese making.) All who adopt- ed it flourished at once. The principal products marketed in the eastern cities now, are cheese and butter. Among the princi- pal products marketed here are wool, oats, barley, In- dian corn, r>e, hay, beef, jwrk, nuitton, &.c. In con- sc(picnce partly of the large profits of dairying, the ex- hausted state of the soil, and the ravages of the weevil there has been little wheat raised in this county for sev- eral years past. We get our supply from the west. Our distillers and maltsters, have greatly diminished in number, and now import much of their grain from other counties and other States. The [jrosent condi- tion of agriculture in this county is rather favorable. It is owing to the accidental improvement of our lands by the dairy business, and the profits of that business, to which our county is peculiarly indebted. One-half of this county is yet a wildernees, most of which will probably in lime be settled ; but until the boundless, fertile west becomes nearly filled, settlements here must be very slow. There is little attention paid to the breeding of horses here. Some years ago, the Arcliia breed of Virginia horses was introduced here, but experience taught us that a horse that can win a purse at a Long Island race, will not answer for a draft horse. I believe the Duroc and Messenger are the best breeds among us. The favorite breeds of cattle for beef are the Durham ; but the general opinion is that they are not first rate for milk. There are comparatively few cattle raised here. In the spring ef the j'Car, large droves of cows are brought here from the eastern, western, northern and southern counties, and Canada. They are milked through the summer, and in the fall the oldest and poorest are partially grass fattened, and driven to the eastern markets. The Merino and Saxon sheep have been the favor- ites of our wool-growers. The South Downs and Bakewells may now be added to the list of favorites. The Berkshire hogs are the best as yet introduced here, although there are others nearly equal to them. Neat cattle and sheep are generally fattened for mar- ket on grass, and hogs are fattened on whey, potatoes, apples, grain, &c. There is much doubt whether it is profitable to fatten hogs or cattle on grain wholly. There are several kinds of ploughs in use here. I have never seen any kind that would answer our pur- pose as well as Clute's old patent cast iron plough, and our plough makers should have continued making them ; but they were induced to lay them aside by other pat- entees, and we must buy what we can get. AVe use the common three bcajned harrow. The patent re- volving horse rake is in general use here, but there arc a few exceptions among those farmers who are so vio- lently opposed to "improvement," in any of its forms, that they had rather, and do still have their wives and daughters use the hand rake in their meadows. The general value of the improved lands of this county is from thirty to fii\y dollars per acre. Some, however, is sold under thirty, and some, favorably loca- ted, over fifty dollars per acre. The prevailing timber is maple, beech, birch, basswood, elm, ice, and we are not without our pine plains, hickory groves, and hem- lock and cedar swamjis. Nothing will so advance the prosperity of this county, as a general agricultural education by our farmers, which we can now only acquire by taking an agricultural paper. Although there is much room for improvements, men will not adopt them until they are convinced, and thatcan only generally bedone through the press. A great deal of the matter in our agricul- tural ji-urnals is not intelligible t6 the uneducated mind, which discourages their circulation. There is hope, however, that the rising generation, which is being better educated, will work the necessary reforms. Allow me to mention an experiment of my own. The scarcity of coarse fodder, and the high price oi hay, occasioned bythedrought of last summer, induced are to gather a quantity of broom-corn stalks: lam now having them tried. We cut them with one o1 Green's e. ' w cutters, and feed them to cattle without ny other ]ireparation. We have kept our cattle on them about two weeks, and I have full confidence in the success of the experiment. It may have been tried before, but is new to us here. »ilk Culture. Mr. EniTOK — 1 om much pleased with tho fnvoin- ble notice you have taken of the progress of the eilk businebB. 1 have been four years successfully engaged in pro- ducing silk, and am now making nrrnngements for entering largely into the business in 1643. My co- coonery is 20 feet by 60, two stories high, budt ex. pressly for raising silk. I have mode 130 Iba. of co- coons the paat seaenn, and at a cost not exceed irg the tale bounty, which is fifteen cents per pound. The profit I ehall realize will depend upon the demand for eggs next season, having need all my best cocoons for producing eggs. I believe the silk culture is now firmly established among us, and only neede a general dissemination of facts, which any eilk grower is capable of imparling, to induce the former to engage in this lucrative and pleasant employment. The erection of my cocoone- ry has awakened in the minds of my neighbors a spirit of inquiry which it ia hoped will result in a care- ful investigation oi the subject. It is believed the number of silk growers will be more ihnn doubled next season. I know of many who intend to bnild cotooneries, and many more who will begin in o small way, having become fully satis- fied thai it is tho safest and most profitable employment which can engage their attention. My cocoons ore converted into raw silk on n reel of my own construction, which works admirably well. Tbe art of reeling silk is found, after a little practice, to be very simple and easy. It requires a little pa- tience by the inexperienced, but perseverance will soon overcome all diiTiculties. A market is already open for cocoons and raw silk in various parts of tbe country, where the highest price in cash will be paid for any quantity that may be produced. To give you a specimen of what I have done, and to slov.r you this is not "all talk and no cider," I herewith send you a skein of sewing silk of my own raising and manufacture, which I wish yon to examine, and if ccnvenieut, you may show it to your best judges of tho article, and then let us bear their decision. Yours respectfidly, JAMES W. CHAPPELL. Lima, Sept. ir,th, 1842. We are happy to insert the foregoing, and should be glad to hear from others engaged in this business. Our columns shall indue proportion be heartily devoted to this object, which we believe destined to become a great branch of agricultural interest. The skein of while silk, which accompanied this letter, was very handsome and good. Some merchants and tailors to whom we showed it, pronounced it very good. One very competent judge said it was aagood as any Yan- kee silk which he had ever teen ; but that it was not even enough nor strong enough. We cannot expect to reach perfection at a single stride. There is no difiiculty whatever in the way of our producing as line and as good an article as can bo made. The goal is already in a ght. — Ep. Plucking the Blossoms of Potatoes. M. Zeller, director of the Agricultuial Society of Darmstadt, in 1839 planted two plots of ground with potatoes. When the plants had flowered the blossoms were removed from those in one field, while those in the other field were left untouchrd. The former pro- duced 476 lbs., tho latter only 37 lbs — i'lirmer/ I Magtaina. 152 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, ROCHESTER, OCTOBER, 1842. Apologr»Disappointineut. This number of the Farmer has been delayed near- ly a week, in expectation of giving some account of the Fair at Albany. The editor attended the Fair and was to have sent home a report thereof nt the close— but nothing has boen received from him, and we conclude that he sent a communication by private hands and it has miscarried. We can delay the press no longer, and our readers must submit to the disap- pointment, with our promise to make amends next month — Publisher. Important IVotice. Postponement.— The Monroe County Agricultural Society Show and Fair, to be holden at Rochester notified for the 14th and I5th Oct., instant, is post- poned to Tuesday and Wednesday, 25th and 26th of October. The preparatory meeting is to be holden at the Arcade on the 15th inst. by adjournment, attendance upon which is porticularly requested. To the Frieuds of the Agricultural Press and the Subscribers to the New Genesee Farmer. ihe subscriber respectfully announces that he bos become the sole proprietor, after the first of January ne.xt, of the New Genesee Farmer, Mr. Bateham the former proprietor, having, through ill health re' tired from the concern. At the same time, he will continue the editorship as heretofore. He regrets to state likewise, that hereafter the annual subscription for the paper must be one dollar, payable in advance as heretofore. Yet his regret is not unmingled with Bai.efaction in the assurance, which he has already re- ceived from a great many of the readers of the Far- mer, an assurance in almost every case volunteered, that such an alteration would be deemed by them equitable and would meet their active approbation. Possibly the approbation may bo universal, and then he will be happy to learn that his regret was uncalled for. This would be a little too good to expect in a world where opinions are so various , where one of the strongest passions in operation in society, among men as well as the kinder sex, seems to be to get a thing cheap, and where the fact is too much overlook- ed, implied in a remark of the celebrated Madame Koland, that "she always heard with pain of any one's making a good bargain, because she knew in that case that same other person must have made a poor one." This remark is but too applicable to the proprietor and editor of this paper, for to our subscribers, the New Genesee Farmer has certainly been worth fifty cents a year, to the farmers for wrappers and to their wives and daughtera for curling papers, if such pro- fane witchery in the vanities of this world has ever crept, nto their premises, while to the editor and pro- prietor, at 50 cents, its publication has been a serious loss. V/ide as our circulation has been, that sum has not the present year covered the expenses ; and without the subscription be increased as is proposed, the paper must go out ; for no righteous master will require us " to work for nothing ond find ourselves " We respectfully ask our friends to look at the case ^ylth an eye of candor ; and to sustain us, if we de- serve to be sustained. We promise to do all that we can to merit their good will and their substantial kindness ; and we ask in return little more than the means of saving us from coming upon the county and being cost upon the tender mercies of Mistress Bumble. We intend that our paper, on th« first of January, shall be enlarged, and printed on fairer paper and with clearer type ; that it shall contain more miscella- neous intelligence of an ngriculturol nature than it has hitherto done; more information in regard to foreign and domestic markets ; a greater variety of lubjecte connected with rural life and condition ; the contributions of some of the best writers in the coun- try whoso aid is olready engaged, and whose aid we need an increased subscription to secure by some just compensation, withoutwhicb, we have not the face to ask nor the humility to accept, unless in our greatest straits ; and wc will spore no pains to make our hum- ble sheet a welcome visiter in every farm house where it ispermitted to enter ; ond that it shall not be re- garded as an intruder even in n city parlor. We mean that it shall be, to a certain extent, the com panion of the gardener as well as the farmer. We promise that the most delicate hands shall not be soil- ed by its touch, nor the hardest hand find occasion to costitby indisdoin. Wherever there are fruits and flowers, there we shall try to bring our baskets full decorated with the fairest wreaths which we can en- twine. We will speak of the plants of the field, from the cedar that waves his proud head upon Mount Lebanon to the hyssop that climbs upon the wall. " Our talk likewise will be of cattle." We will gath- er around us the lowing herds and spread out the fleeces of gold. We will go forth in the spring to sow the precious seeds; and rejoice wiih the farmer at harvest home, when, by the blessing of the Lord of the Harvest, he returns in triumph, bringing his sheaves with him ; and if, in doing this, wc can sow the infinitely more precious seeds of truth and virtue, and show the dignity of honest labor, oftentimes far outshining even in the shade the Imperial purple, and inspire and quicken the love of rural pursuits and ru- ral pleasures ; and open men's eyes and hearts to the beauties and glories of God's visible creation, to the abundance, the variety and the ceaselessness of his bounty, we shall be but too happy in the delicious consciousness that we have not labored altogether in vain. We ask our friends to aid us in this attempt. A life not short has been given, as faros other obligations would permit and justify, to the cause of an Improved Agriculture, and especially to the elevation and im- I provement of the agricullurol and rural classes. In [ what we have done for this cause we have no regrets and no misgivings. We believe it to be under the blessing of Heaven the cause of human happiness, of good morals, and of religion, and we rejoice in the deeper and still deeper hold which it seems to be every day taking in the public mind. We extend to all our coadjutors and brethren in the aericultura! press the hand of cordial friendship. We do not promise that our paper shall be better" than theirs, or even as good as any of them ; but we prom- ise only to do our beet to make it worthy of beingread. Such is the cheapness of agricultural papcrs.ln for- mer times altogether unexampled, that a subscription to several of them would create no burdensome tax, nor occasion an expense which any farmer would find it difficult to save from many useless purposes upon which it is now inconsiderately squandered. Devo ted to this purpose, it can scarcely fail to do good We ask those of our subscribers, who purpose to continue their patronage, to make as early remittances as their convenience will allow. The post masters will kindly forward them. To those persons who will agents, we promise the most liberal terms. Vol. 3. Our arrangements, when fully completed, will be an- nounced ill our next number. Respecliully, HENRY COLMAN. Rochester, 1st October, 184-2. Monroe County Agricultural Society Award- ing Committees. The following is the list of Judges or Awarding Committees, appointed for the Cattle Show and Fair to be held at Rochester on Tuesday ond Wednesday, the 25.h and 26th inst. It is earnestly desired that the gentlemen will all consea! to attend to the duties assigned them, and that they will be present at an early hour on the day of exhibition. On Horses— Dr. F. F. Backus, Rochester, Abram Voght, Victor, Wm. Reed, WheatTand, On Bvlls, Cows and Heifers— Wm. Garbutt, Wheatland, J. Allen Frost, Rochester, Jirah Black- mir, Wheatland. Ore Oxen and Steers— Wm. Pixley, Chili, Cor- nelius De Witt, Gen. T. Brown Wheatland. ' On Sheep for Fleece— MiUs Landon, Ogden, Dan- iel McNaughton, Wheatland, J. H. Robinson, Hen- rietta. On Sheep for Carcase— Jacob Thorn Rochester, H. Schenck, Brighton, Benj. Birdsall, jr., Mendon. On Swine— Jeasp Harroun, Ogden, Alfred Fitch Riga, M. Parsons, Brighton. ' On Ploughing-l.. B. Langworthy, Greece, Jacob Strawn, Chili, C. F. Crosman, Rochester. On Butter and Cheese, Sugar and Honey— C. M Lee, Rochester, Elihu Kirby, Henrietta, M. Garrett' Gates. ' OnSilh, Domestic Cloth, 4-c.— Lewis Brooks, Ro- Chester, Kaleb K. Hobbie, Irondequoit, Henry Mar- tin, Clarkson. On Horticultural Productions— N . Goodscll Ro- chester, H. N. Langworthy, Irondequoit, J. H. Watts, Rochester. On Non- Enumerated Articles— Alex. Kelsey, Ro- chester, N. Haywood, Brighton, William Otis, Gaies. CommiUe of Arrangements-L B. Longworthy, H. M. Ward, M. B. Bateham, P. Barry. CFor the Winter Meeting. J On Grain and Grain Crops-L. B. Langworthy, Greece, Abram Colt, Mendon, Henry Caiman, Ro- chester. On Roots and Root Crops— Wm Garbutt, Wheat- land, Stephen Legget, Henrietta, Zera Burr Per- inton. ' At the last meeting of the Society, it was Resolced, That the awarding committees on ani- mals be instructed to require the competitors for pre- miums, to give certificates of age, pedigree, food, work, &c., according to the 4lh section of the Regu-' lations published with the list of premiums. It was also Reaohed, That the President be request- ed to deliver an address to the Society on the day of the Fair. Also Resolved, That the time of holding the Fair be on the 25th and 26th of October, instead of the 13th and 14ih. Further Resolved, That the officers of the Society and members of Town Committees, and others, be requested to meet at the Arcade Hall, Rochester, on Saturday, the I5th October, at 11 o'clock, for the purpose of devising ways and means. Agricultural Addresses^ This number of the Farmer is ia|[H]uring the ibsence of the Editor, and the publiSSUes the re- sponsibility of announcing, that, by the request of the several Societies, Mr. Colman has agreed to de- liver addresses at the approaching Fairs in the coun- ties of Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Monroi?, Genesee and Niagara,— and perhaps at one or two other places. No. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 1 53 From Caiman's Second Report Experiments niid Improvements. The improvement of ngricultiire, ns a ecicnce nnd » an, deponds greaily upon facis. Experimcnle, il- luotrnling what can or what cannot be done, are ol groat value. Farmers object to agricultural experi- ments, as involving cipendiiures beyond their means: but an experiment on a small •scale, within the means of the humblest farmer, may be as instructive and con- clusive, in reference to the point sought to bo ascer- tained, as an experiment of an extended and expen- aive character. The point to be mainly insisted upon, and that, in which farmers commonly fail, is exact- ness of observation. Without this, no experiment is of any value. In this matter I have been so often disappointed, that my importunity will, I hope, be excused, when 1 urge upon formers attempting, or at all disposed to attempt, experiments, to pay the most pointed attention to the mode of conducting them ; iheir progress ; the circumstances under which they aie begun and carried on; and their actual results. I believe it must be admitted, that there is no class of men of business so little attentive to exactness, in all their operations; and none more ready to draw has- ty conclusions, or to deal in what are mere guesses, than farmers. I certainly design no disrespect to the farmers, when I give an example of a conversation to which ] am too often a party. Indeed I should be almost willing to give offence, if I could by any means in- duce to more precision and carefulness. Thus : if I ask a farmer, if he has used lime on his land or his crops 1 he answers, yes. In what quanti- ty to the acre ? be did not measure the lime or the land. Could he see any difference where he limed, and where he did not lime ? he limed the whole field equally. Did he apply it with or without manure, single or in compost, or did he apply it to a part of the field with or without manure ? he applied it to all parts of the field in the same way. Did he per ceive any good effects upon the field thus limed and manured 1 yes. How were these effects ascertained ? did he measure the crop ? no, he measured nothing, but he was of opinion that the land was benefited by the application : he tluiught there was a difierence in the result from what would have been, had it not been limed. But was this difference attributable to the lime or the manure? it was all limed and manured alike ; but he supposed it was the lime. I might go on, but this will suffice. This is a true account of the manner in which my inquiries are often answer- ed ; and shows how what farmers call experiments are often conducted. But can anything be plainer, than that by such experiments no certainty is reached. Whether any advantage was obtained from liming alone, or liming with manure, cannot be determined, because the field was all solved alike, ond there were, therefore, no means of comparison. Again ; if the crop is not measured and compared with a crop not thus managed, how can it be determined what has or has not been gained ? Again ; if neither part wae served with lime alone, and neither with manure alone, and neither part separately from the part with lime and manure in combination, how could any thing be determined in regard to the comparative val- ue or use of lime or manure singly or in conjunction ? Then again, if any thing has been eH'ected, yet, il nothing has been measured, neither lime, nor manure, nor land, nor cr,^^BK can it be ascertained whai has been done, a^^^^K efficacy or utility is to be accredited to the lim^i I state this case, which is not in any respect exag- gerated, to illustrate the difficulty of arriving at cor- rect resulis solely from the neglect of intelligent and exact inquiry and experiment. But I shall be an- swered, that it would bo too much trouble to be as exact and particular as I propose. This is ah answer which an inquisitive and intelligent farmer, if he means to respect himself, will bo very shy of giving. Inmost cases, however, it costs scarcely more pains to conduct and observe on experiment with exaciuess, than to do it in the uncertain way in which it is com- monly done. But in the latter ease we may bo pro- perly eoid to determine nothing; in the former we reach the object of our inquiry, which is generally much more than a compensation for any pains- taking It may cost us. But in no matter whatever is knowl- edge of any subslaniial value acquired without labor and careful inquiry. Wo might as well complain that we cannot obtain the harvest witbouteowing the seed, and tending and cultivating the growth. But the constitution and lawsof the divine providence in these eases are inviolable, and not to be turned aside for our convenience or indolence ; and as far as concerns man's moral benefit, the benevolence of this un chnngeobleness corresponds with its infinite wisdom For the Neio Genesee Farmer. The Orchard. The cultivolion of good fiuil is of such importance to ths-^arnier, that it cannot be too often nor too strong- ly recommended to hisotlention. I have lately trav- elled through a considerable portion of the country, and have taken some pains to ascertain the quality ond condition of the orchards particularly. I have found many excellent apple orchards, loaded with the finest varieties of fruit, but these would not average one in fifty. The greatest number are of the most worthless character, and the trees miserably taken care of. — Suckers are growing up for several feet around the trees, and ihe heads or tops have never been pruned or thinned out. This neglect would in a few years deteriorate the very best of fruit. Besides the neglect with which Farmers themselves have trcoted this subject, there arc other couses to which the scarcity of good Iruit may be very justly ascribed, viz ; the peddling of apple trees around the country by persons possessing comparatively no knowledge of fruit culture themselves, and caring as little, if they could only moke a profitable business ot it. The praclice of such persons, I find, has gener- ally been to recommend such kinds, whatever they might be, as they had in greatest abundance. Extensive frauds have been practised throughout the whole country, by persons who make a business of engrafting. They generally represent iheir scions us some of very excellent and popular kind, when in fact they know nothing of their character whatever. Scarcely a farmer with whom I have conversed, but has been thus deceived. These gentlemen and their scions arc well worthy of notice. Every person who plants a fruit tree, or propagates one in any way, should spore no pains to get iheliesl kind, and from a reliable source. No confidence should be placed in those itinerants who have no char- acter at stake, for disappointment will he the result in nine cases out of ten. Pears, plums, peaches and cherries, are ten fold more deficient than apples. There have been very few, if any, good pears in market this season ; those that have been brought in, have sold at .$2,25 to $2,50 per bushel ; but you might travel 20 miles in many jorts of the comitry, ond not find a single pear tree with fine fruit in use at this season. Plums are plen- ty, but of poor quality, and mostly the common blue. The green gage is to be found in mony gardens ; -,ome fine yellow egg, ond Ruling's superb, and Bol- ;noi's Washington, &••., have been selling at 12J to 25 cents per quart, while the common sorts would I scarcely sell for so much by the bushel ; and so with peaches ; fine, large, good flavored peaches command $i per bushel, while the great bulk of those brought to market, aro sold for 37i to 75 cents. In tact, persons who have been in the habit of eating fine peaches, would scarcely consider the great bulk of those that come to market at all palatable. Such fruits only cucumber the ground, for they will never sell for enough to pay for picking them. Quinces are well worthy of cultivation, and yet ore exceedingly scarce. This region is well adopted to their growth— they bear abundantly wherever they aro to bo found, and sell readily in market for $1,50 to $2,50 per bushel. The culiivotion of the small gorden fruits, such aa strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, &c., is much neglecied ; they are cosily procured, easily cultivated, and add greatly to the comforts and luxu- ries of the family boord, at a season of the year when fruit is generally scarce^ P- B, Transplanting. The fall is decidedly the best ecason for transplant- ing all kinds of hardy trees, though this is contrary to the general opinion throughout the country. Many say they have never succeeded so well in the fall as in the spring. The'rcason of this is that their fall plant- ing has not been performed in due season. If trees are carefully planted and secured from being blown about by the winds, any time in the latter half of the month of October, or the first week in November, they will gain nearly a year's growth over those plant- ed the following spring. Besides the spring is always a busy season with the fanner, and ihe planting of trees, shrubs, &c., if deferred till then, is too fre- quently forgotten entirely. Persons who intend planting orchords or making improvements around their dwellings by planting or- namental forests trees and shrubs, &c., should avail themselves of the very earliest period of the present month suitable for doing so. It is also the only pro- per time for transporting trees, &c., to the interior of the country. Trees can be carried safely by canal f) the most distont west, if shipped early ; in spring it ia quite impracticable, as vegetation is invariably too far odvanced before canal navigotion commences. Many persons possessing a heavy clay soil, havo become quite discouraged from their trees dying year after year : several have told me thot it is no use for them to plant more, as they will not live. The diffi- culty is, they have taken no more care in planting ihan is requisite in the finest sandy loom. In stiff odhesive soils, the subsoil should be dugou ot least one foot deeper and two feet farther in circum. ferenee than the roots of the tree require, and good friable surface soil filled in ; and the sui face should be kept as well hoed as a flower border, during th e first year at least after planting. Let those who have a heavy clay soil, pursue this practice ond they will be successful. ^^^ !'• B. Orchard Caterpillars. Attentive observers will doubtlesa have noticed that these insects have been on the increase for a yeor or two past, and it would he well if eflectual measures were laken to destroy them while their numbers are yet small. The perfect insect deposits its eggs, du- ring the latter part of summer, in the shape of belts or cylindrical rings on the smaller branches and near their extremeties. These rings are then covered wilU a resinous substance which excludes moisture and they remain uninjured till the following spring, when the young caterpillars hatch, grow, and devour. Each ring of eggs produces a nest of caterpillars. At this season of the year, these nests of eggs are easily seen, and if cut oft" ond burned, the operotion will save the more tioublesomj; task of destroying the insects next spring, and at a season when less time Is allowed for its faithful performance. }, 154 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 We have received from a .eapected cuirespomient in Michigan, several articles on the subject of a Tariff for protection. Our correspondent shows only one eide of the question, and that certainly not the most |)opular. The true wisdom is to hearboth sides. We certainly shall admit no articles properly speaking of a partisan character, but this does not preclude the fair discussion of a subject so intimately connected with the agricultural interests of the country as this. Our own opinions on this subject have been very fully and frankly given; but wo are not the less willing to hear the opinions of others for having made up our own ; nor to changing or amending our opinions, whenever we see reason to change or amend them. It may be said that Congress having adopted the protective policy there can be no farther reason for the discussion. This certainly, in a government where any laws may be altered or amended, does not apply ; and the subject being no longer a matter of doubt and struggle, may therefore be examined the more calmly. Our columns will be as open to the arguments on the one side as the other, and we invite discussion so far as we have room, without interfering with matter of more general interest. Our friend having favored us in this way, will, we hope, do more for us in some way more di- rectly practical. — Ed. For the J^eiB Genesee Farmer PROTECTIVE T.\RIFF.~No. 1. Mr. Editoh — Of several subjects on which I wish to express my views through the medium of the " T'ar- mer," the one foremost in my mind at present, is the •ubjectof the " Home League" or Protective Tariff; from the fact, that hardly an Agricultural paper comes to hand but that contains more or less argument iji favor of that object. I propose to examine, in a cursory manner, several of the arguments in favor of Protective Duties ; as they occur in my daily intercourse. If my views are incorrect, some of your valuable correspondents will be able to convince me of my error through the same medium ; and if my positions can be refuted bv sound logic and experience, no political bias shall deter me from acknowledging my error. I have no other object than my own information and the pro- motion of the best interests of the fanners of America. In the first place, I would state, that I am in favor of "Free Trade" in its literal sense, and opposed to a Tariff for Protection, as a general policy. I consider it nothing more nor less than indirect taxation; but I cannot see why we may not as well or better (under present circumstances,) be taxed for the support of Gov- ernment in that way as any other. I am therefore in favor of a Difcriminating Tariff exclusively for revenue, sufficient for the support of our Government, administered upon principles suited to our Republican Institutions. What I mean by discrimination is, that the duty should be levied in such a way as to collect a revenue and not oppress the laboring classes. I hold it to be unjust to tax the poor man as much as the rich, for the sup- port of government, by way of a duty on necessar}' articles, of wliich the poor individual consumes as many or more than the rich one. For that reason, I am decidedly opposed to a uniform ad valorem duty on all imports. I have no objection to any incidental Pro- tection that may be afforded by a Tariff for Revenue founded upon correct principles; but there is a material difference between a Tariff for Revenue and one for Protection " proper." They are directly oppsiite in effect. A discriminating "Tariff for Revenue," if judicious- ly laid, woidd not wholly prevent foreign competition, or materially enhance the price to the consumer, but would rather have a tendency to keep up an equilib- rium of prices, and encourage legitimate commerce, in opposition to prohibition and smuggling. It is olrvi^us, if an aiticle ha prohibited, there can be no revenue derived and no business left for commerce, except by smuggling. Unless we import something, we cannot expect to export our products to any extent whatever. Whereas the object of a Tariff for the " prokdion rmlij of American Manufactures,'' would be to prohibit importation, and thereby cut off the govern- ment Revenue, and materially enhance the price of goods to the consumer. I sup|iortthe 'flome League" so far as it goes in discouraging, by way of practice and example, the use of all foreign " gcw-gaws" which are useless or injuri- ous to us as a nation ; on the same ground that I would support a temperance society, but doubt the expediency of special legislation in favor of either subject. I am not opposed to the refinements of Ufe, (such as do not enervate the faculties,) nor to the moderate use of luxuries, proWding that we limit our expenses to our income, after providing for the common casualties of life. I do not wish luxuries prohibited, but admitted on such terms as will collect the greatest amount of revenue. Their moderate use is far preferable to a mi- serly, Shylock disposition, as it has a tendency to keep down overgrown wealth, and distribute the means among the many. All the civilized nations of the earth have latterly turned theu' attention more to commerce, and the pro- duction of the necessaries and luxuries of hfe; In a great measure, the "swords have been beaten into plough shares and the spears into pruning hooks." We are in the commencement of a new era, and Heaven grant it to continue and progress ! If peace should continue and the earth bring forth bountifully, and pestilence not walk abroad, nor anar- chy prevail, all the nations of the earth will produce more than the whole world can consume. What is to done with the surplus, is a subject to be considered. It was calculated before the great improve- ments of the day, that active employment of every in- dividual four hours each day, would produce all the necessaries of hfe. The facilities for producing have in- creased in a short time an hundred fold ; by the use of steam, the improvement in labor-saving machinery, and the application of science to agriculture and the arts. If this desirable state of things continue, wiiocan cal- culate the immense surplus that would accumulate, un- der the present rate of consumption, in half a century to come \ To my mind, low prices are inevitable. The great strife among ci'.ilized nations, at the pres- ent t^me, is for the ascendancy in comjiiercc, and the facilities of production ; and lamentable to contemplate, that, with perhaps one soUtary exception," the leading motive that impels them onward, is the aggrandize- ment of the /t-jc, and the consequent oppression of the many. But the tendency of moral reason is in the as- cendant, and it will ultimately prevail over mcre/wre — but before that is fully consummated, all these systems of government founded in oppression must crumble to dust. I sincerely wish the revolution may be bloodless, but come it must — the vengeance of Heaven wilt not always be " stayed" upon the heads of those nations that work and starve their population to death, under a wicked pretence of "protecting their industry." I shall endeavor to show by argument, in my next number, that a Proifda-t-Tarifl'is docidi'dly opposed to the best interest of the farmers of America and the na- tion at large. I anticipate that some of your readers may consider the discussion of this subject as out of place in an ag- ricultural paper ; on the account of its being ultimate- ly connected with party politics. I consider it a gre.it National Cluestion, (not neces- sarily a party one,) and one that concerns the farmers as much as or more tlian any other class of producers, and as such, I shall endeavor to treat it — wholly re- gardless of party considerations, ° Monroe^ Mickr^ lU% J. S. DUTTON. Protective Tarlff.--No. 2. [ propose now to examine the argument adduced in support of a Protective Tnrifl". The friends of the mensura maintain that it will be benoficial to the whole community, from a great contrariety of reasoning. First, it is asserted by some of the advocates of protection that a duty does not increase the price to the consumer, but merely collects the government rev- enue out of the toreign producer. Can any mon maintain that the corn laws of Eng- land operate in that way 7 Mast they not admit that when those laws exclude our products from the Eng- lish market, at the same time they cut short their own revenue, and also that the said laws are an oppressive burden upon every class of community except the privileged land holders. I would ask further, why do the American manu- facturers manifest so much anxiety on ibe subject of protection t Why are we told that unless the duty is raised that the majority of all the manufactories will be compelled to stop business for want of sufliicient profits to sustain them 7 And how can the profits be increased on the manufacture of a ton of iron, or a piece of coarse woolen, or a pnper of pins, (by a tar- ifi) unless the prices ore raised by it? The fact is, and It admits of no cavil, that the prices are raised by duties, and if they were not, manufacturers would derive no benefit whatever from a tariff; it would be all the same to them whether there was a duty or not, and the niauufacturers themselves concede the argu- ment and admit the principle, when they "resolve that a duty upon the raw material is a tax upon the manufacturer." Another reason set forth in support of n protective taritfis, that by protecting the manufacturer you in- cidentally protect the farmer, or in common parlance it is called, " building up a home market," which to my mind, is a subtle, deceptive cant phrase, that has caused more delusion among the producing classes than every other in the toriff calendar. What I the manufacturers of New England consume all the sur- plus of this "mighty West 1" They could not do it if they were fifty times as numerous ; but I am ad- monished that declamation proves nothing, so to the argument of logic, fact and figurcs,on which I rely to sustain my views. They admit that although the farmers at first would have to pay a little higher price for all the goods they consume, yet it would enable the manufacturer to make larger profits than they now do, and the result would follow that a portion of those farmers who are now engaged in agriculture would abandon thcij business lor that v/hich wos more profitable ; conse- quently, by the operation of the infnlible laws of trade (supply and demand on less competition,) the farmers would obtain an equally enhanced price for their pro- ducts. I am not prepared to say the position is wholly groundless and that it is not a true one to a certain extent in most cases ; but let ua examine the practi- cability of the argument in this case. By refering to the last census, we find that there ore five millions of persons octively employed in the difierent pursuits, and that 10 per cent, or five hundred thousand of thai number, are engaged in trades and manufactures of every description, and that the whole amount of man- ufactured goods produced in the United Siotes for that year, was estimated to be worth $39.'5,832,615, and that the aggregate amoun^H||Uke manufactured goods imported, amounted ^^^^Ko,711. Now by applying simple propoilionWB^uall find the result. If 500,1100 persons, by the use of machinery, produce $395,832,615, how many persons will it take to pro- duce $51,145,711, the amount imported that year' Answer, 64,610 men, women and children. f is it not obvious then, that if lb« whole number o No. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 1 55 person, required to perform tbnt anioiint of work I or Urge manufacwrer ; and what ie thnl but the dnc- bo tnkon exclusively from the ngriculturol irin.of all monnrchio. and a sure wny to build up and perpetuate a privileged order. Now I claim lot ibe farmer, after producing hie share ol the wealth of wore to community, that there would atill remain a number sufficient to produce an immense surplus of agricul- tural products 1 Every individual may form hii own ooncluaion what number of thoae persons would be abstracted from among the present number actively engaged in agriculture, if we were to commence and manufacture every article which we now consume. My own judgment ie, that it would not lesson the present number of agriculturists sufficient to produce one million of dollars less than we now do. It must be borne in mind, that manufacturing is mostly car- ried on by the use of machinery, and the employment of females and children, who could not be employed in agriculture generally, under any circumstances ■whatever ; so that in any view of tho subject, the conclusion is certain that America must necessarily produce a great surplus of agricultural products ; and BO long as we have a surplus, we must depend in a great measure upon a foreign market to establish the price ; consequently n high tariff would not raise the price of " broad sniffs'' here, but would rather have a tendency, in my judgment, to depress prices, as it would deprive foreigners of the ability to purchase our products by excluding their manufactures from our own market. Every nation that sustains a commerce, must ne- cessarily produce a surplus of some kind ; and sound policy would dictate that government should en- courage the production of such articles as we can produce to the best advantage, as compared with those nations with whom we exchange products ; or at least, that government should place no restriction or impediments in the way of raising those products by burdensome taxes in order to encourage or build up some other interest or business which we as a nation cannot prosecute to the same advantage. Now in what consists tho great natural advantages of the United States if not in agriculture, emphatically ag- riculture, and does not every man respond to the sen- timent 1 Is It not the great balance wheel of our re- publican institutions and government itself ? whilst extensive manufacturing, in the nature of things, is incompatible with the equal rights and equal privi- leges of a Democratic Republicon Government. Manufacturing requires concentrated capital, and cre- ates a great distinction between the employer and the employed ; and those two things combined, ever have and ever will oppress the many in every land where they existed ; and I religiously believe that no nation of people, whose leading business was deci- dedly manufacturing, ever did or ever can support a Republican form of government, fr Enlenaning these views, I am decidedly opposed to the agricultural interest being made of secondary im- portance and subservient to all others. The natural tendency is to drive all men who have mental energy and active business habits into other employments, ■which is one cause why the farmers, as a class, are considered by many inferior to the merchant or manu- facturer. I am confident that the farmers work harder, live cheaper, and receive less at present for their labor and capital invested, than the merchant or manufacturer, or even less than they will under ihe tariff, according to the "compromiEe act," and 1 think that ihe far- mers rcyuifOTMfection more than the manufacturers, and are at lea^ls mucli entitled to it as they are. But they tell us that hard work and plain fare is conducive to health and sound morals ; that our sleep is sweet and we are not troubled with Bank debts, and the headache after a nights carousal. I have no doubt that they think extravagance in dress is a great sin in a fermer's family.but not so much eo in a merchant this nation, as much leisure time lor tho cultivation o( tho intellect, or to bo appropriated to pleasure, as any other class of producers ; but such ienot the case at present ; and 1 call on the advocales of protection to give the larnier "protection" direct— give us a bounty of 20 per cent on all the products which we export, (that would be perfectly consistent with the doctrine and practice of "protection"). The far- mers have the same arg'ament to offer that the manu- facturers have; namely, that a portion of those per- sons at present engaged in trade and manufneturere would ihon engage in the more lucrative business of farming ; and then by the operation of the same laws f trade, (supply, demand and competition,) mer- chantsand manufocturers would obtains higher price for their goods than they now do. 1 have no doubt that supply and the demand, as a general rule, establish the price of all our staples. The doctrine must be considered good in a healihy state of trade ; but sometimes the spint ot monopoly, through and by the instrumentcliiy of a credit, system, subverts all those salutary laws ; I offer, therefore, for the consideration of the farmers, another proposi- tion to raise the price of their products,— suppose they spend a portion of their time in ornamenting their grounds with fruit trees and shrubery : produce less in quantity at a greater per cent profit, by cultiva- ting lees land— not forgetting the most important of all culture, tho cultivatio)i of ihe mind — and my word for it, they will, as a clnss, be in bettor circum- stances in a short time than they will be with a " pro- tective tariff," or to continue on in a system of over- production. To be sure the more we produce the more we enrich the nation at large ; (as it certainly will be exported when at very low prices here,) and furnish cheap bread for the mechanic, the merchant and the manufacturer. At the same time wlien we produce a large surplus, we lessen our own profits, while they in their turn, are not willing to come down to our profits, but are calli' g on government to protect them by giving us high priced goods and man- factures. „ J. S. DUTTON. Monroe, Mick., Avgvst, IS-l'i Agrlcnlture 5n itussia. The estates are estimated by the number of souls upon them, taking into accn-jnt the male serfs only. This is an ancient custom derived from the old times, hen the revenues depended upon the number of hands at the disposal of the owner. At present the case is changed ; the land is the source of the profits, while the serfs arc a dead weight uiion the proprietors. The custom of the country is to allot to tho peasants the half of the lajid which belongs to the owner of the estate, to defend them against all aggression, and to re- spect their property with strictness. AVith these means and this order of things, thcpeas- ant is by no means in a bad condition. His habits and desires are, owing to his want of civilization, simple in the extreme. But were his wishes enlarged, he could easily gratify them ; land, and the time to cultivate it, are at his disposal. A village of 200 souls, (i. e. male peasants of all ages,) possesses usually 2,000 acres of productive land. Two hundred souls are usually reck- oned to furnish 80 laborers, women and men; for the wives toil as well as their husbands. These work 3 days in the week for their master, who. gives up to them in return, the half of his land. The system of agriculture is triennial, with fallows: that is, the land bears two crops in three years. Each married couple receives two acres in each of the three portions, i. e. winter jrain, spring crop and fallsw, into which, by this system, the amble land is divided su that Ihoy have in all U acres, in addition to one acre of mead- ow and one also of pasture: besides this, tluy have the ground for a house, garden and out-buildings ; by way of rent for their allotment, the peasant and his wife aro required to cultivate as much more for their master. 'I'hc fine season being very short, tho operations of husbandry are performed with surprising activity. Tho ast tracts covered by abundant crops, are quickly bar- ed, and the produce is heaped up in open barns. In winter the grain, consisting of rye, (the staple food of the country) wheat, barley, oats, pease, millet, and Uuckwhcut are threshed, usually with the flail, but sometuncs with a Scotch threshing machine, and it is then transported into the towns— sometimes to a dis- tance of 100 or 300 versU, that is ti" or 13-1 miles. Tho straw is consumed by the cattle, and is also used in the steppes, where wood is scarce, for heating tho stoves. There is, hov\'ever, often a surplus, which is employed to make fences for gardens, or embankments for ponds and marshes. The roads and highways not being stoned, the immense transports of produce can, generally speaking, only be made in winter on sledges; if it ever takes place in summer, it is effected by means of oxen, the keeping of which costs nothing, since the road iUclf supplies them with pasture, for it is not less than 210 feet, or 30 sagines wide, and all as green as a meadow. A few ordinary sheep, pigs, poultry of all kinds, and one ortwo cows in addition to the horse of a very sorry kind, complete the live stock of the peaa- ,inf, and help to consume the produce of his land, which he cannot sell at any price, however low, on ac- count of the distance of the markets. In a year of plenty, the different kinds of corn become exceedingly cheap, and are consumed with a reckless improvidence, since no one thinks of hiying any tlung in reserve. And this will explain the terrible deaths which some- times visit Russia. Every peasant cultivates for his master and himself, n addition to the fallow, eight acres and mows two acres of meadow. Every acre, in a plentiful year, givi u not less than ten measures, termed chctvcrts, of griiin, equal to 2lG lbs. An opinion can, therefore, readily be formed of the immense quantity of the produce an- nually raised in Russia, of which more than one half remains on thoir hands, owing to tlie lowness of the price and the prodigality of the consunipticn. Two or three successive years of good crops overload them to the greatest possible degree ; and the storehouses aro not capacious enough to contain the corn raised, the more so, as buildings of all kinds, from the scarcity of stone and wood, are expensive. However full of grain of all kinds the storehouse may he, it is utterly impossible to check the production —they cannot dismiss their laborers (serfs) when they do not want them, as if ihey were hired laborers. And in spite of the suixrabundancc on hand, they must con- tinue to produce, were it only by way of employment, in fine, the result of this stale of things is an exirenie lowness in price of all articles, almost below the cost of production. Witness the follow.ng prices of pro- duce at Tamboff in November, 1837. Meat from 1 to 4 cents per lb. ; Rye, jicr chetvert, 67 1-2 cents; Pota- toes, 15 to 20 cents ; Fat Turkies, per pair, 43 cents ; Geese, per pair, 58 cents; Fowls or Ducks, per pair, 30 cents; Flock Game, 24 cents; Gelinottcs, 40. Tomatoes a Cure for ^•coiirs in Pig^, , Last fall, we had a pig tbot was taken with the scours badly. We tried various remedies lor it with but little etlijct. One day we threw ovjr to it two or three tomatoes, which it ate readily, and which we found gave it relief. By following this course a few days, it was finally cured. — A/ffinc Farmer. Indian for/i — The rirst s. '.ire host of the season occurred in the vicinity of Rochester on the 22d Sept. The largest portion of Indian com was be- yond ita injury. 156 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. From Caiman's Srcinil Report, Shakers' Establishmciics. In a survey of the Agricullure of Berkshire, il would be inexcusable to paas over these establish ments. 1. The Family at Tyringhara consista ordinarily of one hundred members. The farm is understood to contain more than one thousand ncreo, principally situated on the side of a high hill, and running down into the valley, where it is crossed by the small stream called Hop brook, which empties into the Housatonic river at South Lee. The view from this eminence, as the prospect extends towards the northwest, em- bracing the village of Lenox, " set upon a hill," with the whole intervening valley of a diversified aspect and luxuriant soil, the little manufacturing bee-hive of South Lee, and the many rich summits every where scattered in the background of the picture, their tops and sides fringed with the chesnut and the rock maple; and the noble pile of Saddle-Mountain lying in the distant perspective like a contemplative giant in his repose, is among the most beautiful of those enchant- ing views, which are constantly opening upon the traveller, in this picturesque region. The principal object of their farming, at Tyring, hnm, is the raising of stock ; neat cattle especially. Their dairy is well managed; and they have a gar- den of four or five acres, devoted to the raising of garden seeds and medicinal herbs, under skilful and successful cultivation. Their annual sales have some- times amounted to $3,100 ; and they allow to their agents twenty-five per cent, commission on sales, and lake back what is unsold. They produce some wheat, corn, and oats ; and they are now effecting with great labor and admirable skill, the redemption of extensive alluvial meadows on Hopbrook, by draining, rooting out the stumps, and cultivating the soil, which will bring these lands under a course of most productive improvement. Of the religion of this peculiar people, it is not for me in this place to speak. A religion which holds the severest restraint over appetites and passions ever liable by their excesses to lead men astray, which en- courages industry, frugality, mutual love and kind- ness, and that which is certainly not lowest in the scale of virtues, the most exemplary neatness and order in every thing, is so far entitled to respect and commen- dation. Under whatever aspect we view it, we have at least occasion to congratulate ourselves, that we live under a government tolerant to every honest differ enceof worship and opinion ; and to remember, that the same p'inciple, which secures freedom to our- elves, should guarantee to others a like boon. 2. The establishment ol the brethren at Fittsfield and Hancock, consists of about seven hundred acres, lying together ; and is possessed by three large fami- lies, containing upwards of three hundred individ- uals. They are united for all the general purposes of their society ; but in their financial concerns are as families separate fiom each other. The land is not of the best description, being low, cold and wet ; and their attention is mainly directed to the cultiyation of grass and garden seeds, and the keeping of cows and sheep. Their first purpose is for their own supply. They raise the best they can, and they eat the best they raise ; and though from their temperate and care- ful habits their thrift is remarkable, yet the accumu- lation of property is evidently not a principal object with them. They have various mechanical contri- •vances by which their labor is abridged or lightened. They have made the best use of the water power which their place furnishes, and husband it with care eod economy. They haffe an extensive saw-mi!l cur- ficd by water, and all their fuel is cut in the some way. A aimpia arraEgemeat which il may appear trifling to mention, impressed me by its shrewdness and good judgment. Ordinarily, fire wood is piled horizontally, and when exposed to the weather, be- comes water-soaked and mouldy. Their billets of wood being sawed were stacked up in convenient piles, the sticks being placed upright on the end, so that any water which fell upon the pile was imme- diately drained olT. After being sawed they were neatly put up under cover, I have already referred to their magnificent barn, built of stone of a circular form, three stories in height, ninety-six feet diameter, and capable, as well as may be calculated, of containing from three to four hundred tons of hay. The carts enter in the second story ; the floor or drive-way is continued round by the wall for the whole of the circle, so that the cart passes round the entire distance, and when the hay is dischorged, goes out at the same door at which it en- tered. All the hay is deposited in the centre. Sev- eral loaded wagons may stand in the floor, and be sheltered and unloaded at the same time. The roof is a beautiful and curious specimen of carpentry ; and appears to be most securely support- ed. In the centre of the floor, there rises to the apex of the roof a single colttmn as large ls an admiral's mast, around which a hollow frame of slats is fixed, and which serves as a ventilator or chimney to dis- charge the steam of the hay. It is open at the top, and protected by a small cupola against the rain. At the same time the hoy is raised from the ground, obout a foot by an open floor of slats, so that there is, while the hay is new, a constant circulation of air up this chimney ; and one of the friends informed me, that the steam passing from the hay in this mode was oltentimes so dense, that, to use his own expression, " you could wash your hands in it." The arrange- ments for the cattle are in the lower etory, where every animal has its place and number, and where every cow is designated by a label on the post as in milk or otherwise. In this circular form, there is of course a considerable loss of room ; yet the method of feeding is easy ; the place is kept clean ; the whole arrangements are convenient ; and the kindly treated animals standing around this huge mass of hay, have at least the pleasure of seeing the good things in store for them. These friends have singular advantages, in the amount of labor which they are able at any time to command and apply to any object which they have in view ; and their establishment presents a beautiful illustration of the advantages of well direct- ed industry, neatness, and order. The great rule of domestic economy " a place for every thing, and every thing in its place," is no where more strikingly ex- emplified ; and though they make no pretensions to the fine arts, and have little of what is called taste, yet all their arrangements, and the products of their labor, exhibit the proofs of tuoroiighncES, permanency, utility, and substantial comfort. Their dairy is exquisitely neat in every part of il. Their piggery is the exclusive concern of a single in- dividual ; and illustrates theutiliiy in a large concern of B division (if labor ond of individual responsibility. They have attempted an improvement of their neat slock, by the introduction of some of the improved breeds, and the young stock which they were raising from this cross, promised extremely well, though no opportiinity had been had to (est their qualities for milk. Their land is considered in a great measure unfavora- ble to the production of grain : and a large portion of their bread stuff therefore is purchased. They hove likewise occosionally hired extensive tracts of meadow on the Mohawk river in the state of New\ork, which they have cultivated by colonies, in order to obtain brush for the manufacture ol brooms, a branch of bu- siness which heretofore they have carried on to a con- siderable extent. They keep a large fliick of sheep ; and all their woollen fabrics are manufactured among themselves. They likewise are very extensively en- gaged in the raising of garden seeds, which are put up in a very neat manner, as is well known, and dis- tributed over the country. A three story brick building or college, erected for one of their families, is most remarkable for its neat- ness and the excellence of the materials and work- manship. What by the " world's people,' is called taste, that is a study of symmetry and beauly in the forms of objects, is studiously abjured by this remarka- ble community. Yet in the perfection of finish, which they bestow upon every production of their mechanical industry, they show that native perception of fitness, order, and harmony, which constitute the elements of the most cultivated and refined tEste. The same amount of expense and labor, of which they are never sparing, already devoted to the con- struction of their buildings and the arrangement of their grounds, had they indulged themselves even in a slight degree in tasteful ornament and embellish- ment, without impairing at all the convenience, utility or permanence of their works, might have rendered them extremely beautiful. In so doing they would have found in them a new and prolific source of pleas- ure, may I not add also of improvement. I know their candor will pardon these suggestions which have no unkind origin ; and which have their foundation in the universal beauty of the natural world, as seen every where and always even in the perishable crys- tals of the frost, and the fading tints of the sky, in the plumage of the birds, in the unrivalled splendors of the vegetable world ; in a word in every production of the divine power and goodness from an atom float- ing in the sunbeam to a planet, wheeling its course in the glittering arches of the skies. ^ From Cohnan's Second Report. Compost and Iiiquiil Mauares. Manures are the very sinews of agriculture ; its food ; its life-blood. To this matter the attention of most farmers cannot be too strongly directed. It is generally conceded that all animal manures have most efficacy when applied in the gieeuest state. They are then most active ; and their chemical effects upon the soil are immediate and powerful. In a di- rect application to the soil, however, they cannot be very thoroughly intermixed ; and on this account, without question, they are less efficacious than they would be, if uniformly distributed and thoroughly in- corporated with the earth. To effect this object in the best manner, it is desirable to form them in com- post heaps, with other substances ; mud, scrapings of yards, scrapings of roads, sods or decayed vegetable matters of every description ; and even simple loain or mould, or any substance which will act as a reten- tive absorbent. Thus compounded the liquids of the manure will be retained and the escape of the valuable gaseous effluvia prevented ; and by being thoroughly and equally intermixed and diffused, the whole mass becomes a valuable and efficacious manure. The amount of manure in this way is greatly increased ; and it is believed, that one part of green animal ma- nure combined in this way with two parts of mould, swamp mud, decoiuposed peat, and even some por- tion of clay, will prove quite as serviceable as if the whole mass were animal manure applied in a raw and unmixed state. Some intelligent £u»ier8 maintain that the proportion of animal maijjp^r dung requi- site to impregnate a large mass in compost is much less than I have allowed. This con be always favor- ably done in a well constructed barn-yard. The bot- tom of a barn-yard ought always to be kept well cov- ered with loam or mud, or other matters to absorb the liquids of the yard. But il may often he done to ad- No. 10. vantage, where tUe ninnure on a field designed to be cnltivated is seasonably carried out and mixed with mould obtained from the beodlanda to form the heap, which Iwing turned over and worked up onco or twice, will then be fit lor use. Tbeie ie another matter, to which I invite the at- tention of fanners ; that ie, the saving of liquid ma- nures. In the best dtstricta on the continent of Eu- rope, the liquid parts of manure are cansidered in every respect equal to the solid. There provision is made for saving and compounding them with the greatest care ; in stone and waterproof vaults formed under their cow-houses. In our dairy districts espe- cially, where large herds of cows aro kept, a great amount of this manure might be secured by vaults, formed under the stalls with spouts leading into them. With a view to the same object likewise, the cattle instead of lying in the yards at night, should bo al- ways tied in stalls. If the barn is properly ventilated, and the stalls littered, they will lay as comfortably and securely as in the yards ; and the saving of ma- nure would much more than pay for any extra trou- AND GARDENEll'S JOURNAL 157 season, some small fields were cut six times, averag- trinsicolly worth more than the dung, as an omcacioua ing fifteen inches in length at each cutting; and the and permanent dressing : and i( we take mto co^nsid^ swarth very thick. EXPERIMENTS OF C. ALEXANDER. The following extract transferred from the Farmer's Magazine to that spirited and valuable agricultural work, Young's Letters of Agricola, is so important and instructive that 1 subjoin it : " This intelligent farmer, Charles Alexander, near Peebles, Scotland, had long been impressed with the great importance of the urine of cattle as a ma- nure ; and ho set about to discover, by a long and well conducted series of experiments, the best method of collecting and applying it. Ho began by digging a pit conliguoiisto the feeding-stall, but distinct alto- gether from that which was appropriated for the recep- tion ol the dung. The dimensions of this pit, ac- cording to his own account, were 36 feet square, and 4 feet deep, surrounded on all sides by a wall ; and the solid contents were 192 yards. Having selected the nearest spot where he could find loamy earth, and this he always took from the surface of some field «n- ble, which it might be supposed to involve. These Lj^fg^itivation, he proceeded to fill it ; and found that. are homely subjects, but as important as they are homely. Doubling our manures is quadrupling our crops; and whoever will look with disdain upon a manure-heap, is indifferent to some of the most won- derful and beneficent operations of the divine Provi- dence ; and to the most remarkable and instructive lessons of religious philosophy. THE URINE CISTERN. From Rndcliffc's Flanders. The urine cis'.ern is constructed to contain any given quantity. The usual capacity of the vault is for 1000 tunneavx, ("barrels containing about 38 gal- lons, English,) which quantity for the rape crop, will manure little more than two bonniers, or seven En- glish acres. But the cistern under the stables is near- ly of double size ; from this the exterior cistern is filled ; and between both the farmer can fairly count upon manuring in the best manner, six bonniers or twenty-one Englith acres ; or perhaps two bonniers in addition, of crops which do not require so much manure. The whole of this quantity (exclusive oi farm-yard dung, ashes, composts, &c.,) is produced by eight horses and thirty six head of cattle, housed winter and summer in well constructed stables, in- creased by the adventitious aid of the rape-eake and the vidanges from the privies. In a cistern of 1000 tonneaux, it is not unusual to dissolve from 2000 to 4000 rape-cakes at 2 lbs. each. Indeed neither in- dustry nor expense is spared for the collection of ma- nure, as upon that depend the produce and fertility of a naturally bad soil. The farmer, who fails to make these exertions, is sure to he left in the back-ground. The cistern is for the most part formed under the range of stables from each stall of which the urine is cofiductcd to a common grating, through which it de- scends into the vault. From thence it is taken up by a pump. In the best regulated, there is a partition in the cistern, with a valve to admit the contents of the first space into the second, to be preserved there free from the later acquisition, age adding considerably to its efficacy. This species of manure is relied on beyond any other, upon all the light soils throughout Flanders ; and even upon the string lands, originally so rich as oration, that this latter manure is not treated with any skill and judgment, it will not seem surprising, that the cultura of white crops has never been carried hero to any extent, since we have despised and neglected the only means of creating them.'' Mniiagement of Bccs.--No. 2. Mr. Colman — I resume the subject of bee mnn- agcuient. Few insects or animals furnish more mo- terials for instruction and rcficction, than the honey bee. Therefore, why not use our best endeavors in preparing good places lor their protection, that the millers and moths may not destroy their works. The blind Hubee was the first to give mankind a history of that industrious creature, (the honey bee) which so much conduces to man's comfort and happiness. In the management of the honey bee, very much is required of the apiarian to guard against the moths. In order, therefore, to do this, it is higlily important that we obtain a good hive for the reception of the bees, and lend our leisure moments in taking care of them. The winter, being so long and cold in this latitude, seems to be a great detriment to the honey bee. In warmer countries it seems nothing to keep ■ith three men and two horses, he could easily ac- complish 28 cubic yards per day : and the whole ex- I b^ea ; it is evident, therefore, that they require warm pense of transporting the earth did not exceed £4I IGs. When the work was complete, he levelled the surface of the heap, in a line with the mouth of the sewer, which conducted the urine from the interior of the building, on purpose that it might be distributed with regularity, and might saturate the whole from top to bottom. The quantity conveyed to it, he esti- mates at about 600 gallons ; but as this calculation was founded partly on conjecture, for he measured not the liquor, it will be better a:«d more instructive to furnish and proceed on data, that are certain and incontrovertible. The urine was supplied by 14 cat- tle, weighing about 34 stone each, and kept there for five months on fodder and turnips. The contents ol the pit produced 288 loads, allowing 2 cubic yards to be taken out in 3 carts ; and ho spread 40 of these on each acre, so that this urine in five months, and from fourteen cattle, produced a compost sufficient for the fertilization of seven acres of land. He states further, that he had tried this experiment for ten years, and had indiscriminately used in the same field either the totted cow dung, or the saturated earth ; and in all the stages of the crop, he had never been able to dis- cover any perceptible difference. But what is still more wonderful, he fund that his compost lasted in its effects as many years as his best putrescent manure ; and he therefore boldly avers, that a load of each is of equivalent value. " Conclusions of vast importance are dedu from this statement : and I cannot resist the feelin of plating them in a strong and advantageous lights They speak a volume of instruction ; and if we are willing to learn, they must lead to a vory material alteration in the construction ol our barns. It ap- pears, then, that in five months, each cow discharge, urine which, when absorbed by loam, furnishes ma- nure of the richest quality, and most durable eftects, for half an acre of ground. The dung-pit, which contained all the excrementitious matter of the 14 cat- tle, as well as the litter employed in bedding them, and which was kept separate fur the purpose of the experiment, only furnished during the same period 240 loads, and these, at the same rate, could only to preclude the necessity of manure, is now coming j ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^ -pj^g aggregate value of the urine f into great esteem, being ci^naidered applicable to most crops, and to all the varieties of soil. HARLEY'S EXPERIENCE. Harley who kept a dairy ol a hundred cows, near ih refore, when compared with that of the dung, was in the ratio of 7 to G ; so that we are borne out by these premises in this extraordinary inference, that its pntrcsciblc liquor which in this province, and tin- Glasgow, says " that the advantage^f irrigating grass ' der the management of our farmers is wasted and an- lands with cows' urine, almost exceeds belief. Last nihilated as far as regards any neeful purpose, .8 m- places in the winter season to have ihcm live ana do ell the following summer. Some apiarians bury their bees in the winter, and some let them be cxpos-^ ed to the inclemency of the weather. Those that have practiced the former way, have very often been the losers. I do not think it is a good plan to bury bees, because there are other ways than to burj them in the ground better adapted to protect them through the winter. Those persons who keep bees, should build a good bee house, and have it open to the south that the sun may shine occasionally upon them. I know of no better way to protect the honey beo from the winter storms. About twenty-five years ago bees were kept to good success — it was easy to raise them and have an abun- dance of the sweets of life. But of lute years it is almost impossible to raise bees on account of the moths getting possession of the hive. There are but few f"ariners m this region of country that keep bees. They think the trouble and expense in taking care of them, is a great deal more than the profit. Some farmers have good and others have poor luck in keep- ing bees. 1 do not see any thing in the way to bin- der the farmer from keeping bees, if he will only em- ploy a few leisure moments in taking care of them. I would advise all who keep bees now at present, and ntend to keep them for future years, to abandon the old fashioned hive and obtain the patent hive invented by Mr. Weeks. They are, in my opinion, superior to any other hive now in use in the United States. I think, by using the above hive, bees can be kept as well now as formerly. Why these hives excel all others is, that we can obtain the sweets of life and not kill the bees. It seems a great cruelty to destroy such industrious insects, which conduce so much to humm comfort and happiness. In my next I intend tj give a more minute detail of the mode in which bees can be kept with success. W. S. T. SoiUh Venice, N. K. 1842. Slaughtering and Packing. The following terms we saw offered on an adver- tisement at a tavern in Monroe Co., and dated at Syracuse. We thought they might have some inter- est with the farmers : Prices for killing, packing and inspecting, includ- in.' liarrels, $1,25. The offal reserved to the packer. Tallow rendered from 7 to 8 cents. Hides from 4 J to 5i cents. Freight to New York, from 65 to 80 cents per barrel. For rendering and barrelling tallow, ,$1 25 Cattle will be kept free of expense, while killing off the drove. Syracuse, Aug. 15, 1842. 15-^ THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol 3 Nediteiraueaii Wheat. Every thing connected with the Wheat Cnlture is of immediate and the highest importnnce to the Farm- ersof Western New York, This induces us to give an inseriion in full of the subjoined correspondence. The parcel of wbelit hns been duly received and will be placed in hands which will do it full justice. We acknowledge ourselves in this and in many instances, personally and publicly indebted to Mr. Ellsworth, for his distinguished and disinterested efforts lor the ad- vancement of the agricultural interests of the ooiin- iry.— Ed. PATENT OFFICE, July 20//i, 1342. Sir — I have the honor to transmit a parcel of Med- iterranean Wheat, respecting which much has lately been publi.ihed, and the peculiar qualities of which are described m the accompanying loiters from Dr. Smith of Philadelphia, and Mr. Powell, seedsman, in the same city. I am, most respectfully yours, H. L. ELLSWORTH. ' Philadelpliin, July \Hh, 1842. Dear Sir — Tours of the 6th instant, came duly to band, and I should have answered it sooner, had busi- ness and other circumstances permitted. That variety of ibe Mediierranean Wheat which I have sown tiir several years past, I consider proof agninst the ['ly and almost proof against the Rust. For Ibe former, no rationol explanation has thus far been given : but the instances have been so nume- rous where this and the other kinds of Wheat among us have been sown on adjoining lands in the same field, with cultivation precisely the same — whereMis Philadelphia, July Uth, 1842. H. L. Ellsworth, Esq. — Dear Sir — So far as heard from, the Mediterranean Wheat grows more in favor as it becomes better known, Mr White, formerly a merchant ofour city, stated to me last fall, that be had tested side by side with two or three others, and that this was the only one escap- ed Rust, Fly, &c. It is an early Wheat, adapts itself to the generality of soil, but especially to light sand — and as it becom-^s acclimated assumes more the cast of our Orange Wheat. I find a concurring opinion from many neighborhoods, that the Mediterranean Wheat this season, exceeds by great odds, all other varieties. I can supply a clean good article, as per samp'e, at|;I,75 per bushel. Very respectfully, M. S. POWELL, 23 Market-street. Silk Machine. Dr. A. K. Spsulding, of Maumee, Ohio, writes, that be has a Silk Machine far superior to any appara- tus to be found elsewhere. That it — 1. Secures the most perfect ventilation to the worm in all its stages. 2. It enables the feeder to change them with great rapidity, even a hundred thousand per hour. 3. It furnishes the most complete windin" cham- bers, exactly suited to the wishes of the worm. 4. The cocoons can be gathered from these cham- bers .500 per cent faster than from any other known, saving all the floes perfectly clean. 5. It may be adapted to a room of any size, and may be used in any spare room or parlour without in- ury. 6. It can be made by any one who can use a hand- saw and hammer, and at an expense little more than that of plain shelves — being the most simple and most has remained untouched by the Fly, produi ing a heavy economical as well aa the best method of fitting up a crop, and the othrrt a\n\oH entirely destroyed, that " ' ■ ■" the most sceptical have no longer any doubts upon the Bubject. But that it should so generaV.ij escape the mildew we have endeavored to ctplaiii from the fact, that it ripens Irom ten to twelve days earlier, than any wheat now sown in the Middle or Eastern States (as far as my knowledge extends). But that this is a full and eatisfoctory explanation I am not entirely prepared to believe ; for the causes to whicli we have generally attributed the production of mildew may exist, when this Wheat lasn^crptiUe of being aeicd uponby them, as well HS the other kinds. These causes we understand to be : 1 . Thit state of the Plimt when the grain is fully formed liut very solt and milky, the whole energies of the plant directed to its perfection, and the sap vessels all distended. 2. That state of the Atmosphere which tends still farther to distend the vessels ; as heavy dews, and logs and clouds, which obscure the Sun for several hours after his rising. X A sudden outbreaking of the Sun, with such power aa to rupture the tap vessels of the plant, there- by giving a nidus for the Seeds of the Parasite to take root. But be the causes what they may, it is rarely ir jur- ed by tiio Fly or Rust; nor are these all its advantages over any Wheat among \is For it may he sown from the first of September to the middle of October, and upon soil so thin that the farmer would no: think of snwingany other kind of Wheat, and yet produce a fiir crop. I have sown it for two years, a^ier a crop o( corn and potatoes had been taisen from the ground, and ful- ly believe, that the yield after the potatoes, was up wards of thirty bushels In the acre. If sown eaily, one and a hall bushels per acre will be enougih, but if not sown till in October, at least two bushels should be sown. Now although the straw is so soft that il will most ceitaiuly fall in rich ground, still it ripens well, even should the timothy grow up throiwh it and hide it from view. Andaltiiough the grain is not so while and mellow, as some other varieties of Wheat, elill, that it will p'oduce more superfine flour to the acre for 11 given number of years than any other Wheal now extant, I feel no hesitation jn asserting. I shall bo able to pupply any moderate quantity in time fir sowing, delivered at any place to be mention ed in Philadelphia. With seniimen 8 of regard, I remain your friend, „ „ , ^ MOSES B. SMITH. xaoK. H. L. Er.LswoRTH, Commis»ioner of Paitnts, , cocoonery, ever yet invented, either in Europe' or America. He adds— " A letter enclosingone dollar current in New York and Boston, free of expense to the proprietor, shall be answered, and enclose a perfect drawing and descrip- tion so perfectly plain that it may bo understood by any one who can read the description — and twenty five dollars enclosed as above shall entitle the payer or payers to five rights, or the right to the coiin'y in which they live. Single rights ten dollars, and a per- fect model sent to order." We conftes vra are anxious to know something more of this invention ; and when we shall have be- come betier acquainted with ils merits, will inform our readers of the same. ludian Coru. When David Thomas travelled through Indiana in 1818, he visited a prairie near Vincenncs on which a luxuri.int crop of Indian corn had grown for more than sixty years in succession, without the aid of any kind of manure. He was then of opinion if f mistake not, that the soil contained a mineral substance which con- tributed to the inorganic structure of the plant ; per- forming at the same time the office of collecting by .emical attraction tlie carbon and ammonia of the osphere, to nourish the organic development of the ^en When travelling along the alluvial flats of the Cuy- ahoga in 182S, I noticed that each stalk in a hill of corn pvo.luccd one large car and sometimes two oars ; I have evciy year since tried, by high manuring, to ])roducc the same result in my garden, but without suc- cess until the present season. I could always produce stalks as thrifty and large as the river bottom, but the ears did not set or fill to the same extent. I attribute my success this year to the accidental combination of a just proportion of heat and moisture at the time when the pollen was distributed; this happy combination nightly takes place on the river bottoms, and perhaps, also, on the upland prairies near the Wabash at Vin- cennes, by the aid of the heavy night dews and river fogs almost unknown in this region, at least to the sa ne extent of aqueous profusion, as it exhibits on the bot- toms and prairies of the great South West. But apropos of mineral or inorganic manures, it is , now well known that wood ashes contains about elev- en dinerenl incombustible substances in greater or less quantities, all of which must be sufficiently compo- nent in the soil, before the perfect developement of veg- etable growth, and the full maximum of cereal maturity can be produced in the plant ; vrgctable manures un- doubtedly supply all these substances, but they are not sufficiently concentrated or administered in sufficient quantities, to do any thing more than to produce du- ring its decomposition (which in worm lands hardly reaches beyond two or three crops,) the maxunum yield. May we not, therefore, infer that the cause of the perpetual fertility of Vincennes Prairie, is the great abundance of decomposed vegetable matter there found, not in the usual form or deposit of semi vegeta- ble decomposition to be diminished or exhausted by a few years croj>inng| but in something like the more con- densed and indestructible form of wood ashes 1 I have otlen wished that we had in our country more analytical skill and enthusiasm in the cause of a^ricul- tural chemistry, in order that the theory of mineral manures might be better understood. The learned and indefatigable Sprcngel, supported by the opinion of Licl ig, has shown incontestibly that plants have inor- ganic parts which must ho fed and grown by the aid of inorganic or incombustible food, that they " must have mineral food as well as vegetable food." These learned authors have faithfully exploded the old physi- ological doctrine about the essential nature of vegeta- ble matter, their chemical analysis goes to prove that " all plants have two essential parts, an organic and an inorganic part." S. W. iyatcrlo,Sept.8ih, 1842. The Prospect of Pricc8.~The New Tariff, Farmers should not be disconraged at the present lo(V prices for their jiroducta. If our agricultural staples are low, oil other commodities are low or will be low in proportion. Besides when prices are low the export of our suiplus productions is then the most active. In 1^34 the crops were good in England, yet owing to the extreme low prices of flour in the United States, more was exported Ironi this country in that year, than in any one year since that time I It is pro- liable that the wheat crop in Great Britain will be abun- dant this season. Still as soon as the price in New York falls much below $5, an active export of that article will commence even ti England, not perhaps 10 be consumed there, but to be S'lld in bond, ou: of which large quantities are taken for exportation to foreign British ports, and cilonies in the Mediterra- nean, and in the East and West Indies. Since the reduction of duties under the new Brit- ish Tariff, our export trade to England has very much increased. Our packet ships lo London and Liver- pool now go out fntl freighted with our agricultural prnduciione, including naval stores and pot ashes, the duties on which are reduced very materially under the new tariff. Thus we see that the late fall in the price of onr great western staple, Flour, so far from being a calam- ity to the farmer, has had the effect to clear the market by creating an export demand, which, while it gives activity to the market at home, also pays our foreign debt, or brings back an equivalent in spe- cie, commodities, or credits. In 1838 our Flour Factors in New York were aided by the Banks to monopolize the flour market and pre- vent an export at .fS the barrel, which was ofTcTed for shipment to Great Britain ; the result was that Eng- land got her supply from the continent, and the fiour which might have been sold at $8 the barrel, fell be- low $6. Ill New York, Factors. Millers and Banks were ruined ; many farmers were ruined, not directly by the high prices they received for their products, but indirectly by the mania for speculation, and ex- iravognnt living which these high prices induced. The protective tariff bill recently passed by Congiess, is doubtless looked to by high tarifT advocates, as the certain harbinger of a prosper- ous trade to the nation. I wish 1 could view all ils prohibitory provisions with that eye of faith, which en- ables the friends of restrictive law to look beyond the simple laws of trade, for that mysterious accumulation of wealth, which is based upon buying and selling to each other, at prices sufficienily high to cheat both pariiee into the belief that they are growing rich. Waterloo, 1843, S. W. ^o. 10. ANJ) (;auoKi\eu's journal. 159 For tkr Now Genoset Fanner. Mr. EiiiTOR^In your pnp«r of the liml monih, I (Olice some rcniarka in relaiiun to drinks and Uie Toper timoo of drinking. Tho following nriiclc, rom the wriiinga of « celebrated Phj'siologiii being in loint, 1 have transcribed for your paper, if you tbink )roper to publish it, S, Times of Drinking:. If man were as simple and as true to the laws and nstinclsof his nature as the lower animals, it would le of comparaiiTcIy little imporlonce at what time be ronk, so that it was always in obedience to the truly nstinctivo demand of his vital economy. But in civ v life, where many causes are co-operating to depress ,he physiological powers of the human body, and par- licularly to debilitate the digestive organs, it becomes 3f much importance that the times of drinking should be properly regulated. In regard to alimentation, we have seen that the best interests of the system require that the food should be perfectly masticated, and mixed with the salivary fluid before it is swallowed. We have seen also, that when the food is received into the gastric cavity in a proper condition, thestora- Bch secretes a solvent fluid, which by the muscular action of the organ, is thoroughly mixed with the food for the purpose of digestion ; and that when the food is received in a fluid state, containing considera- ble aqueous matter, the water is flret absorbed and then the gastric secretion and digestion commences ; be- cause if the gastric juite were to mix with the water, it would be so much diluted that its solvent power would be wholly destroyed. Hence, if in the midst of a meal, or after a meal is completed, a portion of water or other drink is received into o vigorous stom- ach, and more particularly if true thirst is felt, the or- gan suddenly and powerfully contracts upon the fond and preises it into the pyloric or small end, and by the contraction of a number of the circular fibres of the muscular coit, which gives the stomach somewhat of the appearance of an hour-glass, the food is held there till the fluid, which is received into the splenic or large end, is absorbed,— which is done as rapidly as possible, and then the circular fibres relax and the regular function of the stomach goes on, with little interruption or embarroesment. But if instead of properly chewing our food, and mixing it with the fluid of the niouih, we continually wash it down with Bome liquid, or between every two or three mouth- fuls of food, take a email portion of drink, the fluid end solid ingesla are so thoroughly mixed together that the process of digestion cannot commence till the meal is completed and all the liquid removed by nb- Borption ; and this leaves the alimentary contents of the gastric cavity much more dry and compact than if no drink had been taken ; and then wo greatly retard and embarrass the function of the stomach, and serve to debilitate, relax and break down that orgon. Yet while the stomach continues lo be vigorous and active all this may be done without any appreciable symp- toms of gastric em'carrassment ; but never without more or less real detriment to the organ and its func- tion. In that state of gastric debility, however, which is almost universal in civic life, the case is very difl'erent ; the fluid received into the stomach during the ingestion of food, is very slowly and with great difficulty absorbed ; and if the food, with little masti- cation and inealivation, is continually washed down with some kind of drink, the process of digestion, instead of commencing immediately, as it ought to do, will be delayed for half an hour or an hour, and some- times even longer, till the relaxed and debilitated ab- sorbents can remove the fluid and bring the food into a consistence proper for the action of the gastricjuice; and now the food, instead of being properly mixed with the saliva, and thoroughly eatnrated with healthy gastric juice as it came into the stomach, mouthful by mouthful, lies in an opproesive and almost impenetra- ble mass, and the already weariea organ must, if poe. eible, in its rcln.xation and lassitude, secrete a suffi- cient quantity of solvent fluid to digest it. But in this slate the stomach is poorly fitted to secrete a healthy and energetic fluid ; and, therefore, it is not surprising that under such embarrassments the vital powers of the debilitated and worried organ, are not able to control tho inorganic affinities, but sufTer them to become active in the formation of gaeses and acids, which by their acrid and irritating properties, create a moibid and intense thirst, which vehemently asks for some liquid lo dilute those acid substances and almost imsistibly compels us to drink. If, however, in this state of things, we yield to the morbid demand, and take a quantity of water or any other liquid into ihe gastric cavity, the feeble orgon cannot, like the vig- orous stomach, contract upon its contents, and save them from the inundation ; but the flood will come d*wn and sweep over the entire mass, and reduce it to a more unmanageable wash thon it was at first ; and then will follow a distressing sense of distension, at- tended frequently with eructations and belching, and often a part of the crude contents of the stomach, are spasmodically thrown up, and a part perhaps ejected into the intestines to produce irritations, flatulence, colic, &c. This is a true description of what every day takes place in civic life, in hundreds of individu- als ; and if all who indulge in the mischievous prac- tice of washing down their food with liquids of any kind, do not experience all these evil consequences, they may be assured the practice always tends to such results. If the use of even pure cold water with our food in the manner I have deecribad, is incompatible Avith the physiological interests "f our bodies, and the cause of functional diaiurbance and organic debility, much more is that water objectionable when it is habitually used hot, for the same purpose and in the same man- ner. As with our food so with our drink, every thing taken into the mouth and stomach in a higher temperature than our blood, is relaxing and debilita- ting to the parts on which it acts, and through them to the whole system. The teeth and every other or- gan and part in the oral cavity, are injured by hot drinks ; the throat and esophagus and stomach are jelaxcd and debilitated by ihem. In short, as we have seen, every part of the system is in some measure re- laxed and debilitated and rendereci more liable to dis- ease, by the dietetic use of any thing in an elevated tem;-erature ; ond if, instead of hot water or milk and water, we use tea or coffee or chocolate or any other made beverage, the mischievous effects on our diges- tive organs are still greater, and always in proportion as the qualities of those beverages are more orles? unfriendly to the vital powers of our bodies. Tea and coflTee and wine and all other narcotic and alcoholic beverages are exceedingly deleterious, but as I &hall have occosion to speak of them more particularly in another place, it is not necessary to say more concern, ing them now. On the whole then, in regard to the drink of man. it were best, and most truly natural, if his dietetic and other habils were such that the demand of his vital economy for water, were fully answered by the aqueous juices of the fruits ond vegetables which properly composed a portion of his food. But if he must have dtink, every law and properly of his na- ture unequivocally declares that it should be the most perfectly pure woter ; and that he should not drink it warmer than his blood; and as a general rule, it is better that it should be considerably cooler. It can be too cold, but with people in health and of good habits there is very little danger in this direction. It is also, fully evident that as a general rule, drink should not l)c taken with the food, nor too soon after eating. It is far belter, if one is thirsty, to take a draught of pure cold water some twenty or thirty minutes before eat- ng, or throt or four hours after the meal ; and they who are regular in their habils can regulate their thirst with perfect ease and comfort. An individual whoso dietetic habits are tolerably correct, may soon accus- tom himself lo take a glass of water in the evening or morning, or any other hour in the day he chooses, and only at that hour ; and ho will feel his thirst return regularly at that period, and never trouble him at any other lime, unless occasioned by something extraordi- nary. They who are tormented by a morbid thirpo produced by gastric irritation from too much or from improper food, had far better take active exercise in the open air, than drink. The cool fi-esh air upon their skin will greatly abate the fever of their stomach, and thus alleviate their thirst ; and exercise will in- crease the action of the stomach and enable it lo di- gest or to reject its contents ; and then let them bi more careful to avoid trarisgression. Statistics of Vegetable and Animal Life. Botaniets record 56,000 species of various plants — 38,000 are to be found in catalogues. Humbolt makes ihespeciesol insects 44,000, of fishes S, 500, of rep- •iles 700, of birds 4,000, and of mommiferous ani- mals 5,000. Important Notice. There is a large amount due us from Post Maslcra and Agents in the Western States and elsewhere, mostly in small sums it is true, hut our whole resour- ces depend on such small sums, ond therefore we hope no one will delay sending on that account. Kj* One word lo our friends. — We have a largof supply of back numbers of the current volume on hand, which ought to be in the hands of subscribers. Will you not help us — would you not be doing your neighbors as well as ourselves a real kindness, by soli- citing them to subscribe t The currency is now con^ siderably improved, and hills of moat of the states will answer for remittances Pcblishkrs, Cattle Shows, Fairs, and Ploughing Matches. We subjoin a notice of the times of holding tho several Agricultural Fairs, which come within our knowledge, within the district where our paper prin- cipally circulates, and shall keep it in until the times arrive. We shall be obliged to the Secretaries of tho different Agricultural Societies in New York, Ohio, New England and Conadii, if they will give us (post paid) the notices of their respective fairs. New York State Fair, Albany, Sept. 28 and 29, Monroe County " Rochester, Oct. 25 and 28, Ontario " " Canandaigua, Oct, ISandlP, Genesee " " Eatavia, Oct. 20 and 21. Wayne " " Palmyia, Oct, 5 and 6. Livingston " " Geneseo, Oct. 4 and 5. Oneida " " Rome, Oct. 11 and 12. Seneca " " Waterloo, Oct. 20 and 21. Tompkins" " Ithaca, Oct. 6 and 7. Onondaga" " Syracuse, Oct, 5 and 6. Jefferson " " Watertown, Sept, 15, Cayuga " " Auburn, Oct, 12andl3. Oawego " " Oswego, Oct. 5. Erie " " BuflTalo, Oct. Bth & 6tk Chemung " " Faixport, Oc. 19ih. Niagara " " Lockport, Oct. 18 and 16. Washington " Salem, Oct. lltfa. CANADA. Durham, Bowmanville, Oct. 18. Northumbeilnnd, Grafton, Oct. ]2:h Postponement. — On account of the session of tha Circuit Court in Canandaigua at the time fiist ap- poinled for the Show and Fair of the Ontario Agri- culturol Society, the Show and Fair are postponed by the Executive Committee to Tuesday and Wednesday, the 18lh and 19th of October, 160 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER Vol. Advantages of Iiaw. A young man who etudied law in Connecticut, be- come acquainted with the following facts, which are certainly very remarkable, though not so singular. A farmer cut down a tree which stood so near the boun- dary line of bio farm, that it was doubtful whether it belonged to him or his neighbor. That noigbbor claimed the tree, and prosecuted the man who cut it for damages. The case was continued from court to court. Time was wasted, temper soured, and friend- ship lost ; but the case was gained by the prosecutor. The last my friend knew of the trnnsaction, the man who " ^ot the case" came to the lawyer's office to execute a deed of his whole farm, which he bad been obliged to sell to pay cost I Then, houseless and homeless, he could thrust bis hand into his empty pocket, and triumphantly exclaim, "I've beat him!" — Selected. FRUIT TREES, Of Excdlcnl and Proved Varieties. IN addition to the list of Peaches given in the last number of the New Genesee Farmer, the subscri- bers have for sale the following select varieties of the Cherry: viz -.—Black Tartarian, White Tartarian, Early Richmond, Black Coronc, Mayduke, Transpa- rent Gaigne, and Carnation. The trees are of large size, and of uncommonly handsome growth, price 50 cents each. Nectarines, two excellent varieties, the Early Vio- let and Elruge, price 25 cents each. Jlprieols, three very fine varieties, the Breda, Early Peach, and Peach apricot : 37^ cents each. Pears, six excellent varieties, Madeline, Skinless, Julienne, Summer Bonchretien (or September,) Seckel, and Virgalieu ; 375 cents each. Apples, consisting chiefly of select summer and au- tumn table fruit, and a few winter apples, of the fol- lowing varieties ; Yellow Harvest, Weolmnn'sEnily, Sine Qua Non, Buffinglon's Early, Strawberry, Ram- bo, Bullflower, Tollman Sweeting, Swaar. Price 25 cents each. The object of the proprietors has been to reduce their list to a few of the very finest kinds, and none are ever offered for sale by them but PROVED VARIETIES whose adaptation to our climuti: has been fully tested by experience. Cnialoguee, with practical directions, furnished gratis at the Rochester Seed Store, or on postpaid ap- plications. J. J. THOMAS. W. R. SMITH. Mncedon. 10 mo. Ist, I84'2. MIJ. U ,TKHAiM respectfully informs his friends .-inrt • customers, that lie lias (lisposcd of liis liuslness, and .s (I iitrous of le.tving this place soon for the benefit of his lieilth; he thercf. re earnestly solicits all who .-ire indebted to him to innkeimmcdia'e payment, in iprJer that he may l;c enabled to •• Do u' to others," &c. I he busine s of the Rochester See.l Store will be contin- ued by C. F. Crosman, whose experience in the business and facilities for arowing Seed, entitles liim to the coiiridence and iiatrunage of the pub ic. ET Mr. Henry Colnian will continue the Genesee Fur- 1,1,7^ Oct 1. MOUNT HOPE WARDEN & NURSERIES. ROCHESTER, NEW-YORK. THE Proprietors of Ibis Establisliinent offer for Bale a ge- neral assortment of Nurecry articles, comprising Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs, flerbaccous Pl.ints, Tulips, Hyacinths, and other Bulbous flower Roots, Double Dahli.is, &c. &c. They have also on hand a large and tine collection of Green and Hot House Tbints, including Geraniums, Chi- nese ftlonthly Roses, Camellia, Japouica, Chinese Azaleas, Cape Dasmines, Cactuses, &c &c. Orders for any of the above articles, whether larj;e or small, will be promptly and faithfully executed, andcharges in all cases will be very moderate. Persons ordering from a distance may rely on having their articles securely pack- ed and marked and shipped as their orderimay designate. To such persons as are about forming new establishments or who may wish to dispose of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, &c. in their neighborhood, our terms will be very liberal. Gardens and Pleasure grounds will be laid out in any part of the country, and skilful gardeners furnished on reasona- ble notice, and inform.ttion on any subject connected with the business will be cheerful. y and promptly imparttd. It is expected that persons unacquainted withtlie proprie- tors will either accompany their orders with a remittance or name a guar.intee in the citv of Rochester or vicinity. ELL W ANGER & BARRY. Rohester, Oct. 1, 1842. N. B. Our Fruit 1 rcee comprise the most desirable early and late varieties, and the utmost care has been taken in propagating from sucli trees only as were in a bearing state and wiiose iiuulities have been sufficiently tested. Priced Catalogues will he forwarded gratis to all applicants. COTSWOLD SHEEP, AND OTHER FINE STOCK, FOR SALE. THV, Subscriber offers for sale his full blood Cotswold Buck Mettimore, imported or bred by Thomas Dunn of A'bany. Also, thirty 3-4 and 7-S Cntswold Bucks, Year- lings and Lambs. Also, his thorough-bred Durliam Bull Albion, and one or two tine Durham Heifers. Also, a tlior ough-bred liCicesler Boar. These animals will be sold on the most favorable terms— at prices according to the times. If not previously disposed of. they will he eshibited and offered for sale at the CUtle Show and Fair at Rochester on Tuesd.iy, the 25th of Octo- ber. WM. C. CORNELL. Henrietta, Sept. 24. 1842. Oct I ROrHESTER SEEf> STORE AND SEED GARDEN. -IVTEW AISr.ANGEMKNr— C. F Crosman having pur- •IM chased the entire luuluess and effects of the Rocliester Seel Store dosires to inform the Agents anl Customers, i.nd all who may wish to patr nise the establishinent, th.it hv is now bringing in from i>is la ge Seed Gar.Iea on Monroe Btree":, a cpnij»lcte assortment of such seeds as are beat rais- e.l iulhis climate, and he will import from the first seedsmen in Europe and elsewhere, such kinds as -ire better raiseil in other climates. And Seeds of iloublfiil vitality will be thoroughly tested by sowing, and none offered for s.ale but sucb as can be warranted genuine. The proprietor is fully coufidpnt that his long c^perience in llic business of grow- ing and vending Seeds, ivil. enab e him. with strict attention lo conduct 'he'iu ii.ess in a manner tuatwill prove satisfac- tory to the puWic Roclie ter, Oct.!. C. F. CROSMAN. SALE OV DURHAM SHORT HORNS IN CANADA. THE Subscribers propose to sell by public sa'e, in Dun- rt.is IFIam'ioro' West,) on Saturday, 0:t her l.i being the diy of the Gore District -\i.'ricul:ural Show, a valuable lot or thorough bred DIIRH \M BULLS. The animals are h -all'iy geiitl ■, and of fine symmetry, and corre*it Herd Book Pedi'^rees will te furnished. Tiieir ages vary from fourteen mon hs to four yc.i s old. Btee.lers ar.- reminded that this is a -are opportunity of obtaining Genuine stor-k. Tenis fair and liberal. Easy water comeyance from Dundks. Sale tocomiueiiceat 12o'clock noon. JOH^ HOWITT. AD.iM FERGUSSON. Sane d.-iyan.l pl.T-c Air. Ilowitt will ei|iose a Large and I'BU :l'ul lot of RAAI LA.MBS, pure Lciccsters, coub I>. w .3 and Cross. Also, six valuable Calvei, one » yea - 10,000 PE.\CH TREES, FOR sale by the subscribers at their Nursery. (nearMrtce- donville on the ErieCmal,) all of whi.h have been prop.igatcd from BEARING TREES, whose genuineness or excellence has been thoroughly proved. They are of fine and very thrifty growth, and have all been .tt least once trans- p'anted, and the roots thus greatly improved for again re- moving, so that the danger of loss or even check in growth from this operation, is exceedingly lessenc*. Priccy5ceiits each, 8211 per hundred, .f 159 pi r thousand or §160, well pack- ed and delivered for trausportiition. The following are the chief varieties, which will afliird a constant succession of r.pe fruit from early in 8th mo, (Aug.) till late frosts, ripening accordinglo the order in the lisf. F.aUly Ans— fruit sma'I, good ; tree of slow growth E.\RLY TiLLOTsoN — fruit medial size, exce lent; a good bear- er, and tt most valuable early peach. L-\ROE I' ED Rareripe — fruit large, excellent. Ripens ten daj's l.Tter ih -n tlie preceding. EarIy York— large, sweet and rich j a fruit of the highest character. White iMPERi-vL-large, white with a red cheek, sweet, juicy and melting; a most e.xce'lent peach, obtainetl prob- ably from the celebriited Noblesse, which it excels. Yellow A lbehge— fruit cather large, one of the finest yel- low peaches — beirs well and while young, SE.vaoLT's— fruit l.irge. red, of first rate excellence. Ued Cheek Malacoton — fruit rather large, be; utiful, of fine ttavm- ; ranks as first rale among ye low pe.achce — bears welUvhilc young. Hn.i.*s Chili— a very large, fine, yellow peach. L-vTE York— an excellent freestone peach, except in unfa- voraljle seasons. Heath Clinc- fniit whes not crow ed. and in favorable be:isons verv large. Oilen three Inches in diameter, sweet and excellent Orders directed ' Thomas & Smith. Macedon, ■Wayn< Co., N. Y. '■ wi 1 be promptly and f.itbful y allendedto and the trees, s curdy packed, sent by the Eric Cannl. or by the luru and Rochester Rail Rjad. J. J. THO.MAS- aceilon nth mo. 1. 1842. ^V. R.SiMITH. PEOITGHS. ANEW AND SUPERIOR KIND OF PLOUGHS, (two sizes) designed for breaking up sunim. r fallow, maybe purchased at the Rochester Eagle Furnace,— price $6 and kl each. Wood and other produce taken in ex- change. A J. LA.NGWORl'HV. ISABELLA GRAPEVINES, OF proper age for forming vineyiirds, propagated from and containing all the good qualities which "the most im- proved cultivation for over ten years has conferred on the vineyards at Croton Point, are now offered to the public. Those who may purchase will receive such instructions aa will enable them lo cultivate the Grape with entire success, (provided their locality is not too far North.) All commu- nications, post paid, addressed to R. T. UNDERHILL, m. d. 400 Broadway, N. Y., will receive attention. He feels quite confident that he has so far ameliorated the char.acter and habits of the grape vines in his vineyards and nurse- ries, by improved cultivation, pruning, &c., that they will generallv ripen well and produce good fruit when planted in BUFFALO NURSERY. THF. stock now on hard for s ile is much larirer than .at any former period, embrac ng a large collection of the most valu.ible kinds of ihe Apple, Pc;;r. l'e;u h Plum Cher- ry, Quince. Nectarine Apricot. Filbert, Strawberri s. Raspberries, Goosberries, Curr. nts. &c. Of Ornament.al Tices, Flowering Shrulis and Pi. nts, a fine assjrtment, comprising almost eve y desirable article in this dep .r'nient. A large stock of Gn en-house P aiils. I also offer for sale 2j OUO Apple Trees of one year's growth, from the gr-aft or inoculation, in autumn will aver- age over one foot high. They consist of 120 of the most valuable kinds— four-fifth of which have been cut from be:ir- ingtrees and consequently v\'ill srfon produce fruit. They will be sold fur cash at the low price of ®S per hundred — No less than from 5 to 10 of anv one kind to betaken. Also, 5U00 teedling tries of the true Engl.sh JIazzird Cherry, at «6 per 100, Orders, permait or otherwise, will receive prompt atten- tion. Trees or Plants packed in superior order and shipel at Buff.do on board of any steamiioal, vessel or caual boat required. Catalogues gratis to every applicant. fluffilo, Aug. 1812. B IinnGE, ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. Corrected for the New Genesee Farmer, October 4. IB. WHEAT, per bushel, . . . CORN, " OATS, " BARLEY " RYE, " BEANS, White, . . " POTATOES " APPLES, Desert,. " FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl. " Fine, .... " .... SALT, " .... PORK, Mess, ii 75 a 38... 19... 38... 44..., 7.5.... 15.... 19.... 3,7.5..., 3,00.... 1,00.... 8,00.... BEEF, per 100 lbs 2,50. 50 88 18 25 4.00 8,50 3,00 .per 100 lbs 2,50 3,00 6 10 m 9 6 H 25 8,00 1,23 6,U0 POULTRY, per lb EGGS, .T.per dozen, S. BUTTER, Fresh., per pound 10. " Firkin, "... 8. CHEESE " ... 5. LARD " ... 7. TALLOW, Clear, "... 8. HIDES, Green "... 4. PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,00. POT, " " .. 4,75. WOOL pound,... 20. HAY, ttm, ... 6,00. GRASS SEED, bushel,... 1,00 CLOVER SEED,... " .... 5,.50 NEW YORK MARKET, Sept. 30. Flour droops still ; there is a good demand, but a still belter supply. Genesee has sold to the extent of several thousand barrels, nt $4,50 ; some Ohio at .f4,50, but other parcels nt $4,44, and one at $4,37J; SnObbls. Troy sold nt$4,37J. 1500 bu. good In- diana Whent brnugh in small parcels 94 n 95e ; flat Corn is worth ,56e wt. ; Northern Rve delivered, 59c. sales ; Oots are cheaper, say 28 a 29c for canal, and one or two soles at 27c. Sales of Ashes are $.5,50 for Pots, and $5,75 for Pearls. Chicago, Sept. 27i/i. — Large soles of Whent were made at 53 to 54 cts. cash. Flour, 3,25 lo 3,50. Corn, 23 cts. Oats, l.i cts. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Meteor, logical Table and Oliservalions. Farmers' Hol- idays. Bale of St ,ck in Canada. Butchers Meal in England Crops in South Yenice. Swi s Cows in Ha 145 Change of Seed. The Pol;ir Plant of the Prairie--. M:inu e. Straw from Rus'.ed \Vh at. Smut in Wheal. Killing F.ies. Evil tun ed to Good. >Voinia in Swine 147 Agricultural Excursion in the Genesee Yalley 148 Iiupfcved Stock in Gene.see County 149 Trarsactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Socict)— Cayoga, ( orlland, Dutchess ; nd Herkimer counties ISO Silk Culture. Plucking Blossoms off Potatoes 101 Apology— Disappointment Imperial, t Notice. To the Friends of the New Genesee Farmer. &c. Monroe Co. Aa. Society Awarding Committees. Agricutu- ral Addresses 132 E.xperiment3 and Improvements. TI.eOrcUjrd. Trans- planing. Cr.'erpillars 153 Protective Tariff 154 .\griculiurc in Russia. I'om .toes for Pigs. Frost... 155 Shakers' Kslab ishments. Compost & Liquid Manures. 156 Management of Bees. Slaughtering and Packing 157 .>!editerranean VVhe ,t Silk M chine. Indian Corn. Prospect of Prices - The New Tarifl' 158 Times of Drinking. , Statistics of Vegetable and Ani- mal 1 ifc. C ttle Shows ar.d Fairs 139 Advantages of i,aw. New Advertisements. Prices Ciirient. Slc - 'BO Pri.ntkd for the Propriktor, M. B. Bateuam, By Henrv O'Reillv and .lobn I. Reillv. Book and Job Printers, and Publishers of the '■ Rochester Evening Pun" and '■ Western New-Yorker." U. B. BATEHAM, Proprietor. \ VOIi. 3. ROCHESTER, IVOVEMBER, 1849. NO. 11. | HENRY COLMAN, Edittr, I'UISIilSHED MONTHIiY. TERMS, FFFT V CEVTS, per ye;ir, puvtthle nlways in advance. Post Masiere, Agents, and otiicrs, seniling current mon- / freo of .lostagc, will receive feoencopie!' fat 9i,— Tvxlvt pies for 85,^7V y > y 2 S w 5" o & ■26 40 «2 27 45 71 28 59 69 29 50 71 :!0 52 65 1 52 72 2 52 .57 3 48 ,55 4 39 .52 5 38 53 6 32 .58 7 43 71 8 55 64 9 50 49 10 39 55 11 48 68 12 48 56 i;". 36 67 14 43 68 15 45 54 16 40 .52 17 42 '54 IS 43 46 19 39 46 £0 37 45 21 35 53 22 46 51 23 40 50 24 44 67 25 47 52 46 1146 -le Rain Gauge for Sept., 1842, 5.19 inch. " " •' 1841, 6.14 " " " " 1840, 2.81 " Mean Temperature of " 1842, 58,04 deg. " " " 1841, 26,90 " 1' " " 1840, 57,44 " Remarlcs on the Weather from September 26th to October 25th. Sept. 28ih, rained a little at night ; fair to the end of the month. October, from Oct. eighth ; the eighth month of the primitive Roman year. The tenth month of the year in our calendar. This month has been mild and pleasant. Mean temperature first halt 51,13 degrees. Severe froat on the morning of the 6th. Oct. I5tb, cloudy with little rain ; not much wind ; but there was a severe gale on Lake Ontario, thro' the day and evening. It has been remarked by those who know, that the Lakes have been " uncommonly rough" this season. It is remarked by observers, thai there are many strong indications of a severe win'er. ID" There arrived at Buffalo on the 10th ult., seven steamers, 5 brigs, 15 schooners, and 1 sloop. These brought a large quantity of produce, among which are 12,471 barrels of flour, and 51,8S6 bushels of wheat. 16-. THE xNEW GENESEE FARMEU, Vol f^ SLilEM'IFIC AGRICULTMtK. E^Ltracfs from an Addit-ss Brfore the Mussuclntsclls liorttciiUund Societij, at their Fourlecnlli Annivcisunj, hj J. E. Teschemacher. This Addrefs is in nil reepcct eo benutiful and nd- mirnlde, that we know we shall do a kindnoea lo lay it before our readers ; I congratulate you that we again meet to give coun- tenance and Bupport to a pursuit which, at tire present day, interests and is the delight of the whole civilizoii world. Yes, wherever a ray of civilization sheds its hi?tre on this eotth, one ot the btania of that ray is Horticulture ; it forms the charm of the leisure hour of the highest, the wisest, the best ; it is the healthy occupation of the bumble, and the industrious. Absorbed in the cultivation of hie favorite flowers, his patch of vegetables, or his orchard of fiuits, the poor man envies not the wealiliv, nor is his sane and well-braced mind dietnrbed by the diseased and empty dreams of the amhitii'Ue. So thoroughly convinced am I that indulgence in these pursuits carries in its train content and cheer- fulness, those sure signs of health, both of body ana mind, and induces ttiat position of the heart which enables one to view, without envy, without desire, the palace ot the prince or the luxuries of the rich, that wherever it shall please a kind Providence to allot me n station, there will I to my latest day advoca'.e the cause, encourage the dissemination, and strive for the improvement of Horticulture, with all the powers entrusted to my ciiarge. How hnppy for millions hid Horticulture, with its refinements, been in former times more nniversiilly disseminated amongst mankind. What would have been the pages of the history o( Soulh America, from its discovery to this Jay, had Piznrro, and the minis- ters of religion who accompanied him, associated the cross which they bore in one hand, with the spade, the rake, "nd the pruning knife, instead of the lance, the sword, and the gun, in the other ? How difler- ent would have been the ctistenc; and fate of the whole generations of natives, who passed lives ot misery, and were linally exterminated — how dilTerent woidd be, at this day. the face of the immousnrable plains, the far stretched forests, in such a heavenly climate ! Her history would have been one of peace and prosperity, insieadofone of blood and desola- tion ; her plains would have been covered and adorn- ed with swarms of happy and industrious races, by whom the names and the memory of these discoverers & civilizers would have been venerated &. held sacred, like that of Mango Capac, who in ancient times in- troduced the simplest arts of peace among them, in- stead of being held in that utter execraiion which has at length resulted in their total expulsion with aliame from the country. Horticulture may be emphatically named as one of the arts which exhibit most prominently the peace and prosperity ot a nation, and should certainly be upheld by all to whom these happy results of human reason and divine religion arc dear. I have read in an English agricultural periodical, otherwise of some eminence, several arguments urt;ed rather vehemently against Horticultural and Floricul- tural Societies, and (heir exhibitions of fruits and flowers for prizes. These arguments are chiefly based on the ill-will, the evfl disposition or trickery, which sometimes exists amongst the competitors or judges. As if tdis evil could be entirely avoided in enmlation or competition for any thing on earth, whether for a dahlia prize or fit a throne ; as if the ill-will engen dered by these cxhibiiions among the few, couid be at all placed in comparison with the pleasure tliev impart to the niony, or w lb the encouragement they allbrd to a healthy and delightful occupation. The solidity of sHch objections stands about in the same r.ink as those to reading and writing, on account of the iorge- ries now and then committed. There is, however, much higher ground at the present day, for congratulation to the lovers of the cause whose ndvance we here signalize. It is the rank to which Horticulture has recently attained as a science. It is no longer a mere crude mass of gardners' -ecretsfor propagating or growing certain plants, of nostrums and recipes for destroying insects and cleansing trees ; it has become the con- stantly improving ort of applying scientific, raiional and well-digested principles, to perfect the cultiva- tion of the vegetable kingdom ; it has suddenly al- most become a subject of delightful and interesting investigation for scientific men of the most refined a' tainmenis. I am far, however, from despising these secrets, these nostntma ; they have frequently resulted from the close ohservatiun of men of most excellent judg- toeni, men who will be the first to accept the aid ot tcieiice to Btrengthen their reasoning powers and guide their judgment. I imly rejoice ihct neiiher the Incts theniselvee, nor the principles on winch ibey arc founded, will any longer leniain scciet : they will henceforward be made known and connnented on ly those accustomed to sluily and to trace catetully the minute operations of nature, to reason and reflect on each new appearance, and to exert a 1 their aciiicncsH in tracing its cause to the utmosi verge of l.uoian knowledge. And iheae clear and simple principles, on which Jill iniprovemcnts arc grounded, ntubt heiicc- 'orwoid he described in auch plain and HUelligible language as will guide those, who, without these hab- its ot study and observation, pursue the cultivation of the soil either as an occupation or a pleasuie. Horti- culture is now capable of hecomieg to the agriculturist v^hat the chemical laboratory is to ihe dyer and llic mnnufucturcr. It is in the girdi n ond iho gr; en- hoiisf^ that useful ex|ierimenls may be made on the value of diHeieiit manures when mixed with diller- ent Eoilt^, their eli'ecis accurately tested on various 'linds of plants, their modes of operation carfc(f.lly and repcatctlly observed, and the economy of their appli- ■•ation pract^-aUy ascertained. And thete expcri- inenis are more necessary at the present day, when we are inundated with ortifit-ial ond natural mannres and composts of all descriptions, whose virtues and eflicacy arc boasied of and lauded for the purpose of sale, with more than a pedlar's energy. Owing to the kindness of Mr. Benjamin Bangs, of this ciiy, who presented to ine a small portion of Giumo, brought by one of his vessels, Itie Henry Lee, from tlie coast of Peru, it has fallen to my lot to try the eirecis of this much celebrated manure on severol plants. The chemical constitutioit of this substance renders it probable that it is the excrement of birdj, which has, during coundcss ages, accumulated on the Peruvian coost, where i t forma beds of considerable thickness, and where it has for several centuries been need by the inhahiianla of that sterile coast to raise luxuriant crops of corn. Theie are this year sixty English vessels employed in (etching this manure to the English farmers. The most recent, and probably most correct analy sis of Guano, that by Voelukel, shows that it cnnlains many of the ingredients favorable to vegetation, such as several salts of ammoni'i, pheephate of lime or the chiff component part of bonedust in abundance, pot- ash, soda, and as much ao one-third of organic matter, which would lurnish humus with a little clay and eond. Immediately on receiving this Guano, about the 17th Juno of this year, 1 commenced my experiments., which I will now explain m order, and aa briefly as possible. First observing that all those plants which were treated with Guano wero pollc.i in n mixture, con- sisting of plain earth without any manure, sand, and little leaf mould and peat, with which the Guano was mixed — that those plan'.s which compare with them have been grown in our richest compost — and that both have had the same attention, and been grown otherwise under the tame circumstances. Fuchisia — fulgans — one year seedling, potted 17ih June, 2{ inches high vidth one tcaspoonful not piled up, of Guano — repotted 9;b August, then IW inches high, with another spoonful of Guano — ia now 1 1-2 foot high. The contrast between this and the two years old plant ia very striking, both as to luxuriance of growth and color of the foliage, the plant with Guano being vastly superior. I think also that the cilor of the (lower is improved ; it is well known among garden- ers that it is rather difficult to grow this plont well. Pelargonium — two seedlings grown with Guano and one of the game sowing without; on the 17th June these two were potted with one teafpoonful of Guano, and repotted on the 9ih August with another teaspoonful ; here also the ditference in favor of Gu- ano is very great. China Roses — two cuttings with Guano, potted 17th June, with one teispoonful Guano — one was ihen 7. inches high, the other 44, they are now 34 111. & 2S in. respectively, with |large healthy foliase and siem ; these have not received a second applica lion of Guano. Cclosia cristata or Cockscomb — one seedling, with one teaspoonful and one of the same sowing without — the size of the stem, foilaoe, and head of that wiih Guano is more than double that of the other, and the diflference in iho green color of the leaves remarka- ble. Salvia patens with one teaspoonful of Guano — the effect here hes been to lengthen the joints, and flower appears a trifle smaller il an usui.I. Ii jui Acacia Farnesiana — a seedling showing the s| j,i|ur of the foliage and length of the joints previous to j p onplication of a teaspoonful of Guano, and the reintu jjli able growth of both aficrwatde. ' £i i Camellia with two teaspoonful. ]7ih June, ond a^ j,|ii)i csince. This specimen, which was quite small and:p L healiby bifoie ihe addition of Giiaiio, as may be sC auii by the lower leaves, exhibits in a most niaiked ma ' To ner, by iis beauiilui large deep green leaves aj Jii healthy bud, the action of this manure. ,(j' 1 have also cxhib ted a Camellia grown with m large proportion of line wood charcoal, the foliage y |,(([ bud is extremely fine and luxiiiiuni, and of a VP ^ bealihy green color, but as may be seen, not aH ' equal to that worke I with Guano. One Balsam, 17ih Jun?, 9 tp.ionful, reiioited 9: August with two more to which a little lime w added. This is an ugly specimen, beiu'; nearly past flows ing : but t sent it to confirm an otjscrvation in u Ijondon Gardener's Chrnnule, which stotes that '8 Balsams worked iheie with Guano, came with smffl^ er fljsvers — it ia evidently the case here, but I h(^ ij, watched it carefully and fouiol liial not a single flow missed bearing its seed vi s-el,& that every seed vesg 1 have opened, is quite lull ot pel feet seeds conlainiri f'rom 14 to 20 in each. 1 wish this point to be can fully remembered, as I shall found some farther ii marks upon it. From what I have seen of Guano it is quite clet that its action is raiiid and powerful en the stem nr foliage, increasing their size and deepening their gre't color ; of this fact there can be no doubt. 1 think probable that it diminishes the size of the flower i J some cases, and tbnt it improves the seed, both i '"' qitantity and quality — of this, however, much mnii "*" experiment is required to prove the certainly. 1 hat ore moie remark to m.ake ; when those plants wei repotted, which received a second application, tL roots were very numerous, and appeared in the moi y\ vigorous health — thick, succulent, pure white, tbi tips with that hairy appearance so well known by cm livators as a sign of strong growth. In Peru it is customary, when u greenhouse, wiili proper attention to their natural soi' and circiuiiKlanecs, this often becomes both practical bleand delighiful. For 'if ibe Horiicultnre of the olden time be no» that of the present, neither is the Botany of the pa8» iige ihat of the piesent one. The time has gone \>\ when a Botanist could boast, without a blush, that hi had never cultivated a plant ; he must now know no oierely the name, but ihe nature, of the individuali of the vegetable kingdom ; he must study their siruc- lure'duriiig the advance from germination to inciurity must become acquainted wiib ihe functions of theil various pans, must watch their growth and transfor- oiaiions, and examine with his own cyce many ope. rations of the living plant, on which it is impofsibli 10 gather knowledge from the Herbarium ; in fine, ihesiudy of vegetable physiology in the living indivt dual, is now indispensable to the Boianist. It is the want of good collections of living plante ihat we find here the great barrier to our advance ii this science;, in Eiiiope, Botanic gardens abcum everywhere, into which all newly discovered plasU I>. 10. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 163 "<.itj qiiicUly imrodiicoJ ; niiil iluis ilio nmUiplicoiion essemini mtnns ol euitly is in[inl — lure we niuci |;nd cliiclly on Imoks, mid 1 need buruly binic bow :h mure valuable niid inlei'csung is ihc book ol re ihiin tbc bDok of miin. A romiiniit of ibe is jnce of, mill want of iniereet in vckchiUIo pbyisi- \y, of the oljBr bolanisla, I ihink is loiind in ilif many ot iheni still entoiinin towards tbe isformations in t'.owt-re, efl'cciel by lb' art of tbe [rticiilturist, eiiWor by bybridisation or by llic mill- ition of parts, causing wbnt is called double fl 'W- To me this aversion appears to arise from a coll- ided view of tbe subject — all these translorniatioiis operations of nature, all lake place in accordance lb lier lows : tberefore nil are deserving of study of systematic arroni^ement, and wben well un rstood tbey must ibrow much ligbt on the functions ditil-riuit parts, as well ne on tbe relations these |rts bear to each other. livery deviation from regu. structure, called by the man of science abnorninl, I3t afford insight into the laws of that structure , — id I am cnvinced that tlie more these changes are [iditd by the scientific Botanist, the more enlight- I will become the views on those portions of ibe ■table kingdom which arc now comparatively ob I cannot resist the temptation to explain a single in- ,ance where the cloie observation ol the growth of iants is ol importance, and I do so more willingly tbc result is likely to be useful, and bears directly Ipon the interesting subject of Guano. The nectariferous juices, or, as il is commonly call- d, the honey in flowers, is usually separated or se- re'.ed by glanilular bodies called neciarics, and this ouey bus by many been supposed to be of iiidispen- ablc service in the fecundation of the seed ; but there re also glands on the leaves and leafstalks (petioles) f many plants, which perform ilio same otiiocof ee- reiing honey ; here, of course, it cannot bo of use 3V t'lis purpose. iSneh glands exist on the peiioles, ir leafstalk'-, of most of the Acacia tribe, on the tips )f three or four of tbe lower seriaturea on the leaves )f Grewia, on various parts of tbe leaves or stems of ;he Balsam, on Passifloia, and many other plants. — The g'ands only secrete honey during the youth and growth of th'i leaf; it is then only that their opera- tion and beaut. ful structure can be properly observed ; iwhen the leaf has attained its full growth and perfec lion, the active part of these glands dries up, the time for observing their powers is past, and the leaf then proceeds in its own important function of ela- borating the sap. It has been lately surmised, and i: appears to mo with every probability of truth, that this honeyl is an ctcretion thrown off, of the supetn. bundani and uselefs part of the juices, alter the leaf or flower iias selected all that is necessary, precisely analogous 10 the e.Ncretions of the animal frame. J will uitempt, very briefly, to show that this view, if correct, is of soma importance both to Agriculture and Horticniuire. Mr. A. A Hayes, o( Ri).\bury. in a beautiful, simple, and I believe original e.\pcriment, exliibited hefore the Chemical Society of Bjsion this spring, proved the e.'iialence of phosphoric acid (pro- bably comb.ned) in several seeds, by immersing sec. tions of them in weak solutions of sulphate or acetate of copper ; in whatever part of the seed phosphoric ncid existed, on that part was depos ted a precipitate of hisphato of copper ; this was particularly evident in the seeds of Indian corn. A. certain qaautity of phosphoric ncid, or phos- phites, is therefore necessary to the existence of these seeds ; and that part of the plant, (probably the flow- er,) destined to perform the function of preparing the juices tor these seeds, mu-t go on e.\erting its utmost powers in selecting and rejecting until the requisite quantity of phosphates and other ingredients for the seed are obtained. Now the phosphates in most soils exist in extremely minute quantities ; therefore, those plants and flowers whose seeds require any quantity, must e.\tract large portions of food from the toil be- fore they can select the amount of phosphates neces- sary for the perfection of their seeds ; and probably only as many scjds arrive at matnrity, as the plant Clin procure phosphates to complete ; the remainder, embryos of which are always lormed in nbundnnce,are abortive ; that is, never come to perfection. The same line of reasoning of course applies to the other necessary ingredisius of seeds. II", therefore, we present to a plant food containing an abundant supply of these ingredients, it seems reasonable to suppose that wo shall produce more seeds, or rnihcr that more of the embryo seeds will be perfected. Now 1 have before stated that the chemical analy.^is ol Gu- ano shows that it contains, in abundance, most of the necessary ingredients ef plauts and seeds, tbe nitro- gen of its ammonia being nb.solutely requisite for thi cellular, vascular and other parts of tbo stem and ieavcf, and its phoiphoric acid, as well as its nitro gen, tor the seeds; and ifliiluro experience should confirm what I have lo-dny stated ns un opinion, ibni the flowers of plnnls irianuicd with Guano beconu siiinller, it may be accounted lor on ilic assuinptioii that ns there is presented to the pinnt these ingrcili enla in nhHiidnncc, particularly those necessary fo; ihc seed, tue flower and its glands, whose ollice it it to prepare the latter, have less work to perforin, Ics^ food to analyze, less to select and less to reject ; hence there is no necessity to havo them of so largo a S'Ze ns where much exertion of these functions is rccpiircd. The seed will also be larger and in greater quantity. I ofler this irain of reasoning on an nbstruso and little understood subject with the utmost dillidcuce. and ceitaiiily under the impression that wc have not yet suflicicnt evidence or experience on this most in- teresting manure to offer a solid and well-grounded opinion ; but it is at all events a suflicicnt roniidntion on which to lay the superstructure of experiment. Horticulture is probably still in its infancy in this couniiy ; but if so, it is the infancy of a giant. How few have hitherto devoted their whole attention to raising new varieties of fruits, flowers or vegetables from f-eed, and yet we have already, among flowers, the almost unsurpassed Camellia Wilderi, rnised by our indefatigable President, with several others of great beauty. The seedling Pelargoniums, exhibited mis spring in tbe rooms of this Society, are not far from some of the best imported from Kuiope. In fruits, wc may with pride refer to the strawberry, raised by an active member of this Society, which has deservedly acquired so much celebrity. — to many of our native apples and pears, to Mr. iVIanning's cherries, to several new plunis which have been ex- hibited. I have also tasted seedling penches from pri- vate gardens, unnamed and little known, which may successfully vie, for, flavor and size, with many Euro- [lean fruiis poieesscd of high sounding titles. And in- deed, we have everything to encourage endeavors in iliis branch — lor it requires but little attention from the hand of man to produce these improvements. — Nature has been lavish in her gifts to this climaie. — The glorious beauties of our sunscta amply attest the purity of our atmosphere, and the almost tropical sun which rides over our heads during the summer monihs, perfectly matures the wood, the juices, the pollen and the seeds of our plants. For the grate- ful shade of other lands, the ingenuity of the Hor- ticulturist here can easily find a substitute ; — but to pr^'duce or imitate our glorious sunlight, is be- yond tiic art of those of many other countries. It has been thought that our long winters are a serious im- ptdiment to our Horticulture, but it is not so. The very essence of this pursuit is to overcome difficulties, to make tbe wintry desert blossom like the rose ; if every circumstance were favorable, if everything flourished spontaneously, of what value would be the exertions of the gardener 1 It is the long pr-valion of the charms of Flora and Pomona, by our protracted winter, which makes ihcin so eagerly sought after when they do come. The very length of our winter acts, on the one hand, ns a stimulus to the gardener to produce his early fruiis and flowers : and on the other hand, increases the desire ot the patrons of Hor- ticulture to enjoy them. I believe that it would be a very profitable epeculati on for tbe builders of new houses in the country, or even in the town, to contrive, at the back of each, a small greenhouse about 15 by 12, just enough for the inhabitant to employ his leisure hours in cultivating, with hisown hand, a fewexotic plants. The expense of this structure could not exceed $100, or $150, and no doubt many would be found who would cheei fully pay from $20 to $50 additional rem for such a true and constant enjoyment. If properly arranged originally, by placing a small boiler in the br'ck work, at the back of the fire-place in the ad- joining room, with pipes containing hot water circu- lating around it in the interior, no extra expense foi fuel, or trouble would be required. Even those who do not delight in exotic flowers, would have no objec- tion to use it as a grapery, where fine sorts of this lus cious fruit might bo cultivated in the highest perfec- tion. There is evidently an increasing taste for plants to decorate the parlor, but the greatest hindrance to their flourishing luxuriantly is the want ol vertical light and properly regulated heat ; in structures such ns I re- commend both these difficulties are obviated, and they would no doubt succeed admirably. Those who re- member Mr. Towno's well cultivated plants, will noi require proof of this statement. I trust also, that, in a few years, attention will be more directed to the exhibition of true taste, wdielher in laying out the email gaidcn plot nround the house, or in more extensive ornnmontnl grounds. For iho coat is the same, whether the labor of plnniing and making wnlks be expended in a manner consonant to true taste or otherwise ; and the principles of thli iruo taste arc extremely simple and easy of opphcn- lion. Ha. I lime permitted, I shouhl like to havo Iniddoun a few of lho»e principles, and also to linvo Kiiid a few word.t on the subject to essential to land- scape gardening, of harniouy, which should be etud- led with i>n artist's eye, both in the plantation of massea and lims of trees, with regard to their modcof growth and foliage, ns well as in the orrangement of the colors of liie flower garden. I must also leave un- touched niiotber subject of great importance ; I mean ihe scientific nrraugeincnt ol trees and plants in gar- dens, an object which, when attained, not only in- creases immeasurably the interest of a garden, but lends even those unscientific minds, which are strong- ly imbued with a love ot" order and arrangement, to enjoy and delight in the beautiful domain of tho vege- table kingdom. It vN'ould be wrong, however, to devote all of our at- tention to the ornamental branches of Horiiculiure; the Useful demands an equal, if not a more extensive share. Perfection in the growth of those healthy lux- uries of the diniicr.tnlile, vegetables, is a main part of the gnrdener's aim. The value of one portion of these edible plnnls consists in the pcrlection of the early eboots, the stems and the foliage , such ns the aspara- gus, rhubarb, the cabbage, the lettuce, the tellcry, &c. — of anoiher portion, it consists in the perfection of the seed, such as pens, beans, &c. — in a third, the perfection is to bo produced in the pulpy or cellular mass which covers and surrounds the seed, ns the squash, melon, cncnmber, &c — and, in a fourth, in the perfection of the root, as in the radish, the carrot, the beet, the polatoe, &.c. Now in the consideration of the aciionol various manures, these points must be the chief objects of study, and it is here that exper- iments on Guano and other manures seem of impor- tance. If. as appears by the plants exhibited, that the action of Guano is great on the stalk and foliage, then Its value should be great in the cultivation of cellery, rhubarb, &c. ; if it be found, as appears to me likely, that it improves the seed, then it will be valuable for peas, beans, &c. All these considcrntions induce nie to think it pro- bable that we are still in our infancy on these subjects, and that the value of horticultural societies, to nurse this infancy to'a healthy manhood, will become every year more and more evident. But if horticultural societies have done much to ad- vance this pursuit, horticultural publications have per- haps done more. Without such publications many of these societies would not now be in existence, antl that thousands of individuals who have found inno- cent and delightful resources and excitement in Horti- culture, would have been ruined at the tavern or tho gambling-house, — finally, that it is impossible to cal- culate the advantages bestowed on mankind by the vnst dfliision of a taste for Horticulture, which these publications have mainly contributed to produce. I cannot now enter more into detail of these advantages; besides a very brief instance will elucidate them with more fiirce. In the Gardner's Chronicle, published in London 5th May, this year, there is an account of the method of growing asparagus, at Guipiiscon, on the Spanish coast. The beds are formed on the borders of salt wa- ter, which at spring tides is allowed to How in through channels cut for the purpose, thus inundating the roots. Once a year they are covered wiih about two inches of night soil, which is forked in in the au- tumn ; in the spring a thick layer of leaves is laid on, through which the asparagus shoots riee, in size from three to six inches diameter, or more than double the size of the finest grown here. Nearly the largest head of asparagus I have ever seen, I found duiingoneof my botanical excursions growing wild on the edge of one of the salt marshes at Dorchester in this vicinity, just where the land rises into little hillocks covered with small wood. Here, with the exception ot the nightsoil, nature's operation closely resembles that lollowed at Guipuscon ; the salt water has occntion- ally access to the toots, and the shoo's rise through the bead of leaves with which the autumnal deca- dence has protected the root. On rending the ac- count in the Gardner's Chronicle, all these facts te- curred to my memory, and I have no doubt that some pieces of salt marsh, to which, by a little m.na^e- ment, the salt water might be occnsionlly admitted, could be most profitably converted into asparagus beds, which in luxuriance and produce would far sur- pass many at present in existence. IGl THE NEW GENE8EE FARMER, Vol,. York, October 14, 1842. Mr. Colman, Dear Sir : — I now forward another Brticle for the Farmer. I selected this, not merely aa showing the value of leached ashes, but mainly as a specimen of the minute accuracy, care and persever- ance with which German agriculturists conduct their experiments. I will only observe that the relative meaeures are preserved, reduced to the English etandard acre and bushel ; while the prices are as- sumed to be such as would be here paid and obtained. Though the elTccts of the ashes, would probably be similar every where, in similar soils, the profit of the application would of course depend on their cost in each locality, and the price obtainable for the pro- ducts. Thus the cost of the ashes here delivered on my own land, three miles from town, and spreading ihem, would be $6,25 ; while increased products, as the prices assumed, is worth $19,98. But the actual cost of the ashes and spreading, in the experiment^ was $2.90, and the value of the increased products was $18, 62 — ashes and labor being there much cheap- er, while the products sold at nearly as high prices as they would have done here. Respectfully yours, SAML. WAGNER. Translated for the New Genesee Farmer. On Leached Ashes. BT W. ylLBERT, OF ROSZLAN, PRUSSIA. I am induced to communicate the result of a series of experiments on the application of leached ashes to (Sndy soils, in this vicinity ; together with some general remarks on the subject — to which these ex. perimente, and an attentive observation of the effect of such ashes on various soils, have led. A Held, of dry sandy soil, which bad lain in grass eight years, and was overrun with moss, was selected and dressed with leached ashes, at the rate of 66 bush- els per acre ; excepting a few square rods in the cen- tre, which were left without a dressing, that the effects of the ashes might be accurately ascertainable. The land was first plowed about six inches deep, turning down the sod carefully, so as to close it in completely; the ashes were then hauled on, spread, and covered in with a shallow furrow, or about two inches deep. In this condition it was permitted to remain six or seven weeks, when it was again plowed, three inches deep, — so as to bring up the ashes — and then seeded with buckwheat. The results were as follows : In the yeor 1827, A, a measured square rod of the portion dressed with leached ashes, produced 53 ounces of buckwheat. In the same year, B, a square rod of the portion not dressed, produced 28^ ounces of buckwheat. In 1828, the field having been seeded with rjre the previous autumn, A produced 77! ounces of grain. B do. 44 16 do. do. In 1829, oats were sown in the spring, with clover. A produced 81 J ounces. B do. .38J do. In 1630, the field wos depastured — no additional ma- nure or stimulant having been applied. The pasturage •n the dressed part was moderately good — the crop would probabably have yielded neorly a ton of hay per acre. On the other part scarcely any thing grew but weeds. In the fall the field was seeded with rye. In 1831, A produced 53 ounces of rye. " B do. 28i do. Cost of tlu application. — Sixty-six bushels of leach- ed ashes, per acre, had been applied ; which cost, de- livered in the field, 9 cts. per bushel. 66 bushels leached ashes, 9 cts $5 94 Spreading, 31 $6 25 N<>w arises the questlsB, what profit bos resujted 5J bushels Buckwheot 60 cts., 470 lbs. straw, worth from this expenditure of $6.25 1 The foUwing cal- culation will show. In 1827, A yielded 243 ounces of buckwheat, more than B yielded — which is an excess of 247^ lbs. per acre, oi 5J bushels. $3 30 75 In 1828, A yielded 33 1-6 ounces of rye, more than B — an excess of 331 lbs. per acre, or 6 bushels. 6 bushels Rye, 62^ cts $3 75 6U0 lbs. straw, worth I 5() In 1829, A yielded 424 ounces of oote, more than B — an excess of 425 lbs. per acre, or lOj bushels. li'J bushels Oata, 25 cts $2 62J 550 lbs. stiaw, worth 1 00 In 1830, the field was in clover, and the increased value of the pasiuroge wasat least $3 00, per acre, in fovorofihe dressed portion. Say Pasturage worth $3 00 Inl83l, A yielded 24.| ouncesofrye, more than B — an excess of 247J lbs per acre, or 4 J bushels. 4J bushels Rye 62i cts $3 81 470 lbs. straw, worth i 25 RECAPITULATION. In 1827, an increased product, worth $4 05 per acre. ■"■" 5 25 " 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 3 62| 3 00 4 06 19 98 J Thus, without taking into account the pasturage in [he oat stubble in the fall of 1830, we have the aggre- eatc sum of $19,984 ^8 the value of the increased product of this field, resulting from an expenditure of $6.25, on lond worth but $15 per acre, orignally. There is moreover, no reason to suppose that the ef- fects of the dressing were wholly exhausted at the end of these five years — though the experiment wos not continued longer. A heoped bushel of these ashes, when sufficiently dried to be pulverized, weighed 64 bis. Consequent- ly 4224 lbs. per acre were applied ; and the applica- tion of this qsantity produced in the ensuing five years, increased crops of Grain, 1251 lbs. Straw, 2090 " besides pasturage nearly equivalent to one ton of hoy — as appears from the preceding details, the result of a carefully conducted experiment. It hence seems highly probable thot leached ashes impart to the soils to which they are applied, a capacity to appropriate and assimilate more abundantly, or more rapidly, the fertilizing constituents of the atmosphere — os this alone affords an explanation of their extraordinary ef- fects. In addition to the foregoing, experience and exten- sive observation authorize these inferences and re- marks ; — 1. Leached ashss have proved themselves particu- larly efficacious on sandy soils that are naturally dry. But on wet soils and moist meadows, they produce no effect. Though carefully made comparative experi- ments have often shown an increase of crop exceeding 100 per cent., resulting from the application o{ un- leached ashes to moist meadows, not the slightest perceptible increase followed the application of leach- ed ashes to similar meadows. 2. Sandy lands which have lain several years in grass, and have been depastured, are more susceptible of improvement from leached ashes than any other. 3. About sixty bushels, heaped measure, are com- monly an ample dressing for an acre. Benefit has seldom been derived from a laijer quantity. On the contrary, heavier doses hove not unfrequently pro- duced injury — especially in wet seasons. 4. It is found moat advantageous to turn down the giecn sword the usual depth of good plowing ; lo; i row lengthwise, and apply the leached ashes, spr« ing them evenly and plowing them under with a low furrow, a month or six weeks before eeedigi when the land should again be plowed shallow, to bring up the athcs to the surface. Tlwyl much less efficacious if covered in at once, witll! seed-furrow. 5. Weeds ore very perceptibly diminished aftt dressing of leoehed ashes have been applied ; and f or six crops moy usually be token, without the ap cation of other manures. 6. Oats are decidedly more benefitted by the ap[ cation of such ashes, than any other grain ; though groin crops are materially increased thereby, 7. It has been found, in many instances, ihatj tatoes and leguminous plants connot be cultivat with profit on loamy or clayey sand-lands, unlea dressing of leached ashes be given several years in a vance. 8. It is not until after a lapse of 12 or 15 year* the land having meon'.ime received several dressin of animal manure — thotthe applicotion ofleachdasb appears to become less efficacious. 9. These ashes are always found to be particular efficacious in dry sMsons ; lees so, when the ssaso is moist ; and when it is wet, of scarcely any efTeti It must be remarked, however, thot it is only o- soils to lehick Utey are adapted, and in favorable sons, that leached ashes are thus eminently beneficial and hence, perhaps they cannot properly be conside,- ed a manure. But in this respect, they share the fat of lime, gypsum, liornshovings, bone-dust, and var ous other substonces — all of which have been know to produce a moat luxuriant vegetation and abundar crops, in some soils ond seasons, while they remains' wholly inert and inoperative in others. I think I hove observed, in general, thot a greats variety of manures and stimulants ore more efficaciot^ in sondy soils, than in those notu'slly of a better quel ity and composition. But this, if so, is but anolhe" evidence of the tendency of Nature's operations, t compensate for disadvantogcs. •\s sondy soi's par more freely and rapi.lly with their geine and assimilai ble substances, so Nature hos given them more diver sified capobilities for renovation. Henee, also, thoen alone cultivate sandy soils with profit and success; who turn to account thi.s cxtro kindness of Nature- supplying the deficiencies of the soil sedulously from the greoter diversity of resources which are availabU' for this purpose. But when the controry prevails — when by an injudicious course of crops, ond the mis. application or non-opplicatiun of manures or fertili zers, the soil is continually deterioroted ond convert- ed into a receptocle of weeds, then a common fate — ex- treme poverty and destitution — await alike the mi». managed land anci its miserable cultivator. For the Ncic Genesee Farmer. Manuring Grass Iiau<1s--Valac of Ashes. " N. N. D."' of Stockport, in tlie October number oithe Cutticator, gives an account of some experi- ments made by him in manuring gross lauds. Ha says : " 3d mo. 24th, stoked off five square rods of ground, contiguous to each other. Soil, clay, an old meodow which had been mowed upwards of 40 yrs ; the grass is red top, timoth)', blue-grass, and red and white clover ; surface nearly level, but inclined to the north." He then manured them as follows : No. 1 Left without manure, the product wos when dry 25 bbls. No. 2. 1 bushel strong ashes, " " 39^ bbls. No. 3. 1 " air slacked lime, " " 25 " No. 4. 2 " elear dry eow«Jung, " 284 " lliiilif IliUll fieu. pber Kioa' I tan >. 11. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 165 . 5. 2 " " boreo ninmirp, " 25^ " mo 30ih, mowed ibe grnaa. 31st weighed it," product ne in the above mbic. be result «f tiic nbove experiment shows most jiusivoly the value of nsbes ns a manure for grass 1. Quer4. Is not llie value of the ashes chiefly vcd from ihe poUish they contain? All plants of the grass kind require siliciatc of a/..''— Licbig'sAg. Chem., p. 2(il). 'he silica or fint of the soil is dissolved by the ish of the ashes, this forms silicate of potash ch is absorbed by the grosses, forming one of their if constituents, ne found by chemical analysis. le this the true solution of the question t I leave ii our intelligent farmers to make the right use of le facts. R. T. Y. •he Mnplcs, Sept. 28, 1842. lur correspondent R. T. Y. will see in our pres- number a highly interesting communication trans- d from the German for our paper, on the use of ■3. 'lora our friend will sec has anticipated his wishes. Foot Rot in Sheei). Wkvbridge, Vt., June 27, 1842. Ir. Editor, Sir : — I have delayed sometime in ng you my mode of managing and curing foot rot beep, as requested. arious opinions have arisen about the foot rot in countries as well as here. Some English authors heir treatises on sheep huEbaudry ascribe the dis- '0 wet pastures, to the superabundant growth le hoof, &c. ttc. I believe none of these causes sufficient to create foot lot. It is a disease that spread only by an inoculation of the infection, :h may be introduced different ways. I have ■«n flocks of sheep to graze for years in diflfereni ures, side by side ; one flock would be trouble I the rot, the other be always clear of it ; and 1 known flocks to be cured of the disease and per- 13d to graze i.i the same low pastures for years af- lards, and not again become infected. I never d of the diseasa, and presume it was not known ur continent nor the scab on sheep, until it was 'duced here by the Saxony sheep. If low wet ires will create the foot rot, as it has been asserted Touatt and other writers, why was not the dis- among us thirty years ag.i ! All the diR'erent ies of sheep are exposed and liable to foot rot it range in the same pasture when any one of the . ia diseased, or when any of the infected sheep |-! been in it months previous. It may be mysterious I lies with some how they came by the disease. It be communicated bv driving them along the high- where a flock of foot rotted sheep passed months re, or by washing them in the same pen wheie isd sheep have been washed. In cold weaihernow then a sheep will carry the disease for monlhs,and bit but little lameness, if any. Those sheep that ■ long hoofs and others with very close hoofs, are 3 difficult to cure, and the most liable to be inocu- 1, because they are more liable to draw the grass 'een the hoofs on which the infection has been de- .ed. Tight hoiiftd sheep are more subject to fric- , and therefore cannot heal as quickly ; lambs and lings are more easy to be cured, because the hoofs jmallcr and more open. sharp pointed knile is the best instrument that be used, and blue vitriol is the best and softest icine that can be applied, of the many kinds ch I have tried ; different mixtures and medicines, 1 as willow bark, oil of vitirol. alum, butter of nn- iny, saltpetre, corrosive sublimate, &c. &c. Al- t any astringent or medicne of a dryini! nature is J, such as quick lime or dry dust of the rood, coal , &c. The infection therelore spreads most in moist lands and in wet seasons, because there is no dry dust or any thing of a drying nature to ■operate between the hoofs — however it scarcely ever is eradicated from a flock without some labor and ex- ternal means ore applied. I have known it to leave small flocks in 0 dry season in dry pastures, and aUo in winter, because if all the iafection freezes, it kills the vitality. In England and Ireland they are lees subject to frost and their soil is naturally more moist than with us — therefore the foot rot may be expected to be more prevalent. Before I proceed farther I will inform your readers that I have cured thousands of sheep so that they '* staid cured," unless in some inetancee they were again exposed by infected sheep getting among them. t have now several hundred sheep on my farm that were infected with the rot two years ago, that were then soon cured by the application of a solution of blue vitriol and zig between the hoops with a swab, after nil the infected part had been thoroughly and care- fully pared. The winter season or when we have frosts, is the best and surest time to cure the infected flocks, be- cause all the infection that leaves the hoof is frozen, and is as surely destroyed as would be the infection of small or kine pox. When of long standing it cannot he entirely eradicated from a flock, especially in warm wet weather, unless they are permitted to range in another pasture where there is no exposure after the treniment. When they are to be examined, it is not only 0 saving in time but labor to constiuct a trough out of two boards, set up flaring about fourteen inches from the ground, something iife a butcher's trough, in which the abccp arc placed upon their backs, where they require no other fastening to keep them quiet while the examination is going on. The horn ol every infected hoof must be paired off so far as the disease has got under, and all the feet swabbed whether sound or unsound ; and if the application be in win- ter, the medicines should be worm. If thoroughly done by a skilful hand, the rot will be removed, and ihe foot healed in less than one week. The diseased animals should all be separated from the flock if it be warm weather, and examined again in five or six days. I have known them to become lame in 3 dojs after they were inoculated. I never knew a sheep ot a strong constitution to die with this disfp^e, except- ing that in warm weather the infection getting on the body of the sheep when lying down, creates a sore on the body which becomes infested with maggets, and eventually killing the sheep it let alone. I have prevented its raging in worm weather by obliginc them to pass through a trough of vitriol water now and then, according to the state of the disease and weather. As for sheep ranging in a swamp breeding fool rot, puts me in mind of what I have heard asserted by some people, that 0 man lying in the woods on h bed of leaves for a length of time, would breed fleoe. If I had been informed that they would and could thus breed the rhinoceros, I would the sooner have iielicved them, because the machinery and mechanism would not be so very minute and complicated but of a coarser kind. Yours very respectfully, S- W. JEWETT. Large Cattle. Wo saw the beautif.d animal mentioned below re- peatedly, from his steerage to his oxhood. We ad- vised his making the Grand Tour. A friend of ours, who had resided in England nearly thir y years, and assumed to be an eminent connoisseur in Cattle, un- dertook to say he would receive no notice there : and a good deal else indicating how easily prejudici I warps the judgmen. even in intelligent minds. We are glad that he proved a false prophet, and that the British Sjiriculiurist public hove so strongly sanciion- I our own opinions. This animal was not of the puro blood, but half blood. He was an exceedingly well-formed animal. We were about to speak of his good points, but he was so fat and smooth, it would bo difTicult to find any points about him but the point» of his hoofs and his horns. The noble ox belonging to Mr. Rnst, of Syracuse, Onondaga Co., is ol pure native stock : he weighs 4 UIU bis , and is still healthy and thrifty. We had hie dimensions taken a year since, at the Syracuse Fair, but as he has grown largely since, we prefer waiting for a more recent measurement before we give tht m. We apprehend that he is destined to bear the palm from all the mammoth oxen on record. Mr. Godfrey's oxen, (of Geneva,) exhibited at the Stata Fair at Albany, were most remarkable animals, ofaa- lonishing size, fatness, and thrift. There were re- presented OS [native stock. We cannot however de- cide definiicly on this point. We shall, as is ths fashion in Court Gazettes, know more about the movements and exploits of all these Great Folks pres- ently, and shall duly chronicle them. — Ed. THE AMERICAN MAMMOTH OX OLYMPUS. This astonishing animal was bred by Isaac Hub- bard, Esq., in the town of Claremont, State of New Hampshire. He was sold in October 1837, and ta. ken down the Connecticut river to New- York, from thence to Boston ; and was imported to England in the fall of 1838 under a heavy bond to Her Majesty'* customs to be re shipped to America in six months. Her Majesty's government was pleased to extend lh» Bond ; at this period his name was changed, and wai called Brother Jonathan. He weighed at New Lon- don before leaving the country 3600 Ibe. He was sold late in the fall of 1838 to a company of gentle- men for 0 large sum, who exhibited him over most of England. This beautiful creature was exhibited at the Egyptian Hall, Peccadilly, London, seven weeks, during which time 22,368 persons visited him, including most every branch of the Royal Family, and the leading agricultural noblemen and gentlemen. By special permission he was admitted into the great Fair at Oxford as an American Ox, and over four hundred dollars was received in one day. In 1840 he was slaughtered at Horucastle, his weight being 3700 lbs., and it was the opinii>n off good judges had be hove been quiet a few months, with good atten- tion, he could have been made 400 lbs. heavier. Ho was of the Short Horned Durham breed, and in form considered by connoisseurs to be the most perfect model of his kind ; color. Dapple Bay. Ho was calved January 4th, 1832, and his weight at differout periods wos as follows : Jan. 4th, 1833, being 1 year old, he weighed 874 lbs Deo. 23d, '33, wght 1280 lbs. gain 11 m 19 ds 406 " Jnn 5th, '35, " 1800 ' " 12ml3d6520" Dec. 26th, '36, " 2350" " 11 m 21 d« 550 '« Feb. 15ih. '37, " 2910" " 13ml0ds560'« April 4ih, '3H. " 3370" " 13 m 17 ds 460 " '40, " 3700 " 330 ". PBOPOBTIONS. Measuring in length from nose to ntmp, 11 ft. 10 in. " Heighth over fore shouldeis, -^ It 1 1 in. " Girth, 10 ft 9 in. " Loins, 9 ft 11 in. " Breadth of Hips. 3 ft 1 in. " " Shoulders, 2 ft II in. " Girth of fore arm, 2 ft 6 in. • ■ Height of b.-.n»,f,„m.>rmind.l |tll in. GREAT VIELU Vt iiUl'sS. Gurdon Avery, in the village of Waterville, Oneida county, N. Y., raised this yeor on 12 acres of land, 29,937 lbs. of hops. He proposes to challenge tho world to excel him as to quantity and quality, on the same quantity of land, for $1,000 — or separately — - quality without q' amity, or quantity without quality, or $J'JO, on satisfactory evidence. :G{> THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vok. Cattle Show and Fair at Albany—September 37, 28, 39, 30. We bad prepared the suti joined account of this feeti- val for the last number of the Fanner, but though sei.- Bonably mailed, it was unforuinutely not received in season. Our account must be imperfecl for two rea- Bona; first, because we are necessarily restricted in our limits; theeecond, because having been placed upon the committee for the examination and testing of ploughs, we were, in the discharge of our duties, tor nearly the whole of three days exiled from the field, and had no opportunity of doing more than to take a passing glance at the exhibition. The Show was held at a distance of about two miles from Albany, in an enclosure of more than twenty acres, known and used as the trotting course. A wid'i and smooth drive encircled the field The outside of the drive was occupied by a few booths, though the greater part of the booths were without the enclosure; the ground within the drive was entirely devoted to the objects of the Fair. A large wooden building was erected for the exhibition of dairy products, vegetable product-i, silk, maplesngar, fruits, flowers, email agri- cultural implements, euch as hoes, spades &c. &c., bee. hives, cocooneries, various niodclsof an agricultu- ral character, specimens of the product of the spinning wheel, the loom and the needle, and many other nrti- cles of this description, which the reports of the vari- ous committees will hereafter describe. There was on the field likewise a large marquee for the office of the Secretaries of the Society and the E.xecuiive Com- mittee, and the tents of a military company were erect- ed upon the field (or shelter in case of rain. The threshing and fanning mills were exhibited in the rear of the enclo^ure ; the ploughs, straw-cutters, corn-crackers, sowing machines &c. &c. &c. in front ; two or three ranges of pens were^formcd for the exhibition of the swine ond sheep, and calves ; and the principal animals were tied to stakes, within and around the circle. The weather for the three firs; days was never more propitious. The fourth day, de- voted to the public sale of animals and goods, was slightly rainy in the forenoon, but no one was serious- ly inconvenienced. The attendance during Wednes- day and Thursday wos very large, not less than 8000 tickets of admission having been sold the first day ex- clusive of those which were given away ; and a badge, which entitled the bearer to a free admission at all times was presented to every gentleman known to be from out of the State. The money received at the gate was exclusively devoted to the actual expenses of the occasion and the objects of the Society. The ar- rangements throughout were excellent; and although, as was to be expected, and, as in such coses was un. avoidable, mistakes may have occurred, and omissions moy have taken place which are to be regretted, and improrements may have suggested themselves, which actual experience only could point out, yet the ar- rangements throughout reflect great credit upon the gentlemen who made them and whose laborious ser- vices were all rendered gratuitously, among whom, without invidiousness, may be named, Mr. Tucker o( the Cultivator, Mr. Prentice of Albany, Mr. Wads- worth of Geneeeo, President of the Society, Mr. Nott of Guilderland, late President of the Society, Mr. Be- ment of Albany, and Mr.Walsh of Lansingburgh. To the latter gentleman is without doubt due the honor of laying the foundation of the Society ; ond of having watched over and assisted its progress with disinterest- ed and parental assiduity. To soveral other gentle- men, who cheerfully tendered their assistance on the occasion, the agricultural community are greatly in- debted. The show of ploughs was beautiful ; thirty.three bavins been entered fur pomnptition mirt »vV.;K:f;nr, ful construction. The show ol other implements was numerous and respectable. The show of animals, especially of the Improved Durham Short Horn, of the Hereford Stock, of Southdown, Cotswold, Leicester, Dishley and fine Saxony sheep, for quality, at least, has probably never been equalled in this country. The admirable Durham stock of Mr. Prentice and Mr. Vail, and the Hereford stock of Messrs. Corning and Solham, the perfect specimens of Southdown sheep fjoni Mr. Uotch cf Butternuts, of Cotswidd and Leicester from Mr. Dunn of Albany, excited universal admiration. Three of the Cotswold sheep of Mr. Dunn weighed together 889 lbs. There were other fine specimens of sheep, the names of whose owners we could not learn. The swine we had no op portunity of inspectmg ; but Mr. Lincoln of Worces- ter, one of the committee, celebrated for his Porcelli- an skill, will give a full account of them in his own good humoui. The horses were on the ground only in our absence. In specimens of native stock, as far as we could see, there was an almost entire deficiency, which was much to be regretted. In fato.wn, though the number was small, yet the show was magnificent. Mr. Ives' cattle were excellent ; but the ox of Mr. Rust of Syracuse, and the two oxen of Mr. Godfrey of Geneva may chollenge the world for their equals. The live weight of Mr. Rust's ox was 4100 lbs, and he is still gaining rapidly. The famous cow from Maine, for her size and fatness, of her kind probably the most extraordinary animal ever seen, was therefor privote exhibition. One yoke of Devon working ox- en attracted universal attention and admiration. In appearance we have never seen their superiors. But we connot now farther particularize. The trial of ploughs took place on a field distant half a mile from the show-field. Fifteen different ploughs were entered for examination. The points to be ascertained were mainly the power of draft requir- ed to move the plough, aud its general const.-uction, durability, and expense. The dynomometer was applied to each plough, and four dificrent observations token and the whole compared ; but from the imper- fection of the instrument, from the nature of the pow. er applied, different teams and different harnesses be- ing necessarily used in different cases ; and from the impossih^ty, with the imperfect arrangements which had been made, of making the trial equal to all the competitors, the committee determined to submit to the competitors themselves, the question whether a decision on the partial and unsatisfactory grounds which the committee possessed, should titeii, be made , or whether the whole matter of premiums in thiscase should be abandoned until another year, when the so- ciety would be expected to make such arrangements for the trial, that the committee might arrive at a fair decision; at least one which would satisfy themselves. The competitors perceiving all the d.illculties of the ease and knowing how very important to their inter- ests a decision would be, expressed their unanimous de- sire that the decision for this year should be omitted ; and their request that the money designed for premi- ums this year might be applied to the increase of pre- miums for the same object at the next show. The ploughing match for a sweepstake of 100 dol- lars came offon Thursday forenoon. Ten teams en- tered the lists ; and ploughed each one quarter of on acre. Nine of these were teams ofonepairof horses; one, a team of one yoke of oxen. A greater part of the ploughing v/as admirable ; and for its skill and beauty could not be exceeded. The diflTerent lots were merely numbered; and no name was known to the judges, who were not on the ground until the teams liad left. The points to which their examination was directed, were simply the depth and width of the fur- l.-,w°l;^/, nr..1 Iho r.nr«)lol linn., /,^ncs ..tIiU !hcr end of the tnlile bnJ just piiiil to ihnn. jjut leforc I otl'er one word in reply (snid hi-) 1 beg lenvo, 'i the spirit of good leliowship, to n.'k if there is in lis room the humoroi.scliuiiinnn oftheeomniittce on lorli t [Langhicr.] BccaLise, It that gentleman ia escnt 1 will not adil one word more nntil I brar 11. [Ren'nved laughter. The allusion here was -Mr. Lincoln of Mnfs., wrh" made a report on the ino family, on Thorsrioy nfierooon, that kept the udience in a ronrff-in heuinuing to end. The mere lltisi .n to It bv Mr, F., e-dlcd up n vivid recollection if all Mr. L.'s verv happy points.] fie isnotpre.'enl? I'nntinned Mr. F. in n lone of disappoinitnent ) 1 jcn, !;eiitlenien, will tell you v.hy. It is to save his [Laughter.] N.iw, genilemcn, I oHHriss Iron aa fellow farmers. I iinve no right to say feliow it!2eni=, but fellow farmers. As formers 1 beg leave rst to express to yon my deep sense of giRiitnde for be honor conferred on me, a back- woodsman of Cnn- lada, in being permitted to be present at such a meet- 'n^' IIS this, and for the pleasure and instruction I have ■eccived here. And let me say. before I forget it, ithiit this rrtieeofa judge is a veiy d Ificult and thank- less one, and tho' you may discharge your duty never 60 faiihfiiliy and conscientiously, you aie perfect- ly sure not to give entire satisfaction. At tlic same time, they wlTohave iindertaktn that duty haven right to call on the society for whom they act, to support them in their awards, nnd to sec that no undue re inniksare made on their jndgmeiits. Having said tliiiBninch about my fellow judges, reriiiil me to rub my eyes and look about me "and th'iik what a glorious meeting we hcve had — what an exiiibition of stock — how great iWw.York is. Why, ten yonraagn.it would havedf fieri all imr means to have prndiiecd any thing l:ke wlinl we have seen. The epir.t was not in existence then. But it is now, and We will speed it onward. There are, genilenien, in every great community — in the great slate of New- Tiirl; parlicnlaily — I don't sny grndaiions c^f rank, but grudaiions of circumstances; iind one of the lioppi rcfulta of these meeiinjs is to bring the rich into eon- t et with the honest fnrm r, and to teach the former what true nobiliiy and indipeiidrnce is, and where it is to be found. [Cheers] If I'np^iiiees is to he found on earth — if indepeinieiice is(.v. r lo be secured, it Is within the St. Iteof the plough. There it is. The honest farmer comes into the city, and is bewildered and as'.onislied by the splendor thi.t meets his ei c ' n every hand. But, s/enilenun, what soitofspleiidor is that. A single shi'ek, a ernsii fomeK'here, nnd down they go bke nine pins. [Lau^hlcr.] The farmer ka." always a cure reliance. Helms bis pork barrel and his flour barrel, and his good lionctit wife and children. [Cheers] That is t! e jjlace to enliiv.ite real, tiuoin depend/ nee — real, true, rati mr.l enj lymrnt. [Cheersj ' Nsy more — there you find honor, inoriili:y. rcligi'in • virtue, [ciiee.'s,] in their purest form. AVh>does iio'. kniw thnt men, mixed. up together in the cares and exi.-iicment ol busy life, do not appreciate what it is ;i. be an honest farmer, living on his paternal acres ? But we o ust not forgnt-thal we weie made, th'int G id I to help one another. We are all links of one great human chain. And I say perdition to the lenii ihnt would break one of them. [Cheers.] I want to see all men equal in their righ.s. 1 live under a monarchia! form of government — yon nrid'-r.T r"iiub- lic. But I say we are all brothers. [Chei'rs.] More t'.ian ibat — we are nil scions of the same eiimnioii stock. [Cheers.] Wc are of one common fiimily. I say it without fear of coiuindiction lieie, that Amer icnna and Britons have tli-j love of liberty in tlicir hearts. [Cheers] ) say it wiihout reference to our living under n Queen orn President. 1 hope there is no high Canadian Tory present that will go home and tell of me. [Laughter.] D/ii't inistake mc — I am , n true, loyal, B.itisli subject. [Roars of laughter.] Whnt [ meant to convey wns this — that the gnat out- lines of the two grfe.itest na ions in the world are iiie same. We have our property and lives secured by tho li.ibeas corpus nnd the trial by jury. Tlint is no mean matter. We have an e.iecntivc head. We have a hiiuse of Peers — or a Sena'e — call it what you please. Rnd we have representatives of the people. Thece nio the great lending outlines of tie eonstitii- li ms of boih iioiione. Why allow iniyibing to rnnkle ill our beans, who have every reason as nations to go together? who can, il they will, sojilay into each oth- ers hands 'I 1 go with the gentleman opposite (Mr. 'rallnindgol as to free trnile. But lliiit in a enbjeet far tiio V, idcnnd ti 0 diOiciilt forme to enter on here. ] beg pardon for intruding too h ng. [Cries of "go on," " go on.''] I linve been trying lor a longtime to get on my legs, nnd now I don't know how to sit down. [Lnughter.] Because if 1 hud the tnhnt to irivo vent to it, I am o\erllowing with i:iaili.t'. — [Lniighier.] It has just Hashed across my mind, gentlemen, wdiat n pri gess this woild is making, ami this eounity in partieular. We can know nothing of it. 1 need not ask here — for who has r.ot read Wushingtoii Ii ving ! Who hns not read Knickerbocker ! [Lnughier.] I should like to see how Rip Van Winkle v\ouldhove looked if he had opened hie eyes, after n thirty years' slumber, on the Bull's Head \e.-terday or to-d.iy. [Laughter.] Lie would have given Ijis eyes a double rub. to see the progrets made since he went to sleep down the river. And what would he not hive done to have been told that two grcnt nniions, by the sim- ple power of steimi, had been brought within a fort- night'ssnil ol each other ? To i-ee n iiioiher and child, hitherto enstranged by distance nnd neling, hroucht together, as it were, into cluse pro.rinuiy 1 For there was n time when an American in London was treated as a wild beast, and if a Briton rame over here, why be wns the Devil nnd all. [L'Mighter.] Tills is not BO now. As we come to tee each ether, we come to like one niioiher better than ever before. I have said already, 1 am n loyal Briton, nnd I rejoice; I cannot tell you bow I rejoice — in the present stnteof nfihirs between the two countries. [Cheers] Ins- sure yon gentlemen, i am not alone in this Ilun dreds and thousands of Britsh hearts are beating with jiiy nt this moment, ntthe prospect of a termination of all our difficultiee. I sincerely hope, gentlemen, though I have no objection in the woi Id to mectina the Americans in the lield -aye, on the tented field — that if we must meet, it mav be on the iei.led field ol the BulleHead. [Roarsof Laughter.] Tbalisibe field for me. No dulling, if you please — but the dril- Iiii2 of turnips. [Laughter,] Gei.tlemcn, 1 hardly dare trust mytclf to speak of that glorious man — the Fniher of this com, try— to ivhom allusion was made so handeonuly just now. Gentlemen, I icvere the mcmoiy of Washington, If ever there was n Pairio: on earth, Wnsbington wve the man. [Cheers] 1 visited Mt. Vernon not long :-ince, and ■■ am not ashamed in thi-s company to say, how my heart swelled ns I stood at thr.t great man's tomb. I could not help repeating, to the astonish- ment of the man who showed mc the grounds— *' H'.iw s ecp tl.c liravc \vhns:iik to reel, Kv ulltlieir eiiiiiitry's wis! es I lest! Wlie,. Siirir.p withdcwv iili»rrs cnl.l, Helurns to il<:tl< tlieir lu,llowe.i uioul.l, Gentlemen, I 'o.-get the rest of it. [Ciice:s loud and long.] Mr. F. touched briefly in cunclnsi-n on the sub- ject ol tigricultmal education. He felt totally incom- petent to say how the, object wns to be brouglit nbont, hut he would eny this, that farmers might be educa- ted too high, and might he kept far beneiiih their pro- oer position The point to be ninied nt wns tbt:t men if h'gh ediieat on should he ncquainted with theprac lic.il detcil-j of hiiihnnd.ry, and that men h ho under, stand the practical details should not he ignorant ol science. He knew an individual, who, like many in London, hud acquired a fortune in busines--,deteMiiin. ed to iiavo done with the shop and buy an estate. He closed his bonks, nnd down he went to the country. His first inquiry there, as an Englishmnn's w.is njt to be, wna where the nearest butcher's was ! [Laugh, ter ] He wns toirl that every gentleuian kdl.d his own mutton. " D — d dirty work," snid he, '•but I'll try." The man liiiew no tnoro of a country life ibn'i the weather-eock on the steeple. [Laughter. J Mr. F. concluded by giving Viuncshi; Mcnu/acUipes — Plenty of feet for chil- dien'd stockings, and the good hoiictt house wile that bcnislhem. [Thiee cheers giveo smnHmg.] Prcventio.i of SttiUl. Putschk's (German) Lncyelopcedia of Agriculture gives the following ns the celebrated rcue.ipt of M. Sehruil?., ol Duerer, in the province of Julicre, (Prus- sin,) for prepnring seed wheat song to pieventemnt in tho crop. So confident was Mr. S. in the efTicncy of his method, that be offered a standing reward of a ducnl, for every Lead of smutted wheat fouitd in bia field?. For every 500 lbs. of seed wheat, take one lb, nlum, I ib. copcrns, \ lb. snlipetrc, and i lb. verdigris. Pulverize these ingredients and dissolve them in a siiflicicnt quantity of boiling wnter. When the so- lution has become cold add ns much moie wntcr ns will be required to moisten the whole t!:oroughly. The henp should then bo turned scvoinl times within the ensuing 24 hours, nnd ucllini.\ed ; and il is ready lor seeding^ Self-Regulatiiit; Stove, invented by E. Foot Jun., Soucca I'aliw. A remarkable property possesceil by this Stove, is tlint ol governing its own heat, so ns to muintoin, wiihout variation, the precise degree which may ha icquiied. Within and near the upper pnrtol the Stove, is placed n brass roti — straight and inflexible. Should the he:.t rise too high, the expansion of the rod, act- ing on n lever by which its motion is much increased, is made to close a dumper that governs the admission of nir : Or should the heat fall loo low, the continc- lion of the rod opens the damper nnd lets in a full draft. A suflicient quantity of fuel beiny placed ill ibe .''tove, its burning is held in constant check by the closing of the damper — consuming no faster than a want of sufficient heat to keep it clofcd permiife : Thus is kept an uniform heat. The mnniler in which the degree of beat nt which the stove sunll ninininin itself, is changed, is equnlly simple, though not so easily described : By merely moving a point, r, difiercnt degreesof expansion, nnd of course different degrees of heat, nre requirid to close or to open the damper. A dial-plntc, like the face of a clock, forms n port of the front uf the stove. Onthis are mniked tho dili'erent degrees of heat re- quired,— nnd the index being turned to a degree, the • s;ove will itnincdialely ndnpt ittclf to that point, nnd there remain without vnriaiion. Had the invention slopped here, there wotdd have been left a delect which prchnbly would have dietioy- ed its usefulnrss. Should the lient rise so high ns to close the damper, end ti en from any cause continue to rise above that point, some pnrt of the structure must neeessnrily give nwiiy, or cls-j he so loi sdy nnd impeifeclly ni de as to allow mcii a variation ; — or sbonld the heat continue to fall nfier opening ihe damp- er, the same difficulty would be presented. We re- gret thnt we cannot, without drawings, convey to tho reader the simple manner in which these difliculiies are removed The inomrnt the htal should rise nbovo ihe point of clooing tho damper, the rod disconnects and detaches itsell from it, and eo remains until the heat returns again to the cnuie point — viben iinniedi- iiiely it re-connects itself, and resumes its nppropiiale iiuliis. Or should the hint fill after ope ir.g the damper, the rod hceoir.esdisconiucted until a retuin to tl e same point. This part, moie tbi.n any other, will sliike the attention of the mecbanic. It is said to be before unknown in mechonies, a;.d is as remarkable lor itseiinpliei'.y ns its ingenuity. The stove bus various oihcr Vnlunble qunlities. It •a e.mimnicd that from three-fourths to tivc-sixibs of tho heat from the fuel consumed in nn ordinary stove, is carried ofi' by the cmreut patsing throngh it to the chimney. In this stove, no more nir being ndmilled than is necessary to sustain the combustion, very litde ciiirent is made and uenrly all ihe heat is expended in the room. And besides, the smoke and cinders, being long retained in contact with ihe fire, arc most- ly consumed, The fuel in this stove being permitted to burn no faster than is wanted, eno'igb iniiy be put in at once to In.vt I'i or 24 hours. Wood is eonveited into a bed of charcoal, which grndunlly consumes, but no faster than is tequired. A person may go from home, and leave bis stove ihronirli ihe doy. or through the night, nnd v,-\ien be reinrr.s find it at i rccisely the entnetem- perutuieat which ho left il. Kemedy Agjsit»!-l Fiost. It is rceommencled. in sime of the French ngricul- 'urnl j.npers, to ileposiie some wet stiany niaiiuie in ihe finks of n fruit trie whin in blossrun, to protect ihe fruit Iron-, frost. If nppliid in the evening, it is said, thai, should frost occur in the ,niglit, it will ba visible on the upper suriaee of the manure, but the firuit budaur blotsonis will wholly tseape iiijuiy. 168 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. KOCHESTEK, AOVEWBEK, 1842. AGRICULTURAL INTELLIGENCE. The Monroe Co. Agricultural Society held their Show and Fair in Rochester, on the 25th and 26th of October. It was numerously attended on both days, and showed the zeal of the farmers, which was not cooled off by driving for miles through mud nearly to the hubs of the wheels, the rain of the preceding night having left the roads in a most miry condition for the season. This state of the roads undoubtedly prevent- ed the bringing of many articles and animals, biped and quadruped, to the Fair, which would otherwise have been there; but the show in all respects was cred- itable to the county, and the city was crowded with farmers, their wives and children both days of the Fair. We shall leave the several Committees to speak for themselves and give them on another occasion ample room to be heard. There were several highly improv- ed animals and some excellent native stock among the neat cattle. The magnificent Stud Horse of Mr. Weddle, a horse of most remarkable size and power, ttnd designed for labor, attracted universal admiration. A team of four yoke of oxen from Mr. Ayrault, and . (Some other cattle from Perrintnn, and other places, of native stock, and of a cross of the Durham with the Devon, would have done honor to any show in the country. The Leicestershire Swine were there like- wise, in their glory, fairly distancing the Berkshire; and a family of pigs, five monthsold, which, within our knowledge, could hardly be surpassed for size, thrift, and beauty. The show of vegetables and fruits, though somewhat limited, yet in quality we have never known equalled. The cabbages, some of thm weighing 31 lbs. each, the sugar beets and mangel wortzel, the carrots and turnips, and the celery and salsafy and apples were magnificent. The products of female industry and skill were numorous and beautiful. If the county of Monroe has many girls as skilful and industrious as the works of some showed them to be on this occasion, she is eminently rich in the best of all products. If rne in particular, whose numerous articles of exhibi- ition were of singular beauty and displayed extraor- dinary industry and taste and skill, but whom we ■hould deem it indecorous to name, is not inquired after early by some of the young farmers of the county, they at least should have a premium for their obtuseness and be honored with a fool'n cap and feathers for the next anniversary. Some axes and pitchforks from the factory of Mr. Barton of Rochester, were of exquisite finish, as also were some ploughs from the machine shop of Ruggles, Nourse and Mason, at Worcester, and Charles How- ard of Hingham, Mass. The ploughs may in all re- spects be safely compared with any made in the coun- try. The number of articles exhibited were limited, but excellent of their kind. The ploughing match came off on Wednesday a- bout two miles from the city in the presence of a large concourse of interested and grateful spectators. Sev- cnteen horse teams entered the Ii3:a, and no one was allowed a driver. The land measured 1 4 of an acre. The depth prescribed was 3 inches ; the width of the furrow slice ten. The time allowed, 60 minutes fcr bone* ; 7& for oz«n ; but ncing was wholly pro scribed. The work throughout was well done, some excellently Well done, though the land was not fa voroble to smooth Work. The report of the commit- tee will be given in full. An iron plough called the Buck Eye, with a curved beam, appeared lo move with extraordinary lightness and ease, and made very good work. Howard's plough, for iis excellent work, main- tained the high character which it has for years had in Massachusetts, where it is known, as one of the best ploughs ever put into the ground. The cuslomary ftddrces was given in the afternoon and the premiums announced, excepting on cr pe, which are reserved for the winter meeting ; and the members of the Society scparnied, after a gratifying nnd friendly intercourse, with stronger conviciiors ol the importance of improved agriculture and a quickened zeni for its promotion. The Society was honored by the presence of several distinguifched per- suna and friends of ngricullual improvement from the neighboring counties, and it is hoped that at the win- ter meeting in Albany of the Stale Society, such mu- tual arrangements will be made in regard lo the times of holding the County Shows on separate days, that it may be in the power of the farmers of different coun- ties to exchange their civilities, which may be as im- proving, as gratifying to the parlies concerned. The shows should begin early in September, and not as now be all crowded inlo October. Ontario County. Ontario Co. Agricultural Show and Fair was at- tended on the I8lh and 19th of October. The 18th was rainy and unfavorable, still the exhibition of valu- able animals was more numerous than has belbre been presented in the county, and the stock of a better de- scription and in higher condition. The ploughing match was attcndedon the second day; twenty-three teams entered for the competition. Th( contest was close, and the judges much at a loss to de- cide among ten of the ploughmen. An hourand a half was allowed for ploughing a fourth of an acre of land with horses. The first premium was awarded to Silas Aldrich, Farmington. The second to Wm. Otley, Phelps. The third to Charles B. Meek, Canandai- gua. The first premium for ploughing witlt an ox team the same amount of land in the same lime, was award- ed to D. C. Bates, Canandaigua. The second to John H. Wheeler, East Bloomfield. Other ploughmen are metioned with strong commendation. We should give the whole list of premiums but can- not afford the space. The products of female industry and skill are represented as uncommonlynumerousand beautiful. This is what we should expect in this high- ly cultivated and intelligent county. The specimens of Ontario Co., women, whom wc have had the pleas- ure of seeing, would be all of them regarded as premi- um specimens in any part of the country, which we have visited. We only say of the Ontario Co. men, that we wish they may be worthy of their wives. This would be glory enough for them. We would not im- ply that they are not. We were glad to see the commendation bestowed upon Hatch's broad cast Sowing Machine, for sowing all kinds of grain and plaster; we believe it every way deserving. We have seen several fields sown with it with great exactness and success. We have the tes- timony of several excellent farmers in its favor, to which we shall hereafter refer. It is of cheap and simple construction, and not liable to get out of order. For the purpose designed, we know no better machine. Mr. Hatch is a resident of Rochester, N. Y. We re- gretted that prior engagements at other places prevent- ed our attendance at the Canandaigua Show. In the fertility of its soil, in the beauty of its scenery, in its neat cultivation, in its improvements and the intelli- gence and elevated character of its populatioo, we be- lieve it is exceeded by no part ot thecountry. The ad- Jress of Myron Adams of Bloomfield, is much com- uicndcd for its good sense and practical character. We hope, through our columns, to have an opportuni- ty of furnishing to our readers the whole, or the most valuable parts of it. This waa holden at Lockport on the 18th and lOtll of October. We had the pleasure of meeting the Farmers of this fertile county on the first day. The Jay began with rain and so continued until the after- noon. Any one, who has seen a half drowned rat or a game cock after he has been dipt in a tub of cold wa- ter and left to drip, knows how crest fallen he seems, and what an extinguisher or damper of all pride and ambition such a thorough wetting always proves. If 3mall things may he compared with great, we could not but be reminded on this occasion of an account given us by a distinguished gentleman of this country, who was a guest at Lord Elgin's Tournament in honor of the young (iueen, when the rain came down in tor- rents and the plumes of the gallant Knights hung like wet rags over their shoulders, the noblest ladies of tlie land were glad of the shelter of even a cotton umbrel- la, all the gay pride of rank and title was absorbed in the general desire "(o save himself who can," and even the brilliant banquctting table in all its profusenese and splv-ndors was deserted, for there was no other way of keeping the fair and sparkling sandals out of the water but by sitting on the benches after the Tur- kish fashion with their feet under them, a positioa which, besides its awkwardness, involved the peril of losing the ecm re of gravity and incurring a general splash. The day and field at Lockport were in some respects not unlike. As to shaking off the dust of your feet, though one may have felt ever so uncomfor- tably towards the good people of Lockport, it was out of the question ; one could hardly shake the mud off un- less the foot went with it. The farmers of Niagara Co., however, turned out in great force. They are no hot-house plants. The show of cattle vfns quite numerous. Some excellent animals of the Improved breeds and some first rate spe- cimens of the Dishley, Cotswold and Leicester sheep as well as of the fine wooled varieties were exhibited. Some exeellent horses and colts were hkewise on the ground. From appearances we think we have reason to infer that in no county in the State, all circumstan- ces considered, is the spirit of agricultural improvement more rife than in this rich and beautiful county. Our engagements prevented our remaining duringthe next day forlheexltibition of agricultural and horticulture! products and domestic manufactures, but we anticipate the pleasure from some friend there, of a full account. Genesee Co. Agricultural Show and Fair. This was attended on the '20th and '21st of October, at Batavia. We had not the honor of being presented either for cxhibilion or premium among the live stock on the tirst day; but we were on the ploughing ground m due season, on the second. The attendance was very numerous and the ploughing respectable. Three teams only entered, but they displayed a laudible am- bition to excel. This is cert.\in to carry them for- ward in this first of the fanner's arts. These ploughing matches deserve, in the highest measure, the encou.- agement of the farmers, as they have been found, whenever employed, among the most powerful meanr, not merely ofimproved skill in ploughing, but of general agricultural improvement ; because they bring the far- -ners together under circumstances where their feelings and ambition are strongly excited ; and this excite- ment extends its healthful influence to all branches of rural industry and emulation. The perfection of ,the art of ploughing fe tmljr to bo No. 11. AND GARDliNER'S JOURNAL. lUD seen when an Englishman or Scotchman, trained to il from his childhood, gets between the stilts ot' the plougli, and, after setting the noses of his horses in a right di- rection, and putting tlie lirain of his plough to the same point, follows on, turning Op the soil ever^'wherc at an equal depth, with an cqu;U width of lurrow, and laying it always at the same angle of inclination an. Agricultural Show and Fair were held at Auburn on the 12ih and 13ih Oct. We had the pleasure of being there on the first day and regret ted the necessity of denying ourselves the gratiticaiion of witnessing the exhibition of agricultural products and the fruits of the garden and the ploughing nialcb on the second day. The show of animals was small but there were precious epecimens of tlio most Im- proved Stock presented by Mr. Sherwood, Jlr. Dill and others. Mr. Sherwood's Stock is splendid and some of his animals are perhaps not surpassed in the country. Hiecelebrated bull showed himself in our sheet some mouths since, and he baa about him a stock quite worthy of him. Mr. Dill's heifer exhibited her fair form and figure at the State Fair and received the deserved compliments on the occasion. It is impossible to pstticulorize in this case ; and we shall wait for the otficial reports. There is a great omission in almost all these cases of exhibition, and that is the want of proper labels on the pens. When an animal is presented for show, his name, age, stock &c. and his sire's name and his owner's name should be placed on a label on hia stake or pen ; ond if a cow, her product and qualities as well as the other circumstances mentioned above should be stated. At present, there is nothing of thia and in most coaes no one present to give any information. A considsrable number of fat cows were shown and to much ad- vantage. We had the pleasure, if indeed pleasure it can be called, a sad pleaeure in truth, of visiting the State's Prison the ensuing day. The condition of its inmates is probably at good as such wretchedness can bo made, though dreadful at best. They are well fed, well clothed, and treated with kindness ; but the misery and anguish of being thus "buried alive," we moy imagine, can be very little understood by those of us, whom God in bis mercy has saved from so wretched a lot. The manufacture of silk is carried on to a considerable extent in the prison and with much suc- cess, TbeartieliB tnannfaclurcd are cbieliy sewings of an excellent and constantly improving quality ; the wwving of silk bas been commenced under I'avorable nuspieea. Wc arc promised from the intel- ligent Superintendant, Mcnry Polbemiis, a detailed account of their operations. The greater portion of the material manufactured haa been of domestic pro- duction, and $;?,50 to $-1,00 are paid for cocoons. Here is a good home market for all that may be pro duccd. We were led to reflect with nnmingled pain upon the suicidal policy which the Stnie haa seen fit to odopt in lespect to these unhappy victims: not so much on account of the pecmiiary loss which the Slate must suffer by the actual wont of employment To- a large portion of them, which they must emu ex- perience under the nejv sys'em ; but lar more lor the inhumanity which prohibits in nil cases the tcoching of these miserable beings some useful trade, by wbic'i in the event of their being relumed into society they may have the means of getting an honest livelihood. In our humble opinion the Stale could not have pas- sed a more cruel act than to deny this small boon to these mieerable men, who, if any upon earth, are in- deed objecia of true pity. The clamor about State Prison monopoly is about as worthy of noti( e as if the tailors and washerwomen in Auburn should complain, that the State provides for mnking and cleaning the clothes of the Convicts instead of giving the job to them. If any thing should have been done it should have been not to prevent these people from laboring and not lo reiuse to teach them a trode, buttochorge their labor and the products of their labor at the same rales as are charged out of doors. For ourselves how- ever, we cannot see that the State was bound to do even thia. Open competiiion is the life of all busi- ness and the very clement of improvement. This legislating for pnrticular trades or parties is unjust to the community ; and the manufacturers of silk have as good a right to demand that the Slate shall aban don ihis important branch of business as any other body of tradesmen that any branch of manufacture whatever should be given up in the Stale I'rison. Many of these poor fellows, among whom we nioy admit there may be some of the most profligate and abandoned, are more objects o I compassion than of condemnation; and how can we under the pretence of administeiing a reformatory discipline be willing to turn them adrift nponancieiy without character, with out money and without any honest means of livelihood, that they may be secured against those temptations to crime, which may otherwise, soon bring them back to their solitary dungeons. The cry of such inhumani- ty must go up to Heaven. The Slate, wethink, can- not loo soon retrace its steps. These men, wretched, criminal, ana abandoned as they are, have in that very condition the airongest claims upon public com- passion and care. Auburn as a town or village has few superiors. Its wide and well-built streets, its spacious and spleni'id blocksof stores filled too vcr Ho wing with good?, its hand- some public buildings and hotels, and iis ninny (xtraor- dinanly lasteful and beautiful private residences, ren- der it peculiarly attractive as a place of visit or habita- tion. This is our only visit since 1825 excepting the pigeon-flighl through us suburbs by the rail road cars. Its progress and improvements are most remarkable. Wayne County Agricultural Society Held its annual Fair on the 5th and 6th days of the eighth month, at Palmyra. The increase of general interest was shown by the many hundreds of our most intelligent farmers and othercitizens who were present, from all parts ofthecounty. The first day was devoted to the exhibition of do- mestic animals. Not less, probably, than a hundred head of cattle were upon the ground, including several full-blood Durhams, many half blood, and some very fine specimens of native breed. It is to be regretted that the reports of the Committees did not specify the breeds; among those however, who exhibited the best Durham cattle noticed, were Wm. R. Smith, John Haker, and Thomas Wright of Maccdon, Win. Swails ofSodus, Dr. Button of Newark, James Dunn of L.yons, and others. Several very fine horses were also exhibited ; the premiums were given to C. D. Culver of Macedon, for the horse " Youni| Turk," and to Dr. May of Palmyra, for the Morgan horse " Tiger." Other fine horses were exhibited, among which were the celebrated imported horses Alfred and Samson, iho former belonging to Thomas Weddlc of Rochester, and the latter to .lolin Robinson of Palmyra. There was a marked difTerence in the collection of sheep and swine, although some beautit'ul Uerkshires were notic- ed, and some fine specimens of sheep of Leicester, and Saxony breeds. The second day was occupied with the exhibition of Fruit and articles of llomestic Manufacture. These were exceedingly creditable, though the collection was moderate. Several very fine fruits were noticed — the peaches were far better than any at the State Fair at Albany ; and some of the apples were very excellent. Pears and grapes were quite deficient. Among miscel- laneous articles, were noticed very fine specimens of carpeting, flannel, and hearth rugs ; excellent cocoons from K. B. Blakesly, Newark ; some very fine vegeta- bles; and a highly finished two-horse lumber wagon, varnished, but unpaintcd, showing the surpassing strength and excellent quality of the timber employed in its manufacture, from Sherman & Crandall of Pal- ii.yra. The ploughing match was on the morningof file sec- ond day, and alTirded great interest and gratification to the many hundreds of spectators who were present. The ground was a sward, the soil a sandy loam, the quantity of land for each team a quarter of an acre, to be ploughed full six inches in depth, in one hour. The excellence of the ploughing, or at least a part of it, excit- ed the admiration of all ; work of equal quality, it is believed, is rarely witnessed on similar occasions. The first prize was awarded to John Robinson of Palmyra, (13. Brown, ploughman,) and the adujitation of the Samson breed of horses, at least for ploughing, was most satisfactorily shown by the ease with which a pair of half-blood, mily three years old, plowed their quarter of an acre, in about fifty minutes, and took the first prize. It was observed with satisfaction, that no inducement was given to hard driving, by offering a reward on speed, a specified time merely being required. The report of the several Committees, being in most cases unaccompanied with any statements of tlie pecu- liar management, or of the breeds, which drew the pre- miums, but merely of the names of the successful com- petitors, and only of local interest, and are conscqumt- ly omitted. On the whole, a greatly increased zeal is awakened in support of the Society, and of the Agriculture of Iha county, and there is every reason for it. Wayno county possesses great advantages, and remarkable susceptibilities of improvement. With a rich sandy- loam soil, not so heavy as to bake nor so linht as to lack strength, and a marly, fertile sub-soil ; with occa- sional beds of feat and marsh-muck, scattered over its surface, and sometimes shell marl, affording immense resources in the manufacture of manure, — there is every inducement for skill, enterprize, industry, and thorough farming. And in a horticultural point tf view, the advantages are not inferior, for in addition to the excellentadaptation of the soil, the climate is great- ly softened, and severe frosts, destructive elsewhere, are prevented by the proximity of Lake Ontario. Then let her " GO AHEAD i" A'ote. — It is proper to say, that in noticing merito- rious animals and articles above, others may have been equally so, which the imperfect observation of a single individual may have overlooked. Those matters only mostinteresting to the writer are noticed, and very few have no partialities. J. J. T, .^j,7v«^^=edbydillerent perenns. A pen ol ten ewes and <;ix rams, of very fine S.ixony sheep, owned and rais- ed by H. D. Grove of Hoosick, Rensselaer co. Also some pens of native sheep. BOARS. Nol,2,3anJ4. Beikseire boa's. Nil 8. A large Berkshire boar, by B. Knower, ol No 9'. A large boar, owned by Mr. Bussing, of Bethlehem, Albany CO. ,15 w„, No 10. Abeauiilul boar, owned by Joel B. JNolt, of Albany co. „,..,_ j i,„ No n. A very large Berktliire boar owned by Mr S.-ilsibury, ot Catskill. No 12. A boar owned by Mr. Saltbury, of Catc kill. , ^ No 14. A large Chesh.re b.nar. No 2."i. A boar ond bow owned by Mr. Hoi, and, of Saratoga co; sows. No 4 A breeding sow, of the Chinese and Nepo- liian breed, white. No 5 A large breedintTBow. Nos G, 7, 8 and 9. Some breeding sows of a coori appearance. ° Also in 10. 11 and 12. No 15. A very large one. The owner s name we could not learn. PIGS. Nos 3 4, 5 and 6, filled with Berkshire pigs. Nos r'andS. Berkshire pigs, (our months' old from the farm of S. R. Schuyler of Wutetvliet, Leautilul and fat. , , . , , No 11. Four Cbeshirepigs, white and large. No 13. Four Borkshier pigs, owned and raised by A. S.-huyler, Wateiv iet. , ■ , . . No 19 Berkshire breeding sow and eight pigs, a superior lot, owned by T. C. Abrahams, of West ' Troy. No. II. Ax\D GARDENER'S JOUR.NAL. l7l No 13. A line lierkehire sow and two pige, own- ed hy Mr. Gibson of Albniiv. N>> I-l. Amulier tine Berkshire eownnd four piss, owned liy tbe enmc. No 20. A splendid breeding 60W of the Cerlisbire nnd Cheshire, owned by Mr. Fo.x of Albnny. MACHINKS. Ac. Threshing — Istprrni. to .Inhn A Pilte of Albnny: 2d. lo Mr, Sialliird of Syracuse; the diploma to Mr. Bostwick. Straw Cutter — Istprcm. to Jtr. Hiivoy, Worcester; 2d, to J^ Swndish, F.shkill: 3d, to Bolts nnd Burfoot, Richmond, Vn.; 4th, to II. Sinclair & Co., Bolti- more. Horse Rakes — 2d prem. to I. Dorner, Cnetleto.^; 3d, to Lewis Siimons. Fanning MilLi — 1st prem. to J. E. Grnnt, of Scha»hticoke: 2d, to Phincns W. Dickie, ol Phelps; 3d, to J I. Bullock, Guilderbind. HiiiToics— Ist prem. to Mnrciia Adams, Monroe; 2ii, to Cluistoplior Proctor of Betlilchem; 3d, to D. Culey of Bethlehem. Cidlivdtors — Iptprcm. to J. H.Koon?, Rensselaer; 2d, to Bnggle?, NiMirse & Mason, Worcester; 3d, to Elinkim Elmer, Delia. CornCntshcrs — 1st prem, O. Hussey; 2d, Rcbt. Sinclair: 3d. James Murray. Corn S/;cMei-s— A diploma to J. A. Whitford, Sa- ratoca Sprint's. Hiiy and Cntton Press — A premium to W. S. Jaekf, of Caiekill. Thcrninmdcr Ckurn — A premium to Mr. Crowell, of Lime R»ck, Ci. Self arting Cltecse Press — A premium to Collins and Stone. Hues — A diploma to H Clark of Rensselaer. Pumps — A diploma to Augustus Thayer, Chat- ham. Horse-Sliocs — A diploma to Hemy Burden, of Troy. Probands — A discretionary premium or silver mej. nl to Daniel Caley of Bethleiiem. We understand that a very superior Ayrshire Bull, Cow, nnd Calf, recently iinjjorted, were exhibited aw the Fair, by the Hon. A. Van Bergen, of Cnxpocki?. Had not the several comniiticrs been misinformed ns to the breed of these anima's, they would have receiv- ed premiums beyond all qui'stiou. We are glad to learn that they have bceri purchased by our fellow citi- zen, Joel Ri'dib>ne, esq.; and we congratnlate the farjners of Albany county upon this vnlunble addition to the already numerous herds of imported cattle in our vicinity. Among the horticultural e.tbibitions was a case of Fruit fom the garden of A. T. Van Slyke, esq., of Coxsackie, Greene co., containing six splendid bunch. es of foreign Ginpcs, the Black ilaiiilmrg, and eight very large Peaches, taken from a seedling tree of two years' growth, the largest measuring nine and a quar- ter inches, and the smallest eignt inches in circum- ference. Jones' Patent S!lk Reel. — Amongst the results of inventive genius exhibited at the Fair of the Agricul- tural -ociety, there was none with the simplicity, compactness nnd bcauiil'ul operniion of which we were better pleased, than the Silk Heel of Messrs. A. B. ife W. U. Jones, of Manchester Conn. The whole machine does not exceed a cubic foot in size, and is novel both in its construction nnd mcdo of com- municating motion, having for this purpose neither geering, belting nor banding, and hence is not liable to get out of order. It winds the silk from the co- coons upon small barrels, and runs two threads at n time, which cross each other between the first nnd eecnnd guides, precisely like the PieJmonteee Reel When dry. the silk can be slipped olVfrom the bar- rels in small circular siteins which will preserve their shape to be packed and transported any distance, and can at pleasure bo unwound with as much fncility as yarn is taken from the ball, and without any liability of breaking or losing the end. It thus virtually per- forms the two-fold operation of reeli-ngand spooling at the same time, as it is iloubled and thrown immediate- ly from the barrels in sma'l circular skeins. Another recommendation of this reel is the expedition and con- sequent cheapness with which it tee's. A mere chdd, whose services may be had for si.x cents per day, can easily turn it. The cost of a machine we understood was twelve dollars. Exlrnorilijiary Crop of Field Peas. On the 2yin ol April lost, I sowed lour acres of the short pod English peas, on grouitd that was used for eorn two years previous. Tho ground was not ma- nured. The ground wos plowed onco, end borrowed twice. The soil was black and mucky. The quan- tity of seed sown on the aero, was three btishcls. In August tbcy were harvested. I threshed and meas- ured the quantity grown on one acre, which was an average of the whole, and-found they measured 88^ bushels, of an excellent quality. D.WID WASSON. Leicester, Vw. Co., Oct. ■), 1842. South Benwirit, Mi:. ( Oct 13, 1«.12. 5 Mk. II. Coi.MiN, Sin: — There lias recently come into my possession an old account book, in which, I lind the weight of cnttio, slanghtered, Nov. 1790 — nenrly 50 years since. I will give you nn ab- stract, that you may publish it in your paper,if you see fit, in contrast with the weight of a cow and heifer, slaughtered in December last, belonging to Hon. Charles N. Cogswell. PERKINS OX HATCH OX. Nov. 17tlO. Qunrlcrs, Til 'bs No Cluartcrs, litlO, Hide & Till. lUideital KB IIU-SEV- COW. Nov. ITt;tl. lljs'Ouiirterd, (il Ih, illidc*. tal SI Quarter.^, Iliiie & Tiiliow, JOSIIUV EMUUY'.S OXEN. Mou. C. N. Cogswell's Cow, Dec. 1811, 772 lbs. Hon. C. N. Cogswell's Yearling Heifer, Dec- 1841. 5G2 " Hon. C. N. Cogswell's two years old Heifer; live weight, 1174 " The slaughtered heifer was nhcut twenty months old. Your Friend, CriAS. E. NORTO iV. Fur ike Ncio Genesee Fanner. Mowiaig Lautl-»aii ExperimeKt. Mr. H. CoLJiiN — DiarSir : — There is no princi- ple better setilcd, or thot receives more fully the ns- sent of mankind, than the axio.m, that *' Experience is the best teacher of Wisdom.'' Tiie most beautiful theory in philosophy, morals, politics, or agriculture, oUentiines proves, in practice, to be a mere illnsion of the brain — incapable of any practical utility. As in the question proposed to 4he Philosopher, "Why white sheep cat so much more grass than black ones ?'' the proloundest scholars have often mistaken some of the most common circumetances and operations of every day life. But the theory deduced from close observation and experience, and from the actual 0|)er- ations of nature, can hnrdiy be mistaken, or cs the Poet ve y pleasantly expresses it : "Tlinsevory object of creation, BI y furnish hints for oliservation ; A ml from the most ininiM.e : nd nic.in. All inquiring intnU can wisdom glean." Having recently noticed the result of an experi- ment in forming, which, althuugh it may be quite common in some parts, we had never tried or seen before, and which resulted quite satisfactorily to us — somewhat to our disappointment — 1 thought it might be useful to the numerous readers of your wide- ly circulated and very popular paper to have an ac- count of it. My father is somewhat of an experimenting nnd ob- serving farmer, as you have remarked in your pere- grinations in our country ns Agriculiurnl Commis- sioner of Mass. ; an ofTice which the farming interest of the old Bay State ought to have continued and sus- tained. He had a piece of mowing land near his house, of loamy soil, which, having been mowed for several years, had become turf-bound, and did not produce a good crop. The crop of grass in 1841 wos not more tbon half a tonpcrncre. Soon after it was mowed, obont the lirst of August, (1841 .) he turned it over very careful- ly, with one of Ruggica, Nonrso & Mason's best ploughs. Il was then rotted, harrowed, nnd manured with about 2l) loads to the acre of well prcpnrcJ con> post manure, then harrowed again — seeded down with a large quantity of clover and herds gr.ass seed — harrowed ngnin, and completed by rolling. The gra?8 seed coipo up well, but was put back somewhat by lie drynrsii of the weather. The winter was uncom- monly desiruciivo to clover, and m'st of it was killid out. In the sping, (18(2,) itlooked rather poorly for some time, the season being cold nnd dry. But en the cominenccn.ent of the worm and rainy weather, it grew amazingly ; and on the latter part of July, he cut, at least two tons to the acre, of clean herds gra s with a mere sprinkling of clover, the clover having been mostly killed out by winter, ns 1 said before ; a quantity more than twice as much ns ho would havo cut, had he not plowed it. After the first crop was cut, the weather continued wnrm nnd moist, nnd he has just cut the second crop of at least a ton to the acre, making not less than thrco tons 10 the ncre, this senson. The experiment has succeeded beyond our most sanguine expectations. We supposed we should nearly lose the glass the first scnsnn, but hoped to gain by it afterwards. But instead of that, there has been a gain the first season of mote than 200 per cent, in the quantity of grnse. Hay being one of the most profitable crops we can raise in this section of the couiniy, il is a great de- sideratum to he able to lay down lands to grass with- out being compelled to cultivate them with corn, po- tatoes, oats, &c. , for three or four yeors, thus losing the crop of grass for that time. I think that en level, loamy lands, this kind of agriculture may be practiced with success and profit. The crops generally, in these pans, are uncommon- ly large. The first crop of grass was about an nver- nge one. Rye was good, nnd corn has ripened well and is good. Oats were very large, and the second crop of grass. 1 have never teen so large before. The continued rains of August and the first hnlf of Sept., have made our pastures excellent nnd fall feed abundant. Notwithstanding the vetos of the Bank and Tariff Bills, a good Providence has continued to smile upon us, and our barns nnd granaries are full to overflow- ing. And now our grealsst trouble is, our crops are 80 abundant that prices have fallen very low. Not even the final passage of the TaritT Bill, which in- cresses the price of most things the farmer uses, but gives him not a cent more for his produce, nnd di- minishes the foreign market for his grain, can save us from low prices when there is an abuniant harvest. Verily, man is ungrulefnl, but God is ever good I We are highly pleased with the "New Genesee Farmer," under the management of its new Yankee Editor. May long life, good health and abundant prosperity attend his efforts to promote the best inter- ests of that large and most important class of our fel- low citizens — the Farmers of the United States. H. w. c. Bernardston, Franklin, Co., Mass., Oa. 1, ISii. P. S. An exppriment of irrigating land on a scala somewhat extensive is being tried in this town, whiuli seems to promise valuable results, and of which I will give yon some account hereafter if desired. We are very much obliged to our good friend for the above account, nnd heartily reciprocate nil his good wishes nnd kind regards to him and his. LikeO. T., we ask for more. Thi« ia not half enough. — Ed. 172 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER. Vol. 3. Seneca County Agiiciiltural Society. TbisSjciely held iI8 Sbow anrl Fnir at Waterloo m the 20th n;id SIsl inst. The occasioou was reepec- abljr attended. The show of animals was small ; but hose of Mr. Bacon of Waterloo, Mr. John8oi\ of Fayette, and Mr Saekett of Seneca Falls are among he beat of the Improved Short Horna. A Short Horn )iill belonging to iMr. Diinlap, we believe, of Ovid, jighteen men bs old «asa very remarkable animal "or his size; perhaps few have exceeded him, if ever lehasin this rerpect been excelled, and in other joints be was to be commended. There was another ■emarkably fine bull on the ground of excellent pro jurtions. His length and depth were remarkable ; lis age 5 years, his color white and brown; bntliis owner's name not known. Tbe horses shown on this occasion as a whole were ancomm;)nly fine. We counted ten in the ring, anil lome of them pre eminent for their beanty, especially 1 bay colt three years old, and a dark sorrel horse ol idmirable form and carriage. The horse of all work |8 unilonbtedly the horse for the farmers of Western New York, but this is not incompatible with beauty )f form and high mettle. We cannot for the sake of he improvement of the breed of horses desire to se" lorse racing introduced ; this in general is the im- irovjmcnt of the horee at the serious expense of the ieteriorntion of the man, and " costs therefore a good ieal more than it comes lo " But we are always re- gretting that the fashion of riding on horseback for nen and women, the most healthy, manly and beau iful of all forins of exercise, should be almost entire- y surperseded by the (ashinn of riding in carriages, ind espeuially in what are usually called Carry-alls, lignificnnily denominated by a humorouo friend of )ur8. Kill-creature?, where a man at the expense of his loor horse (eela bnund to ta^e in hie wife and his ivifu's maiden sisters and perhaps a neighbor's wife ind all his children though his family should be as lumerous as that of John Rogers, the martyr in the )rimer, consistmg of nine small children and one at ;he breast, which leaves tbe question somewhat un- leliled whether there were nine or ten. This obuse )f these dumb creatures is fatal to all improvement of be breed ; but the fashion of riding on horseback ind treating our horses better, and grooming them )etter, foi sure most of them are scarcely groomed at ill, would essentially promote tbe improvement of the ■ace. Whether thid is to be expected or hoped for Fve shall not venture to predict. The cruelty with which thia noble race of animals s often treated is most shocking. Any one, who will ook at the galls and wounds upon many of our stage- lorses and our canal horses will see reason to wish, ,hai if any thing can be effected in that wuy, an aaao- :iation for the suppression of cruelty is as important »8 for almost any other object ol moral reform. We rave recently witnessed cases of cruelty in which we eel that we did great dishonor to the poor beasts in ipeaking of brutality as a term of opprobrium for nan-ality infinitely transcended it in odiousness ; anrt ;ve could only desire as a just retribution, that the 50or, oppressed, obused and mangled animals migi t ay their hoo^s upon the breasts or headsof their perse- :utors so gently as not quite to lake life, for we ahoiild 36 sorry to haye these wretches put out of misery at once, but to come so near to it that they might be at no loss to understand "hat blows and bruises mean, whether applied to horse flesh or man flesh. Thesi Instances show bow little man is to be trusted in any case with absolute power, and what a curse would come upon the world if man could ever approximati whit tbtd opens the doinper ond lets in a full droll. A euOicieni qunntiiy ol fuel being (ilaced in the stove, iie burning is held in constant check bjr the closinu of ihe dom|ier — consuming no loslerlban n want o( sufficient beat to keep it clesed [jcimtle. Thus is kept nn uniform heat. The manner in which the degree of heatot which the stove slioll maintain il^clf, is changed, is cipially simple, though nol so easily described : Ry merely moving a pointer, ditrcrcnt dei^rces of expansion, ond of ciiuiee different degieee of iient, ore required lo close or to open the diuii|ier. A dinl plotc, like the lace of a cluck, lorms a part of ihe front of ihc etove. On this ore marked the difTcrent degiees of hcot re- quired— and the index being turned to a degree, the stove will immediately adapt itself to that point, and there remain without variaiion. Hod the invention stopped here, there would have been left a defect which probahly would have destroy- ed its usefulness. Should Ibe bcai rise so high as to close the dompcr, ond iben from any cnuse continue to rise above thot point, some port of the Btriiclure must neC' ssnrily give w-oy, or else be so loosely and imperfectly mode as lo ollow such a voriaiion ; — or bbould the heat continue to fall nfier opening the dam- per, the same difficuliy would be presented. Were. grei that we cannot, wiihont drowings, convey to the reader the manner in which these difficiiliica ore re- moved. The moment ib-fi hcot should rise above the point of closing ihe domper, the rod disconnects ond detaches itself from it, ond so remains until the beot returns ogoin to ibe same poini — v\ hen imn>ediately It re-connec-ts itPelf, and resumi s its oppropriaie du- ties : Or should the heot fall alter opening ihe dam- per, the rod oecomes disconnected until a return to ihe same poinl. Tbis part, more than any other, will strike the aitention of the mochiue. Il is poid to be before unknown in mechanics, ond is as remarka- ble for ito siinpUcity as its ingenuity. The stove bos varioue other voUioble qualities. It is e'timoted thot from three-fuurlha to five-eixibs of the heat from the fuel consumed in an ordinary etove, is carried off by the current possinj; through it to the chimney. lu ibis slove, no more air being admitted than is necessary to sustain the combustion, very litlle current is made, ond nearly all ihe heat is ex pendcd in the room. And besides, the smoke ond cinders, being long reloined in contact with the fire, ore mostly consumed. The fuel in this stove being permitted to burn no foster tbon is wonted — enough may be put in at once to last li2 or 24 hours. Wood ie converted into a bed of charcoal, which gradually consumes, but no faster than is required. A person may go from home, and leovc his stove 'hrough the day, or through the night, ond when he returns find it at preeisely the same temperature at which he left it. Seneca Falls, June 24, 1842. DEiR Sir : — I send you herewith one of our vil- lage newspapers, containing as full en ac^iount of tb* mode of operation of Mr. Fooie's Self-Regulating Sieve as I could give you. When in Seneca Fallf, you saw the room in which I used the slove ; it fa 18 by 20 feet square. My house is not a warm one ; it is built of wond, and admits considerable air. Previous to getting this Self Regulaior, I used a common Franklin. In thia the consumption of wood os near as I can rctimate, was one cord per week during the four colder months. 1 have made a number of experiments wiih the Self- Regulator iu the same place, and have uniformly f'und that one solid foot of good wood was an abun- donee to keep a thermometer in my room at 70 de- grees, 24 hours that amount per day, (incredible aa it may seem,) 1 think would be a full allowance for ilie whole winter. The pleasantness of an uniform temperature and the great saving in attendance upon fires, are also imponant requisites. In the latter item alone I have saved enough lo repay me the price of the stove three or four times in the post winter. Respectfully yours, W. T. DAVISON. 171 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. NagazJiie o) Hoiticullure for SepStmber. \Vu oorcliully coimiiend to our leadeia lliis vuhiable publication, edited by C. M. Hovcy and published niontbly in Boston. We should be very happy to for- ward names or sul)Scripiiona for n work which deserves the imtronage of the friends of Gardening, Fruits and Flowers in the country. We extract from this num- ber an interesting and useful article on the currant. Uemarks on the Cultivation cf the CurraTit, Veiy few of our garden fruits are so much neglect- ed as the currant. Its cultivation seems to be n mnl- ter of no consideration, and when the bushes ore once planted, they oie left to take their chance, and little nttcuiion is bestowed upon them afterwards. Pruning is entirely forgotten, and the plants often become a prey to insects, which soon destroy them. A fruit 80 generally admired for its good qualities and iib mnny excellent uses, and so universally cultivated thai scarcely a garden exists in which it may not bu fomtfl, should not he eo entirely neglected ; for, like all other trims and plants, it is susijeptible of improvement, and bail the same attention heen given to it ihnt has been lavished upon the gooseberry, we doubt not but that new varieties, far excelling any we now possess, would have been found in our gardens, as common as the lu^w and improved sorts of that frnil. Ill France the currant has long attracted attention, and, until lately, has been much more highly esteemed than the gooseberry. But the French horticulturists (lid not attempt any improvement in the varieties. The Dutch cultivators were the lirst who seem to have paid particular attention to it ; they succeeded in gir- ing a greater value to this fruit by the production of seedlings, and it is from this source that the very best varieties at present known have been sjiread over En- rope and America. The late Thomas Andrew Knight, E^q , President of the Lindon Horticultural Society, called the atten- tion of cultivators to the currant, and he attempted the production of new varieties from seed. The cur- rant, be thought, might eventually become a very sweet fruit. It is well known that the accidental circumstances of soil, sitn.ition. &c. in which the currant iias been grown, have been the means ot so alieiiug the ap- pearance and character of the fiuit, that new names ii'ive been given to such as have been found in a supe- II -r state .'f growth, and iome of the sotts ore known uorii-r at hn-ii half a dozen synonymous terms. We ]ii\-',' known individuals who have cultivated the cur- runt many ye irs, who upon seeing those of superior growth, have inquired the name of the variety, under tl'.c impression that they might add a larger and better a lit to their garden : yet how snrpri.sed iiave they bsen to learn that it was one and the same kind of ubich they had abundance already, only in an inferior and neelected stale of growth. It is indeed a rare cir- cumstance to Hnd plants in any thing like the vigor tfey can be made to attain by proper cultivat.on, the npplicntion of manure, and above all, the proper mode of pniuiiig. Within a few years some attempts have been made to produce new seedlings, and we find in the English journals of last year, two or three new varieties offer e.l for snlo. Among our own cultivators, very few have thought of bestowing oo much care on this fruit : yet there are iiieiunces where it has been done, and with good success. Cnptain Lovett, of Bjverly, pre. BJnieil some very beautiful fruil at n late meeting of the M laHOclrnsetts Horticultural Society, which would nu suiter in coinpaiison with the celebrated Red Dutch : the clusters of iVnit were large, and the ber- ries of great size and fine color; continued e.vperi- monts, however, are requisite to arrive ni important r.'snlts, and effect decided improvements : by contin- UfiUy selecting the largest fruit, and producing sue ce si ve generations, in a few years the whole charac- ter of the fruit would undoubte ly be inu.-^h changed. Jl the goosebjrry, from a small, sour, and almost un- eatable fruit, has been increased to tlii'ee times its ori- ginal size, its tl.iv ir and iv/oelness improved, why may not the currant, by the same attention, be equal ly beneliiLd, and rendered more worthy of exieusive cultivation? We hope our ninRtenr horticulturists, among whom ore many who delight in the production cf improved Irnils, will not oniil to give the currant a p otion of their atiention. But it is to the cultivation of the well known and excellent varieties of the currant which we already possess that we wish to call the attention of cullivn- lors. If their mode of treatment be pro|jcrly under- stood, it may be applied to any improved vanelies, which may hereafter take the place uf those that ate now known. To give this in lull, we shall commenci svith the Production of Seedlings, and add all the other particulars of their growth under the following heads ; — Situation, Soil, Raising Young Plants. Planting Out, Pinning, (both sunmier and winter,) Insects, and General Observations, concluding with Description- of the Different Varieties, Raising llir. Cinntntfium See(/.— To grow seed- lings. It IS important tliat the largest and best fruit shriild he selected. To do this, a strong and healthy plant should be selected, and if too full of fruit to pre vent its at.nining a good size, it should be thinned out, leaving oirly sufficient for the plant to bring to the ut- most perfection ; ns soon as the fruit is ripe, it shonld be picketl. and the seeds washed out from the pulp . this may be easily done by bruising the seeds in water, and passing the whole through a sieve, and afterwords sproiding it out in o cool, shady situation to dry, after which it may be placed in papers until tie time of planting in the month of April, At that season a small piece of ground efaoiild be selected for the pur- pose, and be made fine by deep spading and raking the surface; the seed may then lie planted in drills about n foot apart, scattering it thinly that the plants may ot come up so crowded as to require thinning out to any extent. No other care is requisite than to keep thj bed clear of weeds ; they will produce fruit in the second or third year, when such as ore worth pre- serving should be marked, and the remainder rooted up and thrown away. Situation. — The currant is perfectly hardy, and will grow in any situation, whether exposed or not ; but it produces the larsiost and best fruit in a sheltered garden, not exposed to high winds. In warm and sunny borders, the fruit is ripe earlier, and is -ooner gone, than when growing in partially shady situa- tions ; against o north wall, the fruit will bang on the bushes until the middle or latter part of September. Even within the shade of trees we have bad very fine fruit ; but we svould not select such a spot to raise the best. Besides a few bushes set oni for the express purpose of having fine fruit, the currant may be dis- tributed in any part of the garden where a l)ueh will lill up a vacant spot ; they may also be trained ngainst fences, in which situations they bear good crops. Soil. — The currant will grow in almost any good garden soil ; but that in which they produce their fruit in the greatest perfection is a deep, rich, mellow loam, somewliat moist ; very stiff clayey soils ore the least adapted to this fruit. In sandy soils the fruit is earli- er, but the crop is small, and soon gone. When it is the ooject to produ.e very superior fruit, the soil should be staked out, and then covrred with three or lour inches of good old decomposed manure. It should then be trenched eighteen or twenty inches deep, placing the top spit and the manure nt the bot- tom of the trench. When the bed is settled, a little manure may be dug into the surface, and it will then be ready for plonting. Raising Voun^ Plants. — Cultivotoia who wish to make large plantations, and arc desirous of raising t'leir own plant-', can easily do so. The cuttings s'nould be planted out in April, just as the buds begin to push, ficlecling a shady border, and planting them live or six inchis apart ; the cuttings should be about a foot long, of the preceding year's wood, healthy and vigorous, and cut oil' directly below a joint. If the hushes are to bo grown in the manner of tinoll trees, witli one main stem, all the eyes should be cut out but the two top ones. Planted out in this manner, ihev make pretty plants, which may be removed to the fruiting bed the following year. Plnnt'ng Out. — The period for planting ont is any time alter tlie fall of the leaf in autumn until setere frost, and early in spring before the buds hove pus'ied so faros to show their flower buds. In dry situations, October is probably as tavornble a .season as cm be se- lected, as tiie id.ints start into leafviry early in the soring, often before the cultivator thinks it time to plant out, ninl a season is lost: but if the ground is inclined to be wet in wiiiier, the early part of April IS the best season. The modes of planting ore vari- ous, some preferring to place thetn on the boidi-rs of walks, and othera in beds by themselves; we think the best plan is, when many plants arc wanird, to set ■ipnrt 0 snrdl piece of ground for their exclusive growth ; but whotever siiuotiun 's chosen, prepare the soil aa above directed. Tiie proper distance ot which plants s'-ionid he p'onted, is six feot apart bo- iween the rows, and four feet from plant to plant : less distances than these will do, but the chances of pro- curing large fruit will he less. To plant neatly, a line should be stretched across the bed ; at the proper distances put down a small stake, then commence takiiig out tUo earth ; now plaee in the pluut, setting t against the line : spread out'the roots carefully, ond cover them with fine earth, making it firm around the roots, and treading it lightly when finished ; give each plant a pot of water, il dry weather ot the lime of plonling. Keep the surface of the soii loose, ond clear from weeds, by occasionol hoeings during the summer. Pmning.—^exl to a good lich soil, pruning ie the most important thing to be attended to ; neglect in this respect will be sure to couse disappointment to the cultivator who expects large and tine fruit. The i-iranches will shoot up thick and weakly, and, if not 'ittended to, ond the supcrflutiua onea cut out, the bush wil' be so crowded as to produce only a quon- liiy of half formed clusters, with a few small hemes. Il ie known to many cultivators, thougli perhaps not to oil, thot the currant beors its fruit both upon the young wood of lad year's growth, upon that of the second and third year, and also upon the lilile spurs which spring from the older shoots ; but it is only up- on the young and vigorous wood of the preceding year that fruit of superior size and beaiiiy is obtained. Knowing this fact, the cultivator may proceed with his pruning, which may be done ot two seasons, both winter and summer, viz ; — Winter Pruning. — The first object should be, after the plant is sot out, to sec that it is pruned so os to foriti a handsome head ; ond, first, we may premiss that it is the intention to prune them in the best meth- od, that ie, with single stems, like trees in miniature, from uhich the bronches fork out at the distance of a foot or more from the ground : this will prevent the continual growth of suckers, which not only injure the fruit, springing upas they do the whole season, but destroy the beauty ond regularity of a whole planta- tion. Winter pruning may be performed late in tho autumn, or early in the spriiig : as the currant haa extremely brittle shoots, aonie think it is beat to prune in the fall, and by thus shortening the branchce, to lespen the danger of the heavy anowa breaking them down. Commence by cutting clean ont all the cross shoots, leaving only those which spring up regularly. The strongest branches of the old wood should be shortened to six or eight inches, ond the weaker ones to very short spurs ; the new wood made during the summer should be also shortened lo four or five buda or joints. The principle ever to be kept in mind is, to have the head of the bush supplied in all parts with a 2ood proportion of new wood every season ; and tills can only be done by cutting away the older branch- es ofter they have home one or two crops, and encour- aging the growth of young shoots from their base ; at no time shonld the head of the bush be allowed to extend more than three feel in diameter, ond three feet high. Summer Pruning--~Thia conaiata only in looking over the plants, ofter the fruit is well formed, and nipping off new shoots which are growing up where they ore not wanted another year: by so doing, on aliundnnco of air will be admitted to ihe centre of the Inish, without which the liuit would be inlerior. Some cultivators recommend shortening the bearing branches to within a lew eyes of the fruit, as soon oa It turns color, but of the advantage to be derived from this practice we have some doubt. If any suckera spring from the root, they should be cut off clean to the stem. Iiisect,.i. — The currant baa but few enemies in tho insi'ct tribe ; the most injurious is the borer, (JEge- via lipuliforviis, ) which cat's its way up the centre of the ^tems, causing great debility, ond eventuolly nearly destroying the plants, or ot least incapocitoling them from producing any thing but very small and poor fruit: the bushes aie also in danger of being broken by light winds or with heavy crops of fruit. The best pteveiuive for this insect is to keep the plants in a vigorous state, ond well supplied with sti'ong young wood, as it is only in tho older branches that tlie borer conimcncos its ravages. When they once take possession of the bushes, cut out all the 0 d sh lotp, C'^peciolly such as are in any way dce.iyed, and encourage only sir-mg new wood ; the aphides^ or plant lice, occosionnlly infest the leaves, bni these may be cosily destroyed by one or two washings of whale oil snap. General Obsercaiions. — The French cultivators re- c.immend the forming of new plantations every five years, ond maintain that, unless this is attended to, the fruit will beamoll- We have no doubt that the fruit wouid be somewhat improved by such new plan- tations, but still, if tho old bushes are judiciously pruned, the soil kept well manured and tilled, the 0 will be little r.ccessity of planlingout so often. The fruit generally begins to ripen about the mid- dle of July, and continues in perfection until the mid- dle of August, and in some shady situations aa late as No. li AM) CJARDENER'S JOUliNAL. Ooiober. lithe bushes ore o.xpused to binlw, ibcy may bo proiocied by covering thorn with nets ur gauzo. We L-Ioae thisnrticlo with descriptions of tha moat cstceinoil varici.cs thnt nro nt prcetiit ciihivnicd, I'ul- lowmg 'he nirungrnicm in iho Londun Horticnliural Socieiy's Cnliilogue. The Ui>d Dnich, Wiiiic Dutch, nnd Binck Niiplcs may be rccomiiundcd for ■mall gardens, wht.re there is but little Sintoe. DESCRIPTIOXS OF TUB UtFPRRIiNT VAnilvriF.s. J I. liKI) CUIIHANT. 1. Common Red. — Fruit medium size, clustera rather smnii, good Ihvored, nnd lolernble bearers. 2. Rid niitch. — Synoni/mcs : Large Red Duten, New Red D.Kch, I.iigc Red, Lnrae-bronchid Red. I.inj-lirutiihnd Red. Morgan's ' Red, nnd Red Grape — Clusters lonsr, berries large, growth of tht pKtnt stron;; nnd upright ; K.\ceedingly productive, and one of the very beet eort.s. 3 K-oiglit's Sioeet Red. — Said to be a very fine kind. 4. Knight's Eiirlij Red. — Rather early : clusters and berries medium size ; color deep red ; flavor rich and good. We fruited tliia variity the present year. 5. liuiglu''! Lurge Late Red — With very large berries, ol n deep red color; a superior kind. 6. Champagne — B-'rries of a very pnle red ; clns ters medium size ; this fruit is rather acid, but niakee a very good vorioty for the table, from its delicate col- or and transparent appennince of the berries. § II. WHITK CURRAXT. 7. Common IVhile. — Theoldkiud ofour gnidens; clusters and berries medium pize. 8. JV/iite Dutch — Si/iioJii/mr.s: New While Dutch, Jeeves' Wliite, M irgnii's While. White Chrystal; White Leghorn ; Pearl White. — This is the finest of the white currants : the clusters are very long, nnd the berries very Inrge. The wood grows upright and strong ; exceedinsily productive nnd fine. § III. BLACK CURRANT. 9. Blick Nuples. — Also called the New Black : the fruit is very large, often two inches in circumfer- ence ; clus'.ci's large, nnd abundantly produced : fla- vor good. This is the best of the block firuited ones. Leaves smooth. 1!). Common. Black English. — This is a very good variety, with large beinea; it mokes a line jeily, which is highly esteeuK'd for its medicinal qualities 11. Amtriran Black. — Similar to the last, but is not quite so productive. Kiiowledge is Power. In a late admirable report by Horace Mann, Esq., Secretary of the B-ierd of Education of Massachu- setts, the following striking exemplification is intro- duced of the mnxim that "knowledge is power." " M. Redelet, in his work, 'Sur V Artde Butir,' gives the following account of an experiment made to test the ddfeient amounts of force which, under ditferent circumstances, were neees.'iary to move n block of squared granite weighing l.OSiJlhs. " hi order to move this bb>ck along the Door of a roughly chiselled quarry, it required a force equal to 7.53 lbs. " To draw the eamo alone over a floor of planks, it required a force equal to G52 lbs. " f laced on a platform of wood, the requisite force was reduced to 182 lbs. " Placed on rollers of three Indies in diameter, and a force equal lo 34 lbs. was sufficient " Substituting n wooden for a st-me floor, nnd the requisite force wns2.S lbs. " With the s me rollers on a wooden platform, it required a force equal to 23 lbs. only. "At this point," says Mr. Monn, " the experi- ments of M. Redelet siop|ied. But. by iinurove- ments since eflected, in the invention and rise of loco motives on railroads, ntrnciion or draft of tight pounds is sufficient to move a ton of 2,940 lbs.; so that a force of lesa than four pounds would now be sufficient to move the granite block of 1,080 Ihs., that is, one hundred nnd eighty-eight times less than was required in ihe first instance. When, therefore, mere animal or muscular force was used to move the body, .it required aboul two thirds of its own weiiilit to ac- complish the oiiject ; but, by adding the contrivances of mind to the strength of muscle, the force necessary to remove it is reduced more ibnn one hundi-ed and eighty-eight times. Here, then, is a partnership, in which mitid cimiributes one hundred and eigliiy-eigljl shares oi the stock to one slrire contributed by muscle; or while hriUe strength represents one man, ingenuity or inteUigenee represents one hundred and eighty- eight men. — Nat. Int. ^ The following statement made n pnit of the Lec- ture of James Smith of Deanston, on Subsoil Plough ing nnd Draining. It may surprise many of onr fur- meisto learn the expenses of cultivation in Great Britain ; nnd we think it will not surprise them less to see the rienlts ofsnch culiivntion. The extraordinary profits of the New liusbaudry compared with the old system are astonishing ; nnd exhibit the healthful and liberal compensations of science, skill, judicious ex- penditure nnd well d'rected labor. They should serve lo electrify some of our farmers, who are tatislred with a crop of twenty bushels of wheat and forty of Indian Corn, andothcr ci'opson the ."aino scale. — Ed. I have received from nlunded proprietor and prnc.i- cal farmer in Ayrehire, the following siatemeut of the results which have attended ihe practice ol thoroirgh draining and subsoil jdoughiug, according to this sys- tem : — IMPROVED MODERN HUSBANDRY COM- PARED WITH THE OLD SYSTEM. The following important facts have been commn- nicoted to the Directors of the General Ai,'riculturnl A-eociation by a very experienced practical agricul- turist : — I — Old Systkm. Statement showing the expense of cuhivatinn of, together with the return from, an acre (Scotch) of cold, stifl'soil, with a hnrd retentive sub-soil, before improvement by draining, &c. ; lease for 18 j'ente ; rent, Sos per acre. t)0 bolls lime, at lOd. per boll £2 10 0 Carting nnd spre.Tding 1 10 0 Firstctop — ploughing, seed, and harrowing 1 i8 0 Second do do 115 0 Grass bceds nnd harrowing 0 10 0 Rent for six years, nt 253 7 10 0 £15 13 0 Return of a '^ix. Year's Rotation. 1st — 5 qunriers oats (with straw) £6 0 0 ad— 5 do do 6 0 0 3d —85 stones hay, nt 3/. per 100 stones. . 2 11 C 4ih— Pasture, nt2()s 10 0 5th-Ditto " 1 0 0 6th-Ditto " 1 0 0 £17 11 0 The same repented till the end of the lease, the land gelling worse instead of improving. II- — New Svstkhi. Statement showing the expense of improvement, cnUivation, nnd return from an acre of the same land, during a lease of IS year's ; rent the same. Expense of the first Six Vr^irs. Draining witli tiles at 1.5 ft. interval, 25 in deep; tiles 21s. per thousand £7 0 0 Lime, coning and spresdina 4 0 0 Ploughing, harrowing nnd seed 1 18 0 Secoi.d crop — ploughing, harrowing, nnd seed 1 16 0 £14 14 0 E.xpenseof Gieen Crop, viz. Sub-soil and other ploHghings..£4 0 0 Grubbing, horse hoeini;, and weeding 1 10 0 Dung, lOi ; lime, U. 5.9 11 5 0-16 15 0 Ploughing for wheat ond seed 2 6 0 Grass seeds, harrowing, nnd rolling 15 0 (lent for six years, at 25s 7 10 0 Interest on expense for dinining for five years, at 5 per cent, per annum 1 15 0 £44 5 0 Return of the first Six Years. 1st — 8 quarters oats (with straw) £10 0 0 2nd— 8 do do 10 0 0 "nl — Potatoes J; turnips, |. at per acre. 11 0 0 4th — 4 quarters wheat, at Gils 12 0 0 5ih — 150 stones hay, at 3Z. ; foggage 53. 4 15 0 6th -^Pasture, at per acre 2 0 0 £J9 15 0 Expense of the second Six Years. 1st— Ploughing, harrowing, ond. •'eed £ 3 13 0 ■2nd— do do do I 10 0 3rd — Green crop, without subsoil ploueh- iug .".. 12 0 0 175 4ih — Plonghing for wheat nnd seed 2 4 0 5th — GruBs seeds, hnrrowing, and rolling. 15 0 Rom for six ycniB, nt 2.)3 7 10 0 Interest on draining, six years 2 2 0 £-M 3 0 Return far the second Six "Years 1st — 0 quarters outs (with Biravv) £11 5 0 2nd— 9 do do 11 5 0 3rd — Green crop — at least 12 0 0 4ih — 5 quartei-8 wheal, nlCOa 15 0 0 5lb— 'iOOetunea hay, at :;i.; foggage, Ss. 0 5 0 6th — Pasture, at per acre 2 0 0 £57 15 0 The expense and return of the third six years will bo much the same as thnt of the second. AahTIlACT. I. — Unimproced Lands. Expense during a lease of 18 years £46 19 0 Return do do .52 13 0 Profit per acre during the whole lease. .£5 14 0 II — Improved Land. Expense of the first aix ye-irs 44 5 0 do second do 23 3 0 do third do 28 3 0 £1W) II 0 Return of the first six years 4:) 15 0 do second do 57 15 0 do third d.) 57 15 0 £165 5 0 Profit per acre during the whole lease. .£ 64 14 0 The nbove S3'stem of cropping is not one to be gen- erally recommended ; it is merely ad-vpied becausB generally followed. If the four or five course rota- tion were adopted, the profit per acre during the lease would be considernlilv above the sum rneniioned. IiiQUiri's iu rclereiiccto Oriaiel-,' Mrinnie, and likewise Gypsum—adrli&ised to the Royal Agricultural Society. Mr. T. Smith, Secr-etnry of the B-ard of Agricul- lure of Novo Scotia observes in reference to Daniel's manure. " Is the new Patent Manure composed of pulverized wood sntnraled with bituminous mnttor, united with soda and lime, of more value than the lime and soda used without the oiher anicles ? Soda rs certainly a powerful manure, but too expensive. We have in Nova Scotia large tracts in wh.ch the soil contains so much rron vitriol, (thai is green copperas — rust of iron united to oil of vitriol, cbemicnlly termed sulphuric acid) that lime in such quoutities as arc commonly used, has no sensible effect ; but on such soils, ojster shells, cornl-grnvel, or old plaster, have a permanent good etlect, owing piobnbly to the qunntity of cnrbon- ic acid gas which is disengnged from the cnlcnreous or chalky substances by the action upon them of the vit- riol or sulphuric ncid which is constantly forming from the decaying pyrites, or sulphnret of iron in the sub- jacent rock. Wood nshes, even afttr '• leaching" by the soap boilers, make a permanent nnd powerfiil ma- nure; they coninin here a large qunntity of sulphnlo of potash. It is nliservoble, ihnt nt n great dictonca from the sea, ashes are of less valtre, while gypsum, which bos no cflect near the sea, is on many crops very useful in inland situations. Ji may also be ob- served, thot very high winds here sometimes throw showers of salt wn er over the land, lo the distance of twenty or five nnd twenty miles from the sen, the wa- ter being sometinres much enlter than sen water when It lalls. As the line that marks the silnaiiou where gyi'Sirm commences to be useful, is near that which limits thctse salt showers, .mny it not be that the salt prevents ihe gypsum I'rom operating?'' The Thames Tdn.xkl. — The whole of the tunnel, nearly 1,2U0 feet in length, is now compleicii, nnd will he opened in a very short time ns a public ihor- oughfare for foot passengers ; the workmen are busi- ly engoged in creeling the staircase on the Wnppirg side, which is all that remains to complete this exira- ordinary work. The machinery, stenm engines, and surplus materials ore odvertised to be sold by auction, by Messrs. Pullen. including ihe powerful apparotua called " the shield," by meara of which lie work wos accomplishek. It is taid to contain 150 tons of iron, and to have cost £10,000. 176 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER Vol. 3. Culture of Silk. Warwick, Penn., Sept. lUh, 1842. Mr. Colman — Sir : — By these few lines I pro- pose to let you know wliat bns been done with us in the silk business, only in the neighborhood of Lancas ter, tliis summer. Most of the persons who have fed •ilk worms, have succeded, ns we feed none but the best stock, and lend them well, and give them plenty of good foliage. Experience is our best teacher. I have, during the last year, sold over one hundred lbs. of silk to a manufacturer in Philadelphia, and I expect to succeed far bettor the present year. Were it not for the want of good reelers we might go much faster ahead, as large quantities of cocoons are brought in here now to sell and to he reeled ; but we must have patience until our own reelers shall have learnt their busines?. We have had to work against the wind long enough. I will name now, some of my neighbors who have uccefded : John McSummy, ? ■ j r a-r raised of cocoons 8oo lbs. D. Eherlv, ) J.ihn Metzler 423 " R. & Henry Carson nearly.. Oun " A. H. Harr 400 •' Michael Glein 300 " M. Warff«l over.. 300 " D. Mellinger over.. 200" M. Bushong 172 " Many more might be named, who have received from 20 to 100 lbs. of cocoons. Tours, JOHN McSUMMY. We could hardly receive a more acceptable letter than the above, abating its being written upon a vile ■heel o( deep blue paper, which rendered it almost il- legible. Blue paper and blue ink are not to us among the luxuries of the age, and tax our eyes too severely: a tax which in these hard limes we are very uuvvil- ling to pay. We hope our fiiend will let us have imre of this same exact information; and we wish other gentlemen, in different parts of the country, would comniunicaie the results of their operations. We liave, by letter, solicited this favor of some froin whom we arc very impatient to hear. They have made their cocoons ; now let ihera do tjeir reeling and send us the thread. We shall know what to do with it. — Ed. JER.SEY PEACH TUBES. 1 n r\C\r\ l'ei>chTreosofsupc ior varle-.ies from one 1 UiUUVJ of the first Nurseries in the United Si:ite». Siinie ul' the v.irielies are. Large .Miilacnton, L'ravford's Early, Misnon Free Water, Early Yellow Allicrgc, i.c. &c., favorite varieties in New York and Hnston market . The t. rge Mahicaton baa been grown in tl)e neighhorhood of iSew-York, measuring 1^ i dies in ciri-nmferenee. Cr.iw- ford's KflTly h s hee i Rriiwn the present seas n near Bos- ton. Mass., measuring II inches n circumference they .ire a so great hearers. All orders left at the Rocliester tfeed- Slore. or .at the Nursery of Joseph B ers Key fort, Mon- noithco., N. J., or at the Nursery of W P. Smith. East NeeJhain, Mass. .will r-ceive prompt atienlion. A lihe III credit given for large orders with good refer- en-^e. XT Several thousand of tliese trees will be .at Uo- chMler about the 10th Novenllier. novl ISABELI.'V GRAPE VI.VCS, OF propierago far forming vineyrds.propsjalcd from and containing all the good qualities w ich the most im- proved cultivatitin fo over ten years h.as conferred on the vineyards at Croton Hoint, are now oSired to the public. Those vvho inay ptirohaso will receive such instructions .s will enatde tl\eni to ou tivate the Grape with entire success, (provided their loca ity is not ton far North.) Allcommu- lilcatians pot paid addressed to R. T. UNDERHILL, .M. D. 400 Broadway, N. V., will receive attention. He fe Is qaitocoiifilent th.at ha has s , far ameliorated the character and h.Vdt9 of the gnipe vines m his vineyards and nurse- ries, hyiaiprov-d cultivation, pruning, &.C., thatthevwil ge lerall • lipen well and produce good fruit when planted in m ist of the Nortioru, all the Wests/n, iMiddle and South- qra State , (j,t i. JUST PUUHSHFD. TjMPORTANT to FARMKRS, &c.-LEllitG'& AGRI- i CULTURAL. CHEAilSTKV, Price 2j cents— live con- ies for one doll„r, ^ This is a work of inestimable value to every class of our citizvns, but more especially to Fanners and Gardeners It will be issued in a double number of the NiiW i\ orld, in a cautiful octavo form, and seat at newspaper postaize t, roughout the country. ^ .No work has overappeareil in the English language, pos- sessing the ability and inicrest of LtElB.O'S AORIGL LTl'RAL CHt.MisTKV ; and not a Farmer in the Union but should ob- tain a copy, though It were to cost fiv^ dollars, instead of twent.-live cents. The following extracts from the preface will show more fully the nature of thi . work : " i have endeavored to develope, in a manner corrcspond- '"' "' '^^ present state of science, liie funaamcntal p inci- plcs of C emisiry in gener.il, and the laws of organ c Cheni- 'j'O' 'n pariicu ar, in their application to Agriculture and Pli) Biology ; to the cause of fernieot .tion, decay, and pu- trelaction. The conversion of woody fibre into wood and mineral coal, the nature of poisons, contagions. and miasma, and the causes of their action on the liviu:; organism, have been^elucidated in ihsir chemical relations. •I'erf.ct Agricu lure is the true foundation of all trade and industry— it is the foundation f the riches of States.— liut a rational system of Agricultur cannot ue formed without the application of scientific pri ciples i f.r such a sysveni must be based on an e-xact acriuaint- nee with tlie means of nutrition of vegetables, and with the .nfluence of soils and aciion of manure upon them. This knowledge we must seek from Uheinistry, which teaches the mode of invest. gaiingtliecoinposition, and of studying the charac- ters ol the ditreie«t substance, from wiiich ulants derive their iiourislimcnt. •• The chemical forces piny a part in all the processes of [he l.niig animal organi ni; and a number of tr n^forma- lions and cliangcs in the living body are exclusively de- pendent iin their influences. The diseases incident to the period of growth of ma.., contagion and contagious matter. have their analogiea in many chemical proeessea. 'I he in- vest.gain. rt of tl>e chemical con.iexion subsisting between those actions proceeiling in the living body, and the irans- forfnatiori presented by chemical compounds has also been a subject oft I_r .^gen take an ,nti inqii •upplies. Tern .■opies. Aildrei Nov 1,1642. las ers, and all otliers, are requested to in the circulation of this work. Ever, a copy if Bolicited. anil itg importance m de Biiokse lers will find it proritableto order 3, .§16 per hundred, and in proportion for i25 i orders (post paid) to J. WINCHESTER. .■30 Ann-st. MOUNT IIOPK U4KUEN & MJUSi.itHIS. ROCHESTER, NEW- YORK. THE Proprietors of this Estab l.hmeat offer for sale a ge- neral assortniant of Nursery Brllclea, compripin.' Fruit and Drn.iincntal Trees. Flowering .~hru'is, Herbaceous PI ills, Tuliiia, Hvacinlhj, and other Bul.ous I- lower Roots, Double Dahlias, &c. itc. They have also on hand a large and fine collection nf Green an i Hot House PI nts including Geranium.s, Chi- nese .Monthly Roces, • amellia, Japoui^a, Chi ..ese Azaleas, Gape Jasmines, Cactuses. &c &c. Or.lers for any of the above articles, whether lar.c or small, will be promptly and faithfully e.^ecuied, andcharges in all Cits, s will be ve y moderate. Persons ..rdering from a distance may rely on having their art cles seeur ly pack- ed and marked and shipped as their Qfders may designate. To such persons ;.s are about forminrg new establishments or who i...-iy wish to dispose of Trees, Shrubs, I'lants, &c. in their neighborhood, our terms will be very liberal. fiardens and Pleasure grounds will be laid out .n any part nfthecoimtry, and .kilfu gardeners furnished on reasona- ble notice and inform.ition on my subject connec'.eil with be business will be cheerful y and promptly impart, d. It i=) expected ihat persons iinacxjuainled with the proprie- tors will either .tccompany their orders with a r'mi tance or name a guar.nteein the city of liochesler or vicinity. ELLWANGER Si BARRY". Ro hesler, Oct, I, 1S42. N. B. Our Fruit i rees comprise the most desirable early and late v;iriclies, and tU., utmost care has been tak a in propagat n>r froro such trees on y ns were in a bearing state and whr.se qiiiilities have been suffi,:icntly te.ned. Priced Catalogues wi'l be forwarded gyctitio ull ap]ilic:Lnt8. that he has disposed of li irons of leaving this place soon for the benefit of his h ; he thercf re earnestly solicits all who are indebted ediaie paymem, in order that he may lie enabled I he bus. ued bv C. : • Do I 1 othe ! of the Rocliester Seed Store ' ill be contin- Crosman. whose experience in the business and I'aci lilies for growing Seed, entitles him to the confidence and palronane of the pub ic. M. B. EATEHAIVr. O" Mr. Henry Cotman will continue the Genesee F.ir- mer. Oct 1. RO<:HESTEH SEBO STORE AND SEED GARDEN. ^7E\V ARRANGEMENT-C. F Orosman having pur- t chased the entir»business and eSects of the Rochester .See.d Store d.'sires to inform the Agents. .iid Customers, i.nd all who may wish to p.atr nise the esUiblishment, th.tt h,. is now bringing in from his laige Seed Garden on JVfonroe itrcet, a complete assortment of such see la ni are best rais- ed in this climate, and he will import frosi the first seedsmen i<. Europe and elsewhere, such kinds as -re better raised in olher elimates. And Seeds of doubtful vitalitv will be ihnronghly tested by sowing, and none offered for s.ale but such ns can be warranted genuine. The proprietor is fully confid.^nt that bis long e.pcrience in the business of grow- ing and vending Seeds, wil enah e him. with strict attention iiict Jie'in ii.ess in a manner that will prove satigfac- ory to the publit Roche.-ter, Oct. 1, C, F. CBQSMA.N. BUFFALO NURSERY. THE stock now on hand for sileia much larger than at any former period. . nibracing a large collection of the most valuable kinds of ihe Apple, Pear, Peach. Plum Cher- ry, Quince Nectarine Apricot. Filbert, Strawherri. s, Raipberrles, Goosl.e. ries, Ourr. nts, &c. orOrnanieatal Trees. Flowering Shrubs and Pl.nr8,nfina assjriment. comprisi , g almost eve y desirable article in this dep .r inent. A la.ge slock of Gr. en-house P ants. I also offer for sale 2i OUO Apple Trees of one year's growth from the gr ft or i'ocu ation, i.. autumn » ill ,aver- re over one foot high. They consist of 12a of the most valuable liinds— four-tifth of whi. h have been cut from bear- ing trees andc»«,*equ ntly will soon produce fruit. They will be so, d for cash at the low priceofSS per hundred.— No less than from .5 to 10 of any one kind to betaken. Also SUOO eedliiig trees of the irue English Mazzard Cherry, at «0 per lOD. Orders, pemiail nrotherwi; tion. Trees or Plants p.acked at Bulf.ilo on hoard of any steanil reqiii ed. Catalogues gratis to every appl: Buffalo Aug. 1812. supeti prompt alten- ler and shipcd or cnaal ho.it ROCHESTER PRICES Corrected for the New Gciiei-ee WHEAT, per bushel, J CORN, " OATS, " BARLEY " RYE, " BEANS, White,.. " POTATOES " APPLES, Desert,. " ,.. FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl . . . . " Fine, " SALT, " PORK, Mess " •' per 100 lbs BEEF per 100 lbs POULTRY, per lb EGGS, per dozen, BUTTER, Fresh., per pound " Firkin,.... " ... CHEESE, <• ... LARD, " ,,, TALLOW, Clear, " ... HIDES, Green " ... PEARL ASHES, ... 100 lbs. . POT, '< << ,, WOOL, pound,... HAY ti-n, ... GRASS SEED,. ...bushel,... CLOVER SEED,... " .... B HODGE. CURRENT. Farmer, Nor I. 75 a 38... 15... 38..., 44.... 75.... 15.... 19.... 3,75.... 3,0Q..., 1,12J... 8,00.... 2,50 2,50.... 5..., 9..., 10... 8... 5.... 7..., 7..., 4..., 5,00... 4,75.... 20.... 6,00..,, 1,00 ... 5,00 . . 6 10 'I' 6 H 5 50 5,00 25 7,00 1,25 6,00 (From IheN. Y. Tribune.) NEW YORK MARKET— October 29. ASIti:.S— The market is still dull ; and we onlv hear of abou 4ll_bbls I'ols, at Sj,r>0, and 50 bbls Pearls at '$3,8' 1-1. FLOUit — T. ere i- a pretty t'ood .lem.Tiid to-dav, and the receipts are 001 ve-y large. The sales for the last few days and f e qu.-.ntily which has gone Into store, have nearly cleared the market of good brands iiflo.tt. We quote Gen- eseeto-iiiy.«4,'i)a4,3l 3-4; Michigtin and Ohio, 84.19 3-4 and4,«. Rye Flour is in f.ir demand. ,at «a,l2i a 3,2J, w.th sales liiO bbls at the higher rates. Corn Meal is dull. Wequote«2,7,^a 2,87J for lair Some pa. eels can he kad at $2.6ij. Buckwheat Flour in fair i. quiry-,comniOD quail- lies S2,.'iil a 2,624 ! good, «2,7.) a 3.25. GRAIN— Of the Whe.it offering we no-ice sales of 5,noa bushels II inois, at gC cents, for milling; and a lot of 4U0 bushels inferior Genesee, nt 80 cts. There is but little de- mand for shipment, and themillers offer low prices. Rye continues scarce, ami we notice sales r.SdO bushels nt 6a cts ; and luiiodo. at 61 cts. B rley is ofiTaring in considera- ble quantities but we hear of no transactions. We qnoto 43 cts. There is an iirtprovome.U in Coin, and nenriy all on the River, some 5.0UO bushels has be«n 'aken at 52 a 53 cts. weight; and 55 a .56 cts inB.isiire. Oats are not very penty, nd a prime artic e is bringing an advance. We quote 2.5 n28.-'s. PItOVISIOVS— Thereisa fair business doing in barrel Provisions , at full rates. Seve.al humlrcd bbls Pork have sold at Si^.SU for Ohio, ami Sfl for Dutchess County. A lot of new Mess Beef sold a' 87, 2 1-2 and »t7.25. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Prospectus for l?41. Mcteor.dogical T.ble ,-ind Ob- servations. Monroe Co. Ag Societv Notice. .. . ]»1 E.ttr.act3 ft-om Tcschein cher'a Address before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society 162-3 On the use of Leached Ash. s as manure IM Foot Rot in Sheep. Large Cattle. Great Yield of Hops ]«s Gittle Show and Pair at Albany , IM Speech of Hon. A.lam Ferguson. Prevention of Smtlt. Sclf-ltegulnting Stove. Remedy against Frost. . . 167 Notices of Ag. I jiirs .and Shows -Monroe Counfy— Ontario-Niagara— Genesee— Caiuga — Wayne. ... 168-9 Premiums .^warded by theN. Y. State Ag. Sooietv. . 170 Great Crop of Field Peas 'Weight of Cnltle in 1780, Mowing Land— an experiment 171 .Seneca County Cattle show and Fair— Oneida do. . . 17« ToCorre.spondents. Sclf-Regul ting Stovp 173 Silk Culture in Pa. New Advertisements. Prices Current, &c 174 Printed for the Proprietor, M. B. Bateham. By Henry Q'Reilly and .lohn I. Reilly, Boolt and Job Printers, and Publishers of the " Rochester Evening l*o«i'* and ** Wtetern New-Vorker." B. BATE HAM, Proprietor. \ VOIi KOCHESTKK, UECEillBER, 1619. ' HENRY COLMAN, Editor. I9IFOKTANT ANNOtTNCaMENT ! the Faruters, the SiilHoribers and Friends to the New Senesee Farnier> The world is full of cbangcs. nnd in tlio language the old play; " we know what wa are, but we do know wbat wc shnll be." Tbo prnprietoreliip of ipapcr has now paeeed into the hands of C. F. isman of the Hachester Seed Stote, well known hia punctaality, nprighliiess, and interest in agri- lurnl improvements, to this oommiuiity, nnd of E. ipnrd, an experienced and rcepectabU; publisher in ] oily, of •eiabliehed character. The reasons for charge will be given below, and the subscriber 8 a strong confidence that its good character will fully maintained, and his hopes are as strong that usefulnees will be extended. will be ssen from on advertisement in another t of this sheet, that he contemplates a Tour in rope for the purpose of looking at the agriculture I the ngricnltural inetituiions and schools of the I world, to ascertain what is worthy to be .ulated to the \cw. The prneticability of the pro- was not ascertained until since the last number of N. G. Farmer was issued. It ia now determined, vidence permitting, that the subscriber leaves for rope in the ensuing spring. It is ctpected, nn- present nrrnngemen-s, that Mr. Colmnn will con- !e to editc it for the first third of (be year ; and re in afterwards a regular contributor to its columns be close of this volume ; nnd that when it passes n hiseupervis'on. whether it be sooner or later, it Ibeediled by such as are pcrfoclly competent to ke the paper all that its best friends can desire it uld be. No part of that which will go into hio eg- iltural Tour will appear in this paper, for this uld be unjust to his subscribers ; but there will be ny other valuable topics of conversation nnd in- ry In which he promises himself the pleaenrn of eting them ; so as to keep the chain of friendship ght and unbroken. Se strongly h»pea that their patronage will be lerfully coniinued ; nnd that every gnbscriber will erest himself to procure others, so that the list, ne Jiight to be, may be doubled. The price will be one dollar. Itcn?'.not be afTord- for less, nnd remunerate or save from loss those 10 edite nnd publish it. Whore twenty copies ■ taken, iho year's subscription will not exceed •'enty-five' cents. What is ibis compared with ! equivalent in useful instruction to be ob- aedfromii? This i.-! not two cents a week for teen pages of closely printed matter per month, king, if it were published in the common form, a go duodecimo volume. Let us look at other illue- tiona of the case , for when nny object to paying Jollar or eeveniy cents for the Paper, we cannot nk ihal tUey lofk et the matter in a fair light. A 3hel of wheat ordinarily pays for the year's sub- iption. Is this aiiylhing compared with the intrin- value of a paper, which may in many cnses, im- Tc your cultivation by hundredi of dollars ? Fur- ther, 1 have withm the Inst year been often struck with one fact. In going into a public house or hotel in mo^t parts of the country, we arc charged hnlt a dollar for a single meal, bieakfasi, dinner or supper, nnd the same for lodging ; so that whenever I took a nienl at any such place, I was compelled to say to my- self as soon ns I opened my mouth, down goes one subscriber for the N. G. Farmer ; and if my business or convenience required me to stay iv/o or three days, why llien I eit them by dozens, like a hungry man making a meal of small fish, or of ground sparrows or snowbirds. 1 was oAcn led to reflect, docs n whole year's paper come to no more than this 1 Look again at the ouse — I cannot go into my office or trav- erse the streets of this go.idly city without being fu- migated with tobacco smoke, and without meeting coniinnally with people who, 1 think, ought to be in- dictsd under the statute ns pablio nuisances, who go abont smoking themsefves and smoking others with odious segare. I dare say this may be very pleasant to them and is deemed a precious luxury ; I do not wish to detract from the happiness of any man, but how infinitely higher are all plensmes connected with the mind, than this low, sensual and selfish gtntifica- t'on ; yet the saving only of one segnr a week, think of it, would give them the New Genesee Farmer a whole year even at its increased price; and nioie than this. Now, I have often said to myself, can it be that this is all that is asked for such a boon ? Then again if really puffing is so deliclouo a pleasure, why let them honestly leave off smoking nnd become subscri- bers to the Farmer ; and we will promise to give them such a puffing in our columns ss shall do them good all the days of th2ir lives, and be redolent with the most precious odors which taste and skill can com- pound ; odors as different from those with which they compliment iheir unofTending neighbors, as the per^ fumes of Eden are superior to the snipiiureiied hydro- gen of a pig stye. i might give other illuBtratione. One year's pro- duct of a good Hive of bees, which demands little more trouble than that of t&king out the honey, will in many eases pay nt once five years subscription to the Farmer, and this intolleotual hive we promise to store with honey gathered from the flowers of every clime, ns nutritious to the mind as it is delicious to the taste. Pardon me if I say further, that there is nots farmer in the country, though so pooitlhat'his whole live slock amounts only to a single pai^^barn yard fowls, who demand nothing for ibeif support bnt chaff and worms and graeslioppers, who will not find these humble friend.^, if ha will only allow them to go to housekeeping and rear their family in a sober and regular way, like nil respeclnble people, ready in all probability, to pay more than two years' ?ubscripiion for the paper in a singb? season. What shall we think then of a farmer, who, under snch circii.mstonces, will presiime to say that ho is too poor to take this paper? So a single sheep, mutton head- ed as this amiable class of beings are, nnd never eus- ns their skins may be converted into parchments for writing, or leather for the covering of books, may at once become a subscriber to this new paper ; and in her wool or her lamb, will be ready to honor at sight the printer's draft. Now THKN in BKPLY TO A RESPECTED CORRESPON- DENT AT Wheatland, we have pointed out six DIFFERENT WAYS OF PAVING FOR THE N. G. FaRMKR. First, by one bushel of wheat token out of your five hundred, to bo charged to the account of seed sown, from which yon ore to reap fifty fold. Second, by saving two mools at a public house in the course of the year j in which case a good deal more is often soved than the coat of the meals. Third, by limiting yourself to nineteen segare in- stead of twenty in the course of the week, by which means likewise, there would be something saved to your health, to your good manners, to yonr neighbor's comfort; and to your counliy's reputation, if Mr. Boz should come this way again. Ol the Dickens, you'll say. Fourth, by raising n hive of Bees, v/hose twenty or forty pounds of honey and a swarm to sell, may pay several years subscription, besides the beautiful example of industry, which these little folks will ex- hibit to the other little folks of the family ; and the pattern of a well oidered community, so instruetiTB to yoursell as the citizen of a republic. Fifth, by the suitable encouragement of one Mr. Cockerel nnd his spouse, who, enjoying your protac- tion but demanding nothing from your purss, will jointly produce cgga and chickens enough in the sea- son to make the editor crow sa loud as ever one Chap- man (we think tljat is the name, though wo are no politicians) ever crowed in n log-cabin campaign. Sixthly, by setting aside one sheep in your flock of hundreds, who is to be considered in the family ns the patron of agrieultnral literature; nnd consequently to be trenled with nil the respect and kindness due to so useful a personage. We might point out one hundred other ways on the farm in which the iwiper may be paid for without a consciousness of its expense ; nnd with a hundred uer cent, profit in the exertion : for there is scarcely a chilli five years old. in. (i farmer's well ordered fam- ily, who may not poy for the Farmer with a week's knitting, nnd with nil ndvantage to their own educa- tion. The publishers of the N, G. Former enengo . to present it with the commencement of the New \ Year, in a new and handsome dress. They promise in itu prepnrntion the best services which they can prneiire. The pleasure nnd profit which it will bring to the. farmer's family and children they believe will be worth fifty times its cost. On public as well as private grounds, they hope the farmers will eneonr- age it. The press is the most powerful engine, which art presents or human ingenuity can devise, for ibo e.ivancement of any good cause. What former then, deserving a place in '.hat most honorable cliifs, will withold hi.? aid on nny occnsiun from the advancement of agriculture, a cause among the most innocent and the most nsefnl, the veiy foundation of human sub- sistence, the spring of some of the pure.st pleosurcs which the heart can take in, the guardian nnd pro- moter of good mornb;, the great instrumsrt of civili- zation nnd the pioneer of religion. HENRY COLMA.V peeted of beinc the patrons of literature, excepting I i?ccAss(cr, D«c. 14//r, 1P4?. 178 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol 8ilk Culture. The following communication we ecknowledge with pleasure. Men are always willing to baasi of their success, but few men are brave enough to tell of their mistakes and failures, which are often more use- ful and important to be known than their successful re> suits. In some respects we cannot agree with Mr. Cook. A prepared, iinished and furnished cocoonerjr, well adapted to Tentilation and warming at pleasure, is un- doubtedly to be preferred ; but within our knowledge good silk and an abundant product have been obtain- ed in feeding in vacant barns and granaries. We recomnxend a well built cocoonery, believing that the cultivator sviil be ia the end fully compensated lor the expense and outlay ; but at the same time we would not have poor and small cultivators prevented or dis- coirraged in their operations, because they have not the means of at once erecting a well Rniebed cocoon- ery. Jn IVfansfield.iCt.j where silk has been successfully j-aised for seventy years, such provision is scarcely known. That the time of feeding may by the beet arrangements be reduced from six weeks to little more than three weeks is a very material consideration to recommend the beet fixtures ; and as by the improv- ed Flench method, attention day and nigbt, in ordei ;o the most rapid cjoni|)p.-.uui U) nil. 1 ue liiigc mmibir i.i tine Uloi'iied ciilvts. coltj, pit's, i&c , im llie uuiiiiid, WHS eiMK-lusive evidence of ilie improvi meiiis w hicU are ^oing on, mid which promise much lor ibe fiilnre. Bill 10 the Fair. T.icday was not plcBsnnl — col J, cloudy, Init no rain. E'lily in the iluy, people bcgnn to ninke their way to Pcnii Yan; on every rood might be scrn the farmet wiili his stock seeking in the true spirit of emiilniion, the place of ixhibiiion ; here a cow and call, there a noble Durham bull, docile aa a lamb and lend by the hand of .•) boy : and then again the quiet, inuoL-ent looking Sa.xony and Merino cwea, and the fine coated and prouder looking bucks ; and with the lowins; of the beards and the bloating of the llocks, was the less melodioos voice of the gruntcr tribe, the B^rkehircs, &c. of our farmers. On they came, pre- 6 ntin^ a singular appearance, the commingling o! man and beaet, each dre..'sed and (itted lor a gala day. At eleven o'clock, the various yuids, now full, and to Uic looker-on from ilie slops of the Con' t House, the scene was animating and full of interest; there in that moving mass, were the produceis, the hard- working, v/eulth-oreatiiig men of Yates county. Now came the various committees, and leaving tbeni to their e.Kauiinations, we tvill enter the Couit House, and see what is tliere worthy of notice; and here comes the handy-work of woman, to cheer and enli veu tbo scene — the subaiaiituil uniting with the orna- ineniiii — lire comforts comuiingliiig wilh the luxuries of l;ie. Fruits and lluwcrs, vegetablee and plants, the jiroductsof the dairy and the spinning whet I and loom — here a splendid specimen of ingrain carpeting, with iis many colors beouiifully arranged — and there the substantial and tasty coverlet, beepenUing a timely preparnlion (or the cold of w.nler ; and thou, as a clima.x to iho whole, the beautifully ornamented hearih rug. and the unsurpassed workmanship ol the "tio. man and stand rugs, with their finely wrought pic- tures and representations, such aa none but the taste and iiiduairy of woman could produce — and with t'.esa their bandy craft, was woman htraclr", the beet and hvciiest of all. Now, w here shall we go ? L.'t us down for a time, for you perceive there is a rush for the Court House ; ihe hour has come for the meeting of the society, to hear the address, reports, &c. The house is now crowded and jammed full — the President is in his seat, and the voice of the strong man has chnroied ihe vast audience into silence and nitention. Well, tlie a:ldress is (inished, and was it not a good one — full of just sentences — of deep and well digested ihought~of sound and wholesome ad- vice, and of elevated and commanding eloquence? and take ii oil in all, style, manner and sentiment, ii was the best, among all the good things, that we ever heard from Francis Adams. But we must hur- ry on — Tbe Monroe Connfy Kppoits. Ml. Colman having been necessarily absent during moat of the past month, was unable to copy his Ad- dress for pnldicilion as suon a3 was expected. The pamphlet rontaining the address and transactions of the Society is now in preparation and will be ready frjr distribution very soon. The following are ex- tracts from the Reports. Rei>oit on Plonghing. The committee on ploughing respectfully report, — that the number of competitors on the ground was greater than they have ever before seen — seventeen having entered the !;eld and several were disappoint- ed on account rf the whole ground that was fit being occupied. Tbe show of teams, ploughs and plough oys, was higlily creditable to Monroe county, and would have done honor to the oldest and richest coun- ty in the state. But to speak of the jcor/c, the com- mittee feel themselves unable to render that praise which the cornpeitors jiieily deserve ; the whole 17 having performed their work, as we think, to the en- tire snt'sfaction of the most fa8tidini:.i and particular person that can be produced. The committee peram- bulated the ground for nearly two hours, before they could even satisfy themselves where the preference slionld be given, and it is perhaps o mere lottery decis- ion as we have decided ; so nearly perfect were a large number of the lands ploughed. The committee came to the conclusion to prelcr the work where iLe furrow slice was most perfectly invcrloil 'vithaiit ii ; , n;, itloiciu-o i 'ing had to the otraightntfs and umformily ot the furrows; believing that the poorest ploiitjhs leave the furrow on edge, and ordinary ploughrf leave it half turned over and resting on its fellow. The committee are aware lluil a diversity of opinion exists on this subject, and they maybe in error , but if to, it ia not from any inter, csicd motive. They think the moat perfect plough is the one that most perfectly inverts the furrnw and buries every particle ol the grass, parlicularly for fall ploughing and spring crops. The oppotiie opin- ion may with consistency he maintoined i'or the ordi- nary summer fallowing. The committee therefore report the following per- s.ins entitled lO the Societies premiums. The firs; premium lo George ShefTer, wilh ihc " Premium Plough," held and driven by .lohn Sell. Quarter (,.'' an acre ploughed in 49 minutes. The second premium to Donald McNaughton, with the " Caledonia Plough," held and driven by Robt. Pattison. The third premium t.) Charles Burr, with the •' Cuyuga County Plough," held and driven by O. Parker. The fourth prenfiium to John H Robinson, with the " Livingston County Plough," held end driven by himself. To Robert H. Brown of Greece, the first premium for the best work done by o.xen, ploughed by Joseph Brown, with the " Wiseonain Plough." The committee dare not trust the.-nselvesto particu- larize, or bestow that ; raise that is due to others to whom tbey have not awarded prsniiiima ; aa it would embrace every individual on the field ; hut they can- not omit to mention with great satisfaction, the work done by the Howard, Monroe County, Livingston County, Gcnesco County, Locklin and Scotch Ploughs, and the individuola who handled them. It is parlicularly gratifying to the committee, to notice the great attention and improvement in that pariof the manipulaiions of agriculture which must be consider- ed the base upon \yhieh the whole 6i\perstriic,ure rests ; and it speaks well for the county which bus been selected as the Banner County, where is to bt held the prent Slate Fair for 1S43. All of which is respectfully subtnittcd by the com- mittee. L. B. LANGWORTHY, C. F. CROSMAiV. FRA.N'KLliN CATE. Extraofsfrom the Report of the Com rn it tee on non-eiinineiatwl articles. ATWATi;Il's STEAM CKKKRATOR. Stephen Anvaier of Rochester, exhibited an inge- nious Portable Siea.m Generator, a new invention of his own, that promises to be of great aer\ ice to Farm- ers. With 6 lbs. of dry hard wood it will cause a barrel of water to boil in SO minutes. Its cost is only $15. We award the inventor a premium of $'6. KT.\" HiT BNirK, &c. Messrs. B.irton & SmiJi of this city, exhibited a very choice collection of Cutlery and Farming Imple men's, ntrong which was a new kind of Hay Knife of their own invention, wliich tl:e committee believe to be n great improvement, and they recommend it to the examination of all who have use for such an arti- cle. The committee award each of the gentlemen a bound volume of the Transactions oi the N. Y. State Agricultural Society. OIL AND CA.vm.ES FROM LARD. The committee would close their report by calling the attention of the members of the Society to the lard oil and stearine candies, specimens of which were ex- hibited fi.>m a manufactory at Cleveland, O. These two articles must hereafter Kttraet much attention ihroughoui the wholeconntrjF. Tbe lord oil is already u great demaml for machinery and nionmaciiiring, and has been used in several of the light h.mses on ihc hikes, and is said lo burn clearer and longer tfcon any other, while the cost is only about one half that of sperm. It has lately been discovered that oil, equal to sperm, can be extracted from lard to great advan- tage. After extracting ihe oil, the stearino remains and forma a substance similar in every respect to siiermaccli, and the candles from this can be alfordod lor from twenty five to thirty cents per pound. Thoso rticles arc already becoming quite common in tho state of Ohio, where large cftablishments arc engng- d in manufactuiing them, and where ihc nature and ililiiy of these substances are generally understood, t will readily be seen that it must have n most impor- tant bearing upon agricultural profits. ALEX. KELSEV, W. C. CORNELL, N. HAYWARD. Rust on Wheat Straw. It isstated in acommunication on page 147 of our last number, that cattle thrive much better on rusted than on bright straw. The writer suggests that the rust affords posi live nouriahment ; but la it not far more probable that its superiority ia caused by the unthresh- ed grain, which, from the difficulty of shelling out, the rusted straw contains ? It ia also suggested there, as well as frequently else- where, that a strong and sudden flow of sop liursts the straw. Would it not be simpler as well as more philosophical lo suppose, that the external tissue cracks open merely from the action of outward mois- ture, as ripe fruits often do in rains, — instead of by an explosion ? The opinion that rust is dried sap, is, 1 believe, satisfactorily disproved by the fact, that the microscope shows it to be a real fungus, a parasiti- cal plant, with its several parts as distinct as thoee <■! a mushroom .And that this plant spreads by the seed, thus rendering the disease contagious, is proved by the facts staled in the communication of J. B. Bowcn in tbe last volume of tl-e Farrhcr. J. From the Mark Lane Express. Cheap Food for Horses. A pTopoaiiion has been made to the French MiniE- ter of War, by a M. Longchamp, to try a new meth- od of feeding horses, which he asserts will produce a vast saving in the amount oi forage necessary for the army. This gentleman proposes to make a sort of bread threc-fourthii potatoes, and the rest oatmeal, with which the horses are to be fed in place ot oat.=. The average quantity of oats for ahorse pel day, M. Longchamp estimates to be 10 lb., costing obont 13 sous. Me proposes to replace this food by 10 lb. of the bread made with oats and poiaioes, the price of which will be only 5 sous, leaving a sai-ing of 8 sous a day. As there are 80,00rt horses in the army, a saving would arise on the whole of tbe cavniry of 11.680,000 fr- a year. M. Longchamp considers this food to be more nutritious than the food generally fivcn 'o horae?, for a great portion of the oals taken by a horse are imperfectly masticated, and iherrfore the nutritive qualities are allowed to remain latent. Heat and moisture, he declares, ore necessary to briug forth fully the qualities of the fecula of o.in, and this can be procured most effeclually by subjecting it to the heat of nnoven, after having been moistened and well mixed up. Cakes of this kind have been long used in Holland wilh profit ; and M. Longchamp express- es his surprise tlial potnto-flour has not been mno commonly and open'y mixed with bread ; bakers, he .says, being in the habit of using it. But this is not Ihe only advantage to be gained by this proi-oaition. A hectare of oats (2^ acres) is worth about 09 fr., whilst one of potat^ra produces 240 fr. M. Loug- ..-hnrnp ihinks that, if one third of the land at present under cultivation.for oate were planted with i oiatoes, five times a greater quantity of caitle could he bred in Frai'ce. By this mfeansbutehers' meat would bewime chooper, and be widiin tie reach of t e generrdiiy ot ihe inhabitanta of the kingdom. The mure generous aiet thus procured wnnid have a considerable inlluence, M. Longchamp declares, on the average height ot the nativea o{ France, which the recruitment of the nimy ..^rcvea to be each year decressiiig in stauitc. 180 THE iNEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol 3. For the Ncte Genese$ Farmer. Translations from the German. GRAPE VINE CUTTINGS. M. Frischer, the superinlendont iif ihe gardens of the Duke of Weimar, employs with eujccees, the fol- lowing method of propogaling ths more choice varie- ties of wine and table grapes, by means of cuttings. He selects from among the stalks and branches cut away in fall and spring pruning, such as are of suila- ble diometer^-Boy from i to ^ inch.^-tmd have well ripened wood. Tbcae he cuts in pieces midway be tween the buds, and splits each piece lengthwise, pre- aerving the bud uninjured. The halves containing the buds are then placed with the flat side on a bed of well prepared girden mould, gently pressed down level with the surface, and covered with mosB, or a layer of fine leaf mould. Thus planted, the cuuings speedily strike root, if the bed be kept moist by ecea- sional waterings, and properly shaded, without ob- structing the circulation of the air. Cuttings similaily prepared, though not split, read- ily strike root and produce vigoroita plants, if iheir ends bo dipped in m«lted Eealing wax, and they be planted in good garden sotl^ covering them in to the depth of half an inch. The ground must be kept moist, and free from weeds. GRAFTING. M. Schroer recommends using a branch of common willow, an inch or two in diameter, in the following maftner, as a matrix for receiving the grafts of such varieties of apple, pear or quince trees, as it is desira ble to multiply. Make longitudinal cuts or slits through the branch, at equal dielfincss of 1.5 or 18 in- ches. Take grafts having two perfect buds, give the lov/er end the u-ual wedge-shape, using a keen knife, and insert them in the slits cf the willow, mating the lower bud sit close to the slit. Then bury the bronch in a trench formed in good garden soil of such depth as will permit the upper buds to protrude just above the surface of the ground, when the trench is again filled. The ground must be watered occasionally if the sea son be dry, and weeds m-.;st be carefully extirpated whenever they appear. In the spring of the follow- ing year, the branch may be taken up and cut in pieces, leaving a small portion to ecch of the growing giafts — which are to be replanted in a nursery. The willow does not form a permanent union with the grafts; but merely supplies nutriment till the proper fibroHB roots ere produced from the lower bud. POTATOES. M. Bellamy Aubert, of France, states, os the result cf experiments continued during three eenaons, that ebur.dant crops of potatoes may be grown in poor clayey soils, by eimply strewing the sets plentifully with rye-chaff previous to covering them with earth at planting. Professor VoElker, of Erfwet, covers his potatoe sets with a layer of lannsra' spent bark, two or three inches thick, before turning a furrow over them. He euye he thus provides a loose spungy bed for the young tubers; prevents weeds from springing up and grow- ing in immediate contact with the plants ; and secures an abundant supply of moisture during the season, if but one soaking rain occur after planting — as the spent bark, covered by the surface soil, will retain water during the most protracted drought. FRUIT TREES. Dr. Zimmerman, of Zinzow, alleges thgt the nat- ural productiveness of fruit trees is injuriously affect- ed by the practice of training standard trees high, or pruning off the lower side branches. This training is usually commenced in the nursery, and continued even after the tree is transplanted to its permanent posiiioB in the orchard^^iesuItiT«g io giving the tree a main stem 6 or 7 feet high. Dr. Zimnterman con- tends that trees of the same class or variety, thus irea'ed, are never so productive as those which are suffered to assume a more natural form and devclope- ment ; and he rel'ers, in proof oi his theory, to the (act that orchards belonging to per£ona who know little of the modern scientific refinements in horticulture and whose trees ore very scantily pruned, are invaria- bly more productive than those whose owners keep theiji in regular subjection to the knife. Permitting troes to branch oiiT. lower, would perhaps involve a greater waste of ground, in orchards oepec'ally ; but the increased productiveness of eech trees, would, in the Doctor^a opinion, ab-undantly coinpensalc for ihie. There are moreover many plants which could be ad- vontageously cultivated in the thade of such trees. The truth probjitly, in tbi€ case also, lies between the two exiremeff-^and possibly the ivh'le matter may resolve itself into this, that the more horizontally the branches of fruit trees arc trained or permitted to grow — which njjpeors to be Nature's tendency — the more productive of fruit will the trees be. In training fruit trees against r/nlla, it is kron-n to be advanta- geous to give the limbs a descending curve. This effect will be naturally produced, it the trees be per- mitted to branch out nearer the surface of the ground than is customary. The limbs, in this case, assume a nearly horiiontsl direction, and are subsequently curved down by their own weight and Ihat of the fruit they produce, and the result of the whole i3,^a greater tendency to the formation of finit buds. MADDER. The proprietors of smoll farms in the'dfrnnd Dulchy of Baden, cultivate madder, of late years, with much success and profit. The plant requires a rich soil, free from weeds, and the toot yieWs a beautiful and dura- ble red color only when it is permitted to attain toper- feet maturity in the soil — v.hicli is not til! the close of the third year of its growth. 'Roots of one year's growth are indeed used in Avignon, but the dye pre- pared from them is not durable ; and that from two year old roots is very little better. Good madder, yielding a rich and durable dye, can be prepared only from roots not leEs than three years old ; and if two of the summers were very hot, the dye will be the brighter and more permanent. When it I appens that the summers ore unusually cool, the roots are not taken up till the close of the focrth season. South- ern plants, ecdimatedand cultivated in northern lati- tudes, require great care and judgment in their treat- ment, to prevent deterioration ; mid the madder plant does not appear to be an exception. FROZEN POTATOES. The results ot repeated experiments show that po- tutoes injured by frost ore not reudered valueless ; but that very good flour or meal may be prepared from them, if the weather continue sufficiently cold to per- mit of repealed thawing and freezing. By this pro- cess, properly conducted aud continued, the watery particles are expelled, and the inner of vegetable sub- stance is gradually converted into meal. Exposure to rain and snow is injurious only as prolonging the op- eration. The meal or flour thus formed, can be readily separated from the outer skin or peel. M. EisHOFF exposed soft watery potatoes to the action ol frost in this manner, and obtained a very euperior flour, which was preserved in good condition fur two years, even in a damp cellar. When it happens, in conse- quence ol the unusual severity of the season, thot large quantities of potatoes are injured by frost, excel- lent and nourishing meal may by this process be pie- pared therefrom, with very Utile expense or trouble. Travellers relate that, in the native country ol the potatoe— the more elevated and colder regiopeof Pern — the inhabitants expose quontitios nf this vegetnb!9 to the action of frost, for a similar purpose. Afiyr re- peated alternations of freez'ngacd thawing, the whole mass is thrown into a kind of vot and well kneaded of trodden v.-ith their feet to separate the skins or peels. It is then put into coarse bags, and placed in a stream of clear running water, where it is left three or four days. Wben taken out, it is spread as thin as conve- nient and dried in the sunshiii-e; and thereaftei ground into flour. Professor Poke, of Leipzig, in his Archives of German Agriculf.:re, recommends that the same meth- od be employed when apples, pears, or turnips are ac- cidentally injured by frost. Potatoes are neither so productive, r.ox of so good quality, in wa.m as in cold climates. In Spain and the south of Italy, the vines are thicker and longer, and the foliage more dense and luxuriant than in the more northern countries of Europe where this vegeta- ble is cultivated ; but the tubers are smaller in size and fev/er in number. In Colombia, laige potatoes and abundant crops are produced only in the more ele- vated mountain regions^rising from 800O to 10,000 feet above the level of the equatorial seas. The same appears to be the case in the United Stales — t:,e pota- toes of Maine greatly (xcelling those of the middle or sontharn stBte in quality and flavor, and thij average crops are much more abundant. ITALIAN RYE-GRAS3. In the Grand Duichy of Mecklenburg, the Italian ftye grass {Lotimn jicrcnne Halicvm pcristatvm. ) ig found to be far superior to, tmd much more produc- tive than, the English Rye-gross. Early in March it presents a rich, green, aud vigorous appearance. The stalks and leaves are soft and juicy, and it is fit to ba cut for hay early in June. The second crop produces a large quoutily of seed, if cut early in September; and the after growth yields plentiful and succulent pasturoge. The seed is smaller than that of the En? glish Rye-grass ; and when produced from the second crop, is generally very clear and pure. The Italian Rye-gresa would probably be valuable for forage, in northern districts, as it is sufticienily hardy to stand the winter. For soiling cattle it is found to be partic- ularly valuable. HORSE CHESTNUT HEDGE. Weirael Hannock, of Moravia, recommends the Horse Chesnut, ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) as beat adapted tor forming a hedge impervious to men or animals. The seeds, when gathered, are spread out in a dry ar.d airy chamber for a few weeks. They ere then planted in a shallow trench formed by a hoo or B plough, dropping them four or five inches apart in the row, and covered with earth. The young plants will appear about the close of the ensuing April, and should be kept well weeded. In the spring of the third year, before the sap begins to flow, the stems are bent eccrosa each other so as to form a kind of wickerwork, and bound firmly together at the crossings by means of willow tv.'igs, or boss. If this be well lione, the trees unite permanently at those points, forming a lasting and impenetrable fence. By prop. r care in the subsequent pruning of the hedge, denseness can be greatly promoted, and a neat and haiidsome appearance imparted to it. On Animal Itlaunres. (Transltttcii from the German.) The bones of different species of animois differ much as to their component parts, and therefore ore not of the same value. As far i.8 nitrogen ie concern- ed, ihe bones of cattle arc the best, whilst those of horses and sheep are preferable on occount of the greater amount of phosphate. Those whe use bones 08 monure should bear that in mind. As far as the use of bones for manure is concerned, it is requisite that (bey should be pr^vii iiely reduced il devoid of humus, it is always best to mix it with unius earth and to throw them into a hole. This lixture being kept wet will become rotten, mnch urnate of ammonia will be formed, and ii may then s used as a top-dressing, or be harrowed in with the •!ed. Bone-dust will become equally efiicient if pre- ioiisly put into a urine-tank and permitted to decay, 'be phosphate of lime will thus be decomposed by le carbonate of ammonia that arises from urine, the !SUU of which will be the generation of phosphate of mmonia and carbonate of line. The former salt is ery soluble in water, and will therefore — even if there B but little humic acid in the soil — easily provide ..ants with the necessary amount of phosphorus, as ell as nitrogen- Experiments which I have made ith the phosphate of ammonia have shown that it is ;ry beneficial to plants. It has been also recom- endcd, when bones have been merely crushed, to IX them with quicklime in a ditch, and to let them ■1 there ; but this process is bad. The consequence it is, that the whole of the ammonia developed am the cartilage will escape as gas. Equally objec- onable is the plan of packing bone-dust in heaps he- re using it, welting it, and letting it rot in that state ; :cauae, in this instance also, the ammonia will as' :uic the form of gaa. If, on the contrary, as shown lOve, humous earth is mixed with the bone dust, all e ammonia will be fixe. I by humic acid. If the • nca contain much fat, a sort of amraoniacal soap, sily soluble in water, will be produced. Those ■gi.ubles will be most advanced by manuring with ■ ae dust in which much nitrogen, phosphorus, and iloriae are to be met svith, to which class belong all rt3 of cabbages and turnips, wheat, trefoil, beans, ;as, nnd vetches. Used on meadows, bone-dust ings up different species of trefoil and retches, and the same time generates a rich herbage, much rel- lied by cattle. It has been objected to bone manure, at it brings to the land worms and insects which de- my the crops ; but this will not be the cose if the me Jiiat has been previously mixed with humus rih, and is thoroughly rotted ; because, in that case, e cartilage, which attracts the worms and insects is (Loinposed. To lighten a clayey soil by coarsely ushed bones, as some have suggested, is, at the high Iiee of bones, quite out of the question on account ' the expense. — Farmers' Journal, Eng. Goor> Reason. — A secretary of state being asked / an intimate friend why he did not promote merit, n\y replied, " Because merit did not promote me." Btdge i-ersas Tint Drill. To Md Editor of the DoncasUr Gazette : Having hcttrd vnrions discuss ons on the relative merits of ridging rrnd tlat drilling white turnips, I re solved this year to bring the matter to the prool, by trying the e.\periiiieiit in two or three fields. 1 tried ill one iiiaiaucc lint drilling on land whii h had laid a fortnight, ngninst ridgingand drilling on fresh m»uld ; the fiat 1(5 inches apart; the dulled or ti;lyed U7 in. apart. They were both carefully hoed and singled ; but the flats yellowed very early and stopped growing; whilst the ridged luxuriated in ilicirniopie npnce, nnd grew to an iincoinnion size: the difference in the weight of crop per acre is to the amount of some tons. Adjoining these I ploughed down manure, and drilled on the fint, but tlicy scarcely did better than the other, though they had all ihc same top dressing ; whilst the ridged ones, immediately eoniigiious, with the same quantity of manure, did exceedingly well. A few further observations I made on these cxpori- menia may not be without interest ; we took n few loads of dung, or rather litter, fresh from the fold, the exact eoil that modern science so greatly approves, hot the turnips rejected the new fashioned views, and grev/ both sulkily nnd tardily ; indeed the difteience was astonishing between this nnd Christmas-led and once- tumid manure. In the same field some were not rolled, -ome done with a wooden roller, and some with a heavy stone one, ncroes. The effect on the turnips waa i-Iigiit. Um on the weeds important : for, j«6t according to luc tvtiglit of the rcller, had the weeds been repressed in their growth. S'jould these observations be worthy a place in the Gazette, you will, by their insertion, greatly oblige yours, &c. AN I LONIAN. p. S. — I venture an neeumption for the purpotc of eliciting remnrks from some of your numerous read- ers, that fold manure acquires more vegetative quali- ties during the process of fermentation than it loses by the escape of ammonia. From the Albany Cidtitaior. Water Ijime"-Clsteriis. Charles Merriwetber, of Graysville, Ky., requests some " information as to the burning water or hydrau- lic lime, the best sand to mix with it, and the mode of making cisternB.'' Hydraulic lime is burned in the usual manner, but as it Will notsluke like common lime, it is ground to fit it for use. Hydraulic lime varies eo much in quality, that no general rule can be given as to the quantity of sand it will hear in making cement. — When good, thrie bushels of sand to one of lime, will be the proper qnoniiiy, although some use more sand. The sand should be sharp nnd clean. There should be no clay or loam among it ; since if these are present, the cement will not have the requisite hardness, or set quickly. The best method of making cisterns, is to dig the excavations of the proper size and depth ; then make over the bottom a firm floor of stone, or brick laid in cement, (a single fiat stone like those used for paving, that will make an entire bottom, is the beat,) and on this foundation build the wall of stone or brick for the reservoir. Whnttver may be the material of the wall, it should receive one or two coats of cement on the inside, to insure its being v;a- ter tight. Some, in making cisterns, place the cement on the earth of the pit, using neither stone or bricks. Where the ground is very dry, and the sides can be made smooth, this method, where two or more cover- ings of cement arc used, may answer ; but in gener- al, the best way is to construct a wall as abeve direct- ed. The cistern when made must be covered so ne to be secure ngainet frust. In making the cement, it must not be wet up, or prepared, faster than it is wanted for use, ae lying for any considerable time spoils it. Vfe recognise below the hand of an old friend, whose authority is unquestionable. From the Jfete England Farmer. Seeding ou Green-sward Fnrrows. Mr. Tutsam — In your paper of the 31st of August, there is an inquiry, in what part of the State the ex- periment has been made of seeding on green-sward furrows, nnd how the farmers liked the practice. We are disposed to give " Essex" information concerning our experience nnd practice, without participating at all in the dispute whether this be old or new hue- band ry. Some twenty er twenty-five years since, tde writer was told that Mr. Z. Estis, of Hanover, practiced ploughing sward bound fields, manuring and seeding with grass, without any intervening crop. The first suggestion of such n course was sufTicicnt inducement to make nn experiment, as much fruitless labor nnd expense had been given in ntiempts to raise gram Clops on cold and clayey soils. Every experiment made has been attended with very satisfactory results. There is no loss ol ciop in the course, and yet most of the purposes of naked fallow are fully accomplish- ed. The gradual dissolving of the sod prevents the soil from falling into too compact a stale, (a common evil on low lauds ) and imparls nonrishment for many years to the new grara. We have a field which was pl.iughed and seeded in Auguei, 1325 ; it has not been very frequently or copiounly dressed with manure, nnd is still in better condition than mowing fields general- ly. Another field, seeded twelve yearp ago, and dress- ed once in two years, produced this year a very largo first crop nnd n second is now ready for mowing. — This practice is worthy of all commcndntion on land not suited to grain crops. Where Indian corn would be likely t3 grow well, we should think it a more eco- nomical and belter course to plow in the spring, ap- ply manure, plant with corn, cultivate with a level surface, and sow grass seed at the last hoeing. " Essex" seems disposed to blame farmers for neg- lect in communicating to the public, if the system concerning which he inquires, has been pursued " for a long course of years." Remissness in communica- tion is no doubt an easily besetting sin, nnd the writer will not deny that it sometimee lies at bis door ; but on this subject there is no conBcientiousncts of any improper reserve on his part ; all suitable occnsionB hnve been embrnced to direct the attention of farmers to a practice so intimately connected with their inter- ests nnd prosperity. All practicable publicity hat been given to views entertained on the subject. In nn account of the cultivation of the writer's farm, which was published in the N. E. Farmer, vol. z., page 360, this practice was mentioned as part of the system pursued. In the county of Plymouth, tha practice has not been extended proportionate to its utility ; but we have the satisfaction of teeing a good number of farmers every year adopting it, and where one experiment hcs been fairly made on a farm, an intelligent owner will be very certain to repeat it. M. ALLEN. Pembroke, Sept. '2d, 1842. ErieConuty Agricultural Society. The second fair this season, of this Society, wss held at Buffalo, Nov. 16th, for the exhibition of grain and root crops. The following are the awards of the viewing committee : ROOTS. Best one quarter acre carrots, 13!^ bushels to the acre, Manning Cnae, Blurk Rock, §3. Second best one quarter acre of carrots, 1040 bush- els to the acre, Abner Bryant, Black Bock — Diploma. Best one quarter acre ruta bags, 1000 bushels to the acre, Abner Bryant, Black Rock, $3. Best one quarter acre beets, 1280 bushels to tha acre, Abner Bryant, Black Rock, $2. JOHN WEBSTER, ) JOHN CARPENTER, > Committee. DAVID P. WHITE, ) GRAINS. Best acre corn, 57 bushels to tha acre, Thomas C. Love, Newstend, $4. Best ncre barley, 42 bushels to the acre, John Car- penter, WaleS) $3. Best acre oats, 67 bushels to the acre, John Web- ster, Hamburgh, $3. DISCRETIONARY PREMIUM. To Manning Case, Black Rock, one-haif ocre corn, 51 bushels to the acre — Diploma. A. CALLENDER, ) A. BRYANT, } Committee. WM. HODGE, Jr. ) The attendance was very small, owing probably to the bad state of the roads. There was no application tor the premiums on wheat, rye, buckwheat, pens, beans or potatoes. And on the articles to which pre- miums have been awarded, there was no competition. The samplescxhibitcd, however, were superior. WARREN BRYANT, Sec'y. The late Thunder Utorm. — A curious incident oc- curred in a crowd ; the finger of an individual sud- denly beenme light, nnd was conducted with electrical velocity into another person's pocket, when being at- tracted by the metnl, it struck upon the whole of il, and then glided off, so that the bolt which usually fol- lows was quite in another direction. — Punch. ii«i, ■iiiiir»a»M 182 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3. Mediterianeau Whtat. Mr. Colman — Prai'tical furmcrs have been sooflen ijnposed upon by Uumbugs, in tiie shape of new arti- cle* of agricultisra! produce brought to their notice through the columns of agricultural papers, that they have formed adistrust, and justly too, of all such com- raunications, eoprcially when they find at llic bottom, the very disinterested offerof " only a small quantity," for sale at the moderate rate of four times the market price of the sane article. And I will take the liberty to add, that the publication of such cummuuications, and particularly when upon trial they prove to be sheer impositions, tends greatly to lessen the character and influence — yes, and the circulation and pcrufal «f agri- cultural periodicals, and forms one of the chief argu- ments brought up against what is oallcd " book farm- ing." I am led to these remarks by reading in your truly welcome Genesee Farmer for September, the article headed " Mediterranean Wheat," from the Hon. H. L. Ellsworth, the very worthy Commissioner of Patents at Washington City. As ojie humlile individual practically engaged in fanning, I have much admired the indefatigable exer- tions of that gentleman to promote the agricultural in- terests of our country, and I doubt not, I shall be join- ed by the mass of tarmers throughout the Union, while I most heartily tender him my thanks therefor. I hope and trust that his great zeal and devotedness in the cause, may not get the better of his judgment, and leald him into crro.s or statements, the publication of which he may at some fbture time regret. The new variety of wheat Which is now brought to the notice of the wheat growers of Western New . York, is recommended as being " proof against the fly and almost proof against rust." Mr. Smith gives us no reason why the tly does not attack the Mediterra- nean Wheat, — indeed he says frankly, that no expla- nation raji bo given, — but he knows it is so and that is enough. 1 regret this, for I should be pleased to sec how he would set himself to work to account for it. Iv'ow, sir, such an argument, or rather, such a state- ment, has no weight with me, and I doubt whether many AVcstern New Yorkers will be found willing to pay two or three dollars per bushel for his wheat upon such a recom iiendatlon. They know too well, that Mr. Fly is not adiscriminating gentleman, but will at- tack the wheat plant without regard to varieties or high sounding names, — or whether it be " far fetched and dear bought," or the humble production of our own soil. In the other recommendation, its being "uhioil proof against rust," there is somewhat of plausibiliiy, if this wheat does certainly riiwn ten or twelve days earlier than any other variety. The yielding qualities of this wheat, the most im- portant item with the wheat grower, are etat«d only by guess-work. Mr. Smith says he has cultivated it after corn and potatoes, and that after the potatoes he thinks yielded full 30 bushels per acre,— but does not even guets at the yield after the corn. If he wishes the farmers of Western New York to purchase his wheat at an exhorbitant price, why did he not measure his ground and his crop, and state the ex- act result 1 Why did he not state the kind and quali- ty of soil — the course of cultivation — the time of seed- ing— and the time of harvesting 1 J. HORSEFIELD. Castile, Wyoming Co., N. Y. In the main, we perfectly accord with our friend Ho:sefield, but we think we should not let his commu- nication go without some qualification. In respect to editorial responsibility perhaps he demands too much of U3. What we publi-h under our own name or au- thority, we are entirely responsible for. What we publish, though it may be mere hearsay, in a style Oi er.comi^taenl »nJ in » way to iraply thut w» credit it. we are to a degree responsible for, at least so far as our character for good judgement is concerns}. But what we |.ublisli under another man's name, he and not we arc wholly answoruble lur. Mr. Smith and Mr. Pow- ell are responsil.le fir llie statements to which their names arc attaclicd. Wo Confess ourfchcs incredu- lous in rt'gard to the peculiar properties of the wheat recommended, because, first, the statement seems im- probable; nest, because no reason, it is admitted, can be given why this wheat should not be as subject to the fly and the rust as other; i.nA third, because we do not know personally either of the gentlemen mentioned and the oft'er to supply the seed, (though not as our friend suggests, at an exhorbitant price.) would lead to the inference that some self-interett was at the bottom of it. But we do not think the inference is a very strong one. Whwt it is every farmer can judge for himself; and a very small quantity of the wheat for trial, say half a bushel, would not be likely to involve a farmer ii. iijiy ruinous risk. W« think it clearly worth the trial. As to Mr. Ellsworth, h's disinterestedness in the case is beyond all <}uesticn ; and his zealous eflbrta for the agricultural improvement of the country, enti- tles liim to universal respect and gratitude. — Ed. moral and lutellectoal Culture. Having in my last communication, touched but sli^'htly on what I conceive to be the duties of mothers, I would now invite their attention ; incapable though I am, of doing justice to this subject, but the impor- tance attached to it, induces me to endeavor to arouse the slumbering mother, to engage in the cause of in- tellcctvial cultivation, and thereby pave the way for all the innocent pleasures and exalted enjoyments the im- mortal spirit of man was originally designed to delight in tind aspire to. The mother! how much is expressed in that one word. With it is associated all the most tender, re- fined and hojy feelings of our nature And who that reflects upon the station she occupies, can doubt that a vast accountability rests upon her. Mothers luive you pondered thi.^ responsibility 1 When Heaven placed in your pessession that infant form, think you not, no fearf d respnsibility arose from that relation 1 To sust:' in the situation which you occupy with inno- cence and a clear conscience, is a subject of infinite importance to yourself, to yourtiimily, and to the com- munity. Forityou must answer to God, who imposes the duty. Does the mother that feels her children a burthen, the cares and labor she must endure for their sake as grevious to be borne, does she fulfill the manifold du- ties Heaven demands of her 1 No \ with these senti- ments and feelings, it is impossible. There is no one thing, in my opinion, in which there is so much wrong, so much contrary to what it sholdd be, as the princi- ples ajid feelings imbibed by mothers toward their chil- dren. I have seen many a mother that appeared to feel justified in considering a family ofchildren a curse. And why? Because such mothers do not study into the designs anJ intentions of the Almighty, in insti- tuting the dear and near relation of tire mother to her child. Thty seem not to discern the wisdom and good- ness of God — the unbounded mercies and blessings of Heaven, when mingled with the bitter pangs of l>odi- ly anguish and mental suflcring. Yet the deep foun- tain of a mother's love will gush fortli in constant anx- iety, care and labor, in a sacrifice of almost every ease and comfort .or their children. Tliis shows plainly and conclusively, that the mother possesses within her own breast, a faithful monitor, which, if adhered to, would direct her not only to provide for their physical wants, but to labor more earnestly and abundantly for their progress in morals, in religion, in that which sers-es to enlarge the affections for the good and just, and enlighten the mind with the beams of nature's Uwe and 3piritu&I wis-ioa In that receptacle of anxious caie and self denial, of affection and tenderness in a mother's heart, thcpe should also reigh high moral principle, self- acquaint- ance and self-coi.lrol, and with these a consecration of ali el.se, to the laws and roijuircijients of the gotpe!. In a family little can be effected in the cause of mental improvement, unless the parents act in concert. Take a wife that is fretful, worldly and selfish, and you will soon perceive that alltliccfforts of the husband are rendered abortive. And also, if a wife be ever so intelligent and active, if she has a husband whose soul never breathed one aspiration or desire fur any greater ' good or • better knowledge than wealth can bestow, how littlccan she accomplish. But even then I would s^yi 'ry. Never despair of good. Perhaps the hus- band or the wife n;!uht be induced to overcome the ■ wrong sentiments they have cherished, if they should . behold in their companion an example of sttady de- votion to the intellectual and moral iii'.provcmcnt of their children and family. I am well aware, that farmers wives have much to engross their atlcnlion in their business ; and a great amount of care and labor to endure. But the r.ext question is, are they obliged to subje-t themselves to • such hard duty. The great difficulty is, that molliers allot to themselves far uiori;! labor than they ought to undertake. You task yourselves, in my opiiiimi, far beyond your duty; the physical powers to much, the mental too little. It is not uncommon to see a farmcr'a wife do her kitchen work, washing, ironing, baking,., cleaning, &c., the knitting, sewing, spinning antl . weaving lor the family, with the assistance jxrhaps of a few weeks labor, or soir.c little help. And this, very probably, by one who is abundantly able to aflbrd herself leisure for meditation and reading, for attention to her children; in a word, to intellectual cultivation.-' But no ! they do not possen.'; all the world yet, and until *, they do, she must toil and labor as unceasingly as if. her clnldren were starving for a morsel of bread. Is this right ■? Is it doing justice to yourself and your fam- ily? Is it fulfilling your duty (o Godl Herculean strength could scarr^ely endure it. The most healthy ■ and robust feel that they are old whUc yet young, when . sulijected, year after year, to .so much excessive fatigue ' and lawr. And the half of the difficulty lies not here. Its greatest evil exists in the prostration it affects on the intellectual powers, and religious and moral princi- ples of the heart. One of ihe fundamental principles in the aciencc of phrenology is, (hat the organs that arc most exercised will devclope the most largely, and thereby become the moving springs to action, the moat likely to control the whole tenor of our fives ; while the neglected faculties, or organs, will perish and de- crease, until they are scarcely perceptible. Kov» whether llus science is real or imaginative, as some suppose, 1 will not attempt to discuss. But I do know, from my own experience and observation, that any of the pa."^sions, will, by frequent indulgence, become habitual; and what becomes a seated habit cannot be overcome, without a powerful and persevering effort of the mind. And I also know, that if through careless- ness or indilferencc, we neglect to cherish the tender and benevolent sentiments of the heart, we become cold and selfish ; our indifference increases until it be- comes a seated principle of the mind and a striking characteristic of the person. I have but just broached the subject, and leave it with regret for the present. FLORA. . A Sign nf Better Times. — Mr. Jonathan Wilson, of Shorebuni, Vt., lately received two hundred dol- lars of Solomon W. Jewett, Esq., of Weybridge, for a Pauler Merjno Buck. Herbs for drying or for distilling should be cut be- fore tbeir flowers expand, and the former laid thinlf in a aliody place. Pedantry, soya Coleridge, consists in the use ntt waijiunjuitsbletothc time, place, snd company. .I ^fo. 12. <'Biiic faniiint; community; Iml wc do not mean to admit its claims to the prejudice of other important matters, and will nut permit it to as- siinie a partizan character. For oursclve?, we think tie root of the \Vholo ma'.ter lii-s niueh deeper than cither of our eorrespndents have yet reached. The common argumcnLs, pro and eon, are quite hacknied ; Rnd \vc wish thoy would go into deeper water--, or rath- er look at it from a higher eminence, far above all the smoke and dust of party conflict. — En. The riirifl--iu Reply to 8. W. Mk. CoLMiS — Your fluent correspondejit S. W. is fc constantly dabWing with the tarilT, and is so cour- teous towards Johw Farmer for not thinking as he does, that I am eompeled to suspect th;\t he is deter- mined to make the columns of the Fanner subservi- ent to his political views, and is so anxious to confute his antagonist that he some times forgets hi?nself I will take the frceiloni to notice a few of his state- ra.^nts in answer to John Farmer. Ho says "had he i(John} been as well informed on the subject of our national tarifl" as he is refined and witty, he would have known tLat the high tu-iJs of 1828 and 1833 did not receive even a majority of tlie votes of the New England States." Now if S. W. had not been so anxious to expose John's ignorance, he would not have made such a blunder as to dass the tarilT of 1833 with that of 18-3-8, as a high protective tariff. So far from that of 1833 being a highly protective tariff, it wa aH abandonment of the fi-etcc^ivo system and a repeal of the tarilT of 18-28. This has been one of the prin- cipal causes of paralizing our industry and bringing the country into its present state of stagnation, de- pression and embarrassmcK't. It is ttxie, as S. W. states, that the tariff of 1833 did not receive even a majority of the votes of the New England States, for the six states had 39 votes in the House of Represen- tatives, of which there were only ten in favcr of the bill, viz: G from .Maine and 4 from New Hampsliire; one from New Hampshire being absent. The remain- ing 28 votod against the bill. Now if this strong vote ef 23 to 10 against the abandonment of the protective systesn and against the ropcal of the tariff, is a proof that the New England States are not in favor of a protective tariff, S. W. has a strong evidence of the le can no longer sustain life under its oppressive bur- den? Do not the starving inilliojis attribute our prosiierity to the practice of I'rce Trade by our Government 1 Shall wc disappoint them by our example and deprive them of every hopel Shall we return to a system of taxation that is the cause of the premature death of 20,000 human beings annually 1 and that too on one small island of our own kindred blood ? But admit for argument that the retaliating system would bring England (o o^ir terms of reciprosity, what would be the effect uiKin the price of Bread stuffs'? would the price here materially advance ? would we . not then come in competition with wheat from the Baltic, from Russia, Germaiiy, Poland, and all other grain growing countries, and that too where labor is cheaper than with us, and even less than it is in Eng- land ] How can we then compete with either of those Nations in a foreign market, under any system of high prices ? I take the position that American labor must abso- lutely come in competitiozi with that of Europe, unless we adopt the Chinese policy, and destroy all commerce and live entirely within outselves, (a system whol^ impracticable to adopt in this enlightened age). What are v.e to understand by commerce ; is it not an intercourse of trade and an exchange of products or manufactures between the several nations of the Globe ? and how can wc exchange our products and manufactures fordyestulTs, hides, or West In'Iia goods, with Spain, Mexico, or the South American States, without meeting England and all other commercial nations in competition for the same trade? And hovT can wc €-ch»rige pr..Juct3 with P.ijssia, France of 184 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, Vol. 3 Germany, but what we meet England there in compe- ilion for the same trade. It" we go to Africa, we there find them, or to the " utt =rmos' parts of the earth, t'.icy ar.; there also." If we levy a duty to protect our own manufactures, the prices are raised in our own market, (as I think. I have clearly shown) they can then compete vfith us, and if we prohibit them altogether they will smuggle their good among us, and if they dare, they would Uglit us Tnto the b.irgain, as th^y have China, if wc detected them in the act. I confess that at the first view it appears inconsistent t'lat we should ad;i.it the produds of England on bet- ter terms than ihey admit ours; but shall we injure ourselves in order to retaliate against them f Shall wc, because England opprFsses the bulk of her population by excessive taxes on theif bread, make the majority of our citizens pay excessive taxes on their manufactured goods? and is it a good and suflicient reason for so do- ing 1 I think not. Why is it that England takes the lajided interest into such special favor byway of pro- tection 1 It is because the monied men— tlic Lords andNoblis have monopolised all the lend of the King- dom, and they frame all the laws to advance their own interest and force their hard earnings frum the mass of the people. The English natirtn possess much greater- natural advantages for manufacturing than for agriculture, on tlie account of a dense population and their limited tcrrilory at ho:ne, wliich is easily monopolized ; conse- quently the mass of the people m-Jst necessarily be en- gaged in manufacturing The law makers, therefore, ill order to carry on their extensive wars and support a spl-ndid gov-nimsnt, have made the manufacturer bear the brunt of taxation, on the ground that these indi- viduals, possessing natural advantages for producing wealth, can bear more taxation end sustain life, than individuals who do not possess those advantages. Mjiiroe, Mkh., 1»43. J. 3. DUTTON. Protective Taiiir.--Ko. 4. The Wool Growers, more than any class of farmers, Bcom to favor the Protective Policy. Do Ihcy think that an advance of 10 or 20 per cent, to the present duty on woolens, would ensure them for all time to come, the same increased ratio of prices 1 If they do, they are greatly mistaken. Do the manufacturers go for the same duty on the " raw material 1" and if they did, competition at home would soon reduce the price of wool to the old standard, if not beloW it; and at present prices, I predict that Michigan will, in ten years from this lime, turn out a greater surplus than any other state in the union does at present. Wheat and Wool are to be the great staples of the Blitc; we have done with producing pork, beef and coarse grain, at a loss of .50 or 75 per cent, en first cost, as at present prices. While on this subject, Iwoi'ld ask what is the cause of the present low prices of those articles, if it is not on account of over-production, or too great a surplus and no foreign market, at a price that wiU pay us the first cost. Now suppose that the tariff is increased on wool as well as woolen, the prices of wool would be raised, and all the farmers in the Union turn their at- tention (as they undoubtedly would) to the production of that article, how long would it bo before the market would be glutted, (the same as with porlc at present)"! Would not prices then be brought back again, if per- haps not below the present standard 1 Would you not then have just cause to call on Government for an additional Tariff; more c-specially as they had stimula- ted you to invest your whole capital in tlie production of that article, at high prices, and would they not be bounil again to throw around you the mantle of pro- tection, by way of a bounty or otherwise to be again followed by over production, fall of prices, and then an other e.ill for increase of protection % I have been told that the manufacturers purchase wool in a foreign market say at 3-1 cents per pound, and then fill it with 2 lbs. of sand to one of wool, or saturate it with some substance which costs nothing and is carily separated or cleansed, until it brings the first cost of the wool down to 8 cents per pound, or below, and then it is to b(! admitted into our country free of duty. On its arrival here they open the bales and shake out the sand, or cleanse it in some other, and they then have a fine article free of duly, worth 50 cents per pound in our market. I do not pretend possititely to vouch for the truth of the charge, although to me it seems not improbable. But the cry is, give us high prices or we perish. This I admit is a debatable question, and one that ought to be well understood by the great mass of pro- ducers ; but to my mSnd, a system of high prices is un- tavorablc to the prosperity of this great nation. I wish to he understood, so here I assert, tliat a general system of low prices is belter for th laborer, the farmer, the mechanic, i>.nd manufacturer, (that is, that an absolute specie standard is belter than a ficti- tious paper credit,) and that it is better that improved farms should be worth twenty dollars per acre, and labor ten dollars per month, and whe.it six or seven shillings per bushel, and manufactured goods and every tiling else in proiwrlion ; than it is to have all things twice or three times higher, because at the low scale of prices we might export a surplus to foreign countries, and at the higher rates, toreign countries would under- sell us. In short, special legislation of any kind, that has a tendency to raise up prices and establish a fictitious value upon property, whether by a protective tariff as a general policy, pr a credit currency or any other mo- nopoly, t'raud or fiction, is decidedly injurious to the productive classes, and the best interests of this coun- try. I am satisfied that the tendency of this nation is to purchase all the goods wc are able to pay for under any circumstances, and when we imagmo ourselves wealthy from either of the above causes, we purchase more goods than we are able to pay for, and instead of getting rich, we become miserably poor by the opera- tion. The high priced, high tariff advoeates will now ask ; would you reduce us to the condition of the Russian serf, or the English weaver, and in what is our ccndi- lion better than theirs, unless we obtain higher prices for labor than they do 1 I answer tliat labor is best paid when it will obtain the greatest amount of the necessaries or luxuries of life for a given service performed ; that it is the relative and not the nominal prices of labor and necessaries that determines when labor receives a ju.st reward; and you cannot reduce the producers of America to the condition of the operatives of IVIanchester and Birmingham, until our Government, under the specious pretence of '-protecting our industry," taxes us enor- mously, by way of a Tarilf, on all the imp^jrts we cat, drink or wear, and allows a bounty on a portion of our exports to some favored class ; taxes us for the glass in our windows, and for every thing under Heaven, and then in addition, takes one tenth of all the pro- ducts for the support of one estabhshcd church. In .short, when our Government adop's the whole system of Brittish " protection," of which ours is a faithful copy, all except the "eliding scale,' then and not till then, will the producers of America be brought to the s-imc condition of the producers of England, the operatives of Manchester and Birmingham, and then we may perhaps boast of a splendid governmen.t and sing America " rules the waves," and dictate to the nations of the earth, with death and starvation staring us in the face to the extent of -20 thousand human beings annually. J. S. DUTTON. Monroe, Mich., 1842. AGRICULTURE OF ONTARIO COUNTY. The present condition of agriculture in this county generally, us well as in this immediate portion of it, may be called good. The soil of Ontario is rich, but in different sections it presents every variety of loamy, elnyey, sandy, and '.he various degrees of admixture of these. The aspect of the coaniry ia ngreeably undulating nnd picturesque. The principal product of the coun- ty, since its first aetllemeni, has been wheat. The coarser grains are euhivated, bnl mostly for domestic consumption. Wool has become within twenty years, on inipor- innt product of our fiirms. The town of Richmond had, at the recent census, about 28,000 sheep, chiefly Merino and Snson, and these nii.ted upon the com- mon stock. Some, but not much attention has been paid tu the Bakeweli, South Down and larger breeds of English sheep. Oursheep husbandry would doubt- less bo improved by increased attention to rootjcul. tnro, beets, ruia baga, &e. Out wheal is sold to the merchant millers of the neighborhood, whence the flour is mosi!y sent, by the way of the Erie canal to New Y"rk and Boston. A portion of it, however, finds iis way to the Conada market. Our wool is generally sold nt home, to purchasers for the eostern manufacturers. Of catilo for milkers and beef, the short horned Durham is the favorite breed. For working oxen, the Devonshire iaelill the b.iai. Ofswine, the Berk' shire is, at present, the fuvorile. Much pork, since the icmpcraiice cause bos been in the atcendaiit, has been fouened on apples. For a niin.ber of years, I have fed ray hogs but about a fortnight on Indian corn, after taking them from the orchard ; and have thus made excellent and profilable pork. Good horses are raised in this county ; but the present race are on ad- mixture ot almost nil varieties of breeds. The diilcrem oaks, hickories, block walnut, butter' nut, elms, maples nnd beech are the prevalent timber of this neighborhood. The value of farms may be said to range from $35 to $.50 the acre, according to thesiiuation, quolity of soil, buildings, &c. &c. Occasionally, farms are sold at higher prices. Clover, timothy and redlop, are the grasEcs most cultivated nnd moat profitable fur pastures and mead- 0«8. To the question— " n-hat Bgriciiluirnl changes aro requisite to advance the prosperity of the country 1" Ii may be answered, the extended introduction of iho silk culture would probsbly be one of those changes. Our farmers are industrious, enterprising and tract- able: ready to adopt, and give fair trial to any im- proveinent in the science of agriculture, to test new implements nnd machinery, and need nothing to ad- vance theirprosperity, but wholesome nnd steady laws of protection to Ameiican industry. ITrans. N. Y. State Ag. Soc. Rust in Wheat. W« ex-.rnct the following from the American Farm- er of recent diUe. It certainly deserves ntteniion, and we commend it lo the consideration of intelligent nnd observing persons. The advice in regard to ear ly cutting is to be received with some caution. We approve of early cutting, but in one case we know that we cut too eariy ; and ihercfora feel that this danger is to he guarded against. We remarked on the error committed by many formers in this matter in our last number. — Ed. Hence, then, we infer, that plethora, or over ful- nesein the supply of sop, (arising either out of the pe- culiarly favorable condition of the almcsphore, whose phenomena v.-e have described, or an over rich soil) is the cause of ibo disease, and in this we are borne out ' by two eminent ngrtcnlturisls, whoie essays w-e have No. Id. AND GARDEiNEK'S JOURNAL. 185 alreuJy publisUei'., but ehall Ii..: .- iX-.iuci a BeiUcino or two from each, by way ol' eirengtliening our poei. tion : Wm. 31. Peyton, Esq., after enumerating scvcrnl BS9igned cnuses, snys : " But if on lbs L-ontrory, it resulta from Plethora, induced by excessive vegeiQiion, llien 1 nm learful it 13 an evil beyond remedy." " That the List is the true cimrncter o( the disease I Qni convinced, tliougU 1 express llie opinion wiin some diffidence, ns 1 kt.ow it is opposed to ilie viewa of ninny agricultural writers of distinguished repu- to'.ion. »»•••♦ • "1 have heretofore supposed that the exudntiou proceeded from tUo bursting of the minute surfncc vessels, whose rupture not being visible to the linked eye, had discredited the theory which taught the exis- tence of what could nol be seen. But in a conversa- tion a few dayssiiwo with a sensible and observing farmer of a neig':b»iring county, ho told mc that the ruptures were distinctly visible, when the rust was re- moved with care. On the same day he illustrated the correctness of his statement by producing several stalks of rusted wheat, upon which longi:udinal nip- turcE were very distinct under every blotch of rust ex amined. C G. Green, E^q., the President of the New Jer. soy Agricultural S.^cicly, in his loie repoit, gives the following cases, tending ta the same point us the one given above : " One rf our far.mers had an extraordinary piece of wheat, which he thought out o( danger, it was bo nearly ripe. On a very hot day, between the hours oi one and three o'clock, there came a small cloud over, wio'ch eompletcly drenched the field of wheat. A deathlike stillness encceedod ; the cloud passed away ; (be eun shone extensively hot. The owner in tnis state of the case, went to exsmine the wheat, as it was much pressed doimby the shower; he imme- diately observed a continual ticking, or snapping noise in every direction in the wheat. The straw was line and bright, but upon examination he perceived it bursting in short shta of a fourth of an inch long, and the sap exuding in thousands of places. A say or two after, the whole Held was darkened with rust and the wheat of little value. It does nol oppeai that these circumstances take place while the wheat is growing, but only at the ciitical stale of ripening. On my neighbor White's farm some years since, was one of the heaviest pieces of wheal straw I ever Eaw, remarknbij- line, and nearly ripe. I bad also a good piece advancing fast to maturity ; on a close warm morning, a small eland of fug arose from the meadow and gradually covered the two fields, bet was nol a general fog ; being very still, it remained hov- ering over the fields until the hot sun di.ssipaled the vipor. Being a'_-4uainied with the above icase, 1 was alarmed for the wheat and watched ovsr it wiili deep interest. When the sun had somewhat dried the straw, and warmed it, the straw began to burst with a continual ticking noise, the sap exuding at all these little split". In a day or two the fields were black with rust expepi some small spots, which are v.'orthy of notice. .\n acre or two of mine was so nearly ripe that the wheat was tolerably good, and the rust on the spot of a reddish broA-n. In iVlr. White's field there were sniic trees wh.cli kept the intense heat of the sun from the straw ; tticre was tolerable wheat, also. The rest of the fields would scarcely pay for gathering and thrashing. iV question of importance arose in tliose two cases. AVasthis injurya fungus, the very fine scedsof which float about and attach themselves to the straw, as some of our learned agricultural writers tell ue, or is it the sap of the straw that ran out and was dried on the straw, and was .'■cildishor black according to its state ot ripeness or fulness of sap \ Your comniiit-e are decidedly of the opinion that the sap being Inst at this critical time of ripening is the true cause of the shrinking of the grain." It must, we think, strike the reader very obviously, that the rust is not occasioned by parasitical plants, or iungtis ; that if the discolored matter on the e-tternal surface of the wheat plants be, or present the appear- ance of, parasitical plants, that it is produced by the rapture of the overcharged vessels of ihe plants, and is in fact osydiz'jd sap which had thus escaped and formed a species of paste or jelly on the outside. Wc d.> ml pretend to deny that in the interval between the exudation and the drying of the sap, that living fungus bodies had not t.ikr-n up iheir abode therein, for such is one of the consequences of pntrefaction — it is suiB lent for us, to endeavor to show that the bursting of the vessels of the wheat plant, is the cause ot the rust. it may now be cekcd, are there any preventive means to be used ? Wc answer that wo ,L.iiik then arc^aiid amon:^ tliciii these : 1. Deep Pluvgliivg. By this, the roots vill be peniiiited to extend themselves so deep as to be with, out the immediate range of sudden atmospheric action — all fermentable niauuie, apidicd to previous crops, will also be deposited too deep to do harm lioin similar causes. 2. Application of saline manures, ns lime, marl, plaster, salt, &<:., and the avoidance olall u.~o of any strong manures, which are liable to active fcrnicnta. tion. 3. Any soil whereon wheal is grown-^if not nat- urally dry, to be made ho by draining 4. Increased quantity of seed to be sown. 5. Earlier sowini;, so as to enable the wheat to ripen at lead two weeks earlier than at present, and thus avoid the evil cll'ects of the unfavorable weather which prevails at the particular period on which its ripening is now tliriiwn. 0. Sowing an earlier vnriely of wheat, with the objects above stated in view. 7. Rolling the ground immediately after plough- ing in the seed in the fall, and again in the spring. Thus far of preventive means, now a word or two about remedial ones, sh 'Uld the &bove fail to keep off the rust. If after using the precautionary means recommend. ed above, your wheat should become rusted, cut it as soon as the grains may be ihoroutihly formed ; never niiud if they should be still in the milk, they will get nourishment enough from the stalk to ripen them. By cutting before the straw is literally destroyed, yon not only save the straw, but v/iU get more grain, and bet- ter flour than if you wait for it to mature standing in the field tn rusted stalks. SOILS, We eilract the foUowing simple account of soils from a recent Farmers' Journal, Eng. Mr. W. M. Ciiatterlcy delivered hie eleventh lec- ture at Hiivenng Uower, near Kuinford, on Monday, October 3d, on Soii-s. Soils may readily be supposed to partake of the geo- logical character of the formation on which they rest, and such in truth is the case. The time to which the present lectures were limited would not permit the subject of geology, even the geology of Britain, to be discussed ; it would, therefore, be euflicietil lor the purpose 10 state that the three moat generally diffused minerals, viz., clay, li)»csto7'.c umisanJ, were all ne- cessary constuueutsof a fertile soil, but that the pro- portions in which they occurred in differcnl soils va- ried, and that too in accordance with the geological character of the subsoil. As cither clmj, lime or sund was the piednminant ingredient, soils wtru classifit-d accordingly into olumnious, calcareous or siliceous soils. Either of these earths alone form a barren soil: and, as ench may be in greater proportion, it imparts to the soil its peculiar character ; s-iffncss, attraction and letentiou of moisture, hardening into a brick-like conoistcnce, and cracking during dry weather, the characteristics of soils on the clay; great friability, speedy fiitratien of water, and general dryness, are the opposite characteii^tics of sandy soils, plain y in- dicating their mutual admixture as a meansof lenie- dyiiig some of the defects of cither ; the rubbly or m,irly character of calcareous soils, allows of speedy tittration, and causes too great dryiie.=s, indicating the benefits to he derived linm the addition cf either clay or sauii. An excess of sand is much less injurious than an excess uf clay ; indeed, all the most fertile soils ontain a larger proportion of sand than any oth- er mineral ingredient. Tiie different natural mix- tures of these earths iiave given rise to the diflerent terms by which peculiar soils are distinguished, as loams where clay and sand form the chief eoustitu e!its,or?narZs, where clay and limestones mcst abound. The purest clay toils, hosveycr, do not contain less than 60 percent, of silica, while many siliceous soils contain from 90 to 95 per cent of sand. Vegetable matter in soils is also necessary to their fertility ; and the varying quantity of this niaierial, from ncont 10, os in garden mould, to 70 per cent., as in peats, gives to these soils the churacierislic whence tbey derive their names But, as has been said before, neither the purer forms of clay, sand, or limestone alone form fertile soils, but the contrary ; so it is to a yiro^Dc;' admixture ol these that we must look for iha tittest condition of a soil. It generally happens most happily that sand, clay, or lime are found within reach of one another, and read)' to be used miituolly for the amelioration of the soils, in which they hurtfnliy piedominate ; and it should be reinernbered that such amerdtnert is permniifnt. The rthcr c";i5';'ii, .u;- f feitilo s-i::,- nr- vmi.-iis ; hut, in order Unit tbey shonhl retain ilieif feriil.iy, they must constantly contain the alkalies, putssb oiid soda, and lbs alkaline earth mngnceiii, with the siiU pluiric, muriatic, and phosphoric ncidg, tlir peroxides of iron and nianganiise — these suliGiaiiccs serving as tho food of plants, while tl'c sand, clay, and liniemonc Ibrm the body of the soil, amongst the pnrticlts of which the loots penetrate, and support the plants by their inechauie-al action. The chemical properties, however, of the ibrco chief constituents ol soils should be attentively con- sidered also, as tending to elucidate many anomalonn instances of unproductiveness in particular soils. The atiiaction of clay for water renders it highly useful in siliceous soiU, which hayo no such property ; its ad- hesiveness tends to hind together the loose foiling par- ticles ol the sand ; while these very propeniee, when inoxci-'s?, tend to render tho Boil unlruiilul, and are then to be remedied by nii,xturo with Baud or lime, lo increooo the friubjliiy end filtration, and thus, in cith- er cat", to permit the passage of air and ivater amongst the particles «f the soil in such a nianuer as to pre- serve a flue but ii..i(X'-essi\edegrec ol'nioistuie in the soil, BO that it is neither retained loo long, nor re- moyed mo sjon. These three, ihc chief constituents of the soil, though they may either of them be requi- site in 0 slight degree as the food of plants, are not to be considered in this lit^hl merely, hut rather as having for their chief uso the mechanical duty of af- fording support lor the roots of crops. The stale cf chemical combination, in which the vaiioua ingredients of Ihe soil are found, also innlrri- aliy influences its fertility, though such combination should differ somewhat for purtieiihir crops ; for in- stance, wneat requires that a portion of sdica should be in union with potash, and lor clover, that sulphur should exist in the soil in the condition i.f a s.iii b'e sulphate; should the soil, however, contnin sulphate of the protoxide of iron, as is the caseso.'uetiines in the London clay i,iul in peat soils, it is aliogcthrr in- jurious, and should immediately be cuiivcrted iiuo peroxide hy ex|iosuru to the atmosphere, by frequent and deep ploughing, harrowing, and disintegrating. iVluch practical matter, os to the mechanical action of the various farming operaiMus, and on the chenii. cal constituents of soils, wjs added, but it is to the chemist that the farmer must apply for a knowledge of the minor, but still, ilefiriences of his soil, and for the easiest and cheopesl mode of remedying them. There was no reason why a I'aimer should hot be ac- quainted with chemistry ; but if not so himself, there were many of the latter class who now were turning their attention to agriculture as connected with the science, and with whom there would be no difficulty for the farmer to put himfelf in communication. The proportions ol the chief constitiieuis of toil, best suited for oil crops, were ihen shown to be from 50 to 70 per cent, ol silica, from 20 to 40 of alumina, and from 10 toliOor calcareous matter. The mode of arriving at a proximsie determination of the relative qualities of each of them was ihfii shown. The q-.ianiiiy ol 7nuist7/re was found by diy- ing a given v.cight in an oven, and find ng the loi.a of weight ; the quantity of resctahlc matttr. ty beat- ing a given weight ol the dried toil to redness, and es- .tiniating the lose ; the quaniity d! soluble salts, by washing a given weight with water, filtering and evaporating the filiered liquor to dryness; the quan- tity of carbonic acid, by throwing a given weight of dry soil into a given weight of diluted hydrochloric acid, and estimating the less of weight after cfTcrveSr cencc bad ceased ; the quantity of livic, by filter. ng the solution in hydrochloric acidlhus made, and pie- cipitating by oxalate of ammonia ; the quantities of elau and sand, by rtpeatcfliy was-hing n given weight of the soil with water, and pouring oil' after alhiwing it to settle for a minute or two until the two were en- tirely separated, then drying and weighing tach. Tobacco. — So sensible is every brute creature of the poisonous and deleterious quality of this plant, that not one of all the various tribes of beasts, birds, or reptiles, has ever been known to taste of it. I' has been reserved to man alone to make of this poisonous plant an nrtie'e of daily titcesnily lor ihc gratification of his depraved appetite. — The Mirror, Sound mid Light — Sir John Hershell says that thunder can scarcely be heard more than 20 or 'M miles from the flash, but that lightning may be seen at a distance of 200 mileg. 186 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, ^OL. Fvom tUe . !aiisaclioi:s5 per ucre^ ^qphe Names of Pltints and Flowers. Itiapiopoeed to substiiute plain English for ibe do"-Utin terms at present applied to plants nnd flow- ers-annl-.einiiou which would, we think, be advan- tageous, and meet with general approval. Crablir, whom nothing was too minute to efcupe, hoe odraira- t>ly ridiculed this botanical pedantry : " High-sminding words our worthy gardener gels. And at bis club to wondering swnins repeote ; He there of Uliusund Rbndoilendron epenUs, And Allium cnlls his Oiuone nnd his Leeks. Nor weeds nre now ; from v.nence arose iheweed. Scarce plant--, fair herbs, nnd curious flowers proceed ; Where cuckoo pints nnd Dandelions sprung, (Gross -names had they our plainer sues among,) There Arums, tin re Leoiuoilous we view, And Arlemisia gio.v. wheie Wormwood grew 188 THE NEW GENESEE FARMER Voi T ri L iVJ c \ GARDENERS' JOURNAL. Vol, ?V, foi- 1813. Pub'iehed by C. F. Ckosm.in onJ E. SHKPAr.D, Ro- chester. Sixteen pages m'Uv.hly, cnlarijed niid improved ; price $1 per year. The characicr of the Genesee Fnrmer, h.ith old and (icw, has been well known, end iia nbiljtynnd noefulness universnlly npplnuded, Publielied in one of the best farming districts in the world, and in one of the finest and busiest cities of the grawuig west, the very home of nciive industry and inlelligenee, where information and mccb.in!cnl tulent of iho bith- eat order are concentrated. No pains will be spared to make it all that aneli a paper should be. ^t^^ Under pre.-sent arriuigoments, Mr. Ci)l'n3n is ex- pected to coniinni. in the ediiojial department fnr the first tliird of the year ; and whenevpr he rstires from its supervision, it will pass into ab'!e anrj competent bands, who will do justice to the paper and its subscri- bers. Mr. Colmon contemplatrs an agricultural Tour in Europe, and will bo a legnlar corrcepondenl of tho pripT through the year. Mr. Bateliam, .13 travelling agent and cr>rrespon- deni, designs to spend most of his time among the farmers, observing their condition, and operationp, and his contributions will be interesting and practical. The niimeriuis and aMe correspruidcnts of tlie N. G. Farmer, i: is expcctfd, will continue their valuable contributions. With these arrRngemenlp, the pro, priotora feel assured ilat the long iriod friends of the Ouna--ee Former will not desert the paper; liui will use ibeir influence to extend its ciruulnlion and use- fulness. If caih subscriber would ni lUe it an object to procure one other, be would render an ess^ential publiii beaeflt. The correspondence being extended t'lrnugliout the country, the paper will embracr the husbandry of the wliole ; of New Englind, the Cftn. a !aa, the Middle, the Suiiibern and Western State.'; and i* wdl eoniniunicate the fullest intelligence of the progress o( agriculture in the old world. Bdingcon- neoted with an exiensire Asriculiiiral Establiehnient for seeds and implements, under tiie inanngemcnt cif one of the Publishers, it will furnish inf)rma. tion of all improvrmenis in iheec departments. The proprietors will use their ui.mo.3t endeavors to con- centrate the bast talent in its management ; to have its mechanicnl execution i:nd appearance greatly im- proved, and to render it entirely wovtlif of the pat- ronage of practical and intelligent farmers. Six Copiss iHU bs fvrmshcdfoT ^5. TmrnEES CoPiEs/or 810. O.v TvvKNTY Copies and over, a discount of thirty per ant w.ll be iimde. Bills of alt spicie paying bunks iciil he taken lU par, E.litors who will giva this prospectus omc or ni.iie in- sertions, will be entitled to receive one volnnie of iby paper without un exchange. ^r l'aiT.M.iSTK:;s art; peni;ii;ed hy law to remit r^ncy free of postage. The frinnds of agrlculiura^ie re- epeotlV.lly requested to assist in obio'ning snbecribers, Baclt numbers or volumes can be furnichcd- Cownunicutious on Uueiuees or fir the paper, may be addressed to Cros n.in & S lepard, Rocliester. Wayne County AjrlciiUural So-iety. Prom some strange circumstance--, the fillowing er- rors occurred in the account nl this society in our last number, some of which wholly altor the meaning :-^ For 'eight month' read October. lOihline, for 'difloronci' jcad defe'eney. 4">1 linr, for 'balfbloic? ryad balf-b'jods. 5"2d line, for "and' rend are. 64-.h lin-, tor 'in' read f r. Last line, for 'J. J. T.' rsaJ N, B. T;-rr.pcim Afrrffnlfrvnl T..t!r aiKl Kurvev. S -vernl gentU-iiien, miercsted in the advancement f agricultural science and improtfi-rrient and r>f riiial diicalion, have pro|-.osed to Mr. tlciuy C'.lmnn, late Commissioner of .Agricultural .Survey of .Mas.sncbi:- -ett-, to visit Europe for these objects. The plan is him to spend a year in England in the examination of the Husbandry anil Rural Economy of that country, and a year on the Continent in the cx.iminntion of Fren..h, Flemish, Swiss ntid German Iftisbindry. and eepccially the Asricnltnrnl or Manual labor Schools and the c.\i)crimeiital Fariyit;. It is tliiiughi that such nn examination, as yet never un 'ertalten by an American, migbt, if w(dl conduct- ed essentially conduce to the advaU'^ement of agri- cultural luiowledge and improvement in this cnuntrv. •\nd especially serve the cause of rural and iiracticai education, which is now exciting great interest thro'- out the United fitr'es. The cenerni plan of the Survey will conform to M^. Co man's Survey of the Asriculture ol iMa,=Ea<,-husctfa. It is iir ■pos'-d to puWis'i \;\s reports in f ucccssive Noj. The first number is expected to appear by the first of January, 18-14. and oimner if piacticnble. The rest of the nmnhprs will follow in convenient succession nt iHtcr\a!8r.f two or three inonlbs- The whnlewoik wdl be comprised in eiabt, or at most ten, nunibars of at lca«t JOO pn2e.s each, hand- somely printed in an oeiavo form, stitched and cover ed, and etnbellisheJ with necessary and useful draw- inBc and engravinss, title pages and indi-x. The ci?t wi'l he SO cents each numher lo subscri- bers. Gentlemen who sub-'cr-bo are understood as subscribing for the whole «oik. As the enterprise in-volveaof necessitv a large ex- pen.se, it is exoecled that one d.>l r.r per eonv will bi paid on nuhs'^rib'na ; or otherwise, one doHnr on the delivery of the first number ; one on the delivery o*" the second number ; one on the delivery efthefith uu'-nlicr ; one on the ilolivei-y of the seventh num. her : and one on d:e delivery of the nin'b number, should the w-orU be extendi^.l to ten jnimbers. Mr. Colmnn will leave for Kiiropens soon as the subscription will warrtint the underlokina. An earlv return is respoctfu ly requested of gentle, men lo « bom this is sent, addressed to IlenrV Col- man. Rochester, N Y ; to Li^le & Riown. Bofton, Mass ; to Charles S Francis &- Co., No. SOi?. Broad, wav. New York : or to Luther Tucker, Cultivator Omcc. Alb..nv, N. Y. Oct.ib*r 4. 181?. VinKOj:0'.Oi(i>CAL OBSERVATIONS, MADE AT THE RIJUIIESTER COLLEGIATE INSTITI.TE BY I,. WETIIERELL, ^^0VE^1I!ED, 18-12. ■iM ntunnvtcr. j. Winiis. K'cather. ■^ W w i— > "fl > ►d W 2 T -- - 2, s a S '^ o y i 1 S5 T" ■ -" ■2fi 31 51 42 !4^i.83] v.- w llair |Kii'» ■27 :i7 44 87 '38.16! N w N Iriiin 'fair .m ■28 30 52 45 |44.5 1 s w s liair ifair ■29 43 54 45 [47.5 s wi £ {'fair ilair :JQ 44 W 42 !l4. B 1 K Icl'dyi'-air ?.\ 8(! r->i) .5fi |51 5 3 w s «■ fair |biir I 43 ?.- 4fi 48.S3i s w; n .?: jlair jcl'dv a 44 43 40 1,42. :' .V v. N 111 jol'dy l«ir 3 32 44 37 i£G83i fi K N K jfuir I'lir 4 '27 4fi 35 I3(i 831 N w N vvtfair fair '■> 32 K\ 4i :46. s s |lair fair « 4f; ti4 .50 153 661 s w s w-fair jcl'dv 7 48 4-; 4(1 4fi;'-:i| -I K £ Icl'dylcl'dy 8 4^2 43 44 143.33' N K N K 'rain ram 9 44 44 33 hs. \ w w irain Isn'w 1.6 in .',0 40 3ri 137.161 w „- j-i'dv|i&, 11 37 4.5 m '39 5 1 *• w N w|crdy fair .cy 12 3,S 43 41 I40.8.-.J s E s w-lcl'dy '-1110 .l^2 i:>. 39 43 37 j3a w N«U., cl'dy .04 14 liS 39 40 37.5 s 3 w rain |rain 1.5 32 43 33 135.83 w w fair Hair .la u; 31 38 -3(i 135.831 3 s T. sn'wld'dy 17 3r. 41 4-->. iSSOfi; s s K cl'dylrain IS 30 2S ' 21 1-25 331 w w lord, cl'dy .29 !<» 21 .32 S,S !28. w w f-iir fair •20 •24 32 98 |28. 1 w = w'fair fair 21 21 31 2(; l2G.66i IV \v f-)"dy cl'dy •2-2 ■22 32 30 |99 33| w 5 w cl'dy -I'm n 30 40 37 35 ,S3| s K s w cl'dy cl'dy M 31 35 28 '29.661 s w -vv Ij-n'n fair •2r. '31 1 35 31 •29 16! s w' 8 wlcl'dyl cl'ov To Subscribi rs and Correspoiiilent.s. The December nutsber of the Genesee Farmer has been delayed until this time, on account of the new arrangements made necessary by a change of prourle- Iorship,and Mr. Colnian's preparations for his Foreign Tour. Every efTorl will be made hcrcalier to ensure punctnality of publication and delivc'v. Several cases have within a few months come to our knowledge of a failure of the receipt of the paper on the part of our siibsoribcrs. Much of the blame, we fear, to our great regret, belongs tooursidvee : but the cause, which we little tuepcctcd. I as been discov- ered : and we trust there will be no mora reason for mjdaint. The Editor was anxious to meniion psrticu.'.-.rly, in bis number the receipt of many valuable oominunica tion--. lie has iioi now loom lo do this; hut they have been received with grateful respeot ; and hii friends may be assured shnjl he rluly nckuowlrdged. Koaroft County— jVoticc. The annnal meeting of the Monroe Connfy Agri- cultural .Society will be held at the ."Arcade House, ftocht'Ster, on Wednesday, the 4tb of Janv.nry, at 11 o'clock, A. M , when the premiums will be awarded on Roots, G-ain and Field Crops, and oflicers will be eh cted fir the ensuing year. Competitors for premiums nn crop.s are roqucste r lo be particular in meking out their statements and (•ertificaiep — as re.-]uired by the law of the state — (see theS.jpt. No. of the current vol. of the Farmer,') and it is very desiroble that th? claims and cart ficates be handed to the President or Secretary aa early as the Idi of Jauuarv, flange of Thermometre fu- the month, 43 deg. The tall of rainlc^r the month •<{ Oct. 2.20 inch. Mean Temperature of ■'" 18-12, 43,31 dog. " " " 1841, 44,4G " " " " 1610, 47,83 " HemarLs on the- n'cuthcr /mm October idih ta Note7iiber 25iA, Oct 20. h, slight .-ihowcrB tms afternoon ; 2.3tb, frost this m 'rning ; ■2,9. h, Indian summer commences — continues to the i-nd uf the m'-nth. Nov. 3d, se-.-ere frisl this morning— wild geese seen : 6ih, Indian summer coniiiiues — it has been very Une Un uevoral days : 8th, commenced Ta'niog last evening about 11 o'clock and oiitiniieJ rainy through the day ; 9;b, lainy this morning , snow this -ifternoon, first this autumn : cleared off at sunset ; lOtb, comiTienced raining about nooti ; iJitb, pleas- ant and warm carl; in the pveiiing— Tber. 46 : rain, wind, enow and froat diiriRg the nij;bt ; 19. b, suow storm last night, with high wind ; 20:b. hiyh wmd, with enow squalls: 24i!i, snow list night. Tiie >vcck ending N-iv. 24lb, has been very coli) and win. dy — much colder ibnn the eorrrspondiii!.' week of Inn i-ear. The navigiitioa on the Erie canol has closed luring this -.veek. Winter seeins to have commenced q-iile early : Nov. 22d, — at the rising of the moon ibis evening hctween Sand 9 o'cloc.k, there appeared a eone of 15 •I'-greesiii length, as I judged, abov.; it, of reiimriin- blo brightnesrf. ROCISESTER SKEf> STORfi A?«D 8BHO GAn»EX, j.- <;riw ii.-.n haviiis d pffcc;s o-- -LJic Koclu- Afri-i>t5 1 1 Oiistuincrs, Eu her rape .:!illl i>.|Pn ite.-=. ic^te. I-,V 5r,-,\ f.,|j . "d'a 1 11. il'-.l^iili y w :l r^ff.-r.-^.-lf.rp.icI I.-I. 1 !! i-ar 1),- «-,- rr.intc: it el Ill re. I't-r prnrifi'ter 13 fii iiiliiJ "v.- lit his iins!- oi.K e ecfls. w Ti la iV'hi ii'\ vltli .triittattei.ri COI IllCt lh,> U td lier.u lUlillc ', 0.:t i .ess ii I. e.m . Iter! a Will provc.-Jutisfj p CReeM.A,v PrISTKU FOK the PllOFRIKTOll. M. H. Batkjia.u, l!v tlcnry O'Rcinv r.Mii .lolin I. Iteillv. Hook un-l .Jill) Printers, aiiiViiliiMirrB of t| e " llnihn:v Kvcf,Liij I'm:-' -.;- d •■ V. c«t£rn Ncw-V.irker-