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Occa .vjiial Papers

CALIFORNIA

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SAN !-K ANCMSCO,
1899.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

WiLUAM E. RiTTER, Chairman.
David S. Jordan, G. P. Rixford.

EDITORS OF ZOOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.
David S. Jordan, William E. Ritter

NEW MALLOPHAGA,

III.

Comprising

MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF PANAMA, BAJA CALIFORNIA

AND ALASKA,

BV^A ' I

VKRNON LZ KELLOGG,

I'roffssor of iMiloniology. I. eland Stanford Junior I'niversity.

MALLOPHA(jA FROM BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA,

BY

^■!•:R^•(1^ i.. ki:i.log(; am. brrtha i.. chapman.

THI- ANATOMY OF THE M\LLOPHA(iA,

ROBERT E. SN()D(;RASS,
.Vssistnnt in l\nloniolog'y, I. eland Stanford Junior I'niversity.

/ssitt'd Ft'hrKiii y jS, /Si^q.

C.AI.IHURNIA AC.AOKMY OF SCIK.NXKS

<^

052180

IS 2 • £7

/;

CONTExXTS.

PAGE

TiTi.K Pack ok Voi.i'Mk I

Pl'lll.KATIOX COMMITTKK 1 J

Trn.K Page of Papek Ill

Al'thok's Pkefaie 1

Mali.ohhaoa kkom BiKiis OF Panama, Baja Califoiinia and Alaska.

By Vkknon L. Kkllogg. (4 Plates) 3

i.ntkoddition 3

List of Hosts with Parasites 51

Explanation ok Plates 5*2

Malluiiiaija from Bihus of California. By Vernon L. Kkllogg

aiiil Bkrtha L. Chapman. (5 Plates) 53

Intkoulction r)3

Llst ok Hosts with Parasites 139

Explanation of Plates 143

TuK Anatomy ok thk Mallophaga. By Robert E. Snodqrass.

(8 Plates) 145

I. (iENERAL EXTERNAL ANATOMV 14t)

External Form aiul Body-wall 146

The Appendages US

II. Thk .\limkntaky Canal anh its Appendages 153

The Alimentary Cftual 153

Pharyngeal Sflerite 16U

The Salivary Organs 165

The Mali>ighian Tnbnlos lOit

III. Thk KtspiRATOKY Systkm 17u

I V . Th k Nkrvoi's Sy-stem . . .'.\ 170

V. The Dorsal Vf-ssel \ 173

VI. The 1{kproi)u<'tivk Oroanj^ 175

1. THK MAI.K organs 176

The Internal Male deuitalin 176

The External Male Genitalia ... 1S8

R.'suuu' -JOl

■J. THK FEMALE ORGANS - 1 1

VII. Summary 219

BiHLlOGKAI'HY "J 2 I

Explanation ok Plates 222

In uex to Vo Lr .m e 225

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The papers presented herewitli constitute the third
contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of this
University (Stanford) to the knowledge of the North
American Mallophaga. The two previous papers are
respectively, Kellogg, New Mallophaga, I, 1896' and
Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896* and contain in
addition to descriptions of species, an introduction to
the study of the group, comprising keys to genera, termi-
nology, bibliography, etc.

Mr. Snodgrass's paper presents the results of the first
serious attempt to study comparatively the anatomy of
.tliese insects. There is yet needed to make the Mallo-
phaga fairly known a study of their embryonic and
post-embryonic life-history. It is hoped that this study
can soon be undertaken.

Types of the new species described will be placed in
the collections of this University, in the collections of
the California Academy of Sciences, and in the collec-
tions of the University of Kansas. The authors have
to express their obligations for services kindly ren-
dered in connection with the preparation of this })aper
to Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, Curator of the Department
of Ornithology, California Academy of Sciences, to
Messrs. R. C. McGregor, J. F. Abbott, Cloudsley Rutter,
A. W. Greeley, AV. H. Osgood, J. C. Brown, R. C.
McLain, R. W. Doane and K. M. Khrhorn, to Prof.
Walter E. Miller and to Mi>s Mary II. Wellman, artist.

\'. L. K.

Stanford University,
April 15, 1897.

' Proc. Cal. Acad. Scl., 2nd Ser., Vol. VI

'3

MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF PANAMA, BAJA
CALIFORNIA, AND ALASKA.

(With Plates I -IV.)
HV VEKNON L. KELLOGG.

CONTENTS.

Introduction.

Descriptions of New Species, and IJeutiticatious of Old Species.

Docophonis.

Nirmus.

Lipeurus.

Goniodes.

Eurymetopiis.

Trinoton.

Colpocephalum.

Menopon.

Physostomum.
List of Hosts, with P.-irusites.

Introduction.

The Mallo])haga described and identified in this paper
were collected by Mr. R. C. McGregor (from the Pan-
ama birds), by Mr. J. F. Abbott (from tlic Baja Cali-
fornian birds) and by Messrs. Cloudsley Rutter and
A. W. Greeley (from the Alaskan birds), all these col-
lectors being students of Stanford University. The
birds in each case were obtained personally by the col-
lector, and the Mallophaga taken from the freshly killed
specimens or newly made skins. The determinations
of the Panama birds were made by Mr. Robert Ridgway,
curator of birds, U. S. National Museum; the determina-
tions of the Baja Californian birds by Mr. W. \\'.
Price, student of Stanford University, and the deter-
minations of the Alaskan birds by the collectors.

L 3 j

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The sequence of genera in the following paper does
not indicate the author's views with regard to the nat-
ural relationships of these genera, nor even with regard
to the phyletic rank of the suborders. The Ambly-
cerous genera, coming last in the present arrangement,
are undoubtedly the more generalized of the two sub-
ordinal groups. The squence is that adopted in the
European monographs and followed by me in my two
previous papers (New Mallophaga, I, 1896, and New
Mallophaga, II, 1896), and is retained for the sake of
uniformity. The sequence of the species of each genus
is determined by the host, the sequence of hosts being
that adopted in the Check-List of North American Birds
(2nd Edition, 1895), published by the American Orni-
thologists' Union. The names of the hosts are those
used in the Check-List.

Wherever a species of Mallophaga is met, which has
been previously identified by me on an American host,
reference is made only to this previous identification,
where the synonymy, European hosts, and figure and
measurements of the species are given.

Docophorus.

Docophorous lari Denny. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, I, 1896, p. 98, pi. iv, fig. 4.)

Specimens from Larus sp. (Baja California) and from
Larus glaucescens (North Pacific Ocean, ofif Alaska).
Taken previously by me from several species of Larus
(Bay of Monterey, California.)

Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal-
lophaga, I, 1896, p. 96, pi. iv, fig. 1).

NEW MALLOPHAGA. O

Specimens from tlie Red-crested Merganser, Mergan-
ser serrator (Kodiak Island, Alaska). Previously taken
by me from same host species and from seven other
duck species (Kansas and California).

Docophorus cordiceps Giebel. (Plate I, fig. 2).

lusecta Epizoa, 1S74, p. 103.

Docophorus glareoUt Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Natarvriss., 1866,

vol. xiviii, p. 312.
Docophorus nitzsrhin Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss., 1866,

vol. xxviii, p. 31'2.
Docophorus mollis, Nitzsch (ed. Giebel), Zeitschr. f. ges. Natnrwiss.

1861, vol. xviii, p. 312.
Docophorus f rater Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 103.
Docophorus cordiceps Giebel, Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 80

and p. 664. pi. vi, tig. 2; Picaglia, Pediculini dell' istituto

aoat.-zool. d. R. Uuiv. d. Modena, 1885, reprint, p. 11.

A male, a female and a young specimen which may
be referred to this species from Triui^a macularia (Pan-
ama), and a male from Tringa sp. (Baja California).
It is probable that Denny's D. cejihalus (Monograph.
Anoplur. Brit., j). 81, pi. ii, fig. 8; and Grube, Midden-
dorff's Reise, 1851, p. 470) is this species.

The species may be recognized by its general dark
coloration, broad head, short clypeus, and prominent
and characteristic genitalia. I figure the male; Piaget
has figured the female. The measurements of my spec-
imens are as follows: male, body, length 1.6 mm.,
width .72 mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .62 mm.;
female, body, length 1.65 mm., width .87 mm.; head,
length .62 mm., width .75 mm.

Docophorus latifrons Nitzsch. (Plate I, figs. 5 and 8).

Germars Mag. Entomol., 1S18, vol. iii, p. 290.
Pediculus cuculi Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 807.

6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pediculus fasciaius Scopoli, Entomol. Carniol, 1763, p. 383.
Docophorus latifrons N., Denny, Monograph. Auoplur. Brit., 1842,

p. 97, pi. i, fig. 4; Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 93; Piaget,

Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 36, pi. ii, fig. 7.

Numerous specimens from a California Cuckoo, Coc-
cyzus americanus occidentalis (Baja California), which
are referable to this long-known Docophorus of the
cuckoos, but on account of the markedly larger size,
color differences, and other minor differences must be
given a varietal name.

Var. occidentalis Kellogg. Male, body, length 2.06
mm., width .89 mm.; head, length .75 mm., width .75
mm. Female, body, length 2.5 mm., width 1.12 mm.;
head, length .84 mm., width .85 mm. Piaget gives the
following dimensions for latifrons: female, body, length
1.9 mm., width, .85 mm.; head, length .65 mm.,
width .6 mm. The male latifrons is 1.6 mm. long.
My specimens have two long hairs on the temporal
margins instead of one as described for latifrons, and
have a distinct hair, not referred to in the descriptions
of latifrons, in the posterior angles of the prothorax.
The blotches on the ventral aspect of the abdomen of
the males are with my specimens not oval, but trans-
versely elongate, differing markedly from those of the
female. The head and thorax of var. occidentalis are
reddish brown, the ground color of the abdomen
whitish, and the blotches blackish brown.

Docophorus calif orniensis Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 483, pi. Ixvi, fig. 6.

Eleven specimens from a Narrow-fronted Woodpecker,
Melanerpes formicivorous angustifrons (Baja California).
Type specimens taken from the Californian Woodpecker,
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi (Palo Alto, California).

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 7

Docophorus rufus n. sp. (Plate I, figs. 6 and 9).

A dozen specimens from the Ash-throated Flycatcher,
Myiarchua cinerascens nuttingi (Baja California). A
member, probably, of the group femorati of which 007/1-
viunis is the chief representative. I have not found on
my specimens the characteristic longish hair rising
vertically from the dorsal surface of the anterior angles
of the clypeus, but the broad clypeus, signature, genital
blotches, and pustulated lateral abdominal blotches are
of the femorati type. The species differs distinctly from
communis in color, in the peculiar anterior convexity of
the clypeus, in the extent of the transverse abdominal
blotches, in the presence of transverse median blotches
on the ventral aspect of the abdomen, and in the char-
acter of the genital blotches.

Description of the male. Body, length 1.56 mm.,
width ,31 mm.; reddish brown, lighter on head and
thorax, because the darker lateral abdominal blotches
nearly cover the abdomen; broad headed; with ventral
median transverse blotches on abdomen.

Head, length .5 mm., width .48 mm.; forehead broad,
with expanded frontal uncolored part of clypeus flatly
convex, willi 11 shallow, median, curving emargination;
no hairs on this frontal margin; sides of forehead with
a pair of short hairs and a shorter single one in front
of and near the trabecuhe; the trabecuhe very large,
acute; antenme when projected backward not quite
reaching the occipital margin; the inconspicuous,
slightly pendulous eyes with a hair, and two hairs on
the flatly convex temporal margin; occipital margin
nearly straight, bare; color, reddish brown; signature
large, broad, anterior margin almost straight, the dark,
sharp posterior point projecting beyond the mandibles;

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

antennal bands interrupted distinctly at the suture;
occipital bands distinct, divergent, connected at base;
ocular bands indistinct; trabecules weakly colored at
base, uncolored distally; antennse colored.

Prothorax quadrangular (as exposed), with a single
hair in the posterior angles; posterior margin flatly
convex; median part paler; lateral regions darker, and
an indistinct posterior border. Metathorax rather
short, posterior margin angulated, with a series of pus-
tulated hairs; colored like the prothorax, paler in mid-
dle and with fairly distinct lateral borders. Legs con-
colorous with ground color of thorax, with small, darker,
inconspicuous marginal markings. Sternal markings
consisting of intercoxal lines and a very small median
double blotch on prothorax. (Metathorax obscure).

Abdomen short, just as long as head and thorax; two
to three long hairs in posterior angles of segments and
numerous pustulated and other long hairs on dorsal
surface; narrow, blackish, lateral bands; large dark
brown lateral blotch, with clear stigmatal spots and
about five pustulations along posterior margin, and
leaving only a narrow median part of the abdomen
uncovered; on segment 8 a complete transverse band;
segment 9 rounded behind, with a narrow blackish pos-
terior border, with a few longish hairs; genitalia show-
ing through in segments 6-9; on ventral surface of
segments 1-8 a large transverse median blotch reaching
almost to the lateral margins.

Female. Body, length 1.94 mm., width .8 mm.; head,
length .6 mm., width .56 mm.; the transverse blotches
of abdomen but little smaller than those of male; seg-
ment 9 uncolored, with small brown lateral blotches,
the posterior margin distinctly angularly emarginated;

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 9

ventral abdomiiKil Motches smaller than those of male
and not reaching so far laterally, those of posterior
segments forming a genital blotch with broad, curving
anterior part, narrower median part, and separate
small lateral reniforni j>arts.

Docophorus communis Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal-
lophaga, 11, IMtG, p. 4S6, pi. Ixvi, lig. 7).

Several specimens from the Saint Lucas Cardinal,
Cardinalis cardinulis igneus (Baja California). Taken
previously by me from 16 species of passerine birds
(Kansas and California).

Docophorus panamensis n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 1).

From a tanagrine bird, Phienicothraujjis fiLscicauda
(Panama). A 3^/r/7iMs-like form but with distinctly
long trabeculie. By shape of head and thorax allied to
the ang list i front es group of the woodpeckers; resembling
my D. jungens (New Mallophaga, 11, 1806, p. 4S1, pi.
Ixvi, fig. 4) from Colaptea miratus (Kansas).

Description of female. Body, length l.Tn mm.,
width .61 mm.; narrow, Nirmoid, whitish with distinct
brown lateral bands on thorax and abdomen, and quad-
rangular lateral transverse blotches.

Head, length .5 mm., width .5 mm.; triangular, with
narrow front, slightly cmarginated; three short hairs
on each side of the anterior half of the forehead, and
three longer hairs and a prickle in front of the trabec-
ulse; the trabecuhe prominent, extending beyond the
tip of first segment of the antennae; the antenna^ rather
thick, segment 2 longest, with a prominent short spiny
hair: eyes rather large, with a j)rickle; temporal margin

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rounding, with one long hair and a few prickles; occip-
ital margin slightly sinuous; forehead whitish with
narrow brown antennal bands terminating at the suture;
a palely colored broad suture with straight posterior
margin and emarginated anterior border; whole hind
head light brown with occipital margin very narrowly
bordered with blackish brown.

Prothorax quadrangular, posterior angles rounded,
with one hair, posterior margin flatly convex; whitish
with dark brown lateral borders extending inward along
the posterior margin. Metathorax angulated on abdo-
men, each latero-posterior side with nine long hairs
(including the one in the lateral angle); lateral borders
unevenly blackish brown; ground color of segment whit-
ish tinged posteriorly with light brown, this posterior
coloration interrupted by a median longitudinal whitish
line. Legs very pale brown. Sternal markings con-
sisting of distinct intereoxal lines, and faint traces of
light brown median blotches.

Abdomen elongate-elliptical; a few longish hairs in
posterior angles, and numerous weak long hairs on
dorsal surface of segments in transverse series; ground
color whitish with distinct, narrow lateral bands, dark-
est on anterior segments, and light brown, quadran-
gular, transverse lateral blotches on all segments, the
two blotches of segment 8 meeting on the median line;
segment 9 feebly emarginate, with no hairs on the pos-
terior margin.

Docophorus domesticus Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 475, pi. Ixv, fig. 4.

A female and an immature specimen from the Black
Martin, Progne subis hesparus (Baja California). De-

NEW mai.i.oi'11A(;a. 11

scribed from a Purple Martin, Progne subis {LsLwrcnce,
Kansas).

Docophorus laticeps Giebel. (Plate I, figs. 4 and 7).

Insecta Epizon, 1874, p. 88.
PhHo))terus cincli Gervais, Hist. nat. d. Insectes apt^res, 1847, p.

33G.
Docophorus cincli Denuy, Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., 1S42, p. S5,

pi. V, fig. 8.

Docophorus laticeps Giebel, Pinget, Les Pediculiues, 18S0, p. C");
Ku'nig; Eiu Beitrag zur Mallophageu-fauua, 1SS4, p. 3, pi. i.
figs. 1-5; pi. ii, figs. 6, 7.

One adult female and two immature specimens from
the iVmerican Dipper, Cinclus mexicanus (Kodiak Island.
Alaska), which may be referred to this species, but
which constitute a distinct variety characterized by tlie
elongate, slender forehead with emarginated front. The
species was found on Cinclus aquuticus, the European
Dipper.

Var. (imericanu.s Kellogg. Female, boily, length 2.06
mm., widtli .75 mm.; head, length .6 mm., width .5
mm.; thus being one-third longer than the species
dimensions as given by KaMiig; head elongate, with
narrow tapering forehead; front uncolored, with slight,
narrowly rounded cmargination; signature long, nar-
row, with posterior point reaching the mandibles; anten-
nal bands distinct; trabecuho long, slender; abdomen
elongate-elliptical, with lateral triangular blotches with
stigmatal spots and pustulations as in the species types;
also, narrow blackish lateral bands; segment 8 whollv
colored; ventral surface of abdomen with transverse
median blotches; segment 7 with a narrower median
blotch (touching blotch of segment 6) and two small
lateral reniform blotches; segment 8 whollv colored or
nearly so.

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

/

Docophorus rutteri n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 3).

A female and an immature specimen from an Ore-
gon Chickadee, Parus atri-capillus occidentalis (Kodiak
Island, Alaska). Denny has described two species of
Docophorus from Parus, one, pallescens (Monograph.
Anoplur. Brit., p. 82, pi. i, fig. 8) from Parus palustris
and P. major, being based on immature specimens, and
characterized by an emarginate clypeal front; the other,
pari (ibid, p. 87, pi. vi, fig. 6) from Parus caudatus, P.
ater, and -P. cceruleus, being of chestnut ground color,
without lateral abdominal blotches and with a subacu-
minate head, and without series of pustuled hairs along
posterior margins of metathorax, in all of which diag-
nostic characters my specimen differs from pari. It
agrees with it in hairy abdomen, acute trabeculae,
angulated metathorax, and general shape of abdomen.

Description of female. Body, length 2. mm., width
.91 mm.; well marked with smoky brown blotches with
large conspicuous pustulations, and many long hairs on
dorsal aspect of abdomen.

Head, length .53 mm., width .6 mm.; a specially stiff,
spiny short hair in each anterior angle of the flatly
convex front, a hair before the suture and two before the
trabecule; the trabeculse long, slender, and weakly
curving; antennte when projecting backward barely
reaching the occipital margin, with annulated segments;
eye rather prominent, with a hair; a hair just behind
the eye and three more on the rounded temporal an-
gles; occipital margin weakly sinuous, the middle third
slightly convex; signature large, distinct, with darker
posterior acuminate point projecting beyond the man-
dibles, surrounded by a nearly uncolored region; anten-
nal bands interrupted, widening at base; occipital bands

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 13

distinct, blackish brown, diverging, and with anterior
extremities reaching the bhickish, distinct, curving, lin-
ear ocular blotches; region between the occipital bands
pale; temples dark brown.

Prothorax small, short, margins rounding; with one
long pustulated hair in posterior angle, another on pos-
terior margin just a little inside of the angles, and four
grouped together in the posterior median region of the
segment; median region pale to uncolored, darkening
laterally until the blackish lateral borders are reached.
Metathorax roundly angulated on the abdomen; an un-
pustulated hair in the lateral angles and ten long hairs
on each half of the posterior margin, rising from con-
spicuous pustulations; median region palest, lateral and
posterior regions blackish brown, causing the clear pus-
tulations to be very prominent. Legs smoky brown.

Abdomen oval; lateral angles projecting, with long
hairs; dorsal surface of segments with single transverse
series of long weak hairs; median region almost uncol-
ored; prominent blackish brown, subtriangular, lateral,
transverse blotches, with very conspicuous uncolored
stigmatal spots and pustulations; segment 8 wholly col-
ored, dark brown; segment 9 with small triangular lat-
eral brown blotches; shallow, angular emarginution be-
hind.

Nirmus.

Nirmus punctatus Xitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, I, 1S9G, p. 109, pi. vi, figs. 1 and 2.)

Specimens from Larus sp. (Baja California). Taken
previously by me from several species of Larus (Bay of
Monterey, California).

14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

X

Nirmus furvus Nitzsch. (Plate II, fig. 1).

Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturwiss. (ed. Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii,
p. 374.

Nirmus furvus N., Bnrmeister, Haudb. d. Ent., 1832, vol. ii, p. 427;
Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 163, pi. v, figs. 2 and 3; Piaget,
Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 169, pi. xiv, fig. 3; Supplement, 18S5,
p. 25; Osborn, Insects Afifecting Domestic Animals, Bull. 5,
N. S., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag. 1896, p. 225.

A male and a female from the Spotted Sandpiper,
Aditis macularia (Panama). My specimens do not pos-
sess the median longitudinal uncolored line across the
first six or seven segments of the abdomen, as described
for the types of the species, and besides, are very much
darker, and are without distinct lateral transverse
blotches on the abdominal segments. They are, too, a
distinctly wider and less slender form, the head aver-
aging nearly one-fifth wider in both sexes. However,
in the present uncertain status of the species furvus
(see Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 170) I refer my speci-
mens to the species, distinguishing them by a varietal
name. Piaget's variety alpha (Supplement, p. 25) from
Vanellus cayensis has, like my specimens, no uncolored
median abdominal line, but no reference is made to any
such characteristic dark chestnut to smoky general col-
oration of the body, as is shown by my specimens.
Osborn's specimen is from Phalaropus tricolor (Museum
Iowa Agricultural College).

Var. ravus Kellogg. Male, body, length 1.18 mm.,
width .34 mm.; head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm.
Female, body, length 1.43 mm., width .37 mm.; head,
length .40 mm., width .31 mm. Both sexes dark chest-
nut-brown to smoky, without median uncolored line on
any abdominal segment, and without distinct abdom-
inal blotches.

NEW MALLOl'HAGA. 15

Nirmus fissus Nitzsch. (Plate II, fig. 2).

Germar'ij Mag. Eutoiuol., 181S, vol. iii, p. 291.
y^irmus fissus N., Burmeister, Hamlb. il. Ent., 1835, vol. ii, p. 427;

Dtuiiy, Mouograph. Auoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 148, pi. i, fig. 6;

WalckeuRT, Ins. Apt., 1844, vol. iii, p. 344.
Nirmus bicuspis N., Giebel, lusecta Epizoa, 1874, p. loo, pi. v, figs.

11 and 12; Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 184, pi. xv, fig. 7.

Several specimens, including male, female and im-
mature specimens, from Tringa sp. (Baja California).
My specimens are larger than the types of bicuspis and
ofTer distinct though minor dilferences. I have given
them a varietal name.

Var, major Kellogg. Measurements. Male, body,
length l.Gl mm., width .38 mm.; head, length .3 mm.,
width .31 mm. Female, body, length 1.87 mm., width
.44 mm.; head, length .47 mm., width .33 mm. Dif-
fers from types oi ^fissiis (which were taken from "Char-
adrius minor") by having a hair in the eye, by having
four pustulated hairs on each lateral half of the poste-
rior margin of the metathorax instead of three, two
being median and two being near the angle; by having
the median longitudinal uncolored line of the abdomen
limited to tlic first two segments, and by being mark-
edly larger. Piaget's specimens oi ^fissus are: length,
male, 1.3 mm. to 1.4 mm.; female, 1.5 mm.

Nirmus fuscus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga,
11, l8*Jt3, J). 4W, pi. Ixvii. fig. 7).

Many specimens from a Sparrow Hawk, Falco spar-
verius (Panama), a Lower Californian Sparrow Hawk,
Falco sparverius peni^isularif^, a Duck Hawk, Falco pere-
grinus anaium, and a Saint Lucas Redtail, Bideo boretilis
lucusanus (Baja California). Taken previously by me
from three species of hawks at Lawrence, Kansas. The

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

size of these specimens from Panama and Baja Califor-
nian birds corresponds with that of the specimens prev-
iously taken by me from the Kansas birds, and is fully
one-third greater than that recorded for the European
specimens. The American specimens are at least
varietally distinct from the typical Old World forms.
There are variations manifest among the American
specimens but I have not enough material yet to
attempt to distinguish varieties.

Nirmus splendidus n. sp. (Plate II, figs. 3 and 6).

Males, females and young from a Caracara, Polyborus
cheriivay (Baja California). Species of Docojihorus, Li-
peurus, Menopon, and Col^Mcephalwni have been taken
from Polyborus by the European authors, but heretofore
no Nirmus. The new species is unlike any of the
Nirmi yet described from raptorial birds. It is large
and strikingly marked.

Description of the male. Body, length 2.19 mm.,
width .84 mm.; large, broad-bodied, whitish with prom-
inent lateral transverse brown abdominal blotches;
head and thorax almost entirely colored.

Head, length .62 mm., width .6 mm.; forehead broad
between trabeculse and narrowly parabolic in front;
forehead with four short separated hairs on each side;
trabecules rather large for Ni7'mus, antennae short; eye
large, prominent, with a long hair, and with a fine
prickle just behind it; temporal margins flatly convex,
with two very long hairs; occipital margin straight;
whole head strongly colored with exception of a pale,
broad, clypeal, sutural line, and a short median longi-
tudinal line leading from it backwards to the mandibles;
the antennal bands narrow, and a little darker than

NEW MALLUl'liAGA. 17

general color of licud, runuinji; entirely around frontal
margin of head, although paler and nearly "inter-
rupted" at the cdypeal suture; trabeculai nearly un-
colored.

Prothorax short, oblong, with one hair in posterior
angles; segment almost wholly colored. Metathorax
short, the whole thorax being little more than one-half
the length of the head; obtusely angulated on abdomen;
posterior margin with a series of long hairs; segment
mostly colored, darkest in median region; a broad wliite
posterior border. Sternal markings consisting of in-
conspicuous intercoxal lines, and a small, indistinct
median blotch on metathorax. Legs pale, though
tinged with brown, with distinct, dark brown marginal
markings.

Abdomen ovate; posterior angles of segments 1 and
2 without hairs, of segment 3 with a single hair, and
of succeeding segments with two hairs; dorsal surface
with numerous longish hairs; whitish with distinct lat-
eral transverse blotches, each, with a clear stigmatal
spot and some pustulations on segments 1-7; segment
8 witli a curving, continuous brown transverse blotch;
segment 9 rounded behind, with numerous longish
hairs; uncolored except where the chitinized genitalia
show through. Ventral surface all whitish except for a
well defined and characteristic brown genital blotch on
segments 7-9 (see fig. 6, pi. ii).

Female. Body, length 2.37 mm., width .I'T mm.;
head, length .(52 mm., width .02 mm.; the increased size
of the female is due to the larger abdomen, the head
and thorax being of about the same size in both sexes;
lateral abdominal blotches are not so long as in the male;
segment 9 is shorter, bears two snuill blotches, and is
slightly emarginated behind.

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Nirmus atopus n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 4).

From a bird of the cuckoo family (Cuculidse), Piaya
cayana thermophila (Panama). This new form is one of
the circnmfasciate Nirmi of the general character of
Rudow's alchatce (Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 165, pi. xiii,
fig. 12) and allied forms. The few described members
of this group have been found on columbine and galli-
naceous birds.

Description of female. Body, length 1.84 mm., width
,63 mm.; abdomen expanding posteriorly to segment 6;
pale brownish white with brown lateral abdominal and
thoracic bands and circnmfasciate head.

Head, length .59 mm., width ,53 mm.; forehead
broad, rounded in front, with very few very fine hairs
on the margin; trabeculse small but distinct, acute;
antennae slender, with segment 5 longer than seg-
ments 3 or 4; temples rounded, with two long hairs
and two or three very fine prickles on margins; eye
without a hair, not especially prominent; occipital mar-
gin straight, bare; ground color of head whitish with
small, inconspicous brown ocular blotches, temples very
narrowly margined with brown, and rather broad chitin
band, subtranslucent brownish along the entire front
and lateral margins of forehead, and ending poste-
riorly in small elliptical expansions directed diagonally
inwards.

Prothorax very short, quadrangular; lateral margins
straight; posterior angles rounded, with one longhair;
posterior margin straight; lateral borders brownish,
the coloring extending along the posterior margin of
the segment. Metathorax pentagonal, lateral margins
bare, posterior margin obtusely angled on abdomen,
with one hair in latero-posterior angle and four pustu-
lated hairs in two pairs, one pair almost in the latero-

NEW MALLUl'llAUA. 19

posterior angle on each lateral half of tiie margin; lat-
eral borders blackish brown, the color extending inward,
bnl paling, in latero-posterior angles. Legs of |>ale
ground color of the body, with narrow dark marginal
markings. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal
lines, a small triangular blotch on mesothorax which
fits like an apex to a larger pentagonal blotch on the
metathorax.

Abdomen widening posteriorly to segment 0, then
tapering bluntly; posterior segments with weak longish
hairs in posterior angles; numerous weak, longish hairs
on dorsal aspect in the broad median uncolored longi-
tudinal line; lateral bands brown, distinct, extending
posteriorly only through segment 7; pale brown, quad-
rangular, lateral, transverse blotches; last segment con-
vex behind, witli a very slight median emargination.

Nirmus virgatus n. sp. (Plate II. fig. 5).

Males and females from an icterine bird, Amblycercus
holosericeufi (Panama). Much like .V. Uluntriti Kellogg
(New Mallophaga, 11, p. 494, pi. Ixvii, fig. 4), from
the Red-winged Blackbird, A(jtlaias /jhaniceus (Law-
rence, Kansas), and like oraatisslmus Giebel (Insecta
Epizoa, !>. 144). The new form has a narrower front
with the anterior angles not rounded, and does not
possess the distinct bands internal to the antennal
bands of the head of illufifris. The lateral bands of
the abdomen are wider, and the lateral transverse ab-
dominal blotches are much more clearly indicated.

Description of male. Body, length 1.28 mm., width
.47 mm.; whitish with striking broad black lateral
borders of thorax and abdomen, black antennal and
ocular bands, chestnut-brown outlines of transverse,

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lateral abdominal blotches on dorsal aspect, and chest-
nut-brown transverse median blotches on ventral aspect
of abdomen.

Head, length .37 mm., width .37 mm.; front truncate
or with a very shallow concavity; a few small hairs on
sides of forehead; trabeculse long; antennae slender,
segment 5 distinctly longer than either segments 3 or
4; eye distinct, slightly pendulous; temples not much
expanded, margins flatly rounded, with one long hair
and a few prickles; occipital margin straight; ground
color whitish to uncolored; broad black antennal bands
running to anterior angles of head and bending in
angularly at base of trabecular; rest of forehead and
trabecules uncolored; no colored clypeal signature; an-
tennae with segment 1 uncolored, other segments en-
tirely blackish brown; ocular bands narrow, blackish;
anterior part of temporal margins narrowly blackish;
a brown, shield-shaped occipital signature showing
through; mandibles and oesophageal sclerite showing
through, brown.

Prothorax quadrangular, with rounded posterior an-
gles with one hair in angle; segment whitish with
broad lateral blackish brown borders. Metathorax
angulated on abdomen; lateral angles obtuse; five long
hairs on each latero-posterior margin; segment whitish,
with uneven broad blackish lateral borders. Legs
whitish with blackish brown blotches and semiannula-
tions. Sternal markings consisting of distinct, chest-
nut-brown intercoxal lines, with expanded inner ends
touching a small median blotch.

Abdomen elongate-ovate, with not very long hairs in
posterior angles, and two hairs on the posterior margin
of the dorsal aspect of each segment; ground color clear
to whitish; broad lateral bands, from which project
inwards the outlines of lateral transverse blotches which

NEW MALLOPIIAGA. 21

are oblong on segments 2-6, and tapering on segments
7-8; on the ventral aspect each segment has a chestnut-
brown median blotch which shows through above; seg-
ments 8 and 9 are narrow; segment 9 projects narrowly
backward, is narrowly but ilatly rounded behind, and is
mostly colored.

Female. Body, length 1.5 mm., width .53 mm.;
head, length .41 mm., width .43 mm.; the head is a
little wider in proportion to its length than in the male;
last segment with distinct triangular lateral blotches
and angularly emarginated behind.

Nirmus peninsularis u. sp. (Plate II, fig. 9).

Numerous specimens from a Phainopepla, Phaino-
peplanitens (Baja California). A member of the difficult
group intcrrupto-fasciati, to which belongs my species
vulgatus (New Mallophaga, II, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5),
from seven passerine species, simplex (I.e., p. 492, pi.
ixvii, fig. 2) from the Robin, Merida migraioria, and
the strongly marked species eustigmus (I.e., p. 493, pi.
ixvii, fig. 3) from Anna's Humming-bird, Trochiltis
annai. The species from Phainopepla resembles most
closely hrachijthorax Giebel (Insecta Epizoa, p. 134) from
Ampclis cedrorum.

Description of female. Body, length 1.86 mm., width
.41 mm.; long, slender, pale, with narrow marginal
markings on head and intercoxal lines showing through
on thorax.

Head, length .37 mm., width .31 mm.: elongate-tri-
angular, with bluntly rounded apex: marginal hairs of
forehead inconspicuous: trabecuhi? small, uncolored but
distinct; antenna^ when projected backward reaching the
occipital margin of head: eye not prominent, with a
prickle; temples straight, with a single long hair in

22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

obtuse angle between temporal and occipital margin;
occipital margin very flatly convex, ground color whit-
ish; a blackish brown narrow lateral border on temples
and forehead, this border turning in angularly at anten-
nal fossa; front of clypeus uncolored and an indistinct,
uncolored elongate-oval fossa widening posteriorly;
mandibles and cesophageal sclerite showing through
pale brown; no occipital border.

Prothorax quadrangular, with slightly convex, lateral
and posterior margins; posterior angles with one small
hair; sround color whitish, a blackish brown blotch in
anterior angles, and posterior margin weakly bordered
by the intercoxal lines of ventral surface showing
through. Metathorax in outline a semicircle with
anterior curving part slightly flattened and posterior
margin slightly convex; posterior angles with three long
pustulated hairs and three shorter, weaker, non-pustu-
lated ones; one of the long hairs is in the apex of the
angle, the other hairs are ranged along the posterior
margin near the angle; segment whitish with darker
anterior marginal markings. Sternal markings con-
sisting of distinct intercoxal lines. Legs concolorous
with thorax, with dark brown dorsal marginal markings.

Abdomen elongate, subparallel sided; segments 1
and 2 without hairs in posterior angles, segments 3-6
with one to two short, weak hairs in angles; segment 7
with three hairs in angles, and segments 8 and 9 with
a few weak, curving hairs; segment 9 very short, with
slight emargination; segments 5 and 6 with a hair on
dorsal surface on each side rising from the posterior
margin of segment just inward from the lateral band;
dorsal surface otherwise naked; color of abdomen whit-
ish, with narrow translucent lateral bands, each seg-
mental portion passing the suture anteriorly.

NEW MALLOIMIAOA. 23

Mule. Body, length l..':»4 mm., widtii .^^7 mm.: liea<l,
length .o3 mm., widtii .'20 mm.: being thus markedly
shorter than the female; abdomen widening distinctly
posteriorly, so that segn)ent 5, which is widest, is more
than one and one-half times as wide as segment 1; seg-
mejit 8 short and much contracted within segment 7;
segment 0 truncate behind: the genitalia showing indis-
tinctly through segments l-.J: an indistinct, me(Jian
pale brownish coloring on all segments.

Nirinus interpositus n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 7).

Three females from N'ieillot's Warbler. Th ndroua
hrifanti (Panama). A member of the group lnt<;rnipio-
fasciati, intermediate in markings between X. rulrfatua
Kellogg (New Mallophaga, II, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5).
from several passerine birds from California and Kan-
sas, and eusttgniun Kellogg (I.e., p. 493, pi. Ixvii. fig, 3),
from Troc/tilas aniub, California. In size the new
species is shorter than rtilfjafus but of the same width,
and is both shorter and narrower than Hiistii/inus. in
general outline of body it resembles tustujinus more
than rulyatus, but differs from eusti<fiiiits in having
the sixth abdominal segment widest instead of the
fourth.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.41 mm.,
width .41 mm.; whitish with distinct, broad, black,
lateral abdominal bands and thoracic borders; head
nearly equilaterally triangular.

Head, length .31 mm., width .34 mm.; outline of
head nearly that of an eijuilateral triangle; the lateral
margins of the head are weakly convex outward and
the apex is parabolically curved; there are live or .-ix
short, inconspicuous hairs on each lateral margin of
the forehead: the trabeculie extend to the end of the

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

first antennal segment and are uncolored; eye with a
prickle; temporal margins with one long hair in the
apex of the rounded, nearly right angle; occipital mar-
gin bare, very flatly convex; ground color whitish with
a faint golden brown tinge; forehead and temporal
margins narrowly bordered with blackish brown; front
of clypeus uncolored; antennae uncolored; occipital
margin not bordered or only very narrowly and indis-
tinctly so, an indistinct, pale brown, shield-shaped
occipital signature showing through.

Prothorax very short, widely rectangular; a single
longish hair in posterior angles; color whitish, with
the intercoxal lines of under side showing through,
and distinct blackish brown lateral borders. Meta-
thorax short, lateral margins bare, sinuous; posterior
margin flatly convex, with six or seven longish hairs
on each half beginning in the posterior angle; whitish,
with an uneven, blackish brown lateral border, and the
strongly colored intercoxal lines of underside showing
through. Legs whitish with blackish brown dorsal
marginal markings. Sternal markings consisting of
distinct intercoxal lines and indistinct pale median
blotches.

Abdomen narrowest anteriorly, widening posteriorly
to segment 4; segments 4-6 about same width, segment
7 slightly narrower, segments 8 and 9 short; short, weak
single hairs in posterior angles of segments 3-7, with
one or two shorter, weaker hairs in segments 5-7; dor-
sal surface with no or very inconspicuous hairs; whitish
with distinct, rather broad, blackish brown lateral bands
on segments 1-7, the segmental parts of the bands
passing the suture and separated by nearly uncolored
narrow spaces; covering the middle region of segments
6-7 a large, pale brown, shield-shaped blotch; segment

NEW MALLOPHAOA. 25

8 with a trans vervse blotch, pale brown, darker out-
wardly, and behind not reaching the lateral margins;
segment 9 with two very small pale brown linear lateral
blotches, and feebly cmarginated behind.

Nirmus audax n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 8).

From the yellow-headed Tit, Auripamis jiaviceps
(Baja California). A member of the group interrupto-
fnsciati, of darker ground color and with much more
pronounced abdominal blotches than is usual in this
group (see vulgatus Kellogg, New Mallophaga, II, 1896,
p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5).

Description of female. Body, length 1.6 mm., width
.58 mm.; rather short and broad for Nirmus, especially
of tlie interrupto — fasciati type; brownish ground with
dark lateral blotches on thorax and abdomen, and black-
ish lateral bands and marginal markings.

Head, length .38 mm., width .41 mm.; the outline
being nearly that of an equilateral triangle with blunted
and curving apex and slightly convex legs; the margi-
nal hairs of the forehead are few and very small; trabec-
uUe distinct, uncolored; temporal margins with a long
hair in the rounded angle and several prickles; occipital
margin weakly concave laterally and weakly convex in
the middle; anterior part of forehead with nearly un-
colored ground, with two brownish linear blotches
bounding the oval fossa laterallv; rest of head brownish
with darker lateral borders and suggestions of occipital
and ocular bands; antenna^ colored.

Prothorax short, rectangular, with a single hair in
posterior angles; color pale brownish in the middle,
with the lateral regions dark brown, darkest on lateral
margins. Metathorax angulated behind, with several
strong hairs along each latero-posterior margin; latero-

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

anterior margins bare, convex. Color brownish, paler
in middle, stronger laterally and posteriorly, with
uneven, blackish latero-anterior borders, and latero-
posterior borders nearly uncolored. Legs brown with
paler regions at extremities of segments and blackish
dorsal margins, sternal markings consisting of distinct
intercoxal lines, those between pro- and mesocoxse
with angulated spurs nearly touching; between the
metacoxal lines a median blotch.

Abdomen short and broad, in shape an ellipse, seg-
ment 4 being the widest; ground color very pale brown-
ish; segments 1-7 with narrow black lateral bands, the
segmental parts distinct and passing the suture; quad-
rangular brown lateral blotches darkest internally on
segments 1-7; segment 8 wholly colored; segment 9
uncolored and weakly emarginate behind; ventral sur-
face of segments with a brown median blotch, the
• blotches of segments 6—7 fusing.

Lipeurus.

Lipeurus confidens n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 1).

Four females from a Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea
nigripes (North Pacific Ocean). A species which in
outline of body, color and markings is very like Pia-
get's species ty^icolor (Les Pediculines, p. 363, pi. xxx,
fig. 4) from Diomedea fuliginosa (collection in the Mu-
seum of Leyden), but which is one and one-third times
as large, without circumfasciate antennal bands, with-
out occipital bands, with metathorax not without hairs
as described for tricolor but with longish hairs in the
posterior angles, without median abdominal blotches,
and with last segment of female not acutely but bluntly
two-pointed.

NEW MAJJ.OI'JlAtiA.

27

Description of feiiuile. Body, leiiijtli i.l'.'> luni.,
width 1 .Oo iiiiii.; large, whitish with sharj)ly dcliiied.
black marginal markings, the laternl abdominal jjands
consisting of segmental pairs ot contiguous subtrian-
gular blotches.

Head, length .SI mm., witlth .7 mm.; subtriangu-
lar, widest just behin<l the eyes; front parabolic, with
uncolored nuirgin without hairs; a longish hair at the
suture, with three m front of it (the foremost the
longest) and two behind it on each side of the fore-
head; antenna' rather elongate, slender, segment 1
large and as long as segment 2: anterior angles of an-
tennary fossie acute but projecting little; the fossa-
shallow; eyes prominent; temporal nuirgins most con-
vex just behind the eyes, oljtusely angulated behind,
and bearing a single weak hair an<l a few short spines;
occipital margin nearly straight, bare; ground color
whitish; strong, blackish brown antennal bands inter-
rupted at the suture, widening jtosteriorly and exten<l-
ing back as far as the eye; two triangular blotches on
occipital margins appearing as [)ointed continuations of
the lateral bands of j)rothorax: antenine uncolored.

Prothorax, as exposed, short, quadrangular, with tlatly
convex posterior margin and a longish spine in each
posterior angle; color whitish, with even, strong, black-
ish lateral borders, tvirning in for a little distance at
posterior angles. Metathorax with lateral concavities
and live hairs in posterior angles, lour o{ these hairs
being long, strong, colored, and set closely together in a
small uncolored space; posterior margin straight i>r
even slightly concave; segment whitish wiiii uneven,
broad lateral borders, widest in midtlle and not reach-
ing the posterior angles. Legs uncolored except tor
the chestnut-brown tarsi. No stiTual markiuiis.

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Abdomen, fourth segment widest; segments of about
equal length; posterior angles with few weak, not long,
hairs; color whitish, with very narrow, clear lateral
margin which sends expanded processes inward, three
in each segment; the foremost of the three is the small-
est and is contiguous to the suture; the hinder two are
covered by two triangular blackish blotches which on
some segments are contiguous, on others distinctly sep-
arate; segments 8 and 9 narrow, colored laterally; pos-
terior margin of segment 9 truncate, with a very small
angular einargination; two short hairs on each of the
blunt points.

Lipeurus densus Kellogg. (Plate III, fig. 2).

New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 114, pi. vii, figs. 1 aud 2.

A single male from a Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea
nigripes (North Pacific Ocean, off Alaska). This speci-
men is a full millimeter longer and is much more com-
pletely blotched with dark brown than the original type
specimen, a female; but I think they are of the same
species. The female described is undoubtedly not fully
grown and colored. While the antennae vary in the
sexes, that of the male bears no projection: it is simply
heavier and larger, with its first segment largest; in the
female, segment 3 is the longest. It is a male of this
species, probably, which Taschenberg (Die Mallophagen,
1882, p. 145, pi. V, fig. la) describes and figures as the
female of ferox.

Description of male. Body, length 5.8 mm., width
1.25 mm.; ground color very pale brown, but body
mostly covered by large, dark brown blotches, head and
thorax slightly longer than abdomen.

Head, length 1.3 mm., width 1,06 mm,; front para-
bolic, with a group of three distinct hairs at each side

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 29

ami two or three shorter ones along margin in front of
antennary fossie; antenna' large, long, (almost 1 mm.),
without projection on any segment; segment 1 largest
and other segments successively decreasing in width
and length, uncolored except for an indelinite brown-
ish annulation on segment 2; eyes projecting, conspic-
uous; temporal margins slightly exj)anded, rounded
behind, with, one short, weak hair and a few prickles;
ground color brownish white; even, blackish brown
antennal bauds running around in front, the small
portion of clypeus lying in front of the band being
dark subtranslucent brown; temporal regions bounded
within by diverging occipital bands, all blackish brown,
these blotches acutely pointed in front and almost
reaching to, but distinctly separate from, the bases of
the antennal bands; on the forehead a dark brown lat-
eral blotch on each side and in front of the mandibles.
Prothorax short and quadrangular as exposed; two
short, weak hairs in posterior angles, one lying in on
posterior margin; narrow median region of segment
whitish, widest behind; lateral portions of segment
blackish brown, paling inwardly. Metathorax large,
long, with lateral margins concave, posterior nuirgin
weakly and flatly concave; a single short, weak hair in
the apex of the posterior angles, and five longer,
stronger, light brown hairs in a very snndl elongate-
elliptical, uncolored space near the apex of the angles;
segments all blackish brown, except a wiiitish, bluntly
pointed, arrow-head-shaped, median region; projecting
laterally from the posterior tip of this whitish space is
on each side a small, linear, whitish space. Legs long,
strong, coxse nearly uncolored; femora dark brown,
with uncolored extremities and tibia? mostly colored.
Sternal markings, prosternum with narrow, pericoxal

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lines; mesosternum with a rather large, brownish, me-
dian blotch; metasternum with weak indications of a
median blotch.

Abdomen short, nowhere broader than thorax, with
subparallel sides until segment 7 is reached, when the
posterior tapering is begun; segments 1-6 of about
equal size; segment 7 longer than others; segments
8-10 successively narrower and shorter; an uncolored
median longitudinal line extending whole length of
abdomen, rest of surface colored blackish brown by
large quadrangular lateral blotches, which have clear
stigmatal spots and are palest along inner margin;
last segment angularly emarginated, with three short
hairs on each point; segments 1-4 with a single very
short hair in each posterior angle, segments 5-9 with
longer hairs.

Lipeurus forficulatus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal-
lophaga, I, 1896, pi. ix, figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6).
Many specimens from a Californian Brown Pelican,
Pelecanus californicus (Baja California). Taken pre-
viously by me from same host species (Bay of Monte-
rey, California).

Lipeurus gracilicornis Piaget. (Plate III, fig. 3).

Les Pediculines, ISSO, p. 309, pi. xxv, tig. 6.

Many specimens including males, females, and young
from a Man o'War Bird, Fregata aquila (Panama). My
specimens, to which I give a varietal name, differ from
Piaget's types (taken from Fregaia minor), as described,
in three important particulars, viz., character of an-
tennae, metathoracic hairs, and size. In other particu-
lars the specimens from the two bird species agree well.

Var. major Kellogg. Measurements (Piaget's meas-

NKW M AI.LOl'HAGA, ol

ureineutri of iho typo speciiiiciis are in pureiitliesos),
iiialo, body, U'lii^lli '.].\'2 iniii. (2.5 nun.), width .37 mm.
(.21) mm.); head, k'nii,tli A'>i\ luiii. (.58 mm.), width .o'.>
mm. (.21) mm.) Female, body, len<^th o.lO mm. (2.4
mm.), width AVJ mm. (.53 mm.); head, length .GO mm.
(.03 mm.), width .50 mm. {A\ mm.) Distinctly larger
than the types of the species; third segment of antenna
of male with an appendage; metathorax with six long
hairs, five together and one alone. I figure the female
as Piaget has figured the male of the species type.

Lipeurus protervus n. sp. (Plate til, fig. 4).

Many specimens from a Willow Ptarmigan, Lagopus
lagopus (Kodiak Island, North Pacific Ocean). On this
Ptarmigan were some specimens of Goniodes niammilla-
tus Rudow, found by me on the California Partridge,
CaUijtepla callfornica (New Mallophaga, Jl, 1896, p.
509, pi. Ixix fig. 2), but this Lipeiiru.^, while of similar
general character to Lipeurus docophoroidc^ Piaget taken
by me from CaUipepla californica (New Mallophaga, II,
1896, p. 508, pi. Ixviii, fig. 8), is distinctly of another
species. The most readily noticeable ditference is in
the character of the lateral abdominal blotches, those
of docophoroidcs leaving a comparatively wide, un-
blotched median region, while those of the new species
leave but a narrow, median, unblotched line. The
blotches of the first segment meet in the new species;
they do not, even nearly, in docopltoroides.

Description of female. Body, length 2 mm., width
.72 mm.; short and broad, and sub-Docophoroid in
form; whitish ground color with nearly completely col-
ored head and thorax, and abdomen with large, lateral,
quadrangular blotches.

Head, length .5 mm., width .5 mm.: front rounded,

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with four very small, inconspicuous hairs on each side;
trabeculse small, distinct, acute, uncolored; antennae
rather short, segment 2 longest, segment 5 longer than
3 or 4, segments 4 and 5 colored, others uncolored or
very weakly colored; eye large, with a hair; temples
widest just behind the eyes; temporal margins converg-
ing posteriorly, nearly straight, with two long hairs
and prickles; occipital margin concave; head pale
brown in median region, temples, occipital border, and
antennal bands with rim around the front, dark brown;
a pale, almost uncolored transversal linear space in
front of the mouth, and a similarly pale U-shaped
space bounding the median region of the hind-head.

Prothorax small, short, quadrangular as exposed,
with a single long hair in each rounded posterior an-
gle; segment wholly brown except an uncolored poste-
rior border. Metathorax small, not as long as broad,
posterior margin obtusely angled on abdomen; two
long pustulated hairs in a clear space on posterior mar-
gin near the lateral angles and two long pustulated
hairs in a clear space on posterior margin midway
between lateral angles and posterior angles; whole
segment brown except a small, angular, median, whit-
ish or uncolored space on anterior margin. Legs
pale brown with narrow dark brown marginal mark-
ings. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines
and a shield-shaped median blotch on metasternum.

. Abdomen elliptical, posterior angles of segments
projecting slightly and with one to two longish weak
hairs; ground color whitish with large quadrangular
lateral brown blotches on segments 1-7, these blotches
nearly meeting inwardly and separated intersegment-
ally by a whitish space about one-half as large as a
blotch; the outer margins of the blotches are blackish.

NEW MALl.UrilAUA. 33

forming narrow lateral l»an<ls; each ijloleh with a stig-
raatal spot, and a few (three or four) pustulations at
inner end, iu which are seated longish hairs; a long
hair arises from a demi-pustulation on the posterior
margin of each blotch just behind the stigmatal spot;
segment 8 wholly colored and segment 9 nearly so; pos-
terior margin of last segment minutely emarginated.

Lipeurus macgregori n. sp. (Plate ill, ligs. 5 and 6.)

Mumerous specimens from three individuals of the
Ani, Crotophaya sulcirostris (Panama). This striking
Lipeurus with its small Nirmoid body, and, except for
the antennie, Docophoroid head, shows no near resem-
blance to any other Lipeurus so far described.

Description of tlie male. Body, length 1.81 mm.,
w^idth .56 mm.; short and broad for Lipeurus, Nirmoid
in shape, head with slightly expanded anterior border
of clypeus uncolored, and slightly emarginated as with
many Docophori; ground color of body whitish with
strong, dark brown, lateral borders of liead, and lateral,
transverse blotches of thorax and abdomen.

Head, length .53 mm., width .47 ram.; thus nearly
as broad as long, triangular, with sinuate sides and
truncated apex; anterior border of clypeus slightly
expanded, uncolored, feebly emarginate; seven or eight
distinct, rather long hairs on lateral margin; an angu-
lar concavity on lateral margin midway between tra-
becula and anterior angle; trabecuhe prominent; anten-
nary fossie deep; eye {)r(>niincni, almo.-^t pendulous,
with a hair in it and a prickle just behind it; temporal
margins convex, with three long iuiirs, a fourth one on
occipital margin of temjjle; occipital margin sinuous,
bare; antennie lonji and lartie, segment 1 heavv. nearly
as long as the rest of tiie segments together; segment
3

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

2 next largest and longest, segment 3 with simple
appendage at distal extremity, segments 4 and 5 short,
subequal; color whitish, with strongly colored, dark
brown temples, angulated antennal bands, and lighter
brown, distinct signature, pointed behind, straight in
front; mandibles and oesophageal sclerite showing
through dark brown; trabecular and antennae paler
smoky brown.

Prothorax short, quadrangular, wider than long, with
one pustulated hair in posterior angle; a large, nearly
square, dark brown, lateral transverse blotch nearly
covering each lateral half of the segment, the broad,
median line between them whitish. Metathorax short,
but little longer than prothorax; posterior margin
nearly straight, with five long pustulated hairs ranged
along each lateral fourth, the inner two of the hairs
may have only demi-pustulations. Sternal markings
consisting of distinct, blackish brown intercoxal lines,
and a pale brown, indistinct median blotch on meta-
thorax. Legs pale smoky brown with darker margins
and semiannulations.

Abdomen elongate-ovate; segment 1 conspicuously
narrower than metathorax; one or two short hairs in
posterior angles of anterior segments, two or three long
hairs in angles of segments 5-9; ground color whitish
with broad, dark brown, lateral, transverse blotches on
segments 1-7, these blotches subquadrangular, but nar-
rower inwards, and leaving only a broad, median, whit-
ish, longitudinal line on middle of abdomen; in this
whitish space a few longish hairs on each segment;
rather large, uncolored, stigmatal spots in the trans-
verse blotches of segments 2-7; the transverse blotch
on segment 8 continuous across the segment and curv-
ing; segment 9 with two backward-projecting, short,

NEW MALLOPnAGA. 35

horn-likc processes, dark brown, and a narrowly rounded,
uncolored posterior bordcjr; genitalia extending through
segments G-9 and strongly chitinized.

Female. Body, length 2.41 mm., width .7<S mm.;
head, length .6 mm., width .53 mm.; considerably
larger; abdomen more elongate; antenna? rather long,
slender, segment 2 longest; lateral, transverse blotches
of abdomen less tapering inwards; blotches of segment
8 distinct; segment conspicuously emarginate behind.

Goniodes.

Goniodes mammillatus liudow. (See Kellogg, New
Mallophaga, II, ISUG, p. 509, pi. Ixix, fig. 2).
Specimens from the Ptarmigan, LuijopuH la<jojms

(Kodiak Island, off Alaska). Previously taken by me

from a Californian Partridge, Callipepla californica

(Mountain View, California).

Eurymetopus.

Eurymetopus taurus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal-
lophaga I, 1890, p. 135, pi. xi, iigs. 3, 4, 5 and 0).
Specimens from the Black-footed Albatross, Diuniedta

nigripefi (North Pacilic Ocean, off Alaska). Previously

taken by me from JJiumedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey,

California).

Trinoton.

Trinoton luridum Xit/.sch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-

piiaga 1, 1890, {). 152, pi. xiii, fig. 4).

Specimens from a Green-winged Teal, Anascarolin-
ensis (Kodiak Island, off Alaska). Previously taken
by me from same host species and six other duck
species (Kansas and California).

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Colpocephalum.

Colpocephalum abbotti n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 9).

Taken from a gull, Larus sp. (Baja California). This
new form is of the general type of fuscipes Piaget (Les
Pediculines, p. 567, pi. xlvii, fig. 7) from Larus domin-
icanus, and of funebre Kellogg (New Mallophaga, I,
p. 147, pi. xii, fig. 7) from Larus glaucescens (Bay of
Monterey). It most nearly in general aspect, and espec-
ially in the branching, uncolored median line of abdo-
men, thorax, and head, resembles sulcatum Piaget (Les
Pediculines, p. 565, pi. xlvii, fig. 5) from 8terna nigra,
but is one-half larger, and has transverse series of hairs
on the dorsal aspect of the abdomen, while sulcatum is
here naked.

Description of female. Body, length 2.34 mm., width
.88 mm.; rather large, long abdomen; abdomen sombre
in color with narrow, black, lateral borders on hind
head, thorax, and abdomen; a conspicuous, uncolored,
median line on first five segments of abdomen, all of
thorax, and hind head, the line dividing in the head
and sending a branch to each lateral margin just in
front of the ocular emargination.

Head, length .47 mm., width .7 mm.; front broad,
very flatly convex, with numerous hairs of which four
are longer than the others; on the lateral margins of
the forehead in front of the ocular emargination a very
long hair, with another shorter one close to it, and two
in the angle; the palpi projecting beyond the lateral
margins of the head; the ocular emargination deep,
angular, with a prominent fringe and a longish hair
rising just inward of the double eye; temples rather
narrow, projecting, with four long hairs on the mar-
gin and one rising at some distance inward from the

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 37

occipital margin; six uncolored spots on the forehead,
from two of wliich sinjjjle lon<:; hairs arise and from the
remainintf four sliort hairs; occiiiital margin flatly con-
cave, bare; liead smoky brown with narrow black
occipital border and curved ocular blotches; a broad,
short-stemmed, uncolored Y, the prongs slightly angu-
lated in the middle and terminating broadlv in front of
the eyes; the stem interrupts the black occipital border
and is continuous with a median, uncolored, longitu-
dinal line which traverses the thorax and the first few
abdominal segments.

Prothorax broader than long, with obtuse lateral
angles containing one longish hair and a spine in the
apex of the angle, and a second longish hair arising
from a little within and back of the apex; the latero-
posterior margins bare, with a single longish hair in the
slight angle which may be taken to separate the latero-
posterior margin from the true posterior margin: two
longish hairs on eacii half of the flatly convex posterior
margin: color smokv brown with narrow black border
on latero-posterior margins and on visible parts of
latero-anterior margins; the small, slightly curving,
longitudinal cliitin bars at ends of the indistinct, usual
transverse bar are black; the ground color of the seg-
ment is darker in posterior half, and the segment is
bisected longitudinally by the median, uncolored line
Metathorax with a fairly distinct suture setting off the
mesothorax; lateral margins bare; posterior angles with
a hair and spines; posterior margin straight, with four
weak hairs not on the very margin; color smoky brown
with narrow black lateral borders. Legs slightly
lighter than segments, and with ill-defined, darker
marginal markings. Sternal markings distinct, a me-
dian shield on prothorax: a small, elongate, rather

38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

cone-shaped median blotch on mesothorax, and a large,
broadly diamond-shaped, median blotch on metathorax;
intercoxal lines between pro- and mesothorax distinct.
Abdomen elongate-elliptical; segments with a single
long weak hair and some short ones in posterior angles,
and some short ones along lateral margins; a single
transverse series of not very closely set weak hairs along
posterior margin of each segment; general color light
smoky brown with very narrow blackish lateral bands;
last segment parabolic behind, with short hairs, and at
each side a few longish hairs.

Colpocephalum spineum n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. i).

A single male from a Man o'War Bird, Fregata aquiia
(Panama). Piaget has taken a small Colpocephaluvi from
Fregata 7ainor {angulaticeps, Les Pediculines, p. 569,
pi. xlvii, fig. 8), to which this new form must show some
resemblance in size and characteristic quadrangular
shape of forehead; but the shape of the abdomen, not
at all elliptical as described for angulaticeps, bat elon-
gate-oblong with nearly parallel sides, and the distinct
and characteristic abdominal markings and lateral hairs
of the prothorax, serve to make any reference of my
specimen to angulaticeps impossible.

Description of male. Body, length 1.53 mm., width
.44 mm.; elongate, narrow, with subparallel sides; pale
golden brown with large dark brown head blotches and
lateral brown blotches on abdomen.

Head, length .34 mm., width .47 mm.; forehead
nearly quadrangular, with a few short hairs along the
front and four short ones and two longish ones on sides;
palpi and antennte slightly projecting beyond the mar-
gin of the head; temples broad with flatly convex lat-

NKW MALI-OI'HAGA. 39

eral niaif^ins beurino; numerous liairs of various
lengths, two at least being long; occipital margin
broadly concave; pale golden brown with broad blackish
brown occipital border, greatly expanded triangularly
at bases of the occipatal bands; ocular blotches large,
and a distinct blotch on each side of the front rami of
the mandibles extending diagonally to the front
margin.

Prothorax short, with a spine and longish hair in
each lateral angle and four longish hairs and two spines
along each lateral half of the posterior margin. Meta-
thorax longer and wider than prothorax, almost as
wide as abdomen; several spines in a double row along
the lateral margins, some strong spines in the lateral
angles, and a series of ten or twelve strong hairs along
the nearly straight posterior margin, whole thorax of
pale brown ground color of body. Legs concolorous
with the thorax, with dark brown markings near distal
extremity of femur and on tibiie. No distinct sternal
markings.

Abdomen slender, elongate, with nearly parallel
sides, with one long hair in posteriiir angles of seg-
ments 3-8 and numerous short hairs along lateral mar-
gins; dorsal surface covered with short spiny hairs, a
series along the posterior margin of each segment be-
ing composed of longer but still spine-like hairs; color
pale golden brown, the sutures whitish, and distinct
subelliptical dark brown lateral blotches on segments
3-8, giving the abdomen a strikingly marked character;
segment i' but little narrower than segment 8 and
broadly truncate behind; posterior margin with several
long hairs and more shorter ones; dorsal surface with a
transverse series of longish hairs.

40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Colpocephalum maculatum Piaget. (Plate IV, fig. 2).

Les Pediculiiies, 1880, p. 516, pi. xliii, tig. I.

A male and a female from a Caracara, Polyborus cher-
iv)ay (Baja California), which I refer with much doubt
to this species of Piaget, taken from a Polyborus brasil-
iensis (Zool. Garden of Rotterdam). Piaget says that
maculatum much resembles C. flavescens, the common
Colpocephalum of raptorial birds (see Kellogg, New Mal-
lophaga, II, 1896, p. 525 pi. Ixxi, fig. 4). My specimens
do not resemble fiavescens at all closely, lacking the cross
bands of the abdomen, being rather differently shaped,
etc. But Piaget's description and figure of maculatum
show it also to differ from flavescens in these and other
particulars. My specimens measure: Male, body,
length 1.62 mm., width .66 mm.; head, length .34 mm.,
width .53 mm. Female, body, length 2. mm., width
.72 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width .53 mm.

Colpocephalum subaequale Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New
Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 525, pi. Ixxii, fig. 1).

Specimens from an American Raven, Corvus corax
sinuatus (Baja California). Taken previously by me
from Corvus americanus (Palo Alto, California).

Colpocephalum diffusum n. sp. (Plate IV, figs. 3 and 4).

A well marked species found upon a surprisingly
large number of widely related bird species from Pan-
ama. Mr. McGregor brought specimens from the fol-
lowing birds: Amblycercus holoscriceus, Arremonops striat-
iceps, Saltator albicollis, Phoenicothrampis fuscicauda,
Elainea subpagana, Dendroica bryanti, Piaya cayana
thermophila (2 specimens), Chiroxiphia lanceolata, and
Ardea virescens ! From the condition of affairs I should
suspect straggling, but Mr. McGregor informs me that

NEW MAI.LOPHAGA. 41

the birds were shot and tlio parasites collected on diff-
erent days. We seein to have here a condition similar
to the condition shown by Docophorus communis. In
the list of hosts of this (Jolpoceplialuni, however, there
are bird species of several unrelated families such as
the Frinu;illid;e, Cuculidte, Ardeidte.

The specimens of the parasite vary somewhat in
strength of color and hence distinctness of bands and
blotches. Some of the weaker colored specimens, how-
ever, are evidently pupte or freshly moulted adults. 1
have described the markings as shown in some well
colored specimens from Anibiycerciis holosericeus.

Description of the male. Body, length 1.28 mm.,
width .53 mm.; ground color very pale, with distinct,
blackish brown markings on head, thorax, and abdo-
men; transverse bands of abdomen uneven in size, the
first and last bauds being much larger than the middle
ones.

Head, length .34 mm., width .47 mm.; a few short
hairs on frontal margins; palpi barely projecting; ocu-
lar fringe distinct; temples broad, with a few long hairs;
color whitish with prominent blackish ocular blotches
projecting forw^ard and connecting by a weakly colored,
uneven broad line with the small but distinct blackish
clypeal blotches; temples clear without dark margin:
occipital margin narrowly bordered with blackish in
the median part.

Prothorax; the part of the prothorax not concealed
by the head is almost of the shape of a semicircle, a
little flattened at the pole; the lateral angles lie very
close to the occipital margin of the head, are obtuse,
and bear three spines; there are three longish hairs on
each lateral half of the rounded posterior margin; the
segment is almost whitish with indications of darker

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

borders and indistinct lines caused by the sternal mark-
ings showing through. Metathorax pentagonal, pos-
terior margin straight, with four longish hairs and a
spine (between the first two) on each lateral half; the
posterior angles with two spines; color whitish with
dark brown anterior angles, and sternal markings in-
distinctly showing through. Legs concolorous with
thorax, with brownish and blackish markings. Sternal
markings distinct, blackish brown, consisting of a
median wedge-shaped blotch on prosternum connected
by lateral processes with the intercoxal lines; a pecu-
liar four-appendaged blotch on mesosternum composed
of median blotch and meso-peri-coxal lines; and a pale
median metasternal blotch with darker intercoxal lines.

Abdomen short, broadly elliptical, not turbinated;
two or three distinct spines in posterior angles of seg-
ments; longish hairs in the angles and on the dorsal
surface; segment 1 large; segments 2 and 3 not so
large but larger than segments 4-7; segment 8 larger
than segment 2 or segment 3; broad blackish brown
lateral bands with the sutures distinct; no transverse
bands on dorsal surface, but those of ventral surface
showing through; these transversal bands arranged as
follows: a single broad band covering all of segment 1
and anterior half of segment 2, narrow bands on seg-
ments 3-7, and one continuous band or blotch covering
all of segments 8 and 9; the genitalia strongly chitin-
ized, conspicuous, and extending through segments 2-9;
last segment rounded behind, with a few short hairs;
on the ventral surface of segment 2, a group of four very
strong, long spines near each posterior angle.

Female. Body, length 1.56 mm., width .66 mm.;
head, length .34 mm.; width .5 mm.; abdomen more
elongate and the segments differently shaped; segment

NEW MALLOPHAOA. 43

1 very long, wiili straight posterior margin; segment 2
a little shorter, with distinctly curving posterior mar-
gin; segment o still shorter, with curving margin; seg-
ments 4-7 very short; segment 8 longer; ventral bands
about as in lualc, with the last great band or blotch
reaching anteriorly, with convex anterior margin, into
segment 5.

Menopon.
Menopon titan var. linearis Kellogg.

New MallophasH, I, 1896, )). 16.'}, ])\. xv, H-;. '2.

Many specimens from a Californian Brown Pelican,
Peiecanus calif amicus (Baja California). Described from
same host species from Bay of Monterey, California.

Menopon auri-fasciatum n. ^p. (Plate 1\', fig. 5).

From a Man o' W ar Bird, Fregata aquiia (Panama).
Not at all liki' .1/. intertnedimn Piaget (Les Pediculines,
p. 497, pi. xl, lig. 4) from Fregata minor.

Description of female. Body, length 2.P.t mm., width
1.03 mm.: whitish with golden vellow transverse
abdominal bands; dorsal surface of abdomen with
manv strong hairs iu transverse series.

Head, length .31 mm., width .7 mm.; half-moon
shaped, with smooth, even conve.x border; two short
hairs on the front on each side of the middle, and two
longish hairs and three shorter ones on each side in
front of the antcinial ravitv; foui* verv long hairs and
several short ones in each temple; occipital margin
concave, with six rather long hairs; pale yellowish white
with black ocular Hecks and small brown blotches just
inside of the antennary cavities.

Prothorax rather large, with three short spines and a

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

long hair along the narrowly rounded margin of the
lateral angles, and five long hairs on each lateral half
of the fiatly rounding posterior margin; the lateral
margins narrowly darker than the rest of segment,
which presents no blotches; the uncolored transverse
chitin bar is distinct, and the curving longitudinal bars
at its extremities are darker than general color of seg-
ment. Metathorax as short as or shorter than pro-
thorax, with very slight lateral emargination ; lateral
posterior angle with several small spines, and posterior
margin, which is fiatly convex, bears, beginning in lat-
eral angles, two long hairs, then a spine, then eight
long hairs, on each lateral half; a narrow transverse
pale brown blotch runs across the segment near the
posterior margin and expands at its lateral extremities.
Legs of pale ground color of thorax with narrow darker
marginal markings.

Abdomen ovate, rather turbinate, with longish hairs
in the posterior angles of the segments and a single
series of strong hairs across the dorsal aspect of each
segment, ranged along the posterior margin of a pale
brown transverse band which extends entirely across
each segment; this band covers only about one-half
the dorsal aspect of each segment, the uncovered half
being of the whitish ground color of the general body,
ninth segment flatly convex behind, with fringe of un-
colored fine hairs, and with a few long hairs at lat-
eral rounded angles.

Menopon striatum n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 6).

Six specimens from a Willow Ptarmigan, Lagopus lago-
pus (Kodiak Island, North Pacific Ocean), Nearly
twice as large as G rube's M. lagopi from Lagopus alpi-
nus, though in general appearance the species must be

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 45

similar. Grube describes the temples of Intfopl with
but one long hair; fitriatarn has four, aii<l liii- prothorax
of kujupi is figured by Grube as being extraordinarily
long.

Description of female. Body, length 2.22 umi.,
width .*.>! mm.; well marked, with entire transversal
abdominal bands, with wide, whitish intersegmental
spaces, and distinct, blackish, narrow lateral bands.

Head, length .3 mm., width .66 mm.; broadly para-
bolic in front, with slight rectangular orbital emargi-
nation; half a dozen short hairs on each lateral margin
of forehead and three long hairs in region just in front
of orbital emargination ; the palpi projecting, as also
the antennae; temples narrow, five longish hairs, two
more rising from occipital margin of temporal region;
occipital margin concave, straight in the middle;
ground color light brown, palest in median region, with
very narrow blackish occipital border, blackish curving
ocular blotches, and transversal dark brown bar in
mandibular region.

Prothorax rather large, long; lateral angles obtuse,
with three spines; posterior margin, from angle to
angle, making a liattened semicircle and bearing 14
long hairs; ground color pale smoky brown, regions of
lateral angles distinctly darker, transverse chitin bar
dark, narrow, with a spine rising from each extremity;
curving chitin bars at extremities of the transverse bar
distinct, narrow. Metathorax with a broad whitish
sutural space separating the small colored mesothoracic
region from metathorax; metathorax with nearly
straight posterior margin, and a series of hairs along
straight })Osterior margin of broad chestnut-brown;
transverse bar witli narrt)\v blackish lateral borders.
Legs pale to smoky brown, with narrow, blackish dorsal

46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

margiiiings and conspicuous spiny hairs. Sternal
markings consisting of pale brown linear transversal
blotch on prosternum, distinct, narrow blackish diago-
nal intercoxal lines between pro- and mesolegs, with
pale brown median triangular blotch emarginated on
anterior margin, very pale, indistinct intercoxal lines
between meso- and metalegs, with a pale brown trian-
gular median blotch between them, and another
smaller pale brown median blotch apparently between
the metacoxse, really on first abdominal segment.

Abdomen elongate-elliptical; two to three or four
longish hairs in lateral angles of segments; on seg-
ments 1-8 a regular series of alternating whitish
(sutural) and chestnut-brown transversal (segmental)
bands, each colored band bearing a single series of
longish hairs on small pustules along its posterior mar-
gin; a longer hair on larger pustule at each end of each
of these series; narrow, segmentally interrupted black-
ish lateral bands, separated from the brown transverse
bands by a narrow whitish space; segment 9 wholly
chestnut-brown except pale to uncolored posterior bor-
der; posterior margin with thick-set fringe of uncol-
ored longer and shorter hairs. Ventral surface of
abdomen of segments 2-8 with a median pale brown
transversal band, bearing numerous fine hairs rising
from small pustules; segment 9 mostly colored.

Menopon praecursor n. sp. (Plate IV, fig. 8),

Many specimens from a Gila Woodpecker, Melanerpes
uropygialiH (Baja California). Denny is the only author
who has hitherto described a Menopon from the wood-
peckers {M. pici, from Picus viridis, Monograph. Ano-
plur. Brit. p. 219, pi. xx, fig. 5). From his brief de-

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 47

scription and strango illustration I cannot determine
whether my specimens resemble his or not.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.5G mm.,
width .7r> mill.: golden brown, with chestnut-brown
transverse abdominal bands.

Head, length .28 mm., wi<lth .58 mm.; being thus
twice as wide as long; very few short hairs along front;
from a partly clear sjiot on the dorsal surface on each
side of the forehead three hairs arise of which one is
very long; the palpi project by the length of the termi-
nal segment; no distinct ocular fringe; the temples
narrow and bearing three very long hairs and two or
three shorter ones; occipital margin weakly concave,
with six longish hairs, two being median; ground color
of head pale subtranslucent brown, with nearly uncol-
ored temples; black ocular flecks, irregular brownish
ocular blotches, and a very narrow blackish occipital
border. On the ventral surface are two backward-pro-
jecting, segmented, pointed, chitinous processes arising
apparently at about the origin of the labial palpi.

Prothorax large, the obtuse lateral angles projecting
even with the insertion of the last of the three long
occipital hairs; the lateral margins and posterior mar-
gin (separated by a very obtuse but obvious angulation)
with a few longish, slightly j)ustulated hairs (two on
each lateral margin and six on the posterior margin); a
spine in each lateral angle; the regions of the lateral
angles smoky, with narrinv l)lackish border on lateral
margin; the straight, transverse chitin bar uncolored,
the curving, longitudinal chitin bars blackish; middle
region of segment concolorous with middle region of
head. Metathorax short, but little wider than pro-
thorax; posterior margin straight, with a series of long-
ish hairs; region of posterior angles and an indistinct

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

transverse blotch entirely across segment darker. Legs
eoncolorous with the pale ground color of the body,
with very narrow darker dorsal margining. Sternal
markings consisting of a narrow transversal median
blotch on presternum, and intercoxal lines curving back-
ward at inner ends on mesosternum.

Abdomen rather short and broad, ovate; posterior
angles projecting but slightly and bearing two to three
long hairs; on the lateral margins of each segment a
spine; a transverse series of hairs across each segment
near its posterior margin; ground color very pale yel-
lowish brown, with a chestnut-brown transverse band
entirely across each segment except the ninth; poste-
rior margin of segment 9 flatly angulated and with a
close fringe of hairs.

Male. Body, length 1.34 mm., width .6 mm.; head,
length .25 mm., width .53 mm.; the few specimens of
males in the lot taken from the single bird examined
are paler in color than the females; the transverse
band of the eighth abdominal segment is hardly notice-
able; segment 9 flatly rounded behind, with a few prom-
inent hairs.

Physostomum.

With regard to the characters used in distiguishing
species in this genus I am in much doubt. I believe
that the genus is not at all well undertsood and that
the specific deterininations including my own (see New
Mallophaga II, 1896, p. 513, et. seq.) need a thorough
revision. This revision cannot, however, be under-
taken until much more material is in hand. I describe
the. two following species with this doubt in mind, sim-
ply giving here as best I can additonal data, for the

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 49

reviser. In tlie case of the two species here described,
tlie uiirehited hosts accredited to each suggest that we
have to do in this genus witli a few species of wide
range of host, ur with many species of very similar ap-
pearance.

Physostomum pallens n. sji. (Plate IV, fig. 7).

Specimens from a Prothonotary Warbler, Frotono-
iaria citrea and from a Flycatcher, Elainea subpagana
(Panama).

Description of female. Body, length 3.6 mm., width
,87 mm.; pale buffy brown, with blackish brown head
markings and thoracic markings and lateral abdominal
bands.

Head, length .67 mm., width .66 mm.; front slightly
expanded, flatly rounded; with laterally projecting pal-
ettes; several short prickle-like hairs in the slight ocular
emargination; temples projecting backward, acute, with
three long hairs, one on margin just behind the eye,
and two close together on dorsal surface near the mar-
gin farther back; color whitish to clear with usual
brown longitudinally arranged lateral blotches.

Prothorax hexagonal, front and posterior margins
concave; a long hair and two spines in each lateral
angle, and a long bair and two or three spines on each
lateral margin near the posterior angles; lateral mar-
gins unevenly bordered with blackish brown, inter-
rupted by a nearly uncolored spot in each lateral angle.
Metathorax longer than prothorax, with straight pos-
terior margin, and a single hair and spine in each pos-
terior angle; a slight, rounded swelling behind anterior
angles bearing spines; blackish brown, narrow, even,
submarginal, longitudinal bands. Legs uncolored.

4

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Abdomen parallel-sided, with a single hair and spine
or prickle in posterior angles of segments; whitish with
distinct, even, blackish brown submarginal longitudi-
nal bands; vulva flatly rounded, with fringe of fine
hairs; posterior margin of last segment flatly rounded,
with fine, uncolored hairs.

Physostomum invadens n. sp.

Specimens from a woodpecker, Melcmerpes ivagleri and
from Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Panama). The finding of
this species on Melanerpes is the first recorded occur-
rence of Pliysostomii7)i on a non-passerine bird.

Description of female. Body, length 3 mm., width
.81 mm; pale translucent brownish with dark brown to
blackish head and thoracic markings and lateral ab-
dominal bands; in outline and structural characters
very like pcdlens.

Head, length .66 mm., width .6 mm.; almost iden-
tical with that of pcdlens; ground color browner; the
hairs of ocular emargination rather longer and fewer.
Prothorax with lateral angles hardly apparent, but
marked by the presence of a long hair and spine. Legs
with a little brownish coloring. Abdomen with longer
hairs and more in posterior angles of segments, and
with two hairs on posterior margin of each segment
just a little distance inward from posterior angle. Lat-
eral bands of abdomen rather broad and marginal; in
each of these broad brown longitudinal bands the
true lateral bands, chitinized, may be seen.

NEW MALLOPHAGA.

51

LIST OF HOSTS, WITH I'ARASITES.

Larus glancescens

Docophorus lari
Larus sp.

Docophorus lari.

Niriuus pnuctatiis.

Colpocephalum abbotti.
Diomedea uigripes.

Lipeurus coufideus.
deusns.

Eurj'metopus taurus.
Pelecauus califoruicus.

Lipeurus forficulatus.

Meuopoii titau var. linearis.
Fregata aquila.

Lipeurus gracilicoruis, var.
major.

Colpocephalum spiueum.

Menopou nuri-fasciatum.
Mergauser serrator.

Docophorus icterodes.
Anas earolineusis.

Trinotou luridum.
Ardea virescens.

Colpocephalum dififusum.
Tringa macularia.

Docophorus cordiceps.

Nirmus furvus var. ravus.
Tringa sp.

Nirmus tissus var. major.
Lagopus lagopus.

Lipeurus protervus.

Gouiodes mammillatus.

Meuopon striatum.
Polyborus cheriway.

Nirmus splendidus.

Colpocephalum maculatum.
Falco sparverius peuiusularis.

Nirmus fuscus.
Crotophaga sulcirostris.

Lipeurus macgregori.
Coccyzus americauus occideutalis.

Docophorus latifrous var. occi-
deutalis.
Piaya cayana thermophila.

Nirmus atopus.

Colpocephalum dififusum.

Melanerpes wagleri.

Physostouium iuvadeus.
Melanerpes uropygialis.

Menopou pnucursor.
Melanerpes formicivorus angus-
tifrous.

Docophorus califoruiensis.
Myiarchus ciuerasceus uuttiugi.

Docophorus rufus.
Elaiuea subpagana.

Physostomum pallens.

Colpocephalum dififusum.
Corvus corax sinuatus.

Colpocephalum subrequale.
Amblycercus holosericeus.

Nirmus virgatus.

Colpocephalum dififusum.
Arremouops striaticeps.

Colpocephalum diftusum.
Saltator albicollis.

Colpocephalum dififusum.
Chiroxiphia lanceolata.

Physostomum iuvadeus.

Colpocephalum dift'usum.
Cardinalis cardinalis igueus.

Docophorus communis.
Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda.

Docophorus panameusis.

Colpocephalum dift'usum.
Progue aubis hesperus.

Docophorus domesticus.
Phainopepla nitens.

Nirmus peuinsularis.
Protonotaria citrea.

Physostomum pallens.
Dendroioa bryanti.

Nirmus interpositus.

Colpocephalum diffusum.
Ciuclus mexicanus.

Docophorus laticeps var. amer-
icauus.
Parus atri-capillus occideutalis.

Docophorus rutteri.
Auriparus llaviceps.

Nirmus audax.

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I. — Fig. 1, Docophorus panamensis Kellogg, $ . Fig. 2, D.
cordiceps Giebel, S. Fig. 3, D . riMeri Kellogg, $. Fig. 4, D. laiiceps
G., var. americanus Kellogg, ? . Fig. 5, D. latifrons N., var. occidentalis
Kellogg, $ . Fig. 6, D. riifus Kellogg, ? . Fig. 7, D. laticeps G., oiitline
of head. Fig. 8, D. latifrons N., var. occidentalis Kellogg, abdomen of 5 ,
ventral aspect. Fig. 9, D. rufus Kellogg, abdomen of ?, ventral aspect.

PLATE II. — Fig. I, Nirmus furvus'N., var. ravMS Kellogg, ?. Fig. 2,
N. fissxts N., var. major Kellogg, ?. Fig. 3, iV. splendidus Kellogg, $.
Fig. 4, N. atopus Kellogg, ?. Fig. 5, N. virgatus Kellogg, ?. Fig. 6,
N. splendidus Kellogg, genital blotch of i . Fig. 7, N. interpositus Kel-
logg, ? . Fig. 8, N. audax Kellogg, $ . Fig. 9, N. peninsularis Kel-
logg, ?•

PLATE III. — Fig. 1, Lipeurus conjidens Kellogg, $ . Fig. 2, L. densus
Kellogg, head of $ . Fig. 3, L. gracilicornis P., var. major Kellogg, $ .
Fig. 4, L. protervus Kellogg, ?. Fig. 5, L. macgregori Kellogg, head of
,5 . Fig. 6, L. macgregori Kellogg, $ .

PLATE IV. Fig. 1, Colpocephalum spineum Kellogg, S . Fig. 2, C. mac-
ulatum P., $ . Fig. 3, C. diffusum Kellogg, S . Fig. 4, C. diffusum Kel-
logg, ventral aspect of abdomen of $ . Fig. 5, Menopon auri-fasciatum
Kellogg, ?. Fig. 6, M. striatum Kellogg, ?. Fig. 7, Physosiomum pal-
lens Kellogg, $ . Fig. 8, Menopon prcecursor Kellogg, $ . Fig. 9, Colpo-
cephalum ahhotti Kellogg, ? .

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MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.

(With Plates V to IX.)
liV VEltNUN L. KELLOUU AND BEKTIIA L. CHAPMAN.

CONTENTS.

Introiliu'tion.

Descriptions of New Species and Identiticatious of Old Species.

Docophorus.

Nirmus.

Lipeunis.

Giobelia.

Oncopborus.

Eurymetopus.

Gouiodes.

Colpocephalum.

Aucistroua.

Triuoton.

Menopou.

Physostomum.
List of Hosts, with Parasites.

Introduction.

The Mallophfiga described and referred to in this
paper were collected by Messrs. Snodgrass, Osgood,
Brown, and McLain, students of Stanford University,
California, Mr. Ed. M. Ehrhorn, Horticultural Com-
missioner for Santa Clara County, California, and by
the senior author, Mr. Kellogg. All of the specimens
from birds of the Bay of Monterey, California, were
taken by Mr. Kellogg from just-killed birds or freshly
made skins collected by Mr. Leverett M. Loomis, Cura-
tor of the Department of Ornithology, California Acad-
emy of Sciences. The authors desire to acknowledge
their obligations to these various collectors.

The sequence of genera in this paper is that adopted
in the European monographs and in the papers of the
senior author (Kellogg, New Mallophaga I, 1896;* New
Mallophaga 11, 1896;* Mallophaga from Birds of

• Proc. Cal. Acad. Soi., 2d. Ser. Vol. VI.

(63 ]

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Panama, Baja California, and Alaska, in New Mallo-
phaga III, 1899). The sequence of species in each
genus is determined by the hosts, the sequence of hosts
being that of the A. O. U. Check-List of North Amer-
ican Birds, 2d. edition, 1895.

Docophorus.

Docophorus procax n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 1).

Many specimens from two Pigeon Guillemots, Gep-
phus columba (Bay of Monterey, California). A mem-
ber of the group trianguliferi Piaget (Les Pediculines,
p. 113), and most resembling pilosus Piaget (ibid, p.
116, pi. X, fig. 4) from a flamingo, Phoenicopterus anti-
quorum, but differing in the hairs of clypeus, of meta-
thorax, shape of abdominal blotches, etc.

Description of the male. Body, length 1.45 mm.,
width .76 mm. ; head comparatively large, with frontal
part of clypeus uncolored and expanded; thorax and
first segment of abdomen golden brown with darker
markings; abdomen oval, pale, whitish medially, with
dark brown transverse bands and blackish lateral
bands.

Head, length .52 mm., width .54 mm.; conical, tem-
ples wide, sides rapidly approaching each other ante-
riorly; frontal uncolored clypeal space expanded; front
straight or feebly concave; no hairs on the rounding
uncolored clypeal region but one short marginal prickle
at the point where the clypeus begins to swell beyond
the sides of the head; a second short prickle before
the suture; two dorsal hairs just before the clear un-
colored clypeal region; two short prickles in front of
the trabeculce; trabecular large, reaching nearly to the
end of the second segment of the antennae, well col-

NEW MALLOPHAOA. 00

ored with pale brown, a sliort prickle at the base; an-
teiiiue small, of the same golden brown as the head,
with slightly darker markings; eye inconspicuous, with
two short ] trickles and an ocular fleck; temples
rounded, with two long hairs and several prickles; occip-
ital margin straight; clypeal signature broadly shield-
shaped, sides constricted anteriorly, with posterior
angle reaching almost to the mandibles; the quadran-
gular space in the middle of the signature is slightly
darker than the most anterior portion; antennal bands
interrupted by the suture, the bands turning in at the
suture, nearly meeting on the median line, the bands
themselves becoming narrow and acuminate; the pos-
terior ends of the antennal bands bend in and back till
they meet the dark blotch caused by the mandibles
showing through the head; ocular blotches distinct;
temporal borders narrow, occipital bands distinct,
slightly diverging anteriorly; occipital border not ex-
tending to the sides of the head.

Prothorax broad, with sides diverging; posterior
angles rounding; lateral borders dark, extending in
along the posterior margin. Metathorax pentagonal,
sides strongly divergent, posterior margin angular,
with slightly rounding tij) on the abdomen; one short
prickle and ouc long i)ustulated hair in the posterior
angles, three ]>ustulated hairs each side of the posterior
marginal angle; segment pale in the middle, growing
darker laterally and posteriorly. Legs of the same
golden brown as the thorax, darker lateral borders and
annulations, claws also dark. Sternal markings consist
of dark brown intercoxal lines and a pale median
metathoracic blotch.

Abdomen broadly ovate, turbinated; segments 2 to
7 with prominent posterior angles, each bearing

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from one to three long hairs; segment 1 wholly
golden brown, the transverse blotches meeting near the
posterior margin in an acute point; the transverse lat-
eral blotches of segments 2 to 7 are separated by
a transparent whitish median space; the lateral mar-
gins of the segments are dark brown to black; along
the posterior margins of the transverse lateral bands
are partially uncolored spots bearing long hairs; stig-
matal spots distinct; segment 8 wholly pale brown,
darker in the middle, owing to the dark genitalia show-
ing through; segment 9 very small and uncolored;
genitalia distinct, dark brown reaching as far forward
as segment 6.

Female. Body, length 1.62 mm., \Yidth .78 mm.;
head, length .56 mm., width .53 mm.; abdomen not so
broad in comparison with the length as in the male,
not turbinated, and the median whitish space larger.

Docophorus lari Denny. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga,

1, 1896, p. 98, pi. iv, fig. 4).

Specimens from Larus delevjarensis , L. occidentalis
(three birds), and L. heervianni (two birds) (Bay of
Monterey, California). Previously taken by Kellogg
from these and other species of Larus.

Docophorus melanocephalus Burmeister. (See Kellogg,
New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 99, pi. iv, fig. 6).
Two specimens from the Royal Tern, Sierna maxima
(Bay of Monterey, California), and two specimens from
the Pomarine Jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus (Bay of
Monterey, California). Previously taken by Kellogg
from Sterna maxima (same locality).

Docophorus validus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 2).

A single female specimen of this striking Docophorus
from a Black-vented Shearwater, Puffinus opisthomelas

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 57

(Bay of Monterey, California). In general shape and
in certain special characters this new form somewhat
resembles D. hrevi-antennatus Piaget (Les Pediculines,
p. 108, }»1. ix, fig. 9) from Hula aiistralu- (Maseum of
Leyden); the differences, however, in shape of meta-
thorax, abdominal blotches, etc., are marked.

Description of the female. Body, length 2.25 mm.,
width l.lcS mm.; large triangular head with narrow,
emarginate front; abdomen nearly circular, with
strongly marked, lateral, transverse blotches, mostly

acute inwardlv.

Head, length .72 mm., width .72 mm., front uf the
head before the trabecuho elongate and markedly nar-
rowing anteriorly; dark lateral margins extending
slightly beyond the narrow, concave, uncolored clypeal
region, terminating in a sharp, slightly incurving
angle; a short prickle on the anterior margin of this
projecting angle, a short hair on the lateral margin of
the front, near the suture; two dorsal hairs extending
beyond the lateral margin of the head; trabecuhe large,
reaching to the end of the second segment of the
antennie; segment 1 of the antenna long, segment 5
l»ut little longer than segments 3 or 4; eyes prominent,
with a short spine and a hair: temples slightly })rotrud-
ing, parabolic, with two long hairs and three short
spines; occipital margin .slightly convex upon the pro-
thorax; signature distinct, anteriorly concave; deeper
chestnut-brown along the anterior margin than through
the wide median i)ortion, posteriorly narrowing into a
dark, narrow, acuminate point reaching to the man-
dibles; the anterior portion of this posterior point is
darker than the rest of the signature; antennal bands
broad, even, of a dark, rich, golden brown, paling
slightly in the anterior portion, beyond the suture; pos-
terior extremities bending inwardly, separated by a

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pale median space between the occipital bands; occip-
ital bands much paler than the temporal borders, indis-
tinctly fading anteriorly into dark ocular blotches;
temporal margins narrowly bordered with dark brown;
occipital blotches distinct.

Prothorax small, oblong; angles rounding, with one
long hair; lateral blotches distinct, separated by a pale
median line, darker along the posterior margin near
the angle, and fading gradually anteriorly. Metathorax
only two-thirds as wide as the head, with strongly
diverging sides, rounding, posterior angles; posterior
margin broadly rounded upon the abdomen; one very
short prickle and one long hair in a pale brown space
on the posterior angle; six long pustulated hairs on the
posterior margin; lateral markings little darker than
the general dark brown of the metathorax.

Abdomen nearly circular; transverse, lateral blotches
distinct, acute inwardly, and darkest at the inner ends;
each bearing from one to four pustulated hairs; seg-
ment 8 entirely dark brown; segment 9 rounding, with
a narrow, angular emargination; one fine hair each side
of this emargination.

Docophorus icterodes Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal-

lophaga, I, 1896, p. 96, pi. iv, fig. 1).

Specimens from a Lesser Scaup Duck, Aythya ajffinis,
and from an American Scaup Duck, Aythya marila
nearctica (Palo Alto, California). Previously taken by
Kellogg from the first named host species, and from six
other duck species.

Docophorus fusiformis Denny. (Plate V, fig. 3).

Monographia Auopluroruiu Britannije, 1842, p. 84, pi. i, fig. 2.

Docophorus fusi/onnis D., Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 104; Pia-
get, Les Pe'liculines, ISSO, p. 86, pi. vi, fig. 7.

Docophorus fiss'iformis D., Osboru, Insects Affecting Domestic Ani-
mals, Bull. 5, N. S., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., 1896, p. 217.

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 59

One liuile from a Least Saiulpiper, Trimja inlnutilla
(Palo Alto, California). Denny's specimens were taken
from the same host; Giebel's single specimen from the
same host, and Piaget's from Tringa Hubarqiiata. Osborn's
specimens are from the "black-billed sandjiiper" (Bur-
nett collection). Our specimen lias no emargination of
the clypeal front, a character especially noted by Denny
and Piaget. But Giebel's specimen is like ours: " der
Vorderrand ist nicht tief ausgeschnitten, sondern nur
sanft concav." The species can be recognized by the
large elongate head, the dark coloration, and narrow
genitalia. Our specimen, figured, measures: body,
length, 1.31 mm., width .5 mm.: head, length .5 mm.,
width .44 mm.

Docophorus fuliginosus Kellogg.

New Mftllopbaga, I, 1S96, p. SO, pi. iii, tig. -J.

Specimens from the Black-bellied Plover, Squatarola
sipiatarola, and from the Semipalmated Plover, .£gia-
liiis seviipalmata (Pacific Grove, California). Described
from Squatarola squatarola (Kansas and California).

Docophorus pictus Giebel. (Plate V, lig. 4).

Insecta Epizoa, 1S74, p. 74.
Docophorus pictus G., Piaget, Les Pediculines, ISSO. p. 2.3.

Numerous specimens from a Golden Eagle, Aquila
chrysai'tos (Palo Alto, California). The specimens are
of the characteristic group infesting eagles, of which
plati/stomus N. (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, p. 69, pi. ix, fig.
1; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 17, pi. i, lig. 1) may be
taken as type. So many species have been described in
this group, on what seems to us slight differences, that
one may well despair of making a satisfactory reference
of his specimens to any one of the forms to the exclusion

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of all others. From this same host half a dozen spec-
ies of Docophorus (all of the i^^^^^y^^^'^^^'^^ ^JP^) have
been described.

The truncate, not emarginated, clypeal front, and the
slight dilation of the uncolored part of the clypeus
lead us to refer our specimens to a species proposed by
Giebel for specimens collected from the same host as
that of our specimens. Osborn (Insects Affecting
Domestic Animals, 1896, p. 218,) describes a species
halieti from the Bald Eagle, Haliceetus leucocephalus
(Florida). This species has a marked lateral, anterior,
clypeal dilation, and the front is emarginate.

The members of the group may be recognized by the
uncolored front of the clypeus more or less dilated.
We figure a female. Measurements: Male, body,
length 2.22 mm., width 1.2 mm.; head, length .85
mm., width .91 mm. Female, body, length 2.81 mm.,
width 1.4 mm.; head, length .94 mm., width 1. mm.

Docophorus cursor Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, II, 1896, p. 484, pi. Ixvi, fig. 1).
Specimens from two individuals of the American
Long-eared Owl, Asio ivilsonianus, (Ontario, Califor-
nia). Taken previously by Kellogg from Buho virgin-
ianus (Lawrence, Kansas). Recorded by Osborn from
Asio ivilsonianus (Ames, Iowa, and Lincoln, Nebraska).

Docophorus speotyti Osborn.

Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, 1896, Bull. No. 5, Div. o
Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., p. 222, fig. 144.

Specimens from a Spotted Owl, Syrnium nebulosum
(La Honda, California). Agrees well with Osborn's
description (except that the abdomen is narrow, with
subparallel sides in the female, while it is more ellipti-

NEW MAI.I.OPHAGA. 61

cal, widest at segment 4, in the male, just the reverse of
the condition according to Osborn).

Docophorus ceblebrachys Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New
Malluphaga, 11, IblJO, p. 48,"), pi. Ixvi, lig 3).

Many specimens from a Snowy Owl, yydea nyctea
(Pullman, Washington). Taken previously by Kellogg
from same host (Kansas).

Docophorus singularis n. sp. (Plate V, hg. 5).

Specimens from a Nuttall's Woodpecker, Dryohates
nvAiallii (lone, California). Not like any other wood-
pecker-infesting Docophori, but belongs rather to the
group femorati.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.43 mm.,
width .71 mm.; dark chestnut-brown with distinct
bands on the head and thorax, angular, lateral, trans-
verse blotches on the abdomen; unique in the possession
of bipartite trabecular.

Head, length .65 mm., width .53 mm.; large, broadly
concave, uncolored clypeal region broad with straight
to slightly concave front: one marginal hair in front of
distinct suture, two dorsal hairs near the laleral margin,
one rather short and stiff, extending forward beyond
the clypeal margin, the second very long; two dorsal
hairs in front of the trabecuhe; the trabecuhe divided,
anterior part short and acutely angulated, extending
around the base of the posterior portion of the trabec-
uhe on the ventral surface, the posterior portion of the
trabecultB nearly as long as the first two segments of the
antenna^ about the same width throughout, a deep
chestnut-brown at the base, with uncolored tip; anton-
nte with the first iwo joints long and about equal, pale
golden brown, last tliree joints darker chestnut-brown,

62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a few short spines on the joints, especially numerous
and strong on the first two joints; eye with one long
hair, and near the posterior margin a second long hair;
temples rounding, with three long, pustulated, marginal
hairs and one short prickle, occipital margin slightly
convex; signature distinct, anterior margin concave,
with a slight lateral constriction near the anterior
angles, posterior angles extended backward, posterior
margin extending in a long, acute angle beyond the
mandibles; antennal bands distinctly interrupted at the
suture, dark chestnut-brown, posterior extremities in-
ward and back, meeting well defined, diverging occip-
ital bands; temples dark chestnut-brown, with narrow
blackish margins, interrupted by large pustulations»

Prothorax small, lateral margins strongly rounding;
one long pustulated hair in the posterior angle; lateral
blotches dark chestnut-brown, separated by a pale
median line; blackish lateral borders. Metathorax with
strongly divergent lateral margins nearly as wide as
the head; a series of long pustulated hairs on the angu-
lated posterior margin; lateral blotches dark, separated
hy a pale median line which widens distinctly near
the middle; bands of blackish brown on the lateral and
posterior margins. Sternal markings composed only of
the distinct intercoxal lines between the pro- and meso-
thoracic legs. Legs pale brown with dark bands.

Abdomen broadly ovate, segments distinctly narrow-
ing on the median line; one to three long hairs in the
posterior angles; many long, pustulated, dorsal hairs in
a transverse series on the posterior margin of each
segment; lateral transverse triangular blotches dark
chestnut-brown, slightly darker on the lateral margin;
median portion of the abdomen un colored; posterior
margin of the transverse blotches interrupted by un-
colored pustulations; segment 8 entirely dark brown;

NEW MAIJ.Ul'HAiJA. Go

segment 0 narrowly emarginate, rounding, witli two
short prickles on the posterior margin; two dark hiteral
blotches separated by a broad uncolored space; genital
blotches distinctly dark brown, broadly rounding on
segments 5 and G, i»ostcrior maruin rapidly tapering to
segment 8.

Male same size as female; last segment broadly,
flatly rounded, with several long hairs on each side of
the bare median third of the posterior margin.

Docophorus californiensis Kellogg.

New Mallopbaga, II, 1896, p. 483, pi. Ixvi, tig. 6.

Specimens from Williamson's Woodpecker, Sphi/rapi-
cus thyroideus (El Dorado county, California), the White-
headed Woodpecker, Xenopiciis aWolarvatus (El Dorado
county, and Kings River Canon, California), and the
Californian Woodpecker, Melanerpts formicivorus bainli
(Palo Alto, California). Types collected by Kellogg
from Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi (Palo Alto, Cali-
fornia). The specimens from the El Dorado county
birds show narrow heads and bodies, but this is
probably due to shrinking in drying, aS all the speci-
mens of the small collections from this locality appear
to have suffered in the same way.

Docophorus rufus Kellogg.

Mallophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California ami Alaska,
iu New Mallopbaga, III, 1S99, p. 7, pi. i, figs. 6 and 9.

Three specimens from an Ash-throated Flycatcher,
Myiarchus cinernscens (Alameda county, California) and
three specimens from another specimen of the same
bird species from Ontario, California. Described by
Kellogg from Myiarchus cinerascens nutiingi (Baja Cali-
ifornia).

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Docophorus fusco-ventralis Osborn.

Insects Aflfectiug Domestic Animals, 1896, Bull. 5, N. S., Div
of Ent., a. S. Dept. of Ag., p. 221.

One specimen from an Ash-throated Flycatcher,
Myiarchus cinerascens (Palo Alto, California). Osborn's
specimens were from the Wood Pewee, Contoi^us virens
(Cornell University Collection; Burnett Collection).

Agrees well with Osborn's description, except that the
fuscous coloration of ventral aspect is in broad trans-
verse bands separated by distinct, paler sutural bands,
instead of being "beneath uniformly dark brown."

Docophorus communis, (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga,

II, 1896, p. 486, pi. Ixvi, fig. 7).

Under this name we group together a large number
of very similar forms; or if dissimilar, forms con-
nected by gradatory specimens. These forms are taken
from passerine birds and belong to Piaget's group
femorati (Les Pediculines, p. 53), characterized by the
large truncate or feebly convex or weakly emarginated
clypeus, with long hair in each anterior angle, by the
especially large third pair of legs, and by the conspic-
uous pustulated hairs of the thorax and abdomen.
The marked variation (notably in size of hindmost
legs) among individuals from a single bird specimen
(let alone bird species) and the series of gradatory forms
connecting all the variations manifest in the group
make it impossible for us to attempt to distinguish dif-
ferent species in this mass of material. Piaget has,
indeed, attempted to define half a dozen varieties of
communis, but in no very confident manner. The
group femorati can furnish time-killing work for any
student bold enough to undertake its discipline.

Docophori of this group, referable to the species com-
munis, in its widest sense, have been determined by us

NEW MALLOl'UAOA. 65

from the following passerine hosts, all from California:
Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerasce'ns; West-
ern Flycatcher, Empldoaax di^cilis, two specimens;
Mexican Horned Lark, Otucoris alpestris chryHolaina;
Blue-fronted Jay, Cyunucitta stelleri frontalis, three
specimens; California Jay, Apkelocoma californica;
Western Meadow Lark, Sturnella mayna neyleda;
Brewer's Blackbird, Svulecophayns cyanocej)haliLS ; Pine
Siskin, Spimis j)inus ; Western Lark Sparrow, ClioiuhsUs
yramniacus striyatus, two specimens; Intermediate Spar-
row, Zo?io6'/t7/i a leucophrys iniermedia; Gambel's Spar-
row, Zonotrichia leucopliryu ymnbelii, three specimens;
Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata, two
specimens; Spizella sp.; Western Chipping Sparrow,
Sjnzella socialis arizoncu ; Bell's Sparrow, Amphispiza
belli; Samuel's Song Sparrow, Melo.sjdza fasciata sam-
uclis, two specimens; California Towhee, Pijnlo fuscun
cri.ssalis, two specimens; Black-headed Grosbeak, Zame-
lodia melanocephula ; Western Blue Grosbeak, Guiraca
carxdea enrhyncha, three specimens: Louisiana Tanager,
Piranya huloviciana, two specimens; Cedar Waxwing,
Ampelis cedrorum; Northern Shrike, Lanius borealis;
California Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus yatnbeli, two
specimens; Cassin's Vireo, Vireo solifarius cassinii : Yel-
low Warbler, Dendvoica a:stiva ; \'igor's Wren, Thryo-
thorus bev:ickii spilvrus; Plain Titmouse, Parus inor-
natiLS, three specimens; Audubon's Hermit Thrush,
Tardus aunalaschka auduboni ; Western Bluebird, Sialia
mexicana occidental is. Previously taken by Kellogg
from sixteen species of passerine birds.

Docophorus mirinotatus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 6).

A female and several immature specimens from a
Thurber's Junco, Junco hyemalis thurberi (Goat Mt..

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

alt. 11,500 ft., Kings River Caiion, California). This
Nirmoid form does not much resemble any other Doco-
phorus known to us. The strangely emarginated, trans-
verse abdominal blotches are unique.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.65 mm.,
width .53 mm., slender, Nirmoid in form, with head
wider than thorax and almost as wide as abdomen;
abdomen yellowish white, with narrow blackish lateral
bands, and transverse bands with their anterior mar-
gins widely and irregularly emarginated.

Head, length .46mm., width .43 mm.; clypeus broad,
with straight or very slightly concave front; one short
hair in the lateral margin near the front, a second longer
hair in front of the suture; eye with a long hair; tem-
ples flatly rounding, with two very long hairs and two
or three prickles; markings indistinct; antennal bands
interrupted at the suture; occipital bands widely sepa-
rated posteriorly but converging rapidly anteriorly,
forming a triangle with the mandibles at apex; trabec-
ulse slender, short.

Prothorax narrow, quadrangular, with a long hair in
the posterior angle; pale medially, with distinct dark
lateral bands. Metathorax with a series of long hairs
along the posterior margin which is distinctly angu-
lated on the abdomen; lateral, dark brown borders.

Abdomen slender, elongate-elliptical; from one to
three long hairs in the posterior angles of the segments
and a dorsal, transverse series of long pustulated hairs
on each segment rising near the middle of the seg-
ments; segments with median blotches which are
widely and irregularly emarginate anteriorly, the
blotches also interrupted by the pustulations which
fade into the medial emargination; the transverse
blotches distinctly darker on the posterior margin just

NEW MAl.l.Ul'lIAliA. G7

*

beneath tlie uncolored medial space and extending
laterally not ([uitc to the lateral bands; distinct nar-
row blackish bands on the lateral margins; last seg-
ment narrowly, angularly emarginate, with a short hair
on the posterior margin each side of the emargination,
and with pale brown transverse blotches, but no dark
bands on lateral margins.

Docophorus mirus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 7). '

A few specimens from two Vigor's Wrens, Thryotkorus
bewickii spilurus (Palo Alto, California). Characterized
by the very large head and small abdomen, the head
being two-fifths as long as the whole body and almost,
if not cjuite, as wide.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.5 mm.,
width .65 mm.; head very large in proportion to the
body, five-sixths as wide as the abdomen and two-thirds
as long.

Head, length .56 mm., width .53 mm., broadly con-
ical; uncolored clypeal front slightly concave in the
middle, a rather long stiff dorsal hair rising near the
lateral margin and extending forward beyond the mar-
gin of the head, a short hair on the margin in front of
a distinct suture, two rather long hairs before the tra-
beculie which reach as far as the end of the second seg-
ment of the antennae; segment 2 of the antenme long,
segment 5 longer than either segment 3 or 4; eye dis-
tinct, a long hair on the dorsal surface and a shorter
hair arising near the posterior angle; three long hairs
and a short prickle on the rounding angle of the tem-
ples; occipital margin slightly convex; signature dis-
tinct, pale fulvous, anterior margin slightly concave;
lateral margins straight, though the dark, narrow lines
of the inner bands make it appear that there is a strong

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

constriction near the anterior margin; posterior angles
rounding; posterior margin extending back beyond the
mandibles in a dark, narrow point; antennal bands
marginal, narrow, dark chestnut-brown, interrupted by
the distinct suture, bending in to meet the anterior
ends of the occipital bands in an indefinite, pale ful-
vous band; temples bordered anteriorly with a narrow
border of dark chestnut; occipital bands narrow but
distinct posteriorly, widely diverging and apparently
connecting with the antennal bands.

Prothorax narrow, about half as wide as the head,
lateral margin convex, one long pustulated hair in the
posterior angles; a narrow lateral border of dark chest-
nut-brown. Metathorax with sides convex and strongly
diverging; a series of long pustulated hairs on the pos-
terior margin which is obtusely angled on the abdomen;
lateral margin bordered with dark chestnut-brown.
Legs fuscous, with dark fuscous borders and semiannu-
lations; third pair of legs conspicuously large; a few
scattered hairs and spines.

Abdomen broadly ovoid, short in comparison with
the large head; first three segments longer than the
others, their posterior margins more nearly straight;
segments 4 to 8 narrowed, especially in the middle; last
segment narrowly emarginate; many long pustulated
hairs on the abdomen arranged in series on the poste-
rior margin of each segment, especially thick along the
middle; three or four short prickles on the lateral mar-
gin of the emargination of the last segment; first four
segments dark chestnut-brown, segments 5 to 9 paler
fuscous.

Male, Body, length 1.46 mm., width .53 mm.; head,
length .53 mm., width .5 mm.; last abdominal segment
rounded, with a fringe of about ten rather long weak
hairs.

NEW MALI.Ol'HAGA. 09

Nirmus.
Nirmus fusco-marginatus Denny. (Plate V, fig. 0).

Mouograph. Auoplur. Brit., 1S4'_', \>. l.'W, pi. x, tig. 1.

N'trmun fusco-marijinatus D., Giebel, lusecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 178;
Piaget, Lea reJiculiues, 1880, p. 202, pi. xvi, tig. 6.

Many specimens of a Nirmus which may be referred
to us a variety of this species of Denny, from an Amer-
ican Eared Grebe, Colyiabii>^ aujr'icull'is culifoni'icuH; also
two specimens (rather smaller) from two Pigeon Guil-
lemots, Cej)j>Jtii!< coluinba, and a single specimen from
the American Herring Gull, Luras argentatus smiUiiion-
ianas (all the birds from the Bav of Monterey, Cali-
fornia). Denny's types were taken from Pudiccps
aiLrltus (Ireland), and Piaget's specimens from Fodlcepn
crlsiatus. It seems to me that the Xirmus podicipis of
Denny (Monograph. Anoplur. Brit. p. 142, pi. x, fig. U)
and the Lipeurus runcinatus Nitzsch (Giebel, Insecta
Epizoa, p. 2oS) are both referable to fuscu-iiiar<jiiialaf<.
The antennal characters seem to be the same. As Pia-
get notes, the differing in the antennie of male and
female makes it ditficult to refer the species to Xii')/iuis.
It is a form showing a transition to LijteuriLS. Our
specimens are one-fourth hirger than the types of the
species and differ in some minor particulars.

Var. americanus Kellogg ami Chapman. (Plate V,
fig. \)). l'\Miiale, body, length 2.02 mm., width .81
mm.; head, length .56 mm., width .44 mm. Dilfers
from the species type in having a spine in the posterior
angles of the prothorax, and a hair on each lateral half
of the posterior margin; the metathorax has six hairs
and a spine on each lateral half of the posterior mar-
gin. The species is easily recognizable by its long
slender body, short, narrow, pointed head, and the
black, lateral, triangular, abdominal blotclie.>^ with brown
inward-projecting processes.

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Nirmus pacificus n. sp. (Plate V, fig. 8).

Two males from a Tufted Puffin, Lunda cirrhata;
one male from a Black-bodied Shearwater, Piiffi^nus
griseiis ; and specimens, males and females, from two
Pigeon Guillemots, Cej^phus columha — all the birds from
the Bay of Monterey, California. The specimen from
Pujffinus is almost certainly a straggler, as no other
specimen was taken from the fifty-five individuals of
Puffi^nus examined. The new species belongs to Pia-
get's group zonati (Les Pediculines, p. 187), and is
most like citrinus (ibid. p. 190, pi. xvi, fig. 8). The
metathorax, however, is angulated, not flatly rounded,
as with citrinus, on the abdomen, and there are other
differences.

Description of the male. Body, length 1.46 mm.,
width .5 mm.; short, broad, Docophoroid in form;
light golden brown with conspicuous broad, dark anten-
nal bands and dark brown to black lateral abdominal
bands interrupted segmentally.

Head, length .5 mm., width .4 mm.; broadly conical;
clypeal front very slightly concave; three marginal
hairs on the front, one on the clear portion, and two
before the suture; a short marginal prickle in front of
the trabecule, one dorsal hair just back of the first
marginal, a second dorsal hair near the second margi-
nal, two dorsal hairs between the suture and the trabec-
ules which are distinct and slightly colored; the anten-
nae are short, segments 2 and 5 being longer than the
others; color, the light golden brown of the head
marked with slightly darker brown; eyes inconspicuous,
with two short prickles; temples with sides nearly
straight, rounding on posterior angles, with one very
long hair, one shorter, weaker hair, and two short
, prickles; occipital margin concave; clypeus with a pale

NKW MALI.OPHAGA. 71

»

hut distinct penta«;onal signature; antennal bands
broad and dark, continuing beyond the suture; behind
tlie obtuse posterior angle of the signature a narrow
longitudinal uncolored space extending to the mandi-
bles; temples bordered by a very narrow line of dark
brown slightly broader just below the eye; a distinct
though pale occipital signature.

Prothorax (piadrangular, yery sliort, broadly rounded,
angles with one rather long hair; pale medially with
dark brown lateral margins that bend in along the pos-
terior margin. Metathorax pentagonal with widely
diyerging sides; posterior angles acute; six hairs in the
angle and along the posterior margin; the posterior
margin with a distinct elongate angle on the abdomen;
dark lateral markings broadest on the posterior angles.
Legs pale golden brown with slightly darker marginal
markings.

Abdomen slightly elongate-oyal, turbinate; posterior
margins of segments 1-3 angulated, and anterior mar-
gins of segments G-9 more obtusely angled: lateral
angles of segments with one to three hairs; a few hairs
on dorsal surface arranged along the posterior margins
of the segments; posterior margin of segment 9
broadly rounded, with ten rather long hairs, several
shorter hairs on dorsal surface of segment; color of
abdomen fuscous; segment 1 without distinct lateral
blotches, but segments 2-7 with dark brown to l>lack lat-
eral blotches, darkest in anterior angles and extending
along the anterior maririn of each seiiment almost to
tlie median line; segment S but little darker in anterior
angle, and segment 0 of an even pale fuscous; genitalia
distinctly showing through, extending to segment G.

Female, body, length 1.7r> mm., width .0 mm.; head,
length .55 mm., width .47 mm.: lateral abdominal

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bands distinct, blackish, the posterior part of each seg-
mental portion tapering acuminately; segment 8 with-
out lateral bands; segment 9 widely, angularly emargi-
nate behind, with a single very fine short hair on each
obtuse posterior point.

Nirmus maritimus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 1.)

Many specimens from numerous individuals of the
Ancient Murrelet, SynthliboTaraphiis antiquus, Cassin's
Auklet, Ptychoramphui aleuiicus, Rhinoceros Auklet, Gero-
rhinca monocerata. Also a single specimen (straggler)
from a Pacific Fulmar, Fulmariis glacialis glupischa.
All of these birds from the Bay of Monterey, California.
Resembling N. citrinus Nitzsch (Giebel, Insecta Epizoa,
p. 177; Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 190, pi. xvi, fig. 8)
from Alca torda, but more slender, with elongate head,
angulated posterior margin of metathorax, different
disposition of hairs of the head, etc.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.96 mm.,
width .46 mm.; slender, elongate; pale fuscous w^ith
darker lateral borders on the head and thorax and
broad lateral bands on the abdomen.

Head, length .5 mm., width .37 mm.; narrowly elon-
gate, conical, with clypeal front convex; three marginal
hairs, the first one near the front and the third in front
of the suture, the second is midway between these; a
short prickle in front of the trabecules which reach to
the end of the first segment of the antennae; antennae
short, not reaching more than two-thirds of the dis-
tance to the occipital margin; segment 2 longer than
segment 1, and segment 5 longer than segments 3
or 4; a few short hairs on the segment; eye with a
hair and a short prickle; temples with sides nearly par-
allel; one long hair, one short hair, and three short

NEW MALLOPHAOA. 73

prickles on the margin; occipital margin slightly con-
cave; signature distinct, shield-shaped, anterior margin
convex, posterior margin [troduced in a narrow point;
antennal bands l)roa<l, intmuiited by a distinct uncol-
ored suture; tlie anterior extremities of tlie antennal
bands bend broadly in at the suture, being separated
medially by a narrow uncolored line that reaches
nearly if not quite to the mandibles; ocular blotch fad-
ing inwardly; temporal borders narrow but well de-
fined, broader just below the eye, gradually narrowing
till it disappears before the occipital angle; a distinct
conical occipital signature showing through from the
under side of the head.

Prothorax with sides slightly diverging; posterior
angles rounding, with one short hair; marginal borders
dark golden brown, darker on the inner margin of the
border; interrupted on the posterior margin by a broad
pale median line. Metathorax with broadly rounding
sides, diverging posteriorly; three hairs in the posterior
angles; one long and one short hair on the posterior
margin each side of the long, acute, median angle;
lateral margins bordered with dark golden brown,
darker on the inner margin. Legs pale fuscous with
narrow dark nuirginal bands. Sternal markings con-
sisting of pale fuscous intercoxal markings and a dis-
tinct median sternal blotch.

Abdomen narrow, elliptical; sides of the middle seg-
ments parallel; posterior angles with from tme to two
hairs; four dorsal hairs on the posterior margins of the
segments, two near the middle and one each side near
the lateral margin: transverse bands fuscous; lateral
bands deep golden brown, broader anteriorly and
extending bevond the suture into the segment in front;
segments '2-6 with a pale posterior border; segments

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

7 and 8 with pale longitudinal median band; last seg-
ment narrowly rounding, with a narrow emargination;
one short hair on the posterior margin, each side of the
emargination; ventral surface with broad transverse
median blotches,

Male. Body, length 1.5 mm., width .4 mm.; head,
length .46 mm., width .34 mm.; distinctly shorter than
the female; abdomen more broadly elliptical; segments
7 and 8 narrowed distinctly in the middle; last segment
broadly rounded, with ten long hairs on the posterior
margin; transverse bands distinctly dark on segments
1 to 6; last segment evenly pale yellow; genitalia
darker brown, extending anteriorly to segment 5.

Nirmus triangulatus Nitzsch. (Plate VI, fig. 2).

Zeitschr. f. ges. Natiirwiss. (Giebel), 1866, vol. xxviii, p. 378.

Nirmus normlfer Grube, v. Middeudorff's Sibir. Eeise, 1851, Zool.

i, p. 478, pi. i, fig. 8.
Nirmus triangulatus N., Giebel, Insecta Epizoa, 1874, p. 177; Pia-

get, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 201, pi. xvi, fig. 5.

Many specimens of this striking JS^irmus from one out
of two birds shot of the Pomarine Jaeger, Stercorarius
pomarinus (Bay of Monterey, California). Our speci-
mens differ from Piaget's figure in having the head dis-
tinctly shorter and narrower in front, giving the insect
an appearance markedly different from the effect given
by the figure. There is probably no doubt, however,
regarding the identity of the species.

Nitzsch's specimens were taken from "Lestris crepi-
data," Grube's from ''Lestris richardsoni," and Piaget's
from Stercorarius pomarinus and Larus canus (Zool.
Garden of Rotterdam).

The species may be readily recognized by the char-
acteristic black, subtriangular, lateral, abdominal
blotches, and the chestnut-brown, median, abdominal

NEW MALLOPIIAUA. <0

blotches (see figure). My spefimeiir« measured: Male,
body, leiiL^th l.S niin., width .02 mm.: head, length
.53 mm., width .'):') mm. Female, body, length -2.1
mm., width .Oo mm.; head, length .0 mm., width
.G mm.

Nirmus lineolatus var. atri-marginatus. Kellogg and

Chapman (For Uneolatiis see Kellogg, New Mallo-

phaga, 1, 1896, p. 113, pi. vi, ligs. 7^ 8 and 9).

Many specimens from Lams caniis, vega-, brachyrhyn-

chus and Rism tridadyla jMllkaris (Bay of Monterey,

California). A readily recognized variety of lineolatus,

characterized by the presence of black temporal borders,

usually strongly marked, sometimes weakly so. Other

characters those of lineolatus.

Nirmus punctatus Xitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, 1, 1896, p. 109, pi. vi, figs. 1 and 2).
Specimens from Lariis deleirarensis (Bay of Monterey,

California). Taken previously by Kellogg from Lams

occidentalis (same locality).

Nirmus giganticola Kellogg.

Niw Maliopbaga, I, 1S!)6, p. lUo, pi. v, fig. (i.

Many specimens from a Short-tailed Albatross, Dio-
medea albatrus, and a single specimen from a Dark-
bodied Shearwater, PiifniH!^ gviseiis (Bay of Monterey,
California). Described from Diomedca albatrus (same
locality).

Nirmus complexivus n. ^p. (Plate VI, fig. 3).

Many taken from the Sanderling, Calidris arenaria
(Pacific Grove, California); found on every one of fif-
teen birds shot, and two specimens from a Least Sand-
piper, Tringa minvtilla (Palo Alto, California). This

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

form belongs to the group zonati, of Piaget (Les Pedi-
culines p. 187) and shows but slight differences from
several of the species of this group already described,
one or two from the same host, indeed; but on the other
hand Nitzsch's and Piaget's species differ among them-
selves but little, and the American specimens differ
quite as much from any described species. In fact they
are interesting as showing a combination of several
characters which are presented as diagnostic of cingu-
latus (the interrupted first abdominal band), zonarius
(the hairs and spines of the temples, and the head
longer than wide), and scalaris (the size). In addition
they present characters (metathoracic hairs, et al.)
which are not shown by any one of the described spe-
cies. I describe the American form therefore as a new
species. The group needs revision; probably four or
five of the present species should be reduced to varie-
ties of the oldest named form, i. e. cingidatus.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.71 mm.,
width .5 mm.; readily distinguishable by its general
dark color, and rounding, uncolored clypeus with the dis-
tinct colored signature, on each side of which lie the
narrow triangular projections of the anterior ends of
the antennal bands; the posterior ends of the antennal
bands bend so strongly in at the suture that they mark
the fore part of the head off from the hind part into a
small cone.

Head, length .4 mm., width .34 mm.; elongate, tri-
angular, with clypeus broadly rounding, the uncolored
region slightly expanded beyond the suture; two short
hairs on the rounding margin of the uncolored clypeus,
one rather long hair in front of the trabecule; trabecu-
Ise prominent, angular, reaching beyond the first joint
of the antennte; antennse short, reaching barely two-

NEW MAl.I.DPIIAGA. //

thirds of the distance to the occipital margin, ]>ale ful-
vous with darker. Inroad aiinulatious; segment 5 half
as long again as segments 3 or 4; eyes distinct, with a
hair and an ocular fleck; tenqtles broadly rounding,
with three long pustulated hairs, one short hair, and
one prickle on the margin; occipital margin straight;
clypeal signature constricted anteriorly, with the pos-
terior, lateral angles projecting slightly backward; the
posterior angle extending back indistinctly to the man-
dibles; antennal bands conspicuous, blackish brown,
extending, into long, paler, triangular projections on
the clypeus; the blackish posterior ends extending in,
meeting on the median line; ocular blotches contigu-
ous with the dark temporal borders; occipital bands
very delinite, looking like two dark bars, bending out-
wards towards the ocular blotch but fading into the
dark chestnut-brown of the temples; occipital blotch
distinct; a pale transverse space behind the bent anten-
nal bands, running like a curving bar across the head
from margin to margin; occipital signature dark fus-
cous, spear-head-shaped.

Prothorax short, sides rounding; hiteral quadrangu-
lar blotches separated by a narrow uncolored median
line; lateral margin distinctlv bordered with dark
brown. Metathorax with strouiilv rounding sides; a
short prickle in the anterior angle, a short prickle and
a long pustulated hair near the middle of tlie lateral
margin, two long pustulated hairs and two shorter
hairs in the posterior angles, two short hairs on the pos-
terior margin; tlie posterior margin rounding slightly
upon the abdomen; strong, dark lateral bands. Legs
light fulvous with dark marginal bands. Sternal
markings consisting of intercoxal lines extending back-
ward to the tijt of the coxa of the second pair of legs;

lb CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a median sternal blotch rounding posteriorly with a
sharp constriction about midway to the arrow-headed
anterior portion.

Abdomen elongate, with one or two slender hairs in
the posterior angles of the segments, two strong, pustu-
lated hairs in the posterior margins of the segments;
abdomen dark fulvous brown with broad, ill-defined,
darker lateral bands, and a transverse linear band
along the posterior margin of each segment of a darker
brown, adjacent to which are the small uncolored stig-
matal spots; the uncolored sutural lines distinct; seg-
ment 1 has the transverse band divided by a narrow
uncolored median line; segments 8 and 9 more evenly
colored; last segment angularly emarginated, with two
anal blotches; two short hairs on the posterior margin
each side of the emargination.

Nirmus actophilus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 4):

Many specimens from nine out of fifteen individuals
shot of the Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Bay of Mon-
terey, California). A member of Piaget's group obscuro-
suturati (Les Pediculines, p. 169) and resembling some-
what incequalis (ibid., p. 176, pi. xv, fig. 1) from
jShtmenius arquata.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.59 mm.,
width .4 mm.; pale, with distinct, narrow, lateral bands
of dark brown to black, head darker brown than the
thorax, with dark narrow marginal markings.

Head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm.; conical, but
little wider through the temples; clypeus broadly
rounded, with four marginal hairs, three on the front
before the suture, and one long one before the trabecular,
also a short prickle just at the angle of the trabecules;
a dorsal hair between the two anterior marginal hairs.

NKW MAl.LOl'lIAGA.

79

two otlier dorsal liairs on cacli side near tlie anterior
extremity of the incurvinij; aiitennal bands; trabeeuUe
distinet, reaeliin<^ nearly to the end of the first segment
of the antennie; antenniL- with segment 2 longer than
segment 1, and segment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4;
color pale fnlvous, slightly darker on the last three
segments, siitnres uncolored, lateral margins slightly
darker fuscous; eyes not conspicuous, flattened, with a
fine hair and a short prickle; temporal nuirgins slightly
rounded, with one long weak hair, one very short hair,
and three short prickles; occipital margin concave;
clypcal markings distinct, marginal: signature short,
distinct anterior margin fading into a broadly rounded
posterior angle; behind the signature a transverse
linear uncolored space, continuous with the clypeal
sutures, forming a distinct uncolored transverse bar
across the forehead; antennal bands well defined, bend-
ing forward at the clypeal suture into broad, (|uadran-
gular ends, posterior extremites bending backward
nearly to the distinct ocular blotches, which meet pos-
teriorly the anterior ends of the narrow black temporal
borders; occipital blotches small; a distinct, elongate,
oval, occipital signature showing through from the
ventral side: the mandibles distinctly showing through
the head, the (esophageal sclerite showing faintly.

Prothorax with flatly rounded lateral nnirgins, each
posterior angle with one pustulated hair; general color
pale brown to whitish, with narrow dark lateral bands.
Metathorax expanded posteriorly, angles extended, with
three long pustulated hairs, and some short weak hairs
ill the angle and along the lateral third of the posterior
margin : posterior nnirgin slightly angulated on the abdo-
men: narrow bhuk submar^inal markings, broadening
but less definite on the anterior angles: intercoxal

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lines, and a narrow, lanceolate, median, sternal blotch
showing through. Legs of an even fuscous, first pair
lighter than the second or third pair.

Abdomen elongate, slightly attenuated anteriorly;
segments 8 and 9 tapering rapidly; posterior angles
acute, each containing from one to three hairs; dorsal
surface with a few hairs, four on the posterior margins
of segments 1 to 7, two near the middle and two near
the lateral margins; ground color pale fawn, gradually
growing darker posteriorly, with dark brown lateral
bands which send out from their anterior half an
indefinite line that partially surrounds the stigmatal
spot; segment 9 angularly emarginate, each broadly
rounded angle bearing a short bristle; ventral surface
with broad transverse bands of dark fawn, which give
a darker tone to the paler transverse bands of the
dorsal surface; a more definite series of hairs on the
posterior margin of the segments than above; segment
8 with a group of three short hairs near the lateral
margin.

Nirmus cordatus Osborn.

Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, Bull. 5, N. S., Div. of Ent.,
U. S. Dept. Ag., 1898, p. 228, pi. ii, fig. a.

One female specimen from a Great Marbled Godwit,
Liinosa fedoa (Pacific Grove, California). We had
determined this to be an undescribed form, and had
partially written a description when Professor Osborn's
paper appeared, naming and describing the species
from a single female and an immature specimen from
the Hudsonian Godwit, Liinosa hcemastica (Burnett Col-
lection, locality?). Our specimen agrees well with
Osborn's description, except that it is somewhat larger,
being 2.75 mm., long (Osborn's type 2.44 mm.), and 1.2

NEW m.\i.i.ophai;a. 81

iimi. wide, (Osboni's typo .94 mm. ); liead, lengtli .7 luin.,
(Osborii, .()<> 111111.), width .8') mm., (Osborn, .T.'J mm.)
Osboni's figure, after a photograph, shows the cliarac-
teristic outline, but we tliink there is also needed
a figure .showing the markings which are also very
characteristic. The broad rounding anterior einargi-
nations of first two transverse abdominal bands differ
notably from the not uncommon narrow angular emarg-
inations of these bands.

Nirmus inccenis n. sp. (Plate \'l, fig. 5).

A single female from a Black-bellied Plover, Srjiud-
arola nquatarola (Pacific Grove, California). Distinctly
different from Kellogg's orariiis (New Mallophaga I,
1890, p. 1U4, i>l. V, fig. 5) from Chdradriuf^ duininicus
(Lawrence, Kansas) or ba'ph'diis (ibid, p. 107, pi. v,
fig. 7) from ^Egicditix rocifera (Lawrence, Kansas).

Description of the female. Body, length 1.05 mm.,
width .31 mm.; strikingly elongate, narrow; head long,
with subparallel sides; pale golden brown with very
narrow blackish lateral borders on the head, thorax, and
abdomen; an ill-defined brownish band across the
head in fnuil of the antennal bands.

Head, length ..17 mm., width .'Ji mm.; clypeal front
broadly rounding, with three marginal hairs about
equally distant a[iart, the third just before the suture,
one hair arising from the dorsal surface, extending be-
yond the lateral margin of the head, a short fine hair
in front of the small acuminate trabecuhe, antennie
short, segment 2 longer than segment 1, and segment
5 longer than segments 3 or 4; eye flat, with a
prickle near its posterior angle; temples with sides
[Kirallel, with one long hair, one short fine hair, and
one short prickle on the margin; occipital margin
6

82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

straight and bare; general color of the head golden
brown, a narrow, irregular, marginal border on the cly-
peal front, darker on the inner margin; a weak brown
band across the head in front of the antennal bands,
which are narrow and distinctly dark golden brown;
small ocular blotches and temples with very narrow
dark brown borders.

Prothorax quadrangular, with rounding, posterior
angles, each with one hair; transverse blotches golden
brown, darker on the lateral margins and in the ante-
rior and posterior angles; a broad, pale, median line
separating the transverse blotches. Metathorax more
than twice as long as the prothorax, and as wide as the
head; sides diverging but little; a slight constriction
near the anterior angles; a series of hairs on the round-
ing posterior margin; same golden brown as the pro-
thorax, a narrow marginal border and a small brown
spot in the anterior angles, a narrow but well defined
border on the posterior half of the metathorax, the
anterior ends bending in, making the slight constric-
tion appear more than it really is. Legs paler golden
brown than the thorax, with very narrow marginal bor-
ders of dark brown.

Abdomen narrow, elongate, with parallel sides, not
tapering till segment 7; segment 1 narrower and shorter
than those that follow; posterior angles but little ex-
tended, with one or two fine hairs; four long pustulated
hairs on the posterior margins of the segments; trans-
verse bands on segments 2 to 8 are golden brown, dark-
ening towards the lateral margins where the lateral band
is dark, narrow, and clearly defined; segments 7 to 9
without lateral bands; a pale transverse median band,
caused by the uncolored stigmatal spots, thus the trans-
verse blotches appear like two dark bands across each

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 83

segment; segment 9 narrowly emarginate, with two i>ale
brown blotches,

Nirmus opacus n. sji. (Plate VI, fig. 6).

Several specimens from two individuals of the Semi-
j)al mated Plover, ^Egialitis serai pal nuda (Pacific Grove,
California). The new species belongs to the group
bicuspidati (Piaget, Les Pediculines, p. 184), being in
size, outline and marking much like bicuspis N, (Giebel,
Insecta Epizoa. p. 155, pi. v, figs. 11 and 12; Piaget,
Les Pediculines, p. 184, pi. xv, fig. 7) from "Charadrius
minor," C. hiaticula and Recurvirostra avocetta.

Description of the male. Body, length 1.11 mm.,
width .47 mm.; body dark colored all over, with nar-
row black lateral abdominal bands.

Head, length .4 mm,, width .31 mm.; elongate-coni-
cal, with broad, rounding front; uncolored clypeal
region slightly expanded in front of the suture; five
marginal hairs, one in the rounding anterior angle,
one just behind this, one at the suture, and two before
the trabecuhe; a few dorsal hairs project beyond the
margin; trabecula3 distinct, rather slender, acute, prom-
inent for Niviitvs; antennte short, not reaching the
occipital margin when projected backward, segment 2
longest, segments 3 and 4 short, slibequal, segment 5
louixer, concolorous with ground color of the head; eves
flat, with a long hair and a fine prickle; temporal mar-
gins flatly rounding, with two long hairs and two
prickles; occipital margin straight; front of clypeus
uncolored; signature large, colored, shield-shaped,
from its posterior point a narrow uncolored line runs
backward to the mandibles or beyond; antennal bands
distinct, blackish brt^iwii. interrupted at suture, the part
behind the suture (.urvini;, with anterior extremitv

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

expanded; hind head separated from fore head by an
angulated, rather broad pale transveral space; temples
unevenly bordered with blackish brown.

Prothorax quadrangular, with posterior angles nearly
rectangular, with one long hair; brown with blackish,
even, lateral borders. Metathorax pentagonal, angu-
lated on abdomen; lateral angles with one short hair
and three long pustulated hairs, and two long pustu-
lated and one short pustulated on each postero-lateral
margin; brown, darker in anterior angles. Legs con-
colorous with palest color of the thorax, and with nar-
row dark dorsal margining. Sternal markings com-
posed of distinct intercoxal lines, a linear median
blotch on prothorax and a more distinct, larger median
blotch on metathorax.

Abdomen elongate-elliptical; posterior angles of seg-
ments projecting slightly, with three or four longish
hairs beginning with segment 3; dorsal hairs of seg-
ment 1 arranged as follows: two on each side of the
median line (one in the inner anterior and one in the
inner posterior angle of each lateral blotch); segment
2 with four pustulated hairs along the posterior margin;
segments 3 and 4 with six pustulated hairs on posterior
margin; segments 5 and 6 with two pustulated hairs
near the middle of- the posterior margin, and a very
long hair on the posterior margin near the posterior
angles; segments with six pustulated hairs along the
posterior margin; segment 9 w^ith eight dorsal hairs
and four long marginal hairs; dark brown, with dis-
tinct narrow black lateral bands; a narrow uncolored
median line reaching nearly to posterior margin of seg-
ment 2; the dark brown transverse blotches on seg-
ments 6-8 broadly emarginated posteriorly; segment &
with elongate-elliptical transverse lateral blotches meet-

NEW MALLOPIIAGA. 85

iiig Oil the median line (there are four pustulated hairs
on each blotch); genitalia distinct, extending to poste-
rior margin of segment 4.

Female. Body, length 1.75 mm., width .45 mm.;
head, lengtli .47 mm., width .28 mm. Metathorax
with but two pustulated hairs on each postero-lateral
margin; the narrow uncolored median line extends en-
tirely through segment 2, and slightly into segment 3;
segments 3-6 with four pustulated hairs on posterior
margin, segment 7 with two median pustulated hairs
on posterior margin, and segment 8 with two pustulated
hairs in the rounding posterior angles; segment 9
deeply, angularly emarginated, the acute joints with a
short prickle.

Nirmus fuscus Nit/.sch. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga,
ii, 1800, p. 400, pi. Ixvii, fig. 7).

Specimens from the Western Goshawk, Accipiter
aii'icapillus striatiUus (Pullman, Washington), the Des-
ert Sparrow Hawk, Falco sparveriiis deserticolas (Palo
Alto, California), the Western Red-tailed Hawk, Buteu
borealis caliirus (Palo Alto, California), and the White-
tailed Kite, Eianus leucurus (Palo Alto, California).
Taken previously by Kellogg from Buteo sicainsoni, Cir-
cus hudsoniiis and Archibuteo lagopus sandi-johannis , all
from Lawrence, Kansas. Recorded by Osborn from
Buteo sicainsoni (Ames, Iowa), and from Accipiter velox
(locality?).

These specimens combine characters o( fuscus, rufus,
et al. of Nitzsch, so as to lead us to doubt the distinct-
ness of these various species of Nitzsch. We have with
Nirmus fuscus, sens latus, of the hawks, a repetition of
the condition shown by Docophorus communis of the
passerine birds.

86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Nirmus vulgatus Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 496, pi. Ixvii, fig. 5.

Many specimens from numerous species of passerine
birds. This Nirmus must be treated like Docojjhorus
communis, in that we must group together under one
specific name forms rather variant (notably in length
and intensity of coloration), without being able as yet
to distinguish categorically these variations. Osborn's
pallidus (Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, 1896,
Bull. 5, N. S., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. Ag., p. 227).
from Zamelodia ludoviciana (Ames, Iowa) is probably
based on palely colored specimens of this species. The
name N. pallidus, by the way, is preoccupied (see
Piaget, Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 144).

We refer to this species specimens from the Western
Blue Grosbeak, Gitiraca coerulea eurhyncha (4 birds,
California); the Western Lark Sparrow, Chondestes
grammacus strigatus (Ontario, California); the House
Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Ontario, Cali-
fornia); the California Towhee, Pipilo fuscus crissalis
(2 birds, Palo Alto, California); the Spurred Towhee,
Pipilo maculatus niegalonyx (Palo Alto, California);
the Golden-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia coronata (Palo,
Alto, California); the Lazuli Bunting, Passerina
amcena {Fsilo Alto, California); the Mountain Chickadee,
Parus gambeli (El Dorado county, California); the Cal-
ifornian Chickadee, Parus rufescens neglectus (Palo Alto,
California); the Western Bluebird, Sialia mexicana
occidentalis (Palo Alto, California); the Yellow War-
bler, Dendroica cestiva (Palo Alto, California); the
Lutescent Warbler, Helrninthophila celata lutescens (Palo
Alto, California) ; the Black-chinned Hummingbird,
Trochilus alexandri (Ontario, California); the Blue-
fronted Jay, Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (King's River

NEW MALLOl'lIACJA. 87

Canon, California): the American Dii)i»er, Cinclus mex-
icanus (Ontario, California); the Western Flycatcher,
Ernpidonax- di^^cilis {'2 birds, Ontario, California), and
the Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiarclais cinerascena
(Ontario, California). The specimens from the two
last-named bird species. Flycatchers, show a common
variation from the type specimens in a greater length,
less angulated posterior margin of metathorax, and
paler markings. Taken previously by Kellogg from
eight species of passerine birds.

Nirmus foedus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 7).

Specimens from the Ash-throated Flycatcher, Myiar-
chxis cinerascens (Ontario, California), the Long-tailed
Chat, Icteria virens lonyicaiula (Ontario, California),
Say's Phcebe, Sayornis saya (Ontario, California), the
Arkansas King-bird, Tyrannus verticalis (Ontario, Cal-
ifornia), the California Shrike, Lanius liulovicianua
(jambeli (Ontario, California) and the Phainopepla,
Pkainopepla nitens (Ontario, California). This species
belongs to Piaget's second group of circumfasciati, and
resembles platydypeatus P. and fvdfer (Les Pediculiues,
p. 145, pi. xii, figs. 1 and 2) from Motacilla alba and
Liimprotornis ametkystina, respectively.

Description of the female. Body, length 2.21 mm.,
width .75 mm.; abdomen broad for Xinnus, pale fus-
cous, head darker than the thorax or abdomen, narrow
dark lateral borders on the head and thorax, but no
dark lateral abdominal bands: pale brown median,
transverse abdominal blotches.

Head, length .50 mm., width .43 mm.: clypeal front
varying from narrowly to broadly parabolic, with
four short hairs on the margin, a short marginal
prickle before the trabecuhe, and two long dorsal hairs

88 CALIFORNIA AC/ DEMY OF SCIENCES.

arising before the trabeculee, which are small, yet dis-
tinct; antennae short, segment 2 longer than the other
segments, segment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4, a few
short hairs on the segments; eye distinct, with one very
long hair and a short prickle at its posterior angle;
temples rounded, with two long marginal hairs and
two or three short prickles; occipital margin straight;
head of a general dark fulvous, clypeal front paler,
clearer yellow brown; antennal bands very narrow,
blackish brown, strictly marginal and not extending
far anteriorly; antennae an even, pale fuscous; ocular
blotches dark and extending angularly inward; tem-
ples with a narrow border of blackish brown.

Prothorax with sides rounding and slightly divergent,
with a long hair in the posterior angle; three short
dorsal spines near the anterior angle, two near the
median line, and one nearer the lateral margin; lateral
margins with irregular dark borders; intercoxal lines
showing through from the under side distinctly, as
sharply defined lines, directed in towards the median
line, before the posterior margin. Metathorax but little
wider than the prothorax, slightly constricted near the
anterior angles; posterior angles broadly rounded, with
one short hair and one spine; posterior margins nearly
straight on the abdomen, except for the acute median
angle; a series of long pustulated hairs on the posterior
margin each side of the acute angle. Legs pale fuscous
without definite markings.

Abdomen broadly elliptical; angles of segments not
projecting, a series of long hairs on the posterior mar-
gin of the segments; transverse bands an even, pale
fuscous, indistinct to wanting, without darker lateral
bands; last segment broadly rounding, with slight
emargination, two or three short marginal hairs and

NEW MALLUl'HACA. 89

several long dorsal hairs; ventral surface with broad
median transverse bands of dark fusooiis; blotches of
the last segment posteriorly emarginate and laterally
interrui)ted by the pustulations of two long hairs: these
ventral blotches show through above.

Nirmus ductilis n. sp. (Plate \'I, fig. 8).

One female from a Western Flycatcher, Enipidonax
dijfficilis (Ontario, California). A meml}er of the grouj)
interrupio-fasciati, but well distinguished by its sharp,
•distinct, blackish marginal markings, without trace of
median abdominal blotches.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.0 mm.,
width .4 mm.; long, slender, transparent white, wiUi
narrow, distinct, blackish lateral margins of head and
abdomen.

Head, length .37 mm., width .28 mm.; elongate, con-
ical, front narrow and slightly concave; a few short
hairs along the margin of the front, the longest hair in
front of the trabecuke, which are small but distinct and
uncolored; antenna? with second segment longest, seg-
ment 5 longer than segments 3 or 4, segments 1 and 2
pale transparent whitish, segment 3 with a slight shade
of brown, segments 4 and 5 dark brown; eye with a
prickle; temporal margins with one long hair and two
or three prickles; occipital margin slightly convex;
antennal bands narrow, blackish brown, fading out along
the inner margins and anteriorly, before reaching the
uncolored frontal margin, the posterior extremities
bending angularly in, meeting the dark ocular blotches
which in turn nu'et the dark brown marginal borders of
the temples.

Prothorax with flatly rounding lateral margins and
posterior angles, dark blackish brown lateral borders,
which bend in and back on the anterior and posterior

90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

extremities, the posterior borders almost meeting on the
median line. Metathorax as wide as the head, sides
diverging strongly; posterior angles with three or four
long hairs, a series of pustulated hairs along the outer
third of the posterior margin that is rounded upon the
abdomen; dark, interrupted lateral blotches narrow and
marginal on the anterior angles, and large, irregular
submarginal blotches, darker near the posterior angles,
growing paler near the middle. Sternal markings con-
sisting of distinct intercoxal lines and a pale brown
median blotch on the metasternum. Legs translucent-
whitish with blackish brown marginal bands and semi-
annulations.
« Abdomen very long, elliptical, with subparallel sides
not tapering posteriorly until after segment 7; posterior
angles of the segments slightly projecting, each bearing
one weak hair, till segment 7, which has two hairs in the
angle; segment 8 has one lateral marginal hair besides
two hairs in the posterior angle; segment 9 broadly
rounding, with angular emarginations, two short hairs
on the posterior margin; two dorsal hairs arising near
the posterior angle of each segment except segment 8
which has a series of posterior marginal hairs; pale
translucent whitish with distinct, narrow blackish
brown linear bands on the lateral margins of segments
1 to 7; segment 8 with small pale brown blotches near
the lateral margin and one pale brown blotch on the
median line; last segment uncolored; genital blotches
pale brown, linear each side of the median line on the
posterior margin of segment 7, also a pale brown blotch
on the median line of segment 6.

Nirmus lautiusculus n. sp. (Plate VI, fig. 9).

A single male from a Bell's Sparrow, Amphispiza belli
(Ontario, California). The new species, strikingly

NEW MALLOI'HAUA. 01

marked, is a ineinber of the group interrajilu-fasciuti, in
general sliape like vul(jatus K. (New Mallophaga 11, i).
41)G, 1)1. Ixvii, fig. 5) and with the characteristic angu-
lated, colored internal border of the antennal fos.sa. In
the distinctness and contrast of the markings it recalls
illustria K. (Xuw Mallophaga 11, \>. 494, pi. Ixvii,
fig. 4).

Description of the male. Body, length 1.C5 mm.,
width .4 mm.; translucent whitish with sharp, black,
narrow marginal bands on head and abdomen: legs
with annulations and semiannulations; thorax with
intercoxal lines showing through distinctly, and abdo-
men with median linear brown transverse blotches, two
to a segment, on ventral aspect.

Head, length .34 mm., width .31 mm.; front narrow,
sliirhtlv convex; two or three short hairs on the lateral
margin of the front; a short prickle in front of the
trabeculie which are distinctly angular and uncolored;
antennie long; segment 2 longer than other segments,
segment 5 distinctly dark brown; eye prominent, with
two prickles, one on the eye itself and a second just at
its posterior angle; tenijdes rounding, with one very
long hair, one short fiuf liair, and three short prickles;
occipital margin straight and bare; antennal bands
narrow, clearlv defined, not fadini:; inwardlv, their
anterior extremities separated by the uncolored clypcal
front, interrupted just before the trabecuUe by a dis-
tinct uncolored space, posterior extremities acutely
meeting the dark narrow bands that angularly margin
the antennary fosste and the eye; the temples irregu-
larly dark on the margins; the occipital signature dis-
tinctlv showiniT throuuh as a narrow brown blotch on
the occipital margin and in ivowi as a triangular blotch.

Prothorax with rounding lateral margins and pos-
terior angles; three short spines on the dorsal surface

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ill each anterior angle; a dark blackish brown blotch in
the anterior angles, and a narrow black band along the
posterior margin, widening as it reaches the angle.
Metathorax longer than the prothorax, with sides diverg-
ing; a series of six long hairs on the posterior margin
which is narrowly rounded upon the abdomen; anterior
angles with a small blotch of dark brown. Sternal
markings showing through distinctly, the intercoxal
lines of the metasternum appearing as a dark trans-
verse band across the metathorax, the lateral extremities
not reaching the margin but bending irregularly back-
ward, abruptly stopping before they reach the posterior
angle. Legs translucent with dark annulations and
semiannulations.

Abdomen narrowly elongate, segments 1-7 with^nar-
row, sharply defined black lateral bands; last segment
uncolored, narrowly rounding, with several long dorsal
hairs; the ventral surface of segments 1-6 with two
median, linear brown transverse blotches on each seg-
ment; these blotches are united on segment 6 by a
brown median line; segment 7 with two longitudinal
brown blotches each side of the median line approach-
ing each other anteriorly; two very small brown
blotches on the last segment near the anterior angle.

Nirmus longus Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 490, pi, Isvii, fig. 1.

A single male from the Barn Swallow, Chelidon ery-
throgastra (Palo Alto ? California). This specimen dif-
fers distinctly from the type specimens in having but
three instead of six lateral metathoracic hairs, in the
more elongate head, and in the distinctness of the
median uncolored longitudinal line of the abdomen.
It should be distinguished by a varietal name.

NEW MALLOPIIAGA. 93

\^ir. domeftticiifi Kelloy;g and Cliapinan; one male
from the 15ain Swallow, Chetidon erythrogastra (Cali-
fornia); body, length 1.54 nnu., width .11 luui: head,
length .37 mm., width .31 mm.; thus being of about
same size as the species type, and twice as long as
Nitzsch's (jracUifi, the common Xirmus of the Euro-
pean swallows. Characters of species with differences as
noted above. Osborn (Insects Affecting Domestic Ani-
mals, 189G, p. 22.")) refers a specimen from the Purple
Martin, Proyne subis (Ames, Iowa), to gracilis. He
does not give the measurements of his specimen.

Nirmus brachy thorax Giebel.

lusecta Epizoa, 1S74, p. 134.

Nirmus hrachijthorax G., Piaget, Les Pediculiues, ISSO, p. 150, pi.
xii, fig. 8; Osborn, Insects Affecting Domestic Animals, Bull.
5, N. S., Div. of Eut., U. S. Dept. Ag., 1896, p. '22^.

Specimens from two Cedar AV'axwings, Ampelis cedro-
rum (Palo Alto, California). Osborn's specimens wei'e
from same host (Ames, Iowa). Giebel's types are from
same host.

Lipeurus.

Lipeurus laculatus n. sp. (Plate \'II, llg. 1).

Four specimens collected of this strikingly marked
Lipeurus; an adult male and an immature individual
from a Pomarine Jaeger, Sfercorarius pornarinus, and an
adult male and an immature from a Pink-footed Shear-
water, Puifinus creafopus (Bay of Monterey, Calif.) We
believe that the specimens from the Shearwaters are
stragglers from the Jaeger. (We have examined so many
Shearwaters that, were the species a regular parasite of
Pu^lnus, we should have taken other examples.)
One other individual of Stereorarius pornarinus was

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

examined, but no Lipeurus was found on it. The new
species shows no special resemblances to any of the
described Lipeurl of allied hosts.

Female. Body, length 4.06 mm., width .78 mm.;
slender, transparent whitish with distinct black mar-
ginal markings on the head, thorax, legs, and abdo-
men, broad transverse bands of dark chestnut showing
through the dorsal surface of the abdomen.

Head, length 1. mm., width .59 mm.; elongate, con-
ical, sides nearly parallel, clypeal front rather narrowly
rounded, with five marginal hairs, four of which arise
from the anterior part of the clypeus, being about equi-
distant, the fifth hair is in front of the very small
trabeculas; two dorsolateral hairs, one near the first
anterior marginal hair and the other between the third
and fourth marginal hairs; antenna3 with segment 2
longer than the other segments, segments 1, 2 and 3
uncolored, segment 4 dark brown, segment 5 lighter
brown; eye distinct, with a short prickle; temporal
margins nearly parallel, with one hair and four short
prickles; anterior margin of the clypeus uncolored; a
wide, distinct signature with convex, posterior margin;
color even chestnut-brown; antennal bands broad,
black, sharply defined, except at the anterior portion
where they extend indistinctly toward the median line
of the head; temporal margin distinctly bordered with
black, narrowing posteriorly; occipital blotches black
and angular.

Prothorax quadrangular, sides parallel; a short prickle
in the posterior angles; pale transparent brown, with
broad black lateral borders following the margins of
the anterior and posterior angles. Metathorax longer
than broad, widest at the posterior angles; posterior
margin straight; ground color slightly darker brown

NEW MALLUPHAGA. 95

than the protliorax, with iiie};ruhir, l>hick iiiargiuul
bands fadiiiL^ just back of the anterior angles, and
with an emargination at their posterior extremity wliere
four long pustulated hairs and one short hair arise;
one short hair on the posterior angle. Legs concolor-
ous with the pale color of the protliorax, with black
annulations and marginal bands; front legs short,
femora wide, with small black marginal markings;
second and third pair of legs long; coxie produced and
widely separated, with dark dorsal annulations; femora
long and slender, with narrow black marginal mark-
ings; tarsi and claws pale brown; several scattered hairs
and spines on the legs. Sternal markings composed
of intercoxal lines betw^een pro- and mesolegs, and
a large suboblong, metathoracic, median blotch with
rounded angles.

Abdomen with sides of segments 1-7 parallel; seg-
ments 8 and 9 suddenly narrowed and very small; pos-
terior angles of the segments with from one to four long
hairs; segment 9 narrowly emarginate, with two long
hairs on each of the posterior angles; ground color
transparent whitish, with black lateral marginal bands
which extend inward along the anterior and posterior
margins; these lateral bands are inwardly emarginated
by an uncolored space surrounding the stigmata; on
the ventral aspect fulvous transverse bands, concave
posteriorly; segment 7 with two longitudinal, lateral
fulvous blotches; segment S with irregular black mar-
ginal bands; segment 9 wholly dark brown to black.

Lipeurus diversus Kellogg.

New lliillophaga I, 189(5, p. \'2ti, pi. viii, figs. 3 and 4.

Many specimens from thirteen out of thirty-four in-
dividuals shot of the Black-vented Shearwater, Pufnius

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

opistliomelas, from twelve out of fourteen individuals
shot of the Dark-bodied Shearwater, P. griseus, from
five out of six individuals shot of the Pink-footed
Shearwater, P. creatopus, from a single specimen shot
of P. hidleri, from a single specimen shot of P. tenui-
rostris, and a single specimen, probably straggler, from
a Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (all the
birds from the Bay of Monterey, California). The
species was described from Puffi,nus opisthomelas (same
locality).

This species and Lipeurus angusticeps Piaget (Les
Pediculines, p. 306, pi. xxv, fig. 4) from Thalassichoma
leachi, and Lii^eurus abnorniis Piaget (Supplement, p.
65, pi. vii, fig. 2) from Puffinus major, are closely
related. There is a regular sequence in size from
angusticeps through diversus to abnormis. It may be
suspected that we have to do with one species of great
variation in size; but the diagnostic characters of the
three species are sufficiently important to justify the
separation of the forms,

Lipeurus densus Kellogg,

New Maliophaga II, 1896, p. lU, pi. vii, figs. 1 and 2.

Two females and a male from a Short-tailed Albatross,
Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, California). Types
taken from Diomedea albatrus and D. nigripes (see Kel-
logg, Maliophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja Cali-
fornia and Alaska, in New Maliophaga III, p. 28,
pi. iii, fig. 2). These specimens fully confirm the
specific idendity of the female described in New Malio-
phaga II, p. 114, and the male described in New Malio-
phaga, III, p. 28. The females now taken are almost,
if not quite, as large as the male, and they are also
quite as fully blotched and colored.

07

NEW MALLOPHAGA. \) i

Lipeurus ferox Giebel. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga,

I, 18i»G, p. 127, J.!, ix, llgs. 1 and L')-

One male from the Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea
alljatrw't (Bay of Monterey, California). Previously
taken by Kellogg from same host species (same
locality). The description and figure which Taschen-
berg (Die Mallophagen, 1882, p. 145, pi. v, lig. 1 a) gives
for the female of Lipeurus ferox apply in reality, we
believe, to the male of Lipeurus densus Kellogg (See
Mallophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California and
Alaska, in Xew ^fallophaga, III, I8i»!-', p. 28, pi. iii,
fig. 2).

Lipeurus concinnus n. sj). (Plate \'ll, tig. 2).

A male and a female from the Short-tailed Albatross,
Diomedea ulbatrus (Bay of Monterey, California). A
slender, graceful form of the dypeati sutura indistincta,
not much resembling any of the Lipeuri hitherto taken
on the Albatross.

Description of the male. Body, length 3. mm.,
width .53 mm.; slender, pale, with distinct black mar-
ginal markings, and brown head and transverse abdom-
inal blotches.

Head, length .65 mm., width .4 mm.: elongate, con-
ical, front rounded, four long marginal hairs and one
short one before the antennal angle; a long hair, aris-
ing from the dorsal surface between the first and second
marginal hairs, extends beyond the margin; antennie
with segment 1 nearly as longas all the other segments,
segment 2 about one-third as long as segment I, seg-
ment 3 short, with a dor^^al. angular, distal ap}»endage,
segment 5 longer than segment 4, segments 4 and 5
and the tip of the appendage of segment 3 light brown,
antenme elsewhere uncolored; eyes distinct but not

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

protruding; temples convex, hind-head widest about
half way between the eyes and the posterior angles;
margin with no long hairs, but with a short curving
hair and a few prickles; occipital margin straight;
head all brown, except small, nearly uucolored part of
clypeal front, and antennai, of which the first three
segments are uncolored, last two pale brown; narrow
marginal antennal bands; small signature, widest ante-
riorly and extending posteriorly in a fading, acum-
inate point; indistinct occipital bands and temporal
borders blackish; anterior horns of the prothorax show-
ing through, producing the effect of black triangular
blotches at the base of the occipital bands.

Prothorax quadrangular, straight in the middle third
on the metathorax; one very short hair in the posterior
angle; general color transparent whitish, with distinct,
even black lateral borders. Metathorax with lateral
margins slightly convex before the middle; longer than
broad; posterior margin slightly angulated upon the
abdomen; three long hairs and two shorter hairs in the
posterior angles; general color pale transparent brown-
ish, with irregular lateral bands of black, expanding
near the anterior angles into conspicuous triangular
blotches, narrower below these blotches than the lateral
bands of the prothorax. Legs long, slender, trans-
parent, with black bands on femora and tibire; tibiae
and tarsi brown, a few scattered hairs on the legs. Pro-
sternum with curving intercoxal lines; a medial, meta-
thoracic, sternal blotch oblong, darker on the posterior
half.

Abdomen slender, elongate, slightly widening to seg-
ment 4, then tapering gradually to segment 9; segment
2 longer than the other segments, while segments 4 and
5 are narrow, especially in the middle; posterior angles

NKW MALI.orJlAdA. 'JW

but slightly extoudiiiL:;, with from one to four hairs;
segment 8 with six long posterior marginal liairs; gen-
eral ground color of the abdomen, after segment 1,
which is transparent whitish, dark brown; lateral mark-
ings black, of segment 1 they are anterior and angular,
of segments 2 to 7 broadly extending towards the med-
ian line on tlie anterior half of the segments, while the
posterior portion is darker and more definitely angular,
this lateral band is deeply emarginated interiorly by a
light brown blotch ; the broad transverse bands are
darker on the anterior margin, and the posterior mar-
gins of these transverse bands are emarginated by a
pale brown band; segment 8 an even brown with very
narrow dark lateral bands; segment 0 very small, round-
ing, of an even brown, with two long and two short
hairs on the posterior margin.

Female. Body, length 3.63 mm., width .68 mm.:
head, length .68 mm., width .43 mm.; first and second
segments of antenna? nearly equal and as long as the
other three segments, segment 5 longer than segment 4,
segments 4 and 5 slightlv colored with brown; eves
larger and more prominent than in the male; segments
of the abdomen more nearly equal than in the male;
segments 8 and 9 suddenly narrower than segment 7;
segment 8 with a strong conspicuous hair in each ante-
rior angle: six hairs along the posterior margin and
eight small hairs in a transverse curving line on the
ventral aspect; segment '.»with one hair in each anterior
angle and two strong hairs on each of the two obtuse
points, separated by the angular emargination of the
posterior margin. Abdominal nnirkings limited to
dark brown to black, lateral blotches with pale, indis-
tinct stigmatal spots; segments 7 to it almost wholly
brown, with a narrow, distinct, uncolored median line;
lateral parts of segment 7 blackish l>rown.

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Lipeurus testaceous Taschenberg. (See Kellogg, New
Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 130, pi. xi, figs. 2 and 4).
A few specimens, rarely more than one or two from a
bird, from eight out of thirty-four individuals shot of
the Black-vented Shearwater, Puffunus opisthomelas; not
found on any one of fourteen individuals shot of P.
griseus; found on one' out of six individuals shot of P.
creatopus; and not found on the single specimen exam-
ined of P. bidleri, nor of P. temdrostris, all from the
Bay of Monterey, Calif. Taken previously by Kellogg
from Puffinus ojnsthomela.^ , same locality. We have no
males among the few specimens collected.

Lipeurus limitatus Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 124, pi. -viii, figs. 5 aud 6.

Many specimens from five out of thirty-four individ-
uals shot of the Black-vented Shearwater, Puffi^nus opis-
thomelas; from five out of fourteen individuals shot of
P. griseus; from none out of six individuals shot of P.
creatopus; from a single individual shot of P. hulleri,
and from a single individual shot of P. temdrostris, all
from the Bay of Monterey, California. Described from
three females from P. griseus, same locality. We are
unable to find any males among our rather many
specimens.

Lipeurus fuliginosus Taschenberg. (Plate VII, fig. 3).

Die Mallophageu, 1882, p. 156, pi. iv, fig. 3.

Numerous examples from the Shearwaters, Puffi^nus
opisthomelas and creatopus (Bay of Monterey, Califor-
nia). Taken from eight out of thirty-four birds shot of
opisthomelas, from one out of six birds shot of creatopus,
and not found on any one of fourteen birds shot of
griseus. The American specimens differ from the types

NEW MALLUl'HAGA. lUl

oi fidiyinosiLs, which were collected from Dloiiiedca e.ru-
laiis and chlororhyncha by being larger, by showing no
difference in the clypeal front of male and female, by
having no short hair in the eye, and in otlier minor
characters. We make a variety, therefore, for them.

\'ar. 77ia/07' Kellogg and Chapnuin. (Plate Vll, fig. 3).
In tiie following table of dimensions the figures enclosed
in parentheses are the measurements given by Taschen-
berg for the type specimens. Male. Body, length 3.75
mm. (3.32 mm.), width .9 mm. (.58 mm.); head, length
1. mm. (.80 mm.), width .60 mm. (.55 mm.) Female.
Body, length 3.9 mm. (3.72 mm.), width .94 mm. (.06
mm.); head, 1.05 mm. (.9 mm.), width .7 mm. (.59
mm.). From these measurements the head of the vari-
ety is proportionately wider than in the type forms.
The species is recognizable by its dark color and the
characteristic double set of internal bands in the
forehead.

Lipeurus farallonii Kellogg. (Plate VII, fig. 4).

New Mallophiiga, I, 1896, p. lO.'l pi. v, tig. 4.

Many specimes from two individuals of Brandt's Cor-
morant, F/udacroconix peaicUlatus (Bay of Monterey,
California). Described (as a Xirrnns) from a single
female from a Farallon Cormorant, Plialacrocora.i- di/o-
phiis cdboclliatus (Bay of Monterey, California). The
finding of the males of this species shows that it is a
Lipeurus of the group dupeati sutura distincia and allied
to Piaget's sefusus, snb-se(osni<, at al . taken from various
cormorants. The marked difference in size, outline and
marking of the two sexes is striking, and likely to be
confusing to students who may happen to meet but one
sex. Is it possible that Piaget's Xirmus dispar, which
the female of faridlonii resembles, can be the female
of someone of these Lipeuri of the cormorants?

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Description of the male. Body, length 1,72 mm.,
width .36 mm.; head, length .43 mm., width .37 mm.;
head like female, perhaps a little narrower, compara-
tively, behind; antennae with segments 1 and 2 rather
large, subequal, segments 3 and 4 very small, subequal,
and segment 5 as long as 3 and 4 together, no distinct
appendage; metathorax with sides nearly parallel, not
plainly divergent as in female; abdomen slender, sides
subparallel, ground color pale golden with wide whitish
transverse sutural bands and prominent brown, shining
subcircular lateral blotches not touching the narrow,
inconspicuous blackish lateral bands; last segment
truncate behind, with a group of four prominent hairs
on each lateral half of the margin.

Lipeurus forficulatus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mal-
lophaga, I, 1896, p. 129, pi. ix, figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6).

Specimens from a Calif ornian Brown Pelican, Pele-
canus californicus (Bay of Monterey, California),
Taken previously by Kellogg from same host species,
same locality; and from the White Pelican, P. erythro-
rhynchus (Lawrence, Kansas.)

Lipeurus squalidus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, I, 1896, p. 132, pi. x, figs. 6 and 7.)

Six specimens from a Shoveller, Spatula clypeata
(Palo Alto, California). These specimens resemble very
much those specimens which Kellogg collected from
Merganser serrator (see New Mallophaga, I, p. 130, pi,
X, fig. 1). In fact, we fail to make out any good dis-
tinction between the species temporalis Nitzsch (found on
the Mergansers) and the species squalidiis of Anas and
allied ducks.

NEW MALLOPHA(JA. lOo

Lipeurus docophoroides I'ia^et. (See Kellogg, New Mal-

luphaga, II, Ib'JO, pi. Ixviii, fig. -S).

Two female speeiineiis from a Plumed Partridge,
Oreoriyc /)idus pluniifenis (El Dorado eounty, Califor-
nia). These specimens differ distiiielly in the less
pointed front from L. doco/'huroides taken hy Kellogg
from CalUjicpla adifornica, and in this form a link
between docophoroides and disdinilis Piaget (see Kel-
logg, New Mallophaga, 11, 1890, p. 507, pi. Ixviii, lig.
7). We have given these specimens a varietal name.

Var. cidifornicus Kellogg and Chapman, from the
Plumed Partridge, Ovtoi'tyx pictv.s plumiferus (El
Dorado county, California); clypeal front not so
pointed as in the species type, but approaching the
rounded front of dissimills P.: without signature; all
the autennal segments colored, at least slightly, instead
of only the last three, as in the species type; the pus-
tulated hairs of the body very long (longer than in the
typical species forms).

Lipeurus perplexus n. sp. (Phite \ II, lig. ;">).

Two females from a Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse,
Pcdiocates phasianellus coluinbianus (Pullman, Wash-
ington), and many females, differing slightly in shai>e
of metathorax and abdomen, from a Sooty Grouse, Ikn-
dnKjcqms ohscuriis fuligino>ius (Kings River Canon, Cal-
ifornia). A peculiar broad, robust form of the group
circiimfascudi, with rounded front, liesembling Piaget's
L. opimiis (Supplement, p. 78, j>l. viii, fig. 6) from
Taracus gujanteiis (Museum of Eeyden). Resembling
also in general outline and characters Osborn's yirmus
cordatiis, a specimen of which we have taken from
Limosa hamastica. Perhaps both of these forms should
be referred to the same genus. Piaget's L. opiinus

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

should accompany them. Unfortunately, all of these
species are represented by females only.

Description of female. Body, length 2.06 mm., width
.59 mm.; short, broadly elliptical body, with short,
broad head, broadly rounded in front; clear fulvous
with pale golden brown lateral, transverse abdominal
blotches.

Head, length .53 mm.; width .5 mm.; cordate, cly-
peal front broadly rounded, four short marginal hairs
on the front, a short hair on the margin in front of the
antennse which are short; segment 2 of the antennae
longer than segment, 1, segment 5 longer than seg-
ments 3 or 4; the anterior end of segment 3 and seg-
ments 4 and 5 pale fulvous, a few short hairs on the seg-
ments; eye prominent, a long hair rising from its dorsal
surface, and with a conspicuous black fleck; temples
convex, with two long hairs and two or three short prick-
les; occipital margin slightly concave; autennal bands
slightly darker on the posterior tips and continuous
as a narrow, even marginal border of pale translucent
golden brown on the front; narrow, occipital blotch of
pale golden brown, also a temporal border and an
occipital band of the same color; mandibles dark chest-
nut-brown, showing through the head.

Prothorax short, lateral margins convex; one hair in
the posterior angle; pale fulvous, slightly darker on the
lateral margins. Metathorax with sides diverging, pos-
terior angles rounding, with a long hair and short
prickle; four hairs on the posterior margin in groups
of two in small, uncolored pustulations; posterior mar-
gin with a slight angle on the abdomen; pale fulvous,
slightly darker on the posterior angle; all of the thorax
with a more whitish ground color than the head. Ster-
nal markings consisting of pale intercoxal lines and a

NEW MAI.I.OI'HACA. 105

very puK- meiliau im'tiit horucic blotch. Lu^r? palu ful-
vous with narrow dark marginal borders.

Abdomen elongate-ovate, ta[)ering raj)idly posteri-
orly; segments with their posterior angles slightly pro-
duced, each with from one to three hairs; a transverse
series of a few long dorsal hairs near the middle of tiie
segments; ground color pale fulvous, narrow translu-
cent brown bands on the lateral margins; broad trans-
verse pale brown blotches on segments 2 to 7, darker
on their inner ends, separated by a broad pale median
line, also a broad pale band on the posterior margin of
each segment; segment 8 entirely colored, with slight
median emarginations on the anterior and posterior
margins of the blotch; no distinct lateral bands; last
segment round, narrowly emarginate, with one short
hair on the posterior margin of each rounding angle;
two transverse blotches, one on each side of the
emargination.

Giebelia.
Giebelia mirabilis Kellogg.

New !\Iallophuyii, I, IS'Jli, p. l.SS, jtl. xi, \'\'j.>,. 7 and S.

Manv specimens from twentv-seven out of thirtv-four
individuals shot of the Black-vented Shearwater, I'n/-
Jinus oj)ist/ioinel(is: from ten out of fourteen individuals
shot of the Dark-bodied Shearwater, P. (jriseas: from
all out of six individuals shot of the Pink-footed Shear-
water, P. crt'nto/>u.i; from a single individual shot of P.
bulleri, and from a single individual shot of P. tenui-
rostris, all from the Bav of Monterev, California. Four
specimens, probably stragglers from a Short-tailed
Albatross, Biomedea alOah-an (Bay of Monterey, Cali-
fornia. The species was described from P. opisthomelas.

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Oncophorus.
Oncophorus bisetosus Piaget. (Plate VII, fig. 6).

Les Pediculiues, 1880, p. 217, pi. xviii, fig. 4.

Several specimens from the Californian Clapper Rail,
Rallus obsoletus and the Virginia Rail, Rallus virgin-
ianus (Palo Alto, California). Piaget's specimens were
taken from Rallina plumheiventris , R. tricolor and R.
isabellina. He also found specimens on a Yellow Rail,
Porzana noveboracensis (from North America, in the
Maseum of Leyden). The specimens from this last
bird are distinguished by the varietal name porzance,
being slightly larger than the type specimens and show-
ing certain small differences in hairs and markings. Our
specimens from Rallus obsoletus and R. virginianus agree
with var. porzance in departing in the matter of size
and hairs of dorsal surface of abdominal segments from
the type specimens, but go farther in differing and must
be distinguished by a varietal name.

Var. californicus Kellogg and Chapman, (Plate VII,
fig. 6). From the Californian Clapper Rail, Rallus obso-
letus (Palo Alto, California) and the Virginia Rail
Rallus virginianus (Palo Alto, California). (In the fol-
lowing list of measurements the figures in parentheses
are those given by Piaget for the type specimens).
Female. Body, length 1.72 mm. (1.35 mm.), width .5
mm. (.47 mm.); head, length .53 mm. (.47 mm.);
width .4 mm. (.38 mm); seven hairs on margin of fore-
head, of which two are longer and dorsal, instead of six
with one dorsal as in the types; a prominent hair in
the eye not mentioned in the description of the types;
two median hairs on dorsal aspect of each abdominal
segment, as in the variety porzanw Piaget, instead of
four as in the species type. The female has large

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 107

(luudraiigular, transverse, lateral abdominal blotches sep-
arated by a narrow median ancolored line hardly appar-
ent on segments G-D; a strong uncolored transverse line
between segments 7 and 8; lateral bands black, distinct,
segmented. In the male the transverse abdominal
blotches are continuous across the segments, with widely
separating, uncolored, transverse sutures, especially[on
posterior half of abdomen.

Oncophorus remotus n. ?p. (Plate VII, fig. 7).

.V male and female from a Great Gray Owl, Scoliopiex
ciaercu (Pullman, Washington). Not at all like 0.
kcfcroceras Piaget (Les Pediculines, }». 222, pi. xviii,
fig. 8) from Strix bubo, which has the head varying
markedly in the sexes; and not like 0. hexupthalinus
Nitzsch (described by Nitzsch as a Lipearus and referred
by Giebel to Oruithubius, and by Piaget to (Jncujiliwus)
from Strix njctea.

Description of the male. Body, length 2.02 mm.,
width .93 mm.; short, broad; pale golden brown, with
slightly darker bands on the head and thorax.

Head, length .65 mm., width .59 mm., subpentagonal,
broadly rounding in front; clypeus slightly convex, two
hairs on each side of the uncolored clypeal front, a
third marginal hair in front of the suture; a long mar-
ginal hair and short prickle in front of the trabecular
which are long and acutely angular; antennie with its
first segment as long as all the other segments taken
together, third segment with slight but appreciable dis-
tal projection, a few short spines on the segments; eye
with a distinct ocular fleck and a long hair; temples
with sides nearly straight, two long hairs and two
prickles on the margin; occipital margin straight, with-
out hairs or prickles; general color of the head pale

108 CALIFORNIA ACADExMY OF SCIENCES.

golden brown; clypeal signature very pale brown but
distinct, anterior margin slightly concave; antennal
bands interrupted at the suture, darker chestnut-brown
at the posterior extremities, which are turned almost at
a right angle with the anterior half and lie half way
between the mandibles and base of the antennae; dis-
tinct, angularly contorted, inner bands paler than the
antennal bands; occipital bands pale anteriorly, grow-
ing darker and more sharply defined near the occipital
margin.

Prothorax quadrangular, with rounded posterior an-
gles, with one long hair; sternal markings showing
through as dark bands near the lateral margins, bend-
ing inwardly before the posterior margin, and separated
by a distinct, uncolored median line. Metathorax with
convex, divergent sides, a long slender hair and a
prickle on the lateral margin, near the posterior angle,
three long hairs in the posterior angle; a series of hairs
along the rounding, posterior margin. Legs pale
brown, with a few scattered spines. /

Abdomen broadly elliptical, narrowing at both ex-
tremities; a few long hairs in the posterior angles of
the segments; a transverse series of hairs on the poste-
rior margins of the segments; segments 5, 6 and 7
narrowed in the middle; last segment narrowly round-
ing, pointed, with two long hairs on the posterior mar-
gin; ground color very pale golden brown; transverse
lateral blotches indistinct, separated by a broad un-
colored median space, except on segment 5, where
the transverse band extends across the entire segment;
segments 6, 7 and 8 with a broad median blotch of
darker golden brown; segment 9 entirely brown; there
are but slight indications of defined lateral marginal
bands; genitalia distinct, dark golden brown, broad
and complex.

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 109

Female. Body, length 2.5 niiu., width .03 uini.;
head, length .71 mm., width .75 mm. The shape of
the head different, the temporal margins heing dis-
tiiiitly convex; segments 1 and 2 of tlie antennae as
long as segments 3, 4 and 5, but segment 2 longer tiian
segment 1. Abdomen widely ellipitical, but distinctly
more elongate and less narrowed posteriorly; very pale
golden brown; last segment emarginate, with rounding
lateral halves.

Eurymetopus.

Eurymetopus taurus Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, 1, 18U6, p. 135, pi. xi, ligs. 3, 4, 5 and 6).
Two females from two specimens of the Short-tailed
Albatross, Diomedea albatrus (Bay of Monterey, Califor-
nia). Previously taken by Kellogg from same host
species (same locality). A single immature specimen,
probably a straggler, from a Black-vented Shearwater,
Pu^^nus opisthojiielas (Bay of Monterey, California).

Goniodes.

Goniodes mammillatus Kiulow. (See Kellogg, New Mal-
lophaga, 11, 1596, p. oOU, pi. Ixix, fig. 2).
Two immature specimens from a Columbian Sharp-
tailed Grouse, Pediocates j)hasianeUus coliimbianus (Pull-
man, Washington). Previously taken by Kellogg from
Callipepla calif arnica (California).

Colpocephalum.

Colpocephalum perplanum n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 8).

One specimen from a Tufted Puffin, fAinda cirrhcda
(Bay of Monterey, California). This form resembles-

110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

C. latifasciatum Piaget (Suj^plement, p. 130, pi. xiv, fig.
2), from Rhynchops fiavirostris . The difference in size,
number of hairs of the temples, and charActer of abdom-
inal segments, together with the unrelated host leads
us to make the specimen the type of a new species.

Description of female. Body, length 1.84 mm., width
.67 mm.; golden brown, with ill-defined, median, trans-
verse abdominal bands, and small dark brown margi-
nal abdominal blotches; head and thorax with blackish
markings.

Head, length .35 mm., width .54 mm.; broadly and
flatly rounded in front, with numerous, rather long, and
a few short, marginal hairs; one very long marginal
hair just in front of the ocular emargination, and two
shorter hairs directly on the angle; ocular emargina-
tion pronounced and acutely angled interiorly; eye
prominent, emarginated, with a large ocular fleck;
ocular fringe distinct; antennae with last segment
broad, extending beyond the head; temples with ante-
rior angles rounding, posterior angles angularly meet-
ing the occipital margin; three very long and some
shorter hairs on the temporal margin; the occiput
slightly concave, with four rather long marginal hairs;
a narrow, curving, fuscous band running parallel with
the clypeal margin, ending at the lateral extremities in
a dark chestnut spot; distinct, black, irregular, ocular
blotch; triangular bases of occipital bands blackish
brown, connected by an even, occipital border, narrow-
ing medially.

Prothorax broad, lateral angles acute, bearing one
long hair and a short spine, sides converging poste-
riorly, with one long hair in the posterior angles; a
series of long hairs on the posterior margin. Meso-
thorax separated from the metathorax by a distinct,

NKW MAI-l.ol'lIAOA. Ill

lateral constriction, the posterior mar^^nn being distinctly
marked with a dark brown band that turns in at the
anterior angles along the lateral margins. Metathorax
with anterior angles extending beyond the posterior
margin of the mesothorax; sides divergent, posterior
angles with two long hairs and two short spines; pos-
terior margin straight on the abdomen, with a series
of long hairs. Legs robust, concolorous with the meta-
thorax.

Abdomen long, ovate; segments ecjual, with one or
two long hairs and spines in posterior angles, and one
or two short spines on lateral margins of each seg-
ment; dorsal surface with a single transverse series of
hairs along the posterior margin of each segment; the
ventral surface with several series of weakly pustulated
hairs on each segment; last segment flatly convex, with
two dorsal hairs near the lateral margins; ground color
pale fuscous, with unevenly colored lateral border of
darker fuscous, paling on the outer margins and darkest
in posterior angles of segments and along inner mar-
gin; a longitudinal, narrow, uncolored, submarginal
line parallel with the lateral margin; ill defined, trans-
verse bands sliirhtlv darker fuscous.

Colpocephalum funebre Kellogg.

Now ^Miillophag.a, I, 1S96, p. 147, pi. xii. fi<^. 7.

One specimen from La rax lieei'iiKinni (Bay of Mon-
terey, California). Described from specimens from
Larus glaucescens (Bay of Monterey, California).

Colpocephalum pingue Kellogg.

New Mallophagn, I, IS9U, p. 144. pi. xii, fig. 5.

One specimen, male, from a Short-tailed Albatross,
Diomedea albatrus (Bay of ^^onterey, California). De-
scribed from the same host species (same locality).

112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Colpocephalum spinulosum Piaget. (Plate VII, fig. 9).

Les Pediculines, 1880, p. 563, pi. xlvii, fig. 3.

Many specimens from eight out of fifteen individuals
examined of the Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Pacific
Grove. California). The specimens agree in all essen-
tial details of outline and markings with Piaget's
description, showing the characteristic, finely pustu-
lated, dorsal surface of the male, with the single trans-
verse series of long pustulated hairs on each segment
in the male and the two series in the female. But
there is a marked difference in size, the species type
being one-fourth larger than our specimens. Piaget's
specimens were taken from Limosa melanura (Musuem
of Leyden). The American specimens should be dis-
tinguished by a varietal name.

Var. minor Kellogg and Chapman. (Plate VII, fig.
9). In the following table of measurements the figures
in brackets are the dimensions given by Piaget for his
type specimens. Male. Body, length 1.72 mm. (2.1
mm.), width .5 mm. (.64 mm); head, length .31 mm.
(.38 mm), width .34 mm. (.5 mm). Female. Body,
length 2.16 mm. (2.45 mm.), width .7 mm. (.86 mm.);
head, length .37 mm. (.38 mm.), width .5 mm. (.5
mm.) From the Sanderling, Calidris arenaria (Pacific
Grove, California.)

Colpocephalum timidum Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. Uo, pi. xii, fig. 6.

One specimen from a Black-bellied Plover, Squatarola
squatarola (Pacific Grove, California). Described from
Charadrius dominicus (Lawrence, Kansas),

NEW MALLOPflAGA. 113

Colpocephalum flavescens Nilzscli. (See Kellogg, New
xMullophagd, 11, 18U0, p. 525, pi. Ixxi, fig. 4).
Specimens from the Golden Eagle, A<{nil(i clirjjmeton
(l^ilo Alto, California) and from a Siberian Eagle,
Halkvetufi pelagicns (bronght alive from the Arctic Ocean
to California). Taken previously by Kellogg from
H<dicvelus lencocephalns and Archibuteo Icujopus f^ancli-
johdnnis (Kansas). Taken by Osborn from "Swallow-
tailed Kite" (Ames, Iowa).

Colpocephalum grandiculum n. sp. (Plate VII, fig. 10).

One specimen from a California Towhee, P'lpilo fus-
cus crissalts (Palo Alto, California). Also a single
specimen, much smaller, (otherwise not indicating
immaturity) from a Ileerman's Song Sparrow. Melo-
spiza fasciata heermanni (Palo Alto, California), which,
because of the similarity in outline, characters of legs,
and general markings, may be referred to the same
species. The species resembles in general shape C.
fiimidum Kellogg (New Mallophaga, II, lS!>t;, p. 523,
pi. Ixxi, fig. 5) from a California Bush-Tit, rsdltrtjtarus
minimus californicus (Palo Alto, California).

Description of female. Body, length 2.2S mm.,
widtli .81 mm.; head and thorax fulvous, abdomen dull
fuscous; small ocular and occipital blotches, very nar-
row marginal, lateral, abdominal bands; temples }>ro-
duced angularly; a distinct V-shaped uncolored marking
between the ocular emarginations, projecting backwards
as a more or less distinct uncolored median line through
the thorax and abdominal segments 1 to 0.

Head, length .5 mm., width .()5 mm.; front broadly
roinided, subsemicircular; several hairs on the strictly
anterior margin, two rather long hairs on the lateral
margin of the front, and two long hairs in front of the
ocular emargination; eye distinct, almost if not quite

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

divided, the larger and anterior portion lying in the
angle of the ocular emargination, while the smaller,
posterior portion lies apparently on a ridge that
extends back across the temples; temples prominent;
anterior margin almost at right angles with the median
line of the head; ocular fringe prominent, extending
as far as the anterior temporal angle, a few short hairs
on this angle, two long hairs and a few short spines on
the lateral margins and the posterior rounding angles;
occipital margin medially convex; head smoky, fulvous,
distinct, with slightly darker bands extending towards
the lateral margin from the base of the mandibles
which are dark brown; a V-shaped uncolored marking,
each branch extending from the slight swelling in front
of the ocular emargination back two-thirds of the dis-
tance to the occipital margin, Avhere the uncolored lines
meet at the apex of the V; ocular blotches black, even,
angular, extending forward as far as the uncolored
branch of the V; temples very narrowly bordered with
dark brown on the posterior angles; occipital blotches
dark brown to black, sharply defined except on the
anterior extremity, where they send out a sharp angular
blotch; lateral extremities long and gradually narrow-
ing, inner extremities blunt, separated by a fulvous
median space.

Prothorax, lateral angles bluntly rounding, with one
long hair and a short spine; lateral margin slightly
concave, latero-posterior angles with no hair; posterior
margin rounding on the mesothorax; two long hairs on
the posterior margin near the lateral posterior angles;
evenly fulvous, slightly darker on the lateral margins;
chitin transverse and longitudinal bars distinct. Meso-
thorax with sides diverging, posterior angles slightly
protruding, separated distinctly from the metathorax,
a long hair on the lateral margin, a dark marginal band

NEW MAI.LOl'HACA. 115

Oil the anterior angles. Metatliorax narrow, sides
diverging, posterior angles rounding, posterior margin
straight, with one long hair, one short hair, and a short
spine; narrow dark hruwn marginal band on the ante-
rior ajiffle and lateral l)order; faint indications of an
uncolored longitudinal median line. Legs robust;
femora broad; fulvous with darker markings on the bor-
der; a series of short hairs on the outer margin of the
tibia. Sternal markings consisting of intercoxal lines,
a distinct shield-shaped median blotch on the pro-
thorax, a narrow median darker longitudinal blotch
between the pro- and mesothorax, a larger median
blotch between the second and third pair of legs, with
a distinct triangular anterior portion and a quadrangu-
lar posterior portion.

Abdomen broadly elongate; posterior angles projecting
but little, with one long hair in each angle, and a series
of dorsal hairs on the posterior margin of each seg-
ment; segments widely separated by uncolored sutures;
transverse lateral blotches fuscous, darkening on the
lateral margins into narrow bands; segments 1 to 5 with
the transverse blotches separated by a narrow uncolored
median line; segments 5 to 8 entirely dark fuscous;
last segment with broadly rounding posterior margin,
one long and one short hair each side and a series of
short hairs on the posterior margin; color an even fus-
cous. Ventral surface a small median triangular fus-
cous blotch on segment 1; transverse blotches uninter-
rupted, but the posterior margin of the blotches on
segments 2 to 6 emarginated, darker fuscous on the
posterior margin; a double series of pustulated hairs
and a few scattered hairs on each segment.

116 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ancistrona.

Ancistrona gigas Piaget. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, I, 1896, p. 150, pi. xiii, figs. 1 and 2).
A few specimens from the Shearwaters, Puffinus opis-
thomelas and P. griseus (from one individual of opis-
thomelas out of thirty-four examined, and from two of
griseus out of fourteen examined) from the Bay of
Monterey, California. Taken previously by Kellogg
from Fulmariis glacialis vars. rodgersii and glupischa
(Bay of Monterey, California).

Trinoton.

Trinoton luridum Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-

phaga, I, 1896, p. 152, pi. xiii, fig. 4).

Specimens from the Baldpate, Anas americana, and
the American Scaup Duck, Aythya marila nearctica,
(Palo Alto, California) and from the Shoveller, Spatula
dyp>eata (Mountain View, California). Taken prev-
iously by Kellogg from two of these hosts, and from
other duck species (Kansas and California).

Trinoton lituratum Nitzsch. (See Kellogg, New Mallo-

phaga, I, 1896, p. 151, pi. xiii, fig. 3).

Specimens from the Shoveller, Spatula clypeata
(Mountain View, California) and from another indi-
vidual of the same species (Palo Alto, California).
Taken previously by Kellogg from Dajila acuta and
Merganser americanus (Lawrence, Kansas).

Menopon.

Menopon tridens Nitzsch. ( See Kellogg, New Mallo-
phaga, I, 1896, p. 165, pi. xv, figs. 3 and 4).

NEW MALLol'llAOA. 117

Sj)ecimeiis from an American Eared Grebe, Cuhjiniun
riiijricoUis califvrnicus (Bay of Monterey, California);
from the Western Grelie, jEchnwjihurus occUlentalis (one
bird from \Vasliin*,fton, and one from California); and
from tlie Californian Clapper Rail, Rallus obsoletus
(three birds), and the Vir<j;iuia Kail, Rallus virginianus
(Palo Alto, California). Taken previously by Kelloj^g
from the two hosts tirst named, and from Urinator
Iwinme (California).

Menopon infrequens Kellogg.

New .Mallophii;.;a, I, 1896, p. Ifil, pi. xv, fig. 5.

Ten specimens from Larus deleicavensis (Bay of Mon-
terey, California). Described from a single female from
Larus glaucescens (Bay of Monterey, California). The
male is much smaller than the female, as shown by fol-
lowing measurements: body, length 1.4 mm., width
A) mm.; head, length .25 mm., width .53 mm.

Menopon irrumpens n. sp. (Plate \111, lig. 1).

Four specimens from a Short-tailed Albatross, Diome-
dea albatvHs (Bay of Monterey, California). No Mrno-
pon has been hitherto taken from an Albatross.

Description of female. Body, length 2.23 mm.; width
1.01 mm.; short, broad; dark chestnut-brown with
darker blotches ou the head and lateral bands on thorax
and abdomen.

Head, length .4 mm., width .74 mm.; wide through
the temples: clyiieus broad, with a slightly angulated
front; one rather long and one shorter marginal hair
each side of the angular point of the clypeus, a short
prickle near the suture; three long marginal hairs on
the slight swelling in front of the ocular cmargination,
two short hairs in front of these, nearer the suture;

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ocular fringe distinct, composed of stiff curving hairs
which extend slightly on the temporal margin; temples
with posterior angles produced; four long pustulated
hairs, two shorter hairs, and one short spine on the
margin; occipital margin concave, with a series of six
long pustulated hairs and one spine; color of the head
light chestnut-brown, with dark brown ocular blotches
and black ocular fleck, and dark chestnut markings in
front, near the mandibles, which show through the head
distinctly ; occipital margin with a narrow chestnut
band, darkening into broad occipital blotches.

Prothorax broad, sides rapidly converging posteriorly;
lateral angles narrowly rounding, with a short spine and
a long pustulated hair in the angle, a series of fourteen
strong hairs along the convex posterior margin; gen-
eral color dark chestnut-brown, except the space above
the conspicuous dark transverse chitin bar, which is
pale fuscous; the longitudinal bars, at the ends of the
transverse bar, are narrow but distinct. Metathorax
short, hardly broader than the prothorax; sides diver-
gent, with two spines on the lateral margins; two long
hairs and two short spines on the posterior angles; a
series of long pustulated hairs on the posterior margin
not so heavy, however, as those of the prothorax; color
chiefly dark chestnut-brown, transverse band darken-
ing into a narrow black line along the lateral margin,
and into a broad triangle in the posterior angles; in
front of this dark band, a pale, broad, mesosutural
band, and in front of this the pale brown mesothorax.
Legs of the palest fuscous of the prothorax, with sev-
eral short, stiff hairs on the femora and tibia.

Abdomen broadly elliptical, with several short spines
on the lateral margins of the segments, and from one
to five long hairs in the posterior angles; a series of

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 119

long hairs on the posterior margin of each segment;
transverse blotches of dark cliestnut-brown continuous
across the segments, with l)ut a very narrow, pale, pos-
terior marginal line; the lateral marginal l)ands are wide
and distinctly darker brown, and they do not reach the
posterior margins; the last segment broadly emarginate,
with two long, dorsal hairs on the rounded, posterior
angles, and two very short spines on the inner margin
of the emargination; the ventral surface with dark
transverse bands and a series of hairs along the poste-
rior margin of each segment.

Menopon paululum n. sp. (Plate Vlll, fig. 2).

Specimens from three out of thirty-four individuals
shot of the Black-bodied Shearwater, Pu§inus opistho-
melas, from two out of fourteen shot of Pu^nus griseus,
and from two specimens out of six shot of Puj^nus
creafopus. The first Menopon species recorded from
Piiffi.imf>. The new species shows no special resem-
blance to forms taken from allied birds, like Fulmars.

Description of the male. Body, length 1.13 mm.,
width .5 mm.; small, pale yellow with distinct brown
ocular blotches; abdomen with golden transverse bands
and brown marginal blotches.

Head, length .26 mm., width .38 mm.; front round-
ing, with four short hairs on the margin, one marginal
hair at the suture, three long and one short hair in
front of the ocular emargination which is distinct but
shallow, with an ocular fringe; maxillary^ palpi long,
last two segments extending beyond the margin of the
head; eyes inconspicuous but with a distinct ocular
fleck; temples but little expanded, with four long hairs
and several short spines on the angles; occipital mar-
gin but slightly concave; head pale yellow with'a brown

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

spot just outside the mandibles connected with them
by a narrow brown band; mandibles dark, showing
through the head; ocular blotches small, narrowing
posteriorly; occipital margin with a narrow brown band
and small occipital blotches.

Prothorax with anterior angles slightly produced, a
short prickle and a long hair in the angle, a series of
long hairs on the rounding posterior margin; trans-
verse and longitudinal chitin bars pale yet distinct; no
blotches. Metathorax with slight lateral emargination;
posterior margin nearly straight, with a series of spiny
hairs; a pale golden, narrow, mesothoracic, transverse
band, and similarly colored, wider, metathoracic bands.
Legs pale golden; femora thick. A median prosternal
blotch, shield-shaped, with a lateral process projecting
backward and outward; metasternum with a pale median
blotch from which short spiny hairs arise.

Abdomen elliptical, with posterior angles of the seg-
ments slightly produced, a few short spines on the lat-
eral margins, and one or two long hairs and short
spines in the posterior angles; a series of stiff hairs
along the posterior margin of the segments, those on
the last segments being longer; on the ventral surface
two transverse series of short spiny hairs on each seg-
ment; pale golden transverse bands extending across
the segments to shiny brown subcircular marginal
blotches; last segment rounding behind, without marg-
inal blotches, and with a few longish hairs.

Female. Body, length 1.74 mm., width .67 mm.;
head, length ,27 mm., width .45 mm., thus being much
longer than the male; transverse bands of the abdomen
rather more distinct than in the male, the uncolored
sutural bands being thus made also more distinct, each
segment with posterior series of hairs; last segment

NEW MAI.LOI'JIA'iA. 121

with six stiff hairs on cacli roiindin}:^ an<:ular portion
of the posterior niar^nn, and tlie median straij;ht
portion with an unoolored border and fringe of fine
hairs.

Menopon petulans n. sp. (Phite X'ilJ, i'lis,. o).

One specimen from a Black-bodied Sliearwater,
Fu^^nus grlseufi (l^ay of Monterey, California). Shorter,
broader, and darker colored than jHiululuin n. sj). from
Piif}inufi opisthoiiielas (same locality).

Description of male. Body, lentrth 1.34 mm., width
.68 mm.; short, broadly elliptical; head with distinct
ocular emargination and projecting temples; general
color dark fuscous with distinct, large black ocular
blotches; transverse abdominal bands fading in their
medial portions but distinct laterally.

Head, length .28 mm., width .53 mm.; front rounded,
with a very slight median angulation; a rather long
median hair each side of the front angulation; a short
marginal })rickle in front of the suture, one rather long
marginal hair just back of the suture; two pustulated
hairs and one long spine in front of a distinct ocular
emargination : eye distinct, filling base of ocular emar-
gination with a black ocular fleck; temples rounding,
projecting, with three long hairs and several spines;
occipital margin concave, with six long hairs antl two
spines on the margin; front of the head witii slightly
darker brown triangular blotches each side of the pale
front; mandibles showing through the head as a dark
brown spot; ocular blotch broad and distinctly black,
fading gradually along the temporal margin; occij>ital
bands faintly showing; occipital blotches distinct, being
connected by a narrow black band which fades on the
temporal margins.

122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Prothorax with lateral angles narrowly rounding,
with one long hair and a short spine, a series of long
hairs on the rounding posterior margin; lateral blotches
but little darker on the margins; transverse cliitin bar
distinct, but little darker than the fuscous ground color
of the prothorax. Metathorax short, lateral margins
slightly divergent, a little concave, a short prickle near
the posterior angles and a long hair and one short spine
in the angle; a series of hairs along the weakly convex
posterior margin; lateral blotches distinct, meeting on
the median line; darker brown to black on the lateral
margins, a pale band on the posterior margin. Legs
robust, pale fuscous with darker marginal markings.
Sternal markings consisting of a distinct median
blotch, with rounded anterior margins, posterior angles
projecting backward, posterior margin also produced
into a distinct angle.

Abdomen broadly elliptical, segments with short
spines on the lateral margins and a few long hairs in
the posterior angles; a series of dorsal, spiny hairs on
the posterior margin of each segment; general color of
the abdomen dark fuscous; lateral blotches distinct,
black on the lateral margins, paler and fading out med-
ially on the segments before segment 7; segments 7 and
8 with continuous transverse bands; segment 9 wide,
with two lateral blotches meeting narrowly on the
median line and a paler band on the lateral margin;
the last segment flatly rounding; two short hairs on the
posterior margin ; ventral markings very similar to
those of the dorsal surface, also a similar series of hairs
on the posterior margins of the segments.

NEW MALLOl'llAOA. 120

Menopon titan Piaget. (See Kellogg, New Mallophaga,
I, ISUG, p. 163, pi. XV, lig. 2).

One male from a Biaiuh's (Cormorant, P/ialacrocoroj'
penicUlatv.fi (Bay of Monterey, California). This speci-
men differs from every other individual of this curious
species that 1 have yet examined. It is smaller than
var. linearis, the hlotches of thorax are different, and
the incomplete series of pustulated hairs along the poste-
rior margins of the al)dominal cross-bands conspicuously
differ from the usual condition in titan. Titan has not
before been taken from any other bird than a pelican,
and this single individual from a cormorant may be a
straggler. If so, it must have come from Pelecanus cali-
fornicus, the only species of pelican found in the Bay
of Monterey.

Var. incompositum Kellogg and Chapman. (Plate
VIII, figs. 4 and 5). Male, body, length 4.6 mm., width
1.66 mm.; head, length .62 mm., width 1. mm.: the
smallest variety of titan yet noted; mesothorax with a
narrow transverse blackish band continuous across the
segment; metathorax with triangular, blackish, lateral
blotches, apex projecting inward; abdominal segments
1-8 with continuous, blackish, transversal bands, paler
on segments 7 and 8; an incomplete series of pustules
(six complete and prominent on segments 3-6) along
posterior margin of each transverse band: last segment
w^ith a small transversal linear blotch on each side;
genital blotch on underside of segment 8 composed of
two lateral triangles partly overlapping a central shield,
from which i)rojects anteriorly a shari), distinct, linear
process; laterad of this central compound blotch there
IS on each side a weakly curving, blackish, diagonal,
linear blotch. Found on Brandt's Cormorant, Phala-
croco vox penicillatus (Bay of Monterey, California).

124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Menopon titan var. linearis Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, I, 1896, p. 163, pi. xv, fig. 2.

Many specimens from the Californian Brown Pelican,
Pelecanus calif ornicus (Bay of Monterey, California).
Described from the same host species, same locality.

Menopon funereum n. sp. (Plate A^III, fig. 6).

A single male from a Gairdner's Woodpecker, Dryo-
bates jnibescens gairdnerii (Sunol, California), and a pale
male frojn a Western Evening Grosbeak, Coccothraustes
vespertinus onontanus (California). This second speci-
men determined with doubt. Not like M. jjici Denny
(Monograph. Anoplur. Brit., p. 219, pi. xx, fig. 5; Pia-
get, Supplement, p. 93, pi. x, fig. 3) from Picus viridis;
also differing distinctly from M. prceciirsor Kellogg (Mal-
lophaga from Birds of Panama, Baja California, and
Alaska, in New Mallophaga, III, 1899, p. 46, pi. iv,
fig. 8) from Melanerpes urojjygialis (Baja California).

Description of the male. Body, length 1.5 mm.,
width .59 mm.; mostly dark colored because of the
strong, continuous, brown, transverse, abdominal bands
and the blackish marking of the head, thorax and legs;
thorax long, with mesothoracic sutural line distinct
under magnification.

Head, length .4 mm., width .56 mm.; front convex,
with two marginal hairs near the median line of the
front, a short prickle midway between this hair and a
long hair and short spine which are on the angle in
front of a slight lateral concavity, in which are a long
hair and short prickle; a long hair and shorter hair
near the posterior angle of the concavity and in front
of the angle before the ocular eraargination on which
are two long hairs; eye large, filling the inner angle
of the ocular emargination, distinctly emarginate and

NEW M A1.I.01'HA«;A. 125

witli a lai'ge black ocular llcck; a rather lung hair on
its dorsal surface near the margin: a distinct ocular
fringe; teni})le meeting the ocular emargination angu-
larly: fine, long, pustulated hairs and some short s|>ines
on the temporal margin; occii)ital margin concave,
with two long hairs near the median line; ground color
of the head pale fuscous with dark blackish brown
blotches each side of tiie front; ocular blotches broad,
distinct on the posterior margin but fading anteriorly
till thev color the angle in front of the ocular emargi-
nation; temples narrowly and irregularly bordered
with dark brown; occipital margin with a defined
blackish brown band, widening into angular occipital
blotches; distinct occipital signature.

Prothorax short; anterior angles inconspicuous, with
two spines; posterior margin with a series of long hairs;
ground color dark fuscous, with distinct chitin bars.
Mesothorax and metathorax long, being separated by a
narrow, uncolored suture and slight lateral emargin-
ation, mesothorax dark on the anterior portion; meta-
thorax with distinct dark chitin bars. Sternal mark-
ings consisting of dark intercoxal lines; prothorax with
distinct median blotch of pale fuscous, a distinct
V-shaped chitin bar longitudinally across it: ilark
median blotches on the meso- and metathorax. Legs
largo, pale fuscous with dark marginal l)orders and
semiannulations; scattered hairs and si>ines.

Abdomen short, broadly elliptical, small as compared
with the large head and thorax, which are together
longer than the abdomen; a series of long hairs on the
posterior margin of each segment and a few short spines
and hairs in the posterior angles; each segment with a
broad, dark, transverse band, darker on the lateral
mar'j;in and covering almost all of the segment; a

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

longitudinal, submarginal, pale band, parallel with the
lateral margins of the abdomen; last segment broadly
rounded, with several long hairs near the lateral mar-
gin and some shorter hairs on the posterior portion of
the segment; ventral surface with at least one series of
short pustulated hairs on the posterior margin of each
segment; genitalia distinct, angular, extending far for-
ward in the body.

Menopon distinctum n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 7).

Specimens from two specimens of the Ash-throated
Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens (Palo Alto and Onta-
rio, California), and from a Cactus Wren, He.leodytes
hrv/iineicapillus (Ontario, California). A well marked
form.

Description of the female. Body, length 1.5 mm.
width .62 mm., elongate-ellipitical; pale translucent
fuscous with blackish brown ocular blotches; black ocu-
lar fleck and small blackish spots on the lateral margins
of the front; dark transverse blotches on the abdomen;
a distinct pale submarginal longitudinal line parallel
with the lateral margin of the abdomen.

Head, length .31 mm., width .46 mm.; parabolic,
wide through the temples; front broadly rounding, a
slight angulation in front; one hair each side of this
angulation; two hairs on the lateral margin of the
front; two long hairs on a slight swelling in front of a
distinct ocular emargination; one long and two short
hairs on the dorsal surface, in front of the ocular emar-
gination; eye large, filling the angle of the emargina-
tion and extending on the temple, with a slight con-
striction; a short spine on the posterior portion, and a
large black ocular fleck; ocular fringe made up of com-
paratively few stiff spines, more numerous on the outer

NEW MAI-LOPIIAOA. 127

marpjin in front of the temples: two long hairs and sev-
eral shorter hairs on the temporal margin; oecipital
margin nearly straight, with two long and two short
hairs; pale translucent fuscous; mandibles dark, show-
ing through the front; a dark spot on the lateral mar-
gin of the front outside the base of the mandibles;
ocular blotches dark brown to black, extending forward
as far as the dark lateral blotches, but paler chestnut-
brown anteriorly; dark narrow border on the occiput,
occipital bands pale yet distinct.

Prothorax with convex lateral margins; a short spine
in the anterior angle; a few spines on the lateral mar-
gin; a series of long hairs on the rounding posterior
margin; fulvous, with dark transverse and longitudinal
chitin bars distinct. Mesothorax wide, with strongly
divergent sides; a few spines on the lateral margin;
one long hair and several spines in the posterior angle;
dark inner chitin bars extending along the anterior
angle and back across the segment; a second chitin bar
extending from the lateral margin back across the
metathorax; the posterior angle of the mesothorax dark
fuscous, otherwise the segment is pale translucent fus-
cous. Metathorax narrow: a long hair and a short
spine in the posterior angles; dark lateral triangular
blotches, fading inwardly. Legs long, pale translucent
fuscous, with dark fuscous borders and semiannula-
tions; many short spines on the femora. Sternal mark-
ings consisting of distinct brown intercoxal lines and
a pale but distinct wedge-shaped median blotch.

Abdomen broadly elliptical; several spines on the
lateral margins of the segments; some long hairs in the
posterior angles; numy dorsal spines, not arranged in
any definite series on the segments; lateral margi-
nal blotches dark fuscous, separated from the median

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

transverse blotches by a pale subinarginal band, parallel
with the lateral margin of the abdomen; median trans-
verse blotches paler fuscous; transverse bands of seg-
ments 1 to 6 widely separated by uncolored sutural
bands; last segment rounding, with a fringe of hairs
on the posterior margin, dark transverse blotch nar-
rowed distinctly in the middle, ventral transverse
bands distinctly fuscous; many hairs arranged nearly
in two definite series in each segment.

Male. Body, length 1. mm., width .59 mm.; head,
length .25 mm., width .5 mm.

Menopon persignatum n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 1).

Many specimens from the California Jay, Aphelocoma
californica (2 specimens, Mountain View, California).
Resembling in general shape and characters the three or
four species of Menopon described by Nitzsch and Piaget
from the European Jays.

Description of the female. Body, length 2.03 mm.,
width .75 mm.; long, narrow; pale fuscous with dis-
tinct black ocular blotches, blackish lines in the
thorax, and broad dark fuscous transverse abdominal
bands.

Head, length .34 mm., width .56 mm,; front broadly
but slightly angularly rounding; no hairs on the frontal
margin, one long and two shorter hairs on the lateral
margins of forehead, besides two long hairs just in front
of the ocular emargination, which is nearly filled by
the large eye which is slightly emarginated and bears
a short prickle; ocular fringe with only a few hairs of
uneven length; temples produced, rather narrowly
rounded, with five long hairs and several short hairs
and spines on the margin ; occipital margin straight in
its middle portion ; one long and one short hair near

NEW MALLOPnAGA. 129

the posterior mari;iii, and one hair on eacli side of the
median line; ixround color of the head fuscous with
distinct, curving, linear blackish ocular blotches; an
indistinct brown occipital signature with anterior angles
produced laterally.

Prothorax large, lateral angles with one long hair
and a short spine, two long hairs in the broadly
rounded posterior angle and a series of six long hairs
on the straight posterior margin. Mesothorax with
four or five short spines on the lateral margin and
two long Hairs and two spines in the posterior angle; a
series of stiff hairs along the posterior margin. Meta-
thorax with a series of stiff hairs on its posterior mar-
gin, and in the posterior angle one long hair and two
spines; ground color of the thorax is pale fuscous, no
distinct blotches, but dark transverse and longitudinal
chitin bars on the prothorax; curving chitin bars on
the anterior angle of -the mesothorax. and a i»air of
chitin bars extending from the anterior half of the
lateral margin of the mesothorax Ijack across the meta-
thorax as far as the third jiair of coxie. Sternal mark-
ings consisting of dark intercoxal lines; on the j)ro-
thorax a small median blotch witli the posterior angles
extended in <lark chitin bars which extend forward to
the anterior margin; the posterior nnirgin of the blotch
extends back in a in\rrow point: a large wedge-shaped
l>lotch between the second and third pair of coxio; this
blotch has a series of shoi't pustulated hairs on its
anterior and lateral margins. Logs pale fuscous with
narrow dark borders.

Abdomen elongate-elliptical; two long hairs ami short

spines in the posterior angles; a series of short hairs on

the posterior margin of each segment, growing more

stiff and spine-like near the lateral margin; broad dark

9

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fuscous transverse bands separated by broad pale
sutural bands; darkening laterally to form broad dark
lateral bands, set off by rather broad pale submarginal,
longitudinal bands; last segment flatly rounding, with
a fringe of fine hairs; ventral surface with similar
markings, but with an irregular median transverse
series of hairs, besides the series on the posterior margin
of the segment.

Male. Body, length 1.43 mm,, width .75 mm.; head,
length .28 mm., width .56 mm., thus being much
smaller than the female; also of short, broad, oval
shape rather than elongate and narrow; darker and
more evenly fuscous; pale submarginal longitudinal
bands parallel with the sides of the abdomen less dis-
tinct than in female; transverse bands narrow and less
definite; lateral blotches narrow and darker on the
posterior margin of the segments; last segment slightly
angular, with a fringe of hairs; genitalia faintly distin-
guishable through the body, extending forward into
segment 7.

Menopon incertum Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 533, pi. Ixsiii, flg. 2.

Many specimens from a Russet-backed Thrush, Tur-
dus ustulatus (Palo Alto, California); a Western Lark
Sparrow, Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Ontario, Cali-
fornia) ; and a Vigor's Wren, Thryothorus bewickii spi-
lurus (Palo Alto, California). Taken previously by
Kellogg from Turdun ustulatus and from the American
Goldfinch, Spinus tristis (same localit}^).

Menopon maestum n. sp. (Plate IX, fig. 2).

Two specimens from a Golden-crowned Sparrow,
Zonotrichia coronata (Palo Alto, California), and a

NEW M ALLOl-HAOA. 131

Sainuel's Song Spari-uw, Milospha fiiftciata fiuinnelis
(Palo Alto, California). A short, broad species, with
short, wide head, and wide prothorax, ai)proachiiig the
Eureum type of Meuopoii (see \). 133 tliis paper).

Description. Body, lenj^^th 1.37 mm.; width .81 mm.;
short, broad; head very short and wide, not of the
usual evenly cresceutic type; occipital margin straight
and dark; general color dark fuscous, the dark mark-
ings of the head making the posterior portion appear
quadrangular.

Head, length .28 mm., width .59 mm.; front broad,
flatly rounded; six liairs on the front, one each side of
the angulation and three (one long and two shorter)
hairs on the lateral margins of the front; two hairs on
the angle in front of the ocuhir emargination; hiteral
margin of the forehead almost at right angles with the
lateral margins of the front; eye large, prominent, with
a large black ocular fleck and a short spine; ocular
fringe sparsely spined; temples projecting strongly,
and narrowly convex, with three long hairs and several
shorter hairs and spines: occipital margin straight; a
narrow broad submarginal band across the front, its
posterior ends bending in so as to leave clear pale
brown the anterior portion of the angle in front of the
ocular emargination; from this angle a distinct dark
fuscous quadrangular blotcli extends back to the occip-
ital margin, cutting off the rounding temples which are
very pale fuscous; ocular blotches narrow and dark,
extending forward along tiie ocular emargination,
meetinsi the anterior martrin of the dark fuscous
blotch interrupting the arms of the narrow uncolored
V-shaped marking, which has its branches rising from
the inner angle of the ocular emargination and its ver-
tex on the occipital margin; occipital blotches blackish

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

brown, connected by a narrow even line on the occip-
ital margin; a dark broad occipital signature showing
through the head.

Prothorax short and wide; two short spines in the
anterior margin and a series of four long pustulated
hairs and one short spine on each rounding lateral and
posterior margin; transverse and longitudinal chitin
bars distinct; median portion of the prothorax pale
anteriorly, but darker fuscous towards the posterior
margin; lateral portions, beyond the longitudinal chitin
bars, dark fuscous. Mesothorax narrow; posterior
angles distinctly angular, with a long hair and spine;
dark transverse band on the posterior margin, dark
longitudinal chitin bars extending from the anterior
angles across the mesothorax; a second pair of chitin
bars extending from the anterior, lateral margins back
across the metathorax. Metathorax narrow, appearing
like the first abdominal segment; a long hair and two
spines in the posterior angle; a dark brown transverse
band across the lateral margin. Sternal markings con-
sisting of dark intercoxal lines, a median blotch on the
prothorax, with the posterior angles produced laterally,
meeting narrow dark chitin bars which extend forward
to the anterior margin; the posterior margin of the
blotch also produced in an angle; a broad brown median
band between the second and third pair of legs, also
extending onto the first abdominal segments; a few
scattered pustulated hairs on this band. Legs large, pale
fuscous, with narrow dark borders and scattered hairs.

Abdomen broadly ovate, the poles broadly truncate;
posterior angles projecting, with one or two long hairs
and a short spine; segments narrower on the anterior
half of the abdomen; a few hairs on the posterior
margin of the segments; entire abdomen a dark rich

NEW MALLol'HAGA. • 133

fuscous, duikcr on the posterior margins of the seg-
ments; last segment broad, narrow, with a fringe of
hairs along the rounding posterior margin.

Menopon malleus Nitzscli (Plate IX, fig. 3).

Germai's Mag. Ent., 1818, vol. iii, p. 301.

Eureum malleui> Nitzsch, Bnrmeister, Huudb. d. Ent., 1840, vol. ii.
p. 441; Denny. Monofjraph. Anoplur. Brit., 1842, p. 28S; Giebel,
Insecta Kpizoa, 1874, )). •24!l; Piaget, Les Pediculiues, 1880,
p. G08, Supplement, 188'), p. 139, pi. xv, fig. 3.

A single immature specimen from a Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon lanlfrons (Ontario, California), and an
adult female and an immature specimen from a Cactus
Wren, Heleodytes brunneicapillus (Ontario, California).
The single specimen of this species previously known
was collected by Nitzsch in 1814 from Hlrundo ruslica.
As the above named Cliff Swallow and Cactus Wren
were collected by the same person on the same day it
may be tliat the two individuals taken from the wren
are stragglers from the swallow.

This species has heretofore been attributed to the
genus Eiircuin Nitzsch, the genus being based upon the
single specimen (which, though heretofore apparently
not so considered, is immature) of this species and a
very few specimens of another very different species,
clmicoide.,^ Nitzsch from the European Swift Cyifselus
a/>u.s-. Piaget has suspected that both these species are
merely rather aberrant members of the genus Menopon,
which position, as regards the species rnidleiis, at least,
we take unqualifiedly. The two species have been held
together partly through the usual conce})tion of the
near relationshin of the hosts; as Nitzsch savs, "liabitti-
tio in chtiidonnni familiit' (Germar's Mag. Ent., vol.
iii, p. 301, 1818). Now, in fact, the swallows and tlie
swifts are not nearly related at all, the swifts finding

134 - CALIP^ORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

their near relations among the night-hawks and hum-
mingbirds. The finding of an immature and an adult
female together on the wren, in addition to a single
immature specimen on the swallow, allows us to present
new evidence of the agreement of the species in generic
characters with Menopon. The Menopon species, ^mces-
tum, described in this paper, serves as an easy step
from the more typical Menopon type to this peculiar
Eureum type with its short, broad head, its short,
broad prothorax, and long, heavy legs. Menopon
robustum Kellogg (New Mallophaga, II, 1896, p. 528,
pi. Ixxii, fig. 3) is of this gradatory type, and pre-
sents "a mingling of characters of Menopon, Ancistrona,
and Eureum; a short, broad head with strongly chitin-
ized, backward-projecting processes on the ventral sur-
face like Ancistrona; a thorax like Eureum; and the
habitus and general body characters of Menopon^' (Kel-
logg, 1. c). Osborn's M. expansum (Insects Affecting
Domestic Animals, U. S. Dept. Ag., Div. Ent., Bull. N.
S., No. 5, 1896, p. 245, pi. ii, fig. ./'.) from Dolichonyx
oryzivorus must also be of this general type.

Our immature forms correspond with the description
and figure (Piaget, Supplement, p. 139, pi. xv, fig. 3) of
the species. Our adult female (figured herewith) shows
the following characters not referred to, or unconform-
able to those in Piaget's description. Body, length 2.25
mm., width 1.15 mm.; head, length .34 mm., width
.9 mm.; head less flatly rounded in front than in the
young, and with a slight median angulation; on each
side of this angulation a conspicuous marginal hair, and
farther to the side a longer hair not marginal, but ris-
ing from just in front of the base of the antenna.
Metathorax with two long hairs and three spines in
the posterior angles, the three spines ranged along the

NEW MALLUl'ilAUA. 135

posterior margin. Dorsal surface of the abdoiiien with
a few scattered, longish hairs; ventral surface witli
groups of short, strong spines and some longisli hairs
on the hiteral part of tlie posterior margins of segments;
hist segment broadly rounded beliind, with fringe of
weak hairs of different lengths.

Menopon ridulosum n. sp. (Plate TX, fig. 4).

Specimens from two Yellow Warblers, Dendroica
cestiva (Palo Alto, California). A small, heavy-bodied
form .

Description. Body, length 1. mm., width .53 ram.;
being thus a very small species; head large compared
with the rest of the body; head almost as wide as long;
abdomen with narrow transverse abdominal bands.

Head, length .40 mm., width .51 mm.; large, nearly
as broad as the abdomen; front broadly parabolic,
with a slight median angulation; two short hairs in
front each side of the angle, several shorter hairs in
the frontal margin, two longer hairs on the lateral mar-
gin, and two long hairs on the angle before the shallow
ocular emargi nation; eye with a l»lack ocular fleck; ocu-
lar fringe distinct; two very long hairs on the narrowly
rounding temples and several short spines; occipital
margin concave, with four long hairs on the margin;
two small angular blackish spots on the lateral margin
of the front outside the mandibles, wMiich are also
dark, showing through the head; ocular blotches curv-
ing, blackish brown, fading on the anterior portion of
the ocular emargination; a narrow band of dark black-
ish brown on the occipital margin.

Prothorax wide; a long hair autl short spine on the
anterior angle; a series of long hairs on the rounding
posterior margin; dark transverse and longitudinal

136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

chitin bars distinct, dark brown, while the ground color
of the prothorax is even pale fulvous. Mesothorax long,
with strongly diverging sides; posterior angles sharp,
with several long hairs and broad heavy spines; a series
of hairs on the posterior margin; ground color pale
fulvous with distinct, narrow chitin bars extending
from the anterior angles across the mesothorax, a second
pair of chitin bars extending from the lateral margins
across the meso- and metathorax. Metathorax narrow;
posterior angles with a few long hairs and heavy spines;
posterior margin with a series of hairs; intercoxal lines
showing through the thorax. Legs pale fulvous with
darker marginal markings.

Abdomen broadly elliptical, short; posterior angles
with one or two long hairs and some heavy spines; a
series of hairs on the posterior margin of the segments,
which give place to heavy spines near the lateral mar-
gin; a few scattered dorsal spines; last segment flatly
rounded, with a few short marginal spines; narrow
dark fuscous transverse bands, separated by broad pale
transverse bands.

Physostomum.

"We have representatives of this genus from a dozen
species of passerine birds, but we do not feel able to
make satisfactory specific determination of our material
except in a few instances. We do not believe that
under the present knowledge of the group much can be
done toward distinguishing any but peculiar and
obviously characterized species, forms readily separable
by marked peculiarity of shape. We have specimens
of this genus from the following birds, all from Cali-
fornia: Western Wood Pewee, Contopus richardsonii
(two specimens); Say's Phcebe, Sayornis saya; Western

NEW MALl.Ul'lIAGA. lo7

Flycatclier, Empidoncw diffi.cilis; Ash-throated Fly-
catcher, Myiarchus cinerascens; Spurred Towhee, Pip'ilo
macitlatus laeyalonijx; California Towhee, Fipilo fuscus
crissalis: Cedar Waxwiiig, Ampelis cedrorum; Samuel's
Song Sparrow, Melospiza fasciata saniuelis; Least Vireo,
Vireo bellii pusillus. In addition, we distinguish the
three following species of the genus.

Physostoraum sucinaceum Kellogg.

New Mallophaga, 11, ISDG, p. 514. pi. Ixx, fig. 2.

Three specimens from a Western Flycatcher, Empi-
donax dij^cilis (Palo Alto, California). Previously
taken by Kellogg from the same host (same locality).

Physostomum diffusum Kellogg.

New Mallophaga. II, 1896, p. 518, pi. Ixx, Hg. 3.

One specimen, var. pallidum Kellogg from an Oregon
Junco, Junco hyemalis oregonus (Pullman, Washington).
Taken previously by Kellogg from Junco sp. (Law-
rence, Kansas).

Physostomum promiiiens ii. r-ji. (Plate IX, fig. 5).

Two si)ecimens from a Costa's Hummingbird, Cali/pte
costa' (Ontario, California). This strange form with its
lateral head margins deeply sinuate and its unique pro-
thorax is very different from any other Phifsostomum
described. The specimens are probably not fully
mature, one distinctly immature, the other lacking
probablv onlv coloration intensitv.

Descrijition. Body, length 2 mm., width .85 mm.;
transparent whitish; head short and broad, with deeply
sinuous lateral margins; eyes in the posterior angles.

Head, length .5 mm., width .53 mm.; broad, short;
front broad, straight; conspicuous projecting lateral

138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

palettes; the lateral margins of the head deeply con-
cave before the middle; temples swollen, the margins
convex; head widest across the posterior angles which
are not produced backwards, but rounding rectangular;
the inconspicuous eyes with conspicuous black flecks
are situated in the very apex of these angles; each
angle bears two longish hairs and one shorter one; pos-
terior margin nearly straight, feebly angulated in the
middle; whole head transparent whitish with faint
brownish tinge here and there.

Prothorax large, lateral margins with lateral angles
broadly and bluntly rounded; posterior margin almost
semicircular, with four rather short hairs on each lat-
eral half; pale transparent whitish with faint brownish
at margins. Metathorax with rapidly diverging lateral
margins, straight posterior margin with two hairs and
a spine in region of posterior angles, three hairs near
posterior margin just inside of this region, and two
hairs and a spine anterior to these submarginal hairs.

Abdomen broadly elliptical; posterior angles not pro-
jecting and without conspicuous hairs; on the lateral
portion of each segment a group of three hairs near the
posterior margin, and a hair and a spine near the
lateral margin and more anterior; pale transparent
whitish with a pale brown narrow submarginal longi-
tudinal band fading posteriorly.

SEW MALLOl'lIACJA.

i3y

LIST OF HOSTS WITH PARASITES.

Alchmophorus occideutalis.

Menopon trulens.
Colynibus uigricollis califoruicus.
Nirmiis fusco-iuarginatus var.

aiuericauiis.
Meuopon tridens.
Lnnda cirrhata.

Nirmus paoificus.
Colpocephalnm perplanum.
Cerorhiuca mouocerata.
Nirmus maritimuri.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus.

Nirmus maritimns.
Syuthliboramphus antiquus.

Nirmus maritimus.
Cepphus columba.

Docophorus procax.
Nirmus paciKcus.

fusco-marginatus var.
americanus.
Stercorarius pomarinus.

Docophorus melauocephalus.
Nirmus triaufjulatus.
Lipeurus laculatus.
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris.

Nirmus lineolatus var. atri-
marj:!iuatus.
Larus occideutalis.

Docophorus lari.
Larus argentatus smithsouianus.
Nirmus fusco-margiuatus var.
americanus.
Larus vega^.

Nirmus lineolatus var. atri-
marginatus.
Larus delewareusis.
Docophoi'us lari.
Nirmus puni-tatus.
Menopon infreijueus.
Lariis brachyrhynchus.

Nirmus lineolatus var. atri-
marginatus.
Larus eanus.

Nirmus liueolatiis var. atri-
marginatus.

Larus heermauui.
Docophorus lari.
Colpocephalnm fuuebre.
Sterna maxima.

Docophorus melanocephalus.
Diomedea albatrus.

Nirmus gigauticola.
Lipeurus diversus.
deusus.
conciuuuB.
ferox.
Giebelia mirabilis.
Eurymetopus taurus.
Colpocephalum piugue.
Meuopon irrumpens.
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa

Nirmus maritimus.
Puffiuus creatopus.
Lipeurus diversus.
testaceous,
fuliginosus var. ma-
jor,
laculatus.
Giebelia mirabilis.
Menopon paululum.
Puffiuus opisthomelas.
Docophorus validus.
Lipeurus diversus

testaceous,
liniitatus.

fuliginosus var. ma-
jor.
Ancistrona gigns.
Giebelia mirabilis.
Meuopon paululum.

Puffiuus griseus.

Nirmus giganticoln.

paoilicus.
Lipeurus diversus.
limitatus.
Giebelia mirabilis.
Ancistrona gigas.
Menopon paululum.
petulans.

140

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Puffiuus tenuirostris.

Lipeurus di versus.
limitatus.

Giebelia mirabilis.
Puffinus buUeri.

Lipeurus diversus.
limitatus.

Giebelia mirabilis
Phalacrocorax peuicillatus.

Lipeurus farallonii.

Menopou titau var. incomposi-
tum.
Pelecauus calif or ulcus.

Lipeurus forficulatus.

Menopon titau var. linearis.
Anas americaua.

Trinotou luridum.
Spatula clypeata.

Lipeurus squalidus.

Trinoton lituratum.
luridum.

Aythya marila nearctica.

Docophorus icterodes.

Trinoton luridum.
Aythya aflfinis.

Docophorus icterodes.
Rallus obsoletus.

Oncophorus bisetosus var. cal-
if oruic us.

Menopon tridens.
Kallus virgiuianus.

Oncophorus bisetosus var. cal-
ifornicus.

Menopon tridens.
Tringa minutilla.

Docophorus fusiformis.

Nirmus complexivus.
Calidris areuaria.

Nirmus actophilus.

complexivus.

Colpocephalum spinulosum var.
minor.
Limosa fedoa.

Nirmus cordatus.

Squatarola squatarola.

Docophorus fuliginosus.

Nirmus incoenis.

Colpocephalum timidum.
^gialitis semipalmata.

Docophorus fuliginosus.

Nirmus opacus.
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus.

Lipeurus docophoroides var.
calif ornicus.
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus.

Lipeurus perplexus.
Pediocastes phasiauellus columbi-
anus.

Lipeurus perplexus.

Goniodes mammillatus.
Elanus leucurus.

Nirmus fuscus.
Accipiter atricapillus striatulus.

Nirmus fuscus.
Buteo borealis calurus.

Nirmus fuscus.
Aquila chrysaetos.

Docophorus pictus.

Colpocephalum flavescens.
Haliaeetus pelagicus.

Colpocephalum flavescens.
Falco sparverius deserticolus.

Nirmus fuscus.
Asio wilsonianus.

Docophorus cursor.
Syruium nebulosum.

Docophorus speotyti.
Scotiaptex cinerea.

Oncophorus remotus.
Nyctea nyctea.

Docophorus ceblebrachys.
Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii.

Menopon funereum.
Dryobates nuttallii.

Docophoi'us singularis.
Xenopicus albolarvatus.

Docophorus calif oruiensis.
Sphyrapicus thj'roideus.

Docophorus californiensis.

NEW MALLOI'HAOA.

141

Meliinerpes formicivorus bairdi.

Docophoms califoruieuBis.
Trochilns alexiindii.

Niruius vnlf^atus.
Calypte cost:f.

Physostomum promiueiis.
Tyraunus vertioalis.

Niruius fcLilus.
Myiarchns ciuerasceus.

Docophorns communis,
rufus.
fusco-veutialis.

Nirmus vulgatus.
ftedus.

Phvsostomum sp.

Menopon distiiictum.
Sayornis saya.

Nirmus fcedus.

Physostomum sp.
Coutopns richaidsonii.

Physostomum sp.
Empidouax di£Scilis.

Docophorus oommuuis.

Nirmus vulgatus.
ductilis.

Physostomum sp. suciuaceum.
Otocoris alpestris chrysohiuia.

Docophorus commuuis.
Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis.

Docophorus commuuis.

Nirmus vulgatus.
Aphelocoma calift)ruica.

Docophorus communis.

Mcnopona pei-sigiiatum.
Sturuella magna noglecta.

Docophorus commuuis.
Scolecophagus cyauocephalus.

Docophoriis communis.
Coccothraustes vespertiuus mou-
tauus.

Menopon fnnereum.
Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis.

Nirmus vulgatus.

Spiuus pinuH.

Docophorus communis.
Chondtstes grammacus strigatua.

Docophorus commuuis.

Nirmus vulgatus.

Menopon iucertum.
Zouotrichia leucojjhrys intermedia.

Docophorus communis.
Zouotrichia leucophrys gambelii.

Docophorus communis.
Zouotrichia coronata.

Docophorus communis.

Nirmus vulgatus.

Menopon mipstum.
Spizella sp.

Docophorus communis.
Spizella socialis arizonap.

Docophorus communis.
Junco hyemalis oregouus.

Physostomum diflusum.
Junco hyemalis thurberi.

Docophorus mirinotatus.
Amphispiza belli.

Docophorus communis.

Nirmus lautiusculus.
Melospiza fascia ta heermauni.

Colpocephalum graudiculum.
Melospiza fasciata samuelis.

Docophorus commuuis.

Physostomum sp.

Menopon mastum.
Pipilo maculatus megalouyx.

Nirmus vulgatus.

Physostomum sp.
Pipilo fuscus crissalis.

Docophorus commuuis.

Nirmus vulgatus.

Colpoiephalumlgraudiculum.

Physostomum sp.
Zamelodia melanocipbala.

Docophorus communis.
Guiraca Cit rulea eurhyncha.

Docophorus communis.

Nirmus vulgatus.

142

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Passerina amoena.

Nirmus vulgatus..
Piranga ludoviciaua.

Docophorus communis.
Petrochelidon lunifrons.

Meuopou malleus.
Chelidon erythrogastra.

Nirmus lougus var. domesticus.
Ampelis cedrorum.

Docophorus commuuis.

Nirmus brachythorax.

Physostomum sp.
Phainopepla nitens.

Nirmus foedus.
Lanius borealis.

Docoiahorus commuuis.
Lanius ludoviciauus gambeli.

Docophorus commuuis.

Nirmus fcedus.
Vireo solitarius plumbeus.

Docophorus commuuis.
Vireo bellii pusillus.

Physostomum sp.
Helminthophila celata lutesceus.

Nirmus vulgatus.
Deudroica aestiva.

Docophorus communis.

Dendroica aestiva.

Nirmus vulgatus.

Meuopon ridulosum.
Icteria virens longicauda.

Nirmus foedus.
Cinclus mexicanus.

Nirmus vulgatus.
Heleodytes brunneicapillus.

Menopon malleus.

distinctum.
Thryothorus bewickii spilurus.

Docophorus communis,
mirus.

Menopon incertum.
Parus inornatus.

Docophorus communis.
Parus gambeli.

Nirmus vulgatus.
Parus rufescens neglectus.

Nirmus vulgatus.
Turdus ustulatus.

Meuopon incertum.
Turdus aonalaschkse auduboni.

Docophorus communis.
Sialia mexicaua occideutalis.

Docophoriis communis.

Nirmus vulgatus.

NKW MALl.Ul'lIAGA. 143

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE v.— Fig. 1, Docophorun j>rocux Kellogg; aud Chupmau, $.
Fiy. '2, J). I'alidus Kellogg aud Chapmau, $. Fig. 3, J). /u«i/ormis
Deuuy, i . Fig. 4, D. pictus Giebel, 9 • Fig. 5, I), simjularis Kellogg
ami Chapmau, J. Fig. G, D. vilrlnotalux Kellogg aud Chapuiuu, $.
Fig. 7, D. minis Kellogg aud Chapmau, V • Fig. 8, Nirmus pacijlcus Kel-
logg and Chapmau, $ . Fig. 9, X. fuitco-maryinatus Deuuy. var. amtri-
canus Kellogg and Chapmau, V.

PLATE VI.— Fig. 1, Nlrmu6 maritimus Kellogg and Chapmau, $.
Fig. 2, iV. trianijulcUus Nitzseh, ? . Fig. 3, y. complexivus Kellogg aud
Chapmau, ? . Fig. 4, iS\ actophilus Kellogg aud Chapmau, $ . Fig. 5,
X. iitcnuis Kellogg aud Chapmau, $. Fig. 6, N. opacus Kellogg aud
Chapmau, 9 . Fig. 7, ^V. /'tdus Kellogg aud Chapmau, 9 . Fig. S, X.
ductills Kellogg aud Chapmau, $ . Fig. 9, X. lauliunculus Kellogg aud
Chapmau, 5 .

PLATE VIL— Fig. 1, Lipeurus laculatus Kellogg aud Chapmau, S .
Fig. 2, L. conrhiiiu'^ Kellogg aud Chapman, 5 . Fig. 3, L. juU<jinoitus
Tascheuberg, var. major Kellogg and Chai>uian, o . Fig. 4, //. Jaralloui
Kellogg, S . Fig. 5, L. perplexus Kellogg aud Chapmau, $. Fig. 6,
Oncophorus bisetosus Piaget, var. californinis Kellogg aud Chapmau, 5 .
Fig. 7, 0. ri'i7iotiis Kellogg and Chapmau, ' . Fig. 8, Colpocephalum per-
pltiiiinn Kellogg aud Chapman, '} . Fig. 9, C. spinulosujn Piaget, var.
7)i!iior Kellogg and Chapman, S . Fig. 10, C, grandirulttm Kellogg and
Chupmau, $ .

PL.VTE YIII.— Fig. 1, Menopon irnimpens Kellogg and Chapmau, 5 .
Fig. 2, M. /luiiliilum Kellogg aud Chapmau, J. Fig. 3, .V. piluhni'' Kel-
logg and Chapman, S . Fig. 4, .1/. titan Piaget, var. iiicomjiositiim Kellogg
aud Chapman, dorsal aspect of one abdominal segment. Fig. 5, M. titan
Piaget, var. incompoKititm Kellogg and Chapun\n, ventral aspect oi last
segments of abdomen of S . Fig. G, J/, /»;(< rci/m Kellogg and Cbujimau,
6 . Fig. 7, M. dislinclH/n Kellogg and Chapmau, ^.

PLATE IX.- Fig. 1, Menopon peraitinatiim Kellogg aud Chapmau,
?. Fig. 2, J/, mastuin Kellogg aud Chapmau, 9. Fig. 3, -V. nialUus
Nitzseh, $. Fig. 4, M. ridulo.-ttnii Kellogg aud Chapmau, 9. Fig. 5.
Phi/sostomum promituits Kellogg aud Chapmau.

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MV?r »£JXA£4.VI2SZ.

THE ANATOMY OF THE MALLOPHAGA.

{With Plates X to XVII.)
UY KOr.KKT E. SNODGKASS.

The earliest work on tlie aiiiitoiuy of the Mallophat^a
is that of Nitzsoh. His results are coiiii^risecl in liis
own announcement of his work, " Darstellung der
Faniilien und Gattungen dor Thierinsekten (in.secta
epizoica) als Prodronuis einer Xaturgeschichte dersel-
ben," publislied in tlio third volume of Germar and
Zinken's " Magazin fiir die Entomologie," 1818, and
in Giebel's " Iiisecta Epizoa. die auf Saugethieren
und Vogeln schmarotzenden Insecten, nach Chr. L.
Nitzsch's Naehlass bearbeitet," published in 1874.
Botli of tho^e works are chietiy systematic, but the
larger groups are separated on anatomical characters.
The first purely anatomical paper is one by Wedl
in 1855, "Ueber das Herz von Mcnojton paUiihim."
This paper is limited to a single organ. The next, by
Kramer, " Beitnige zur Anatomic und Physiologic der
Gattung iVt/7oy)/'('/'H8 (Nitzsch)," published in Zcitschrift
fiir Zoologie in 1809, includes all the organs of a single
species {Lij>eui'u.s Jcjiiinis). The third and latest purely
anatomical paper is Grosse's "Beitrage zur Kenntnis
der Mallophagen," published in the same journal as the
last, in 1885. Meno/ioa titan {Tetro]t}it/t(ilinU'< cliilens-is
Grosse), is made the basis for detailed descriptions, but
the work is comparative, since more general descriptions
of other forms are given, and the anatomical characters
of the two main groups arc pointed out. In 1869
Kudow published a paper, " Beobachtungen iiber die
Lebensweise und der Bau der Malloi)hagen oder Pelz-
fresser, sowie Beschreibung ueuer Arten," in which the

10

[145]

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

principal anatomical characters are tabulated, and a
long description of the mouth-parts given. The latter,
however, is almost entirelv incorrect. The mouth-
parts were described wrongly at first by Nitzsch, then
by Kramer, and finally by Rudow. Their correct expla-
nation is due to Grosse. Rudow's paper contains an
important statement concerning the number of egg-
tubules in Amblijceran females. He says that there are
five present of which two are rudimentary. Nitzsch
could find but three, and Grosse apparently made no
determination of the number present. In 1869, also,
Melnikow published in Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,
vol. XXXV, an embryological paper, " Beitrage zur
Embryonal-entwicklung der Insekten" in which the
embryology of the Mallophaga is described. Nusbaum
in his paper, "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Aus-
fiihrungsgange der Sexualdriisen bei den Insekten,"
in Zoologischer Anzeiger for 1882, describes mainly two
Mallophagan species, Lipeurus bacillus and Goniocotes
hologaster.

I . General External Anatomy.

External Form and Body-ivall. — The body is gener-
ally very much flattened dorsoventrally. The segments
of the thorax are often apparently only two, the meso-
notum and metanotum being united. In others, how-
ever, the two are distinct although the former is nar-
row. In longitudinal sections of Menopon titan (plate
x, fig. 1), the mesonotum (To) is seen to be sep-
arated from the metanotum (T3) by a non-chitinized
space, and is depressed below the level of the latter.
The number of abdominal segments varies, but the
largest is ten. The number in some cases varies with
the sex. The head is flat, horizontal, situated closely

NEW MALI.Ol'HAGA. 117

Upon the prothorax, iiiifl often excavated behind to
receive the latter. In Mcnupon /tersiijnatum , as shown
by transverse sections (plate xii), the liead is very Hat
and comparatively wide. Tlie side walls are very far
from being perpendicular, and are scarcely distinguish-
able from the dorsal walls. They meet the floor of the
cranium at a sharj) angle. Tiie top of the head is fiat
in front, somewhat concave behind. The protiiorax is
triangular in cross-section, having one angle median
and ventral. The terguni is a little rounded. The
mesothorax is more convex above and flatter beneatii.
The lateral edges are sharp and project over the bases
of the legs. The metathorax is wider Init otherwise
similar to the mesothorax except in length. In the
females of some species the abdomen is little or not
at all flattened.

The body-wall of most species is well chitinized. In
the abdomen the chitin is deposited in several areas
around each segment (plate xv, figs. .3, 4, and 5. and
plate xvii, figs. 1-5). On the dorsal side is a wide con-
tinuous plate reaching on each side to a short distance
from the lateral margin of the segment. Likewise on
the ventral side is a similar chitinization, and the two
plates form respectively the tergum and sternum of the
segment. Laterally, between the outer ends of these,
are angular plates, one on each side, forming tlie lateral
walls or pleura of the segment. The four are sepa-
rated from one another by non-chit ini/.ed s})aces. The
intersegmental spaces are generally, especiallv on the
dorsum, thrown into S-shaped folds, so that the pos-
terior end of one segment overlaps the anterior end of
the one in front, in some cases the eliitinous tergum
or sternum of a segment occupies only a small part of
its lengtli. In some the chitin is mostly accumulated

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

at one place. An extreme example is shown in the
terga of the anterior abdominal segments of Eurymeto-
pus taurus. Here the chitin shows in longitudinal sec-
tions a large oval thickening near the anterior end of the
segment, back of which it forms only a thin superficial
plate reaching to near the posterior end. Anteriorly it
terminates in a deeper but very short prolongation.
The non-chitinized part in front is folded into a strong
S-shaped band, the upper loop of which, forming the
posterior border of the segment in front, projects over
the anterior end of the chitinous thickening. Pro-
cesses of the chitinous wall often extend into the body-
cavity, especially in the thorax, giving attachment to
various muscles. The antennary fossae of the Ambly-
cera are formed by chitinous processes from the lateral
ventral margins of the head extending outward beneath
the antennae, and by a prolongation of the outer dorsal
aspects of the head outward and downward (plate xii^
figs. 1 and 2). Chitinous genital parts w411 be de-
scribed under the head of the Reproductive Organs.

The Appendages. — The antennae are three to five-
jointed. In the Amblycera they are concealed in deep
fossae on the lateral ventral aspects of the head, and
generally have the terminal segment enlarged. In the
Ischnocera they are simple, filiform and exposed.

The mouth-parts have already been described in
detail in Kellogg's "New Mallophaga, II,"* and merely
a general account of their structure will be given here.
They are of the biting type and consist of mandibles,
maxillae, and labium. The maxillae (plate x, figs. 5, 6,
11 and 12) are large, strong, triangular, two-toothed

* Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2iid Ser., Vol. VI, 189fi.

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 149

structures, attachetl to tlic head l)y a condyle on one
side ami a socket on the oi)[)Osite side of the outer basal
angle. From the inner angle of the base a prolongation
extends inward. The two teeth project from the inner
edge, generally one distal to the other. The mandibles
present two modifications, one found in the Amljlycera
and the other in the Ischnocera. In the former they
lie parallel with the ventral surface of the head, so that
the condyle is ventral and the socket dorsal. In this
form one tooth lies in front of the other in a horizontal
line in the same plane as the long axis of the mandible.
In the Ischnocera the mandibles hang vertical to the
head, so that the condyle is posterior and the socket
anterior. In this form the distal tooth is typically
ventral to the other in a vertical line in the same plane
as the long axis of the mandible. The more proximal
tooth, however, may be moved toward the tip and come
to lie by the other and in front of it (plate x, fig. (3).
lu this case the two lie in the same horizontal line,
but this is perpendicular to the long axis of the mandi-
ble. Starting with either typo, the other may be pro-
duced from it by revolving the mandible on an axis
passing from its outer to its inner basal angles. The
degree of revolution varies in different Ischnoceran spe-
cies, but the angle is always hirge and may reach 90"^.
In many cases there is a chitinous plate or rod attached
to the inner angle of the base of the mandible, and a
smaller one attached to the outer. These serve for
attachment of muscles (plate x, fig. 12, <•/*. j>ls.) extend-
ing backward or upward into the head cavity. When
they are absent muscle fibers are attached directly to
the mandibles.

The maxilla^ are generally simple, small, non-chit iu-
ized lobes, often provided with teeth on their inner

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

edges. They lack palpi and distinct divisions into the
ordinary parts (plate x, figs. 8 and 10).

The labium presents two forms, one in the Amblycera
the other in the Ischnocera. In the former (plate x,
fig. 9), there are present a submentum, mentum with
two four- segmented palpi, and a ligula with two glossse
and two paraglossa3. The ligula is the only part that
varies much, since it may have more or fewer than the
four lobes named. In the Ischnocera a submentum,
mentum, and ligula are present. The latter two are not
well separated, but the paraglossae are distinct (plate x,
fig. 13) and very constant in form, being short, thick,
cylindrical, and rather more chitinized than the rest of
the labium. The glossse are present between the para-
glossse as two small lobes.

In front of the mouth is the labrum, a large lobe sit-
uated on the ventral aspect of the head, generally some
distance back of the anterior border of the clypeus.

The three pairs of legs are
very similar throughout the
group. The tarsi are two-
jointed, and, with the excep-
tion of two genera, Tricho-
decte.s and Gyropus, that in-
habit mammals, are provided
with two claws, the others
having only one. In some
specimens of Dbcoplwriis ciii'-
soT examined, the legs when
at rest generally assumed
the following positions. The
femur (fig. 1) of the metatho-
racic leg extends outward and ^.^ ^

is inclined slightly forward

Ni:\v MAr,i,oi'MA<;A

151

from tlie l)Otly. Tlie femur of the mesothoracic leg
extends outward also but a little more forward than
the other. That of the prothoracic leg is inclined for-
ward at an angle of about 45*^ with the body. Hence
the fore legs are hi-hl mostly beneath the head and
anterior part of the prothora.x. The nieta- and nieso-
tibiie extend backward, outward, and downward from
the distal ends of the corresponding femora. The pro-
tibiie extend backward, inward, and downward from the

distal ends of the profemora,
and their distal ends lie in-
ternal to the coxal ends of
the femora.

When the insect is walking
undisturbed in forward longi-
tudinal progression, the two
legs of the mesothorax and of
the metathorax move respect-
ively together, but the two
pairs move in o[tposite direc-
tions. That is (figs. 2 and
3), the two mesothoracic legs
move forward or backward at
the same time and the meta-
thoraciclegs move in thesame
manner, but while the mesothoracic legs are moving
forward, the metathoracic legs arc moving backward,
and vice versa. Thus, while one pair of legs is pushing
the body forward the other pair is reaching forward
for a new grasp, and this is obtained just as the active
pair has finished it> work. The pair jircviously being
carried forward tlicn takes hold and continues the
motion of the body, the two being themselves brought
relatively backward. In this way the two pairs are

Ki« 2

152

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Fig. 3.

always either approaching each other or are receding
from each other.

The prothoracic legs do
not move synchronously
with either of the other
pairs nor with each other.
Generally ( fig. 3 ) one
moves backwards while
the other is reaching for-
ward. They appear mainly
to guide the body. The
femoro-tibial joint is most
of the time in front of the
tarsal claws, so that their
power as propellers cannot
be great. The parasite
thus progresses along the

feather with a hand over hand movement of the pro-
thoracic legs, as of a man climbing a rope, while the
other legs, a pair at a time, are continually pushing the
body forward.

This is the typical movement of the legs and the one
which prevails when the insects are walking quietly
and regularly, but at times it becomes very much
obscured by irregular movements and is generally more
or less so, so that almost any relative position of the
legs may be seen. The outer end of the metathoracic
femur is seldom brought much farther forward than
its coxa. The mesothoracic femur forms a smaller
angle with the body in front, but not such a small
one behind as the metathoracic leg. The femoro-tibial
joints of the prothoracic legs are during progression
brought forward, and the tibia also independently turns
forward on the femur, so that the angle between the
two increases and the tarsal claws are carried forward

NEW .mali.()PHA(;a. 153

by a double motion. Tlicy then grasp the feather
and by their own nnjlion Imckwaid and by the motion
of the body forward on the hind legrf tlie femoro-tiljial
angle is again deereased and the leg assumes its former
position. The inseets run along on the feathers very
easily, generally preferring the shaft. Those exj)eri-
mented with wero kept on a few bits of feather on a
glass slide. They ran along the shaft of a feather until
they came to the end, then backed up a short distance,
turned around, and ran back to the other end to go
through the same performance there. They generally
move with the head forward but ean apparently go
backwards or at any lateral angle just as easily; they
nearly alway.-^, however, turn around when they wish
to reverse the direction of movement. When several
were placed on some guinea-pig hairs they appeared to
be at no loss at all as to how to get along, and traveled
just as well as on the feathers, although perhaps a little
slower. Some Pediculids, however, from the guinea-
pig, when placed on some feathers, appeared to be
somewhat hindered by the network of barbs and bar-
bules. The Mallophaga were entirely unable to progress
upon the glass slide when they got off of the feathers,
but the lice showed no ditticulty at all in this respect;
the latter ei>uld also right themselves when placed on
their backs while the former eould not.

11. TuE Alimentary Canai. ank its .Vii'Kndaces.

Tin All mental' ij Canal. — The alimentary eanal pre-
sents two tyi)es of structure. < Mie form is simple, having
no special development at any par;, ihe other is com-
plicated by a lateral and backward })rolongation of the
crop, so that the latter forms a large expanded divertic-
ulum of the oesophagus. The lirst form is contined to

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the Amblycera, the second to the Ischnocera, Of the
first, the alimentary canal of Menopon titan (plate xi,
fig. 13, plate X, fig. 1, and plate xvii, fig. 6) may be
taken as an example. It has the form of an almost
straight tube separable into six distinct parts. The first
of these is a narrow elongated buccal cavity (plate x,
fig. 1, 6c) extending upward and backward from the oval
aperture, by which it opens anteriorly, to the second
part of the alimentary canal, the pharynx (p). This
is a large cavity, oval in longitudinal sections, having its
long axis extending backward and upward, but not so
much in the latter direction as that of the buccal
cavitv, so that the two form an ang-le with each other.
The pharynx lies mostly in front of the brain . (6)
and suboesophageal ganglion (s.re. g.)^ the commisures
lying laterad of its posterior end. Between the latter
the pharynx contracts and passes into the oesophagus.
This is rather long, narrow, gradually expands pos-
teriorly, passes uninterruptedly into the crop, and
forms with the latter the third division of the alimen-
tary canal {ce and cr) . The crop is of variable size
according to the contents, but is rather large when dis-
tended.

The fourth part, the ventriculus, is long, wide in
front and narrow behind, and connected with the crop
in front by a short, very narrow neck. On each side of
this it is produced into a large ctecum, the two embrac-
ing the posterior end of the crop. Back of the
stomach is the intestine forming the fifth and sixth
divisions of the alimentary tract. The first of these two
consists of the prerectal part of the intestine and the
second of rectum. The former is a short, straight,
narrow tube, a little enlarged toward the middle and
separated from the ventriculus in front and the rectum

NKW MAr.I.(»l'HA<iA. l')5

beliind bv sliirht constrictions. From its anterior end
four Malpighian tubules arise. Tbe rectum is very
large (plate xi, tig. 13, and plate xvii, tig. 6, /•). Its
anterior part is much dilated, the enlargement i>eing
rather suddenly narrowed in front, but posteriorly grad-
ually passes into the more tultular posterior part. Its
anterior end is provided with six oval rectal glands.
These vary in size in dilferent specimens. In the male
the anal opening is in the upper posterior part of the gen-
ital chamber, in the female it is in the end of the last
abdominal segment (plate xv, ligs. 1 and 2, a, and plate
xvii, tig. 6, '0-

Sections show the following histological features of
the alimentary canal. The ])rc ventricular pari is lined
with a ehitinous intima continuous with the body-cov-
ering at the mouth. The ventriculus lacks an intima,
but possesses a thick inner cellular epithelium (plate x,
tig. 1, >•). The intestine has a thin ehitinous lining
continuous with the body-covering at the anus. The
prerectal part possesses a thin cellular epithelium cov-
ered by an outer membrane, surrounding which are
small muscle libers. The rectum lacks the epithelium
and has larger muscle hbers (plate xvii, tig. 0, rtm).
The rectal glands project inwardly and are covered by
the ehitinous lining of this part of the alinientary
tract.

In the Ischnocera, as before stated, the alimentary
canal is complicated bv a verv remarkable condition of
the crop. This in the genus Triclioilcctes has the form
of a larsje sac connected with the lower end of the
tesophagus by a long, narrow neck; in the other gen-
era it forms a large transverse dilatation of the a^soph-
agus, some distance above where the latter «)pens into
the ventriculus. The crop is always produced much

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

more to one side of the oesophagus than to the other.
The alimentary canal of Eurymetopus taurus may be
taken as a type of this latter form (plate xi, fig. 11).
The oesophagus is a long, slender tube reaching from the
head to the mesothorax. Here it enters the anterior
dorsal aspect of the crop. The latter lies dorsal and to
the left of the other organs of the body-cavity except
the heart, and extends from the middle line backwards
and to the left, reaching the sixth abdominal segment
when considerably distended. Its size and shape vary
according to its contents, but it is generally much
longer than wide, rounded in front, swollen toward the
middle, and tapering behind. Its upper end extends
a short distance beyond the opening of the oesophagus
into it. About opposite the latter point, on the ventral
aspect of the crop, the subingluvial part of the oesoph-
agus begins and runs backwards to the ventriculus,
forming a short, narrow tube. The ventriculus is
smaller than the crop when the latter is fully distended.
Anteriorly it bears two large, lobular cseca, each being
rather flat and expanded beyond its base. The stomach
lies with most of its long axis in an antero-posterior
direction. It is widest through the middle; in front
of this it is slightly constricted, while in the opposite
direction it becomes very much narrowed, and, assum-
ing a tubular form, makes a bend to the left. It goes
a short distance in this direction and then meets the
hind-gut. The latter turns immediately backward and
runs in a straight line to the exterior. It is divided
into an anterior, narrow, prerectal part and a posterior,
enlarged rectum. The former bears at its anterior end
the four Malpighian tubules, becomes enlarged toward
its middle, and is separated posteriorly from the rectum
by a slight constriction. The latter is much distended

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 157

ill front, where six large, oval, rectal glands are situ-
ated, but becomes narrowed posteriorly, tiie hind half
being a straiglit, narrow tube opening into the upper
part of the genital cavity. The relative size and shape
of each of these parts vary greatly with their contents.
The crop is provided with very i)roniinent longitudinal
and transverse muscles, which form a network of fibers
over it.

It is evident that in ^ueh an alimentary canal as that
just described there are two distinct divisions in addi-
tion to those of the alimentary canal of an Amblyceran
species. The crop of Euryineto/ijis forms a i>art distinct
and sharply sejiarated from the cesophagus in front,
and also sets oif that portion of the oesophagus between
itself and the stomach as a distinct division of the ali-
mentary tract. The bits of feathers that form the food
of the insect are generally almost as long as the crop
and always lie in it in a longitudinal direction.

The alimentary canals of all other Philo}»terids in
which this organ is known are similar in all essential
respects to that of Euvfjnietojnis faurus just described.
In Docophurus lari tlie crop is very much like that of
Eiiryinetojms taurine in shape (plate xi, tig. 8). It
extends from the anterior left part of the body-cavity
backwards and to the right. The (esophagus is narrow,
lies in the middle line, and enters the crop some dis-
tance to the right of the anterior end of the latter.
Arising from the ventral surface of the crt>{>, at a point
some distance to the left of the opening of the anterior
part of the cesophagus into the same, is the subinglu-
vial part of the oesophagus, which passes backwards a
short distance and enters the ventriculus. This is
rather long and tapers very much posteriorly, its ante-
rior end is provided wiih a large, lobe-like Ciecum on

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

each side. Its posterior end is a little bent just before
it enters the hind-gut. The latter is short and narrow.
The rectum is very much expanded anteriorly, having
six prominent rectal glands surrounding the posterior
end of the anterior smaller part of the intestine.

In Goniodes cervinicornis the crop is relatively very
long and tapering (plate xi, fig. 12). It lies in an
almost antero-posterior direction to the left of the rest
of the alimentary canal. Its anterior end is large and
rounded; posteriorly it tapers to a rather pointed
extremity which reaches a little farther back than the
posterior end of the ventriculus. When in the natural
position its hind end is bent to the right and lies close
to the stomach. The oesophagus enters the crop on its
dorsal surface back of the anterior end. The part of
the oesophagus between the crop and the stomach arises
from the former in front of the point at which the an-
terior portion of the oesophagus opens into it. The
stomach is rather long, but when it is distended it does
not taper very much posteriorly, passing into the intes-
tine by a rather sudden constriction. The two cseca at
its anterior ends are relatively smaller than in the other
forms described, and are merely blunt diverticula of
the ventriculus without constricted bases. The pre-
rectal part of the intestine is very short and narrow.
The rectum on the other hand is unusually large, hav-
ing its anterior end very greatly dilated and provided
with six very large and much elongated rectal glands.

In Lipeurus fuliginosus major the crop lies to the left
side of the body-cavity, the rest of the canal lying
along the right. The ventriculus simply contracts pos-
teriorly, passing gradually into the intestine, the two
being separated by only a slight constriction. The rec-
tum is comparatively rather long but otherwise both it

NEW MAI.Lol'HAGA.

loil

and the rest of the intoptino arc vorv similar in the
others descrihed.

Nitzscli (1874) rigures tlie alimentary canals of tiie f«tl-
lowing Piiilopterid s})ecies: JJucoj)/i(>ni.s fiisclcollis, b.
ocellatiLs^ and Lij}enriis jejunns. That of Dnco/t/mrns
fuscicollis differs in no e^^sential respect from those
forms already descrihed. In 1>. ucidUitos the o{jeniMy;s
of the pre- and postingluvial divisions of the cesopha-
gus are rather far removed from the nearer end of tiie
crop. The ventricnlus is very long and bent upon
itself, forining a loop.

The genus Trichodedes (family Trichodectida- ) [(re-
sents a rather remarkable deviation from the other
Ischnoeeran forms in the shape and position of the
crop. As already mentioned, it is of the form of a
sack connected with the (esophagus some distance in
front of the ventricnlus by a narrow, more or less elon-
gated neck. In TrichodecteK (jeoinydis {\t\iite xi. fig. 10),
the crop is rather snuiller comparatively than in nm-t
of the IMiilopterid forms, being about two-third- the
length of the stonuioh. The neck is long and slender,
extending laterally from the oesophagus. The ventric-
ulus is large anteriorly, where it is produced into two
large cieca whicli are not constricted at their bases.
Posteriorly the stomach becomes narrowed and nnikes
an abrupt bend in llic direction of the cro|t. After
running a short distance in this direction as a nannw
tube it passes into the intestine. This division of the
alimentary canal goes backward from the midgut, form-
ing a right angle with the posterior tubular part of the lat-
ter. The rectum is wide anteriorly, where it {tresents si.x
glands as in the other families. In a Tricl<()decte!i from
a horse the crop (plate xi, lig. i.») is the same as in T.
geonii/dis, but is comparatively even a little Nmaller;

160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

also, the neck is shorter. The ventriculus with its
large gastric cseca is about the same. Nitzsch (1874)
figures the alimentary canal of T. clmiax. Here the
crop differs somewhat from the two just described in
that the neck is very much shorter, the crop forming
a pear-shaped diverticulum from the side of the oesoph-
agus and separated from it by a narrow constriction. In
this form the distal end of the crop is the larger, while
in the Philopterid forms the proximal end is the
larger, the distal end being generally more or less
tapering and pointed. No intermediate form of a crop
between the Philopterid and Trichodectid types has
been found, and it is impossible to say which is the
more primitive.

Pharyngeal Sderite. — In many genera, including all of
those of the Ischnocera, and one and part of another
genus in the Amblycera, there is present a curiously
formed sclerite in the walls of the pharynx. It has
already been described in Kellogg's "New Mallophaga,
II," under the term " cesophageal sclerite." As shown
there, it is a prominent, cup-shaped thickening of
the chitinous lining of the ventral wall of the phar-
ynx, forming a depression in the latter. From its
sides (plate x, fig. 7) chitinous bands (bs) run upward
around the pharynx and are connected by muscles with
the dorsal wall of the head. From the anterior corners
a large expansion (ant. h) on each side reaches forward
and upward in the walls of the pharynx. Into the ante-
rior end of its cavity a duct from two ventrally situated
glands opens. The latter (plate x, fig. 2, l.g.) are oval,
covered with a chitinous envelope, and supported by chi-
tinous pedicles. From the anterior end of each a duct
runs forward, after traversing the ventral surface, and
then turns inward and backward to unite with the duct

N E W N I A I . T. < ) V 1 1 A (J A

\r,i

fr(tin the other siJe. Tlie couunon duct thus formed
then goes straight back to the sclerite. The shape of
both these organs is very remarkably constant. In one
or two genera they present deyiations, and also in a few
scattered cases, but these will be described farther on.

As was pointed out by Kellogg (1896), these organs
are not peculiar to the Mallophaga but occur also in
the Psocidie, haying been described for these insects
by Burgess (1S7S). Outside of these two groups, how-
eyer, they are not known to occur. Among the Mallo-
phaga they are not of uniyersal occurrence, but are
for the most }tart confined to one suborder. Speci-
mens of the following genera were had for examination;
Ancistrona, Coljtocejjhalum, Docopliorus, Euryruetopus,
Giebelia, Goniocotes, Goniodes, Lniiiobothrium, Lipeurus,
Menopoa, Xinuus, Sitzi^ehiu, Oncojihorus, PhysudohiUin,
Trichodectea, Trinoton. The following table shows the
distribution of tiie sclerite and glands among these
genera:

Genera with Sclerite

Genera with Sclerite

Geuera with Sclerite

and Glands Pre-sent

or .\bsent.

and Glauds Present.

and Glands Absent.

Colpocephahtni.

Ajicistroua.

Docophorun.

EuryvHtojius.

L<t7nohothrium.

Lifit'unis.

(•'iebelia.

yUzschin.

Afcnopon.

tioniocotfs.

Pht/sontovitnn.

y^irmua.

Goniodes.

Trinoton.

Oncophonts.

Trichodecles.

The aboye table shows thai those gtriicru with the

structures present belong, with the exception of Colpo-

cephidum, to the suborder Ischnocera; while those in

which they are absent belong, without exception, to the

suborder Amblycera. Hence there are no Ischnoceran

genera in which the sclerite and slands are absent in all
n

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

species, although in three genera they are absent in a
few cases. On the other hand, in the Amblycera they
are absent in all but two genera, and of these one has
them present in all species, but in the other they may
be present or may be absent. Of thirty-eight species
of Docophorus, twenty-six species of Ljpeurus, and
twenty-nine species of Nirrnus examined — all that
were accessible — only in Docophorus icterodes, Lipeurus
'picturatus, L. longipilus, and Nirmus signatus are the
structures absent. From this it is evident that the ex-
ceptions to the occurrence of the oesophageal sclerite and
glands in North American Ischnocera are few. It is
worthy of notice also that the species of this suborder
lacking them occur in the three largest genera, — the
species of Docophorus, Lipeurus, and Nirmus being far
more numerous than those of all the other genera of
the same suborder together.

The following genera have been found so far only on
European birds, Akidoprocius, Boopia, Bothrioinetopus ,
Eureum, and Ornithobius. Taschenberg (1882) and Pia-
get (1880), however, give good figures of all these gen-
era, and in their figures the presence or absence of the
sclerite is apparently intended to be shown, although
whether it is or is not present is not stated in the
description of each species. The figures can probably
be relied on to show at least in what species it is pres-
ent. According to them the structure is present only
in Akidoprocius. This genus and also Bothriomelopus
and Ornithobius belong to the Ischnocera, so that it
appears that there are two genera of this suborder in
which the sclerite is absent; but this is without proof.
If it is absent in the two Amblyceran genera, Boopia
and Eureum, they agree with most of the other forms
of their suborder. The sclerite appears to be absent

NKW N[AI.LOI'HA<iA. 163

also ill Gyropiis, an Aiiiblyceraii inaininal-infesting
genus*

111 some species of several genera the sclerite is not
of the typical form described. In Ducojihonis jjertusas
it is very much modilied in form. The body is com-
paratively very small and the anterior processes are not
present at all. On the other liaiid, tlu' lateral circum-
oesoplrageal Ijands are greatly enlarged, forming a thick
chitinous band passing uj)\vard around the pharynx.
The body of the structure is so small that it appears
merely as a median, backward-projecting enlargement of
the rest. The dorsal cavity is [)reseiit, its anterior wall
and the anterior margins of the lateral wings are trans-
parent and continuous with one another. The wings
are expanded near their bases but distally each becomes
narrowed and passes u})ward and somewhat forward as
a slender curved rod. The structure is of about the
same shape in a young specimen but the wings are pro-
portionally smaller. In DocophoviL>i atricolor the sclerite
is small and weakly chitinized but the anterior pro-
cesses are comparatively large and much expanded.
In Lipeut'us diversus the body is elongated, and in A.
sqiuilidiis it is similar but with the anterior i)rocesses
enlarged. In several other Ischnoceran genera the
sclerite is variously moditied, but the species in which
modification occurs are scattered and not closely related
to one another.

lu the Amblycera only two genera possess the pharyn-
geal sclerite, and in these two the characteristic form is
not tliat (^f the Ischiiocera. It is, however, typically the

"Tascheuberg tiguies Uothriometojnis viae roc nemis, S auil head of $,
aud Ornil/iobiits he.vojihthulmus, $ and head of 3 , iu which the sclerite is
uot shown. But iu Akidoproctus rostrutiin and .-1. iitti>op;/<jos it is plaiulv
preseut. Piaget liguies lioopia lomjitarsus, B. ijriindis, Kurcum rimi-
coides, E. mallcHx, dyropus ovalls, d'. ffracilis, aud '.'. turbinalis, iu all of
■which the sclerite i^^ not shown.

164

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

same. In Menopon and Colpocephaluni the anterior pro-
cesses of the sclerite are very much prolonged forward
and are only slightly divergent. In some cases the
sclerite is extremely reduced in size. In Menopon foedus
the anterior processes are not prolonged but are v\'ide
and bifid. These two genera are in other respects also
very similar, and it is of significance that in the only
genera of the Amblycera that possess the sclerite it has
the same structure, different from that prevailing
amongst the Ischnoceran genera, in each.

The following table gives the species of Menopon
examined that have and do not have the sclerite and
glands:

Genus Menojjon.

Species with Sclerite

Species with Sclerite

and Glands Present.

and Glands Absent.

auro-fasciatum

disiinctuirk

decoratum

malleus

dissimile

persignatum

fcedus

prixcursor

funereum

re.diculosum

incerlum

robustum

indlstinctum

titan

in/requens

tridens

irrumpens

longicephalum

loomisli

melanorum

mesoleucum

monostcechum

navigans

numerositm

paululum

peiulans

striatum

NEW MALI.<)l'HA<iA. !♦>

>.)

It is evident tluit the cerfopliageal sclerite aiul con-
nected glands might be made use of in determining the
relations of Menopua an<l (JoljMce/ihaiain to the other
genera, and also of the Mallophaga to other orders of
Insects, since thev occur also in the Psocidie. But the
probable number of yet unknown species is too great to
allow of these structures being used to determine rela-
tionships of genera within the order.

The Salivary Organs. — In 186iJ Kramer described the
salivary glands of Lipeurus jejunus. In 1874 they
were mentioned by Giebel in " Insecta Ejjizoa " from
Nitzsch's notes. He gives no description of them.
Finally, in 1885, Grosse gave a general account of
their structure in the whole order, and a special descrip-
tion of those of TetvophthaiiaiLfi chilensis (Menopon titan).
As far as is known, all species of Mallophaga possess
two pairs of salivary organs; in some cases there is
evidence that only one of each pair is a gland, the other
being a reservoir. In any case either one gland and a
reservoir or two glands are situated on each side of the
crop or cesophagus. From the anterior end of each
organ a duct arises and passes forward. The two ducts
on each side unite with each other, forming a right and
left common salivary duct. These run forward a vary-
ing distance and then approach each other and unite in
the middle line. This final duct formed of the four
prinuiry ducts runs forward beneath the oesohpagus and
enters the head where it opens into the pharynx.

In the suborder Aniblyccra the salivary organs
appear to have no constant form characteristic of the
subgroujL Grosse describes those of Menofion titan
(plate xi, lig. 2) as consisting of a gland (a) and reser-
voir (h) on each side. The glands are elongate-oval,
and each has a furrow on the inner side, from the middle

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of which the duct arises. The reservoirs are long and
club-shaped, having the ducts passing forward from the
anterior ends. He describes also the glands of a
Lwmobothriwin as being composed of twenty small tubes
situated upon the salivary duct like the teeth of a comb.

Nitzsch gives several figures showing the salivary
glands. In Menopon mesoleucum two pairs of glands
are shown of which the inner ones are very long and
comparatively narrow. They extend in a straight
course backwards along the sides of the alimentary
canal as far as the rectal glands. In front they become
narrowed and pass gradually into the ducts. External
to each of these is a shorter gland. This one is also
rather elongated and tapers in front and behind. The
posterior end is coiled, while the anterior end passes
into the duct. Grosse makes the general statement
that the salivary organs consist of a salivary gland and
a saliva reservoir, and that the latter are filled with a
viscous substance.

In the Ischnocera the organs have a more definite
shape, being much less variable among the different
species. They consist of two pairs of glands and their
ducts. Each pair lies on one side of the alimentary
canal in the region of the anterior end of the crop and
is composed of an outer, generally larger gland, and an
inner, smaller one (plate xi, fig. 11, 7^ and g). In Tri'
chodedes geomydis (plate xi, fig. 1) the two are of about
the same size. The inner one (6) has its long axis trans-
verse and its larger end turned inwardly; while the
outer is oval. The outer organ generally has the appear-
ance of being a reservoir rather than a gland. Kramer
studied the histology of the two and described the
cells of the inner, smaller one as being remarkably
distinct, while those of the outer he says are only with

NKW .NfAr.T.OrMIA«'iA. 107

tlie greatest ditticulty made out to l>e celU. He fouinl
tlie outer organs mostly tilled with fat-like drops.

Both Kramer and Grosse describe a second set of
salivary glands found only in the Ischnocera. Kramer
described those of Li/mirus jcjanus as consisting of a
group of fourteen cells attached to the smaller of the
two glands just described. He could find no ducts con-
nected with them, but, since they were always present
and constant in })osition and arrangement, he still
regarded them as having a saliva-secreting function.
Grosse observed them in the genera Xirmus, Trlcho-
dedefi, and />//>e»rn.s\ He found, however, that they
occurred not only on the crop but also in groups of two,
six, and eight, connected witli the fat body. On this
account, and since he also could discover no duct in
connection with then, he concluded that their function
as salivary organs was very doubtful.

In Trichodedes geomydis there can be no doubt of this
glandular nature, for here ducts can be very easily
observed. It" the alimentary canal be removed from
the body and transferred to a glass slide, two sets of
large cells may be seen attached to the anterior end of
the crop. Each set consists of seven cells, each pro-
vided with two large, internal bodies, apparently
nuclei. The cells are polygonal and situated close
together. By detaching the mass from the crop and
rioatintr it out in water it mav be seen to be connected
by a very distinct duct with the upper end of the neck
of the crop, close to where it joins the (.esophagus (j)late
xi, fig. 10, (/). This is long enough to allow the glands
to lie on the upper end of the crop. On passing the
glands under a cover-glass the loosely united cells
spread ajuiri and there may be seen very clearly a ram-
ification of the main duct passing to each one of them

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

(plate xi, figs. 3 and 4). It hence appears that in this
species these cells form a compound gland of seven
cells, each cell being provided with a duct of its own,
the ducts of the several cells uniting and finally form-
ing a common duct which opens into the alimentary
canal at the mouth of the neck of the crop. In other
Ischnoceran genera examined, including Euryinctopus,
Docophorus, and Goniodes, these glands are present but
the cells in each are more numerous. In Eurymetopus
taunts (plate xi, fig. 5), each gland is composed of about
twenty-four cells arranged mostly in two rows, although
in some specimens, at the posterior end, they are three
and four rows wide, so that the gland is posteriorly
expanded. Each possesses two nuclear-like bodies,
(one of these may be a hollow space into which the
duct opens, such spaces being present in salivary cells
of insects), and they are all closely pressed together so
that they assume polygonal shapes. The presence of
a duct is much more difficult to determine than in
Trichodectes geomydis, but by removing the oesophagus
and crop to a drop of water on a glass slide, as before,
and pushing the glands away from the crop, they may
be seen to be connected with the latter by a number of
fine fibers. Upon focussing down on these with the
microscope, one may be seen larger than the rest, pos-
sessing a double-bordered appearance characteristic of
ducts when viewed with transmitted light. It is
attached to the upper end of the crop at one extremity
and at the other to the anterior end of the gland, where
it divides close to the latter and becomes lost in the
cells. By tearing the cells apart there may be seen
attached to and ramifying between them, minute, deli-
cate processes, apparently tubules.

A third set of glands opening into the anterior part

NEW MAl.l.OlMlAliA. I'i'l

(if tlio aliinentiirv canal arc tliosi- of tlic bead, already
describe<l in counection with the (esophageal sclerite.
With regard to the salivary glands, then, not consid-
ering those glands of tlie head, the two suborders differ
as follows: The Amldycera possess simply two pairs of
salivary organs — a gland and reservoir on each side of
the alimentary canal. These are of variable shape,
since they may be simple and relatively small or very
large, or they may be compound, consisting of as
many as twenty separate, secreting tubules. The Isch-
nocera possess a pair of simple, small, only sliglitly
variable, salivary organs on eacli side of the alimentary
canal. These are evidently the homologs of the sali-
vary organs of the other suborders, since their ducts
unite with one another in the same manner, and since
their general position is the same. In addition, they
have a pair of small compound glands each element of
which consists of a single cell provided with a sepa-
rate ductule. The species of the Amblycera are speci-
alized individually, tliose of the Ischnocera as a group.

The Malpujkian Tuhidex. — In all cases known there
are four and onlv four MalnisJiian tubules. Tliev are
simple tubes generally variously dilated near their bases.
This dilatation nniy form a short oval enlargement
of the vessels as in Docoj)horut< lori (plate xi, tig. 8),
or it may be long, and even occupy half the length of
the tube as in Menoj>on fifan (plate xi. fig. lo). These
enlarged parts of the tubes are very variable in size,
and according to the specimen may be present and
large or entirely absent in the same species. In Col-
pocepludiim osborni the l)asal parts of the two tubes on
each side are united for a short distance (plate xi,
fig 7). The vessels are generally very nuuh convoluted
and form a tangled mass of tubes about the lower part

170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the alimentary canal. In others, however, they are
straight. In Menopon titan they form V-shaped tubes
with the bend forward and the inner arm joining the
intestines. Each tube consists of an apparently struct-
ureless investing membrane (plate xi, fig. 6), of a single
layer of large granular epithelium cells within this, and
finially of a thin intima lining the epithelium. The
lumen is narrow and irregular since the inner ends of
the cells are angular, and a convexity on one side of the
lumen fits into a concavity of the epithelium on the
opposite side.

III. The Respiratory System.

The trachese are disposed in two main trunks, one on
each side of the body, reaching from the posterior end
of the abdomen into the head. Spiracles are situ-
ated laterally on the dorsal side of the abdominal seg-
ments, and in some species, as Menopon titan, there is a
spiracle on each side of the prothorax (See Kellogg,
1896). A short branch connects each spiracle with the
main longitudinal trunk of the same side. Opposite the
union are given ofT several branches to the various
organs of the body. In the head the lateral trunks
end by dividing into numerous branches. No dilatation
of the tracheae occurs at any point. In Menopon titan
a large transverse trunk connects the two lateral trunks
in the fourth abdominal segment.

IV. The Nervous System.

The nervous system consists of a brain and sub-
cesophageal ganglion in the head and a large ganglion
in each of the thoracic segments. From the two head

NEW MA I.I.ol'II A<iA . 171

ganglia are given off branches t(3 the mouth-parts and
sense-organs. Each thoracic ganglion sends laterally a
large branch to the corresponding legs. Tiie last one
gives off, in addition to these, branches that go back-
wards into the abdomen, supplying the organs there sit-
uated. In Eari/)iidojms taunts (plate xvi, fig. 7) the
brain is large, much wider than long, and consists of
two lobes united in the middle line. Each lobe expands
greatly laterally. The posterior border of the brain is
convex, notched in the middle line. The anterior bor-
der is very concave. The brain, therefore, presents
from above the appearance of being composed of two
large lateral masses connected in the middle line by a
narrow commissure. From each anterior outer angle a
trunk passes downward and backward to the anterior
end of the sub^esophageal ganglion. These form the
circumcesophageal commissures, and from each a small
trunk runs forward to a very large frontal ganglion sit-
uated in the median line between the anterior ends of
the two cerebral lobes. The subtesophageal ganglion is
larger than the brain and is situated in tlie lower part
of the head beneath the cesophagus near the occipital
margin. It is somewhat triangular in shape, with one
side turned forward.

The brain and subcesophageal ganglion of yienopontltan
(plate xvi, fig. 8) are very similar to those of Eunjiadopus
taurus. Dorsoventral longitudinal sections show that
the brain is rather thick and that tlic lateral lobes are
expanded posteriorly as well as laterally. The circum-
lesophageal commissures are inclined at an angle of about
forty-five degrees. The frontal ganglion is smaller than
'\n Eurymetopufi taurus and is connected by a short trunk
with the upper end of each circunnesophageal commis-
sure. From it a branch runs forward to the labium. The

172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

suboesophageal ganglion is oval in longitudinal sections.
The peripheral part of each is composed of rather large
cells. Fibers pass from the lower ganglion through the
commissures to the outer anterior angles of the brain,
where they radiate in all directions to the peripheral cells.
Transverse sections of the brain of Menopon sp. (plate
xii, figs. 1-4, hr), followed from before backwards,
show in front the small, disunited sections which farther
back (fig. 1) become enlarged in an inner and ventral
direction and connected with the suboesophageal gan-
glion (sg) by two short, straight trunks. The latter
ganglion is very flat in front. Back of the commissures
(fig. 2) the lobes of the brain enlarge and become ovoid
in sections, with the large end turned inward. The
suboesophageal ganglion is still flattened and slightly
constricted in the middle. Sections passing through
the eyes (fig. 3) show a narrow commissure passing over
the pharynx connecting the previously separated cerebral
lobes which are now oval in shape. The suboesophageal
ganglion is still fiat but slightly enlarged laterally.
Still farther back (fig. 4) the transverse commissure
of the brain has increased in thickness, and the
subassophageal ganglion greatly enlarged, especially
laterally.

The three thoracic ganglia are large, situated close
together, and each is generally larger than the one in
front. In Eurymetopus taurus each ganglion is hexag-
onal viewed dorsoventrally (plate xvi, fig. 7), with
two sides transverse, one in front and the other behind.
The most posterior ganglion is large and joined to the
mesothoracic ganglion by its anterior side. From the
lateral angles, which are a little back of the middle, large
trunks are given off to the legs, and from the posterior
angles larger branches, one on each side, go backwards

NEW MAT, TO PIT AT, A. 173

into the abdomen. The niesotlioracic ganglion is
smaller than the last one, but, except that the lateral
edges are more nearly equal, is very similar to it. Its
anterior side joins the posterior side of the one in front,
and from its lateral angles trunks arise that supply the
niesotlioracic legs. The prothoracic ganglion is more
elongated than the others and the lateral angles are
relatively farther l>aek, but as before, the leg branches
arise from them. There are no interganglionic com-
missures between the thoracic ganglia but the protho-
racic ganglion is connected with the subtesophageal
ganglion by two short, longitudinal trunks. In other
forms the thoracic ganglia are a little more separated,
but in all cases known, the nervous system is much
concentrated and ganglia never occur in the abdomen.
Longitudinal sections of Menopon titan (plate x, fig. 1)
show that the thoracic ganglia (g\, g-, and .73) are oval
longitudinally and have an outer layer of large cells like
those in the head. Transverse sections of Menopon sp.
(plate xii, figs. 5-7) show that each ganglion (^^i and (/.)
is double and very large. In Euryinetopus taurus (plate
xvi, fig. 7) each ganglion is supplied with tracheae
from a large, transverse commissure (i r) passing trans-
versely from one main, lateral, tracheal trunk to the
other. Each of these transverse trunks is applied very
closely to the j)osterior part of the corresponding gan-
glion, and gives off into the latter numerous ramifying
branches.

V . T H E D O K S A L A^ E S S E L.

The heart was first described by Wcdl in 1:S55.
Nitzsch says nothing about it. Kramer in 1S69,
briefly described that of Lipeurus Jejunus. Grosse

174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

adds little to the descriptions given by Wedl and
Kramer. Wedl found that it could be studied success-
fully only in living animals. According to him the
heart proper of Menopon pallidum is one-chambered
and is situated in the next to the last abdominal seg-
ment just below the dorsal wall. The inner cavity is
provided in front and behind with an opening. It con-
sists of a molecular parenchymous part on each side,
and a median membranous part. From the lateral,
thickened part there arise ragged prolongations remind-
ing one of the papillary muscles of the vertebrate
heart, and which terminate in fine thread-like fibers
attached to the median membranous walls of the heart.
To the outer side of the parenchymous part are attached
on each side a bundle of tense fibers, which may be
termed the right and left s.uspensory fibers of the heart.
The dorsal aorta has a swelling at its base forming a
bulbus arteriosus. This has on each side a bundle of
fibers, the right and left suspensory fibers of the bulbus
arteriosus. Likewise at the opposite end of the heart is
a swelling forming the bulbus venosus. This has
two prolongations at its posterior end which appear to
be inlet tubes allowing the entrance of the blood
into the bulbus venosus. At the posterior end is a
median row of fibers.

Kramer describes the heart of Lipeurus jejunus as a
long narrow tube enlarged at its posterior end. Here
are attached the very much reduced wing-muscles.
"Wedl does not mention these but very probably refers
to them when he describes the "suspensory fibers". At
the posterior end, according to Kramer, are four open-
ings to admit the blood. Wedl states that the heart-
beats amount to 112-120 per minute in specimens just
taken from the living host, but sink to 56-52 in speci-
mens taken from a host that has been dead a day or so.

NEW MAI.I.OPHAC. A. 175

Ho turthcr describos the maiuier in which the diireieiU
parts of the heart and aorta conlrael, and also gives an
account of the mctliods he used in niakin;^ his observa-
tions. Finally he states that lie examined several rep-
resentatives of the Philopteridie, such as LipcuruH cart-
abilift, Ooniodes colchici, and JJocojihoruK iitraivf<, but
apparently he determined merely that the heart is pres-
ent in these forms.

\\ . T H E K E !• K O D U C T 1 \' E U K G A N S.

The reproductive organs of both the male and the
female may be divided ontogenetically into (1) parts
derived from the interior of the body, including the
testes or ovaries, the vasa deferentia or oviducts, and
the vesicula scminalis, ejaculatory duct or vagina and
spermathieea; and (2) into i)arts derived from the
exterior of the body, including a genital cavity in both
sexes, and an eversible penis witli variously developed
accessory ohitinous parts in the male. According to
Nusbaum (1882) the embryological origin of the internal
organs of fjpeurus bacillus and Goniocotes holoyuMir
is as follows : The parts arise from four fundaments.
Two of these are derived from the mesoderm and give
rise to the testes or ovaries and the vasa deferentia
or oviducts; the others are derived from the epiblast of
the ventral side of the fourth abdominal segment, and
give rise to the vesicula seminalis and ductus ejacula-
torius of the male or the vagina and spermathieca of the
female. The second pair subse(iuently unite forming
the unpaired organs of the adult. The latter are hence
strictly external since they originate from the epiblast
of the embrvo. For convenience of descri|)tion. how-
ever, the parts are classilied better as internal and

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

external genitalia, in which the terms inte7'nal and exter-
nal are used relatively with regard to the adnlt structure.

1. THE MALE ORGANS.

The Internal Male Genitalia. — The testes are either
six or four in number in adults, the former number
being confined to the Amblycera and the latter to the
Ischnocera. In the Amblycera they are variously-
shaped organs lying in the lateral parts of the adom-
inal cavity, three on each side, one in front of the other.
Each opens by a short vas deferens into a common sperm
duct. In the Ischnocera the testes are two in number
on each side. They are generally pyriform, having the
pointed ends turned away from each other and each
terminated by one or two fine threads, and having the
blunt ends approximated and connected by a short, nar-
row commissure from which the common vas deferens
arises. The other internal reproductive organs of the
male are essentially alike in the two suborders. The vas
deferens on each side runs generally first backward from
the testis and then turns forward to enter the sperm ves-
icle. The latter organ is usually single, but is composed
of right and left lobes which in many cases are easily
separated and which are sometimes normally discon-
nected. In all cases their lower ends open into a com-
mon ejaculatory duct. This goes to the exterior and
may be either straight or variously bent. The two halves
of the sperm vesicle when not entirely separated exter-
nally are essentially distinct, since each half possesses
its own lumen, into which the vas deferens of the same
side opens. Figure 4, then, may be taken to represent
diagrammatically the typical condition of the internal
male genitalia of the whole order. The figure as it is

NEW MALLOl'HAOA.

177

represents more exactly the Amljlyceran structure, bat
tlie Isclmoceran may Ite
produced from ii by suj»-
[>ressin^ oue testis on each
side and drawing the other
two toward each otlier
wliile their distal ends are
turned in opposite direc-
tions. Nusbauui states
that in Lipeurus baciUus
and in (roniocotefi hologas-
ter, two Isclmoceran spec-
ies, the fundaments of the
testes in the embryos form
each tliree k)bes, of wliich
the posterior two develop
into testes, while tlie anter-
ior one atroj)hies. This
anterior lobe, if it repre-
sents a third testis, establishes three on each side as the
typical number of testes in the whole order.

In Physontomum dijfusinn (plate xiii, lig. 9) tlie testes
are rather small. The most anterior is situated rela-
tively rather far in front of the others, and is trian-
gular in outline, having the base turned forward. Its
posterior end becomes rather gradually narrowed, pass-
ing into the vas deferens. The middle and jjosterior
testes are enlarged toward their bases and i)t)inted at
their distal ends. Each is connected with the vas
deferens by a short vas efferens. The sperm duct runs
a short distance back of the last testis and then turns
forward to the seminal vesicle. This organ lies in the
third abdominal segment. It is rather small, being
about the length of the segment in which it is situated.

Fig. 4. — Diagram of tlie intemul rppro-
(liu-tive organo of the male Mallophaga; t.
tfstes: rd, vasa deferentia: m', vesicula
seminalis.

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

It is bilobed, being divided by median dorsal and
ventral furrows into a right and left half. Each half is
again partially divided by a longitudinal furrow into
two secondary lobes, the outer of which is thinner
than the other. From the posterior end of the vesicle
a wide, almost straight ejaculatory duct passes to the
exterior. Its lower half is provided with a strong,
transverse musculature. The vasa deferentia appear to
open into the ejaculatory duct at a point above its mid-
dle. They, however, merely become attached to this
duct here, since they run forward along its sides, closely
bound to it, and enter the sperm vesicle.

The vesicula seminalis of Trinoton luriduru is elon-
gated antero-posteriorly, tapers anteriorly, and is en-
larged and rounded posteriorly. From it the ejacu-
latory duct runs forward and to the left. Soon it makes
an abrupt bend backward and toward the middle line
again, where it enters a greatly enlarged and very
muscular division which opens to the exterior.

The whole reproductive system of Menopon titan is
very greatly modified by an extreme complication of
the different parts. They are all essentially the same,
however, as in other species, and the modification is
mostly confined to the parts developed from the exterior
and to the muscles attached to these parts. These will
be described farther on. The main modification of the
inner organs is a great increase in the length of the
ductus ejaculatorius. The testes (plate xiii, fig. 10, t)
are oval, elongated tubes situated along the sides of the
body. The most anterior on each side is connected
with the anterior end of the vas deferens of the same
side. The second and third are connected with the same
duct at points farther back by rather long vasa effer-
entia. The part of the vas deferens between the first

NEW MAI.I.01'HA(}A. 179

and second testes (beginning with tlie one in front)
is longer than that between the second and third. The
anterior en<l of each testis reaches some distance
anterior to the posterior end of the one in front. Eacli
vas deferens proceeds a short distance back of the last
testis and tlien turns toward the median line of the
body, the two are here connected by a transverse duct
(c d) and enter the large mass of muscles surrounding
the invaginated penis (this structure together with the
muscles will be described under the head of the External
Genitalia; see puMea). They pass between the libers
and enter the cavity surrounded by them; turning then
forward they run in this direction along the upper part
of the cavity to the anterior end of the latter. Here
they emerge from the muscles and go forward to the
vesicula seminalis (.^v), each entering the side of this
organ toward the set of testes with which it is in con-
nection.

The seminal vesicle is very large, composed of two
only slightly united lobes. It is elongated antero-pos-
teriorly, tapering at both ends, and connected with the
ductus ejaculatorius at its posterior ends. The latter is,
as stated, a very long tube, and is consequently very
much coiled. It begins at the posterior completely
united end of the vesicula seminalis as a rather wide
tube. Jt runs backwards from here only a short dis-
tance and then makes a turn toward the median line,
the seminal vesicle being situated a little to the left.
Here it makes a small loop upon itself antl then runs
forward to near the anterior end uf the seminal vesi-
cle, which readies forward into the metat borax, mak-
ing during this course a second loop upon itself. At
the anterior end of the vesicula it makes a sharp bend
backward, dorsal to the vesicula. and runs in a straight

180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

line to its posterior end, where it becomes narrower
and turns toward the middle line. It reaches the trans-
verse muscles of the penis and becomes here thrown
into several loops, and then runs forward among
the longitudinal muscles of the penis to the anterior
end of the innermost {int) tube of the latter, with
which it becomes continuous.

Nitzsch does not describe extensively the repro-
ductive organs, merely giving a general description of
them for the different suborders. He figures, however,
the male organs of Colpocephalum fiavescens and of Men-
opon pallidum. In the former (plate xiii, fig. 7) the six
testes (t) are pear-shaped, situated with their broad ends
upon the vasa deferentia (vd), with which they are con-
nected by very short secondary ducts. Their pointed
ends are terminated each by a short fiber. The vasa
deferentia run backward and inward, uniting with the
basal portion of the ductus ejaculatorius (ej) far from
the vesicula seminalis (sv). The latter is somewhat
elongated divided longitudinally to near its base by a
median and two lateral grooves. The ejaculatory duct
is very long. Immediately after leaving the vesicula
seminalis it turns forward lateral of this organ and
runs forward to some distance beyond its anterior end;
the duct then turns backward and slightly inward, end-
ing in a somewhat enlarged basal part to which is
attached an internal chitin rod (r). In this form and
in Physostomum diffusuDi the ductus ejaculatorius is very
wide compared with this duct in Menopon titan and
Menopon pallidum. In Physostomum it is provided
with very prominent transverse muscle fibers.

In Menopon pallidum., as figured by Nitzsch, the testes
are small, oval, and connected with the vasa deferentia
by rather long ducts. The vasa deferentia are much

NEW MAI.LOl'll AGA. ISl

convoluted in the portion lying between the testes and
their proxiuial ends. The vesiculu seniinalis is ex-
panded and fi)ur-lobed at its distal end, two lobes being
situated on each side of the median line. From each
of the two inner lobes a short twisted blind tube runs
forward. The posterior end is rather pointed and
passes into the ejaculatory duct. Tliis duct is long and
narrow, and is thrown into numerous convolutions,
which, however, all lie between the vesicula seminalis
and the external genital opening. The vasa deferentia
open into the base of the ductus ejaculatorius.

The following are examples of the male organs of the
Ischnocera. In EurynietopuH t<tuni.'< (plate xiii, tig. 8)
the testes (t) are four in number, two on each side.
Each is a small pear-shaped organ having the taper-
ing end terminated by a tine thread. The two on each
side are closely connected by a rather wide commissure.
They lie in the lateral part of the body cavity in the
third and fourth abdominal segments close to the dorsal
wall, witli their long axes in an antero-posterior direc-
tion. From the inner side of the commissure connect-
ing the testicles the vas deferens {vd) arises. It is a
narrow tube passing first backward and inward ami
then forward and inward till it reaches the seminal ves-
icle {i^i'). Each duct enters the base of this organ on
its own side. The vesicula is much the same as in
Phi/Hostomuni and Coljjoce/ihahim, it being partially
divided into a right and loft lohv liy a median furrow.
Each half is then ajjain divided bv median dorsal and
ventral furrows on its surface. The two middle lobes of
the four thus produced project farther forward than the
lateral ones. Near the posterior end of the organ the
four furrows cease and the ductus ejaculatorius {>))
takes its origin from a very short, undivided portion

182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The ductus is separated from the vesicula by a constric-
tion just in front of which the vasa deferentia termi-
nate. The ejaculatory duct is divided into a wide,
anteriorly and outwardly running, proximal part, and
a narrower, longer, and posteriorly running, distal
part. The two meet in front at an acute angle. The
proximal dilated part is well provided with transverse
circular muscles; the distal portion is also provided
with muscles but not so prominently as the other. The
ductus opens into the penis, but this will be described
under the next heading.

The testes (t) of Goniodes cervinicornis (plate xiii, fig.
3) are rather more elongated than those of the last
species described, but otherwise very similar. Their
larger ends are approximated, and connected by a com-
missure narrower and longer than in Eurymetopus.
The vasa deferentia (vd) are simple tubes passing from
the commissure backwards and then forwards to the sem-
inal vesicle {sv). They enter the latter, however, far
up, almost at the midlateral points. In this form the
vesicle is completely divided to its base into a right and
a left lobe. Each lobe is elongated, tapering in front
and behind. It is enlarged m its anterior half, and
joined a little below its middle point by the vas defer-
ens of the same side. The two lobes are connected
with the upper end of the ductus ejaculatorius, whose
lumen is formed by the union of the cavities of the
seminal vesicle. A short, backward-running, proximal
part of the ductus is comparatively very narrow. It
soon, however, enters on the riglit a greatl}'^ enlarged
division of the duct, which extends anteriorly and to the
right of the vesicula. It is longer than the latter, wide
through the middle, and narrowed at each end. Ante-
riorly it gradually contracts into the comparatively

NKW MAI.I.tJJ'JlAtiA . 183

narrow, backwurd-running part of tlio duct. Thi.s pro-
ceeds to the penis, and in its course makes a bend to tlie
left baek of the seminal vesicle, then, after reaching
the middle line of the body, goes straigiit to the exte-
rior. The upper enlarged [lart of the duct is strongly
muscular.

Nitzsch figures the male organs of two Tschno-
ceran species, Goniocotes compar and Liptiwus jejuavK.
In the former the pear-sliaped testes abut closely upon
each other by their largo ends, and from between them
tlie vas deferens passes by a convoluted course to the
upper end of a posterior enlarged part of the ejaculatory
duct. The latter is long and rather slender for most of
its length. It makes a large bend forward as in the
other species described, the inner arm of the loop like-
wise is considerably dilated, but a narrow neck inter-
venes between this part and the vesicula. The latter is
])artiallv divided anteriorly into two lobes.

Kramer (1SG9) describes very fully the male reproduc-
tive organs of Li/ievrus Jejvniis. According to him the
two testes on each side are acorn-shaped, having their
pointed ends terminating in a fine-branched fiber.
They are formed by a continuation of the outer homo-
geneous covering ot the testes. Just where they leave
the testes they contain three or four nucleated cells
beyond which they become solid threads. Each divides

ft. w

into two main branches which are attached to the dor-
sal tube, but also by side branches to the Malpighian
vessels antl to other organs, so that they are simply
members of the connective fibers that bind all the
organs together. The slender vas deferens arises from
the united larger ends of the testes. It consists of an
outer structureless covering and an inner cellular epi-
thelium. He describes the vesicula seminalis as an

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

accessory secreting gland, stating that the vasa deferen-
tia enter it and continue through it as an integral part,
and then pass out as its duct forming the ductus ejacu-
latorius. Exception to this view will be taken farther
on. According to Kramer the vesicula consists of a
rather long duct and of the gland proper, the former
widening itself suddenly into the latter. The walls of
the duct are composed of several superimposed parts;
surrounding all is a loose mass of fibers which are
partly nerves and partly connective threads. Within
this is a fine structureless coat only here and there pro-
vided with distinct nuclei, which is continous over the
whole gland. Below this is a thick coat of cells in sev-
eral layers. Lining the duct is a two-layered intima;
where the duct passes into the gland the two layers
diverge, the outer passing over the outside of the gland
just beneath the outermost structureless membrane of
the duct, which, as stated, passes over the whole gland
also, and the inner continuing into the cavities of
the gland as their intima. The cells of the cellular
layer of the duct are contractile and appear to be
muscle-cells corresponding with the muscular cells
of the oesophagus and crop. At the lower end of
the gland the vasa deferentia penetrate the two outer
membranes and run forward beneath a series of wide
cell-like plates, with which, however, they do not unite.
They proceed forward thus, surrounded by the plates as
by a sheath, along the middle of the flat surface of the
gland to near its upper end, where they first enter its
interior and then within traverse again its whole length.
Within the gland they are surrounded by its secreting
cells; at its lower end they unite to form the ductus
ejaculatorius. It is to be noted that the muscle-cell
layer of the duct continues for only a short distance

NEW MAI.LOl'IIAGA. 185

over the base of (lie ^laiifl, the latter l^eing situated
within the eells us a Ihnver in itsealyx. Kramer further
describes the penis and its muscles, and also the origin
of the sperm and formatinn of the s[)ermatoi)h(jres.

Transverse sections through the testes of Menopoii
titan show that each is surrounded by a structureless
outer tunica. Within this is an epithelium of high
narrow cells projecting irregularly with ragged edges
into the lumen of the organ. They are all more or less
curved and together present somewhat the appearance
of an iris diaphragm (plate xiii, hg. 1). An intima is
apparently absent. The lumen of the testes is not very
large and is filled, in [)repared specimens, with a granu-
lar substance which is probably a coagulated fluid.
The vasa deferentia have an outer tunica resembling
that of the testes, within this a single-layered cellular
epithelium. The cells are much smaller and relatively
a great deal shorter than those of the testes (jdate xiii,
fig. 2). The lumen is small and lined by a thin
structureless intima covering the inner ends of the
epithelium cells. The seminal vesicle is composed of the
same elements as the vasa deferentia. The epithelium
cells are columnar Ijut comparatively short (plate xiii,
figs, 5 and 0). The lumen on the other hand is very large
and filled with an apparently coagulated (in mounte*!
specimens) non-cellular substance. The organ in sec-
tions is clearlv seen to be a doulde structure, for the two
halves are almost entirely se[)aratc. The two cavities
communicate only through tlic upper cud of the ejac-
ulatory duct. The main connection between the two
lobes is bv an annarentlv outer laver of the tunica,
which in the groove between the two sides passes
across from one to the other, and an inner layer con-
tinuing around its respective lobe. In some places,

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

however, in the basal half of the organ, the inner lay-
ers of the tunicas are absent and the opposing cells
fused. The ejaculatory duct (plate xiii, fig. 4) has the
same structure as the seminal vesicle and vasa defer-
entia. Outside of its tunica, however, is a layer of
circular muscle fibers. These continue a short distance
over the base of the seminal vesicle (plate xiii, fig. 5)
and unite the lower ends of its lobes more firmly, but
they soon cease.

From the preceding descriptions it is evident that
figure 4, on page 177, represents the typical development
of the internal genital organs of the males for the
whole order. The only constant difference between the
two orders in respect to these organs is the number
and relative position of the testes. The latter organs
have no constant form in the Amblycera although the
variation is small, while on the other hand, in the
Ischnocera the form is almost entirely constant. Thus,
with respect to the sperm glands, as was found to be
the case also with the salivary glands, the Ischnocera
are specialized as a group, while the Amblycera are
specialized among themselves on a less evolved type.

It now remains to consider the nature of the struct-
ure referred to as the vesicula seminalis. As stated,
Kramer regarded it as an accessory gland, but he
did not siiow what its function as a gland is. He
found, further, that the spermatophores are not formed
in the male ducts, but in the female spermathseca.
That it is composed of united right and left organs is
very evident. This is indicated by the fact that it is
actually entirely divided into two lateral lobes in at
least one form, and in others it is more or less deeply
cleft, while in none known is it without a median groove.
Further, according to Nusbaum (1882), it actually

NKW M Al l.olMI .\(;A. 187

arises from two separatc'<l fiindainents in the embryo,
which subseciueiitly unite. Kramer states tliat since
tlie secreting cells are arranged around two tubes, the
vasa deferentia, the organ has the appearance of being
composed of two closely united gland-, and that a sep-
arating wall is actually present. Grosse (1885) disagrees
with Kramer and regards the structure as consisting of
two bladder-like enlargements of the ductus ejaculato-
rius, which serve to retain the spermatozoa as they
come from the testes until sent to the exterior by the
contraction of the vesicle. According to him, accumu-
lations of spermatozoa are to be found in the upper part
of the organ. He states also that a secreting power
cannot be denied to the cells forming the wall. The
walls are thick and have a glandular appearance, but,
other than this, proof of their secreting function appears
to be absent.

The embryologieal investigations of Nusbaum, if
correct, show clearly the relation of the vesicula semi-
nalis to the adjacent parts. As has been shown, the
vesicula generally presents a four-lobed appearance,
being divided by three longitudinal constrictions of
which the median one is the most constant and the
best marked. According to Nusbaum the vasa defer-
entia unite with the fundaments of the rei)roductive
organs derived from the epiblast. The latter then
become each produced into two lobes at tluMr anterior
ends before they fuse with each other. Then, when
they unite, there is produced a structure having a four-
lobed anterior end to which the vasa deferentia are
attached, and an undivided posterior part. The former
becomes the vesicula seininalis and the latter by elon-
gation the ductus ejaculatorius.

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The. External Male Genitalia. — The outer accessory
structures connected with the inner reproductive organs
have never been very carefully studied. Nitzsch (1818),
Piaget (1880, 1885), and Taschenberg (1882) described
them mostly as they appeared through the body-wall.
Piaget made a few dissections. The external organs con-
sist of two parts: (1) a simple or compound invagination
of the body-wall of the last abdominal segment, and (2)
chitinous parts developed in the walls of the invagina-
tion. In addition, however, there are muscles attached
to these parts, situated within the body, and which are
very important and sometimes very complicated
adjuncts of the copulatory organs. The following
descriptions represent all the genera of which males
could be obtained.

Eurymetopus taurus (Plate XIV, fig. 5, plate XV, fig. 1).

The male has nine abdominal segments. The last
tergum is very much narrowed from side to side,
forming a triangular terminal dorsal plate with the
apex, which is a little invaginated, projecting back-
wards. The sternum of the last segment, on the
other hand, is much enlarged, projecting much beyond
the corresponding tergum both posteriorly and lat-
erally as a large plate with slightly upcurved lateral
edges. Above this plate the top of the copulatory organ
may be seen projecting a little beyond the end of the
tergum. By separating these two plates a terminal
cavity of the abdomen is exposed, having the chitinous
penis lying along the middle line of its floor, and the
anus opening into the upper posterior part. This space
will be spoken of as the genital cavity, since it is evidently
formed to accommodate the reproductive function, and
since it contains the external part of the copulatory

NEW MALLOPHAr.A. 189

organ. The opening of the alimentary canal into it is
ajtparently a secondary resuh, since tlie anus is
terminal and exposed in the female wlien the genital
cavity is in front of the, last sternum.

Longitudinal sections through the male show that
the genital cavity is formed by a wide invagination of
the hind end of the abdomen (plate xv, lig. 1). The
cavity is almost as wide as the body itself, and extends
from the posterior border of the last segment far into the
eighth. In its upper wall near the posterior margin is
the anal opening ((0- From its inner end an evagina-
tion of much smaller diameter than the primary invag-
ination takes place, forming a long, rather slender, dis-
tally tapering tube in whose walls a thick deposit of
chitin is present. This is the penis {j>). From its base a
large, wide chitinous plate extends forward v:ithin the
body-cavity {pi). The part of the penis lying within the
genital cavity will be spoken of as the external part of
the penis, and the plate extending forward within tiie
body cavity as the internal part. It is to be noted,
however, thai the plate is strictly external, since it is
simply a part of the chitinous covering of the body,
and that it is internal only in the sense that an inward-
running process of the body-wall is internal. The gen-
ital chamber reaches much farther forward below the
penis than above it. At the point where the internal
and external parts of the penis are continuous, the duc-
tus ejaculatorius (ej) enters into tiie evagination of
which the outer part is formed, and opens by a termi-
nal orifice to the exterior. The internal plate extends
forward beneath the ductus ejaculatorius and close to
the ventral wall of the body to the anterior border of
the second abdominal segment. To it the muscles {em)
of the penis are attached.

190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The penis (plate xiv, fig. 5) as a whole is a dorsoven-
trally flattened structure. Its anterior three-fourths is
wide, forming the internal plate, while the posterior
one-fourth is wide at its base but rapidly tapers beyond
this. The posterior fourth is the external part formed
by the chitinous thickening of the evagination described.
Where the two meet, a large, square area is taken out
of the penis. The margins at the side of and behind
this are very thick. From the former arise two wide
processes, one on each side, which rapidly contract and
curve dorsally and inwards, almost meeting each other
in the middle line. In front of these, two other pro-
cesses arise from the anterior margin of the non-chi-
tinized space, as two backward prolongations from the
inner edges of the thickened lateral margins of the plate
in front. They extend backward, outward, and slightly
ventrally, terminating beyond the posterior edges of the
lateral processes, and almost reaching across the unchi-
tinized space. They are narrower than the lateral pro-
cesses and taper but slightly. From the posterior
thickened margin of the unchitinized area a third pair
of processes arises. These are short, rapidly tapering,
and continuous with the ventral edge of the transverse
part behind the unchitinized area, this part being,
as before stated, tubular. These processes lie close
together, each just to one side of the median line.
Their inner edges are slightly divergent and their outer
edges strongly convergent and concave. Their tips
reach about as far forward as the posterior ends of the
processes in front. There are thus six processes — two
in front, two behind, and one on each side — arching
over the unchitinized space of the chitinous penis.
They surround the terminal portion of the ejaculatory
duct, since the latter passes beneath the arch formed by
the dorsal processes on its way to the external tubular

NEW MAr.I.OI'HAtiA. l!'l

part of the penis. The several processes serve, liow-
ever, partly for tiie attachinont of muscles. The ante-
rior half of the internal ])late is comparatively very thin
and tapers to a blunt termination in front. Back of
the niidtile, also, the plate contracts somewhat toward
its base. The external penis has a large, thick, basal
part, which rapidly contracts to a slender, tubular, dis-
tal })art, terminating by an arrowhead-shaped enlarge-
ment, the posterior angles of which are very sharp.
This terminal tube curves downward a little toward its
tip (plate XV, fig. 1), where its inner cavity opens to
the exterior.

To the anterior end of the chitinous penis on its
ventral side are attached two wide sets of muscle libers.
These pass backward, outward, and a little ventraliy to
the ventral wall of the abdomen. Each set is parallel-
sided and arises from the penis just to one side of the
middle line, and as the two diverge backwards they
form onlv a verv small any;le with each other. To the
other end of the penis are attached four sets of muscles,
two dorsal and one on each side. Each lateral bundle
is attached to one side of the enlarged subterminal part
of the penis. It passes forward and outward, forming
an angle of about 45° with the penis, to the lateral
wall of the body-cavity. The dorsal muscles are near
the middle line, and extend anteriorly, outward, and
dorsally. These posterior sets are shorter than tlie
anterior ones, endins; on the bodv walls in the fourth
and fifth segments.

The mechanism of the chitinous parts, invaginated
tube, and muscles is self-apparent. The anterior
muscles contracting push the chitinous penis backward,
and it carries outward the partly evaginated inner tube
of the genital cavitv, the flexible walls of which become

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

erected. In this way the external part of the penis can
be protruded from the genital cavity, which during the
operation becomes itself more or less erected. The
posterior sets of jnuscles contracting reverse these
movements, resulting in a withdrawal of the penis into
the genital chamber.

Docophorus lari (Plate XIV, fig. 8).

The chitinous genitalia in this species consist of a
large, thin, flat chitinous plate situated within the
abdomen close to the ventral wall, and an external, con-
ical tube with two articulated lateral arras. The plate
is rather short, being less than twice as long as wide.
Its greatest breadth is near its posterior end; it tapers
somewhat forward but has a wide rounded anterior ter-
mination. The external part is tubular and represents
an inner tube evaginated from the anterior end of the
genital cavity. Its walls are very thick and entirely
chitinous. In general shape it is, as stated, conical,
having the internal plate passing forward from the ven-
tral part of the anterior end. Its lateral outlines are
slightly convex. Posteriorly it terminates in a slender
median prolongation, at the extremity of which is the
external genital opening. Into the anterior end of this
part, dorsal to the internal plate, the ductus ejaculatorius
enters. Five processes surround the slender, parallel-
sided terminal tube. Two of them are dorsal, two lat-
eral— one on each side, and one ventral. The latter is
triangular in shape, rather elongated antero-posteriorly,
and has the more pointed apex pointed backwards
in the median line. The dorsal processes are much
longer than the ventral one. Each is a flat plate reach-
ing almost to the posterior end of the central tube. It
expands toward its middle and then tapers off again

NEW MAI.LOrilAGA. 193

beyond this j)oint. The approximated edj^es are straiglit
and lie each ju.st to one side of tlie middle line, while
tlie outer edges are very angularly convex. The lateral
processes are short and thick, somewhat hook-shaped,
with the ends turned outward. They reach a little
beyond the ventral plate.

Two long curved rods are attached externally to the
lateral aspects of the base of the outer part of the penis.
Their anterior ends, by which they are movably
articulated, are considerably enlarged. Each is curved
througiiout its length, so that the outer margin is con-
vex and the tips, wliich extend a little farther back-
ward than the median parts, converge. The part of the
penis between these processes is very strongly chitinous.
The lateral margins of the internal {)late are much more
strongly chitinized than the median part, so that in a
cleared and mounted specimen the former alone show
through the body wall. Consequently there is the
appearance of an internal pair of rods extending for-
ward from the bases of the external pair; and in manv
of the figures of Nitzsch, Piaget, and Taschenberg
the chitinous genitalia of the males are represented
as if this were the case. The plates serve, as in
Euryinetopufi taurus, for the attachment of muscles.
One specimen was found with the penis protruded.
The lateral external rods were turned forward, over the
back of the insect, so that the median conical part was
left projecting backward and upward alone. It is not
very clear what the function of the rods is, since tliere
are numerous forms, as will be shown, in which they
are absent. The turned-forward position is probably
not abnormal, since they were found thus in several
specimens of other species, and some of the drawings of
Piaget show them the same. They have the appearance

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of acting as a guard to the penis, or they may also
serve as levers to prevent the latter from being pushed
back into the genital cavity. The penis, however, is
otherwise very much the same as in those forms where
movable rods are absent.

Nirmus pacificus.

The penis is very similar to that of Docophorus lari.
The internal part is a wide plate which tapers slightly
forward and ends anteriorly with a wide rounded out-
line. The proximal half of each lateral margin is
slightly convex and very thickly chitinized, so that the
two give the appearance of a pair of curved prongs
reaching forward into the body cavity, since the median
part of the plate is comparatively very thin and trans-
parent. Between the internal plate and the outer parts
is a thickened portion common to both. The external
penis consists of two lateral curved rods articulated to
the base of the median external part. When the penis
is retracted within the genital chamber, these two rods
extend backward with their tips approximated and
their concave edges turned toward each other. When,
however, the penis is protruded, the rods turn forward
over the back of the insect and become rotated outwards,
so that their convex edges are toward each other and
their tips divergent. The median external part is pro-
longed terminally into a slender, tapering, chitinous
tube, which appears to bear at its end the genital
opening. Surrounding this are five processes which
arise near its base and are much the same as those of
Docophorus lari. On the dorsal side is a pair of rather
long slender plates, on the ventral side a slender
median rod, and on each side a rather large, outward-
turned process reaching a little beyond the extremity of

NEW MALI.01'IIA(iA. 195

tlie ventral rod. Ventnul of these last are two small
cusps. The dorsal laiuiiue are iiuicli longer than the
others, but the central tube projects a little beyond
them. The last abdominal sternum is a wide, rounded
plate which projects backwards so as to lie beneath the
penis when this organ is protruded.

Giebelia mirabilis. (Plate Xi.\', fig. 4).

In this species the penis consists of the same parts as
the two last described, there being present an internal
plate, an external conical median part, and two lateral
processes. The plate is wide and comparatively very
short, its kMigtii being only a little greater than its
breadth. It lies within the body close to the ventral
wall, and to its dorsal surface muscles are attached.
The sides are a little concave, its anterior border
straight with corners rounded. The lateral basal parts
are thicker than the rest. The external intromit-
tent part of the penis is short, wide, with con-
vex lateral edges, rapidly contracting distally, and
ending in the middle line with a short, narrower })ro-
longation. This is not entirely chitinized as in the
other forms described for its distal half is almost mem-
branous. At the base of the internal plate on its
dorsal side the ductus ejaculatorius enters the external
penis. The two lateral processes are short and thick,
each being only a little longer than half the internal
plate. They are curved, havinu the convex edges
turned outward. They converge posteriorly but the tips
are turned straight backwards forming an angle with
the rest, so that the terminal parts lie parallel with
each other. Their bases are enlarged anil movably
articulated to the rest of the penis as in the other
forms described. The articulation is the same as that

196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

between the segments of the body and the joints of the
legs; i. e., the parts are continuous but non-chitinized
where the articulation occurs.

Goniodes cervinicornis. (Plate XIV, fig. 2).

The penis can be protruded for a distance about equal
to three segments of the abdomen. The outer part con-
sists of a delicate membranous tube evaginated from
the inner end of the genital chamber. It is protected
by three chitinous processes arising from a circular
chitinization surrounding the base of the membranous
penis. Two of the processes are lateral, long, slender,
tapering, and somewhat convergent, with the outer edges
convex and the inner concave. The third is ventral
and median. It is a narrow chitinous rod having the
distal end triangularly expanded, terminating some
distance in front of the posterior ends of the lateral
processes. These parts are free from the wall of the
membranous penis but closely surround it. Lying
within the dorsal wall of the latter is a thin, wide, chitin-
ous plate arising also from the circular chitinous base
of the penis. It is shorter than the ventral process,
and has its edges a little concave. From the anterior
ventral margin of the basal part of the external penis
a large, thin, parallel-sided, chitinous plate, having a
rounded anterior edge and slightly concave lateral edges,
arises and passes forward within the body-cavity, giv-
ing attachment to protrusor and retractor muscles.
It lies close to the ventral wall of the body-cavity, and
at its base the ejaculatory duct enters the external penis.
The opening into the latter is overhung by a wide tap-
ering plate. The membranous penis extends beyond
the ends of all tiie chitinous parts. When the chitin-
ous structure is pushed outwards the outer processes

NEW M ALLOT HAG A. 107

and the common chitinous base are entirely exposed.
It is to be noted tliat in this species the lateral processes
of the external penis are not, as in Docojt/torHs, Xirnms,
and Giehdin, movably articulated to the base, and
also that the nu'dian part is much less extensively
chitini/x'd.

Lipeurus fuliginosus major. (Plate XIV, fig. 1).

ill this species the chitinous genital parts form a
fork-shaped structure. A long, narrow plate lies within
the body, representing the handle, while the external
part consists of two prongs. The internal plate is com-
paratively much narrower than in any of the species so
far described. It is a little contracted from side to side
toward its base. Distally it gradually tapers to a blunt
termination. Its posterior end expands suddenly and
becomes bifid. Each arm is very short and extends
backwards and outward, forming an angle of about 45'"^
with the plate. The posterior Vjorders of the two form
a concavely rounded edge to their end of the plat«.
Attached to the posterior end of each of these prongs is
a lengthened knife-like piece which extends backwards
into the genital cavity. The two are dissimilar. The
one on the left is larger, being both longer and wider,
but they differ in still other respects. The left one has
its outer edge convex proximally and concave distally;
the inner edge of the same shows similar curves but
in opposite order. The end tapers down to a point
directed somewhat outwards. The outer edge of the
right smaller prong has an outline corresponding with
that of the inner edge of the left prong. That is, it is
concave toward its base and convex toward its tip. The
inner edge is convex at the middle, decidedlv concave
proximally an<l slightly so distally. Hence its point is

198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

turned inward — relatively opposite to that of the left
prong.

The bifid posterior end of the internal plate is
imbedded in the base of the chitinous penis. The outer
prongs are attached to the arms of the bifurcation in a
manner much different from that in other forms. The
base of each prong is a little expanded and bears two
tapering processes projecting inwardly and anteriorly,
one lying dorsal to the other. The dorsal process is the
larger; it is curved so that the posterior margin is con-
cave and the anterior convex. The tips of the dorsal
processes of the two sides are directed toward and lie
close to each other. Each is connected by a delicate
dorsoventrally flattened chitinous bar, which passes
outward to the arm on the same side of the bifid base
of the internal plate, and fuses with it very near its
posterior ends. The ventral process is smaller than
the dorsal one; its posterior edge is convex and its
anterior edge concave. The end of each arm of the
plate abuts upon the corresponding prong between the
bases of the two processes of the latter, the transverse
slender bar of chitin serving to connect the two other-
wise separated parts. Lying in the dorsal wall of the
membranous penis is a thin chitinous plate. It ex-
tends from near the bases of the lateral prongs to a
short distance from the distal end of the smaller one.
It also is symmetrical. The right edge is about straight
and distinctly marked; it lies nearer the side of the
penis than does the left edge, so that the plate is not
median. The left edge is much less sharply defined
and extends obliquely from the left side of the base of
the penis posteriorly and toward the middle line. To
the dorsal side of the internal plate is attached a large
mass of muscle fibers, and on the same side of the
plate the ductus ejaculatorius enters the penis.

NEW MAI.I.Ol'HAQA. lOi'

Oncophorus bisetosus calif ornicus.

There is iiotlimg in the genitalia of tliis form differ-
ent from those already described. The ehitinous parts
consist of a rather wide internal plate with thickened
margins and transparent central part, and of an outer
median tapering chitinous intromittent organ with
articulated lateral processes. Piaget figures Oncu-
pkuriifi liny iL it'll I atus in which the genitalia are ai»j»ar-
ently the same as in the t'orm just described.

Goniocotes creber. (Plate Xl\', lig. '•).

In this form the chitinous genitalia are extremely
reduced. Within the body is a long narrow i)late
reaching almost to the anterior end of the abdomen.
It is very thin and transparent except laterally, where it
is weakly chitinized, giving the appearance of two long,
very delicate, slightly curved rods lying within the body.
Each of these is continuous externally in the wall of
the penis. Their outer parts are more chitinized, the
tips sharp and convergent. Muscles are attached to
the internal part. I'iaget figures several species of
Goniocoteft in whieli the chitinous genital parts are
about the same as in G. creber, consisting of an internal
plate with external prongs. In some the plate is evi-
dently more chitinized than in this form.

The species whose genitalia have been described are
all Ischnoceran forms; the following l)elong to the
Aniblycera and it will be seen that the genitalia are
more sim})le than in the others, though essentially the
same.

Trinotou luridum. (Plate XI \'. tig. 7).

A genital chamber is present with a membranous
penis arising from its inner end. The chitinous parts
consist of a long, slender, tapering rod running forward

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

within the body cavity from the base of the penis. Its
posterior end is expanded and bifid, the prongs being
external and imbedded in the wall of the penis. They
extend posteriorly and a little outwards, each being a
little longer than half the length of the internal rod.
Each prong ends bluntly posteriorly, but some distance
in front of its posterior end it gives off a process wide
at its base but soon narrowing very much, which runs
dorsally a short distance and then turns posteriorly,
extending in this direction parallel with the main
prong from which it arises past the posterior end of
the latter, and then turns inward to meet and fuse with
the corresponding process of the other side. This
median part is very weakly chitinized. The arc thus
formed lies in the dorsal wall of the membranous penis,
while the two prongs are lateral. The penis extends
some distance beyond all the chitinous parts. The duc-
tus ejaculatorius enters it above the internal rod, which
latter serves for the attachment of muscles. The intro-
mittent organ in this form, then, consists of a membra-
nous tube evaginated from the inner end of the genital
chamber, in whose walls chitinous rods are developed
which unite anteriorly to the ventral wall of the tube
and send forward a chitinous rod into the body cavity.

Colpocephalum osborni. (Plate XIV, fig. 6).

The genitalia of this species are very similar to those
of Trinoton luridum just described. The only difference
is that the processes arising from near the posterior
ends of the prongs of the fork-shaped structure do not
meet each other. In addition to these, however, there
is present in the dorsal wall of the membranous penis
a chitinous arrowhead-shaped plate, which reaches
about half way to the ends of the lateral prongs and is

NEW MAI.LOl'HAUA. 201

connected with the latter }jy wings from its Ijase, which
reach the [>rongs a short distance hack of their diver-
gence. Tliere are also develoi>ed in the walls of the
j)enis numerous small, granular chitinizations.

Physostomum diffusum. (Plate Xl\', iig. 3),

The cliitinous genital parts of this species are very
simple. There are present in the walls of the penis two
diver)j:in<i lateral rods which meet in front. Here thev
send forward into the body cavity a very small rod, it
being about a third of the length of each outer prong,
to which muscle fibers are attached. The posterior ends
of the prongs are connected by a transverse, angular bar.

Menopon mesoleucum. (Plate XI\', tig. 10).

A long, rather thick internal rod is present. This
arises from the united anterior ends of two thick bars
in the walls of the penis. These bars are very short
and do not nearly reach the end of the penis. To the
end of each is articuhited a longer tapering rod free
from the penis and reaching to its posterior end.
These have the apjtearance of being homologs of the
articulated lateral prongs in some of the Ischnoceran
forms,

RESUME.

From the preceding descriptions it is clear that the
outer genitalia of the male may be generalized as fol-
lows. The posterior end of the last abdominal segment
is invaginated to a varying extent, forming a genital
chamber surrounded by the walls of the body, possess-
ing a ehitinous lining continuous with the V>ody-wall,
and opening posteriorly to the exterior. Into its
anterior end the ductus ejacuhitorius opens, and the

202

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

part ill which the operation occurs is carried backward

Fig. 5 — Diagram of external genitalia of male aiallophaga; a, anus ; gc, genital
chamber; e;, ejaculatory duct; jj, penis ; p?, internal plate arising from chitinous
thickening in base of penis.

as an invagination forming an internal tube arising
from the anterior wall of the genital chamber. This
tube is the penis. Figure 5 represents diagrammatic-
ally what has just been described. It is evident that if
the inner walls of the genital chamber are flexible the
penis could be entirely protruded from the cavity con-
taining it. Specimens killed in alcohol are often found
with the penis projecting in this manner. The anal
segment is lacking, so that the rectum opens into the
genital chamber.

The chitinous genitalia are formed as chitinizations
in the walls of the inner tube. The object of this is
double, (1) to strengthen the walls of the penis, (2) to
give attachment to muscles for protruding and retract-
ing the penis. The latter function is apparently the
more important, since a contrivance for its accommoda-
tion is never absent, while chitinous parts strengthen-
ing the penis are in some cases very slightly developed
and in a few, such as in Menopon titan, yet to be
described, and in some species of Colpocephaluin, are
entirely absent. The structure which gives attachment
to the muscles is always of the form of a chitinous pro-
longation into the body cavity from a chitinization in

NP:\Y MAl.I.orilAGA.

203

tlie ventral pjirt of the base of tin- penis. It may,
therefore, be represented as in fi^urt' 5, jil . Tliis inter-
nal strueturc may be short or long and either narrow or
broad, but it is always essentially the same and lies yen-
tral to the ductus ejaculatorius. The external parts are
developed as various degrees of ohitinization radiating
tlirough the waits of the penis from the ventral basal
chitinous deposit. The simplest and most usual form
consists of a rod given off backward on each side (lig.
6) such as in Menopon inesolev.cuni, Trlnoton luridum,
Colpocephaluia osborni, and others.

Figs. 6-8. — Diagram sbowiug successive degrees of chjtfuixation lu walls of peuis:
p, peuis; gc, genitiil cliambtTs; ;>/. internal i)la'e.

Secondary processes may be developed from these.
In others the basal chitin may completely surround the
penis (fig. 7) and, besides lateral jtrocesses, may give
ofF dorsal an<l ventral ones as in Goaiotles cervinicornis.
Further, this circular basal chit inizalion may extend
continuously backward (lig. 8) and transft»riu the penis
into a chitinous tube, as in DocojihorKs hd'i and in Knr;f-
inetopns taio-Hs:. 1 lulepeiulcnt ehitini/.ations may also
be developed in the penis, taking the form of plates
and granulations in its walls, as in Li/tciirux /uli(fino!iii<
iiHiJor. It cannot be slated wlietlier the articulated lat-
eral processes are homologou> with the non-articulated

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lateral pieces or not — embryology must decide this.
However, since the two are not known to be present in
the same form, and since in Goniodes cervinicornis, at
least there are non-articulated processes free from the
lateral walls of the penis, it might be inferred that the
two may be homologous.

Comparison shows that the simplest forms of external
genitalia occur in the Amblycera, and that in none
of these are the parts much complicated. On the other
hand, the genitalia in nearly all the Ischnocera are
very much more developed, and are characterized by a
much wnder spreading of the chitin in the walls of the
penis, and of a relatively much larger development of
the internal process. The condition of the external
reproductive organs in the two suborders hence agrees
with that of the internal organs, for it was before
shown that the latter are the more specialized in the
Ischnocera.

The structure of the intromittent apparatus of Menopon
titan will now be described (plate xiii, fig. 10, and plate
XV, figs. 2-5). It is so very highly developed and so
complicated, being much more so than in any other
form known, that it is more easily understood after a
study of the more typical structure found in other spe-
cies. Grosse has described it but apparently not very
correctly. He says that the last abdominal segment of
the male is invaginated and runs forward in the body to
the border of the last and penultimate segments, and
then goes again backwards in order to continue anew
anteriorly, tube-like, to the sixth segment. Surrounding
this are transverse muscles, and attached to its anterior
end longitudinal muscles. He next states that within
the invaginated segment is a tube open at both ends,
which anteriorly passes into a gradually decreasing

NEW MAI.f.Ul'HAGA. 205

chitiiious rod reaching to the third abdominal segment,
and that within this tube is still another which con-
tinues anteriorly into a whi[»-lash beset with numerous
spines or bristles. It is rather hard to. imagine how
structures such as these could exist in the manner
described; and dissected specimens, entire specimens
cleared with Kau dt fAiba.rru(jue and stained, and
sections cut in longitudinal and transverse directions,
indicate that Grosse's description is not entirely cor-
rect. The structure of the various parts which Grosse
has mentioned is apparently as described in the follow-
ing account.

When the abdomen of tiu' male is opened from above
there is to be seen in it, lying along tlie middle line and
ventral to the alimentary canal, a large, compact mass
of muscles reaching from the last segment into the
fourth. The posterior three-fourths of this mass is
composed of transverse fibers, and the anterior one-
fourth of longitudinal fibers which converge to a point
in the fourth segment. This structure forms the most
prominent organ in the abdomen and is easily taken
entire from the bodv bv detachiny; it from the bodv-
wall at the posterior en<l. Under a low-power lens it
can easily be seen that the transverse muscles of the
posterior three-fourths are much curved, but are a little
less than semicircular. Tluir dorsal ends are attached
to a vertical sheet of meml)rane whicii extends down
between them from above as a fold from a thin mem-
brane surrounding the whole mass. Their lower ends
are attached to a thin, transverse, ventral plate. By
dissecting the libers apart it is found that they, together
with the ventral ]^late to which their lower ends are
attached, surround a cylindrical cavity. Within this is
a thin-walled. menil)ranous tube ojicu in front. This

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

latter contains a second thicker and more chitinous
tube and a chitin rod. The rod arises posteriorly from
the inner tube. Between the outer tube and the mus-
cles on the dorsal side of the former lie the forward-
running parts of the vasa deferentia. These enter the
muscles posteriorly and then pass into the upper part
of the cavity within them, run forward to the anterior
end of this, and then emerge to join soon the seminal
vesicle. The inner tube and rod pass forward some
distance beyond the anterior end of the outer tube, and
the former is thrown into several convolutions which
vary in different specimens. The anterior longitudinal
muscles arise from the anterior end of the mass of trans-
verse muscles and converge upon the tip of the chitin
rod. From these a small band of fibers continues into
the thorax, where it is attached to the floor of the meta-
thorax in the middle line. The transverse muscles, when
detached from the ventral plate, but left with their
upper ends still joined to the vertical membrane, have
very much the appearance of a bunch of fire-crackers,
the fold of membrane representing the axial fuse.

The inner tube on account of its being more strongly
chitinous than the other appears dark, while the outer
is transparent. The interior of the inner tube is beset
with numerous chitinous projections. In the posterior
part these are of the form of small conical processes
closely distributed over the walls. Somewhat farther
forward they increase in length and form sharp back-
ward-pointing teeth. Still farther in front they become
much more elongated, and anterior to these they take the
form of large backward-projecting, spike-shaped ap-
pendages having sharp points, and they almost obstruct
the lumen of the tube. Beyond these a decrease in size
of the processes takes place, and in the walls of the

NEW MAI.I.OI'HAGA. 207

anterior part of the tube they are entirely kicking, the
tiil>e being here transparent. Beginning at the pos-
terior end tlie tube runs straight forward to near tlie
anterior end of the transverse muscles. In the longi-
tudinal muscles it beconies folded and a loop may
project from the latter. It is here of greatest diameter.
It becomes narrowed in the part that has no internal
processes and gradually passes into the comparatively
narrow ejaculatory duct. To its posterior end the
chitin rod is attached. This is circular in transverse
sections, rather long since it reaches into the fourth
segment, and tapering anteriorly. It is curved, having
the convexity to the right and dorsally.

The relationships of these different parts is very
clearlv shown bv transverse and longitudinal sections
(plate XV, figs. 2-5). The posterior end of the last (the
ninth) abdominal segment is deeply invaginated, tlie
invagination running forward into the fifth segment.
The walls of the tube thus formed (plate xv, figs. 2, 3, 4,
ti) are very thin and transparent, being entirely non-
chitinized. In the anterior part of the sixth segment,
however, they begin to increase in thickness and con-
tinue to become thicker from here forward to their
anterior ends in the tifth segment. Here they turn
awav from the axis of the tube they form and then
curve backwards a short distance. Then thev become
thin again and turn sharply forward and inward,
closely following the inner face of the first bend. This
is the beginning of an evagination which extends back-
wards almost to the beginning of the first. The walls
of this are likewise very thin and transparent, and are
closely applied, except posteriorly, to the inner surface
of the first tube. There is thus formed a double-walled
tube open in front and having a recurved anterior edge.

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This is the outer of the two tubular structures to be
observed by dissection alone and it is surrounded by
the transverse muscle-fibers (plate xv, figs. 2, 3, 4, ^i
and h). This is probably what Grosse referred to as a
tube open at both ends.

In the anterior part of the eighth segment the walls
of the inner tube diverge from those of the outer one,
leaving a free space between them connected with the
exterior. A short distance back of where the two
diverge the walls of the inner tube are bent backward
and then again forward, forming a free cylindrical fold
projecting backward. This extends posteriorly to the
middle of the last segment and then ends by being
invaginated and forming within itself a third tube
(plate XV, figs. 2, 3, 4, is). The posterior part of the
walls of these two are fused for a short distance and
closely united as far forward as the fold in the second.
Here the innermost tube becomes entirely free and
lies as within a sheath surrounded by the first and sec-
ond tubes. This is the inner tube so easily determined
by dissection; it runs forward as before described,
passing out of the cavity between the other tubes and
entering the longitudinal muscles (plate xv, figs. 2 and
5 ^3, and plate xiii, fig. 10 int). The chitinous rod
(plate XV, figs. 2-5, r, and plate xiii, fig. 10, 7-) is
attached to the fused part of the second and third tubes
back of the posterior fold of the former. Only its ante-
rior end is shown in median longitudinal sections. It
is the homolog of the internal rods or plates of the
chitinous genitalia already described.

It is readily seen that the intromittent organ of 3Ien-
opon titan is simply an exaggeration of the type of that
found in other species. It consists first of a deep
invagination of the body-wall, extending from the

NEW MALLOrHAGA.

209

posterior end of the last abdominal segment forward into
the fifth. (Grosse states that this is the turned-in tenth
segment of the male. Heyond the fact that tiie male
has one segment less in the abdomen than the female,
he gives no evidence for this conclusion). The cavity
thus formed corresponds exactly with the genital cham-
ber of other species. Into the posterior part of it the
rectum opens from above. Its anterior end is evag-
inated, and the tube thus formed is homologous with
the membranous penis of other forms. It is almost
destitute of chitinization, however; the rod arising in
other species from the base of the penis is here situated
near the ti{). It appears from this that the elongation
of the parts has been brought al.iout, not by a deepening
of the genital cavity with a corresponding lengthening
of the penis iu a posterior direction, but by a deepening
of the genital cavity with a lengthening of the penis iu
front of its base. The innermost tube is produced by
an invagination of the posterior end of the penis and is
either unrepresented in other forms or is comparatively
extremely short. Figure 9 represents diagramnuvtically

Fig. 9 — PiaRram of Iiilroniitteut orttan of Mmo/ton titin, male: a, anus; gc, Renilal
cbatnber; g, ejaculutorj- duct; p, peuis; f], luuormosi Invagiuated tul>e; t<, uiltliUe
invaglnaled tube; (3, outennoBt Invagiuatod tube or wall of genital cbaiuber ^ cf.
tig. 5).

the relation of the several tubes, and a comparison of
this figure with lig. 5 shows the similarity of strueture.
(cf. also plate xv, tig. "2 with fig. 1).
1-1

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The muscles surrounding the tubular structures are
also very complex, as has been shown. The plate to
which the ventral ends of the transverse fibers are
attached arises from the body-wall between the sterna
of the eighth and ninth segments of the abdomen (plate
XV, figs. 2 and 4, p). The proximal end of this plate is
non-chitinized but farther forward it becomes darker.
It ends in the ventral part of the groove formed by the
recurved ends of the first and second tubes. Its lateral
edges curve somewhat dorsally. The muscles are sur-
rounded by a very thin, delicate membrane (plate xv,
fig. 2, m) which along the median dorsal line sends a
fold downward a short distance to which the upper ends
of the transverse muscles are attached. In the middle
the muscles are seven or eight fibers deep but the num-
ber lessens toward each end. They curve laterally
around the tubes and each layer is attached to the
ventral plate internal to the layer just outside it.

The longitudinal muscles, as stated, form a conical
mass of fibers converging upon the anterior end of the
rod, from which a few run forward to the sternum of
the metathorax. There are a few transverse muscles
within the others, especially close around the contained
tube (plate xv, figs. 2 and 5, Im). It is rather difficult
to determine how the longitudinal muscles are attached
posteriorly. It appears clear, however, that they are
not attached to any of the tubes but to the ventral
plate, and in the following manner: The anterior end
of the plate curves laterally very much upward around
the outermost tube. The upper lateral and dorsal fibers
posteriorly, in front of the recurved anterior ends of
the first and second tubes, curve downward and inward,
crossing each other in the middle line. They then
turn backward, passing over the rim of the tubes, and

NEW MALLuriiAUA. -11

are attached mostly to the lateral ventral aspects of the
anterior end of the ventral phite, but a few are attached
on the dorsal side. The lower lateral aiul ventral nuis-
oles likewise cross each other in the middle line in front
of the tubes an<l arc attached to the lateral aspects of
the dorsal side of the anterior end of the ventral plate.
The mechanism of this complex structure is rather hard
to understand. It is evident that the contraction of the
longitudinal muscles must push the rod outwards, carry-
ing with it the innermost tube. The posterior fold in
the second tuiie appears also, as if present to accommo-
date such an action. Grosse states that during copula-
tion the whole inner tube is everted. It is difficult to
understand what it is for if it is not made use of in
this way, but it is much more difficult to see by what
means it is turned out, since in front of the attach-
ment of the rod at its posterior end it is entirely free
from everything except the ejaculatory duct. Those
specimens examined in which the inner tube was most
everted had this protruded only as far as ihe base of
the rod, the longest length apparently possible, judging
from the structure of the parts. There can be little
doubt that the band of muscles connecting the anterior
end of the rod with the floor of the metathorax serves
to draw the rod back. The transverse muscles may
serve to prevent the lateral bending of the rod while
the longitudinal muscles are contracting.

-. THE FEMALE ORCiANS.

The reproductive organs of the female consist, like
those of the nnile, of internal ami external parts. The
external part consists merely of the genital cavity, with
the abdominal sternum forming its iloor produced into
a variously modilied plate. The genital eavity differs

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from that of the male in not being situated in the
terminal segment of the body, but by being found as an
invagination of the ventral body-wall several segments
forward. It also does not contain the anal opening,
this being situated terminally in the last segment.

The external parts of the female are much the same
in all forms and the female Menopon titan may be
described as a type of the whole order. Grosse
describes the female organs of this form, but only very
briefly, and he says nothing at all of the external parts.
The sternum of the eighth abdominal segment is con-
siderably modified. It consists mostly of a large
depressed plate (plate xvii, fig. 7, pi) produced on each
side into two ventrally projecting ridges divergent
behind. The posterior border is free, above it is the
external genital opening (gc), a narrow transversely
elongated aperture. It opens into a cavity, the genital
chamber, situated above the plate. The structure is
best studied by means of transverse and longitudinal
sections. Longitudinal sections (plate xvii, fig. 6) show
that the genital chamber (gc) is formed as an invagi-
nation of the sternum of the eighth abdominal segment,
a short distance in front of the posterior border of the
latter. The vagina (v) opens into the upper part of its
anterior end by a terminal downward curvature. It is
lined by a continuation of the chitinous wall of the
body. Transverse sections (plate xvii, figs. 1-3) show
that the depressed plate of the eighth abdominal ster-
num is W-shaped. The tergum of the segment forms a
large, continuous, arched plate extending on each side
to the lateral edge of the body. Here a non-chitinized
line occurs, separating the tergum from a pleural chi-
tinization situated laterally on the ventral aspect. The
inner edges of these are united by unchitinized spaces

NEW MALLOPHAGA. 2l3

with tlie outer arms (tf the W-shaped sternum. Eacli
angle of this, again, is free from cliitin. Tlie kiteral
walls are thick and especially so at their bases, where
they are produced into a large, inward-projecting
ridge (b). The non-chitinization of the angles of the
sternum and of its union with the i)leural sclerites
makes it evident that it is formed to enlarge by a
diverging of the sides of the lower angles when an egg
passes into the genital chamber. The inner lining (ci)
of the latter is thin but mostly cliitinized. A large mass
of transverse muscles (tm) surround the inner wall, Ijeing
attached latterly to the walls of the sternum and their
enlarged bases. Back of the vaginal opening their
inner ends are attached to a longitudinal dorsal crest of
the inner wall of the cavity. A few longitudinal mus-
cles (Im) also are present.

The genital cavity is wide posteriorly but becomes
narrower in front. It is almost divided into two longi-
tudinal chambers by the dorsal ridge of the ventral
groove of the sternum. The vagina opens into its ante-
rior end somewhat to the right. This is a large tube
and must be regarded as a part of the exterior since it
possesses a chitinous intima continuous through that
of the genital cavity with the exterior covering of the
body. From the genital chamber the vagina (plate
xvii, figs. 2-5, vo, av, pv, and ( ') runs a short
distance dorsally and then turns forward. It forms
a large U-shaped tube (plate xvi, fig. 3, ra) lying
in the ventral part of the abdominal eavity. with the
closed end reaching far forward. Sometimes it is some-
what spirally twisted upon itself. The anteriorly run-
ning arm begins at the anterior end of the genital
cavity to the right of the other backward running
arm (plate xvii. figs. 2, 3. 4, ro, av, pv). The latter is

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

generally expanded near its middle but becomes nar-
rower posteriorly, reaching back of the opening of the
other arm into the genital chamber. Here it makes a
bend to the right (plate xvii, fig. 1, pv) and becomes
continuous with the oviduct {od).

The muscles surrounding the genital cavity are con-
tinuous over the vagina, forming circular muscles
around it which continue throughout its whole length.
Outside of these are a few transverse muscles. Grosse
states that the muscles begin near the opening. Within
the muscles is a structureless membrane which forms
the true outer covering of the vagina. Within this is a
cellular epithelium lined by a chitinous intima thrown
into large folds projecting into the lumen.

The oviduct (plate xvii, figs. 1-6, od) is very long and
somewhat coiled. It varies greatly in different speci-
mens, but always runs forward from the anterior end of
the vagina as an apparent continuation of it. It is
first closely or openly bent upon itself, and then runs
again forward to near the anterior end of the vagina,
where it bifurcates, each tube running outward and
backward, bearing at its end the egg-tubes of the same
side. According to the specimen the oviduct may be
very narrow or greatly distended. It is formed of the
same elements as the vagina except that it lacks the chi-
tinous intima. The inner ends of the epithelium cells
(plate xvi, fig. 4, ep) project irregularly into the lumen,
and the latter is generally almost obliterated by the
approximation of the cells, which are much larger than
those of the vagina. The muscle layers, on the other
hand, are not so thick.

The egg-tubes are five in number on each side.
They arise from the distal ends of the oviducts and
have the same structure that they show except that the

NEW MALI.olMlACA. 215

uutt T eovei'iiifj; of muscles is lacking. Eacli is a long
slender tube dilatetl where it eoutains ova into elvim-
bers whith decrease in size distally. 'IMit- five tubes on
(uicli side are united at lluir anterior ends and form a
tantrk'(l mass on each sid(? of the bodv. l^adi tube
(plate xvi, liii;. 0) is surrounded by a close, outer, struct-
ureless membrana proi)ria (inj>). Within this is an
epithelium composed <>f a single layer of cells. When
there is no egg present in the ovary these cells are all
very large (plate xvii, tigs. 3-5, <>) and almost fill the
lumen of each tube. They appear triangular in trans-
verse sections, while their 1)ases on the membrana
propria arc polygonal. A large, radially elongated
nucleus is present in each. When ova arc i>resent in
the ovaries the egg-tubes [iresenl a very different
appearance (plate xvi, fig. 0). Each egg is surrounded
by a follicle formed by an enlargement of the tubule.
In the lower chambers {n) are to be found fully formed
6ggs (o). They are surrounded by a thick egg-cover-
ing filled with granular yolk. In form they are elon-
gated and llattened at each cud. The epithelium ((7')
of the walls of a lowermost egg-chamber is composed
mostly of small cubical cells. Posteriorly they are
elongated, forming a transverse posterior wall for the
chamber in the middle of which is the opening into
the proximal juirt of the tubule connecting the egg-
chambers with the oviduct. In front the epithelial
cells become successively longer, until the most anterior
are very long and slentler. those from opj)osite sides
alino>t meeting one another. In front of these are
fonr immensely enlarged cells [iic) entirely tilling the
lumen of the tubule and thus closing the anterior end
of the eesf-ohamber. These retain the form of the cells
of an inactive tubule. The small" epithelial cells are

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lined by a distinct intima, which is apparently absent
when there is no egg present and the cells are large.

The smaller egg-chambers (6) contain a granular
mass of yolk (g) which is not surrounded by a covering
of its own . The epithelium is the same as in the lower
chamber, except that the anterior cells are not elon-
gated. Filling the anterior end of the enlargement of
the tubule are six large cells. The part of the tubules
connecting two egg-chambers is slender, with small epi-
thelial cells.

Grosse states that there is present on each side of the
vagina a club-shaped spermathseca. In the specimens
of Menopon titan examined, however, there was no
organ of this kind present.

In Eurymetopus taurus (plate xvi, fig. 1) the vagina
(va) consists of a large, wide, straight, invaginated tube
reaching forward to the fifth abdominal segment. Into
its anterior end open two oviducts, one from each side.
Into the posterior end on the dorsal side a duct opens,
connected at its distal end with a large, dorsoventrally
flattened, glandular organ (g). The cells of this are
very large and distinct (plate xvi, fig. 2). The duct is
divided into a wide distal and narrower proximal part.
The posterior end of the first is invaginated and the
second part arises from the inner end of this. Numer-
ous muscle-fibers (m) are attached to the upper part
around its middle. Spermatozoa were not found in the
gland. This appendage is constant, but the pouch
referred to varies a great deal.

The oviducts are simple tubes extending outward,
anteriorly and dorsally into the fourth segment.
The}'- are sometimes narrow tubes with enlarged bases
and are sometimes wide throughout their whole length.
Each bears at its distal end five egg-tubules. These

NEW MALLUl'llA(iA.

21'

sonietimes join llu- oviduct serijilly as in fig. 1(J, or two
or more rnav be unitt'd iit their l)a.ses as sliown in figs.
11 and 12.

Figs. 10-12.— Variations in attacbuieut of egij-tntmleR to lUe oviduct iu Biiryiiuto-
pus tauruf.

Nitzscli states that in tlie Isehnocera there are
five egg-tubes present in the females, wliile in the
Amblycera there are but three. He expresses a doul)t
thougli whether tliis second statement holds for the
suborder. Kudow (1870) states that in both groups five
are present but tiiat in tlic Amblycera {Llotheinn)
two remain rudimentary. Kveii this statement is not
entirely true, for there an- five well developed in the
adult Meno/iun tifttn. Sections of ;i young Mrnopon pir-
signatfim show four fully formed tubules and one small
one. Adults of t'()l/>oce/>h((hi m oshontl show three well
developed and one small one on cadi side. In Trinoton
luriiiiDii there are four in the adult. (irosse in his
paper on the anatomy of T('(ro/>/i(li<thiius cliilensis (lifen-
opon titan) ijuotes Nitzsch's statements in regard to tin-
number of Ciig-tubes, but adds no observations on the
number presmt in the form \\v describes. Nitzscli
figures the female organs of Mcho/hui mesoleucniu.
According to him there is present a short, wide vagina,
narrowed in from where it 2[ives off on each side an

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

oviduct. Each of these bears distally three egg-tubes.
A double spermathteca opens into the base of the
vagina. He figures also Goniodes dissimilis, in which
the vagina is a straight tube branching in front into
two rather wide oviducts into which open five egg-tubes.
Into the posterior side of each duct three blind tubes
open internal to the ovarian tubules. Kramer
describes the female organs of Lipeuriis jejunus, giving
five as the number of egg-tubes present.

From the descriptions just given it is evident that
the two suborders differ from each other in regard to
the female organs simply in that there is a tendency
amongst Amblyceran forms toward a reduction of the
number of ovarian tubules from five — the constant
number in the Ischnocera — to three.

The eggs (plate xvii, fig. 8) are large, oval, and gen-
erally rather elongated. They are attached to the bases
of the feathers singly or in groups. On birds badly
infested large numbers of eggs may be found. They
are fastened by one end, having that end from which
the embryo will emerge directed toward the tip of the
feather. When the embryo leaves the egg it pushes off
a circular cap and partly protrudes itself. In Doco-
phorus fulighiosus the embryos apparently remain in
the mouth of the open egg for some time, for many
were found in this position. Some found thus were
very immature (plate xvii, figs. 9 and 10), having the
mandibles entirely unchitinized, the maxillce almost as
large as the mandibles, and the labium large, consisting
of a transverse basal position and two lateral lobes.
The most immature of those found free from the egg
had the mandibles well chitinized.

Little has been done on the embryology of the
Mallophaga. Tlie work of Nusbaum (1882) on the

NEW MAI.I.ol'IIACA.

•J19

development of the reproductive organs lias already
been referred to. Melnikow (1S(')!I) made a more general
study of the embryology, I'Ut since he concluded from
his investigations that the Mallophaga are closely related
to the Pediculidie — a conclusion entirelv untenable —
his work cannot be very accurate. He proves that there
is present a beak but no labium, and hence that the
moutli-parts are HemipteranI

\'ii. SUM.MAJiY.

The foregoing descriptions of the various systems of
organs of the Mallophaga show that the two suborders
are separated by wide structural differences. These
may be tabulated as follows:

A iiibli/cera.

Mesonotnm and Mciauutuui Distinct.

AuteuniB concealed.

Auteuuiv clavate.

Mandibles horizontal.

Labial palpi prest-iit.

Paragloss:o various in form.

(Esophageal sclerite and con-
nected glands absent or Uiod-
ified.

Crop simple.

Salivary glands varions in form,
luglnvial glands absent.
Testes six.
Chitiuon.s " genitalia simple.

Egg-tubes; three to Kve.

Ischnuceva.

Meso-

\ Metanotiuu Fused.

Antenna- exposed.

Antenuie uol clnvate.

Mandibles vertical.

Labial palpi absent.

Paraglossa- constant in form.

(Esophageal sclerito and con-
nected glands jnesent and
normal except in a few skit-
tered cases.

Crop an osophageal divertic-
ulum.

Salivary glands constant in form.

Ingluvial glands present.

Testes four.

Chitinons f genitalia more
complex.

Egg-tubes five.

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The above table shows that in nearly every character
in which the two suborders differ the Ischnocera have a
more specialized organization. That the separation of
the two groups is very great is shown by the fact that
nearly all the important organs are affected, the heart,
tracheal system, and nervous system being the only
ones alike in both. The exact systematic position of
the Mallophaga cannot at present be determined, since
enough of the anatomy of nearly related forms is not
known. Packard (1887), however, has shown that
they may be closely related to the Psocidee, and
Kellogg (1896) has given further evidence of this.
But if the Psocidse are the most closely associated with
the Mallophaga, in what manner the two groups are
related is impossible to say. Until this is known the
relationship of the two suborders of the Mallophaga to
each other cannot be determined nor that of the fami-
lies composing these suborders.

NEW MALLOl'HAGA. 221

BIBLlUliKArilY.

1818. NiTZSCH, Cmkistian Lcdwig. Darstellung der Familien und Gat-
tungea der Thieriusekteu (lustcta Epizoica) als Prodromus
einer Natnrgeschichte derselbeu. liermar's und Zinckens Mag-
azin/iir die Enlomoloyle, Halle, Bd. III.

1855. Wedl, C. Ueber das Herz vun Meuopou pallidum. Sitzungsh. k.
Akad. Wiss., Wieii, Bd. XVII.

1869. Kr.\mer, p. Beitrage zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Gattung

Philopterus (Nitzsch). Zeitsch.f. wiss. Zool., Bd. XIX.
1S69. Mklnikow, N. Beitrage zur embryonal Entwickelung der Insek-
ten. Archivj. Xaturgtsch., Bd. XXXV.

1870. RcLiOW, Feku. Beobachtxingen uber die Lebensweise und den Bau

der Mallophagen oder Pelzfresser, sowie Beschreibung neuer

Arten. Zcitschr.f. d. ges. Xaturwiss., Bd. XXXV.
1874. GiEBEL, Chkistoph. /mecta Epizoa. Die auf Saugethieren und

Vogeln schmarotzenden Insekteu, uach Chr. L. Nitzsch's Nach-

lass bearbeitet. Leipzig.
18S0. PiAGET, E. Lea Pi'diculines, Essai Mouographique. Leydeu.
1882. Taschexberg, O. Die Mallophageu, mit besouderer Berucksichti-

gung der von Dr. Meyer gesammelten Arten. Xova Acta k.

Leop. -Carol. Akad., Halle., Bd. XLIX, No. 1.
18S'J. NcsBACM, Joseph. Zur Eutwicklnugsi^eschichte der Ausfuhruugs-

gan^e der Sexualdruseu bei den lusekteu. Zool. Anz., Bd. V.
1885. PiAGET, E. Les Pediculines, Essai Mouographique. Supple-
ment. Leyden.
1885. Grosse, Franz. Beitrage zur Keuutuis der Mallophagen. ZeiUchr.

f. wins. Zool., Bd. XLII.
1887. Packard, A. S. On the Systematic Position of the Mallophaga.

Proc. Am>r. Phil. Soc, Vol. XXIV, No. i'26.
1896. Kellogg, Verno.n L. New Mallophaga, I, with special reference

to a collection made from maritime birds of the Bay of Monterey,

California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Set., Ser. 2, Vol. VI.
1806. Kellogt,, Vernon L. New Mallophaga II, from Land Birds,

together with an Account of the Mallophagous Mouth-parts.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, Vol. VI.

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE X. — Fig. 1, Median dorsoventral longitiidinal section of ante-
rior half of Menopon titan; h head, t^ prothorax, t., mesothorax, t^ meta-
thorax; cij first abdominal segment, a.^ second abdominal segment, biv
outer body-wall, 6m basement membrane, m mouth-opening, be buccal
cavity, p pharynx, ce cesoi^hagus, cr crop, v anterior end of ventriculus,
sg salivary gland, 6 brain, s.ce. g subcesophageal ganglion, </j prothoracic
ganglion, g.2 mesothoracic ganglion, g^ metathoracic ganglion, tr trachea,
bn longitudinal muscle, im transverse muscle, o anterior end of an egg-
tube cut near the surface. Fig. 2, Throat skeleton with attached glands
of Eurymetojnis taurus; oe. s oesophageal sclerite, I. g glands, d duct, ch.
ped chitinous pedicle. Fig. 3, Left maxilla, ventral aspect, of Goiiiodes
cervinicornis. Fig. 4, Labial ior'k oi Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 5, Mandibles,
ventral aspect, of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 6, Mandibles, posterior aspect,
of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 7, Oesophageal sclerite, dorsal aspect, of
Eurymetopus taurus; d duct, do opening of duct, m median groove, ant. p.
anterior process, c. m circumoesophageal process. Fig. 8, Hypopharynx
of Ancistrona gigas. Fig. 9, Labium of Nitzschia dubius; sm submentum,
m mentum, ^;/palpifer, IjJ labial palpiis, g glossa, pg paraglossa. Fig. 10,
Right maxilla, ventral aspect, of a Litmobothrium. Fig. 11, Mandibles,
ventral aspect, of Lcemobothrium sp.; c condyles, r right mandible, I left
mandible. Fig. 12, Eight mandible, posterior aspect, of Goniodes cervini-
cornis; c condyle, ch pis chitinous plates. Fig. 13, Labium, ventral
aspect, of Eurymetojnis taurus; sm submentum, m mentum, g glossa, pg
paraglossa.

PLATE XI. — Fig. 1, Salivary glands of Trichodectes geomydis; a outer
gland, b inner gland. Fig. 2, Salivary organs of Menopon titan (after
Grosse); a salivary gland, b saliva reservoir. Fig. 3, Large-celled salivary
gland of Trichodectes geomydis, with the cells in natural position; d duct.
Fig. 4, Same as last but with cells spread apart showing branches of duct
[d) to individual cells. Fig. 5, Large-celled gland of Eurymetopus taurus;
d duct. Fig. 6, Longitudinal section of part of Malpighian tubule of Men-
opon titan; mp membraua propria, e;5 epithelium, in intima. Fig. 7, Part
of alimentary canal with Malpighian tubules of Colpocephalum osborni; v
lower end of ventriculus, i upper end of intestine. Fig. 8, Alimentary
canal of Docophorus lari. Fig. 9, Crop (cr) with part of oesophagus and
ventriculus of a Trichodectes from a horse. Fig. 10, Alimentary canal of
Trichodectes geomydis; g large-celled glands of crop. Fig. 11, Alimentary
canal of Eurymetopus taurus, ventral view; r outer salivary glaijd or
saliva reservoir, j/j inner gland, g^ large-celled gland. Fig. 12, Alimentary
canal of Goniodes cervinicornis. Fig. 13, Alimentarj^ canal of Menopon
titan.

NEW MAl.l.OI'JIAGA. 223

PLATE XII. — Transverse sections of Mfuopou p^r»ifjnatHm. Fij*. I.
Section through head in region of anterior end of brain. Fig. 2, Section
through head in legion of posterior part of auteunary fossiti. Fig. 3, Sec-
tion through head, passing through the eyes. Fig. 4, Section through
posterior part of head. Fig. o, Section through prothorax just hack of
the legs. Fig. (J, Section of niesothorax through bases of the legs. Fig.
7, Section of meluthorax just in front of the legs; « asophagus, aw
antenna, hr brain, gg suba*suphageal ganglion, e eye, Ir trachea, h heart,
/ base of luesothoracic leg,/ fat-body, <:r crop, »/, prothoracic ganglion, g,
mesothoracic ganglion, c nerve commissure in front of mesothoracic gan-
glion, vw thickened ventral wall of antennary fossa.

PLATE XIII. — Internal male genitalia. Fig. 1, Transverse section of
testis of Menopon titan; mp outer tunica, ep epithelium. Fig. 2, Trans-
verse section of vas deferens of Menopon tiluii; mp membrana propria, fji
epithelium, in intima. Fig. '.i, Reproductive organs of male UoniodiA cer-
vinicornis; I testes, rd vas deferens, sv vesicula? seminales, ej ductus ejac-
nlatorius. Fig. 4, Transverse section of ductus ejaculatorius of Menopon
titan; mp membrana propria,*/) epithelium, in intima, m circular muscles.
Fig. 5, Transverse section of lower end of vesicula seminalis uf Mtnopon
titan; letters as in last. Fig. 6, Transverse section through middle of
vesicula seminalis of Menopon titan; letters as in tig. 4. Fig. 7, Repro-
ductive organs of male Colpocephalitm ftaveiicens (After Nitzsch); t testes,
rd vas deferens, »r seminal vesicle, eJ ductus ejaculatorius, r chitinous
rod attached to inner tube of genital cavity. Fig. 8, Same of Eurymetopun
taurus; letters as before. Fig. 9, Same of Physontomum diffusum; letters
as before. Fig. 10, Same of Menopon titan: letters as before, but also, tv
vas deferens, cd transverse duct connecting the two vasa defereutia, int
innermost iuvagiuated tube of genital cavitj', having rod (r) attached to
its lower end.

PLATE XIV. — External male genitalia. Fig. 1, Chitinous genital parts
of Lipeurus jHliijinosiin major, dorsal aspect. Fig. 2, Same of (loniodes
cervinicornin, dorsal aspect. Fig. 3, Same of Phi/Hostomnm dijTunutn. Fig.
4, Same of Oiebelia mirabilis. Fig. 5, Same of EurymetopuH taurus, dorsal
aspect. Fig. 6, Stimeot Colj>ocephalum ohorni. Fig. 7, Same of Trinoton
luridum. Fig. S. Same of Docophorus lari. Fig. 9, Same of Oonioeotef
creber. Fig. 10, Same of Menopon mesoleucuvi.

PLATE XV. — Fig. 1, Longitudinal section of two posterior somites of
male Eunjmetopus taurus. Fig. 2, Longitudinal section of six posterior
segments of male Menopon titan. Figs. S-Tt, Transverse sections of abdo-
men of male Menopon titan. Fig. 3, Through anterior end of segment
VIII. Fig. 4, Through segment VII. Fig. 5, Through segment V; ttn
transverse muscles; Im longitudinal muscles, em extrusor muscles, >n
membrane surrounding muscles, ije genital chamber, i intestine, n anus,
p penis, pi internal plaie, ;• internal rod. t^ outermost invaginated tube.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

New upec-iea aud varletleH In kmall oapitaui: Hyuu&yiuDit iu italta.

f

AociplTEB atrlcapilliiH htriatuluu K>

velox 85

At'lltio DiaciiUrla 14

fcliniophorufl occidentalis JIT

.ICgiuliils Heliiiiialiiiuta 59, 83

Ageloiiui i)ba.-uiceuh . . 19

AlbatroBS, Black-footed .'Jf.. iM, aS

Short-tailed.. 75, a6,97, 105, 109, 111. 117

Ainblycercuijljolosericeus 19, 40

Aiupelis cedrorum 21, C5, 9a. 137

AiiipblBpiza belli 65. 90

Auas amoricana llti

caroIineuBls 35

Ancistroua 116

glgaa 116

Anl 33

Apbeloconia califoruica 65, 128

Aquila chrjsaetos 59, Ii:i

Archibuteo lagopus 8aDcti-joliauuis 85, 113

Artleii V irescens 40

Arrenionops strlatlceps 40

AhIo wilboniauus.., CO

Auklet, Cassln's 72

libiuoceroB 72

Auriparus flaviceps 26

Aytbya aflluis M

luarila uearctica 58, IIG

BALnr.^TK 116

Blackbird, Brewer's 66

Red-winged 19

Bine-bird, Western 65. 86

Bubo Tlrgluiauus 60

Bunting, lazuli 8C

B>i8b-Tit. California .. 113

Buteo borealis calunis . . . 85

Iiicasnniis 16

swniusuui 85

Oalidris nrenaria 75, 78, IT.'

Oalllpeplacalifornlca 31, 35. 103, 109

Calyptecostic l;t"

Caracnra li'., 4ii

C:vrdiual, Saint Lucas 9

Canlinalis igueiis 9

Carpodacus mexicauus frontalis 8C

Ceppbus ooluinba.. 54, 69, 70

Cerorbinca mouocerata 72

Cbanidrius dominii-us ir2

Chat, Long-tailed w7

Cbelldon erytbrogantr* 9S, M

Chickadee, rallfornlan M

Moiiutalu W

Oregon 12

Cbiroxipbia Uuceolata.. 40. 60

ChondestfH gniuiuacUMStrlgatua, 65, 86 130

CincluM aquaticua 11

uiexlcauuh 11, 87

Circus budsonius 86

CoccotbrausIM veiii>ertinus luoutanoa. 124
CoccyzuH aiuericauua occldeutallK. .. C

Colpocepbaltitu 16,36. 109, 164

AUBOTTI.. 36

DIFKUHCM , 40

tlaveKceus 113. 180

fuuebre Ill

UBANKKL-LnSI US

maculatum 40

osborui 189. 200

I-EBI-LANUM 100

pingue Ill

KPINEUM 38

xpiuulosnm 113

8pJnulo8uiu var. minub 113

fiubaxiuale 40

timiduui W2

Colynibiis uigricollls callfornicua. . 69. 117

ContopuH ricbordaonil 136

virens.. 64

Cormorant, Brandt's .101,131

Karallon 101

Corvus aiiiericanua 40

conix 8iuiialii8 40

CrolophagA suU'lrostrlK S3

Cuckoo, California . . 6

Cyanocltta Hterelll frontalis 66, 86

1>A»-ILA acuta 116

Dendragapus obscunm fiiligiuoaua 103

iH-ndroiciU'iitiva ..B5. 86. 136

bryanti '^3, 40

Oiouiedei albatrua

35. T5.3f;. 97. 106 109. 111. 117

nlgni^eH ..36.38.35, 96

Dlpp<'r, American 11. 87

Kiirojx-an . . 11

I>ocopbi)riiR 4, 16, .M

californtensl:; . C. 63

ceblobrach V8 61

226

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Docophorus cincK 11

communis 9, 64

cordiceps 5

cursor 60, 150

domesticus 10

Jissiformis 58

/rater 5

fuliginosus 59, 218

f usco-veutralis 64

fusiformis 58

glareolce 5

icterodes 4, 58

lari 4, 56, 157, 192

laticeps 11

Var. A MERIC ANDS 11

latifrons 5

var. OCCIDKNTALIS 6

melanooephalus 56

MIRINOTATUS 65

MIBUS 67

mollis 5

nitzschia 5

PANAMENSIS 9

pictus 59

PROC AX 54

RUFUS 7, 63

RUTTERI 12

SINGDLABIS 61

speotyti 60

VALIDUS 56

Dryobates nuttallii 61

pubescens gairdnerii 124

Duck, American Scaup 58, 116

Lesser Scaup 58

Eagle, Golden 59, 113

Siberian 113

Elainea subpagana 40, 49

Elanus leucurus 85

Empidonax difflcilis 65,87,89, 137

Eureum malleus 133

Eurymetopus 35, 109

taurus 35, 109, 148,

156, 157,168, 171, 172, 173, 181, 188, 216

Falco peregrinus anatum 15

sparverius 15

deserticolus 85

peuinsularis 15

Finch, House 86

Flycatcher 49

Ash-throated ..7.63, 64, 65, 87, 126, 137

■Western 65, 87, 89, 1.37

Fregata aquila 30,38, 43

Fulmar, Pacific 72

Fulmarus glacialis var. glupischa ..72, 116

var. rodgersii 116

GlEBELIA 105

mirabilis 105, 195

Godwit, Great Marbled 80

Goldfinch, American, 130

Goniocotes creber 199

Gouiodes 35, 109

cervinicornls 158, 182, 196

mammillatus 31,35, 109

Goshawk, Western 85

Grebe, American Eared (19, 117

Western 117

Grosbeak, Black-headed 65

Western Bine (i.';, 86

Western Evening 124

Grouse, Columbian Sharp- tailed . ...103, 109

Sooty 103

Guillemots, Pigeon 54, 69, 70

Guiraca cierulea eurhyncha 65, 86

Gull, American Herring 69

Hali«;etus leucocephalus 113

pelagicus 113

Hawk, Desert Sparrow 85

Duck 15

Lower California Sparrow 15

Sparrow 15

Western Eed-tailed 85

Heleodytes brunneicapillus 126, 133

Helminthophila celata lutescens 86

Hirundo rustica 133

Hummingbird, Black-chinned 86

Costa's 137

ICTERIA virens longicauda 87

Jaeger, Pomarine 56, 74, 93

Jay, Blue- fronted 65, 86

California 65, 128

Junco 137

hyemalis oregouus 137

thurberi 65

Thurber's 65

King-bird, Arkansas 87

Kite, Swallow-tailed 113

White-tailed 85

L^MOBOTHRinii ie6

Lagopus lagopus 31, 35, 44

Lanius borealis 65

ludovicianus gambeli 65, 87

Lark, Mexican Horned 65

Western Meadow 65

Larus 4, 13, 36, 56

INDEX.

227

LaniB argonUtiiH Rmithaonlaniu 69

bmcliyrliyui'hus 75

cauuB 75

(lelewareuHlH 56,76, 117

RUtucesceDH 4,111, 117

beeniiaunl . . 6C, 111

occl(l(<utall8 56, 75

vegio 75

Liiiiosa feitoa 80

lueUuunt . . 112

Llp«uru8 16. 2C, '.'3

CONCINNUH 97

C'ONFlnENB ■>&

dlTersiiH 95

densuH .- 28, 96

(locophoroides 31, 103

docopborldee vnr. CALIKOBSJCU8 .. 103

farallonil 101

fcrox .... 97

rorflciilatus 30, 102

fiiliKlnoNiiH 100

var. MAJOR 101, 168, 197

Kracilli'ornis 30

var. MAJOR 30

jejuna8...169. 165. 167 173, 174. 183, 218

LA0FLATU8 93

limltatus.. 100

MACliRBliORI S3

PERl'LKSUS 103

PROTEBVC8 31

squalidus 102

te8taceouR Uhi

Liiuda c-trrliatii 70, 109

Man o' War Bird 30 38, 43

Mnrlln, Ulack 10

Purple 11

Melanorpes fonuicivorus aiigiistlfrons 6
balrvli. ...6. (•.;)

uropyjjlallH 46

waglerl 50

Mvlosplsa fasclata beenuanu!.. 113

samuells 65. 131. 137

Menopou 16. 43. 116. 1C4

AURI-FASCIATUM 43

DISTINtTHM 126

KUNEREIT.M 124

iticertiuu 130

tufrequens . 117

IRRITMPEN8 117

MiESTlIM 130

lualleiia i;J3

luesoleiu'um 166. 201

pallidum 174. 180

PAULULUM , Il'.l

Menopon r EHitiGH atum 138. 147

rSTl'LAMH IJl

Plt.f.ci-itxoit 46

UIKl'L'inCM IM

robuRtuiu U4

HTRIATl'M 44

tllau las,

U»;, 154, 1C5. 170. 171. 173. 178. 185. 204

var. IN< <iMP<i8iTl'M 123

var. liuearU 43,123, 124

trldcns 116

Mergauaer aiuericanua 116

Red-crested •

Merralor 5, lOS

Murrelet, Ancient 72

Myiarcbus clnerasrons 63, 64, 6S. 87. 126 137

DUtUngl 7. 63

NiBMUs 13, 16. 69

ACTOPHILC8 78

ATOPUH 18

AOOAX 26

bicii*-pui 16

bracbytborax 93

COMPLEXIVfg 76

cordatus 80

DUCTIL18 8Q

flSSUB IS

var. MAJOR 16

riKDrH K7

furvus 14

var. BAVC8 . 14

fnsco-marglnatiiH . . 69

var AMEUICAMM r>9

ril8CU8 15. 85

gigeullcola 75

INCUiitla 81

ivfEBPoaTTOa 23

LAlITlrWl'Ll-B JK)

liiifolatUH var. atti-marglnatua 75

longuN .... 92

var. DOMEHTUTs S3

MARITIMC8 .72

noriiii/er .... 74

OPACT8 83

P ACIKICOB .... 70, 194

rKS'l.\'8l'LABI8.. 21

punctalus 13, 75

BPLKNPinrs 16

triangulatllfl 74

VIRliATl'H 19

vulgatus 23, 86

NycU>a nyi-tea r-\

Omophobus.

lUC

228

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Oncophonis bisetosus 106

var. CALiFOBNicus 106, 199

KEMOTUS 107

Oreortyx pictus plumiferus '. . 103

Otocoris alpestris chrysolsBma 65

Owl, Americaa Long-eared 60

Great Gray 107

Snowy 61

Spotted 60

Partridge, Califoruia 31, 35

Plumed 103

Parus ater 12

atricapillus occidentalis .... 12

cperuleus 12

caudatus 12

gambeli 86

inornatus 65

major 12

palustris 12

pari 12

rufescens neglectus 86

Passerina amcena 86

Pediculus ciiculi 5

fasciatus 6

Pediocietes phasiauellus columbianus

103, 109

Pelecanus calif ornicus 30, 43, 102, 124

erytbrorhynchus 102

Pelican, Californian Brown. 30, 43, 102, 124

White 102

Petrocbelidon lunifrons 133

Pewee, Western Wood 136

W'ood 64

Phainopepla 87

nitens 21, 87

Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus.. . 101

penicillatu.s 101, 123

Philopteruscincli 11

Phoebe, Say's 87, 136

Phoenicothraui)is fuscicauda 9, 40

Physostomum 48, 50, 136

diffusum 137, 177, 180, 201

var. pallidum 137

INV ADEN8 50

FALLENS 49

PROMINENS 137

sucinaceum 137

Piaya cayana thermophila 18, 40

Pipilo fuscu.s crissalis 65, 86, 113, 137

maculatus megalonyx 86, 137

Piranga ludoviciana 65

Plover, Black-bellied 59, 81, 112

Semipalmated 59, 83

Polyborus cheriway 16, 40

Porzana noveboracensis ... 106

Progne subis 11

hesperus 10

Protonotaria citrea 49

Psaltriparus minimus californicus 113

Ptarmigan 35

W'illow 31, 44

Ptychoramphus aleuticus 72

Puffin, Tuf te.d 70, 109

Puffinus bulleri 96, 100, 105

creatopus 93, 96, 100, 105, 119

griseus..70, 75, 96, 100, 105, 116, 119, 121

opistbomelas

56, 95, 96, 100, 105, 109, 116, 119
tenuirostris 96, 100, 105

Rail, Californian Clapper 106, 117

Virginia 100, 117

Yellow 106

Rallina isabellina 106

plumbeiveutris 106

tricolor 106

RalUis obsoletus 106, 119

virginiauus 106, 117

Raven, American 40

Redtail, Saint Lucas 15

Rissa tridacty la poUicaris 76

Saltator albicollis 40

Sanderling 75,78,112

Sandpiper, Least 59, 75

Spotted 14

Sayornis saya 87, 136

Scolecopbagus cyanocephalus 65

Scotioptex ciuerea 107

Shearwater 100, 116

Black-bodied 70, 119, 121

Black-vented 56, 95. 100, 105, 109

Dark-bodied 75, 96, 105

Pink-footed 93, 96. 105

Shoveller 102, 116

Shrike, California 65, 87

Northern 65

Sialiamexicana occidentalis 65, 86

Siskin, Pine 65

Sparrow, Bell's 65, 90

Gambel's 65

Golden-crowned 65, 86, 130

Heerman's Song. 113

Intermediate 65

Samuel's Song 65, 131, 137

Western Chipping 65

Western Lark 65. 86, 130

Spatula clypeata 102, 116

Sphyrapicus thyroideus 63

inhkx,

22y

Splnuii pluuR

trlHtiH .
SplzelU

bocIbIU ftrlzoauv

65
ns

OS

SquaUroIa HtiumUroU 69, 81. 113

Stcri-orariUH i>oiuarlnuN ..56,74, 9;i

Steruu iiiiixlina .'6

SturuelU magna neglectit 63

Swallow. Bftrn 9*2, 93

CUff 138

Hynthllboramphuii antSqiini 72

Syruiuiu ucbiiloHuiu CO

Tanaokr, Louisiana C5

Teal, Green-winged 84

Tern, Royal 66

TbrUHli, Aiuhibou'H Hermit C6

RtiAset-backeil 130

Thryotbori)8 bewlckil Hplliirus ..65, 67, 130

Titmouse, Pliiln 66

Tit, Yellowbeailed 25

Towbee,-,raliforuia 65, 86. 113, 137

Spurred 8C, 137

Trichodecies 156,159

climax 160

g<>om}di8 159. 166, 1C7, 168

Triu^a 8, 16

maciilaria 6

mtuutilla 69, 75

rriuoton 35. 116

lituratuui lie

Inridum. 35, 110,178. \W

Trochlln* alexandrl . 86

Turdua auual&nrbkje auduboni 65

UKlulatUH 130

T>Tauiiu»i vertlcalU 87

I'RINATOB Inuiinr 117

ViuBO l>ellii puailliu . 187

r!a«Mlu'a 66

I.«a«t 137

KoliUriuB eaaainii 66

W.tuiiLER, Luteacent 86

I'rolbonoUry 49

Vielllofa 23

Y.Uow 65.86. 136

Wax wing. Cedar 65,93. 137

Wootlpecker .. 60

Califorulau 9, 88

Uairduer'a 124

Gila «6

Narrow- fronted 6

Nuturs 61

Wbite-beaded 68

Williamson's 83

Wren. CactiM 136. 133

Vigor's 68. 67. 13U

XmNOl'icOR albolarvatUB. 83

/ameludia melauocepbala. 65

/oiiotrlcbia cckTOuaU Xi.Vb.VM

l«ucopbrys gamb«lil 6^

iutenurdla. 68

•JtJ

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