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MARTIN FOLKES, E/7;
PRESIDENT,

And to the
COUNCIL and FELLOWS
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY

OF |
ow DO HK,

-'Thefe New Microfcopical Difcoveries
are humbly dedicated

by their moft Obedient

Humble Servant,

Turbervill Needham.

Pee

i Sie Y cay : . Ping : i an - AN |
| “e287 2a vocal wre
OMIVIATHOO.
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‘ a mate sinensis 195) "7: ining ;

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Case. i fue % 3 a %-0 ee
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i ‘ AA iniBiok ak wk

Se

NE WwW
| Microfcopical Discov ER1ES3

CoNnTAINING

OBSERVATIONS

I. On the CavramMary and
its Milt-Veffels, in each of
which appear a fpiral Spring,
Sucker, and Barrel, like thofe of
a Pump; and an Account of
their Motiori ; with anAttempt
to prove that the Animalcules
in Semine mafculino are meer

Machines like thefe.

_ II. On the Farina fecun-
dans of Plants ; 3 with a View
of a Motion in. them analo-
gous to that in thefe Milt-
Veffels.

Stamina of feveral Flowers,
with ConjeQtures concerning
the Impregnation of theirSeed.

IV. Onthe fuppofed Em-
bryo Sovs found on the Bo-
dies of Shrimps ; with a De-
{cription of aremarkable Ani-
mal adhering to the Tail-part
of each Embryo.

V. On Eels or Worms bred
in blighted Wheat.

VI. On feveral other curi-
ous Particulars relating to the
Natural Hiltory of Animals,

AIT, On the Pz/ti?, Uterus and | Plants, Ge.

Dedicated to the ROYAL SOCIETY.

2 ON DON,
Printed for F. Nerpuam, over-againit Gray’s-

Inn in Helborn,

P7468:

ERRATA.

Age i7, line 2, after few dele the comma. Page 18, line

17, for Excrefence readE xcrefeence. Page 43, line 6, for
opening, read opened. Page 45, line 15, for Phnomena’s read
Phenomena. Page 45, line 19, for oblige read obliged. Page 48,
line 7, for Piflon read Sucker. Page 50, line 9, for in read into.
Page 71, line 17, for extruded read exfuded. Page 83, line 1, dele

4

otber. Pag. 107, line 21, for obers read others,

The Reader is defired to corvect thefe Errors with his Pen,
bejore he reads the Pook, as the Correétion of fome is of Confequence.

T HS

cD. R BabA GC.

PT is not material to the Learn-
4 ed World to be informed, that
when the Subjects, which are con-
tained in this Effay, were under
Examination, the Author was much
indifpofed, tho it may be fo to him-
Jelf by way of Apology to his Readers

for any Miffakes that may appear

in the Courfe of this Performance.
He wifbes therefore with all his
Heart, that they had fallen in the
Way of a more able Obferver ; and
jt is in this View, that he has
prevailed with bimfelf to publifh bis

OWR

Vi PRE W*A Ge.

own Remarks, rude as they are and
unfafbioned, that Perfons of more Ex-
perience may correct, and finifh what
he has only begun, by pointing out
to them Subjects worthy of Examina-
£2071. ,

Their Novelty and Singularity
is fo ungqueftionable, that if be thought
he flood in need of any other Apo-
logy, be would have fuppreffed his
Effay, tho encouraged to the Pub-
lication of it by Perfons much fu-
perior to bimfelf, to whom he bad
the Elonour of fhewing fome of the
soft curious of thofe Objedts he
defcribes. Ele can affure the Learn-
ed, that he has wrote nothing but
plain Matters of Fa, as he bas
nothing more in View than a fimple
iVarraiive,; whatever goes beyond
tois, and favours of an Elypothefis,
he bas, as may be expetted from
a timorous Author, advanced with
as mich Caution, as he thought

neceffary

POR /JE\F ASCE, Vil

neceffary to convince the World, that
he endeavours not to derogate from
the Refpe which may be due to
the Sentiments of thofe who are gone
before him, but modefily expreffes bis
own Surmifes. If he has been mif-
taken, he is fenfible, that it is a
Misfortune, from which Men of fu-
perior Talents, and much more Exe
perience than himfelf, cannot promife
themfelves to be exempt, efpecially in
Subjects of this Nature, and con-
fequently is difpofed to fland correét-
ed, whenever his Miftakes are pointed
out to him, with all due Acknow-
ledgement to Friends, if this little
Performance attains to a Second
Edition. He hopes therefore as an
Author, that he may meet with fome
Encouragement from the Learned to
purfue bis Refearches, and promifes,
if bis Efjay meets with Approbationy
to do all that lies in his Power
to oblige the Publick hereafter with

Something,

vill PREFACE.

fomething, if poffible, in the fame
Way, that may claim their At-
tention with a better Grace, than
this does, if it be owing only to a
more decent Drefs, than he appre-
bends his prefent Thoughts appear
in, for want of a fufficient Ac-
quaintance with Men of Learning,

which he has but juft had the Fap-
pines of beginning.

At

INTRODUCTION.

Y ATURE under the Direc-
NS tion of its Creator, tho’ pro-
lifick beyond the reach of
Imagination, and ever exerting its
Fecundity in a fucceffive Evolution
of organifed Bodies, boundlefs in Va-
riety, as well as Number, has
yet fo much of Uniformity in all
its Productions, that not only the fpe-
cifick Afcent, or Defcent through-
out the whole Scale of vifible Beings
is eafy, and gentle by almoft im-
perceptible Gradations ; but alfo the
Subordination of Worlds, if I may fo
term the feveral inhabited Portions
of Matter, is concerted into a Har-
mony of Individuals as furprifing, as

that

Z

INTRODUCTION.

that of the feveral Species, under
which they are ranged,

In this Theory, which is more
than a fpecious Syftem, or a mere
agreeable Sally of Imagination, fince
many Traces of it appear in Nature,
a Drop of Water, the Diameter of
which exceeds not a Line, may be
a Sea, not only as daily Experience
fhews, in the Capacity which it has
of containing, and affording Sufte-
nance to Millions of Animals, but

-alfo in the Similitude which thefe

very Animals may bear to feveral
known Species in that part of the
Creation, which is the Object of our
naked Eyes.

If our Acquaintance with the Mi-
crofcopical World could be extended
beyond the Bounds which Nature
has prefcribed to it, or even was al-
ready carried as far as Obfervation
may in procefs of Time advance it,
the Truth of this Theory would, I
believe, appear in a much ftronger
Light, than our prefent confined Ex-
perience can afford, tho’ abundantly
fufficient to clear it from the Im-

putation

INTRODUCTION.

putation of a groundlefs Suppofition :
And yet imperfect as it is, it wants
not Inftances to prove, that the pe-
culiar Inhabitants of feveral Portions
of Matter often bear a near Refem-
blance to each other, tho’ they differ
extreamly in Magnitude.

The Extreams of Great and Little,
as far as our Conception aided by
Experience can trace them, are im-
menfely diftant from each other ; ’tis
neverthelefs not unreafonable to fup-
pofe, that the whole Sphere of our
Knowledge from known Objects of |
the greateft Dimenfions to the mi-
nuteft miucrofcopical Animalcule, a
Million of which are lefs than a
Grain of Sand, would appear but a
Point, if it could be compared with
the real Bounds of Nature, as much
as a little Ant-hill in the Suppofi-
tion of reafonable Emmets would
appear to its Inhabitants upon Com-
parifon, an Infinitefimal of the terra-
queous Globe.

A microfcopical Anima! may there-
fore in Shape and relative Magni-
tude be to numberlefs Inferiors, what

D2 an

4

INTRODUCTION.

an Elephant, Oftrich, or Whale is
in the feveral Kingdoms of Beafts,
Birds, and Fifh ; and this in fo ex-
tenfive a Gradation; that the De-
{cent in the Scale of Beings is as
boundlefs to our Imagination, as its
Afcent, on the one hand extending
towards {mmenfity, on the other de-
creafing towards Nothing, ever ap-
proaching, for ever diftant,

Some general Reflections of this
nature fucceeding to thofe late wonder-
ful Difcoveries of the Properties of
the Frefh-water Polype, for which
the World is obliged to the inge-
nious Mr. Trembley, induced me to
examine, if no Species of Fifth could
be found in the Sea, which bearing
a near Refemblance to it, might be
almoft in Large, what ‘this is in
Miniature, and ferve by Induction to
clear up thofe Phenomena at leaft
which efcape our Apprehenfion upon
account of the Minutenefs of the Ob-.
ject.

The furprifing Property it is en-
dued with of reproducing the Parts it
has loft, mutt depend, without Dif-

pute,

IN-TRODUICTION.

pute, even in Objects of a much
larger Size, upon a Mechanifm of.
Veffels fo minute, that we may fe-
curely reckon it among the Inexpli-
cables, tho’ juftly furmifed by Mr.
Reaumur not to bea Faculty pe-
culiar to this Animal, and fince ex-
emplified in fome Sea-productions,
the Urtice and Star-fifh, by Meff.
Gerrard de Villars, ‘fuffieu, and o-
thers. Asan additional Proof I have
now by me the Arm of a Star-fi/h
repairing its Lofs, preferv’d in Spi-
rits, where the protruded Extremity
is diftinctly vifible, as not having ar-
rived to the Diameter of the reft of
the Arm, which with fome other
Objects (whereof mention will be
made in the Body of this Effay) I
lately fent over to England for the

Satisfaction of the Curious, and fince
that have had the Honour of pre-—

fenting them to the prefent Worthy
Prefident of the Royal Society, as
well as feveral other eminent Members,
whoupon Examination of them, par-
ticularly the Milt-veffels of the Ca/a-
mary, were pleafed to encourage me
to the Publication of this Effay.

| B 3 Its

5

Plate VI.

Fiz. Le

INTRODUCTION.

Its extraordinary method of Pro-
pagation, which appears to be a true
Vegetation, (in which particular I am
fatished that it differs from the Star-
Jy2 by the Difcovery, upon Diffeétion,
of Milt and Roe in the Male and
Female of this Species) 1s a Proper-
ty of the fame Nature, equally a-
mnazing, and not to be explained,
tho’ in procefs of Time: it’ fhould,
asin the amount of our prefent Dif-
coveries it cannot be inftanced in
any other Animal, uniefs the Bar-
nacle may be excepted, a {mall tu-

biform Animal, which is found ad-

hering in Clufters to Rocks, and the
Bottoms of Ships, where they mul-
tiply incredibly.

This Sea-prodution, by what I
thought I might infer from an ac-
cidental ficht of a Few, which I
found dead t upon the Sea-coaft, feemed
to bear fome Analogy in its Propa-
gation to the Frefh-water Polype.
The whole Clufter, which confifted
of fix or feven in Number, adhered
together, and were intimately con-
joined by their Extremities, as if fpring-
ing, not aoe Branches from the Pa-

rent’s

- LN-T.R-G, DU, C T,L.0.N.
rent’s Body, but like Saplings from
the fame Root. I can however de-
termine nothing with any Certainty
upon this Head, tho’ I have fince
had frequent Opportunities of examin-
ing them alive, having often found
them at their full Growth fingle, in
the Heat of Summer, at the Diftance
of two or three Inches one from
another. |

Their Body, or rather the Cafe,
in which the Fifth is inclofed, is a
hollow Cylinder, not exceeding, when
dred by the Heat of the Sun,
as I found them, two Inches in
Length, extreamly compact, rough,
and black like Shagreen, tipped with
a Shell to Appearance bivalve, yet
really compounded of five different
Parts, and feems capable, while the
Animal is alive, of a confiderable
Extenfion, or Contraction.

The Head of the Animal is in-
vetted with many little Horns, or
Arms, gradually leffening in their
Length, which appear in the Micro-
{cope to be curioufly fringed, not
circularly difpofed round the Mouth,

B 4. but

8

Plate VI.

Fig. 2.

Plate VI.
Fig. 3.

INTRODUCTIGH

but taking their Rife nearly from the
fame Point; when contracted they
form irregular Curves, inclofing one
another. The Head and its whole
Apparatus may be exerted or re-
tracted at Pleafure within the Ca-
vity of the Shell, each Side of which
confiits of two Parts, adhering to-
gether by athin Skin, which goes
between each Divifion, and turning
upon one common Hinge.

When I had this Sea-production
firft under Cenfideration, I had but
an imperfect Idea of Mr. Lrembley’s
plumed Polypes, or Polypes a panache,
and confequently imagined, that it
might be in Large, what they are
in Miniature ; but fince I have had
the Happinefs of converfing with —
that Gentleman, and feeing his curious
Difcoveries in this Particular, at the
fame time that I had the Honour
of fhewing him the Milt-veflels of
the Calamary, I am {fatisfied, there
is at moft but a diftant Analogy.
They are defcribed by that Gentle-
man to have about their Head fifty
or threefcore little Horns, or Arms,

which when the Animal is undif-
turk 1.

Pra oO OOO TON:

turbed, they exert out of a Sheath,
or Cafe, and in Appearance make
a circular Motion in the Water, form-
ing a Current, that brings with it
the Prey they feed on.

An ingenious Gentleman, * whom

I fhall have Occafion to cite more
at Large hereafter, ‘‘ furmifes, that
“* thefe plumed Polypes are the very
fame Animals Mr, Lewenboeck
took Notice of, as living in a
‘“« Sheath or Cafe, (which they faften
“to the Roots of Duck-weed) and
having two feeming Wheels with
a great many Teeth or Notch-
es, coming from their Heads, and
turning round as it were upon
“an Axis, which Wheel-work at the
«© Jeaft Touch 1s drawn into the Bo-
«dy, and the Body into the Sheath.”
In Effect, tho’ they are much lefs
than thofe cifcovered by Mr. Trembley,
they fcarce ieem to differ in any thing
but Size, as one kind of Polype does
from another ; the little Variety that
may arife from the Number, and
Difpofition of their Arms, which
varies

* Mr, Baker’s Natural Hiflory of the Polype,
Page 23.

jo

INTRODUCTION,

varies the apparent Wheel-work, not
conftituting an eflential Difference.

Thus this feeming Wheel-work
may in Effect be nothing more,
than an Apparatus of Horns or Arms
fimilar to that of the plumed Po/ypes,
and analogous to the Horns invett-
ing the Head of the Barnacle, which
it exerts for the fame Purpofe, form-
ing a Current as they do: Which
Circumftance, if it appears as pro-
bable to others as it does to me,
will ferve to clear up many Diffi-
culties, that feem to be the Confe-
quence of thefe microfcopical Phe-
nomena, if we fuppofe, with fome
Authors, the Wheel-work to be real,
by the Rotation of a detached Piece
of Mechanifm revolving upon its
Axis, and not apparent only by the
Play and Action of a Groupe of
Arms.

Another Inftance of an Animal,
which is in Large, what fome mi-
crofcopical Animals are in Miniature,
is a Species of fmall Shell-fifh, each
of them fomething exceeding in Size
a Grain of ordinary coarfe Sand,

which

LW dt0-D.U CT.1LO.N.

which I obferved in Rain-waier,
that had fettled upon the Sands in
the Cavities of a low Shore near
Lifbon. Uhave alfo found them in
Fountain-water, at a great Diftance
from the Sea.

The Fifh appeared in the Mi-
crofcope to be inclofed in a Bivalve
tranfparent Shell, refembling in Shape
that of a Mufcle: Its apparatus of
Horns or Arms it exerted, or re-
tracted at Pleafure, opening its Shell
toan Angle of about thirty Degrees,
whenever it exerted them either for
the Formation of a Current attractive
of, its Prey, or for local Motion,
_ which was either Progreffive or Cir-
cular.

Thefe Phenomena, with fome others
in which they perfectly agree, I have
frequently obferved in thofe minute
oval Animalcules common in cor-
rupted Water, and have great Reafon
to think, that they differ in nothing
but.oize., :For. altho’ 1 cannot be
pofitive, that I have certainly feen
the bivalve Shell, in which I {uppofe
thefe dnimalcules to be inclofed, and

which

II

12

INTRODUCTION.

which is too minute and tranfpa-
rent to be diftin@ly vifible, yet the
Exertion and Retraction of their lit-
tle Apparatus of Horns or Arms,
which I have often obferved, a8 well
as their Shape, will appear, I believe,
to imply as much to any Perfon, who
will be pleafed to obferve them

..with Attention.

This Digreffion, I hope, wants
no other Apology, than that it was
intended as a Hint to the Curious,
if they fhould think it worth No-
tice, to examine the Objects I have
mentioned, with more Precifion and
Accuracy than I can pretend to,
for want of equal Experience in
Matters of this Nature. To pro-
ceed therefore.

The ingenious Mr. Baker, FSR SB!
in his Natural Hiftory of the Polyge,
wherein he has moft agreeably en-
tertained us with a Variety of Ex-
periments, performed in all imagi-
nable Ways, that could be contrived
for the Satisfaction of the Curious,
takes Notice, ‘* that’ the’ general
“« Form ofa Polype’s Arm, when the

« Creature

PATO DU CTL O N.

* Creature feems Quiet and mott
“ at Eafe, bears fo near a Refem-
“¢ blance to the Arm of a Star-fi/h,
“ that by examining the Latter, we
“ may forma reafonable Conjecture
“ of many Particulars in the Form-
“er, which by reafon of its Small-
“* nefs we are uncapable of difcern-
“ing perfe@tly.” He accordingly
proceeds to an Illuftration of Par-
ticulars, and from its Appearance in
the Microfcope, as well as the in-
{tant Adhefion of Worms, when
they touch but the Extremity of
an Arm, makes it highly probable
that the Arms of the Po/lyfe are
furnifhed from End to End with
Rows of little moveable Pipes, or
Suckers, as the Arms of Star-ji/b
are, which ferve to catch, and hold
its Prey, even before the Arm can
bend itfelf to encircle and fecure it

perfectly.

This Conformation is fo exaét,
and the Comparifon fo juft, that
nothing can be added to illuftrate
it, farther than an Inftance of the
fame Nature in the Calamary, Cuttle-
fh, and Pourcontrel, three Species
| of

3

14

INTRODUCTION,
of Ink-fifb, which refemble the Frefh-

water Polype even more than the
Star-fifi do, as will eafily appear to
every attentive Obferver.

An Enguiry into the particular
Structure and Mechanifm of their
Suckers, which is very remarkable,
and obferved in fomething of the
fame View as the Star-fi/b had been
taken Notice of by Mr. Baker, with-
all the Exactitude I was capable of,
infenfibly led me on to the Difcovery
of other Particulars in the Ca/amary
much more engaging, and at laft
to the Publication of them, with
Drawings, as exact as my own un-
experienced Direction could procure,
which my Readers may apply, when-
ever they find a Conformity to the
Frefh-water Polype, as they fhall
deem reafonable ; for in this, I will
not anticipate their Deductions by
any thing elfe than a fimple De-
fcription of this Sea-production ; in
the Obfervation of which, tho’ ex-
treamly common, all Authors, who
have hitherto come to my Know-
ledge, are fomething defective.

To

IN DPRODUCTION:
To thefe Obfervations I have added

fome other microfcopical Difcove-
ries, I had formerly made, which
I believe are entirely New, and may,
I hope, upon that Account prove
agreeable to the Publick, Their No-
velty and Singularity will perhaps
make fome amends for my inaccu-
rate and unexpreffive Style, which
I am fo fenfible of, that I dare make
no other Apology for my Appear-
ance in Print, than that this being the
firft Effay of a young Author, he
hopes in Confideration of that to
meet with fome Allowances from
his learned Readers, in the Perufal
of this Performance.

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Ay iN

ACCOUNT

Of Some
New Microfcopical Difcoveries.

CH AP. 1.

Of the Calamary, and its natural
Dimenpions.

eet LEE Calamary differs but
| 18@2 in few. Particulars from the
Cuttle-fifb and Pourcontrel,
MSew or Sea-Polype, and is, as
is, are, a Species of Ink-fi/h. That
white friable opake Part, common-
ly known and called the Bone
of the Cuttle-fi/b, is fupplied in the
Calamary by a thin tranfparent elaf-

tick Subftance like Tfinglats. Its

Surface, if expanded, is a long Oval,
but bent, as it is, the whole Length

of its longer Axis, and lodged im-
C mediately

Of the CALAMARY

mediately next the Inteftines between
them, and the Infide of the Back
or Cafe of the Fith, it inclofes and
fecures them within the Cavity which
it forms. ‘The Ca/amary is alfo more
oblong in its Shape ; and the Struc-
ture of that curious Part, which
forms the Tongue and Throat, ap-
pears to be very different from that
of the Cuttle-fi/b, when they are both

viewed in the Microfcope.

The Pourcontrel, or Sea-Polype,

1 have never feen ; but from the beft
Accounts, the principal Difference be-
twixt it and the Calamary, as well
as the Cuttle-fi/b, confifts in a tubi-
form xcrefence rifing up on_ its
Back, which, as Naturalifts have ob-
ferved, is flexible to either Side, and
ferves to fteer him ashe fwims a-
long. In other Particulars they fo
neatly refemble each other, that I
thought it fufficient to confine my
Obfervations to the Calamary, with
a Perfuafion, that whatever 1s.curi-
ous, and engages our Attention in
this, may be found in the other two
Species with fmall Variation.
| The

and its Dimeufions.

The Calamary has ten Horns, or
_ Arms, difpofed at equal Diftances
round a ftrong circular corrugated
Lip, inclofing the Head and its
Hawk-bill, like that of a Land-
Tortoife, ‘within which he with-
draws his Head, when he retires un-
der his Shell. The Bill of this Fith
is a horny Subftance, both Parts of
which are hooked, and clafp one with-
in another : They are fecured from
‘Diflocation by the corrugated Lip,
which contracts like a Purfe round
them, and permits only the two
Points, or fomething more to emerge.
The AGtion of the two Parts of this
Bill is from Right to Left, and the
Opening of it is not, as one would
expect, parallel, but perpendicular to
the Plane of the two Eyes, which
are on each Side of the Head at a
{mall Diftance below the Roots of
its Arms.

The Arms are not all of equal
Length ; eight of them meafure fome-
thing more than one fourth, and the
two remaining equal the whole

Length of the Fifh, The eight fhort

C2 VAT mass."

19

i

Of the CALAMARY

Arms, which gradually terminate in
a Point, and run tapering from the
Root to the Extremity, are fome-
what convex on the inner Side, ob-
verted to the Mouth, and farnifhed
with Rows of {mall moveable Suckers
from End to End, but on the out-
ward Side are ridged with two fhelv-
ing Sides: A tranreeric Section of
thefe Arms would exhibit a Triangle
with a curvilinear Bafis. ‘The two
long Arms are perfectly round from the
Root to five Sixths of their Length,
where they aflume the Shape of the
fhort Arms, furnifhed, as they are,
with Suckers, but of much larger
Dimenfions for the moft part.

Thefe Arms confift of a Subftance
fomewhat refembling that, which
form the Tendons of Land- RASS
and its conftituent Parts are fo ait:
tick, that whenever it is cut, ‘the
Extremities at the Section round
themfelves inftantly, and become con-
vex; nor does any Ichor flow upon divi-
fion either out of them, or the ear-
tilaginous Cafe, which makes up
the Body of the aes and feems to

be

and its Dimenfons. 21

be a Subftance of the fame Nature,
meafuring three Fourths of the whole
Length of the Fifh. But the precedent,
as well as fubfequent Defcriptions will
be better underftood, if Appli-
cation be made to the Drawings
I have annexed, and to which I re-
fer the Reader throughout the whole
~Courfe of this natyral Hiftory,

“ae Ve 2 ANS

GV

C3) CHAP.

( 22 )
CHAP. IL

The Number, Shape, and Methanifin
of the Suckers.

HE Mechanifm and A@tion of

the Suckers depends partly upon
their Shape, which, when they are ex-
tended, refembles ‘nearly that of an
Acorn-cup, and partly upon a deep
circular cartilaginous Ring, armed with
{mall Hooks, which is fecured in a thin
Membrane fomething tranfparent by
the Projection of a Ledge invefting its
whole Circumference about the Mid-
dle of its Depth, and not to be ex-
tracted without fome Force,

Each Sucker is fattened by a
tendinous Stem tothe Arm of the A-
nimal; which Stem, together with
Part of the Membrane that is be-
low the Circumference of the car-
tilaginous Ring, rifes into and fills
its whole Cavity, when the Ani-
mal contracts the Sucker for Aétion :
In this State whatever touches it, is
firft held by the minute Hooks,
which infinuate themfelves betwixt

the

Of the CaLtamary’s Suckers.

the Scales of its Prey, and then is
drawn up to a clofer Adhefion by
the Retraction of the Stem and in-
ferior part of the Membrane, much
in the fame Manner as a Sucker
of wet Leather fuftains the Weight
of a fmall Stone.

The Application of more than a
thoufand Suckers, which the Ani-
mal brings to bear at once by clafp-
ing (as I have feen it) the fhort
Arms one within another, and thus
encircling its Prey, effectually fecures
it from efcaping, and conquers all
its Efforts. Upon one of the fhort
Arms I have fometimes counted more
than a hundred Suckers, and at the
_ Extremity of the long Arms more
than a hundred and twenty. But
tis impoffible to determine their
Number exactly, efpecially in the
eight fhort Arms ; for they diminifh
proportionably in Size from zsth of
an Inch in Diameter to an incre-
dible Minutenefs at the tip of the
Arm, where they are numerous be-
yond any certain Eftimation.

ene The

23

2.4

Of the CALAMARY’s Suckers,

The largeft Suckers are found up-
on the long Arms, and meafure, in.
a Calamary of fixteen Inches, three
Tenths of an Inch in Diameter, and a-
bout as much in Depth, when the Ca-
vity is enlarged as far as the invefting
Membrane will permit.

The Cavity of each Sucker feems
to the Eye to open into the tendinous
Stem ; which made me at firft fuf-
pect, it might have a Communica-
tion by fome fenfible Paffage into
the Body of the Arm, and this Cem-
munication occafionally opened or
fhut by the Action of a Valve;
but I foon undeceived myfelf, by
endeavouring feveral Times all ima-
ginable Ways to force Air, after I
had divided the Stem, thro’ the fup-
pofed Paflage tono Purpofe, which
effetually excluded all Sufpicion of
any fuch fenfible Duct,

CHAP.

Tongue and Throat.

CHA B.MUE
The Tongue and Throat.

Nelofed within the Cavity of the
horny Bill, which I have defcribed
above, is a Membrane furnifhed
with nine Ranges of Teeth for the
Comminution of its Food, which
forms itfelf, by the Expanfion of the
upper and Circumvolution of the
lower Part, into a Tongue and Throat.
When wholly extended in Breadth
and Length, it is nearly a Rectangle;
but that Part, where the Membrane
is broadeft, being bent back, and in-
clined to“ about’ an Angle of <;
the two Sides at the Bend are ga-
thered, and join by a flender Li-
gament ; below which the inferior
Part, by its Circumvolution and the
fimple Contact of the Sides, forms
a Throat, which goes off tapering,
while the Expanfion of the upper
Part performs the Office of a Tongue.
When in this Form, ’tis not un-

hike a Mufhroom.,
To

45

Plate TITY.
Fig. 1.

Plate IIT.
Figs, 3.

Of the CALAMARY’S
To prepare this Object for the
Microfcope, it muft be expanded
upon a concave Obje@t-Glafs ; which

may be moft conveniently done, as

it is but minute, by infinuating in-
to the Cavity of the Throat-part a
fine Needle, by means of which
breaking thro’ the fmall Ligament,
the two Sides of it are fevered with-
out Injury, and laid open to the
beft Advantage. Then inftilling two
or three Drops of Water into the
concave Object-Glafs, wath it fuccef-
fively feveral Times, ufing at the
the fame Time the Point of your
Needle, which if gently applied from
the Tip of the Tongue downwards
in the Dire€tion of the Teeth, will
by Degrees feparate, and extract out
of its Interftices the minute flefhy
Parts : “Let this be continued, | till
it appears clear and bright to the
naked Eye. The third or even the
fifth Magnifier of the double re-
fieGting Microfcopes will then fuffice
to difcover the Beauty and Sym-
metry of its minuteft Parts.

I fhall give as exaét a Defcripti-
on of it as I can exprefs in Words,
from

Tongue and Threat.

ey

from whence I refer the Reader to Plate Ill.
the Drawing both of it, and that of pf’ qi.
the Cuttle-fi/h, which when viewed Fic. z.

in the Microfcope will be found to
differ from it confiderably in the
Shape, and Ofder of its minute
Parts,

A curious Arrangement of nine
Rows of Teeth invefts in a man-
ner the whole Expanfion on one fide
of a thin tranfparent Membrane,
to which they adhere. The Area
of this Membrane, tho’ it be fo
minute in a Calamary of the largeft
Size as not to exceed half an Inch in
Length, and one Tenth of an Inch
in Breadth, yet affords a fufficient
Space to contain without Confufi-
on five hundred and four Teeth of
feveral Shapes, each Row being
compofed of fifty fix.

By Comparifon with a {mall Por-
tion of a human Hair 4th of an Inch
in Length, which I placed upon the
Object in the Interftice between
two Rows of Teeth, the Length of
the longeft Tooth appeared in the
Micrefcope not to exceed one Thirti-

eth

Of the CALAMARY’S

eth of an Inch; and that of the
fhorteft one Tenth : Their mean Di-
ameter was nearly that of the com-

pared Hair.

They are ranged in exact Cor-
refpondence one to the other; and
the Teeth of the correfponding Rows
are perfe€tly fimilar, that in their
Meeting they may coincide together.
The two outermoft correfponding
Rows confift of blunt and pointlefs
Parts, in the Nature of Grinders ;
thofe of the two next in Order are
comparatively long, tapering, and
finely pointed at the Extremity, in
Shape not unlike a Boar’s Tusk;
the two fucceeding Rows are com-
pofed of Fangs, which go off with
a Bend, and refemble little Scythes;
the Teeth of the remaining two
project three Points, one of which
is very fhort, and the intermediate
longeft. ‘The middle Range in the
Structure of its Parts bears fome re-
femblance to the two Rows imme-
diately adjacent, differing in this on-
ly, that the two extream Points of
the three, which it protrudes in
each Tooth, are of equal Height ;

that

Tongue and Throat.

that in the Middle, as in them, ec-
merging confiderably above the other
two, and caufing in fome meafure
the Appearance of a fort of Boats
I have feen, beaked at each End,
with a fhort-pointed Mait emerg-
ing out of the Middle,

The Teeth, which inveft a Mem-
brane of the fame Nature forming
the Tongue and Throat of the
Cuttle-fifh, differ from: thofe of the
Calamary in this, that the three
middle Rows are compofed of Parts
refembling hollow Cones, the pointed
Extremities of which lie fuccetflively
each over the Root of that next
immediate to it. Every Range, of
which there are only feven in this
Animal, contain forty four Teeth ;
the Amount of the Sum total is con-
fequently Three hundred and eight.
They are fomething more minute
than thofe of the Calamary, agree-
ably tothe Expanfion of the Mem-
brane whereon they are ranged, the
Length of which is three Tenths ofan
Inch, and the Breadth one Fifth of its
Length. The Drawing I have an-
nexed contains but an exceéding {mall

Po tion

29

Plate I1T.
Fig. 4.

Plate LIT.

Fiz, %.

Of the CALAMARY’S |
Portion of the Whole; but as it ap-
peared to me fufficient to fhew the
Difference betwixt the Calamary
and Cuttle-fi/b in this Particular, I
judged the precedent Defeription
would be well enough ‘explained
by-it. |

Tt is remarkable that thefe Rows
of Teeth (an Obfervation which is
yet more fenfible in the Ca/amary)
are fo inclined in Proportion to their
feveral Diftances from the interme-
diate Range, that their Points, if
the Teeth were carried on each in
its DireGtion, would meet nearly in-
the Center of the Paflage where the
Throat opens, and is inferted into a
long narrow Gut leading to the
Animal’s Stomach, fo that the Food.
in its Defcent adheres not in the
Interftices of the Teeth, but receives
during its Comminution a continual
Direction, which infenfibly difen-
gages and conducts it to the Aper-
ture thro’ which it is defigned to
pais.

The Drawing exhibits no more
than twenty four Teeth in each Row,
whereas

Tongue and Throat.

whereas in reality, as I have ob-
ferved before, there are fifty fix in
each Range of the Object ; but the
Sufficiency of thefe for the Con-
veyance of a juft Idea, together
with the Difficulty of giving the
whole Number in their feveral de-
creafing Proportions with Exactitude,
determined me to confine the Fi-
gure to twenty four.

I was affured moreover by an
ingenious Perfon of my Acquaint-
ance, well verfed in the Art of
Drawing, who took the Object, as
it lay, from the Microfcope, that it
was impoffible to draw the whole
Number of Teeth in their exact
natural Proportions according to their
real Decreafe, which defcends by an
almoft imperceptible Gradation from
each Tooth to the next adjacent,
tho’ diftindtly vifible, if diftant Teeth
be compared together: The Largeft
are. found inthe Cavity...of the
Throat- part.

I obferved before, that the Throat
js inferted inte a long narrow ftrait
Gut, which opens into the Stomach

Cc
of

gr

Of the CALAMARY’S

of the Animal: In the Aperture of
the Throat, near this Infertion, I once
found a {mall Quantity of commi-
nuted Food, at the fame Time that
the Contents of the Stomach feemed
half digefted.

This Circumftance, together with
the Apparatus of the Tongue and
Throat, inclines me to think, that
this Animal may for the better
Comminution of its Food, have an
Action fomething analogous to the
Chewing of the Cud in fome Land-
animals, But this isa Surmife, which
cannot be depended upon, till more
Obfervations concur to confirm it.

CHAP.

Body and Intefiines.

OTA PR. . AVs
The Body and Inteflines.

fed HE Body of this Fih is a cartila-
ginous Cafe, furnifhed with two
Fins, within which the Inteftines are
- inclofed, adhering to the upper Part of
it, between a fine tranfparent Mem-
branein the Nature of a Mefentery,and
that rigid, thin, tranfparent Cartilage
refembling Ifinglafs, defcribed in
the firft Chapter. The Reprefenta-
tion of the Reverfe of the Animal,
with its Cafe ripped open and ex-
panded, will convey a better Idea of
what I would exprefs, than I can

poflibly do in Words.

Immediately below the Head,
(which appears of an oval Shape,

when extracted out of the corrugated |

Lip, that inclofes it and its whole
Apparatus) 1s a Duct or Channel,
open like a Tunnel at both Extre-
mities for the Conveyance of the
black Liquor, with which tne Cala-
mary difcolours the Water, in a View
I believe of preventing its Prey from

D eicaping,

33

Plate IT,

K. K.

lu

late IT,
y eae bm

Plate il,

Plate ITT,

£71g. 5.

34

Plate II.
B. B.

Plate II. 4.

Of the CALAMARY’S
efcaping, and not of avoiding any
Enemies it may have of its own,
as has been generally fuppofed : For
by the Remainder of the Food
found in its Stomach; it 1s very
clear, that this Fifh preys. among
other Animals upon Pilchards and

Sprats, incredible Quantities of which
are taken in. the fame Nets,
with Calamaries and Cuttle-fifh in
great Abundance, upon the fhallow
Shoars near the Mouth of the Tagus,
whither it is probable they fly for
Refuge from their Purfuit.

This Dué is fupported, and the
Sides of it kept afunder by two pa-
rallel cylindrical Cartilages extend-
ing confiderably below it, between
which is lodged the Veficle contain-
ing the black Liquor, fo that xs
Aperture protrudes itfelf into that
of the open Duct, which I have
jaft defcribed. As to what relates
to its Contents, I could obferve no

more, than that when it is expofed

to the open Air, either by. forcing
it out of the containing Veffel, or
even extracting the Veflel itfelf out
of the Body of the Fifth, it foon

. condenfes

Body and Inteftines.
condenfes into a hard brittle Sub-

flance refembling Charcoal, and to
be diffolved at Pleafure by Water.

At the Root of this Veffel, exa-
mining fome Calamaries about the
middle,of December, 1 obferved for the
firft Time two oval Spots about one
fourth of an Inch in Diameter, which
feemed to be Membranes replete
with a glutinous Subftance contain-
ing the Animal’s Spawn: ‘This Spawn
appeared to the naked Eye to be
{mall round Specks of a fine crimfon
Colour, but, when viewed in the
Microfcope, differed very much from
each other both in Size and Shape,
a Particular not as yet obferved, I
believe, in the Spawn of other Fith,
the Ova of which are perfectly fimi-
dar. ‘They were all Oblong, but
fome of them were more than three
Times the Length of others, and
feemed. to project at one of their
Extremities a Confufion of Radi, or
the firft Lineaments of Arms, as if
they tended to affume the Shape of
the Parent Calamary : The Appear-
ance however was fo indiftingt, that

D2 | it

oS)

eats

Plate IT.
Buk,

Of the CALAMARY’S

it afforded no manner of Affurance
in that Particular,

In a Female Calamary, which I
have fince obferved, the two oval

Membranes were much increafed in

Diameter, and fo much extended
upwards towards the opening of the
Du, which carries off the black Li-.
quor, that more than two thirds of
their Length adhered to the Ink-
Bag : Poffibly they may in procefs
of Time advance yet much higher,
before the Spawn is fit to be de-

pofited. But Time and more Ex-

perience muft determine this Par-
ticular.

. To return to the Object which I
have now before me, and from whence —
the Drawing was taken: Over the
left Cartilage, which ferves to fup-
port and diftend the Duct defigned
for the Conveyance of its black Li-
quor, appeared two hollow tubular
Veffels, which were intimately united,
and cohered together, tho’ their Ca-
vities were diftin@ly feparate: Of
what Ulfe they may be, unlefs they
ferve for ejecting the Spawn, when
it

Body and Inteftines.

it becomes fit for Depofition, I can-
not well tell: All that I know for
certain, is, that two Vefiels of the
fame Nature and Situation in the
Male, ferve for the Conveyance of
the Milt-Vefiels out of the Milt-
Bag.

On each Side, moftly below the
two Cartilages, was an Expanfion of
Veffels intermixed and diffeminated
throughout a fat oily Subftance, which
appearing Black, and replete with
a dark opake Matter, made me fuf-
pect they were the Veflels in which
the Ink of the Animal was formed.
But this is only Conjecture.

Between thefe two Expanfions ts

a Layer of whitifh Fat covering the
Animal’s Stomach, which is an oval
- Sacculus, confifting of a tranfparent
Membrane like 2 Bladder, two Inches
in Length, and one in Breadth,
and forms itfelf at the upper Ex-
tremity into a long narrow Gut,
one Tenth of an Inch Broad, run-
ning up to the Head of the Ani-
mal, where the Throat is inferted
into it, Within it is included an-
ee other

37

Plate IT.

G, G,

Plate IL. H,

38

Plate IT. 9..

Of the CALAMARY’S
other Gut, which in the Micro-
{cope appears to be compofed of
longitudinal Fibres, capable of fo
confiderable a Dilatation, as well as
Extention, that after having drawn
it out to more than double its na-
tural Length, its Diameter then not
exceeding that of a Hair, I have
cut off a {mall Portion, and placing
it in a Drop of Water, have with
two pointed Infiruments dilated -i1t
to ten times the Diameter of a

Hair: It opens not into the Stomach,

but is inferted into the Side of the
outward inclofing Gut, about four
Sixths of its Depth, runs upward to
the Animal’s Throat, doubles and -
adheres to the Root of its Beal,
faftens itfelf by almoft impercepti-
ble Ligaments to that Part, which
forms the Tongue and Throat, a-
bout the Middle of it, and goes off
into the Body.

Laftly, a thin tranfparent Mem-
brane covers the lower Part, and
joins the Extremity of the Cafe,
under which is contained a Blad-
der of clear limpid Water, but
of what ufe it may be I cannot tell.

| CHAP,

Milt-Vefels, their Apparatus, Kc.

fo Peel 7 Vi.

The Milt-Veffels in the Male, with
their Apparatus, as they appear
in the Microfcope.

PoE firftt Appearance I had of
the Milt, or any Tendency to-
wards the don of the Milt-
Veflels, was about the Middle of
December ; before that Time I had
examined and. diffeCted feveral Ca-
lamaries, without the leaft Indicati-
on of Milt or Roe in either Male
or Female, tho’ I had difcovered the
two Channels, thro’ which the Milt-
_ Veffels are ejected, fome time before :
But as they had no other Appear-
ance at that Time, than that of two
collateral Tubes open at one Ex-
tremity, much refembling the Fe-
male Parts of Generation in a Snail,
and did not terminate in a long oval
Bag extending in a Parallel with
the Stomach more than half the
Length of the Fifh, as I found them
_afterwards, when the Milt-Veffels,
that filled the whole Cavity, were
ripe for Ejection ; ; I could fren form
D

+ eal no

39

“

Of the CALAMARY’S
no Opinion concerning their Ufe,
more particularly fo, fince the fame
Ducts without the Ovai-Bag are

found in the Female, perhaps for

the Depofition of the Spawn.

It is remarkable, that the Bag
and Miult-Veffels form themfelves
gradually; that unfolding, as thefe
frame and range themfelves in Bundles
fo artificially difpofed, tho’ in diffe-
rent Directions, for their fucceffive
Fyection, .a§ they’ We. nearer "ae
Channels, that an ordinary Preffure
will not derange and blend them
together.

As the Subject which I have bee
fore me had been a Matter of Ex-
amination to me fome Months be-
fore any Signs of Milt appeared, I
was much furprifed to find a new
Vefiel forming itfelf in an obvious
Part, and replete with a Milky Juice :
I thought it ftrange, that in fuch

.a Number of Calamaries, I had

diffected, in cafe their Manner of
Propagation refembled that of other
Fifth, not one Male fhould be found ;
yet this had been my Conclufion,

Mi

Milt-Veffels, their Apparatus, &c.

if in the: Courfe of my Obfervation
a regular Progrefs in the Expanfion
of the Milt-Bag, and Formation of
the Milt-Veffels, had not prefented
itfelf,

Before the Milt-Veffels are per-
feétly formed, the Semen is diffufed
at large in that Part of the Bag
which has already expanded itfelf,
and nothing is to be diftinguithed
in it even with the greateft Mag-
nifier, but {mall opake Globules
{wimming in a fort of ferous -Mat-
ter without any Signs of Life. When
I firft made this Difcovery, I little
furmifed, that a new Apparatus was
forming itfelf for the Reception of
the Semen, and therefore was much
furprifed to find fcattered up and
down in feveral Parts of it {fpiral,
elaftick Springs inclofed in a tranf-
parent cartilaginous Tube, nor could
i then imagine their Ufe,

The fpiral Springs, with their in-
clofing Cafe, feemed then as com-
pleat as they ever appeared to me
afterwards, with this Difference on-
ly, that as in procefs of Time, when
| the

At

Of the CALAMARY’S

the Milt-Veffels are perfeCtly form-
ed, the Spires by their near Ap-
proach to each other caufe the Re-
femblance of a Screw, they were now
much more loofe, and appeared like
a Wire fpirally twifted : This there-
fore is the. firft Part of the Mili-
Veffel, that forms itfelf; for as yet,
even the firft Lineaments of the o-
ther Parts were not difcoverable,

tn a Male-Calamary, which I ex- —
amined fome time afterwards, the
Milt-Veffels were almoft Compleat ;
the f{piral Spring was Perfect, and
acted, as a Counter to the inferior
Part in its full Force; but upon
account of fome other Deficiencies,
the Milt-Veffels being unripe for
Adtion, did not operate in the Man-
‘ner they are defigned to do, when
the whole Apparatus is Compleat ;
for their whole Action terminated
conftantly in breaking their Screw
at that Extremity, where it joins
the Sucker, which yet by accident
they fometimes do, when they appear
in all other Refpects to be as en-
tirely finifhed, as thofe are, in which
‘the Sucker is extracted out of the
| Cup

Milt-Veffels, their Apparatus, Se.

Cup or Barrel at the Clofe of their
Operation.

In the Milt-Veffels of this Ca/z-
mary, at the Bottom of the exterior
inclofing Cafe, I plai y difcovered
a Valve, which opening Outwards,
and Tra’ which I feveral Times
forced with an eafy Preflure one
Moiety of the Apparatus, as far as
the Cup or Barrel, the inferior Part
of it at the fame Time emitting
the Semen thro’ another Valve: ’Tis
thro’ thefe Valves, that I imagine
the Semen is drawn into, and im-
bibed by the interior fpongy Sub-
f{tance, from whence it is afterwards
exprefled by the Action of this little
microfcopical’ Machine : For in this
Calamary the Semen was not diffufed
at Large, as in the Firft, but had
been all abforbed by the Multitude
of Milt-Veffels which were already
formed, and micht amount in Num-
ber to feyeral Hundreds,

In a third Calamary, which was
the Largeft I had ever feen in the
Courfe of this Enquiry, upon Diffec-
tion the Milt-Veffels appeared in the

Microfcope

43

44 “Of the CALAMARY’S

Microfcope to be compleatly formed,
and were fo ripe for Action, that
feveral exerted themfelves, before I
could place them upon my Object-
Plate: The Drawings of Plate III.

Plate ttt, Lee, Oy 18. ie, eee ee

Fie. 4.6. fOIn "thelek to Wit 1 | eee eee

7. 8&9 Peader in the Perufal of the fub-
fequent Defcription.

The outward tranfparent Cafe is
Cartilaginous and Elaftick: Its up-
per Extremity is gathered into a
round Head, which is in Reality
nothing more than the Top of the
Cafe involuted into itfelf, and by
that Means clofing the Orifice, thro’
which the interior Apparatus fprings
in’ the Time of Action.

Within this is contained a tranf-
parent Tube, claftick, as it appears
from the Phenomena, in all Di-
rections, and forcing its Way where-
ever it finds a Paflage, which tho’
the Continuation of it is not equally —
fenfible in all Parts, may be eafily
difcovered in a Courfe of Experi-
ments to inveft the Screw, Sucker,
Barrel, and that fpongy Subftance,
: which

Mili-Veffels, their Apparatus, &e.
which. imbibes’ the Semen, | The
Screw is inferted in the upper Part
of it, and throws out of the Head
of it two flender Ligaments, which
faften it with the whole annexed
Apparatus to the Top of the out-
ward Cafe; the Sucker, and Barrel

4S

or Cup, are lodged in the Middle.

of the Tube, and the fpongy Sub-
ftance containing the Semen diftends
‘the lower Part, all which will. be
better underitood by a fimple View
of the Drawings.

I fhall now proceed to the feveral
Phenomena, that appear’d in the
Aétion of this minute Machine, which
to me at leaft feemed fo furprifing
and inexphicable, that I think my-
— felf oblige’to premife, that I am in no
wife anfwerable for any feeming con-
tradictory Confequences, which may
poffibly be drawn from Matters of
Fact I don’t pretend to account for :
All I can affure the Publick of, is,
that they are litterally true juit as
they are related, and were feen by
feveral Perfons, as well as miyfelf.
The Objects I have now by me pre-
ferved in Spirits of Wine, whicn

tho’

Plate UT.
Fig. A, 6.
&C.

46

Of the Phenomena in

tho’ they retain’d their AGtivity for

more than twenty Days after they
were taken out of the Body of the
Fifth, and’ immerfed in Spirits, with-
out any fenfible Dimiution, yet
now have in a Manner totally loft
it, tho’ they remain to all Appear-
ance in the Microfcope perfectly the
fame. “If therefore any of my
Readers: defire to verifie the Facts
I have mentioned, they muft apply
in the Seafon for frefh Objetts, and
do their utmoft to procure the Milt-
Vefiels when perfectly ripe for Acti-
on; for thefe only will anfwer to all
the Phenomena I have taken No-
tice of, tho’ the lefs Mature will
fuffice for moft of them.

CHAP.

the CALAMARY’S Milt-Veffels.

CHAP, VI.

The Phenomena that appeared in
the Action of the Milt-Veffels
upon feveral repeated Experi-
ments.

Ti Snead many of the Milt-Veffels,
| when they .are ripe for Action,
and difengaged from that glutinous
Matter which furrounds them while
they are in the Milt-Bag, will act
imediately in the open Air, for which
perhaps the flighteft Preffure during
Extraction may be fufficient, yet
the Generality of them will not only
bear a Tranflation to the Object-
Plate, and lie quiet for Obfervation,
but alfo require a Drop of Water
-to moiften the upper Extremity of
the inclofing Cafe, before they be-
gin to Operate.

Upon Application of this, the
Extremity begins to evolute, and
unfold itfelf, and the two flender
Ligaments, which emerge out of the
Cafe, turn and twift themfelves in
various Directions: At the fame Time
the Screw moves upwards with a flow

Motion,

47

Plate ITT.
Fig. A. 8.

Of the Phenomena in

Motion, the Spires at the Top ga-
thering clofe together, and actin

againft the Head of the Cafe, while

thofe at the Bottom advance pro-
portionably, and feem to be conti-
nually fucceeded by others out of
the Head of the Pifton ; which Suc-
ceffion I believe to be apparent
only, and not real, the Appearance
being owing to the Nature of the
Motion in the Screw: In the In-
terim the Sucker, and Cup or Bar-—
rel, move gently on in the fame
Direction ; and the inferior Part of
the Apparatus, which contains the

Semen, extends itfelf in Length pro-

portionably, with a Motion at the
fame ‘Time upwards, which may be
perceived by an increafe of the Va-
cuity at the Bottom of the Cafe.
Soon after. this the Top of the Screw,
with its inclofing Tube, appears out
of the Head of the, Cafe,iiana as
it is there faftened by its. Liga-
ments begins to bend: The Mo-.

tion of the whole continues thus

flow and gradual, till the. -Screw,
Sucker, and Cup have forced their |
Way, and emerged totally, when at
that Inflant the Remainder of the
) Apparatus

the CALAMARY’s Milt-Veffels.

Apparatus fprings out at once, the
Sucker feparates from the Cup, the
feeming Ligament below the Cup
{wells out to the Diameter of the infe-
rior Part ;the inferior Part, tho’ diftend-
ed confiderably in Breadth more than
it had been in the Cafe,’ extends
itfelf to five times its original Leneth ;
two Knots, between which the Tube
contracts itfelf in Diameter, form
themfelves, each at about the Diftance
of one Third of the Whole from
both Extremities, and the Semen
flows out of the Cup, confifting of
fmall opake Globules fwimming in
a fort of ferous Matter, juft in the
fame Form, and without any Ap-
pearance of Life, as I had feen it
before, when diffufed at large in the
Milt-Bag. Its Appearance after the
Operation you have in Plate III.
Fig. A, 8. in which it is to be ob-
ferved, that the fringed’ Edges be-
tween the two Knots appear upon
Examination to be nothing more
than the interior fpongy Subftance
broke and disjoined at almoft equal
Dittances, as will be clear from the
fubfequent Phenomena.

, 13) Some-

a9

Plate TIT.
Fig, A. &.

59°
Plate ITI. .
Fig. A. 9,

Of the Phenomena in.
Sometimes the Screw together. with
the Tube breaks juft above . the
Sucker, and the Sucker, remains in.

the Cup, of which I have alfo given

a Drawing: In that Cafe the in-.
vetting Tube clofes inftantly at the. .
Extremity of the Screw, as far as
it will permit, and contracts itfelf
nearly in a Cone, which plainly in-.
dicates its great Elafticity in this, as
its Conformation to. the Shape of the.
inclofed Subftance upon. the leaft..
Change does in every other Part.

At firft View an Obferver would
be inclined to think, that the Action.
of the whole Machine is to be de-..

rived from the Spring of the fpi-.

ral Screw; but the following Ex- .
periments, which I tried with a
View of fatisfying myfelf in that
Particular, not only evince the Falf-
hood of that Suppofition, by demon-
{trating that the Screw can at moft act
but as a Counter to a Force en-
tirely latent, but afford a Train of
Phenomena fo. furprifing, that. they
totally filenced all the Hypothefes
I was capable of forming. The

E'xperi-

the CALAMARY’s Milt-Veffels.

Experiments were tried upon Milt-
Veffels, which ‘tho’ not fufficiently
mature for the Ejection of the Sucker,
Dilatation of the feeming Ligament
below the Cup, and the Exprefhon
of the Semen, had already attained
the full Force requifite for the Ex-
ertion of the interior Apparatus out
of the inclofing Cafe ; thus they
compleatly anfwered my prefent Pur-
pofe, as well as the moft mature
could, and remedied the Misfortune
I had of lofing the only Parcel of
mature Miult-Veffels I have found
in the Courfe of my Enguiry, which
I had laid by for farther Obferva-
tion, Thefe I diftinguith from the
mature Milt-Vefiels by annexing to
each of them in the Drawing the
Letter B, the firft Figure of which
reprefents the ultimate Termination
of the whole Action upon the fimple
Application of Water to the Head
of the inclofing Cafe.

Si

Plate III.
Fig.B. 10.
Plate [V.
Fig. Bol,
Zan 35.

Plate ITT.
Fig. B. io, |

If the Mult-Veffel be divided pyre ry.
juft below the Cup, that Part which Fig. 4. 2.

contains the Semen extends itfelf in-
{tantly ; and tho’ a Part only, and
not the Whole of it fprings out at

ED 2 the

ba

Plate IV.
Fig. u. B;

Plate IV.
Fig. 6. B.

Of the Phanomena in

the Opening, as it does when not
fevered from the reft of the Appa-
ratus, yet upon Application of Water
it works itfelf out by Degrees with a
flow Motion, and emerges almoit
entirely out of its Cafe. |

If the lower Extremity of the
outward Cafe be cut off, it diftends
the feeming Ligament below the
Cup to an inconceivable Tenuity,
breaks it without deranging the Screw,
or caufing any Alteration in the
fupetior Part of the Apparatus, and.
goes out at the Opening.

In one of thefe Experiments, the
feeming Ligament breaking after
Diftenfion, ftruck with fuch Smart-
nefs the Side of the inclofing Cafe,
that, tho’ cartilaginous, its Extré-
mity forced its Way thro” by its Elaf-
ticity, and retired twifting itfelf again
into the Cafe; which can be account-

- ed for no other Way, than by fup-

‘pofing it extreamly elaftick, and its:

Force upon this Occafion fomething
analogous to that of a Silken Thread,
which if faddenly emitted after Dif-
tenfion with a certain Direction that

he

the CALAMARY’s Milt-Veffels.

it receives froma peculiar Slight of
Hand, will open itfelf a Paffage thro’
a Sheet of ftrong Paper. |

If the Milt-Veffel be divided both
above and below the Semen, it e-
merges at the two Extremities, by
extending itfelf in both Directions,
which being contrary to each other, de-
tain it in the Cafe with this additional
Effect, that it renders the inclofing
Tube confpicuous, by fevering afunder
at fome of its Divifions the fpongy
Subftance which contains the Semen.
I mean by Divifions the Rings through-
out its whole Length, refembling
thofe of a Worm, tho’ not fo regu-
dar, as they appear thro’ the greateft
‘Magnifier of the common double re-
flecting Microfcopes ; ‘yet with the
third Magnifier, from which thefe
Drawings were taken, they are feen
as exhibited in the Figures, like a
Fringe invefting the Edges. I have

fometimes upon this Occafion counted

_ no lefs than nine Separations, tho’

no more than four appear in the
Drawing, for in this Particular there
is no determinate Regularity.

E

3

53

Plate LV.
Fig. Oi

54
Plate IV.
Fig. 3. B.

Of the Phenomena in
Jf the leaft Orifice be opened with
a Lancet in the Side of. the out-

_ ward Cafe, it inftantly conforms itfelf,

to it, and comes cut double.

Tis obfervable alfo, that the Screw
upon Separation ceafes im every re-
{pect to operate, and lofes irrecove-
rably its Activity ; which is an evi-
dent Proof, that the whole Force of
the Milt-Veflel is to be derived
from the Action of the inferior
Part. .

The Application of Water is for
the moft part neceflary, and yet the
Milt-Veffels will eften ad& without
it: Spirits of Wine will alfo fuffice,
tho’ the Effcét is confiderably flower,
and the Spring, with which the in-
ferior Part at the clofe of the Oper-
ation, when regular, fuddenly ftarts
out, is totally impeded; but this 1s
to be underftood of a fingle Milt-
Veffel placed upon the Object-Plate ;
for when the whole Bag is immerf-
ed in Spirits, even fo that the Liquid
has free accefs to the whole Colleéti-
on, it caufes no other Alteration,

| than

the CALAMARY’s Mit}t-Veffels.

than that the inferior Part is fome-
what extended in Length, and re-
cedes fome Jittle from the Bottom
of the outward Cafe. — Oil has no
manner of Effect in any refpect
whatfoever, tho’ more lubricating
than any osher igi

Upon fumming up thefe feveral
Phenomena, and comparing them
together, it occurred to me to ex-
amine, what could be the Reafon
why the inferior Part acted upon
the Cup, Sucker, and Screw in its
regular Operation, without bending
the feeming Ligament between it and
the Cup, and filling up the intermedi-
_ ate Vacuity ; as alfo, why the fame
Part, which upon opening the leatt
Paflige forces itfelf through in any
Direction, fhould leave an empty Space
at the Bottom of the outward Cate.
With this View, I put feveral Milt-
Veflels fucceflively into the fmalleft
Receiver of an Air-Pump, and ex-
tracted the Air with the utmoft
Care ; for I had concluded certainly,
that a Body of condenfed Air was
lodged in each Vacuity, when to

4 my

55

56

Of the Phenomena in

my great Surprize, it had no Man-
er of Effect upon them ; the Mi-
crofcope exhibited them, after they
were taken out of the Air-Pump,
unaitered, and all of them acted
upon the Application of one with
the fame undiminifhed Force, as
the reft of them had done ert

To.conclude, if I] had ever feen
the fuppofed Animalcules in the
Semen of any living Creature, I
could perhaps be able to determine
with jome Certainty, whether they
were really living Creatures, or might
pofibly be nothing more than im-
pti lefS. Machines analogous to
thefe Milt-Vefiels, which may be
only in Large, what thofe are in
Miniature. For by Mr. Lewenbeeck’s
Calculation of the Number and Size
of the Animalcules in the Semen
of a Cod-fi/o, one Million of them
would {carce equal one of thefe Milt-
Vefiels, confequently where Twenty
five of thefe would appear at one
View in the Area of a Microfcope,

Nineteen Million, Six hundred, and

Twenty five thoufand would appear
of

ae

the CALAMARY’s Milt. Veffels.
of thofe. Now in the Hypothefis,
that what has been hitherto taken
for Animalcules are only Machines,
exerting taemfelves, as they do at
different Times, in different Cir-

-cumftances, as the feveral Obftacles

which impede their Action are re-
moved, let us fuppofe, that Ten
thoufand of them, which 1s an Ob-
ject of fufficient Confideration in fo
much Confufion to induce us to
pronounce the whole Alive, act and
exert themfelves together, and that
the Operation is not finifhed, as in
the Milt-Veflels of the Ca/amary, in
lefs than the Space of thirty Seconds,
or thereabouts; I fay, if we fuppofe
all this, as there is a continued Suc-
ceffion, the whole Scene of Action
will not be finifhed under fixteen
Hours, and the fuppofed Animal-
cules will appear to die fucceffively,
as they have been obferved to do
in. lefs Time than the Space affign-

‘ed, when the fame Portion of Se-

men has been under Infpe&tion for
a long Time. If this is not the
Cafe, ’tis hard to fay, why — living
Animalcules fhould not be found in

the

ne

Of the Phenomena in

the Milt of this Fith, as well as the
Semen of other Animals, which yet
never appeared even upon the im-
mediate Examination of Milt-Vefiels,
which had been taken out of the
Body of the Fifth while alive.

If we add to this, that thefe Milt-
Vefiels, when left in the Body of

the Fifth, and not expofed to the

Air, will retain their Activity for
fome Days after it is dead, which
they inftantly exert upon the Appli-
cation of Water with the fame
Force, and that fomething is requi-
fite in the Nature of a Menftruum,
or otherwife for the Remeval of
Obftacles, which impede their Action ©
at all Times, the Comparifon will
appear yet more juft to thofe, who
may hereafter obferve in the Mi-
crofcope their various Twiftings,
Turnings, Dilatations, Extenfions,
Motions, in fine, in every Direction,
during the’ Time of Operation. But,
as I have already premifed, I own
myfelf no competent Judge in this
Particular, and confequently propofe
it only by way of Queftion to be

refolved

¥

the CALAMARY’s Milt-Veffels.

refolved by Numbers of the Curi-
ous, who being more familiar with
the Microfcope than I am, are
better able to draw Confequences
from Obfervation with fome De-
gree of Certainty in this Particu-
lar,

59

60

&

Of the Farina Faecundans

CHAP. VIL.

The Farina Fecundans of VEGr-
TABLES. |

HAT I have advanced in

the precedent Chapter con-
cerning the Analogy between the
Milt-Veffels of the Calamary, and
the fuppofed Animalcules in Semine
Majfculino, will, I believe, appear to
be fomething more than a mere Sur-
mife, or bare, Patibuity ae... Wir.
Lewenboeck’s Obfervations of the
(a2) Difruption, or Unfolding of

(a) “ Aliis in locis, ubi fatis multa animalcula fibi
«© mutuo adjacebant, multa apparebant animalcula
{pheram pellucidam reprefentantia, quorum fin-
gula quafi cin¢ta jacebant materia quadam or-
biculari, non aliter quam fi imaginaremur {pheram
illam pellucidam animalculo fuiffe inclufam,
«© animalculum vero cinctum fuiffe materia quadam
aquea vifcofa, eamque materiam iterum cintam
fuiffe membrana ; & membrana illa difrupta, tum
demum particulam {phericam, materiamque eam
‘* cingentem apparuiffe.”” Lewenhceck, Ep. 137.

cé

- data ad Reg. Soc. Tom. 3. pag. 309. ed. Lat.

Lugd. Batav. de animalculis in femine Afelli ma-
joris.

fome,

of VEGETABLES,

fome, the (6) Change of Shape in

others upon their feeming Death,
and the utmoft Extent of the pro-
greffive Motion of each Animalcule,
which exceeds not the (¢} Diameter of
a Hair, be confidered attentively, with
all the Confequences that may be
drawn from them; particularly, if
we add that thefe Alterations mut
be owing to fome interior Change
depending.upon a hidden Mechanifm,
and not to their extream Tender-
nefs, as Mr. Lewenboeck imagines ;

fince

«‘ Particulas has oviformes exiftimavi animal-
«* cula efle difrupta, quod particule he difrupte
“« quadruplo fere viderentur majores corporibus
‘¢ animalculorum vivorum,’’ Ibid. idem de iifdem
animalculis.
~ (6) “© Corpus horum ultimorum animalculorum
‘«‘ fepils figura mutari animadverti, prefertim
«‘ evaporata humida materia, in qua eadem ani-
«© malia vivunt, & natant.’? Idem de animalculis
in femine Canis. Tom. 3. pag. 160.

«s Ex tot millibus animalculorum, que Ari-
« etum tefticulis exempta, a fe invicem {fepara-
«* vi, ac quorum pleraque etiamnum apud me
<* fant, nullum cernere licuit, quod difruptum
<« fuerit ; vertm fepils comperi eorum corpora,
<¢ dum fuccus exhalaretur, plana reddi.”” idem.
Tom. 3. pag. 309.

(c) «* Hicce progreffus non majus habebat {patium,
** quam quod capilli diametrum equaret.”’ we

€6 on.

oF

62

Of the Farina Faecundans
fince the Inftance he gives of their
(d) fabffting upon his Obje@-Glafs
five entire Months, i imports the exterior —
Cafe at leaft to be very durable,
perhaps cartilaginous like that of the
Milt-Vetlel of the Calamary.

In effet, if my Conjecture prove
agreeable to Truth, which in pro-
cefs of Time more exaét Obferva-
tions may determine, the Analogy
between the Vegetable and Animal
World in this Particular will appear
to be ftill greater than has been
hitherto imagined, as the Nature of
the Farina fcecundans, and its Ac-
tion upon the Application of Water,
not unlike that of the Miult-Veffels
mentioned above, imply fomething
of a fimilar Mechanifm within the
Globules contrived for the fame
Purpote,

«< (2) Non raro accidit, ut animalculorum ex
¢ Arietum femine mafculino (que per quinque con-
‘¢ tinvos menfes vitro impoiita jacuerant, atque
nh microfcopiis ey) ) corpora exiguo pent-
«¢ cillo in agua pluvia madefatto, quam leniflime
““ reciproco motu fricarem, “&c.” Fp. 137. ad

Reg. Soc. Tom. 3, pag. 305.
| This

of VEGETABLES.” |

This curious Particular of Natu-
ral Hiftory, which I difcovered fome
time ago, may, I doubt not, be much
more illuftrated in Time, particular-
ly, if the Farina foecundans of any
one Vegetable fhould offer itfelf,
which being as large, or near as
large in Proportion to that com-
monly found upon Plants, and hi-
therto obferved, as the Milt-Vefiels
of the Calamary are to the Animal-
cules in Semine, might afford us
Obfervations much more exact con-
cerning the Nature of it, and let
us into Secrets attainable at prefent
by Conjecture only in Bodies fo very
diminutive, as thefe Globules ufually
are, | |

At firft, Naturalifts were divided
about the Ufe of this Farina, or Duft
found upon the Stamina of Flowers.
Mr. Tournefort took thefe Stamina
to be no more than a kind of ex-
cretory Ducts, and the Farina an
Excrement of the Food of the Fruit,
or Embryo-Plant, difcharged by Fil-

tration. But Mr. Morland, Mr. Geof- -

froy, and others found a nobler Ufe
for it, and were of an Opinion, which

appears

635

4

falling on the Piftil, impregnates |

Of ihe Farina Facundans
appears to be the moft agreeable to |
Truth, that it is this Dutt, which: |

and fecundifies the Grain, or Fruit |
inclofed therem; and hence it 1s
called the Farina feecundans,

‘The Univerfality of this Farina foe- 4
cundans, no Flowers being to be found ”
without it ; the Care with which it is '
lodged in Capfule at the Head of |
the Stamina round the Piftil ; the’ 4
regular Uniformity in the Shape of |
every Globule of the fame Species 5 4
the Nicety with which the Apices |
or Capfule are fufpended upon the J
Stamina, fo as to be.moveable with |
every Breeze of Wind ; the Obfer- J
vations of Country Farmers, who ]
have ever experienced, that nothing 4
*s more detrimental to their Crops 4
than Rain, when the Corn and Trees ~
are in Flower; the Refult of feve-/
ral Experiments, and Confequence )
of cutting off the Piftils before the
Seed had been impregnated ; the
Length of this Piftil, which in Plants
chat bear their Flower erect is fhortet —
‘than the Stamina, in others longer ; 7
its Difpofition, infine, Rows of Pa-
3 pilla, ©

of VEGETABLES. 65
pille at the Head, each with an
Aperture proportioned to the Size of
the Globules of Farina; its Canals,
€c. appropriated in the exacteft and
niceft Manner for conveying the im-
pregnating Subftance of the Farina
to the Uterus, or Ovary, together
with the microfcopical Obfervations
of the Embryo-Seed before and after
Impregnation, all concur to place
this Sentiment in fo ftrong a Light,
and exprefs the {trict Analogy, that
admirable Uniformity, which Nature
feems to affect in the Means it makes
ufe of to attain fimilar Ends, that
few Syftems carry with them more
feeming Characterifticks of Truth,

To illuftrate therefore this whole
Syftem, asfar as I imagine my pre-
fent Difcoveries have carried it, I
have chofen the common Lily, and
annexed Drawings firft of the whole
Apparatus contained in the Calix, Plate V.
whereby the Stamina with their A- /8-1-
pices, Uterus, Piftil, €9c. are exhi-
bited, juft as they were copied from
Nature without ‘the Help of the
Microfcope; next of one of thePapille, p... a
containing a Globule of Farina. as it Fig. 2.
E appeared

Pp!
hs

—

ate V.

Ysa ara Pa

3°10

Of the Farina Fecundans
appeared to me thro’ the third Mag-

nifier of the common double refleé-
ing Microfcopes; and thirdly, a tranf-
verfe Section of the Uterus from
the fame. The Head of this Piftil
is compofed of three Lobes, each of
which being excavated on the Outfide
to an obtufe Angle, meet with their
feveral Angles in the Center, and
thus perfetly clofe coinciding in e-
very Point... The, Labia. of. aiiete
Lobes are invefted to fome Depth
with Papille, fuch as Plate V. Fog.
2. exhibits, and this not only on
the Outfide, but on the Infide alfo,
as appears by the Head of the Piftil,
Plate V. Fag. 1. where one of the
Lobes is thrown open, and feparated
from the other two, to fhew the
Difpofition of the Papille on the
Infide.

The Body of the Piftil is alfo
divided into three Parts, united by
the exterior Membrane which in-
vefts the Whole. This Divifion
is a Continuation of that fame Se-
paration, which diftinguifhes the
Head of the Piftil into its three
Lobes, with this Difference only,
! | eee

of VEGETABLES.

that by an infenfible Decreafe of the
Excavations without, and the Angles
within, the Piftil becomes gradually
round on the outfide, and leaves a
triangular Void geaithin: fome little
Way below the Head. Each of
_ thefe Parts is a Groupe of longi-
tudinal Tubes, of which the Papille,
as being the Heads of them, are
an Expanfion, and may be traced
throughout the whole Length of the
Piftil by means of the Microfcope,
in which a tranfverfe Se€tion of it
in any Part appears as if perforat-
ed with innumerable Holes. Thefe
longitudinal Tubes are fo concentred
in the Medulla of the Uterus (which
is a Subftance much more denfe
than the Placenta, and fituated in
the Middle of it) that each Grain
or Seed may be impregnated by
means of a fmall Stem which com-
municates with it. *™ Thus the Me-
dulla feems to be an Expanfion of

F 2 the

* Tz the Flowers of Holyoke, which bear their
Stamina upon the Piftil itfelf, and rcfemble thofe of
the Mallow i almof? every Particular, but that
of Size, which they much exceed, eC ospun

tion

68

Of the Farina Focundans
the Tubes of the Piftil throughout
the whole Depth of the Viernes 3 as
the Placenta, which furrounds the
Cells ee the Seeds are con-
tained, appears, from a tranverfe Sec
tion a; each viewed and eden

in the Microfcope, to be an Expan-
fion of the Tebes of the Pedicle.

Now, by the Confequences that
may be drawn from thefe Obfer-
vations, it appears, that the Farina
enters into the Papille, where fall-
ing as far as the decreafing Dia-
meter of the Cavity will permit,
it injeés the impregnating Subftance
with which it is replete, into the Tubes
that lead to the Uterus, as will appear
hereafter, when we come to defcribe
the Aion of the Farina. ’Tis confe-
quently a Miftake to imagine, as
fome Authors have fappofed, that
the Cavity, which appears to run
thro’ the whole Length of the sia:

fo)

iton of the longitudinal Tubes, which fill the
avhole Cavity of the Piftil, feparable from oné
another like the Hairs of a Brufo, and equal to
them in Diameter, as well as their Cogcentration
in the Medulla of the Uterus, is diftinély wifible
even to the naked Eye, and confequently a preg
Objek for Examination in this Cafe.

of VEGETABLES,

of fome Flowers, is the Canal de-
figned by. Nature to convey the
Farina to the Uterus. For to ab-
ftradt from feveral Flowers, in the
Piftils of which no fuch Cavity ap-
pears, nor any thing more than a
{mall Depreffion in the midft of the
Groupe of Papille, ‘tis evident in
the Subjet we have before us, that
the three Lobes are fo adapted, and
the Papillz on the Infide of their
Labia interwoven in fuch a Man-
ner, that the Farina cannot poffibly
impregnate the Seeds in the Ovary,
any otherwife than as I have de-
-{cribed.

The Stru€ture however of the Pa-
pille is a much ftronger Argument
for what I advance, than their Dif
pofition on the Head of the Piftil,
and may be diftingly feen, juft as
they are exhibited Plate V. f7g. 2.
through the third Magnifier of the
common double reflecting Micro-
{copes, if after they are cut off with the
Edge of a Lancet, they are expofed up-
on the Object-Plate, feparated from
each other by means of two or three
Drops. of, Water ; in which Cafe,

ine the’

Of the Farina Fecundans
tho’ they are exceeding tranfparent,

not only the Aperture and Cavity

defigned to receive the Farina will
be vifible in feveral, according to
the Light they happen to be placed
in, but alfo, if the Apices of the
Stamina be firft fo applied to the
Head of the Pifti; as %o Teave’ a
confiderable Quantity of Farina ad-
hering to it by means of the Oil
it emits, or otherwife, fome at leaft
or other of the Papille will be found,
into which the Farina has infinu-
ated itfelf, containing a Globule as
delineated.

This is the Method I made ufe
of in the Examination of thefe -
Veffels, which I frequently practifed
with the fame Succefs. Poffibly, if
the Head of the Pittil had been
moiftened with Water before-hand,
this Water had ferved as a Vehicle,
and the Globules infinuated them-
telves into a2 much greater Num-
ber of the Papille than I ufually
found. * ‘The Reafon of my Sur-

mife,

* T am obliged to obferve here by way of Note;

that the Confequence 1 have drawn heres is uot
fe

of VEGETABLES.

mife, that fomething of that Nature
may be neceflary not only by way
of Menftruum, but alfo asa Vehicle,
is, that having applied in great A-
bundance the Farina of one Species
of Flower to the Piftils of another,
before the Seed had been impreg-
nated, which I took care to pre-
vent by depriving it of its own Sta-
mina, this with a Defign of difco-
vering whether the Farina of one
would ferve to impregnate the Seeds
of another, at leaft in thofe Species
that differ but little in Size and
other Circumftances, the Confequence
Was, teat. | found:.the.. Heads of
the Piftils had exfuded in the
Night Time fo great a Quantity
of Juice, that it hung in a large
Drop of a yellow Catt, tinCtured,
as I fuppofe, by the Abundance of
Farina which I had applied ; whereas
the Heads of thofe Piftils, tho’ of
the fame Species, to which no Fa-

By 4 rina

fo jut as Lat firft imagined; for I have fince
applied to the Piftil of the Lily its own Farina
ia great Abundance without any fuch Effed? : The
Phanomenon however deferves to be taken Notice
of, and arofe from the Application of the Farina
of a Species of red Flag-flower to it, inflead gf

afte os
é¢5 OU,

7t

72

Of the Farina Fecundans

tina had been applied, were totally
dry, and remained unaltered,

From the precedent Obfervations
‘tis eafy to infer, that the Farina
falling on the Hees of the Piftils
diffolves i in the Papille, and the fub-
tileft of its Parts only penetrates in-
to the Tubes. Mr. Geoffroy had fur-
mifed as much long before ; his Sen-
timent however in Fat ee rat ty has
hitherto had little more to depend
upon than mere Conjecture, the
Aion of the Farina upon infufing
it in Water having efcaped Obfer-
vation till this Time, as appears by
the exprefs Affertion of feveral Na-
turalifts, who affirm, that Water
caufes no Alteration in it. This
Miftake is owing to their not being
prefent at the Time of Action; for
this ACtion in moft Species of Fa-
tina, efpecially when frefh eathered
and perfectly ripe, begins and ends
in four or five peeotiee i Time, and
requires “that the Obferver pal
have adapted his Microfcope to the
due focal Diftance before the Appli-

cation of Water.

eK,

of VEGETABLES.

The Farina foecundans of the £:-
lium flore reflexo was the firft, in
which I difcovered this Action of
the Globules. For upon viewing
an Infufion of it in common Water,
I thought I perceived fome Alter-
ation in thefe minute Bodies, as if
the Shell or Cafe had emitted through
a {mall Aperture, and fhed a long
Train of minute Globules, which
appeared but as Points in the Mi-
crofcope, involved in a filmy Sub-
ftance, as the Eges of fome aqua~
tick Infe&ts are, and in Effect not
unlike them. This Particular muft
have offered itfelf to me long before
upon feveral Occafions, in which I
had obferved the Farina of different
Flowers infufed in Water ; but, it
feems, I had overlooked it, till this
Time, perfuaded as I imagine others
may have been before me, that this
filmy Subftance was fome extraneous
Matter, which Chance had placed
upon my Object-Glafs, or conveyed
together with the Water. But how-
ever that had been, I immediately
upon this Occafion applied fome frefh
Farina ; and having firft fitted the
Microfcope to a due focal Diftance,

dropped

73

74

Of the Farina Fecundans

dropped a {mall Quantity of Water

with the Tip of a Pencil upon
the Object, when in the Space of
fome few Seconds I diftinétly pers
ceived a Train of Globules, involved
in a filmy Subftance, to be ejacu-
lated from within thefe minute Bodies,
and contorting itfelf from one Side
to the other in different Directions
during the Time of Action, which
does not laft above a Second or two
of Time, and may be eafily under-
ftood by a View of Plate V. Pag.
4. 5. tho’ the Drawings were taken
from that of the Mallow, as the
feveral Species of Farina differ but
little from each other in this Par-
ticular, their Action in general re-
fembling that of an Avolipyle violently
heated.

I have fince repeated this Expe-
riment upon almoit every Species of
Farina, that has offered itfelf, with
the fame Succefs, particularly upon
that of the Pumpion, which afforded
me a more than ordinary Satisfaction,
not only becaufe the Globules are
larger than thofe of the Farina of
moft Flowers, and may confequently

be

of VEGETABLES.

be eafily obferved with the fecond
Magnifier, where I had the Ad-
vantage of a larger Field, but alfo
becaufe I could plainly perceive, by
two or three lucid Specks which
continually fhifted their Places during
the Time of Action, an inteftine
Commotion within the Globules,
and a ftronger Ejaculation of the
emitted Particles,

The Sum of my Obfervations is,
that tho’ all Species of Farina have
this Action in common, and im-
pregnate their refpective Seeds in the
fame Manner, as the Refult of re-
peated Experiments upon many Sorts
inclines me to believe, yet it is par-
ticularly remarkable, and better to
be obferved in thofe Kinds which
are Opake, the emitted Subftance of
the tranfparent Species appearing in
the Water but as a thin pellucid Va-

our, for which Particular I inftance
that of the Nafturtium; fo that I eafily
imagine, that in fome of this Sort,
which are extreamly minute, the
Fiteét may not be. eafily, if . at
all vifible, the emitted Subftance being

pro-

“J
Wy

»6

Of the Farina Fecundans

proportionably thinner, finer, and
more pellucid.

* But however that be, tho’ I
frequently obferved that Water caufes
no vifible Alteration in the Farina
foecundans. of the Pomgranate, Af
paragus, Hop, and fome others of the
tranfparent Species, Iam yet inclined
(rather than fuppofe that Nature is
not agreeable to itfelf in the Means
it makes ufe of for attaining fimilar
Ends) to believe, that the Non-ap-
pearance of this Action is either
owing to the Minutenefs of thefe
imall Bodies, ten of them {fcarce
equalling one Globule of the Mal-
low-Farina,.or to their Shape and
Structure, each of them being oval,
extreamly light, yet heavier at the
{maller End, which caufes them to

emerge

* ft would be no more than a mere conjectural
Suppofition, to imagine, that poffibly the fretting
of Wine in the Spring Time, when the Vines
are in Flower, may be oWwIng to a Fermentation
excited in it by the fubtle Matter emitted out of
the Globules of Farina, with which the whole Air,
wo doubt of it, ts at that Time impregnated ; yet,
as it appears by the Microfcope, that this Matter
2s inconceivably fine, fubtie, and penetrating, the
Suppofition carries with it an Air of Probability.

of VEGETABLES.

emerge in Water with the large End
upwards. Now if the emitted Sub-
fiance goes out at the fmaller End,
as it is reafonable to fuppofe, fince
the Tranfparency, as well as rela-
tive Levity of the large End, de.
notes that this Subftance is placed
at the oppofite Extremity, “tis plain
that the Action of the Farina can-
not be fenfible to the Obferver; and
this is the Cafe of all thofe Species,
in which this Effect has not been
vifible.

Secondly, "That few of the Globules
will aét, unlefs the Farina be freth
gathered, and even then not all of
them, owing, as I fuppofe, to their
not being equally mature, and ripe
for AGtion.

Thirdly, That fome Species of
Farina act with fo much Force, that
when two Globules are contiguous,
the Action of the ejaculated Sub-
{tance in one will repell the other
to the Diftance of fix or feven
fimes its Diameter.

Fourthly,

77

75

Of the Farina Facundans
Fourthly, That fome Globules_ of

all the Species of Farina which came
under Obfervation were fairly burft
and broke open ; but in moft, the
Aperture through which the inte-
rior Subftance pafled, was impercepti-
ble even through the greateft Mag-

nifier,

Fifthly, That the Seed does not
contain the Plant in Miniature, as
fome other Authors fuppofe, before
impregnation, but that the Farina
of the Flower contains within itfelf
the firft Germ, or Bud of the new
Plant, which requires nothing more
to unfold it, and enable it to grow,
but the Juices it finds after Depo-
fition ready prepared for it in the
Ova. For if in Confequence of the |
Obfervation, which has been already
made by many Naturalifts, that the
beft Microfcopes difcover nothing ~
in the Embryo-Grains, till the A-
pices have fhed their Duft, when
firft is perceived in the Veficule the
true Germ, or a {mall greenifh Speck —
floating in a limpid Liquor, where
before that nothing could be difco-
vered but the mere outward Coat

: OF

of VEGETABLES.

or Skin of the Grain entirely void;
I fay, if in Confequence of this
Obfervation any Naturalift will duly
confider, and compare this greenith
Speck or Globule with thofe involved
in the filmy Subftance emitted out
of the Farina, it will appear to him,
I believe, as it does to me, highly
probable, that each of thofe contained
in the Farina is a real Germ, and
that it is not impoffible, that one
Globule of Farina may be fuffici-
ent to impregnate the whole Uterus.

Sixthly, That the true Reafon
why Rain is fo detrimental to Plants
and Trees in Flower, is not becaufe
it wafhes off the Farina, but becaufe
jt caufes the Globules to diffolve on
the Stamina, before. they can reach
the Piftil through which their im-
pregnating Subftance is conveyed to
the Uterus. Poffibly it is upon this
Account that the Globules of Farina
are never found equally ripe at the
fame Time, and mature for Action,
as I obferved before,

— Seventhly, That by the Force of
this Action the impregnating Sub-
flance is injected into the Channels

of

79

$9

Of the Farina Fecundans

of the Piftil leading to the Uterus,
which Channels are difcoverable by
means of the Microfcope in the
Piftils of moft Plants, but particu-
Jarly in that of the Lemon, which
if cut tranfverfely, and a thin Slice
placed upon the Obje@t-Glafs, will
appear rayed like the Lemon itfelf,
and exhibit the Channels, wahich

lead to every Cell or Apartment,

where the Embryo-Seed is lodged,
As to the Papille, which are the
Heads of thefe Canals or Tubes in
many Flowers, it is to be noted,
that as Nature is not uniform in
this Particular, thefe Tubes with
their Papille are not to be found
upon feveral Plants, yet fo that their
Abfence 1s fupplied by fome other
Means, and the Procefs of Impreg-
nation in general the fame in. all.
A particular Inftance of this may
be afligned in Mazz, or Indian-Corn,
where the filken Filaments fupply
and perform this Office, which Mr.
Logan obferves (Phil. Tranf. Numb.
440. Pag. 192.) correfpond fo ex-
aly to the Number of Grains, that
if you take off one Part of the Silk,
and leaye another, there will be in

the

Of VEGETABLES.

the Head of the Plant, the exact
Proportion of full Grains, according
to the Quantity or Number of Fi-
laments you leave upon it.

Ezghthly, ‘That tho’ common Wa-
ter is fufficient to excite this Action
in the Globules, yet the Juice that
may be exprefied from the Uterus,
if applied, has a more immediate
Effect, and appears to be more pow-
erful. ;

La/ftly, That as to what relates to
the Reafon, why Water has this
Effect upon the Globules of Fa-
rina, the Truth will, I believe, re-
main a Secret. I had at firft con-
jectured, that this filmy Subftance
involving the emitted Particles was
compofed of a kind of Filaments,
dry and elaftick, which upon the
Admiffion of Water into the Cavity
of the outward Shell or Hufk, di-
lated, and caufed that fudden Emif-
fion of the interior impregnating
Matter: But the accidental Tryal I
made of fome acid Liquors, as the
Juice of Lemon,’ and Vinegar, in-
ftead of Water, which proved in-

G effectual

Si

82

Of the Farina Fecundans

effectual in the Production of this
Action, as I imagine all Acids will,
convinced me, that it muft depend

upon a Mechanifm entirely latent,

and not attainable even by Con-
jeCture in Bodies fo very diminu-
tive. 3

This is all I have as yet been able
to difcover concerning this Phzno-
menon of the Farina foecundans, To
conclude therefore thefe Obfervations,
which have fomething of a mutual
Relation, before I enter upon others
of a different Nature, in fuch a
Manner, that nothing may be omit-
ted which is pertinent to them, it
will not be improper to remark, that
whoever impugns this feeming Ana-
logy between the Animal and Ve-
getable World, which I think I can
reafonably infer from the precedent
Difcoveries, by endeavouring to prove,
that what has been hitherto taken
for Animalcules in the Semen, are
really fuch as they have been fup-
pofed to be, and not minute Ma-
chines. refembling thofe of the Ca-
lamary, muft among many other
Difficulties, which have been ftarted

by

of VEGETABLES.

by feveral other Authors againft Mr,
Lewenboeck’s and Mr. Andry’s Syf-
tem in particular, anfwer thefe fol-
lowing Queries: Why if they are
really Animalcules of the aquatick
Kind, the Element they live in is
by its Vifcidity fo improper for them,
that, as Mr. Lewenhoeck himfelf ob-
ferves, unlefs firft diluted by Water,
they lie abfolutely motionlefs in
the denfeft Parts of it upon account
of its great Confiftence? Secondly,
What is obtained in point of Know-
ledge, by maintaining, that as Animals
they in any wife concur to Gene-
ration, fince the Queftion ftill re-
curs, how thefe Animals are gene-
rated, unlefs they are pleafed to make
the Procefs infinite ? Thirdly, Why
there fhould not be as much Rea-
fon, if we make the Wifdom of
the Almighty, as far as we can pof-
fibly trace, our Standard in this Par-
ticular, in afferting that the Fetus
is generated from a Lifelefs Point of
Matter, as in affirming that it pro-
ceeds from an Animalcule? And
Fourthly, Why in young Subjects, the
Animalcules, if fuch, fhould remain
fo long imperfect, as to appear for

2 ae feveral

34

Of the Farina Fecundans, &c.

~ feveral Years, according to Mr. Lewen-

boeck’s Obfervation, inno other Shape
than that of a lifelefs floating Point
or Globule, which to me feems to
import fomething analogous to the
eradual Formation of the Milt-Vefiel
“ the Calamary already defcribed,
much more than the Generation of
an Avimal ? In one Word, fome
more pofitive Proof muft be affigned,
than that of their Motion in Liquids,
for this Argument is at beft but
Equivocal, fince the fame appears in
the Milt-Veflels of theCalamary, which
is unqueftionably a mere Machine; —
nor will the Continuance of _ this
Motion obferved in any one of them,
which poffibly may exceed that of
the Milt-Veflel according to the Space
they have to run through, before
they reach the Point of Impregna-
tion in the Uterus, add any Force
to the Argument, unlefs the Excefs
be very great; fince it muft all de-
pend upon the Nature of the Ma-
chine, as well as many other Cir-
cumftances, with which weare en-
tirely unacquainted.

CHAP.

( 85)

CHAP. VIII.
Of Exts in blighted Wheat.

MUT in Wheat is a_ Difeafe,

by which the interior farinaceous
Subftance is deftroyed, and a foreign
Matter introduced, which difcolours
and blackens the Grain, at leaft on
the Out-fide. This Mater is either
a black Duft extreamly fine, but
affording no Unifermity in the Shape
of its feveral Particles, when viewed
in the Microfcope; or it is a white
- Subftance, confifting wholly of longi-
tudinal Fibres bundled up together,
without the leaft figns of Life or Mo-
tion, if expofed upon the Objedct-
Glafs of the Microfcope, juft as they
are extracted out of the Grain, with-
out applying Water.

When I firft difcovered them, I
had no other Defign in the Appli-
cation of Water, than to devellop
the Bundle, that I might view the
fuppofed Fibres, as they appeared to
to meéeto be, with more Advantage.
I was confequently much furprized
10 ‘fee them, as it’ were, inftantly

Gee take

Plate V.
Hig. O27;

86

Of Exxs ia blighted Wheat,

take Life, move regularly, not with
a progreffive, but twifting Motion
at each End, and continue fo todo
till the next Morning.

This Obfervation has been re-
peated feveral Times with this Diffe-
rence only, that tho’ at firft, when
the Grains were frefh-gathered and
foft, nothing more was neceflary,
than to extract the Animalcules out.
of them, and apply Water; yet after
they had been kept fome time, it
was requifite firft to maeerate the
Grains in Water for fome Hours,
before the Contents were extracted,
which upon the Application of Water,

as above, would gradually come to

Life, of which few or none give any
Signs, unlefs they are fo macerated
before-hand.

a
How thefe Eels fubfift (for fol call
them upon account of their being

an aquatick Animalcule not unlike

the Frefh-Water Eel, with this Dif-
ference, that in them both Extre-
mities are alike without any Ap-
pearance of Mouth or Head) whence
they come, what they convert it

if

Of Ezxs in blighted Wheat.
if they fuffer any Change, or how

they propagate, I could never learn ;
all that I know is, that I- have ob-
ferved Numbers of them for feven
or eight Weeks, which have con-
tinued alive only by fupplying them
with frefh Water ; others I have
frequently left dry for fome Days,
after the Water had evaporated, and
revived as often by allowing them
a frefh Supply; and in general, which
to me is a Matter of great Sur-
prife, I have had by me now for
thefe two Years, and more, Grains of
this blighted Wheat preferved dry
in a Box, which, tho’ after they
hhad been gathered in England had
firft pafled a Summer there, and
. fince that Time a fecond in the
hot dry Climate of Portugal, yet
afford the fame Phenomena to this
Day without any Manner of Va-
ration.

The furprifing Nature of this Ani-
_ malcule, however inexplicable in itfelf,
confirms and enables us to account
for the Obfervation of feveral Far-
mers, which Mr. Bradley takes No-
tice of, that Blight in Wheat, among

G 4 other

88

Of Erxs in blighted Wheat.
other Caufes affigned by him, is
frequently occafioned by the fowing
of Seed intermixed with blighted
Grains. For if we fuppofe, that
thefe Animals meet with in the
Ground fufficient Moifture to give
them Life, if I may fo term it, ei-
ther they, or their Egos may eafily
communicate, and rife with the
young Corn. Accordingly Mr. Bradley
prefcribes a {trong Brine to be made
with a Diffolution of Allum in it,
which if the Seed be fteeped in it
for the Space of thirty Hours, after
it has been wafhed in Frefh-Water,
and the Grains that fwim at the
Top, as the blighted Corn will,
carefully {kimmed off, will effectually
preferve the new Crop from any
Infection of that kind: Which Ef-
fe& in all Probability may be owing
to the faline Particles penetrating
the Grains, and deftroying the Ani-
malcules, wherever they find the
leaft Remains of them. He afferts at
the fame time, that if ever this Ma-
ceration has proved ineffectual, it is
to be attributed either to the want
of Strength in the Brine, or an Al-
lowance of competent Time for the

“Steeping

Of Eris in blighted Wheat.

Steeping of the Grains. In effect, I
myfelf have macerated thefe blighted
Grains in a ftrong Brine, as pre-
{cribed, and extracted the Animal-
cules alive, at the end of twelve or
fifteen Hours, but after thirty or more
could difcover no figns of Life or
Motion in them. The Area of the
Microfcope containing thefe Animal-
cules, as it appears through the third
Magnifier of the common double
reflecting Microfcopes, and a fingle
one as feen through the greateft
Magnifier, you have reprefented Plate
Vi £1g, 6. 7.

CHAP,

go

Plate V.
Pg, 8. 0,
VO. TY,
Trae 9

14, 15.

Of a Scarabte Infect

CHAP. IX.

‘A finall Infect of the Scarabee Kind
found upon the Narciflus,

M:* Reaumur obferves very well,
in the fifth Memoir of his
natural Hiftory of Infects, that the
Duft found upon the Wings of the
papilionaceous Kind, is properly to
be called, and has in Effect more
of the Nature of Scales, than Fea-
thers. Thus tho’ they contribute

‘to flrengthen the Wing, and in that

fenfe are of fervice to the Butterfly,
yet they feem as much defigned for
Ornament as for any real Ufe. A
{mall Infect of the Scarabee Kind,
which I found feeding upon the
Farina foecundans of the Narciffus,
may ferve to confirm this Obferva-
tion, and in this Particular is, I
believe, fingular in its Kind, having
never obferved it in any of that
Sort before. The whole outward
Surface of the Body of this Infect was
adorned and covered with Scales,
as delineated Plate V. Fug. 13. 14.
1s. but thofe on the Thecz of its
Wings were of different Colours,

| and

found upon the Narciffus,

and fo difpofed, as to caufe them
to appear fpotted and _ variegated
throughout the whole Surface. The
Infect is fo very {mall, as appears
from its natural Size reprefented
Plate V. Fg. 8. that I fhould have
overlooked this Particular, had I
not accidentally obferved, that upon
handling it changed its Colour, and
loft its Spots. ‘The Scales are the
fmalleft of the Kind I have ever
feen, and were drawn from the
greateft Magnifier of the common
double reflecting Microfcopes, being
{earce vifible through any other, tho’
the Infect itfelf was taken from one
equivalent only tothe Third. Plate
V. 2g. 9. 10, 11. 12. I have given
a double Reprefentation of it, each
with its Reverfe, one in its natural
‘Attitude, the other with the Head
erect. Perhaps the {mall Spots, that
appear upon many Infects of this,
and fome other Sorts, if examined,
may be found owing to a Difpofition
of Scales of the fame Nature.

CHAP,

gt

Plate V.
Fig. 16.

(92)
CHwWPE Xx
The Eggs of the THORN-BACK,
mB HIS Fith, by what we may de-

duce from an Obfervation of

its Egos, differs in the Propagation
of its Species from moft other Fith.
For whereas the generality of them
are known to aflemble together in
Multitudes where the Females de-
pofit their Spawn, which inftantly
is impregnated by the Milt of the
Male without Copulation, the Eggs
of this Fifh on the contrary are in
all Probability impregnated before De-
pofition. The outward Shell is thin,
of a dark Brown, fomething tran
parent, extreamly tough, and fhaped
as reprefented Plate V. Fig. 16. The
Contents are, as in all other Eggs,
firft the Albumina invefting the Yolk ;_
next the Yolk itfelf, which differs in
nothing from that of others, but
Colour, this being White, as thofe
are Yellow, yet when hardened in
hot Water, it appears, as they do,
to confift of Globules, which are
fuppofed to be Veficule containing
the

Of the THORN-BAck’s Eggs.

the WNourifhment of the included
Fetus. The whole inclofed Sub-
{tance has its Membrana communis like
all other Eggs, which lines the whole
Cavity of the Shell; the Albumina
alfo, and Vitellus or Yolk, have their
feparate Involucra, or Membranes.
This Yolk however is not fufpended

by its Poles, as that of other Eggs
are, the Chalaze not being neceflary,
I fuppofe, in an Egg of this Shape.
The Cicatricula alfo is extreamly
plain even to the naked Eye, and
appears rayed fomething like the
tranfverfe Section of a Lemon, which
fhews that thefe Eggs are fecundi-
fied before Depofition. The De-
{cription of them, which I have given
here, as well as Delineation, Plate
V. Fig. 16. were taken from Eggs
immediately extracted out of the
Ovary, or Uterus of the Female
Thorn-Back,

CHAP.

93

( 94)

CHAP aL
Of the BARNACLE.

I Have already taken Notice of

this Sea-Production, and given
fomething of a general Defcription
of it, in the Introduction to this
Effay. I then propofed, and fince
the Time of Writing it have had
Opportunities of examining this Ani-
mal with more Accuracy, fo far at
leaft as to enable me to give an ex-
acter Defcription of it with certain
Drawings from the Microfcope, which
I thought neceffary to illuftrate it,
tho’ I have not been able to clear
up the Manner of its Propagation
in a Way as fatisfactory as I could
defire. For altho’ upon opening the
Shells, which tip the long cylindrical
Stem of the Barnacle, I found in
feveral Subjects a blue Excrefence
on each Side juft below the Groupe
of Horns, which, upon Examination
in the Microfcope, appeared to be
a Membrane replete with {mall blue
Globules of an uniform oval Shape,
bearing a Refemblance of Spawn ;
yet as this Appearance, without the

Con-

Of the BARNACLE:

Concurrence of fome other additi-
onal Obfervations requifite upon this
Occafion, amounts to no more than
a probable Argument, I cannot cer
tainly pronounce, whether their ad-
hefion in Clufters, and intimate Con-
junction by the Roots of their Stems,
be owing to any Analogy they may
bear in Propagation to the Polype,
or to the original Contiguity of the
Spawn in its Depofition, which as
the Animal by its Nature feems
fixed to the Place of its Nativity,
continues to adhere together in its
Increafe by the fame Principle, which
fixes it to the Ship or Rock from
whence it feems to fpring.

We may diftinguifh in this Sea-
production, as it appears to the naked
Eye, three remarkable Particulars ;
the black cylindrical Stem, by the
Bafis of which it adheres to the
Ship or Rock upon which it is
found; the Shell, that tips the Stem,
and the Fifth itfelf inclofed in the
Shell. The Stem is hollow throughout
its whole Length, yet fo that the
interior Vacuity is of no great Dia-
meter in Proportion to the outward

Circume-

95

Plate VI,
Fig. 0.

96

Plate VI.

big. 2. &-

Of the BARNACLE.

Circumference, as the Subftance
that conftitutes it is of a confiderable
Thicknefs, compofed cf feveral Mem-
branes inclofing each other, which con-
fit of longitudinal Fibres, capable,
while the Animal is alive, of being
extended to near twice its natural
Length, and when dry contracts,
hardens, and is rough like Shagreen.
I imagined at firft this to be the
Cafe containing the Body of the Fifth,
but upon Examination find, that
the Shell, which tips the Extremity
of it, contains the whole. Fifth, with-
out any fenfible Opening into the
hollow cylindrical Stem, or permit-
ting the Animal to have any ap-
parent Communication with it; and
it is upon this Account that I term
it a Stem, and not Part of the Cafe,

as I formerly fappofed it to be.

The Shell containing the Fifth is
to appearance bivalve, tho’ upon an
accurate Infpection it appears that
each Side of it confifts of two Parts,
adhering together by a thin Mem-
brane lining the concave Surface,
which confequently goes between each
Divifion, and joins them to each

other

Of the BARNACLE.

other in fuch a Manner, that the
Animal enjoys the Advantage of
drawing in frefh Water and Fcod,
not by caufing the two Sides to
recede, as Oyfters and Mufcles do,
(which is prevented by a curve con-
cave Hinge, into which their Edges
are inferted, extending to more than
half their Circumference) but by
forming Angles at each Divifion,
in fuch a Manner, as to give the
Aperture nearly the Figure of a
Rhomboid. Thus whatever is at-
tracted by the play of its Horns,
is eafily retained within the Cavity
which the Valves form ; and
as when the Animal is undifturbed,
the Shell 1s conftantly open, it en-
joys a continual Supply of — freth
Water, which it alternately fucks
in, and ejects. This Action appears
when the reft of the Apparatus is
at Reft, by the Play of two cor-
refponding Antennz, refembling thofe
of fome Infects, which nearly keep
Time with the Motion of the Gills
in other Fifth.

The Head of the Fith is fur-
nifhed with an Apparatus of Horns
es

Os

Plate VI.

Fig, Ze

Fig. 1.4,

na

EG:

Plate VI.
Fig, 1,

98

Of the BARNACLE. |
tothe Number of twenty or more,
acral leffening in their Length,

and forming irregular Curves inclofing

one another. By the Motion of thefe
Horns, which may be. exerted in
fuch a Manner, as to play either
within or without the Cavity of the
Shell, it forms .a Current in the
Water, which a with it the
Prey it feedsupon. In effect, I have
fometimes found upon expofing the
whole Groupe of Horns together with.
the Head of the Fith in the Mi-
crofcope, the better to obferve their
Difpofition, two fort of Animalcules,
not bigger than a Grain of Sand,
the one refembling a Crab, the other
a Pulex aquaticus, entangled in the
long Hairs which fringe the Con-
cave of each Horn,

Every Horn confifts of feveral
Joints, and each Joint is furnifhed
on the concave Side of the Horn
with a Bruth of long Hairs, The
Horns, when expofed in the Micro- |
{cope, appear fomething opake; but —
may ‘be rendered tran{parent by ex-
tracting cut of the interior Cavity a
Bundle of longitudinal Fibres, as the

Micro-

Of the BARNACLE.
Microfcope fhews them to be, which
uns the whole Length of each Horn;
in which Particular they feem to re-
femble thofe of the Shrimp, Cray-
Fifh, and Lodbfter.

99

In the midft of this Groupe of Plate VI.

Horns, juft above the Mouth, is a hol-
Jow Trunk, confifting of a jointed
hairy Tube, which inclofes a long
round Tongue, if I may fo term it,
refembling that of the Wood-Pecker,
and may, as I imagine, ‘be occa-
fionally darted out of its Sheath at
the Aperture, or retracted ; and thus it
is reprefented in the Figure taken from
the Object itfelf in the Microfcope
immediately after Separation from
the Head of the living Barnacle ;
upon which occafion I could per-
ceive the Extremity of the Tongue
often emerge at the Aperture, and
return into its Sheath by a con-
vulfive Motion, which it retained af-
ter Avulfion for aconfiderable Time.

_ The Mouth of this Animal is fin-
gular in its Kind, confifting of fix
Lamine, which go off with a Bend,
indented like a Saw on the convex

H 2 Edge,

fig. 5.

Plate VI.

Fig... @s

1Oo

Plate VI.

Pee.

Plate Vii
Fig.

Of the BARNACLE.

Edge, and by their. circular Difpo-
fie, being fixed . at that Extremity,
where the Remains of the Sinews
that give them Motion appear in
a Figure, are fo ranged, that the

eth in the alternate Elevation and
eee of. each Plate act in. Gor-

refpondence againft whatever inter-

venes, The Plates are gathered to-
gether in fuch. a Manner, that. to
the naked Eye they form an Aper-
ture not unlike the Mouth of a con-
tracted Purfe, and thus by their mu-
tual Concurrence, armed as they are,
effectually {ecure the Prey from ef-
caping. A View, of one of the. fix
Plates, which I have given from the
third “Magnifier, will convey a better
Idea of what 1 would fay, than I
can potlibly exprefs in. Words,. .to
which I refer the Reader,

The Body of the Fifh hath no-
thing remarkable in it,.. that,j:.falls
within the reach of my Enquiry;
I have confequently nothing to add
concerning it, but that it nearly re-
fembles in Shape the Body of. a
very {mall Oyfter,

There

Of the BARNACLE.

There is yet another Species of

Barnacle of a {maller Sort, to be
found adhering alfo to Ships and
Rocks, which differs from thofe of
the larger Kind chiefly in this Par-
ticular, that the Shell immediately
inclofing the Fifh, together with the
Stem upon which it is fixed, is lodged
within another univalve Shell, in
Shape a truncated Cone, adhering
to the Ship as that. of the Lzmpet
does, and may in Effect be eatily
miftaken for a Limpet. ‘The Stem
however is tenderer, and much fhort-
erin Proportion to the Size of the
Fifth, than that of the larger Sort,
juft of a fuficient Length to enable
the Animal to exert its Apparatus
of Horns out of the Aperture of the
univalve Shell. The Trunk of this
Animal I have caufed to be deli-
neated, as well as that of the other
Sort, to exprefs the Nature of both,
in which they differ fomething from
each other, the Trunk of the leffer
Barnacle incloting a ‘Tongue in Pro-
portion much longer than that of
the larger Sort, and, when fheathed,
gathered into {mall Spires,

F133 I

YOR
Plate VI.
Fig. 7s

Plate VT.
Fig bi F.

44

Plate VT:
Fig. 7s as

Plate VI,
NS ay ear

Plate VF.
Fig. 3,

ro2

Of the BARNACLE:

I have nothing more to add con-
cerning thefe Animals, but to re-
peat the Obfervation which I have
already made in the Introdudtion to.
this Effay, relating to the Analogy
there feems to be betwixt thefe Sea-
Productions, and Mr. Lewenboeck’s
microfcopical Wheel-Animals, of
which he has alfo - difcovered two
Sorts ; one that is found in leaden
Gutters, which, when difturbed, re-
tract the Wheel-work within their
Body; and another upon Duck-weed,,
which not only withdraw their Wheel-
work within their Bodies, but their
Bodies alfo within a.Sheath. I need.
not repeat the Particulars, which I
have already advanced in my Intro-
duction, by which I have endeavoured.
to make it probable, that this feem-
ing Wheel-work is in Effect nothing
more, than the Play of a Groupe
of Horns: I am however perfuaded,
that if what I have taken Notice
of already in the foregoing Defcrip-
tions be duly confidered, and a due
Allowance made for the Munutenefs
of Mr. Lewenbeeck’s Animalcules, of
which our beft Magnifiers give but
an imperfect View, moft of the ob-

ferveck

Of the BARNACLE, |
ferved Phenomena may be well ex-
plained by the Analogy the Wheel-
animals feem to bear to the two
Sorts of Baraacles defcribed in this
Chapter, but much more fo, if they
be compared with Mr. TZ; remoley’s
Polypes a pannache, from which they
feem to differ in nothing more than

Size. Nor can the Appearances of

a Wheel revolving round its Axis
be explained otherwife, than by fup-
pofing it real, which feems incon-
fiftent with tte Nature of Animal

Oeconomy, or feeming only by the °

Play of a Groupe of Horns, fince
it is imipoffible for it really to re-
volve, unlefs, as I obferved before,
it be entirely detached ; in which
Cafe, neithercan the Animal command
its Motion, nor can its Inecreafe or
Subfiftence, as Part of an Animal, be
well underfiood ; the circular Motion
which a Man’s Arm is capable of, be~
ing fo very different from the Revolu-

tion of a Wheel round its Axis, that .

it f{carce feems to bear even a diflant
Analogy to the feeming Wheel-work
of thefe Animals.

H4 CHAP,

1023

104

4in Examination of the

CT Arar.

ln Examination of the Suppofed Em-
bryoes of Sores, found upon a
Species of Shrimp.

Le is generally believed upon the
—Coafts of England and France,

that Soles are produced by means
of a certain Species of Shrimp, or
Prawn, which differs from the or-
dinary Sort, being of a lighter Co-
lour, and much more tranfparent,
I find the fame Opinion current a-
mong the Fithermen in Portugal,
where this Kind is known by the
Name of the Sole-bearing Shrimp.
"T'would be ftrange, that this Sentiment
fhould be fo general among Perfons,
who are not much expofed to the Sallies
of a too lively Imagination, and yet
be falfe: For I can fearce imagine,
they could ever have fo univerfally
fallen into this Opinion, upon Coafts
fo very diftant, without fome more
pregnant and fenfible Proof, than the
mere exterior Shape of the Objed,
which to the Naked-Eye at beft
affords

Juppofed Embryoes of SoLEs.

affords but an imperfect Refemblance
of a Sole. In effect, Mr. Deflandes,
as it appears by the Memoirs of the
Royal Academy of Sciences, 1722,
took a confiderable Quantity of theie
Shrimps, and preferved them alive
in a Veffel of Sea-Water, where
after the Space of twelve or thirteen
Days he found eight or ten little Soles.
He repeated the Experiment fe-
_ veral Times, always with the fame
Succefs. After this he kept alive
in Sea-Water Soles alone without
any Shrimps for a confiderable ‘Time,
and tho’ they Spawned in the Veffel,
yet the Spawn came to nothing; from
whence he concludes, that thefe Ob-
jects found upon Shrimps are really
the Embryoes of Soles, as they ap-
peared to him to be in the Microfcope,
and that the Spawn of the So/e re-
quires the Affiftance of the Shrimp
to hatch it. Mr. Deflandes might
have placed this Confequence in a
much better Light, and excluded
effectually all Objections, had he ta-
ken the Precaution to have counted
the Number of the fuppofed Em-
bryoes upon a fmaller Quantity of
Shrimps, and compared the Pe

of

105

106

An Examination of the
of living Soles with the Decreafe of
the fuppofed Embryoes, in cafe he
had obferved them to drop off after
a certain ‘Time; more particularly
had he fet apart a certain Num-
ber for daily-Obfervation in the Mi-
crofcope, which would have enabled
him, if his Opinion is true, to have
given us an Account of their gradual
Progrefs, till the Time of Hatching.
For it is not impoffible that in a
Quantity of Sea-Water fome very
few fmall Soles might have been
contained at firft unperceived. For
my own Part, I have been prevent-
ed from making thefe Obfervations by
being obliged to remove to fome
Diftance from the Sea, foon after I
had examined the Object taken from
fome living Shrimps, in the Micro-
fcope ; the Defcription however which
I fhall give of it, together with a
Singularity in it that had efcaped
Mr. Deflandes, will, I believe, be a
fufficient Encouragement to induce
thofe Gentlemen, who may be fi-
tuated near the Sea, to obferve it
with more Accuracy ; and this is all
I am able to advance ‘upon the

Subject at -prefent, which is in re-

ality

fuppofed Embryoes of SoLzs,
ality very far from being fufficient
to determine what it really is,

On the left-fide of the Shrimp,
juft below the Head, a circular
Portion of the Shell, about one fourth
of an Inch in Diameter, rifes to 4
convex Surface, and inclofes within
within it a plano-concave Excref-
cence, the Concave of which is raifed
to a Convex by the Infertion of a
Quantity of Spawn, protruding at one
Extremity an expanded Tail, at the
other a bony Subftance, fomewhat
refembling the Head and Tail of a
fmall Sole. The Body alfo, when
the exterior concave Surface is cleared
of the Spawn, which fills the Ca-
vity, appears to be diftinguifhed
throughout its whole Leneth by a
feemingly articulated Line, with o-
thers equidiftant departing from it

at acute Angles, as the {mall Bones

are known to go off from the Back-
bone in the generality of Fith; theinter-
mediate Spaces are accordingly filled up
with a light-coloured fifhy Subftance.
But what is ftill more remarkable,
is, that if a fmall Portion of the cir-
cular Ledge, that forms the Cavity

on

107

703

An Examination of thé
on the Back of the Embryo Soée,
be feparated from the Body, it draws
out with it, and exhibits in the Mi-
crofcope diftin@ly the fmall Bones,
that ftrengthen the Fins, and are
known to inveft the whole Circum-
ference of a Sole, appearing not un-
like a Forehead Comb. It muft be
owned however, that the other Ap-
pearances in the Object, if we ex-
cept this laft, are at beft but indi-
{tinét, as firft Lineaments ufually are, a-
greeable to their imperfectState, which

‘thofe may fay who believe it to be

an Embryo Sole.

The Spawn that may be extraéted
out of the Cavity, whatever is the
Reafon of it, whether more advanc-
ed in one than another, in fome of the
Shrimps is of a Yellow Caft,’ in
others of a dark Brown : When feen
in the Microfcope, it appears to con-
fift of round Globules much like the
Spawn of other Fifth, with this Dif
ference only, that the Embryo is
feen within the tranfparent exterior
Shell or Cafe much plainer, “ap-
pearing like a {mall Grub donbled

within its Invelop.

But —

fuppofed Embryoes of Sores.

But the greateft Singularity, which
has efcaped Mr. Deflandes, is a {mall
Infec& about the Size of a Grain of
coarfe Sand, with fixteen Legs, two
{mall Antenne, two prominent Eyes
fomething like thofe of the Shrimp,
and a Body articulated like that of
the Wood-loufe, faftened (as I ima-
gined, tho’s] am not fure of it) by
a {mall Ligament to the Surface of
the Tail ; which, if it be really fo,
as it appeared to me to be upon
feparating the Animal from the Sur-
face of the Tail of the So/e, mutt
neceflarily convey . Nourifhment to
it; for after viewing it in all poffible
Situations, I could difcover no Ap-
- pearance of any Mouth, by which
the Creature might feed itfelf. ‘The
moft furprifing Circumftance, how-
ever, is, that this Animalcule is the
only one of its Kind upon the Em-
bryo Sole; in the Examination of
which Particular all imaginable Pre-
cautions, that the moft exact Enqui-
ry can demand, were taken to pre-
vent any Miftake, and not one of
thefe fuppofed Embryo Soles was
without it... The Infect is in Size
and every other Refpect the fame

in

109

TIO

w4n Examination of the

in all; and what is ftill more re-
markable, even its Situation too, which
is not in a Line parallel to the fup-
pofed Back-bone of the Sole, but
inclining, and forming an acute
Angle with it; nor does it ever, as
I could obferve, vary its Pofture any
otherwile, than by a very flow waving
Motion of the Tail, fcarce perceptible
by an ordinary Magnifier, tho’ if
feparated from the fuppofed So/e, and
immediately placed upon the coneave
Obje&t-Glais of the Microfcope with a
Drop or two of Sea-Water, without
which it foon perifhes, it moves its
Antenne and Legs very vigoroufly,
appearing in every Refpect to be an
Animal arrived at its utmoft Per-
feGtion.

What therefore this Infect is, what
the fuppofed Embryo So/e, and whence
that Spawn comes which is lodged
in the Cavity of its Back, cannot
poflibly in my Opinion be determin-
ed by any of the foregoing Circum-
ftances, till fome more exact Ob-
fervations concur to fet the Matter
ina clearer Light, for which all ima-
sinable Care, and conflant Atten-

dance

fuppofed Embryoes of Soues.

dance, as well as Situation near the
Sea is neceflary. For my own Part,
if I had not Mr. Deflandes’s Autho-
rity, the common Notion of Fifher-
men upon Coafts very diftant from
each other, the Shape and Structure
of the fuppofed Embryo Sole, and
the current Opinion that all Shrimps
(unlefs this Species may be excepted,
which I have not heard of) carry
their Spawn between their Legs, as
Lobjters and Cray-fi/h do, till they
are hatched, together with the ad-
ditional Circumiftance of the Ani-
malcule being in Size and every o-
ther Refpect invariably the fame in
all, to encounter with, I fthould be
inclined to think (from a micro-
fcopical View of the Spawn inclofed
in the Cavity, the Animalcule and
its Situation, as well as the Obfer-
vation of its being Single, and fixed
to the Place by a Ligament, or
whatever elfe it may be in the
Nature of a funiculus umbilicahs af-
fording it Nourifhment,) that this
Animalcule is a Shrimp in its firft
State, which poflibly undergoes as
many Changes as moft terreftrial
Infects do, before it arrives to its
laft

oe

ZI2

An Examination of the —
lafi Stage ; that the fuppofed Embryo

Sole is no more than a Matrix, and
that there 1s a continual Succeffion
of them fupplied from the Provi-
fion of Spawn, each Globule of which
may hatch gradually, as the Ani-
malcules drop offs In Effedt, the
Spawn is known by an ingenious Per-
fon of my Acquaintance, who, has
frequently obferved it, to diminifh
infenfibly, and the Cavity to be filled
up to a convex Surface by fome o-
ther adventitious Matter, which in
the Opinion that what I . call the
Matrix is an Embryo-Sole, he fup-
pofed had been exhaufted in the
Nourifhment and Increafe of it, till
the Difcovery of the Animalcules,
which put him to a ftand, as well
as myilelf. After all, both » Opi-
nions may have fomething of Truth
in them, and the Embryo Sole, — if
it be fo, perform the fame -good
Offices to the Progeny of the SArimp,
as the Mother Shrimp does to it.
But however that Matter be, the
Subject, in my Opinion, is well worth _
Obfervation, and deferves to be clear-
ed up.

‘ i

Juppofed Enibryoes of Sots.

I cannot conclude this Chapter
without taking INotice of one Par-
ticular in Mr. Deflandes’s Account,
- which is, that what he calls the Em-
bryo Sole is contained, according to
him, in feveral {mall Bladders rifing
betwixt the Legs, and ftrongly agglu-
tinated to the Stomach of the Shrimp.
Now, tho’ i cannot pofitively fay,
that I have met with the fame Ob-
jet, or the fame Species of Shrimp,
that he has, yet this I am fure of,
that in Numbers of thofe I obferved,
the Geierality at leaft, if not all, had
not above one FExcrefcence of this
Kind on the left-fide juft below the
Head, and that more in the Nature
of an Excoriation of the outward
Shell of the Shrimp, than a Bladder,
as he defcribes it; I fay the Gene-
rality, becaufe I will not be pofi-
tive, that I have not met with fome
few, which had an Excrefcence on both
fides, exactly opofite to each other.
It is what I am inclined to believe,
tho’ at that Time Ff took fo little
Notice of it, that it has in a great
Meafure. efcaped my Memory.

J CHAP.

( 114) °

CHAD Sdie igen
Of the Tongue of the Lizarp, !
a HIS little Animal is extreamly

common in Portugal, I fup-
pofe it may be fo in all Hot Coun-
tries, where they are of fingular
Service in deftroying great Numbers
of Flies, and other troublefome In-
fe&ts, which without Enemies of this
Nature would increafe beyond Mea-
fure. As to its Shape, and other Cir-
cumftances of that Nature, which
is not unlike that of the Newt in
eur own Country, ’tis fo well known,
that I need not inift upon it, any
farther than to obferve, that it is
covered all over with Scales, which
are an agreeable Object in the Mi-
crofeope. It is oviparous, and de-
pofits its Egesin old Walls, whither.
they themfelves retire in the Win-
ter Months, leaving them to be
hatched by the Heat of the Air,
which alone is fufficient. ‘The Cir-
cumftance of their having fometimes
two Tails has been taken Notice of

by

Of the fa: of the LizaARv.
by Mr. Marchant in the Memoirs
of the Royal Academy at Paris, Anno
1718. and before him by Play and
feveral others, This is what is alfo
fometimes feen in Portugal; but as
nothing is more common among
Boys in that Country, than to catch
and torture thefe Animals all ima-
ginable Ways their’ little Malice can
invent, I believe it may be owing
originally to their Tails having been
cut longitudinally by fome fuch
Means, and fo each part rounding
itfelf has become an entire Tail,
As to this Part repairing itfelf, when
either it, or any Portion of it has
been loft by any Accident, nothing
is more common, I have myfelf feen
repeated Inftances of it without Num-
ber; Por as it is a Lofs they are
expofed to every Day even in their
own mutual Engagements among
themielves, by the Eafe wherewith
the little bony Vertebre, of which
at confifts, are feparated from one
another, nothing is more ufual than
to find them of all Lengths in difter-
ent Subjects ; tho’ Mr. Marchant in-
forms us, that an Experiment of
this Nature did not fucceed with

2 him,

tr,

116

Of the Tongue of she Noein
him, for which he profefles he can
affign no Reafon. This new Tail,
according to him, is a kind of Griftle,
and does not confift of cartilaginous
Vertebra, as the old one does,

I take Notice of this Particular
more willingly, tho’ otherwife im-
pertinent to my _ principal Defign,
which is the Defcription and Deli-
neation of its Tongue, becaufe it
bears fome Analogy to the reproduc
tive quality of the Polype, which
employed and entertained the Curious
fo agreeably fome little Time ago,
and is, I believe the only Inftance
of its Kind afflignable in any Land-

Animal.

The Tongue of this Animal is
forked, as may be feen in the Fi-
gure, which it vibrates with exceed-
ing Velocity, and is admirably con-
trived for its Purpofe according to
the Nature of the Prey it feeds up-
on. In the Microfcope it appears
as delineated, indented like a Saw on
the Edges, and furrowed all over the

convex Surface of it, and this, no
doubt of it, the more effectually to

fecure

Of the Tongue of the LIZARD.

fecure its Prey, which being winged
might otherwife eafily efcape from
it. In fhort, tis a Subject that re-
quires little Explanation, the fimple
Delineation of it expreffes it better
than Words can, and it isto the
Figure that I refer the Reader, with
‘Notice only, that it is drawn from
a ‘Tongue prefled and dryed between
two Glafs Planes, to render it more
tran{parent, and oblige the Teeth to
ftart up, which otherwife lie
clofe'to the Edges, at leaft when
the Lizard is dead, tho’ in all Pro-
bability when the Animal is alive
they may be exerted by it, or de-
prefled at Pleafure. This Method
of preparing the Object for the Mi-

crofcope has in fome Meafure erafed

the tranfverfe Furrows, and left little
more than their Shades, which I
thought proper to advertife the Rea-
der of, that he might have a better
Conception of it in its natural State,

BG fn

1I7

6 DN Ly CTD ge a

ee ehGe
An Explanation of the pe pam

Pi Fig. 1. the Calamary with
its Horns difplayed, and Beak

ome ung more. exerted, than it na-

ne is, for better Obie rmstail

2

oO

Fig. 2. O Yne of its large Suckers.
Fig. 3. Tre cAstilaginous Ring,
which is inferted in the Membrane,
that forms the Cavity of the Sucker,

Plate I]. The fame Calamary fen
verfed, with its Cafe ripped 2,
to thew the Inteftines.

C: The Duct, or Ghana, thro’
which the Ink ‘pafiles, when. ‘agin
into the Water.

B. B. Two parallel cylindrical
Cartilages, which prevent the two
Sides of the Dud, or Channel from
falling together,

An Explanation of the Figures.

A, The Ink-Bag, with its Con-
tents.

E. E, The Spawn.

F. F. Two parallel Tubes, which
in the Female perhaps may ferve
for depofiting the Spawn, as in the
Male they ferve for ejecting the
Milt-Vefiels.

G. G. An Expanfion of Veffels
replete with a blackifh Subftance.

H, A Layer of Fat covering part
of the Stomach, which lies under
It,

Z, A thin tranfparent Membrane.

K. K. The two Flaps of the rip-
ped Cafe,

L. L. The two Fins.

Plate Ti. Pig. 1,.'The,. Tongue
and Throat expanded for Obferva~
tion, as it appears thro’ the third
Magnifier of the common double
reflecting Microfcope,

I4 Fig.

119

129

An Explanation of the Figures,

Fig. 2. Its natural Size.

- Fig. 3. Its Shape when in the
Fith,

Fig. 4. A Portion of the fame
Fart in the Cuttle-fi/b delineated, to
fhew the Difference in Shape be-
twixt the Teeth of the Calamary
and thofe of the Cuttle-Fi/h.

Hig. if. The Beak, and Head of
the Calamary extracted out of the
corrugated Lip, which inelofes it.

Fig. 6. A. A mature Milt-Veffel,
as it appears thro’ the third Mag-
nifier. of the reflecting Microfcope,
where confequently that part of the
Apparatus which contains the Semen
is reprefented Black, as being opake,
tho’ in reality White.

Fig. 7. 4. Its natural Size.

Fig. 8. A. Its Appearance, after

4t has operated.

Fig.

An Explanation of the Figures.

Fig. 9. 4. An Inftance of its
breaking the Screw, without {epa-
rating the Sucker from the Cup.

Fig. 10. B. An immature Milt-
Veffel aiter Operation.

Plate IV. Fig. 1. B. The Con-
fequence of cutting the lower Ex-
tremity of the outward Cafe.

Fig. 2. B. The Extremity cut off.

_ Fig. 3. B. The Confequence of
cutting a fmall Slit in the Side of
the outward Cafe.

Fig. 4. B. The Confequence of
dividing the Cafe, and cutting off
the Screw juft below the Cup.

Fig. 5. B. The Upper-part of the
Cafe which inclofes the Screw, Sucker
and Cup fevered from the Lower.

Fig. 6. B. An Inftance of the
feeming Ligament below the Cup
forcing its Way thro’ the” outward
Cafe by the Smartnefs of the Stroke,
| after

125

i22

An Explanation of the Figures.
after it had been firft reduced to an
extream Tenuity, and then broke by
the Action of the lower Part of the
Apparatus, upon cutting off the Ex~
tremity of the outward Cafe,

Fig. 7. B. The Extremity of the
Cafe, which had been fevered.

Fig. 8. B. The Confequence of
dividing the Milt-Veflel both above
and below.

- Fig. g. B. The Head of the Cafe
with the Screw, Sucker, and Cup,
fevered. :

Fig. 10. B. The lower Extremi-
ty of the divided Cafe.

“Plate V. Fig. 1. The Piftil, Stami-
na, with their Apices and Uterus, of
the common white Lily.

Bib. 2. One of the Papille mag-
nified, containing a Globule of Fa-
rina,

Fig. 3. A tranfverfe SeCtion of the
Uterus of the fame Flower magnified. ~

An Explanation of the Figures.

Fig. 4. The Area of the Micro-
{cope containing feveral Globules of
the Farina foecundans of Mallow in
Action, as feen through the third
Magnifier.

Fig. 5. A Globule of Farina in
Action, as feen through the greateft
-Magnifier, taken alfo from the fame
Flower, et

Fig. 6. The Area of the Micro-
{cope containing a Multitude of Eels
extracted out of blighted Wheat, as
feen through the third Magnifier.

Pie. go A tingle Eel, as it ap-
pears through the greateft Mag-
nifier. |

Fig. 8. A fmall Infe& of the
Scarabee Kind, defcribed Chap, IX.

according to its natural Size.

Fig. 9. 10. The fame Infect and
its Reverfe with the Head eredt,
both magnified.

Fig,

123

An Explanation of the Figures,

Fig. 11. 12. The fame Infe&
and its Reverfe in its natural Attitude,
magnified, :

Fig. 13. 14, 15. Thteeofsits-
Scales, as they appear through the
greateft Magnifier.

Fig. 16, The Egg of the Thorn-
back opened, a Portion of the out-
ward Cafe being thrown afide, in order
to obferve the Contents: The Whole
drawn ag it appears to the naked

Eye.

( 125)

sin Explanation of the Figures of
the fixth Plate.

pes VI. Pig. 1. A Barnacle of the
larger Kind laid open, with its
Apparatus of Horns, Trunk, and
Mouth extended: In which Figure
A denotes its Mouth, £B its Trunk.

Fig. 2. One of the Sides of the
Shell thrown afide, that the Fifh may
appear ; in which the white oblique
Stroak 4, denotes the Divifion of the
two Parts of which it is compofed.

Fig. 3. The Hinge that joins the
two Sides together. All thefe three
Figures are drawn as they appear
- to the naked Eye.

- Fig. 4. One of the fix Plates, that
compofe the Mouth, magnified.

Fig. 5. Its Trunk magnified.

Fig. 6. One of its Horns mag-
nified,

Fig.

126.

An Explanation of the Figures.

Fig. 7. One of the fmaller Spe-
cies of the Barnacle. A, the uni-
valve Shell; B, the interior Shell that
- “the Bea emerging at the Apet-

ure of the univalve Shell; C, its
aberaie of Horns exerted, All
this as it pitied ta the naked _

Fig , Sadts a runk mag rites

dig, 9. The fappofed By Sle
according to its natural Size. . 4; the
Animalcule on the abel

Fig, 10. The Spawn , extracted out
of the Cavity, and thrown: afide to
lay open the Lineaments of the Ver-
tebre of the Back-bone, @c. im the
Embryo-Sole.

- Fig. 11. The Animalcule magni-
fied, with its Back obverted to Sight
The Eyes and Antenne lie under.

Fig. 12, The Tongue of the Lizard.

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