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NVINOSHLINS S31NVUSIT_LIBRARIES NSS SN aN SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN ISONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS SAI1YVvuesIT_ SMITHSO 3 ‘ a €& += & z on oO m oc —. eS = < za < a aly = = = = = m O — =) pom O di G 528 ewsletter ot id a ~—6OCT 9 (198i LIBRARIES (pntents VOLUME 18 NUMBER 1/2 FEBRUARY/APRIL 1979 UNIFORM CULTURE AND PROPAGATION OF HAWAIIAN TARWEEDS Dy oGlal Gabe n CALL \ci0rs cis wie ote e915 wrers/e'% 0sje\j0..w 08S 9 09s 0 ersiinloxsyeiw ww 6 Stele 9 40 3 SOME RECOLLECTION OF THE LATE THEODOR PHILIP HAAS by<©0; & IJE.M. Degener & S.J. & S.° TaUiSS1Q. 02006 iccccwecvsccssinis 6 FIRE, LIGHTENING AND 'OHI'A DECLINE DY WJames Cad SCOLCISENI < c sis skp 0015.66 s0's 8.6 00% © cates 6 0.8 @ Sie sie Ce Slee ele ws eer 9 RECENTLY COMPLETED THESES IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES AT THE UNEVERSTIY “OF HAWAILL ..006ictec «06 050.00 soca 6 sia 0 wR wwielle oe ieee sieces 6 24 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. @eeeeveeeeeevseeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee e © @ Zor 31 DOE PTW 2 BUSUNESS ic: 0 oie cisiereiot «0 6 010,5\si0w wisleivis o's dies e's ew 16 er wieie's 2,/,8 Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany tn all its applteations, encourage research in botany tn all tts phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrit of good fellowship and cooperatton among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtatned from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawatti, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. 2 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 a ww a a a a ww a nn a a a we we wn a wn ww a a we ow a ow ee ee — — —— ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER December 1, 1977 - November 30, 1978 RECEIPTS: Dues $305.50 Gifts | 525.00 Index Sales 2.00 Interest 848.10 =o $1,680.60 EXPENDITURES : Postage 190.83 Newsletter 849.16 Gifts (Wau Institute) 100.00 Native Plant Project Boo ae) Index, Newsletter 649 .80 woes ene 27346 .,04 NET WORTH OF THE SOCIETY: Nov. 30, 1977 14,049.88 Nov. 30, 1978 13,382.44 Change (667.44) BALANCES IN BANKS: First Hawaiian Bank Commercial Account Balance 11/30/77 274.96 Deposits 12/1/77 - 11/30/78 2583250 Withdrawals 12/1/77 - 11/30/78 (2,348 .04) Balance 11/30/78 759.42 First Federal S. & L., Marie C. Neal Account Balance 11/30/77 $13,626.10 Interest earned W277? = 14730778 827.94 Transferred to checking account (2,000.00) Balance 11/30/78 $12,434.04* *Includes $10,000.00 in 6 yr. certificate at 7.75% interest. First Federal S. & L., Marie C. Neal Account Balance 11/30/77 148 .82 Interest earned 12/1/77 -11/30/78 20.16 Balance 11/30/78 $168 .98 Respectfully submitted C. H. Lamoureux, Treasurer NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 3 UNIFORM CULTURE AND PROPAGATION OF HAWAIIAN TARWEEDS Gerald D. Carr Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawail 96822 In conjunction with ongoing studies of adaptive radiation in the Hawaiian silversword alliance, several Hawaiian endemics have been eStablished in a growth chamber in the Department of Botany at the University of Hawaii (Table 1). Propagation has been accomplished by rooted cuttings in some cases and by seeds (fruits) in others (Table 1). Rooting has been promoted by the application of Rootone-F (Amchem Products, Inc.) prior to placing the cuttings in horticultural sponge rock under intermittent water mist in a greenhouse. The rate of success and the time required for rooting depended upon the species involved. Dubautia scabra (DC.) Keck cuttings rooted quickly, while cuttings of D. latifolia (Gray) Keck required repeated attempts and a period of many weeks before roots appeared. Other species fall somewhere between these extremes in difficulty of rooting cuttings. Seeds (fruits) for propagation were soaked in water, screened for the presence of embryos (a tedious process!), and placed on water-soaked filter paper in petri plates to which a pinch of Bordeaux mix was added to retard the growth of fungi. In most instances removal of the fruit wall greatly reduced the time required for germination. Removal of the nucellar envelope also usually enhanced germination. While most undamaged fresh embryos will germinate within a few days, many plants produce an extremely low frequency of fruits with embryos. Thus, propagation by this method can be rather time consuming if large numbers of individuals are desired. Rooted cuttings and seedlings were potted in a mixture containing two parts "supersoil" (Rod McLellan Co.) and one part horticultural sponge rock, then placed in a growth chamber set for a 15-hour photoperiod. The temperature minimum is about 10°C and the maximum is about 25°C. Several plants have flowered in the growth chamber (Table 1). An individual of Dubautia platyphylla (Gray) Keck grown from seed achieved a height of 1.2 m in less than 18 months. The synchronous flowering of several pairs of species has allowed the production of many interspecific and infraspecific hybrids (Table 2). These hybrids are being maintained in cultivation so that they can be analyzed meiotically to determine chromosomal relationships of the parents in the manner already accomplished for several naturally occurring hybrids (Carr and Kyhos 1981). The cultivated species and hybrids also are being used in electrophoretic and chromatographic studies of the Hawaiian Silversword alliance. LITERATURE CITED Carr, G. D. and D. W. Kyhos. 1981. Adaptive radiation in the Hawaiian Silversword alliance (Compositae-Madiinae). I. Cytogenetics of Spontaneous hybrids. Evolution 35(2): in press. 4 wEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 TABLE 1. Species of the silversword alliance in cultivation. TAXON METHOD OF PROPAGATION SOURCE Argyroxiphium grayanum Cuttings Maui A. Macrocephalum Seeds Maui Dubautia arborea Seeds Hawai'i *D. ciliolata Seeds Hawai'i *D. herbstobatae Cuttings O'ahu *D. knudsenii Seeds, cuttings Kaua'i D. laevigata Cuttings Kaua'i D. latifolia Cuttings Kaua'i *D. linearis var. linearis Seeds, cuttings Maui *D. linearis var. opposita Seeds, cuttings Moloka'i *D. laxa (2 var.) Seeds, cuttings O'ahu D. menziesii Seeds, cuttings Maui EDs microcephala : Seeds, cuttings Kaua'i *D. montana . Cuttings Hawai'i *D. paleata Cuttings Kaua'i : D. plantaginea Cuttings Moloka'i, O'ahu D. platyphyila Seeds, cuttings Maul De. raillardioides Seeds, cuttings Kaua'i *D. Scabra var. scabra Seeds, cuttings Hawai'i *D. scabra var. munroi Cuttings Maui *D. scabra var. leiophylla Seeds, cuttings Maui, Molonxa'i and Lana'i NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 5 TABLE 1 (continued) *D. sherffiana (2 var.) Seeds, cuttings O' ahu D. walanapanapaensis Cuttings Maui Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Seeds, cuttings Kaua'i W. hobdyi Cuttings Kaua'i * Flowered in growth chamber. TABLE 2. Synthetic hybrids of the silversword alliance in cultivation.* **Dubautia knudsenii Hbd. n=14 (K) X D. ciliolata (DC.) Keck n=13 (H) D. knudsenii n=14 (K) X D. laxa H. & A. n=14 (0) D. knudsenii n=14 (K) X D. linearis (Gaud.) Keck var. opposita (Sherff) Keck n=13 (Mo) . Knudsenii n=14 (K) x Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Gray n=14 (K) - knudsenii n=14 (K) X D. scabra (DC.) Keck n=14 (M) . laxa n=14 (0) X D. scabra n=14 (M) - laxa n=14 (0) X D. sherffiana Fosb. n=13 (0) D. Db. D. De. D. linearis var. linearis n=13 (M) X D. linearis var. opposita n=13 (Mo) D. menziesii (Gray) Keck n=13 (M) X D. ciliolata n=13 (H) Dd. microcephala Skottsb. n=14 (K) X D. linearis var. linearis n=13 (M) D. microcephala n=14 (K) X D. scabra n=14 (H) D. microcephala n=14 (K) X D. sherffiana n=13 (0) D scabra n=14 (M) X D. linearis var. linearis n=13 (M) **D. scabra n=14 (M) X D. linearis var. opposita n=13 (Mo) D. scabra n=14 (M) X D. sherffiana n=13 (0) D. sherffiana n=13 (0) X D. linearis var. opposita n=13 (Mo) * Tetters in parentheses after each taxon indicate the island source of parental material: K = Kaua'i, O = O'ahu, Mo = Moloka'i, M = Maui, H = Hawai'i. **Flowered in growth chamber. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 SOME RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LATE THEODOR PHILIP HAAS O., & I. E. M. Degener S. war & Se Talissig We residents of O'ahu have had an outstanding botanist living in our midst for over a decade without fully appreciating him, nor profiting from his knowledge and wisdom. He visited the homes of the four of us on the North Shore of O'ahu and at Waikiki, and we, in turn, visited him at his apartment on Kuhio Ave. and later at his quarters at the Laniolu Good Samaritan Center on Lewers St. Whenever we could wean hin from the radio Or television (he had a passion for classical music), we enjoyed conversing with him on biological matters. He regularly attended meetings of the Hawaiian Botanical Society as well as seminars at the Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa until illness made it too difficult for» him .<-to- “continue. He waS invariably charming, courteous and enthusiastic with us, though to non-botanical acquaintances he often appeared antisocial. This latter attitude we ascribe to his persecution in Germany during the time of Hitler. In his later years, he also suffered considerable distress from acute rheumatoid arthritis. This illness made him increasingly dependent on a wheel chair. He waS alwayS surrounded by a fascinating clutter of books, pamphlets, old letters, photographs and other memorabilia. He studied plant morphology under Karl Goebel in 1911-12--his bound notebook, still extant, is of considerable interest in showing how the student reacted to the man and the course. He studied the genus Acer under Fritz von Wettstein, earning his Doctorate at Munich on December 21, 1932. Between 1929 and 1937, Dr. Haas set up exhibits, preparing pharmaceutical and other specimens for the Botanical Museum and for lectures at _ the University of Munich. One of his major projectS was rearranging the entire exhibition according to modern museum principles. . Dr. Haas fled Germany by way of Siberia and arrived in San Fransisco on September 21, 1940. He became an American citizen on June 17, 1941. He did consulting work at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, and the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan. He later moved to Philadelphia where he was a volunteer in the herbarium of the Museum of Natural History. Until his retirement due to ill health, he was a professor at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. While working at the New York Botanical Garden he noted the name "Degener' on many Hawaiian specimens. Though total strangers, we began a correspondence on the prevalent conditions in the islands. Pleased with what he had heard, he relocated to Honolulu, in 1964, to bask in the sunshine of our salubrious climate. He gave a notable paper on the date palm at the AAAS Convention in Philadelphia but did not publish much in the formal literature. On the other hand, his letters are replete with original observations about NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 7 plants from a mainly morphological point of view. An _ outstanding scientist, Dr. Haas was greatly interested in music. As illness reduced his physical ability, he became more and more dependent on his radio and television. He would frequently advise friends and acquaintances on stations and programs. His delightfully human side was shown in his wish to be buried with his prized radio. Due to Dr. Haas' close association with Philadelphia institutions, the Executors of his Estate sent his literary possessions to Pittsburg for preservation. In fact, we learned much of Dr. Haas' early history from the Hunt Institute of Botanical Documentation. SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT - 1978 Three field trips were held by the society in 1978. In March, a field trip to Ka'ena Point was led by Drs. Carr and Herbst. In April, Dr. Paul Weissich, director of Honolulu Botanic Gardens, led a tour through Koko Crater Botanic Garden. Mr. Keith Woolliams, horticulturist at Waimea Arboretum, conducted a tour of the arboretum grounds. Speakers for the society's monthly meetings were as follows: December Dr. Isabella A. Abbott on "The Influence of major food plants on the social system of old Hawaii." January Dr. Paul R. Weissich on "A collecting trip to Latin America." February Mr. Ted Green on "Collecting in Melanesia." March Dr. Douglas Yen of the Bishop Museum on "Cave Dwellers of the Philippines." April Dr. Raymond Fosberg of the Smithsonian Institute on "Floristic Research in Polynesia and Micronesia." May Dr. Harold St. John on "History of Hawaiian Botany." June Dr. Frank Tabrah on "Polynesian Medicine." The Society adjourned for the summer and the next meeting was held in October. October A team of speakers consisting Dr. Charles Lamoureux, Ms. Lani Stemmermann, Mr. Paul Higashino and Mr. Rick Warshauer on "The Botany of Pohakuloa." November Mr. John Obata gave his Presidential Address on "Native Hawaiian flora - a projection on collecting, propagation, and preservation." In addition a _ short talk on the "Plant of the month" was given at each meeting. . The year saw a number of the society's Newsletter published, however, article contributions were always and still are in short supply. Financially, the society is just keeping ahead of inflation. Membership dues may be raised in the future. Winona P. Char, Secretary 8 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING OF NOVEMBER 6, 1978 The meeting was called to order by the President, Mr. J. Obata, at 735° Dems The nominating committeee presented the following proposal for the Society officers for 1979. President - Mr. Keith Woolliams Vice-President - Mr. Nadarajah Balakrishnan Secretary - Ms. Winona Char Treasurer - Mr. Lowell Funk Directors - Dr. Gerald Carr Mr. John Obata (retiring President) A motion was made to accept the nomination. The motion was seconded and carried without objection. The President-Elect is a graduate of Kew Gardens. He is currently the Director of the Waimea Botanical Garden. He is particularly interested in the propagation of endangered Hawaiian plants. Mr. Balakrishnan is a candidate for the Ph. D. degree in Botany at the University of Hawaii. He is a plant ecologist and is currently working on the 'Ohi'ta decline problem. Ms. Char is a candidate for the M. S. degree in Botany at the University of Hawaii. She is revising the taxonomy of the Hawaiian species of the genus Sesbania. She has extensive field experience, particularly on the island of O'ahu, and has been very active in preparing environmental impact Statements. Mr. Funk is a local businessman with a general interest in Hawaiian botany and conservation. Dr. Carr is an assistant professor in Botany at the University of Hawaii. He is a biosystematist and is working on the Hawaiian tarweed complex. Mr. Obata, our retiring President, is a local schoolteacher who has a broad interest in the conservation and cultivation of Hawaiian plants. He is a very active fieldworker and is one of the best sources of information on plant localities on O'ahu. President Obata expressed special thanks to all who contributed to the plant exchange, especially to Messrs. Ray Baker, Oscar Kirsch, and Ted Green for their generous donations. The Audubon Society invited members to their November 20th meeting at the Waikiki Aquarium. Mr. Steve Montgomery announced that the State Fish and Game have removed the watering trough that was located near the dryland forest at Kanepu'u on Lana'i. The trough attracted deer in the area which had a negative impact on one of the last remaining dry forests on the island. President Obata announced that the society may have to increase dues by $1.00; any helpful suggestions on raising funds for the society are welcome, John Obata presented the plant of the month, Stenogyne kanehoana. This particular species is on the proposed list of Rare and Endangered Plants by the Federal government. It is unusual because unlike most stenogyne, this species has large flowers about 2 inches long. President Obata then gave his Presidential Address; "Native Hawaiian Flora - A projection on collecting, propagating and preservation". Winona P. Char, Secretary NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 ) FIRE, LIGHTNING, AND 'OHI'A DIEBACK James C. Sorenson Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa HONOLULU HI 96822 INTRODUCTION "Ohi'a dieback (or decline) is a phenomenon of concern to all those interested in native Hawaiian ecosystems. It is characterized by stands of dead and dying 'Ohi'a (Metrosideros collina var. polymorpha) tree areas that were formerly healthy forest. Although stands of native forest in a dieback condition have been reported on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, and in Hawai'i, most of the investigations into the problem have been centered on the island of Hawai'i. Within this area Mueller-Dombois et al. (1977) defined five types of 'Ohi'a dieback, the two major types being designated as Wetland and Dryland dieback. Although several theories have been advanced concerning the nature of "Ohi'a dieback, there are only two theories that have been areas of active research (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1977) The dynamic phasing theory for the Wetland and Dryland dieback (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1977) states that the canopy collapse is a mechanism which allows the shade intolerant 'Ohi'a to maintain its dominance in the Hawaiian rain forest. In this theory the trigger for Wetland dieback is soil drought coupled with an increasing demand on limited soil resources as the community matures. The complex ecological interactions needed to substantiate this theory are poorly understood at present though a massive research effort to collect the necessary data is underway. The other recently researched theory for the cause of 'Ohi'a decline is the disease theory (Petteys et al. 1975). In simplest terms, this theory stated that the fungous root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi and the 'Ohi'a wood borer, Plagithmysus bilineatus, working separately or together, were the causative agents of 'Qhi'a decline. However, Papp et al. (1979) reported that neither of these Organisms can be considered a primary cause of the decline, but rather that their presence at dieback sites is an effect of the occurrence of dieback. This paper presents two new hypotheses concerning possible triggers for 'Ohi'a dieback. Basically, these hypotheses concern the role of fire and lightning in producing symptoms in rain forests that could be described as dieback. The hypothesis concerning fire states that the 'Ohi'a dieback we are witnessing now on the windward slopes of the island of Hawai'i is an ecosystem function to replace the nutrients lost in a severe fire which occurred in the area within the last 100 years, and that dieback will keep recurring until a nutrient budget of pre-fire levels is restored. This fire hypothesis pertains particularly to Wetland dieback (including cluding the subtype Bog-formation dieback). The hypothesis concerning lightning states that areas of 'Ohi'a forest up to 1.5 acres in area are killed by individual lightning strikes, and that one of the side effects of the lightning strike could be the attraction of the 'Ohi'a wood borer to the Site. This lightning hypothesis pertains particularly to Dryland dieback. The two proposed triggers work on different time scales, with the effect of fire manifesting itself 50-100 years after the fire event, and the effect of lightning manifesting itself immediately. In natural ecosystems 10 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979). a0 NOL.. 718,972 lightning and fire are often connected in a cause and effect relationship, but for the purposes of this paper they are treated as independent events. That is, the possible effects of fire on Hawaiian rain forest ecosystems, regardless of the cause, will be examined, and the possible effects of lightning on these ecosystems, ignoring its role as an ignition source, will be examined. FIRE IN HAWAIIAN RAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS There is disagreement in the literature on the role of fire in the Hawaiian rain forest. Indeed, it is almost a disagreement on the possibility of fire in the rain forest. Vogl (1969) devotes 55 pages "to demonstrate that Hawaiian vegetation, in general, is far from pristine; that throughout its existence it has been continously besieged by catastrophies, including fire; .. and (that) much of the flora has been affected by, or adapted to, fire as well as other disturbance factors." He concludes that "fire is considered to have played a continued role in the evolution of a_ substantial part of the Hawaiian flora and vegetation, along with other widespread disturbances." and that "fires are considered to have been part of the Polynesian and pre-Polynesian environment, being so infrequent in some regions as to leave only the most subtle effects, and so frequent in others as to shape a plant cover resembling fire types anywhere." Concerning fire occurrence in the rain forest, Vogl (1969) states that "Just as the wetter parts of the islands are subject to occasional droughts, they are also subject to periodic fires. On Hawaii, for example, fires occurred repeatedly over the wettest areas. In fact, fires may be more common in windward than in leeward regions of the island of Hawaii, because large leeward areas are occupied by barren lava flows or semi- desert incapable of carrying fire. The windward slopes average 150-300 inches of annual precipitation and were last frequented by droughts in 1967 and 1965, which were attended by sizeable fires." As far as 'Ohi'a forests are concerned, Vogl (1969) states that "the coppiced growth, monotypic nature, uniform size, and even aged character of many Metrosideros stands reflect catastrophic or disturbance origins such as fire.” He later qualifies this somewhat, stating that "Metrosideros and Metrosideros-Cibotium forests may not be dependent on fire, and not all MetroSideros stands are related directly to fires. But these forests do burn, and these opportunistic species take advantage of the pioneer conditions created." Mueller-Dombois (1978) in a review paper on fire in the tropics states that "natural fires have played no significant role in the development of tropical rain forests; that is, fire has not been important as an evolutionary stress factor." In their report on 'Ohi'a dieback, Mueller- Dombois et al. (1977) state "neither fire, nor hurricanes are important perturbations in the Hawaiian montane rain forests." Mueller-—Dombois' arguments seem to be that because of the infrequent nature of fire in the Hawaiian rain forests, its effects in shaping the characteristics of the vegetation have been minimal. In Mueller-—Dombois (1978) he states: NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VVOL. 183. 1/2 11 Vogl pointed out that since the Pacific N.W. rain forest can burn, it should also be possible for the Hawaiian rain forest to burn. However, there is an annual dry season in the Pacific N.W. in July and August, and no such annual dry season is apparent in the Hawaiian rain forest environment. If anything, this speaks for alower fire frequency in Hawaii. Year-to-year variations in rainfall do occur and Vogl pointed out that they can produce drought in the rain forest. He describes a Situation in the east Maui rain forest above Hana in 1969 when mossy epiphytes, lichens, ferns and the bark of '‘'Ohi'a trees had become so dry that upon igniting with a match, "fern, duff, green fern fronds, and surface forest litter produced a roaring fire (Vogl, 1969:21). However, broad area burning has never been witnessed in the closed Hawaiian rain forests, only in seral or degraded stages. He then reports on data provided by Lipman et al. (1978, in Mueller- Dombois 1978) concerning the discovery of charcoal in a soil pit dug in the Ola'a tract. "The samples were carbon dated and gave as ages 340-200, 1040-200 and 2080-200 years. This shows that repeated fires have definitely occurred in certain sections of the Hawaiian rain forest. However, the fire frequency of 700- to 1000-year intervals is low. It correlates with vulcanism and not with drought years in these cases." In fact, then, there is not much disagreement as to the possibility of fire in the Hawaiian rain forest, but rather, a disagreement as to its frequency, origin, and effects in shaping the characteristics of the vegetation That disagreement will not be dealt with here. Vogl (1969) analyzed the fires on recored (Since about 1900) which were mostly caused by man and as_ such have been quite frequent. Mueller-Dombois (1978) states "With the occupation of the Hawaiian Islands by people and the advent and penetration of exotic grasses in many Islands by Hawaiian ecosystems, fire has recently become more important, but as a newly disturbing rather than natural stress factor." However, the point here, with which both Vogl and Mueller-Dombois seem to agree, is that it is possible for the rain forest to burn and that it has done so in the past. It is my belief that the situation in the Hawaiian rain forest is Similar to the situation described by Christensen (1978) concerning the cedar swamp forests of the S.E. United States. He states that "although fire may play a significant role in the development of such ecosystems we would hardly view it as a homeostatic mechanism. Fire occurrence in these ecosystems is related to the chance co-occurrence of an ignition source and suitable climatic conditions, rather than internal trends in the vegetation which increase fire probability. Fire in these ecosystems may indeed be analagous to an injury from which the ecosystem must recover." Given that fires do and have in the past occurred in the Hawaiian "Ohi'a rain forests, what is the nature of these fires? First of all they are very infrequent, the most reliable estimate being at 700 to 1000 year intervals under natural conditions (Lipman et al. in Mueller—Dombois 1978). They most probably occurred during the chance co-occurrence of a drought and ignition either by "dry" lightning or by spread from a lava flow. In any case, after 700 years surely a dense forest would be present, and it would be expected to produce a very intense fire. Indeed the "roaring fire" produced by Vogl using a single match is evidence of this. 12 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 19579... “SVOL... 182 Furthermore, there is other evidence of intense fire in the rain forests of Hawai'i, almost always occurring during droughts. A 3250 acre fire on the island of Hawai'i in November 1954 occurred "after months of the most prolonged and continuous drought which has been experienced in the memory of living persons" (Hawaii Forest Records, in Vogl 1969 ). June 6, 1921, 15 acres of forest on Hawai'i burned as the "fire spread by sparks being blown into the dry moss on the trees" (Judd 192la, in Vogl 1969). Hall (1904) described a 1902 fire which burned an area 15 miles long and 2 to 4 miles wide in southern Hamakua, Hawai'i. The fire was preceded by several months of severe drought, and burned with rapidity through dense forest of 'Ohi'a-lehua and koa with a heavy understory of tree ferns and other ferns. (Hall also describes another area that he believed had burned about 50 years before in the same area, but his Supporting evidence that this was indeed a fire area is not substantial). Thus, there is evidence of intense fires burning through closed rain forest areas on the Big Island, and furthermore, the one described by Hall (1904) seems to have occurred in the general vicinity (southern Hamakua) where 'Ohi'a dieback is now occurring. EFFECTS OF INTENSE FIRES ON ECOSYSTEMS Christensen (1978) states that "fire is usually considered to have the most devastating effects in those ecosystems where it is infrequent and intense." But what is the nature of these "devastating effects" on ecosystems? A review paper by Woodmansee and Wallach (1978) on the effects of fire on biogeochemical cycles provides some answers. The following series of statements are taken directly from that source: -Fire can influence biogeochemical cycling in ecological communities in widely varying ways ranging from stimulation of growth ...in some grasslands to total destruction of not only vegetation but entire soil-plant-animal-microorganism systems in some formerly forested landscapes. -Intense fires that kill large proportions of whole plants or all vegetation drastically alter cycling patterns. -Ecosystems that contain large amounts of nutrients above ground in aerial portions of plants (e.g. forests, some shrublands) or in rich organic layers (e.g. forests, some tundra communities) are quite vulnerable to catastrophic losses of nutrients. Not only are nutrients more exposed to combustion but because of the large amounts of organic matter above ground, the probability of high intensity, totally consuming fires is much greater. Large amounts of N as gas and other elements may be lost from such high intensity fires. Replacement of nutrients lost during combustion may take decades to replace by atmospheric deposition inputs alone. -In systems where high intensity fires occur, and especially where root systems are killed, large secondary losses of nutrients may occur if precipitation or wind events are extreme. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979." VOL. 1871/2 a be: -Nutrients contained in ash must be solubilized in order to become available for uptake by roots or microorganisms. In solution ions not only become available for uptake but they are also vunerable to loss in surface runoff, they may be leached into the soil profile where they may be retained on exchange sites of soil colloids, they may be leached through the soil profile and out of the root zone (especially if the roots have been killed). -Deep soils high in clays or colloidal organic matter but not saturated with Aluminum probably can retain the majority of ions passed into them from the surface ash. Shallow soils that are low in organic matter content would retain few ions with the remainder vulnerable to loss from the community if sufficient water is present to carry them out. -We emphasize the point that in ecosystems that are infrequently burned and in which biomass accumulates to such a degree that holocaust iS catastrophic, the patterns of nutrient cycling can be greatly altered. This is especially true if severe soil erosion occurs and the integrity of the soil-microorganism-—animal-plant root system is disrupted. -If the vegetational cover was substantially destroyed by the fire, "pioneer" species of plants that germinate and grow rapidly take in large quantities of nutrients. Following (this), more permanent vegetation-microorganism-animal systems develop that can efficiently utilize the nutrients mineralized from excessive populations of microorganisms and pioneer plants. This sequence of events following fire are consistent with hypotheses of nutrient retention by ecosystems presented by Vitousek and Reiners (1975) and Woodmansee (1978) who suggest that nutrient retention by early Seral communities may be very efficient. -We hypothesize that one ecosystem "adaptation" of successional vegetation is to maintain gene pools from which plants can become quickly established and "immobilize" nutrients. -We believe the fact that many pioneer species have the propensity to accumulate large concentrations of nutrients, especially N, is more than just coincidental. -We do infer, however, that in communities that have been burned and particularily those that have been severely depleted of nitrogen by fire, that nitrogen fixation can be a very important replenishing mechanism without which community recovery may take decades or centuries. Mueller—Dombois (1978) contributes the following along these lines: -Brinkmann and deNascimento report on the effects of tree felling with subsequent burning in the Amazon forest on latosols near Manaus and say that although large amounts of nutrients are rapidly released to the soil after burning, much is lost by leaching or becomes fixed and therefore is lost from the site potential. 14 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979'..- VOL. 1833072: -A few observations on forest succession following fire are available in tropical rain and seasonal forest areas. When the area is not too large and not converted for too long, natural forest appears possible in tropical forest areas. However, in larger-sized forest conversions, there is rapid site degradation in tropical rain forest areas in terms of erosion, loss of nutrient potential and deterioration of soil-physical properties (particularily ironstone formation). Site deterioration processes are also indicated for seasonal forests, but on a less rapid time scale. These facts, observations and hypotheses are particularily pertinent when we remember that 'Ohi'a is a pioneer species, as well as a "climax" species. Also, it is not a leguminous plant and in unable to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Furthermore, these effects of intense fires on ecosystems coupled with the past occurrence of intense fires in the 'Ohi'a rain forest ecosystems, seem to be related to certain observations concerning 'Ohi'a dieback. Perhaps the real question here is-—-if we accept that there was an intense fire over a large area in southern Hamakua, as reported in Hall (1904), and that such an intense fire is "analagous to an injury from which the ecosystem must recover" (Christensen 1978) and resulting ina high degree of alteration of nutrient cycling systems (Woodmansee and Wallach 1978), where is there an area that could be described as a fire "Scar"? THE RELATION OF FIRE TO 'OHI'A DIEBACK; A HYPOTHESIS There are four facts of 'Ohi'a dieback that perhaps can be explained by the occurrence of an intense fire in the past in the dieback area. Specifically, these facts apply to the areas termed Wetland Dieback and Bog-formation Dieback, and somewhat to Dryland Dieback (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1977). 1). Kliejunas and Ko (1974, in Mueller—Dombois et al. 1977) showed that the deficiency of inorganic nutrients is a factor in 'Ohi'a decline, that is, they showed that 'Ohi'a trees "come back" after fertilization, which implies that the dieback is really a premature death of 'Ohi'a trees due to a severe nutrient shortage in the soil. What is the original cause of this nutrient shortage? If the nutrient deficiency is a result of the natural processes involved in the weathering of the basaltic parent material, it would seem logical to expect a correlation between dieback occurrence and the age of the underlying lava flow; that is, the dieback should be occurring mostly on similarily aged substrates within any one area. Although it was not looked into in depth (i.e. no comparison of a lava flow map and tha map of the dieback area was made), the spatial distribution of the dieback argues against such a correlation in that Wetland Dieback and Bog-formation Dieback are aligned in a generally North-South orientation (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1977), which is nearly perpendicular to the general direction of lava flows in the Hamakua area. However, the review paper by Woodmansee and Wallach (1978) quoted extensively in the previous section, indicates that an infrequent, severe NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 15 fire in an area of heavy rainfall (and thus much runoff and leaching) and in an area with shallow soils that are possibly saturated with Aluminum, would deplete that area of a very substantial portion of its nutrients. In contrast to the depletion of nutrients by weathering, a fire-caused nutrient deficiency would not be expected to correlate with the age of the substrate. Furthermore, there is evidence in the literature (Hall 1904, Vogl 1969) of severe fires in the area that is now exhibiting dieback, although the directional orientation of these fires is not reported. 2). The presence of a hardpan is reported in certain dieback areas. Mueller-—Dombois et al. (1977) report that "one of our releves (in the Bog-formation dieback area) showed a hardpan at about 30-50 cm depth in the soil profile (at several places in the releve), which resembled a weakly cemented clay layer. The layer was easily cut by a knife. But the Soil above was watersoaked, and it was drier below the hardpan." They go on to quote Fosberg who "concluded many years ago from his observations of "Ohita dieback in montane wetland forests on Kaua'i and Maui that clay hardpan formation may be involved in this dieback and the formation of Hawaiian bogs." While Fosberg states that "weathering of the basalt under cool, very wet, conditions that permit the accumulation of humus and thus percolation of humic acid solutions yields clay" neither he nor Mueller- Dombois et al. (1977) address the question of why there is a hardpan. In fact, Mueller—Dombois et al. (1977) are somewhat perplexed by the relation of this hardpan formation to 'Ohi'a dieback, stating "it seems hard to believe that one may witness stand-dieback as being caused by a pedogenic Or geomorphological phenomenon. Such processes are considered to proceed on a much longer time scale than a tree generation." The fact that hardpan is reported in dieback areas on Kaua'i, Maui and the Big Island, that is, on substrates of similar origin but of vastly different ages, would indicate that this hardpan formation is not a geomorphological process, but the result of processes originating concurrently with the origin of the dieback. Mueller-—Dombois (1978) in his review paper on fire in the tropics, States (as quoted previously) "in larger-sized forest conversions, there is rapid site degradation in tropical rain forest areas in terms of of ---SOil physical properties (particularly ironstone formation) ." Budowski (1966) states that following fire in tropical areas "there is often a deterioration of structure due in part to the dismembering of soil aggregates resulting in clogging of the porous space. The end result is often compaction and a formation of a hard or indurated pan." Thus, fire could be the explanation for the presence of hardpans in dieback areas, and again Vogl (1969) presents evidence of extensive fires on Kaua'i and Maui (which were not reported here) as well as in the Hamakua area of the Big Island, all within the last 80 years. 3). The presence of trunk sprouted trees is reported on certain dieback plots (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1977). Vogl (1969) seems to feel that this trunk sprouting is possibly an adaptation to fire, although he also states that any disturbance could probably produce the trunk sprouting. Mueller-—Dombois (1978) feels that trunk sprouting is primarily an adaptation to ash fallout from volcanic eruptions, since remarkable recoveries by 'Ohi'a and other indigenous plants were observed following the Kilauea Iki eruption. Smathers (1969) in a study of the Hi'iaka Fire Burn area reports however, that nine months after the burn "the native Ohia Tree (Metrosideros polymorpha) was the sole representative of the 16 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 phanaerop layer" and that "many trees and shrubs that first appeared to be dead had now begun to develop green buds along their charred stems." would appear then, that 'Ohi'a has an adaptation to resprout from the trunk following mechanical disturbance, whether the disturbance is ash fallout or fire. Although the trees that have recently resprouted from the trunk are probably responding to neither of these stress factors, in areas far from recent ash-fallout disturbance where '‘'Ohi'a is’ resprouting, the possiblity that the trunk-sprouting is a response to fire should be investigated, especially in areas where the historical records shows a past occurrence of fire. 4). The presence of "sedges, rushes, other bog plants (including Sphagnum vitianum), some broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), and the creeping uluhe fern (Dicranopteris linearis)" in treeless and stunted-'Ohi'a bogs of the Bog-formation dieback, aS well as the observation that the wetland dieback "seems to stop whenever there is a major change in habitat" (Mueller-—Dombois et al. 1977). This sounds somewhat like the situation in the wet grasslands of Sri Lanka, as described in Mueller-Dombois (1978). "The talawa grasslands are anthrogpogenic grasslands in the humid lowlands which originated from shifting agriculture in the rain forest. They are maintained by frequent fires and include the "Kekilla" fernlands, which are covered with Dicranopteris linearis." In the wet patana, "the grass fires ... do not normally spread into the adjacent montane rain forest. They stop sharply at its border where one finds usually a narrow ecotone consisting of shrubs and ferns. However, occasionally even this ecotone community becomes burned and a few trees at the forest border are scorched. It is conceivable that the rain forest has given way in this manner very slowly to the grassland by scorching and killing a few trees at a time." Since the probability of a fire occurrence in a given area "is not just dependent on the frequency of ignition events in that stand, but also on the likelihood of fire moving in from neighboring stands" (Christensen 1978) it would appear that where the sedges and uluhe got started following the severe fire, there are now more frequent fires which are converting the former forest to a sedge bog. Or, as Christensen (1978) describes the possible origin of the grass sedge bogs of the south east U.S. - "Such bogs may also result from very intense fires in areas of considerable peat accumulation during dry periods. Such fires may burn the peat below the mean annual water table creating a perennially moist depression which is rapidly invaded by herbs. Because the litter produced by these herbs is rather combustible, fires may be comparatively frequent. Thus, once established, grass-sedge bogs may be perpetuated by virtue of this change in fire cycle." The hypothesis concerning the possible role of fire in Wetland and Bog-formation Dieback, then, is as follows: An intense fire went through the 'Ohi'a rain forest sometime between 50 to 100 years ago, leading to a depletion of the area of a very substantial proportion of its nutrients and causing hardpan formation in certain area. The fire also destroyed the forest canopy, allowing shade intolerant species, in most cases "Ohi'a, to invade. Some areas, however, because of the proximity of a seed source, the depth of the burn in relation to the water table, or perhaps because of a change in the fire cycle such that 'Ohi'a could not establish, were invaded by herbaceous vegetation and are today areas referred to as Bog-formation Dieback. Newsletter Aawalia 50tanica Oc1e (pntents VOLUME 17, NUMBERS 1-5 1978 edited by Clifford W. Smith *K Published by the Hawattan Botantcal Soetety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the setence of botany in all tts applitcattons, encourage research tn botany tin all tits phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirtt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant ltfe of the Hawattan Islands ts eltgtble for membershtp. Informatton may be obtatned from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matle Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822, OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY, 1978 President: Vice-President: Secretary: Treasurer: Member ship: Editor: Directors: Membership: Nominations: Auditor: Conservation: Native Plants: Mr. Ms. of Ms. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE John K. Obata, Kawananakoa School Evangeline Funk, Department of Botany, University Hawaii -— Manoa Winona Char, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii — Manoa |B) cages of Ms. of DE. of Mr. Di. of Ms. Charles H. Lamoureux, Department of Botany, University Hawaii -— Manoa R. Lani Stemmermann, Department of Botany, University Hawaii - Manoa Clifford W. Smith, Department of Botany, University Hawaii - Manoa Ted Green, Landscape Architect (Past President) Gerald D. Carr, Department of Botany, University Hawaii -— Manoa COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN R. Lani Stemmermann, Department of Botany, University Hawaii - Manoa Daniel Palmer, Physician . Jack Bell, Hawaii State Dept. of Taxation (Ret.) Ruth Gay, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii — Manoa Dr. Daniel Palmer, Physician Plant Donations: Ms. Evangeline Funk, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii - Manoa TRUSTEES OF THE MARIE NEAL FUND Mr. William M Bush, Castle and Cooke (Ret.) Mr. Ted Green, Landscape Architect Dr. Constance E. Hartt, Hawaii Sugar Planters Association (Ret.) Mr. Oscar Kirsch, Orchids from Hawaii Dr. Charles H. Lamoureux, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii - Manoa ARTICLES AND NOTES Page Adaptive Radiation in the Silversword Alliance - An Overview (Gerald D. ATATER rere Ree pe re Wench a er oie wo olCUsie 6 ace ations, 0° 6's oleic eos o eioreiele pie ae wo ele seem etel eles 06 were 64 CARR, G. D.: Adaptive Radiation in the Silversword Alliance - An WVCTAV PO Wikreeteeeie iso etete ee & oe Oe Sia te Se See SIR EER Ee USS wis Matinee Sees 64 Development of Emergent Vegetation in a Tropical Marsh (Kawainui, O'ahu) Ralearercl ct he SIN Gln) magia ee tiaha te axe Saeceis gue wie tesla wee wile O16 6 Rie aie e Ge Ew eel, wee eete el 2 FUNK, Fle Hawai ane riber. Piantsina cveoe Ae uidenss sae wees awece bene c cn eeee 27 Haleakala - A Tropical Alpine and Subalpine Area (Louis D. Whiteaker)*...36 Hawarian Fiber Plants (Evangeline «FUNK )< sos0% 664 oe o's see Gs S wlere o wei & Slelateiers 27 HOH Werdess Recent Paciiic Publications =" Acc. sche ce cece Ou cee s cess mess 69 LAMOUREUK, C. H.: Recent Pacific Publications — 4. ..c.cccccscvcocscsecece 69 Recent Pacific Publications - 4 (Charles H. Lamoureux & W. J. Hoe)....... 69 Recently Completed Theses in Botanical Sciences at the University of PAWN Mecsas tere atc Sane oe ects sale ew OWLa Ts OUEW ad 81S ecole eee Oe 3S SUS Fm ele ieee Siete teers 81 SMITH, L. L.: Development of Emergent Vegetation in a Tropical Marsh AGA ete TAI? nO) INN) fox te ete eae ale wtese eo teree overs Steave cia e's everereicrelet) wuetenere ake aueteme te 2 SOGICy, BUSINESS 24 bie a.a-s'e wibe oe ie eres sae etia oeieine 537 D470 Oe) Ppl Ory oTeU ST. JOHN, H.: St John's Hawaiian plant Novel ties Sinceol9/2...iwew eee es 56 St John's Hawaiian Plant Novelties Since 1972 (Harold St. John).......... 56 WHITEAKER, L. D.: Haleakala - A Tropical Alpine and Subalpine Area (Louis Dep WiatithCaKCh eve axsroroe Siete ose wired Puieiciete «ie che cle cle aise bowie ee Sew eee 36 SSS ae ° ° ° ° * Figure 1 from this article was inadvertently omitted from the paper. It is printed on the reverse of this index. il wer HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK Ea CRATER DISTRICT Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the major geographical features of the crater. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 uly In areas where 'Ohi'a did get established the trees grew for a considerable period, perhaps 50 years, until the few remaining nutrients of the site were tied up in biomass. Of course during this growth period the populations were increasing the total nutrient reserves of the ecosystem slightly by trapping any new atmospheric deposits. Eventually, however, the nutrient deficit, coupled with the increasing demands on the nutrient reserves due to competition, overwhelmed the population, causing it to collapse. As an ecosystem function, however, this collapse is beneficial, as the death and decay of trees, which is now under the contrtol of a stable population of microorganisms, will release the nutrients slowly and more directly to the new, ‘'Ohi'a-regeneration population. In effect, die-back and the microorganism controlled mineralization allows the ecosystem to build up its nutrient reserves, Since not only have some nutrients been added by atmospheric inputs, but they are also less susceptible to runoff and leaching. That is, since the "pioneer" species of this ecosystem does not fix N2, it first "immobilizes" the nutrients and then more permanent vegetation-microorganism-animal systems develop that can efficiently utilize the nutrients mineralized from excessive populations of microorganisms and pioneer plants (see pgs. 6&7). The fact that 'Ohi'a is both the pioneer species and the dominant species of the more permanent vegetation, as well as being a tree, makes this ecosystem function a bit more complicated. And indeed, this cycle of nutrient uptake, dieback, and controlled nutrient release may be the only way for a natural 'Ohi'a rain forest ecosystem to replenish the nutrients lost in a catastrophic fire, and the cycle will be repeated until the ecosystem is back to the nutrient budget it had before the fire, which, in the absence of N2 fixing seral stages may indeed take centuries, as Woodmansee and Wallach imply (see pg. 7). LIGHTNING IN HAWAIIAN RAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS That lightning occurrence in Hawai'i is not a rare event is almost an agreed upon fact. Vogl (1969) and Mueller-—Dombois (1978) both accept the figure of 30-50 lightning days per year as reported by Price (1968), who also stated that they are most frequent between October and April. Mueller—Dombois (1978) states also that "the lightning frequency in Hawaii corresponds closely with that of the south east U.S., which is known as a natural fire region." However, the purpose of this section is not to examine the probability of lightning caused ignition events but to look at the other possible effects of lightning on tropical rain forest ecosystems. But first, where do most of the lightning discharges occur? Vogl (1969) gets his information from Blumenstock and Price (1967) and states that "thunderstorms are usually concentrated in island interiors in the higher mountains and along windward slopes." This would seem to indicate that the lightning discharges are concentrated over areas of rain forest. Also, from September 1967 to April 1968 Vogl (1969) recorded 55 active thunderstorms, plus 44 thunderhead cells that were not observed to produce lightning. Lightning counts were made throughout the course of 25 storms. The storms averaged 37 electrical discharges, ranging from only 1 to at least 200 strikes per storm. Several storms averaged one strike per 18 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979.5 ( VOL. _*28i,/-172 minute for as long as 30 minutes. All but three were accompanied by rain, which was often steady or torrential. LIGHTNING EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS Aside from being the most prevalent natural fire ignition source worldwide, what are the effects of lightning on ecosystems, particularily rain forest ecosystems? According to Brunig (1964) and Anderson (1964) working in the Shorea albida rain forest in Sarawak, gaps in the canopy of the Shorea dominated rain forest are attributable to lightning damage. Anderson (1964) states that "initially the cause of group mortality of Shorea albida was purely conjectural, but after a study of the groups of dead trees and a review of the literature the damage can be safely attributed to lightning. This confirms the opinion of many of the local Ibans and Milanaus who traverse the peat swamp." Brunig (1964) states that "in all areas (examined on air photos) the pit like gaps were found to be a characteristic feature of the Shorea albida forests." The following are characteristics of lightning damage in the Shorea rain forest:" The gaps in the canopy are usually approximately circular in Shape; damaged trees have a distinctly whitish-grey tone before defoliation; the bare trees remain conspicuous for some years after defoliation; and the largest gaps have a diameter of between 4 and 5 chains (264-330 ft.) covering areas up to an acre and a half (Brunig 1964, Anderson 1964). Anderson also reports that "on some trees half the crown was killed, whereas damage on other trees was confined to one branch or even part of a branch. Almost invariably the damaged part of the crown faced towards the dead trees." Further characteristics enumerated by Anderson (1964) are as follows: -Damage iS most severe in the Shorea albida consociation where the canopy is pure and even. -Trees exceeding 50 in number may be killed or damaged by a single strike where the canopy is even, but in forest with an uneven canopy damage is largely confined to emergents and a few middle- and lower- storey trees in the vicinity of the killed emergents. -The intensity of the damage is greatest at the focal point, which is usually near the center of the group. (But) beyond the margin of the group (of damaged trees) the occasional tree may be slightly damaged. -Regeneration of Shorea albida was almost absent under the undamaged canopy outside the groups, and only the occasional seedling was found in the three older groups of damage. In the recent groups, however, regeneration both of seedlings and small saplings was abundant and appeared vigorous. Brunig (1964) states that "evidence of a second hit by lightning in 11 of the 28 gaps examined, and an apparent but not yet tested tendency of gaps to occur in groups or clusters may indicate that certain localities may attract lightning more than others, possibly as a result of a favor- able coincidence of a number of physiographic, edaphic, climatic and biotic factors." Along these lines, Anderson (1964) states that "the NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 19 severity of damage in any locality is dependent on a number of factors among which may be mentioned: 1) Frequency and intensity of lightning storms. 2) The structure of the forest. Forest with a pure, even canopy, especially where it is composed of a single species, is liable to greater damage than a mixed forest with an uneven canopy. 3) Topography of the ground. More severe damage, in numbers of trees killed or damaged is expected to be where topography is flat. 4) Species of tree. Certain species are probably inherently resistant to lightning damage and/or have greater ability to recover from such damage." Taylor (1974) commenting on the literature on lightning damage states that "tree group mortality of this type has seldom been reported in the United States and Canada but has commonly been observed throughout Europe, in England, Scotland, Australia, New Guinea, and Malaysia." He also states that "the physiological lightning effects least understood are those attending mortality of tree groups," but goes on to say that "...of greater biological significance is that the direct structural and physiological effects of lightning are precursory to other physical events in the environment and to important biological activities by consumers and decomposers." He expands on this in the following paragraph: Forest entomologists are aware that individual conifers damaged either by lightning or other injurious agents attract several genera of scolytids (bark beetles). Sharpening this awareness, Anderson and Anderson proposed that pioneer flights of Ips bark beetles are attracted to lightning-struck southern pines by volatile oleoresin fractions released from ruptured bark and wood tissues. Then .---attacks by a few pioneer beetles on a Single lightning struck tree may trigger mass attacks on the struck tree and its neighbors. Providing more recent evidence of this, Hodges and Pickard have reported that individual lightning struck pines were epicenters for 31% of the 2100 tree-group beetle infestations recorded in a three year period on one large ownership in Louisiana. Lightning produces a shower of finely divided bark, wood and needle particles, which is deposited on neighboring trees to a radius of 50 m or more from the struck tree (Taylor 1974). He continues "the debris shower, in effect, places a multitude of minute, short-term oleoresin releasing sources on and around the struck tree and its neighbors. An especially dense shower might enhance the probability of discovery and attack by pioneer beetles in an otherwise marginal olfactory-search situation." Could these lightning strike events be happening in the Hawaiian rain forest? It certainly seems to have most of the characteristics set forth by Anderson (1964) (see pgs. 15 & 16). But Vogl states that "lightning Struck trees or lightning damaged vegetation were not found on trips into Oahu mountains. Split, broken, or fallen trees were encountered, but could not be definitely linked to lightning, since characteristic spiral trunk splits common on mainland trees were not observed. Perhaps tropical trees are not affected by lightning in the same way." According to Anderson (1964) this certainly would seem to be the case, at least for the Species present in Sarawak. He states that "...all trees have been examined for some of the more usual evidence of lightning damage, such as Shattering or splitting of the bole, charring of the bark, etc. Only on 20 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979: VOL. (01S 72 one tree (of 102 killed) was there any real evidence, and even here it was difficult to say whether it was caused by lightning or merely a secondary effect. This general absence of direct manifestation of lightning damage is not unusual." On amore general note, Taylor (1974) in summing up, states: "We have seen that although the influences of lightning in forest communities may sometimes be obvious, more often they are subtle and go virtually unnoticed." THE RELATION OF LIGHTNING TO 'OHI'A DIEBACK: A HYPOTHESIS There are two facts of 'Ohi'a dieback, more specifically dryland dieback, that could possibly be explained by the effects of lightning on the 'Ohi'a rain forest. 1). On air photos the Dryland dieback type shows a "pocket"-like distribution. These pockets are usually less than an acre to rarely more than an acre in size, and some appear to be associated with dense 'Ohi'a Stocking (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1977). These characteristics are similar to Brunig's (1964) and Anderson's (1964) description of the Shorea albida rain forests of Sarawak. That lightning strikes do occur in Hawaiian rain forest areas has already been shown (Vogl 1969, pg. 14). Furthermore, Mueller-—Dombois et al. (1977) describe one small dieback area that could have been the result of a recent lightning strike. "The dieback pocket was too small for mapping it as an open forest at the chosen map scale. Interestingly, there are a number of recently dead standing trees, but no old snags. This stand must have died very suddenly and recently." 2). Papp etal. (1979) report the results of an entomological study in dieback areas. They state that "neither (the 'Ohi'a wood borer) Plagithmysus bilineatus nor (the fungous root pathogen) Phytophthora Cclinnamomi, acting alone or in combination, can be considered primary incitants of epidemic ohia decline as described by Petteys and others (1975). However, the presence of P. bilineatus and its intensity of attack ...are clearly associated with declining 'Chi'a trees on eight widely differing sites on the island of Hawaii." Of particular interest here is the wood borer, about which they state "our results suggest that it accelerates the decline of predisposed trees." They report that data analysis indicates that site related factors are probably involved in the relationship between declining crown condition and P. bilineatus attack, and that less than 15% of healthy trees at any site were attacked, while 75% of the severely declining trees were attacked. Also, attack by the wood borer "was apparently encouraged by rootlet mortality or crown loss brought on by unknown stress factors." If we can accept that lightning strikes are not a rare occurence in the ‘Ohi'a rain forest and Taylor's (1974) statements about lightning being a precursor for certain biological events, particularly bark beetle attack, the results reported in Papp et al. (1979) fit in very nicely with the effects of lightning in other ecosystems around the world. The hypothesis in the case of lightning, then, is that in areas of the 'Ohi'a dominated rain forest where there is an even canopy, lightning strikes cause groups of 'Qhi"a trees to die, which gives the Dryland dieback its pocket-like appearance when examined on air photos. This lightning induced group death opens up the canopy, allowing regeneration of '‘'Ohi'a in these areas. Some volatile substance in 'Ohi'a is released NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 21 in the area of this lightning event, attracting the 'Ohi'a wood borer. This type of die-back, of course, has been going on since 'Ohi'a became the dominant forest tree on the Islands, and given the dogma of the coevolution of insects and their plant hosts, it is to be expected that the wood borer present at dieback would be endemic. CONCLUSION The facts of 'Ohi'a dieback explained by the occurrence of a fire in the past and by the effects of lightning on ecosystems would tend to indicate that the hypotheses presented here have some validity in the real world and are indeed worth testing. Of course, in nature the effects of lightning and the effects of fire are often not as easily separable as they are on paper. Also, what is called Wetland 'Ohi'a dieback and Dryland 'Ohi'a dieback are also probable not as easily defined in the field as they can be arbitrarily on paper. That is to say lightning, both as an incendiary event and in its role as other than an ignition source, probably is a factor in all three types of "Ohi'ta dieback discussed here - Wetland dieback, Dryland dieback and Bog-formation dieback. Fire, on the other hand, probably plays a continuing role in Bog-formation dieback, but its role in Wetland dieback is restricted to a historical role, and it can only be a minor factor in Dryland dieback. It is believed that these two hypothetical triggers, interrelated though they may be, occur independently enough over time and space as to fulfill the requirement that 'Ohi'a dieback is caused by more than one trigger. For, aS Mueller-—Dombois et al. (1977) states, "...it appears now, in view of our findings, untenable to consider the 'Ohi'a dieback as caused by a single trigger." If these hypotheses could be considered to be theories, since they do incorporate a number of facts, this would provide some concrete management objectives - mainly to somehow keep fire out of the rain forest. Also to try to attempt to minimize the effects of recurrent fires, perhaps by Suppression, in those areas already tending away from 'Ohi'a rain forest. The effect of lightning, even as an ignition source, is, of course, unstoppable. The implications are many, but it is feared that the invasion of exotic grasses into certain dieback areas gives a new aspect to seral development in the 'Ohi'a forest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A reference list does not indicate which works were most instrumental in the formulation of ideas. In this regard, both Mueller-Dombois et al. (1977) and Mueller-Dombois (1978) played major roles, and it should be pointed out that the references to the effects of lightning in rain forests (Brunig 1964, Anderson 1964) were originally found in the references given in Mueller—Dombois 1978. I would like to thank Dr. Cliff Smith and Dr. Sanford Siegel for their comments and help in moving this paper from the rough draft to the finished form. Also, Dr. Dieter Mueller-Dombois and Dr. Charles Hodges, 22 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 as well as the aforementioned gentlemen, made valuable comments and Suggestions concerning the justification and viability of the hypotheses presented. Not all of the suggestions were incorporated, however, as it was felt that some of them would be better presented in print in response to this paper; that is, to get some further facts of 'Ohi'a dieback into the light. Be that as it may, the ideas presented in this paper are the complete responsibility of the author. Hopefully, the exchange of ideas and the cooperation encountered in writing and presenting this paper will carry over into further studies of the 'Ohi'a decline phenomenon. LITERATURE CITED Anderson, J.A.R. (1964). Observations on climatic damage in peat swamp forest in Sarawak. Commonwealth Forestry Rev. 43(2): 145-158. Brunig, E.F. (1964). A study of damage attributed to lightning in two areas of Shorea albida forest in Sarawak. Commonwealth Forestry Rev. 43: 134-144. Budowski, G. (1966). Fire in tropical American lowland areas. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. No. 5: 5-22. *Christensen, N.L. (1978). The role of past and present fire frequency and intensity on ecosystem distribution through time and space: Southeastern Ecosystems. Hall, W.L. (1904). The forests of the Hawaiian Islands. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bureau Forest. Bull. No. 48. 29p. Mueller-—Dombois, D., J.D. Jacobi, R.G. Cooray, and N. Balakrishnan. (1977). "Ohi'a rain forest study: Ecological investigations of t ohia dieback problem in Hawaii. Coop. Nat. Parks Studies Unit (Bot. Dept., Univ. Hawaii) Tech. Rep. No. 20. #117p. + 3 maps. *Papp, R.P., J. Ts Kiiejunas, RS. Smith, (dra, 5: RoE. Scharpr. (1979). Association of Plagithmysus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Phytophthora cinnamomi with the decline of ohia-lehua forests on the Island of Hawaii. Forest Sci. 25: 187-196. Petteys, E.Q. P., R.E. Burgan, and R.E. Nelson. (1975). Ohia forest decline: its spread and severity in Hawaii. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. PSW - 105, llp. Price, S. 1968. Thunder, lightning not rare in Isles. Honolulu Star Bulletin. 8 April:Al0. Smathers, G. (1969). Hiiaka fire burn study in Hawaii Volcanoes Nat. Park. U.S. Dept. Int., N.P.S. Office of Natural Science Studies. Annual Report, pp. 100-125. Taylor, A:R:.. (1974). Ecological aspects of lightning in forests. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. No. 13: 455-482. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 23 Vogl, R.J. (1969). The role of fire in the evolution of the Hawaiian flora and vegetation. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conf. No. 9: 5-60. *Woodmansee, R.G. and L.S. Wallach. (1978). Effects of fire frequency and intensity on biogeochemical cycles. *To be published in: Mooney, H.A., T. Bonnicksen, J. Lotan, and W. Reiners. (1979). Proceedings of the symposium on the role of past and present fire frequency and intensity on ecosystem distribution, structure, and management. Wiley, Inc. (The copies used for this paper were acquired at the symposium, held at the East-West Center, Univ. of Hawaii, in December, 1978). LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ] February 1979. Members of the Tamaricaceae, the tamarix family, are unusually successful in arid habitats because they are highly adapted to coping with the adverse conditions. Several deserts have very saline soils, and those plants capable of dealing with the excessive salt are at an advantage. Tamarix, for instance, is capable of secreting salt through special glands in its leaves. Even where conditions are not excessively saline the secretory system in Tamarix is remarkably effective. In one analysis, the secretions of Tamarix aphylla grown in a solution of known concentrations of salt were shown to be, on the average, 50 times more concentrated than the growth solution (Berry, W. C. 1970. Characteristics of salt secreted by Tamarix aphylla. Amer. J. Bot. 57:1226-1230). The use of Tamarix in soil conservation plantings in the Hawaiian Islands should be reconsidered. While it certainly provides greenery when grown in arid areas, it may also interfere with the establishment and growth of forbs which are often more important than tree species in soil conservation. The effectiveness of Tamarix should be evaluated before large scale plantings are made. Quite apart from the possible interference with the growth of useful soil binding grasses, such as the native pili (Heteropogon contortus) and the exotic buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), Tamarix has escaped in many areas of the world where it has been planted and become a noxious weed in several habitats, for example stream and river banks. There are more than enough exotic weed problems in the Hawaiian Islands without adding another to the list. ‘The introduction of Tamarix Should be carefully monitored and appropriate action taken if it does not act aS a good soil conservator or it shows signs of escaping into other habitats. Lani Stemmermann Volcano, Hawaii 24 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 RECENTLY COMPLETED THESES IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I WONG, Diana C. L. 1975. Algae of the anchialine pools at Cape Kinau, Maui, and aspects of the trophic ecology of Halocaridina rubra Holthuis (Decapoda, Attyidae). The taxonomy and distribution of algae in the anchialine pools at Cape Kinau, Maui, Hawaii, were studied with respect to environmental variables. Related work concerned studies of the foods and feeding anatomy of a small atyid shrimp, Halocaridina rubra, which is the dominant primary consumer. The anchialine pools can be separated into four groups based on their algal flora. At one extreme are pools in which matted and crustaceous cyanophyte (blue-green bacteria) communities are characteristic; at the other, are pools dominated by a marine flora consisting of macrophytic chlorophytes and rhodophytes. Intermediate are pools in which marine algae are found along with the cyanophyte communities. The fourth group of pools is characterized by the presence of the phanerogam, Ruppia maritima. Matted and crustaceous cyanophyte communities-—-Scytonema cincinnatum mat, Lyngbya mat, Lyngbya crust-—-are the most unique components of the anchialine algal flora. The Scytonema and Lyngbya mats are comparable to similar communities described in the literature and the Lyngbya crust is likened to organosedimentary structures delineated in many Studies as algal laminated stromatolites or algal laminated sediments. Inorganic material associated with cyanophyte communities was identified by X-ray diffraction as calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite. It is postulated that these sediments are biogenic and autochthonous--that they are precipitated in situ by the cyanophyte communities as no allochthonous source is apparent. Salinity was identified as a major factor affecting the distribution of algae; other influencing factors were substratum, insolation, and tides and wind. Analyses of Halocaridina rubra gut contents indicated that the major component of its diet consisted of an amorphous mass of greenish-brown material composed mainly of organic detritus. Lyngbya sheaths and diatom frustules were the most prominent among identifiable materials ingested. H. rubra generally feeds on bottom materials but also was observed feeding in midwater in pools with abundant phyto-plankton such as Gymnodinium. It is primarily a chelate raptatory feeder. A maxillary filtratory mechanism is postulated circumstantially to be involved in the feeding of phytoplankton in the water column. FLOYD, Mary E. 1977. Autecological study and phenolic analysis of Pelea anisata Mann (Mokihana). Pelea anisata Mann (Rutaceae) or Mokihana, is endemic to the island of Kaua‘i where it is an important component of Metrosideros dominated forests. This study investigated aspects of its reproduction and phenolic chemistry. First, a structural analysis of seven sites in the Koke'e area domonstrated that Mokihana is successfully reproducing in its natural environment. Secondly, attempts were made in the laboratory to germinate NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 25 P. anisata seeds using scarification, chemical treatments (i.e., potassium nitrate, thiourea and gibberellic acid), and alternating light and temperature conditions. All attempts failed, however the presence of germination inhibitors was detected and it is speculated that the failure of germination may be due to accumulation of such inhibitors under laboratory conditions. Finally, the phenolic constituents of Pelea anisata as well as five other Pelea species were extracted and chromatogrammed using thin layer chromatographic techniques. The thin-layer chromatograph finger-print of each species was significantly different from that of the others. Thus, it is proposed that fingerprints of the phenolic constituents of Pelea species may have chemotaxonomic value. FOTOS, Sandra S. 1978. Observations on the cytology and life history of Chnoospora minima (Hering) Papenfuss (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyta) in the field and in culture. In the Hawaiian Islands the species Chnoospora minima exhibits the morphological features accepted for the order Scytosiphonales. Its placement in the order is thus supported. A dimorphic alternation between an erect blade and a small disc has been observed in culture. The disc showS a direct return to the erect blade independent of temperature or photoperiod. In addition, culture studies have demonstrated the ability of the discoid phase to perpetuate itself for a number of generations, apparently by means of swarmers released from fertile areas on branches of limited length, termed knot filaments, produced by the disc. A limited field study supports the findings that the discoid phase perpetuates itself, and thus, the species as well, at a given site. It is suggested that self-perpetuation by the discs is of importance in maintaining a field population of Chnoospora minima during the winter months, when adult thalli are frequently removed by strong wave action. FUNK, Evangeline J. 1979. Anatomical variation of fibers in five genera of Hawaiian Urticaceae and its significance to ethnobotany. An anatomical examination of five genera of Urticaceae has shown that the cells of Urera and Touchardia used by the early Hawaiians for fiber are actually thick walled branching non-articulated laticifers. At maturity these cells become lignified, a process which begins in younger tissue in Urera than in Touchardia. They are apparently the only laticifers known to have been used as commercial fibers. True fibers are distributed unevenly along different radii of the stems of Neraudia, Boehmeria and Pipturus. This variation may represent a response to external conditions such as prevailing winds and seems analogous to the formation of reaction wood. The bark of Pipturus, when placed in water, exudes large quantities of an adhesive material that was probably as valuable to the aboriginal Hawaiians for cementing layers of tapa together as the fibers were in forming the substance of the tapa. Experiments suggest the usable fibers of Pipturus were apparently extracted from the bark by scraping and probably never obtained by retting. 26 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 SS a rs ws re cs ws as ws rs a ws es we ew ww ws ww wr a we ew a a ew ww ee MCKENNA, Dennis J. 1979. Biochemical markers in Hawaiian and extra- Hawaiian Acacia species. This study focused on certain aspects of the secondary biochemistry of the endemic Acacia species and several closely-related extra-Hawaiian Acacia species. Thin-layer chromatographic methods were developed for analyzing the soluble amino acids of seeds and seedlings, and for analyzing the phenolic fractions of phyllodes. Three phenolic fractions from phyllodes of A. koa (Koa) were isolated and partially characterized using reagents and spectral analysis. The major constituents of the soluble amino acid fraction of Koa seeds were identified by comparison with standards. Systematic comparisons of the soluble amino acid thin-layer profiles of the Hawaiian Acacia species and eight closely-related extra-Hawaiian species were carried out using seeds and 120 day old seedlings. A developmental study of the changes in the soluble amino acid profile of Koa, from 0-240 days of age, was also carried out. A compound similar to 3-hydroxyproline was detected in the seedling profiles and was Characterized by chromatographic methods. Other aspects of the work included bioassays of albizzin and S-carboxyethylcysteine, which are major components of the soluble amino acids of Koa seeds, and a test for the presence of alkaloids in the species sampled. BECKER, Richard E. 1976. The phytosociological position of tree ferns (Cibotium spp.) in the montane rain forests on the island of Hawaii. Tree ferns form a very conspicuous component in the montane rain forest communities on the island of Hawaii. This study has been concerned with the identification, nomenclature and phytosociology of these Hawaiian tree ferns. A literature survey deals with the taxonomy, geographical distribution, habitats, and physiological studies of tree ferns, with the emphasis on Cibotium species. It then deals with the concepts and methods involved in a vegetational study, followed by a_ review of aspects of competition and the stability role of tree ferns in the montane rain forests. This part is concluded by sections on myths and uses of tree ferns. The second chapter clarifies the nomenclature of the six Hawaiian Cibotium species. A key and descriptions are given for these species together with their island distributions. The species recognised are Cibotium chamissoi Kaulf., C. glaucum (Sm.) Hook. & Arn., C. hawaiense Nakai & Ogura, C. nealiae Degener, C. splendens (Gaud.) Krajina & Skottsb. and C. st.-johnii Krajina. The next chapter begins witha detailed section on the field methods used to collect tree fern measurements and floristic data. A minimum sampling area of 1,200 square meters was found to be necessary to record at least 90% of the plant species. The detailed tree fern measurements, and the data from the twenty vegetation releves were processed by computer. The information obtained from the computer analysis was used to ordinate the vegetation types based on the morphological variability of the trunks and fronds of the dominant class Cibotium glaucum. This is perhaps the first time that the morphology of a single species has been used to ordinate a set of vegetation types. The derived ordination was supplememnted with other data from the tree layer and substrate types to develop an ecological series of vegetation types. This series of types was supported by the analyses of the floristic data. These were done using dendrographs and two-way tables. The former Showed that the types could be further aggregated together by more generalized structural and floristic criteria, to give three broad NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 27 categories of vegetation. These are: 1) the scrub and open Metrosideros types with Gleichenia (Dicranopteris) fern, 2) the Acacia koa types, and 3) the closed canopy Metrosideros forests. The two-way table analyses yielded twenty-one species groups specific to different sets of releves. The groups were often formed of species of similar life forms, one species groups was also formed by species principally of exotic origin. Several native tree species were found to be absent as seedlings in the herbaceous layer. A detailed stand structural analysis of the vegetation types showed that Cibotium glaucum is maintaining itself in all size classes. Its modes of reproduction are by spores and by rooting of trunk buds. Both methods are predominantly features of the most dominant individuals. Cibotium chamissoi was the less common species in the sampled vegetation types. In comparison to Cibotium glaucum, C. chamissol appears to depend more on spore reproduction than on the establishment of trunk buds, although both methods are also used by this species. Cibotium chamissoi was also more abundant in the epiphyte niche than C. glaucum. An experiment waS done to show that artificial regeneration of tree ferns onto open pasture land is easily accomplished. In this way the re-establishment of native forests could be initiated. It was postulated that the montane rain forest types resemble more of a fluctuating network of types rather than a simple linear series. Through this network of vegetation types, primary succession no doubt ebbs and flows, but its exact courses are yet to be charted. The last part of this dissertation contains appendixes of supplementary materials. These include notes on the herbarium material examined, a partial checklist of the vascular plants of the montane rain forest, and a glossary of technical terms. The work is completed with the bibliography which contains entries for each of the citations in the entire work. ALLENDER, Bruce M. 1976. Ecological aspects of some Hawaiian species of the Dictyotales with special reference to Padina japonica Yamada. Fifteen species of the Order Dictyotales (Phaeophyta) occur in Hawaii. They are Dictyopteris australis, D. plagiogramma, and D. repens, Dictyota acutiloba, D. crenulata, D. divaricata, D. triabilis and D. stolonifera, Lobophora variegata, Padina australis, P. Sanctae—-crucis, P. thivyi and P. vickerslae, Spathoglossum Schroederi and Taonia hawallensis. The responses of six of these species to several physical environmental factors are presented. Reef populations of the species of Dictyotales are dominated by the sporophyte phase of the life history at different:reef sites and at all seasons. For P. japonica, an explanation of this phenomenon apparently involves differences in the growth rates and structural strengths of the adult sporophyte and gametophyte phases. The numerical superiority of the Sporophyte over the gametophyte generation may be attributed to more rapid adult growth in the local water temperatures and to greater longevity (less prone to destructive water movements), both of which provide a competitive advantage to the sporophyte in the established populations of the species. All six species have seasonal variations in standing crops, and there is evidence that single factors rather than complexes of factors Cause these changes. For at least four of the species, experimental growth rates under controlled conditions support the relationships predicted from the field data. P. japonica is a heliophyte with maximum growth in the summer season of high illumination. Dictyota divaricata has maximum Standing crops in autumn, while Dictyopteris plagiogramma and Dictyota 28 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 crenulata have maxima in autumn-spring, probably because the growth rates of these three species are strongly temperature dependent. With the exception of the prostrate form of L. variegata, the other five species are erect frondose forms and show similar experimental growth responses to water movement gradients. P. japonica can tolerate intertidal emersion, but growth rates are depressed compared with subtidal conditions. The duration of emersion tolerated by the species is temperature dependent. Experiments with the prostrate, juvenile phase of P. japonica suggests that survival of the species is increased because this phase tolerates a wider range of phySical conditions than the adult fronds. HWANG, Shin-chuan. 1976. Phytophthora cinnamomi: Its biology in soil and relation to ohia decline. The population of Phytophthora cinnamomi in soils and the amount of ohia rootlets infested with this fungus were determined at four locations, each with healthy and decline forest located close together. The fungus was detected in 34% of soil samples collected from healthy areas and 29% of those from decline areas. The average population of the fungus in healthy areas (0.1-1.7 propagules/g soil) was not significantly different from that in decline areas (0.1-2.2 propagules/g soil). About 37% of declining trees and also 37% of healthy trees had rootlets infested with the fungus. Declining trees had an average of 5.2% rootlet segments infested with the fungus, and healthy trees had 9.4% with this fungus. For a total of 199 ohia trees surveyed, there was no correlation between percentage of rootlets infested with the fungus and severity of tree decline. There was no indication that the fungus in decline areas was more pathogenic than that in healthy areas. These results suggest that the fungus is not a major cause of ohia decline. By contrast, in avocado tree decline caused by the fungus, the population of the fungus in soil collected from the root zone of declining trees waS Significantly higher than that collected from healthy trees. The fungus was isolated from 97% of the declining trees. Moreover, the severity of tree decline was directly correlated with the percentage of roots infested with the fungus. Declining trees had an average of 29.2% of root segments infested with the fungus while healthy trees had only 8.7% with this fungus. Colonies of the fungus recovered from natural soil originated mainly from chlamydospores, and occassionally from zoospores. Chlamydospores occured as free spores or imbedded in organic matter. Results of this study indicated that sporangia of the fungus also existed in natural soil, and zoospores found on the isolation plates were released from sporangia during incubation. Among the three spore types of the fungus tested, chlamydospores were the most persistent in soil, sporangia were intermediate, while zoospores were the least persistent. Survival of the fungus in soil was better under moist than submerged conditions. The population of chlamydospores remained detectable for one year in moist soil, while only for 3 months in submerged soil. Similarly, over a 12-month period the population of the fungus in a naturally infested avocado soil declined faster under submerged than moist conditions. Results of survival studies also showed that the fungus in the root tissue was more persistent than as free chlamydospores in soil. Under moist conditions the percentage of root tissues from which the fungus was recovered declined only slightly after one year of incubation, while the population of chlamydospores in soil NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 29 decreased to undetectable levels in the same period. The fungus is a good Saprophyte. It was able to colonize about 52% of ohia stem segments at a population as low as 10 chlamydospores/g of soil. Among the three spore types of the fungus tested, chlamydospores were also the most effective in colonizing dead ohia stems, while colonization potential of motile and -encysted zoospores was about the same. Motility of zoospores is important in disease development. At inoculum level of 2,500 propagules/g of soil or above, encysted zoospores were the least infective to ohia seedlings, while infection potential of chlamydospores and motile zoospores was about the same. At inoculum levels below 2,500 propagules/g of soil, however, no Significant difference in infection potential was found among these three spore types tested. WIRAWAN, Nengah. 1978. Vegetation and soil-water regimes in a tropical rain forest valley on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. This dissertation is concerned with the correlation of vegetation patterns and soil-water regimes in a tropical rain forest area in Kahana Valley, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. For determining the influence of spatial variation in soOil-water regimes on the vegetation patterns, the soil-water regimes of each of 64 sample stands were determined from the combined effects of rainfall, topographic position, soil depth and structures by an equation. In this way a soil-water regime gradient was identified over which the plant species distribution patterns were plotted, For this plotting three methods were used, a dendrograph cluster technique, a two-way synthesis table technique and a single dominant species analysis. Seven segments along the soil-water regime gradient were identified (i.e. moderately dry, fresh, moderately moist, very moist, wet and very wet). Except for the very wet soil-water regime which occurred along streams, the other six regimes were indicated through species distribution and community patterns. However, not all species distribution patterns were related to these soil-water regimes. For example, the distribution of Aleurites moluccana to the gulches appeared to be influenced primarily by mechanical forces (rolling rocks) that crack the hard coat of seeds of this species. The study also revealed an explanation for the restricted distribution of Acacia koa, which was found only on moderately moist or occasionally dry solls. For determining the degrees in which different plant covers may modify a particular soil-water regime, detailed investigations on the physical characteristics of the soils and the fluctuation of soil-water contents under paired plant covers with contrasting structures (herb vs. tree covers) were carried out. In general, where the tree species (Brassaia actinophylla and Eugenia cumini) invaded the Andropogon peor = ACE ema eee seb ISS) eee hee VirginicuS grass cover, the tree covers did not alter the soli-s#vccer regime of the grassland significantly. In the case where the tree species (combinations of Acacia koa and Pandanus odoratissimus) could have been established at about the same time as the herbaceous Dicranopteris linearis fern cover following the destruction of the original vegetation, the sOoil-water regime under Acacia-Pandanus was drier than under Dicranopteris. This indicated a greater loss of water to the atmosphere from the Acacia-Pandanus than from the Dicranopteris covers. The difference in the intensity of soil drying or the magnitude of water loss waS also related to better soil aggregation and greater volume of macropore space under the tree than under the herbaceous fern covers. As 30 NEWSLETT, HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 better aggregation encourages faster internal drainage of soil-water and consequently a more rapid recurrence of saturation deficits between showers, greater volume of space is available for storing the rain water during the storm periods. Under similar rainfall regimes, such a ulifference tends to bring about greater surface runoff or stream flow from the herbaceous than from the tree covers. Furthermore, Since much of the ground water and the stream water are actually gravitational water that is stored temporarily in the macropore spaces during rain shower activity, this difference will also result in a greater water yield from watersheds covered with trees than watersheds covered with herbaceous fern species. Thus, in a tropical rain forest, where excessive water is often a problem, plant covers that dry the soil with greater intensity or lose more water to the atmosphere are preferable for flood control. WHITEAKER, Louis D. 1978. The vegetation and environment of the Crater District of Haleakala National Park. A vegetation map of the Crater District of Haleakala National Park was produced at a scale of 1:24,000 which can be used as an overlay of the USGS 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle maps. Fifty-three structural-floristic communities were mapped which were grouped into four structural vegetation-types. These were forest, scrub, grassland and high altitude desert. Areas were calculated for each community uSing a planimeter. The total area mapped was 7544.8 hectares (18,643 acres). Topographic vegetation profiles were constructed which show changes in vegetation-types in relation to climatic gradients. Also, matching correlations were observed between certain substrates and community-types. Phytosociological analysis of releve data by the synthesis table technique and the dendrograph technique resulted in ecologically meaningful groupings of the sample stands. Both analyses resulted in similar groupings. Detailed comparison of the grouping results of the two methods revealed interesting minor variations. Some releves were left ungrouped. These were interpreted as ecologically unique within the sampling area. The hypothesis that the community-types that are characteristic of other tropical alpine and subalpine ecosystems occur in the Crater District of Haleakala National Park was partially supported by the map units and phytosociological analyses of the releve data. Ericaceous scrub, tussock grassland, and high altitude desert occur as mappable vegetation units. Only arborescent and rosette life forms did not occur as mappable units. However, a rosette life form, Argyroxiphium sandwicense, does occur in the study area and may have had a wider and more abundant distribution in the past. The hypothesis that the vegetation map of the Crater District of Haleakala National Park has similar vegetation units and vegetation-types as those mapped by Mueller-Dombois and Fosberg for the tropical alpine and Subalpine ecosystem on the slopes of Mauna Loa in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was supported by a comparison of the two maps. Variation of the vegetation within the study area was shown to be associated with variations in climate, substrate, mechanical influences and the effects of exotic plant species. Climate diagrams confirmed the tropical high montane character of the study area, while they illustrated also the considerable variation of climate within the Crater as well as its seasonal variation. It was concluded that the diurnal frost boundary as indicated by the vegetation should be used to define the lower limit of the alpine zone in tropical high mountain areas. This conclusion implies that the subalpine NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 1/2 St ——— eae) zone be defined as those areas below the diurnal frost boundary and above the montane forests and grasslands. CROSTHWAITE. Leola M. 1975. Hypersensitive Cell Collapse Induced in Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum) by Pseudomonas phaseolicola and by an Endotoxin Isolated from the Bacteria. Electron micrographs of pepper tissue infused with 107 and 108 cells /ml of Pseudomonas phaseolicola, the causal agent of the halo blight of bean, show that after 12 hours’ the bacterial cells aggregate in a gel-like matrix of electron translucent material on the plant cell walls facing the intercellular spaces. Within the gel matrix an electron dense amorphous material is also observed, but its occurrence depends on the inoculum concentration used to inoculate the plant. In the plant cells adjacent to the localized bacteria a plasmalemmasome first develops, followed by deposition of a wall construction, with cell collapse occurring soon afterwards. Wall constructions and cellular collapse are also observed in pepper tissue infused with a purified extract from the bacterial cells, but not from the culture broth. The purified extract contains a high molecular weight endotoxin which is capable of causing confluent cell collapse that is not accompanied by tissue browning or _ senescence symptoms. It is degraded by pronase, but not RNAse, and has a molecular weight of approximately 93,000. A mutant of Pseudomonas phaseolicola which is incapable of producing halo blight Sseole MEE LEO Se in culture the inducing principle also possesses the endotoxin which shows Similar properties to that of the parent pathogenic strain. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR February 14, 1979. Little is known about the phenology of the endangered Munroidendron racemosum (Forbes) Sherff (Pokalakala) of Kaua'i. Based on two flowering seasons of one cultivar, the following generalizations can be made. Flowering seasons vary: The first year's flowering was in early spring while the second flowering was the following year in later autumn. The inflorescence which is terminal attained a length of about one meter when fully developed but some only attained a third of that length. New branches develop laterally below the inflorescence The sepals and petals fell within three days and the stamens followed a day or two later. The fruits matured within 75 days. This cultivar was half a meter tall when planted and reached sexual Maturity four years after germination. ; John K. Obata 1337 Ala Aolani HONOLULU, HI 96819 SEIS A a Library-Aca} Seen seman: Fee Washington, Sitions D.C wo ie 2 tution 2056 it ‘Pioneer —, ewes id 2 Newsletter (pntents VOLUME 18 NUMBER 3/5 MAY/DECEMBER 1979 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON HAWAIIAN ORCHIDS OIG S lar eye Snes Syeceia ue Gl oar agane stata tar eha carer Rim mune sano a wei saeel olen 34 SUCTET Ve BUSINESS ax as a ajen ghteeme aete Ret Tees ce .ask) see Sra byee ities OE DD RECENTLY COMPLETED THESES IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES AT THE UNIVER St To UE AWA LL 2.54 ea ae etme wed vtreisi ik Riou ae iene Ae a a ES Es” Published by the Hawattan Botantcal whteh was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts appltcattons, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrtt of good fellowshtp and cooperatton among them." Any person interested tn the plant ltfe of the Hawattan Islands ts eltgtble for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matle Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 34 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. i979. VOL. 18. 3/5 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON HAWAIIAN ORCHIDS Paul Kores Department of Botany Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii 96819 The first reference to the orchidaceous flora of the Hawaiian Islands appeared in J. Lindley's "Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants" published in 1840. Lindley described a single species of orchid from the Hawaiian Islands. The new species was named Anoectochilus sandvicensis after the geographic location where it was found. Lindley based his new species on a single collection of material deposited in the herbarium of William Hooker at Kew Gardens. Hooker received the specimen from A. Mathews, a well-known collector who traveled extensively throughout South and Central America (Lasegue 1845). How or when Mathews obtained the material from the Hawaiian Islands and where the two plants of A. Sandvicensis were collected in the Hawaiian Islands is uncertain. The Single sheet deposited at Kew is undated and has no locality data other than the words "Sandwich Isles" written on the herbarium paper to which the plants are mounted. Lindley acknowledges these facts in his notes on the soecies (Lindley 1849), but provides no additional information about the species other than his brief description of the plant. Lindley's original description of A. sandvicensis is interesting because the author characterized the species as having a labellum with an entire, non-fimbriate margin. The author nade repeated references to this fact in his description and even went so far as.to assign the new species to a special section of the genus characterized by taxa with non-fimbriate labella. This. character proved to be extremely variable in A. sandvicensis, however, and the majority of later collections of the species differed from the original material upon which the species was based. Lindley was unaware of this inherent variability when he described A. sandvicensis and his oversight in this respect has provided the impetus for a series of later revisions of the genus within the Hawaiian Islands. Shortly ‘after Lindley's monograph of the Orchidaceae was published, a second species of Anoectochilus was described from the Hawaiian Islands. The new species, A. jaubertii, first appeared as an illustration in Charles Gaudichaud's atlas to the "Voyage autor du monde execute pendant les annees 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette la Bonite" published in 1843. Gaudichaud acted as ship's botanist on the voyage of the Bonite under the command of Captain Vaillant... The voyage was Gaudichaud's second visit to the Hawaiian Islands and he later published an account of the new plants he encountered wnile on the voyage. Gaudichaud's account included an atlas of plates of the new species he collected on the voyage accompanied by detailed captions. Anoectochilus jaubertii was depicted in great detail in plate 100 of the atlas. The illustration of the species was based on a series of plants which Gaudichaud collected at "Port Byron" (an uncertain locality Since the ship never reached Hilo or Byron's Bay) on the island of Hawai'i during the brief visit of the Bonite in October 1836 (Dunmore, 1969). The specimens of 4. jaubertii, later designated as Gaudichaud's number 107, were eventually deposited in the herbarium at Paris. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 35 Gaudichaud's illustration of A. Jaubertii differed from Lindley's description of A. sandvicensis primarily in the extent to which the mesochile of the labellum was appendaged. In A. sandvicensis (sensu Lindley) the mesochile had an entire, non-appendaged margin, while in A. jaubertii the margin of the mesochile had a series of tooth-like appendages. Gaudichaud did not make reference to A. sandvicensis in his treatment of A. jaubertii and there is some question whether he was even aware of Lindley's species at the time. The two proposed taxa, as originally described, were morphologically distinct from one another, however, and were maintained as separate species by subsequent workers on the Hawaiian flora for over 25 years. It appears that the similarity between the two proposed species was not fully appreciated until additional collections were available for study. Gaudichaud's A. jaubertii was later discussed briefly by Blume in his "Flora Javae et Insularum Adjacentum Nova Series" published in 1858. Blume, who originally proposed the genus Anoectochilus in his "Bijdrage" (Blume 1825b), later split the genus into Anoectochilus (sensu Blume 1858) and a new genus, Odontochilus Blume (1858). Odontochilus differed from Anoectochilus by having nonvariegated foliage and flowers with labella having sacklike bases. Contrasting this, Blume restricted Anoectochilus to only those species of orchids formerly assigned to the genus wnich had variegated foliage and flowers with distinctly spurred labella. Anoectochilus jaubertii, which was originally described as having uniformly green foliage and a flower with a sacklike base to the labellum, was a perfect candidate for Blume's new genus. Blume formally oroposed that the species be transferred to his new genus in 1858. The author made no reference to A. sandvicensis Lindl. at the time he cited 0. Jaubertii (Gaud.) Bl. and it is unclear why he omitted the species from his treatment. (Possibly Blume regarded Lindley's species, which had an un-appendaged, entire mesochile as not belonging to either genus and excluded the species entirely pending further investigation, or it may have been an unintentional omission.) Blume's decision, however, to divide Anoectochilus into two smaller genera has been, and still remains, a point of contention among many orchid taxonomists since Odontochilus was first oroposed. Many recent authors, including Holttum (1953), Dressler and Dodson (1960) and Seidenfaden (1978), regard Blume's treatment as unjustified and combine both genera under the name Anoectochilus which has Priority. X\ few years after Blume's' comments on 0. Jaubertii, Horace Mann published an account of the Hawaiian flora. Mann, who was originally sent to the Hawaiian Islands by Asa Gray to study the flora of the group, spent more than a year travelling throughout the islands collecting plants (Kay 1972). The results of Mann's field work appeared in a lengthy article published in 1866. Mann's incomplete account of the Hawaiian flora included three species of orchids: the two previously described species of Anoectochilus and a new species, Liparis hawaiensis (Mann 1866). Mann based his new species on a series of three collections from the islands of Kaua'i, O'ahu and Maui. These three collections were grouped under a common number and designated as Mann and Brigham 471. In addition to describing L. hawaiensis, Mann also commented briefly on the status of A. sandvicensis and A. jaubertii. Mann regarded the two proposed species as being distinct from each other and included both in his 36 NEWSLETT. HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 enuneration of Hawaiian plants. According to Mann A. sandvicensis had a lip with an entire nargin, while A. jaubertii had a lip with a fimbriate or dentate margin. Interestingly enough, Mann cited two collections of A. jJanbertii in his treatment, but failed to collect what he considered to be representative material of A. sandvicensis. Despite the fact that Mann never collected what he considered to be A. sandvicensis he still maintained the species in his treatment. zs Mann's opinion of the status of A. sandvicensis and A. jaubertii was not shared, however, by Heinrich Wawra. Wawra, an Austrian physician and amateur botanist who traveled to Hawai'i during 1872-1873, regarded the two species of Anoectochilus as indistinguishable from each other and combined the two taxa under the older name, A. sandvicensis (Wawra 1875). The author based his decision to combine A. jaubertii with A. sandvicensis on a series of collections he and Mann obtained from the island of Kaua'i. Nawra sinply amended Lindley's description of A. sandvicensis to include specinens with flowers with fimbriate or denticulate labella, similar to the material he collected on Kaua'i, and listed the genus in his flora as being monotypic throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Wawra's treatment of the Hawaiian Anoectochilus was followed a short time later by a discussion of the genus in "Genera Plantarum" (Bentham and Hooker 1880). The two authors mentioned the relationship between A. sandvicensis and A. jaubertii briefly in the third volume of their text. Jnlike Wawra, Benthan and Hooker regarded the two proposed taxa as specifically distinct from one another and even went so far as to assign then to different genera. A. Jaubertii was included in the genus Odontochilus as recomnended by Blume (1858), while A. sandvicensis was transferred to the genus Vrydajzynes Bl. The two species were assigned to different yenera by Bentham and Hooker solely on the basis of the toothed aS opposed to untooth mesochile of the labellun. Benthan and Hooker reygarded Anoectochilus and Odontochilus as having flowers with toothed or appendaged mesochiles, while Vrydagzynes had flowers with non-appendaged mesochiles. Anoectochilus sandvicensis, aS originally described by Lindley, had flowers with an unappendaged mesochile and was, therefore, better placed in the genus Vrydagzynes. Anoectochilus jaubertii had a toothed mesochile, but lacked variegated foliage or an elongated spur and was, therefore, noved to Odontochilus. Benthan and Hooker's treatment of the Goodyera alliance was not a popular one and has not’ been widely followed by later botanists. The treatment of the alliance established a number of different generic limits and these have not been accepted by many botanists. Several more recent accounts of the alliance all differ substantially from Bentham and Hooker's (Snith 1905; Yolttum 1953; Brieger 1974; Seidenfaden 1978). Bentham and Yooker failed to realize the similarity between the two proposed species of Anoectochilus from dYawai'i. This could be explained in part by the fact that neither of them ever saw live material of the two proposed taxa. Interestingly enough, Yillebrand, who had extensive field experience in the Hawaiian Islands, was one of the first to reject Bentham and Hooker's treatment of the Hawalian representatives of the genus. dillebrand, a physician and botanist who resided in the Hawaiian Islands for over 20 years, published his comments on the Hawaiian orchids as part of his "Flora of the Hawaiian Islands" (Hillebrand 1888). The NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1 "9. VOL. 18. 3/5 oF book, which was based on Hillebrand's extensive field work, included references to 999 species and is still regarded today as the most complete flora ever written for the islands. Hillebrand included three species of orchids in his flora including one new species which he collected on several of the larger islands in the Hawaiian chain. He provided brief descriptions of the genera and species in his flora, notes on the ecology and distribution of each taxon and, perhaps of greatest importance, a brief explanation of why each taxon was assigned to a particular genus or species in his treatment. As a result, Hillebrand's treatment of the Orchidaceae remains not only the most current, published treatment of the endenic orchids in Hawai'i, but is also considered one of the most accurate systematic works on the family in Hawai'i. Hillebrand chose to follow a treatment similar to the one proposed by Wawra for the genus. Under Hillebrand's treatment of the genus the description of A. sandvicensis was broadened to include plants with flowers with toothed or appendaged ungues of the labella. Anoectochilus jaubertii was reduced to the status of a variety B. Hillebrand's variety B (formerly A. jaubertii) differed from A. sandvicensis var. sandvicensis by having the unguis of the labellum serrulate or fimbriate. Hillebrand also stated that the variety was of questionable validity since "entire and slightly toothed claws are sometimes met within one and the same spike" (Hillebrand 1888). Regarding Bentham and Hooker's decision to move A. sandvicensis to the genus Vrydagzynes, Hillebrand flatly opposed the move. In his discussion of the species Hillebrand’ stated that Vrydagzynes differed from Anoectochilus by having a short unclawed labellum and a column with two processes projecting into a relatively short spur. It is fairly obvious from this statement that Hillebrand did not correctly assess the difference between the two genera. Vrydagzynes has a labellum with an unappendaged unguis which is not expanded at the apex into a tranverse blade. But the labellum also has a relatively long, narrow spur which projects through the ventral sepals and the spur contains two stalked glands. Hillebrand was, however, correct in assuming A. sandvicensis did not velong in the genus Vrydagzynes and his decision not to assign the species to the genus has been supported by more botanists than Bentham and Hooker's treatment of the genus. Concerning Hillebrand's var. B which Bentham and Hooker assigned to Odontochilus, Hillebrand pointed out that the two authors were only following an earlier recommendation by Blume (1858). Hillebrand realized that the Hawaiian representatives of the genus Anoectochilus could also be considered as Odontochilus but he felt that Blume's new genus was of questionable value and should be combined with the genus Anoectochilus. Hillebrand also commented briefly on Liparis hawaiensis in his treatment and described an additional species of orchid from the Hawaiian Islands. Habenaria holochila Hillebrand was based on a series of collections the author made during his stay in Hawai'i and on material sent to him by Rev. J. Lydgate and Mr. V. Knudsen. The species was initially reported from the islands of Kaua'i, Moloka'i and Maui. It was found only in boggy locations at fairly high altitudes. Hillebrand did not specify why he assigned his new species to the genus Habenaria nor did he provide any indication of his feelings on the status of Habenaria Willd. as opposed to Platanthera L.C. Richard. His decision in this regard may have been influenced somewhat by Bentham and Hooker's treatment of the genus in "Genera Plantarum". They regarded the genus Habenaria in the broad sense and included both Platanthera L.C. Richard and Peristylus Bl. within the 38 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 genus. The status of Habenaria and Platanthera is still contested, however, and it should be noted that Hillebrand's species, H. holochila, was subsequently noved to the genus Platanthera by Kraenzlin (1901) a short tine after Hillebrand's death. Hillebrand's rather lengthy account of the orchidaceous flora of Hawai'i was followed shortly after by a series of three articles which made brief reference to the Hawaiian taxa. The first of these was Otto Kuntze's “Reviso Generum Plantarun" (1891). Kuntze, a German botanist, was Oorimarily interested in the area of botanical nomenclature. His major work, listed above, was nothing more than a series of proposed nomenclatural changes along with an enumeration of the species affected. Liparis hawalensis was one of the species affected by Kuntze's treatment. Kuntze discovered that Du Petit-Thouars (1809) had validly published an earlier name for the genus Livaris L.C. Richard (1817). The older name, Leptorchis Thouars (1809), had priority over Liparis and Kuntze proposed that Thouars' name should be adopted. Leptorchis hawaiensis (Mann) Kuntze (1891) was among the new combinations listed in the text. Heller (1897) adopted Kuntze's new combination a few years later ina rather lengthy article on Hawaiian plants, citing both the basionym and the new combination for the species. The author also included a brief note on the species with a list of additional collections. It should be noted, however, that the name Liparis L.C. Richard was later conserved against Leotorchis Thouars invalidating Kuntze's combination for the Hawaiian species. Heller also listed A. sandvicensis in the same treatment citing both Lindley (1840) and Hillebrand (1888), but did not comment on the species. Conspicuously absent from his treatment, however, iS any reference to A. jaubertii. It is difficult to determine if this was merely a simole omission on Heller's part or a_ reflection of his opinion on the Status of the species. Heller's article on Hawaiian plants was followed by Kraenzlin's (1901) comments on the status of Habenaria holochila. Kraenzlin, who was interested in the Orchidaceae on a worldwide basis, attempted to do what John Lindley had done 60 years earlier: produce a worldwide monograph of the family. His attempt entitled "Orchidaceous Genera and Species" was never completed, but the first volume of the work was eventually published in 1901. Included in the text was a discussion of the relationship between Habenaria, Platanthera and Peristylus. Kraenzlin believed the three genera were distinct from each other and should be retained as separate genera, rather than being combined as sections of the genus Habenaria (sensu lato) aS suggested by some authors. His treatment affected a large number of Species including Hillebrand's Habenaria holochila. Kraenzlin transferred dillebrand's species to the genus Platanthera and published the new combination, P. holochila (Hillebrand) Kraenzlin (1901). Kraenzlin's decision to split the genus Habenaria (sensu lato) into three smaller genera has not been universally accepted, however, and for this reason both nanes for the species still frequent systematic literature on the subject. A case in point is a treatment published by V. MacCaughey (1916). MacCaughey's treatment provided a popularized account of the native Orchidaceous flora of Hawai'i. The article included a brief, simplified description of each species along with comments on where each occurred. MacCaujghney also discussed the derivation of the scientific names and offered some biographical information about the botanists who described NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 oy) them. The systematic treatment MacCaughey provided was essentially a simplified version of the account Hillebrand published in his flora (1888). None of the nomenclatural changes which followed Hillebrand's account were incorporated in the treatment, nor did MacCaughey provide any indication that he was even aware of these changes. His popular treatment of the group offered little or no new taxonomic information about the endemic species, but did provide the reader with some interesting general comments about Hawaiian orchids. MacCaughey appears to be one of the first to have commented on the notable scarcity of orchids in the Hawaiian flora. He speculated briefly about the cause of this in the article, citing both the difficulties involved in the dispersal of orchids to Hawai'i and a lack of suitable pollinators in the islands as possible reasons. Interestingly enough, recent biological studies of the Hawaiian orchids (Kores unpublished) suggest MacCaughey's tentative conclusions were probably correct. MacCaughey's rather lengthy popularized account of the Hawaiian orchids was followed by a series of short articles on the subject. The first of these by Skottsberg (1926) was little more than an enumeration of some additional collections of the three endemic species of orchids. Skottsberg also followed Hillebrand in his treatment of the Hawaiian orchids, but, unlike MacCaughey, incorporated a number of recent nomenclatural changes in his account. These changes included listing Habenaria holochila as Platanthera holochila and citing Anoectochilus Sandvicensis as Odontochilus sandvicensis. Unfortunately Skottsberg listed the latter combination as 0. sandvicensis (Lindl.) Benth. and Hook. f. The combination was not made by Bentham and Hooker, however, nor had it ever been published prior to Skottsberg enumeration. Bentham and Hooker had dealt with the species in "Genera Plantarum," but included it in the genus “Vrydagzynes and not Odontochilus as suggested by Skottsberg. As a result Skottsberg inadvertently published a new combination in his treatment but attributed it to the wrong authors. The new combination should be cited as O sandvicensis (Lindl.) Benth. and Hook. f£. ex Skottsberg. Skottsberg's enumeration of Hawaiian plants was followed by articles by Otto Degener which made reference to orchids found throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Degener's first contribution to the literature on the Subject appeared as part of a semi-popular book he wrote in 1930. The treatment made brief reference to Liparis hawaiensis, Habenaria holochila and Vrydagzynes sandvicensis. The third combination was incorrectly cited however, as Degener attributed the name to Lindley, the author of the basionym, and omitted Bentham and Hooker, who actually proposed the change. The combination should have been cited as V. sandvicensis (Lindl.) Benth. and Hook. f. and not as V. sandvicensis Lindl. as it appeared in Degener's book. Degener offered no explanation in his treatment why A. sandvicensis was assigned to the genus Vrydagzynes as originally proposed by Bentham and Hooker, nor has his treatment been followed by later workers. Degener's popular article served to draw attention to the native Hawaiian orchids, but, orovided very little new information on the subject. The article is probably best remembered solely for the good illustration of Liparis hawaiensis which accompanied the text. AX few years after Degener commented on the endemic. orchids he published an article dealing with one of the exotic species as part of his "Flora Hawaiiensis" (Degener 1932). The treatment provided a description 40 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 eee of Spathoglottis plicata Bl., an illustration of the species and notes on its establishment on the island of O'ahu. According to Degener the species was originally introduced into Hawai'i from the Philippines as an Ornauental. It quickly escaped cultivation and became widespread throughout the island of O'ahu by 1930 (Degener 1932). Degener's reference to the species is the first mention of any naturalized species of orchids occurring throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Degener's popularized account of the Hawaiian orchids was actually the first in a series of scientific and semi-popular articles on the subject which appeared during the 1930's. Skottsberg (1936) provided some additional information on the distribution of A. sandvicensis as part of an enumeration of recent collections of Hawaiian plants. Only A. sandvicensis was mentioned in the text and no other information about the species was included. Hosaka (1937) produced a similar enumeration of plants collected in Kipapa Gulch, O'ahu, the following year. The listing, which was done in conjunction with an ecological and floristic study of the area included A. sandvicensis, Lb. hawaiensis and S. plicata. Hosaka commented on the relative abundance of each of the three species, indicated what type of habitat the species occurred in, and listed the months each species was observed in flower. Marie Neal (1938) also wrote a popular article on the endemic orchids during the same period of time. Her article included a brief description of Odontochilus sandvicensis, Liparis hawaiensis and Habenaria holochila. Neal did not elaborate on her choice of genera in her treatment. Her article was very Similar to Degener's 1930 treatment of the fanily and provided the reader with about the same amount of information. Neal's publication was followed by another popular article on the cultivated species of orchids in Hawai'i by Krag (1940). Krag did not mention any of the endemic species of orchids in his treatment but did list Arundina graminifolia as one of the species which was extensively grown in Hawai'i. The Species has since become naturalized and is widespread on several of the major islands in the Hawaiian chain. Krag's article is interesting in this respect because it seems to be the first reference to mention the species in Hawai'i and dates its introduction into the islands aS prior to 1940. The four articles mentioned above provide the reader with only a meager amount of new information about orchids in Hawai'i. they were followed by a more substantial article on the subject by Fosberg (1943). This article dealt with the nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution of some Pacific islands species of plants and included a description of a new species of orchid from the Hawaiian Islands. Anoectochilus apiculatus L. OQ. Williams and F. R. Fosberg was described from specimens collected by Fosberg on Moloka'i. The new species supposedly differed from the commoner A. sandvicensis by its smaller, greenish rather than bright yellow flowers; labellum with the spur not conspicuously geminate externally; shorter nmesochile with two pairs of subfleshy teeth as opposed to many or no membranous ones; shorter epichile and apiculate rather than acute anther (Fosberg 1943). Fosberg made no reference to any other orchids in his treatment and was either unaware of A. Jjaubertii Gaud. when he described his new species, or regarded the species as synonymous with A. Sandvicensis Lindl. The author did comment though, that his new species was somewhat similar to a plant collected on the island of O'ahu by Morley. He added, however, that Morley's specimen was "unfortunately lost". Precisely how Fosberg performed a comparison between his collection of A. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 41 apiculatus from Moloka'i and Morley's no longer extant specimen from O'ahu 1S uncertain. Fosberg also cited the generic name for his new species as "Anectochilus". (The name Anoectochilus has been subsequently nomenclaturally and orthographically conserved). Fosberg and Williams' A. apiculatus has been accepted in several more recent articles on the subject. The species is still very poorly collected, however, and is in need of critical reevaluation. Orchids were mentioned briefly in two publications shortly after Fosberg's note on Pacific plants, though neither of the authors included his new species. The first of these publications (Skottsberg 1942) provided an enumeration of some recent collections of Hawaiian plants including Liparis hawaiensis, Odontochilus sandvicensis and Platanthera holochila. Skottsberg cited P. holochila as occurring on the island of O'ahu, a new record for the species, which was previously known only from the islands of Kaua'i, Moloka'i and Maui. He also included Spathoglottis plicata in his list, confirming Degener's (1932) and Neal's (1938) report that the species was naturalized on O'ahu. Selling (1947) also mentioned orchids in conjunction with his pollen survey of the Hawaiian Islands. He listed only the endemic species, however, utilizing the same combinations Skottsberg published in his vascular plants series. As_ expected orchidaceous pollen, which adheres in clumps or pollinia and is not wind dispersed, did not turn up in any of Selling's core samples. But the author did provide a brief description of the pollinia and pollen grains for each of the endemic species. He also included two figures of the pollinia from A. sandvicensis in his text (Selling 1947; Fig. 930, 931). Skottsberg and Selling's notes on the endemic Hawaiian flora were followed by Marie Neal's extensive book on cultivated plants in Hawai'i. Neal's "In Gardens of Hawaii", published initially in 1948, was the author's major life work and included information on most plants commonly cultivated in Hawai'i. The book was not aimed at the taxonomist trying to unsnarl some aspect of the endemic flora, but was written primarily for the amateur gardener or horticultural enthusiast who had an interest in the islands' ornamental plants. As a result, Neal's treatment of the endemic elements of the flora was often extremely brief, or in the case of endemic groups which lacked showy species, entirely omitted. Neal's treatment of the orchids in "In Gardens of Hawaii" concentrated primarily upon the commercially important genera being grown throughout Hawai'i. A total of 18 genera were briefly discussed in the text, including Vanda, Cattleya, Epidendrum, Dendrobium and others. Neal provided a key to the horticulturally important genera and listed a few commonly cultivated species for each of the major genera. Needless to say, the endemic species of orchids with their inconspicuous flowers fared very poorly in Neal's treatment. The author included Habenaria holochila, Liparis hawaiensis, Anoectochilus sandvicensis var. sandvicensis and A. Sandvicensis var. jaubertii in her introduction to the Orchidaceae, stating they were endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, but provided no other information about the species. In addition, the three genera which contained the endemic Hawaiian species were not even included in her generic key to the family. Neal provided little or no information on the endemic orchids of Hawai'i, but her treatment was nevertheless valuable for her comments on the exotic representatives of the family in Hawai'i. 42 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 Neal's treatment of the Orchidaceae in "In Gardens of Hawaii" was the first publication to include a complete listing of the naturalized species of orchids in the Hawaiian Islands. These included Spathoglottis plicata, which had already been mentioned as being naturalized by Degener (1932), Neal (1938) and Skottsberg (1944); Arundina bambusaefolia Roxb. ex Lindl. (A. graminifolia (Don) Hochr.) mentioned by Krag (1940); Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex L'Hertier) Bl.; and an undetermined species of Epidendrum. Neal provided an illustration of the species in her text (probably Epidendrum x Obrienianum Rolfe, since the flowers in the figure are obviously nonresupinate), but never attempted to identify the species. Interestingly enough, Neal was apparently the first author to notice that ce tankervilleae and E. x Obrienianum had escaped cultivation and become naturalized on the island of O'ahu. Neal also listed Spathoglottis pacifica Reichbd. f£. as being sparsely naturalized on O'ahu which was an apparent error. The author was under the impression that S. pacifica had pink to white flowers with the ovary and exterior surface of the sepals densely pubescent, while S. plicata had dark purple more or less glabrous flowers (Neal 1948). This was not correct and has led people to believe a white flowered form of S. plicata occasionally found on the island of O'ahu was S. vacifica. The species, which is endemic to Fiji, has never been collected in the Hawaiian Islands and has not become naturalized, though it may have been cultivated in the state as part of someone's private collection of orchids. Marie Neal's article was not the last word on Hawaiian orchids. It was followed by a short paper by Degener and Degener (1965). The article was intended to clarify some of the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems surrounding the endemic taxa. The treatment included a detailed account of each of the endemic species along with a discussion of taxonomic treatments wnich altered the status of the species. Special problems such as orthographic changes or difficulties with typification were also mentioned. The article also posed several very interesting questions concerning the endemic orchids, leveled some strong criticism at past and present treatments of the family in Hawai'i but offered no solutions to the already existent dilemmas mentioned in the text. Degener and Degener devoted the greatest amount of space in their article to problems associated with the genus Anoectochilus in Hawai'i. The authors felt that the Goodyera alliance, which includes Anoectochilus, was represented in Hawai'i by at least two or possibly more taxa, but they could not decide to which genus the taxa belonged. Degener and Degener tentatively assigned the Hawaiian representatives of the alliance to the genus Odontochilus as suggested by Blume (1858) and might prove that Qdontochilus and Anoectochilus were actually the same. They also suggested pee eee dagzynes as another alternative, citing Benthan and Hooker (1880), but ered no explanation why this genus might be preferable. Degener and eee listed two species of Odontochilus in their treatment; 0. Sandvicensis (Lindl.) Benth. and Hook. f. and 0. apiculatus (Williams and Fosberj) Degener and Degener. Interestingly enough, the first combination waS incorrectly attributed to the wrong authors and was one of four errors in citation Degener and Degener made in the text. The citation should have appeared as O. sandvicensis (Lindl.) Benth. and Hook. f. ex Skottsberg. The second combination was new and has been correctly attributed to Degener and Degener. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 12. 3/5 43 Degener and Degener also mentioned A. - jaubertii in their discussion but attributed the species to the wrong author. The two combinations published by Degener and Degener, A. jaubertii (Bl.) Gaud. and O. jaubertii Bl. were both incorrectly cited. The species should have been attributed to Gaudichaud and not Blume. The correct citations for the combinations are A. jJaubertii Gaud. (1843) and 0. Jjaubertii (Gaud.) Bl. (1858). Degener and Degener admitted that SGaudichaud published a figure of A. jaubertii in his atlas to the "Voyage autor du monde .. . sur la corvette Ta Bonite" in 1843, but they did not accept the species as being validly published until an explanation of the figure apveared in 1866 (d'Alleizette). Since this date was later than Blume's treatment of the species in his "Flora Java Nova Series" published in 1858, Degener and Degener regarded Blume as the legitimate author of the species; hence the two incorrect citations listed above. It should be noted, however, that Degener and Degener's conclusions about A. jaubertii were contrary to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Article 44 of the code states that the name of a species published before 1 January 1908 is validly published if it is accompanied only by an illustration showing essential characters. Under Article 44 of the code, A. jaubertii was validly published in 1843 when the plate appeared and not 1866 as suggested by Degener and Degener. This date predates Blume's treatment of the species and the combination A. jaubertii therefore has priority over the ones proposed by Blume. Degener and Degener regarded A. jaubertii as equivalent to Hillebrand's A. sandvicensis var. B (Hillebrand 1888) in their article but they also pointed out the possibility that the taxon might represent a number of potentially new taxa from Hawai'i. The two authors did not go on to describe any additional taxa however. Also included in the article was one additional incorrect citation. Degener and Degener listed Vrydagzynes sandvicensis Benth. and Hook. f. omitting Lindley, who was the original author of the species. The citation should have appeared as V. sandvicensis (Lindl.) Benth. and Hook. f. Degener and Degener treated the remainder of the endemic Hawaiian orchids much more conventionally. The two authors regarded L. hawaiensis as a lLiparis which was no surprise since there have never been any major taxonomic or nomenclatural problems associated with the species. There were some minor problems concerning the typification of the species, however, and Degener and Degener were quick to point these out. According to Degener and Degener, Mann never specified where he collected the type of L. hawaiensis which he designated as Mann and Brighan number 471. The two authors went on to suggest that the material came from the island of Hawai'i which was only partially correct. The annotation in Mann's field book under number 471 states the material originated from the mountains of West Maui above Kamalalaea Bay, but the phrase is followed by a note Stating that the material was the same as a collection made on the island of Hawai'i near Hilo and on the island of Kaua'i near Waimea. It is clear from this note that Mann regarded all three collections as conspecific. Nevertheless, Degener and Degener used the fact that the species was typified by what amounted to a series of syntypes as an excuse to suggest that additional taxa might be present throughout the Hawaiian Islands. The third endemic species of orchid in Hawai'i, Platanthera holochila (Hillebrand) Kraenzlin was also mentioned by Degener and Degener, but the 44 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 species was apparently so poorly known even by Degener and Degener, that it was only breiefly mentioned in their treatment. Degener and Degener listed both Platanthera holochila and Habenaria holochila, but did not state which genus was preferable for the species. In addition, the two authors commented that the species was extremely rare throughout the state and indicated that there was probably only the single species of the genus cepresented in the Hawaiian Islands. Degener and Degener (1965) was the last major article dealing exclusively with the endemic and naturalized orchids in Hawai'i, but the family was also mentioned briefly in a number of more recent publications dealing with Hawaiian plants. Fosberg (1969) made reference to Degener and Degener's article on orchids (Degener and Degener, 1965) and included notes on two of the species found in Hawai'i: Arundina graminifolia (Don) Hochr. and Odontochilus sandvicensis (Lindl.) Benth. and Hook. f. Fosberg apparently followed the previous authors in citing the last combination and like his predecessors incorrectly attributed to the authors. His mistake was shared by Skottsberg (1926, 1936, 1944) and Degener and Degener (1965). The combination was first published by Skottsberg (1926) and should be attributed to him and not Bentham and Hooker as it appears above. Fosberg's comments on Arundina graminifolia dealt exclusively with sone nomenclatural problems associated with the species. The author pointed out that the species was generally known throughout Hawai'i as A. banousifolia Lindl. which was incorrect. According to Fosberg, Lindley's name for the species was based on a_ name proposed by Roxburg in 1814, but Roxburg did not describe the species in 1814. As a result, his name Bletia graminifolia Don (1825) which was conspecific with Roxburg and Lindley's species. Hochreutiner (1910), later transferred the species to the genus Arundina. Since D. Don's basionym for the epithet clearly has priority over Lindley's, the correct name for the species is A. graminifolia (Don) Hochr., not A. bambusifolia. Fosberg was not the first to notice that A. graminifolia was often incorrectly named, his conclusions about the species were shared by Holttum (1953) and Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1968). Unfortunately his note about the species in the Hawaiian literature has gone largely unnoticed and the species is still commonly, incorrectly referred to as A. bambusifolia. Fosberg (1969) also mentioned Odontochilus sandvicensis in his treatment, but his reason for doing so was primarily to correct a number of popular misconceptions about the species perpetrated by Degener and Degener. The two authors implied in their 1965 article that the species waS quite rare on the island of O'ahu and was confined to the summit of Mt. Ka'ala. Fosberg pointed out that the species had also been collected in the Ko'olau mountains of O'ahu on a number of occasions and had been quite common along the main ridge at one time. According to Fosberg, the Ko'olau mountains above Sacred Falls were also the source of the now legendary Morley specimen of Anoectochilus with green flowers. This material was supposedly specifically distinct from previous collections of Anoectochilus fron the island of O'ahu. Fosberg suggested that the specimen may have been conspecific with his A. apiculatus which was, at that time, yet to be described. Regrettably, Morley's only collection of the new Anoectochilus was absolutely and irrevocably destroyed and the original population of the plant fron which Morley obtained his specimen was never relocated (Fosberg 1969). As a result the taxonomic affinities of Morley's material still remain uncertain. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 45 Fosberg's note on Hawaiian plants (1969) was one of the last articles to mention endemic or naturalized orchids in Hawai'i in any detail. The publication was followed by two enumerations of Hawaiian plants which included orchids and a very brief popular article. The first of these, St. John (1973), listed four endemic species of orchids and no infraspecific taxa aS occurring in Hawai'i. Included in St. John's list were Anoectochilus apiculatus, Anoectochilus sandvicensis (including Gaudichaud's Anoectochilus jaubertii), Liparis hawaiensis and Platanthera holochila. St. John also provided a list of synonyms for each species, but did not explain his choice of genera. The same four species mentioned by St. John later found their way into an enumeration of rare and endangered plants in Hawai'i published by Fosberg and Herbst (1975). The article included a list of all taxa thought to be endangered in Hawai'i along with an indication of their present status in terms of relative abundance. This last point was really a reflection of the authors’ opinion and ranged from locally common to extinct. Since all of the endemic orchids were relatively rare, they were included in the list. The species were ranked as follows: Anoectochilus apiculatus, very localized and rare; Anoectochilus sandvicensis, rare but of uncertain status; Liparis hawaiensis, depleted but populations apparently stable, and Habenaria holochila, rare or possibly endangered but of uncertain status. Interestingly enough, Fosberg and Herbst reported H. holochila as possibly endangered even though the plant has not been seen alive since 1938 and was considered extinct by many botanists. Caution was well founded, however, as the species turned up in the Alakai swamp on the island of Kaua'i in 1977. This rather remarkable find was the subject of an article by Perlman (1978). The note reported the find and included a photograph of this extremely rare Hawaiian orchid. It was also the last reference to mention the orchidaceous flora of the Hawaiian Islands. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aiton, W. 1789. Hortus kewensis. George Nicol. 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Berlin. . 50 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 Kunth, P. 1909. Handbook of flower pollination. Vol. 3: 393-422. Leipzig. Kuntze, C. E. O. 1891. Revisio generum plantarum... Vol. 2. Arthur Felix. Leipzig. Lasejue, A. 1845. Historiae naturalis classica: 255, 305. Paris. Lawrence, G. H., A. F. G. Buchheim, G. S. Daniels, and H. Dolezal. 1968. Botanico-—Periodicun-Huntianun. Hunt Botanical Library. Pittsburgh. L'deritier de Brutelle, C. L. 1789. Sertum anglicum: 28. Paris. 1789.. -las., ed542s-_ 17... Paris. Lindley, J. 1836. Phajus wallichii. Bot. Mag. 22: Misc. 58. 1838. Paxtonia rosea. Bot. Reg. 24: t. 60. 1838. Pesomeria tetragona. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 5. 1838. Sertum orchidaceum. 5: pl. 25. London. . 1830 - 1840. The genera and species of orchidaceous plants. London. 1841. Arundina densa. Bot. Reg. 27: Misc. 26. 1842. Arundina bambusaefolia. Bot. Reg. 28: 3, Misc. 5. 1844. Phajus bicolor. Bot. Mag. 17: t. 4078. es ; 1859. Contributions to the orchidology of India, No. II. J. Linn. DOC., BOt. 3: 1-64; Link,, J. H,.. FE. 1329. Handbuch zur Erkenneng der nutzbarsten und am haufigsten vor kommenden Gewachse. Vol. 1: 251. Berlin. Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species plantarum. Vol. 2: 939, 952. Stockholm. 1754. Genera plantarum. ed. 5. Vol. 1: 404-459. Stockholm. 1763. Species plantarum. ed. 2. Vol. 2: 1347. Stockholm. Loureiro, J. de. E790; Flora cochinchinensis. Vol. 2: 517, 519. Privately Published. Lisbon. MacCaughey, V. 1916. The orchids of Hawaii. Pl. World. 19, 11: 350-355. Mann, H. 1867. Enumeration of Hawaiian plants. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 72, 350-355. Meisner, C. F. 1836 - 1843. Plantarum cvascularium genera...: tab. diagn. 373, comm. 280. Leipzig. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 a1 Merrill, E. D. 1917. An interpretation of Rumphius' Herbarium Amboinense: 171-172. Bureau of Printing. Manila. - 1925. An enumeration of Philippine plants. Vol. 1: 253-463. Bureau of Printing. Manila. =o S935. A commentary on Loureiro's "Flora Cochinchinensis". Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24: 1-445. Miquel, F. A. WwW. 1855-1859. Flora Indiae batavae. Vol. 3: 616-753. Amsterdam. Moore, T. 1857. Illustrations of orchidaceous plants: 4, t. 1. London. Naves, A., and C. Fernandez-Villar. 1880. Novissima appendix to Blanco, "Flora de Fillpinas". ed. 3: 237. Manila. Neal, M. 1938. Native Hawaiian orchids. Paradise of the Pacific 50, 1: 28, 31. - 1948. In gardens of Hawaii: 232-245. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Perlman, S. 1978. A rare Hawaiian orchid. Bull. Pacific Tropical Bot. Gard. 8, l: 19. Persoon, C. H. 1807. Synopsis plantarum. Vol. 2: 520. Paris. Pijl, van der, L. 1969. Principles of dispersal in higher plants. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelber, New York. Pijl, van der, L., and C.. H.° Dodson. 1969. Orchid flowers, their pollination and evolution. Univesity of Miami Press. Coral Gables. Proctor, M., and P. Yeo. 1972. The pollination of flowers. New York. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. 1825. Neogenyton: 4. Philadelphia. ____- 1833. Herbarium rafinesquanum: 74. Philadelphia. ____- 1836 - 1838. Flora telluriana. Philadelphia. Ramirez, W. B. 1970. Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae). Evolution 24: 680-691. Reichenbach, H. Gc. L. 1828. Conspectus regni vegetabilis...: 294. Leipzig. - 1841. Anocheile in C. Heynold, Nomenclator botanicus hortensis: 235. Dresden, Leipzig. eee oe ' PB41. Das Herbarienbuch, in Der Deutsche Botaniker. Vol. 1: 52, Nom. 1984. Dresden, Leipzig. Reichenbach, H. G. 1856. Stipulae Orchidaceae Reichenbachianae. Bonplandia 4: 321-330. 52 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 1857. Orchideae Zollingerianae itineris primi recensentur. Bonplandia 5: 34-43, 53-58. 1861 - 1865. Orchidaceae, in W. G. Walpers, Annales botanices systematicae. Vol. 6: 167-1309. Leipzig. 1865. Vorstudien zu einer Orchidographie der Antillen, besonders Britischen Anteils. Flora 48: 273-280. 1869. Beitrage zur Orchideenkunde Central-Amerikas: 81. Hamburg. - 1877. Orchidea? roezlianae novae seu criticae. Linnaea 41: 1-16. - 1877. Orchideae wallisianae novae. Linnaea 41: 17-98. - 1877. Orchidiographische Beitrage. Linaea 41: 17-98. 1881. Otia botanica hamburgensia:.53, 107. Hamburgi. 1858 - 1909. Xenia orchidaceae. Leipzig. Richard, L. C. 1817. De orchideis eutopaeis annotationes. Paris. - 1818. Id., Men. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 23-61. Ridley, H. N. 1886. A monograph of the genus Liparis. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 244-297. - 1888. Notes on self-fertilization and cleistogamy in orchids. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 389-395. - 1924. Flora of the Malay Peninsulta. Vol. 4: 123. London. - 1939. The dispersal of plants throughout the world. L. Reeve & Co. Kent. Robinson, .C. B. 1912. Roxburgh's Hortus Bengalensis. Philipp. J. Sci. 7: 411-419, Rolfe, R. A. 1888. New garden plants. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 3: 770-771. Roxburgh, W. 1814. Hortus bengalensis: 63. Serampore. - 1832. Flora indica. ed 2. (Carey) Vol. 3: 460. Serampore. Rumphius, G. E. 1750. Herbarium amboinense. Vol. 6: 112, t. 53, fig. 1, a. Amsterdam. Rupo, oH. M. -R. 1969. Orchids of New South Wales: 109. SGovernment Printers of New South Wales. Sydney. Rydberg, P. A. 1909. Catalogue of the flora of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 104, 106. - 1901. The American species of Limnorchis and Piperia, north of Mexico. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 605-643. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 =P) See OL Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora, V. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 266-284. St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Tropical Bot. Gard. Mem. 1: 1-59. Salisbury, R. A. 1812. On the cultivation of rare plants, especially such as have been introduced since the death of Mr. Philip Miller. Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 261-366. Schauer, J. C. 1841. Monocotyledoneae, in C. L. Meyen, Observationes botanicae. Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Germany Nat. Cur. Oras oye cs a2. Schlechter, R. 1926. Das system der Orchidaceen. Notizbl. Bot. Gard. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 536-591. Schumann, K. M., and A. G. Lauterbach. 1901. Die Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Sudsee: 244. Leipzig. Schuster, C. 1953. Orchidacearum Iconum Index: 230 Berlin. Seemann, B. C. 1868. Flora vitiensis: 299-300. London. Seidenfaden, G. 1978. Orchid Genera in Thailand 6. Neottieae. Dansk Bot. Ark. 32, 2: 6-195. Selling; “rO: 1947. Studies in Hawaiian Pollen Statistics II. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. Special Pub. 38: 368-370, pl. 57, fig. 930., pl. 53, £19 931. skottsberg, C. 1926. Vascular plants from the Hawaiian Islands, I. Acta Horti Gothob. 2: 185-284. -----. 1942. Vascular plants from the Hawaiian Islands, II. Acta Horti Gothob. 10: 97-193. - 1944, Vascular plants from the Hawaiian Islands, III. Acta Horti Gothob. 15: 1-148. Small, J. K. 1913. Flora of Miami: 55-56. New York. SNuLth,, J. Js 1905. Die Orchideen von Java, in "Flora von Buitenzorg". Vol. 6: 1-672. Bogor. Sorague, T. A. 1929. The correct spelling of certain generic names: IV. Kew Bull. (1929): 38-52. Stafleu, F. A. 1967. Taxonomic Literature. Regnum Vegetabile. Utrecht. Stafleu, F. A., and R. S. Cowan. 1976. Taxonomic Literature ed. 2. Vol. 1. dr. W. Junk b. v. Utrecht. peebbins, G. L. Jr. 1949. Asexual reproduction in relation to plant evolution. Evolution 3: 98-101. 54 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 . 1950. Variation and Evolution in Plants. Columbia University Press. New York. 1957. Self fertilization and population variability in the higher plants. Amer. Mid. Natur. 91: 337-354. Stebbins, G. L. Jr., and L. Ferlan. 1956. Population variability, hybridization and introgression in some species of Ophrys. Evolution 10: 32-46. Swartz, O. 1799. Dianome Epidendri generis, Linn. Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 6: 61-85. - 1800. Orchidernes slagter och Arter Upstallde...: Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 21: 115-138, 202-254. Sweet, O. 1828. The British flower garden. ser 1: t. 239. London. Thien, is B. 1969. Mosquito pollintion of Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 56: 232-237. Thien, L. 8B., and F. Utech. 1970. The mode of pollination in Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 57: 1031-1035. Thouars, see Du Petit-Thouars. Veitch, J. & Sons. 1887 - 1894. A manual of Orchidaceous plants. Vol. 2: 129. London. Vieillard, E. 1862. Plants utiles de la Nouvelle Caledonie. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 4, 16:28-76. Villar, see Fernandez-Villar, C. & A. Naves. Vriese, W. H. de. 1854. Illistration d'Orchidees des Indes orientales Neerlandaiese...: t. 8, 11, fig. 8. Den Haag. Wallace, A. R. 1891. Natural selection and tropical nature. London. Wallich, N. 1824. Tentamen florae napalensis illustratae...: 37, t. 27. Calcutta. 1828 - 1849. A numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the East India Company's museum...: no. 3731. Calcutta. Us iow ke Plantae asSiaticae rariores. Vole 25 746, te, 507.0958: London. Wallroth, C. F. 1842. Beitrage zur Botanik: 101, 127, 252. Leipzig. Wawra, 4H. 18153 Beitrage zur flora der Hawaischen Inseln. Flora 58: 532 Wight, R. 1851. Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis. Vol; Be te 1659-1661. Madras. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY. 1979. VOL. 18. 3/5 oy) Willing, E., and B. Willing. 1977. Bibliographie uder die Orchideen Europas und der Mittelmeerlander 1744 -1976. Willdenowia 11: 1-325. Withner, C. 1959. The Orchids: A Scientific Survey: 15-45. Ronald Press Co. New York. Zimmerman, E. C. 1948. Insects of Hawaii. Introduction. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. Minutes: December 4, 1978 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Obata promptly at 7:30 p.m. The secretary presented the annual report for the year 1978. This was followed by the treasurer's report. The treasurer reported that the society collected $305.50 in dues for the year and that this was a critical area in the society's budget. It waS announced that Dr. Thomas Croat would be giving a lecture on "The aroids of Central America" for the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden and members were invited. The Audubon Society announced that it would hold its December meeting at the Moiliili-McCully library and invited all members to attend. The slate of officers for 1979 were presented to the members. They are as follows: President - Keith Woolliams Vice-president - Nadarajah Balakrishnan Secretary - Winona Char Board of Directors - Gerald Carr and John Obata The nomination was moved and seconded. The new president then assumed his duties and praised the excellent job done by the out going president. It was announced that Dr. David Chruchill from the Royal Botanic Gardens in Melbourne, Australia would be giving a series of lectures in conjunction with the Cook Bicentennial in December. The out going vice-president then introduced the speaker for the evening, Mr. Fred Trotter, who spoke on "The Waianae Mountains, access and preservation from management's point of view." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary 56 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 3/5 Minutes: January 8, 1979 Meeting The first meeting of the year was called to order by President Woolliams at 7:30 p.m. This meeting marks the 55th year for the society. The new slate of officers for the year were introduced to society members. Members of several committees were also announced. They are as follows: Refreshment Committee: June Saito, Jeannie Young, Phil Burton Membership Committee: oN. Balakrishnan, Mark Towata, Gordon Daida Native Plant Species Committee: Dr. Dan Palmer, Dr. Deral Herbst, Dr. Gerald Carr, Dr. Charles Lamoureux, John Obata, and a new member, Dr. Carolyn Corn Conservation Committee: John Obata, other members are needed Door Prizes Committee: Ted Green Plant Exchange Committee: Ray Baker (Plant exchange will be held on the following months: March, June, Oct., Dec.) Dr. Palmer, chairman of the Native Plant Species Committee, announced that they have been very active in gathering data and setting up criteria for rare and endangered plants. A dues increase at this time is felt to be necessary by the executive committee. The fees are set up in our constitution and therefore it is necessary to amend Article VII, Section 2. A vote to change the membership fees and amend the constitution will be taken up in the February meeting. To solve part of our financial problems three things must be done: 1. increase dues, 2. drop non-paying members from the society, and 3. have a nembership drive to increase our list of paying members. All records of the society are deposited in Sinclair Library, 3rd floor, University Archives section if any members are interested. Copies of the society's 50th anniversary booklet, which contain the Constitution, are available from the secretary. The Index to _ the Newsletter is also available for $1.00 from the secretary. The society is urged to support the Native Plant Species Committee and also to consider supporting work done on some of the non-flowering plants such as mosses, ferns, algae, and fungi. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 3/5 oT The president reported that he had spoken to Charles Yasuda, of the Dept. of Agriculture, about control of Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) and that Mr. Yasuda had replied that progress was being made in this area. The Audubon Society announced that they would be holding their meeting at the Moiliili-McCully Library on January 22. Dr. Lamoureux announced that Dr. A. C. Smith's Flora Vitiensis Nova, Vol. I was about to be released by the Pacific Tropical Botanical Sarden. The vice-president then announced the "Plant-of-the-month" speaker, Dr. Gerald Carr, who spoke about the genus Dubautia, an endemic Compositae, he is presently studying. The speaker for the evening was then presented--Dr. Charles Lamoureux, who spoke on "Why are there so many endangered species in Hawaii?" Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary Minutes: February 5, 1979 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:35 p.m. by President Keith Woolliams. President Woolliams announced that Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden will once again provide the prizes for the two Science Fair winners. The motion to amend the dues for members was carried during this meeting. This affects Article VII, section 2. The new dues are: $4.00 for students of ‘institutions of higher learning; $7.50 for regular members; $10.00 for families. It was recommended that we should also consider removing the section setting up membership dues amount from the by-laws later on. March is plant donation month and plants donated should be in good condition and not greenhouse discards. Dr. Dan Palmer was officially appointed auditor for the society. A short demonstration on the use and preparation of coconut in Ceylonese cooking was presented. After this the vice-president announced the speaker for the evening. Dr. C. E. Jones, Professor of Botany at California State University, Fullerton, gave a lecture on "Pollination in plants." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary 58 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 3/5 as ee ee ee ee ee eS ee se ee ee ee ee ee ee ee es we ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee Minutes: March 5, 1979 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. by President Woolliams. The Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden has presented the society with two copies of J. F. Rock's "Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands"; these will be awarded to the two Science Fair winners picked by the society. Tne president presented a request by Steve Montgomery that the society approach the trustees of the Marie Neal fund for $100.00 to be used in providing a poster for National Wildlife Week. The poster would bring National Wildlife Week down to the state level since it would feature native plants--Vicia menziesii, the Hawaiian vetch, and Acacia koa. It was moved and approved by the society that such funds should be requested from the trustees. President Woolliams also brought up the present situation and status of Vicia menziesii. The native vetch is threatened with extinction due to the re-forestation practices by the Bishop Estate and by hapu'u harvesting. A fact sheet about Vicia menziesii can be obtained from the president. The secretary, substituting for the vice-president, then announced the "Plant-of-the-month" speaker, Eileen Makuchan, a graduate student in Botany, who spoke on the native 'ape'ape (Gunnera). After this the speaker for the evening was presented. Mark Merlin, with the General Science Department at the University, talked about the "Natural origins and early cultural history of the opium poppy." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary Minutes: April 2, 1979 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:35 p.m. by President Woolliams. Under old business the president informed members of the society that the request for $100.00 from the Marie Neal Fund to be used for the National Wildlife Hawaii poster needs only one more trustee's signature to be approved. Keith Woolliams and Dan Palmer, chairman of the Endangered Species Committee, met with Mr. Cunha, a trustee of the Bishop Estate, in reference to the Vicia menziesii problem. A letter followed requesting that the Bishop Estate activate their research committee, and to turn the 50 acres containing the Vicia into a reserve. A letter of acknowledgement was sent to the society by Mr. Rosehill. The Garden Club of America has written to the president of the society and is very interested in the Vicia controversy. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1979. VOL. 18, 3/5 a9 President Woolliams announced that all society members’ should actively engage in seeking new members for the society. A number of ideas on where to recruit new members were discussed. The Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden has donated two copies of Rock's Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands for the Science Fair. The Fair opens this week and judges are needed. The "Plant-of-the-month" speaker, John Obata, then spoke on Bonamia menziesii, an endemic species in the Morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae). The speaker for the evening was then introduced--Mr. Richard Carpenter who spoke on "Environmental assessment and economic development." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary RECENTLY COMPLETED THESES IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I MASSEY, Jane E. 1978. Lake Waiau: A Study of a Tropical Alpine Lake, Past and Present. The influence of an array of physical and chemical factors on diatom populations and phytoplankton productivity in Lake Waiau, Hawaii, was Studied. Lake Waiau, a shallow, heart-shaped water body about 0.6 ha in area at the time of study, is located at 3969 m on the summit plateau of Mauna Kea, island of Hawaii. From a study of ancient and contemporary lake sediments, 13 diatom species were identified, one, a new species. Diatom Species found at Lake Waiau were typically smaller and more highly Silicified than their counterparts in other localities. The paucity of Species in the lake is attributed mainly to extreme isolation. In the older sediments, a plot of the number of individuals of each of two Nitschia species as a function of core depth revealed possible biogeochemical relationships. Indications of biological competition and human influences were also disclosed. The contemporary ecosystem was examined in terms of a complex of physical and chemical factors believed to be influencing the limited rate of production of Lake Waiau. In spite of its status as a highly productive alpine lake (350 mg C/sq m/day at period of observed maximum), the photosynthetic capacity was found to be limited. High levels of nickel, found to be negatively correlated with the rate of production, suggest possible heavy metal toxicity. Sulfate concentrations which were low in comparison with other alpine and arctic lakes, also may limit productivity. In situ experiments proved inconclusive, however Sulfate was found to be negatively correlated with the production rate on multiple regression analysis. A complex of physical and chemical factors was found to be influencing the rate of production at Lake Waiau. No one factor was found to be the 'limiting factor'. A variety of environmental and nutritional factors influence the rate of primary production at Lake Waiau. Changes in the morphometry and chemistry of Lake Waiau were found by comparing current and earlier data spanning aonine year period. Such changes are typical of small, shallow bodies of water such as Lake Waiau. Management proposals have been made for the protection of this unique resource. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY c/o BOTANY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 PRINTED MATTER Newsletter (pntents VOLUME 19 JANUARY/DECEMBER 1980 THE NATIVE COASTAL PLANTS OF O'AHU, HAWAI'I Sina VINO SS w/a AIC as sis. c%w oie Sage 6 Se GS ow guste et pral ere Wi elieee SF Wiese 2 NOXTOUS WEEDS “IN“HAWALI. © 66 Siw ded eam awa s be ww ee cdoare ores 45 RECENTLY COMPLETED THESES IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY 3OF HAWALS Desa: sto. tars dele d ow aie eiw wie ans mew ena abe ote 52 A RESOLUTION ON THE PROBLEM OF GOATS IN HABEAKALAANATITONAL PARK: < . dices weeecale Pik we wees Gas ES C8 54 SOCIETY CORRESPONDENCE 24 iat Se 2-3 Beh ee ee 44 ,63 SUCTEIY, BUSINES Sie seo soe ook aana se bae e 2 ae ee ae ote 47-51, 56-62 Published by the Hawaitan Botanical Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all its applteattons, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrtt of good fellowshtp and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawatian Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matle Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawati 96822. THE NATIVE COASTAL PLANTS OF O'AHU, HAWAI'I Raymond S. Tabata Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 INTRODUCTION The most vulnerable elements in the coastline vegetation are the endemic strand elements, which are narrow in range ... and the endemic elements of the native dry forests, which may have extended to the coast in the leeward areas.... (Richmond & Mueller-Dombois 1972). The demise of the Hawaiian endemic flora has been a concern for many decades. Degener (1932 et seg.), Egler (1947), and Richmond and Mueller-Dombois (1972) have documented the gradual loss of native plants on O'ahu due to the impacts of agriculture, development, and introduced plants. In recent years, with increased interest in Hawaiiana, the native Hawaiian environment, and coastal zone management, there has been increasing concern for native coastal plants. This is shown by several recent publications written for general audiences on this subject: Arrigoni (1977, 1978), Merlin (1977), and Tabata (1979). Also, a 20-minute Slide/tape program "Na Mea Ulu Ma Kahakai o Hawai'i" was produced by Kimura and Nagata (1979). For O'ahu, particularly, there is now new information on the status of native coastal plants: Richmond and Mueller-Dombois (1972) on O'ahu coastline ecosystems; Fosberg and Herbst (1975) on rare and endangered plants; Herbst (1976), EIS Corp. (1977), and Miura and Sato (1978) on the Barber's Point Deep-Draft Harbor site; Stemmermann (1977) on Hawaiian sandalwoods (Santalum spp.); Degener and Degener (1978) on the ‘ohai (Sesbania spp.); Elliott and Hall (1978) on the Kahuku area; Char and Balakrishnan (1979) on the 'Ewa Plains flora; Gardner (1979) on nehe (Lipochaeta spp.); and Ximura and Nagata (1980) on endangered coastal environments. These works provide considerable new information on the taxonomy and distribution of O'ahu's native coastal flora, particularly those considered threatened or endangered. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are: (1) to generally describe coastal environments associated with native coastal plants; (2) to survey the status of O'ahu's native coastal flora, especially the threatened and endangered plants; (3) to provide examples of management concerns; and (4) to offer recommendations for consideration. A bibliography of pertinent literature is provided. A plant checklist originally prepared for publication in the proceedings is appended. VALUES OF NATIVE COASTAL PLANTS The study of Hawai'i's native coastal flora is important to science as it would help to improve our understanding of the Hawaiian environment and would show us how native plants adapt to varying conditions at the shoreline, including exposure to heat, intense sunlight, drought, NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 2 salt spray, blowing sand, and onshore winds. The study of native plants may also benefit man; medicinal uses and genetic characteristics having economic value (e.g., resistance to disease) are associated with certain native plants. The study of the native coastal flora is also important for educational purposes. Areas such as Ka'ena and Kaloko ("Alan Davis Beach" or "Queen's Beach") provide many opportunities for field trips and studies for students as well adults. On such occasions, studies dealing with other subjects relating to the coastline can easily be integrated into the curriculum: climatology, geology, marine algology, nearshore oceanography, social studies, the study of tidepools, and Hawaiiana. Some coastal plants such as naupaka-kahakai (Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.) and 'aki'aki (Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth) are not only a part of the beach landscape, but also provide some protection against storm waves by helping to bind sand dunes. As sea level appears to be rising slowly at 5.6 inches per century, dune systems may be particularly important for protecting inland areas. There is also some recent interest in using native coastal plants such as hinahina-ku-kahakai (Heliotropium anomalum H. & A.) and ‘ohai for ornamental and lei-making purposes. As for economic value, some coastal plants such as the alula (Brighamia citrina var. napaliensis St. John, a lobelia relative from Na Pali, Kaua'i) are being cultivated and sold commercially as house plants. Other native coastal plants, notably the naupaka-kahakai, provide a setting for beach recreation. Commonly seen on many windward coasts with sand dunes are scores of picnickers, campers, and sunbathers among the clumps of naupaka (Scaevola). There are many recreators wno value such areas for joy-riding and "dune-busting." However, off-road recreational vehicle (ORV) use is often detrimental to coastline environments, particularly naupaka on sand dunes. At places like Ka'ena, Kahuku, and Kaloko, ORVsS (@.g., motorbikes, dune buggies, and jeeps) are commonly driven on the sand dunes and nearby areas. COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS ON O'AHU This paper is limited to the strand and dry coastal lowland flora of O'ahu and their associated environments. Coastal wetlands and areas along embayments (e.g., Pearl Harbor and Kane'ohe Bay) were specifically not considered. The dominant flora generally associated with the latter types of areas include: hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.), mangrove (Rhizophora), and bulrush (Scirpus). A few native plants occasionally encountered in isolated wet areas within the strand or dry coastal lowlands were considered for field trip reference purposes: the water hyssop, Bacopa monnieria (L.) Wettst.--Ka'a' awa Beach; the marsh cypress, Cyperus Jjavanicus Houtt.--Mokule'ia, near Camp Erdman; and Marsilea villosa Kaulf., an endemic fern--Koko Head. Strand Environment Strand plants directly influenced by the sea are the primary focus of this paper. The harsh strand environment is characterized by salt spray, constant wind, low rainfall, intense sunlight, high evaporation, high 4 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Se ee a ne ee es ee ee ee ee oe ae a ee eo a ne eee ee temperatures, and shifting sands. Strand plants have a variety of special adaptations to cope with these conditions, including small, succulent, often hairy leaves; succulent stems; prostrate habit; thick cuticles; and rosette leaves. The vegetation zone influenced by the ocean varies in width. On windward coasts unprotected from waves and salt spray (e.g., Ka'ena), the strand vegetation may extend far inland. On the other hand, along sheltered embayments (e.g., Kane'ohe), there may be little or no strand vegetation (AECOS 1979). Richmond and Mueller-—Dombois (1972), in attempting to relate vegetation patterns to environmental factors (i.e., climate, ohysiography, exposure to wind and spray, substratum, and ground water), recognized 13 ecosystem classes, of which four could _ be considered strand-related environments: * Scaevola on dunes (e.g., Paumalu, Kahuku, Makapu'u, Ka'ena, and Mokule'ia); * Scaevola on raised reef (Hau'ula); * Scaevola on rocky basalt (Kaloko); * Scaevola on talus and alluvium (Camp Erdman). Five other ecosystem classes, principally associated with leeward O'ahu shores, had relatively narrow strand vegetation zones due primarily to the invasion of introduced lowland plants such as swollen fingergrass (Chloris), koa-haole. (Leucaena), and kiawe (Prosopis): * Chloris-Sida (swollen fingergrass-'ilima) on talus (e.g., south of Ka'ena); * Chloris-Prosopis on dune and clay flat (Barber's Point); * Prosopis on talus and alluvium (Kahe, Ma'ili); * Prosopis on tuffaceous headland (Palea Point); * Prosopis on dunes (Nanakuli, 'Ohikilolo). The distribution of strand vegetation on O'ahu, then, appears to be largely affected by exposure to wind and salt spray. One recent report (AECOS 1979) observed that most strand plants are found in the maritime zone not because they need salt or some other characteristic but because they are better adapted to compete with faster-growing lowland plants. A useful guide to classifying terrestrial environments, especially near the sea, is provided in the AECOS report. The guide helps classify strand/ lowland vegetation at or near sea level on the basis of: (1) degree of wind and salt spray exposure evidenced by the proximity of trees to the seaward vegetation line; and (2) substratum types, ranging from basalt rock to dunes. This classification scheme would be useful for identifying sensitive habitat types for management purposes. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 2 Coastal Lowland Environments For the purposes of this paper, dry lowland flora ffound in coastal areas were included. Many native lowland flora can be found today at Ka'ena, Makapu'u, Koko Head, Diamond Head, and Kalaeloa (Barber's Point). Some are found fairly close to the sea and are easily accessible from the coast (e.g., malo or Myoporum sandwicense Gray, at Kaloko). Others described in this paper are perhaps marginal coastal plants as they are found at the edge of the transitional zone between the strand and dry forest vegetation, often on talus slopes, cliffs, and ledges near the sea (Kimura & Nagata 1980). Nevertheless, they are also exposed to some of the conditions faced by strand plants, though perhaps to a lesser degree. For the dedicated, intrepid hiker, these transitional coastal plants are also accessible from the coast. Climatically, the coastal lowland flora described in this paper are mostly in the "summer drought" zone adapted by Char and Balakrishnan (1979) from Kartawinata and Mueller-Dombois (1972) and from Richmond and Mueller-Dombois (1972). Figure 1 illustrates the location of the three major climatic zones of O'ahu and major coastal sites having significant native coastal flora. In terms of typical vegetation, several habitat types described by Fosberg (1961) are associated with coastal lowland flora: * Kakonakona-'ilima seasonally dry scrub-grassland drier areas on coastal flats or lower slopes, mostly leeward; typical plants include wiliwili (Erythrina), ma'o (Gossypium), nehe (Lipochaeta), kakonakona (Panicum torridum Gaud.), and ‘ilima; * Pili grassland coastal flats and foothills in drier parts of O'ahu; typical plants include pili (Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex R. & S.) and a variety of introduced plants (e.g., kolu (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.), lantana (Lantana camara L.), koa-haole, prickly pear (Opuntia) klawe, and Christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) ); * Eragrostis variabilis grassland from coral sand on beaches to moderately wet forest, and lower drier sites of main islands; typical plants include variable lovegrass or '‘emo-loa (Eragrostis variabilis (Gaud.) Hbd), sedge (Fimbristylis), and nehe (Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) Gray). Representative coastal areas on O'ahu with these types of habitats include the Koko Head to Makapu'u area, Diamond Head, and the Ka'ena to Mokule'ia area. THE NATIVE COASTAL FLORA OF O'AHU It is truly difficult to reconstruct the native flora which once pervaded the dry coastal areas oof O'ahu. Accounts are generally 6 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 oe ee ec ee ee ee ee ee es ee © Se es ce re re ee ee a es ee ee ee ee sketchy and collection data are not always adequate. However, from the few available accounts--notably, Hillebrand (1888), Rock (1913), MacCaughey (1918), Degener (1932 et seg.), and Egler (1947)--a general picture can be drawn of the typical flora of the strand and coastal -wlands. In addition, for specific plant groups, monographs and other papers provide some insight regarding the distribution of coastal plants. on O'ahu: Rock (1916), Skottsberg (1927), and Stemmermann (1977) on sandalwoods (Santalum spp.); Sherff (1935) and Gardner (1979) on _ nehe (Lipochaeta spp.); Sherff (1936) on '‘akoko (Euphorbia spp.); and Degener and Degener (1978) on the 'ohai (Sesbania spp.). An interesting account of the former native vegetation of the coralline ‘Ewa Plains is presented by Char and Balakrishnan (1979: 59-60). It is difficult to imagine that plants which are rare today, especially many lowland plants, once stood where kiawe and other introduced plants now predominate. It iS quite apparent that what remains today of native coastal plants is a mere remnant. Indigenous Coastal Plants Among the native coastal flora, a number are indigenous _ and relatively common in certain localities. Familiar members of the indigenous strand flora include: Alena (Boerhavia diffusa L.) (Indig. Tropics) Fimbristylis pycnocephala Hbd. (Indig. H.I. to Solomon Is., Laysan I.) a coastal sedge; Hinahina-ku-kahakai (Heliotropium anomalum) (Indig. Pacific Is.) Nena (Heliotropium curassavicum L. ) (Indig. H.I., America) Pohuehue (Ipomoea brasiliensis (L.) Sweet) (Indig. Pantropic) also called beach morning glory; "Ohelo-kai (Lycium sandwicense Gray) (Indig. H.I., Polynesia) "Thi (Portulaca lutea Soland. ex Forst f.) (Indig. H.1.., ‘Pacitic Is?) Naupaka-kahakai (Scaevola taccada var. sericea (Vahl) St. John) (Indig. H.I., tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans) -.ulikuli (Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.) (Indig. Tropics) "Ilima (Sida fallax Walp.) (Indig. H.I., Pacific Is., China) NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 i "Aki'aki (Sporobolus virginicus) (Indig. Pantropic) Nohu (Tribulus cistoides L.) (Indig. trop. cosmop.) Nanea (Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.) (indig.” H.i.,; Topics) also called beach pea; Pohinahina (Vitex ovata Thunb.) (Indig. H.I., Asia, Pacific Is.) Some of these indigenous plants are locally uncommon due to pressures from intense recreational activity. For example, many dune systems with naupaka-kahakai and pohuehue have been heavily damaged or obliterated by coastal development, trampling, and vehicular traffic. Endemic Coastal Plants Many of the Hawaiian endemic coastal plants found on O'ahu are relatively abundant. The endemic strand representatives include: * Kauna'oa (Cuscuta sandwichiana Choisy) (End. H.I.) an orange vine-like parasite in the morning-glory family; locally common in areas’ such as Ka'ena and Kaloko; * "Akoko (Euphorbia degeneri Sherff) (End. Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, Hawai'i) a typical strand plant found on arid sand dunes, rocky or clay soils, near the sea; it has been reported from Kailua and Waimanalo, as well as many other locales on O'ahu (Hillebrand 1888; Degener 1932 et seq.); * Pa'u o Hi'iaka (Jacquemontia sandwicensis Gray) (End. H.I..) another member of the morning-glory family, with pale white to blue, bell-shaped flowers; commonly found on dry plains and rocky slopes, especially near the sea; * Hawaiian nama (Nama sandwicensis Gray) (End. H.I.) a perennial herb with bluish flowers, found chiefly on coastal dunes and sandy areas; once reported from Kahuku and Waikiki (Hillebrand 1888), it is quite common seasonally at Kaloko; * "Thi (Portulaca cyanosperma Egler) (End. Kaua'i, Lehua, O'ahu, Hawai'i) a reddish prostrate herb fairly common on Koko Head, especially on the slopes around Hanauma Bay. 8 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Other endemic coastal plants, more common on coastal plains and slopes, include: Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) (End. Kauati, Ni'ihau, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui) partial to leeward areas in shallow or rocky soils; it grows as a shrub near sea level and as a tree at higher elevations; Kakonakona (Panicum torridum) (End. O'ahu to Hawai'i, and Leeward Is.) an annual panicgrass quite common in areas such as Ka'ena and Koko Head; Kupala (Sicyos microcarpus Mann) (End. O'ahu, Kaua'i) locally common vine member of the gourd family found during rainy seasons at places such as Kalaeloa, Ka'ena, and Kea' au. Threatened and Endangered Coastal Plants A number of coastal plants found on O'ahu are candidates for threatened or endangered species designation. The following summarizes their current status. MarSilea villosa is a small fern endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Each leaf has four leaflets (like a four-leaf clover). Marsilea can be found growing carpet-like in wet depressions subject to occasional drying. Forbes observed that it was becoming rare around 1920. Between 1925 and 1933, Marsilea was observed at Nanakuli, Makapu'u, and tLualualei (Degener 1932 et seq.). Marsilea has also been reported from Mokapu Peninsula and Diamond Head crater (Corn, pers. comm. 1980). A population was photographed at Barber's Point beneath kiawe in 1932 (Char & Balakrishnan 1979) but has not been seen there lately. A fairly large population is still found in 'Ihi'ihilauakea, a depression on Koko Head. Pololei (Ophioglossum concinnum Brack.) is a single-bladed fern endemic to O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. It was last collected on O'ahu at Sisal, a town near ‘Ewa, by Forbes and Cooke in 1912. Eragrostis paupera Jedw. is an annual grass endemic to O'ahu and related to E. variabilis, the more common variable lovegrass. Like the pololei, it was last seen on O'ahu at Barber's Point, 'Ewa, by Egler and Oliviera in 1937. Fosberg and Herbst (1975) think this species is probably extinct. Panicum carteri Hosaka, an annual opanicgrass endemic to O'ahu, was thought to be extinct (Fosberg & Herbst 1975) but has been reported cently from Mokoli'i (Chinaman's Hat); it is being nominated for endangered status. A relative, Faurie's panicgrass (P. fauriei Hitch.), is endemic to O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Lana'i; this species has been reported from Koko Head and Popoi'‘a Island. Species reported from Koko Head as P. fauriei by Fosberg (1961) is probably Pe nubigenum Kunth, a more common ‘species reported from O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, and Hawai'i (Herbst, pers. comm. 1980). NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 9 Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Hbd. (Amaranthaceae) i considered by many botanists to be truly endangered. Endemic to O'ahu, it has been reported from Wai'anae and Ka'ena (Hillebrand 1888) as well as from Barber's Point (Herbst 1976; EIS Corp. 1977; Char & Balakrishnan 1979). It is a bushy shrub two to four feet tall with broadly rounded, thick silvery leaves; flower spikes are six to 12 inches long. A few _..ividuals have been seen on the talus slopes of Ka'ena; however, today, the main population is limited to the Barber's Point area. Another genus in the Amaranth family, Nototrichium, is represented in the coastal flora of O'ahu by four endemic taxa. These may be considered marginal coastal plants as they are associated more with lower elevation vegetation such as on the tops of talus slopes; they are at the fringe of the coastal zone. kKulu'i or Kaala nototrichium (Nototrichium humile Hbd. var. humile) was collected by Hillebrand at Ka'ena (Degener 1932 et seq.) and noted by Rock (1913); it was not reported in arecent survey of Ka'ena (Hawaii, Division of State Parks 1978). Nototrichium humile var. subrhomboideum Sherff was noted on th windward talus slopes in the coastal zone. Nototrichium viride var. subtruncatum Sherff, collected in 1950 from sea level to 1200 feet between Mokule'ia and Kawaihapai (Degener 1932 et seq.), has not been seen lately. Finally, kulu'i or Hawaiian nototrichium (N. sandwicense (Gray in Mann) 4Hbd. var. sandwicense) has been observed on the talus slopes of Manini Gulch at Ka'ena; it is endemic to Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. . Maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana DC. var. sandwichiana) i endemic to the north shores of O'ahu between Ka'ena and Makapu'u. Its white flowers are nocturnal and fragrant. Although rare, it has been observed at Ka'ena Point, and on Popoi'a and Kekepa islands off windward O'ahu. It may also have been observed at Hau'ula 50 to 70 m (164-230 ft) inland (Richmond & Mueller-Dombois 1972). Another variety, zoharyi Deg. & Deg., iS not considered rare or endangered but is thought to be depleted (Fosberg & Herbst 1975). It is found on Midway and other main islands, such as at Keahole Point, Hawai'i; on O'ahu, var. zoharyi is found today only at Barber's Point and Kahe Point Beach Park. The genus Schiedea is represented by four taxa, all endemic to O'ahu. Ma'oli'oli (S. globosa Mann var. globosa) i restricted to the spray-swept cliffs between Koko Head and Waimanalo (Degener 1932 et Seq.). It prefers crevices in arid cliffs and ledges such as at Makapu'u Head. It was also reported onthe rim of Kahauloa Crater (Koko Head Firing Range) (Egler 1947). Schiedea globosa var. graminifolia Deg. & Sherff in Sherff, a perhaps marginal coastal plant, has been reported from the cliffs and crevices southwest of Waimanalo Landing (Degener 1932 et seq.). Two other species of Schiedea are also marginal coastal plants but are included as they are found fairly close to the sea. Schiedea adamantis St. John is found today only on the rim of Diamond Head. Schiedea_ kealiae Caum & Hosaka inhabits the dry exposed cliffs along the Kealia Trail near Kawaihapai in the Ka'ena area (Degener 1932 et seq.). 10 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Four taxa of nehe (Lipochaeta integrifolia) recognized by Sherff (1935) have been reported from O'ahu coasts: var. integrifolia (End. Kure, Laysan, Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui) var. gracilis Sherff (End... Hel.) var. major Sherff (End. O'ahu) var. megacephala Deg. & Sherff in Sherff (End. O'ahu) The latter three taxa were once recommended for endangered species Status (USDI 1976). A fifth taxon, var. argentea Sherff, is endemic to Maui. Generally found in exposed wind-swept areas, prostrate over rocks, nehe grows near sea level to 20 to 30 m (60-90 ft) elevation. This species is distinguished by its thick succulent leaves and mat-forming habit (Gardner 1979). The four O'ahu taxa, recently consolidated into UL. integrifolia by Gardner, have been reported from places such as Makapu'u, Hanauma, kKa'ena, and Popoi'a Island. Specimens have been collected in the past from: Waimanalo, La'ie Point, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head (Sher ff 1935); and Kailua (Hillebrand 1888). If Gardner's taxonomy is accepted, the species may not be as endangered as previously thought. Of six coastal varieties of Lipochaeta lobata (Gaud.) DC., all were nominated at one time for endangered status except var. denticulata (Wawra) Sherff; five are endemic to O'ahu, while one is also endemic to Kaua'i (Sherff 1935). All six have been grouped into L. lobata var. lobata by Gardner (1979). Accordin to Gardner, L. lobata var. lobata is common at Ka'ena Point and from Koko Head to Makapu'u Point in low coastal dune areas to a few hundred feet elevation on scrubby, open hillsides. pecimens of L. lobata var. lobata were noted by Gardner from Nanakuli Diamond Head crater, near Hawai'i Kai Golf Course, and Ka'ena. Other Specimens have been collected from the dry, grassy eastern slopes of Kuli'ou'ou Valley and Lualualei near the beach (Degener 1932 et seq.), as well as from the Wailupe and Niu areas (Sherff 1935). Again, if Gardner's taxonomy is accepted, L. lobata var. lobata may be more common than thought earlier. Another nehe, L. remyi Gray, is considered a marginal coastal plant as it is found at 200 m (600 ft) elevation above the talus slopes at Manini Gulch, Ka'ena; it is endemic to O'ahu. Cuscuta sandwichiana var. kailuana Yuncker, a variety of th more common kauna'oa, was once found on O'ahu as well as on Moloka'i and Hawai'i. Degener (1932 et seq.) reported it from the beach at Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i, in addition to Mo'omomi, Moloka'i, and Ka'ena Point, O'ahu. It has not been reported in recent years on O'ahu. ‘Anaunau (Lepidium o-waihiense C. & S.) (mustard family, Cruciferae) is endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, and Maui. Today, it is reportedly found at La'ie Point and in the Makapu'u area of O'ahu and is common in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 11 Sicyos laysanensis St. John is endemic to Laysan and O'ahu, and was once observed at Barber's Point, 'Ewa, and Damon Tract. This plant was not mentioned in the 'Ewa Plains study (Char & Balakrishnan 1979). It waS once recommended for threatened species status. Five taxa in the genus Euphorbia ('akoko) have been reported from O'ahu coasts. All are endemic to O'ahu except E. degeneri Sherff; E. degeneri is mot considered endangered at this time. Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana Sherff is restricted to Ka'ena on the rocky slopes near the point. Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana Sherff was thought to be extinct (Fosberg & Herbst 1975) but was rediscovered recently during botanical surveys for the Barber's Point Deep Draft Harbor (Herbst 1976). This particular ‘akoko is a _ perennial erect shrub up to 2 m (6 ft) tall and is found now mostly among the kiawe at Barber's Point. Euphorbia skottsbergii Sherff var. skottsbergii is endemic to the ‘Ewa Plains area and thought to be extinct. Forbes and Skottsberg collected this plant on the ‘Ewa coral plains between 1916 and 1922 (Sherff 1936). It was last collected by Degener on the arid fossil reef between Barber's Point and Pearl Harbor in 1932. Euphorbia multiformis var. tomentella Boiss. in A. DC. is not well known. Plants of this species are normally found’ upland; however, it was reported along the seashore in Kailua and elsewhere by Hillebrand (1888). Fosberg and Herbst (1975) list this plant as extinct. ‘Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides (Griseb.) Druce) Gentianaceae) is considered rare but, where found, gregarious. It is endemic to Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Maui. '‘Awiwi grows within reach of salt air on dry coastal plains and in sand-filled crevices of raised fossil reefs. It has been reported by Degener from La'ie Point, Hale'iwa, and Mokule'ia (Degener 1932 et seg.). It is still found in the pastureland below Manini Gulch at Ka'ena and on the steep slopes above Halona Blowhole. This species has not been officially nominated for endangered status but is identified as rare and depleted (Fosberg & Herbst 1975). Scaevola coriacea Nutt. is a prostrate shrub with trailing branches, pale green leaves, whitish erect flowers, and black fruits (Char & Balakrishnan 1979). Hillebrand found it at Ka'ena Point on lava near the shore; it has not been seen there since 1922 (Degener 1932 et seq.). Rock found S. coriacea at Barber's Point in 1919 (Degener 1932 et seq.); it was not found in the 'Ewa Plains’ botanical survey (Char & Balakrishnan 1979). Once thought to be found on the arid lowlands of all the main Hawaiian Islands, S. coriacea is now restricted to the lithified dunes of Wai'ehu, Maui; a few individuals have been found recently at Kaupo, Maui. ‘Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa H. & A. var. tomentosa) (pea family, Leguminosae ) is an attractive shrub with large reddish flowers. Hillebrand (1888) reported it along the Wai'anae seashore on O'ahu. Degener noted it was known only from Jacquemontia-Heliotropium covered limestone and clays between the railroad tracks from Ka'ena Point to Kawaihapai. He also noted that Neal collected it at Mokapu Peninsula in 1934 (Degener 1932 et seg.). On O'ahu, this plant is now restricted to Ka'ena, amid sand dunes and coastal flats on the windward side; it is also found on Nihoa and Necker islands. 12 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Another member of the pea family, the Oahu vigna (Vigna o-wahuensis Vogel), is endemic to Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Moloka'i. Degener, in 1934, considered it almost extinct. He found it at Waimanalo climbing over low shrubs and grasses in limestone deposits just below the cliffs (Degener 1932 et seg.). The Oahu vigna has also been observed on Mokulua Island off Lanikai. Ma'o (Gossypium sandvicense Parl.), relative of the hibiscus, grows on arid, rocky, or clay plains not far from the sea, usually in leeward areas. On O'ahu, it is still fairly common near Koko Head and between Hono'uli'uli and Makua on the leeward coast (Degener 1932 et seq.). Ma'o is endemic to the main Hawaiian Islands. Myoporum sandwicense var. stellatum Webster (naio) is a rar variety restricted to the ‘Ewa coral plains between the mouth of Pearl Harbor and Barber's Point. Degener (1932 et seq.) noted that due to construction and other works of man, M. sandwicense var. stellatum was on the verge of extinction. Recently, it was recommended that this naio be placed on the federal list of endangered species (Char & Balakrishnan 1979). Hedyotis littoralis (Hbd.) Fosb. (coffee family, Rubiaceae) is known from Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and Hawai'i (St. John 1973). There have been no recent observations or collections from O'ahu. Its typical habitat is the cliffs of Ke'anae, Maui. Of the two. varieties of coastal sandalwood ('ili-ahi-a-lo'e), Santalum ellipticum var. littorale (Hbd.) Skottsb. is considered endangered. This plant is a pale green shrub found along arid coasts among rocks and in adobe soil, and occasionally inland in drier areas (Degener 1932 et seq.). It is endemic to Laysan and O'ahu, although it is ~eportedly extinct on Laysan. The plant is found now at Ka'ena, Moku'auia (Goat Island), Diamond Head, and Makapu'u (near Sea Life Park). It was also formerly reported from Kailua and Wai'anae (Rock 1916). CURRENT STATUS OF THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES The original list of proposed endangered species expired in November 1979; a revised list of active candidates for threatened or endangered status has subsequently been republished in December 1980 (USDI 1980). Of the endemic coastal plants described above, some are being considered for fficial endangered species status (D. Herbst, pers. comm. 1981). The 1980 list includes the following coastal taxa: Ophioglossum concinnum Eragrostis paupera Panicum fauriei Nototrichium humile N. viride var. subtruncatum Capparis sandwichiana var. sandwichiana Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla Deg. & Sherff in Sherff Sicyos laysanensis Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana E. skottsbergii var. skottsbergii (probably extinct) Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa Vigna o-wahuensis Hedyotis TittoraLis NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 12 Two other candidates are now being’ proposed. for endangered status: Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana and Panicum carteri. Information is being compiled for future listing on Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata, Bidens cuneata Sherff, Scaevola coriacea, and Schiedea adamantis. A status report being prepared for Santalum ellipticum var. littorale. Futur study is planned for Marsilea villosa, a high-priority candidate. THREATS TO NATIVE COASTAL PLANTS There are few areas along O'ahu shores which have not been disturbed by grazing, agriculture, residential development, parks, military installations, golf courses, or coastal roads. The areas, which are relatively undeveloped such as at Ka'ena, Kahuku, Kaloko, and Barber's Point, support a significant native coastal flora with associated habitats, all of which are threatened to varying degrees. Coastal development has permanently displaced native flora along substantial sections of O'ahu. In windward areas (e.9g., Kailua-Lanikai, Waimanalo), residential development has probably displaced sizeable naupaka ecosystems. Beach park developments, such as at Sandy Beach, have replaced strand vegetation on dunes and rocky outcroppings with Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) lawns and banyan trees. Golf courses like the one at Kahuku have probably displaced considerable strand vegetation on coastal dunes. Along the Wai'anae coast and between Ka'‘ena and Hale'iwa, coastal roads, and even railroads, were built on dunes and probably led to the loss of many native strand plants. The presence of military installations such as at Mokapu Peninsula has contributed to changes in the native shoreline vegetation. Other undeveloped areas along the coasts have also been affected. Additional stresses placed on native coastal vegetation include grazing, erosion, and invasion by introduced lowland species. Recreational Pressure Today, in addition to increasing coastal development, especially for resorts, condominiums, and industrial purposes, recreational pressures pose .erious threat to certain types of habitats. MThe relatively few uncrowded sandy beaches accessible to the public and free of major development are found farther from heavily urbanized areas such as Honolulu) and Kailua-Kane'ohe, resulting in generally less disturbed environments than the more heavily used beach parks. Unfortunately, the dominant ecosystem associated with many of those rural areas--naupaka on dunes--is also popular for shoreline recreation. The sheer impact of large numbers of people can be devastating. Parking, camping, and trampling on dunes over a long period of time can Cause erosion, blow-outs, and dune movement. One study (Vogt 1979) found that fewer than 10,000 people walking over sand dunes in a single season could eliminate dune plants and cause sand erosion. At popular beach parks (e.g., Makapu'u), the effects of heavy recreational use (e.g., completely eroded dunes) are readily apparent. Nearby Sandy Beach also Shows longterm effects of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, including parking. 14 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Off-road Recreational Vehicles (ORVs) The effects of people can hardly compare with the impacts of off-road recreational vehicles such as jeeps, 4-wheel drives, motorbikes, and dune buggies. Ironically, ORVers appear to share with bikers and other non-motorized recreationists a desire to get away from the urban life and confining jobs, into the wilderness and open space (U. S. CEQ 1979). Unfortunately, the ORVers create substantial impacts oon fragile habitats (e.g., dunes). One study (NEMAS 1980) concluded that there is no carrying capacity for vehicular traffic on coastal ecosystems. Even low-level impacts can result in severe environmental degradation. In Many test areas, it was found that the first few vehicle passes did the most damage. Another five-year experimental study conducted at Cape Cod National Seashore between 1974 and 1977 examined the impacts of 4-—wneel drive vehicles on beaches, dunes, salt marshes, and tidal flats (Godfrey et al. 1978). This study concluded’ that the driftlines and developing dunes were the most susceptible to ORV damage. A few ORV passes could break up the concentrated organic deposit from beachdrift and destroy regenerating plants just below the sand surface. Similar ORV damage appears to be occurring at the seaward edge of dune ecosystems. For example, at Makapu'u, Sandy Beach, and Kaloko, where pohuehue, or the beach morning glory, and naupaka-kahakai should be common, the vegetation line appears to have been moved inland by ORV traffic on the beach itself. ORV tracks and vegetation damage can be observed at the vegetation line. Coastal lowlands are also vulnerable to ORV damage although the Substrate may be more durable than dunes. ORV traffic in some areas (e.g., Ka'ena) has resulted in a vast network of tracks and eroded areas. Invasion of Introduced Flora Finally, invasion of disturbed habitats by introduced plants is a great concern. Introductions of aggressive plants (e.g., koa-haole, Pluchea, and kiawe) have led to their dominance in many coastal areas. Richmond and Mueller-Dombois (1972) noted that "...with disturbance, dryland floristic elements, notably Prosopis and Chloris (finger grass), have displaced the typical strand flora to a very narrow zone along the coastline, although a few species may persist under Prosopis with low cover." They also observed that the "undergrowth of Prosopis ecosystems is dominated by introduced drought-resistant grasses and shrubs. However, in Scaevola ecosystems, except under extremely disturbed conditions the native strand flora have persisted (emphasis added) ." Preventing the disturbance of their habitats, then, is crucial to protecting native strand plants. For example, a study by Takemoto (1977) of vegetation changes at Ka'ena Point between 1966 and 1977 concluded that: 1. Jeeps and other motor vehicles caused more unvegetated open areas in the ll-year period; 2. Naupaka cover was significantly reduced; NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 15 3. Much of the loss included native herbs and vines between naupaka clumps and at the edges of the clumps; 4. The plants most vulnerable to vehicle damage included alena, ‘akoko, hinahina-ku-kahakai, and 'ilima; 5. Koa-haole invasion had begun mostly on the leeward side of the naupaka clumps; the koa-haole's deeper root system was thought to be more resistant to damage. SPECIAL CONCERNS Although there are reportedly pockets of native coastal flora along O'ahu's’~ coastline (e.g., Makahoa Point, Hau'ula, La‘ie Point, Pahumoa ["Pounders"], and some offshore islands), there are few significant areas remaining. Three areas urgently need protection: Ka'ena Point, Kalaeloa (Barber's Point), and '‘'Ihi'ihilauakea on Koko Head. Other areas having considerable native coastal flora include Kaloko ("Alan Davis" or "Queen's Beach") and Makapu'u Beach Park. Certain areas, although rather rich with native coastal plants, need management less urgently due to less accessibility and human pressures. Those areas include the Makapu'u spray-swept cliffs and upper talus slopes of the Ka'ena area. Ka'ena Recent concern for the rare and endangered flora at Ka'ena has’ been partly responsible for proposals for a state park and natural area reserve there. Kimura and Nagata (1980) describe the variety of native coastal plants found at Ka'ena, as well as the different habitats ranging from sand dunes to talus slopes. Among a number- of endangered plants in the area at least three are of special interest: Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana "Akoko Lipochaeta lobata var. lobata Nehe Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa ‘Ohal The '‘akoko at Ka'ena is locally common on the slopes between rock outcroppings. As this ‘akoko is restricted to Ka'ena, it deserves special attention. During a May 1980 field survey, a number of damaged plants were observed on the lower slopes near the dirt road. People collecting rocks for stone walls may be rolling the rocks over the plants. Lipochaeta lobata var. lobata may also be endemic to Ka'ena according to Sherff (1935). However, Gardner (1979) believes this nehe is’ the same as other L. lobata varieties found along other O'ahu coastlines. In either case, the Ka'ena nehe is unusual because of its deeply-lobed leaves. Fortunately, it appears relatively safe from human impacts as it grows mostly on slopes protected by rock outcroppings; however, some plants along the road are threatened by introduced weeds. The ‘ohai at Ka'ena is probably the most threatened of the three plants as it is found mostly on the coastal flats potentially in the path of ORVs, especially near the point. A May 1980 field survey located over 100 individual plants distributed between the point and the Mokule'ia end of the paved road; 86 were at the point in exposed areas near the dunes where ORVs are regularly driven. Immovable boulders strategically Olaced in the vicinity nay help to protect this population of 'ohai. In addition to the rare and endangered plants at Ka'ena, the naupaka on dune ecosystems also deserve attention. ORVs have decimated the dunes in- recent years, adding to the damage incurred by vehicles and human trampling over many decades since the turn of the century. Increasing ORV use has accelerated destruction of the Ka'ena dunes and has altered the landscape considerably as well as the flora. ORV use should generally be controlled in the area. Kalaeloa (Barber's Point) Richmond and Mueller-Dombois (1972) noted that the endemic flora of the native dry forest, which may have extended to the coast in leeward areas, is one of the most vulnerable elements of O'ahu's coastline vegetation. The 'Ewa fossil reef plains are the most extensive of its kind in the Hawaiian Islands and represent a unique ecosystem. Kimura and Nagata (1980), and Char and Balakrishnan (1979) both describe the area in terms of climate, geology, environments, and flora. The beach flora at Barber's Point is not exceptional, especially due to substantial disturbances by development, trampling, ORVs, and invasion of exotic plants. However, a number of rare and endangered plants, located slightly inland from the beach, are of special interest: Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Capparis sandwichiana var. zoharyi Maiapilo * Bragrostis paupera Jedw. An endemic grass Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana "Akoko * E. skottsoergll var. skottsbergli "Akoko Gossypium sandvicense Ma'o Marsilea villosa An endemic fern Myoporum sandwicense var. stellatum Naio Ophioglossum concinnum Pololei, an endemic fern * Scaevola coriacea Naupaka Three of the plants, indicated by an asterisk (*), are no longer thought to be found in the area; two of them, Eragrostis paupera and Euphorbia skottsbergii var. skottsbergii, are endemic to Barber's Point. Marsilea villosa and pololei, both described earlier, have not been observed in this area since 1932 and 1912, respectively, but may have been overlooked in field surveys due to their seasonal growth (Char & Balakrishnan 1979). Mato is thought by several botanists to be less endangered than initially recommended; it is locally common in dry leeward coastal areas such as the Wai'anae coast. Maiapilo or native caper, is not considered endangered, unlike var. sandwichiana found at Ka'ena. However, it is rather rare on O'ahu except in this general vicinity where aporoximately 140 plants are found. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 17 This leaves three plants still found at Barber's Point of special interest. Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana, needs attention urgently as it is found mostly in the back-up area for the proposed Barber's Point Deep Draft Harbor. Of the approximately 4400 plants located, 2450 are in the immediate project area. Another 1300 is found where the West Beach resort has been proposed, and approximately 100 were destroyed wnen a parcel next to _ the Chevron Oil Refinery was bulldozed in 1979. Assuming that all of the proposed developments' proceed, the best management options are to find a suitable habitat and _ successfully propagate the plant for transplanting, as recommended by Char and Balakrishnan (1979). The other two plants of concern are the Achyranthes and Myoporum (naio). The Achyranthes is endemic to O'ahu and though a few individuals have been seen at Ka'ena, it is found mostly in the Barber's Point area. There are two main colonies at Barber's Point. Approximately 600 plants are located among the Pluchea and kiawe between the cement and fertilizer plant buildings; another 500 are near the lighthouse; and about 115 less vigorous plants are under kiawe in the Malakole Military Reservation. Finally, as described earlier, the Myoporum is a variety found only at Barber's Point. Most of the plants are found generally in the same areas as the Achyranthes. A kiawe community adjacent to the Barber's Point Beach Park harbored some of the aforementioned Achyranthes, maiapilo, and naio. However, a roadside clearing and the development of a parking lot for an adjacent lu'au operation destroyed an unknown number of these plants within the last two years. A sanctuary has been proposed to preserve examples of plants native to the unique ‘Ewa plains area (Char & Balakrishnan 1979). ‘Thi' ihilauakea A third area in need of special protection is 'Ihi'ihi-lauakea, a wet depression above Hanauma Bay. It is the habitat for the small endemic fern Marsilea villosa which has been nominated for endangered species status. Aside from the Barber's Point population, whose status is uncertain, this may be the last major population on O'ahu. However, within the last two years, motorbikes have found their way into this area and have begun to damage the habitat. Today, tire ruts, tire scars, and campfire sites mark the presence of recreationalists. In some of the disturbed areas, particularly in tire ruts, weeds such as_ cocklebur (Xanthium) are beginning to appear while other weeds and various grasses are beginning to encroach upon the habitat margins. Measures should be taken soon to bar vehicular entry and to control trampling; campfires should also be restricted to prevent fires during the dry season. Invading weeds such as the cocklebur may need to be removed periodically. Kaloko and Makapu'u Beach Park Kaloko ("Alan Davis" or "Queen's Beach"), which is owned by the Bishop Estate and has been proposed for resort development, is a prime field trip site for the study of native coastal plants as well as for other ocean-related subjects. A diverse number of native strand plants can be found at Kaloko including alena, kauna'oa, 'akoko, Fimbristylis, 18 NENSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 SSE ES ES DE A ES ES A ED AS SED SA ED AE ES OED DE AED SD ES EY SS SD SD SS SD SS SS NS SD SS AS ED SD DD SS SSS ED SD SE SS SD DS hinahina-ku-kahakal, nena, pohuehue, pa'u-o-Hi' i-aka, nehe, ‘ohelo-kai, nama, naupaka-kahakai, ‘ilima, 'aki'aki, and nohu. Ma‘'o and naio are also found nearby. Few places on O'ahu are so close to Honolulu schools and offer a safe field trip environment with such a diversity. Tne 1980 State Legislature appropriated $1 million for parkland acquisition at Queen's Beach; the appropriation lapses in June 1982. Past appropriations to the State totalling $2.1 million between 1975 and 1977 for land acquisition lapsed through June 30, 1980. Additional appropriations to the City and County of Honolulu have similarly lapsed. The current appropriation should be used to purchase selected portions of Bishop Estate lands as soon as possible before the Queen's Beach resort development proceeds. The area could be managed as an official coastal field trip site for the primary and secondary schools on O'ahu. Makapu'u Beach Park is already publicly owned and also has some potential as a_ field trip site due to its excellent tide pools and interesting geology and coastal flora. The dune areas are severely damaged by ORVs and heavy recreational pressures; however, a number of common strand plants still persist, including '‘akoko, hinahina-ku-kahakai, nena, '‘ili-ahi-a-lo'e, naupaka-kahakai, and nohu. If ORVSs and other vehicles are restricted from the dune areas and heavy recreational pressure is diverted to less sensitive areas, perhaps portions of the Original dunes could recover or be restored. Other Recommendations In addition to the recommendations provided for specific coastal areas, general recommendations are offered for consideration: l. Naupaka ecosystems, found primarily in wind-exposed parts of O'ahu, should be generally protected from intensive recreational activity--particularly vehicular and pedestrian traffic. ORVs should be prohibited, perhaps by county ordinance, from operating on dunes and sandy beaches. Walkover structures for beach access through dunes should also be considered, especially for public parks. 2. General locations of the native coastal flora should be mapped and incorporated into the City and County's’ shoreline management area (SMA) to ensure that any development which may adversely affect native coastal habitats will be adequately reviewed. The City and County's Department of Land Utilization, in cooperation with the State of Hawaii, was developing a map to note the locations of rare and endangered coastal plants for boundary revision purposes in 1980. 3. Research should be conducted on the effects of ORVs and trampling on the Hawaiian coastal flora. There is no available information applicable to Hawai'i which could be used to improve the nNanagement of sensitive coastal environments. 4. Native coastal flora, particularly on publicly owned lands, should be documented. A management program should be developed by appropriate agencies to protect significant habitats. Baseline data NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 19 need to be collected for areas such as Ka'ena and periodic surveys should be conducted to monitor changes caused by recreational and other uses and to evaluate on-going management efforts. Maintenance personnel should be made aware of the existence of special plants on the premises in order to avoid accidental clearing or weeding. 5. Native coastal flora and habitats should be restored whenever possible as part of the landscaping of county beach parks--especially those suited for strand vegetation (e.g., Sandy Beach and Makapu'u). Such restoration projects would help to reestablish the former native vegetation, aS well as_ reduce maintenance and operational costs (e.g., watering, weeding, mowing). Those areas would also be valuable for public educational purposes. Botanical gardens featuring coastal plants (e.g., the Maui Zoo and the Waha'ula Visitor Center, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park) could be an extension of this approach. 6. Public education is needed to increase the awareness and appreciation of Hawai'i's unique coastal plants and to illustrate their contribution to our well-being. Wise decisions affecting future use of areas harboring native plants will depend on having an informed public. CONCLUSIONS At one time, O'ahu had considerably more native coastal flora along its beaches and coastal lowlands. Grazing, cultivation, development, roads, and other disturbances have eliminated many coastal habitats and encouraged invasion by introduced plants. Today, recreational pressures and continued development threaten the remaining native coastal flora. What remains today is still impressive; however, the future of certain plants is uncertain. A few plants at Ka'ena, Barber's Point, and Koko Head appear to require more urgent attention. More generally, naupaka ecosystems need more effective management to prevent further deterioration from ORVs and intensive recreational pressure. Kaloko and Makapu'u’- Beach Park, among others, should be considered for coastal field trip sites and managed accordingly. Finally, public education is needed to ensure the perpetuation of habitats necessary for native coastal plants. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mahalo nui loa to the following individuals for their generous assistance and patience in providing valuable information and for reviewing the manuscript: Winona Char, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Carolyn Corn, State Division of Forestry; Derral Herbst, U. Sz Fish and Wildlife Service; Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum; Wayne Souza, Division of State Parks; Karen Tanoue, Sea Grant Publications; and Paul Weissich, Honolulu Botanic Gardens, City and County of Honolulu. 20 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 LITERATURE CITED AECOS, Inc. 1979. O'ahu coral reef inventory. Prepared for U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division, Fort Shafter, Hawaii. Arrigoni, E. 1977. A nature walk to Ka'ena, O'ahu. University of Hawaii Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program. . “L978. A nature walk to Ka'ena, O'ahu. Honolulu: Top-gallant Press. Baldwin, M. F., and D. H. Stoddard, Or. 1973. The off road vehicle and environmental quality. Second edition. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D. C. Bridges, K. W. 1975. Vegetation as an element in the management of the coastal zone. University of Hawaii, Pacific Urban Studies & Planning Program, Tech. Suppl. No. 3. Honolulu. Bryan, W. A. 1915, Natural history of Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. (See Chapter XV, Plant Life of the Seashore and Lowlands). Carlquist, S. 1970. Hawaii: A natural history. New York: Natural History Press. Char, W. P. 1977. Strand vegetation of Hawaii. Coastal Zone News, State of Hawaii, Department of Planning & Economic Development and Sea Grant College, Marine Advisory Program. I(12): 4-6. Char, W., and N. Balakrishnan. 1979. ‘Ewa Plains botanical survey. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Contract 14-16- 0001-78171. CONOCO-Dillingham Oil Company. 1972. CONOCO-Dillingham Refinery, O'ahu, Hawai'i, environmental report. (See Vegetation section 2.5.7 in section 20. The Refinery Site and Environs Ecology). Davis, B. D. 1978. Human settlement and environmental change at Barbers Point, O'ahu. Pages 87-97 in C. W. Smith, ed. Proceedings, Second Conf. in Natural Sciences, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. CPSU/UH (Dept. of Botany, University of Hawaii). De Ausen, T. T. 1966. Coastline ecosystems in O'ahu, Hawai'i. M.S. Thesis in Botany, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Degener, O. 1932 et seq. Flora Hawaiiensis. Published privately. Degener, O., and I. Degener. 1978. Ka'ena Point, Hawaiian Islands and a Prodromus regarding some taxa in Sesbania (Leguminosae). Phytologia 39(3): 147-160. sh 1.963% Ka'ena Point, O'ahu. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter. 2(6): 77-78. Doughtie, M. 1979. The management of beach and coastal dune ecosystems. Paper for Planning 620, Pacific Urban Studies & NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 21 Planning Program, June 12, 1979. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Egler, F. E. 1937. A new species of Hawaiian Portulaca. Occas. Pap. B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Vol. 13, No. 15. - 1947. Arid southeast O'ahu’ vegetation. Hawaii Ecological Monographs. 17: 383-435. Elliot, M. E., and E. M. Hall. 1978. Vegetation of the proposed Kuilima resort community development site. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates. Environment Impact Study (EIS) Corporation. 1977. Final report for Barbers Point Harbor Biological Survey. Prepared for Department of Transportation Water Transportation Facilities Division and Archaeological Research Center, Inc. Evans, E. C., III. 1978. Notes on Ulupau Expedition of December 10, 1978. (Note 0012). Fosberg, F. R. 1961. Guide to Excursion III. Tenth Pacific Congress. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. (See Principal Terrestrial Ecosystems, pp. 19-38 and Trip to Hanauma Bay, Koko Head and Makapu'u, southeast O'ahu, pp. 87-93.). Fosberg, F. R., and D. Herbst. 1975. Rare and endangered species of Hawaiian vascular plants. Pac. Trop. Bot. Gdn., Lawai, Kauai. Gardner, R. C. 1979. Revision of Lipochaeta (Compositae: Helianthae) of the Hawaiian Islands. Rhodora 81(827): 291-343. Godfrey, P.J., S. P. Leatherman, and P. A. Buckley. 1978. Impacts of off-road vehicles on coastal ecosystems. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York. Coastal Zone '78. II: 581-600. Hawaii, Division of State Parks, Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1978. Ka'ena-Makua State Park Final EIS. Prepared by Environment Impact Study Corporation. Herbst, D. 1976. Vegetative survey of the Barbers Point Harbor Area, O'ahu: Final environmental statement. Department of the Army, U. S. Army Engineer District. (See Appendix B-2). Hillebrand, W. F. 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Reprinted by Hafner Publishing Co., New York and London, 1965. Annotated and published after the author's death (facsimile of the 1888 edition). Kartawinata, K., and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1972. Phytosociology and ecology of the natural dry-grass communities on O'ahu, Hawaii. Reinwardtia 8(3): 369-494. Kimura, B. Y., and K. M. Nagata. 1980. Endangered coastal environments. Sea Grant Quarterly 2(2). ZZ NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 ~ £979. The coastal flora of Hawaii: An educational slide program and research data on rare and endangered coastal plants. Final Report, June 29, 1979. Prepared for the Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Kimura, B. Y., K. M. Nagata, and R. S. Tabata, eds. 1981. Conserving Hawaii's coastal ecosystems: Proceedings. Sea Grant Cooperative Report, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Knight, L. E. 1980. (Letter to the editor). Hawai'i CZNews. 4(10): 3-4, Komkirs, T. 1963. Structure and ontogeny of Euphorbia degeneri Sherff. M.S. Thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Luckenbach, R. A. 1975. What the ORVs are doing to the desert. Fremontia 2(4): 3-11. MacCaughey, V. 1918. The strand flora of the Hawaiian archipelago. Bulletin, Torrey Botanical Club. 45: 259-277 & 483-502. MacCaughey, V. 1917. A survey of the Hawaiian land flora. Reprinted from Botanical Gazette. 64(2): 89-114. Merlin, M. OD. 1977. Hawaiian coastal plants and _ scenic shorelines. Honolulu: Oriental Publishing Co. Miura, M. T., and G. Sato. 1978. Botanical and faunal survey of the Proposed Deep Draft Harbor Area, Barbers Point, O'ahu. In B. D. Davis and P. B. Griffin, eds. Studies in natural history and human Settlement at Barbers Point, O'ahu. Interim Report I: Present environment and archaeological survey of the Proposed Deep-Draft Harbor Area, Barbers Point, "Ewa, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Archaeological Research Center, Inc. Manuscript Report No. 14-115 I, Lawai, Kauai. Morse, H. May 7, 1980. Queen's Beach resort discussed at hearing. Honolulu Star Bulletin. Mueller-Dombois, D., and W. G. Gagne. 1975. Hawaiian Islands: Identification of principal terrestrial ecosystems. Paper presented at the 13th Pacific Science Congress, Vancouver, Canada. Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. New England Marine Advisory Services (NEMAS). 1980. Report says motor vehicles are no good for beaches. NEMAS Information #107, Jan-Feb. 1980. University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island. Pottratz, S..W. 1968. Lithified carbonate dunes of O'ahu, Hawai'i. M.S. Thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Reeser, D. 1978. Planting, a tool for native ecosystem restoration. Pages 239-245 in C. W. Smith, ed. Proceedings, Second Conf. in NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 23 Natural Sciences, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. CPSU/UH (Dept. of Botany, University of Hawaii). Richmond, T. deA., and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1972. Coastline ecosystems on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Vegetatio 25(5-6): 367-460. Ripperton, J. C., and E. Y. Hosaka. 1942. Vegetation zones of Hawaii. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 89. 60 pp. Rock, J. F. 1913. The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Trop. Bot. Gdn., Lawai, Kauai. - 1916. The sandalwoods of Hawaii: A revision of the Hawaiian species of the genus Santalum. Hawaii Division of Forestry Botanical Bulletin No. 3. Honolulu. Rotar, P. P. 1968. Grasses of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. St. John, 4H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Trop. Bot. Gdn. Mem. 1. lLawai, Kauai, Hawaii. 519 pp. Sherff, E. E. 1935. Revision of Tetramolopium, Lipochaeta, Dubautia and Railliardia. B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 135. Honolulu. - 1936. Additions to the genus Euphorbia L. and to certain genera of the Compositae. Botanical Gazette. 97(3): 588-589. Skottsberg, C. J. F. 1927. Artemisia, Scaevola, Santalum, and Vaccinium of Hawai'i. B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 43. Honolulu. Stemmermann, R. L. 1977. Studies of the vegetative anatomy of the Hawaiian representatives of Santalum (Santalaceae) and observations of the genus Santalum in Hawai'i. M.S. Thesis in Botany, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Tabata, Re, Ss 1979. An introduction to Hawaiian coastal plants. University of Hawaii Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program. - The native coastal plants of O'ahu, Hawai'i. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter (with Checklist). (In preparation). Takemoto, R. 1977. Ka'ena Point: A study of the change in the vegetation in the past 11 years, 1966-1977. Paper for Botany 454, May 9, 1977. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. (See appendix by D. Mueller-Dombois). U. S. Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). 1979. Off-road vehicles On public land. Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of the Interior (USDI), Fish and Wildlife Service. 1975. Threatened or endangered fauna or flora, review of status of vascular plants and determination of Critical Habitat. Federal Register 40(127): 27824-27924. (See Hawaii-list B, pp. 27891-27916). 24 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 ‘ 1976. Endangered and threatened species: Plants. Federal Register 41(117): 24524-24572. 1980. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Review of olant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. Federal Register 45(242): 82480-82569. University of North Carolina. 1978. ORV use: A question of resource management. University of North Carolina Sea Grant College Newsletter, March 1978. Vogt, G. 1979. Adverse effects of recreation on sand dunes: A problem for coastal zone management. Coastal Zone Management Journal 6(1): 37-68. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 25 NATIVE COASTAL PLANTS OF O'AHU, HAWAI'I - Pteridophyta - MARS TLEACEAE (Water Fern Family) Marsilea villosa Kaulf Endemic Range: O'ahu, Moloka'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Koko Head; photographed at Barber's Point in 1932; observed at Nanakuli, Makapu'u and Lualualei from 1925-33. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975,1976) - Endangered, (1980) Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Local, Rare, Endangered, Cultivated. OPH IOGLOSSACEAE (Adder's Tongue Family) Ophioglossum concinnum Brack. Endemic pololei Range: O'ahu, Lana'i, Moloka'i, Maui and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Unknown, not collected recently. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975,1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Rare, Endangered. Note: Last collected by Forbes and Cooke near Sisal, Ewa in 1912. ADI ANTACEAE (Maidenhair Fern Family) Doryopteris decora Brack. Endemic ‘iwa'iwa, kumunui Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Makapu'u. - Anthophyta - Monocotyledonae CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) Cyperus javanicus Houtt. ?Indigenous marsh cypress, ‘ahu'awa, ‘ehu' awa Range: India through Polynesia. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point, Mokule'ia near Camp Erdman. 26 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 ee ee Se ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee es eS a ee ee ee Cyperus laevigatus L. ?Indigenous smooth flatsedge, makaloa sedge, makaloa, ‘ehu'awa Range: Cosmopolitan throughout the tropics. Distribution on O'ahu: Kahuku. Cyperus trachysanthos H.& A. Endemic sticky galingale Range: Kaua'i, Ni'ihau, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena. Observed by Degener at kuli'ou'ou-Makapu'u, Ulupa'u, Ka'ena and Kawaihapai from 1925 to 1932. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted. Fimbristylis pycnocephala Hbd. Indigenous coastal sedge Range: Hawaiian Islands to Solomon Islands, Laysan. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point and Kahuku Pt. GRAMINAE (POACEAE) Grass Family) Eragrostis paupera Jedw. Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point, not collected recently. Protection recommended: Federal Register (1975,1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Probably Extinct. Eragrostis variabilis (Gaud.) Hbd. Endemic "enmoloa, kalamalo, kawelu, variable lovegrass Range: Hawaiian Islands including the Leeward Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, and Diamond Head. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex R.& S. Indigenous pili, pili grass, twisted beard grass, tanglehead Range: India and Polynesia. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, and Makapu'u. Panicum carteri Hosaka Endemic Range: O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Hawai'i. Protection recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Extinct, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Probably Extinct. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 27 Panicum fauriei Hitchc. Endemic Faurie's panicgrass Range: Moloka'i, Hawai'i,and O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Koko Head-Kaloko (?); Makapu'u (?); observed on Popoi'a Island. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975,1976) - Endangered, (1980) — Endangered, Category 2; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Local, Depleted, Endangered. Panicum nubigenum Kunth Endemic Range: O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i,and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Mokulua Island off Lanikai and above Hanama Bay on slopes. Panicum torridum Gaud. Endemic kakonakona, torrid panicgrass Range: Leeward Islands, O'ahu to Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaioko, Makapu'u, and Diamond Head. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth Indigenous "aki'aki, beach dropseed, seashore rushgrass, manienie- maoli, manienie—‘'aki' aki Range: Pantropic. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, Kahuku Point. PANDANACEAE (Screw Pine Family) Pandanus odoratissimus L.f. var. odoratissimus Indigenous/Endemic pandanus, screw pine, hala, puhala Range: Hawaiian Islands and Ceylon. Distribution on O'ahu: Kahana Valley. Dicotyledonae AIZOACEAE Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Indigenous "akulikuli, sea purslane Range: Tropics. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family) Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Hbd. Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Barber's Point, and Popoi'a Island (?). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Rare, Very Local, Endangered, Cultivated. Note: Major population at Barber's Point. Nototrichium humile Hbd. var. humile Endemic kulu'i, kaala nototrichium Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, not collected recently. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) -— Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Very Rare, Endangered. Note: Noted by J.F. Rock. Collected by Hillebrand at Ka'ena. Nototrichium humile var. subrhomboideum Sherff Endemic kulu'i Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1976) -— Endangered; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Rare, Endangered. Note: Variety consolidated in N. humile by St. John (1979). Nototrichium sandwicense (Gray in Mann) Hbd. var. sandwicense Endemic kulu'i, Hawaiian nototrichium Range: O'ahu, Kaua'i, Moloka'i, Maui, Lana'i, and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (Manini Gulch at top of talus Slopes). Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Rare, Endangered. Nototrichium viride var. subtruncatum Sherff Endemic kulu'i Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, not collected recently. Collected in 1950 by Hatheway and Degener from sea level to 1,200 ft. between Mokule'ia and Kawaihapai. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Very Rare, Endangered. Note: Consolidated in N. viride by St. John (1979). NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 | 29 ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) Reynoldsia sandwicensis var. intercedens Sherff Endemic ‘ohemakai Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'‘ena, behind Dillingham Airfield on windward talus slopes. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Local, Very Rare, Very Depleted, Endangered. Note: This taxon is considered a synonym of R. sandwicensis by St. John. BORAGINACEAE (Heliotrope Family) Heliotropium anomalum H.& A. var. argenteum Gray Indigenous hinahinakakahakai Range: Pacific Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Depleted, Local, Endangered, Declining, Cultivated. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Indigenous nena, kipukai, hinahina, seaside heliotrope Range: Hawaiian Islands and the Americas. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Local, Very Rare. CAPPARACEAE (Caper Family) Capparis sandwichiana DC. var. sandwichiana Endemic maiapilo, puapilo, native caper Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; Mokule'ia to Makapu'u; observed on Popoi'a and Kekepa Islands, and Pounder's Beach on Hau'ula Island. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975,1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Rare, Very Local, Endangered. 30 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Capparis sandwichiana var. zoharyi Deg. & Deg. Endemic Range: Midway Island to Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point; observed at Kahe Point Beach Park. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Protected, Cultivated. CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) Schiedea adamantis St. John Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Diamond Head (localized on north rim). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) — Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Very Rare, Very Local, Endangered. Schiedea globosa Mann var. globosa Endemic ma'oli'oli, kawelu, globose schiedea Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Koko Head and Makapu'u. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) -— Endangered, Category 3C; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Rare, Very Local, Endangered, Cultivated. Schiedea globosa var. graminifolia Deg. & Sherff Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Waimanalo (reported from talus slopes). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3C; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Rare, Endangered. Schiedea kealiae Caum & Hosaka Endemic (=S. gregoriana Deg.) ma'oli'oli, kawelu Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; noted by D. Mueller—Dombois and Degener in Kawaihapai-Ka'ena area, Kealia Trail. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Rare, Local, Endangered. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 | 31 CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family) Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen Endemic Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; observed on Mokumanu Island and One'awa Beach, Kailua. COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE) (Sunflower Family) Artemisia hillebrandii Skottsb. Endemic hinahina Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka‘'ena (top of windward talus slopes). Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Uncommon. Aster sandwicensis (Gray) Hieron. Endemic Range: Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Maui. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975,1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Very Rare, Uncommon, Probably Extinct. Bidens cuneata Sherff Endemic kokoolau, cuneate bidens Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Diamond Head (endemic to rim of crater). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) -— Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) — Very Local, Very Rare, Endangered. Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt.) Gray var. integrifolia Endemic nehe Range: Kure, Laysan, Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Maui. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; Koko Head-Kaloko; Makapu'u; Kahuku Point; collected from Waimanalo, La'ie Point, Popoi'a, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head. Lipochaeta integrifolia var. gracilis Sherff Endemic Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Unknown. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Extinct, (1976) — Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3B; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Very Rare, Endangered, Probably EXtinct. Note: Collected by Gaudichaud in 1836. Consolidated in L. integrifolia by Gardner (1979). 32 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Lipochaeta integrifolia var. major Sherff Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Makapu'u; collected from Waimanalo, Makapu'u, and Diamond Head. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) -— Endangered, Category 3B; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Local, Depleted, Endangered. Note: Variety consolidated in L. integrifolia by Gardner (1979). Lipochaeta integrifolia var. megacephala Deg. & Sherff Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (collected by Degener in 1931). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3B; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Local, Endangered. Note: Variety consolidated in L. integrifolia by Gardner (1979). Lipochaeta lobata (Gaud.) DC. var.lobata Endemic nehe, lobed lipochaeta Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; collected from Kuli'ou'ou and Lualualei. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3C; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Depleted, Endangered. Lipochaeta lobata var. albescens Sherff Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Unknown. Collected by Heller from Diamond Head in 1895. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Extinct, (1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3B; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Rare, Endangered, Possibly Bxeince, Note: Variety consolidated in L. lobata (Gaud.) DC. var. lobata by Gardner (1979). = Lipochaeta lobata var. aprevalliana (Drake) Sherff Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Makapu'u; collected by Degener near Kalama Valley in 1931. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Extinct, (1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3B; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Rare, Probably Extinct. Note: Variety consolidated in L. lobata (Saud.) DC. var. lobata by Gardner (1979). NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. Y80. VOL. 19 33 SD CRED CE ED Ee ee cee 2 ee om OD Ee ee oe SE ee cos ee ee ee a Lipochaeta lobata var. denticulata (Wawra) Sherff Endemic Range: Kaua'i and O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; Makapu'u; collected from Waimanalo- Koko Head and Wailupe-Diamond Head; common on Kamehame Ridge at 1,100 ft. elevation. Lipochaeta lobata var. hastulata (H.& A.) Sherff Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; collected by Degener in 1931 at Kawaihapai Ridge near Ka‘ena. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3B; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Very Local, Very Rare, Endangered. Note: Variety consolidated in L. lobata (Gaud.) DC. var. lobata by Gardner (1979). Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla Deg. & Sherff Endemic Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (talus slopes); collected from Niu-Wailupe and Kipapa. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) -— Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Endangered. Note: Variety consolidated in L. lobata (Gaud.) DC. var. lobata by Gardner (1979). a SS Lipochaeta remyi Gray Endemic nehe Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; observed near Manini Gulch at 600 fe. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3C; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) — Rare Endangered. CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning-glory Family) Cressa insularis House Indigenous native cressa Range: Hawaiian Islands, Soccoro Island, Clarion Island, and California. Distribution on O'ahu: Found in sandy areas near Pearl Harbor. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Rare, Endangered. 34 NEWSLETT., HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Cuscuta sandwichiana Choisy var. sandwichiana Endemic kauna'oa, kauna'oalei, dodder Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point. Cuscuta sandwichiana var. kailuana Yuncker Endemic Range: O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (not collected recently). Note: Recorded from the seashore at Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i; Mo'omomi; and Moloka'i. Ipomoea brasiliensis (L.) Sweet Indigenous (=I. pes-caprae) pohuehue, beach morning-glory Range: Pantropic. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point and Kahuku Point. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet var. cairica Indigenous koali Range: Hawaiian Islands and tropical Asia. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Diamond Head. Ipomoea congesta R. Br. Indigenous (=I. indica) koali'awania, koaliawa, morning glory Range: Hawaiian Islands, Windward Islands, Australia, Pacific Islands, and Mexico. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Barber's Point, and Diamond Head. Ipomoea stolonifera (Cyrill.) J.F. Gmel. Indigenous hunakal, white-flowered beach morning glory Range: Hawaiian Islands, tropical America, and Pacific Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point, Kahuku Point, and Magic Island. Ipomoea tuboides Deg. & Van Ooststr. var. tuboides f. tuboides Endemic Hawaiian moonflower Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Bye, Jacquemontia sandwicensis Gray var. sandwicensis _ Endemic pa’ uohi' 1aka Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, and Barber's Point. CRUCIFERAE (Mustard Family) Lepidium o-waihiense C.& S. Endemic (=L. bidentatum Mont. var. O-waihiense (C.& S.) Fosb.) ‘anounou, ‘anaunau Range: Leeward Islands, Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Lana'i, and Maui. Distribution on O'ahu: Makapu'u (northern cliffs). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) —- Endangered, Category 3C; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Very Rare, Endangered, Cultivated, Probably Extinct. Note: Common in Leeward Islands. CUCURBITACEAE (Squash Family) Sicyos laysanensis St. John Endemic (=Cladocarpa laysanensis) Range: Laysan and O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point (not collected recently). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Threatened, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Local, Possibly Endangered, Protected. Note: Previously reported from Ewa and Damon Tract. Sicyos microcarpus Mann Endemic kupala Range: O'ahu and Kaua'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Barber's Point, and scattered locations along Wai'anae coast (e.g. Kea'au). EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family) Euphorbia celastroides var. kaenana Sherff Endemic akoko Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) — Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Local, Endangered. 36 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Buphorbia degeneri Sherff var. degeneri Endemic "akoko, koko, beach spurge Range: Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, and Kahuku Point. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Cultivated. Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana Sherff Endemic "akoko Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point (recently rediscovered). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Extinct, (1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Proposed; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) — Probably Extinct. Euphorbia skottsbergii Sherff var. skottsbergii Endemic "akoko Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point (not collected recently). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Extinct, (1976) - Endangered, 1980 - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Local, Very Rare, Possibly Extinct. Note: Last observed in 1932. GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family) Centaurium sebaeoides (Griseb.) Druce Endemic awiwi, Hawaiian erythraea Range: Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, and Maui. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (in pastures below Manini Gulch); observed by Degener at La'ie Point, Hale'iwa, and Mokule' ia; reported from Koko Head on tuff slopes and at Halona Blowhole (mauka side). Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Rare, Cultivated. GOODENTIACEAE (Naupaka Family) Scaevola coriacea Nutt. Endemic naupaka, false jadetree Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (not seen since 1922) and Barber's Point. (last observed in 1919). Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Very Local, Very Rare, Endangered, Cultivated. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 37 Scaevola taccada var. sericea (Vahl.) St. John Indigenous naupakakahakai, beach naupaka, huahekili, half-—flower, beach scaevola Range: Hawaiian Islands, tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Water-leaf Family) Nama sandwicensis Gray Endemic Hawaiian nama, Laysan nama Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, and Barber's Point. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Rare, Declining. LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) Cassytha filiformis L. Indigenous kaunoa'oa, kaua'oapehu, kauna'oa'malolo, kauna'oauka Range: Cosmopolitan in Tropics. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena and Barber's Point. LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE) (Pea Family) Canavalia galeata (Gaud.) Vogel Endemic ‘awikiwiki, puakauhi Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (reported in upland dry forest), Makapu'u, and La‘ie Peninsula. Cassia gaudichaudi H.& A. Indigenous uhiuhi, kalamona, kolomona, Solomon in all his glory Range: Hawaiian Islands and Tahiti. Distribution on O'ahu: Talus slopes behind Sea Life Park. Note: This lowland species was noted by J. F. Rock. Erythrina sandwicensis Deg. var. sandwicensis Endemic wiliwili, Hawaiian erythrina, Hawaiian coraltree Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, and Barber's Point. 38 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOLT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Sesbania tomentosa H.& A. var. tomentosa f. tomentosa Endemic ‘ohai, O'ahu sesbania Range: O'ahu, Kaua'i, Moloka'i, Lana'i, Hawai'i, Necker, and Nihoa. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; observed makai of Makua Cave in 1930's or 1940's; at Mokapu Peninsula by M. Neal in 1934. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) -— Depleted, Rare, Endangered, Protected, Cultivated. Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr. Indigenous nanea, pohilihili, mohihihi, '‘okole-makili, beach pea Range: Tropics. Distribution on O'ahu: Koko Head-Kaloko and Kahuku Point. Vigna o-wahuensis Vogel Endemic O'ahu vigna Range: Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Moloka'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Observed on Mokulua near Lanikai in 1930's; at Waimanalo below cliffs by Degener in 1934. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Local, Very Rare, Endangered. MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet Indigenous hoary abutilon Range: Hawaiian Islands and Mexico. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, and Barber's Point. Abutilon menziesii Seem. Endemic Range: Lana'i, Maui, Hawai'i, and O'ahu(?). Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point (one specimen observed in an abandoned canefield. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975) - Extinct, (1976) — Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Declining, Rare, Endangered, Cultivated. Gossypium sandvicense Parl. Endemic =G. tomentosum Nutt.) ma'o, native cotton, huluhulu Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Barber's Point, Nanakuli, and Diamond Head (floor of crater). NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 39 Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 3C; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) — Cultivated , Depleted, Rare, Endangered. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. var. tiliaceus f. tiliaceus Indigenous u Range: Tropical Pacific and Old World. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Barber's Point, Kahana and Kahuku Point. Sida fallax Walp. var. fallax f. fallax Indigenous "ilima Range: Hawaiian Islands, Pacific Islands, and China. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. Note: The genus Sida is currently under revision by St. John. MENISPERMACEAE (Moonseed Family) Cocculus ferrandianus Gaud. Endemic huehue, hue'ie, ‘inalua Range: O'ahu and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, and Barber's Point. MYOPORACEAE (Naio Family) Myoporum sandwicense Gray subsp. sandwicense var. sandwicense Endemic naio, bastard sandalwood Range: Kaua'i, Ni'ihau, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and Lana'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, and Diamond Head (rim near crest). Myoporum sandwicense var. stellatum Webster Endemic naio Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Pt. Protection Recommended: Recommended by Char and Balakrishnan for endangered species status - restricted to Barber's Pt. NYCTAGINACEAE (Four O'Clock Family) Boerhavia diffusa L. Indigenous alena Range: Tropics. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. Note: The genus Boerhavia is under revision. PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family) Argemone glauca Pope var. glauca Endemic puakala, kala, pokalakala, naule, prickly poppy Range: Kaua'i to Maui. Distribution on O'ahu: Koko Head-Kaloko and Makapu'u. PLUMBAGINACBAE (Leadwort Family) Plumbago zeylanica L. Indigenous ‘jlie'e, hilie'e, kupukupu'ula, wild plumbago Range: Tropics of Eastern hemisphere. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, and Barber's Point. PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family) Portulaca cyanosperma Egler Endemic "ihi, blue-seeded portulaca Range: Kaua'i, Lehua, O'ahu, and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Diamond Head (rim of crater). Portulaca lutea Soland. ex Forst. f. Indigenous "ihi, native yellow portulaca Range: Pacific islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Rare, Cultivated. Portulaca villosa Cham. Endemic Range: Nihoa, Ka'ula, O'ahu, and Molokini. Distribution on O'ahu: Koko Head-Kaloko; observed at Manana; found at Hanama in 1920's. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Local, Rare, Cultivated. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 41 PRIMULACEAE (Primrose Family) Lysimachia mauritiana Lam. Indigenous Range: Hawaiian Islands and Pacific and Indian Ocean shores. Distribution on O'ahu: Unknown. Note: Noted J.F. Rock. This genus is under revision by St. John. RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family) Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. Indigenous ‘anapanapa, kukuku Range: Kaua'i, Ni'ihau, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Africa, India, and Australia to Polynesia. Distribution on O'ahu: Reported on road between Waialua and La'ie; by Degener in Kuli'ou'ou Valley. Note: Noted by J.F. Rock. ' RUBIACEAE (Coffee Family) Canthium odoratum (Forst. f.) Seem. Indigenous alahe'e, walahe'e, plectronia Range: Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia, and Fiji. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (reported on windward talus slopes and gulches). Hedyotis littoralis (Hbd.) Fosb. Endemic Range: Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, and Hawai'i. Distribution on O'ahu: Not observed on O'ahu recently. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted, Rare, Endangered. Note: Locally common at Ke'anae, Maui. SANTALACEAE (Sandalwood Family) Santalum ellipticum Gaud. var. ellipticum Endemic ‘iliahialo'e, coast sandalwood Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Barber's Point. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - Depleted. 42 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 Santalum ellipticum var. littorale (Hbd.) Skottsb. Endemic "jliahialo'e Range: Laysan and O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena; Makapu'u; reported from Moku' auia (Goat Island) in 1930's; found on Diamond Head below road, on makai slopes, and on south rim. Protection Recommended: Federal Register (1975, 1976) - Endangered, (1980) - Endangered, Category 1; Fosberg & Herbst (1975) — Very Depleted, Endangered. Note: Extinct on Laysan. SAPINDACEAE (Soapberry Family) Sapindus oahuensis Hbd. Endenic aulu, kaulu, lonomea Range: O'ahu. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena (reported on windward talus slopes and gulches) and Barber's Point (one specimen observed). SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family) Bacopa monnieria (L.) Wettst. Indigenous water hyssop, herpestris Range: Tropics and warm regions. Distribution on O'ahu: Makapu'u and Kahuku Point. Note: Found in wetlands and on beaches (e.g., Ka'a'awa). SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family) Lycium sandwicense Gray Indigenous "ohelokai, 'ae'ae, 'akulikuli'ae'ae, ‘akulikuli'ohelo Range: Hawaiian Islands and Polynesia. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, and Barber's Point. Protection Recommended: Fosberg & Herbst (1975) - (Depleted, Local, Protected, Cultivated. STERCULIACEAE (Cocoa Family) Waltheria americana L. Indigenous hitaloa, ‘uhaloa, kanakaloa Range: Hawaiian Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19 45 VERBENACEAE (Verbena Family) Vitex ovata Thunb. Indigenous pohinahina, polinalina, kolokolokahakai, beach vitex Range: Hawaiian Islands, Asia, and Pacific Islands. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Barber's Point, and Kahuku Point. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Tribulus Family) Tribulus cistoides L. Indigenous nohu, nohunohu, large-flowered caltrop Range: Cosmopolitan in Tropics. Distribution on O'ahu: Ka'ena, Koko Head-Kaloko, Makapu'u, and Barber's Point. References and Sources for Checklist 1. The checklist is not intended to be comprehensive. Only native plants reported or observed along O'ahu coastlines are included; listed plants include lowland and dry forest species with ranges extending down to the coast. 2. Status and Range: The information is primarily from St. John. 3. Distribution on O'ahu: Notable areas are listed; this information is not intended to be all inclusive. Primary sources include: Ka'ena -— Hawai'i, Division of State Parks (1978); Koko Head to Kaloko - Fosberg (1961), Richmond & Mueller—Dombois (1972); Makapu'u - Fosberg (1961), Richmond & Mueller-—Dombois (1972); Barber's Point - Char & Balakrishnan (1979); Kahuku Point - Elliot & Hall (1978). Other observations and special sites were provided by Derral Herbst, Winona Char, Carolyn Corn, Ken Nagata, Wayne Souza, and Paul Weissich. Their generous assistance is gratefully acknowledged. 4. Protection Recommended: Federal Register - 1975 information from U.S. Dept. of the Interior (1975), 1976 information from USDI (1976), 1980 information from USDI (1980) (categories are explained below); Fosberg & Herbst assessment from Fosberg & Herbst (1975); other recommendations for Myoporum sandwicense var. stellatum Webster from Char & Balakrishnan 5. Tne 1980 Federal Register contained a revised and expanded system of categories for listed species. Those categories, abbreviated in the checklist, may be interpreted as follows: Category 1 = candidate taxa with sufficient biological information for listing, Category 2 = candidate taxa with 44 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. insufficient biological information for listing, Category 3 taxa no longer considered for listing (3a = taxa considered extinct, 3b = taxa not meeting designation of "Species", 3c taxa considered widespread or abundant). SOCIETY CORRESPONDENCE April 16, 1980 Dear President, Day after day, week after week, month after month, Kona residents have been able to witness the results of the carnage of native Hawaiian .~orests in Kona as lumber trucks bearing enormous ohia logs, some 4-5 feet in diameter and over 40 feet long, make their way out of South Kona through Kailua and on to Kawaihae where the logs will be chipped and sent to Japan for pulp. The destruction of these native Hawaiian forests in Kona continues at an alarming rte. I do not believe that it is necessary to explain to you that Hawaii can ill-afford to lose more of its already vanishing forests which support rare and endangered bird and plant life in addition to harboring potential, badly needed water resources. The logging of ohia forest in Kona resulting in complete destruction of the forest is being done by Capitol Wood Chip Co. under sanctioning and on land owned by the Bishop Estate and Mac Nuts of Hawaii, Inc. In addition, native koa forest is being logged and destroyed by Campbell-Burns Wood Products on land owned by Donn Carlsmith-Captain Cook Investment Co. Unfortunately, all these logging operations are taking place on private lands, hence there is little that can be done currently to legally put a stop to them. I felt that all members of the Hawaiian Botanical Society should be informed of this senseless destruction. Perhaps as more concerned people become aware and express their sentiments opposed to these operations, some action can be taken that will eventually result in the opening of new legislative and/or legal channels to put an end to this destruction. Tf we do not start now, the destruction will continue: Capitol Wood Chip Co., represented by Big Island County Councilman, Steve Yamashiro, has applied to the State of Hawaii for logging concessions on 10,000 acres of ohia forest in Kona on State-owned land. President, perhaps as the initial step, you would be kind enough to cead this letter at the next meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Society and ask for a show of support on the record of the members in condemnation of the parties and practices involved in these logging operations. It is only a start and we could work from there. Don Hodel Kealakekua, HI NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 45 NOXIOUS WEEDS IN HAWAII Dr. I. A. Abbott has suggested that it would be very useful if the Society could produce a list of weeds which members consider to be the most noxious in the state. For this purpose, we are providing ten blank spaces below for each member to list their 'favorites' for this dubious honor. Candidates should be entered with the most villanous first and all others ranked accordingly. You may use either the common name or the scientific name. If you wish to confine your list to any particular island you may do so by circling the island name. You may submit separate lists for different islands. Please provide your name and address and/or a telephone contact number so that we can clarify any name problems The results will be compiled in subsequent Newsletters and updated as entries are received. We ask that you make only one entry for any particular island or the state as a whole. You may subsequently amend your original entry. We will automatically remove your previous entry on receipt of any subsequent listing. We ask as many of our members as possible to enter a list. The greater the number of entries the less the bias in the results and hopefully the more likely we can reach a concensus. With luck we may be able»to convince the State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture to amend their list of noxious weeds to include those species listed by the Society. This form can be cut out of your Newsletter and folded in three. The return address is already printed on the reverse of the sheet for your convenience. Island: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (Circle one only please) Name: Address or telephone number: EGizor Hawaiian Botanical Newsletter c/o Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way HONOLULU HI 96822 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 47 oe 6 en a 6 9 ee es ee ee ee eo ee ee ee ee a eee Minutes: May 7, 1979 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Woolliams at 7:37 p.m. Old business--No news has been received concerning the Vicia menziesii controversy; the society hopes to hear from Mr. Lyman later on. New business--The president was informed by a letter from Mae Mull that Dr. Otto Degener has received recognition for his work on the flora of the Hawaiian Islands and conservation by the Hawaii State Legislature (Senate Bill 294). The president asked for suggestions for future field trips. He noted that one of our previous speakers, Mr. Fred Trotter, had invited the society to visit the Alice Kamokila Campbell Estate in 'Ewa. Steve Montgomery asked that the society urge our Congressmen to support the Udall-Anderson House Bill to protect Alaskan lands from development. The society agreed to support the bill and Steve is to send a telegram to our Congressmen expressing our support. The Science Fair judges this year were Keith Woolliams, Dan Palmer, and Winona Char. The two Science Fair winners were announced. They were: Intermediate level: Jacqueline Amai, 7th grader at Kawananakoa Intermediate School, whose project was "A new source of energy--Algae Briquettes" Senior level: Marie Pechous, 10th grader at Leilehua High School, whose project was "Does Clidemia hirta produce an allelopathic chemical?" Dr. Manhoff presented a otion that the Hawaiian Botanical Society create the position of President Emeritus, and that the position be a lifelong award and that the first recipient of that honor should be Dr. Harold St. John. There were no objections and the motion was unanimously approved. The business portion of the meeting was concluded at 7:55 p.m. The "Plant-of-—the-month" speaker was then introduced. Elizabeth Rabakanandrianina spoke about the endemic genus Lipochaeta, a member of the Compositae. President Woolliams then introduced Dr. Theobald, director of Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden (PTBG). May's meeting was a joint meeting between the Society and PTBG. Dr. Theobald then introduced the speaker for the evening, Dr. Benjamin C. Stone, who spoke on the "Plants and places of Malaysia." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary 48 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. Minutes: June 4, 1979 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:35 p.m. by Vice-president Balakrishnan since the president was away on a trip. The June meeting is the last meeting before the summer recess. Announcements for the Wahiawa Botanic Garden tour were made. The tour is scheduled for July 28, at 9:45 a.m. Ray Baker, a member of the Hawaiian Palm Society, announced the date of the Palm Society's July meeting and invited the Society's members to attend. June was plant exchange month. The vice-president then announced the "Plant-of-the-month" speaker, Mr. Tim Lowery, from the University of California at Berkeley, who spoke on Tetramolopium, a native Compositae. The genus is comprised of 12 species and 7 varieties. Mr. Thomas Lumpkin with the Department of Agronomy and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii, was introduced by the vice-president. Mr. Lumpkin sooke on "Highlights of a botanical trip through tropical America." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary Minutes: October 1, 1979 Meeting The October meeting is the first meeting held after the summer recess. The meeting was called to order by President Woolliams at 7:35 p.m. The president read a letter from Representative Daniel Akaka thanking the society for its concern about passage of the Alaskan land bill. The society was in favor of the bill. The telegram to Representative Akaka had been drafted by Steve Montgomery. This year's nominating committee members are Mr. Ted Green, Mr. Paul R. Weissich, and Dr. Pieter van Royen. Dr. Dan Palmer will audit the Society's books this year. A membership and dues drive is currently being actively pursued. The Newsletter is becoming more costly to publish each year especially if members are delinguent in payment of their dues! Dr. Clifford Smith, editor of the Newsletter, would like to have more articles from the Society members. The President announced that the Newsletter will be reduced from 5 to 3 issues per year, however, the number of pages will remain the same. This will cut down on the number of mailings and postage costs. The Society has considered bulk mailing but this would require at least 200 paid members off campus. A great number of the Society's NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 49 membership is composed of people at the University and to save postage the Newsletter is sent through campus mail which is free. President Woolliams has spoken to the people who run the ServiceScope ads. Free advertisement time on television will be given to the Society in January 1980. The president expressed his concern about the spiraling whitefly problem. This pest was recently introduced to the islands and has spread very rapidly on O'ahu. Very few plants are not affected to some degree. Though no plants appear to be severely affected by the whiteflies directly, the copious growth of sooty mildews in the honeydew released by the white flies may decrese photosysnthesis in some species. The aesthetic appeal of affected plants is certainly diminished. Also, rubbing up against an affected plant results in one's clothes, skin or hair being covered with a sticky mess of honeydew, whiteflies and sooty mold. An inordinate number of complaints have reached various state agencies. The State's Department of Agriculture is in the process of activating a program to find and introduce biological control agents for this pest. Local biologists are particularly concerned that this new introduction may have brought some plant diseases along with it or act as a vector for diseases already present but without a suitable vector. The Federal Government proposes to change a section of its importation act concerning Cocos nucifera. The change would allow coconuts to be imported into Hawaii and other parts of the U. S. from Jamaica. The secretary drafted a letter expressing the Society's concern about allowing the importation of coconuts into Hawaii from Jamaica where the deadly lethal yellowing of palms is known to occur. Our native loulu palm (Pritchardia) is especially vulnerable to lethal yellowing. If lethal yellowing were established in Hawaii it would literally wipe-out most of our coconut trees. The spiraling whitefly which is a vector of the disease is also present in Hawail. The 1979 Botany Student of the Year Award for the senior who will reflect credit on the Science of Botany was presented to Molly Olive Morrison. Dr. Dan Palmer who has hiked extensively on O'ahu and who is also on the Native Plant Committee was introduced by the vice-president for the "Plant-of-the-month" presentation. Dr. Palmer talked about Drypetes phyllanthoides (Euphorbiaceae), an endemic forest tree on the verge of extinction. The vice-president then introduced the speaker for the evening, Mr. Paul Kores formerly with the Wau Institute of Ecology. Mr. Kores spoke about the "Rhododendrons of Papua New Guinea." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary 50 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. Minutes: November 5, 1979 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Woolliams. The slate of officers nominated for 1980 was announced by the president as follows: President: Ms. Evangeline Funk Vice-president: Mr. Ray Baker Secretary: Ms. Julie Williams Treasurer: Mr. Lowell Funk Directors: Mr. Keith Woolliams, Mr. N. Balakrishnan President Woolliams announced that there has been no up-date from the Bishop Estate concerning the plight of the endangered Vicia menziesii. The president thanked Mr. William and Mrs. Mary Bush for their monetary donation to the Society. Dr. Sressitt, Wau Institute of Ecology-New Guinea, has again asked the Marie Neal Fund for funds to support its education program. His letter will be submitted to the Trustees of the Neal Fund for consideration. The Society gave the Wau Institute $100.00 from the Marie Neal Fund last year with the stipulation that the monies be spent specifically for their education program. Ms. Maile Stemmermann announced that the Audubon Society would be celebrating its 40th anniversary and that a special film about the Galapagos Islands would be shown at the Mid-Pacific Auditorium November 6, at.7:30 p.m. The secretary, in place of the absent vice-president, then announced the "Plant-of-the-month" speaker, Mr. Paul Kores, who spoke about the Lobelias of Waialeale, Kaua'i. Dr. Derral Herbst also announced that four more species have been officially listed as endangered. Three of the species are confined to a small kipuka (Kipuka Kalawamauna) in the Pohakuloa Training Area, island of Hawai'i. They are Lipochaeta venosa, Haplostachys haplostachya var. angustifolia (thought to have been extinct), and Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia. The fourth plant, Kokia cookei, endemic to Molokai, is now extinct in the wild and one plant in the Waimea Arboretum is all that remains of this species. The speaker for the evening was then introduced by the secretary. Dr. Sheila Conant, Assistant Professor with the General Science Department, U.H. Manoa, spoke about the "Native birds in Hawaii's National Parks." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 21 Minutes: December 3, 1979 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:35 p.m. by President Woolliams. The annual report for 1979, was presented by Secretary Char. Vice-President Balakrishnan presented the membership report for the year: total membership 345, of which 27 are honorable members. For 1979, paid up membership totaled 110. Suggestions were offered for prompt dues payment. The treasury report for 1979 was presented by Treasurer Funk. Dr. Dan Palmer was attending a convention in Chicago, therefore, no Native Plants Committee report will be given until his return. A Foster Botanical Garden sponsored trip was announced to Southeast Asia from 2/29/80 until 3/24/80. Dr. Lamoureux will be the trip leader. President Woolliams announced an award given to Dr. Degener by the German Botanical Society for his botanical work in Hawaii and Fiji. John Obata presented the first annual Hawaii Botanical Society awards to Dr. Harold St. John, Ms. Beatrice Krauss, and Dr. Oscar Kirsch. President Woolliams announced the election of Hawaii Botanical Society officers for 1980. A motion was made that all nominees be unanimously accepted. The motion was seconded. Officers for 1980 are: Evangeline Funk - President; Ray Baker - Vice-President; Lowell Funk - Treasurer; Julie Williams - Secretary. Directors are Keith Woolliams and N. Balakrishnan. Beatrice Krauss spoke on the plant of the month, Coprosma ernodeoides. Keith Woolliams was speaker of the evening. His presentation was on the "Flora of Ogasawara Islands." Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary Dz NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19, 1/5 RECENTLY COMPLETED THESES IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I MADISON. Margaret W. 1979. Enterokinase Inhibitors in Plants Nineteen tissues representing 15 species of plants were assayed for trypsin inhibitory activity. Twenty-one tissues as well as purified lima bean and soybean trypsin inhibitors were assayed for enterokinase inhibitory activity to determine whether or not enterokinase is among herbivore digestive proteinases targeted by plant proteinase inhibitors. Of the tissues assayed, 14 contained trypsin inhibitory activity. Enterokinase inhibitory activity was found in four tissues, including leaves of a tomato hybrid and a cultivar (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonnie Best and N-52 hybrid) and tubers of two potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank). Preliminary work suggests the accumulation of enterokinase inhibitory activity in L. esculentum cv. Bonnie Best leaves as a result of wounding and the presence of several enterokinase inhibitors in the Solanaceae. MAGRUDER, William H. 1977. An ecological study of the red alga Ahnfeltia concinna (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) In the Hawaiian Islands, Ahnfeltia concinna is a perennial macroscopic seaweed found only on basalt coastlines where it often forms a dense band high in the littoral zone. The location and factors affecting the coverage of the substratum by the gametophyte band were measured at three sites with different exposures to waves and swells along the northeast coast of the island Hawaii. At wave and swell exposed sites, the vertical distance of the band above tidal datum was greater on high angle shores than on low angle shores. At wave and swell sheltered sites, the vertical distance of the band above tidal datum was equal on shores of all angles. A closed population occurred only in areas where water flowed through the fronds. This occurred on both high and low angle shores at exposed sites. Neither grazing nor water salinity affected the coverage of the substratum by the fronds. The lengths of the fronds were measured at the three sites. The longest fronds occurred at the most wave and swell exposed site and the shortest fronds occurred at the most wave and swell sheltered site. At each Site, the fronds on low angle shores were longer than the fronds on high angle shores. At exposed sites, the longest fronds occurred at the lower edge of the band while at sheltered sites the fronds at the lower edge of the band were shorter than the fronds in the middle of the band due to grazing. Observations on the causal factors of the vertical limits of the band were made. The upper limit of the band is determined by desiccation. Fronds at the upper edge of the band are killed when very small waves and swells, neap tides, and no cloud cover occur simultaneously. The causal factor of the lower limit of the band is not obvious, but competition for surface area with other algae and grazing may be important. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19, 1/5 53 SMITH. Celia M. 1978. Photorespiration in selected marine members of the chlorophyta in Hawaii: Identification of the Glycollate oxidizing enzyme system In demonstrating glycollate oxidation by ten tropical marine siphonous algae and two freshwater algae, the siphonous representatives were shown to catalyze the reaction by glycollate dehydrogenase activity on the basis of its lactic acid stereospecificity, cyanide inhibition, and cofactor requirements. Both freshwater algae Chara and Spirogyra, possessed glycollate oxidase. The specific activity range among the algae varied from 0 to 13.9 nmol.min-l.mg protein-l1. The significance of glycollate dehydrogenase and glycollate oxidase distribution as phylogenetic markers is discussed. STEMMERMANN, R. Leilani. 1977. Studies of the vegatative anatomy of the Hawaiian representatives of Santalum (Santalaceae),and observations of the genus Santalum in Hawaii. The vegetative anatomy of the Hawaiian representatives of the genus Santalum (Santalaceae) was studied. Wood and foliar anatomy of all species has been described. Consistent differences in wood anatomy among taxa were not detected, but certain anatomical features of leaves differed significantly. Characteristics of leaf anatomy that were of taxonomic value were the bottle-shaped adaxial epidermal cells of S. haleakalae, the papillate nature of the abaxial leaf surface of several taxa, and the presence of adaxial as well as abaxial stoma in S. ellipticum. One new taxon, and two new combinations, are proposed based on observations of the genus in the field, herbarium studies, and on anatomical differences found in this study. 54 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19, 1/5 eco cae EE See eee ae ee SS Se ee em ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a we ee we we we ee ee ae ee A Resolution on the Problem of Goats in Haleakala National Park Whereas, a primary goal of Hawaii's National Parks is the protection of native biota under pristine conditions; and Whereas, recently Haleakala National Park has been nominated as an Earth Biosohere Reserve; and Whereas, endemic Hawaiian flora and fauna are unique and_ should be preserved for study and enjoyment by everyone; and Whereas, the spectacular Haleakala silversword as well as several rare Seraniums, mosses, and other plants are restricted to Haleakala National Park and are adversely affected by feral goats; and Whereas, the continued survival of the insects, over 20 percent of which are unique to the Crater, is seriously threatened by loss by habitat; and Whereas, National Parks are established "to preserve for all time scenic beauty, wilderness, native wildlife, indigenous plant life and areas of scientific significance for antiquity"; and Whereas, man, through the introduction of feral animals, has severely altered Hawaiian ecosystems; and Whereas, nearly one-half of the birds oresently listed as endangered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service are Hawaiian and many of these depend directly on the remaining portions of native habitat now threatened by exotic aninals and plants; and Wnereas, there are several endangered bird species whose critical habitats are being disrupted by this neglect in the Park; and Whereas, experimental exclosures, from which feral goats have been excluded, have demonstrated a rapid recovery of native vegetation within the protected areas; and Wnereas, the present use of deputized hunters who are not immediately supervised, not trained, nor selected for their shooting or back country ability, is probably in direct opposition to National Park Service policy, as is the perpetuation of destructive non-native animals within National Parks; and Whereas, the present goat management problem in Hawaii is of national Sljnificance, with implication and precedents available to all National Parks; and Nhereas, 25 miles of incremental fencing are indicated for 1980 fiscal year on page 17 of Haleakala National Park/Yawaii Revised Draft Environmental Statement, Proposed General Management Plan, United States Department of the Interior/National Park Service; and Whereas, money for completion of fencing of the Park has not been forthcoming; and NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19, 1/5 Do Whereas, numerous Cooperative Park Studies Unit, University of Hawaii CPSU/UH) and independent scientific studies of resource-management problems in Haleakala National Park repeatedly recognize goats as a major factor and recommend their immediate eradication or removal; and Whereas, the resource-management capabilities are being severely hampered by this lack of monetary support and consequent cutbacks of resource-management personnel; and Whereas, goats are recognized by the Hawaii National Parks resource managers as the major perturbation in the Parks; and Whereas, some duties of resource-management personnel have been diluted to encompass maintenance functions of little or no consequence to the primary resource-management problems in Haleakala National Park; and Whereas, elimination of feral goats in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park appears to have been a fait accompli due primarily to the efforts of that Park's resource-management personnel and the backing of the conservation groups in procuring funds for boundary and internal fencing; and Whereas, the Hawaiian Botanical Society is disappointed with this continuing neglect of Haleakala National Park; and Whereas, any future attempts at reestablishing or rehabilitating damaged native ecosystems, as has been implemented at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, will come to naught without protection; NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the Hawaiian Botanical Society at its monthly meeting on 21 April 1980 urges the National Park Service to immediately seek funding to complete fencing of the Crater District of Haleakala National Park against feral goats; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that goats and other feral animals be eliminated from within the boundaries of Haleakala National Park as the fencing of the Park is accomplished; and FINALLY BE IT RESOLVED that copies of this resolution be sent to Hawaii's Congressional delegation, Governor Ariyoshi, USFWS Office of Endangered Species, Secretary of the Interior, Director of the National Park System, Superintendent of Haleakala National Park, and the news media. 56 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY - 1979 1979 marked the 55th year for the Society. The officers for 1979 were: President - Keith Woolliams Vice-president - Nadarajah Balakrishnan Secretary —- Winona Char Treasurer - Lowell Funk Directors - John Obata, Dr. Gerald Carr The year Saw an increase in membership dues passed by the Society. This was due largely to the spiraling costs of publishing and mailing the Newsletter. A membership drive was also initiated. The Newsletter will be reduced from 5 to 3 issues per year to save on expenses, however, the number of pages will remain the same per volume. Plant donation will be held 4 times per year instead of 3 to provide enough funds for the cookie and punch social hour after the meeting. In conservation matters the Society was quite active. The Society strongly supported the need for a biological control for Clidemia hirta, a noxious weed which has over-grown many areas on O'ahu and has recently been found on Maui and Hawai'i. The Society recommended to the Bishop Estate that the 50 acres which contain the endangered Vicia menziesii (Hawaiian vetch) be set aside for the preservation of the species. President Woolliams has been in contact with some of the Estate's trustees concerning presevation of the Vicia. The Society expressed support in favor of the Udall-Anderson House Bill in Congress. This bill would protect Alaskan lands from development. The Society also contributed to the funding of a poster in observance of National Wildlife Week in Hawai'i. A field trip to the Wahiawa Botanical “arden was made by members on July 28. The Society awarded copies of Rock's “Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands" to the two Science Fair winners. The books were donated by Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. The Botany student of the year award went to Ms. Molly Morrison. The speakers for the past year were: January - Dr. Charles H. Lamoureux (U.H., Dept. of Botany): "Why are there so many endangered species in Hawaii?" February - Dr. C. E. Jones (California State University): "Pollination in plants" March - Mr. Mark Merlin (U.H., Dept. of General Science): "Natural origins and early cultural history of the Opium poppy" April - Mr. Richard Carpenter (East-West Center Research Institute) : "Environmental assessment and economic development" NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. a May - Dr. Benjamin C. Stone (this was a joint meeting between the Society and P.T.B.G.): "Plants and The June meeting was the last meeting before the summer recess. The Society resumed its regular meetings in October. October - Mr. Paul Kores (formerly with the Wau Institute, New Guinea): "Rhododendrons of Papua-New Guinea" November - Dr. Sheila Conant (U.H., Dept. of General Science): "Native birds in Hawaii's National Parks" December - Presidential address by Mr. Keith Woolliams (Waimea Arboretum): "Flora of Ogasawara Islands." Respectfully submitted, Winona P. Char, Secretary TREASURER'S REPORT FROM NOV. 30, 1978 TO NOV. 30, 1979 We began the year with $864.42 in our checking account, $10,360.91 in the Marie C. Neal Memorial account (# C-718689) in First Federal Savings and Loan Assn., and $168.98 in the Hawaiian Botanical Society account (# 102586) in First Federal Savings and Loan Assn.—a total of $11,394.31. During this year we have received in dues, gifts, etc. $869.00. During this year we spent $1048.70, leaving a balance of $684.72 in our checking account. There were no withdrawals from the savings accounts, and the interest that has accumulated during this year has not yet been added as I have not had time to take the passbooks to First Federal to have it entered. The money was spent as follows: Postage $288.57 Maps 153.15 Wau Ecology Institute 100.00 Office Supplies 282.99 Typing Service 183.99 Telegrams 1.30 Prizes 27.60 $1048.70 Respectfully submitted, Lowell Funk, Treasurer 58 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. Minutes: February 4, 1980 Meeting President Funk called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. A final decision was announced regarding those members who had not paid their dues. They will be sent a card calling attention to their membership Status which will also act as a final notice. If no response is received within a reasonable amount of time, their Newsletter subscription and meeting notices will be terminated. The auditor's report was presented. The books were found to be in order during the period of November-December, 1979. Dr. Smith made a request for article contributions to the Botanical Society Newsletter. He noted that without articles there will be no Newsletter. He suggested that people consider filing notes on field trips, visitors to the Islands, notes on shows and exhibitions. He also recommended that members consider sending in notes on horticultural interests and concerns, ¢.g. it would be interesting if someone would Summarize the recent spiraling whitefly outbreak and control. A request for volunteers was made for the March meeting's refreshment oreparation. A suggestion to hold a joint meeting with Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden on the second Monday in March wes approved. The upcoming Albert L. Tester Memorial Symposium was announced. It will take place on April 10th and 11th at the East-West Center. Anita Manning, Registrar at the Bishop Museum, requested volunteer researchers to work on the organization of collections now being stored at the Museum. There are a large nunber of collections that need unpacking, accessioning and prepared for inclusion in the main collection. Steve Montgomery of the Conservation Council for Hawaii announced Hawaii Wildlife Week which will take place at the end of March. de requested a donation for educational materials to be disbursed during Wildlife Week. A motion was made and seconded to donate $50.00. Discussion then turned to a Marie Neal Memorial Trustee who moved to the mainland. Questions whether this trustee should be allowed to continue on the board arose. It was decided that the secretary would write to the person and inguire about her intended status. The plant of the month talk was presented by Jim Sorenson. The subject was the phenology of Andropogon virginicus. The talk ws a synoosis of his M.S. thesis. The speaker of the month was Dr. Lyndon Wester of the U.H. Geography Department. His subject was invasion by adventives in Hawaii. Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 20 Minutes: March 10, 1980 Meeting In the absence of President Funk, the joint meeting with the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden was called to order at 7:35 p.m. by Vice-President Baker. A joint Botanical Society-Audubon Society meeting was approved for April 21, 1980. The next plant donation will be at the April meeting. On April 9, 1980, Winona Char and Ruth Gay were Hawaii Botanical Society judges for the 23rd Annual Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair. Awards were given in two divisions. The Senior division winner was Bertha Doar, Kamehameha School. der project was entitled "Does Ulva have a place in the alcohol race?" The Intermediate division award went to Jonathan Ohta from Aiea Intermediate School. The title of his project was "Oleander, an insecticide." These winners will each receive a copy of Rock's Indigenous Trees of Hawaii and their school will receive a year's subscription to the Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter. Dr. Peter Raven was speaker of the month. His title was "Tropical Conservation: a Worldwide Perspective." Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary Minutes: April 21, 1980 Meeting The joint meeting of the Society and the Hawaii Audubon Society was called to order by Dr. S. Conant, President of the Audubon Society. Mrs. Funk was unable to attend the meeting due to a serious illness of one of her daughters. April was Plant Donation Month. Steve Montgomery spoke about National Wildlife Week and _ the Conservation Council for Hawaii. Liebert Landgraf will talk at their annual meeting May 22, at the Waikiki-Kapahulu Library. Dr. Fred Scrodden, President of the National Wildlife Federation, will also speak. Dr. Conant announced Dr. Cliff Smith as Speaker of the Month. His topic was resource management in Haleakala National Park. During a discussion after the presentation it was proposed by Dr. W. Gagne that a resolution deploring the continued depredation of goats in Haleakala National Park be sent to the National Park Service, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Hawaiian Congressional Delegation. A 60 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. rough draft was approoved subject to minor editorial changes later. The text of the resolution is printed elsewhere in this Newsletter. Julie Williams, Secretary Minutes: May 5, 1980 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:35 by Vice-President Baker. A letter from President Funk was read in which she submitted her resignation for personal reasons. Following Hawaiian Botanical Society by-laws, Vice-President Baker was named President. A request for Vice-Presidential nominations was put forth, however, no nominations were made. It was agreed by the membership that nominees would be named at the June meeting. Wayne Gagne read the final form of the resolution on the goat eradication progran at Haleakala National Park. The membership unanimously agreed to support the proposal. President Baker read a letter from Don Hodel protesting the logging of native ohia forests in South Kona. It was agreed that further information would be gathered before the Botanical Society would take an official stand. request from the Library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to exchange journals was approved after some discussion. Wayne Gagne also asked for support for a monk seal protection proposal. This was unanimously approved by the Botanical Society. A public hearing on the proposal will be held later this month by the U.S. ish and Wildlife Service. The current proposal was expected to meet some disapproval from the State government which wishes to develop the Leeward islands for commercial fishing. The Hawaiian monk seal is a very timid animal that cannot tolerate human disturbance. The speakers of the month included the three directors of botanical gardens on Oahu--Paul Weissich from Honolulu Botanical Garden; Bob Hirano, Acting Director of Lyon Arboretum; and Keith Woolliams from Waimea Arboretum. Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary Minutes: June 2, 1980 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Baker. Secretary Williams was the only officer absent. Treasurer Funk gave the treasurer's report--at that time the society had a balance of $1913.94 and a total active membership of 94. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 61 President Baker then read letters from Don Hodel and Barbara Nobriga regarding ohia logging in South Kona. The letters are included elsewhere in the Newsletter. Also, President Baker requested a volunteer to collect biographical material on botanists in Hawaii for the Society's Newsletter. Nominations for vice-president followed, with Paul Kores_ being unanimously nominated. In addition, Winona Char was named Plant of the Month Chairperson. The speaker for June was Dr. John Hall of the Microbiology Dept. dis talk was on his travels in Nepal, a presentation concluded by a graphic and now amusing account of how he was gored by a rhinoceros. Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary Minutes: October 6, 1980 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:35 by President Baker. John Obata, Conservation Committee chairman gave an update on the activities of the committee. President Baker requested additional ambitious volunteers to join the existing committee. Treasurer Funk reported a balance of $2326.44 in the Society's checking account. Membership chairman Towata than gave his report--in October there were 113 paid-up members, 23 honorary members, and 19 unpaid memberships. Next month's meeting announcements will include final requests for dues. The Newsletter is partly written. Volunteers are needed to submit articles and to work on the completion of the latest issue. Dan Palmer gave an historical account of the Native Plant Committee. He announced plans to form a Western States Native Plants Group. President Baker had further updates regarding the ohia logging proposal which has been drawn up by business to lease state land. The State land use is presently being negotiated. Until now only private and Bishop Estate land is being logged. A biographer for the Newsletter was again requested by President Baker. No one volunteered. The nominating committee for 1981 was announced. The members are: Dan Palmer, Chairman, Paul Kores and Beatrice Krauss. Bill Busch is auditor for this year. November is plant donation month. Winona Char gave the plant of the month talk on the Ewa Plains oroject. Joan Canfield was the speaker of the month. Her topic was Palau and its vegetation. Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary 62 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. Minutes: November 3, 1980 Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order at 7:30. November was Plant Donation Month. Dan Palmer reported on a visit to 1500 acres of native forest in Honomolina to be cut down for a macadamia nut plantation. He expressed hope that an environmental impact statement will be drawn up before the land is sold. Wayne Gagne was named as the new Conservation Committee Chairman. He spoke on the variety of issues he saw as important for Botanical Society action, including opposition to the Tri-Fly Program which would endanger insect pollinators and the Nanewale Forest Reserve illegal bulldozing problem. The Tri-fly program aims to eradicate the Oriental and Mediterranean fruit flies as well as the melon fly from the Islands. The plan will in part involve the broadcasting of baited insecticides throughout the Islands. Dr. Gagne indicated that there was a high probability that such a program would also eradicate Hawaii's endemic picture-wing Drosophilas as well as other endemic insects. The Nanewale Forest is a lowland native forest in the Puna area which has been partially bulldozed for papaya farming. It appears that the state has not followed its own regulations for the use of conservation lands. A motion was passed empowering the Conservation Committee to draft resolutions representing the Botanical Society, however, two members of the Executive Committee must approve any proposal before it is sent off. The Nominating Committee report named the candidates for officers for 1981. They are: Ray Baker, President; Paul Kores, Vice-President; Derral Herbst, Treasurer; Julie Williams, Secretary, Ruth Gay and Evangeline Funk, Directors. The plant of the month speaker was Heide Bornhorst. Her talk was on Longwood Gardens. Dr. Charles Lamoureux was speaker of the month. His talk was entitled "From Aceh to Timor, plant hunting in Indonesia." Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary Menubess- Decenber Vy 138) Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. There was no Tresurer's The secretary presented _ the Annual Report of the nts of 1980. The Conser: _reported their activities dur ing November i including a letter to Charles Yasuda regarding NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1980. VOL. 19. 63 May 8, 1980 Dear Don, Monday, 5 May, I read your letter concerning ohia logging on the Big Island to the Hawaiian Botanic Society. We postponed a show of support for it until we could get more information, such as: where the logging is occuring more exactly, map coordinates, tax map keys, etc.; what the forest looks like, i.e. is it virgin forest, second growth, or isolated trees in cow pasture; are we concerned only about ohia trees here or is the whole forest being destroyed; what is the future for this land; is the forest being clear-cut or selectively thinned? We are with you in principle, but feel that to give our support as a Society we need to have some specifics. We are inquiring of such people as Dieter Mueller-Dombois, Andrew Berger, and others what they think, but without specific locations it is hard for them to give an opinion. Hopefully you will have your show of support at our June meeting. Since you mention Donn Carlsmith by name I would like to approach him_ on it after I have more facts. Should I mention your name? Dr. Cliff Smith wants to publish your letter in the Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter. Any objections? Let me know soon. Ray Baker, President Hawaiian Botanical Society May 27, 1980 Mr. Baker, I have just spoken with Don Hodell on the logging situation on Hawaii. It is criminal. I have witnessed the total devastation of the lands above Kukaiau in the Eucalyptus forest and the criminal destruction of the koa and ohia in Honomalino. I even passed a logging truck today that could only carry three logs ecause they were too large for any more to fit on the truck. Two were an easy 3 feet across and one an easy 5 feet. I have not been into the lands of Kapua to see what is going on but I constantly see the trucks going by loaded with those huge old ohia trees. Bishop Estate is also guilty of this wanton destruction in their Keauhou Mauka lands. I have been all through that area too. Certainly hope your organization has some clout. Barbara Nobriga Kealakekua, HI NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY c/o BOTANY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 Library-Acquisitions Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 cue Wh 138 Newsletter Tawaliia 30tanica VOLUME 24+ 1981 REPORT ON THE XIVth PACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS IN KHABAROVSK, U.S.S.R. by Dieter Mueller-Dombois.......... 2 RESEARCH ON ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN SPECIES AT THE HAWAII FIELD RESEARCH CENTER, HAWAII by James K. Baker......;:.. ) PERUDIT FOR DR. C110 DEGENER Beep ete oe cee. o 12 PALAU: DIVERSITY AND STATUS OF THE NATIVE VEGETATION OF A UNIQUE PACIFIC ISLAND ECOSYSTEM by Joan Canfield...14 EET TERS: WO WHE SUGTEDY . oss cae ae. fo Pare ees eater ta rears (omens 2 SUGIE Ty BUSINES Sx o.oo. Sue. a ae eels 490,01 515,22=27 Published by the Hawaitan Botanical Soctety, which was founded tn 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany tn all tits phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrit of good fellowshtp and cooperatton among them." Any . - person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands a? ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained : from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 2 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. REPORT ON THE XIVth PACIFIC. SCIENCE CONGRESS IN KHABAROVSK, USS: S.R. Dieter Mueller-—Dombois Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822 The Congress took place from August 20 to September 2, 1979. Few participants took part in post-congress tours. Because of charter flight arrangements, I had to leave Hawaii already on August 16. This arrangement forced U.S. participants coming via Tokyo to. stay in the expensive Intourist Hotel (about $62.00/night without meals) already two days before the initial inauguration. However, apart of the extraordinary expense (the cost for hotel accommodation alone was over $1,000 for only 16 days), the Khabarovsk Congress proved to be a worthwhile and stimulating experience. Approximately 3000 scientists attended, 2200 from Russia and 800 from abroad. The Congress was inaugurated in the large "Palace of Sports" by Academician Sidorenko on August 20. ‘The official languages were Russian and English and all plenary talks were transmitted by simultaneous translation. The overall Congress theme was "Natural Resources of the Pacific Ocean—for the Benefit of Mankind." Congress sessions were organized under the names of the 14 scientific committees. This caused considerable overlap of topics in individual sessions and many of them lacked any sort of integrated structure. However, since 50% of the foreign participants in the program did not arrive (probably because of high expenses and visa problems), many sessions were combined. This had the advantage--at least in my area of involvement—-that some sessions could be restructured in a more topic-integrated manner. Because of my position as Chairman of the Scientific Committee on Conservation and Environmental Protection, I became involved in several last-minute reorganization problems. As a result, I presided over five different symposia. In my plenary talk on "Monitoring Island Ecosystems: An Approach for Conservation Purposes," I presented a program in four parts (with 12 project elements) which later was accepted for an enlarged future role of this particular Committee. An enlarged role of the Committee on Conservation and Environmental Protection was decided during successive meetings of the Pacific Science Council and the Committee Chairmen. During these meetings tne goals of the Pacific Science Association were reaffirmed as those of promoting science and = scientific cooperation throughout the Pacific region. However, one important practical outcome of scientific work in the Pacific region besides that of supporting resources exploitation and technology is the issue of rational use, conservation management and protection of the natural resources of the Pacific region. The conservation theme has been an important tradition in the Pacific Science Association since the first Pacific Science Congress in Honolulu in 1920. Because this mission has NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 3 increased considerably over the last decade the conservation theme now needs to be approached in a more structured and better organized framework. It was decided, therefore, to substructure the Committee on Conservation and Environmental Protection into three subcommittees, one dealing with island ecosystems, one with marine ecosystems and one with the continental coastal zone ecosystems surrounding the Pacific. The ecosystem orientation of the Conservation and Environmental Protection Committee provides for a new focus on _ interdisciplinary research. This focus will be an important complementation to the other scientific committees, which are largely organized along disciplinary lines, e.g. Geography, Entomology, Botany, Geology, etc. The four progran areas for each subcommittee of the Conservation and Environnental Protection Committee emphasized were: A. Ecological Inventories and Comparisons B. Study of Dynamic Processes C. Methodology and Approaches D. Application and Conservation Action Under B above, both natural and man-induced processes are of concern. Under C above, the concern is particularly with appropriate and comparable methods of ecosystem monitoring, including the use of biological indicators. Encompassed under D above are the important concerns with conservation education and the establishment of networks of biosphere and other ecological reserves within each of the three broad Pacific ecosystems. My additional involvement was particularly in the group of scientists concerned with island ecosystems research and the MAB/7 project (UNESCO Man-and-the-Biosphere project on "Ecology and Rational Use of Island Ecosystems"). There waS a workshop meeting in which reports on MAB/7 activity were given by country (Australia, England, N. Zealand, France, Philippines, Japan, U.S.S.R., Indonesia and U.S.A.). It became painfully clear that the U.S. so far has done the least under MAB/7, while France and Russia had done the most. The U.S.S.R. had sponsored a scientific expedition to the South Pacific Islands on its’ research vessel, the "Kallisto," which has brought forth a wealth of new information. This became evident from a number of Russian Kallisto-expedition reports, which were presented during the Congress. There waS a good spirit of cooperation and many additional discussions were held during the Congress, particularly among the island ecosystems researchers. A clear need was expressed for developing a network of island ecosystem programs and research teams under the MA8/7 label and for identifying linkages in form of individual ongoing island research projects. A rich and colorful cultural program with concerts, folk dances andj Russian music was offered to the Congress participants. In addition, several banquets, an excellent scientific exhibition and various Scientific films provided for interesting and stimulating entertainnent. 4 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. It became abundantly clear that our Russian hosts had made a most sincere effort in setting up an inspiring Congress. In spite of the high cost and initial organizational problems they definitely succeeded in communicating and stimulating science and scientific cooperation with the Pacific region. Minutes: December 1, 1980 Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. There was no Tresurer's report given. The secretary presented the Annual Report of the events of 1989. The Conservation Committee reported on their activities during November including a letter to Charles Yasuda regarding the Tri-Fly project, a conscious-raising letter to Governor Ariyoshi concerning the Banana Poka problem in Hawaii's forests, and a letter to State Forestry questioning the legality of bulldozing Hale Poa'a forest in the Nanewale Forest ReServe. Copies of these letters are included in this Newsletter. Conservation Committee chairman, Wayne Gagne, noted that Botanical Society action is also presently necessary in two additional conservation matters of botanical import: the extensive pig damage in lower Kipahulu Valley and the possible conversion of native forest in Honomalino to a macadamia nut orchard. The pig damage in lower Kipahulu is a serious concern because this originally pristine area has deteriorated since the National Park Service took it over from the State and the Nature Conservancy. Some ambiguities in the Nature Conservancy report on the valley resulted in the National Park Service closing the valley to all persons other than those with a genuine need to access Kipahulu Valley. Since the pig problem was brought to their attention they have established a scientific evaluation of the problem. Members are advised to write the National Park Service concerning the need for an aggressive pig management program in Kipahulu Valley. Election of officers took place in December. The Botanical Society officers for 1981 are: Ray Baker, President; Paul Kores, Vice-President; Derral Herbst, Treasurer; Julie Williams, Secretary; and Evangeline Funk and Ruth Gay, Directors. Tne Plant of the Month presentation by Derral Herbst was an update of the endangered plant species program in Hawai'i. Speaker of the Month was President Ray Baker. His topic was "Palms in Hawai'i." Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. | 5 RESEARCH ON ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN SPECIES AT THE HAWAII FIELD RESEARCH CENTER, HAWAII James K. Baker U. S. National Park Service Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii 96718 In the Hawaiian Islands there are three Federal land agencies of the United States Government which are active in the fields of research on the rare and endangered Hawaiian biota and in species and habitat conservation. These three agencies are the National Park Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U. S. Forest Service. Of the three agencies, the National Park Service is the largest land holder in the islands. Protected on National Park lands are some of the best of the native habitats which remain in Hawaii. The National Park Service, therefore, encourages research in the Hawaiian parks which will aid the Service in the proper management and conservation of its natural resources. To help in these objectives, the Hawaii Field Research Center was eStablished in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the mid-1970's to provide needed office and work spaces for National Park Service research programs. More recently, in 1978, the other two Federal agencies also established office and work spaces at the Center. The purpose was to facilitate cooperation and coordination among the researchers and research programs of the three agencies, not only on National Park land, but in all natural resource management areas throughout Hawaii. The Hawaii Field Research Center is located in a rain forest habitat at 1,200 m elevation, situated near the east rim of the crater of Kilauea Volcano. The average rainfall is about 250 om, and the average temperature is about 15 Celsius. To the west and north of the Research Center are two other volcano peaks which reach to heights of more than 3,900 m, and which are snow covered during winter months. ‘To the south, 32 km of the park lowlands border on the rocky shoreline of the Pacific Ocean. To the southwest is a desert area downwind of the Kilauea Volcano, made desolate by the effects of prevailing winds carrying volcanic fume and creating a rain shadow. These variable settings, and diversity of habitats, within relatively short distances of the Center provide unique opportunities for research at the Hawaii Field Research Center in a variety of biological and geological fields. The one common goal of the three agencies at the Center is to help salvage what remains of native Hawaii. Hawaii's unique biota evolved over millions of years in the absence of man and other terrestrial vertebrates. Approximately 90 percent of the nearly 2,000 native plant species are endemic, and there are equally high percentages of endemic species of animals such as insects, otner invertebrates, and birds. Such high degrees of endemisn in Hawaii are results of the extreme isolation of the islands--more than 4,000 km from the nearest continental mainland—and the relatively few pioneer species which reached Hawaii across such wide expanses of ocean. 6 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. Following the discovery and colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by Polynesians more than 1,000 years ago, alien influences began changing the landscape and the composition of the highly endemic biota. These changes were subtle at first, but they accelerated rapidly some 200 years ago upon arrival of Europeans in the islands. The changes caused by man and his introduced cultigens and domesticated animals were disastrous to the native biota and fragile ecosystems which were extremely sensitive to the pressures of alien intrusions. Consequently, in only 200 years, more species of native Hawaiian plants and animals became extinct--and more are presently threatened with extinction—than in any other biological province on earth. For example, of the world's total number of extinct birds, 24 forms, or 16 percent, disappeared from Hawaii and another 30 forms are endangered. Of the nearly 2,000 species and varieties of native plants, about 250, or 13 percent, are believed to be extinct and about 900, or 47 percent, are considered endangered. Much of the current research effort in Hawaii on endangered species is directed towards the avifauna. Diseases of birds, predation, status and distribution, life histories, and the reestablishment of extirpated species are subjects of study. Other major research is directed towards problems of the rare, native plants. These projects focus on disease, competition with non-native introductions, control of the non-native exotics, and propagation. Still other research is concerned with the ecological impact upon both plants and birds caused by non-native mammals such as rats and mongooses. One of the bird studies being done by the National Park Service is an analysis of the decline and extinction factors of the endemic avifauna. This study entails a long, exhaustive, literature search through references published over the last 150 years, to try to determine the many probable causes. The causes for decline considered most probable are habitat alteration and destruction, consequent food depletion, competition with introduced birds, predation by non-native mammals, and disease. Part of this study has already resulted in the preparation of a comprehensive annotated bibliography of all the known references to Hawaiian birds, totaling more than 3,000 citations. Because of the disease probability, the National Park Service started studies three years ago on avian malaria in endemic birds. The research has shown that avian malaria probably adversely affected populations of the native species following an introduction of mosquito vectors into Hawaii in the 1820's. The subsequent abundance of mosquitos throughout the islands caused a widespread decline in the avifauna which had no natural immunities to the disease, although there is evidence now that the native birds are building up resistence to malaria. An additional part of this study, in cooperation with personnel at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu, was to identify the ectoparasites of native birds, which is producing a long list of descriptions of new families, genera, and species of host-specific mites. The U. S. Forest Service has been active in a study on the structure and composition of forest bird populations. Birds are captured, marked, released, and followed daily in small study plots of 16 ha. The results NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. if of the study are revealing information on breeding biology, food habits, competition and interactions among species, and other daily activities. The study will help determine the habitat requirements of the various species being studied, as one portion of the effort to define areas of native forest containing critical habitat needs. In addition to these studies in relatively small study plots on individual birds, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service is looking at bird populations, as a whole, from island to island. ‘The primary objectives are to determine the size of the bird population, the present population distribution, and the location and vegetation components of critical habitat areas. With such information, it is hoped that the need for additional large areas of habitat to be set aside for natural preserves to help conserve the birds can be substantiated and justified. To date, more than 1,100 km of transects have been established in the islands, surveying about 250,000 ha of habitat. The findings relative to the numbers of birds have been good. No birds believed to be extinct have been rediscovered, but some species are more abundant, and more widely distributed, than previously thought. Successful attempts are being made by the National Park Service to reintroduce nene, or Hawaiian geese, back into the lowlands of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, below about’ 750 m elevation. Historically, Hawaiian geese, an endemic species, had nested in lowland areas of the park during winter rainy seasons when sprouting green grass provided Suitable food for both adults and goslings. The adults and young then migrated upland above 2,000 m during the ensuing summer dry season when the lowland grasses withered. In summer, green grass and berries are readily abundant in the higher elevations. However, following the introductions of mammal predators, such as rats, cats, dogs, pigs, and mongooses, and of herbivorous animals such as goats, which destroyed the lowland grasses, the Hawaiian geese were forced to inhabitat the higher slopes of the mountains throughout the year. Through the winter months, the National Park Service keeps pinioned pairs of geese in lowland enclosures, which are predator free, on the premise that goslings will imprint to the area of their birth and will return to the lowlands to nest. In 1976, the first young adults returned to the lowland. Three of the four young nested successfully. Other young returned in 1977 and in 1978. It is hoped that, with the additional program of mammal control in the lowlands around nesting sites, the Hawaiian geese will eventually become re-established in their former habitat. A 10-year goat control program has already eliminated these animals from the lowlands where sizeable herds once grazed the grasses down to bare soil. : Another study by the National Park Service is concerned with the distribution, abundance, and food habits of a mongoose and three species of rats in park habitats from sea level to about tree line at 2,000 m elevation. It is being shown in Hawaii that rats and mongooses are predatory on native birds. Mongooses are especially predatory on ground=-nesting species and rats on forest birds in trees. Rats also severely damage the trees by eating bark, buds, flowers, nectar, fruits, and seeds. By their attraction to nectar, fruits, and seeds, rats are also competing with native birds of like food habits. Rats may also be 8 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. occupying tree cavities for nesting sites and taking over existing bird nests for their own, in direct competition with certain cavity and other tree-nesting species. One study on the flora of the park by the National Park Service is to investigate various chemical and biological control techniques useful in combating the rapid spread of a number of aggressive, non-native, plant invaders introduced by man. It is believed that one of the most serious management problems throughout the Hawaiian Islands is the rampant spread of weedy, noxious species which compete with native forms. Other studies are concerned with the effects of disease upon native plants, methods of propagation of rare species under greenhouse conditions, and maintaining viable populations in the wild in natural habitats. In addition to research, other activities at the Hawaii Field Research Center include monthly seminars by Center personnel or visiting scientists. In August, 1976, the First Conference in Natural Sciences was held at the Center, which resulted in a gathering of more than 100 researchers from throughout the State of Hawaii and the presentation of 42 scientific papers. It waS believed that such conferences at the Center would provide opportunities for scientists elsewhere in the islands to meet in one location for papers and discussions on topics of mutual interest. The First Conference was such a_ success it was decided that other conferences should be held every two years. Accordingly, the Second Conference was held in June, 1978, at which time the Hawaii Field Research Center was officially dedicated. More than 150 scientists attended the Second Conference, with 52 papers presented. The Third Conference in Natural Sciences is planned for June, 1980. The Research Center also maintains reference collections of plants, mammals, birds, and insects. A greenhouse with more than 300 sq. meters of work space, equipped with soil sterilizers, humidity and temperature control systems, and drip and mist apparatus for watering plants, provides facilities for both research and management needs. Rare plants are propagated and studied in the greenhouse and seedlings of common tree species are grown for reforestation projects. An aviary is the most recent addition to the facilities at the Center, presently housing a number of the birds being used in the avian malaria studies. The nearly 100 sq. meter aviary consists of five separate compartments, each of which is mosquito proofed and contains its own feeding and watering facilities. There are dormitory and work spaces available at the Research Center for visiting students and others who may wish to study and work in the area on natural history research. The larger two of four dormitories contain 20 bunks each, with an adjoining kitchen and a dining room which also serves as a classroom. Group use of these facilities is often made by various Hawaii and mainland United States universities and other institutions for student field trips and seminars. Situated and equipped as it is, the Center provides an ideal setting for field stations of the three Federal agencies which, as this paper outlines, are actively involved in vital research on the endangered biota of the Hawaiian Islands. *¢ obed uo dew sty} JaesuT aseatY "L86L “GL SWNTOA 13}, aTSMaN Ajyatoo0sg [eotuej}og ueTTeMeYH 3ayq WOT) paqyqtwo AT\UaqyZaApeuT sem | aanbBr 4 (626) ‘Ueuysixejeg Puke seYD Woy pajdepy) °3xa} UI Pajou saitijedO] pue NYye,C JO sauOZ INeW!}9 pazijesauag *} ainbi4 Aeg ewneuey peayy o40y ‘1d eajeg peay puoweig (ajO4UMO]g) “Iq PUT|EH ms, (ydeag s (Id $,40q1eg) eojaejey me % (4oquey [4eag) “cl, RR 5 OE: eoin,ng OTVNVIRYIA (Asenqaues prigeas aie1s) enjnyow (Auenyaues psigeas ajeis) e (yoeag s jodog A* ,2/}S2D) EMeaUC Jareig n,edniq ejnsuluag ndexoyw (en (SLIWIT 4340 — Asenioues priqeag areig) nue; nyo Sa @ (Asenjaues puiqeas ajejs) edayay Se INyeUeN JHOANYS : lajenjen> Lew SOUR, IEAA (3H S,ueweUIYDd) 1, Oxo A 4] ne,eay eme,eex{\) . ih OjO}!4!14O, IW S| 0 ‘ fai enyew iyBnoup yawns eine S) ee \ OMI, ab Kee N ; SN ‘Ig eua,eng: 4 | | cole? Sf’ 21, ajN {OW A ! ~ , pect aS (Asenjoues puigeag = “Fd 8,27 g)) 8 ledeyiemey ae ateIg ‘pue|s] 10d) eine, nyow{* ‘Ig eoyexew AY, (A piuny :puaaq Poet ene CD (yoeag lasuns) eua,ey njewneg Vd NyNYeD s9uo07 INeWI|D as NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 1 May 28, 1980 Dear Ray, In response to your recent letter requesting additional information concerning the logging of koa and ohia in Kona: Barbara Nobriga of Kealakekua, Kona, who has’ seen first hand the destruction of the koa forest on Dillingham-Donn Carlsmith land in Papa, S. Kona, has told me that she will write you and the Hawaiian Botanical Society personally about what she observed. I have been able to gather the following information from Seorge Schattauer of S. Kona: Koa logging—Lands of Papa, 4000 feet elevation on up; 500+ acres of virgin koa forest has been logged and destroyed; this logging is on Dillingham-Donn Carlsmith land; this is the same area that Barbara Nobriga will write to you about. Ohia logging—Lands of Kapua, 2500 feet elevation on up, over 4000 acres involved, logging big trees not dead, hollow, or small trees; the remaining vegetation will be bulldozed for pasture land; although only big trees are being logged, the understory is being destroyed; this land was owned by Mac Nut Farms of Hawaii but may be owned now by a Mr. Driscol. Lands of Keauhou, on Bishop Estate land; I do not know the elevation or acreage involved. I do know that the forest is being destroyed. Ray, what is disturbing, also, is that Capitol Chips, the company logging the ohia, has applied to the State to log up to 10,000 acres of virgin ohia forest on State land! These areas include lands of Kaulanamauna, Manuka, and Honomalino. tThe ohia forest in the lands of Manuka is actually in State Forest Reserve but Capitol Chips still applied to log it!!! The ohia forest in the lands of Honomalino is probably the best example of virgin ohia forest left in Kona if not Hawaii. There in Honomalino is the lagest remaining sandalwood, the rare Neowawraea (Drypetes), olopua, and the rare elements of this rich forest that Dr. Rock brought so much attention to. George has recomnended to the Outdoor Circle in Kona that the entire areas of State land in Manuka, Honomalino and Kaulanamauna be maje State Forest Wilderness Area to protect it. George told me the Maurice Sullivan of Foodland Stores is trying to lease the State land in Honomalino to clear it after it is logged for pasture. I hope that this is of some help to you. Let me know if I can help anymore. I hope that something can be done. Don Hodel Kealakekua, HI 10 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY - 1980 This year, 1980, marked the 56th year for the Hawaiian Botanical Society. The officers for 1980 were: President - Evangeline Funk until 5/80 Ray Baker Vice-President - Ray Baker until 5/80 Paul Kores Treasurer - Lowell Funk Secretary - Julia Williams Directors - Keith Woolliams Nadarajah Balakrishnan This year was notable for the successful membership dues drive headed by Mark Towata, Membership Chairman. Paid up members for 1980 rose from 94 to 113 during the year. There was also a favorable response regarding back payment. The success of this drive resulted in an increase in the Society's savings account. The treasurer's report for October gave the Society's bank balance as $2326.34. One newsletter waS produced during 1980; the May/December 1978 edition. In conservation matters, the society was active in supporting Wayne Gagne's proposal for a goat fencing and eradication program in Haleakala National Park. Information was gathered regarding the ohia logging Operations in South Kona. No action was’ taken by the Society since all logging until now has been done on private land. A new Conservation Committee was formed in 1980 consisting of Wayne Gagne, Chairman, Anne Marie La Rosa, Joan Canfield, Steve Montgomery, and Rick Warshauer. In the November meeting it was decided by the Society's membership that all proposals drafted by the Conservation Committee would be read by at least two members of the Executive Committee before being submitted as representative statements of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. Thus far the Committee has represented the Society in opposing the proposed Tri-Fly program. During the year the Society contributed $50.00 to the funding of a voster in observance of National Wildlife Week in Hawai'i. The Society also awarded copies of Rock's "Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands" to the two Science Fair winners. The books were donated by the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. April and November were Plant Donation months. Tne speakers for the past year were: January - Or. Helen Kennedy (U. of Manitoba): "Marantaceae: pollination studies and a look at some cultivated species" February - Dr. Lyndon Wester (U.H. Geography Dept): "Invasion of Hawaii by exotic plants since Captain Cook" March - Dr. Peter Raven (Missouri Botanical Garden): "Tropical Conservation: a worldwide perspective" NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 11 April - Dr. Cliff Gmith (U.H. Dept. of Botany): "Resource management in Haleakala National Park" | May - Paul Weissich (Honolulu Botanical Garden):, Bob Hirano (Lyon Arboretum), and Keith Woolliams (Waimea Arboretum) : "The role of the botanical garden in Hawai'i" June - Dr. John Hall (Dept. of Microbiology): "Travels in Nepal" July to September was the Summer break. October - Joan Canfield (U.H. Dept. of Botany Graduate Student): "The vegetation of Palau" November - Dr. Charles Lamoureux (U. H. Dept. of Botany): "From Aceh to Timor, plant hunting in Indonesia" December - The presidential address by Ray Baker: "Palms in Hawai'i." Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary Minutes: January 5, 1981 Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order at 7:30. ‘The auditor's report was given by Mr. Bush. His report showed all Botanical Society accounts to have increased for 1980 over 1979. There was no Conservation Committee report during January, nor was there a Native Plants report. President Baker announced that a request by the Conservation Committee for a yearly budget of $180.00 had been approved by the Executive Committee. There was a call for volunteers to act as judges in the upcoming Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair to be held in February. February will be plant exchange month. Dr. Bates from Cornell was Speaker of the Month. His topic was “Hunter-Gathers: The Origin of Agriculture." Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary 12 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. PLAUDIT FOR DR. OTTO DEGENER Tne following resolution (SR#294) was adopted by the Tenth Legislature of the State of Hawaii commending Dr. Otto Degener. WHEREAS, the flora and fauna of Hawaii's unique island ecosystem are a most treasured resource; and WHEREAS, the preservation of our wildlife resources, which have adapted and evolved in our isolated oceanic environment over many thousands of years, has become a paramount concern in the recent years of Hawaii's rapid urbanization; and WHEREAS, Dr. Otto Degener, botanist, taxonomist, conservationist, author, and advocate, has devoted well over a half-century toward a better understanding of our invaluable yet highly sensitive natural environment; and WHEREAS, Dr. Degener's many works, including Plants of Hawaii National Park and the seven-volume Flora Hawaiiensis, comprise an unparalleled collection of information on plant-life in Hawaii, and stand aS a remarkable resource in itself to students, teachers, scientists, and laymen alike, both locally and worldwide; and WHEREAS, Dr. Degener has been an inspiration to countless others in teaching the values of native ecosystems, in encouraging study of Hawaiian plants, and in recruiting new workers for protection of native wildlife and plants; and WHEREAS, Dr. Degener stood alone for most of the past fifty years as a voice in the wilderness, steadily appealing year after year for recognition of Hawaii's botanical wonders and conservation of their habitats, having no peer in his’ unshakeable, deep commitment to Hawaii's natural environment; and WHEREAS, Dr. Degener has been tireless in his forthright, fearless efforts to educate and influence government officials, developers, journalists, other conservationists, and the general public to seek protection of native habitats from the bulldozer, feral mammals, introduced game, and introduced weeds that naturalize in our native forests; and WHEREAS, Dr. Degener has influenced and inspired many people in Hawaii and throughout the world with his deep love of fauna, flora, and the land which is Hawaii; and WHEREAS, all of us who care about the natural beauty and special qualities of these islands that set Hawaii apart in the work of nature, Owe a bottom-line debt of gratitude to Dr. Degener for his lifetime perseverance in relating humankind to. the natural environment upon which we ultimately depend for survival as a species; and WHEREAS, Dr. Degener, who will be eighty this year, continues to demonstrate his remarkable stamina, good humor, and zest to get on with research and writing projects—and initiate new ones; and NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 13 WHEREAS, this outstanding service of Dr. Otto Degener in fostering the preservation of our community's precious wildlife resources is worthy of our recognition and commendation; and WHEREAS, it is particularly fitting that his five and one-half decades of generous service to Hawaii be extolled by the State Legislature; now, therefore, BE IT RESOLVED by the Senate of the Tenth Legislature of the State of Hawaii, Regular Session of 1979, that it commend Dr. Otto Degener for his contribution to the preservation and enhancement of Hawaii's wildlife resources; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that a certified copy of this Resolution be transmitted to Dr. Degener. Minutes: February 2, 1981 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Baker. Derral Herbst gave the Treasurer's report. Members were reminded by Membership Chairman Mark ‘Towata to begin paying their 1981 dues. Students $4.00, all others $7.50. The Native Plants committee report was given by Dan Palmer, Chairman. A priority list of the next 20 proposed endangered species was recently prepared by the committee. Dan also reported on the apparent illegal bulldozing by State Forestry at Puu Kapele Forest Reserve, Kauai. Slides were presented showing the extensive destruction to the area--a predominantly native forest of Koa and 'Ohi'a. A request was made by Dan that the Botanical Society set aside monies from the Marie Neal Fund to aid in legal action against such environmental degradation. A proposal to set aside $2,000 from the fund for this purpose was approved. The money would be held in the Fund and be distributed as needed by the Trustees to the Chairman of the Conservation Committee. In other business, Debbie Ward and Marjorie Wniting have volunteered to represent the Botanical Society as judges in the upcoming high school Science Fair. PIBG has donated two copies of Rock's "Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands" as prizes. Steve Montgomery of the Conservation Council for Hawaii requested a $100 donation from the Botanical Society for educational materials to be distributed in the State's schools pou Wildlife Week this month. His request was approved. Plant of the month speaker was Carolyn Corn. Her topic was the endangered plants of Kahoolawe. Speaker of the month was Al Samuelson of Bishop Museum. He spoke on his travels through the New Hebrides. Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary 14 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. PALAU: DIVERSITY AND STATUS OF THE NATIVE VEGETATION OF A UNIQUE PACIFIC ISLAND ECOSYSTEM Joan E. Canfield Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 INTRODUCTION The Palau island group lies at the western border of both the Caroline Islands and Micronesia in the western Pacific. From 1977 to 1979, I was engaged as a botanist in Palau by the Peace Corps/Smithsonian Fnvironmental Program. I worked at the Office of the Chief Conservationist of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. My collecting trips throughout the district of Palau enabled me to provide this overview of the vegetation types of Palau, and a few words about the uniqueness of that small corner of the Pacific. SETTING The Palau island group is located roughly 500 miles east of the Philippines, north of New Guinea, and southwest of Guam (Fig. 1). It is made up of over 300 individual islands, most of them within a huge barrier reef that stretches 70 by 20 miles. The total land area of Palau District is 188 square miles, the size of Lana'i and Kaho'olawe put together. Palau covers just one-half of the land area of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Palau is occupied by some 15,000 people, whose ancestors migrated on many successive occasions from the Philippines, Indonesia, and Melanesia, beginning about 1500 B.C. The island group has been subjected to Spanish, German, Japanese, and American administration over the past 100 years. The 37-year long U. S.-administered U. N. Trusteeship ended January 1, 1981. With the creation of the Republic of Belau, Palau has become an independent nation. Palau is barely seven minutes north of the Equator. Its climate is hot and damp: average temperature throughout the year is 80°F and the relative humidity is 80%, with an annual rainfall of about 150 inches. Northeast trade winds prevail throughout the winter months, and typhoons are infrequent. Palau's flora is richer than that of any other district of Micronesia, in part because of its greater proximity to Asia, which has increased the probability of dispersal of taxa from Asia to Palau. At the same time, the isolation cf the 330 islands of Palau from surrounding island groups has helped give rise to a large number of endemic species. In addition, a wide variety of substrates and habitats has made it possible for more immigrant taxa to persist on Palau. The diversity of landforms and = substrates in Palau is especially remarkable for such a small Pacific island group. The largest island in Palau, Babeldaob, is of ancient volcanic origin, today reaching mly a NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 15 Volcanic Uplifted Limestone PALAU ISLANDS Low to Uplifted Limestone FIGURE 1. Map of the Palau Island group. 16 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. moderate elevation of 240 m (790 ft). Nearly all of the other islands of Palau are of coral limestone rather than of volcanic origin. Koror Islan, the district center, is both volcanic and limestone. In Palau, some ancient reefs have been uplifted into raised limestone islands, up to 220 m (720 £t) in elevation, as well as into classic low coral atolls. VEGETATION TYPES I will briefly describe eight very broad vegetation associations Characteristic of the substrates just mentioned. These vegetation types follow those of Fosberg (1960). Strand - The strand association should appear familiar to Hawaiian residents. Most strand plants are easily dispersed by ocean currents, so that most of Hawai'i's strand species also grow in Palau. Strand communities are found on the atolls of Palau, the low coral islands, and mm the east coast of the big volcanic island, Babeldacb, inside the fringing reef. Strand species common to both Hawai'i and Palau include kou (Cordia subcordata Lam.), the tree heliotrope (Messerschmidia argentea (L. f.) Johnston), and naupaka-kahakai (Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.). The strand communities of Palau do not appear to be as extensive or diverse as those of Hawai'i, perhaps because the protected coastline inside Palau's barrier reef allows a richer forest commmity to take over much of the strand habitat. Low Coral Island Forest The influence of man is inmediately obvious in this vegetation type, many of the species being economically valuable ones. In Palau, as in Hawai'i, Casuarina, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.), and Pandanus appear in low coral island vegetation, as well as breadfruit “(Artocarpus), arrowroot (Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Ktze.), and others. Mangrove There are half a dozen major mangrove species in Palau, forming a broad zone along the west coast of Babeldaob, up the river channels of that island, at the margin of a few low coral islands, and bordering the intriguing marine lakes found in some raised limestone islands (these marine lakes are landlocked except for underwater channels linking them to the lagoon waters). The aerial roots of mangroves enable the trees to absorb oxygen, which is lacking in the’ thick mud washed down to the mangrove swamp from the island interior. Mangrove species are easily identified by aerial root Characteristics. Also, mangroves usually are found in distinct zones mauka from the lagoon. Nearest the sea grow Sonneratia alba J. E. Sm. and two species of Rhizophora (R. apiculata Bl. and R. mucronata Lam.). Sonneratia's aerial roots are slender and erect, while Rhizophora has interlocking proproots which grow from high on the trunk. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 17 Further inland, in less saline water, is Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam., with looped aerial roots. The Nypa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) is another member of the mangrove formation; it is easily recognized by its distinctive odor, reminiscent of dead crocodile. Im fact, crocodiles are all too common along Palau's mangrove channels. Ecologically, mangroves are very important, trapping the rich sediment runoff from the volcanic islands. Logging of these mangrove forests could lead to serious siltation at the reef edge, which would not only waste valuable fertile soil but also kill reef organisms. . Coastal Plain The coastal plain vegetation type shows perhaps the greatest influence of man. The rich agricultural land, gentle topography, and ready access to the lagoon waters have made the coastal area the prime site of Palauan habitation. What once were dense forests have been cut over and replaced With tapioca and sweet potato fields, taro swamps, and agriforests, made up of a combination of native and introduced species of economic value. Most of the introduced plants of the coastal plain are used _ throughout Polynesia: coconut, mango (Mangifera indica L.), guava (Psidium java L.), various citrus species, over 10 varieties of banana (Musa spp.), papaya (Carica L.), and useful ornamentals, such as ti (Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kun ; hibiscus, and many more. While the utilization of the coastal lowland has probably restricted the distribution of some native species, the managed agriforests seem to make up a fairly well-balanced ecological wit. Lower Primary Forest Little remains of the primary forest of the lower slopes of Palau’s volcanic islands. However, reasonably mature forest can still be found on the west coast of Babeldaob. These areas are prime examples of tropical oceanic island jungle: the massive trees are hung with thick lianas, their trunks carpeted with mosses, branches trailing great curtains of ferns and orchids. The community structure of these forests has not been studied, but they appear to be quite rich in numbers of species. Secondary Forest Slopes Here the original forest was once cleared for agricultural use. Common crops are coconut, dryland taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.), and tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Much of this farmland has been abandoned, however. Secondary succession has followed, through grass and scrubland to a fairly dense secondary forest. The Palau tree fern (Cyathea lunulata (Forst. f.) Copel.) is a cannon daminant, as is Semecarpus venenosus Volk., an especially toxic relative of poison ivy. Here, too, is Txora casei Hance ex Walp., grown ornamentally in Hawai'i. Savanna The rolling hilltops of most volcanic islands in Palau are covered with a savanna vegetation of scattered shrubs, grasses, and uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underwood), rather than forest. These 18 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. upland savannas may be natural, lacking forest because of the nutrient-poor clay soil, which the Japanese were able to mine for bauxite. It is fairly certain, however, that the savannas are now much more extensive because of the influence of fire. The Palauans traditionally set fire to these hills to clear the land for farming. Today fires are set to clear paths for pigeon and fruit bat hunters, or else just for sport. Recurrent fire has changed the savanna substrate and vegetation. Topsoil washes away following fire, and regeneration of fire-resistant plants is favored. As in Hawai'i, the fire-favored grasses and uluhe bum readily. Subsequent fires then destroy a larger savanna area, burning om into the forested ravines. Eventually, the savanna slopes are reduced to eroded clay canyons, supporting little vegetation and of no use as farm or pasture’ land. While the end result of savannas burned repeatedly is economically useless land, the less severely burned savanna vegetation is quite appealing. The rolling hills are covered with clubmoss (Li ium cernuum L.); dotted with shrubs, ground orchids (Spathoglottis) , and occasional Pandanus trees - a welcome relief from the thick tropical forest. The successional pattern in these areas is especially intriguing, but as yet uninvestigated. Raised Limestone Islands The islands of southern Palau, typically, are extremely steep, up to 229 m (720 ft) in elevation, and wumdercut by a combination of wave action and the activity of marine invertebrates. The loose limestone substrate is quite dissected and eroded by rain water, and treacherous for human limbs. Virtually no ecological work has been carried out on these limestone islands. The vegetation is quite distinct fran forests on volcanic substrates, and can be divided into four basic types: cliff, ridgetop, slope, and depressions and marine lake margins. The cliffs support a community similar to the strand or back of strand vegetation in Palau: Casuarina and Pandanus are common, as is Dracaena. An endemic member of the Rubiaceae, Bikkia palauensis Val., is probably the showlest cliff—dweller. The ridgetop vegetation of these limestone islands was formerly dominated by several native palm species, two of ‘them endemic (Gulubia palauensis (Becc.) Moore & Fosb. and Ptychosperma palauensis (Kaneh.) Moore & Fosb.). Unfortunately, the introduced sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita (Latham)) and eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus (P. L. S. Muller)) are killing these palms by eating the terminal buds. The native palms have been declared endangered and are already very rare in the upper canopy level of all but the most isolated limestone islands. The slopes of the limestone islands typically lack a hums layer, yet they are extremely densely vegetated. Common members of this diverse assemblage are fElaeocarpus, Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Ktze., numerous ferns, and endemic orchids. Depressions and marine lake margins host yet another vegetation type, also rich in ferns and herbaceous species. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 12 In addition to the steep limestone islands, there are two larger, but less precipitous raised limestone islands in Palau. Peleliu and Angaur were the sites of phosphate mining and heavy wartime activity, which decimated much of the original vegetation. The scrub forest that has grown up out of the bombed and bulldozed rubble of the mid-1940's is distinctive. Oddly enough, it supports at least one apparently endemic species, Maesa canfieldiae Fosb. & Sachet (Myrsinaceae). This plant may yet prove to be a weedy wartime introduction. Much of the flora of Peleliu and Angaur is weedy. Hawaiian residents would recognize Ipomoea species, Lantana, and Operculina as familiar pests. FLORA OF PALAU Some statistics on the flora of Palau are provided in Table 1. These numbers are highly preliminary in nature, based on a checklist that I helped Dr. F. R. Fosberg of the Smithsonian Institution to compile (Fosberg et al. 1980). Families with the greatest representation of native taxa in the Palau flora are the orchid and sedge families and the Rubiaceae. Altogether 1258 taxa, including varieties, have been found qm Palau's 188 square miles. A full two-thirds of those taxa are native. The native plants represent over 400 genera. Palau boasts about 65 endemic species, and 10 endemic varieties of plants. This means that over 9% of the taxa native to Palau are endemic. That percentage pales by comparison with the 97.5% level of endemism given for Hawai'i by St. John (1973). However, considering the size of Palau in relation to Hawai'i - just 3% of Hawai'i*’s total land area - and Palau's proximity to a continental landmass, the figure for Palauan endemics is quite impressive. The significant contribution of diversity in substrate and habitat to the floral richness of Palau has already been noted. A wide variety of niches must have been available to immigrant plants on this unusual combination of low and uplifted limestone and basalt. This diversity has permitted the differentiation and survival of Palauan endemics. HUMAN DISTURBANCE Several disturbance factors that have taken a toll on Palau's native vegetation have been mentioned. These include the historical burning of uplands, extensive cultivation of lowlands, mining and war damage, and the recent influx of weedy introductions, especially since World War II. As in Hawai'i, development proposals threaten the native flora and fauna of Palau. The most disturbing of these is an oil supertanker port proposal, which has been defeated for the present. The possibility of devastation to Palau's extensive reef communities should discourage further consideration of this plan. It appears that feral herbivores are not nearly so destructive in these islands as they are in Hawai'i. These introduced species cause only limited damage, most of it to crops, rather than to native vegetation. Feral pigs are hunted down to very low concentrations and the feral goat population totals no more than perhaps twenty head. 20 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. PROGNOSIS Just as in Hawai'i, little progress has been made in Palau toward setting aside natural areas for preservation. The Seventy Islands Nature Reserve is one exception. A natural advantage for much of the native vegetation of Palau is its inaccessibility and relative inhospitality to the human species. The craggy, chigger-infested, poison tree-filled high limestone islands are destined to remain fairly pristine. Aside from this natural protection, a conscious effort toward preservation of the native environment is underway. The native people are beginning to revive their traditional conservation ethic and affirm the value of the quite unique natural environment of their homeland. LITERATURE CITED Fosberg, F. R. 1960. The vegetation of Micronesia. I. Bull. Amer. Mus. Fosberg, F. R., D. Otobed, M.-H. Sachet, R. L. Oliver, D. A. Powell, and J. E. Canfield. 1980. Vascular plants of Palau with vernacular names. Dept. of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 43 pp. St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Trop. Bot. Gdn. Mem. 1. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. 519 pp. TABLE 1. Preliminary survey of the vascular flora of Palau. Native & Native Exotic Exotic* Total # % # % # % Families 53 37 26 18 64 45 143 Genera 5A O8 230 35 369 57 653 Species | 797 66 418 34 _— — 1215 Varieties & 33 77 10 «23 _- — 43 Subspecies TOTAL TAXA 830 66 428 34 _—_- —_ 1258 *Some taxa within the designated category are native; others are exotic. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 2d Nov. 29, 1978 P.O. Box #124 Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 Editor, Hawaiian Botanical Soc. Newsletter c/o Dept. of Botany Univ. of Hawaii 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822 Dear Editor: It may prove of interest to some members of the Botanical Society to know that Delissia undulata* is almost extinct on this island. According to J. F. Rock, Indigenous Trees, p. 45, he states, "The plants are extremely numerous." According to Mr. Nicholos J. Mitchell of Kealakekua, Hawaii, whose family owns the Pu'u Lehua Ranch, there are only 4 plants left and only 2 of these appear to be in good health. ‘The Pu'u Lehua Cone s located in the Bishop Estate land of Keauhou 2, N. Kona, Hawai'i, at an elevation of about 5000 ft. Although the Bishop Estate fenced the rim of this crater a few years ago no natural seedlings have been noted. Perhaps this is due to the heavy growth of Kikuyu grass in this area. Mr. Mitchell was fortunate to find mature seeds on the two healthy plants which he gave to me and which I forwarded to the Lyon Arboretum. I understand that they are attempting to germinate them and if successful, seedling plants should be available for out planting. Rock also found this plant at Pu'u Wa'awa'a at a lower elevation. I have never been able to locate it there. I hope that the seedling made possible by Mitchell's action may increase the numbers of this rare plant. Grazing animals have no doubt contributed to its demise. Perhaps others will take an interest to plant seedlings in suitable areas. Sincerely, L. W. Bryan Forester * St. John in his 1973 List of the Flowering Plants in Hawaii notes that this Species should be called Delissea argutidentata E. Wimm. and that it is endemic to the Big Island. fag NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. Minutes: March 2, 1981 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Baker. The treasurer's report was given by Derral Herbst. The Society's checking account balance tor February was $1844.45. Wayne Gagne presented the Conservation Committee's report. A meeting was held in February between representatives from the Botanical Society, Audubon Society and State Forester, Liebert Landgraf regarding the future of illegal cutting of native forest areas. A hearing was scheduled for March 13 to discuss whether an environmental impact statement will be required for the proposed conversion of 900 acres in Honomolino Forest to a Macadamia nut orchard. Wayne also reported that hunting groups have agreed to eradicate all sheep and goats from Mauna Kea in compliance with the ruling against the state's sustained-yield hunting program on Mauna Kea. The mouflon sheep was not affected by the ruling. Several members expressed concern that as long aS any exotic herbivores were left on the mountain the mamane-naio forest was threatened. Dan Palmer gave the Native Plants Committee report. The committee, along with the Society for Evolutionary Biology, is compiling information regarding native ecosystems’ economic value in an effort to demonstrate the greater dollar valuw of a native forest over one converted for commercial forestry. Carolyn Corn announced that the Smithsonian is soliciting pictures of endangered and rare plants from Hawaii. President Baker presented Kirk Apt with the Outstanding Botany Student award for 1980. Plant of the Month Speaker was Dan Palmer who spoke on Remya Mauiensis. Speaker of the Month was Sy Sohmer. His topic was the flora of the Ceylon Project. Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary President Baker called the meeting to order. The treasurer's report waS given by Derral Herbst. Paul Kores, representing the Conservation Committee, gave an update on the Kauai bulldozing situation. A letter was sent to the lawyer representing the Audubon Society and Conservation Council by the State Forester. The letter stated that State Forestry was in agreement with the terms set forth by the lawyer regarding future bulldozing on State land. However, the letter was not very specific nor were the terms agreed to officially stated. NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 23 Dan Palmer reported on his and Dr. Lamoureux's trip to Auahi on Maui. Due to past and ongoing cattle destruction the area has very little regeneration of native trees. The forest is rapidly declining. The membership discussed ideas to monitor the disturbed area. In other business, Milton Manhoff expressed concern over the Botanical Society's decrease in participation in the State Science Fair. A motion was passed to establish a travelling trophy which would be presented to the school of the first prize winner in the botanical sciences division. Various announcements were made regarding meetings, hearings and a television program of interest to conservationists, all to take place in April. May was announced as plant exchange month. Plant of the month speaker was Sheila Conant. The plants of Nihoa Island were presented. Speaker of the month was Hardy Spoehr. His topic was The Nature Conservancy in Hawaii. Respectfully submitted, Julie Williams, Secretary Minutes: May 4, 1981 Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order. The treasurer's report waS given by Derral Herbst. Wayne Gagne then presented the Conservation Committee report. Regarding Lapa Ridge on Kauai: Lawyer Ken Kupchek has sent a letter to Liebert Landgraf reminding him of his agreement to abide by state regulations as they apply to future tree planting programs on state lands. Wayne also reported the state's unwillingness to support the nomination of additional endangered species--one example, Panicum carteri, is found only on Chinaman's Hat. The state were the only people opposed to the nomination of this plant. President Baker asked for volunteers to work on the upcoming Newsletter which will be published by September. The membership approved a $100 donation to the Waimea Arboretum Foundation. Steve Montgomery presented a letter he wrote Mayor Tavares of Maui commending him and the Maui County Council on their concern for native flora as demonstrated in the Maui Zoological and Botanical Garden. The membership approved the gesture. May was plant donation month. There was no plant of the month speaker for May. Speaker of the am was Sheila Conant. Her topic was "The Flora and Fauna of Nihoa Island." Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary 24 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOI. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. Minutes: June 1, 1981 Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order. Conservation Committee report: Liebert Landgraf has sent a reply to Attorney Kupchek's letter. No fee has been asked by Kupchek thus far. Sen. Inouye has met with conservation groups regarding goat eradication. He regards goat removal from Haleakala as top priority. He also will try to pressure the Navy into removing goats from Kaho'olawe. A public meeting on the Hawaii Wildlife plan suggests that goats should be removed from Lana'i, Kaho'olawe and Oahu (?). Six state natural areas are presently under consideration. There was a call for Newsletter volunteers to help get it published by September. President Baker read the letter from Mayor Tavares thanking the Botanical Society for the resolution commending them for their interest in native flora. Milton Manhoff suggested the travelling trophy have the name of a famous Hawaii botanist. Beatrice Krauss waS speaker of the month. Her topic was Hawaiian medicinal plants. Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary Minutes: October 5, 1981 Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order. Neither treasury nor membership reports were given. Wayne Gagne of the Conservation Committee issued his report. Attorney Bob Miller has been contacted with regard to the plight of the endangered plants species at Pohakuloa Training Area. He has, in turn, contacted Col. Hight at Ft. Shafter in hope that a meeting will be set to discuss a compromise plan for protecting the plants' habitat. Wayne than read a motion expressing the need for habitat protection for the three endangered plants--Stenogyne angustifolia var. anjustifolia, Haplostachys haplostachyus var. angustifolia and Lipochaeta venosa. The membership supported the motion unanimously. The Native Plants report was given by Evangeline Funk. a recent trip to Lana'i she found that the Abutilon menziesii previously reported from the island could no longer be found. Paul Kores reported that the orchid Habernaria holochila has recently been seen on Maui for the second and third times, 9. . a= NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 25 President Baker called for new nominating committee members for the 1982 Botanical Society officers. He also announced that Bill Bush has consented to audit the Botanical Society's books for 1981. As of October no name has' been selected for the Botanical Society's Science Fair travelling trophy. November was chosen as plant donation month. Plant of the month speaker was Art Whistler. He presented a slide show on the rare Atepahia of Tahiti. Pat Kirch of the Bishop Museum was Speaker of the Month. His talk concerned the effects of Polynesians as settlers on the island of Hawaii. Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary Minutes: November 3, 1981 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Baker who also gave the Treasurer's report. There was $1745.57 in the Society's checking account at the end of October. No membership report was presented. Dan Palmer of the Conservation Committee reported that State Forester Liebert Landgraf has agreed to follow State guidelines in all future forest clearing projects, although no written agreement has been filed as yet. The nominating committee for the 1982 slate of officers is Keith Woolliams, Sy Sohmer, and Art Whistler. They have selected the following slate: President — Paul Kores Vice-President -— Joan Canfield Secretary - Kristen Schlech Treasurer - Derral Herbst Directors —- Ray Baker, Betsy Gagne Plant of the month speaker was Joan Canfield. Her topic was plants of the Alakai Swamp. Mia Touw was speaker of the month. She spoke on the "Ethnopharmocological Studies Among the Tibetans of Dharamsala." Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary 26 NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1981 1981 marked the 57th year of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. ‘The officers for 1981 were: President —- Ray Baker Vice-President - Paul Kores Secretary - Julia Williams Treasurer - Derral Herbst This year was notable for the increased involvement of the Society in conservation matters. The Conservation Committee headed by Wayne Gagne, wrote letters and voiced concern over such matters as the illegal clearing of State land by State Forestry workers. This land included the native forest at Lapa Ridge on Kauai. State Forester Liebert Landgraf and several local conservation groups, including the Botanical Society, came to a tentative agreement as to the future procedure regarding forest removal in the State. Negotiations continued throughout the year. Early on in this matter members felt the need to allot money to aid in legal action against such environmental degradation as occurred on Kauai. A proposal by Dan Palmer to put aside $2000 from the Marie Neal Fund for this purpose was approved by the membership. A Conservation Committee operating budget of $180 per year was also approved by the members. During the year the Society contributed $100 to the Conservation Council for Hawaii's Wildlife Week Program, as well as $100 to the Waimea Arboretum for their rare plant introduction program. The 1981 Science Fair winners were Sharon Yokayama (grade 10) and Mari Hamasaki (grade 12). Each was presented with a copy of FPock's Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Milton Manhoff suggested that a travelling trophy be part of the prizes for the winner's school. It would remain in the winner's school for a year and would then be moved to the school of each succeeding winner. This proposal was approved by the Society. However, aS yet no name has been selected for the trophy. Kirk Apt was named Outstanding UH Botany student for 1980 by the Society. One Botanical Society Newsletter, Volume 18, was produced during 193i. February, May and November were plant donation months. Speakers of the Month for 1981 were: January - Dr. Bates (Cornell): "Hunter-Gatherers, The Origin of Ajriculture" February - Al Samuelson (Bishop Museum): "Travels Through the New Hebrides" March — Sy Sohmer (Bishop Museum): "The Flora of Ceylon Project" aren ae NEWSLETT. HAWAIIAN BOT. SOC. 1981. VOL. 20. 27 April - Hardy Spoehr (Nature Conservancy): "The Nature Conservancy in Hawaii" May - Sheila Conant (UH General Science): "Fauna and Flora of Nihoa Island" June - Beatrice Krauss (Lyon Arboretum): "Hawaiian Medicinal Plants" October - Patrick Kirch (Bishop Museum): "The Effects of Polynesian Settlements on the Island of Hawaii" November - Mia Touw (Bishop Museum): "Ethnopharmacological Studies Among the Tibetans of Dharamsala" December - Presidential address by Mr. Ray Baker (Lyon Arboretum): "The history of the Lyon Arboretum." Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary. Minutes: December 7, 1981 Meeting President Baker called the meeting to order. Derral Herbst presented the annual Treasurer's report. Wayne Gagne presented the Conservation Committee report. There has been a meeting between conservation groups and the military regarding endangered plants at the Pohakuloa Training Area. tThe Blair Logging Company is trying to obtain permission to log on Parker Ranch. ‘They have proposed construction of three roads to reach the land. These would pass through native koa forest. The Department of Land and Natural Resources has issued a negative declaration. “he elections for the 1982 slate of officers was approved unanimously. A name has been selected for the Botanical Society's State Science Falr Travelling Trophy: "The Hawaiian Botanical Society Science Fair ~<, Award." $100 has been allotted for a koa plaque to serve as the trophy. The controversy regarding the $100 due the Wau Ecology Institute has been resolved. The Society unanimously approved sending the check to Lyn Gressitt at the Institute. Ted Green has suggested that the names of all Botanical Society officers be listed in each edition of the Society's Newsletter. . There was no Plant of the Month Speaker. _. Speaker of the month was President Baker. His address was on "The History of the Lyon Arboretum." Respectfully submitted, Julia Williams, Secretary ENS PE TTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY c/o BOTANY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190, MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 Library - Acquis Smithsonian Inst 10th St.& Consti Qa Washingt &i ’ L remy ONO order 7 LE2Z byO97 0/2 The Membership Committee report, from Betsy Gagne, suggested that a few checks had come in, but delinquency still abounds. Wayne Gagne had returned from a _ long trip to Washington and he presented a Conservation Committee report. Regarding the Pohakaloa Training Area, Wayne indicated that all involved, except the Army, attended the meeting and that Bob Miller had an update from the Army. Wayne reported that he had received boxes of information on the Lapahoehoe situation during his absence, all of which he would review. Concerning the Endangered Species Act, reauthorization has_ been approved for another year, and support still appears strong. Other good news was that the "Eel Bill" was again defeated and mention was made of the efforts of Betsy Gagne, Steve Montgomery, and Allen Ziegler during the fight against the bill. Appreciation was expressed for their actions. Steve Montgomery spoke for the Hawaii League of Conservation Voters and indicated that they had met on several occasions and discussed the problem of political action on conservation issues. The concensus was that not enough people were making the effort to vote on conservation issues. T£ there were more support, the League could publish surveys and records of voting to demonstrate where people stand on these issues. Wayne announced the sad news of the loss of two of our longtime Society members, Dr. and Mrs. J. Lindsy Gressitt, who were tragically lost in an air crash in China last month. Dr. Gressitt was an avid conservation member and had a great interest in many Hawaiian issues as well as Pacific Basin conservation. Mrs. Gressitt shared these interests and was active in preventing the importation of the freshwater eel. There was no Native Plants Committee report for May. Sy Sohmer, Chairman of Botany at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, announced that the 10th Annual Association of Systematics Collections Symposium would be held from May 22 through May 27 at the Museum. He briefly outlined the format, which included lectures on museum problems, systematics and the law, and computerization, as well as a number of social events revolving around the symposium. Under old business, an SOS has been issued again by Cliff Smith, editor of our belated newsletter, for more articles. Thanks went to Faith Roeleffs for acquiring for the Society an envelope stamped with the Hawaii State Bird and Flower from the Governor's office and a letter of 18 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 recognition for our support. Debbie Ward had some new business and told us of her trip to Maui where she had gone to the Maui Zoo and Botanical Garden in Wailuku, which she said was most interesting. However, she noted that Rene Silva indicated the Garden was in financial need and could use money for signs, manpower support, and fumigation. Faith Roeleffs moved that the Society allocate $150.00 to the project and Lani Stemmermann seconded the motion. It was passed unanimously. In reference to the methyl bromide needed for fumigation, it was suggested that we try to acquire it at no cost from the Chemical Society, although it was also noted that a permit was required for its use. Plant-of-the-Month Speaker was Anne Clements, who gave us a presentation of her "Kukui Nut Dye" project and brought her poster in for display. In lieu of Speaker of the Month, two BBC films were shown. One was the Evolution of the Silverswords and the other was Islands Within Islands. Respectfully submitted, K.E. Schlech Minutes of the June 7 meeting Vice President Joan Canfield called the meeting to order at 7:30. The May minutes were read, amended, and approved. Joan gave the Treasurer's report as follows: Balance) as Of May les cicescic seciniceeeceeis en l;09/.72 RECCIOESs. obese co clu ce © us cae wclsccs clavicle cies se ces Uo EXPENGLEULES secs swcesccccccccccesceseseceseells99 Balance as Of May Slivaccseciccliecsswlccicee cD 17O004s/3 We had mo Membership or Conservation Committee reports as the Gagne's were out of town and no Native Plants Committee report, as we have not yet elected a new chairman. Under new business, Lauren Gill gave us a report of the Clidemia Situation, which included the unfortunate news of its presence on the Na Pali Trail on Kaua'i. Clidemia has threatened the populations of several native plants, Stenogyne and kaneloana being two of those in danger. It was found at the end of May in the area where the Na Pali Trail crosses Hanakoa Stream. The Project Hawaii Science Trip Program, which is part of the Sierra Club, wants to take action and is calling for volunteers to attack the Clidemia population manually in a _ concerted effort to begin around early July and continue through August. For more information, contact Janette Lee, the coordinator of the program. Another possibility for eradicating this weed is anticipated as a_ result of entomological research currently being conducted. Last year, $144,000.00 was awarded for research concerning Clidemia and banana poka, both considered of major influence in the decline of native vegetation in Hawaii. The entomological research focuses on elimination through biological agents, possibly a parasitic wasp. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOLANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 12 Under old business, mention was made that Campbell Estates was providing financial support for McCoy's research follow-up salvage work on archaeological sites of the raised coral plain. Our Plant-of-the-Month Speaker was Dr. Phil Rundel (U.C. Irvine) who gave a talk on "Sexual Dimorphism in Coprosma". Phil has been in Hawaii for the summer working on this project and others while his wife, Marti Witter, a botany graduate student at U.H., works on her reSearch project involving isozyme genetics in Dubautia populations. Our Speaker of the Month was another botany graduate student, Alan Holt, who gave a presentation on the "Present Condition of Native Dry Forest of Leeward East Maui". Alan's talk provided an excellent comination of historical notes regarding this area and interpretations of early collectors and recent researchers on the success or failure of currentdry forest populations on Maui. Respectfully submitted, K.E. Schlech Minutes of the October 4 meeting Treasurer Derral Herbst called the meeting to order at 7:30 pm, as President Kores and Vice President Canfield were both out of town. Guests included Tim Kranz and Ariel Wilson of Baldwin Lake, California and Peter Tausend of U.C. Berkeley, who is here working on the physiological ecology Of Scaevola. The June minutes were read, amended, and approved. Derral gave the Treasurer's report as follows: Balance “as OF June 1 visciesc osece bicccee sews so sO04.1 3 RECCLDUSS sisicie sisi es cls ces eeleee sce se e-00e ents 40650 EXPCNGLEUGECS ss e1s201e seis eicicie occ sv casos eee L000 Balance as of September 30..ccccccccee cdl 8/5023 The Membership Committee reported a recent count of 60 members. It was noted that membership in the Society in the past has surpassed the figure of 250, and it was suggested that we review the situation and propose suggestions for increasing both membership and participation in the Society. There was no Native Plants Committee report as a new chairman has not yet been elected. Wayne Gagne reported for the Conservation Committee on several pending issues: 1) The plans for the Laphoehoe logging access road proposed by Blair Co. have been cancelled in an out-of-court settlement. The agreement, in summary, is that if the proposed road (the third) is not constructed, there will be no legal opposition to the two existing roads, which are in violation of the Conservation District Use Application guidelines. 2) Pohakaloa Training Area negotiations are still continuing with a review of the fire management plan. 3) The Society has been asked to review the Kokee, Kaua'i hydroelectric project. 4) The Endangered Species Act passed overwhelmingly in Congress. 5) The Society received a 20 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 Rare and Endangered Plant Exchange proposal from Brooklyn College, New York. 6) The Society has keen asked to review a proposal submitted by Marilyn Bornhorst which would attach an amendment to the City and County of Honolulu ordinances providing for the preservation of trees which are deemed "of a significant size". This would be an addition to Article 34, which covers “exceptional tree(s)" within the Waikiki Special Design District, and the Cultural, Historic, and Scenic Districts within Honolulu. Under old business, Cliff Smith, editor of the newsletter, announced the near completion of the backlogged issues (1979-1982). He noted that he's received considerable help from Cheran Wilson, graduate student in Botany. Cliff is also working on a set of recommendations to be submitted to the Society, regarding future issues and direction of the Newsletter. One suggestion voiced was that the Newsletter be issued three times a year instead of five. Under new business, Kristen Schlech proposed that the Botanical Society consider the possibilities of moving the center of activities to the Bishop Museum. Several positive aspects of this proposal, including free parking and potential increase in membership, participation, and attendance were discussed. As no objections were voiced, Schlech stated she would report back to the Society at the November meeting with an update including feedback from variouS Museum administrators concerning the feasibility and any drawbacks to the proposal. Under announcements, Chris Simon reported on the special issue of Natural History which will be devoted to Hawai'i. Many articles in this 1982 issue will be written by University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum staff and a half price offer is extended to members. Anyone interested in more information should contact Chris through Zoology at U.H. Manoa. There was no Plant-of-the-Month Speaker. Our Speaker of the Month was Alan Holt, U.H. botany graduate student working for The Nature Conservancy, who spoke on "The Role of the Nature Conservancy in Protecting Native Vegetation Areas in Hawai'i", specifically the approaches taken in managing certain areas of Molokai Ranch. Respectfully submitted, K.E. Schlech Minutes of the November 1 meeting The meeting was called to order by Vice President Canfield at 7:30, as President Kores is still out of town. The October minutes were read and approved. Derral Herbst gave the Treasurer's report as follows: Balance as oF October 1s. ..6 es sececeecosS yo loues RECCHDES seco oes cic sie oisis niicie oe Osreere Secs sine ioe TOL EXDeNnG VCULES 64.04. cice abies 54 64sec ccs ose occ sais Balance as of October Biss. esscceccwcceeolpo52e23 There were no reports from the Membership, Conservation, and Native Plants Committees. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 21 Under old business, Kristen Schlech brought up the proposal that was sent to the Society from the City Council regarding an ordinance for the protection of trees of a significant size. Certain points of the proposal such as the definition of significant size, were discussed anda few Suggestions regarding potential additions to the draft were brought up, most notably the incorporation of native plants in addition to trees of Significant size. A motion was made to respond favorably and to include Suggestions. The motion was seconded and passed unanimously. Also under old business, Schlech presented a report on the proposed move to Bishop Museum, reporting that she had received very favorable response to the idea from Museum personnel, that the rental fee for the conference room required would be approximately $25.00 per meeting, and that the facility would be available shortly after January, 1983. Schlech also noted that she had received favorable response from some Society members who felt the proposed move would accomodate many more members than the current University of Hawai'i facility does. The question of why the Society would want to move from the University facility was again brought up. The following reasons were put forward by Schlech: 1) The University is experiencing personnel cutbacks, as well as space limitations; 2) The University does not provide non-profit organizations with free meeting facilities; 3) Facilities once extended to the Society for a period of one year now must be requested at three-month intervals. Some members questioned the validity of these arguments and expressed concern about the source of funds for rental. It was suggested that the Society schedule a trial meeting at the Museum and then make a decision on the move. Further old business clarified the status of Gladys Baker, an honorary member in the Society, and noted that she was not one of the trustees of the Marie Neal Fund. Under new business, the Secretary presented to the Vice-President a Slate of nominations for the December elections of executive council members and committee chairmen. The slate was assembled by an Ad Hoc Nominations Committee composed of Kristen Schlech, Wayne and Betsy Gagne, and Charles Lamoureux. It was stressed that the Society does not have any volunteers to chair the Native Plants Committee and as native plants are the priority of the Society, according to its constitution, it was urged that members probe their consciences about this position. It was announced that nominations would be received by mail or phone any time prior to the December elections. Lani Stemmermann brought us up to date on activities regarding the proposed geothermal project on the Big Island; testimony was being taken in Hilo, but had been postponed due to elections. She informed the Society of several of the negative aspects of this proposed project and moved that the Society donate $200.00 to offset some of the legal costs of fighting this project. The motion was seconded but did not pass. Some of the positive aspects of the geothermal project were also noted and discussion was continued on a pro and con basis. Clarification was made that the geothermal concept in itself was not necessarily the issue. It was the project location that was objectionable. Currently, the site would interface with a large section of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park and this was seen by some members aS counterproductive to the aims and goals of the National Park in Hawai'i. It was suggested that further discussion of the 22 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 geothermal proposal be scheduled at the following meeting, a motion was made and passed by a majority. It was also noted that due to problems of financial overextension in previous endorsements of conservation issues, that the Society had felt it best not to make financial commitments of this type. A further note was made regarding the limits of the Society regarding the endorsement of issues deemed of a political or hotly debatable nature. Under announcements, Vice-President Canfield stated that we would have a plant sale after the December meeting. Our Plant-of-the-Month Speaker was Joan Canfield who talked about the recent proposal for a damming of the Kauaiko Stream on Kaua'i. This proposal was submitted to the Society for review and Joan, currently conducting research in the Alakai Swamp on Kaua'i, reported on some of the potential effects of this project. The proposal is sponsored by Department of Land and Natural Resources, although comment was made that this sponsorship may not ke wholehearted on the part of DLNR, and by Kekaha Sugar Co. The design involves flooding 250 acres of ‘ohi'a forest, although it's pointed out that the effects in terms of loss of habitat would be far more extensive than 250 acres. The project was viewed by many members as shortsighted and potentially devastating to native flora and fauna on Kaua'i. Joan said she would keep the Society informed as to developments regarding this proposal and urged all individuals to communicate with DLNR on this issue. Our Speaker of the Month was Bob Hobdy, Assistant Forester of Maui County, with DLNR, who gave a very entertaining talk on "The Offshore Islets of Maui County". Bob's talk was accompanied by an excellent slide show of Maui native flora and habitat. Respectfully submitted, K.eE. Schlech Minutes of the December 6 meeting The meeting was called to order by Vice-President Canfield at 7:40. The November minutes were read and approved and there was no Treasurer's report for November. Membership Committee Chairman Asherman announced that the Society had 11] paid and honorary members, and that she had updated the membership information files, so that bills can ke sent out to others. Conservation Committee Chairman Wayne Gagne gave an update on the following topics: 1) Hanaula cattle trespassing problem - Wayne began pursuing this problem in October 1980 and several letters have been exchanged with various parties since that time. The Ombudsman was approached for assistance in obtaining a response fron the State Forester, and the response was that the gates were left open by cowboys and that the cattle travel upland when the conditions are dry. The area is also accessible to pigs, hunters, and motorcyclists. All of which are further impacting the area. Currently, a confidential request has been issued by the Forester to the appropriate enforcer asking for response to this Situation. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 Z5 2) Palila habitat - John Giffin, State Biologist for the Division of Fish and Wildlife, has ordered that mouflon sheep and all other feral animals be removed from the area involved. The Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund has asked for a continuance of enforcement and the hunting season is currently being reconsidered. Basically, the State is not cooperating in this protection endeavor, although Forestry did sponsor the planting of some mamane trees in the area. 3) On a more positive note, the area of Queen's Beach considered in the City's General Plan for development has been, for the moment, preserved. The Queen's area was deleted from the General Plan, an option Supported by Councilman Akahane. There was no Native Plants Committee report. Under old business, rather than have an open discussion concerning the issue of the geothermal development in Kahauale'a, Joan Canfield gave a short report on the results of a panel meeting on this project. The following points, both pro and con, were presented: Pro - 1) Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest alternative energy sources. 2) The proposed location on the East Rift zone of Kilauea is the ideal location for the project, in geological terms for tapping this resource. 3) Less toxic acids are produced by natural venting in this area than in other areas. Con - 1) Safety risks related to production of acids and heavy metals during operation were sited as a potential threat to _ residents and agriculture. There are insufficient State regulations in effect to assure adequate control. The risks associated with volcanic eruption in the immediate project area were also mentioned. 2) The land involved is not zoned for industrial use. It is a State-zoned conservation district and has been designated as part of a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. The proximity to Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park and the possible impact on park activities is also a concern. (3) The last large population of the Adenophorus periens, an endangered fern, lies within the project area. (4) The credibility of the developers has been questioned. There is some doubt aS to whether they are acting in good faith in their justification of the project and its location. (5) The existence of more suitable alternatives for power generation on the Island of Hawai'i has been suggested. Following Canfield's report, a motion was made that the Society not get involved in this issue. The motion was seconded and a hand vote was taken: 8 were in favor and 10 against. The motion was not passed. Another motion was made that the Society respond to the issue by stating an objection to the location, but endorsement of the geothermal concept. The motion was seconded and a hand vote taken. The results were 16 in favor and 1 against; the motion passed. (It should be noted that abstentions were not counted.) A request for an individual to draft the letter was made. There was no response and it was decided that as Chris Simon made the motion, she would draft the letter. Under new business, Ron Hurov moved that the Society send a letter to the Waimea Falls Arboretum in recognition of the hard and productive botanical work that has gone on there recently. The motion was seconded and passed unanimously. Ron volunteered to write the letter. Also under new business, a suggestion was made to set up an Awards Committee to acknowledge outstanding contributions in Botany. As this had been done before, Ray Fosberg being the first recipient, discussion ensued 24 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 aS to whether the Botanical Society had a plaque to award the recipients and it was concluded that there was a plaque somewhere. Under announcements, the good news was that Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden survived Hurricane Iwa in good shape, and that the special issue on Hawai'i published by Natural History magazine is on sale at Shop Pacifica of the Bishop Museum. Alan Holt announced that Nature Conservancy was nolding an Open House December 15 from 5 to 7 pm, and that they were also sponsoring a special edition set of greeting cards which will be available at the Open House. Elections of new officers took place and the proposed slate was voted in unanimously. Our Plant-of-the-Month Speaker was exchanged for the geothermal discussion and our Speaker of the Month was Chris Simon who gave a Fascinating talk on "The Natural History of Costa Rica and the Role of the Organization for Tropical Studies in Biological Programs in Central America". The election results for Executive Officers of the Hawaiian Botanical Society for 1983 are as follows: Executive Council: President - Sy Sohmer Vice-President - Evangeline Funk Treasurer - Derral Herbst Secretary - Kristen Schlech Directors - Keith Wooliams, Isabella Abbott Committees (Appointed by the Executive Council): Membership -— Karen Asherman (Chairman), Winona Char, Betsy Gagne, Kristen Schlech Newletter - Isabella Abbott (Chairman), Cliff Smith (Editor), Bill Brostoff, Mae Ikawa, Cheran Wilson Conservation -— Wayne Gagne (Chairman), Art Medeiros (Maui), Chris Simon (Hawai'i) Science Fair - Winona Char (Chairman), Bill Brostoff, Faith Roeleffs Native Plants - No Chairman, Carolyn Corn, Evangeline Funk, Art Medeiros (Maui), Ken Nagata, John Obata, Lani Stemmermann (Hawaii) Respectfully submitted, K. E. Schlech NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 25 A GUIDE TO THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS S. H. Sohmer W. L. Wagner Department of Botany Bishop Museum P. O. Box 19000-A HONOLULU HI 96819 The prime objective of this project, which is funded by the Irwin Charity Foundation of San Fransisco, is to produce a manual to the flowering plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago within three years including both native and naturalized exotic species. The project's principal investigators (in alphabetical order) are Drs. Derral R. Herbst (Botanist, Office of vironmental Services, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu), S. H. Sohmer (Chairman, Department of Botany, Bernice P. Bishop Museum), and Warren L. Wagner (Assistant Research Botanist, Bernice P. Bishop Museum). Dr. Sohmer planned the project, set the goals and is in overall charge of the effort. Dr. Wagner, hired through the auspices of the Irwin Foundation grant, and a_ research assistant, will be performing most of the day-to-day labor of producing the manuscript and gathering literature. Dr. Herbst has over 20 years of field experience with the Hawaiian flora and brings to _ the project an intimate knowledge of the ecology and growth habits of the plants treated in the manual. The interplay between authors is extremely productive and a collaborative team has been established that would be impossible to recreate with any other three participants. The project will be carried out via utilization of three primary resources: study of Hawaiian plant specimens in the Herbarium Pacificum, which is the single largest collection of Hawaiian plants in the world, gathering of literature on Hawaiian plants, and extensive field knowledge of Hawai'i. It has been nearly 100 years since Hillebrand's classic Flora of the Hawaiian Islands was published. Since that time numerous new species have been discovered and described, yet there remains an ongoing controversy concerning the number and the delimitation of species in the Hawaiian flora. In order to make future progress in understanding and preserving the plants of Hawai'i, the people of Hawai'i and the scientific community are in critical need of a basic work that provides, in a single place, the means to identify the native and established exotic plants occurring in the Hawaiian Archipelago. A corollary to this basic need is that it is essential that it be carried out in the context of the application of uniform and recent concepts in delimiting species. The result of this project will be a single volume manual to the flowering plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. The book will contain keys and descriptions to the families, genera and species of plants, both native and established exotics, occurring in Hawai'i. Each species treated in the book will be provided with its accepted scientific name, Hawaiian and English common names, list of nomenclatural synonyms, literature citations for all relevant taxonomic publications, statement of geographical and ecological ranges, chromosome numbers (if available), and notes on taxonomic problems or information provided by knowledgable individuals. Ethnobotanical information will also be provided as deemed appropriate. At least one detailed line illustration will be included for each genus, and 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 at the end of the text a full index to all names will be given as well as the complete bibliography. A number of activities are directly and indirectly related to the successful completion of the project. In addition to the three principal investigators, the research assistant, Susan W. Mill, will enter text onto the Wang OIS-115-2 word processor that was purchased under the auspices of the grant. She will also gather literature for the study of each genus. The bulk of the technician's time, however, will be taken up in creating on the word processor an Hawaiian literature data bank that will allow the user tO access any publication on Hawaiian botany by the use of a large number of key words. Key word categories will include taxonomic names (family, genus, species), the type of study the publication represents (evolution, for example), and geographical location. Another activity that will prove to be of great benefit to Hawai'i and the world will be the improvement of the physical condition of the approximately 78,000 specimens in the Hawaiian section of the Herbarium Pacificum and the annotation of each of these specimens examined by members of the flora project. Therefore, by the end of the project we expect that each specimen in the Hawaiian section will have been annotated, repaired (if necessary) and will be placed in appropriately labelled filing folders. Mrs. Jane Medler, Research Affiliate and full-time volunteer, has taken on a significant part of the burden of this curatorial activity. The authors will also invite specialists on particular taxonomic groups to contribute treatments of their groups to the flora. In this way, much better and more up-to-date treatments that are the result of years of study can be presented in the book. One example of this is the planned contribution by Dr. Gerald D. Carr, University of Hawaii, of a treatment of the 33 species of the Hawaiian Silversword Alliance (Asteraceae - Madiinae). Contributions are being requested for the Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, and Wikstroemia (Thymelaeaceae). These treatments will either be written by the specialists in the style and format of the GUIDE or the authors will adapt the treatments to that format. Anpother form of invaluable contribution will be assistance from many specialists worldwide in determining the correct name for some of the exotic weed species that have been introduced here from all over the globe. The project is likewise receiving tremendous assistance from the Hawaiian botanical community particularly in the form of detailed information about populations of plants in the filed obtained by years of extensive hiking thoughout the islands. A number of Hawaiian botanists also have agreed to serve on an informal ad hoc committee for the project. A number of publication, other than the single volume Guide to the Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands, will result from this project. Since no new species or new nomenclatural combinations will be published in the GUIDE itself, such changes will be published as separate articles in refereed journals in advance of the publication of the book. In order to determine the correct name for each species treated in the book extensive research effort will be expended on the examination of type specimens for each name published for all Hawaiian plants species. This invaluable, but very technical information, will be published separately as an Index to the Nomenclature of Hawaiian Flowering Plants. A similar publication is also planned for the extensive data bank on Hawaiian botanical publications. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 21 1982 14) A large number of the type specimens for Hawaiian plants are stored in the Herbarium Pacificum. However, there are a significant number of types, particularly, for species described from the early exploring expeditions, that are stored at other institutions. In order to properly complete the nomenclatural portion of the project, it will be necessary to travel to a number of other institutions to examine and photograph for the Herbarium Pacificum the type specimens housed at each. Additional travel funds will be requested from the National Science Foundation for this aspect of the project. Some of the herbaria that must be visited are the Royal Botanical Gardens (London) for specimens that were the bases for the species described by Hooker and Arnott; British Museum (London); the Gray Herbarium (Cambridge, Massachusetts) and the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C.) for species described by Asa Gray; The Paris Museum for Gaudichaud specimens; The Botanical Museum (Goteborg), the University of Lund, and the Natural History Museum (Stockhom), Sweden, to examine Carl Skottsberg's collections. In addition several other institutions should be visited to search for important Hillebrand collections that were not kept at Berlin, the majority of which were destroyed during World War II. The products of this project, the Guide to the Flowering Plants of theHawaiian Islands, Hawaiian bibliography on plant publications, and the nomenclatural index, will be of great use in conservation, in education, the scientific study of Hawaiian plants and animals, studies of evolution, and for everyone concerned with the people of biota of the Pacific Basin. NOXIOUS WEEDS IN HAWAII We have had a grand total of two responses to the request originally printed in the 1980 issue of the Newsletter. You may remember that Dr. Abbott had suggested that it would be very useful if the Society produced a list of weeds which members consider to be the most noxious in the state. We still feel that the production of such a list is important and we again invite Society members to contribute their nominations. If you wish to confine your list to any particular island you may do so but please make sure that the island is clearly identified. You may submit different lists for different islands. You may use common or scientific names. If you use common names please try to be as unambiguous aS possible. This little exercise should only take a few moments. The good news is that various state and federal agencies are in the final stages of reaching an agreement on a cooperative research program to Study potential biological control agents of Hawaiian forest pests. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY, — c/o DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIT, HONOLULU HAWAII 96822 Qk 423 HSS bot Newsletter Tawalia VOLUME 22 Linn Contents —s A POSSIBLE NEW PATHOGEN AFFECTING METROSIDEROS IN HAWAII by F.R. Fosberg . oe ee A RECORD OF NEPHROLEPIS MULTIFLORA FROM NIHOA ISLAND by S. Conant and D. Herbst ves. See THE MELBOURNE HILLEBRAND COLLECTION OF HAWATIAN PLANTS by-CvA.. Corn HAWAIIAN PLANT RESOURCES FOR TAPA: THE RECORD IS FAULTY by I1.A. Abbott 1983 = I2 17 = 20 « 29 THE KILAUEA WILDERNESS MARATHON AND CRATER RIM RUNS: SOLE SEARCHING EXPERIENCES by P.K. Higashino, W. Guyer and C.P. Stone ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ANALYSIS AND THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER by J. Miller . me 8: » 22 STAND-LEVEL DIEBACK IN NEW ZEALAND FORESTS AND THE THEORY OF COHORT SENESCENCE by D. Mueller-Dombois society Business ... Published by the Hawattan Botanical Society, whitch was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawati, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. ae) 12S Ua? 9 22 erie 2 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 OFFICERS OF Executive Council President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Drs Ms. Dr Ms. Mr. Dr. THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1983 Sohmer, Bishop Museum Funk, University of Hawaii Herbst, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Schlech, Bishop Museum Woolliams, Waimea Botanic Gardens Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter; Conservation: Science Fair: Native Plants: Ms. Ms. Ms. Ms. Dr. Dr. Mrs Ms. Ms. Dr. Dr. Ms. bse Ms. Mr. Ms. Dr, Mr. Ms. Mr. Ms. Mr. Asherman, Chair Gagne Schlech Char Abbott, Chair Smith, Editor Brostoff Wilson Ikawa Gagne, Chair Simon Stemmermann, Hawaii Medeiros, Maui Char, Chair Brostoff Roeloffs Corn, Chair Nagata Funk Obata Stemmermann, Hawaii Medeiros, Maui NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 3 Letter to the Editor: Hawaii is a veritable evolutionary showcase. The Hawaiian Finches (formerly Hawaiian Honeycreepers) offer a _ striking example of adaptive radiation that far exceeds that of the Galapagos Finches which provided Darwin with much of his inspiration. Fruit flies, land snails and many groups of plants and insects in Hawaii offer comparable, if not more spectacular, examples. The semitropical forests of Hawaii, like tropical forests everywhere, are threatened with destruction. These forests provide habitat for thousands of species. Currently twenty species of birds are endangered in Hawaii and as many as 900 plants have been proposed as either endangered or threatened. More importantly, entire communities may be eliminated. Increasing human population, with its attendant urban sprawl, clearing of land for crops, cattle pasture and other uses as well as the presence and continued influx of exotic plants and animals are the biggest threats to Hawaii's native plants and animals. The Hawaii chapter of The Nature Conservancy (TNC) recently initiated a Hawaii Forest Bird Project. They have utilized recently acquired information to identify the most valuable habitat for endangered forest birds and they are now seeking to preserve these lands in as close to their natural state as possible. We have all worked in Hawaii and feel that TNC's effort may be the last hope for saving these upland forests from uses which are inconsistent with the long-term survival of Hawaii's forest communities. TNC presently has a commitment to acquire a conservation easement in pertuity on 5230 acres on Maui. The cost of this easment is $60.00 per acre. Because of our interest in Hawaii's native flora and fauna and our belief that TNC's conservation efforts will provide a real opportunity to make a difference and are based on solid scientific information, we have pledged to protect at least one acre of this land. We are writing this letter in the hope that others will pledge a similar amount. Protection of these upland forests (home of the Maui Parrotbill, Crested Honeycreeper, Maui Nukupuu and Maui Akepa) will protect hundreds of other species and the integrity of several communities. With these communities intact man will keep open a window on evolutionary processes that might otherwise be closed forever. Persons interested in contributing toward the acquisition of the Waikamoi Reserve on Maui are asked to send their tax-deductible contributions to: The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, 1024 Nuuanu Avenue, Suite 201, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817. Please state that your contribution is for the Waikamoi Reserve. A group of concerned natural scientists 4 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 Minutes of the January 3, 1983 Meeting President Sohmer called the meeting to order at 7:30 with some opening remarks for the new year. Two of our guests were Warren Wagner and Susan Mills. Warren has recently arrived in Hawaii from the Missouri Botanical Garden where he was studying the family Onagraceae. He has joined the staff at B.P. Bishop Museum where he will be working on the Hawaii Flora Project. Susan, recently enrolled at the University of Hawaii, is working part-time for the Herbarium. The December minutes were read and approved and the Treasurer's report is as follows: Balance as. of October’ 31 xis she-siecsiciee o sees 952.25 RECOELDUS c's 6 \s.0 new we'ele 6 an00 aintel since + wetelesiele w sie C2 6 DU NX PCNA 1 PULSE Sai, vs sieetc. ws ete anes S elec ete eee 6 oe ee este cD Balance as of November 50's <0 0 416 cause a0 0 02 gOD0 210 RECCLDUSis ste ob + o)01s'e sos © 0s ei e1e ni eels e-arerayarere efel esis tele = lore EXDENGT CULES oe as tesn ea ofarasella eas elslecbne ereerccbuarelaneatersO wii Balance as or. December 31.6.6 4els-eus oe mene Od ecl The Membership Committee reported that bills will be going out soon. The Society has several new members. There was no Newsletter Committee report. (Dr. Abbott is in Chile.) The Conservation Committee reported on several items, the highlights of which are as follows: 1) A reminder that the Endangered Species Act is still in trouble; although it has been reauthorized by Congress, the projected budget is $11 million less than last year, a decrease from $27 million to $16 million. 2») Senator Inouye's office has proposed $250,000 be allocated to the TriFly Eradication Program, one which involves the use of several methods of extermination, including the use of insecticides on all of the islands. The project will cover a 15 year span and over this time the impact on both the pollinators and surrounding environment are not known. The Science Fair Committee presented an overview of the 1983 Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair schedule, anda list of awards given by the Hawaiian Botanical Society in the Intermediate Divisions. Some discussion was held concerning the monetary awards, and it was suggested that it be brought up for vote at the next meeting. The Native Plants Committee reported that they helda meeting to discuss activities for 1983. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 yy) There was no old business or new business. There was no Plant of the Month speaker. The Speaker of the Month was John Ford, who gave an enlightening talk on the freshwater fauna of Hawaii, particularly those species having life cycles which span both fresh and saltwater habitats. Respectfully submitted, K.E. Schlech, Secretary Addendum to January 3 Minutes Native Plant Committee Report Carolyn Corn, Chairman Native Plant Committee priorities for this year are threefold: 1) Periodic hikes or outings are to be arranged by Evangeline Funk. 2) Compilation of data on rare plant taxa is to include the continued soliciting of Hawaiian Botanical Society field data forms by hikers. Observations made by various state, federal, county, and private groups will be included when available. 3) Native plants, particularly the more showy ones, are to be grown. These should be available on a limited basis for occasional distribution. John Obata has been doing this in the past and plans’ to continue. Hopefully, others with green thumbs can be enticed to help out. Distribution should be limited to those people or organizations most likely to successfully grow these plants and where they can be best exhibited for a number of people to appreciate them. Minutes of the February 7, 1983 Meeting Vice-President Funk called the meeting to order at 7:30, as President Sohmer was in New Zealand at the Pacific Science Congress. The January minutes were read and approved, and the Treasurer's report was as follows: Balance -AsiOL January 1 s.s.c 6 Theehigh incidence of infection suggests that the fungus poses a serious threat to Metrosideros collina in the very well-drained moderate lava flow slope habitat. I can only suggest a_ serious, professional phytopathological study, continued observation of the area, and search for the disease over a wider area. After this paper was read at the symposium, I had, on my return through Hawaii, opportunity to make a further visit to the Kilauea area and to try to relocate the marked trees... Construction of a new parking area and viewing platform at Puhimau Crater, with rerouting of the road, made it imposible to relocate the marked trees, if indeed, any of them are still standing. Most of the patch of dead trees described above has been cut to reroute the road. Several trees with Diaporthopsis fruits were seen in the vicinity and at the Kilauea Iki parking area. The range of the fungus was extended by the discovery of an area of open Metrosideros forest with many dead trees at Volcano Village, on the highway toward Hilo at 3850 ft. elevation. Most of the dead trees, that still retained their bark, showed Diaporthopsis metrosideri fruits. In several such trees, dead above and with fungus, have on the lower several meteeres of their trunks, living epicormic branches or sprouts, a condition not noticed before. This extends the range of the fungus by a number of kilometers, and into a somewhat wetter phase of the forest. The ground here was covered by a deep mat of the introduced Kikuyu grass Pennisetum clandestinun. Editor's Note In a recent paper M. E. Barr has transferred Diaporthopsis metrosideri Roane & Fosberg to Endothia metrosideri (Roane & Fosberg) Barr. Barr, MM... E. 1984. On Diaporthopsis metrosideri. Mycologia. 75: 930-931. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 17, A RECORD OF NEPHROLEPIS MULTIFLORA FROM NIHOA ISLAND, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Sheila Conant Department of General Science University of Hawaii 2450 Campus Rd. Honolulu, HI 96822 Derral Herbst U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Endangered Species Box 50167 Honolulu, Hawaii 965850 Nihoa Island is one of the two large high islands (Necker being the other) in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI: those Hawaiian islands north and west of Kaua'i and Ni'ihau). As such, it supports a biota with a number of unique species, including four endemic species of plants. These include Pritchardia remota, the Nihoa lo'ulu, Amaranthus brownii; Schiedea verticillata; and Sicyos nihoaensis (Christophersen and Caum 1931, St. John 1970). The island is about 53 ha in area, rising to 273 m, with an average south facing slope of 45° (Palmer 1927). The south coast consists of low (10-20 m) cliffs skirted by rock benches and one nearly inaccessible beach backed by 15-25 m cliffs. The east, west, and north coasts are sheer elitts. The vegetation, excluding the lo'ulu, is low, averaging less than 0.5 m in height, = and consisting mostly of three shrub species: Sida fallax, Solanum nelsoni, and Chenopodium oahuense, and the grass Eragrostis variabilis. Herbst has made two visits to Nihoa to study its plants (Herbst in Clapp, et al. 1977). Conant has collected data on the vegetation during a long term study of the island's two endemic land birds, the Nihoa Finch (Drepanidinae: Telespyza ultima) and the Nihoa Millerbird (Sylviinae: Acrocephalus familiaris kingi). Herbst (in Clapp, et al. 1977) noted that 25 species of vascular plants are known to have grown on Nihoa. Several species are rare, some being known from a single collection or sighting. Magnusson (1942) published a list of lichens and Conant collected algae (to date unidentified) from freshwater. seeps. During 1980 and 1981, Conant spent nearly six months living on Nihoa, making extensive observations of the island's biota, including notes on the distribution, abundance and phenology of the vegetation. On the morning of 14 June 1981, Conant encountered a fern during a bird census. The plant was about 3 m from the crest of the ridge between Miller and West Palm Valleys on the west face of the ridge. It was about three quarters of the way up the ridge (about 213 m elevation) and slightly northwest of a prominent volcanic dike that crosses the crest of the ridge. Conant collected fertile fronds on 3 July 1981 and sent them to Herbst, who identified the fern and later deposited the specimen material at the B.P. Bishop Museum (accession no. 1982.357). Dr. Charles H. Lamoureux confirmed Herbst's identification and advised that 18 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 the correct name of the fern was Nephrolepis multiflora (Roxb. ) Jarrett ex Morton. The fern patch was quite small, about one m in diameter with most fronds about 20-30 cm in length. Many of the fronds were fertile and the plants appeared vigorous. Located near a ridge top, the fern undoubtedly is exposed to almost brisk trade winds as well as the low moisture conditions typical of Nihoa (annual rainfall is estimated at about 75 mm). The plants were confined to a depression in the rock where some soil may have accumulated in this otherwise barren, rocky area. Once the plant became established, its presence probably accelerated soil accumulation and retarded evaporation of moisture. It appeared that the patch had completely filled the depression at the time and there were no rhizomes spreading beyond the edges of the depression. In the six months Conant spent on Nihoa, this was the only patch of the fern found in spite of constant searches of the island's terrain for individuals or colonies of the rarer plant species. It seems most likely that fern spores reached Nihoa transported by wind rather than by birds or by accidental or intentional introduction by humans, although it is impossible to be sure. According to Lamoureux (1982), Nephrolepis multiflora is usually called Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forat Presl in the Hawaiian literature, and it is incorrectly listed as such in Herbst's (1981) Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It is an exotic species; the first known Hawaiian collection was made in 1923 on O'ahu by Topping (Lamoureux 1982). Lamoureux also reported that this fern is now abundant and found on all eight of the main Hawaiian Islands. This paper constitutes the first record on N. multiflora from the NWHI, and it is the first record of a naturalized fern from any of the NWHI. We would like to thank the Office of Research Administration and the Sea Grant Program of the University of Hawaii, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for partial support of this research. Literature Cited Christophersen, E., and E.L. Caum. 1931. Vascular plants of the leeward Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii, B.P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 81:1-41. Ciapp, R.~B., Be. Kridler;'-and“R.R.- \Fleet. 1977. The naturaal history of Nihoa Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Res. Bull, No. 207. The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Herbst, D. 1981. Checklist of the vascular plants of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Unpubl. ms. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu. Lamoureux, Cells 1982. The fern group Nephrolepis in Hawaii. Proc. Fourth Conf. Natur. Sci. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 2-4 June 19832. NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 19 Magnusson, A.J. 1942. Lichens of Nihoa and Necker Islands. B.P. Bishop Mus. Occ. Pap. 17(2):1-41. Palmer, H.S. VOI2Z7 Geology of Kaula, Nihoa, Necker and Gardner Islands and French Frigate Shoals. B.P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 35:1-35. St. John, H. 1970. The genus Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) on the Hawaiian Leeward Islands. Hawaiian Plant Studies 35. Pac. Sci. 24(4) 2439-455. GIFTS RECEIVED The Society gratefully acknowledges the receipt of financial donations from the following members. William Bush Loren Sill Lucy C. Smith Richard F. Smith Paul Weissich The generosity of these members is greatly appreciated. We encourage everyone to donate to the Society in order that we may support worthy botanical programs and causes in the Islands. Their generosity is a significant benefit to the Society. Thank you. HAWATTAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Membership Dues Regular $7 .50 Student $4.00 Family $10.00 Life $100.00 (payable one time only) Dues are payable annually preferably during December of the year prior to subscription. Life memberships are available to individuals only. Contributions, which are tax free, are welcome. 20 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 THE MELBOURNE HILLEBRAND COLLECTION OF HAWAITAN PLANTS Carolyn A. Corn Hawaii Division of Forestry 1151 Punchbowl St. Honolulu, HI 96813 Dr. Wilhelm Hillebrand, a Prussian physician and amateur horticulturalist, travelled to Hawai'i in 1851 in search of a climate suitable for his bad health. During his 20 years in Hawai'i, he became director of Queen's Hospital and personal physician to the royal family. Many of his garden plantings on Vineyard Street are growing today in the Foster Botanical Garden. He also collected, dried, and identified plants found on hiking trips or brought to him by friends. When he returned to Germany in 1871 he took these dried plant specimens with him and began to write a flora of the islands. His book "Flora of the Hawaiian Islands" was published in 1888, two years after his death. In his flora, he described many new taxa based upon these dried plants. These "type" plants are particularly important when one is referencing plants for their proper identification and serve as "the source" specimens for that species description. Upon Hillebrand's death, his specimens were bequeathed to the Berlin-Dahlem Museum, which was destroyed and burned in the World War ITI in an allied bombing raid. Only plant duplicates and/or plants on loan to other herbaria survived. Dr. David Churchill, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens and Government Botanist of Victoria, visited Hawaii in 1978 as part of the Captain Cook Hawaii Bicentennial. He surprised the Hawaiian community by telling of a "duplicate collection" of Hillebrand's plants in Melbourne. He informed us_ that Dr. Hillebrand collected plants in Australia for about three months with an old school friend on his way to Hawaii in 1851. His school friend, although trained as a pharmacist, became a renowned botanist with the title of Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller. As the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens and Government Botanist in Melbourne, Baron von Mueller corresponded and received plant specimens from various expeditions and islands throughout the Pacific until his death in 1395 (Honolulu Advertiser, 1978). He and Dr. Hillebrand had a lively correspondence and exchange of plant materials. The size and importance of the Hillebrand Melbourne collection was not known. Therfore, I spent two weeks (22 July - 5 August, 1981) inventorying and photographing the collection before attending the 13th International Botanical Congress in Sydney. Dr. Churchill was most accomodating in obtaining personnel and needed equipment for this task. Most of the specimens were still filed unmounted in the Polynesian collection as left by von Mueller in 1896. The search was undertaken mainly using scientific names from Hillebrand (1883). Additional search time was spent on Hawaiian genera that had proposed threatened, NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 Zi endangered, or extinct taxa. From a record book showing plant genera von Mueller received, I cross-referenced the genera received with those found. A search for outstanding genera is presently underway. (This search may yield + 30 specimens to be photographed and sent to me.) All specimens located by August 1, 1981 were mounted and photographed using black and white 35mm Kodak Plus X film, a Pentax camera, and tripod. Two sets of 8 x 10 inch glossy prints are being developed from the film negatives - one set to go to B.P. Bishop Museum and the other to the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Hillebrand's specimens are insect-free and in excellent condition. Of 559 sheets photographed, 385 are flowering plants (angiosperms) and 184 are ferns or fern allies. Three hundred and fifty-eight angiosperm sheets are separate taxa; however, more duplicates are present in the fern collection. Of the photographed flowering plants, there are approximately 103 isotypes. Of these, 59 are considered for endangered, 15 for threatened, and 27 for extinct status (Ayensu and DeFillips, 1973). The scientific names on the herbarium sheets have been cross-indexed with the name Hillebrand used in his book and the currently accepted name. Dr. Harold St. John has graciously provided current names for the angiosperm photographs and Dr. Charles Lamoureux is providing current names for the fern photographs. These names will be entered into the Wang computer for printout. The goals of the inventory are to: (1) establish what Hillebrand specimens are available for loan at Melbourne, (2) publish the plant listing for other people's use, and (3) use the photographs wherever possible to reduce wear and tear of these irreplaceable specimens. Some may be the only collection made of a plant now considered extinct. People desiring a printout of Hillebrand specimens found at Melbourne and/or wanting particular prints should contact me at the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, telephone no. (308) 548-2861. Literature Cited Ayensu, &. S. and R. A. DeFilipps. 19S. Endangered and Threatened Plants of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution/World Wildlife Fund, Inc. pp 197-224. Hillebrand, W. F. 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Heidelberg. Honolulu Advertiser. Wed. December 13, 1978. People Report: The answer to a botanist's prayer by Ronn Ronck. 22 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 SOCIETY BUSINESS Senator Ben Cayetano, Chairman RE: Testimony on SB 903 Economic Development Committee State Capitol, Honolulu HI Dear Senator Cayetano: The Hawaiian Botanical Society wishes to make known to you and your committee its views regarding Senate Bill 903. We consider the proposal to include the production of geothermal energy as a permitted activity within conservation zones to be contrary to the purpose and function of those zones. Originally designated as forest and water reserves and renamed as conservation Gistricts, presumably to imply protection of resources beyond the scope of the initial concerns, these areas were definitely not set apart from commercial, residential, and agricultural lands with the intent of permitting commercial/industrial use. Conservation districts, together with designated natural areas, wildlife refuges, and other areas with legislated protection, are the only places where we can be reasonably assured of defense against the encroachment of such use on the environment. We are concerned with respect to the trends in degradation of natural habitats in the Islands and the consequences to species dependent upon these habitats for survival. As you know, Hawaii has a long list of species considered endangered or threatened and a lamentable history of many more already lost, nearly all as a result of the influence of humans in their environment. The regions in question contain populations which may well not survive without the continued protection afforded by conservation districts, and by the preservation of the integrity of the conservation district concept. It seems self-evident that the situation cannot be held to present standards, much less remedied, if we condone developments of the type proposed in the very locations that most need protection. While the Hawaiian Botanical Society was not organized to act as a political advocacy group, on this issue that necessarily involves the welfare of our primary interest - Hawaiian plant life - we have resolved to offer our opinion. We would prefer that the concept of conservation districts be maintained and that those districts be truly reserved from any industrial activities, including the ones specifically addressed in this bill. Sincerely, S.H. Sohmer, President Hawaiian Botanical Society NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1933 23 HAWAITAN PLANT RESOURCES FOR TAPA: THE RECORD IS FAULTY Isabella A. Abbott Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu Hi 96822 Though Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. furnished the bulk of the raw material for Hawaiian as well as most Polynesian tapa or barkcloth, and was called wauke in Hawai'i, several Hawaiian endemic species are said to have been used for tapa also. Among them, Brigham (1911) and Kooijman (1972) cite the Hawaiian raspberries ('akala), Rubus hawaiiensis Gray and R. macraei Gray. Last year, through the kindness of C.W. Smith and this year through the kindness of Evangeline Funk, both of the Hawaiian raspberries, which were collected on Haleakala, Maui, were subjected to tapa preparation. They were stripped of outer bark, soaked for 3-4 days in daily changes of fresh water, and finally pounded with a wooden tapa beater. The dark fibers are relatively short and randomly arranged, and do not form any sort of felted fabric. They look very much like treated hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) fibers which also are said to have been used for tapa (Brighan, 1911, pp. 134-135 and Degener, 1930, p. 215, citing Brigham). In all three species, the plant fibers do not felt into fabric. I believe that the reports that cite these species as the raw material for tapa are in error, possibly from misunderstanding the Hawaiian informants, or from misinformation. Funk (1979) has shown that common Hawaiian names for many of the fiber plants were recorded without question, resulting in the Same vernacular name being applied to a number of different species, or several vernacular names used for one species. Both of these practices are thought to be mistakes by students of Hawaiian folk taxonomy, for the record is replete (Handy, 1940; Handy & Handy, 1972) with examples of nearly individual plant-specific names for many Hawaiian plants of which taro and sweet potatoes are but two examples. Buck (1957, p. 158) offers a puzzling statement on ~akala: "According to Brigham, the bark (of -akala) was used for tapa which was not so good as that from wauke, mamaki, and oloa (Brigham, 1911, p. 135). However, this is not probable". It is not clear that he thought ~“akala was not used, or was poorer than those of the other species. He later (Buck, 1957, p. 169) mentioned that Malo (1951) did not list ~akala as a tapa source. The fibers of most tapa in the Bishop Museum collections that are not clearly of Broussonetia or Pipturus have been examined microscopically and none match those of “akala or hau. Finally, many plants with better fibers for tapa than “akala and hau were not used (or we haven't found the finished pieces yet). Such are the endemic Boehmeiria (~opuhe; see Funk, 1979), and fibers from a plant that the Polynesians brought with then, 24 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex Z.) Fosberg, the breadfruit or ulu, which other islanders such as the Marquesanas (Handy, 1923) used for tapa. Experimental tapa made in my laboratory of “ulu is not as smooth as wauke nor does it have the firm body of this favored barkcloth, but the fibers are white and silky and in expert hands may make a fine piece of fabric. Brigham (1911) stated that ~ulu was not used for Hawaiian tapa, but Buck (1957), citing Malo (1951) claims that Hawaiians used breadfruit. It is likely that they did use ‘ulu for tapa as the trees were frequently planted around dwellings as well as in the lower forests. The finished pieces would be superior to anything made of “akala or “hau. As there are no tapa pieces made of these two species, neither are there any of ~ulu in the Hawaiian pieces that I have examined. Literature Cited Brigham, W. T. 1911. Ka hana kapa--the making of bark cloth in Hawaii. B. P. Bishop Mus. Mem. 3: 1-273. Buck, P. 1957. Arts and Crafts of Hawaii. B. P. Bishop Museum Spec. Publ. 45. 606 pp. Degener, O. 1950 \6 Tllustrated Guide to the more coommon or noteworthy Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park. Published by the Author, Honolulu. 312 pp. Funk, E. J. 1979. Anatomical variation of fibers in five genera of Hawaiian Urticaceae and its significance to ethnobotany. M. 5S. Thesis, unpublished, University of Hawaii. 102 pp. Handy, E.S.C. 1923. The native culture in the Marquesas. B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 9: 151-153. Handy, E. S. C. 1940. The Hawaiian Planter, vol. 1. B.P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 161: 1-227 + pls. Handy, BE. Ss- Ca: ~& Handy, ©. G.-.1972. Native Plants in old Hawaii. B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 233, 541 pp. Kooijman, S. 1972. Tapa in Polynesia. B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 234: AIS pp. Malo, D. 1951. Hawaiian antiquities. B. P. Bishop Mus. Special Publ. 2 (2nd ed.). 366 pp. NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 1D) THE KILAUEA WILDERNESS MARATHON AND CRATER RIM RUNS: SOLE SEARCHING EXPERIENCES P.K. Higashino, W. Guyer, and C.P. Stone Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii 95718 The problem of noxious weeds being transferred by man from island to island can be controlled in a small way as shown by having the soles of running shoes’ scrubbed prior to a marathon. Though greeted at first with mixed feelings, between 80-90% of the runners in the First Annual Volcano Wilderness Marathon agreed to have the soles scrubbed. From the scrubbings, 15 species of flowering plants were germinated. The crowd grew silent as the message was delivered. "Have you had your soles scrubbed today? If not, step this way so you can run with a clean conscience." Slowly, runners came up to the benches to have the soles of their shoes scrubbed for noxious weed seeds. Qn Saturday, January 29, 1983, 900 runners participated in the First Annual Volcano Wilderness Marathon and Summit Caldera Rim Run (ten miles) and Kilauea Iki Crater Run (5 miles). The runs were held in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) on the Island of Hawaii (Fig. 1). They were sponsored by HAVO, the Volcano Art Center and the Sheraton Volcano House. The Marathon course traversed Ka'u Desert and parts of Hilina Pali, Chain of Craters, Escape and Crater Rim Roads. The ten- and five-mile courses were established along trails surrounding Kilauea Crater. The terrain and vegetation for these runs varied from ~a-a and pahoehoe lava flows to scrub lands to “ohi-a forests with a dense understory of tree ferns. It dawned on several biologists at HAVO that a run of this size might have negative impacts on the Park's trails and fragile native ecosystems. Although no formal procedure is used to screen individual Park hikers for the seeds they might carry on their shoes, it was felt that with such a large number of runners there might be an increased possibility of negative impact of weed introduction into the Park. A large number of the runners registered were from the island of O-ahu where there are many noxious weeds that either are not present on the Island of Hawai'i, or, are now present in low numbers and/or isolated populations. 3n the day of of the race, a shoe scrubbing station was set up adjacent to the runners' check-in stations. At this station, 15 metal trays and scrub brushes were provided for runners. The scrub station was manned by volunteers who scrubbed shoes from 3350" “am “to 92330 am. Brochures were available that briefly highlighted problems with a few noxious weeds and what can be done to curb their spread. A public announcement system was used periodically to remind runners to have their shoes scrubbed. 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 The scrubbing of shoes and soles went very smoothly. Many runners asked the reason for doing this. Some thought it was a joke at first, and some believed that it was somehow a gimmick to make you run faster. Knowledgeable volunteers explained the problem and most runners agreed to the procedure. Many were actually shocked that they might be carriers of noxious plants to another island. There were, of course, a few complaints. Of the 900 runners, we estimate that 80-90% of them had their shoes scrubbed. The runners who complained the most and who avoided shoe scrubbing stations were Volcano Village residents (a small community adjacent to HAVO), some Park personnel, and their family members. At the end of the scrubbing, the metal trays were emptied and sifted into three different categories: large material (grass clippings, leaves, large seeds); medium-sized material (pieces of cinder, rocks); and small-sized material (pieces of small seeds, soil). A dissecting microscope was used to sort out seeds, and five plant species were tentatively identified. Next, the seeds were planted in three trays. A total of 15 species germinated from the collected material (Table 1) and were identified. Of these, 12 are common: Hypochaeris a Bidens pilosa, Melinis minutiflora, Drymaria cordata, Cyperus spp., Mimosa pudica, Crotolaria sp., Ageratum conzioides, Poa annua, Eragrostis pectinacea, and Setaria palmaefolia. One harmful and destructive plant found was Melinis minutiflora (molassesgrass). This grass is already in the Park and is a problem in certain areas. It forms thick, impenetrable mats and inhibits reproduction of native plant species. Mollassesgrass could spread to other areas in the Park such as the scrub vegetation in the Ka'u Desert traversed by runners. Further spread of weeds in the Park means more work for HAVO's resource managers. We believe that pre-race information about noxious weeds should be sent to runners with their registrations forms. Runners need to be aware of the potential for introducing new weeds from soil on shoes and clothing, to the National Parks and to other islands. Runners should be asked to scrub their shoes before leaving other islands, especially those arriving several days early for pre-race practice. They should be aware that shoes will be scrubbed prior to each run in the Park. The educational value of this type of "sole cleansing" experience is extremely valuable. Participants in the Kilauea Wilderness Marathon and the Crater Rim Runs ran a race with a new understanding of the impact each one of us' has on the native Hawaiian forest and ecosystems. Finishers of these runs will long remember the day of their first "sole scrub" and that their soles could be carriers of noxious weeds that through the decades have contributed to the decline of Hawaii's native ecosystems. These runners’ can honestly say that they've run through a very unique and special place, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, wen clean soles and they probably will run clean forever. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 ZT Table 1. List of Plants Grown from Seeds Collected from Runners' Shoe Soles, Volcano Wilderness Marathon, Summit Caldera Rim Run and Kilauea Iki Crater Run, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 29 January 1983 MONOCOTLEDONS CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C.B. Clarke Cyperus sp. Cyperus sp. Cyperus sp. GRAMINABAE (Grass Family) Elusine indica (L.) Gaertn. - goosewiregrass Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees - Carolina lovegrass Melinis minutiflora Beauv. - molassesgrass Poa annua L. —- annual bluegrass Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase - glenwoodgrass Setaria palmaefolia (Koen.) Stapf. - palmgrass "Grass" DICOTLEDONS CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex R.&S. - Drymaria COMPOSITAE (Sunflower Family) Ageratum conyzoides L. - Ageratum Bidens pilosa L. - Spanish needle, beggars' tick LEGUMINOSAE (Pea Family) Crotolaria sp. Mimosa pudica L. - Sensitive plant 28 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 START & FINISH AT VISITOR CENTER JANVARY 29 1963 To Wo S 5 + ze MiLeS i vee VOLCANO WILDERNESS MARATHON @ @ SUMMIT CALDERA RIM RUN 90° KILAUEA IKI CRATER .RUN AAA e @ SS ® e 2 ) @ ~) é a, Ke 5 © Ka‘U > FT) oe DESERT : % se & rs) ae 2 @ ° ee ee > ) a? : a To KOWA @S®@© ete Ge, 80 GILES & Figure ce Location of the Wilderness Marathon, Summit Caldera Rim Run, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Closed circles - marathon course. Open circles - ten mile run. Triangles - five mile run. SPRING MBETINGS January 30, 1984. (Joint meeting with the Hawaiian Audubon Society). Speaker: Dr. Peter Grant, University of Chicago. "Evolution of the land birds of the Galapagos". (Since there will have been two meetings in January (Jan. 3 and 30), there will be no February meeting. ) genetics, Washington University, St. Louis. "Genetic management of rare and endangered species: lessons learned from Hawaiian Drosophila" April 2, 1984. Speaker: Dr. Douglas Futuyma. "Coevolution of Gam plants and insects". Note: Prof. W. H. Wagner, Jr., University of Michigan, will be here in mid-April. Since he is coming at a time that the Society does not meet, please look elsewhere for an announcement of his speech. Dr. Wagner is a fern specialist. 6539 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 Vay) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ANALYSIS AND THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER Jacquelin Miller Environmental Center 2550 Campus Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Background A discussion of the role of the Environmental Center in the analysis of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS's) must begin with some explanation of the origin and functions of the Environmental Center. The Environmental "movement" began in the late 1950's, and the concerns expressed during those formative years, at the Federal level, culminated with the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 1959. Concomitantly, the State of Hawaii was also moving ahead on the development of appropriate legislation to meet the environmental needs of the State. In 1970, the State Legislature passed the Environmental Quality Control Act which later became Chapter 341, of the Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS). HRS 341 established three environmental organizations in the State: the Office of Environmental Quality Control (0EQC) in the office of the Governor, the Environmental Center of the University of Hawaii, and the Environmental Council, a15 member body appointed from the private sector, to serve as a liason between OEQC andthe general public. By Executive Order in August 1971, OEQC was given specific responsibilities with regard to the receipt, review, and dissemination of EIS's and their coordination with other state agencies and the Environmental Council. In 1974, the EIS system was expanded and further defined with the passage of the Environmental Quality Commission and Environmental Impact Statement Act 246. Act 245, (HRS 343) established the Environmental Quality Commission (EQC) whose primary responsibility was to develop the rules and regulations under which the more specifically defined EIS system would operate. The operations of the present State EIS system are based on compliance with these regulations. Just as the main function of the OEQC was to coordinate environmental planning, review, and evaluation among the various State agencies and with the public through the Environmental Council, so the Environmental Center was to coordinate environmental review and evaluation within the University of Hawaii. In this coordination role, three specific areas of responsibility were delegated to the Environmental Center by the enabling legislation, HRS 341. Specifically, the EC was mandated to "stimulate, expand, and coordinate education, research and service efforts of the University related to ecological relationships, natural resources, and environmental quality" with 30 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 special emphasis on humans need, social institutions, and the State. The education responsibilities of the Center are covered by the Environmental Studies program. Research responsibilities include the indentification of environmental research needs in the State, the personnel with expertise to address those needs, and the sources of funds to conduct the identified research. The Service efforts of the Center include the co-ordination of reviews of environmental documents prepared for or related to the State of Hawaii, and environmentally related legislation. We also serve as a general source for information on environmentally related questions raised by both governmental agencies and the public. The review of Environmental Impact Statements is but one type of review, albeit a significant type, conducted by the Center. For this presentation, I will focus on the role of the Environmental Center in the review of Environmental Impact Statements. Environmental Impact Statemnent Review Procedure The Environmental Center routinely receives copies of all EIS's prepared for the State of Hawaii including those pertinent to Hawai~i that are prepared under Federal regulations (NEPA). We also receive for review a number of . other types of environmental documents including, Corps of Engineers permits, Conservation District Use Applications, Department of Health National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, Zone of Mixing permits, and other miscellaneous environmentally related documents. In each case the review procedure is basically the same. A brief in-house review of the material is first conducted to determine the critical areas of concern. We then consult our files and lists of potential reviewers to ascertain who, within the University community, would have the necessary expertise to review the critical areas of concern. A copy of the document is then forwarded to three or four appropriate reviewers for their study and comments. A few days later, the comments are collected and we set about preparing a Single coordinated statement, incorporationng the comments from each of our reviewers (and acknowledging their assistance in the preparation of our review). When completed the EC review is sent to the proposing agency or applicant, as appropriate, with a copy to the Office of Environmental Quality Control for their information. Evaluation It must be emphasized that the Environmental Center's review . is a review of the adequacy of the document to describe the existing conditions and the impacts that can potentially occur NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 a should a particular project be undertaken. It is not a review of the merits of the project. The following questions are typically asked when we begin our review: Ae What kind of a project is being proposed? Is it a new highway project, an expansion of an existing roadway, a hotel or resort complex, a housing development, energy related construction, or any one of a number of other types of projects? Ze Where is the project going to take place? Does it involve undeveloped land, urban areas, wilderness, wetland, pristine mountain or valley areas, the coastal zone, streams, etc.? 3. When is the project scheduled to begin and end? A’ What are the recognized potential impacts? 5. What mitigative measures are proposed to alleviate or reduce the impacts? Ge What cumulative or secondary impacts can be expected to occurs Discussion In evaluating these questions, good maps are essential. Location maps, maps showing the physical characteristics of the land involved, i.e. soil types, rainfall, roads, elevations, access, land use, construction schedules, and archeological sites, etc. are some examples of the types of graphic materials facilitating the review. Overlay maps are perhaps best but their cost may be prohibitively expensive for small projects. In any _ case, interrelationships should be shown on maps whenever possible. In each case, be it maps or text, the primary concern of the preparer or reviewer of the document sould be the relevance of the information presented to the evaluation of the impacts. In reviewing any document it is important to recognize that each project is specific unto itself. That is, the significance of the impacts will be dependent on the specific type of project and the specific location where the action is to take place. One cannot adequately review an EIS by using a_ pre-designed check-list applicable to all things. Soil loss impacts may be greater if construction is scheduled for the rainy season. Migratory species may be more or less affected during certain seasons. Social disruption will be greater if highway ‘construction will take place during school months or peak traffic periods on a daily basis. Tabular material, such as air or water quality data, species lists, or other measured environmental 32 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 parameters must include the rationale as to their importance. Data lists, while desireable for permanent baseline data records, provide little guidance to the non-specialist who must make the decision on the significance of the information presented to the undertaking of that project. Rationale, for example in the case of botanical lists, besides noting the endangered or threatened status of some species, could include species that provide shade, control erosion, provide habitat for native fauna, or are aesthetically of interest. The sources of the information presented in the EIS is of interest in our EC review. Specific statements made in the document must be appropriately referenced. Sufficient information should be provided to permit the reader to understand the rationale for the use of the cited material. If necessary, the source should be abstracted and/or included in the appendix. Acknowledgement of the authors of the information presented in the document is extremely helpful. This is particularly true in our local community where most of us who work frequently with members of the environmental community are well aware of the talents of specific members of the community. The comments submitted by earlier reviewers at the preparation or draft stage are of interest in identyifying areas of broad concern in which the University expertise may be able to provide some guidance. Similarly, the letters indicate which, if any, of our particular concerns have not previously come up for discussion, and therefore may need special attention. Conclusion The value or effectiveness of the Environmental Center's role in the review of Environmental Impact Statements is difficult to measure. In some respects such measurement is similar to the measurement of the value and effectiveness of the EIS system. Projects have been modified as a result of the EIS system and the Environmental Center reviews. Some projects have been withdrawn when their negative impacts appeared significantly to outweigh the advantages of the proposed development. There is no way to measure the number or types of projects for which EIS's were never prepared because the developers realized that the Environmental Impacts that would be identified in the review process would be so adverse that public pressure would preclude approval of the project. If the number of requests for our services, reviews, task force and committee participation, and general advice on environmental matters is any measure of the perceived value of the Environmental Center's input, then I am pleased to say that we enjoy a responsible and reasonable reputation in the community for objective evaluation of environmental problems. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1983 VOLUME 22 BD: STAND-LEVEL DIEBACK IN NEW ZEALAND FORESTS AND THE THEORY OF COHORT SENESCENCE Dieter Mueller-Dombois Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu HI 96822 Introduction A year ago af gave a talk on ae esimilar subject (Mueller-Dombois 19832b). At that time, my wife andTI had just returned from a sabbatical year in the Melanesian islands, where we had collected information on the islands' vegetation, particularly their indigenous forests. So, the question may be asked: What's new? -- Well, certain developments have occurred since then. A number of forest researchers in New Zealand and Australia have been made aware of the native forest dieback in Hawai'i, and the first international symposium on problems of "Forest Dieback and Dynamic Processes in Pacific Forests" took place a few weeks ago (in February 1983) in Dunedin, New Zealand, during the 15th Pacific Science Congress. When speaking about forest dieback or stand-level dieback, I assume that most of you know about the phenomenon in our native rain forests in Hawai'i. The problem that whole forest stands lost their canopy foliage over large acreages on the windward Slopes of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, was discussed many times in Honolulu's newspapers in the last decade. Also, at least two or three talks were given about this phenomenon to the Hawaiian Botanical Society. In my last year's presentation I emphasized that such canopy dieback is not unique to Hawai'i and that it occurs in various other Pacific forets. Dieback is manifested in groups of trees which have lost much of their crown foliage while the trees are still standing. Such dead or dying tree groups may be continuous over many hectares of forest land, or they may be discontinuous and patchy but occurring repeatedly in the same forest area. The basic question that I have been following is this: Is the structural similarity that dead or dying tree stands have in common a reflection also of a certain similarity in function? In other words: when we see whole tree stands losing their canopy foliage permanently, could this phenomenon have a common functional basis? Or is every situation different? One unifying theory that so far has prevailed in the minds -- at least of most foresters -- is that such stand-level diebacks are the result of diseases. Another, broadly based theory, which is now gaining support in the industrialized regions around the Atlantic, is that stand-level dieback there is the result of air pollution and environmental toxification due to 34 HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1983 VOLUME 22 acid rain, nitrous oxide, and/or heavy metal contamination. Still another broadly based theory, applicable to stands where neither disease nor air pollution can be made responsible is, that forests die because of climatic change, usually involving drought. With this, I will turn to New Zealand where stand-level dieback is common in many indigenous forests’ on the North and South Islands. In New Zealand, a common belief has been that indigenous forests die there because of introduced animals. Particularly, the European red deer was made responsible for stand-level dieback in New Zealand's beech (Nothofagus) forests, and the Australian possum for stand-level dieback, particularly in New Zealand's rata-kamahi (Metrosideros-Weinmannia) forests. Prior to the symposium in Dunedin in Februayr 1983, certain New Zealand colleagues had arranged field trips for us to their study areas on the North and South Islands. Through their arrangement (and financial support acknowledge below) three of my graduate students (Jim Jacobi, Lani Stemmermann, and Nadarajah Balakrishnan) and I had an opportunity to see and discuss stand-level dieback in several of New Zealand's indigenous forests. I will first report on three New Zealand forest systems in which stand-level dieback is as obvious to the eye as in the Hawaiian montane rain forests. Then I will briefly discuss the theory of cohort senescence and its relationship to the stand-level diebacks observed. New Zealand Forest Systems with Stand-Level Dieback as Encountered on Recent Field Trips Trip to the Kaimai Ranges. -- This field trip was arranged by Dr. T. Allan Green from Waikato University at Hamiton with the help of Graeme Jane (graduate student) and the Chief Ranger of Gordon Ranger Station, New Zealand Forest Service. The Kaimai Ranges are a long, but narrow mountain system near the NE coast and Rotorua on the North Island. They rise to over 900 m altitude and intercept the westerly winds that blow from the SE via Hamilton across the Waikato Plain. Rainfall in the summit area reaches 2000 to 3000 mm per year. Some of the footslope areas are planted with radiata pine and other exotic tree species. We walked from about 500 m elevation through mostly indigenous vegetation with tawa (Beilschmidia tawa) forests and then along the upper leeward slopes where we came through areas with significant stand-level dieback. In this steep upper-slope terrain there is an alternating pattern of landslides, dieback stands and non-dieback stands. The latter are in various stages of successional development. The main dieback species on the slopes is tawari (Ixerba brexioides: Escalloniaceae), an evergreen broad-leaved tree with long-elliptic and _ serrate leaves. This species, which is the dominant stand-structure HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1983 VOLUME 22 bie) forming tree in many areas around 700 m elevation, apparently undergoes synchronized crown dieback. Landslides seem to follow as a consequence of such dieback. Further along the upper slope, the trail entered a larger terrain of gently rolling and nearly level sites in the summit area. Here also, stands dominated by tawari had undergone canopy dieback. However, other tree species such as_ red _ beech (Nothofagus fusca), silver beech (N. menziesii), kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa), quintinia (Quintinia acutifolia), toro (Myrsine salicina) and a cedar (Libocedrus bidwillii) grow intermixed with tawari. Many of these also had died, but principally as members of the former canopy stand. Smaller trees of the same species were alive now. It was not clarified whether these survived the canopy dieback or represented new reproduction following the dieback. Perhaps both conditions applied. Two dieback dates, 1914 and 1946, were inferred by Allan Green and Graeme Jane from tree-ring analyses they had made. Our colleagues suggested that these dates coincided with drought years. The soil in these summit dieback stands, however, were waterlogged. Water was standing at or near the surface in many places. The undergrowth consisted of indigenous shrubs and some reproduction of the same species that had undergone canopy dieback. These boggy summit habitats with so many dead standing Snags, but with dense and apparently healthy undergrowth, are clearly reminiscent of the areas in the Metrosideros rain forest on Hawai'i, which we have referred to as being in the state of bog-formation dieback (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1980). Other places in the Hawaiian Islands considered in the same category, are the bog-formation dieback areas on the windward slope of East Maui (the former "Maui Forest Disease" area of Lyon 1909, 1919) and the Metrosideros tree-snag area around the Wahiawa bog on Kaua'i. Another interesting parallel between the boggy forest dieback areas in the Kaimais and those in the Hawaiian Islands is the occurrence of closed-canopy, even-structured stands of the Same tree species composition nearby the dieback stands. Graeme Jane referred to the even-structured, closed-canopy stands in the Kaimais as "disaster-prone stands", implying that their canopy may collapse any time when drought conditions recur. Trip to Craigieburn Forest Park.--This trip was arranged by Dr. Udo Benecke, who currently directs forest ecological research in the Protection Division of the New Zealand Forest Service. Several of his associates (Ian Payton, Robert Allen and Albert Reif) accompanied us on this trip. Craigieburn Forest Park, which lies about 100 km northwest of Christchurch but on the eastern side of the central mountain range on the South Island, is covered largely with indigenous mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffordioides) forest. This forest forms practically a mono-specific system. There is no other tree species but mountain beech in the canopy or undergrowth. 36 HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1983 VOLUME 22 Significant stand-level dieback occurs over many hectares of gently rolling and steeper mountain slopes near Craigieburn Lodge (Headquarters of the Park). Here, the dieback pattern currently has the "salt-and-pepper" physiognomy, similar to Metrosideros dieback areas in Hawai'i. This pattern refers to smaller groups or patches of dead or dying canopy trees that occur repeatedly throughout a matrix of canopy trees with more or less fully foliated crowns. Dr. Benecke explained that this pattern had _ appeared only within the last 20 years. It had spread rather uniformly over the broad (2 km wide) slope opposite the Lodge moving from the bottom upwards in a matter of a few years. Bef ore that date the mountain sides were clothed by a continuously green and uniform tree canopy. Closer inspection of the dead or dying canopy tree patches revealed that underneath occurred dense reproduction from seedlings of mountain beech. Older dead tree groups were associated usually with taller reproduction than the more recently dead tree groups, which were associated with smaller seedlings. Another form of "dieback" was also apparent, where larger openings had been created through windfalls, often associated with snow breakage. This was explained as a "domino" effect, whereby non-dieback trees, once exposed through neighboring crown-dying trees, may become more susceptible to wind damage and then are uprooted during storms together with the trees that had already lost much of their foliage prior to this more catastrophic disturbance. It should be mentioned here thatI distinguish between canopy and/or stand-level dieback (which refers to groups of: standing trees that have lost much of their foliage permanently) and levelled tree stands (which refers to groups of down or fallen trees). Tree-stand levelling is commonly the result of more obvious catastrophic disturbances. Therefore, in the monospecific. mountain beech system of Craigieburn Forest Park, two forms of forest disturbances were found to be coexisting side-by-side, foliage loss among groups of standing trees (= stand-level or canopy dieback of the "salt-and-pepper" variety) and catastrophic stand-levelling through storm and snow breakage resulting in larger openings. These often extend over several tens of hectares in the mountain beech forest system. Trip through the Beech Gap. -- We then travelled west crossing the Southern Alps via Arthur's Pass (923 m) into the so-called Beech Gap. This area is so called because Nothofagus species are absent. Instead the natural vegetation on the mountain slopes, from near sea level to about 900 m altitude, is dominated by rata-kamahi (Metrosideros umbellata-Weinmannia racemosa) forest. Occasionally tree ferns (Cyathea Spp. ) are associated. This contributes even more toa certain physiognomic similarity of this southern Metrosideros forest with that of the native Hawaiian rain forest. The Beech Gap is a narrow (30-40 km wide) but 200 km long mountainous land segment along the mid-section of the west coast on New Zealand's South Island. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1983 VOLUME 22 37 The total replacement there of beech by the rata-kamahi forest is believed to have historical rather than environmental reasons. Climatically and edaphically at least there appears to be no reason why Nothofagus forests could not grow in the Beech Gap and vice versa, i.e., why Metrosideros forests could not grow in many parts also of the beech forest environment. The Beech Gap is still an unresolved paleo-geological puzzle. In many areas of the Beech Gap, rata-kamahi stands have died or are in a dieback state. One may think that such stand-level or canopy dieback in this area may signify the evolutionary decline of a relic forest. However, no forest researcher in New Zealand seems to assume such a cause for the widely occurring rata-kamahi stand dieback. Instead, the prevailing explanation has been until recently that the introduced Australian possum (Trichosaurus vulpecula) is the cause. The exotic possum which occurs in great numbers in this forest ecosystem, climbs these native trees and feeds on their foliage. It thereby causes drastic and widespread canopy defoliation. However, a growing number of New Zealand forest researchers believe now that possums are not the sole cause of the canopy defoliation in these forests, but that at least some of the dieback is natural. Dr. Benecke showed us new research under way at Camp Creek near Otira. Of particular interest to the dieback question was a defoliation experiment done by Dr. Ian Payton. Metrosideros umbellatus sample trees were carefully hand-defoliated and their trunks are equipped with tall sheet-metal collars to prevent possums from climbing up. Periodic remonitoring has revealed so far that leaves re-emerge on defoliated trees in younger or more vigorous life-stages, while older trees and/or branches seem to remain barren. Regeneration research underway by Robert Allen in a severe rata-kamahi dieback area of the Kokatani Catchment (near Hokitika) has revealed that rata seedlings rarely occur under dieback stands. Instead they occur in the same area, but where landslides have exposed new rocky substrates on the slopes. We were flown by helicopter into the Kokatani Catchment where the stand-level dieback is extremely severe. It was pointed out the possums definitely had contributed greatly to this massive defoliation, but the undergrowth, including sapling trees of the more shade-tolerant quitinia (Quintinia acutifolia), puka (Griselinia lucida) and abundant tree ferns, appeared vigorous. The situation is similar to the Metrosideros displacement dieback occurring in the tree fern dominated Ola'a Tract of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1930). Subsequently we visited another study area of Robert Allen in the Fox Glacier Valley. Here, apparently rata-kamahi dieback is associated with rata and kamahi seedlings regenerating directly under the dieback canopies. The substrate consists of more recently exposed rocky glaciated material. It seems that rata seedlings grow here under the opened canopy stands because 58 HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1933 VOLUME 22 there is no dense vegetative competition for them. This situation is similar to the wetland and dryland dieback areas in Hawai'i (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1980), which usually occur on shallow lava rock outcrop soils and where 'ohi'a seedlings regenerate often abundantly under the opened canopy in places where there is less competition by undergrowth species. What is particularly noteworthy in New Zealand's rata-kamahi dieback areas is the observation that rata seedlings come up in these areas in spite of possum herbivory. Mueller-Dombois (193 2b) mentioned the peculiar straight-line tree dieback boundary in the valley that harbors Franz Josef Glacier. Here, a rata-kamahi stand dies currently above the 1790 trimline which marks the stand of Franz Josef Glacier of 197 years ago before it retreated further back into the head of the valley. Below this so-called trimline on the same glaciated slope, the forest of Similar composition is mostly green and vigorous. This prompted me to inquire in the Park Headquarters of Westland National Park (which includes Franz Josef Glacier), whether there was a fence along the 1790 trimline that would prevent possums from invading the non-dieback forest below. As a consequence of this inquiry, I learned about the current controversy regarding the causes of stand-level dieback in New Zealand's Metrosideros forests. The prevailing idea that possum is the sole killer has only recently been disputed in two publications that appeared during the last year (Stewart and Veblen 1982, Veblen and Stewart 19832). These researchers have come to the same conclusion that we have reached with regard to the Metrosideros stand-level dieback in Hawai'i, namely that it is largely a function of life-cycle dependent dying in combination with the peculiar stand dynamics of these forests. The Theory of Cohort Senescence This theory to explain stand-level dieback has emerged from the various isolated facts accumulated during our dieback research in Hawai'i (Mueller-Dombois et al. 1980, 1983) and through comparisons with other Pacific forests, particularly in Papua New Guinea (Mueller-Dambois 1932a) and New Zealand (Mueller-Dombois 1932b). The term cohort as defined in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1977: 218) applies to "a group of individuals having a statistical factor (as age or class membership) in common in a demographic study". Translated to forests, a cohort is an even-structured stand that is composed of structurally and functionally (= physiologically) similar individuals. The term senescence is defined with regard to botanical organisms as "the plant growth phase from full maturity to death that is charactrized by an accumulation of metabolic products, increase in respiratory rate and loss of dry weight, particularly in leaves and fruit". Senescence is a life stage, others are infancy, adolescence or maturity. Unlike old age, however, HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1983 VOLUME 22 7 senescence may be in part reversible or it can follow adolescence under certain severe environmental and physiological contraints. In the theory of cohort senescence, the events leading to stand-level dieback are seen in form of a chain reaction as follows: 1. A catastrophic disturbance gives rise to a new habitat for plant invasion. Such catastrophic disturbances can be new lava flows, ash-blanket deposits, land slides, fire or other stand-levelling disturbances, such as severe storms (hurricanes). A sudden recession of a glacier or the sudden release from overgrazing would also fall into this category as historical events that provide for newly exposed habitats. 2a Plant invasion usually follows when a new open habitat is created. The rate of invasion depends on rainfall, temperature, the soil substrate and also on the seed sources available. Among the seed sources there must be a tree species that is capable to invade such newly opened habitats with an abundance of seeds or propagules. Metrosideros polymorpha in Hawai'i, Ixerba brexioides in the Kaimais, Nothofagus solandri var. cliffordioides in Craigieburn Park and Metrosideros umbellatus in the Beech Gap seem to fulfill this requirement. 3 The cohort individuals that got established from such a regeneration wave (which can also be artificially created through a plantation stand) then grow through their different life stages and eventually reach their senescing phase. A cohort stand can reach this senescing life stage only in habitats which remain free of catastrophic perturbations (such as cutting, fire, hurricanes or other stand-levelling disturbances) throughout the life cycle of the cohort stand. As However, at the onset or during the senescing life stage a trigger factor may become effective which then further synchronizes and aggravates the tree-group dieback. Such a trigger may be a temporary soil drought or root flooding, which would not have caused dieback in the same stand when it was in an earlier more vigorous growing stage. A normal storm, blowing with gusts up to 50 miles per hour may cause substantial loss of crown foliage in such a senescing stand. The lost leaves may then not be replaced because of the low vigor of this stand. It is currently believed that the above factors are triggers in the Hawaiian native forest dieback. Volcanic S02 fuming also may act as a trigger for stand-level dieback in the senescing phase of Metrosideros stands in the Hawaiian Islands. Similarly, in New Zealand's Metrosideros forests, the Australian possum may act as a trigger rather than as an 40 HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1983 VOLUME 22 outright killer. This would explain in part why the possum does not feed on the rata seedlings or younger more vigorous trees. Certain metabolic products, such as indigestion-causing phenolics, may leach out of the leaves of low-vigor trees, which make these trees attractive to leaf eaters. De Subsequent to the dieback trigger, a dieback hastening factor may develop. This role seems to be fulfilled in Hawai'i in some stands by the endemic Metrosideros borer (Plagithmysus bilineatus) or by the root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in certain other dieback stands on permanently moist soils (Papp et al. 1979). However, where a trigger may only create a temporary stress, such as temporary flooding followed soon by a restoration of better drained conditions, senescing stands may temporarily recover. Conclusions The cohort senescence theory implies a chain-reaction of causes which involves a newly opened habitat, establishment of a cohort, then after stand development a senescing or low-vigor life stage during which canopy collapse is triggered by another disturbance. This second disturbance is of a different nature than the one that opened the habitat for the initial invasion of the cohort. The second disturbance is of a different nature than the one that opened the habitat for the initial invasion of the cohort. The second disturbance does not kill vigorous stands which may grow right next to a dieback stand. Such vigorous or non-dieback stands are found in all forest ecosystems here considered. Wherever canopy dieback occurs, increased light conditions affect the undergrowth vegetation. This in some habitats stimulates a new regeneration wave of the dieback species (replacement dieback) or it may stimulate other species in the undergrowth to become more vigorous, thereby outcompeting the dieback species (successional displacement dieback). All these conditions are found in the Hawaiian dieback. In New Zealand, an additional variation is the greater frequency of stand levelling, i.e., catastrophic disturbances, which occur in the three forest systems visited. Ixerba dieback on the slopes in the Kaimai Ranges is often followed by landslides. The same applies to Metrosideros-Weinmannia dieback on the steeper slopes in the Beech Gap. Stand-levelling is also common in the Nothofagus forest at Craigieburn, but there it is due to snow breakage and stoms. In these, cases, senescing cohorts seem to create conditions for stand-levelling. The stand-levelling events then follow sooner or later through more catastrophic disturbances. The later in turn create the conditions for large cohorts to reinvade. Thus, the New Zealand forest systems here discussed appear to be characterized by more HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 1933 VOLUME 22 41 frequent catastrophic-dynamic cycles than are found to occur in the Hawaiian Islands. Acknowledgements This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant #DEB 79-10993 to the author. The grant provided travel funds to New Zealand for the author and three of his graduate students and research associates, Jim Jacobi, Lani Stemmermann, and Nadarajah Balakrishnan. Additional travel funding was provided by the University of Hawaii Graduate Student Organization, the Office of Research Administration and the Pacific Science Association. All this financial support is gratefully acknowledged. In addition, I wish to express sincere thanks, also on behalf of my above-named research associates, for the great hospitality received from our New Zealand colleagues, especially Drs. T. Allen Green and Udo Benecke. The field excursions organized by these colleagues and attended by their associates Graeme Jane, Robert Allen, Dr. Ian Payton adn Dr. Albert Reif, gave new and valuable insights into problems common to indigenous forests in New Zealand and Hawai'i. Travel support in New Zealand was provided by the University of Waikato and the New Zealand Forest Service. Literature Cited Mueller-Dombois, D. 1932a. Dieback in tropical montane rain forests: Hawaii and Papua New Guinea. Proceedings 25th. Silver Jubilee Sympos. Intern. Soc. for Tropical Ecol. In Press. Mueller-—Dombois, D. 1932b Canopy dieback in indigenous forests of Pacific Islands. Hawaiian Bot. Soc. Newsletter 21:2-5. Mueller-Dombois, De, J. De. Jacobi, RK. G. Cooray, and N. Balakrishnan. 1930. '‘Ohi'a rain forest study: ecological investigations of the '‘'ohi'a dieback problem in Hawaii. College of Trop. Ag. x Human Resources. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sta. Miscell. Publ. 183, S4pp. Mueller-Dombois, D., J. E. Canfield, R. A. Holt, andG. P. Buelow. 1933. Tree-group death in North American and dawaiian forests: a pathological problem or a new problem for vegetation ecology? Phytocoenologia 11:117-137. BADD a gel ey Shy de Le Le jUNaAS, hw Se Siith, Je, and Rat. Scharpf. 1979. Association of Plagithmysus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Ceramby cidae) and Phytophthora cinnamomi with the decline of 'ohi'a-lehua forests on the island of Hawaii. Forest Sci. 25:187-196. Stewart, G.H., and T. T. Veblen. 1982. Regeneration patterns in southern rata (Metrosideros umbe llatus)-kamahi 42 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER 19383 VOLUME 22 (Weinmannia racemosa) forest in central Westland, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Bot. 20:55-72. Veblen, T. T., and G. H. Stewart. 1982.6 The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geographers 72:372-397. The Nature Conservancy News The November/December 1933 issue of The Nature Conservancy News has just been released. It is subtitled "What's a species worth?" This publication is brought to your attention because it will be of particular interest to most of our members. No, it is not devoted to Hawaiian problems. In fact, Hawaii is only mentioned in passing in an illustration. The value of this publication is it's very readable presentation supporting the preservation of all species. The journal begins with an introduction by Edward 0. Wilson in which he discusses the preservation of diversity from several different viewpoints. It is followed by Norman Myers' "By Saving Wild Species, we may be Saving Ourselves" which enumerates several benefits derived from wild plants. In agriculture, he reiterates a familiar theme of his that the continuous inbreeding of the fifteen or so plants on which we are most dependent is leading us toward disaster. The medicinal benefits derived and still being discovered in plants and animals are extraordinary and far-reaching. However, it is in the industrial uses of plants and that he makes his most poignant point. As we squander our petrochemicals we will have to resort to phytochemicals. But it is the many and diverse uses of biological products in industrial applications that makes one realize how dependent we are on the diversity of life. Daniel Simberloff then succinctly explains some modern concepts of biogeography and the importance of preserves of various shapes and sizes in his article "What a Species Needs to Survive". Thomas Eisner concludes these short essays with a paper on "Chemicals, Genes and the Loss of Species". Here again the great benefits that mankind has obtained from organisms is explained but we have only just begun to survey the potential of living organisms for new chemicals. In fact, most of these chemicals are new to science though most of them are readily synthesied once we know what to produce. There is also a short statement "The (Nature) Conservancy's Endangered Species Program" by J. Paul Eckhardt, describing part of their program. The value of this 32 page publication is its brief, concise but readable presentation of a much larger literature on the the subject. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 22 1983 43 HAWATIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Report of the Treasurer December 1, 1981 - November 30, 1982 Receipts: Dues and gifts S: 643700 Interest 1,159.90 $1,978.56 Expenditures: 69.55 Postage 89.99 Refreshments 99.14 Donations 250.00 Lawyer's fees 2,086.41 Science Fair trophy 98 .80 Telephone 5 eM @ Office supplies 2 fae 2,680.39 Cash flow: (701 .83) Net worth of the Society: December 1, 1981 $17 ,534.59 Change: December 1, 1981 - November 30,1982 (701.83) November 30, 1982 415,852.70 Bank balances: First Hawaiian Bank - checking account: Balance December 1, 1981 See ote> | Deposits 2,945..00 Withdrawals (2,680.39) Balance November 30, 1982 2050,,183 $ 262.61 First Federal Savings and Loan - Accnt. #102586: Balance December 1, 1981 20174 Interest 11.40 Balance November 30, 1982 21De th 11.40 First Federal Savings and Loan - Accent. #111764: Balance December 1, 1981 2,469 .93 Interest 70 .63 Withdrawals (2100100) Balance November 30, 1982 440.55 (2,029.57 First Federal Savings and Loan - Accnt. #C-718689: Balance December 1, 1981 1.5,075<655 Interest 1,053.53 Balance November 30, 1982 14,129.09 1405592 Change in bank balances: (707..85) Respectfully submitted, Derral Herbst, Treasurer I i 9 = : HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY, C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, a eee . é st Tass “ im ee HONOLULU, HAWAII 96822 Bahay, Pie ir] Newsletter Tawalia 530tTanica Oc1e - (pntents LEHUA MAKA NOE -- AN ENDANGERED BOG by Lucy M. Cranwell... 3 VOLUME 23 1984 IT'S A FIRST FOR WAIMEA FALLS PARK AND THE WORLD......... 6 THE APPARENT YELLOWS DISEASE OF DODONAEA: SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND CONSIDERATIONS OF THE ETIOLOGY by Donald E. Gardner and: Ve Ac Dina Kage Ler sci04%-5 acco s 6 setae ose 6 6 oa s oie-0 5 4 oo o'er 7 BUABKEERRIES by Donald —.. Gardnerie...aeaw ws ae i eae eae 20 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT NITROGEN FIXING TREE SPECIES PLANTED IN HAWAII by James L. Brewbaker and Bryan K. CY MOS or ote ai lee ove s fave (ao wig w ale! aie Silstis caue anole ee ate fells valle sivaalvas neue ous) Sie 30 Future Meetings Third International Congress of Systematic and Py olutionacy: Bi OLOGY <2 6.0556 s7e $s ig, die oboe wes miele oo lsda tigre eee (yy Symposium on Protection and Management of Terrestrial hawaiian ECOSYSUEMS oi yc te os oa) ayeie «ote eis'a tase ee’ aes Re 6 oS 18 Society Business * Dele Loy LO Published by the Hawatian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany tn all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtatned from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawait, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. Z NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1984 Executive Council President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii Chris Simon, University of Hawaii Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Jane Lewis, University of Hawaii Cheran Wilson, University of Hawaii Rylan Yee, Bishop Museum Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair: Native Plants: Karen Asherman, Chair Betsy Gagne Karen Schlech Winona Char Isabella Abbott, Chair Clifford Smith, Editor William Brostoff Cheran Wilson Mae Ikawa Wayne Gagne, Chair Chris Simon Lani Stemmermann, Hawaii Art Medeiros, Maui Winona Char, Chair William Brostoff Faith Roeloffs Carolyn Corn, Chair Ken Nagata Evangeline Funk John Obata Lani Stemmermann, Hawaii Art Medeiros, Maui NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 3 LEHUA MAKA NOE -- AN ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN BOG (Some notes and impressions) Lucy M. Cranwell Laboratory of Paleoenvironmental Studies Department of Geosciences University of Arizona Tucson Az 85721 Although famed in song, myth and history, little is known about the origin and ecology of Lehua Maka Noe, the most easily accessible of the ancient bogs of the Alakai Plateau, Kaua'i. Selling (1948) however, has provided a sketch, sections and a photograph as part of his monumental report on the montane bogs of Hawai'i. His field work was done in 1938 during the Hawaiian Bog Survey, led by the late C. F. Skottsberg. As a member of this group I made a brief study of the plant cover and took some peat samples along two transects. Now that the tiny bog appears threatened by the proposal to build an earthen dam 190 feet and 1000 feet wide across the headwaters of Kawaikoi Stream, to the south of it (and not far above Tsugi Grove Camp), I realize that my old notes begin to take on historical value and may stimulate intensive study and further questioning of the Pua Lua-Koke e Hypdropower Project before it is too late. This is of course an area rich in endemic species, the bogs themselves offering a blending of subantarctic and specialized Hawaiian species, as Skottsberg stressed in 1939. All components--swamp forest, true bog, and important communities at lower altitudes--would suffer should so much disturbance from construction and roading. Should so much destruction of forest and subsoil be allowed in favour of hydropower, canefield irrigation, and fish-farming? The urgent fears and doubts of the Society have been succinctly put by Vice President Joan Canfield (1982) in response to the Environmental Impact Statement Preparation Notice received from Mr. Susumo Ono, Chairman of the Board of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu. While agreeing with the Board that the upland grey clays would provide an excellent sealant for such a dam, I am totally dismayed to learn that the main borrow area envisaged will come close (within about 90 feet) of Lehua-maka-noe, leaving a zone, perhaps 2000 feet wide on its westernmost and northern limits, completely stripped of trees, humus and underlying clay. This will result in an unhealable eyesore, but, worst of all, it will inevitably hasten drainage, robbing the bog of the water needed to sustain it. We do not know all details of the proposal, but we do know that theft of the clay is essential to the successful maintenance of the dam. To rob the clay would be like killing an elephant to profit from its tusks. 4 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 The bog: Lehua Maka Noe is an outlier of the extensive bog and swamp complex of the domed plateau. It lies near Kokee at about 3870 feet above sea-level, and is very close to Wainiha Pali. It slopes gradually, mainly from northeast to southwest, with its top end backing into the northeast trade winds that bring it constant, life-giving mist and rain. It is roughly fiddle-shaped, measuring about 230 yards long and only about 40 yards wide, at its narrowest. The old Koke e-Alaka i Trail runs through its length, taking advantage of the open, mainly firn, roughly swardlike surface. Old Hawaiians gathered here to bake in clay jackets the young of sea birds caught on the nearby Kilohana cliffs; thieves of the birds from the same area were sometimes caught with their loads in man-traps dug into the bog. Queen Emma, curious to see the area, was carried across it ona litter, a corduroy surface having been laid down in her honor. The wide impression of the trail was still visible in 1938. Clearly Lehua-Maka-Noe was loved, in contrast to the fear of the Alaka~i swamps, where travellers could be fatally engulfed, or attacked by criminals and packs of wild dogs. Over the millenia a tug-of-war, depending on small changes in climate and water—-logging, must have taken place between swamp forest and bog growth, the clay layer representing part of a podsol developed with intense leaching of iron and alumina under an earlier forest. There is no iron pan here, but the clays are variously iron-stained and nodules are frequent around seven to nine inches below the peats. Foote et al. (1972) gave an aerial view of the bog that suggests a change in outline by 1966. This is probably due to death of many of the dominant trees (~ohi~a-lehua -- Metrosideros polymorpha) in the fringing tension zone. Many dead and dying trees were also seen here in 1938. This may have been due to water-logging, drought (as claimed for an older forest cover on the Kohala Range), or insect attack. Widespread charcoal in the peat, or just above the clay, point to tree growth, and suggest that the shallowness of the peat, as compared with domed parts of Kilohana Bog, not far away, must be due to natural or man-made fires in drier periods. The bog margins are rather rich in forest species, with some admixture of bog types - especially the monocotyledons. Young Cibotium and some Coprosma, Dianella, Dubautia, Gahnia, Dicranopteris linearis, Smilax, and Vaccinium (2 spp.) reached out onto the bog only where favoured by low erect or widely sprawling ~ohi~a-lehua. The largest "island" of this type was in the middle of the bog. It measured about 42 x 20 yards and contained remains of a six foot tall “ohi~a. This species drops from over 20 feet in height in the forest to a small shrub, erect or prostrate, scatttered over the bog surface. It is a dwarfed mini-shrub for the main part, its blood-red pompoms of stamens-- which have given the bog its name -- "misty-eyed ohia" -- showing up brilliantly in the low mosaic of true bog species. Briefly, the ecosystem may be dominated by this species with or without Oreobolus, or by Rhynchospora and Panicum, these three tufted monocotyledons being typical of bog communities at higher NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 ) altitudes in the islands. On this bog Rhynchospora is physiognomically most important as it contributes most to the swardlike aspect of the vegetation. Oreobolus, a_ sturdy peat-former throughout its geographical range, is here atypical in that it does not form cushions: it occurs as small tufts or low patches, except for one small area of dominance at the northwest corner of the bog, where more vigorous growth was noted in 1938. To me this suggests potential for the future, and a hint that it could once, before fires and trampling, have been far more important here, and even have formed domed areas (hillocks) as on Pepe~opae Bog (Molokai) and on Kilohana. Such domed growth, above the ordinary water-table, depends on cloud-fed (ombrogenous) conditions -- a poor source of nutrients. At present Lehua-Maka-Noe receives some drainage from its margins, but this does not seem to represent much enrichment as tree growth is seen to be so stunted. Because of its mixed sources of nutrients this bog is termed soligenous, and is really a blanket bog, capable of extending its boundaries in all directions. The Metrosideros and Rhynchospora-Panicum communities were seen to cover 50 percent or more of quadrat areas where one or the other dominated. Panicum rarely covered more than six percent of these areas, Oreobolus over 50 percent in one quadrat only. In very low frequencies in the various quadrats were Coprosma, Deschampsia, Drosera, Gahnia, Dicranopteris, Ilex, Galeatella lobelia), Lycopodium cernuum, Smilax and Vaccinium. Mosses tended to form the ground-cover, but no Rhacomitriun, common on many Hawaiian bogs, was seen. Many of the Alaka~i species were lacking in 1938, perhaps due to lower altitude and grazing (in some cases) by cattle, etc. Notable absences were: Astelia, Carex, Machaerina, Lagenophora, Plantago, Selaginella, Polypodium, Sanicula, Schizaea, Styphelia and Viola (though a scandent form was seen on the bog margin). I may, of course, have failed to spot the small Schizaea. Sphagnum palustre, as elsewhere in the islands, forms no peat. It was seen only south of the bog. Pollen and spores of a wide range of species may be preserved in the peats, but they are so shallow (apparently not deeper than eight inches) as to give little scope for study. In them the main peat-formers are easily traced by only partly humified strands -- reddish for Orebolus and yellowish for Rhynchospora, both showing up clearly against the greyish-brown ground-mass of grass and other fibres. Radiocarbon dating of lower, undisturbed layers of peat and of fibres in the wet, plastic clay, could still give a clear idea of when bog formation began -- probably, as on Molokai, at least 10,000 years ago. 6 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 REFERENCES Canfield, Joan, 1982. Letter to Susumo Ono, Nov. 10, 1982. Newsletter Hawaiian Bot. Soc. 21:9-12. Foote, D.E. et al. 1972. Soil Survey of the Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai. U.S. Soil Cons. Serv. in cooperation with Univ. Hawaii Agri. Exp. Sta. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 232 pp. Selling, 0.H. 1948. Studies in Hawaiian Pollen Statistics. Part LIT. On the Late Quaternary History of the Hawaiian Vegetation. B.P. Bishop Mus. Spec. Publ. 39, 154 pp. It's a First for Waimea Falls Park and the World It's a greyish-colored bush about five feet tall and nine feet wide with branches resembling octopus tentacles laden with large thorns. On the tips of these branches are clusters of blood-red flowers which, according to Keith Wooliams, director of the Waimea Arboretum and Botanical Garden, are much deeper in color than the other species of Erythrinae which have flowered in Waimea Falls Park. This tree is an Erythrina elenae and it is the first time it has flowered anywhere in the world outside of Cuba. Until recently, no one outside of Cuba had ever seen the flower of this rare tree since it grows wild in just two locations, both in Cuba. But thanks to the persistence of Wooliams, the flower of the Erythrina elenae has now been seen and properly described. Wooliams had tried for several years to acquire seeds of the tree for research purposes at the Arboretum but was unsuccessful because so much red tape was involved. He finally wrote a letter to Fidel Castro with his request and 15 months later, he received a package containing the seeds. Wooliams sent some of the seeds to other aboreta and botanical gardens as a gesture of goodwill and planted the remaining seeds at Waimea Falls Park. Now, four years later, Wooliams can see the fruit of his endeavors. when asked about this botanical accomplishment, Wooliams said, "We're proud, not just of being the first establishment to boast a flowering Erythrina elenae, but also to be able to share this newfound knowledge with the rest of the world. I'm sure many people outside of the botanical society do not realize the importance of having been able to properly describe the flower of Erythrina elenae -- it's been like solving a mystery. But what I think fis important is that people realize that good things can be accomplished when leaders separate politics from science." _—— NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 7 The Apparent Yellows Disease of Dodonaea: Symptomatology and Considerations of the Etiology Donald E. Gardner and V. Anne Dina Kageler CPSU/UH Botany Department University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 Introduction A pathological condition of unknown origin affecting Dodonaea eriocarpa Sn. (considered D. viscosa by C. H. Lamoureux, personal communication) ('a "ali'i) has been under observation in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HVNP) since 1977. Dodonaea eriocarpa is indigenous to Hawaii and is an important component of the Park's native flora. The health of Dodonaea in Hawaii is of added importance because the fruits and leaves are favored for making "haku" leis. Gardner's (1980) brief report at the Third Conference in Natural Sciences at HVNP was apparently the first documentation of this disease, which has been considered especially significant in light of studies elsewhere reporting that the devastating "spike" disease of sandalwood in India may also attack D. viscosa in that country (Hull et al. 1970; Sastri and Narayana 1931; Venkata Rao 1935). To our knowledge, the spike disease remains the only significant pathological condition reported in the literature to affect Dodonaea spp. aside from the disease discussed here. The symptomatology suggests that this condition may be a "yellows"-type disease (see Anon. 1978; Ploaie and Maramorosch 1969; Maramorosch et al. 1968), as sandalwood spike disease has been shown to be (Dijkstra and Ie 1975; Hull et al. 1969; Varma et al. 1969). Although diseases of this category | have formerly been classified as virus diseases (Bowyer et al. 1969; Nayar 1967; Sastri and Narayana 1931; Venkata Rao 1935) since no associated bacteria, fungi, or other pathogenic organisms could be observed by light microscopy (Anon. 1978; Maramorosch et al. 1968), in recent years electron microscope investigations | have revealed mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO's) in diseased tissue (Maramorosch et al. 1968; Varma et al. 1969; Hull et al. 1969). These organisms, ~~ although submicroscopic, have many of the properties of bacteria (Anon. 1978), including sensitivity to certain antibiotics (Hull et al. 1970). Heat sensitivity of MLO's has likewise been used as a diagnostic characteristic and in corrective procedures for yellows diseases. Mycoplasma-like organisms are typically transmitted by leafhoppers (Anon. 1978; Maramorosch et al. 1968; Ploaie and Maramorosch 1969), whereas aphid vectors are more often associated with insect-transmitted viruses. As an alternative explanation for the observed symptoms, we investigated the association of mites with diseased plant tissue. 8 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 Toxins injected during feeding activities of certain eriophyid mites are known to cause physiological abnormalities resulting in growth aberrations in other plant species (see Carter 1962; Jeppson et al. 1975). Most of our observations of this disease were made in the Mauna Loa strip and the Hilina Pali areas of HVNP, where the condition has become so prominent that it would seem difficult for even a casual observer to overlook. Our observations in other areas where Dodonaea occurs on the islands of Hawaii and Maui indicate that the disease is generally distributed and possibly occurs wherever Dodonaea is found in Hawaii. As was earlier noted (Gardner 1980), symptoms may occur at any position on a plant and may be restricted to a single branch or involve the entire shrub or tree. The majority of affected plants have a number of branches showing symptoms interspersed with normal-appearing growth. Plants of any size or age may be affected, and symptoms on plants as small as 0.3 m tall or on large tree forms of the host have been observed. Symptoms include yellowing and dwarfing of leaves of affected branches accompanied by a proliferation of fine twigs, which form a dense pendulous cluster, resulting in a "witches' broom". In advanced stages of development, this conspicuous bright yellow growth abnormality contrasts sharply with surrounding normal green foliage. Flowering and fruiting on moderately to heavily affected plants have not been observed and may be inhibited by the disease. Our continuing observations confirm the pathological, as well as the abnormal and progressive nature of this condition. Although the disease progresses slowly, affected branches and twigs comprising witches' brooms gradually die and become defoliated. Entire plants showing symptoms have been observed to die following gradual decline over several years. We have not noticed any tendency toward recovery of either isolated diseased branches or of entire affected plants. Materials and Methods We have attempted to diagnose the apparent yellows disease of Dodonaea through several approaches. Although we recognize that potted diseased and healthy plants maintained under controlled greenhouse conditions could more readily be subjected to various treatments and be otherwise manipulated to conform to experimental requirements, we encountered considerable difficulty locating sufficient numbers of small transplantable diseased plants in the field and transplanting them successfully. We have not discovered how the disease is transmitted; consequently, most tests were carried out in situ. Fertilization treatment-- To determine the degree to which the yellowing was due to nutrient deficiency, and whether this NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 ee, symptom could be alleviated by fertilizer application, we conducted a pilot study in which three small (0.6-1.0 m tall) moderately diseased trees were selected. The standard formulation of a commercial water-soluble fertilizer was applied at the recommended concentration to the soil above the root zone on a biweekly basis at first, alternating with only watering. This schedule was later increased to weekly application of twice the normal concentration of fertilizer. Fertilizer application continued for 5 months. We also injected fertilizer solutions into stems of other diseased plants with modified 50 ml syringes inserted into holes drilled into the xylem tissue. Heat treatment-- To ascertain possible heat sensitivity of the disease agent (see Anon. 1978; Valenta 1959; Kunkel 1941), a small (0.3 m tall) diseased plant in the field was covered with a plastic tent-like enclosure. An electric space heater, powered by a gasoline generator, was used to maintain temperatures of 46-52 °C (about 115-125°F) for 4 1/2 hours. We fertilized the plant as described above on a regular basis following heat treatment to encourage development of new, healthy growth, which is usually considered conclusive evidence of symptom remission of yellows diseases... Color photographs were taken of the plant prior to and at intervals following heat exposure to document any treatment effects. In conjunction with the above field test, healthy potted Dodonaea plants grown from seed in the greenhouse were heat-treated in a laboratory oven for 5 hours at approximately 38, 43, 53, or 58°C. A small diseased tree from the field which had been successfully transplanted to a pot was then heat-treated in the oven at approximately 50°C for 5 hours. We also conducted a series of hot water treatments. Branches of healthy plants were immersed in water heated in the field to specific temperatures for various time intervals to determine the sensitivity of Dodonaea itself to heat. Based on these observations, 52 typically diseased twigs which could easily be immersed in water were selected, tagged, and photographed in color prior to treatment. Diseased twigs were immersed in water at 39-45°C at intervals from 45 seconds to 15 minutes. Control diseased twigs were immersed in warm water (26 TC) for 45 seconds. Treated twigs were observed and photographed on a regular basis to detect any indication of symptom remission. Antibiotic treatment-- Since known MLO-caused diseases have been both diagnosed and successfully treated with antibiotics of the tetracycline group (Anon. 1978; Bar-Joseph et al. 1975; Hull et al. 1970; Ishiie et al. 1967; Kirkpatrick et | al. 19753 McCoy et al. 1976; Raychaudhuri et al. 1972; Varma et al. 1969), aqueous solutions of generic tetracycline HCl and Terramycin Tree Injection Formula, an oxytetracycline HCl formulation used elsewhere for treatment of yellows diseases, were injected into 10 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 diseased and healthy control plant stems. Some antibiotic-injected plants were also injected with fertilizer solutions as described above to stimulate production of new healthy growth in the event of symptom remission. As alternate treatment methods, we also drilled holes into lower stems and filled them with a water-Terramycin paste mixture. The holes were then sealed with Parafiln. Following the methods of Raychaudhuri et al. (1972) and Hull et al. (1969), portions of the lower stem bark of diseased and healthy control trees were removed and Terramycin paste was placed in the opening. The wound was covered with Parafilm and tied firmly to prevent drying. For foliar spray treatments, we selected trees of comparable size showing mild, moderate, and severe disease symptoms, as well as anormal control. The foliage of each tree was sprayed with Terramycin solution to the point of runoff. Spray was applied on a biweekly basis (usually) for 5 months first at 100 parts per million (ppm) concentration and later at 200 ppm. Insect vectors-- Since MLO-caused diseases are known to be transmitted by leafhoppers (Anon. 1978; Maramorosch et al. 1968; Ploaie and Maramorosch 1969), insect populations associated with Dodonaea in the Hilina Pali and Mauna Loa strip areas of HVNP were assessed at rather widely spaced intervals during the year. Sampling was accomplished by beating foliage of both diseased and healthy plants into insect nets. Numbers and species of leafhoppers which could serve as MLO vectors were assessed in particular. Tissue staining-- Parthasarathi et al. (1966) reported that certain tissue stains were useful in the diagnosis of sandalwood spike disease. Diseased tissue took a distinctively different color specific to infection with spike-causing MLO's than did healthy tissue, or tissue infected with other types of disease organisms. Mann's stain, carbolthionin, and Giemsa stain were prepared according to the general formulas given by Parthasarathi et al. (1966) and tissue sections from twigs of both diseased and healthy Dodonaea plants were treated. Electron microscopy-- Observation of MLO bodies directly in diseased phloem tissue, and failure to observe these organisms in healthy tissue, is accepted as conclusive evidence, supported by indirect indications such as those listed above, of an MLO-caused disease. Tissue samples from dwarfed, yellow leaves, leaf petioles, and twigs of brooms were collected and immediately sectioned and fixed in gluteraldehyde in the field. Healthy tissue from trees with disease symptoms on other branches, as well as from entirely normal-appearing trees, was similarly sectioned and fixed as control material. Standard embedding and ultra-sectioning procedures were followed, and phloem cells were inspected for MLO bodies with the transmission electron microscope. Electron micrographs of MLO's from other studies were used for reference. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 1 Mites-- We placed healthy, potted Dodonaea saplings grown from seed in the greenhouse near the base of severely diseased trees in the field such that the foliage of the healthy plants was intermingled and in contact with that of the diseased trees. It was necessary to transport water to these plants on a frequent basis. Freshly collected diseased plant material was also submitted to University of Hawaii Entomology Department mite specialists for examination early in this project. Eriophyid mites of unidentified species were eventually located. Mites were individually transferred to healthy potted Dodonaea seedlings (15 cm tall) grown from seed in the greenhouse. Plants were either infested with about the same number of mites per unit area as occurred on diseased tissue from the field, or with numbers well in excess of what was considered to be a normal population. This was done to determine possible differential feeding effects and to insure some plant response. Infested plants were then maintained in either the greenhouse or at field conditions in an isolated growth chamber for observation. Results According to our assessment, none of the diagnostic approaches pursued thus far for the apparent Dodonaea yellows disease has yielded conclusive results. Fertilization, either by stem injection or by addition of fertilizer solution to the root zone soil produced no noticeable effect on diseased plants, although in some cases surrounding vegetation responded to soil amendment. Treated Dodonaea plants produced little or no new growth and continued to decline. No tendency toward correction of the yellowing symptom was visible. One of the treated plants was completely dead approximately 3 years following the fertilizer treatments. The other plants, while not declining to the point of death, are stunted and show no symptom correction. We did not observe definite symptom remission as demonstrated by production of new healthy growth from witches' brooms following either the dry heat or the hot water treatments. Dry heat treatment at 53°C for 5 hours in the laboratory oven caused some defoliation followed by recovery; whereas 58°C resulted in death. However, the diseased plant was killed by the 5-hour 50°C exposure, perhaps due to stress from transplanting or the disease itself. Temperatures and duration of the dry heat treatment in the field obviously approached the tolerable limit of the plant since at least one branch was killed by the heat exposure. Comparisons among direct observations and photographs taken before and after the dry-heat treatment did appear to show a tendency toward color correction. However, we cannot consider this observation entirely conclusive since slight variations in light quality and exposure of photographs taken before and after treatment could have falsely indicated a treatment effect. Recent observations made 3 years following dry heat treatment indicate that, although most portions have remained alive, the az NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 plant is severely diseased and remains stunted. Thus, any actual effect of heat exposure in neutralizing the disease agent were only slight and temporary. Reduction of yellowing by hot water treatments was slight, if this occurred at all, such that no positive conclusion could be drawn. Hot water exposure caused a whitish cast on the waxy surface of both diseased and healthy leaves which made comparisons among slight color changes difficult. Treatment with either of the tetracycline formulations by stem injection, applying an antibiotic paste to stem wounds, or spraying solutions on the foliage likewise failed to allow production of new, normal-appearing growth from diseased areas which could definitely be attributed to the antibiotic application. A tendency toward correction of yellowing was noted in some plants treated with Terramycin paste applied to stem wounds. However, consistent production of such results would be necessary to be considered conclusive. Stem injection with higher concentrations of Terramycin resulted in leaf vein blackening and black flecking in some diseased plants. This reaction to the antibiotic demonstrated the efficiency of the stem injection method in delivering material into the vascular stream, however. We collected a variety of insects, including several leafhopper species, from Dodonaea foliage. Our sampling did not indicate occurrence of large, seasonal influxes of any particular species, however, that would appear to correspond with the prevalence of the disease. Usually only small, probably constant populations of each species were found. Tissue staining procedures resulted in some color differentiation among samples. However, these did not always appear to be consistent between known diseased and healthy tissue and may have resulted from variations in the tissues themselves rather than from physiological alterations caused by infection as “compared with tissue from normal plants. Inspection of phloem cells by electron microscopy failed to reveal bodies resembling the MLO's identified in micrographs from other plants known to have MLO-caused diseases. Apparent cellular aberrations were also observed in tissues from apparently normal plants. The possibility that disease symptoms may result from toxins injected by mites was likewise not substantiated by our investigations. Potted plants placed in contact with diseased plants in the field remained healthy for approximately 5 months until they were allowed to dry out. Although initial examinations failed to reveal mites of types that could cause the observed symptoms, eriophyid mites, which are small, slow moving, and relatively obscure, were later discovered. However, none of NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 43 the healthy seedlings to which mites were transferred developed visible abnormal or detrimental reactions of any kind after several weeks of observation. This was true of both the plants infested with an estimated normal mite population and those infested with excessive populations. Although mites of this type are difficult to locate on plant tissue, careful examination of infested seedlings at daily and weekly intervals indicated that mite populations on infested plants steadily declined, with no apparent reproduction, until they could no longer be found. “Furthermore, even though earlier information indicated that eriophyid mites were associated only with diseased tissue, recent critical examination of healthy Dodonaea twigs revealed the presence of similar unidentified mites of this type. These mites appeared from noncritical examination to be indistinguishable from those on diseased tissue. Discussion Notwithstanding the lack of conclusive evidence that the Dodonaea condition is caused by MLO's, we do not rule these organisms out as the inducers of this apparent yellows disease. Priority constraints necessitated limiting our investigations to only the most straightforward approaches. Certain potential approaches including transmission of MLO's among plants by grafting and by dodder (Bowyer et al. 1969) and through sap (Nayar 1967) were not attempted. Although sap transmission may initially appear to be a simple, straightforward procedure, this approach frequently had been attempted prior to Nayar's (1967) report without positive results (Bowyer et al. 1969). Thus, many avenues remain to be pursued before definite conclusions can be reached concerning the etiology of this disease. As mentioned in literature reports, and especially in personal communication with other investigators of MLO-induced diseases, several factors, such as genetic variability among individual plants, plant age, phenological state, season of the year, and concentration of disease agents within particular tissues may influence the nature of results. Due to these factors, diagnosis of yellows diseases, while quite definite and straightforward in some cases, may be an elusive process in others. According to J. L. Dale (personal communication) wide variation in MLO concentration may exist among cells themselves in diseased tissue, necessitating exhaustive searches within and among many samples. Age of infection may also be an important factor. The possibility exists that MLO's are present in very early stages, perhaps even preceding display of recognizable symptoms. If this is true, our investigations of tissue showing definite symptoms occurred after MLO's were no longer present. Low concentrations of MLO bodies in infected tissues, whether accompanied by symptoms or not, may not be visible in observation attempts with electron microscopy even though they 14 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 may be present, and may likewise not respond readily to other diagnostic measures such as antibiotic or heat treatments. Our failure to discover obvious leafhopper vectors is perhaps a result of infrequent sampling. Dodonaea stands may profitably be sampled on a weekly or biweekly basis throughout the year, or even for several years since insect populations are known to fluctuate cyclically from year to year. It is possible that new infections correspond with such fluctuations in vector populations, but become noticeable in a less consistent manner. Furthermore, leafhoppers which we did collect were not caged on healthy plants to ascertain their ability to transmit the disease. The possibility exists that, although the disease would more likely appear to be transmitted by large insect populations, symptoms could result from transmission by smaller, constant leafhopper populations. Again, a testing program involving frequent sampling from various Dodonaea sites and testing of collected insects on healthy plants was considered beyond the practical scope of our resources and time commitment. Although the role of eriophyid mites in inducing leaf dwarfing, yellowing, and brooming on Dodonaea is not completely understood, results of our investigations tend to detract from the consideration of these organisms as the causal agents. The lack of any visible effect, even by the excessive numbers of mites with which some seedlings were infested, and the presence of similar-appearing eriophyid mites on healthy plants from the field support this conclusion. The apparent unsuitability of Dodonaea seedlings for mites that had been transferred from Dodonaea plants in the field is not understood, however, and may be of some significance in this study. Perhaps test plants corresponding more nearly in size and age to the smallest infected plants observed in the field should have been used in the event that seedlings produce a metabolite unfavorable to nites. Notwithstanding this possibility, we would assume that any visible detrimental effects associated with mites would have become evident following the early feeding activities observed among newly transferred mites, particularly those in excessive numbers. The uncertainties surrounding Dodonaea disease etiology illustrated in this study present several avenues for further study. Aside from these unsolved aspects, however, our overall observations indicate the apparent transmissibility and progressive nature of this condition. It is difficult to know at this time whether we are observing a segment of a long term, more or less stable disease cycle, or whether this is a relatively new disease in Hawaii which is increasing in prominence. The apparent absence of any previous record of this condition, however, is rather surprising and may be of significance in considerations of this disease. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 he) Acknowledgements We would like to thank Mr. Clifton Davis for his instructive assistance and participation in the insect sampling phase of this study, and for his efforts in the identification of the insects collected. We would also like to thank Drs. Adya Singh, Don Hemmes, and William Sakai for conducting the electron microscopy investigations. We appreciate the help of Drs. Frank Haramoto and Lee Goff in examining diseased plant material for mites and offering assistance with identification. Literature Cited Anonymous. 1978. Plant diseases due to mycoplasma-like organisms. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region (Compiler); Taipei, Taiwan. 178 Pp. Bar-Joseph, M., A. Zelcer, and G. Loebenstein. 1975. Association of mycoplasmalike organisms with bermudagrass yellow leaf. Phytopathology 65:640-641. Bowyer, J.W., J.G. Atherton, D.S. Teakle, and G.A. Ahern. 1969. Mycoplasma-like bodies in plants affected by legume little-leaf, tomato big bud, and lucerne witches' broom diseases. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 22:271-274. Carter, W. 1962. Insects in relation to plant diseases. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York. 705 pp. Dijkstra, J., and T.S. Ie. 1969. Presence of mycoplasma-like bodies in the phloem of sandal affected with spike disease. Gardner, D.E. 1980. Apparent pathological conditions of Vaccinium spp. and Dodonaea sp. in Hawaii Volcanoes and Haleakala National Parks. pp. 125-128 In C. W. Smith (Ed.), Third Conference in Natural Sciences, Proc.; CPSU/Univ. of Hawaii. Hull, R., R.W. Horne, and R.M. Nayar. 1969. Mycoplasma-like bodies associated with sandal spike disease. Nature 224:1121- 1122. Hull, R., A. Plaskitt, R.M. Nayar, and H.S. Ananthapadmanabah. 1970. Electron microscopy of alternate hosts of sandal spike pathogen and of tetracyline-treated spike-infected sandal trees. J. Ind. Wood Sci. 1:62-63. Ishiie, T., Y. Doi, K. Yora, and H. Asuyama. 1967. Suppressive effects of antibiotics of tetracycline group on symptom development of mulberry dwarf disease. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 33:267-275. (English Abstract) 16 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 Jeppson, L.R., H.H. Keifer, and E.W. Baker. 1975. Mites injurious to economic plants. University of California Press; Berkeley. 614 pp. Kirkpatrick, H.C., S.K. Lowe, and G. Nyland. 1975. Peach rosette: the morphology of an associated plasmalike organisn and the chemotherapy of the disease. Phytopathology 65:864-870. Kunkel, L.O. 1941. Cure of aster yellows by heat treatments. Phytopathology 31:14. (Abstract) Maramorosch, K., E. £Shikata, and R.R. Granados. 1968. Structures resembling mycoplasma in diseased plants and in insect vectors. Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 30:841-855. McCoy, R.E., V.J. Carroll, C.P. Poucher, and G.H. Gwin. 1976. Field control of coconut lethal yellowing with oxytetracycline hydrochloride. Phytopathology 66:1148-1150. Nayar, R.M. 1967. Sap transmission of sandal spike. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 5:195-196. Parthasarathi, K., S.K. Gupta, and P.S. Rao. 1966. Studies on sandal spike. Part VII. Some useful stain tests for the diagnosis of the spike disease. Indian Acad. Sci. 64B:152-156. Ploaie, P., and K. Maramorosch. 1969. Electron microscopic demonstration of particles resembling mycoplasma or psittacosis—lymphogranuloma-trachoma group in plants infected with European yellows—type diseases. Phytopathology 59:536-544. Raju, B.C., P. Subrahmanyam, and N.S.R. Krishna Rao. 1975. A note on witches'-broom of Angelonia salicariaefolia, Hmnb. & Bonpl. Science and Culture 41:165-166. Raychaudhuri, S.P., V.V. Chenulu, S.K. Ghosh, A. Varma, F.S. mao, R.A. Srimathi, and K.C. Nag. 1972. Chemical control of spike disease of sandal. Current Science 41:72-73. Valenta, V. 1959. Experiments on thermal inactivation of some European yellow viruses in vitro. Biologia (Bratislava). 14:146-149. (English Summary) Varma, A., V.V. Chenulu, S.P. Raychaudhuri, N. Prakash, and P.S. Rao. 1969. Mycoplasma-like bodies in tissues infected with sandal spike and brinjal little leaf. Ind. Phytopathol. 22 :289-291. Venkata Rao, M.G. 1935. The role of undergrowth in the spread of the spike disease of sandal. Indian Forestry 61:169-188. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 WZ FUTURE MEETINGS ICSEB - IIT THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, 1985 The Congress will be held on 4-10 July 1985 at the University of Sussex, near Brighton, England. It is sponsored by the Royal Society, British Ecological Society, Linnean Society, Palaeontological Association and Systematics Association. The major aims of this Congress, as with its highly successful predecessors in Boulder, Colorado (1973) and Vancouver (1980), are to encourage and facilitate the integration of the work of biologists in adjacent or over-lapping fields in the general area of systematic and evolutionary biology. The programme will include a number of symposia devoted to specially-selected broad interdisciplinary themes, with invited speakers. The proposed subjects include: Symbiosis in Evolution; Conservation of Tropical Ecosystems; Biogeographic Evolution of the Malay Archipelago; Adaptation Aspects of Physiological Processes; Co-evolution in Ecosystems and the Red Queen Hypothesis; Angiosperm Origins and _ the Biological Consequences; The Measurement of Rates of Evolution; Molecular Biology and Evolutionary Theory; Co-Evolution and Systematics; Molecules vs. Morphology in Phylogeny : Conflict or Compromise? Random and Directed Events in Evolution; Biochemical Innovation in Microbial Communities. There will also be a full provision for intending participants to Suggest and arrange symposia of special interest to particular groupings of biologists. Other sessions will provide opportunities for the presentation of papers concerned with particular topics or groups of organisms. There will also be a number of poster sessions. Accommodation and meals will be available on the campus of the University of Sussex. In addition, hotels are available in nearby Brighton, an attractive historic resort town on the South Coast. Further information will only be sent to those who request it. Anyone wishing to be placed on the mailing list, or to suggest topics for Special Interest Symposia, or to contribute to any of the Congress Symposia listed above, should write to: Professor Barry Cox, c/o ICSEB Congress Office, 130 Queen's Road, Brighton, Sussex BN1 3WE 18 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TERRESTRIAL HAWAIIAN ECOSYSTEMS AND FIFTH CONFERENCE IN NATURAL SCIENCES Hawaii Field Research Center Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii June 5-7, 1984 The National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, and the Hawaii Natural History Association invite you to a Symposium on the Protection and Management of Terrestrial Hawaiian Ecosystems and the Fifth Conference in Natural Sciences at Hawaii Field Research Center, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The Symposium will be held June 5-6. Papers are by invitation only. A tentative agenda is appended. Dormitory accomodations, including kitchen facilities, but not bedding, will be available at the Research Center and at Magma House on a first-come, first-served basis through the Research Center. The cost is $5.00/night/person. Additional housing is available at Volcano House (range $37-$48/double), Namakani Paio campground cabins ($14.56/4 persons), and Hilo (range $20-$50/double). Reservations should be made well in advance directly with Volcano House or the appropriate hotel. An informal dinner will be held Wednesday, June 6, if there is enough interest. Price will be announced at the meeting. A registration fee will cover copies of the agenda, abstracts, and proceedings for the Natural Science Conference. The Symposium proceedings will be published separately at a cost to be announced later. The registration fee will be $15 prior to “May 1 and $20 after that date. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 i? eae PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TERRESTRIAL HAWAITAN E STEMS. Co-Conveners: C.P. Stone, NPS JM. Scott, USFWS Tues., June 5 I. Native Biota: Status, Research and Management Needs Session Chair: S. Mountainspring, USFWS 8:30 A. Native Ecosystems - J. Jacobi (USFWS) 9:10 B. Native Plants - W. Wagner (BPBM) 9:50 C. Native Birds - JM. Scott, C.B. Kepler (USFWS) 10:30 COFFEE 41:00 D. Native Invertebrates - W. Gagne (BPBM) 11:40 E. Preserves, Parks, Reserves, Natural Areas: Political and Social Considerations - A. Holt (TNC) 12:20 LUNCH 2:00 Highlights of Session I - 5S. Mountainspring II. Exotic Biota: Impacts, Research and Management Needs Session Chair: R.L. Walker, DOFAW 2:15 A. Exotic Invertebrates - F. Howarth (BPBM) 2:55 B. Exotic Plants - C.W. Smith (UH) D259 COFFEE 4:05 C. Exotic Vertebrates - C.P. Stone (NPS) A:45 D. Exotic Avian Diseases - C. Van Riper III(UC) D225 Highlights of Session II - R.L. Walker 5:40 ADJOURN Wed., June 5 III. Ecosystems Monitoring, Restoration and Management Session Chair: S. Conant, UH 8:30 A. Exclosure Studies - L.L. Loope (NPS) 9:10 B. Ohia Dieback - D. Mueller—-Dombois (UH) 9:50 C. Restoration of Native Ecosystems - C. Lamoureux (UH) 10:30 COFFEE 11:00 D. Preserve Design: Size, Shape and Distribution - J. Franklin (USFS) 11:40 E. Preserve Design: Genetics and Minimum Population Sizes - C. Schonewald-Cox 20 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 (NPS) 12:20 LUNCH 2:00 Highlights of Session III - S. Conant Conservation Groups, Legislature and the Public in Preserving and Managing Hawaiian Ecosystems Session Chair: C.B. Kepler 2215 1. USFWS - P. Stine 2:30 2. NPS - B. Harry 2245 3. State - L. Landgraf 3:00 4. TNC - K. Taketa 3315 5. Private Landowner - H.P. L Orange 3230 COFFEE 4300 6. Government - A. Chang 4:15 7. Conservation Groups - C. Lamoureux As45 Highlights of Session IV - C.B. Kepler 5:00 Reactions to, and Comments on, Symposium (Discussion) -J.M. Scott, C.P. Stone 5:30 ADJOURN BLACKBERRIES As part of an investigation on the biological control of the exotic blackberry so prevalent around our state, it was necessary to confirm the identity of the species. St. John (1973) in his List and Summary of the Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands (Pacific Trop. Bot. Gdns. Mem. #1) lists Rubus penetrans L.H. Bailey. Specimens, so identified by Dr. St. John, had also been forwarded to the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station in Olustee FA for propagation as hosts of several rust fungi. (These fungi are being evaluated as biological control agents for the local blackberry). Some cuttings of the blackberry were also forwarded to Dr. David W. Hall at the University of Florida in Gainesville. He identified it as Rubus argustus Link. The taxonomy of our local blackberry obviously needs clarification and the problem is brought to the Society's attention. Perhaps someone has some further information which could help us resolve this problem. Don Gardner, CPSU/UH NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 21 P.O. Box #124 Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 Editor. Hawaiian Botanical Soc. Newsletter Dear Editor, Has anyone found Ma~o occuring on the island of Hawaii? There seems to be a rumor that the native Ma~o, Gossypium tomentosum has recently been collected growing naturally on Hawaii. And this may be true. And for a good reason. During my nearly 60 years of botanizing on Hawaii I have never found this plant growing naturally. I have talked with the late Amy Greenwell, Isa and Otto Degener as well as others and they too had never collected it growing naturally on Hawaii. In 1963 I received a letter from Dr. S. G. Stephens who was spending a semester on the Manoa campus as an exchange Prof. He was greatly interested in Mao and stated, "that he could find no record of Mao growing naturally on Hawaii." Rock, as far as I know does not mention it. Hillebrand does and he stated, "that Mao is found along the seacoast on all islands". MacCaughey 1917, "Vegetation of Hawaiian Lava Flows covering Maui and Hawaii" does mention finding Mao but failed to indicate on which island. According to St. John, "Pacific Science, Vol. 32, Nov. 3, 1978" it may be that Mao was collected for the first and perhaps the only time growing naturally on Hawaii by David Nelson in 1779. I secured seed of Mao from Maui thru the late David Fleming in 1952. We raised plants from this seed at the old Hilo Tree Nursery and distributed them to those interested. Some were planted at the MacKenzie Park at Malama-ki, Puna at sea level; at Manuka Park, Kau; and elsewhere. 3100 ft does seem rather high for a sea coast plant but they grew and in two years produced fertile seed. Some few years later in company with Isa and Otto Degener I collected additional seed on Oahu. From this seed I produced several plants one of which I have growing here in ny yard in Kona at sea level. This plant has grown well and produced hundreds of seed. These I have planted and given away the resulting plants to those interested. In addition I have broadcasted Mao seed from Kailua north to the 1859 Lava Flow and south to Kealakekua Bay. All along the sea coast. Perhaps, (I hope) that some of these plants and seeds have become established and perhaps some collector will find them growing as a result of their actions. Sincerely, L. W. W. Bryan 22 NEWSLETTER HAWATTAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 a SSS SSS HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Report of the Treasurer December 1, 1982 - November 30, 1983 Receipts: Dues $1,378.50 Gifts 140.00 Interest 4,157.67 $2,570.17 Expenditures: Postage $ 312.95 Office supplies 115.87 Donations 1,900 .00 Xerox fees 23.40 Newsletter publication 990.34 Science fair 86.24 Meeting room fees 31.00 $3 9459.80 Cash flow: (783.63) Net worth of the Society: Pecember 1, 1982 $16 ,832.76 Change: Dec. 1 - Nov. 30, 1983 (783.63) November 30, 1983 16 ,049.13 Bank balances: First Hawaiian Bank - checking account: Balance December 1, 1982 $2,050.18 Balance November 30, 1983 -0- ($2,050.18) Honolulu Federal S & L — checking account: Balance December 1, 1982 -0- Balance November 30, 1983 2,157.34 2,157.34 First Federal S & L - account #102586: Balance December 1, 1982 213.14 Balance November 30, 1983 -0O- (213.14) First Federal S & L - account #111764: Balance December 1, 1982 440 .56 Balance November 30, 1983 465.47 24.91 First Federal S & L = account #c-718689: Balance December 1, 1982 14,128.88 Balance November 30, 83 13,426.32 (702.32) Change in bank balances: (783.63) Respectfully submitted, Derral Herbst NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 ZD Minutes of the June 6, 1983 Meeting President Sohmer called the meeting to order at 7:30 pm. The May minutes were read, amended and approved. Derral Herbst gave the Treasurer's report as follows: Balance as of May 1. o0s0ceecesse0e$2,050017 DUCG@H .i03 s.06s66 6 64 6046 18 646 0086644545500 125<450+ GLEUCB ey a0 sa sibs 0% ws bee 6695 be sense a eee 1o~ DOF POSEATC. 605.00 se 65600 te 000s eee 600 bee 6 1 50.00— Sclence Fairs ve cc ccc veve.ss 000 06.00% 0s 200 000= Balance as of May 31.c.ccccccccceeedt 950017 The Conservation Committee reported the following updates on 1) 2) 3) 4) several botanical-political issues. President Sohmer has volunteered to write a letter to the Governor, urging him to put these monies to good use on the control project. The appropriations for the Endangered Species Act have been held up. In addition, the number of species considered for endangered status has dropped from 70 to 7. Financially this means a cutback from a previous budget of several million dollars to zero. The federal government will contribute no funds for the Fish and Wildlife land purchase project. The state funds appropriated for control of banana poka (Passiflora mollissima) have not been utilized. Since this is a subject of general concern to the society, it was suggested at Executive Board that the HBS correspond their position to the Governor and President Sohmer said he would draft a letter. The proposal for commercial development (hotels) in the Queen's beach area has been removed from consideration. However, public hearings are coming up on residential development in the area, 30 Steve Montgomery reported the following items for the Native 1) 2) Plants Committee: The State Department of Agriculture has proposed (in Update) that the weed problem in the State (Heliconia, Melastomataceae, and others) needs recognition. One way this growing problem could be more accurately assessed is by updating the list of exotic and noxious weeds. Also noted as a problem species was koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala). Publication of portions of Ray Fosberg's informative paper could foster public awareness about this weedy species. There was no report from the Membership Committee. The 24 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 Newsletter Committee indicated that the 1982 Newsletter (one issue for the year) was at the printers. Under Old Business, a memo was received from the Trustees of the Marie Neal Fund, indicating that the motion brought before the membership requesting funds for the purchase of conservation easement on Waikamoi Reserve was reviewed and approved. Under New Business, Steve Montgomery made a motion that the Society support the Department of Agriculture initiative to place the family Melastomaceae on the noxious weeds list and that this list be published so that all nurserymen are aware of it. The letter of support should be directed to Jack Suwa, who is the Chairman of the Department of Agriculture. Mr. Montgomery also made a motion that Fosberg's koa haole paper be forwarded to the editor of the Leucaena Newsletter, and that a memo be added suggesting that this species not be introduced on any oceanic island on which it is not already growing. Some discussion followed the motions and it was Suggested that such a memo be first published in our own Newsletter. Also under New Business, Faith Roloeffs announced that there are now two hiking books available, one edited by Ray Tabata for Manoa Cliffs Trail and the other a guide for the Makiki Loop Trail. Our Plant of the Month Speakers were Earl Zablackis and George Linney. Earl talked about a new species of the red alga Scinaia that he has been studying. George's subject was color variation in greenhouse grown Dionella, or Uki Uki (pulled reed). Our Speaker of the Month was Dr. Warren Wagner who gave a Slide presentation on deserts in North America, the Great Basin, the Chihuahuan, and the Sonoran deserts. Respectfully submitted, Kristen Schlech Minutes of the October 3, 1983 Meeting The meeting was called to order by Vice-President Funk at 7:30 pm. The Treasurer's report, covering the months of June-September, is summarized as follows: The June minutes were read and approved. The Conservation Committee reported the following items: 1) The Waikamoi Reserve easement purchase was a success. The Nature Conservancy is now attempting to raise the $500,000.00 necessary to man the preserve. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 Ay, 2) The Banana poka control funds are being utilized - several project people have been hired. 3) The Queen's Beach development bill is still on the books, with residential zoning still a possibility. 4) The Forestry Department is worried about fires, particularly in areas of Kauai that are inhabited by the Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), an agressive invader of areas previously covered by native vegetation. 5) A full EIS for the Farms of Kapua development should be forthcoming. Objections were made on behalf of the Society to the previously filed negative declaration covering 5,100 acres of Conservation land. 6) A revision is needed on the definition of what constitutes critical habitat. The report of the Native Plants Committee noted the October 13 deadline on the consideration of Kokia drynarioides, Panicum carterii, Bidens cuneata and Schidea adamantis as endangered plants and also stated that the exceptional trees bill (City and County of Honolulu) has been passed on to Winona Char for revision. The following announcements were made: 1) The letterhead has been ordered with a slight change in the green color, as requested. 2) Next month is plant exchange month. 3) At the Waikiki Aquarium on Thursday (Oct 5) is a lecture on Acid Rain--Requiem or Recovery? This talk is accompanied by a fairly controversial film, made in Canada(?) which has not been previously released in the United States. The Plant of the Month speaker was Chris Simon, who spoke on hau (Hibiscus tiliaceous) and the distribution of this species in subtropical areas. She noted the lack of information about the pollination mechanisms of this species in Hawaii and compared the glands found on ant-pollinated hau in Central America and the glands found on the Hawaiian species. The Speakers of the Month were Dr. Isabella Abbott, Jane Lewis and Bill Brostoff who showed slides of their trip to Mainland China for the 12th International Seaweed Symposium. Slides of the agricultural landscapes, as well as city life, illustrated a variety of plants and plant products found in Mainland China, both aquatic and terrestrial. Respectfully submitted, Kristen Schlech 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Report of the Treasurer June - Sept. 1983 Balance as of June 1 $25071 17 Receipts Dues $ 234.00 Transfer from Marie Neal Fund 1,800.00 Transfer from closed saving account 222.09 2 256,09 Expenditures Donations $1,800.00 Office supplies 22.95 Newsletter publication 171.86 Postage (& insur.) 64.82 Meeting fees 31.00 Xerox fees 16.25 Engrave Science fair trophy 6.24 AAV. te Balance as of September 30 $2,220.14 Minutes of the November 7, 1983 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 pm by Vice-President Funk, as President Sohmer is in Papua New Guinea. There were no guests, and the Treasurer's report was given by telephone as Treasurer Herbst was unable to attend the meeting. The Secretary read the minutes which were accepted as read. ; Wayne Gagne gave the following updates for the Conservation Committee: 1) Maui is greatly in need of water purification. It is probable that the source of water contamination is the feral pig damage in the watershed on Haleakala's north slope. 2) The Sierra Club and Greenpeace have begun work on the assessment of what constitutes critical habitat for the Hawaiian Monk Seal, similar drafts of the definition of critical habitats should be considered for other sensitive species. 3) EIS has been required for the Kapua Farms development (South Kona). The Native Plants Committee reported they were reassessing the proposed significant trees bill and Winona Char and Carolyn Corn were compiling a response to send to Councilwoman Bornhorst. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 Ja The Membership Committee chair, Karen Asherman, reported that the Society had a membership of 151, and reminded the general membership that the dues notices go out in December. The Newsletter Committee indicated that, per C. W. Smith-Editor, the copy for the next issue was ready to be typed. Under New Business, Vice-President Funk reported that a nominating committee had been formed by Dan Palmer and Winona Char, who presented the following slate for proposed officers: President: Evangeline Funk, Department of Botany, U.H. V. President: Chris Simon, Department of Entomology, U.H. Secretary: Jane Lewis, Department of Botany, U.H. Treasurer: Derral Herbst, Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Directors: Rylan S. N. Yee, Department of Botany, B. P. Bishop Museum Sy H. Sohmer, Department of Botany, B. P. Bishop Museum Dr. Sohmer declined the nomination and Ms. Cheran Wilson accepted. Under announcements, Vice President Funk stated that the December meeting will take a slightly different format, beginning a little earlier, at 7:00 pm instead of 7:30, and prefaced by a "hearty" pupu hour, followed by a short business meeting, and then a potpourri slide show of places or plants the general membership has seen in 1983. There was no Plant of the Month Speaker. Our Speaker of the Month was Dr. James Brewbaker from the U.H. Horticulture Department, who spoke on a most relevant topic: Economically Important Nitrogen Fixing Tree Species Planted in Hawaii. Respectfully submitted, Kristen Schlech, Secretary 28 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Report of the Treasurer November 7, 1983 Balance as of October 1: $2,220.14 Receipts Interest: 6.94 Dues: 7.50 $14.44 Expenditures Office supplies: 4.00 Postage: 19.25 $25.25 Balance as of October 31 $2 211253 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1983 1983 marked significant changes for the Hawaiian Botanical Society. As the Society moved into its sixtieth year, the membership increased from 115 to 151, with 22 honorary members, the newsletter became current, and the Society's finances were expertly managed and invested in numerous constructive endeavors. The monthly meetings, in addition to addressing many of the critical conservation issues at stake last year, provided many outstanding lectures and presentations. The year kicked off with John Ford's (USFW) lecture on the life cycles of Hawaii's fresh water fauna, February was highlighted with the remobilization of the newsletter team, and by March the Society was up to its elbows in the Geothermal issue--which resulted ina letter submitted to the legislature (Sen. Cayetano) outlining the Society's concern over the effects of tapping geothermal energy in pristine areas. In April the Society voted on an amendment to its By-Laws, which tlined the appropriate channels for expenditure requests. In essence the amendment states that all financial requests be submitted for approval to the executive Council before being submitted to the members for voting. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 Zo May was’ highlighted with Chip Wickman's entertaining presentation on stalking the elusive Brighamia, and Dr. Lamaroueux's interesting aerial post-mortem of Hurricane Iwa damage on Kauai. The month was also one of goodwill; $100.00 was given to the Maui Zoo and Botanical Garden, Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden and the Wau Ecology Institute from the Society's general funds, anda special donation of 1500.00 was made from the Marie Neal Fund to the Nature Conservancy for purchase of 5 acres of the Waikamoi Reserve on Maui. Just prior to summer adjournment the Society addressed the disappearence of the funding for the Banana Poka Project, the temporary victory of the zoning of Queen's Beach, which “prohibited the development of a hotel complex on top of some of Oahu's few remaining native strand plant communities. Increased awareness of Leucaena was also a topic, and the interest generated by the discussion culminated in the Society's November Speaker, Dr. Brewbaker who lectured on economically important nitrogen fixing tree species in Hawaii. By October, banana poka had been marginally refunded, the Waikamoi purchase was a complete sucess, and the Queen's Beach area once again the focus of avaricious interests-this time for residential zoning. The Botanical Society again revised the exceptional trees bill proposed by Councilwoman Bornhorst, and discussed the rapidly colonizing Penisetum weed in fire disturbed areas. Our speakers of the month were the phycology contingent, Dr. Abbott and two graduate students, Jane Lewis and Bill Brostoff, who had all returned from the 12th International Seaweed Symposium in China. November brought a new slate of officers, with Evangeline Funk as President, Chris Simon as Vice President, Derral Herbst continuing as Treasurer, and Jane Lewis as recording and corresponding secretary. The Society asked Rylan Yee (Dept. of Botany, BISH) and Cheran Wilson to join the Executive Committee as Directors. The slate was unanimously voted on at the December ‘Annual meeting, which sucessfully closed the year with a pleasant party and slide show coordinated by Evangeline Funk. All in all, a good year for the Society-- keep up the good work! Respectfully submitted, Kristen Schlech, Secretary 1982-84 30 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT NITROGEN FIXING TREE SPECIES PLANTED IN HAWAIT (James L. Brewbaker and Brian K. Styles, eds. Prepared for Bellagio Workshop; Document #2A) Nitrogen is frequently a limiting factor in tropical ecosystems. Nitrogen fixing plants can therefore contribute “significantly to improving tropical soils. The Bellagio workshop identified 44 species in this list, of which the following occur in Hawaii. Code to information: SPECIES (FAMILY) 1. ORIGIN; HEIGHT, SHAPE 2. USES AND CHARACTERISTICS 3. ADAPTATION (INCL. MIN. RAINFALL) 4. COMMENTS, CHROMOSOME NO. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (Found only sporadically, and in experimental studies) 1. Australia, New Guinea; to 30m, spreading 2. Fuelwood, pulpwood; .68 sp.gr.; 15 m3/ha/yr 3. Wide adapt., acid soils; humid tropics (750 mm. min) 4. Not too tolerant of drought? fire? winds? 2n=26 Acacia confusa Merr. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (Formosa koa 1. Philippines, Taiwan; to 14 m, spreading 2. Firewood (high sp. gr.), ornamental 3. Wet subtropics (to 750 mm min), acid soils 4. Slow growth 2n=26 Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (klu, kolu, aroma, popinac) 1. Tropical America; to 10m, often shrubby 2. Fuelwood; forage, tanning; perfume from flowers; ornamental; black dye used to make ink 3. Dry tropics; wide variety of soils 4. Very thorny; can be weedy 2n=52 Acacia mangium Willd. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (In experimental trials only) 1. Australia and Papua New Guinea, Indonesia; to 30m, erect, stately 2. Timber (.65 sp gr), Firewood?, to 30 m3/ha/yr 3. Moist tropics (to 1000 mm min), acid soils? 4. Insects on leaves, genetic variability Acacia mearnsii Willd. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (black wattle) 1. Australia; to 25 m, spreading 2. Fuelwood, charcoal, tannins; dense wood (.75 sp.gr.), to 25 m3/ha/yr 3. Moist sub-tropics, mid elevations; to 800 mm min? 4. Can become weedy 2n=26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 51 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Ex Del. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (Thorn tree 1. Africa and India; to 20 m, usually less 2. Firewood, charcoal, fodder (pods, leaves), tannin and gum 3. Dry tropics (but thrives under irrigation) 4. Extremely thorny, variable 2n=52 ,104 Albizia falacataria (L.) Fosberg (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (albizia, moluccan sau) 1. Indonesia, New Guinea; to 45 m 2. Pulpwood, soft, .33 sp.gr., moldings, boxes, soil improvement 3. Moist tropics (to 1000 mm min), midlands A. Soft wood, poor fuel (=A. moluccana) Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (siris tree, white monkeypod, womans tongue) 1. Tropical Asia and Africa; to 30 m 2. fuelwood (high value, 5200 kcal/kg), foliage for feed, yields to 5 m3/ha/yr, furniture 3. Wide adaptability, dry and moist tropics (to 600 mm min) 4. Slow growth 2n=26 Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Betulaceae) (Nepal alder) 1. Himalayas; to 30m height, 40cm dia. 2. Firewood but sp.gr. .35; utility timber and forage 3. Cool tropic highlands to 3000m, mesic (800 mm min?) 4. Some insects, mistletoe; wood is soft 2n=28 Cajanus cajun (L.) Millsp. (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) AEinaceee cone) 1. India, Africa, 3-5 m, shrubby 2. Food ("pigeon pea" beans), firewood, green manure, forage 3. Dry to mesic tropics (400-1500mm), wide adaptability 4. Short-lived perennial (disease-restricted?) 2n=22 Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (kalyandra; in experimental trial only) 1. C. and S. America; to 8 m, shrubby 2. Firewood; green manure and forage; sp. gr. .65 3. Moist tropics (min. 1000mm), cooler (above 500m?); to 40 m3/ha/yr with annual harvest 4. Poorly digestible forage (=C. confusa Sprague & Riley) 2n=22 Casuarina cunninghamiana Migq. (Casuarinaceae) 1. Australia, to 35 m 2. Firewood, sp. gr. .7; shade tree; river bank stabilization 3. Cool tropics to warm temperate; 500 mm min. 4. Can be weedy (Florida) 2n=18 Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) (ironwood, she oak, beefwood, toa) 1. Australia and Pacific Isl. to India; to 35 m 57 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 2. Firewood, charcoal; "best in world"; sp. gr. 1.0, windbreak; timber for postwood 3. Warm tropics, coastal areas; typhoon tolerant, very saline tolerant; very saline tolerant 4. Coppices poorly? Casuarina glauca Sieb. Ex Spreng. (Casuarinaceae) (swamp oak) 1. Australia (N.S.Wales to Qld.); to 20 m 2. Firewood, charcoal, fencing, piles for seawater, windbreaks in coastal areas; sp.gr. .98 3. Warm temperate to subtropics, coastal areas; salt-tolerant; heavy clay soils 4. Produces root suckers and can be weedy (e.g. Florida) Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) (sissoo) 1. Indian subcontinent; to 30 m 2. Lumber, fuelwood, sp gr. .68 3. Warm tropics, mesic or arid (to 500 mm min); fast growth for a Dalbergia, slow by other standards 4. Slow growth 2n=20 Erythrina fusca Lour. (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) 1. C. & S. America, to 30 m; broad crown 2. Shade for coffee and cacao; live fenceposts; soft wood 3. Lowland moist tropics to 1500 m; often in swamps or on poorly drained clayey soils 4. Fast growth; effective green manure; easily cloned 2n=42 One columnar variety ("fastigiata") Erythrina poeppigiana (Walpers) 0.F.Cook (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) 1. S. America to Panama; to 40 m 2. Shade for coffee, ornamental; soft wood; paper pulp; forage, mulch; living fences 3. Dry to mesic tropics, to highlands 4. Fast growth; coppices and clones easily; thorny Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) madre de Ser 1. S. and C. America; small tree to 10 m 2. Firewood, timber, sp. gr. .75, fodder, green manure, shade, ornamental; easily propagated by cuttings, living fence, to 8 m3/ha/yr 3. Dry to humid tropics (1000 mm min), also saline areas 4. Toxic bark/seeds/roots; aphids on foliage (=G. maculata) 2n=20 Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) 0. Kuntze (Caesalpinioideae; Leguminosae) (ipil) {. Southeast Asia, E. Africa, India; to 40 m, buttressed 2. Handsome timber, decking, truck bodies ("ipil" in Philippines), highly resistant to rot; slow growth 3. Moist tropics, prob. 2000 mm min; 4. Genetic variability 2n=24 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 D2 Leucaena diversifolia (Schlecht) Benth. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (pink leucaena; research trials only) 1. C. America, to 18 m (with shrubby variants) 2. Fuelwood (est. .5 sp. gr.), shade, forage 3. Dry to mesic tropics, prob. 500 mm min, to midlands (1500 m) 4. Little studied, great genetic diversity 2n=52 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (koa haole, haole koa, ipilipil, lamtoro, subabul) 1. C. America and Mexico, to 18 m (with shrubby variants) 2. Fuelwood, nurse tree, forage, small timber and pulpwood; sp. gr. .55, some food use (pods, seeds, leaves), energy plantations, yields to 50 m3/ha/yr 3. Dry to mesic tropics, 500 mm min, lowland 4. Widely studied 2n=104 Mimosa scabrella Benth. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (bracatinga; in experimental trials only) 1. S.E. Brazil & Argentina; to 12 m, thornless 2. Fuelwood, pulpwood, ornamental; shade for coffee; rapid growth? 3. Mid-elevation cool tropics and subtropics (flourishes t 2400 m, Guatemala) 4. Little studied Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merrill (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) Gee 1. Indo-Malaysia, Philippines; now widely pantropical; to 40 m, umbrella crown 2. Timber, ornamental, seeds used in local medicine 3. Humid tropics to 1000 mm; 500-700 m elevation 4. Pest-tolerant; protected in Indonesia (also known as P. roxburghii G. Don.) Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Caesalpinioideae; Leguminosae) (Jerusalem thorn, Mexican palo verde, ratama) 1. Americas; to 20 m, spreading 2. Fuelwood; fodder; ornamental; fences; local medicine 3. Widely adapted, to moist tropical and dry areas, also sandy and saline soils 4. Very thorny; weedy in Argentina 2n=28 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (opiuma, Manila tamarind) 1. C. to S. America, to 20 m, irregular and untidy spreading tree 2. Fuelwood (to 5500 kcal/kg), smoky; forage, construction postwood, shade (thorny hedges), food (pods), some tannin and oil (seeds) 3. Very wide adaptability, from dry to humid tropics and to cooler elevations (So. Florida) ‘4. Thorny (segregating), poor form 2n=26 34 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) pongamia, derris) 1. Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, China, Tropical Asia; to 8 m 2. Firewood, fodder (leaves), oil (seeds), pest control (leaves), shade tree, medicine 3. Mesic tropics (min. 600mm), saline tolerant; to full height in 5 yrs. - Aggressive spreading roots; also known as Derris indica Lam.) Bennet Prosopis alba/chilensis "Complex" (Chilean kiawe) (Includes P. alba Griseb. and P. chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz; also P. flexuosa and P. nigra) 1. Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, S. Peru; to 15 m 2. Firewood, occasional use as timber; fodder (pods); to 12 m3/ha/yr 3. Cool dry subtropics (200 mm min); to 3000 m in Peru 4. Thorny but segregating 2n=28 Prosopis pallida/juliflora "Complex" (kiawe, algaroba, mesquite) (Includes P. pallida (Humb. & Bon. ex Willd.) and P. juliflora (Swartz) DC) 1. C. and No. S. America; to 15 m, aggressive 2. Firewood (.8 sp. gr.), exc. charcoal; fodder (pods), honey, wood, to 5 m3/ha/yr 3. Dry hot tropics, to 200 mm min; deep roots, some var. frost-tolerant A. Thorny (segregating), often weedy (P. glandulosa and P. velutina are the mesquites of So. USA and elsewhere in tropics, often labelled juliflora in error) 2n=26 ,52,56 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (Mimosaceae; Leguminosae) (narra) 1. S. E. Asia, Indo-China, Pacific Islands; to 40 m, broad crown, lofty 2. Choice timber (narra), ornamental, furniture, flooring 3. Moist tropics; relatively fast growth 4. Needs deep soil; some diseases 2n=22 Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) (black locust) 1. N.E. America, to 25 m 2. Fuelwood (dense), erosion control, nurse tree, posts, forage; to 20 m3/ha/yr; 3. Temperate, highland tropics 4. Winter deciduous 2n=20 ,22,24 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill (Mimosoideae; Leguminosae) (monkeypod, raintree, ~ohai) 1. C. & So. America, Mexico; to 40 m, wide spreading 2. Shade, timber and craftwood, food (pod), sp. gr. .49, ornamental, fuelwood. (rare) 3. Mesic to wet tropics (to 600 mm min) 4. Defoliating insects common 2n=26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY VOLUME 23 1984 35 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. (Papilionoideae; Leguminosae) (sesban, ohai-ke oke~o) 1. India to SE Asia; to 10m, slender 2. Pulpwood, forage (leaves, pods), food (flower, leaves, young pods), ornamental; sp. gr. .42; to 22 m3/ha/yr, large nodules 3. Moist tropics (1000mm min), onto poor soils 4. Genetic variability, soft wood, borer susceptibility on=14, 24 NFTA 82-043 ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT NITROGEN FIXING TREE SPECIES "B" LIST (James L. Brewbaker and Brian K. Styles, Eds. Prepared for Bellagio NFT Workshop, Sept. 1982) The following species were considered important economically, but of less importance than the annotated "A" list. The first list includes’ species known to fix nitrogen, while those of the second list are not known to fix nitrogen Acacia aneura F. v. Muell. Acacia koa Gray (koa) Acacia melanoxylon R. = (Australian blackwood) Adenanthera pavonina L. (false wiliwili, red sandalwood, hua -ula-ula) Albizia prodera (Roxb.) Benth. Alnus rubra Bong (red alder) Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. (Brazilian rosewood) Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Indian rosewood) Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. (earpod, elephants ear Erythrina indica Lam (=E. variegata (L.) Merr.) (tigers claw, Tndian coral tree, wiliwili-haole) Haematoxylon brasiletto Karst. (bloodwood tree) Inga edulis Mart. (inga) Inga paterna Harms ee ( Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.F. Wight (= S. aculeata (rattlepod HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY c/o BOTANY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 usy Newsletter - awalla 30tanica Oc1e (pntents VOLUME 24 {i} 1985 ETIOLOGY OF RED LEAF DISEASE OF 'OHELO chy ialD] 8) 6) 21 eis cirae C7-b ace |g [ou rer eee ee eee ee etree 5. 3 "HAWAII NATURAL AREA RESERVE SYSTEM.....-ccceeeeccccccccccce é OBSERVATIONS OF SOME UNUSUAL FLOWERING CHARACTERISTICS OF MYRICA FAYA by Donald Es “Gardner vch<42.45s < -"O" ah. Each garden has a supervisor. Five of the smaller gardens are organized under a horticulturist. The sixth garden, Ho'omaluhia, has its own horticulturist. Both horticulturists report to -and work: with the Director. Program staff at the Ho'omaluhia garden also reports to the Director, who coordinates grounds and program activities at Ho'omaluhia. All told the Botanic Gardens Division has a staff of 33 full-time employees and 16 part-time employees distribited through the system. It must be kept in mind that the system is not yet fully developed, several sites are still in very early phases of development. Additional staff will be added over the years as required and finances permit. To date the City has been generous. Since the formalization of the Division in 1960 the City has expanded the gardens from 50 acres to 800 acres and the staff from 5 to the present level. Our annual budget for the fiscal year 1982-83 provides $476,000 for salaries, $237,000 for daily operating expenses, utilities and supplies and $11,000 for new equipment for a total of S724.,000. This does not reflect, however, the total cost of operating our system. The City and the Parks Department provides numerous services not charged against the gardens'! budget, expensive items including all structural maintenance and repairs, all vehicle repair and operating costs, all heavy equipment needs, carpentry for display and exhibits, all fiscal services, personnel services, architectural and engineering services and program assistance through specialists in other divisions. I have no way of asigning dollar values to these items. FE is obvious, however, that the administration of a system of gardens such as ours is greatly simplified and convenienced and its budget Significantly augmented by its attachment to a large City Structure. VOLUME 24 1985 35 It is equally obvious that we could not manage the areas and programs described above without some form of additional staffing. That support comes from a legion of volunteers without whom we could not carry out any but the simplest tasks. Main volunteer support comes from the Friends of Foaster Garden, an incorporated citizen support group established in 1960. The Friends finance the Foster Garden Education Program, paying the salary of the Education Coordinator and one part-time helper. Volunteers are enlisted EOr. special education activities. The City furnishes space and utilities and Scathr . back-up. Our self-guided tour brochures were done by volunteers; volunteers conduct all guided tours, augment the nursery staff, purchase books for our library, pay for staff training programs, assist with grounds cleanup, mow lawns and organize two plant sales a year which furnish the bulk of Friends' operating dollars. Our Plant Import Program is almost totally funded by the Friends. Over the last ten years this has seen well over 10,000 accessions. Our small reception office at Foster Garden is manned 363 days of the year by volunteers from the Outdoor Circle, a women's organization started in 1916 to promote the planting of street trees and in parks and school yards. The Circle, incidently, is responsible for the billboard law. (You see no billboards lining Hawai'i's highways.) The Outdoor Circle has published a quality book with text and photographs covering the Exceptional Trees of ‘O'ahu. The Outdoor Circle provides the volunteers for our school Cour program. The Community Gardening Program is staffed by one half-time person, the obvious slack being covered by the Garden Council and volunteers from each garden. This system has worked well; not perfectly, but well. The Exceptional Trees Program is similarly handled by a part-timer with the volunteer committee itself handling all field-work and reporting. All volunteer groups are coordinated by the Director who must make sure volunteer efforts and staff efforts are operating on the same frequency and not at odds. Harmony is usually the case. As any agency utilizing volunteers knows, volunteers are not always the happiest solution as replacement for regular staff. We have found, however, that volunteer enthusiasm and open-mindedness have infected staff with a perspective assuring us of our ability to tackle anything with 36 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY success. Honolulu Botanic Gardens is oriented to lay people. Our volunteers keep us on track, pick us up when we crash and push us ahead when we falter. They are a healthy and necessary part of our organization. An alternate site garden system does have inherent problems. But it also presents a series of great opportunities for developing attractive educational and recreation resources for the community as well as important scientific bases for the growing, studying and preservation of the world's flora. In Hawai'i, botanical values are accentuated by the emergency need to save much of the tropical world's rapidly disappearing flora. Our gardens in conjunction with others in the State including the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, the Waimea Arboretum and the Lyon Arboretum of the University of Hawaii form a cooperative complex of tremendous potential and value to the future of man's knowledge of the flora of the tropics. Honolulu Botanic Gardens' contribution to the public awareness of the need for conservation as well as its role in actual preservation through collections constitute our role and commitment. Minutes of the March, 1985 meeting President Lewis called the meeting to order at 7:30 Ds Ms The minutes of the February meeting were read and approved. The March balance in the Society treasury was S2480.61. Marie Brugemann, for the Membership Committee, announced that dues notices will be in the next Newsletter. Dr. Abbott announced that the Botanical Society Newsletter was at the printer and would be mailed to members within 2-3 weeks. Plant of the Month Speaker, Leland Miyano introduced Society members to the number of species of cycads which he raises as a hobby. Drs Roy Nishimoto, Chairman, Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii at Manoa, gave an overview of recent developments in the control of weeds. According to Dr. Nishimoto, herbicide-oriented research is the basis of modern weed control. Other methods include the use of machinery, manpower, allelopathy, soil solarization, mulching, and the use of biological control agents. Respectfully submitted, Christa Russell, Secretary VOLUME 24 1985 oi, HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY AT THE SCIENCE FAIR Each year, nearly 70 junior and senior high school students entered in the Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair compete in the area of Botany. The science fair is an opportunity for these students to display results from their investigations of some problem or principle of science. The initiative, creativity and persistance demanded as well as this’ early exposure to Botany and Botanists is likely to have a long-range effect in the life of the particpants. Only the Botanical Society singles out the projects involving plants for awards. Thus, we play an important role in promoting Botany £or Hawaiian secondary students. Student projects Eun the range of physiological and biochemical studies to testing whether rock or classical music’ produces better growth in bean plants. The latter projects rarely win..... This year, "Best of Fair" as well as "Best Junior High Division" was awarded to Suzette S. F. Lee and Kathleen Y. Sakaguchi of Kawananakoa Intermediate for their project "Effects of Mycorrhizae on pigeon pea plants grown in different levels of phosphorous." Their awarded included $45, a copy of Cronquist's Hawaii: A Natural History, and a perpetual trophy to be displayed at their school for one year. Although these students are only seventh graders, they showed the promise of being excellent Botanists. "Best Senior High Division" went to Keith F. Vendetta and Michelle M. Vierra of Waianae High for their project "Seaweed: Hawaii's future energy resource", With the chair of the Science Fair Committee a Phycologist, it's no wonder seaweed projects have won prizes each of the last three years! For those students whose projects were metritorious, but not the best for their division, "Botanical Society Awards" (which carry a prize of $25) were given. These prizes were awarded to Elaine Lee, McKinley High, "Soursops amylase breakdown and activity;" Tina P. Chun and Bernadette S. L. Hee., Sacred Hearts High, "Effect of root-knot nematodes;" Kamla Fukushima, Baldwin High, "The effects of inorganic vs. organic fertilizers;" Michele M. Murota, Waialua High, "Brackish Water: A future source for plant irrigation" and Edward M. Kim, Aliamanu Intermediate, "Mung Bean Growth." Botanical Society judges for 1985 were Bill Brostoff and Alvin Yoshinaga. 38 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY KUDOS FOR BEATRICE KRAUSS WHEREAS, Miss Beatrice Hi. Krauss, educator, historian, volunteer, and friend of all environmentalists, has made outstanding contributrions to the field to ethnobotany, the study of the role of plants and plant products in various cultures, an area of great significance to Hawai'i; and WHEREAS, she has spent close to 60 years in teaching and conducting original and specialized research, has written numerous monographs, brochures, articles, and bibliographies, including the two-hundred-and-fifity page syllabus, Ethnobotany of Hawai'i; and WHEREAS, Miss Krauss has’ given unselfishly of her time to help people understand their interaction with their environment, not only as a valued researcher and educator at the Pineapple Research Institute and the University of Hawaii for nearly 50 years, but also as a leader in the community; and WHEREAS, she has contributed her time and talents generously as a lecturer and resource person for the Moanalua Gardenrs Foundation, as well as Lyon Arboretum, Manoa History Project, Historic Hawai'i Foundation's Manoa Home Tours, Foster Garden, Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, state and local science fairs, Blood Bank, and for numerous other organizations and individuals; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED THAT MOANALUA GARDENS FOUNDATION HONOR MISS KRAUSS, FOR HER DISTINGUISHED LIFETIME OF SELFLESS WORK AS AN EDUCATOR, ETHNOBOTANIST, HISTORIAN AND FRIEND OF ALL ENVIRONMENTALISTS, WITH ITS KUKUI O LOTA AWARD, THE KUKUI BEING A SYMBOL OF BOTH HEALING AND ENLIGHTENMENT; AND BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that Miss Krauss be made an Honorary Life Member of Moanalua Gardens Foundation and be presented with this resolution at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Moanalua Gardens Foundation on April 20, LoYS5:, Harriet D. Baldwin, President Leslie Nakashima, Secretary Mary Ann Lentz, Executive Director Lorin T. Gill, Education Director VOLUME 24 1985 39 PROSPECTUS OF A MONOGRAPH OF THE HAWAIIAN MADIINAE (ASTERACEAE) j ARGYROXIPHIUM, DUBAUTIA, AND WILKESIA Gerald D. Carr Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 The Hawaiian endemic genera Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, and Wilkesia comprise an extremely diverse, yet monophyletic group of 28 species. The nearest relatives of this assemblage appear to be the Pacific Coast tarweeds (Madiinae) of North America. Life forms represented among the Hawaiian alliance include cushion plants, mat-forming subshrubs, shrubs, monocarpic and polycarpic rosette shrubs, trees, and a liana. This array of life forms occupies a multitude of habitats ranging from the very driest to the very wettest in the islands at elevations extending from near sea level to 35.750 ml. The diversity of habit and habitat is also paralleled by considerable variation in the anatomical features of these plants. Anatomical data are reviewed in the context of the present taxonomy. A summary of existing chromosome number reports for these genera, together with 47 new counts, indicates that 18 species have n=14 chromosomes while 9 species have n=13. Biosystematic and cytogenetic studies further indicate that the 14-paired genome has evolved to produce at least four chromosome races which are differentiated by reciprocal chromosome translocations. Studies of physiological ecology demonstrate that the 13-paired species exhibit altered tissue osmotic and elastic properties compared to the 14-paired species. In spite of this remarkable overall diversity, 35 different naturally occurring interspecific and intergeneric hybrids have been detected. Even the most sterile of these are capable of producing F, offspring. An additional 29 unique interspecific and intergeneric hybrid combinations have been produced artificially. The extraordinary diversity exhibited by this genetically cohesive group makes the Hawaiian Madiinae a premier example of adaptive radiation. The taxonomic treatment recognizes 3 genera, 28 species, and 13 additional subspecies and lists 37 Tearr, Gerald D. 1985. Monograph of the Hawaiian Madiinae (Asteraceae): Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, and Wilkesia. Allertonia (In Press). 40 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY heterotypic names in synonomy. A distribution map and leaf illustration is provided for each Eaxon, Illustrations representing various other features of the alliance are also included. One subspecies’ each of Dubautia ciliolata, «D.~.ambricata, :Ds/knudsenii; “and: D. plantaginea are described as new taxa. A total of 28 previously described heterotypic taxa are considered to represent spontaneous Fy, hybrids. These are listed in synonymy in an appendix that provides an account of the 35. Known natural hybrids. -Cytotaxonomic: notes on’ hybrids are also provided where data are available. Finally, a list providing the identification of all numbered exsiccatae observed during the study is included. TAXONOMIC CONSPECTUS 1. ARGYROXIPHIUM DC. grayanum (Hillebrand) Degener virescens Hillebrand kKauense (Rock & Neal) Degener & I. Degener caliginis C. Forbes sandwicense DC. (2 subsp.) OP WD HH [> [> [> [> [> 2. WILKESIA A. Gray hobdvis Hi St... conn gymnoxiphium A. Gray Isle 3. DUBAUTIA Gaudich. 1. D. laxa Hook. & Arn. (4 subsp.) 2. D. laevigata A. Gray 3. D. paleata A. Gray 4. D. raillardioides Hillebrand 5. D. waialealae Rock 6. D.-imbricata .H. St. John -& G. Carr (2 subsp.) 7. D. plantaginea Gaudich. (3 subsp.) 8. D. microcephala Skottsb. 9. D. knudsenii Hillebrand (3 subsp.) 10. D. paucifiorula Hs St.. John - & G. Carr ll. D. latifolia (A. Gray) Keck iy De sCabra -(DC.) Keck (2 subsp.) 13 D. cilrolata (DC.) Keck (2. subsp...) 14. D. herbstobatae G. Carr 15. D. linearis (Gaudich.) Keck (3 subsp.) 16. D. sherffiana Fosb. 17. D. reticulata (Sherff) Keck 18. D. dolosa (Degener & Sherff ex Sherff) G. Carr 19. D. menziesii (A. Gray) Keck 20. D. arborea (A. Gray) Keck 2i. D. platyphylla (A. Gray) Keck VOLUME 24 1985 41 THE DECLINING FOREST COVER OF THE KO'OLAU SUMMIT John K. Obata 1337 Ala Aolani Honolulu, HI 96819 In the 1930's waterfalls usually could be seen cascading down the mountainside as one drove up Nu'uanu Valley to the Pali Lookout. Today only a heavy downpour would duplicate this condition. The late C. Montague Cooke, an emminent malacologist and field observer, had a very plausible explanation. He felt tree cover, especially ‘'ohi'ta lehua (Metrosideros), in the cloud forest was quite depleted and thus moisture could not be condensed from fog and released as water droplets into the substrate at a steady rate (pers. comm.). After traversing much of the Ko'olau summit area in recent months (Dec. ee] Apr. 1984-85), the Cooke hypothesis seems more of a reality than speculation. Much of the northern and central Ko'olau Range during the winter resembled a muddy obstacle course while the southern portion remained relatively dry even during and after precipitation. Much of the night and morning cloud cover do not seem to be captured by the sparse vegetational cover in the southern range. This failure correlates well with the depleted cover of 'ohi'a lehua today. In the past when one stood under tree cover in the fog, condensed water droplets would saturate one's Clothing. Today most of this available moisture passes over because the trees are gone. The little condensation iw blown away or evaporated by the persistent wind act on: The moisture laden tradewinds (north-easterlies) are not depositing their moisture as in the past. Only a Kona (south-easterly) to a westerly rain-storm would seem to deposit sufficient moisture on the summit areas. The only exception are pockets of native (Metrosideros) tree-covered peaks along the Ko'olau crests. Much of the vegetational cover is changing rapidly. Most of the common understory vegetation are depleted today in the souther Ko'olau summit areas’ probably because of the lack of fog drip. Nertera, Peperomia, CyrEandra, and Lycopodium serratun, SO abundant twenty-five years ago, must be sought out and found with difficulty in many areas. Shrubby vegetation once common on the windward slopes is depleted in areas where low tree cover has disappeared. This situation is duplicated near the summit areas of the leeward slopes. 42 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY What do the foregoing observations suggest? Most likely a changing forest ecosystem. Many of the species seem to be on their last legs in their habitat. Their numbers are rapidly decreasing and regeneration, if any, is almost non-existant. The vacated habitats are displaced by exotic flora. The most agressive ones presently are the Clidemia hirta (Koster's Curse) and exotic grasses. Several other exotic shrubs and tree species are also invading the area. But the changing vegetation lacks the fog interception capabilities of a Metrosideros tree cover. Perhaps the drought of 1983-84 would not have been as severe had nature's condensation system been effective. Is this a prelude of later droughts to come? The implications are very sobering. CURRENT RESEARCH NEWS W. K. Smith Dept. of Botany University of Wyoming, Laramie WY 82071 I am currently working on projects involving native Hawaiian species as well as Koa Haole (Leucaena leucocephala). Both of these studies were initiated in spring 1983, and I am hoping to complete the majority of the research before I leave on about June 1, 1985. The primary objective of native plant project is to compare stomatal behavior and gas exchange characteristics ina closely related evolutionary group such as the Euphorbia. I am especially interested in determining the Significance of stomatal distribution patterns on plant water and carbon-dioxide exchange (e.g. amphistany vs. hypostoney), and relating these differences to habitat. The leucaena project is a collaborative effert with R. S. Huang and R. Yost in the Dept. of Agronomy that focuses on the influence of phosphorus nutrition and mycorrhizal infection on water relations and photosynthesis. We are looking in detail at the interactions between net photosynthesis and P-uptake in young seedlings during the establishment phase. Also, we have found that leaf orientational properties serve as a sensitive indicator of physiological status and have a major influence on water-use efficiency. VOLUME 24 1985 43 SOME COMMENTS ON THE HISTROY OF BOTANY IN HAWAI'I Dr. St. John on May 6, 1985 reviewed the history of expeditions and collections of Hawaiian plants between ESS 5 ee and 167 1. The first collector was THOMAS NUTTALL, originally from England, whose name is commemorated in the names of many plants in the western part of North America, and who was in Hawai'ti in 1835. He was in Hawai'i for about 4 months, visiting Kaua'i, 'O'ahu and Hawai'i. He collected 130 species, about half of them thought to be new. In 1837, HMS Sulphur, with G. BARCLAY and B. HINDS as_ collectors, visited Hawai'i and 'O'ahu For. .-£our / months. The collections were not included by Bentham in "The Botany of the Sulphur". CHARLES WILKES, the Navy captain in charge of the U.S. Exploring Expedition brought six vessels to Hawai'i, beginning in 1838. Among scientists associated with this Expedition were ASA GRAY, JAMES D. DANA, CHARLES PICKERING, and WILLIAM BRACKENRIDGE. The expedition was in Hawai'i for nine months, visiting all of the major islands. What must have been the very slowest trip to be made between Hilo and Kilauea was led by the irascible Wilkes: it took 30 days! T. DIDRICKSEN of the Danish Galathea expedition visited 'O'ahu and Hawai'i Islands for two months in 1846. The collections were never looked at until found by C. Skottsberg in the Copenhagen Museum 100 years later. Most of the collections consist of specimens of Hawaiian mosses. The first collection of plants from Kaho'tolawe, and before the introduction of hoofed animals, was made by JULES REMY who was in Hawai'i between 1851 and 1855. He also visited the principal islands and Ni'ihau. Remy's collections are mostly in the Paris Museum, with one set of duplicates at Harvard. Remy was an ethnologist as well as naturalist; he wrote a Gictionary of Hawaiian, but did not publish on Hawaiian botany. The last of Dr. St. John's botanists was the best known of all to students of Hawaiian botany, WILLIAM HILLEBRAND, who lived in Hawai'i between 1851 and 1871. Among fortunate happenings, Hillebrand sent between 700 and 800 numbers of specimens to the Kew Herbarium in London. These plants represent the main surviving Hillebrand collection which otherwise had been stored at the Berlin herbarium which was destroyed in the Second World War. Another tidbit: money was appropriated by the Hawaiian (legislature to buzld. a fountain in celebration of Hillebrand's published Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. The fountain was never built. 44 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY THE MAUNA KEA SILVERSWORD: A SPECIES ON THE BRINK OF EXTINCTION Elizabeth Powell Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu Hi = 96822 HISTORY In the early nineteenth century, it took a sizable amount of effort to climb on foot Hawai'i's highest volcano, Mauna Kea, rising 13,796 feet (4200 m) above sea level. Yet, James Macrae, employed by the Horticulture Society of London, did just that in 1825. Even with all the problems Macrae encountered on his journey up Mauna Kea, the foggy cold, members of his party succumbing to altitude sickness, and miles of hard-going over loose lava cinders, Macrae wrote: The last mile was destitute of vegetation except one plant of the Syginesia tribe, in growth much like a yucca, with sharp pointed silver coloured leaves and green upright spike of three or four feet producing pendulous branches with brown flowers, truely superb, and almost worth the journey of coming here to see it on purpose (Wilson, 1922). Macrae had found one of Hawai'i's most striking plants in flower. His collection of this plant was eventually sent to De Candolle in Geneva who in 1836 described the plant fOr the first time and gave it the genus name Argyroxiphium, which is Greek for silversword. Thus, the scientific community first learned about the magnificent Hawaiian Silverswords, unusual giant rosette alpine plants of the composite family, the result of millions of years of isolated evolution on the Hawaiian island chain. Argyroxiphium represents one of three endemic Hawaiian genera of 29 species called the silversword alliance, acclaimed as the most spectacular example of adaptive radiation in plants known to science (Carr and Kyhos, 1981). Today, with 4-wheel drive and roads to take one up Mauna Kea, it is no less inspiring for a modern day botanist to make the long journey to see the botanical wonders that may still be found there. However, seeing the Mauna Kea silversword, A. sandwicense DC., is not as likely to be an experience of awe as it is of grief: The species is nearly extinct. The original range and abundance of the Mauna Kea Silversword is enshrouded in mystery. We can only guess VOLUME 24 1985 45 from historical accounts and speculation where it must have grown. However, it appears that the range of the species had, at one time, circled Mauna Kea in a band between about 9,000 feet (2740 m) and about 13,000 feet (3960 m) in elevation. Historical accounts of the silversword are few and full of foreboding. Unfortunately, this is most of what we know: In 1890, W. D. Alexander climbed to the summit of Mauna Kea and wrote, "The beautiful silversword, once so abundant is nearly extinct except in the most rugged and inaccessible localities" (Alexander, 1892). Joseph Rock, 1913, wrote, "They still occur in the thousands in Haleakala Crater, but are indeed very scarce on Mauna Kea." In 1910, Rock collected a specimen "above Horner's Ranch near Puu Lehu" on the north slope of Mauna Kea (BISH #8434). Carl Skottsberg found dead silversword plants on the west flank of Mauna Kea at about 9,000 feet (2740 m) in 1922 (Skottsberg, 1926). Skottsberg wrote, "IT do not know what had befallen these plants. They were not old ones that had flowered and then died." In 1925 and 1926, a member of the US Geological Survey, preparing a topographical map of Mauna Kea, found silverswords in 2 locations, at an elevation of 10,500 feet (3200 m) in the Wailuku river course and at 11,650 feet (3550 m) in Pohakuloa gulch (Kilmartin, 1975). A 1935 survey of the ecology and vegetation of Mauna Kea by Constance Hartt and Marie Neal revealed 1 live Silversword plant at 12,250 feet (3730 m) elevation near the Humuula trail, of which they wrote, "was growing on a rocky shelf in a position well protected from grazing animals." Marie Neal also found remains of dead Silverswords on the northwest slope of the mountain near tree line (Hartt and Neal, 1940). Hawaii District Forester, L. W. Bryan, counted 27 plants in the Wailuku Gulch on the steep cliffs in 1951. He also noted seeing a plant above Kanakaleonui in 1950, and one mauka of Kahinahina cabin in 1955 (Bryan, 1971). It appears that even by the time of its first collection by a European in 1825, the Mauna Kea silversword was already seriously declining due to the grazing impacts of introduced feral sheep (Ovis aries). Captain George Vancouver landed Hawai'i's first cattle (Bos taurus) and sheep as gifts for King Kamehameha I at Kealakekua Bay and Kawaihae on the island of Hawai'i in his 1773 -1774 visits (Wilson, 1920). Vancouver convinced the king that he should place a kapu on killing the animals in order to let them increase. Although it is historically noted that not everyone heeded Kamehameha's prohibition, the number of feral 46 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY sheep increased enormously and they migrated throughout the island over the next 20 to 30 years (Kramer, 1971). When sheep had begun inhabiting the upper slopes of Mauna Kea is’ unclear. Due to hunting pressures, the feral grazers were probably driven into the higher elevations, which were prime silversword habitats. Introduced feral sheep probably daily moved to higher areas above tree line at night to escape predation by man or feral dogs (Canis familiaris) and migrated below tree line into better pasture areas during the day (Giffin, 1976). Consequentially, grazing pressures were mainly at tree line in the high elevation mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) forest. Regarding the summit of Mauna Kea, Macrae wrote in his 1825 diary: I stayed about an hour admiring the scenery. For the space of about 12 miles around the top of the mountain, it was dreary to a degree, but below that, the pasture where the wild cattle fed had a pleasing effect. The forest which encircles the island of Hawai'i below the pasture land was hidden in fog... I saw many skeletons of some kind of animal, devoid of all flesh, but apparently not long dead, and on rejoining our guide, was informed that the wild dogs had almost exterminated the sheep that Vancouver had brought with the cattle, pursuing them beyond the line of vegetation, where they became bewildered and died for want of food (Wilson,1922). Here is evidence that feral sheep had made it to the summit of Mauna Kea long before Macrae had. One has to wonder, knowing today that feral sheep find silverswords quite palatable forage, if those animals pursued "beyond the line of vegetation" had helped themselves to available silverswords before dying "for want of food" or water. Despite the presence of wild dogs, the sheep increased in numbers on Mauna Kea. In 1851, there were an estimated 3,000 of them. At this time, there were an estimated 12,000 feral cattle on the mountain. The fates of these two feral ungulates diverged. Cattle ranching became a big industry between 1850 and 1886 on the island of Hawai'i. By 1921, feral cattle were out of favor as forest despoilers and competitors with domesticated cattle, and were eliminated on Mauna Kea by 1942 (Tomich, 1969) On the other hand, feral sheep, the numbers of which were somewhat kept in check by feral dogs, increased in numbers enormously after 1920 when the dogs were exterminated by a poisoning program instituted by commercial sheep raisers (Tomich, 1969). By 1937, there were an estimated 40,000 feral sheep on Mauna Kea (Bryan, 1:9'3:7. Most of these animals were contained within the VOLUME 24 1985 47 Mauna Kea Forest Reserve which encompasses the mountain from about the 7,000 - 8,000 foot (2130 - 2440 m) contour to the summit. This area includes the probable original range of the silversword. From 1950 until 1981 feral sheep were managed and maintained as a game animal for sport hunting on Mauna Kea. The average number of sheep during these years fluctuated between 4,000 and 11,000 animals (Walker, 1974; Giffin, 1976). In 1981, a federal court's decision in favor of the Palila (Psittirostra bailleui), an endangered bird dependent on the Mauna Kea mamane forest, forced the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) to eliminate all feral sheep on Mauna Kea. Today, perhaps 60 hunter-shy sheep remain (R. Walker, pers. comm.). The Mauna Kea silversword should have been a beneficiary of the Palila suit, but the species has yet another adversary. Mouflon sheep (OvisS musimon) were introduced to Hawai'i as a game animal in 1954. Between 1958 and 1962, an attempt was made by the DLNR to hybridize mouflon with feral sheep. The intention was to breed an animal that was better hunting sport than feral sheep, but that gathered in smaller bands and therefore would be less damaging to the forests as grazers (Walker, 19160). This attempt, for the most part, failed. Although mouflon and feral sheep did interbreed and produce fertile hybrid animals, the two species of sheep preferred to breed with their own kinds. Starting in 1962, pure mouflon and hybrids were released from pens in Pu'u La'au and Kahinahina. There are an estimated 500 mouflon on Mauna Kea today. These ungulates are maintained by the DLNR as a sport game animal. Mouflon sheep are as fond of grazing on silverswords as were the feral sheep and they are more agile. They can jump fences capable of excluding feral sheep and can negotiate steep-walled gulches and cliff faces feral sheep could not traverse. The silverswords have been helpless against these animals. Only those plants growing in places inaccessible to feral sheep and mouflon have escaped destruction. Today, there is only one known remnant population GL the Mauna Kea Silversword, on the steep cliff banks of the Wailuku River Gulch. RESTORATION ATTEMPTS The Silversword of Mauna Kea may have quietly Slipped into oblivion, but at the eleventh hour there was renewed interest in its plight. 48 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY On September 15, 1971, Mr. Kaoru Sunada, a long time silversword enthusiast, journeyed to the Wailuku Gulch to see the then almost legendary silverswords. According to Mr. Sunada (pers. comm.) there were 60 to 80 plants remaining. As a result of this journey, a newspaper article was published in October, 1971 on the Mauna Kea silversword in which it was suggested that fencing of the remaining population to exclude feral sheep may prevent imminent extinction of the species (Anonymous, 1971). This, however, was not a totally new idea. Foresters had been aware for many years that sheep were harmful to silverswords and that fencing was necessary (Anonymous, 195 15):3 Mr. Sunada went to work to save the Mauna Kea Silversword. He obtained support in the state legislature for a fencing project and there was also interest in a restoration program in the State Division of Forestry. Forester Charles Wakida inspected the Wailuku site in November, 1971, and reported seeing 15 to 20 plants. He stated in his report, " The silverswords exist only on the steep ledges inaccessible to the sheep. I also sawa couple that were barely within reach and partially eaten." (Wakida, 1971). The 1972 Hawaii State Legislature appropriated $40,000 to be used by the DLNR to "construct fencing for the preservation oa foliage and wildlife (mammal, Silversword) at Kalopa State Park and Mauna Kea" (Act 176 SHins 1972). In that year, a 2.5 acre sheep exclosure was built at 9,000 feet (2740 m) on the bank of the Wailuku gulch in conjunction with the U. S. Forest Service to be used for growing silverswords and for experiments on mamane forest and grassland regeneration in the absence of sheep (Scowcroft, 1983). In the summer of 1973, three plants’ flowered providing seed usable for restorative propagation. Forestry personnel, as well as Mr. Sunada, collected seed from the 1973 flowering plants, providing the nucleus for what was to become a restoration program (Landgraf, 1974). They soon discovered that growing the alpine plant in Hilo was impossible, and the seed was given to the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on April 23, 1974. Here, in the cooler, higher elevation environment of the National Park, silverswords were grown in the Park greenhouse complex. i @ December, 1973, greenhouse-grown silverswords were first planted on Mauna Kea within the mamane exclosure. This first attempt to restore the silversword population was unsuccessful, as all the plants died VOLUME 24 1985 49 during the winter due to frost heaving. In June, 1974, however, a single seedling was noticed within the mamane exclosure that had survived as a result of direct seeding (DLNR, 1974). In December of that year, 10 plants were planted within the mamane exclosure. Two of these plants reportedly flowered in 1978 (DLNR, 1978). The 1974 State Legislature appropriated another $25,000 to the DLNR for the purpose of "fencing and stocking of silverswords and other endangered species of plants and animals on the Island of Hawai'i for protection and propagation.” Part of this appropriation was used to erect a 50 acre sheep exclosure surrounding the Wailuku Gulch and adjacent areas in 1975. In the fall of 1975 and early 1976, 275 seedlings that had been grown in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park were planted in the protected area. Half of these were reportedly destroyed by mouflon sheep by June of 1976 (Wakida, 1976). In March, 1982, more seedlings were planted on Mauna Kea from those grown at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. It was noted by Mr. Wakida that there were five surviving natural seedlings from the 1981 seed crop (Wakida, 1982). CURRENT STATUS AND ECOLOGY Several aspects of Argyroxiphium biology are worth SCEUtInNy in evaluating current status: Demographic structure, monocarpisn, self-incompatibility, sibling incompatibility, pollination, population size, unanticipated effects of artificial propagation, and habitat. On August 18, 1984, I visited the Wailuku site in the company of three other botanists. We found a total of 110 plants of all size classes. Fifteen of these are probably all that remain of the natural population. The other 95 plants are apparently out-planted nursery stock. The rosette diameters of 84 silverswords were measured. The sample included the few naturally occurring as well as planted individuals. The demographic structure of this population is that of a non-regenerating population. Only 8% of the plants were in the seedling size class (1-9 cm diameter) and 51% of the plants were in the mature size class (30+ cm diameter). The demographic structure of this population contrasts with that of a sampled population (n =500) of the Mauna Kea silversword's closest and most famous relative, the Haleakala silversword, A. macrocephalum Gray (See Figure 2). The structure of the sampled population of the Haleakala silversword is typical of a regenerating species. Fifty-five percent of the 50 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY individuals sampled were in the seedling size class (1-9 cm diameter) and 9% were in the mature (30+cm diameter) size class. Although, it is unclear just how many silverswords there were in Haleakala National Park before protection from human collection and feral goats was instituted, ecological studies begun in 1969 show that the population there has been increasing naturally ata rate of approximately 1% per year (Kobayashi, 1973; Loope and Crivellone, unpublished). One OL the unique aspects of the Hawaiian silverswords is their life history. Like the famed century plant, three of the five extant species of Argyroxiphium are basically monocarpic. This means that the plant lives as a basal rosette for many years, increasing in diameter and maturity. When the right stage of maturity is reached, or the plant responds to some, as yet, unknown cues, it flowers. Following flowering and Eruicing, the entire plant dies. Reproduction of these monocarpic plants is, therefore, accomplished by a single fruiting event. In a population of monocarpic silverswords, a few individuals may be found that express a branched habit reminiscent of their shrubby ancestry. Some plants branch naturally or asa result of damage to the apical meristem. A multi-rosette plant may flower over several years as each rosette or branch matures. How frequently the branched form occurred naturally in the Mauna Kea Silversword is not known. The occurrence of this form in the Haleakala silversword is rare. However, it was from such a multi-rosette plant that a large quantity of the seed for the Mauna Kea silversword restoration project was collected (K. Sunada, pers. comm.). Of the 95 plants growing now on Mauna Kea that appear to be the result of the restoration program, 66 are multi-rosette plants. All of the 15 silverswords of presumed natural origin are Single rosette plants. It is possible that inadvertent selection by man for the multi-rosette habit has increased the frequency of that character in the Wailuku River population. Seed set in the Mauna Kea silversword is low. I found a seed set of 3% from seed samples collected from the plants that flowered in 1983 and a seed set of 2% from seed samples collected from plants flowering in 1984. This level of seed set contrasts with a seed set of 6 = 50% typically found in the Haleakala silversword (Kobayashi, 1974; Loope, unpublished; Powell, unpublished). VOLUME 24 1985 51 Several factors may be responsible for the low level of seed set in the Mauna Kea silversword. The Mauna Kea silversword is probably self-incompatible, as is the Haleakala silversword (Carr, Powell, and Kyhos, unpublished). This means that the plants are incapable of self-fertilization and must rely on a pollination vector and a nearby flowering companion for viable seed set. Low population size and concurrent low pollinator interest or pollinator extinction could explain the depressed seed _ set. It is also possible that these plants are experiencing reduced seed set as a result of possessing a sporophytic incompatibility system. In such a system, up to 50% of the possible combinations of sibling matings may be incompatible. The restored plants, most of which are derived from one or two parents, are probably all either siblings, half-siblings, or progeny of sibling crosses. Another possibility is that the low seed set is a natural consequence of the newly encouraged perennial branched habit. Multi-rosette plants may put less energy into seed production for each repeated flowering event than monocarpic plants expend in a single suicidal flowering and fruiting episode. Even with the low seed set in these plants, ample regeneration is hypothetically possible. A blooming Mauna Kea silversword produces, on average, over 44,000 achenes (Meyrat, 1984). At just 2 percent seed set and a germination and seedling mortality rate typical of the Haleakala silversword (Kobayashi, 1973), about 200 progeny could conceivably result from one flowering plant. However, natural regeneration within the exclosure is extremely low. Although it is possible that tiny seedlings could have been overlooked in the August, 1984 census, this is not likely since any sign of regeneration of natural or restored plants was of particular interest and was carefully sought. Only out-planted individuals showed any signs of regenerating naturally. Within the 2.5 acre mamane exclosure, plants of all size classes were found. These are probably a result of natural regeneration as well as planting programs which have continually provided plants in the sub-mature size classes. Only two seedlings were found in the 50 acre exclosure. Why is natural regeneration not occurring on Mauna Kea? For the answer to this question we need to look at the ecology of a plant that is very close to extinction. It. is highly likely that the fenced area at the Wailuku Gulch which has fine-textured ash-derived soil is in reality a last refuge for the silversword and not an ideal habitat. To my knowledge, no attempt has been made to restore silverswords on the high elevation cinder D2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY slopes. The cinder cones and slopes have a different substrate than is found at the Wailuku site. Kobayashi (1973) found that Haleakala silversword regeneration was highest in areas where a layer of cinders of 5 cm or less Giameter covered a sandy soil. Such characteristics prevail on cinder slopes and would probably provide optimum conditions for regeneration of the Mauna Kea silversword as well. One factor negatively affecting the silverswords, however, is well known. Even as rare as it is, the Mauna Kea silversword is sought out and grazed by mouflon sheep. Evidence of recent grazing by mouflon can be found today, as mouflon continue to jump the fence, graze leaves and uproot plants within the exclosure. die appears that the remaining 5 wild plants are inaccessible to mouflon. Indeed, it appears that if they were not, they would probably not be in existence today. Unfortunately, it is likely that most seeds produced will fall into areas readily accessible by mouflon, judging from tracks found up toa few meters of most surviving plants. FUTURE After over 150 years of decline and several of governmental neglect, the Mauna Kea silversword has finally broken out of the bureaucratic maze. On March 6, 1985 a proposed ruling determining the Mauna Kea Silversword an endangered species was published in the Federal Register. Within one year of this proposed ruling the silversword may be offically listed as an endangered species. This is good news for all Silversword admirers. There appeared to be little hope for the survival of the Mauna Kea silversword asa species without the protection of the Endangered Species Act. Following listing as an endangered species, the Mauna Kea silversword may have the benefit of aU .S. Fish and Wildlife recovery plan. The purpose ofa recovery plan is to restore the endangered species to the point where it is no longer endangered. The State of Hawaii is faced with a conflict in any attempt to restore the the Mauna Kea silversword in its original habitat if the DLNR continues to maintain mouflon sheep on Mauna Kea. The State must decide whether to maintain mouflon for the pleasure of a few hunters’ or to support the preservation and restoration of the endangered Silversword. We cannot have both. VOLUME 24 1985 53 However, if the mouflon are removed from Mauna Kea, and a careful recovery plan that takes into account the special ecological needs and attributes of the Mauna Kea silversword is put into action, it may be possible once again, for the silversword to grow and prosper on Mauna Kea, inspiring poetry in the hearts of Hawai'i's people and "worth the journey to see it on purpose." ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research waS supported in large part by National Science Foundation grant BSR-8306917 to Dr. Gerald Carr. I wish to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr. Kaoru Sunada and Mr. Charles Wakida who graciously allowed me to interview them. My most special gratitude goes to my friends, Jim Jacobi, Lani Stemmermann, and particularly Rick Warshauer, who gave me invaluable advice, encouragement, and logistical support. LITERATURE CITED Alexander, W. OD. 1892. The ascent of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Friend 50: 74-75. Anonymous. L951. Silversword now blooming at Mauna Kea. Honolulu Advertiser. January 28, 1951. Anonymous. 1971. How many silverswords on isle? Hawaii Tribune-Herald. Hilo ,Hawaii. October 3,197.1. Bryan, L. W. 1937. Wild sheep in Hawaii. Paradise of the Pacific 49: 19, 31. Bryan, L. W. 1971. Letter to Mr. Ernest Pung, Service Forester, regarding silverswords on Hawaii. September 22, 1971. DLNR Files. Carr, G. D. and D. W. Kyhos. 1981. Adaptive radiation in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae - Madiinae) I. Cytogenics of spontaneous hybrids. Evolucion 35: °543=556. Carr, G. D.} Powell, . E. and. D. W. Kyhos. Unpublished. Self-incompatibility in the Hawaiian Madiinae (Compositae): A violation of Baker's law? De Candolle, A. P. 1836. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Treutel et Wurtz, Paris. Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1974. Draft proposal for expenditure of $25,000 in CIP funds for protection of silversword and endangered species. 54 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Department ona Land and Natural Resources mimeograph. Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1978. Draft report on the Mauna Kea silversword. DLNR Division of Forestry mimeograph. 2 pp. November 6, 1978. Giffin, J. G. 1976. Ecology of the feral sheep on Mauna Kea. Final report. State of Hawaii. Department of Land and Natural Resources. Division of Fish and Game. 90 pp. Hartt, Cc. E. and M. C. Neal. 1940. The plant ecology of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Ecology 21: 237-266. Kilmartin, S.° @0O: 1975. Letter to Director of State Forestry Division, Honolulu, Hawaii, regarding silverswords observed in 1925 and 1926. October 30, 1975. DLNR Files. Kobayashi, H. K. 1973. Ecology of the silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC. (Compositae) Haleakala Crater, Hawaii. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Kobayashi, H. K. 1974. Preliminary investigations on insects affecting the reproductive stage of the silversword (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC.) Compositae, Haleakala Crater, Maui, Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society zi: 397-401. Kramer, R. J. 1971. Hawaiian land mammals. Charles E. TUECLle: Co. Tokyo. 347. pp. Landgraf, L.~. K. 1974. Letter to Mr. James Thropp, Jr., Chairman of the Mauna Kea Soil and Water Conservation DISETICE regarding protection and reestablishment of silverswords. February 15, 1974. DLNR Files. Loope, lL. Unpublished. Insect predation on seeds of silversword. Unpublished manuscript. 10 pp. Loope, L. and C. Crivellone. Unpublished. Haleakala silverswords: past and present status and management. Unpublished manuscript. 14 pp. Meyrat,; As .and “G.. DD td > > yoy PY IH > ty 78 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 3 Table 1 continued. Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Tomato A Nicotiana glauca Grah. Flowering tobacco A Solanum nigrum L. Popolo berry ? Sterculiaceae Waltheria americana L. Hi'aloa P Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Lantana A Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl Jamaica vervain A FI Zygophyllaceae Tribulus cistoides L. Nohu A Table 2. Native Plants Suggested for Planting at the Queen's Beach Area. Plant Common Name Growth Form Canthium odoratum Alahe'e Tree Sesbania tomentosa Oahu sesbania Shrub Gossypium sandvicense Ma'o Shrub Brighamia insignis Alula Tree Lipochaeta lobata Lobed lipochaeta Shrub L. integrifolia Nehe Herb Myoporum sandwicense Naio Tree Sapindus oahuensis Aulu Tree Santalum ellipticum Sandalwood Tree Messerschimdia argentea Tree heliotrope Tree Erythrina sandwicensis Wili Wili tree Tree Scaevola taccada Beach naupaka Shrub S. coriacea Naupaka Herb Cordia subcordata Kou Tree Calophyllum inophyllum Kamani* Tree Vitex ovata Pohinahina Shrub Capparis sandwichiana Pua pilo Shrub Abutilon menziesii Ko'oloa'tula Shrub Hibiscus tiliaceus Hau Tree Thespesia populnea Milo* Tree Pandanus Hala Tree Pritchardia remota oe "da Tree Reynoldsia sp. 'ohe'ohe makai Tree Nama sandwicensis Nama Herb Euphorbia degeneri 'Akoko Shrub *Thespesia populnea or milo and Calophylium inophyllum or kamani are Polynesian introductions. Although not native plants, they are pan-tropical, wind, and salt-tolerant. VOLUME 24 1985 72 SELECTED RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF SOUTH CHINA 22 DECEMBER 1984 - 23 JANUARY 1985 B. Z. Siegel Pacific Biomedical Research Center University of Hawaii at Manoa S. M. Siegel Department of Botany, A&S University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii I. South China Institute of Tropical Botany and Environs On Dec. 22, 1984 we travelled from Honolulu to Hong Kong (transit) and then to Guangzhou. We were met by Professor Guo, South China Institute of Botany, and Mrs. Tseng, Guangzou office of Academica Sinica and made a brief afternoon tour of the botanic gardens within the city parks. Special exhibits on ornamental horticulture were dramatic, Darticulardy the Eraining Or chrysanthemums. The next day we departed Guangzhou for Kunming where we were met by Mr. Pei and the local Academica Sinica representative, Mr. Wang. Local tours were made of the Temple of Eighteen Buddhas, Lake Yunnan, Copper Temple. and Black Dragon Pool. At Lake Yunnan during the Cultural Revolution, much of the Lake was filled-in for new agricultural land; although work on land-fill has stopped, excellent use of the land bridge has created a highly scenic area supporting both agriculture and tourism. The Copper Temple flora included: Magnolia, Hibiscus, Rhododendron, Cupressus, Juniperus, Ketelaria, and Musa nana. There were also many plants pot-cultivated for hundreds of years. The most striking were the Prunus mumi tree planted in the Ming Dynasty of the 13th century; at the Black Dragon Pool a Cupressus from the Sung Dynasty of the 9th century was growing, a Cryptomeria of similar age, and a Prunus from T'ang Dynasty over 2000 years old. . Next we took a domestic flight from Kunming to Sumao in Southwest Yunnan, and flew 90 minutes over 2000-3000 meter high mountains and paddy-filled river valleys. The views from a relatively small plane at 5000 meters was dramatic. In Sumao we were met by Pei's driver, Mr. Sen, and a six hours winding mountain road journey began. We arrived at The Institute of Tropical Botany on Christmas day. A special corner of the dining hall was decorated with a Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in lieu of a Christmas conifer! 80 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The Institute of Tropical Botany 1. Description of General Environment: The institute in Xishuangbanna Prefecture (21} 41' N, 1014 25' E) is part of the Academica Sinica. It was founded in 1959 and now has 266 developed hectares (out of 1000 total); a library of 30,000 volumes (1000 periodical titles); a garden/herbarium collection of 60,000 specimens, including 2500 native and introduced species; 1000m? of special gardens; 3000m Of laboratory facilities and al! special ecological communities and living collections. The Institute is situated at 600m elevation on the Luosuo River--a Mekong River tributary. It lies amidst a range of hills and low mountains rising to about 2000m. There exists a rich diversity in vegetation but is not characterized by one or a few upper story dominants. The mix is so complex that it typically includes species of Caesalpinaceae (Cassia, Alb rzziay Gy Euphorbiaceae (Antidesma, Phyllanthus); Fagaceae (Fagus); Lauraceae (Laurus, Cinnamomum) ; Moraceae (Artocarpus, ' Ficus) ; Rubiaceae (Anthocephalus, Saprosma) Sonneratiaceae (Duabanga); and Theaceae (Camellia). The area is limestone based with a relatively thick layer of latisol allowing for the establishment of deep-rooted species. The soil pH is typically 6.5-7.0. The region features a Karst topography characteristic of heavily eroded limestones. Its considerable geologic age is also suggested by the marked meanders of the Luosuo River and the flat flood plain profive. Xishuangbanna (at ca. 600m) in general has a winter dry season with low temperatures of 12-15} and highs of Z0=232.. Commonly winter night temperatures fall below the dew point, producing dense nightly ground fogs. The summer rainy season extends from April to October and high temperatures of 28-32} are common with a mean annual temperature of 21.64:C. Annual rainfall reaches 1400-1600 mm. High winds are not common, but air drainage from the Tibetan Plateau (>3000 m) can occasionally produce cold injury in the sensitive species especially rubber (Hevea) trees. Solar radiation reaches 130 kcal/cm“ at ground level. From a comparative point of view both Xishuangbanna and Hawai'i are at similar latitudes and have cool upland tropical forests. A number of common genera are shared by both locales: Acacia, Acalypha, Albizzia, Antidesma, Artocarpus, Arundina, Blechnum, Bulbostylis, Canavalia, VOLUME 24 1985 81 Cassia, Casuarina, Cibotium, Coix, Cyperus, Davallia, Dodonaea, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Ficus, Hedyotis, Hibiscus, Lxora, Jatropha, Leucaena, Mangifera, Metrosideros, Morinda, Mucuna, Nephrolepis, Pandanus, Paspalum, Passiflora, Pluchea, Psidium, Psychotria, Saccharum, Samanea, Santalum, Schinus, Sesbania, Sophora, Wedelia, Vaccinium. Included in this list are genera introduced into China (e.g. Metrosideros lutea from New Zealand) and cosmopolitan genera (e.g. Acacia, Cyperus, Vaccinium), but all these families thrive in both locations. Six hundred meters higher, the evergreen mountain flora are well established in Xishuangbanna. The limiting factor is winter temperature with low values of 11-124C and highs of 23-25}C. The tropical genera listed disappear in the main, although some tropical species are still abundant. The canopy and higher understory are dominated by a diverse group of species from the genera: Acer, Actinodaphne, Betula, Castanea, Castanopsis, Cinnamomum, Elaeocarpus, Fagus, Lindera, Litsea, Phoebe, Quercus. The evergreen forest is obviously a subtropical transition zone. At these elevations, many familiar temperate zone trees flourish receiving occasional winter subzero temperatures. With additional elevations, the subtropical temperature transition ends and the woody Gominants are replaced by pines (Pinus spp.). Ethnographically, Yunnan Province and especially, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, is an area of high diversity. In addition to the Han Chinese there are many minority people related to the Thais, known here as Dai. Other important ethnic minorities include the Bulang, Hani, Yi, Wa, and Chinese Moslems known as Hui. The Hani are of Tibetian origin. Refugee settlements have also been established for people from Laos and Cambodia. The Institute itself functions as a village with a population of about 1300 with 300 as the scientific and technical staff, of which about 100 have university degrees. The Institute maintains a public library, a general store, community center-cinema, a barber, five doctors anda small hydroelectric station. Professor Pei is both director of the Institute in its scientific endeavors, and also chief administrator of the entire Han-Dai community. The Chinese doctors were all western. trained in medical colleges founded predominantly by French missionaries. Medical services are free to all staff, and available to Dai villagers for a fee. The Dai have their own practitioners, but are turning increasingly to the Chinese physicians. 82 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 2. Analytic Facilities and Research: The Institute's Analytical Laboratory is well equipped for phytochemical research. Instrumentation includes a Waters 2-detector High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph; Shimadzu Thin-Layer Chromatography Densitometer system; Perkin-Elmer Grating Infra-Red Spectrophotometer, Hitachi UV-Visible Double Beam Spectrophotometer; Chromatron GC with electron-capture and flame-ionization detectors; and a Carlo Erba Element Analyzer. This facility is not yet fully staffed with experienced analysts and has maintenance and service problems by virtue of geography. The resources of the Analytic Laboratory have been applied successfully to such problems as: (a) isolation and characterization of the anti-tumor (C-mitotic) compounds of Maytenus hookeri Loes and other Maytenus spp. The Maytenus principle is a mixture of N-acyl derivatives of a macrocyclic Coy compound containing both a chlorophenyl moiety and conjugated diene system. (b) studies of the physico-chemical constants and properties of seed oils from 120 species (39 families) .of tropical and sub-tropical plants at the institute. Saponification and unsaturation data of these oils will aid in identifying their potentials for food and industrial applications. (ce) identification of the medicinal materials in Dracaena cambodiana (Agavaceae) (d) identification of abscissic acid as the dormancy regulator in seeds of Anthocephalus chinensis, one of the more interesting fast-growing tree species selected for special study. The preliminary screening of candidate seeds for in-depth chemical characterization of lipids takes place in the Oil and Fat Laboratory. In addition to the major efforts at physico-chemical analysis mentioned above, some specific accomplishments of this facility and program include: (a) discovery in Horsefeldia glabra (Myristicaceae) of a Lipid fraction that Lf added to conventional motor oils, lowers their freezing or gel points by several degrees C. (b) discovery in Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) of an unsaturated C,, fatty acid directly usable as a fuel in diesel engines. VOLUME 24 1985 83 (c) Giscovery of the high edible oil content in rubber, Hevea brasilensis, seeds. This is of major importance because mature Hevea rubber trees yield far more seed than are needed for plantation maintenance. China, with 500,000 hectares of rubber plantation is the world's 4th largest producer of latex. (d) Giscovery of the edible oil and fruit of Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Cucurbitaceae) as a food source. 3. The Library: A visit to the library provided an impressive list of reference and periodical titles, including: Analytical Biochemistry, Biological Abstracts, Biochemical Journal; Chemical Abstracts, Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, Cancer Therapy, Chemical Titles, Chemical and Engineering News, Ecological Monographs, Economic Botany, Excerpta Medica (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Forestry Abstracts, Genetics Abstracts, Index Chemicus, Journal of Agricultural Science, Nature, Plant Physiology, Science, and many more familiar English language sources. Special references include publications of L. H. Bailey, Degener's Flora Hawaiiensis and a complete set of Sadtler's Infra-Red Spectra. There are, of course, Chinese language works and some Russian publications, | including Doklady Nauk. 4. The Herbarium: The herbarium is far from ideally set up with respect to environmental control, but is well organized and very actively used by many of the staff. One noteworthy point is that by policy, paradichlorobenzene is not used to protect the collection against insects because it is considered unsafe for human exposure. Instead, generous use is made of camphor, imparting a pleasant odor to the herbariun. Aside from the reduced human hazard, the advantage is that camphor is produced commercially in Xishuangbanna, whereas paradichlorobenzene must be imported. This herbarium forms the basis for identification of tropical species in Yunnan Province (there are 20 recognized type specimens in the collection) and is especially important as an ethnobotanical source for the most important and useful plants among the ethnic minorities of Xishuangbanna. This special group includes 218 species of 187 genera of 90 families. Seed plants 84 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY are classified according to Hutchinson:: ferns: are classified following Qing Renchang, however, modern Chinese systematists generally favor the Englerian classification scheme. 5. Tree Research: In addition to rubber (Hevea) and fruit crops, economic forestry has focused on fast-growing tree species, especially those with the potential for multiple usage. Mr. Zhou Shougqing discussed the tree Anthocephalus chinensis, (Rubiaceae), which in 10 years grows an average of 24 meters in height with a circumference of about 1.4 meters. Other comparable candidates include high density Albizzia species (A. odoratissima, A. procera and A. falcataria), Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (all Mimosaceae) and Duabanga grandiflora (Sonneratiaceae). Mr. Zhou's own research, include Dracontomelon macrocarpum (Anacardiaceae) and Ochroma lagopus, as well. The Dracontomelon is a fast growing tree of especial interest because its seed oil content is 69% and fully edible. During its first five years Dracontomelon grows 1-2 meters in height and up to 6cm in diameter annually. At lumbering age (20 years), stocking can reach 310 cu.m./hectare with a mean increment of about 15 CuU.m./Na/ yr. The highest yielding strain of Ochroma, the source of familiar balsa wood came from Cuba and has now been successfully introduced into Xishuangbanna. Mr. Zhou also described research which has identified 73 of over 100 species of tropical trees used by ethnic minorities in Xishuangbanna. 6. Tissue Culture: Tissue culture resources and facilities are severely limited at present, although more support of germplasm propagation and cloning are planned. Ms. Chang Zhei Ying discussed her progress in culturing and maintaining their current stock of 20 species including Aristolochia and Orchidaceae, especially the vanilla bean (Vanilla plerrel ).; 7. Plant and Cell Structured Studies: Ms. Zuo and Mr. Wu described two aspects of the program in histology and cytology. It was surprising to learn Of the decided interest in leaf anatomy in VOLUME 24 1985 Sd Cinnamomum porrectum (Lauraceae) a native spice tree. A microscopic study of leaf cross-sections, however, revealed essential oil rich palisade cells, both upper and lower, but especially upper. Oil bodies were absent from mesophylls guard cells, epidermis and vascular parenchyma. Another basis for work in leaf anatomy is the use of calcium oxalate crystal aggregates for differentiation of the several Maytenus sp. (Celastraceae). The cytogenetics of Solanum spp. is of interest from the evolutionary viewpoint, but work on the genus is also stimulated by practical considerations -- i.e., asa possible food resource. Young shoots of S. spirale, a tetraploid, are edible, as are the fruits of diploid S. coagulans. Sex inheritance in Rumex spp. is also being investigated, especially a newly isolated bisexual triploid strain. Normally Rumex species follow the xy sex determination pattern. — The Seed Laboratory In addition to routine screening of seeds and viability testing, Mr. Chang studies dormancy in seeds of economic importance. Currently, attention is directed to the fast-growing tree species, Anthocephalus. Its seeds normally germinate only after wet storage at 4-5:C for 2 months. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been found in dormant seeds and appears to decrease during cold storage. Furthermore, dormant seeds do germinate to some extent when treated with gibberellic acid (GA). The working hypothesis is that dormancy is controlled by the ABA-GA Eacio. Dormancy in the Palm, Caryota ochranda has been tentatively linked with an inhibitor, yet to be isolated, of the endosperm oil. Previously, studies on maintenance of seed viability in storage, specially important in the tropics, were also pursued actively. At present, no qualified staff member is available to continue this work. The Institute Botanic Garden is headed by Ms. Zhang Yuying, who recently returned from a 3-month work/study visit at the Fairchild Gardens, Florida. Aside from its purely aesthetic appeal, which is considerable, this garden provides a living repository of reference material for taxonomic, ethnopharmacological and economic uses. Among its special collections are more than 100 species 86 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY of bamboo and a medicinal section of 90 species including species of Hydnocarpus used to treat leprosy; Strophanthus a steroid source; Maytenus, an anti-tumor plant, Eugenia, Syzygium and Rauwolfia used against anxiety, etc. Within the valuable timber trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae, all seven species of Dipterocarpus are maintained in the garden as well as about 100 species of Palmae, one of Mr. Pei's specialties. 8. Tropical Multistory, Multispecific Artificial Communities: Hevea and Hevea plantations are important to China, and a total of 500,000 hectares, all in the tropical and sub-tropical locations are sited below 900m elevation. In Xishuangbanna alone 50,000ha of Hevea plantation, about 3% of the total area' produce 18,000 tons of rubber annually. Traditional plantations are kept clear of other vegetation--in effect taking the land out of use (other than for . rubber). Against this reality, the Institute in a 50-hectare experiment in agro-ecology has selected productive herbaceous plants, shrubs and low trees for testing as components of Hevea tree community sub-stories. In the 2-species associations, a common second cover story was provided by Maytenus9 spp. (medicinal), Rauwolfia yunnanensis (medicinal), Thea Sinensis var. assamica (tea), Coffee arabica (coffee), or Cinchona ledgeriana (medicinal); all these were shrubs or low trees. These understory economic plants are benefited by the shade. For green teas, a shade effect of up to 50% is achieved without loss of quality. For black teas, however, more direct sunlight is essential. Other lower story plants in the rubber plantations include Cassia Siamea, used by the Dai people for firewood since the 15th Century. This tree reaches one-half to two-thirds the height of Hevea. Other lower understory test species include Amomum villosum (Zingiberaceae), Homalium laoticum (Samydaceae), Baccaurea ramiflora (Euphorbiaceae) and others. A variety of arrays are being compared such as Hevea alternating with 1-4 rows of Thea, clusters instead of rows of mixed species, and 3 species Hevea community with Rauwolfia and Amomunm. The advantages of such multistory mixed communities are water conservation, erosion control and maintenance of higher nutrient levels. VOLUME 24 1985 87 Other candidates as upper story species are the teak tectona (Verbenaceae) and Terminalia (Combretaceae), both timber trees. Inclusion of Cassia helps maintain soil nitrogen. The combination of Hevea and Thea may benefit the latter by increasing the number of spiders preying on Thea insects (90 species of Arachnids have been identified on Hevea) and so cut down on insect damage. Radiant energy, temperature, precipitation and other microclimatic factors are being closely monitored. A novel variation on the multistory concept involving the time factor involves Anthocephalus chinensis, a timber tree that grows 25 meters in 10 years (harvest maturity, 10th year). During the first year the tree is planted with upland rice. The second year corn is grown among the trees. During the final 3-10 years the tree is grown alone to harvest. The series can be repeated after each 10-year harvest of the commercial lumber. In nearby uplands, heavily terraced hillsides are alternately planted with Hevea and Crotalaria; the maintenance of the soil nitrogen level is thus guaranteed by the nitrogen fixing capabilities of the legume. 9. Mountain Soils Reclamation Project: Three species are being compared as green manure. Performance to date shows in 2-3 years the following: Leucaena leucocephala (Mimosaceae) fresh weight yield 22.5 tons/hectare Butea monosperma (Caesalpinaceae) fresh weight yield 45 tons/hectare Moghania macrophylla (Papilionaceae) fresh weight yield 34 tons/hectare 10. Science, Religion, and Minority People: In this foothill and low mountain country, the Dai village tradition recognizes as sacred certain forested Nad is. About one out of three hills is so designated, hence not to be subject to any sort of cultivation, harvest or other disturbance to its natural integrity. This tradition may be construed as conservation by religious injunction. We are told that it has been a 88 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY successful part of the minority people's conservation practice for 500 years. The limestone forest lies along the upper slopes of the youthful Menshing River Valley. It is so called because the otherwise reddish-brown clay soil is littered with a calcite and highly ubiquitous crystalline outcrops. The canopy consists of. Ficus altissima, Tetrameris Sp. and Duabanga grandiflora (Sonneratiaceae). A middle story consists mainly of Cassia siamea with various bamboos. A lower story contains Eupatorium (Compositae), Capsicum, Eugenia, Acacia, Solanum, Ricinus and Hibiscus together with Colocasia (taro) and Musa (banana) in wetter places. A relatively rich assortment of ferns including Adiantum, Dryopteris, Nephrolepis, Pteridium (edible species), Pteris, plus Selaginella provide ground cover. We were privileged with a visit to a Dai village for the celebration of the Spring Water festival which coincides approximately with western New Year; and provides the village with an opportunity to be hospitable to foreign visitors. A number of Dai dishes were offered for the occasion in one of the massive wooden polehouses. These were tasted rather than consumed as they were all in varying states of fermentation or prepared with hot pepper. An exception was stick rice (rice baked inside hollow aromatic bamboo stems). As honored guests we were taken to the village center where we were covered with water by some of the young women of the village. Later we were allowed to sprinkle the people of the village with the remaining water. Two men performed the traditional dance of the peacock for the event and an "orchestra" of local drums and string instruments accompanied them. Most of the 30 families of the village attended and ritual singing and dancing completed the visit. The friendly village headman is also the local administrator appointed to manage the Laotian and Cambodian refugee villages nearby. 11. Orchids and Shade Plants and Tropical Fruits and Trees: These units are primarily devoted to. practical matters of cultivation and maintenance of species, hence are for research support rather than research per se. From the inflorescence of Bulbophyllum with 5mm flowers to the 12cm flowers of Phaius, the Orchid collection was impressive even though most plants were not in flower. We saw ~- the following genera: Acrides, Cattleya, Cymbidium, Coelogyne, Dendrobium, Era, Goodyera, VOLUME 24 1985 89 Holcoglossum, Paphiopedilum, Vanda, and Vandopsis. The fern collection housed here included Adiantun, Platyceriun, Dryopteris, Humata (Davalliaceae), Phlegqmarioris (Huperziaceae), Pseudodrynaria. The walls of the shade house were covered with a tangle of densely leafed Thunbergia vines profuse with orange flowers. Many introduced fruit trees and economic plants are being studied for their suitability to the soil and Climate of Yunnan. - Both new and old world species are included from Mexico, South America and S. E. Asia. Casimirosa (Ritaceae) from S. America is valued for its fruit as are several Sapotaceous fruit trees from South America Or Mexico - Manilkara, Lucuma and Synsepalun, for example. From the Sapindaceae, two representatives were present -- Litchi and Nephelium (Rambutan). Other fruit trees included the genera: Soursop Anona (Anonaceae) Jackfruit Artocarpus (Moraceae) Carambala Averroa (Oxalidaceae) Papaya Carica (Caricacea) Pomelo Citrus (Rutaceae) Persimmon Diospyros (Ebenaceae) Mango Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) Avocado Persea (Lauraceae) Cacao Theobroma (Sterculiaceae) 12. Finale: A sumptuous "banquet" attended by Pei and his senior colleagues ended the last evening at the Institute. The food in this region included cooked green papaya (stuffed), other vegetable dishes included lettuce stems, peanuts, cabbages and mustards. Meat was largely pork, but beef and fish, as well as dog' was available. Spices were used extensively, especially black pepper. Although rice was a staple, steamed breads and noodles often formed the basis of a breakfast--along with fried eggs and pickles. Part II of this trip report will be published in the next issue of the Newsletter. 90 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Some Faculty Publication lists for 1984-1985 Faculty were asked to submit publication lists for 1984 and 1985 in three categories: published, in press, and submitted. The following faculty responded; others may respond for the next issue. Isabella A. Abbott 1984 Limu, an ethnobotanical study of some Hawaiian seaweeds, 3rd edition. Pac.. Trop. Bot. Gard.,.:35 PPp- Dotyella irregularis sp. nov. and new observations on Cottoniella (Sarcomenioideae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 23: 369-375. Two new species of Liagora (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) and notes on Liagora farinosa Lamouroux. Am. J. BOG. 7/7 1015=1022.. Peleophycus multiprocarpium gen. et sp. nov. (Gloiosiphoniaceae, Rhodophyta). Pac. iSCi:. 238% 324-332. In Press 1985 and J. N. Norris (eds.). Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds with reference to some Pacific and Caribbean species. Calif. Sea Grant Progran, La Jolla, Calif. . wsntroduction-. and B. Santelices. Gelidium rex sp. nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from central Chile. . Gracilaria from Hawaii: Key, list and distribution of species. Gracilaria from the Philippines: Key and list of the species. . 'Gracilaria from California: Key, list and distribution of the species. New species of Gracilaria (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from California and Hawaii. 1985 £985 1985 VOLUME 24 1985 on and Xia Bangmei. The genus Polycavernosa Chang et Xia (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) : A comparison with Gracilaria Grev. and Key to the species. and B. Santelices. Marine algae of Easter Island, Eastern Polynesia. PEOG..) Stn International Coral Reef Congress. Tsuda, R. and I. A. Abbott. Chapter 4, Collection, handling, preservation, and logistics in: M. M. Littler and D. Ss. Littler, eds., Handbook of phycological methods: ecological methods for macroalgae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Submitted Vegetative and Reproductive Morphology in two new species of Naccariaceae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology. and C. Shimazu. The geographic origin of the plants most commonly used for medicine by Hawaiians. J. Ethnopharmacology. Maxwell S. Doty In Press Eucheuma alvarezii, sp. NOV oa, (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Malaysia. in Abbott, I. and J. N. Norris (eds.) Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds... and James N. Norris. Eucheuma species (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) that are major sources of carrageenan, in: Abbott, I. and J. N. Norris (eds.) Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds... Moss, James R. and M. S. Doty. Hawaii's Prospects as a Site for Algal Hydrocolloid Processing. Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources. Estimating Gracilaria and Eucheuma farmer returns from line farming. Monographias Biologicas. Submitted . Eucheuma, A Case Study for the wild Harvest and or Culture of the Seaweed Eucheuma in the Philippines. FAO Miscellaneous Papers. 22 1984 1984 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Santos, G. A.,and - The natural products (one seaweeds from the Hawaiian Point of View. Hawaii Botanical Science paper. and B. Santelices. Closing Remarks on the Second Chilean National Seaweed Symposium. Douglas J. C. Friend The interaction of photosynthesis and photoperiodism in induction. Dp. 257=275-1ns | D- Vince-Prue, ed. Light and the Flowering Process. Academic Press. Shade adaptation of photosynthesis in Coffee arabica. Photosynthesis Research 5: 325-334. , Monique Bodson and Georges Bernier. Promotion of flowering in Brassica campestris L. cv Ceres by sucrose. Plant Physiol. 75: 1085-1089. In Press Brassica. 20 pp in: A. H. Halevy, ed. CRC Handbook of Flowering, Vol. 2. Dieter Mueller-Dombois Classification of plant communities: a review with emphasis on tropical vegetation. Chap. 2. “ipp. 21-88: in: The role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle: Measurement by Remote Sensing. SCOPE book ed. by G. M. Woodwell. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Zum Baumgruppensterben in pazifischen Inselwaldern. Phytocoenologia 12(1): 1-8. , P. M. Vitousek and K. W. Bridges. 1984. Canopy dieback and ecosystem processes in Pacific forests: a progress report and research proposal. Hawaii Bot. Sci. Paper No. 44. 100 p. Burton, P. J. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1984. Response of Metrosideros polymorpha seedlings to experimental canopy opening. Ecology 65(3)-: 779-791. Scale as an investigative tool in the etiology of canopy dieback. Abstract. Bull... Ecol Sec... of America 65(2):..111. 1985 1984 VOLUME 24 1985 93 In Press The biological resource value of native forest in Hawaii, with special reference to the tropical lowland rainforest at Kalapana. "Elepalor (J. of Hawaii Audubon Soc.) 45(10): 95-161. 'Ohi'ta dieback and protection management of the Hawaiian rainforest. Symp. on Protection and Management of Terrestrial Hawaiian Ecosystem. J. M. Scott and Cc. P. Howe, eds. Hawaii Univ. Press. Volcanic effects in the Hawaiian rainforest ecosystem. Second Symp. on Island Ecology, Puerto Rico. H. Lk. Lugo, ed. 'Ohi'a Gieback; 1984 synthesis and evaluation. Pacific Science (June 85 issue). Key elements for site description: vegetation analysis for TSBF and TME programs. Handbook for "Decade of the Tropics" Intern. Research Progran, IUBS (International Union of biol. Sciences). S. M. Siegel Clark, Katherine, Ss. Siegel and B. Siegel. Bio-corrosion: a note on fungal solubilization of iron from stainless’ steels. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 21(1-4): 435-437. Chang, Healani, B. Z. Siegel, and S&S. M. Siegel. Salinity-induced changes in the isoperoxidases of Taro, Colocasia esculenta. Phytochemistry 23(2): Z255=255. Galun, M., P. Keller, D. Malki, H. Feldstein, E. Galun, S. Siegel and B. Siegel. Removal of Uranium (VI) from Solution by Fungal Biomass: Inhibition by Iron. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 21(1-4): 411-414. Siegel, B. Z., S. M. siegel, T. Speitel, J. Waber and R. Stoecker. Brine Organisms and the Question of Habitat-Specific Adaptation. Origins of Life 143/797-7770. Siegel, B., M. lLasconia, E. Yaeger and S. Siegel. The Phytotoxicity ope mercury vapor: some Gevelopmental aspects. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 23: 24-25. 94 1985 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Siegel, B., S. Siegel, and S&S. Horsky. Equisetum Plants and the cycling of mercury at Mount St. Helens. Environmental Science and Technology 18(3): 179-181. Siegel, S. M. and B. Z. Siegel. Annual mercury flux at the Kilauea main vent--a first estimate. Nature 309(5964): 146-147. Siegel, S. M. and B. Z. Siegel. Regional differences in plant-soil mercury relations in Equisetum, Plantago and Taraxacum. Org. Geochem. 5(4): 255-257. Siegel, S. M. and B. 2Z. Siegel. Differential elimination of mercury during maturation of leguminous seeds. Phytochemistry 24(2): 235-236. In Press Siegel, B. Z. and S. M. Siegel. The Role of Vegetation in the Recycling and Redistribution of Volcanic Mercury: in Bilderback, J. (ed.) "Biological Effects of Mt. St. Helens Eruption", American Association £or the Advancement of Science. Washington. (June 1985) Siegel, S., B. Siegel, C. Lipp, A. Kruckeberg, G. Towers, and H. Warren. Indicator Plant-Soil Mercury Patterns in a Mercury-Rich Mining Area of British Columbia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Siegel, B. 2Z. and S. Siegel. Mercury in human hair: uncertainties aie the meaning and significance of "unexposed and exposed" sample population. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Siegel, S., BP. Keller, M. Galun, H. Lehr, 8B. Siegel, and E. Galun. Biosorption of lead and chromium by Penicillium preparations. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Siegel, S. M., B. Z. Siegel, LeeAnn Sheldon, Elizabeth Yaeger, and Darwin Chang. Mercury antagonists: Protection of plants against vapor injury by thiamine and other sulfur and selenium compounds. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Siegel, B. and S. Siegel. Equisetum and the cycling of mercury at Mount St. Helens: Plant-soil relations, 1980-84. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. VOLUME 24 1985 ele. Yaeger, Elizabeth, B. 2Z. Siegel, S. M. Siegel, Michael Lasconia and Thomas Correa. Mercury antagonists: Loss of phototactic response in the brine shrimp Artemia and its prevention by thiamine. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. George J. Wong 1985 Wong, G. J. and Kenneth Wells. The modified bifactorial incompatibility system in Tremella mesenterica. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 84: 95-109. , Kenneth Wells, and Robert J. Bandoni. Interfertility and comparative morphological studies of Tremella mesenterica. Mycologia 77: 36-49. Wells, K. and George J. Wong. Interfertility and comparative morphological studies of Exidiopsis plumbescens from the west coast. Mycologia 77: 285-299. RKEEKKEEKKEEKEKKEEEKKKEEKKEEERKEKEKEKRKEEEKKERKKEKRKKERKKKKKKKKERKEE FRIENDS OF FOSTER GARDENS Outer Island and Foreign Trips NEW ZEALAND October 4 - November 4 (Trip 85-7) Thirty-one days: both North and South Islands, drive our own vans. Trip features frequent two-night layovers so we can hike the trails in the native forest. For information contact Jeanne Potter at: Ask Mr. Foster (526-0633). HAWAI'I November 28 - December 1 (Trip 85-8) Thanksgiving somewhere high above the clouds; alpine zone hiking, tents and warm sleeping bags. Informational meeting: Wednesday September 18 at 7:30 p.m. in the Foster Garden Classroom. HAWAI'I December 27 - 30 (Trip 85-9) From a base in Hawi we will explore historic and natural areas of Kohala (Pololu Valley, Kupohou Ridge, Lopakahi site, Kehena Ditch trail (pending permission). Informational meeting: Wednesday November 20, 1985 at 7:30 p.m. in the Foster Garden Classroom. These trips explore places and scenes not offered elsewhere with kama'aina naturalist, Loren T. Gill. All trips are designed for the adventurous, the interested islander, nature lovers and the botanically minded. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 PRINTED MATTER 6K 413 Newsletter Hause Gr} " awalla 30tanica Oocie Volume 25 (ij (pntents 1986 COCCINIA GRANDIS (L.) VOIGHT: A NEW CUCURBITACEOUS WEED IN HAWAE I iby George: LINNeY iiss acne a Rete toad ee ha he po ee oo 3 HAWAII'S BOTANIC GARDENS: PANACEA OR PANDORA’S BOX IN THE CONSERVATION OF HAWAII'S NATIVE FLORA by Wayne C. Gagne......... 7 SELECTED RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF SOUTH CHINA. PART II. by By Zoyand.S, M. Siegel 2h. see 5 ose wee pease 11 OxXALIS RUST IN HAWAII by Donald E. Cardner. ...2. i039 sees she edt st aus 31 TA Mente EAGE eh ROGRAM 55572 ste ony 4454. 0i0.e-ovad oie nee Pe Oe 68s 34 « STATUS OF ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS by Derral Herbst............. 36 EXTENSION OF INFESTATION OF DIAPHORTHIOPSIS METROSIDERI TO BRD PAR Keby Hoek, TROSDEGE ane as cto We en ena = 8a 2 eles © eon ete a7, SOCUMIY BUSINES Say a> t:5 accu 6 4: G2 gO LOR 0h or gO oO noe oon oo *K Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts appltcattons, encourage research tn botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirtt of good fellowshtp and cooperation among them." Any person tnterested in the plant ltfe of the Hawattan Islands ts eligible for membershtp. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1986 President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Committees Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair: Native Plants: Publicity: KRREEKKEKKKKKRKEKEKEKEKKKKKKKRKEKRKEKKEKKKRKKRRRKKE KERR KKKKKER At the Society, the will be the Society. and Vice-President consecutive than one February meeting By-laws Executive Council Jane E. Lewis, University of Hawaii Rylan N. S. Yee, Bishop Museum Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Christa Russell, Bishop Museum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii Dan Palmer, University of Hawaii Isabella Abbott, University of Hawaii (appointed by the Executive Council) Karen Asherman, Chair Isabella Abbott, Chair Clattord smith, shditor Elizabeth Powell, Chair Art Medeiros, Maui William Brostoff Alvin Yoshinaga Clitford Smith; Chair Ken Nagata Evangeline Funk John Obata Art Medeiros, Maui Marilyn Cannon, Chair SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT will be discussed. should be year. Ef =so; Limit -on- their term in-office? of the Hawaiian Botanical One issue that discussed is the term of the various officers of It has been suggested that the President allowed to serve for more should there be a VOLUME 25(1) 1986 3 COCCINIA GRANDIS (L.) VOIGT: A new cucurbitaceous weed in Hawai'i For several years, I have observed a vine completely enshrouding koa haole plants at the back of the UH Manoa campus, but have not been able to find it in the local herbaria or literature. in the-spring of 1965, /Clife Smith collected it in Keolu Hills, Kailua. A more energetic search still failed to produce any record of es Finally, in the summer of 1985, a chance mention of it to Dick Hamilton, formerly of UH Horticulture Dept., produced a name. He knew it from S.E. Asia. After verifying the identity, it was clear that this plant was previously unreported, and apparently uncollected from Hawai'i. This is more surprising as the plant was (first?) introduced into Hawaii by Don Anderson in 1969. He had found the plant naturalized in Fiji, and thought it suitable for cultivation, as in hanging baskets. The seeds were sent to Lyon Arboretum, under accession number L69.296, and seedlings shared with Foster Botanic Gardens (Darrel Herbst and Ken Nagata, personal communications). Paul Weissich reports the seedlings were destroyed as undesirable without further distribution. There is no record of any further official distribution by Lyon Arboretum, though such might have been done informally. Ken Nagata recalls subsequently, Coccinia grandis was given to Lyon Arboretum as a "medicinal plant." There is no record of the transaction, and so it is unknown whether this was a second introduction, or progeny from Don Anderson's introduction. It was originally described by Linné in 1767 as Bryonia grandis (Mant. Pl. 1: 126) with no type locality or type specimen indicated. In 1967, Jeffrey designated LINN 1153/2 as lectotype (Fl. Trop. E. Afr. 68). Bryonia is now limited to four species from Asia, N. Africa, Europe, and the Canary Islands. In 1834, Wight and Arnott (Prodr. Fl. Penin. Ind. Orient 1: 347) published the genus Coccinia for the tropical species of Bryonia, with cC. indica W. & A. as type species. Apparently, Cc. indica W. & A. is a later synonym of C. cordifolia (Linn) Cogn., and _ so the type species is C. cordifolia. Later names applied to this genus are Cephalandra Schrader (1836) and Cephalopentandra cChiorenda (1929). Taxonomy in the genus is not settled, and estimates of the number of species run from 14-50. The native range of the genus is circum-Indian Ocean. The natural range of CC. grandis alone equals the natural range of the whole genus. A quick scan of floras available in my own and “ NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY the UH libraries has produced the following range extensions: Philippines, apparently as an escape from cultivation; South Texas (as C. cordifolia, naturalized along the coast) ; Cuba, Jahaica; Sts °*€roix;,” and Barbados. No records were found for Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, or Surinam. In all places, C. grandis seems to be restricted to hot, dryish, coastal lowlands. The vine is a rank grower, quickly smothering ground, shrubs, and trees in a solid blanket. In Hawai'i it can remain green year round, but in dry and temperate areas it dies back. It does not have tuberous roots, but both roots and stems are very succulent, and may be quite sufficient for storing water during dry weather. Older stems reach 5 cm in diameter with occasional adventitious roots where the stems run along the ground. Leaf blades may be shaped like those of cucumber (between heart-shaped and pentagon-shaped) and 4 cm long, or 3-5 lobed and up to 10 cm long. Flowers are white, about 2-3 cm long, held upright, shaped like those of Campanula. Males and females are on separate plants. Fruits are shaped like little gherkins, 4-5 cm long, turning scarlet at maturity, and are popular with red vented bulbuls. It should be expected that the bulbul will spread this plant beyond its present locations on O'ahu. The population on the UH campus covers only about 100 square meters. Only female flowers could be located in August, 1985. Fruits have been observed, but there is little evidence of spread due to seeds, and the population may be just a Single plant, or very few plants. Cliff Smith reports the Keolu Hills population of male and female plants covers perhaps 40 hectares. Additional populations have been found along the entrance to Lyon Arboretum, the intersection of Alaula Way and Pamoa Road (behind the University), along most of Makiki Heights Drive and lower Tantalus Drive, on Nehoa Street near Nehoa Place, and on Auwaiolimu Street (behind Punchbowl) from the cemetary to Roosevelt High School. Cliff Smith believes the range on the Windward side to be between Keolu Hills and Kaiwainui Swamp.. In September of this year, a single plant was found on the Big Island at Kamoa Point just south of Kailua-Kona by Carolyn Corn. In November I found the plants very common along Hualalai Road and Alii Drive south of Kailua. It is presumed the plants have been there for a few years, as some plants were quite large. Fruits were numerous. VOLUME. 25%1) 11966 5 The young fruits and shoot tips are eaten in Asia, but there is no evidence it was imported to Hawai'i for £ood. It is not present in any local community gardens, nor is it clear that its presence in Texas or the Caribbean is attributable to its use as_ food. Art Whistler has found no report of it anywhere in Polynesia, and no one outside Asia reports its use as food. Both flowers and fruits are attractive and might entice someone to import it as an ornamental. Hortus Third lists it as an ornamental in North America. No flora lists Coccinia grandis as a noxious weed, though most report its rank growth. In Hawai'i it is clearly weedy, and should be considered as potentially noxious. While I have seen some slight grasshopper damage, the plants are not seriously attacked by insects or disease. This combined with its rank growth and potential for spread should be cause for concern. Those who find themselves in the coastal lowlands should watch for this plant so its progress can be monitored. New locations should be reported to the Bishop Museum and/or UH Manoa Botany Departments. George Linney, Botany Department University of Hawaii at Manoa KRHKKKEKEKKKEKKKKEKKEKKKKEKRKEEKKKEKKKERKKERKEKKRERKKKKKKEKEKKEKKKKKKKER MEMBERSHIP Membership in the Hawaiian Botanical Society is open to anyone interested in all Hawaiian plants, native or introduced. The membership dues, payable at the beginning of each year, for each calendar year are as follows: Student $4.00 Regular 57.50 Family 520 200 Life (for individuals only) $100.00 Send cheque or money order to Ms. Karen Asherman, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 3170 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822. 6 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MEETING Minutes of the June, 1985 meeting President Lewis called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved. Derral Herbst gave the Treasurer's report as follows: Balance as of May 1 $2407.68 Receipts 287.50 Gifts 3550 Science Fair 7.28 Expenditures 520.41 Interest 9.88 Balance as of June 1 S2187.13 Libby Powell of the Conservation Committee reported that Science recently published an article on wood chipping of Hawaiian ‘ohi'ta forest for electricity generation on the Big Island. Society members were asked to write to their legislators to stop this degradation and eradication of low elevation rainforest. The State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) is sponsoring a program called "Million Trees of Aloha". One million seedlings will be given away for reforestation projects. Society members were asked to write to the DLNR to find out what trees will be given away, and where the seedlings will be planted. Libby suggested that we offer to participate in planting of native trees. For the Newsletter Committe, Dr. Abbott announced that the second Newsletter for 1985 had gone out; the membership list will be out in August. Under old business, the May 25 field trip to Lyon Arboretum and Manoa Falls area, and potluck lunch afterwards, was enjoyed by Society members as well as members of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. Don Talbot of Hawaiian Paradise Nursery spoke on bromeliads, and brought many prickly and fleshy examples to show us. There are approximately 600-800 varieties of bromeliads in Hawaii, perhaps as many as 1,000 due to the efforts of Lyon Arboretum and the Hawaiian Bromeliad Society. Bromeliads have become naturalized from man-made plantings in areas such as Tantalus, Aiea Heights, and Punalu'u. VOLUME -25(1) 1986 7 HAWAII'S BOTANIC GARDENS: PANACEA OR PANDORA'S BOX IN THE CONSERVATION OF HAWAII'S NATIVE FLORA Wayne C. Gagne Education Department Bishop Museum P.O. Box 19000-A Honolulu, HI 96819-0916 I read with considerable alarm Paul Weissich's article entitled "Honolulu's Botanical Gardens: History, Physical Set Up and Goals" (Hawaiian Bot. Soc. Newsletter 24327=36). It appears to me that in the struggle to save Hawai'i's native flora from extinction and conserve them in their natural ecosystems, most local botanic gardens are increasingly becoming part of the problem rather than the solution. Mr. Weissich espouses the idea that Hawai'i help save the flora of the tropics by importing thousands upon thousands of species and planting them in established and new botanic gardens or "alternate sites" all over the Hawaiian Islands. But not a word was written on the problems associated with the increasing number of these species that are naturalizing, competing with and displacing the native flora! Mr. Weissich, we can't have it both ways. Either we concentrate on saving our own flora and native ecosystems, while urging others to do the same in their respective countries, or we face the impossible situation of more and more of Hawai'i's flora disappearing due in increasing measure to the invasion of the same foreign plants Mr. Weissich and others of his ilk are importing and planting. Not only are these naturalizing aliens a detriment to the native flora, they also infest natural areas, national parks, pastures, agricultural areas and private property and thus become a private and public nuisance and expense to try to remove, first mechanically, or with herbicides, and occasionally, biologically when all else fails. Those weedy ornamentals, for example, Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum), that become "economically important", get us into a real biological bind too, since economic interests usually prevail where there is a conflict with saving native flora and "doing business as usual..." Either such ornamentals are not universally regarded as weeds, or in the rare instances where there is unanimity, biological efforts are stymied because of the difficulty of finding host-specific herbivores and pathogens. Along with the weedy Kahili ginger, a virtual maelstrom of other gingers (Zingiberaceae) have been introduced here, about a half dozen species of which are aggressively naturalizing. 8 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY As a systematic entomologist, I too am greatly distressed about the destruction of the world's tropical entomofauna. But were I to advocate the introduction of many of the, say, spectacular tropical butterflies, in order to save them, I could justly be branded daft. Yet, thousands of plant species are being brought in by the very pillars of society, an activity which I maintain is helping to destroy, not save, Hawai'i's native flora. John Obata's report on the spreading in the Ko'olaus of the ornamental melastrome Oxyspora paniculata in the same issue of the Newsletter mentioned above is merely the top Of the botanical iceberg. Take a walk along the Ahuialama Trail above Lyon Arboretum if you don't believe me. Practically every year I hike that area, I see new naturalizing alien ornamentals working their way inexorably, or sometimes by leaps and bounds, into the depths of the Ko'olaus. Enough is enough! St. John's manual on Hawaii plants lists 4643 exotic (or alien) species. I am informed, by the authors of the new Hawai'i flora now in preparation by the Bishop Museum, that 700 species of alien plants, about a third of which were purposeful introductions, are sufficiently established or naturalized to be considered for inclusion in the new flora. Do those who introduce and liberate these plants take responsibility when these plants become weedy? Not on your life! No self discipline nor hardly a word of caution to be found! Without any strong leadership on the part of those fostering such activity, the lay public and certain part management, commercial entrepreneurs feel free to add to the botanical chaos. For example, the manager of Ho'tomaluhia Park has "written off" Hawaiian flora below 2000 feet as "wiped out, crowded out, or it doesn't care" (Sunday Star-Bull & Adv. 7 July 1965)-, lt as disturbing enough to observe the botanical cornucopia springing forth from private property, and ever more so to see some or our finest parks being degraded or ruined in this manner. For example, Koke'e State Park which harbors the State's best native mesic forest is being overgrown by a menagerie of naturalizing ornamentals planted by leasees and park personnel. Among them, Lasiandra (Tibouchina semidecandra) appears to have been planted along much of the park's main road and is rapidly invading the adjacent native forest. To what end? "Beautification" to please the tourist: I am cognizant of the enormous popularity of "exotic" plants. Whether it be at festivals, flea markets, rummage sales, plant exchanges, or garden clubs: they appeal to specialists, fadists, florists and "green-thumbs" alike. But to couch such endeavors as somehow desirous and compatible with conserving Hawai'i's VOLUME 25(1) 1986 9 native flora simply does not wash with biological Pealicy « In addition to the direct degradation of native ecosystems by alien flora, and the invasion and the tenacity of disturbance-adapted flora, there is the even more unsettling indication of concommittant introduction of alien pests and pathogens with these plants. The best intentions and efforts of quarantine personnel surely cannot cope with this botanical avalanche. It seems more than a coincidence, for example, that three species of legume-feeding jumping lice in the genus Heteropsylla have suddenly established within the past few years. Does this have something to do with the emerging interest in nitrifying trees and biomass plantations? The annual Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomotogical Society now record upwards of 20 species newly establishing insects and related arthropods in the Hawaiian Archipelago each year. Hardly a year passes when one or more of these become a major pest to both alien and native flora like - spiraling white fly, orchid weevil, banana root borers, yellow jackets -- I could go on an on. Surely many of these are undetected, or practically undetectable, associates on introduced plants. Some of these insects are especially frightening when they attack common and rare species of native plants alike. For example, the black coffee twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) attacks a wide range of native and introduced plants. This minute beetle could well account for the apparent impending extinction of one of our most magnificent native trees, the mehamehame (Drypetes phyllanthoides). While I realize that my anguished words are not likely to result in any sudden about-face in attitudes, I urge that promulgators of plant introductions such as Mr. Weissich see the need for greater self-policing. Surely some plant groups such as the melastomes and gingers have become sufficiently notorious naturalizers that unanimity would be reached on banning further introductions and comming to grips with the eventual control of the escapees. How much more of Hawai'i's native ecosystems must be laid to waste by a "jungle" of Koster's Curse, Kahili ginger, Oxyspora paniculata, or you-name-it? How long will the beleagured few maintain their enthusiasm to try to help the National Parks or The Nature Conservance maintain some semblance of the native biota within their confines by having to continually battle the alien flora foe? Will the native flora even get first priority, or will the naked Emperor still continue to proclaim concern for the conservation of the native flora? The last thing the native flora needs are botanic gardens full of alien species in their midst at all elevations! All too few are the exceptions such as the Maui Botanic Garden, which focuses on the native flora rather than striving to cover all botanical bases. Botanical charity begins at home. 1:0 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The "Noah's Ark" approach is untenable as a conservation ethic for Hawaiian botanic gardens. Acknowledgements This article was conceptualized with response to the thought-provoking article by my former entomological colleague Drs Francis Howarth entitled "Biological control: panacea or Pandora's’ box?" (Proceedings Hawaiian Entomological Society 24:239-44, 1983.) KREKEKKKKKEKKEKKKKKKKKEKRKRKEKKRKRKKKKRKKRRKRKEKREKKKKRKKKKRKRKRKKKKRKRKRKREKRE Minutes of the October, 1985 meeting President Lewis called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved. President Lewis again reminded Society members that the Newsletter Committee welcomes contributions such as articles or appropriate announcements for future issures of the Newsletter. The Native Plants Committee announced that 4 species have recently been proposed for Federal listing as endangered species: Abutilon menziesii, Hibiscadelphus distans, Mezoneuron kavaiense, and Scaevola coriacea. Gardenia brighamii was recently listed as endangered. Members were reminded to bring in plants or plant products for the next plant exchange which will be in December. Under old business the President outlined a proposal to protect Marsilea villosa in Koko Head by restricting access to the habitat by four-wheel drive vehicles. This could be done by strategically locating a barrier so that vehicles could not go through it nor around it. Under new business President Lewis announced that Dr. Abbott would be Nominating Committee chairperson, and Bill Bush would be the Society auditor. Vice-president Bornhorst introduced Mr. Steven Nims from Trees of Hawaii who gave a talk entitled "Tree Pruning Standards". Respectfully submitted, Christa Russell. VOLUME 25(1) 1986 aab SELECTED RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF SOUTH CHINA 22 DECEMBER 1984 - 23 JANUARY 1985 B. Z. Siegel Pacific Biomedical Research Center University of Hawaii at Manoa S. M. Siegel Department of Botany, A&S University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii II. Scientific and Ethnobotanical Observations of South China Gin Hong is located on the banks of the Mekong (Lanchang) river at 1200 meters. To reach here a five hour drive on narrow, partially graded, winding mountain roads waS required to travel about 130 km _ from the Institute of Tropical Botany. Not only road surface, but also trucks, small tractors, pigs, donkeys, carts, children, peasants and road work gangs all ensured our pace. After lunch and a rest at a scenic hotel (Western plumbing), we were honored by a visit from Governor Zhao, a Dai, and Vice Governor Xu, a Han Chinese, and the chief administrative officers of the prefecture which has an area of 19,000 sq. km and an 840,000 population, two thirds of which are Dai people. 1. The Dai Morning Market in Gin Hong The free market on New Years Day was a special one, as the Dai people were celebrating a Western holiday. The market was set up curbside on both sides of a moderately wide street, and extended for about 500 m. For the most part, goods were placed on sheets, mats or low tables directly at the curb. Among the items for Sale were tobacco; special wrapper from Cephalanthus leaves; fibre from Musa textilus; and beeswax. Most of the wares were foodstuffs either processed (e.g. rice, flour, chili powder) or raw (various greens and fruits). Meats, especially pork, fish and poultry seemed abundant. In all 20 families of seed plants were identified among the foodstuffs offered. They were: Amaranthaceae - various Amaranthus spp. similar to ung choy a2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Amaryllidaceae - Allium spp. including onion, chive, garlic and leek Anacardiaceae - Spondias sp. fruit Araceae - Colocasia esculentum (taro) leaf and sten, but unlike Polynesia the tuber was not eaten. Camelliaceae - Thea sinensis var. assamica (tea) Capparidaceae - Crataeva nervata as shredded pickled roots Chenopodiaceae - Spinacia oleracea (spinach) Compositae - Lactuca scariola var. sativa (a lettuce) only stem is eaten Cruciferae - 5 Brassica's, including B. oleracea var. capitata (head cabbage), Var botrytis; Be chinensis; ise caulorapa (cauliflower) ; B. integrifolia (bitter cabbage) and Raphanus sativus (red radish) Cucurbitaceae - Cucurbita moschata, a pumpkin, both fruit and blossoms, Citrullus vulgaris, watermelon; Sechium edulis Dioscoreaceae - Dioscorea tubers Euphorbiaceae - Phyllanthus sp., a source of fruit Gramineae - Oryza sativa (rice), both white and black cultivars; Dendrocalamus Sis; bamboo shoot; Saccharun (sugar) for both chewing and some processing Labiateae - Mentha haplocalyx, a water mint Musaceae - Musa Sapientum (banana) Papillionaceae - Arachis hypogla, boiled in the shell, Pisum sativum (peas), pods and green shoots; Sesbania grandiflora pods; Dolichos lablab (beans) Pinaceae - Pinus yunnansis seeds (pine seeds) Piperaceae - Piper betel, Piper nigrum (peppers for spice) Rutaceae - Skimmia arborescens fruit; Xanthoxylum utilis (a spice like pepper) VOLUME 25(1). 1986 i3 Solanaceae - Capsicum annum varieties; Solanum esculentum fruit; Solanum melongena fruit; Solanum coagulans young shoots; Solanum spirale root (tomatoes, green and red peppers and potatoes) Umbelliferae - Coriandrum sativum, seeds and shoots; Eryngum foetidum, spice leaf Zingiberaceae - Alpinia spp. various gingers. Young shoots of edible fern, Pteridium aquilinum were also on sale, as were round mats of dried river algae and dried fruiting bodies of Auricularia. 2. Yunnan Medicinal Plant Institute The Institute covers an area of about 24 hectares and regularly grows over 20 species of plants with therapeutic value. One of the most important medicinal plants mentioned was Chinese Cardamon, Cardamine sp. (Cruciferae), famous as a treatment for digestive ailments. Although found at lower elevations, Ake grows best above 1000 wm. Xishuangbanna cultivates 3000 hectares out of China's 20,000 ha. The resin Styrax tonkinensis (Sturacaceae) is chewed like gum benzoin or tincture of benzoin, for headaches, digestive ills and skin irritations. Santalum album (an Indian introduction) finds use as an intestinal parasit- icide and also for bronchial decongestion. Strychnos nux-vomica (Loganiaceae) and also S. cathayensis and S. nitida are used in treatment of vascular diseases. Quisgualia molica (Combretaceae) Palelone is used in treatment of diarrhea but the fruit can act as an emetic. Rauwolfia verticillata (Apocynaceae) root preparations are used for treatment of hypertension, akin to use of R. serpentina root preparations for anxiety. From the Menispermaceae, the vine of Cissaimpelos paraira var hirsuta finds use aS a source of a curare-like Principle. Brucia javanica (Simarubaceae) root contains an amoebacide, and extracts OL Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) and Cephalotaxus hainanensis (Cephalotaxaceae) fruits and shoots find use in cancer therapy. Terminalia (Combretaceae) leaves find use both for intestinal ailments and upper respiratory tract inflammation. Antimalarial preparations are made from the rude and leaves of Artabotrys hexapetallis (Anonaceae). Plumbago shoots contain an antirheumatic principle. Roots of Urtica sp. yield a toothache remedy. Litsea cubeba (Lauraceae) a source of cube 14 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY resins is used in treatment of stomach ailments and headaches. Euphorbia sp. latex is useful for ringworm lesions. A number of Orchidaceous genera are also shown to be medicinal, including: Dendrobium (for Asthma) and Pholidota (for a general tonic). Our hosts were Director Zhou and his assistant Mr. Go, who is one of the Mountain people knowledgable in herbal medicines. 3. Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops: (including the Rubber Research Institute) The major object of study and cultivation here is Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), although attention is also given to coffee, oil palms, cacao, cardamon, other medicinals and tropical fruits. The latter include mango, avocado, Passiflora (passion fruit), sapote, Macadamia, pineapple, and cashew. Edible Passiflora species here reach the size of pomelo or even honeydew melons and weigh kilograms each. Significant importance is’ given to Derris elliptica and Acanthopanax (a ginseng). The Coffea section is planted with trees of C. arabica, C. robusta and C. excelsa. New applications are also being developed for the oil palm -- the oil from which is used for anti-corrosion, steel quenching, coolant, and lubricant. The oil and oil cake are edible, rich in glyceryl palmitate. China, with growth and development of transportation and other industries, imports rubber; about 60% goes for tire manufacture, where Hevea rubber's superiority is recognized. In tropical China 500,000 hectares are rubber plantation, as already noted. In Xishuangbanna, 50,000 hectares produce 60,000 tons of rubber annually. Damaging cold air currents draining off of the Tibetan Plateau prevents rubber from being grown in the mountains at elevations greater than 900 meters. Another limit is ecological and conservationist in nature since tropical forests must be protected as much as possible as they are highly complex communities, which, if extensively disturbed, will cause erosion, flooding, and damage to the lowland agricultural settlements. In Malaysia, Hevea brasiliensis is ready for the latex tap at five years but in Xishuangbanna 6-7 years are normally required and the 1200 kg/ha/yr is somewhat below Malaysian performance. The productive life of a tree is 25 years. In this area rubber production involves both state-owned lands and free market activities of the Dai and mountain peoples. VOLUME, 25(1). 1986 1B: Substitutes for Hevea among latex-rich plant groups, e.g. Asclepidaceae, Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Moraceae, are not treated seriously here. Parthenium (Mexican guayale) has been introduced, and has inflorescences reeking of isoprenol, but is not being considered as a source of latex. More successful is Ecdysanthera utilis (Apocynaceae, wild rubber), but it remains a curiosity. Of more promise are new Hevea hybrids based on strain selection. The principal feature is early tap readiness -- 3 years instead of 6-7. Rubber research is basically conservative and wholly practical in orientation. Pei's efforts to develop agroecological concepts and practices in Hevea plantation practice are met by the rubber people with detached interest. We are of the opinion that the pressure to expand China's domestic rubber production could lead to great increases of Hevea plantations in Xishuangbanna. Currently 2.6% (approximately) of the total land surface of the prefecture is in rubber plantations. Any expansion, no matter how seemingly necessary, will take its toll by removal of a stabilizing factor--the multi-level, multi-species natural community. If this were to be replaced by traditional bare ground Hevea plantations to the extent, say, of 10% or more of Xishuangbanna's land area (>200,000 hectares), significant changes in microclimate, water relations and ecological balance could destabilize the entire lowland area involved, altering ecosystems, trophic networks, and also the quality of life of the ethnic minority peoples of the forests. Such effects could be irreversible. We suggest that Pei's experiments with multispecies, multi-story communities may hold the key to a "compromise" solution, although even the most successful application of this complex community concept can only partially mitigate effects of loss of native forest. 3. The Tea Factory and Gardens: The tea factory and gardens are located in the town of Shangshan, Menghai County 50 km west of Gin Hong at 1200 meters elevation. Here is a Thea shrub approximately 800 years old and commemorates the place where tea as a beverage is said to have originated. It was explained that the varietal epithet "assamica" was a botanical error, because, having been found in Assan, India, it was assumed to be native to that part of India without any effort to track it from there to China. Mr. Lu Yun, factory manager, explained that the large facility is made up of four "workshops" for Black, Green, 16 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Pu-Erh and Brick teas. Pu-Erh is a specially fermented tea of Yunnan Province. Tea here is harvested from March 10th’ to “October § 20th “with “a-totalesyield ‘of 2700) tons There are 28 collecting stations run ona free market basis. The collecting area is about 10,000 hectares. The harvest has three peaks--March (Spring tea), June-July (Rainflower tea) and September (Riceflower tea). The best quality green tea is from the Spring harvest, and best black teas are picked first after the rainy season. The Tea Factory employs 600 regular workers and 300 °-on contract. The quality of the tea leaves is judged by eight criteria: 1. Leaf shape and pubescent bud content 2. Leaf tenderness 3. Contaminants (e.g. weed leaves) 4. Intact leaves (i.e. absence of leaf fragments) 5. Fragrance 6. Taste 7.*° Color of tea water 8. Chemical composition a. Thein (Phenolics) b. Amino acids ec. -Ash d. Cellulose Under natural conditions, tea is often grown with some degree of shade, much less for black tea, much more than green tea. Any “and ‘all-*of the, “following co-dominants in these higher elevation forests (>1200 m) serve as shade trees--Cinnamomum landulifera, Lindera sp., Phoebe sp. (all Lauraceae), Castanea, Castanopsis and Quercus (all Fagaceae), Acer, Elaeocarpus. We note in passing that the camphor tree growing here is °C. glandulifera’ not’ C.* -camphora: The yield of camphora in the area is about 200 tons/year, but exact acreage was not available. The principle basic research project now beginning at the Tea Institute concerns photosynthesis and its environmental determinants. 4. Kunming Institute of Botany: Professor Wu from Kunming Institute of Botany gave a dinner party at the hotel in our honor. It was a great feast with many toasts to goodwill, cooperation with UHM and a pleasant, productive visit. The meal included a beautifully prepared fish, many meat and vegetable dishes including deer tendon. Dessert was Gleditschia jelly. VOLUME 25(1) 1986 17 Founded in 1938 the Institute covers 45 hectares and has a staff of 960, 50% technical including 18 senior (professional) scholars. Its units are: Taxonomy/ Phytogeography, Phytochemistry, Physiology and The Garden. The technical staff in Taxonomy/Geography is 40. Professor Wang showed us the herbarium of 600,000 sheets, but pointed out that 4000 living specimens were located in the institute garden. There are 1000 type specimens. A geobotanical map showed North Yunnan Abies forests and mountains up to 6000 m, central evergreen broad leaf forests and the southern tropics. Of 15,000 species of seed plants in Yunnan, the institute has 4000 im “COLLEGE LON.« Exhibited were plants currently used as sources of starch in Yunnan--Lithocarpus, Quercus (Q. variabilis also is a source of tannin); sources of fibre--Calotropus, Musa (e.g. M. textilis), Reevesia; for oil--Camellia (cooking), Hodgsonia and Hevea (industrial). In passing we were informed that the Institute's library has over 80,000 volumes. Correaria spp. are being developed as a source of gums. The exhibit also included the olive; a new cultivar of Olea europaea from Albania has’ been established that begins to bear fruit by the 4th-5th year. Among medicinal plants, Paris yunnanensis (Trilliaceae) rhizome extracts are vasoactive, reduce pain and swelling and stop bleeding; Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) stems contain substances reducing trachyitis; and antifertility steroid saponins from Aloe, Dioscorea and Agave are under study for commercial development. Hemsleya spp. tubers contain a promising antibiotic principle which appears to be steroidal - cucurbitacin. New sources of colchicine are being developed from Gloriosa lily and Iphigenia (also Liliaceae). A dramatic discovery is a compound very effective in the treatment of epilepsy that has been found in the root of Cynanchum otophyllum (Asclepidaceae). Of unusual interest was the development of new wheat and rice cultivars by selection from anther cultures. The discovery of beta-ecdysone (insect molting hormone) activity in extracts of Cyanotis arachnoides (Commelinaceae) may greatly increase the yield of silk by stimulating the cocoon extruding pupal stage of the silkworm. Of course, Panax spp. and other Araliaceae continue 18 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY to be of interest to meet the ginseng market, which is Still growing. Other medicinal plants included: Adiantum (Adiantaceae), an antibiotic Mahonia (Berberidaceae), an antibiotic Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), an anti-inflammatory Alstonia (Apocynaceae) anti-fever Heracleum (Umbelliferae), an anti-irritant Angelica (Umbelliferae), an anti-irritant Asarum (Zingiberaceae), for gastritis Salvia (Labiatae), for cardiac pains Ephedra (Ephedraceae), an anti-tussive Swertia (Gentianaceae), for toothache Trevesia (Araliaceae), for gastritis Many of these genera are familiar in western Materia Medica but the work in China relates to their introduction, cultivation, chemical standardization, effectiveness, productivity and market distribution. A special section is devoted to edible and medicinal fungi grown artificially. For example, the bamboo fungus, Hypotrella, is useful in the treatment of skin irritations and in treatment of severe burn cases, and Ganoderma lucidum extracts have anti-tumor properties. High yielding edible fungi cultured under artificial conditions include Dictyophora, Hericeum and Pleurotus. Engleomyces produces cytochalasin, a chemical of use in cytological and ultrastructural research. The Phytochemistry Laboratories at the Institute operates an excellent set of analytical facilities. Mr. Sun, who is in charge of Phytochemistry, works in the areas of essential oils, terpenes and phenolics. Most of his work is with vascular plants, but he has increasingly given more attention to lower forms, especially lichens. For example, Evernia divaricata contains 2.8% essential oil by weight; from this oil a valuable substance, ethyldivaricatic acid has’ been isolated. The lichen Cetrariastrum has yielded a new depsidone. Mr. Sun's’ laboratory projects also include isolation and determination of: kaurenoid diterpenes from Rabdosia (Labiatae); many furanocoumarins from Heracleum (Umbelliferae) ; coumarins from Peucedanum (Umbelliferae); and essential oil terpenes from Citrus medica. They have also determined C-NMR spectra of various umbelliferous terpenes. Messrs. Zhou and Yang discussed their work, part of which is done jointly with colleagues in Professor VOLUME 25(1) 1986 TES) Tanaka's laboratory, Hiroshima University School of Medicine. They are studying gastrodin, a potential sedative-hypnotic from Gastrodia spp. (Orchidaceae). The compound is a glycoside of p-hydroxy-benzylalcohol. In Hemsleya (Cucurbitaceae) they found antibacterial oleanolic acid saponins active against bronchitis, dysentary and tuberculosis. In the root of Dolichos (Papilionaceae) they reported a triterpenoid, the methyl ester of medicagnic acid glycopyranoside. And in a continuing search for sources of ginseng, they have isolated, from Panax notoginseng (Araliaceae) a series one dammarine saponins, the notogensenosides. Finally, Professor Mu discussed the laboratory and clinical trials of Cynanchum otophyllum extracts, which are 80% effective in the treatment of epilepsy with an EDs, of 10.2 mg/kg. The active agents appear to be wo new steroidal glycosides, Qingyang-shenosides A and BB. Mr. Rui identified his insect hormone from Cyanotis as - Ecdysone and found the highest content, 2.8% of dry weight, in the root. The Plant Physiology laboratory, headed by Professor Duan is mainly concerned with applications of tissue and cell culture techniques and the principles of genetic engineering to medicinal plants. An independent area of interest is the phytophysiology of basidiomycetes. Mr. Zhang's tissue culture program includes work with Anisodus (Scopolia), Rauwolfia yunnannensis and Panax notoginseng. The details of progress were confined to Anisodus. Cultures of A. acutangula produce scopolamine and hyoscyamine alkaloids. (The former achieved notoriety some years ago as a "truth serum" and has been used therapeutically.) This work has been conducted both with callus explants and in suspension. Regulators of alkaloid synthesis (stimulants) include phenylalanin, naphthaleneacetic acid and ight. Lactalbumin hydrolysates are also active, and kinetin specifically increases scopolamine. Mr. Ding in Professor Wang's laboratory informed us that the latter just returned from two years as a visiting scientist of the Max Planck Institute in Berlin-Dahlem. Planned is an ambitious program of developing the crown gall organism, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as a plasmid transfer agent. The object is the introduction of specific alkaloid biosynthetic capabilities into ideal host cell lines. They appear ready and able to undertake a state-of-the-art genetic project. A final project on mushroom culture reviewed the successful use of sawdust (from trees in the Fagaceae) 20 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY supplemented with wheat seed aleurone (pericarp) and no other nutrient source. Genera so cultured include Lentinus, Pholiota, Hericerum and Flammolina. With Lentinius, 1 kg dry weight of sawdust yields 0.8 kg of fresh mushrooms in three months. The same sawdust can be reinoculated 5-6 times without loss of yield. A tour of the Institute's Old Botanic Garden ended the day. The "forest" of tree camellias, 27 cultivars (of the Institutes total of 120) was striking. Most of them do not fruit, but a few do produce viable seed and are being studied genetically. It was suggested that non-fertile forms may have chromosomal problems such as non-disjunction. The. only... cytological. information-is that extra large double flowers are not necessarily polyploids. Among the extensive Gymnosperm plantings, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia and Taiwania were represented. 5. The Yunnan Forestry College: It was founded in 1979 to foster research in the fields of forest industry, forest protection, forest management, logging, wild animal management and timber processing. Since 1984 the Master's as well as Bachelor's degrees have been awarded and at present there are 800 baccalaureate students and 18 post graduates. By the end of 1985 an enrollment of 1000 is planned, and by 1990, 2000 undergraduates plus 50 post-graduates. The staff now totals 650 with 200 teaching positions. Of these there are the equivalent of 4 full professor, 8 associate professors, 79 assistant professors and 109 instructors in rank. Unlike many academic or research institutes in China, teaching and research are intermixed here. New emphasis is being placed on environmental protection and integrated pest management. The College herbarium contains 100,000 sheets (10 registered type specimens in the Fagaceae) and is complemented by an unusual collection of = forest pathogens. There are over 10,000 specimens representing over 300 pathogens for 390 host species in 72 families. Heart Rot of Pine (Trametes) and Blister Rust of Pine are of special concern to the area. Professor Hsu of the college with Prof. Jen from Beijing has recently completed a definitive account of and key to the 165 Yunnam species of Fagaceae in the 7 genera Fagus, Castanea, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Trigonobalanus, Cyclobalanopsis, Quercus. Central Yunnan has the fewest species, the south and SE portions the greatest number of the Fagaceae, generally. The VOLUME 25(1) 1986 2 evergreen sclerophyllous oaks are richest in the NW which combines both alpine and subtropical zones. The ecologically distinctive nature of Yunnan is shown when the ratio of the "number of species/number of genera" is compared with that for nearby provinces and bordering countries: Number of Species Region Number of Genera (ratio Yunnan 23.6 (165/7) Guizhou Te4 Sichuan 7.6 Guangxi O51 Guangdong Gos Hunau 4.7 Hubei 4.0 Vietnam cE Laos 3.5 Thailand 1.6 Burma 25.0 India 2.9 January llth ended with a visit to the Tsao Shih Temple near Kunming. Of interest were Cryptomeria, Camellia and Podocarpus over 100 years old, and a flowering plum from the Yuan Dynasty over 600 years old. 6. Yunnan University: The University is 62 years old with a library collection of one million volumes, 2000 periodical titles; the herbarium consists of 40,000 sheets. Of the 4000 students, 2500 are science majors in Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. These departments' faculties number 90, 120, 100 and =~“70 respectively. In addition the Institute of Microbiology has a staff of 50 and the Institute of Ecology and Geobotany numbers 25. A Biology degree requires 125 classroom (or laboratory) hours each in chemistry, physics and mathematics; a student must take nine subjects each term. We were surprised to learn that, as in our Arts and Sciences, humanities students must have science electives and science majors must take one non-science course each and every term. The Institutes are exclusively for research, although here as elsewhere in China there is serious intention to intermingle teaching into their programs. The visit finished with some 22 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY discussion of Professor Jiang's own research in the Institute of Ecology and Geobotany. He has authored a definitive geobotanical study "Distributional Features and Zonal Regularity of Vegetation in Yunnan". This was published in Acta Botanica Yunnanica 2:20-32 (1980), but he generously provided a copy in English. Although too complex for summary here, he has identified general similarities in main vegetation types in Yunnan. The vegetation is transitional, linking East Asia and South Asia, and resulting from the monsoon climate and the geophysical contours of the Yunnan Plateau. "The composition of life forms in both regions are identical, but the dominants...are geographic replacements of the same genera..." 7. The Ding-Hu-Shan Arboretum: It is located near Zhouquing city some 90 km from Guangzhou. Within its boundaries is a UNESCO "Man and the Biosphere" (MAB) registered monsoon rainforest preserve established in 1979, and is a matter of great pride to the Institute. The 100% native forest is a 300 hectare tract wholly enclosed by the Arboretum's total of 15005 ha. The mean annual rainfall is 1800 mm. The native biota consist of 1700 plant species, 150 birds and 40 mammals. The "Man and the Biosphere" tract ranges up to 1000 m elevation. The facility is run by a staff of 30 including eight professionals. A weather station with sensors positioned at the 400 m level is perched on a tower rising free of the canopy. The two main areas of research are conservation/resource management and physiological ecology, especially the relation between water stress and photosynthesis. In this protected monsoon forest, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae are important families. Important genera include: Acalypha, Antidesma, Codiaeun, Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) ; Balanopsis, Castanea, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) ; Actinodaphne, Cinnanomun, Lindera, Litsea (Lauraceae); Artocarpus, Broussonettia, Cecropia, Ficus (Moraceae); Melaleuca, Eugenia, Syzygium (Myrtaceae); Cephalanthus, Hedyotis, Psychotria, Morinda (Rubiaceae). Important forest monocots are in the palms and bamboos. Palmae--Archontophoenix, Calamus, Caryota, Livistonia, Roystonea. Bambusoideae--Bambusa, Dendrocalamus. The Pandanaceae, Cyperaceae and other Gramineae are also represented. The Psilopsid, Lycopsid VOLUME. 25:04). 1986 23 and Sphenopsid flora includes Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum (P. nudum, L. cernuum also in Hawaii, and S. tamariscina, E. debile, which are not). Important Pteropsid species are Osmunda vachellii, Dicranopteris linearis, Mecodium sp., Lindsaea sp., Davallia sinensis, Nephrolepis hirsutula, Pteridium revolutum (and others), Adiantum caudatum, Asplenium austro-chinensis, Cyathea sp., Dryopteris varia, Grammitis sp., Vittaria sp. Bryophyta and lichens were also abundant even in this dary season, but time and expert counsel for their inclusion were lacking. Hepaticeae both leafy and thalloid are present, but ready access to the wet places was not possible. Riccardia, Pallavicinia, Bazzania, Cephalozia, Plagiochila, Frullania, Lejeunea and Marchantia are all well known in the forest, as is Sphagnum. Common mosses Pa into Dicranaceae, Leucobryaceae (8 Leucobryum spp.), Fissidentaceae (5 Fissidens Spp.), Funariaceae (Funaria hygrometrica), Bryaceae (Bryum coronatum), Mniaceae, Neckeraceae (Homaliodendron spp.), Thuidiaceae (Anomodon, Thuidium, 4 other genera), Hypnaceae (Hypnum and 4 other genera), Polytrichaceae (Pogonatum aloides, P. spuriocirratum, Polytrichum formosum). There are 15 other families many of minor incidence. 8. South China Institute of Botany: The Institute was founded in Guanzhou in 1928 by Professor Chun from Dr. Sun Yat Sen University as a taxonomy program with 26 staff members. In 1954 it was transferred to the Academica Sinica. The current staff total 570 with 270 of these professionals in six departments--Taxononmy, Geobotany/Ecology, Physiology/Biochemistry, Phytochemistry, Genetics, and Anatomy/Morphology. Additional programs are being developed in Plant Introduction/Acclimatization and Landscape Gardening. The campus has an area of 30 hectares, the adjoining garden, 300 hectares (plus the Arboretum's 1000 ha). They are seeking to reconstruct forest vegetation in Guangdong Province along the highly eroded coastland. Work was begun in 1959 at a coastal site with typical lateritic soil and a climax tropical monsoon forest. The primary forest had been totally destroyed by human activity followed by over a century of erosion. The annual average depth of _the surface soil here is 1 cm. The loss rate is 1000 m~/km*“ annually. 24 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Soil humus drops as low as 0.6%. The improvement procedures are: 1) Plants resistant to drought and tolerant of low soil fertility--Pinus massoniana and Eucalyptus exerta are planted. A primary cover was set up on 433 ha of barren eroded land. 2) Multistory mixed broad leafed vegetation are introduced on the land. oy) Tropical crops and fruit trees are introduced. Follow-up studies revealed the following changes: a. During the transition from pure Pine-Eucalyptus to broad-leaf mixed forest types, biotic diversity and complexity appeared spontaneously, including the appearance of insects, birds, soil animals and soil bacteria. bs. Annual temperature fluctuation decreased from 14.3°C to 13.0°C; the relative humidity rose from B3e2% CO.07. 35.6 ec. Soil loss declined by over 90% and the water table rose by 1.1 meters. dad. Soil pH rose from 4.5 to 5.7 e. Humic content rose from 0.76% to 1.13% f. In the area, rice production rose 14-fold They have also shown that the epidermis can significantly increase the photosynthetic efficiency (Brassica, Cerastiunm, Petunia, Talinum) ; the photosynthetic capacity in Amaranthus tricolor (C,) is higher than in other grains or vegetable amaranths, but lower than that for a weed, A. palmeri; in Carica papaya the maximum net photosynthesis rate and leaf conduction declined with age while intercellular CO, concentration rose; leaf reflectance and absorptance changed as leaf chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio changed with age in C. papaya; and the efficiency of water usage declined linearly as the vapor pressure deficit increased (this work implies that estimates of stomatal conductance are important in understanding the limiting factors in photosynthesis). Recent work of a more basic physiological nature on photosynthesis in papaya has placed this species in the category of "C3, plants" (lack of bundle sheaths, low VOLUME. 25:¢1)0 1986 25 PEP carboxylase activity, high glycolate oxidase aACEIVTtYV, © OO inhibition, . 6tc.:). The workers in these areas of photosynthesis make use of a Hitachi Plant Assimilation Analyzer, A LICOR Photosynthesis Apparatus, Beckman DU-7 and Pye Unicam SP8-500 Spectrophotometers. The study of chilling injury in Hevea rubber plants has a high priority. One of their more interesting observations is that free ammonia accumulates in plants at prolonged sub-optimal temperatures. Other tropical/sub-tropical plants studied include cucumber, agave and rice. In cucumber, after a chilling treatment, electron transport and substrate oxidation first increased, then decreased. A chill-tolerant cultivar became metabolically stabilized after two days of a chilling treatment, but a chilling sensitive cultivar continued to decline. In several species, peroxidase in chill-tolerant cultivars characteristically had more isozyme bands than were seen in the non-tolerant forms; chill-tolerant cultivars responded more to exposure than non-tolerant by increases both in the total enzyme activity and number of isozymes. Esterase isozymes were less sensitive as indicators of tolerance than were the peroxidases. Foliar senescence in rice has been investigated with emphasis on oxidative processes. With decreasing chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase and RUBP-carboxylase activities both decline, but malonic Gialdehyde increased. The latter is a product of lipid peroxidation. In more vigorous rice hybrids these changes are much less marked. These findings support the concept that oxygen radical species figure importantly in senescence. Other studies seek to elucidate the role of superoxide dismutase in the loss of seed viability during storage, especially in oil seeds. As is’ the case in other institutions in South China, a sharp distinction is drawn here between biochemistry (essentially metabolism) and phytochemistry (special plant products, including medicinal principals). The anti-tumor constituents of Cephalotaxus oliveii are being studied neg phytochemistry. Three alkaloids harringtonine, cephalotoxine and Schelhammera Compound B have been isolated by the phytochemistry group. Harringtonine, a complex DOPA derivative, inhibited a mouse sarcoma 42% at 1 mg/kg body weight and was highly active in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Natural sweeteners from Rubus species have been identified as a diterpene glycoside, M.W 600, and are 200-times sweeter than sucrose. Additional phytochemical 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY projects deal with Chinese medicinal plants and fragrance chemistry especially in Narcissus spp. Plant Genetics is concerned with hybrid vigor and the application of tissue cultures and isozymal variation to the screening of hardy, vigorous, and resistant species, varieties and individuals. Work on senescence already noted interfaces nicely with biochemistry and genetics. The Institute has a herbarium with 600,000 specimens and a sizeable library. In addition to 40,000 volumes, there are 600 foreign journals and 300 in Chinese. The Institute's Botanical Garden founded in 1958, employs 150 people, 25 professionals, on grounds totalling 400 hectares. There are 4000 species of plants. Among its special collection are 400 tropical monsoon species; 180 palm species; Haunan Island flora, and medicinals (about 300 species). Among the more interesting specimen introductions are Ardensonia sp. (W. Africa), Triplaris (Cuba), a 20-25 meter tree in the Polygonaceae; Podocarpus fleuryi 15 meters tall, Cryptostrobus penseris (water pine) and Gnetum sp. 9. South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Guangzhou: This academic institution is not part of the Academica Sinica, and had not been originally scheduled for a visit. One of its faculty, Professor Xiao, attended our lectures and extended the invitation from the departments of Agricultural Biology and Horticulture (Professor Huang). The School was formed as a college in 1952 out of the merging and reorganization of Sun Yat-Sen and Lingnan Universities. There are 10 academic departments--Agronomy, Soils and Agricultural Chemistry, Plant Protection, Forestry, Animal Husbanary and Veterinary Medicine; Horticulture, Agriculture mechanization, Sericulture, and Biological Sciences (= Plant Physiology and Biochemistry). A centralized laboratory facility of over 4000 square meters of floor space includes transmission electron microscopy (800,000 x 1,5 A -wnesolution)), ~Scanhing electron microscopy (20,0, 0CO0X):, a seed and insect irradiation facility being installed for an 0.8 curie VOLUME 25.1)" 1986 oe, 606 source; a Perkin-Elmer Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer and many of the same basics already noted elsewhere. Near the campus is a 400 hectare experimental farm used both in teaching and research. The library now houses’ over 500,000 books plus 120 periodicals in English, Russian, Japanese, German, or French (70,000 bound volumes). Thirty thousand volumes deal with ancient and traditional Chinese agricultures. The teaching staff consists of 42 professors, 82 assistant professors, 440 lecturers and 147 teachers and assistants. The number of courses offered is somewhat over 200. The student body is now over 2000 and still increasing. A number of professional faculty have served as "editors-in-chief" for many of the "Prescribed National Textbooks" of the Ministry of Agriculture. These are in fields of plant pathology, agriculture microbiology, physical chemistry and colloid chemistry, fundamentals of geology, silkworm pathology and many more. Others have served as assistant editors, thus adding to this University's impact on national agricultural education. A cooperative program between the University and the College of Agriculture at Pennsylvania State University with joint USDA-China funding was inaugurated in 1980 for research collaboration in poultry science and vegetable diseases. Exchange of three professors from each institution has already been carried out. Funds for regional problems have also been provided by the United Nations (UNDP, FAO). 10. Conclusions: When reviewing this all too brief visit to colleagues and institutions in Yunnan and Guangzhou, many specific thoughts and ideas pertaining to programs come to mind that would be better dealt with on a more personal level with the active principals. There are broader areas of consideration however, which can and should be brought before a wider audience both in China and the United States. Attempts are now being made in China to conserve the traditional while national goals and needs call for extensive and timely modernization. That the results of this double value system are somewhat "patchy" will be a surprise to no. one. Western life science has largely 28 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY avoided this situation by relegating traditions to the history books in all but rare cases. By ands-large, as’ an example, ethnic medicine is barely tolerated in United States. Times are changing for us, however, as the following shows: Klayman's article in the May 31, 1985, Science (v 228, p 1049) describes Oinghaosu (Artemisinin) which offers "promise as a totally new class of antimalarials. The compound from Artemisia annua has been known therapeutically since some time between the Han dynasty date of BC 168 and a handbook of emergency prescriptions from AD 340. And repeatedly, traditional Chinese ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology has provided the impetus for innovative work both in China and the United States. The appreciation of medical botany may be best achieved by treating it as a living part of contemporary experimental plant sciences. The same may be said more broadly for the whole of natural products chemistry, long a step child of biochemistry in the West. We saw in the South of China a determination to re-integrate instruction and research. To a large extent, this is only a statement of intent. Although we have numerous research-centered organizations in the United States, the most valuable and effective part of our life science establishment lies in the admixture of teaching and research. Although a blind "publish or perish" policy in universities is to be avoided, the expectation in our major universities to publish research papers as well as teach credibility may be a good model for China. One of the more important consequences of the (until recently) de facto segregation of instruction and research is over-compartmentalization of information and specialty. Although we in the West have long allowed a deplorable gulf to exist between systematics and ecology on the one hand and physiology and biochemistry on the other, plant physiologists are often engaged in biochemical work and conversely. The language is essentially the same. In China we saw the gulf extended to physiology and biochemistry of plants ina single institute, surprising even when physiology and ecology were well mixed in the same organization. Individual specialization is important, but excessive team involvement of the narrow specialist has often fostered productivity at the cost of creativity. A balance is possible, and the Chinese life science establishment should be encouraged to move toward the well-trained specialist whose training in the specialized areas rests upon a more multidisciplinary education. We heard, and more than once, that the life sciences were not attracting young people the way engineering VOLUME_25(1): 1986 29 does. This is understandable. The enormous’ tasks confronting China as the next 50 years call for enormous works. Engineers do visible things and the lustre of the builder, and being an engineer may even be patriotic in its appeal. There is nothing pedestrian about life sciences research and development, but there is in the way they are offered to students (except for medicine, perhaps). We share this’ problem in the United States, but ways to attract student interest are emerging. One of these is to offer programs in "bio-technology". Programs that bring research into the high school (approximately Chinese middle school) for both students and teachers motivate people into research careers. The lack of interest in research by the general public is a problem in the United States, but far greater in China. The traditional Annual Science and Engineering fairs in the United States are novelties to all but the few Chinese scientists who had worked in United States cities. The United States also has successful high school level programs. We encouraged Chinese scientists to reach out and extend to the young the opportunity to learn and work at serious science. China can benefit from our experience with the various organizational facets of research and teaching from high school to career specialist. We in turn can learn the value of the paradigm of national support -- once having established national priority goals, these are supported to the maximum, even the more theoretical or abstract (or "academic"). Thus, having defined as a goal a 10-fold increase in Hevea rubber production, every aspect from "plantations as synthetic multi-storied ecosystems" to "the molecular botany of polyisoprenes" is justified. Of course institutes and universities and their executives, program directors and principal investigators must be knowledgeable and sensitive relative to information and technology transfer up the ladder of national needs. One final comment about this brief view of South China. rt has been increasingly proclaimed that mankind's future well being lies concentrated in the tropical belt. In China this is construed in terms of conservation, environmental protection, resource management, productivity and global ecological balance. In the United States, the tropics offer knowledge in pharmognosy, ethnopharmacology, ethnobotany, natural products, ecology, agricultural botany, horticulture. 30 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Much more is to be gained by an especially close collaboration and intensive sustained interchanges of scientific and technical personnel cannot be overstated. As we were told (as United States academics from Hawaii) by a young Chinese engineer in Hong Kong, "China is reaching out to you, especially people dealing with tropical plant science, for cooperation and help, and you can only disregard it to your detriment." We agree. KHEKKKKEKEKKKKKRKEKKKRRKRKEKRKKRKEKRRRKKKEKRKERERKRKRKKERKRKKRRRKKRRKRKKRKEKE MEETING ANNOUNCEMENT The Sixth Conference in Natural Sciences will be held at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park June 10-13, 1986. The program will be in the same format as in 1984. The conference will be preceeded by a three day workshop on "The control of introduced plants in Hawai'i's native ecosystems." The workshop will be followed by a day of contributed papers. The tentative program for the workshop is as follows: Perspectives Status and Distribution of Some Important Alien Plants in Hawai'i Physical and Chemical Control Biological Control Agency, Organization and Landowner Approaches Introduced Plants in the Absence of Ungulates Integrated Pest Management and Ecosystem Approaches Choosing which Plants to Introduce Choosing which Plants to Control in Native Ecosystems Education and Community Action Discussion and Summary On the afternoon of Wednesday, June 11 there will be a field trip which will look at demonstration areas of chemical and mechanical control in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, the insect quarantine facility, some special ecological areas in the park, and some alien plant problem areas including ungulate removal sites and recent burns. Fliers and application forms will be available in February. The proceedings of the contributed papers will be published by the CPSU/UH shortly after the conference. It is also hoped to publish the proceedings of the symposium. VOLUME 25:1) 1986 Ce OXALIS RUST IN HAWAII Donald E. Gardner CPSU/UH Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 A rust disease is often observed on the clover-like garden weed Oxalis martiana common in Hawaii. The rust is recognized by the production of conspicuous, lemon-yellow sori on the under surfaces of leaves, sometimes with corresponding discoloration on the upper surfaces. Most infected plants are apparently not severely damaged, however. Oxalis regnellii, which rather closely resembles O. martiana but has larger leaves and white instead of pink flowers, may also become infected with the fungus. This plant is cultivated as a house or garden ornamental and is sold by local nurseries as shamrock prior to St. Patrick's Day. The disease is therefore of some commercial importance since infection destroys the aesthetic value of of plants and prevents their sale. Previous reports of oxalis rust in Hawaii (all unpublished) have referred the causal fungus to the aecial stage of Puccinia sorghi, the uredinial and telial stages of which infect corn and may be of considerable economic importance. Oxalis spp. are also reported elsewhere to be the aecial hosts of two additional rust fungi, P. purpurea and P. andropogonis (Cummins 1971). The uredinial and telial stages of P. purpurea occur on sorghum in Hawaii, where they are of some importance, and are also very common on Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), a roadside weed. Puccinia andropogonis occurs on Andropogon spp. on the U. S. mainland, but is not known to be in Hawaii at present. In an effort to distinguish among the rusts attacking oxalis in Hawaii, I have made numerous collections and observations of infected plants, but I have not yet found an aecial infection. Attempts to experimentally infect plants of 0O. regenelli, O. martinana, and O. corniculata (the smaller, yellow-flowered weed) with P. purpurea basidiospores from sorghum and Johnsongrass have not been successful. Like the uredinial sori observed on oxalis in Hawaii, aecial sori are reported to be yellow and conspicuous, leading to possible confusion between the two stages on casual observation (Le Roux and Dickson 1957). However, the presence of distinct, raised aecial cups which are easily observed on under leaf surfaces distinguish aecial from uredinial infections. Biz NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Observations of urediniospores, associated with infrequent double-celled teliospores, indicate that oxalis is the uredinal-telial host of the common rust in Hawaii rather than the aecial host. Inoculation tests have shown that the fungus is capable of repeated infection of oxalis leaves rather than requiring an alternate host. I therefore consider the fungus to be Puccinia oxalidis rather than the aecial stages of either P. sorghi or P. purpurea, both of which, based on my observations, are apparently rare or do not occur in Hawaii at all. Although P. oxalidis is widespread on the mainland, it has not been previously recognized as such in Hawaii. The aecial hosts of P. oxalidis are reported to be members of the Berberidaceae (Arthur and Cummins 1962). I have not yet observed rust infection on the single member of this family in Hawaii, sacred bamboo (Nandina domestica). It is quite likely that P. oxalidis does not produce an aecial stage, but is perpetuated by the repeating uredinial stage in Hawaii. Literature Cited Arthur, J. cC., andG. B. Cummins. 1962. Manual of the rusts in United States and Canada. Hafner Publishing Co.; New York. 438 pp. plus Supplement. Cummins, G. B. 1971. The rust fungi of cereals, grasses and bamboos. Springer-Verlag; New York. 570 pp. Le Roux, P. M., and J. G. Dickson. 1957. Physiology, specialization, and genetics of Puccinia sorghi on corn and of Puccinia purpurea on sorghum. Phytopathology 47:101-107. HK KKK KKK ERR KK KR KKK RRR KER ERK KERRIER ERR RKEREKRKEKRKKEKR RRA Minutes of the December 1985 Meeting The President called the meeting to order at 7:30 pm. The minutes of the November meeting were read and approved. The treasurer's report was as follows: Balance brought forward $2',53'0:.43 Receipts 457.80 Expenditures 0.00 Balance as of 12/01/85 $2,988.23 The election of officers for 1986 was not held because the slate of nominees had not been circulated. The Plant-of-the-month speaker, Mr. Jim Barrows, spoke about Kawainui Swamp. The presidential address, give by Ms. J. Lewis, was on underwater botanizing in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Respectfully submitted Christa Russell VOLUME 25(1) 1986 3.3 Minutes of the November, 1985 meeting President Lewis called the meeting to order at 7:30 pm. The minutes of the October meeting were read and approved. The President again reminded members that the Newsletter Committee welcomes contributions such as articles or appropriate announcements for future issues of the Newsletter. Dr. Abbott presented the slate of officers nominated for the 1986 executive committee. They were as follows: President: Jane Lewis, Botany Dept., UH Vice-president: Rylan Yee, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum Secretary: Christa Russell, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum Treasurer: Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Steve Montgomery, Conservation Committee member, gave an update on the proposed H-3 Freeway which would run through Halawa and Haiku valleys, and border Ho'omaluhia park. Hawai'i's congressional members, the governor, and others support legislation that would exempt H-3 from all federal laws, past and future thus by-passing the federal courts which have ruled that all alternative routes must be examined and exhausted before federal funds can be used to construct a freeway through or bordering a park. Dr. Montgomery reported that the environmental studies for Haiku valley have not been compelted and that this porposal was a last ditch effort by the state to get federal highway monies. The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee would be hearing testimony on the proposed legislation in early November. It was proposed, and approved, that Dr. Wayne Gagne represent the Hawaiian Botanical Society at the hearings. Members were reminded to bring in plants or plant products for the next plant exchange which will be in December. Steve Montgomery announced that the Conservation Council for Hawaii was sponsoring a program on November 13th. at McCully Library on the ecology of the feral pig in Hawai'i. The Plant-of-the-Month speaker, Mr. Joel Lau, spoke on Euphorbia haleleeleana which he had recently discovered in Kaluakauila gulch in the Waianae mountains. Previously this species was known from Kaua'i OnLy. Joel reported that there were about 150 plants in the gulch, and that threats to the survival of these plants were fires, as a result of bombing in Makua valley, and rats, which consume the fruit. 34 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The speaker of the month was Mr. Frank Sekiya of Frankie's Nursery whose talk was intitled "Some Interesting Tropical Fruit Trees." Mr. Sekiya brought many different kinds of fruit which have been introduced into Hawai'i, and members were invited to somple the fruit after a most informative talk. Respectfully submitted, Christa Russell, Secretary KKK KKK KEK KEKE KKK KEK KK KEK RIK KEKE KKK KEKE KERR KKK THE HAWAII HERITAGE PROGRAM From the coastal dunes of Kure to the alpine ecosystems atop Mauna Kea, Hawai'i's natural heritage includes a remarkable array of plants, animals and ecosystems found nowhere else in the world. However, over two centuries of agriculture, urbanization and industrial development have changed the islands! landscapes. Today, much of Hawai'i's unique ecological inheritance survives in small, scattered and vulnerable fragments throughout the _ state. As Hawai'i plans for economic development and population growth, we need to find ways to balance our growth with our need to conserve our irreplaceable natural resources. The Nature Conservancy's Heritage Program is designed to provide the information needed to work towards that balance. The goal of the Hawaii Heritage Program is to establish a centralized, comprehensive, up-to-date source of information on the rare species and ecosystems in Hawai'i. Use of this statewide data base offers three advantages to land use planners: (1) Potential environmental concerns can be identified before extensive financial commitments have been made. (2) Environmental permit and review requirements can be completed more rapidly, reducing "red tape" and expense. (3) Public and private organizations can pool their resources to support a Single, reliable source of biological information, avoiding expensive duplication of effort. The Hawaii Heritage Program is supported through fee-for-service arrangements with public and private users. KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KEKE KKK KKK KKK RR KKK ERR ERE KRKREREREKEKKEE FOSTER GARDEN EVENTS March 27-30 Lana'i: Field trip April 79 . Spring Plant Sale May 23-26 Hawai'i: Advanced ecology camp/field trip June 13-15 Moloka'i: Topside field trip VOLUME 25(1) 1986 35 STATUS OF ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS April 30, 1985 Taxa listed as endangered: Bidens cuneata Sherff Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana Sherff Gouania hillebrandii Oliver Haplostachys haplostachya var. angustifolia (Sherff) St. John Kokia cookei Deg. Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewt. Lipochaeta venosa Sherff Panicum carteri Hosaka Schiedea adamantis St. John Stenogyne angustifolia Gray var. angustifolia Taxa proposed for listing: Abutilon menziesii Seem. Achyranthes splendens var. rotunda Hbd. Proposed 22 Apr. - as A. rotundata Argyroxiphium sandwicense var. sandwicense (DC.) Gardenia brighamii Mann Hibiscadelphus distans Bishop & Herbst Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense Rock Scaevola coriacea Nutt. Taxa presently being reviewed by the Washington, D.C. Office as candidate endangered species: Cyanea superba (Cham.) Gray Mezoneuron kavaiense (Mann) Hbd. Remya mauiensis Hbd. Taxa with completed status surveys: Adenophorus periens Bishop Alectryon macrococcum Radlk, Brighamia spp. Drypetes phyllanthoides (Rock) Sherff Dubautia latifolia Carr Dubautia latifolia (Gray) Keck Geranium arboreum Gray Isodendrion hosakae St. John Munroidendron racemosum (Forbes) Sherff Santalum ellipticum var. littorale (Hbd.) 36 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The Endangered Species Act requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct a review of all species listed as threatened or endangered at least once every five years. The purpose of this activity is to update the status of the species to ensure that the list is as accurate aS possible. The official notice of review was published in the Federal Register in the July 22, 1985 edition, pages 29900-29909. This notice concerns the review OF status of those species classified as threatened or endangered before 1976 and in 1979 and 1980. Species from the Pacific region include two mammals, 38 birds, three reptiles, and four plants. If members of the Society have comments regarding any of these plants or animals, please send them to Dr. Herbst whose address is listed below. If you have any questions please call Dr. Herbst at 546-7530. Dr. Derral Herbst U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service 300 Ala Moana Boulevard P.O. Box 50167 Honolulu, HI 96850. KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK RK KKK KKK RK KKK RE KR ERR EKER REFRESHMENTS Our refreshment fund is in the red! Zella Ellshoff is doing an outstanding job providing for our enjoyment after the talk each meeting. However, the cost of everything is going up and we are no longer able to meet the cost of providing refreshments under the present arrangement. Donations toward the cost of refreshments, either in cash or kind, would help to alleviate the problem. KK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK RK KERR KKK RRR RK KERR RRR PLANT EXCHANGE Due to the popularity of the plant exchange we will try and hold it three times this year. The scheduled exchanges will take place at the March, June and December meetings. For those of you bringing material to exchange, we are interested in any plants, other than weeds. We ask that you provide a name with your plants and if they are unusual a short discussion on some of their interesting attributes. Please remember that many of our members do not have gardens so material suitable for apartments and lanais is also welcome. Others are just starting their gardens so bananas, taros, mountain apples, etc., are useful. If you cannot bring the plant, some of the fruit for members to try is also welcome. VOMUMES2ot 1) 1986 37 EXTENSION OF INFESTATION OF DIAPORTHIOPSIS METROSIDERI TO BIRD PARK F. R. Fosberg Botany Department National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 In a recent issue of this Newsletter (22:13-16, 1983) I summarized what is known of the ecology, pathology, and distribution of Diaporthiopsis metrosideri Roane and Fosberg (Endothia metrosideri (R. & F.) Barre), distributed roughly from Kipuka Nene to Kilauea Iki and Volcano Village. Because of its apparent pathogenicity to the most important Hawaiian tree species, it seems of interest to report even small extensions of its range. On March 26, 1984, I investigated a small area of open Metrosideros forest just outside the entrance to Kipuka Puaulu (Bird Park), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, that showed a number of dead trees and others that seemed in poor condition. Four recently dead trees exhibited the characteristic lumpy black £rut tang bodies of Diaporthiopsis metrosideri, pushing out of cracks in the bark, Fosberg 64306 (BPI, BISH)). In view of the ecological importance of its host tree it seems urgent to undertake an intensive effort to determine the full geographic range of the fungus, whether or not it is spreading, the mechanism of its dispersal and establishment, details of infection, and the precise degree of its parasitism. This would seem to be a task for an experienced forest pathologist, and to merit serious attention from the research authorities of the National Park Service, as well as from the Hawaii State Forester. This infestation may already be on the way to becoming a major problem in the moist and semi-dry 'Ohi'a-lehua forests of Hawai'i. I wish to thank the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden for making it possible to visit Hawai'i and to continue observation of this fungus. KKK KKK HK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KIRK RR KKK KERR EKER EKER KEK VENUE FOR SOCIETY MEETINGS The Hawaiian Botanical Society will hold its meetings this year in the old Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association building, now the Arts and Crafts Building in Makiki Park. The meetings will be at the same time and dates as previously, that is, the first Monday of the month except July, August and September. 38 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT 1985 This year marked the 6lst year of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. Conservation issues: Society members were asked to write their Congressional delegation and the National Park Service to pursue acquisition of Campbell Estate tract 22 at Kahauale'a, which had been targeted for geothermal exploratory drilling. Kahauale'a is adjacent to Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park and includes pristine ‘ohi'ta «forest. Management recommendation for the rare Marsilea villosa were sought from the Society by the Honolulu City «Council. Dr. Wayne Gagne represented the Society at hearings in Washington before the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee on proposed legislation to exempt the proposed interstate highway H-3 from all federal laws, past and future. The Society has gone one record against the passage of such legislation. Members enjoyed a joint field trip to Lyon Arboretum and Manoa Falls with members of the Hawaiian Entomological Society on May 25. April and December were plant exchange months. The Hawaii Science and Engineering Fair awards were increased to $200 but subdivided into smaller awards. Seven projects in this years' fair received awards. The Society offer to participate in planting native trees as part of the "Million Trees of Aloha" program sponsored by the Governor's wife and the state Department of Land and Natural Resources. Three issues of the Newsletter were published this year containing a total of 96 pages. The speakers at this years' meetings were: January Mr. E. Eby - Cactus and Succulent Society Cacti and succulents February Dr. M. Littler - Smithsonian Institue Deep-water algae March Dr. R. Nishimoto - Horticulture UHM Recent developments in control of weeds April Dr. P. Weissich - Honolulu Botanic Gardens Honolulu botanical gardens - an update May Dr. H. St. John - Bishop Museum Recent History of Botany in Hawaii (1835-1871) June Dr. D. Talbot - Hawaiian Paradise Nursery Bromeliad in Hawai'i October Mr. S. Nims - Trees of Hawaii Tree pruning standards November Mr. F. Sekiya - Frankie's Nursery Some interesting tropical fruit trees VOLUME 2 5h) 1986 3g December Presidential address by Ms. J. Lewis Botanizing in Taiwan and Hong Kong Respectfully submitted Christa Russell, Secretary KHEKKKKKKKEKKKEKEKKKKKKKKEEEKEKEKRKKKEKKKKREREKRKEKKEKKREKRKRKEREKE TREASURER'S REPORT December 1, 1984 - November 30, 1985 Receipts: Dues $878.50 Life memberships 600.00 Gifts 120.00 Interest 967.08 $2,565,58 Expenditures: Postage $206.05 Newsletter publication 665.86 Science Fair expenses 207.28 Copying charges 20.48 $1,099.67 Cash flow $1,465.91 Net worth of Society: December 1, 1984 S17 72 135,97, Change: 12/01/84-11/30/85 1,465.91 November 30, 1985 $18,679.88 Bank balances: Honolulu Federal S & L - checking account Balance 12/01/84 $2,361.43 Balance 11/30/85 $2,988.23 $626.80 First Federal S & L - Acct. #111764 Balance 12/01/84 $491.81 Balance 11/30/85 5519260 S27 279 First Federal S & L - Acct. #C-718689 Balance 12/01/84 S137860.. 73 Balance 11/30/85 Su S72. 05 SSidace Bank balances as of 11/30/85 $18,679.88 Changes in balances 12/01/84 - 11/30/85 $1,465.91 Respectfully submitted Derral Herbst Audited and found correct: W. Bush. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822 PRINTED MATTER Volume 2% (2) 1986 STAND STRUCTURE OF AN ISOLATED FOREST IN LYON ARBORETUM, O'AHU, HAWAL'I by MAY Grady... ccccceccccccccccccccccceccccsecs STRUCIURE OF A DISTURBED FOREST COMMUNITY REPLANTED WITH EUCALYPTUS ROBUSTA ON WAI'ALAE NUI RIDGE, O'AHU, HAWAI'I by Heinrich PINOT cya osataces Gia ta is ela iele ie vele 6 Wie ee KATE Sie eRe Ee Sik le 6 hi RESULIS OF QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO MEMBERSHIP IN 1985....+.cccccccece REQUEST FOR OBSERVATIONS ON RUBUS by Lani Stemmermann............ THE DEMISE OF A SPECIES: URERA KAALAE by John K. Obata.......... ; SOG ED Y BUSINESS ciate e soe lereae wcbvee 6c etecerevene wes a%ecets 43, 44, 45, 46, 69, K Publtshed by the Hawaittan Botanical Soctety, whitch was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the sptrtt of good fellowshtp and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of .the Hawattan Islands ts elitgtble for membership. Information may be obtatned from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 47 | 60 70 | 72 74 75 42 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1986 Executive Council President: Jane E. Lewis, University of Hawaii Vice-President: Rylan N. S. Yee, Bishop Museum Treasurer: Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Secretary: Christa Russell, Bishop Museum Directors: Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii Dan Palmer, University of Hawaii Isabella Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Karen Asherman, Chair Newsletter: Isabella Abbott, Chair Clifford, Smith, Eaueor Conservation: Elizabeth Powell, Chair Art Medeiros, Maui Science Fair: William Brostoff Alvin Yoshinaga Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair Ken Nagata Evangeline Funk John Obata Art Medeiros, Maui Publicity: Marilyn Cannon, Chair VOLUME 25(2) 1986 43 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MEETING Minutes of the February 1986 meeting Vice-president Yee called the meeting to order at 7:40 p.m. Minutes of the December meeting were read and approved. The chairman for the Membership Committee reported that notices for 1986 dues would be out soon, and Dr. Abbott announced that the first issue of the 1986 Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter was available at the meeting. Elections were held for the 1986 Botanical Society officers. They are: Vice-president: Rylan Yee Secretary: Christa Russell Treasurer: Derral Herbst Directors: Isabella Abbott Evangline Funk Dan Palmer Bill Bush reported that an audit of the Botanical Society's financial accounts showed them to be correct. Under new business there was some discussion on a proposed amendment to the Hawaiian Botanical Society Constitution to allow the President, or the Vice-president of the Society to succeed himself or herself in office. The amendment proposed by Bill Bush and Isabella Abbott reads as follows: Article IV. Officers Strike: Section 4. The President or Vice-president may not succeed himself in office except as hereinafter provided. (By-laws Art. IV--duties of Vice-president). Renumber: Sections 5,6, and 7 of Article IV to become sections 4, 5, and 6. By-laws. Article IV. Officers. Paragraph 2,last sentence: Strike: He is. not thereby rendered ineligible for a full term as President (See Constitution Article IV, Section 4). Also under new business Carolyn Corn announced that the Natural Resources Defense Council is encouraging plant conservation societies to submit applications for endangered Species research. Dr. Corn said that funds are available for helicopter reconnaissance of Acacia koaia on Pu'uwa'awa'a to determine an area to be set aside for a proposed natural area reserve. Interested individuals can contact Dr. Corn at the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. Vice-president Yee asked members to let him know their feelings about the Society meetings being held at the Makiki Park Arts building. Speaker of the Month was Dr. Geraid Carr, U.H. Department of Botany, whose talk was entitled "Everything you always 44 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY wanted to know about silverswords but were afraid to ask because you knew he would go on, and on, and on." Dr. Carr gave us a richly illustrated overview of his recent monograph of Agyroxiphium, Wilkesia, and Dubautia. Respectfully submitted, Christa Russell, Secretary. Minutes of the March 1986 meeting Vice-president Yee called the meeting to order at 7:40 Dam. Minutes of the December meeting were read and approved. Dr.Herbst reported that the March balance in the Society treasury was $2661.16. There were no committee reports. Under old business the Constitutional amendment to allow the President or Vice-president to succeed himself or herself in office was approved, and Jane Lewis was elected president of the Society. Also under old business there was some discussion on meeting at the Makiki Park Arts building and the general consensus was to continue holding meetings there through the end of the year. Plant of the Month speaker was Dr. Warren Wagner of the Bishop Museum Botany Dept. Dr. Wagner spoke on Spermolepis hawaiiensis, one of the few native Apiaceae found in Hawaii. This taxon, collected only seven times since Capt. Cook, was thought to be extinct until it was recently collected on Maui by Bob Hobdy. Speaker of the Month was Dr. Wayne Gagne, Bishop Museum Education Dept., whose talk was entitled "Feral pigs, wallows and digs: the impact of feral pigs on the Hawaiian environment." Dr. Gagne presented an indepth view of the damage to Hawaiian ecosystems, for example, bogs which had been "rototilled" by pigs, and the secondary impact of such on native Hawaiian fauna. The meeting was adjourned at 9 p.m. and members then enjoyed refreshments and plant exchange. Respectfully submitted, Christa Russell, Secretary. Minutes of the April 1986 meeting President Lewis called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. Minutes of the March meeting were read and approved. The treasurer's report was read, the balance at the beginning of April was $2,708.97. For the membership committee, President Lewis reported that the membership list will be transferred to the Wang computer at the Bishop Museun. VOLUME 25 1986 45 For the Newsletter committee, Dr. Abbott reported that the latest Newsletter is pending, and that the Newsletter committee is looking for a "news collection" person. Under new business it was announced that horticultural displays by the Garden Club of Hawaii would be shown at the Honolulu Academy of Arts April 12-13. It was also announced that the Society had bought a tape recorder to record the monthly speakers. Plant of the Month speaker Marie Bruegmann spoke on Marsilea villosa, a rare water-fern which occurs on Koko Head, and is threatened by off-road vehicles and exotic weeds such as Panicum maximum and Merremia sp. Speaker of the Month was Dr. Bill Magruder whose talk was entitled "The Sex Life of a Red Alga." Dr. Magruder presented an interesting and informative talk, illustrated with scanning electron micrographs, on the peculiar life cycles of red algae. The meeting was adjourned at 9 p.m. and members then enjoyed refreshments. Respectfully submitted, Christa Russell, Secretary. Minutes of the May, 1986 meeting President Lewis called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. Minutes of the April meeting were read and approved. The treasurer's report was presented: Balance brought forward: $2,708.97 Receipts: Interest $12.14 Expenditures: Postage $109.00 Science Fair prizes $215.00 TOTAL EXPENDITURES $324.00 Balance at the end of April $2,397.11 Under new business President Lewis announced that the winners of the Botanical society's Science Fair awards were as follows: Best botanical project and best botanical intermediate project: Ward Kishimoto (8th grade), "The use of algae to compare nutrient levels of Oahu streams". Best botanical senior project: Kara Okahara (12th grade), "Organogenesis as responses of in-vitro propagated Curocoma domestica". 46 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Five other students received awards for outstanding botanical projects. Speaker of the Month was Audrey Newman, who spoke on the Hawaii Heritage Program of the Nature Conservancy. One of the goals of the Heritage Program is to compile a database on rare plants of Hawaii and to make this information available for wise land management and planning. The present focus of the Heritage Program are rare plants found in the Honoululi Forest Reserve in the southern Waianaes. The meeting was adjourned at 9 p.m. and members then enjoyed refreshments. Respectfully submitted, Christa Russell, Secretary HHAEKKEKEKREKEKKEEKRKKEKKEEKRKKEEKKEKEKKEKEKKKKKKRKKKKKRKKRKRR KKK Congratulations to MARIE BRUEGMANN on finishing her Master's thesis on "A Partial Study of the Phenology, Tissue Water Relations, and Taxonomy of Marsilea villosa." Marie studied the field biology of Marsilea in the swale southeast of the right shoulder of Hanauma Bay (if you're looking out to sea from the Bay). The only other "patch" she knows on this Island is at Lualualei Naval Ammunition Depot. Earlier records show it to have been in some taro patches. If you see an aquatic "four leaf clover", bring it in--we might be able to increase the range of this species since it is having a very hard time holding its own against motorcycles, 4-wheel vehicles, and the like at Hanauma Bay. Marie is looking for a job; she's a trained taxonomist. KREKKEKEKEKKEKREEREKKEKKEKERKEKKEREKKEKEEKEREKREKKEKRERKRRRKKKKKKKKKREKE The city of Honolulu, through the Mayor's office, has announced plans for the development of Kipapa Gulch (between Pearl City and Wahiawa). Older members of the Society will remember that the ecology and flora of the Gulch is one of the best/early base-line studies of Hawaiian vegetation. It was prepared by Edward Y. Hosaka, as a student of Dr. St. John, and is published in the Bishop Museum Occasional Papers XIII (17): 175-232, 1937. It contributed important information to "Vegetation Zones of Hawaii" by J. cC. Ripperton and E. Y. Hosaka as HAES Bulletin No. 89 (1942). A present-day ecologic study of the vegetation in the Gulch would be extremely interesting, and should perhaps be suggested prior to bulldozing and conversion to golf courses and tennis courts which are anathema to plant communities. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 47 STAND STRUCTURE OF AN ISOLATED FOREST IN LYON ARBORETUM, 'O'AHU, HAWAI'I Mary Grady Department of Geography University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 INTRODUCTION Islands have always been important in the study of biology and geography. Since Darwin, the special influence of the island environment on organisms has been recognized. More recently, with the work of MacArthur and Wilson (1967) on the nature of species-area interactions, research in island biogeography has been stimulated in new directions. Terrestrial ecosystems can also be considered "islands" under certain circumstances. For example, the tops of high mountains have often been compared to islands, as_ they represent an isolated area where organisms must adapt to a habitat isolated by environmental gradients. As the natural landscape becomes more and more disturbed by human activities, ecologists have realized that terrestrial forest islands are being created (e.g., Burgess and Sharpe, 1981). Where once there were large continuous forests, there now remain patches of trees, isolated from one another by urbanized and developed areas. Many questions are raised by this situation--can these patchy forests reproduce and sustain themselves adequately? What will be the result of increasing the ratio of edge to total area? How will the structure and species composition of the forest change? These questions are particularly urgent in the tropics. Vast tropical forests are being destroyed at high and still accelerating rates (Osterlund, 1985). If representative areas of the forest are to be preserved, it is important to understand the effects of converting a continuous canopy to isolated patches. What is the minimum critical size of a forest reserve, if the original species diversity is to be maintained? What is the maximum distance a small area can be from a larger "source" area, to benefit reproductively? Is it more effective to preserve scattered small areas, or a single large one? This field study concentrates on a small patch of forest isolated within an intensively human-managed landscape. The objective is to analyze the present structure of the stand, and to determine the population dynamics. Is the stand in equilibrium, is Lt in a successional stage, or in a transitional stage, where exotic species are invading? While this small study can't begin to address the complex questions of forest island dynamics, it may serve to illustrate them at the microscale. 48 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY THE STUDY AREA A site was chosen on the grounds of the Lyon Arboretum, in upper Manoa valley on the Hawaiian island of O'ahu. The arboretum has been operated by the University of Hawaii since 1953. Prior to that time, most of the land was deforested for agriculture and pasture, with some of it used for experimentation by the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association. Since the 1950's, the arboretum has been managed intensively for botanical research and education. The arboretum encompasses 124 acres at the top of Manoa Valley, following along the Aihualama Stream, and rising up steep slopes to 1,600 feet. The climate is humid and tropical. It rains nearly every Gay, though dry spells do occur and vary in length and season. The area is within typical rain forest environment. The average rainfall is about 4,000 mma year. The frequent cloud cover probably maintains lower temperatures than expected from reference to figures from stations at the mouth of the valley. The study site (Figure 1) consists of a small unmanaged patch of forest that runs along a ridge, with valleys on either side. The field sketch (Figure 2) shows the site, looking upslope. To the left is small shady swale with moister soil. This study concentrated on the ridge area. The other three edges of the forest patch are clearly evident. To the right side of the trail, the land drops off steeply and is cleared of undergrowth. Above and below the site the vegetation is well-cleared. In the 1920's, sugar cane was planted in this area, but was discontinued in the late 1930's. The only management within the patch since then was the felling of a few large Albizzia in the late 1960's and occasional herbicide applications against orchid grass, which should not affect the trees. Also, some Citharexylum caudatum has been sprayed or destroyed occassionally. (Ray Baker, personal communication). Soils here are classified as "Tantalus silt loam" (Foote, et. al., 1972). This is a well-drained upland soil developed from volcanic ash and weathered cinders. The soil was observed to be very fine, quite deep and uniform, with no surface stones or outcrops. It is a deep reddish-orange color. The hillside slopes at about 20 degrees, and the forest patch ranges from 150 to 180 meters elevation. The slope faces roughly northeast, and continues rising above the study site for about another 60 meters. Below the site, at about 120 meters, there is a well-used service road/trail. The land drops off sharply below the road to the stream at the bottom. The area between the road and the site is grassy with 1986 VOLUME 25(2 *T, TeMeH ‘nye,o ‘ASTTPA eOUeW UT eQATS Apnys eyR qe quewseceTd qoesuezq pue sAeTeyY ‘°2 eAanbTy waxy Assva9 ssagmw Oy “| | S33I8L GIYIVINIS ‘ / Ranyepnt’)') \O. ‘Adj® weet ® Ww aoe # N O1LVYLNW 1d o- = T,FemeH ‘nye,o ‘ASeTTeA eoueH ut eats Apnqas syA Jo uot zedOT *T eanbTty 50 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY scattered trees. Birds were plentiful on the site, but no pig damage was apparent. : METHODS The method used for analyzing the stand stucture was a count-plot transect, 6 x 20 meters (120mf). As the entire stand covers an area of only about 1500m“, this represents an 8% sample. A 10x 10m relevé was also evaluated, to help provide a general description of the forest structure. Both methods followed techniques described by Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974). . The relevé was situated at a point about halfway up the slope, and as far into the interior of the stand as possible, in an effort to minimize the effect of edge. Emphasis was on describing the physiognomy of the site, and species that occurred at a frequency below 1 on the Braun-Blanquet scale were omitted. The count-plot transect ran downhill from a bottom corner of the relevé. At 15m it swerved 30 degrees to the west to avoid getting entangled in a dense Citharexylum caudatum thicket. All tree species rooted inside 3 X 5m sub-plots along the 20m tape were counted individually. Each tree was measured with calipers for basal diameter, and the heights were estimated. When the Citharexylum saplings were too dense, individual measurements were eliminated, and instead the trees were counted according to class (less than 3cm and 4.5m). A large fallen tree was under the tape at about the halfway point. RESULTS The relevé data (Table 1) shows that this small forest contains six stratified layers of vegetation. However, these layers were not very clearly delineated, but rather a continuum of plants of all sizes. The understory in the relevé was relatively open and easy to move around in. The count-plot transect began 20 meters downslope from the relevé and moved upslope (see Figure 2). In the lowest plots Citharexylum caudatum was very dense. The Citharexylum gradually thinned out and was smaller in height higher up the slope, until by the last count-plot there were only a few small seedlings. The plots (Figure 3) of Citharexylum density show the rapid decline in density. Citharexylum caudatum (fiddlewood) is an introduced tree, and is considered a pest. The second most abundant species, Cordyline terminalis (ti), was introduced by the Hawaiians, and is important in native culture. Its distribution (Figure 3) becomes more abundant as Citharexylum thins out. This could be a sign that Citharexylum is crowding out the ti plants. TREES PER 10 M2 TREES PER 10 M2 TREES PER 10 M2 TREES PER 10 M2 VOLUME 25(2 1 2 3 CITHAREXYLUM CAUDATUM 2 3 CORDYLINE TERMINALIS 1 2 | BRASSAIA ACTINOPHYLLA 1 2 3 MACARANGA GRANDIFOLIA Figure 3. > - > as TREES PER 10 M2 TREES PER 10 M2 TREES PER 10 M2 1986 5 > 2 3 CECROPIA OBTUSIFOLIA > 2 3 ERY THRINA SP. p> 2 3 ALBIZZIA FALCATARIA NOTES: Y AXIS SCALES VARY. X AXIS LABELS REPRESENT: 1=PLOTS 1 & 2 2=PLOTS 3 & 4 3=PLOTS5 & 6 4=PLOTS 7&8 Tree density/10m? along the transect in the study area, Manoa Valley, O'ahu, Hawai'i. a2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Table 1. List of species by layers and quantities in a mixed forest community at the Lyon Arboretum, Manoa Valley, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Layer Quantity* Species Life-form Ground 3 Oplismenis hirtellus Th 5 Dryopteris sp. Fern 2 Nephrolepis hirsutula Fern S2 2 Nephrolepis hirsutula Fern 2 Citharexylum caudatum Ph Sl 1 Brassaia actinophylla Ph 1 Citharexylum caudatum Ph 1 Cordyline terminalis ps3 2 Citharexylum caudatum Ph 2 Cordyline terminalis Ph T2 2 Citharexylum caudatum Ph 1 Cecropia obtusifolia Ph J ual ak emergent trees rooted outside relevé *Quantity assessed by Braun-Blanquet method. Species with less than 5% cover omitted. The other tree species, except for Cecropia obtusifolia, show a patchy distribution along the transect. These results indicate the presence of diverse microhabitats within this small forest, or perhaps interspecific competition. More detailed studies would be required to determine the true causes of the patchy distribution shown by the transect charts. Density and dominance relations for the tree species (Tables 2 and 3) show that Citharexylum is by far the most abundant plant and ti is second, with all the others quite low in number. However, the dominance table reveals very different relationships. Albizzia falcataria, represented by only one very large tree in the sample, is clearly dominant in stem cover. Cecropia is second, with Citharexylum a strong third by virtue of its density, despite its small stem size. The frequency relations (Table 4) reinforce the relationships demonstrated in the density table and the transect charts. Only Citharexylum shows 100% occurrence. The other tree species are found more or less in patches. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 53 Distribution of species by size classes data (Table 5 and Figure 4) can be interpreted to describe the reproductive dynamics of the stand. Only Citharexylum and ti were recorded in sufficient numbers to be considered as showing significant trends, but some information can be inferred about the other species from the available data. Cecropia was counted only nine times, but in a wide range of size classes. This uniform distribution suggests that the species is well-established. The species may be maintaining itself or it may represent a low density cohort. Albizzia, was counted only once in the sample, due to its widely scattered distribution in the forest. The absence of any small Albizzia indicated a lack of reproduction in the area. Erythrina occurs only in the smaller size classes. With no mature trees, it would seem to be a recent invader of the forest. Macaranga grandifolia shows the most concentrated distribution. All individuals of this species occurred in one size class, and in only two sub-plots. This could be a chance invasion that happened at one opportune time. But a close look at the field data shows some variation in size--from 0.9 to 3.0 cm in diameter, and 1 to 6 meters high. So Macaranga may in fact be reproducing and establishing itself in the forest. An alternative explanation may be that the population represents two cohorts. Brassaia actinophylla was found exclusively in the smaller size classes. However, the field data again shows a broad enough range to imply that it may be an establishable tree. The population dynamics of ti must be understood according to the growth characteristics of the tree. Ti is naturally a smaller tree, seldom growing above 3 or 4 meters high, so its absence from the larger size classes has a different reason. The count-plot data shows a range of stem sizes (1.3 to 6.0) though all the heights are 4.5 meters or less. The larger trees can be considered mature in this case, indicating that ti is well-established and thriving. Citharexylun, the most dense and abundant tree, demonstrated the size profile of an invading species. Large numbers of small and medium-sized plants, with no mature trees, show that it is relatively new to the forest and dispersing. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A full explanation of the reasons for the distribution of species over space and time in this forest would require a much more thorough field study. For example, can the patchiness of Citharexylum and ta be attributed to environmental variation--such as differences in canopy cover NO. TREES ON 120 M2 NO. TREES ON 120 M2 NO. TREES ON 120 M2 NO. TREES ON 120 M2 54 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY wm oe 18] o wm (oe) oO oO oO (oe) Oo | 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 a 5 6 Z 8 CORDYLINE TERMINALIS 0 1 2 3 + =) 6 7 8 BRASSAIA ACTINOPHYLLA 0 1 2 cs Se 5 6 7 ) MACARANGA GRANDIFOLIA Figure 4. NO. TREES ON 120 M2 NO. TREES ON 120 M2 NO. TREES ON 120 M2 oO 4 2 3” «A. VS: 657 8 CECROPIA OBTUSIFOLIA OT 2h Be a 6 CTE ERYTHRINA SP. Ot ates 2 8 Ary ion 6, 7 ee ALBIZZIA FALCATARIA NOTES: Y AXIS SCALES VARY. X AXIS LABELS REPRESENT SIZE CEASSES ‘FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST CUS: TOs95:). Size class distribution of various tree species in the study area, Manoa Valley, O'ahu, Hawai'i. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 55 or soil moisture--or does it signify that Citharexylum is simply still on its way into the area, and will eventually predominate? Another important consideration in understanding the structure of this forest is the high ratio of edge to total area. Ranney et. al. (1981) found in their study in temperate-zone forests that edge effects penetrated into the forest interior to a depth of about 15 meters. If this is true in the tropical environment, then the whole study site might be considered an ecotone, with no real interior. The presence of edge affects the forest structure in several ways. Edges tend to contain more species, and a higher component of shade-intolerant species. They support a greater basal area. They may modify the interior microclimate by blocking the wind, and can affect dispersal of propagules into the interior. Edges also change over time through successional stages (Ranney, et. al., 1981). In this study, the edge has been maintained over the growth of the forest as a whole. Can the whole site be described as "edge"? Citharexylum is known to have been introduced into Manoa only about 60 years ago (Merlin, 1977). How long it has been invading this particular site is uncertain. It's small size would imply that most of it is rather recent, especially when compared to the size of the huge Albizzia trees. Will it completely take over the area, or will it be unable to survive in the interior? Perhaps its failure so far to invade completely and uniformly suggests that the forest can not be considered as only edge after all. Another question is whether a forest of such small size can maintain itself over time. Lovejoy and Oren (1981) postulate that ecosystems with an area decreased below "minimum size" will inevitably decay. Species will be lost due to critical genetic bottlenecks in the small populations, random fluctuations in population size, or because there are just not enough individuals to insure reproduction. However, this site developed as an island, it was never part of a larger forest. In that sense, it may be more appropriate to evaluate the species composition with reference to MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography. According to MacArthur and Wilson, the number of species on an island will approach equilibrium as the rate of colonization decreases and the rate of extinction rises. The equilibrium number of species is mainly a function of island area. If this theory applies to the study site, then as Citharexylum colonizes, it should result in the extinction of another species (assuming that the "island" is sufficiently well-developed that it has reached its "saturation point"). 56 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY But another factor in island development is distance from a source area. The arboretum is only 124 acres, and all around are steep forested slopes of what appears to be unmanaged forest. Are these forests providing colonization input? If so, is their influence strong enough to overcome the edge effects and small area and maintain the island as a forest like themselves? All of these complex questions can be answered only by waiting to see how the site evolves over time. The results of this study have succeeded in raising these questions. And some conclusions can be drawn from the data. It is clear that Citharexylum is invading the forest. Ti seems to be holding its own. The other species were sampled too infrequently reach a conclusion. It appears that the forest has developed both interior and edge microhabitats. Distribution of species within the forest is patchy. It's possible that Citharexylum and ti are competing species, as their distribution pattern is almost mutually exclusive. The study of isolated forests in the tropics has important implications for conservation programs. Understanding the structural dynamics of small stands can help in planning for nature reserves to prevent extinction of unique forest ecosystems. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mr. Bob Hirano of Lyon Arboretum introduced me to the study site. Mr. Ray Baker, also of Lyon Arboretum, helped with plant identification and provided aerial photos and information of the history and climate of the site. Dr. Dieter Mueller-Dombois of UH Manoa Botany Dept. also helped with plant identification and suggestions for data analysis. BIBLIOGRAPHY Burgess, R. E., and D. M. Sharpe, eds. 1981. Forest island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes. Ecological Studies Series Vol. 41. Springer-Verlag, New York. Foote, D. E., E. L. Hill, S. Nakamura, and F. Stevens. 1972. Soil survey of the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai and Lanai, State of Hawaii. USDA Soil Conservation Service in coop. with University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Lovejoy, T. E. and D. C. Oren. 1981. "The minimum critical size of ecosystems", in R. E. Burgess and D. M. Sharpe, eds. Forest island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes. pp. /=12. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 57 MacArthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Merlin, M. D. 1977. Hawaiian forest plants. The Oriental Publishing Co., Honolulu, Hawaii. Mueller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Osterlund, P. 1985. "A global strategy to save tropical forests", in the Christian Science Monitor, October 23. Ranney, J. W., M. C. Bruner, and J. B. Levenson. 1981. "The importance of edge in the structure and dynamics of forest islands", in R. E. Burgess and D. M. Sharpe, eds. Forest island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes. pp.67-96. Taliaferro, W. J. 1959. Rainfall of the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian Water Authority, Honolulu, Hawaii. Table 2. Mean number and Density of trees species in a mixed forest community at the Lyon Arboretum, Manoa Valley, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. ES aT I TREO AED PTE TE SAPS “CSTR er Species Count per 120 m Density per 100 m Citharexylum caudatum 232 193.3 Cordyline terminalis 35 Brassaia actinophylla 8 Macaranga grandifolia 6 Cecropia obtusifolia 9 4 ae Erythrina sp. Albizzia falcataria NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Oy] ae) Table 3. Total and Mean Basal Area for each tree species/120m sample and Total Basal Area for each tree species/100 m in a mixed forest community at the _ Lyon Arboretum, Manoa Valley, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Number of Trees x Basal Area Basal Diameter Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Class (cm2 ) AA t 3 Bey 374 32.3 Bick: PLO e2 0 3.4 0 5 19.6 196 294 78.4 0 19.6 19.6 0 8.5 56.7 0 56.7 7. 56.:7 0 0 56.7 0) 2.5 122.7 12257 0 0 0 568-1 0 0 16.5 213.8 213.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.5 593.9 0 0 0 O 1187.8 0 0 32,5 829.6 0 0 0 0 2488.8 fe) 0 95.0 7088.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7008.2 Total 906.5 351 140.2 10.2 4064.3 79.7 7008.2 No. gt trees/ 232 35 8 6 9 4 Z 120m Mean basal 329° 20 1725 1.7 451.6 19.9 7008.2 area/tree No. gt trees/ 193.53° 29.2 6.7 5.0 735 333 8 100m Mean basal area/ 79349 292.0 217.3 8.5 3387.0 65.8 5606.6 tree/100m . Dominance Ranks by Basal Area: 1. (7) Albizzia falcataria 2. (5) Cecropia obtusifolia 3. (1) Citharexylum caudatum 4. (2) Cordyline terminalis 5. (3) Brassaia actinophylla 6. (6) Erythrina sp. 7. (4) Macaranga grandifolia VOLUME 25(2) 1986 59 Table 4. Frequency of each tree species by occurrence in 3 x 6m count-plots in a mixed forest community at the Lyon Arboretum, Manoa Valley, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Species Count- Plot No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 xX - X - X xX - 2 X - - - - - - 3 x - - xX X - - 4 xX - - X X X - 5 x X = - X xX - 6 xX - xX - - - - 7 X Xx X - X - - 8 D4 xX Xx = = - - Total frequency 8/8 3/8 4/8 2/8 5/8 3/8 1/8 Percentage 100 37.5 50.0 E200 62.5 37.0 12.5 Species 1 = Citharexylum caudatum 2 = Cordyline terminalis 3 = Brassaia actinophylla 4 = Macaranga grandifolia 5 Cecropia obtusifolia 6 Erythrina sp. 7 Albizzia falcataria Table 5. Stand Structural Analysis of tree species from 6 x 20m Count-Plot Transect in a mixed forest community at the Lyon Arboretum, Manoa Valley, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Number of Trees in Species Diameter at base Range Approx. class (cm) i 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heights (cm) (meters) 1.5 (0-3) 220 #4219 3 6 0 2 0 <4.5 5be0 (4-6) 10 15 4 0 i a 0) 4.5 to 8.5 (7-10) 6) 1 ak 6) 6) 1 0 8 113%5.5 (11-14) 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 8 to 16.5 (15-18) 1 0 0 fe) 0 0 0 14 21.5 (25-30) 0 0 0 0 2 6) 6) 14 to S220 (30-35) 0 0 0 0 3 0 0) 20 95.0 95 0 0 0 0 0 0) 1 30 Total 232 35 8 6 9 é 1 295 Total over 3cm 12 16 5 0 9 2 i 44 Species 1 = Citharexylum caudatum 2 = Cordyline terminalis 3 = Brassaia actinophylia 4 = Macaranga grandifolia = Cecropia obtusifolia 6 = Erythrina sp. 5 Fi Albizzia falcataria 60 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY STRUCTURE OF A DISTURBED FOREST COMMUNITY REPLANTED WITH EUCALYPTUS ROBUSTA ON WAI'ALAE NUI RIDGE, O'AHU, HAWAI'I Heinrich Albert Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI 96822 INTRODUCTION Already early in this century, much of the island of O'ahu had been deforested (Gerrish & Mueller-Dombois 1980). Large numbers of trees had been cut as fuel for steam-powered ships and industries. Some areas had been cut to _ supply the sandalwood trade. Grazing by farm and feral animals blocked forest regeneration. Development and urbanization used up much forest, or potentially forest, land. For many years the State of Hawaii Division of Forestry has had as a major objective the reforestation of these treeless areas. In some cases there were hopes for growing commercially valuable timber, but restoring watershed quality, combating soil erosion, and providing wildlife habitat were the major goals of reforestation. Numerous species, both native and exotic, were considered and tested for reforestation use. While some recent studies suggest that some native tree species may hold their own against exotics, at least in some habitats (Wirawan 1974, Gerrish and Mueller=-Dombois 1980), many earlier workers, including influential botanists such as Degener and Carlquist, believed that native species were unable to compete with introduced tree species. In light of this view, and the desire to alleviate the problems of deforestation as quickly as possible, exotic tree species were almost always chosen. The choice of species was made ona site by site basis considering the specific needs and environmental constraints of the location. Often the choice was one of the Eucalyptus species. These trees are fast growing and hardy, and so were frequently chosen for watershed preservation and erosion control. Because the pathogens and insects which evolved with these trees in their native Australia had not been introduced with the trees, they grew here relatively disease and pest-free. A stand of Eucalyptus robusta surrounds the Aina Koa 1370 Water Reservoir on Wai'alae Nui ridge. Construction on this reservoir was started in November 1968, and the final inspection on the completed project was carried out in March, 1971. Presumably the Eucalyptus as planted after this date, to reforest the disturbed area surrounding the construction site. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 61 What has been the effect of this planting during the ensuing fifteen years? Are the Eucalyptus trees reproducing themselves? Are they spreading into neighboring areas? Has reproduction of native tree species been inhibited by the presence of this exotic species? If the original purpose of planting the Eucalyptus was to combat soil erosion, was this effective? Have the Eucalyptus been compatible with the development of vigorous shrub and herb layers, whose roots hold surface soil? Or have understory plants heen inhibited by allelopathy? These questions were considered in a study of this stand carried out in March, April and May, 1986. The stand is located immediately northeast of Aina Koa 1370 Reservoir, at the top of the subdivision designated "Wai'alae Ridgeline Estates". This Bishop Estate land is on Wai'talae Nui ridge, part of 'O'ahu's Ko'olau volcanic mountain range (Figure 1). Elevation is between 1320 to 1360 feet above sea level. Slope in the stand is moderate (approximately 20% in most areas). The aspect is south southeast on one side of the ridge, north northwest on the other. Median annual rain fall at the site is approximately 890mm, with monthly medians varying from 45mm in September to 120mm in December (Taliaferro 1959). The winter of 1985-1986, however, was atypically dry, with rainfall far below normal. As of May sixth, rainfall at Honolulu International Airport was less than 20% of the normal amount for that date. Temperature varies little from month to month, with the lowest monthly mean temperature in January of 20°C, while August and September are warmest with a mean of 24°C. Soil at the study site is designated as Lahaina silty Clay. This soil type is found on the uplands of Lana'i, Maui, Moloka'i, and ‘O'ahu. It is a well drained soil, formed by the weathering of basic igneous rock. The surface layer is dark reddish brown, silty clay, approximately 38cm thick. The subsoil, approximately 115cm thick, is dusky red and dark reddish brown subangular blocky, silty clay and silty clay loam. The substratum is soft, weathered basic igneous rock (Foote, et al. 1972). Ripperton and Hosaka (1942) classify this area as Dl on their vegetation map of the Hawaiian Islands. Dl is described as "shrub and Closed forest" characterized by "guava, sensitive plant, Boston fern, Hilo grass, rice grass, basket grass, honohono, and staghorn fern." This classification may be suggestive, but it leaves out several important species on the site, and of course it does not anticipate the changes in floristic composition that have taken place since 1942. Today the tree layer is dominated by Eucalyptus robusta 62 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY WIAZAgyjNS\ Y bs H) (is Figure l. Contour map showing location of the study site on Wai'alae Nui Ridge, O'ahu, Hawai'i. ip. reconnaisance g releve I Figure 2. Transect and relevé layout at the study site on Wae'alae Nui Ridge, O'ahu, Hawai'i. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 63 and Acacia koa. The shrub layer is dominated by Psidium cattleianum, Schinum terebinthifolius and Lantana camara. The herb layer is quite variable throughout the stand, with grasses (Paspalum sp. and Melinis minutiflora) dominant in the more open areas (Table 1). Table 1. List of species by layers and cover value ina Eucalyptus robusta plantation on Wai'alae Nui Ridge, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. Layer Cover value Species T Eucalyptus robusta Acacia koa Schinus terebinthifolius +N W Psidium cattleianum S. terebinthifolius Psidium guajava Lantana camara PHeEH fern sp. Paspalum sp. Melinis minutiflora Desmondium incanum S. terebinthifolius L. camara Psidium cattleianum Psidium guajava Passiflora suberosa Cassia leschenaultiana Phyllanthus debilis Stachytarpheta jamaicensis +H + HH PPP +H + METHODS Preliminary reconnaissance included a 200m’ relevé. This relevé was laid out as indicated in the study site Giagram (Figure 2). Altitude was determined by altimeter, slope with an Abney level. Percent cover was estimated for a tree, shrub, herb, and litter layer. Abundance of each species was estimated and recorded according to the Braun-Blanquet scale. Size-class distribution of tree species in the community was sampled by the count-plot, or "quadrat method" as outlined by Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974). A belt transect, 60m long, was laid out in an area seemingly representative of variation within the community. Sub-plots, 3 X 5m, were laid out, continuously along the transect (Figure 2). All 64 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY individual trees were recorded with basal diameter and stem length with a three meter gauge. Holding this gauge at two meters above the ground permitted measurement up to five meters. Stem lengths greater than five meters were estimated by one worker standing back and comparing the stem length to the gauge held to five meters by another worker. Total area of sub-plots was 360m“, approximately five percent of the estimated area of the community. Six tree species were recorded, with a total of 152 individuals. In a timber survey, a sample of five percent of the total area of a stand would often be considered adequate. For this type of a study, however, the number of individuals recorded is probably more important than sample area. If we consider all tree species together, and assume a random distribution, we can use as an error term the ratio of the standard error of the mean to the mean (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). For 152 individuals, this error term equals 0.08, suggesting that our data is highly significant. For individual species, however, the number of distribution cannot be made. Therefore the structural analysis of individual species must be seen as preliminary. A larger sample size would be required to describe these populations with confidence. The study site was located on a U.S.D.A. soil survey map (Foote, et al. 1972). Shallow excavation, and inspection of the soil profile revealed by construction excavation surrounding the water reservoir confirmed the description in the soil survey. Efforts were made to obtain records of the planting of this stand from the Honolulu Board of Water Supply, Hawaii State Division of Forestry and Bishop Estate land department. None of these had records relating to this stand, beyond the construction dates for the water reservoir. Lacking such historical records, analysis of population dynamics in the stand were done solely on the basis of the population structure of the tree species currently present on the stand. RESULTS Many of the Acacia koa in this stand showed a very gnarled "orchard stature" growth habit. Stem length was difficult to estimate accurately for these trees, and there was a very poor correlation between basal diameter and stem length. For this reason basal diameter was used as the measure of tree size in plotting the structure of these populations. For Eucalyptus robusta, trees were divided into size classes of six cm. increments in basal diameter. The relative abundance of each size class could be fitted to a smooth curve (Figure 3). Grouping all trees up to 6cm basal diameter does VOLUME 25(2) 1986 65 not specifically describe the population of seedlings--in this case there were none found. Acacia koa were placed into the same size classes, and plotted against relative abundance (Figure 4). Again there were no seedlings found. The largest Eucalyptus on each sub-plot was plotted against the position of that sub-plot along the transect (Figure 5). The solid line represents a visual line of best fit joining the largest trees along the transect, ignoring sub-plots with none or smaller trees interspersed among larger trees. If size of these trees is proportional to age, the curve represents an age profile of this population along the transect. The density of A. koa by sub-plot is plotted on this same graph. The trend of the data points (x) is represented by the dot-dash line of visual best fit. Plotting these on the same graph allows consideration of possible interaction between the two species. DISCUSSION Determining the population structure of a tropical forest is a challenging project. Because there is no regular harsh season, there are no growth rings with which to determine tree age. In this case no historical records were found to pinpoint planting dates, etc. Nevertheless, many aspects of population dynamics in a stand can be learned from an analysis of the trees present on the stand today (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). The typical structure for a population that is healthy and reproducing itself consists of large numbers of young trees, with sharply fewer mature trees, whose numbers gradually decline as senescence approaches. Many factors affect tree size, and there is no uniform correlation between age and size. Over a reasonably small, uniform area, for a given species, however, that bigger trees are older seems to be a reasonable working assuption. Using this assumption, and looking at the size vs. abundance graph for Eucalyptus (Figure 3) makes it clear that the species is reproducing itself, and seems to be naturalized on the site. How can this be reconciled with the abscence of seedlings? Three possibilities suggest themselves: the very dry winter prevented germination of seeds; seedling germination is seasonal; or, none are naturally present at the time of this field work. If these reforestation trees have successfully established themselves on this site, are they going beyond this? Are they spreading into neighboring areas? Again, this is difficult to determine without historical records, as the original boundaries of the planting are not known. Looking at the largest size profile (Figure 5) suggests that they are. A stand resulting from a single planting which did not spread at 66 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY tN & — = < a) ee | < Y) << aa) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE Figure 3. Size class distribution of Eucalyptus robusta on Wai'alae Nui Ridge, O'ahu, Hawai'i. 30 oN £ S. 20 = << QA —]) A 10 < faa) 0 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE Figure 4. Size class distribution of Acacia koa on Wai'alae Nui Ridge, O'ahu, Hawai'i. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 67 100 EUCALYPTUS BASAL DIAM. (cm) S hN 0 20 30 SUB—PLOT NUMBER Figure 5. Largest Eucalyptus plotted against Acacia koa density in each subplot of study area, Wai'alae Nui Ridge, O'ahu, Hawai'i. all would be expected to have a very uniform profile of largest trees, dropping off suddenly at the boundaries of the original planting. What is seen for E. robusta on this stand is a gradual decline in largest trees over some twenty meters along the transect. This suggests a gradual spreading process, as offspring from the original planting are located over a slightly larger area, their offspring over a slightly larger area yet, and so on. It is possible that essential oils produced by some Eucalyptus species (Ting 1982) act to inhibit germination of seeds of other species. If this allelopathic effect were sufficiently powerful, it could result in bare soil beneath Eucalyptus sp. stands, and thus render the trees considerably less effective in erosion control, as surface soil, not anchored by deep tree roots would stiil be vulnerable. These possible allelopathic effects are not evident in this stand. Though not uniform, most of the stand has a vigorous understory of shrubs or herbs. The reconnaissance relevé was estimated to have 60% herb cover and 10% shrub cover. 68 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY If the E. robusta are not causing a generalized inhibition of herbs and shrubs, are they possibly inhibiting the normal regeneration of native trees on the site? Looking at the size distribution of Acacia koa, the dominant native Hawaiian tree in the stand, (Figure 4), it can be seen that the population is healthy, with a high proportion of small (young) trees. Again no seedlings were found, but the same factors explaining lack of E. robusta seedlings may apply here. Despite this healthy, reproducing population structure for A. koa, there is some evidence that this species may be somehow inhibited by the presence of E. robusta at this site. Those sub-plots along the transect which have the largest E. robusta individuals, and therefore have presumably had E. robusta present for the longest time, tend to have the lowest density of A. koa. While this inverse correlation may indicate some sort of inhibition of A. koa by E. robusta, this relationship is by no means proven, and there are many alternative explanations for this data. As discussed under "Methods" above, all of the patterns suggested in this study must be viewed critically. The sample size for any individual species simply was not large enough to provide a high level of statistical confidence. Still, if one was to hazard some tentative conclusion, it does appear that planting E. robusta on this disturbed site was effective in rapidly regenerating forest cover. These trees have grown rapidly, they are reproducing themselves, and they seem to be compatible with a vigorous understory growth. As a whole this community would seem to be effective at controlling soil erosion. There are some areas for concern. There is evidence that Eucalyptus is spreading beyond the area of the original planting. Furthermore, while the A. koa population on the site appears to be healthy, there is the possibility of some level of inhibition, or perhaps competitive disadvantage, for these native trees. These questions should be studied further for any thorough evaluation of the use of E. robusta in reforestation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mr. Kikukawa, of Forestry, was very helpful to me in attempting to find historical information about my _ study site. He also kindly shared with me some of his knowledge of the history of forestry in Hawaii, including things he had learned from the "real old timers". REFERENCES Foote, D. E., et al. 1972. Soil surbey of the islands of Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. USDA Soil Conservation Service in Cooperation with Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 69 Gerrish, G. and D. Mueller-Dombois. 1980. Behavior of native and non-native plants in two tropical rain forests on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Phytocoenologia 8(2) :237-295. Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. National Weather Service, NOAA. In Honolulu Star Bulletin, May 6, 1986. Ripperton, J. C. and Hosaka, E. Y. 1942. H.A.E.S. bulletin 89. Taliaferro, W .J. 1959. Rainfall of the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii Water Authority. Ting, Irwin P. 1982. Plant Physiology. Addison Wesley Publishing So., Reading MA. Wirawan, N. 1974. Floristic and structural development of native dry forest stand at Mokuleia, N.W. Oahu US/IBP Island Ecosystems IRP Technical Report #34. KREKKKKKEREKKKKEKEKKKKEKKKREEEKKEREERKRERKEKKRKKKRRKKRKRKRKRKKRKRRKKKKREK The amendment to the Constitution of the Hawaiian Botanical Society was a rare event, but William Bush, one of the two members who proposed the amendment felt that it was time to change the wording of the Constitution that did not allow a person to serve as President for more than one (1) year. He remembered back “in the old days" when Section IV of Article 4 regarding officers was put into the Constitution. It was political, he said, and was done to keep certain people out of office interminably(!). Nowadays, we have trouble persuading people to run the Society! RKEKEKKREKKRKEREKRKKERKEKEEKERKEEKEKKEEKEREEKEEKKEKKKEKKEERKEKKKKKEKKKEEK NOTE FROM THE EDITOR We have enough articles to maintain publication of the Newsletter at four volumes, each containing an average of forty pages, per year. Most of these articles are reports from various surveys conducted over the last five years. However, I would like to receive more publications from members. We are particularly interested in notes on new occurrences of natives and aliens on all islands. This includes range expansions. Also, if someone has a pet weed that they think needs a closer watch, an article on its distribution and estimates of its potential weediness would be very appropriate. Please make every effort to make the Newsletter a useful instrument for disseminating ideas and concerns. That is its function and that is what we need. Thankyou. 70 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY RESULTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO MEMBERSHIP IN 1985 A year ago, President Lewis asked members’ to propose activities for the Society, and to express their interests. The results of the questionnaire are summarized, as percentages, below. There were 49 responses, but not everyone expressed an opinion on everything. Scale:- 1 2 3 4 5 PERCENTAGES Always Never 1. Attend meetings? 20°; £4 35 20 Vat Strongly Strongly agree disagree The Hawaiian Botanical Society should: 2. consider holding meetings at Bishop Museum. 14 16 419 8 43 3. meet year-round. 31. 317 Ss2 3 17 4. minimize business handled at general meetings. 24 16 -30°° 1) “29 5. play an active and responsible role in Hawai'i botanically and environmentally. 77> 13 4 6 2 6. support and encourage pure research on the native flora of Hawai'i. 88 6 6 0 9) pure research on the "alien" flora of Hawai'i. A]. 24 20 7 2 pure research on plants outside of Hawai'i. 5 T 22- $309.37 applied research on native flora of Hawai'i. LO 23e7 ES 0 2 applied research on "alien" flora of Hawai'i. A4 17 27 10 2 applied research on plants outside of Hawai'i. 4 OM S22 0°22 ahs conservation efforts in Hawai'i 72> Aq 8 2 ) conservation efforts outside Hawai'i Ti A aAs3 9s A254 public education. 68 24 6 2 0 botanical publications. 41 30 23 4 2 propagation & dissemination of native plants. 49 27 13 9 2 7. consider providing financial support for small research/conservation/other projects based on written applications judged competitively by a committee. 46 29 12 8 4 8. improve the Newsletter's consistency in dates and times. 65° 20 13 2 0 format. 24 12 43 14 ii 9. collaborate with other societies (i.e. horticultural, hiking, conservation). 37 32 23 4 2 10. be involved in "service" projects. 34) 233 0 eae) 2 ll. be an active voice in conservation legislation. 53) 32 8 4 4 12. organize more group activities for membership. 34 -~21; 33 To=' 22 VOLUME 25(2) 1986 71 Considering only the members who live on O'ahu, 11 out of 38 gave a reason for not attending more often. Two at scale 5 (never) lived outside Honolulu, and five others, scale 3 or 4, found the time or location inconvenient or too distant. Two others had conflicts, but only two (at scale 3, 4) cited any lack of topic interest. One mentioned the University parking fee for on-campus meé@tings. Suggestions for other Society activities ranged from "encourage lay persons" to "service projects, as on Coconut Island or Makiki Heights" or "public school lectures", and "pnlan more field trips, courtyard cookouts, workshops". If one considers 75% or 80% of the membership in accord -- say, the sum of percentages at scale 1+2 or at 4+5 -- there were several areas in which the general membership agreed well, as to the role of the Society. For example, 88% agreed or strongly agreed that the Society should be active in botanical and environmental arenas in Hawai'i. Some 94% would support and encourage "pure" research on the native flora, 83% were in favor of "applied" research on the native flora. Although 90% supported conservation efforts in Hawai'i, fewer (76%) favored active propagation and distribution of native plants. Some 92% favored efforts in public education, but only 71% favored botanical publications by the Society. Interest was less in supporting any pure or applied research on the "alien" flora, and 67% were disinclined to support such activities as to plants outside of Hawai'i. Of course, those whose answers were at scale 3 (neutral) on this questionnaire might well take a stronger stand when some specific action were to be proposed. And further, though 84% were in favor of involvement with conservation legislation, some were quite opposed. (There are only a few zero percentages on the chart.) The questionnaire also asked who would be willing to help in some of the present activities, say with the Newsletter, on the Conservation Committee, or Native Plants Committee, or on some committee for project grants. There were some 29 names on the lists in these four areas, representing 15 different individuals. There were also suggestions given for hands-on service trips with the Sierra Club, Audubon Society, or the Conservation Council, etc., and for at least one meeting in the year on Hawai'i, for example. Of the 52 members who indicated the primary area of their botanical interest, 26% listed some aspect of the native flora, 11% conservation, and lesser percentages for horticulture, ecology, and specific botanical sciences. Surely, however, lack of a specific listing did not signify a lack of interest, and about 12% of this sample cited a general interest. We wish to thank members who responded so fully, and will welcome further comments at any time. 72 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY REQUEST FOR OBSERVATIONS ON RUBUS Lani Stemmermann P.O. Box 308 ;' Volcano, HI 96785 I am presently working with the Cooperative Parks Resources Study Unit/UH (CPSU) to map the distribution of all Rubus species (blackberry, raspberry, akala, thimbleberry) throughout the state. The National Park Service in cooperation with the US Forest Service and State Department of Land and Natural Resources is now investigating the possibility of introducing further biological control (frequently now abbreviated to biocontrol) agents to control noxious Rubus’ species. Any candidate biocontrol agents will undergo extensive testing prior to release to ensure that they do not affect any economically important species, the native akala, or other native species. Before any such program is implemented, it is necessary to determine the respective distributions of all the species. In 1983 I collected a specimen of Rubus along Lanipé trail (Mau'umae ridge), O'ahu, at approximately 1,350 ft elevation in an old burned area. That specimen has been subsequently tentatively identified as R. discolor by D. E. Boufford (for the Bishop Museum Hawaiian Flora Manual project) following comparison of that specimen with the L. H. Bailey Rubus collection at Harvard. A collection of this taxon has also been made from Kaulalewelewe, W. Maui (Krauss 1136). It resembles the local weedy blackberry somewhat, differing from it in being a smaller statured shrub with smaller leaves that are white on the lower surface. I recently returned to the O'ahu collection site to examine the extent of this species’ distribution. It is occurs in rather extensive patches throughout a several acre area that was previously burned. It is densest in a swale E. of the ridge proper between the trail and a Casuarina grove, and along a_ slope just E. of the trail among dense Scaevola. The burned site is dominated by Scaevola gqaudichaudiana, Acacia koa, Psidium cattleianum and Santalum freycinetianun, alti to 2*m, with patches of Andropogon virginicus and Setaria geniculata. Alien Rubus species have spread extensively on establishment in Hawai'i. The patch along Lanipo trail appears to be limited to the burn area, and may be small enough to control. It spreads locally by underground runners, making pulling of the existing plants an ineffective means of control. It is also setting fruit, but plants have not been found established beyond this burn area. Adjacent ridges are now being surveyed for the presence of this species. Even if the plant is currently confined to this locality, there is the distinct possibility that it will be spread very rapidly by the many alien frugivorous birds. VOLUME 25(2) 1986 fe) It would be helpful if additional sitings of this species in the Ko'olau Range, or elsewhere could be reported to myself (P. O. Box 308 Volcano, Hawaii 96785 (Big Island ph. 967-7631)) or by leaving a message with Cliff Smith (O'ahu 948-8218). Any distributions of other Rubus taxa which seem unusual, or which are not generally known are also of considerable interest. Does anyone know of any blackberry any where in the Ko'olau range? Assistance on this project may contribute to the success of removal of some of these pests, and would be much appreciated. This project will also cover all of the other islands. I would appreciate it if people would keep mental notes of where they see or ado not see any Rubus species for later reference. Thank you. Lani Stemmermann. RAKEKKEKKERREKEEKEKKEEKKEEKKEEKERERKRERKEEKKEREEEKRERREEKEKRKKKRAKEKK:E If you feel that the proposed H-3 highway "goes nowhere" (it actually will come out near Moanalua, and would be great if you lived in Kane'ohe and worked in Pearl Harbor or Schofield Barracks, which less than 15% of the commuters from the windward side do), and if you think that it is important to protect Ho'omaluhia Park, you might alert your friends and relatives who live in Vermont, Idaho, Rhode Island, South Dakota, North Dakota, Maine and Texas to write to Senators Stafford, Symms, Chafee, Abenor, Burdick, Mitchell, Benson, repectively to vote against the Hawai'i proposal to exempt federal requirements applying to the construction of H=-3 (with Federal funds). The money would more appropriately be spent on other highway needs on this island (that would affect many more people than the few who would be using H-3). Furthermore, the Luluku archaeological site that was unearthed is one of the oldest taro terraces in the Hawaiian Islands and indicates that the spread from the oldest known landing (near Bellows Field, O'ahu) was quite early--earlier than there had been evidence for previously. H-3 would probably demolish this site before there is time to study it properly. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY J of THE DEMISE OF A SPECIES: URERA KAALAE John K. Obata Botany Department Bishop Museum Urera kaalae Wawra was collected by Chamisso in 1816 or 1817 and lay unidentified in a Russian Museum (Degener 1936) until Wawra gave it an identity in 1874 with its rediscovery and description. It is a species of sloping, open terrain with little or no cover or open gully understories. With the development of the forest cover in recent years, this species has been relegated to talus slopes at the 640 meter (2100 ft) level within the Kunia mountains in the southern Wai'anae Range of O'ahu. As late as 1960, it was even observed by this writer along the Honouliuli Contour trail, below Pu'u Hapapa. This was its lowest limit in recent times while its uppermost limit was at the head of Huliwai Gulch, off Pu'u Kanehoa. The taxa was fairly common then. Recently an attempt was made to photograph the last remaining population of three small trees. No trace of the remnant population could be found even though they were observed about three years previously. A frantic search yielded about fifty seedlings and saplings. In a subsequent trip over sixty young plants were counted. One young adult, probably a remnant of a previous germination, was observed in bloom for the first time. This colony was lush and healthy fifteen years ago. It has been relegated to extinction but has since regenerated. One wonders whether this is a natural cyclic phenomenom. This process seems peculiar to some other species. Perhaps many others subscribe to this pattern. If this analogy is correct, extinction of many of Hawaiian flowering plants have reached a crisis stage. Many taxa find their habitat along open recesses and thrive among then. Germination, growth, reproduction and eventual demise of a taxon is orchestrated apparently in this short and repeating cycle--if conditions are left at an optimum. What if heavy overstory and aggressive competition arise in a territorial claim? The aggressive taxon will survive. Small endemic trees and shrubs can survive only if adaptation is made toa changing habitat or their offspring can coexist with the competing taxa. Urera kaalae illustrated this phenomenon in recent years as they were found only at the 640 meter (2100 ft.) level and only along talus rocky slopes which other taxa generally shunned. Even this habitat presently is severely threatened by Passiflora suberosa with Christmas Berry (Schinus terebinthifolius) and wai'tawi (Psidium cattleianum) inching in rapidly. Can we save this taxon or many others in like predicaments? VOLUME 225 (2) 1986 fs) The prognosis for this taxon is simple. Without control of these aggressive aliens, this group of seedlings should be the last survivors of the taxon. Perhaps about ten saplings will reach maturity and try to continue its cycle. Or will it succumb to the grim reality of extinction? Is there a mechanism of assistance not only for Urera kaalae but to all other endemic Hawaiian species in similar cicumstances? At the present rate of development of our aggressive alien forest weeds, the end seems to be in sight for many of the endemic Hawaiian flora by the year 2000. Massive and radical biological and physical control measures must be instituted to save our native forest. It is worth a gamble. St. wWJohn, Harold. 1973. List and Summary of the Hawaiian Plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden Mem. l. Degener, Otto. 1936. Flora Hawaiiensis, sheet 97. KEKKKKKEKKKKKKKKKKKEKKKKKKKEKEKRKEEKKKKREKEKRKEKRERRERRKRRKKRKKKRRKKKKEK MEMBERSHIP STATUS INFORMATION Please note that the mailing label on this issue of the Newsletter shows the year of your last dues payment and membership status. If this information is in error, please advise the Treasurer, Dr. Derral Herbst, 531 Hahaione St., #220-A, Honolulu, HI 96822, or c/o Botany Dept., Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 19000-A, Honolulu, HI 96817-0916. The membership dues are as follows: Family Membership ($10.00). Honorary Member. Life Member ($100.00, individuals only). Regular Member ($7.50). Student Member ($4.00). od to fy hou wt uw The Society Year is from*l1 December to 30 November. New members paying first year's ‘dues between 1 September and 30 November are paid up through the subsequent Society Year. C/O ARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MATLE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 U.S.A. el Carson 1 4 Sie. F Rach FIRST CLASS HAIL TOO DF 7 Smithsonian Institution } TP eee ee = ana Constitution Ave. DC 20540 th St % e Washineton, Newsletter * awallia 3C tanica Ocie (pntents Volume 25(3) SYMPOSIUM ON CONTROL OF INTRODUCED PLANTS IN NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS OF -HAWAI'I: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATIONS by Zire ites Ellshoff eeeeeeeeeee#eeosgqooee&eeeeeeo oeoeeeege#eee eeeee#ees§eee HALEAKALA SILVERSWORD... occ ccc ces cccnccrnceescccecseone MULLEIN DISCOVERED IN HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK........ BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE KAHUKU TRAINING AREA, O'AHU, HAWAI'I by R. L. Stemmermann, P. K. Higashino, Wiemee WiauaranG: dae = Vos Cai. ls. 9e1ee suatece Siais ww ele ae ee 6 a rete aes SOCLETY) BUS ENE SD picicies sve wus 6 ees oes 6 Sls 0 6 ols oS «Se ee 8 Ol « Published by the Hawattan Botantcal Soctety, which was founded tn 1924 to "advance the science of botany tn all tts applicattons, encourage research in botany tn all tts phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirtt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." person interested tn the plant ltfe of the Hawattan Islands ts eligtble for membership. Informatton may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. LISG 118 TS NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1986 Executive Council President: Jane E. Lewis, University of Hawaii Vice-President: Rylan N. S. Yee, Bishop Museum Treasurer: Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Secretary: Christa Russell, Bishop Museum Directors: Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii Dan Palmer, University of Hawaii Isabella Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Karen Asherman, Chair Newsletter: Isabella Abbott, Chair Clifttord Smith, Editor Donald P. Gowing Conservation: Elizabeth Powell, Chair Art Medeiros, Maui Science Fair: William Brostoff Alvin Yoshinaga Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair Ken Nagata Evangeline Funk John Obata Art Medeiros, Maui Publicity: Marilyn Cannon, Chair VOLUME 25(3) 1986 he SYMPOSIUM ON CONTROL OF INTRODUCED PLANTS. IN NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS OF HAWAI'T: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATIONS Ze E. Ellshoff Honolulu Botanic Gardens 50 N. Vineyard Blvd. HONOLULU HI 96817 Attending the Symposium on Control of Introduced Plants in Native Ecosystems of Hawai'i left some overall impressions of the problem of introduced plants in Hawai'i and what is being done about the problem. Many plants not naturally growing in Hawai'i have been brought here for a variety of reasons--as vegetable or ornamental plants, as forage plants, as crop plants, for reforestation, or accidentally. Many of these plants have become naturalized and can grow on their own and reproduce in the natural environment. Some have become pests which grow prolifically, taking the growing space of native Hawaiian plants and even previously introduced alien plants. In some areas, such as the National Parks and nature preserves, attempts are being made to control these problem plants so that a more natural landscape can be retained or regained. Following is a summary of the important facts gleened from papers presented. Reference is made to the presentations by listing presentation number followed by the first author's name: "1. Loope'" refers to presentation number given by L. L. Loope. Presentation numbers’ refer to the symposium program (attached). When the first Polynesians arrived in the Hawaiian Islands, about 2700 species and infraspecific taxa were growing naturally here. These colonizers brought with them 32 species (Nagata 1985) of plants which were used for food, medicine, and to make articles of daily living. Major changes in the lowland vegetation were initiated by Hawaiians because of clearing for farming and living areas. An indeterminable number of species of endemic lowland forest plants probably became extinct as a result of these changes. More than a thousand years after the Polynesians settled in Hawaii (Newman 1972), Western man discovered Hawai'i, and Europeans began to _ settle here. Many more plants were introduced to Hawai'i for a variety of reasons. Many were brought as food plants and ornamentals; the settlers were familiar with these plants in their homeland, so they brought them to Hawai'i. Some plants were agricultural introductions, such as crop plants or forage plants for grazing animals. Some inadvertent introductions were made as weed seeds in imported seed. (34. Cran) Grazing animals had destroyed much forest area by the early 1900's, and many new species were introduced for 80 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY reforestation. Harold lL. Lyon of the Hawaii Sugar Planters! Association felt that native Hawaiian trees were doomed, and he encouraged a policy of planting a mixture of introduced trees, shrubs, and vines to protect the watershed. (33. Weimer). Hawai'i has a thriving ornamental plant industry. Cut flowers, used by lei makers and florists, are chosen not so much for type of plant but for practical considerations such as quality, quantity available, time of availability, and cost. Foliage plants, used by decorators and landscape architects, are chosen mostly for their ability to survive well in a given environment. Nurseries specializing in ornamental nonfoliage plants depend on new and unusual kinds of plants. These are obtained by serendipitous discovery of a mutant type, hybridization, and importation of wild-collected plants. (32. Yee) The marginal profit made by many of these small nurseries encourages breaking of import rules. (31. Higa) A fortune can be made if a popular introduction is found, but most new plants do not prove to be so successful. Workers at Bishop Museum revising Marie C. Neal's book In Gardens of Hawaii have found that most new plants are brought into the state by arboreta and botanical gardens. From arboreta and botanical garden checklists, herbarium specimens in Bishop Museum, and listings in Neal's book, a checklist of about 8000 names of plants growing in Hawaii was made and divided into frequently, occasionally, or rarely cultivated, and specimen (one-of-a-kind) plants. Workers on the Flora project at Bishop Museum have found that about 800 (10%) of these introduced plants have become natualized. (6. Wester, 32. Yee) Many naturalized plants pose no serious threat to the existing native vegetation of the Hawaiian Islands. They grow in lowland areas that have already been changed drastically from their original state by man for habitation, farming, or grazing. Alien plants invading at higher elevations, however, can pose a threat to more intact native ecosystems. Disturbances produced by pigs, goats, and sheep open areas for invasion. These mammals and introduced fruit-eating birds can bring seeds of the alien plants into the areas. Introduced plants which grow well in areas like these can thrive, outcompete native species so they do not reproduce, and change the make-up of the native forests.(F. Jacobi, B. Anderson) Some alien plants are so aggressive that the National Parks Service has begun eradicating them in the Parks and monitoring the cleared areas (7. Jacobi, 14. Santos, 15. Tunison, 17. Davis, 20. Markin, 21. Tunison, 37. Taylor, 39. Tunison). In Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, 37 highly localized species (Table 1) and another eight widespread species (Table 2) have been targeted for immediate control. Biological control possibilities of five species are being evaluated, and another five other species are future VOLUME 25(3) 1986 ol Table 1. Highly localized species designated as_ target species for control, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. (Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Natural Resources Management Plan, 1986 update). Scientific name Plant family Common name Acacia confusa Mimosaceae Formosan koa Acacia decurrens Mimosaceae black wattle Acacia melanoxylon Mimosaceae blackwood acacia Agave americana Agavaceae century plant Agave sisalana Agavaceae sisal Albizia sp. Mimosaceae albizzia Arthrostemma latifolia Melastomataceae arthrostemma Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Chinese melon Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae ironwood Eleagnus sp. Eleagnaceae eleagnus Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae loquat Eucalyptus sp. Myrtaceae eucalyptus Eugenia jambos Myrtaceae rose apple Feijoya sellowiana Myrtaceae guavasteen Ficus pumila Moraceae climbing fig Fraxinus americana Oleaceae white ash Fraxinus uhdei Oleaceae tropical ash Fuchsia arborescens Onagraceae fuchsia Hedera helix Araliaceae Engligh ivy Heterocentron subtriplinervium Melastomataceae pearl flower Luculia gratissima Rubiaceae luculia Lupinus sp. Fabaceae lupine Melaleuca leucadendra Myrtaceae paper bark Melochia umbellata Sterculiaceae melochia Muhlenbeckia axillaris Polygonaceae wire plant Opuntia megacantha Cactaceae prickly pear Paederia foetida Rubiaceae Maile pilau, Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae date palm Phormium tenax Liliaceae New Zealand flax Phyllostachys sp. Poaceae bamboo Pinus sp. Pinaceae pine Pittosporum undulatum Pittosporaceae pittosporum Prosopis pallida Mimosaceae kiawe Pueraria lobata Fabaceae kudzu Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae castor bean Tibouchina urvilleana Melastomataceae glory-bush Trema orientalis Ulmaceae gunpowder tree 82 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Table 2. Widespread species targeted for: “control. von) a priority order basis, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. (Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Natural Resources Management Plan, 1986 update). Priority number Scientific name Plant family Common name 1. Pennisetum setaceum Poaceae fountain grass 2. Hedychium gardnerianum Zingiberaceae kahili ginger 3. Pennisetum clandestinum Poaceae kikuyu grass 4. Leucaeana leucocephala Mimosaceae koa-haole 5. Rubus glaucus Rosaceae raspberry 6. Linociera ligustrina Oleaceae linociera 7. Grevillea robusta Proteaceae silk oak 8. Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae Christmas berry possibilities (Table 3). Other national parks have problems with aggressive introduced plants, and workers from Everglades National Park (4. LaRosa) and Channel Islands National Park (5. Halvorson) spoke on their problems, research, and measures being taken. Attempts are being made to eradicate other species by researchers and workers in Haleakala National Park (13. Anderson, 24. Loope), on Nature Conservancy preserves (22. Holt, 41. Misaki), in State Natural Area Reserves (23. Tanimoto), and by researchers with other affiliations (9. Whiteaker, 10. Smith, 18. Gardner, 19. Nakahara, 25. Tulang). (Table 4) Programs for removal of feral mammals have been successful in stemming alien invasion of native areas (29. Scowcroft, 30. Stone). Use of fire as a management tool has been tried but is apparently not useful in the native forests because native species are Slow to recover and aliens take the fire distrubance as an invitation to invade. (16. Smith) Several papers addressed the theoretical ideas of what a weed is, how an invasive plant can be identified, and how to decide which plants to try to control. A weed is often defined as one which thrives in a disturbed area. When the disturbance no longer exists, the weed will be replaced by other species. But island ecosystems show more permanent changes after disturbance. (1. Loope, 28. Merlin) Disturbance does not have to be caused by human beings. The invasion of vines, and aquatic vascular plants can occur with no previous disturbance. (3. Mack) Natural vegetation in an area is part of the balanced ecosystem of that area. A plant introduced into an area may thrive but at the expense of the balance of other organisms and resources. (2. Vitousek) Characteristics of successful invaders are diverse and include dispersal ease and tolerance of range beyond initial introduction site. If VOLUME 25(3) 1986 83 Table 3. Species with biological control possibilities, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. (Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Natural Resources Management Plan, 1986 update). Scientific name Plant family Common name Species currently being investigated: Myrica faya Myricaceae firetree Passiflora mollisima Passifloraceae banana poka Rubus ellipticus Rosaceae yellow raspberry Rubus glaucus Rosaceae raspberry Rubus penetrans Rosaceae blackberry Future candidates: Andropogon glomeratus Poaceae bush beardgrass Andropogon viginicus Poaceae broomsedge Melinis minutiflora Poaceae molasses grass Pennisetum setaceum Poaceae fountain grass Psidium cattleianum Myrtaceae strawberry guava Table 4. Other species for which eradication programs exist. (9. Whiteaker, 10. Smith, 18. Gardner, 19. Nakahara, & 25. Tulang). Scientific name Plant family Common name Hamakua pamakani Ageratina riparia Asteraceae ageratina Ulex eropaeus Fabaceae gorse Clidemia hirta Melastomataceae Koster's curse Lanatana camara Verbenaceae lantana 84 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY natural pathogens and predators of the plant are not present in the new site, the invader is at an advantage. (3. Mack) By studying the history of long-standing weeds (retrospective epidemiology), insights can be gained into patterns of invasion which may help in control of other weeds. A study of Bromus tectorum in the Pacific northwest showed the mathematical and biological advantages of removing satellite populations first and working in from the border when attacking a large infestation. (35. Mack) Similar historical studies in Hawai'i include those on Clidemia hirta (10. Smith), Verbascum thaspus (11. Juvik) and Passiflora mollissima (12. LaRosa). The use of the "artifical intelligence" or rule-based decision-making capabilities of computers can help make inferences about which introduced plants may become problems and where. A logic-based program can answer questions based on data available from herbarium specimens, field notes, and literature observations. (36. Bridges) Public education and involvement in the alien plant problem is also important. Once people are aware of the uniqueness of the flora of the Hawaiian Islands, that introduced plants pose a threat to the flora, and that some native plants have good ornamental possibilities, the market for exotic plants can change (32. Yee) Environmental education beginning in grade school and reinforced in intermediate and high schools is important, and class trips to nature centers are popular with school teachers. (40. Hawkins) Natural areas such Kamakou Preserve on Moloka'i have programs of community involvement in which volunteers come to vacation, learn about the natural environment, and pull weeds. (41. Misaki) A short afternoon field trip considered some of the management, technical and political problems that the National Park Service faces in controlling alien species. Participants were also shown the new insect quarantine facility in which potential biological control agents are screened before being considered for release. LITERATURE CITED Nagata, K. M. 1985. Early plant introductions in Hawai'i. Hawaiian J. of History. 19:35-61. Newman, T. S. 1972. Man in the prehistoric Hawaiian ecosystem. In Kay, E. A. (ed.). 1972. A natural history of the Hawaiian Islands: Selected readings. Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Pp. 559-603. VOLUME 25(3) 1986 85 PROGRAM SYMPOSIUM ON CONTROL OF INTRODUCED PLANTS IN NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS OF HAWAI'I June 10-12, 1986 OPENING REMARKS. D.B. Ames, B.M. Kilgore, C.P. Stone 10. Li 12. 13 I. PERSPECTIVES (C.P. Stone, Chairman) An overview of problems with introduced plant species in national parks and reserves of the United States. L.L. Loope Effects of alien plants on native ecosystems. P.M. Vitousek Characteristics of invading plant species. R.N. Mack Alien plant management in Everglades National Park: an historical perspective. A.M. LaRosa Alien plants at Channel Islands National Park. W.L. Halvorson II. STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT ALIEN PLANTS IN HAWAI'I (R. Hobdy, Chairman) Alien plants and their status in Hawai'i. L.L. Wester Distribution and abundance of selected alien plants in native upland habitats on the island of Hawai'i. J.D. Jacobi Alien plants on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. D.R. Herbst and W.L. Wagner The distribution of Myrica faya in the state of Hawai'i. L.D. Whiteaker and D.E. Gardner Distribution, status, phenology, rate of spread, and Management of Clidemia hirta in Hawai'i. C.W. Smith Verbascum thapsus: the spread and adaptation of a temperate weed in the montane tropics. J.O. Juvik and S.J. Juvik The status, phenology, distribution and rate of spread of Passiflora mollissima in Hawai'i. A.M. LaRosa Distribution and spread of alien plants in Kipahulu Valley, Haleakala National Park, above 3,000 feet. S.J. Anderson, C.P. Stone, and P.K. Higashino 86 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY III. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL (D.D. Taylor, Chairman) 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23% 24. 25. 26. 27. Chemical control of selected alien plant species in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. G.L. Santos and D.E. Gardner Pennisetum sectaceum control in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park: effort, economics, and feasibility. J.T. Tunison Fire and alien plants in Hawai'i: problems and control feasibility. C.W. Smith and J.T. Tunison IV. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL (J.W. Beardsley, Chairman) Biocontrol of Lantana camara, Opuntia spp., and Ageratina riparia in Hawai'i. C.J. Davis, E. Yosioka, and A.V.D. Kageler Plant pathogens as_ biocontrol agents in native Hawaiian ecosystems. D.E. Gardner Review and status of insects for biological control of Clidemia hirta in Hawai'i. L.M. Nakahara, R.M. Burkhart, and G.Y. Funasaki Present status and future of biological control of weeds in Hawai'i, and implications for management of native ecosystems. G.P. Markin V. AGENCY, ORGANIZATION, AND LANDOWNER APPROACHES (C.E. Conrad, Chairman) Success in controlling localized exotic plants in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. J.T. Tunison and N.G. Zimmer Control of alien plants on The Nature Conservancy preserves. R.A. Holt Alien plant control on State lands including Natural Area Reserves. V. Tanimoto and W.P. Char Introduced plants in Haleakala National Park. L.L. Loope, R.G. Nagata, and A.C. Medeiros The U.S. Department of Agriculture's rural development approach to alien plant control in Hawai'i. M. Tulang Exotic plant control on private lands. C. Bredhoff Constraints, restraints, and public sector initiatives to preserve native ecosystems. H.Spoehr VOLUME 25(3) 1986 87 FIELD TRIPS: 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. A. For educators, interpreters, and general public. Demonstration areas for chemical and mechanical control; insect quarantine facility; Special Ecological Areas (SEAS); plant problem areas, including ungulate removal sites and burns. B. For managers. Same areas but emphasis on techniques, technical problems, costs and program problems and organization. VI. INTRODUCED PLANTS IN THE ABSENCE OF UNGULATES (J.D. Jacobi, Chairman) Relationships between native and alien plants on oceanic islands with and without wild ungulates. M.D. Merlin and J.O. Juvik Alien plant response to release from feral sheep browsing on Mauna Kea. P.G. Scowcroft and C.E. Conrad Success of alien plants after feral goat and pig removal. c.P. Stone, P.K. Higashino, J.T. Tunison, L.W. Cuddihy, S.J. Anderson, J.D. Jacobi, T.J. Ohashi, and L.L. Loope Plant import rules and regulations. S.J. Higa Needs of ornamental industries. R.S.N. Yee and W.C. Gagne Plant introduction needs of the Hawaiian sugar industry. R.V. Osgood and R.D. Wiemer Needs of ranchers. J.G. Cran and K. Dillingham VIII. CHOOSING WHICH PLANTS TO CONTROL IN NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS 35. 36. 37. 38. (L.L. Loope, Chairman) Stemming plant invasions: implementing a strategy versus traditional tactics. R.N. Mack and M.E. Moody Rule-based decision making as a say to determine which species to control. K.W. Bridges A manager's guide for controlling weeds in natural areas. D.D. Taylor Evaluating proposed biological control programs’ for introduced plants. G.P. Markin 88 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY TEA ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES, EDUCATION, AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT (F.M. Pottenger, Chairman) 39. Control of alien plants in Special Ecological Areas (SEAS) in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. J.T. Tunison and C.P. Stone 40. Environmental education. J.W. Hawkins. 41. Community action plant control programs and the use of volunteers. E.Misaki and J.T. Tunison X. DISCUSSION/SUMMARY (PANEL) (C.W. Smith, Chairman) Cooperation and interaction, opposition to control, legislative needs, research and management needs, making control choices, educational needs. Interest group representatives. AUDIENCE PARTICIPATION WITH WRITTEN QUESTIONS (1HR MINIMUM). BEEKKEKEEKKEEKKEEKKKEEEKKEKEKEKKKEEKKKEKEEKKEREEKKKKRKKKKRRKKKEKKKKKRKRKKK SOCIETY ANNIVERSARY BOOKLETS STILL AVAILABLE The Society still has a good supply of the anniversary booklets issued at the time of the 25th Anniversary (1949) and the 50th Anniversary (1974). They are available on request, and may be of interest particularly to members who have not seen them. They contain photographs, historical sketches, and the Society Constitution and By-laws as of those times. There is an insert with the latter booklet which up-dates these instruments to the present. Further, the Society contributed to the publication of a paper by Dr. Harold UL. Lyon, "Honolulu Can Have a Botanical Garden", which was issued as an Occasional Paper of the University of Hawaii. Subsequently, the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden was established, but Dr. Lyon's paper still makes interesting reading. We have a supply of then, available for the asking. KREEKKEKKKEKEKKKEKEKRKKEKKRKKKKKEEREKEKRKEKEKRKREKREKKERKEKKEKKKRKKRKKRKKRKKKKKRKKRKKKE NEW MEMBERS; LIFE MEMBER The Society welcomed the following into membership at the regular meeting in October: Mr. Tim Flynn, of Lawai, Kaua'i Mr. Toshihiko Ikagawa, of Honolulu Mr. Clyde Imada, of Honolulu Mr. Joel Q. C. Lau, of Honolulu Mr. Thomas M. Shields, of Kailua Further, the Society congratulates Ms. Winona P. Char on her becoming a Life Member; she makes the 15th Life Member. VOLUME 25(3) 1986 89 ARE YOU GETTING NOTICES OF MEETINGS? ' Announcements of Regular Meetings are sent now to most of the members. However, the computerized data base shows that 24 members do not get such notices. Perhaps this is at their own request, as they are mostly members not on O'ahu. But off-island members are in town on meeting nights on occasion, and might want to get notices anyway. If you want to get them, and do not, please so advise us. (All members in good standing should be receiving the Newsletter.) For this mailing of the Newsletter only, an additional symbol will appear on the mailing label after the dues and membership status symbols. The code "/y'"' means "yes"; you should be getting meeting notices now. The code "/n" means "no": for some reason, we have not been mailing them to you. We can change that if you wish. RKEKKEKKKEKEEEKKKEKKKEEEKEKKEKKKEREEEKREKKKEKKKKEKEREKKEKKERKERKKKKEREKRESR HALEAKALA SILVERSWORD Betsey Harrison-Gagne reports that a total of 697 silversword flowered throughout Haleakala National Park in the 1986 season. Flowering time generally ranges from May to October with peak flowering in the summer months. This year there are plants just initiating inflorescences in early November. Some plants are still in full bloom a week before Thanksgiving. The number of flowering silverswords is the third highest in the past five years that the Park has been making an annual flowering census. REKAKKREREKEKREKKEKREKRKEKKKEEEKEKEKEEREKKEEEKEKKEKKKEKEKEKRKKKKEKRRKRKKKRKEREES MULLEIN DISCOVERED IN HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK on 2 October 1986, a single common mullein plant (Verbascum thapsus: Scrophulariaceae) was found growing along the roadside at 9000ft. It is currently a non-flowering individual about 8in. diameter. The Park has educated all employees to be on the lookout for any more plants so that any potential infestation can be controlled before it gets out of hand. The current specimen will be allowed to flower in order to verify the record. It will be immediately uprooted and made into a herbarium specimen. Botanical Society members are asked to report any other plants that they may come across in the Park or adjacent areas, e.g., Polipoli Springs, to Ron Nagata at Haleakala or to the State Forestry Office in Wailuku. 90 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE KAHUKU TRAINING AREA, O'AHU, HAWAI'I R. Lani Stemmermann, Paul K. Higashino, Winona Char and Layne Yoshida Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way HONOLULU HI 96822 INTRODUCTION The Kahuku Training Area is located on the island of O'ahu, Hawai'i, at the northernmost portion of the Ko'olau Range (Figure 1). The training area, consisting of 9,646 acres, is presently leased by the Army from the State of Hawai'i and encompasses a mass of land extending from near sea level to the crest of the Ko'olau Range at an elevation of approximately 2,000 feet. Rainfall in the area increases rapidly with elevation and changes in vegetation types parallel the increase in rainfall. A survey of the area was conducted in November and December, 1976, to inventory the flora, describe the major vegetation zones, search for rare and endangered plants, and identify areas of potential environmental problems or concerns. Ten man-days of fieldwork were required to gather technical data for this report. METHODOLOGY Prior to undertaking the field survey, a literature search was conducted and aerial photographs and maps were studied to determine representative sampling areas and to select access routes. Existing trails and jeep roads were used to gain access to these areas (Figure 2). An extension of the Summit Trial on the Ko'tolau crest along the southwest border of the training area provided access to the predominately native crest vegetation. A jeep road on the Puptkea side of the training area within the Pupukea-Paumalu Forest Reserve was used to gain access to the forestry plantings and adjacent gulches. Access to the mid-elevation mixed mesic forest was gained from the roads within the reservation and from the Malaekahana trail south of Hina Gulch. The lower areas were sampled from jeep trails that transected the area. Reconnaisance was made of all vegetation types delineated in preliminary vegetation maps prepared through photo interpretation of aerial photographs. Species observed and notes on the vegetation of representative areas were recorded in the field. Collections were made of rare plants and of plants that could not be positively identified in the field. Binoculars were used to VOLUME 25(3) 1986 gal g Cc) HAWAIIAN ISLANDS las 2S O' AHU PROJECT AREA Figure 1. Map of the location of the Kahuku Training Area, O'ahu, Hawai'i. 0 10 miles Zan SCALE 1) Environment impact Study Corp 9:2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NSU Aa fe dn tC a ” Akush aes Taree ee is Avante E 2 eae \ y ae L Ie Nima) Pay ANY SOTA IRESERS AVM “ ews z < = aa bo 3 / CS n PES ee 7 Fd es CT Nat nak hy =o eS > i ee tg Cal ee Sy i ef Len > aS eee An ‘ a r¢ / ns has 7? 1 aeeNe \ r UM ai wy, nee Ba ie : i 2) fis f : AS i Sp ORES EN Baye hs Tera ony UVa eco acre) ee rasa a rcs Ne Ua Mens Se Se uineearT TRAIL |” | oe SARs Sea ASS f iaht ar al 9 Bs Pater a NS ae! my LT NU A a RU : pe Mamet tema ae, 14 Lon ce yy ee ond aN See Ves Mi perfa cs ve a i eae | sq dry <¢. ato _ qs aH a, a, ye Figure 2. Map of the four survey subdivisions of the Kahuku Training Area, O'ahu, Hawai'i. f I 00°) oF oz" 1 a, APSR ee ee SEN es Pee ES VOLUME 25(3) 1986 93 survey areas that were impassable or dangerous. However, when interesting plants were sighted by binoculars, an attempt was made to collect a specimen for complete identification. Areas containing an abundance of native plant species or containing rare or endangered species were considered to be of the greatest interest, and the studies were concentrated in these areas. A relative abundance scale was deemed inappropriate because of the extreme variations found in the _ sampling areas. Future studies in greater depth are necessary to prepare accurate abundance ratings for the Kahuku Training area. DISCUSSION Description of Areas Surveyed The Kahuku Taining Area was divided into four survey sections (Figure 2). The first section is the predominately native crest flora located along the southwest border of the training area and the Kahuku Forest Reserve. The second section consists of forestry plantings along the crest and adjacent gulches in the Pupukea-Paumallt' Forest Reserve. The third section is the mid-elevation slopes in the Malaekahana region. These slopes are futher divided into two subsections because of distinct differences in vegetation between the ridges and the gulches. Subsection a is considered to be the ridge proper and subsection b the gulches. The fourth section is the lower area. The vegetation in this area is comprised primarily of exotic grasses. Section 1 The vegetation of the ridges along the Ko'olau summit in the Kahuku Forest Reserve consist of a low canopy Metrosideros=-Dicranopteris open forest, which is characteristic of the Ko'olau Crest. Acacia koa is co-dominant with Metrosideros up to an elevation of about 1,400 feet but no higher. In most areas the canopy is between 25 and 75 percent closed and 10 to 20 feet high. In addition to Metrosideros and Acacia koa, species common in the canopy layer are: Psychotria, Bobea, Antidesma, Eugenia sandwicensis and Psidium cattleianum. Interestingly, certain mesic forest species such as Diospyros, Elaeocarpus, Scaevola gaudichaudiana, Xylosma and Gardenia are found very near the summit along the crest trail in the same vicinity as such typical summit plants as Trematolobelia macrostachys and Clermontia persicifolia. The usual groundcover is a fern mat composed of Dicranopteris linearis. Clidemia, Freycinetia and Andropogon are found in areas not dominated by Dicranopteris. In areas of great localized disturbance such as along the trails and near Helipad 9, the groundcover is dominated by 94 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Andropogon virginicus. Also in some of these areas, Psidium cattleianum forms dense thickets and is the dominant woody plant. It appears that P. cattleianum is capable of spreading rapidly and can dominate areas where the Metrosideros canopy is broken. Throughout the area, standing trunks of dead Metrosideros are common. Whether these have died as a result of human disturbance, or due to damage by feral pigs, ora successional phenomenen, is unclear. Where the canopy of Metrosideros is broken, many of the epiphytes characteristic of the vegetation on the Ko'olau Crest disappear, and the vegetation is considerably different. Section 2 Section 2 consists of the Pupukea-Paumalu Forest Reserve which is included in the Kahuku Training Area. The area is disturbed by several exotic plantings. Melaleuca and Eucalyptus are the major components of these plantings, in addition to other exotics such as Casuarina and Albizia. There is virtually no understory under the exotic tree cover. Most of the plantations are bordered by Dicranopteris, but whether this occurrence is natural or a result of the disturbance in the area is unclear. Pockets of native vegetation can be found in the deep gulches located throughout the area. In these areas, which are representative of the mid-elevation mixed mesic forest (described in the following section), there remain native plants of interest. Species such as Cyanea, Rauvolfia, Xanthoxylum and the endangered Ochrosia compta are present. Other plant in the area are species of Pittosporum and Tetraplasandra. The rugged terrain and steep valley walls made access to some of these areas impossible. Acacia koa is common along the sides of the jeep trails and there are a few areas along the jeep trail on the crest where Santalum freycinetianum can be found. The Acacia koa trees in the area are stunted and many of the plants appear to be on the verge of falling over. Andropogon virginicus is prevalent in some of the disturbed areas. Several conspicuous areas of open grassland surrounded by open canopy forest were noted. These grasslands appeared to be the result of fire. Two areas were in both cases, Andropogon virginicus was the first plant to colonize the area. Section 3 The mid-elevation slopes of the training area are disected by many gulches with the flora on the ridges (section 3a in the species list) differing from the flora in the gulches (section 3b in the species list). At approximately 600 foot elevation, grass and shrubland communities give way toa community dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros. Other VOLUME 25(3) 1986 95 plants found in the area are: Eugenia sandwicensis, Psychotria, Diospyros, Bobea, Planchonella, Pittosporun, Xylosma and other native mesic forest species, as well as dense thickets of Psidium cattleianum. The steeper sides of the ridges are covered with Dicranopteris, with other vegetation similar to that of the ridge tops, and grading into the Aleurites dominated forests of the gulches and_ subgulches. Eugenia jambos and Pisonia Charpentiera, Pipturus, Cyrtandra and several species of fern are found in the understory. Section 4 The most heavily used parts of the Kahuku Training Area are the lower slopes that are covered by open grassland with scattered scrub. Andropogon virginicus is the predominant species of grass forming the open grassland communities of the area. Other species also form noticeable components of the grassland. These include Brachiaria mutica and Melinis minutiflora along the jeep trails and on the fringes of the recently eroded areas. Portions of the lower area of the Kahuku Training Area were once planted in sugar, and abandoned patches still remain in the open grassland. Schinus terebinthifolius and Psidium guajava are the most abundant scrub species present in areas adjoining the grassland with Casuarina, Eugenia cuminii, Scaevola audichaudiana, Wikstroemia, Morinda citrifolia and patches of Cordyline terminalis also being common. The gulches of the lower area contain specimens of Pittosporum and Dracaena, and in one gulch four individuals of Reynoldsia sandwicensis were found. The cluster of our trees was located 20 yards off one of the jeep trails. One of the trees was extremely large, being approximately 45 feet tall, with an approsimate diameter of 3 1/2 feet at breast height. Description of Vegetation Types Vegetation delineations for the Kahuku Training Area were prepared through interpretation of high altitude color infrared photopraphs and verified by the field survey. On the basis of the photo-interpretations and the field survey conducted in November and December, 1976, the following vegetation types have been recognized in the Kahuku training Area (Figure 3). Open Grassland.--This vegetation type can be further separated into two subtypes. In both instances the vegetation subtypes are present as a result of considerable disturbance and rarely are native plants found in either subtype. 96 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY ees speeoes r Katou eMarnsh a Tene | jae oh aes 5 ae ' NL eS es Be hee Ve ee Vt ) Y > Ley pa , 7 Ree Z \ KG EY: Beal aoe ell a ese i SPAN = easiee : Se bat. Bagi ha “ Figure 3. Map of the vegetation types .. of the: Kahuku Training Aréa,--0"ahu,- Hawai'i. ig ; “ Sch See estes tee af Ae : eh ale ‘ 1284 jest OO 3jc7O TARE e022 S03 Moke : AN ~~ SN VOLUME 25(3) 1986 97 Open Grassland at Low Elevations.--This vegetation type is roughly equivalent to area 1 on Figure 3. Andropogon virginicus is the predominant species in the community at low elevations, but Brachiaria mutica and Melinis minutiflora may form distinct stands on their own. Patches of Saccharum are also evident. This subtype covers the lower areas of the Kahuku Training Area, and grades into the grass scrubland. Open Grassland Communities at the Ko'olau Crest.--At the higher elevations of the Kahuku Training Area open grasslands are found in disturbed areas such as at Helipad 9, along parts of the trail, and in areas where there has been much troop activity. These areas are small, and therefore not noted on the vegetation map, but deserve special recognition. The dominant grass species is Andropogon, but Paspalum conjugatum, Sacciolepis and Setaria geniculata are also abundant. Mixed Scrub-grassland.--The vegetation type present at low elevations is equivalent to area 2 on Figure 3. This vegetation type is a transition between the open grassland and the lowland scrub. It includes species present in both. Lowland Scrub/Lowland Scrub Forest.--This community, area 3, is characterized by Schinus and Psidium gquajava. This community is predominantly scrub, but several species present can become trees. This vegetation type is present on the Slopes and gullies of the lowlands that are not dominated by the open grassland and grades into the mixed mesic forest at middle elevations. Other exotic species in this community are Psidium cattleianum, Lantana, Leucaena and Acacia confusa which normally form shrubs in this ecotone. Eugenia cuminii, Casuarina, Brassaia, Aleurites and Mangifera are capable of forming sizeable trees. These areas are generally less disturbed than the grasslands, and native species that are frequently present include Osteomeles, Scaevola audichauniana, Styphelia, Dodonaea, Wikstroemia, Canthiun, Xanthium, Santalum freycinetianum and Hibiscus tiliaceus. The vegetation in the gulches at the lower elevations in the Kahuku Training Area is essentially that of the lowland scrub forest and may be of variable density and species composition. A few patches of bamboo were seen at a distance in this area. Mixed Mesic Forest.--This vegetation type, area 4, is made up of two subtypes: ridges and gulches. There are transitions between the two subtypes as there are between this vegetation type and both the Lowland Scrub Forest and the Crest Vegetation. Mixed Mesic Ridge Vegetation.--This subtype is made up of Many mesic forest species and is found on the ridges and upper slopes of middle elevation in the Kahuku Training 98 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Area. Dominant species present include Metrosideros and Acacia koa, and in many areas it is not possible to recognize a dominant species. Other species common in the area are Eugenia sandwicensis, Santalum freycinetianun, Xylosma, Aleurites, Psychotria, Bobea, Canthiun, Osmanthus, Diospyros, Pittosporum, Rauvolfia, and Scaevola gaudichaudiana. Dicranopteris is the common groundcover on steep’ slopes. In the less’ sloping areas there is almost 100% cover by trees, and little groundcover, though a few ‘ferns, sedges, and grasses can be found. Exotic species in the area include dense thickets of Psidium cattleianum located throughout the area. Pockets’ of Albizia and Ardisia are located in the transitional zone between this vegetation subtype and the Crest Vegetation. Mixed Mesic Gully Vegetation.--Kukui, Pisonia and Eugenia are the most abundant canopy species, and Charpentiera, Pipturus, Cyrtandra and several species of fern were found in the understory. It was interesting to note the absence of thick stands of Clidemia in some of the secondary gullies on the windward side of the Ko'olau range especially since it is very common on the crest. At the same elevation on the leeward side of the Ko'olau range, the gulches are choked with this weed. Crest Vegetation This vegetation type is included under code _ 5 on the prepared vegetation map. The crest vegetation is’ the vegetation type typical of the Ko'tolau Crest, but as the Kahuku Training Area is in the northernmost part of the Ko'olaus where the crest is poorly defined, the crest vegetation in this area is atypical of the rest of the Ko'olaus. Species not usually characteristic of this zone such as Diospyros, Elaeocarpus, Gardenia, Scaevola gaudichaudiana, and Xylosma, are mixed with species typical of the crest including Trematolobelia mMacrostachys, and Clermontia persicifolia. Other native species present in the area are Metrosideros, Psychotria, Bobea, Antidesma, Eugenia Sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynun, Tetraplasandra and Gouldia. Exotic species common in the area are Psidium cattleianum, Clidemia, and Leptospermun. Exotic Plantation This easily recognized vegetation type is coded 6 on the vegetation map. It occurs in several areas at mid-elevation in the Kahuku Training Area. The species present include Albizia, Melaleuca and several species of Eucalyptus. There is little understory in this vegetation type. RARE PLANTS One plant in the Kahuku Training Area was positively identified as being included in the Federal Register of VOLUME 25(3) 1986 g Endangered and Threatened Species (1976). This was Ochrosia compta. The plant was found on the side of a gulch in one of the forest plantations. It is a tree about 25ft tall with an approximate diameter at breast height of 6in. Other species in the area include Melaleuca which forms the canopy layer, Psidium cattleianum, Psychotria, Clidemia and Diospyros, with Athyrium japonicum and A. prolificum being the predominant groundcover. In addition to the Ochrosia, there are two species of Tetraplasandra recorded (Sherff 1955) from the Kahuku Training Area which are on the list of plants proposed for endangered status. These are T. gymnocarpa var. pupukeensis, and T. pupukeensis. Positive identification of specimens was not possible because the plants lacked parts necessary for complete identification, and many of the species are poorly defined. The identification of the group is difficult and has been called "taxonomically nearly hopeless" by the authors of the Allertonia list of rare and endangered plants (Fosberg and Herbst 1975). One other plant deserves mention in this section. The extremely large Reynoldsia sandwicensis was found in a gulch in the lower region of the Kahuku Training Area. This species is depleted throughout much of its former range, however, there are still populations on O'ahu but not in the Ko'olau Range, and no individuals with a diameter at breast height of 3-1/2 feet. The species is not presently a new local record. Its diameter is considerably greater than that given for the "champion" Reynoldsia by Bryan (1944), and care should be taken to insure its. protection. Fires originating from activities in grassland in the lower areas of the reserve could easily spread to the gulch and destroy the _ small population of these trees. This might be prevented by a firebreak between the grassland and the gulch. LIMITATIONS OF THE SURVEY This survey is a preliminary assessment of the Kahuku Training Area. The lower grasslands are no_ longer floristically interesting, but more intensive study could be conducted in lowland gulches. Rugged terrain prevented an adequate survey of the middle elevation slopes and gulches; it is these areas that appear to be the most floristically promising areas in the reservation for native species. In such areas Pisonia, Charpentiera, and Cyanea can be found. Only one species of each of these plants was collected, and other species can probably be found along with other species of Cyrtandra and various ferns. Pteralyxia macrocarpa was reported in the area (Caum 1933) but was not observed in this survey. One rare plant, Ochrosia, was found on the middle elevation slopes and others are likely present. The mesic forest on the slopes and gulches of the eastern 100 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY section of the Kahuku Training Area are potential areas for additional botanical surveys. The crest was more extensively surveyed than the middle elevation slopes. Plants that have been collected there formerly, or noted from similar areas south of the Kahuku Training Area, were either not seen, or overlooked. Such plants include species of fTetraplasandra and Phyllostegia (Sherff 1935). REFERENCES Literature dealing specifically with the vegetation of the Kahuku Training Area is limited, but literature dealing with particular genera occuring in the area was' used extensively. The following (denoted by an asterisk) were consulted for descriptions of vegetation, and for identification of several groups. Bryan, L. W. 1974. Champion trees of Hawaii. American Forests 80(5):26=-35. *Carlquist, S. 1970. Hawaii: A Natural History. Natural History Press, New York. *Caum, E. UL. 1930. New Hawaiian plants, Occ. Papers, B. P. Bishop Museum 9(5):1-30, 10(8):1-24. * * 1933. Notes on Pteralyxia. Occ. Papers, B. P. Bishop Museum 10(8):1-24. *Degener, O. 1932-present. Flora Hawaiiensis. Privately published. *Egler, F. E. 1939. Vegetation zones of Oahy, Hawaii. Empire Forestry Journal 18(1):44-57. Fosberg, F. R. and D. R. Herbst. 1975. Rare and endangered species of Hawaiian vascular plants. Allertonia 1(1): L=7 2. Porter, J. R. 1972. Hawaiian names for vascular plants. College of Tropical Agriculture, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Hawaii, Departmental Paper No. l. *Rock, J. F. 1913. The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Privately published. St.John, H. 1973. List and Summary of the Flowering Plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden Memoir l. Sherff, E. E. 1935. Revision of Haplostachys, Phyllostegia, and Stenogyne. B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 136:1-101. VOLUME 25(3) 1986 101 *Sherff, E. E. 1955. Revision of the Hawaiian members of the Genus Tetraplasandra A. Gray. Fieldiana: Botany 29(2): 49-142. *Skottsberg, C. 1972. The Genus Wikstroemia Endl. in the Hawaiian Islands. Acta Botanica. Goteborg. U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1976. Endangered and threatened species, plants. Federal Register 41(117) :24524-24572. Wagner, W. H. Jr. Checklist of Hawaiian pteridophytes. MS. Whitten, H. 1977. Book on isle plants. Honolulu Star Bulletin. SPECIES CHECKLIST Families are listed alphabetically within each of four groups: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae. Genera and species are arranged alphabetically. Taxonomy and nomenclature of pteridophytes follow Wagner's unpublished Checklist of Hawaiian Pteridophytes except where more commonly accepted names are listed. Taxonomy and nomenclature of flowering plants follow St. John (1973). Common Hawaiian names used in the checklist are in accordance with Porter (1972) or St. John (1973). For each species the following information is provided: 1. Scientific name. 23 Vernacular name, when commonly used, or Hawaiian name when known. an Status of the _ species. The following symbols are employed: E endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, i.e. occurring natuarally nowhere else in the world. 1G indigenous, i.e., native to the Hawaiian Islands but also occurring naturally (without the aid of man) elsewhere. xX alien, i.e., plants of accidental or deliberate introduction after the Western discovery of the islands. P Polynesian introduction; at includes those plants brought by the Polynesian immigrants previous to Captain Cook's discovery of the islands. 102 4. NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Federal Register (FR) Federal Register entry, June 16, 1976. E F. Endangered (a taxon which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range--def. from Pub. Law 93205). plant taxon for which information on living specimens is especially desired (by U. S&S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Endangered Species). R. Fosberg and Derral Herbst (FH) - Listing of rare and endangered species of Hawaiian vascular plants. A list of symbols and their explanations are given below: EX R L with extinct rare, total population low, whether dangerously so or not local, found only or principally in one or more restricted areas depleted, much less common over all or most of its range than formerly, the depletion directly or indirectly the result of human activities endangered, in considerable danger of disappearance in cultivation having a wider distribution than the Hawaiian Islands, corresponding to St. John's use of the term "Nindigenous'" in his list uncertain, insufficient information available to us to decide if endangered protected population apparently decreasing population apparently stable population apparently increasing very only probably possibly presence of species within the study sites is denoted an (X) mark. A relative abundance scale was not used in the study since this area was considered too varied. The locality symbol used above each abundance column represents: Ko'olau Crest Pupukea-Paumalu Forest Reserve Mid-elevation Ridges Mid-elevation Slopes Lower-elevation Slopes 103 1986 VOLUME 25(3 X X ndnyndny }S8dd (*4S404) BNINSITY “N y xX xX X I oyowed ‘uua} Puoms 330Y9S (°7) B}eT}EXS “N MEX I oyowed ‘ndnyndnyx0, 1S8dd (°1) BL]OFIpsos Sidi jouydan AVSNVITIVAVG KX aX E| t,t,ne] -ndnyndnyo, ‘ndnyndny0, "pney euetryyuny e1poog X X "7 @7e}Uap1590 WNUYyde7¢ JAVADVNHII18 X X I eyeya, ‘Uuay Jsou S,p4lg “7 snptu *y X I Lb, Ly}eUy, "330W WNZe]NGo] WNtua|dsy AVAIVINAT1dSV X X 3 eyery3, Aqsou) 2 UOSJepUuy WNL }OFLSSedO °3 X 3 eYyexs, *pney winzeye wnsso}boyde]4 X X E| B1NA-Ol,L,0OH "syd “9 (488) Sop lOUWeIBOUBayS SttadoAIg }1amMsey (77) SNdIQTSesed “5 usJa4-poom AuMog Bulyg (*yxSsJo4) SNzyeyuap °9 }JemMses (74 ]NeX) SeprosayyexS Sns0sojdAD "syd "2 (74 )Ney) WiNJsyT}OId *y *yadog (*quinyl) wNStuodel wnt IAYIy¥ AVIIVIGIdSV x< x< — — LU = x X X X X UJ3d} JAA]LS ‘Usa} P}ON yutyz (77) Souejowo}yed eumeIbOIAyId AVAIVINVIGV VLAHdOGOTYsld 3 bs 2 Sy oa JINVONNEY SATLV1Sa Hd = =Yd SNLVLS SWYN NOWWOD AWVN JI4STLN3AIOS SONVIST NVIIVMWH “MN HV.0 ‘V34V ONINIVYL NYNHWA SLNWId 4O 1S17 93HI NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 104 ya bigs 5 aay JINVGNNEY SATLW1S4 I a]OL-aemem ‘Ssow qnj}) I 9]01-aemMem ‘SSOW qn}) ] e,eyedejed ‘e,e)ed 3 Lyty-Leyeq ‘ne)Ly 3 euLYyeuLy teyed ‘1,1)-ne)-Le)ed 3 euLyeuly Leyed ‘1,1)-ne}-1e)eq ze ny ey !4O, E| en} -euryew £0)040}]04 3 eunew-Oyou-auLyem i tynyn “aynin 3 njnd n,ndey 3 n,ndey 73 L,t,n,ndey 3 ney ty I teyedejyed ‘1e}ed H4 dd SNLVLS AWVN NOWWOD "¥ 3 7H UNyUeT}AUd “4 ° 7] wnnused wn tpodosAq 3V39V1G0d09A7 uoxewW (°7) SisusuLYyd Styawousyds AVAIVAVSONI1 *jadoj (*pney) Saplolj]yeaep er ydsoquapue, *yadop ("Vv 3 “H) WNSNIGO °s * ado ("V 8% "H) WN}e}OSaduUe] WNiuOlsOJeeudS *jado9 ("pney) WNAINDaT WNT puddeW AV3IV11AHdONSWAH "piney &}ausz Siz lwweID “A28SD 8H ("$1]Ney) SNuLostsewez SNsoydouapy AVAIVGTLIWWYY9 "Muapun ("WwiNg) Stueaul]) Styeydouesoig AVSIVINSHITI19 eulfesy (*pney) Suapuayds *9 "V8 °H (*wS) WnoNne]B °*9 "$yney Losstweys wnijoqia AVIIVINOSAIIA uoAd] ("pney) wnztsoduosep “sea wnul}inbe Wniptiaid 1Se4Jd (*quny1) esoblajzs etdayossiW AVAIVILGSVISNNAG AWYN OJIASTLNAIOS (°}U09) 381] 9849 JUe}d eauy BuLULeyy NyNYey 105 1986 VOLUME 25(3 X X X X Lan vemidid ‘ayoxayoy eme,nye, ‘ssasdAo ysuew ndo,o,tyLy ‘e6ut))Ay oUuoYyouoYq SULA Oe] 0)ey ‘ouel autd AauaUuoW autd yoo) eoW eow ajyoey a,eneq a,emne}) ‘a,eneq eow-endend ‘1tyeyx-neq uueW eSOqod]5 °5 uueW tAaydeeq e1uyed "udsa4 (ayx4e}]9) BaUeBIB -4ea eSNyqo SiJeysoa)g *23N0H SNotueAeT °5 "3SSEH (°q}30Y) SNI]OJLASIG SNsedAD "ASW “WV “9 Srsuanyem *5 SaaN TiueAaW Kase) AVIIVAAdAD "} ‘wWung BSN}}Ip ul jouMoD AVAIVNI TSWWOD *)6uj (,2upuy xa “puly) SNaune Snsdepulos ‘ds Uoupuepo)] tud “PYPY BF “QGNH (3049S) WNIONDIZUe “eA Bjua]NISa &1se50}09 AVIIVAV AVNOG31A LODONOW ‘ds snutd uog "q eeiped snug AVAIVNId “JOOH (*$ *3S4O4) STJEUUIN}OD Btseonesy 3V3IVIaVoNVUV AIVWYAdSONWAD "aneag (°7) Wnpnu -g "MS WN}eUe)dUIOD N}07)1Sd AVSIVLOTISd yrius “f (°7) Gheine iinipoqeyud * yado9 ( *wung) @ l puado}00s WNLIOSOJILW IVIAIVIGOdA 10d "| ny]Npuad mNSsso7yB1ydo AVISIVSSOIDOIHdO Kahuku Training Area Plant Checklist (cont.) SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATUS FR FH RELATIVE ABUNDANCE DENNSTAEOTIACEAE Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) Presl Pteridium aquilinum var. decompositum (Gaud.) Tryon DICKSONIACEAE Cibotium chamissoi Kaulf. - glaucum (Sm.) H. & A. splendens (Gaud.) Krajina la 1o GLEICHENIACEAE Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underw. GRAMMITIDACEAE Adenophorus tamariscinus (Kaul f.) H. & Grev. Grammitis tenella Kaulf. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hecondium recurvum (Gaud.) Copel. Sphaerocionium lanceolatum (H. & A.) Copel, S$. obtusum (H. & A.) Copel. LINDSAEACEAE Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium cernuum L. L. phyllanthum H. & A. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Ophiglossum pendulum L. POLYPODIACEAE Microsorium scolopendria (Burm.) Copel. Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Smith PSILOTACEAE Psilotum complanatum Sw. P. nudum (L.) Beauv. GYMNOSPERMAE ARAUCAR IACEAE Araucaria columaris (Forst. f.) Hook. PINACEAE Pinus radiata D. Don Pinus sp. HONOCOTYLEDONAE ARACEAE Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (Schott) Hubb. & Rehd. Philodendron sp. Scindapsus aureus (Lind. ex Andre’) Engl. COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa Burm. f. CYPERACEAE Carex meyenii Nees . wahuensis C. A. Hey. Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. C. javanicus Houtt. Eleocharis obtusa var. gigantea (Clarke) Fern. Gahnia beecheyi Mann G. globosa Hann Palai, palapalai Kilau Haputuli ti Haputu Hapu'u pulu Uluhe, uluhi Wah ine-noho-mauna Kolokolo, mahina-lua ‘ohita ku Palai-lau-li'i, palai hinahina Palai-lau-l hinahina Kilau, Palai-hihi , palai Palata, palapala'a Club moss, wawae-iole Club moss, wawae-iole Lau-kahi, puapua-moa Laua'e, Lauwa'e Laua'e haole Cook pine Monterey pine Taro, kalo Taro vine Honohono Kyllinga, kili'o'opu Harsh cypress, ‘ahu'awa Kohekohe, pipiwai "Uk: 1 2 3a 3b4 MEK X vOT ALGIOOS ‘IWOINWLOG NVIIVAWH YALLAISMaN 9861 (€)Se AWNIOA SOT NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 106 Xx X xX xX Xx Lyle] nynew ‘ssesbaoLy "} "yS4O4 DIePNIIGIO “gq X x wnjedsed eweued "9H WNeLuquiy dq X X X X X X tutytjyew n,new ‘sseub Oo] LH *Buog WnyebnTuod wnyedsed X X sses6 eauiny *boer wnuwixew wnotued XxX xX Xx X LNyNy OUOCYoUOCY ‘sseubyaxseg "aneag (°71) SN})e34tYy SNuswst}do X Xx sseubsasse]0W “Aneag BJO] INULW SUL OW X X enbeyef ‘sseu6 BulLyojeuL jdejys (saan) Ofns etuayssedAy X I sseuB tyid ‘tyId ‘sseubpueaq pa sim] "Aneag (°7) SN}4J0}UOD UObodoJajaH X xX X L,l]e atuatueuw “sseuBauim ‘sseuBasooy "ujsaey (°7) BDtpuL SUTSNSa)y X X eB, end-ae ny asng ("UlduL XO "YISL4) SUatInud etsezIbig X X eyn,-tyidiyid "UldL (723904) ‘sseubpueaq uap)}09 Snyzeynoioe uobodosAsy) X Xx sseubuabuly syayzea4 "MS BJEBIIA *9 X X sseibuabul} azeipey "MS ("1) eyetpes 5 X X sseubuabuly ud) ]0OMS UL] B}yeyFUL Sts0}zYD X X nje, awn, ‘unqpues uowwo) "7 SnNzyeuLYysa SNuysuag X X X sses6-etusojyijyeg ‘sseubeued jdeqys (*yS404) CSIyNW elseryoeug X X X ooqueg ‘ds esnqueg X X sseubyadsueo panea) -MOJJeN asey) Stul}yse SNdouoxy X X X X X X abpaswooig "7 SNOLULBIIA "VY X X sses6 Jap) lm "4LOdg SNzJePStse Uobodoupuy AVANIWVYD X X d Byld "7 &))Audequad -q X d toy ‘weA 433319 7] B4adziqyng easJooso1g AVIIVAYOISOIG X X X 3 e,eyn,nd ‘etyojony *pney wnsece) ePsodsoysudyy X X X X I niu-eye ‘14M, ewedoy (YUN) TluUeAaW ‘dss Saploostsew *W X I LANs eweAoy (*pned) e1joslysnBue eulsseysew penulyuosd AV3A9VesadAI 7 aS ESe eh SINVONNEVY SATLV134 Yd SNLVLS JWVYN NOWWOD SWYN JISTLNSAIOS (73409) 3S1]499YD JUe}d easy Bulules, nynyey LOT 1986 VOLUME 25(3 9’N3‘Q lu < < KCK KR KR Aa K tyndo, ‘imLy eny Lyndemy, eyey ‘autd masos Ol,9Ty nj}no7 wjed ajeg e,tew ‘eueueq aded e)ey yn, Las ty "tL sseubume}) asoueder passdoup uedlujsy ssesbuyed tuoda }e> n,new “)Le}xXo} ]eLUUaIad sseuBpoomua}9 oy ‘aued sebns dojpas }eeN uoBbodA}od y}31¢d wnzastuuad Asayzea4 sseubsuatden sseuBnAnyLy a0osoy (°]) Joquindez Jeqibuiz AVAIVYUSAEIONIZ “ds Snuepued *pney Basoque elyauloKadg AVAIVNVONVd "ds Bau0 SKoy "ds elpseyozidd “ds Xtus0ud AVW1Vd “Ja B3eD1}d $i}}0}BboyVedS “)puly (*qxoy) BTjosyeesnqueq eulpunsy 3V39VGIHONO ‘ds esnw 3V39VSNW "4g "3°N (uUeW “H) BaINe Syauiosayd "WV 8 “H SisuadimMpues &)]aUeTG yyuny (°71) SryeuTwsey SUT]ApIOZ 3V3OVITIT “PILIM BLjostnuay e1skoZ Aeusno | gy suAgoy ("JlOd) SNeudl Ize SNyoqoIJods ydeqys (*ua0y) eryosaewjed -S "aneag ("410d) B3eyNIUab eLsjeyas asey) (°1) Bd1pul Stdayorsses "7 wnseulsisyjyo whseysoes "qQNH “3 "9 ("P)1IM) Sueded GNsyAyeyouAYY "8H SN}dnijayuL UoBodA}od yYOty “9 "7 (°MS) WNSOJSS “q *yoeunyos wneindind -qg "}2SYyOH WNUL}Saepue]. WNJastuuad Kahuku Training Area Plant Checklist (cont.) SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATUS FR__FH RELATIVE ABUNDANCE 1 2 3a3b4 CYPERACEAE continued Hachaerina angustifolia (Gaud.) Koyama *Uki I x M. mariscoides ssp. Meyenii (Kunth) Koyama 'Uki, aha-niu 1 xx xX Rhynchospora lavarum Gaud. Kuolohia, putuka'a E x x DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea bulbifera L. Bitter yam, hoi P x D. pentaphylla L. Pita P x GRAMINEAE Andropogon aristatus Poir. Wilder grass x x A. virginicus L. Broomsedge x xed x x Axonopus affinis Chase Narrow-leaved carpetgrass x Bambusa sp. Bamboo x x Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf Paragrass, California-grass x x x Cenchrus echinatus L. Common sandbur, 'ume talu X x Chloris inflata Link Swollen fingergrass x x C. radiata (L.) Sw. Radiate fingergrass x x C. virgata Sw Feather fingergrass x x Chrysopogon aciculatus Golden beardgrass, (Retz-) Trin. pilipili-tula x x Digitaria pruriens (Fisch. ex Trin.) Buse Kukae-puata x x Eleusine ca (L.) Gaertn. Goosegrass, Wiregrass, manienie aliti x x x Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. Twisted beardgrass, pili, pili grass 1 x Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf Thatching grass, jaraqua x x Melinis minutiflora Beauv. Molassesgrass x x Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. Basketgrass, honohono kukui X x x x Panicun maximum Jacq. Guinea grass x x Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Hilo grass, mau'u malihini xX NUEXT EX x P. fimbriatum HBK. Panama paspalum x x P. orbiculare Forst. f- Ricegrass, Mau'u laiki x SE XGEX AEN’ Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Kikuyugrass x x P. purpureum Schumach. Napiergrass x x P. setosum (SW.) L. C. Rich Feathery pennisetum x x Polypogon interruptus HBK. Ditch polypogon x x Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C. E. Hubb. Natal redtop x x x Saccharum officinarum L. Sugar cane, ko Pp x Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Glenwoodgrass x x x Setaria geniculata (Poir.) Beauv. Perennial foxtail, Mau'u kaleponi x NXE x S. palmaefolia (Koen.) Stapf Palmgrass x x Sporobolus africnaus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay African dropseed x x Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. Japanese lawngrass x x LILIACEAE Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth Ti, ki P x x x Dianella sandwicensis H. & A. "Uki tuk E xX xX Xx Pleomele aurea (H. Mann) H.E. Br. Hala pepe E D,EN,C eka ING UX: MUSACEAE Husa sp. banana, mai'a X?P? x x ORCHIDACEAE Arundina bambusaefolia (Roxb.) Lindl. x x Spathoglottis plicata Bl. x x xX x x PALMAE Phoenix sp. Date palm x x Pritchardia sp. Loulu E x Roystonea sp. x k x PANDANACEAE Freycinetia arborea Gaud. ‘Netie E x xK x Pandanus sp. Screw pine, hala Pp x ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ‘Awapuhi kua hiwi, ‘opuhi P x x 90T ALGIOOS IVOINVLO@ NVIIVAMVH YALLAISMaN 9861 (€)Se¢ AWMIOA LOT NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 108 E| 2u0, $J404S Ppodoyebell “4seA SiSUaeyndnd *] Nn ‘VA 3 $f4auS 9 “Bag SUaIdIDap ‘yea Stsuaayndnd *T a'y'Na‘ IA 33 2uU01 "qS}}0y%S StSuaayndnd *T n'a 3 | "qS}}0yS B}eyNOUNpedi buoy “sea eupuelaw *T N33 3 2401 $$4OUS (*6aq) StSuaeyndnd -sea edsesouwAB *] qa 3 2u0, $$4aUS ("PqH) PdsesouWAB eipuesejdesjal "2 pue | sajzis Apnis ul puno} Aj isewtsd ase exe, ayy “*AysnotAaid ease stay} wou} pajz2a}])02 uaaq aaey Aay3 "(GS6L) $$404S WOsY UMeUp aye SaLtoads eJpuese}desjza! 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JINVONNEVY SATLV13a H4 Yd SALVIS SWVN NOWWOD JWYN JISTINSIOS (°}U09) 3S1]499Y4) JUe}d easy Bululess, nynyey 109 1986 VOLUME 25(3 < N50d‘n‘u’a =< x= Ke Rew KOK OK OK OK wow 2]3) end ’3)]3SLy} MOS aueges)} Aqqnuys ‘eayon)d tueyewed ‘J9MO}} ZStW BuLpeauds paamasuoy ‘aueqes)} epeue) eyol)}l ‘paamassoy Asley ayayend 2e)17 Asiep asje4 2 ]owWa }aW-end-a,eua,eN ouoyouoy-a) Lew ‘wn eJsaby eueweuewey ediy-aexny ‘ung-seys ‘anq-Autds Bao }0 poomuodl jea)}6uo07 euted ‘poomuout uowwo) 394} dijn} uedisyy 240, 240, 240, 2401 240, 240, 240, 240, "7 Snadesay}O SNyoUOS *ssej (°7) B}yesOpO eayonid ja6ay WniJedis wntsiozedn3 "7 Stsuapeued °3 "7 Stsuatseuog uosebt 43 "20 (F10M) BljosaeuelsJayea Saz1 YyoaI3 "Oa (71) BHOFFyouOS ery iwy "ysseH (°1) eqye e3d1j}94 "Vv 8 °H exe) erjneqna $#40Y4S (°]8) JOUTW “4eA BsojId Suspig 7 SaplozAuod wnjesaby "3Z2y (°7) BluaAe] euua}ySOUapy "3Z1y (714901) SyeI}SNe wWhuJedsoyyuesy AVLISOdWOD Aes) StSUSDIMpUeS &1}9}30IJJ9q AVIIVALSV1399 "gaits eone]B *5 "WHILIS BLjOFlzesinbsa eulsensed AVAIVNIYVASVS “Anesg ee ynuedwes eapoy eds AVIIVINONDIE ejpuese)desjol ‘ds eupuesejdesjay “ds espuesejdesjzal "ds eipuesejdesjal ‘ds Cupuese]desjal "ds Pupuese)desjal Jsuayus 9 *Baq BSOoUdA “4eA SisuaayNdnd -T $}4ays 3 “Baa BUOBII} “4 Bpodojebow “yea Stsuaayndnd -T{ Kahuku Training Area Plant Checklist (cont.) SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATUS FR__FH RELATIVE ABUNDANCE 1 2 30 3b4 DICOTYLEDONAE AMARANTHACEAE Charpentiera tomentosa Sohmer Papala E x ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera indica L. Mango, manako x KEKE RTE X Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Christmas berry, wilelaiki xX x XPM RY. APOCYNACEAE Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud. Maile E Kus Kig RaeXUeX! Ochrosia compta K. Schum. Holei EE ,R,En,c x Rauvolifia sandwicensis A. DC. Hao E XOX AQUI FOLIACEAE Ilex anomala H. & A. Kawa'u E x xX Xx ARALIACEAE Brassaia actinophylla Endl. Umbrella tree, octopus tree x xx x Cheirodendron trigynum var. Fosbergii Sher ff? Olapa E x Reynoldsia sandwicensis Gray ‘Ohe makai, ‘ohe-o-kai E x The genus Tetraplasandra is taxonomically poorly understood. Therefore, the following Hawaiian Tetraplasandra species are drawn from Sherff (1955). they have been collected from theis area previously. The taxa are primarily found in study sites 1 and 2. Tetraplasandre gymnocarpa (Hbd.) Sherff ‘ohe E D 1. gymocarpa var. pupukeensis (Deg.) Sher ff ‘ohe — E EN I. meiandra var. longipedunculata Skottsb. E D,U 1. pupukeensis Skottsb. ‘ohe — E& VL,EN,R,C I. pupukeensis var. decipiens Deg. & Sherff E vu, U I. pupukeensis var. megalopoda Sher ff ‘ohe E 1. pupukeensis var. megalopoda f. trigona Deg. & Sherff ‘Ohe 1. pupukeensis var. venosa Deg. & Sherff ‘‘Ohe E D,R,U,POEN Tetraplasandra sp. ‘Ohe E x Tetraplasandra sp. ‘ohe E x Tetraplasandra sp. ‘Ohe E x Tetraplasandra sp. ‘Ohe E x Tetraplasandra sp. ‘Ohe E x Tetraplasandra sp. "‘Ohe — x BIGNONIACEAE Spathodea campanulata Beauv. African tulip tree x x x CASUARINACEAE Casuarina equisetifolia Stickm. Common ironwood, paina x x x €. glauca Sieb. Longleaf ironwood x x x CELASTRACEAE Perrottetia sandwicensis Gray Olomea E x x COMPOSITAE Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Ktze. Spiny-bur, star-bur, kukae-hipa x x Adenostenma lavenia (L.) Ktze. Kamanamana 1 x Ageratum conyzoides L. Ageratum, maile-honohono x x xX xX xX xX Bidens pilosa var. minor (Bl.) Sherff x x x Dubautia laxa H. & A. Na'ena'e-pua-melemele E x Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. False daisy x x Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Lilac pualele x x Erechtites valeriansefolia (Wolf) DC. x x xx x Erigeron bonariensis L. Hairy horseweed, ilioha x x x E. canadensis L. Canada fleabane, horseweed X x Eupatorium riparium Regel Spreading mist flower, pamakani x x Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. Pluchea, shrubby fleabane x x Sonchus oleraceus L. Sow thistle, pua lele x x g0T AGALOOS TWOINWLOG NVIIVMVH YaLLaISMaN 986t (€)Se annIOA 60T NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY x Xx 7 nyew- Luexeul-ed *buy-*]]eNW Stsuadtmpues °g x x paam snyjue))Aud @ “P11IM x@ Ulayy St} Igap Snyjue}}AYd x X eBunds 33e43S04Ng "}ly e}eISOUd *j x 2 é°4eA StWIOFLZ NW *y x X -LyLYyeyx-040y4 ‘aBunds uapseg "7 eVary 3 x X 49]}994M “9° ("dS]] LW) BJazlsawoyB erquoydng X X X X E| aweyau ‘awey uuew wn) )AydAje}d euisapljuy x XxX X d INnyNy 4394} JnNuUaypueD "P1ITIM (77) Buesonjow Saziunayy AVAIVIGYOHdNSA X 3 01940, "ws wNzZe}UEP WNTULIDeA AVSINVI1YS X x xX X I ame Lynd “)19NW "4 C*weYyD) Serawerowezy e1}aydAyS AVAIVAIYIVd4s xX X X X 3 "qso4 (“waas) Tipuesgey]1y °G Xx X X X | ewe] “qsoj ("90°V) Stsuadimpues “dsqns eaijay SouAdsoig AVIIVNIGS X Xx 3SO4J poom osueW “S (°7) WNYyyedun}z euUL;NdISadO X I elueme, -1]e0y "4g "y eB}SabuOS *T xX XxX X JamMo0}4} UOCOW "7 eqye eaowody AVAIV INA IOANOD X X pseaqsymey }e UAL IO "9d (77) edtuodeT erbunox x X poomuod | "ssa] (°7]) BaseUuTD BluoUsa/A X ¥ 2)2)]-ne}) ‘uoLyapueg 4Jaqem (°7) a)yeULSTFFO WNdexeuey x x “ds @]]SIpsuxS panut3u0d 3V11SOdWOd oof &s ¢ tl JONVONNEV SAILLV15a H4 dd SNLVLS AWYN NOWWOD JWYN QIATLNSIOS (°}U09) 3SL] 9849 JUe)d eduy BuluLesy nynyey EL 1986 VOLUME 25(3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x xX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x< 22:43; 31:16" eee Sesrreesoneas 24; 21:16; 22:6; 24:23 25:45 — Committee, Conservation--14:2: 17:54: 18:56; 19:61,62; 20:4, TL, 22ff, 27; 21: 13,17, 19,22: 22: 4 10,93 23: 23, 24,26: 24:9FF,63; 25:6,33 Marie C. Neal Fund--lListed separately Native Foe aeay: 47,48; 16:60: 17:55; “Te: 56,58: 19:61; 50:13 20FF; :13,16: 22:5: 23:23, 25,26; 24:9,64; 25:10 publicity- 34: 23 Constitut ion/By Y Laws--18:56, 57: 22:8,10,11:;: 25: 2,43, 44 amendments to-—-18:57 forex 22:1ll[request or expenditures ; 25:43 residential succes— : on],44,69 excursions/fora S-~17: 55,63, Td, ie. 19:48, 22:6 7k “54: 10, 58, 64: 25:6 gifts/donations—-14: 53,55; 15:30,95: 16:2,34: 17: 78: 18:58; 19: ah; 58; 20:13, 23: 21:18; 22:7,8,9,11,19;3 24:11 Marie C. Neal Fund--listed separately mect 1:35 place--17:54; 21:20, 5:37,43,44 15:iv,3 ,26,473 16:11,6 633 255: 19:48, 56,58, 61; 20: 26: 21:12,20, 22: 5.7.9: 33:24: 34:8,19; 25:6,3 45,69,70 | corrigenda--14: iv index-14:2,54; 15:2; 16:63; 18:56 instructions to authors-- 14:19 officers—-14:11,2,38; 15:11, 2: 16: ree £11,533 18:55; 19:51,61; 20:4,27; 21:24; 22:2 23:23 24:2,7, 22,62: 25: 72,43, 43,44 Plant of the Month--15: 95: see also subject and con- tributor listed separately President Emeritus-—-19:47 Proceedings/Minutes--14:2, 22,39,53,54,58,122, 133; 30,34f£; 17:53££,63,77£E£; 18:8,55££; 19: A7EE, 56£E; 20:4,11,22£F, 27; 21:13€f; 33: 4£ 6: 23: 23fE: 24:8£E, 23,36; 25:6, 10,32,33,43££, 8£ nual Meeting--14:2 15:2: 16:29; 17:53 18:55; 19:51; 20:4 21:22: 24:12: 3 Joint Meetings, Audubon Society—--14:54; 19:59; 22:28; 24:8 Pacific Tropical ~ Botani- cal Garden--15:95; 16:66: 19:47,59 quest ionnaire--19: 45; 21:27; 22:73 24:26,63; 25:70 Student of the Year--14: 58, 122: 19:56; 20:22 Hawaiian botany--I17: 78; 21:25; Hawarzan Bromeliad Society-- Hawaiian Ecosystems, Sympo- sium--23:18; 25:30 Hawaiian Heritage Program-- 25334,46,119 Havarran Hibiscus Society-- Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 7 Hawalian invertebrates-—--14:54 porateat Islands, vegetation-- Hawaiian medicinal plants-- Hawaiian Palm Society—-19:48 Hawaiian [plant] specimens/ Leningrad ,Geneva-—-15:34 Hawatian lants—-see: native plant ( (s) Notes and News--16:73 payar ean Science and Engineer- Fair--14:35; 15:30, 46; & En rg. Fair—- 16:30,35; 17:54,63,77: 18: S57£E; 15:47, 59: 20:27; 21:15, 16; ~2224,10; 24: 12, 37,64: 25:38, a5 Hawaiian tarweeds--16:30; 18:3 Hawaii's botanical gardens—— 25:7 HEPIMES , D.E.--15:81 Hepat icae——-17:72fE Herbarium Pacificum--21:25fE£; 2:12 ne EDS: Hawaiian uses of--see: plant(s), ves pa ht »D.--14:32,33; 16:22; 7 et ¢D.--15:2: 17:79: 19:50; Hesperomannia—-—16:6 Hibiscadelphus--17: ba. 69,70 Hibiscus t liaceus—-23: 25 HIGASHINO,P.--22: 25° 25: 90 Higashino,P.--17:8 Hillebrand éo1leetion--22: 20 HIRANO,R.T.--16:69 Hirano,R.T.-—-19:60 Hobdy, R.W.--21:22 HODEL,D.--19:44, CofE, 63: 20:9 HOE, ,W.J.--14:18,51, 121; 15:26; | 16: 5; 17:69 Hoe,W.J.--14:77 Holt, aot atts. 20; 24:8 Holttum, R.E. ~-14: 123 Hong Kong—-25:32 Honolulu Botanical Gardens-- 14:26; 17:69; 19:60; 24:27, 63: 25:7. Honomalino ["Honomolino” J Forest-—-—20:9,2 Hoomaluhia-~—24:10,32,67; 25:73 Hoya—-17:78 hunter-gatherers--20:11 Hurov,H.R.--16:36 Hurricane Iwa--21:24; 22:12 Hwang,S.C.--18:28 Hypnea--17:81 — IBP--see:iInternational Biolo- gical Program ILTIS ,H.--14:95 Indonesia-—-19:62 In Gardens of Hawaii Project-—- 24:59; 25:80 insect- -plant coevolution-- 24:10 International Biological Pro- gram--14:3 International Botanical Con- gress-—-15:34 International Congress of Sys- tematics and Evolutionary Biology” 23: 2:17 International Seaweed Sympo- sium-—-23:25 ISHIKAWA,S.--14:80 island ecosystems--14:3; 16:37 Isodendrion--16:35 Isoetes—-16:67 Java-~21:14 Jones ,C.E.--18:57 Kaena Point--17:77 KAGELER,A.D.--23:7 Kahana Valley, Oahu--18:29 Kahoolawe--17:78; 20:13 Kahuku, Oahu--25:90 Kalapana Extension, Hawaii Vo Sales National Park-- 14:2; 257 Kaluaa citer -15: 23 Kanepuu-~—see:Lanai, Kanepuu Kapua Farms-——23:2 Kauai--20:13,23, 26; 21:8£E, 19,22; 23: 3, 25 Kauaiko Stream, Kauai--21:22 Kauila-15:52 Kawainul Marsh [swamp]-- 162372 1722: 25:32 Kay,E.A. ~=14:22 Kennedy ,H.--20:10 kiawe--24:69 Kilauea Forest Reserve--14:17 ioe ets Wilderness Marathon-—- Kipahulu Valley--20:4 ape a Gulch--25:46 »P.--203:25 — teak: 0.--14: 2; 15:48; 16:3 KNAPP, R.—-14:95 koa—-14: 7; 24:11,63; see also: Acacia koa haole--14:110; 24:63, 65,69££ Kokee--21: 8££,19; 24:11,12,63 Koko crater--17: 63:77; 25: 119 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 8. Ron Ay es a3 ats aes 44, 60FE,6 Ger Koolau summit, abeeeee cover-- 24:41 KORES ,P.--18:34 Kores,P.--19:49,5 Krauss, B.-=19: 51; Oa: 38 Krauss,N.L.H.--14:78 Kukui nut dyes--21:18 Lake Waiau--18:59 © LAMOUREUX,C.H.--14:26,69,82, 85; 15:14,24; 16:3,31,67; 17:6 65 Lamoureux,C.H.--14:47,123; 15:95; 16: 95; +5578, 80; T8:2,57; 19: 623 $3 223 12; 24:11 Lanai, Kanepuu--15:62; 16:4; 17:80; 18:8 land management--14: 81 Latin America--17:55 Lau,J.--25:33 Laupahoehoe—-21: 13££,17,19 League of Conservation Voters eu Say Lee,R.--24:12 cect 211,14f££,25,81: 5:53££: 16:36; 17: 55,63; 19:47; 21:16, 17, 15; 22:4,6, 33. 25:33 lobbyists for--15:30, 46 Lehua Maka Noe--23:13 Lepechinia hastata--16:76 Leucaena——24:42 Leucaena Newsletter--23:24 LEWIS,J.--24:8££ Lewis,J.--23:25; 25:32 Lichania, platypus--16: “77: lichens-—-15: 4,31 LIETH,A.--14:23 LIETH,H.--14:23 LIETH,J.H.--14:23 lightning—-18:9 Limu--14:107_ Linney,G.-—-23:24; 24: Lipochaeta--17:55, 19:4 Little,E.L. -=T5: 58 Littler,M.—-24:23 liverworts--I7:72££ lobelias--19:50; 24:64 logging--see: Kona, , Kokee, Lau- pahoehoe — Longwood Gardens-—-19:62 Lowery,D.T.--19:48 — Lowry ,P.P.--24:10 Lump in, T.--19:48 Lyon Arboretum——see: Harold L. Lyon Arboretum Lyonia--16:71 re Macadamia—-14:110; 19:62 MACNEIL,J.D.—-15:81 Madiinae-24:39 Madison,M.W.--19:52 Magruder, W.--16:35; 19:52 MAKA,J. --14: 2.22% 39, 53,54, 58, 122, 1233 15: a3 Makiki Environmental Center-— Makuchan,E.--18:58 Malaysia—-19:47 mamane--see:Sophora chryso- phylla mammals—-14:8; 17:48; see also:deer, goats, etc. mangrove ecosystems——21: 16 Manual of the Beng Plants --see:Guide to the Flowering Plants of Hawaii mao-—-—23:21 Marantaceae——20:10 marathon run--22:25 Mariana Islands-—-l14:72 Marie C. Neal Fund--14:2,53; 16:29,34: 18:58: 15:50, 58: 23224: 24: 10, 13,19, 23 Marquesas Islands—-15: 4) Marsilea villosa—-22:8; 25:10,45,46,119 Massey,J J.E.--18: 59 Mathias,M.—-16:66 Maul--20: £23: 21:19,22; 23:26; Maul, offshore islets-—-21:22 Maui Zoo & Botanical Garden-- 21:18; 22:11 Mauna Kea-~-16:30,67 McClellan,L.--15:2 McClellan,M.--15:2 McKenna,D.J.--18: 26 Melanesia—-17: Melbourne Hillebrand Collec- tion--22:30 mercury--I7: 81; 24:39,93£F Merlin,M. W.--15: 55; 18: 583 25: 119 Metrosideros—-22:13 Mezoneuron kavaiense--16:75 Miconia-—-17:63 Micronesia—-15:38; 17:78 MILLER,J.N.—--22:29 Miller,J.N.--22:10 Million Trees Of Aloha—-25:6 Miranda,D.--24:63 Miyano, L.—-24: 36 Moanalua Gardens Foundation-- 24:38 mokihana--14:63 Mokolii IsIand--17:78 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Mokueo Islet-—-17:78 Mokuleia--14:30 — monk seal--19:60 MONTGOMERY ,S.--15:27,62; 16:4 MeN OME tA So ascehs 16:23 Morocco—-16:34 Morrison, M.O.--19: 49,56 mosses——14: 28,74,78; 15:39,41; 16:5; T7:708f Mshig eni,K. E.-17:81 MUELCER— ~SOMBOLE-D. 20: 2: 21:23 22:33 muetler-Dombois, D.--21:14; 2:19 Mutt, w.--14:54 mullein--25:89 Munroidendron racemosum--— Murch,R. S.-7-15:59 Musci--14: 78: see also:mosses mushrooms—-14:84; 24:58 Myers,M.D.--17: ae Myrica faya-—24:1 NAGATA, K.M.--1L4: i. 50,80 Nagata,K.M.-—-25: 118 Names and Notes--14:33,53,90; 15:26 Nanewale/Hale Poa'’a--20:4 National PEE AS) ogi 8: 31: 19:50; 20:5 goats eradication--14: 214:8; Haleakala--17:iv,44; 18:30; 19:54,59: 25: 89 Hawaii Volcano—-14: 6£E£: 16:57: ie 18; 23:18; : 0, marathon run-—22:25 National Wildlife Week--20:10, 13; 22:7,8 native birds--15: 30; 16:5]; 17:48; 19:50; 20: 6fF_ native plant(s)—-16:73f£; 19:2; 20:23; 21:19; 25:70 diseases—-21:7, 22; 23:7, 13,33; 24:3,18; see also: ohia decline, yellows, etc. present status—-16: 60; 25:36 preservat ion—-14:38; 16:22F£; 17:80; 18:8; 19:18; 23:18: 24:72,78 propagation——14:59, 123; 5; 16:36; 17:80; T8:3,8: 24363 seed germinat ion--15: 35 usage--see:plant(s) usage Native Plant Committee--see: Hawaiian Botanical Society __Page 9 Natural Area Reserves-——20:24; 24:6,12,64; 25:43 Natural Resources Defense Council--25: 43 Nature STALIN S eral 23° 21:20; 22:3,11; 24:8; 25: 34, 46, 9 Nature Conservancy News-—-22:42 Neal,M.C.--see:Marie C. Neal necrology. Coker (Ho),A.--24:13 Gressitt,J.L., & Mrs.--21:17 Haas, ae P.--16:66; 18:6 Hartt,C.E.--24:13,19 Kuck. L-8. 216266 ene D. M.=-22: 12 NELSON ,R.E.--15:57 Nepal—-19: 61 NCPC eEee multif lora-—- New Caledonia-—-—24:10 New Guinea--see:Papua New Guinea New Hebrides--20:13 New Zealand--21:2,14,15; 22:9,33 Nifhtoa-—20: 233 22:17 Nims,S. ==25:10 Nishimoto, R. —--24:36 ce ap fixing trees-—— aE tiaed coon Hawaiian Islands --14:69,70; 17:75; 20:23; 22:17 Notes from the Lyon Arboretum --14:50,80 noxious weeds--19:45; 17:55; 21:27; 22:25: 23:23,24; Oahu, native coastal plants-—-19:2 plant surveys-—-17:2; 19:2; 24:68; 25:47,60,90 rarest plants--24: 8 OBATA,J.K.—-15:35; 16:74: 18: 31; 24:25; 25:74 Obata,J.K.—-17:80; 18:8; 21:13: 24:8,64 213: 25:6 decline--14:7,74,91: 15:10, 47: 18:9: 21:2: 24:41,93 Ohikilolo--16:3 opium poppy--18:58 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 10 orange spiny whitef yo Rar01 orchids-—-15:48; 18:3 ornamental plants—-14:110; see also separate listings oxalis rust-—-25:31 dl Sle paniculata-24:25, 26 Pacific Island forests-- 21:2,14 Pacific Island Studies and Notes--14:78 Pacific Science Association/ Congress—-14:85; 20:2; 24:24 Pacific Science Information Center-—-14:27 Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden--14:34,53,122; 15:2, 27,95: 16:2,34,66; 17:77,79 TE Le 19:47,59; 21:24 akalolo--24:19 alau--19:61; 20:14 palila--21:23 PALMER,D.D.—-16:60,73 Palmer ,D.D.—-16:35,36,67; 19:49: 20:22 palms--20:4 Panicum carteri--17:79 pape New Guinea--15:30; 9:49; 21:2,14 park(s)--see:National Park(s) PARMAN ,T.—-14:40 Pelea anisata--18:24 Peterson, B--22:12 Philippines, cave dwellers-—- 263 photorespiration--19:53 photosynthesis-——24:92 Ph SORE ENOES cinnamomi-— pigs--14:8,81,107; 15:42; 6:59; 17:49; 20:4; 23:26; 25:33,44,82,87 pill grass--14:108 pineapple--14:110; 15:37 pink-and-white shower--15:48 Piper methysticum--24:19 © plant(s), coevolution with insects-- collecting--14:84; 16:36,60 diseases-—-see:ohia decline, etc. & under native plants Hawaiian names-—-17:74 introduced, control of-- introduction of--16:78 native--see:native plant(s) plant(s), (cont'd.) Propagat ten eae? 15235; 24:63 ae ae eat 17:27, 54,78: 20:24: 21:13,18; 24:72; 25 ecunebotany vascular systems-——24:10 Plant Quarantine Division-- 14:35,91 plant survey(s)--14:95; 15:62, 81; 17:2; 19:2; 24:68; 25:47,60,90 — Platanthera holochila-- 16:74; 17:63 Pohakuloa--17:80; 20:24,27; 21:13££,17,19 pollTination--18:57 Polynesian medicine--17:79 Portulaca pilosa—-14:23 POWELL,E.—--24: 44 Pritchardia munroii ["monroei" ]--15:95 propagation of native plants-—- see:plant(s), propagee ten Pseudomonas glyc nea--15:59 Psittirosta--14:40 Pteralyxia—-16:35 Puerto Rico--15:58 Puu Kapele Forest Reserve-- 20:13 Puu Kohola Heiau National Historic Site--15:81 Puu Lua-Kokee Project——21:8ff£ Puuwaawaa-15:27; 24:10,12; 25:43,115 Quedado,R.M.--17:82 ueen's Beach--23:23,25; 24:68 abakonandrianina,E.--19:47 Ramalinopsis—-15:4 rats--14:8; 20:7 Raven,P.—-19:59 Recent Publications——14:26,69; 15:37; 17:69; 24:90 Recent Theses at Univ. Hawaii 59; 17:81; 18:24,59; 19:52££; 25:46 red leaf disease--24:3 Remya mauiensis—-20:22 Resource use conflict-—-24:24 rhododendrons-——19:49 | rice--16:48; 17:9£f Rock, J.F.--14:32 Roelofs,F.—--21:16; 25:118 Rubus—-25:72 Rundel,P.--21:19 RUSSELL,C.--24:19, 23,36 25:6,10,32,33,43f£,11 :ll££: see also: ,O3£E: 8f£ Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page ll Russel] ,D.J.—-14:53 Russel] ,G.--14:52 Saboski,E.M.—--15:59 Sagawa, Y.--16:67 ST.JOHN,H.--17:56; 24:43 St .John,H.--14:82; 17:78; 19:47; 24:65 Samoa--14:78; 16:36 Samuelson, A.--20:13 sandalwood-—16:30 San Salvador-—-24:23 Santalum--19:54 — Sato,S.—--14:58 Save Diamond Head Association Scaevola--15:95; 16:66 Soe .E.--21: TEE; 22:4fE; Schultze—-Motel,W.--14:72 Scinaia—-23:24 Scowcrof£t,P.G.--14:46 Sea Grant Program—--21:16 seagrass-—-—14:31 Sek Gh iF. -~=35 334 Sell .--14:242 Sesban ler: 21:6 sheep--14:12, 13fE, 46; 15:47 16:30; 20: 22: 24: 44; 25:82,87 — SHIGEMATSU. »K.--16:29,34f£, 7 Shigematsu, K.=-22:11 SIEGEL,B. Z,.--24:79; 25:11 SIEGEL,S.M.--24:79; 25:11 Silene—-24: 9 silverswords-—see:Argyro- Xiphium Simon,C.--21:24; 23:25 Smith,A.c.--l14: 80 Smith,C.M.--19:53 SMITH,C.W.--14:55,84; 16:6,63; 22:16; 24:65; 25: 69 Smith,C.W.--16:31; 19:59 smith,L.c.--14:55; 22: Bet 19; see also:Cranwell,L.M SMITH,L.L.—-16:37; 17: 2° Smith,R.F. -~-33:19 SMITH,W.K.--24:42 Society Islands-—-15:39 SOHMER ,S.H.--14:90; 15:23,49; 21: 25; 22:22; 24:58, Sohmer,$ .H.--20: 223: 22:10 Sophora chrysophylla--14: 40; eopeces purusophulia var. auensis-—-16:7 SORENSON ,J.C.--16:7 18:9 Sorenson,J.C.--I9:58 _— South China--24:79; 25:11 soybean pathogen--15:59 Spargo,D.-—-14:90 SPENCE,G.E.--15:62 Spence,G.E.--14:2; 15:2,27 Spermolepis--25:4 a4 spiraling whitefly--19:49 Spoehr,H.--—20: 23 stand structure--25:47,60 STEMMERMANN,L.--15:24; 16:77; 18:23; 25:72,90 — stemmermann, ie 16: 30; 17:80; 19:5 Set ie kanehoana-—-16:74; 18:8 Steward,F.C.-—-14:39 Stone,B. C.--19247 STONE, C.P.--22:25 STYLES ,B.K.-—-23:55 succulents—-24:19 Abas ULE 107; 15:37: 6:50; 17:9; 24: 2305 Sutton, Ss. B.——Lata2 Sweden—-24: Li sweet potato--14: 77, 107; 16:78 TABATA,R.S.—-19:2 Tabrah,F.--17:79 TAGAWA, T.--15:7 Tahiti--20:25 Taiwan-—-25:32 Talbot ,D.--25:6 Tamar icaceae——18: 23 Tapa-—-21:13; 22:23 taro--14: 107; ~16:28,48; 17:8f£ tarweeds-—16:303 18:3 TAUSSIG,S.-——18: 6 TAUSSIG,S.J.—--18:6 Templeton, A.--24:9 Tetramolopium- <5: 48 Tetramolopium filifor 15:35 Teves,G.--l15: Theobald WL. eve 2,34: Thirteenth Pacific Science Congress-—-14:85 Thronis,J.H.—-14:58 Tibet--20: 25 Touw,M.—-20:25 tree fle ae :10 Tse y Program--19:62; 20:4; tropical America--19:48 Sheen drift seeds, fruits-—- tropical fruits--25:35 Trotter,F.--18:55 — Uncinia uncinata--16:77 Urera kaalae--25:74 Urticaceae--17:79; 18:25 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 12 vegetation, Hawaiian--see: Hawaiian Islands vegetation a aaa Sagi after ire--14:74; 16:39; 17:16; 18:9; 35:72: see also: fire vegetation zones——14:42,1 5:66,85; 25:95 Verbascum thapsus—-25: 89 Vicia menziesii--18:58; 19:56 Virgin Islands--15:58 Wadsworth, F.H.--15:58 Wagner,W. H.--22:28 eh lista sW.L--235224: 24:9; Wahiawa. na anie Garden--19:48; 24:30£€E Walaleale--19:50 Waianae Mts.--18:57; 25:119 Waiehu Heights, | Maui--24: 9 Waikamoi Reserve—--22:ll; 23:24 Waikiki Aquarium—--21:16; 23:25 Waimea Arboretum [and Botani- cal Garden]--14:31; 15:47; fee er 17:78; “To: 60; “31:23: Waimea Falls Park--see:Waimea Arboretum Ward,D.--21:14,16 WARSHAUER,F .R.--16:57 Warshauer,F.R.--16:67; 17:80 Wau Boone ey Insti€tute--15:23 16:34,66; 17:63,78; 19:50; 20:27; 22:11 Part 2 PLANT GENERA Abutilon--14:105: 15:70EE, B89EE: 17:25: 19: 38; 20: 24; 24: 72: 77,78: 25:10,35 Acacia--14: 27,43, /6, , LOOEE; 15:33 ££: l 6,27,29 19:5: 21:4: 23 4230.3 35; 24:6 77,80£F; 25:43, 63FE, a7 81,93EE Acaena--14: 104 Aes teres chia 25:22 Acanthochiton—-L aan Acanthophora--14:35,5 Acanthospermum--15: 53. 25:109 Acer--18:6; 24:81: 25:16 Achyranthes--17: 55, 22: 19:9£f£:3 24:65: 25:35 > Acnida--15:49 2; Wedelia—--16:35 weeds/weed control--18:57; 24:36; 25:3,30,45,48,79; see also: noxious weeds; see also separate ehh s WEISSICH,P.R.--24:27 Weissich,P.R.--I7:55; 19:60; 22:7, 19; 24:63 Wester, L.P.—-19:58 whistler, W. A.--14: 54; 16:36; 20:25 WHITEAKER,L.D.--17:38 Whiteaker,L.D.--18:30 Whittier,H.O.--16:5 Wichman, C.—-22: ae Wilkesia——-24:38: 2 WILLIAMS, ,J.--19: sf sate; 20:4 Wirawan, N.--18:29 WIRAWAN,S.--Index to the News-— letter [vols.1-13] Wirawan,S.-—-16:63 Wong, A.--14:18 wong: »D.C.L.--18:24 Woodbury ,R.O.--15:58 oot ney K.R. -=J4: 59; 16:75; Woolliams ,K.R.--15:47,95: 16:23 17:54: 13:51,60 yams--14:107 yellows disease--23:7 Yen,D.--17:63 YOSHIDA, L.--25: 90 Yoshida,L.--14:122 YOSHINAGA ,A.¥.—-14:95 Zablackis,E.--23:24 * Acrides-—-—24: 88 Acrocarpus-—~—24:84 Act inodaphne-—24:81; 25:22 Adenanthera—-23:35 Adenophorus--14:27,120; 21:23; 25:35,104: see also: Amphoradenium Adenostemma——14:112,119; 15:109 Adiantum--24:88,89; 25:18, 23,38 3 Aerobryo sis--17:73 Agave--15:74; 24:75; 5:17,81 Agerat ina—-25:83 see also: Eupatorium — Ageratum——-14:112; 15:79; 17222; 22:26, 273 24:753 25:109 Agrobacterium—-25:19 Agrostis-—-17:44 Ahnfeltia--14: 55; 19:52 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 13 Albizia {and Albizzia]-- . 23:31,35; 24:80,84; 25:48f£, BI, 94E£E£ Alectryon--25:35 Aleurites--14:70,107££; 15:4; 18:29; 25:95£E Allamanda--17 : 22 Allium--25:I2 Allmania-——15:49,50 Alnus--23:35 Alocasia-—-15:42 Aloe--24:77: 25:17 Al hitonia--14:103; 15:52; 7:58 Alpinia—-1l7: 263: 25:13 Alstonia-=Ts: 39, a2; 25:18 Alternanthera—-17: 21,56; 24:75 Alyxia® “14: 272,100,101; 15265, 7,143: 17: 59, 76; 25:108 Amaranthus--L5: 49, 913 3 17:21; 22:17: 24:75: 25: 10,24 Amomum-—24 : 86 Amphidium--15:41 Amphoradenium--14:27,101,120 see also: Adenophorus Anagallis--15:77; 17:26,82 Anaphalis-—-17: 43 Andropesen 18: 27,59,63: 17:41: 258; 24:65,71, 76: 25: 31, 72,83,93EE£ Angelica—-25: 18 Angraecum—-24:8 An codue.-2ezi9 Annona [Anona]--24:89 Anoectochilus-—-18:34F£ Anomodon--—25 : 23 Anthocephalus-—-—24:80fFE Anthoxanthum--14:113 Anthurium-—24:29 Antidesma--15:72: 17:58,76; 24:80: 25:22,93£F Ant igonon-—24: a Apetahia ["Ate ape. J--20:25 Apometzgeria——17:7 ADterantha- 15249 Arachis-—-25:12 Araucaria—-15:73; 25:105 Archontophoenix——25:22 Ardisia—-25:98,113 | Argemone--14: 104,120; 19:40 a Tose ss --14: 43, 65,71, 15:37: l7: 43,4 9,51, 24,30: 21:26; 24: 39, E; 25:35,44 Aristida--15: 86 Aristolochia-—-14:84 Artabotrys--25:13 Artemia—-14:75 Artemisia—-15:12,20; 17:47: 19:31: 25:28 Arthrolophis-—-16: 8 Arthrostemma—-—25:81,112 Artocarpus--14:76,107,120; 15:4; 17:28; 20:16: 22: 24; 34:80, B95- 25:22 Arundina--18:40££; 24:80; 25:107,112 Asarum—-25:18 ga at ee 2101,104; 17:28; Astelia--14:101 Aster--19:31 Asystasia--17:21; 24:65,75 Atepahia--see:A etahia Athyrium--14:10 25:99,103 ge 105; T5:87£E: Auricularia--25:13 Avena--14:113 Averrhoa ["Averroa” ]—-24:89 Axonopus-——25 : 106 Azotobacter--16:16 Baccaurea--24: 86 Bacopa--17:26; 19:3,42 Balanopsis—-25: 22 Bambusa--14:107; 17:28; 25:22,106 dap ee EE Barleria--24:7 Batis--14: fia. "15: 87,91: 24: 71,75 Battarrea--15:85,90 Bauhinia--15:4 Bazzania-—-25: 23 Beilschmidia--22:34 Benincasa--—25:81 Betula--24:81 Bidens--14:75; 15:20,38,52,69, 79,88; 77422. 62: 19:13,31; 22:26,27; 24:75; 25:35,109 Bikkia-—20:15 Bleasdalea--14:75 Blechnum--24:80; 25:103 Bletia--18:44 Bobea--14:76,99££: 15:70£€; 17:61: 25: 93FE Bocconia--15:38 Boehmeria--17: 28: 18:25: 22:23 Boerhavia--15:72,87; 19:6,40; 24:70,77: 25: 23 Bonamia——14: 119,120: 15:77; 18:59: See_ also: Breweria Borreria-— Bosea--15: 13° Bougainvillea--25: 114 pee cn ere eo “JOFFE: L/s4tE; Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 14 Brachymenium--14:79 Brassaia—-17:22; 18:29:29; 25: 51££97,108 Brassica—-24:92; 25:12,24 Breweria--14: 102, 103, 119, 120: 15:65: see also: Bonamia Baan a--14:99; 15: aan 19:3; 212: 2429,78: 25:3 Brequs 2eeRA BroussaisSia—--17:57,76: 25:116 Broussonetia--14: 107; 17:28, 29; 22:23; 25:22 Brucia--25:13 Bruguiera——14:114,120; 20:17 Bryonia-—25:3 Bryophyllum--14:111,120; see also: Kalanchoe Br ture Ee 2793 152393 Buddleja--17: 24: 25:112 Bulbophy11lum—-24:88 Bulbostylis--22:27; 24:80 Burcke Lia--15:42 Butea-—-24:87 | Cacatua——20:18 Caesalpinia-—-15:75 Cajanus—-—23:31 — Calamagrostis—-15:68,69; 17:41 Calamus-—- 25:22 Calathea-—-16:70 Calliandra——23:31 Callicostella—-17:70 Calomnion--17:70 © Calophyllum—-14:30,107; 24:78 eaten repus ["Calotropis"]-- Calymperes—-14:79; 17:70 Calypogeia--I7: ] po ? ij 272 Came a--16:22: 24:80; 25:1 7EE Campanula--25:4 Camphusia--14:67; see also: Scaevola Campy lopus--14:79; 17:70,71 Canaval a--14:102, ro 15: 72: 17:24,27,29: 1933 24:80 Canthium--14: 1033 i: -52, 70FE£; 19:41; 24:78; 25:97 TEE capparis- =14:104; oy 34: OFE: 24:72£F,7 capsicun—-{7: 2263 igs 31; 24:88; Cardamine--25:13 Cardiospermum-—-—17:29 Carex—-15:38; 25:105 Carica- =I7: 22; ~ 20:17; 24:89; 25:23 Caryota--24:85; 25:22 oem ypc ["Casimirosa"™] Soe 112,120: 15:38, 8,68fEF: 17: 24; 19:37: Ba Ti, B0FE: 25:63,111° Cassytha--15: 34,75; 19:37; 25:111 CaStanea—-24:81: 25:16f£€ Castanopsis—-—24:81; 25:16ff Casuarina--15:38, 74; “T7: 22: 20:16, ae “233 31; 24:75, 81; 25: 72,8 cattieys--{6: 241; sti 88 Cecropla—-25:22,5I1F£,112 Cenchrus-—-14:75,108, 113, 120; 15:73,84: 17: 33, 56: 18: 23: 24:76: 25: 106 Centaurium--14:104; 19:11,36; 25:111 Centella—-l4: ae 25:117 Cephalandra--25:3 Cephalanthus-—25:11, 22 Cephalo entandra—-25:3 Cephalotaxus—-25: 13258 Cephalozia-—-—25:23 Cerastium-——25:24 Ceratopteris—-17:26 Cetrariastrum--25:18 Chamaesyce--15: Chamissoa--15:49 Chara--19:53 — Charpentiera--15:23, 49; 17:75; 2 95FE @ v e Cheirodendron--14:26,70, 100,120; 25:98,108 Chenopodium-—15: 34: 87,91; 17:22; 19:31; 22:17; 24: 75 chloris—-14: 1li, T13; 15:86; 4: i: 19:4f£; 24:65,72,763. Chnoospora-—-18: 25 chrysopogon—-14: £108,113: Cibotium—-14:27,70,72,100,102; 15:35: 16:59: 17:27, 293 18:10, 26; 24:81; 25: 104 Cinchona--24286 Cinnamomum-—24:80fF£; 25:16,22 Cirsium—--15:70,79 Cissaimpelos—-25: 13 Citharexylum--25:48£E Citrullus--15: Pee 25: 12 Citrus-—-24:895; Cladium--—I6: 38, i 17:2££,29 Cladocarpa--l?7: ee Cladonia--15:31, Clermontia--14: oe 100; 17:62; 25:93£FE Clerodendron--17:26 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 15 Clidemia--14:25,60,80; 15:9; 16:36; 17:63; 18: 57: 19:47, 56; 21: 18; 24: 25,26,423 25:83FF, 93EFE Clitoria--24:77 Coccinia-—25:3£E€ Cocculus--14:102,103; 15:69fE€; 17:29: 15:39; 25: iio Cocos--15:86, 91; “I7: 30; 19:49; 20:16; 24: 77 Codiaeum——25 : 22 Coe logyne--24: 88 Sage :T07; 24:86,92; 16:78; 20:17; 24:66,88,93; 25:12,105 colubrina--14: 103; 15:53; 16:74; 19:41 come] ina->14: 111; 15:74; 17:5££; 24:75: 25:105 Comptonia-—24: 16 Conyza--17:22 ee aS ec £103,120; 17:47; 9:51; cordia~-20zi6; 24:78 Cordyline--14: ae i 16:70; 17:24, 25: 51fE, 95, 107 Coriandrum--25:13 Correaria--25:17 Cot toniella--24:90 Crataeva--25: Cressa-——19:33 Crossogyna--—17:75 Cressa—-19:33 Crotalaria ["Crotolaria"]-- 14:112££,120; 15:38: 17:24; 22:26,27: 24:77,87; 25:111 Croton-—16:31, 76 Cryptomeria—-24: 79, 25:20,21 Cryptostrobus-—25: 26 Cucurbita-—25:12 — Conn ah enna ee: 20 Cuphea--25:112 Cupressus~~24: 79 Curcuma ["Curocoma" J--25:45 wise ot 2105; 19: TEE, 34: Cyanea—-14:75,99,100; 17:62; 25:35, 04££ Cyanotis--25: 17,19 Cyathea--20:17; 22:363 25:23 Cyathophoretta—-I7: 70,75 Cyclobalanopsis-——25: 20 CYC BOLUS a1 Or 41; 17:5f€; 253103 cymbidium--24:88 24,74; si73 Cymbopogon--14: ee Cynanchum--25:17,1 Cynodon--14:112, 113: 15:68E£E£; 19:13; 24:76 cyperus 14: 112, ee 15:38; 7:4££,30; 19:3 ,253 22: 26, 27: 24:81; 35:10 05 cyrtandra--14:3, 4,99,100; 17:60: 24:41; 25: O5FE, 118 74:70, 76 Dalbergia-—-—23:32,35 Danthonia--I17: 41 Datura—-15:4 __ Davalia—-24:81; 25:23 Delissea-—-lL4: 99: “I7: 62; 20:21 Delonix--15:4 Dendrobium-~-18:41; 24:88; 25:14,17 Dendrocalamus--25: 12,22 Derris——23:34 214 Descham sia~—Laiti3; 17:41,49 Desmanthus--15:75,85,895; 17:24: 24:77; Bee 111 Desmodium--14: $177" 15°75: 17:24; 25:63, lll Dianella [*Dionella® 17172305 23:24; 292107 Dianthus-—15:3 Diaporthis~-22:15, 16; 24:18; Dicranopteris-—-16:16; 18:16, 27,29: 20:17; “35 23, 93, 104 see also:Gleichenia Dictyophora-—-25:18 Dictyopteris-— BLE 27 Dictyota--18:2 Digera--15:49 aes eee £112,120; 24:76; Dionella--see:Dianella Ds OS CoHeanS 14:107; 25:12, Diosbyros--14: £103,120; 15:52, 24:89: 25: 93FE Dipterocarpus-~-24:56 Dirinaria--17:69 — Dissotis—-15:38 Dodonaea--14:103; 15:52,75; 17:47; 24:5,9 9,813 25% 116 Dolichos--25: ive 19 Doodia—-25:103 penyOp ena wmLctees 15:86; Dotyella--24:90 Dracaena--14:103;: 15:40,65: 20:18; 24:82; 25:95; see also:Pleomele Dracontomelon--24:84 Drosera—-14:104,120 Dacty loctenium—- Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Drymar ia--—22:26,27 PEyeDe CAS rae 2413 24:88,89; Drypetes—-19:49; 20:9; 25:9,35 see also:N Neowawraea Duaban a~~24: S0FE 17:62, 64EF: 18: 3EF, 3 TS: 24:39,40; 25:35,44,10 see also:Railliardia Ecdysanthera—-25:15 Eclectus—-20:18 Eclipta—-17:22; 25:109 Ectropothecium--14: 79; 17:70 Fichhornia--16:37EF£: 17:5£E Eleagnus ["EIaeagnus"]J—--25:81 Elaeocarpus--15:52; 17:31; 20:18; 24:81; 25: 13,16, 93£E Elaphoglossum-—14:10, 120; Eleocharis--17:23; 25:105 Elephantopus-—-1l7: ae Eleusine—--14:113; 17:23: 22:17: 24:76: 25:106 Elodea——14:35 Emilia--—15:69,90; 17:22; 24:75: 25: 109. Engot hea’ 223 Endot ta oaris. 16; 24:18; gndoirichellopsis--17: 270 En ee Entada--15:57 Enterolobium--—23:35 Ephedra--25:18 — Epidendrum--18:41f£ Epipremnum--I7:22 Equisetum--24:94; 25:23 Eragrostis--14:108EFE; 15:41, 86; 19:5££3 22:17: 22:26,27 Erechtites—-25:109 Eremochloa--14:112 Eria-—-24: ae Erica--17:4 Erigerowe-1s: 75; 25:109 Eriobotrya--25: 81 Ervatamia—-14:75 Eryngum-~-25:13 Erythrina--14:102f£:; 15: Sauer 19:4,37; 21:14; 23: ,77,78; 25:53££ espeletiancif: 243 eat Se =14:28, 76; 15:42, Ey 17247; 21:4,7: 24:81: 25:24,60 Eucheuma——24:91 pers, daeiet 16:59; 17:25; 8:29: 74:81f£; 25: 22, B1,93ff: see also: o:Sysygium Page 16 Eupatorium—-17:47; 24:88; 25:109; see “also: Ageratina Euphorbia’ s 15:41,72EE£; 7:23,58; “19: 6f£; 24: 42, 70, 76,78; 25:14EE. 33, 35,110 Eup lassa--14:75 Euptychium-~17:7 Eurya [{"Euryua” \ 21: 11 Evernia——25:18 Exidiopsis—-24:95 Exobasidium—-24:4,5 Exocarpos ["Exocarpus" J-- 14:103,120 Fagara--17:57; see also: Zanthoxy lum Fagus—-—24:80,81; 25:20 Feiljoya-——25: 81 Festuca--17:4] Ficus—-16:38,53,7 24:80EE; 25:22, Fimbristylis—-19: death eae 51, 17:70,73,74; za Flaainol ina. 26: Plaveckae oacka Tt Floribundaria--17:70 Foeniculum--15: Fragaria—-17:47 Frankenia-——15:38 Franklinia——16:22 Fraxinus--25:61 kt be ike BO eat 15:40; pritiania-ni7s e713 25:23 Fuchsia—-25:81 Funaria--17:73; 25:23 Gahnia--25:105 Gale--24:16 GaleatelIla—-15:40 Ganoderma--—25:18 Garcinia--14:31 Gardenia—--14:30; 15:62£€:; 17:61; 25:10, 35,93 ££ Garova lia--17: 70 Gastrodia—-25:19 Gelidiella—-17:82 Ge lidium--17:82; 24:90 Geniostoma-——15: 3 cera eta 2120; 17:47; UNOS Gleditschia--25: 16 Gleichenia—-14:101,120; 18:27 see also: Dicranopter Ss Gliricidia—-23:32 Gloriosa-—-25:17 Gnaphalium--15:90 Goodyera--18:36f£; 24:88 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 17 SER reer 19:5£E; 24: 78 Goulania—-25: 35 Gouldia—-1I4:100; 15:12,20; 25:98,115 Gracilaria--14:55: 24:90,91 Grammitis—-14:101; 25:23, ee Grevillea--15:74; 25:82,1 Griselinia—--22:37 Gulubia-—-20:18 Gunnera--14:101;: 18:58 Gymnodinium-—-18:24 — Gynandropsis-——15:89 Habenaria--18: 37EE: 20:24 Haematoxylon--23: 35 see also:Platanthera Halocaridina—-18:24 Halophila--14: oy deat rey cia ae S—-15:72; 19:50; 24: 5,100 Hedece- 26781 Hedychium--14:108,120; 25:7,82 Hedyot is + 142120; 15:38; 19 7 24:81; 25:22 see also: Rogue Heliconia-—-17:2 Heliotroplume- 1s: 38,88,93; 19:3f£: 24:75 Hemsleya—-25:17, 19 Heracleum-—-25: 18 Herbst ia--17:75 Hericium {"Hericeum", "Herice- rum” J--25:18, 20 Hesperomannia--17: 62 Heterocentron--25:81 ets Mert ee Pant ee ,15;38; 18:23: 19:5 263 2106 Hevea--24: SOFE: 25:14F£ Hibiscadelphus—-I4: 27,673 17:54,69,70: 25:10, 35 Hibiscus—-14:65,82, 100, 107; 15:39,72: 17: TFE,3 8; 19:3, 39; 20:16, ae +538 23:3 24: 78, 79, BI: 25: 97,112 Hillebrandia——14:101 Himanthocladium-—-17;70 Hodgsonia-—-24:83; 25:17 Holcoglossum—-24:89_ Holcus--14:113 Homaliodendron--25:23 Homalium-—-24 : 86 Horsfeldia--24:82 Hoya--17:78 Humata-—24:89 Hy direc Scpe us—-14:33; 24:86 Hydrolithon--1I4:71 Hy locereus--24:75 Hymenophy 1 lum--14:101,120 see also: Sphaerocionium Hyparrhenia—-—25: 106 Hypnea—-~—14:55; 17:73,80 Hypnodendron--14:79 Hypnum-—~25: 23 sedan { "Hypochaeris” J-- 17:47; 22:26,27 Hypopterygiu = 744270 Hypotrella--25:18 8 RC 2) ec ex--15:37; 25:108 Impat 1ens—-17: 22 Indigofera—-14:112; 15:75; 17:24; 24:77; 25:111 Indobanalia-—-15: 49,50 Inga--23:35 Intsia--20:18; : 33 32 Isoetes—-16:67 Ixerba—-22:34,39,40 Ixora--20:17: 24:81; Jacquemontia—-14: 105; 15:41, 77,83££; 17:60; 19:7EE; 24:70, 76 Jambosa--14: 107,120: see also: dia ezar “Syzygium Jamesoniella--17:75 Jatro ha—-24:81,82 Joinvillea--17:56 Jubula---17:72 Jungermannia--17:76 Juniperus—-—24:79 Jusslaea—-16:38 Kadua-—-—14:99,120; see also: Hedyotis Kalanchoe--14:120;: 24:76 see also: :Byrophy1Tum Kermadecia--14: Ketelaria-—-24:79 Keysseria--14:120; see also: Lagenophora Kokia-14:67; 15:34,72; 19:50; 25:35 Korthalsella-—-25:112 Labordia ["Labordea"]--14:100, 121; 17:59 Lactuca--25: 12 Lagenophora—-14:104,120; see also Keysserla Lagerstroemia--25:112 Lagrezia—-15:49 — Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 18 Lantana ["Lanatana”™]--14:30, 82,112; 15:68E££: 16:59; 17:40; 15:5: 20: ne 24:71, 78: 25:63.83, 86,97,117 Laurus—-24:80 Leichardtia—--15:42 Le jeunea—-25:23 Lemna--17: Lentinus | c" Lentinius” J--25:20 Leonotis-—-24:77 Lepechinia——16:76 Lepidium--19:10, 35 Leptorchis--18: 38 Leptospermum-—25:98,113 Leucaena--14: 28,110, 111,120; 15:38, 70,75, 85, 89: 16:53, 59; 17:24: 19: 3: 23: 33; 24: 42, 63,65, 66,70, 77,81, 87: 2225582, 97,111 Leucobryum--17:70; 25:23 Liagora—-24:90 Libocedrus—-22:35 Licania--l7: Lindera--24: Bee 25:16,22 Lindsaea--25:2 Linociera- “$33? 32 Liparis—-18:35£F Tg83,62; 18: °33,105,120; 7:55,62: T9:2€€; 31££,47,5 0; 4: TOFE, 783 29-35 iene ates Lithocarpus——25:17£E£ Lithophy lum--14:74 Litsea—-24:81 1;°25: 13,22 Livistonia—--25:22 Lobelia-—-15:40; 17:42,43,51 Lobophora--18: 27 Lotus—-15:38 Lucula--Ssee:Luzula Luculia--25:81 Lucuma—-24:89 Ludwigia—-17:4,5,253; 24:77; 25:114 Lupinus-——17: 43 Luteidiscus-—14: 75: 17:62: see also:Tetramolopium Luz he ahs Lucula"J--14:113££, ipelaseciae 105; 19:6,42 Lycopersicon—-15:88; 17:26; 19:52; 24:78 — Lycopodium—-14:101; 20:18; 24:41; 25:23,104 Distr oe 69 yngby ya--18:24 ie loma—-I4:28; 15:38 Lysimachia--15: 20; 3. 19:41 sie eek Bie 110,120: Macaranga-—25:5l1lE€£ Machaerina--17: 32; 25:106 Macrocystis--14:52 Macrom trium--14: 79,101; 17:70 Macropiper--15:42 Maesa-—~—20:19 Magnolia—-24:79 Mahonia-—25:18 ere nacre 1a 76; 24:27 Mammea—-14:30 | Mangifera—-20:17; 24:81,89; 25:97,108 | Manihot—-20:17 Manilkara--24: ae Marchantia-——25: Bere e tae aee. 25: 22:8: 24:72: ete 45,46, T19 Maytenus-—24: 82EFE Mecodi um Reccndainn j-- 25:23,104 Melaleuca--16:38, 43: 17:5£E£: 25:22,81, 94££ Melinis-—-15:52,68; 22:26,27; 25:63,83,95£E Melochia--15: 38; 25:81 Mentha--25:12 Merremia——15:85,88; 17:23; 24:76; 25:45 Messerschmidia--15: 58,88,91: 20:16; 24:70, 75,78; see also: Tournefortia Mette Sideros—-—142:26,30,43 OfE: 15:52: 16:38: 17 sSE£E,2 e922 253 Metzgeria--17: 372,75 Mezoneuron--14: 2103, 120; 16:75; Miconia—-17: 63 Microlepis-—-25:104 Micromitrium--14:101 Microsorium—--17:27: 25:105 Mimosa--14:112; 17:24; 22:26, 27: 23:33; 25:Til Mirabilis--17225; 25:114 Mniomalia—-14:7 Mogheniac oerey Momordica--15:78; 17:23; 24:76 Monochoria-—17 : 26 Monodora--14:72 Monoselenium-——-17:72 Morinda--14:72; 15:39; 24:81; 25:22,95,115 Mucuna--17:24: 24:41 Muhlenbeckia-—-25:81 Munroidendron--18:3l: 25:35 Musa—--14:108,120: 17: 25,323 20:17; 24: 79, 88: “35: LIFE, 107 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 19 Myoporum—-14:3,82,103; 15: TOEE; 17:75; 19:5f£; 24:70, 77,78 Myrica--15: 38; 16:59; 24:14FE£; 25:83,85 Myristica—-15: 57 Myrsine--14:70; 15:37,38,52, 71,773 17:59: 22:35; 25: 113 see also:Rapanea, Suttonia Nama—-15:105,120; 19:7,37; 24:70,76, 78 . Nandina-—25: 31 Nania--17:58 Narcissus-—-25: 26 Nardia--17:76 Neckeropsis-—-17:70 Neiosperma—-14:72 Neowawraea--20:9; see also: Drypetes Neowimmeria-—-15:40 Nephelium—-24:89 ee a te sae 9243 17,18; 8: 25:23,5 nefaudia 14103; i7! 32,56; 18:25 Nertera-—-—24:4 Nesoluma-—14: 193; 15:71,77 Nicot iana--24:7 Nic cchinesiaseo. Nopalea-—-24:75 Noronhia--25:114 Nostoc--24:12 Nothocestrum-—-14:100; 15:62F£ Nothofagus-—21:4££; 22:34fF Notoecyphus, “Ey Nototr ehiun—-I3: So; 19:9f£ Nymphaea Nypa 20: 217 roma——24:84 chr seta aia: 72: 25:94£€ Ocimum ["Ocium" ]--24:65,71,77 Odontochilus-—-18:35FE£ Oenothera-—-17:47 Olea--25:17,114 Oncoba--16: 70 Operculina-—20:19; 25: nae 2S Se ee 272,101 3; 19: BEE; PLE 105 oplismenus--15:70 33 25:52,106 Opuntia--14:112; 15:76; 24:71,75 Oreobolus-—-14:104 Orthorrh nchium—-17: 70 Oryza--25:12 Osmanthus—-14: 100; 15:52,68£E£; 25:98,114 Osmunda—-25:23 Osteomeles—-14:112;: 15:52,65, 75° 17:32: “35: 31, 97,115 Oxalis--14: 108,113; 15:69£E; 17:25; 25:114 Oxyspora—-24:25, 26; “a 8,9 Padina-—-142:55; 18:2 Paederia-—-25: 81 Palaquium-——15:42 Pallavicinia-—-—25:23 Panax—~25:17,19 | Pandanus—-14:27,76,83,102; 15:65,73;: 17: 32; 18:29; 19:27; 20: 16,18; 24:78,81; 35:107 Panicum——-14:104,120;: 15:74, 83E£E£; 16:38; 17: 24, 56,76,79: 19: 5fF:_ 20: 23; 3 24: 71, 16; 35:35,45, 106 Paphiopedilum--24: 89 parencuceniaa= 15s 38 Paris--25:17 Parkia--22:33 Parkinsonia-—-23:33 Parmelia--15:5, 22,33 Parthenium-—25:15 Fo a ee 7113: 15:68£E€; 4: 24:81: 25:63. 97, 106 erase 60; 15:9, TOEE. 8 l: : 14:98; 4:6 7, 81; 35: 14, 63774, 83FF, fF) Pelea--14:100: 15:39,52: 17:57; 18: 24: “25: 115 Peleophycus—-24:950 Pellaea--14:104,121 Penicillium--24:94 Pennisetum—-15:84fF£; 17:24,47; 22:16; 25:82f€£ Peperomia--14: £114,121; 15:38; 7:56,76; 24:41; 25:114 Peristylis—-I8: 37FE Perrottetia——25:109 Persea——24:89; 25:111 Petunia--25: 24 Peucedanum-—-—25:18 Phaius-—-18:42: 24:88 Phaseolus--14:112; 17:42; 24:77: 25:111 philippia~17: 740,41 endron--17:22; 25:105 Philonotis—-14:79 Phlebodium--—25:105 Phlegmarioris——24:89 Phoebe--24:81; 25:16 Phoenix--I5: 87, OI: 25:81,107 Pholiota T"pholidota™]—- 25:14,20 Phomo sis--22: 15 Phormium——25:81 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 20 ger ea 29022, Phy] lostachys--25 81 de trae ii ia--l 147100; 17:60; 5:100 phealis-15: 70,71,78: 25:116 Physcomitriu --17:73 Phytophthora--14:70; 18:9, 20,28; 21:2,8; 22:40,41 Picris——15:79 Pimenta-—-25:113 Pinus—-14:30; 17:47: 24:8 1 22:23: 25:95€£ Pisonia—15: 40,52; 16:78; Pistia--17:22 Pisum--25:12 Pithecellobium--14:112: 23:33 Pittos orum-—14: 53,60, 101, 102; 15:7 17:57; 25: 81, 94fE Pitvroqramna 727 25:103 Plagiochila--17?72; "25:23 Planchonella--I5: 42, 52,71,77: 25:95,116 Planta o--14: 113; 15:38,69,78; 17:2 24:94; 25:115 pilatadthend 16. 74: 17:63; 18:37f£; see e also: Habenaria Platycerium—— pilectacoles ool: ie Plectranthus——24:7 Pleomele—-15:743 be 107; see also:Dracaena Pleopeltis-—-14:101,121 Pleurotus—-25:17 Pleurozium——15:400 Pluchea—-14:112; 17:5f€; 19:14: 24:70, 76,81; 25: 109 Plumbago--19:40; 25:13 Plumeria—-1I5:4 Poa--14:1133 32: 26,27 Podocarpus—"25:21, 26 Pogonatum—~—25:23 Pohlia--14:72: 17:71 Poinsettia--14:70 Polycavernosa-——24:91 Polygala—-15:38 Polypogon-—25: 107 Polysiphonia—-17:81 Polytrichum—-25:23 ale eee SoC ae Porella--17:71 Porolithonn LAs 4, 73,74 Portulaca--14: 23,105; 15:87, 91; 17:26; 19:6f£; 24:77 Pritchardia—-—14:60,66,100,101: 15:95: 17:33: 19 9:49° 22:17: 24:9, 18: = 25:107— Prosopis——14:105, LIO£E,119, 191: 15:85€£E; 19: 4f£; 23:34; 24: 70,77; 25:81 Prunus-—-24:79 _ Pseudodrynaria—-24:89 Pseudomonas-—-15:59; 18:31 Psidium--1l14: 107EE, 121; 15:76: 16:53,59: 17:25: 20:17; 24:81: 25: 63,72, 74,83, 93££ Psilotum--14: 101, 104: 15: 52, 70,733 25:22, 105 Ps chotria--14: 75,91,119,121: 5:23: 17:61; 24: 59, Bl: 25: 22,93£E: see _also: Straussia Pteralyxia—— 25:99 Pterid um--15:69, 53% 3 24:88; 25:13,23,104 Pteris——24: 88 Pterocarpus-—-23:34 Pterocladia--15:55; 17:82 Ptychosperma—-20:18 Puccinia—-25:31,32 Pueraria—-25:81 Puya--17:43_ Pythium--14:64 Quercus—-24:81; 25:16f£ Quintinia-—22: 35:37 puisqualts T*Quisgualia"]-- Rabdosia--25:18 Racomitrium — iphacomitriinit = 15:39f£; 17:41,44 ae Railliardia Tt paiauecalay = 14 3,121: 17:47; See Hit :Dubaut ia Ramalia--14:34: 15:4 Ramalinopsis——15:4 Rapanea—-14:71; 15:37; see also: o:Myrsine Rauvolfia [Rauwolfia]--15:52, 65f£; 24:86; 25:13, 19, 94f£ Reevesia—-25: 17 Reichardia——24: 76 Remya-~—20:22; 25:35 ie reer ,103 5B: 62££; 19:29; 24:7 95££ hepa idee 39 Rhacomitrium—--see:Racomitrium Rhizobium-—-16:16 Rhizogonium--14:101: 17:72 Rhizo hora--14:114: 15:3: 20:16: 24:68,77 2,78: Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 21 Rhododendron--24:79 Rhyncheny Ca ae 2121; 15:74, 6,91: 24:76: 25: 107 see also:Tricholaena Rhynchospora-—-14: ioe 25:106 Riccardia--17:72:; 223 Riccia—-17:73 Richardia—-—25:115 Ricinus—-15:75, 89; 17:23; 24:76,88; 25:81 Rivina-—24:65 Robinia—-23: 34 Rollandia—-14:99 Roystonea—-25:22,107 Rubus—-14:60,112; 15:38; 16:59; 17:33; 22:23; 25:25,72,82,83,115 Rumex--17: 47; 24:85 Ruppia—-18: 24 Saccharum—-17:5££,33; 24:81; 25:12,9 107 saczioiépis—-22: 27; 25:97, ee Sadleria—-14:101,12 1: 17:33,4 Sagittaria—-16:38; 17 :4Ff Salicornia——-I5:38 Salvia--l15:6B8EFE£: 25 Samanea—-16: 253; "172243 23:34; Sansevieria—-24:77 Santalum—--14:27,103; 15:52, 5fF: 16:70; 17:47; I[9:2££, 537 24278,81; 25:13, 35,72, a Ce ea os 2103; 17:58; 9:42; 24:78 Saprosma-—24: 80 Sarx--17:6I Scaevola—-14: :75,105,106,121; 15:88, 91,95; 16: 66: 17: 62: Scaevola (cont'd.)—- 19:3££; 20:16; 21:19; 24:9, 70,76, 78: 25: 10,35, 72, O3£E see also: Camphusia Schiedea--14: 100; 17:57; 19:9££,25: 22: 173 3 2533 schinus——14: 108: 15:69£F 17:5£E£:s “T9: 5: 24:75, 81 35:63, 74,82, 95EE Scindapsus—-25: 105 Scirpus-—-16:38,42; 17:4f££,34; 9:3 Schusterella--17:71 Scytonema—-18: 24 Sechium—-25:12 Securinega-—-—15:3 Selaginella--24: 28; 25:22 Selenicereus--14:1l1l Semecarpus—-20:17 Senecio--17:42,51,62 seve (JI Sesbania--14:64,66,105; 16:31; 18:8; 19: D£F: 22:6; 23: 235: 34:78, BI: 25:12 sesuvium--15:87, 91; 17:8; 19:6,27; 24: 70, 75 Setaria--14:108, ge 113; 15: 74,86,91; l7: 24; 22: 26, 27:3 24: 7163 25:72.97,107 Shorea——18:18 Sicyocaris.-17 SS Gee 2753 ££,35: Sida—--14:112: 15 17:25,58: 19:6 24:77; 25:112 Siegesbeckia--1l7: 23 Silene--17:47; “34:9 Si honogaiien--14279 Skimmia-——-25:12 Skottsbergiliana—-14:75; 17:61 Sleumacodendron lass Solanum--15:38,70,78:; 17:26; a: ae 22: 217; 24: 78, BSEE: Solenostoma-—-—17:76 Sonchus--15:79,90,913; 16:38; 17:23; 24:76; 25:109 Sonneratia-—20: 16 Seer as 23,82, 103: 15:65, 39,47; 24: 46, B1 Sorghum--17: 24: 24:76; 25:31 Spathodea--14: 283 17: 523 25:109 Spathoglossum--18:27 Spathoglottis--14:112; 17:25; 18:40f£: 20: ah 253: 107— Spermole {s==25:4 Sphaeroc onus 14: 120; 25:104 see also: Hymenophyllum sphagnum-—14: 73,104; 17:70; 18:16; 25:23 sphenomeris—-25: 104 Spinacia--25: Spirodela--17:24 Spirogyra--19:53 Spondias-—-25:12 Sporobolus--14: L12££E; 17:8£E; 19:2f£; 24:76; 25:107 sporolithon--14: :71_ Stachys--15:78 Srechyioreeces. = 4:11 6:59; 17:26; 24 25:63,117 Stapelia--24: 75 Stenosyne ai Rane 15: 38; 16: een 15: 50; 20:24; 2 1:18; 535 :35, 100 stenotapheus--Tas 108,112,121 Stipa-—-17:41 ee mon Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25. Page 22 Straussia—-14:100,119,121 see also: os chotria Strelitzia-- 22 Stee gy lodoneids LOOEFE Strophanthus—-—24 : 86 Beurol ease Strychnos—-25:13 Styphe ise tise ee ae » 103,104 15:52,773 17:41fE; 25:97,110 Styrax--25:13 Suttonia--14:71; see also: Myrsine Swertia-—-25:18 Swietenia—-15:57 Syncarpium--25: 113 Synedrella--I7:23; 25:110 Syngonium--17: 22 Synse alum [T*synsepalun" ]-- 24: sySyqium--24: 86; 2 22 see also:E i4:f07; Tac cca Fai 07: 121; Lovors tateanie- oe: 30 Talinum--25:24 Tamarix—-18:23 Taonia-—-18:27 pe onsacun OAc 94; 25:110 Tectona--24:87 Temnoma--14:73 Tephrosia—-14:108 Terminalia--24: 87; 25:13 Tetrameris—-24:88 ares i um—-14:75, 103: 15:35: 17:62: “19:48 see also: ‘Luteddiscus Tetranema—-1533 Tet taplasandra--16: 258: 25:94fF Thalassia-—-l Thea—-24:86: 25:12,15 Thelypteris--16:41 Theobroma-—-24:8 Thespesia--17:34: 24:71,77,78 Thevet 1a--15738,77,89,91° 17:60,76; = 24:75 Thuidium--25:23 phunbe reer ge 289 Tibouchina--25:8,81 Tithonia——-14:JT12 Touchardia--15:40; 17:34; Tournefortia—--15:58: see also: Messerschmidia Trametes-—-—25:20 Trema—-25:81] Trematolobelia—-14:99; 15:40; 25:93£E Tremella—-24:95 Trevesia—-25:18 Tribulus—-14:105; 15:89,91; 19:7,43: 24:78 Tricachne "Trichachne” J-- 14:113: 17:24: 24:76 Tricholaena--14:1 113,121 see also: Bynche ae Trichomanes——14:101,121] see also: Vandenboschia Tridax--15:90,9l: 24:76 Trigonobalanus——25720 Triplaris——25:26 Trisetum--14:113; 17:44 Triumfetta--17: 26 Trocholexeunea uate Ty Llophora--15:42 — xypha ies »3B 743; 17: 4££ ex--25: Ulva--I9: o3: 22:il Uncinia--16:77 Urera—- 15240; 17:34,56; 18:25 Urtica--25:13 Usnea-—-15:33 Vaccinium—-14:103: 44,47: 24:3£E, 1 vachellia--15:57 Vanda--18:4I; 24:8 bela ba te a bt 25:104 see also:Trichomanes Vandopsis--—24:88 Vvanil a--247B4 Verbascum--— 25:84, 85 verbena--15:70,78 Ver bess naan: £112; 17:23; Vernonia--14:112; 17:23; 24:76; 25:110 Vicia--16:60; 16:58:3. Viola--14:103,121; 17 Vitex--14:106,121; 24:78 vaecenenoass 101; wal ther nese tee mie webera--14:72 Wedelia--I7: 3: 24:76, Weinmannia——21:5; 3 Wiesnerella-17:72 Wikstroemia--14:103,121: 17 34,47: 17:70; 21:26: 22 25:95ff Wilkesia—-17:65; 18:5; 24:39,403; 25: 44 2 Index to Newsletter, Vols. 14-25.. Page 23 Wolffia--17:24 Xanthium--19:17; 24:76; 25:97 Xanthosoma--15: 42 Xanthoxylum-~—see:Zanthoxy lum xiphopienae: ares Xy losma—-14:42; 15:65f£; 17:58 Youngia——25:110 Zanthoxylum ([Xanthoxylum]-- 17:57; 252:12,94,115; see also:Fagara Zebrina--17:2 Zingiber--14:108; 25:107 zostera--14:31 Zoysia--14:112; 25:107 * PUBLICATION HISTORY, NEWSLETTER, HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Volumes 1 to 13 were in an 8 1/2" x 11" format. 1 to 3 of Vol. 1 were reproduced b been recut and can be Xeroxed. Issues hectograph, but have now Other issues, through Vol. 13, were mimeographed on colored paper stock, but Xerox copies are legible, and will be made at cost (5¢ per TE if in excess of the price shown below) when the origina Vol. Year Issues Pages Notes Dues at the time 1 1962 8 43 Out of print $2.00 2 1963 9 144 Out of print 2.00 3 1964 5 40 2.00 4 1965 5 34. —C 2.00 5 1966 5 53 Nos. 4+5 combined, issued 1967 3.00 6 1967 5 44 Nos. 1+2 combined 3.00 7 1968 5 40 Issue 3 (June) shows as Vol. VI 3.00 8 1969 3 30 Some issues out of print 3.00 9 1970 5 48 Nos. 1+2+3 combined 3.00 10 1971 5 58 3.00 ll 972 5 52 5.00 12 1973 5 35 5.00 13 1974 5 25 5.00 Index to Vol. 1-13 17. Index priced at $1.00 (1.00) 14 1975 5 123. This and subsequent issues, new for- mat. Some issues out of print. 5.00 15 1976 5 96 Nos. ‘1+2 combined. Some issues out of print. 5.00 16 1977 5 79 Nos.1+2, 3+4 combined. 5.00 17 1978 5 83 Nos.1+2, 3/5 combined 5.00 18 1979 5 59 Nos.1+2, 3/5 combined. . Nos. 3/5 bound with Vol. 19. 7.50 19 1980 1 63 Cover shows Vol. 18 3/5; Vol. 19 starts at p. 60. 7.50 20 1981 1 27 Cover labelled "Vol. 21" 7.50 21 1982 ] 27 7.50 22 1983 1 43 7.50 23 1984 1 35 7.50 24 1985 3 95 Issues unnumbered, but second number dated "1984" 7.50 25 1986 3 119 Issue No.l unnumbered 7.50 supply is gone. 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