Q.K

113

ih

Hawaiian

Volume VIII
Number 1
February 1 969

of the

Botanical Society

C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII
HONOLULU , HAWAII

^VlHSO/V^

JUl 3 1 1969

THE ROLE OF PliOS- II TO KAPJ SIS I'EM

OF HAWAII

Sheila S. Kato V

Plants played an intimate role in the life of the ancient Haxraiians, who
were closely bound to their natural environment and dependent upon the whims
of nature. Since they had no xrritten language and relied on tradition to
preserve their culture, much of the Kawaiians* knowledge of the use of plants
have been lost. What I attempt to do in this paper is to study the relation-
ship of plants to the Hawaiian kapu system. Very little comprehensive litera-
ture is available on the kapu system itself, and information regarding the use
of plants in the system is fragmentary. I have tried as much as possible to
include only plants which were specifically mentioned as being part of the kapu
system. I hove omitted material when references were obscure and further infor-
mation was unobtainable,

Hawaiian legend attributes to Wakea (the progenitor of the Hawaiian race)
the creation of the kapuosystem. D’avid Halo (1903) said that "the motive of
the tabu /"" kapu_7 restricting eating was the desire on the part of Wakea to
keep secret his incestuous intercourse with Hoo-hoku-ka-lani /"" his daughter 7.
For this reason he devised a plan by which he might escape the observation of
Papa / his wifeJ7» and he accordingly appointed certain nights for prayer and
religious observance, and at the same time tabued certain articles of food to
women .

The kapu system, like the systems first instituted in the Nile and Tigris

1/ The author is a University of Hawaii student who prepared this paper
while taking the course in Ethnobotany from Beatrice Krauss.

Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 2

February 1969

arid Euphrates valleys, had a religious significance at its core. A.. Grove Day
writes that the system represented the idea of a dualism in nature. Some things
were thought to be sacred — namely, the male principle, light and life. Other
things were thought to be common — namely, the female principle, darkness and
death. "Whatever was branded as kapu was forbidden either because it was
divine and therefore to be set aside from what was vulgar and common, or else
it was corrupt, and thus dangerous to both the commop and the divine," (Day,
i960) » The Kapus, therefore, were instituted to protect the Hax-jaiians against
"spiritual debasement or defilement," (Handy et al, 1933)* Things identified
with the gods were considered sacred, and therefore kapu. Thus priests, temples
religious ceremonies and certain plants were kapu. Chiefs, as descendants of
the gods, were also kapu. Sickness and death were kapu. Women, who were
associated with the "negative principle," were subjected to additional kapus.

Disregard of the kapus resulted in death. The penalty for breaking a
kapu was usually death by beating, drowing, or strangulation. The task of ex-
ecuting the offenders was given to the public executioner, the "mu," who, in
the last case, strangled his victims with a looped plaited cord, often made
of olona fiber (Buck, 1997)*

No doubt plants played an important role in every facet of the Hawaiians1
lives. In the kapu system, I can distinguish some ways in which plants were
used: 1) in relation to the kapus of the gods, 2) in reinforcing the status

of the chiefs (some of whom had the status of gods), 3) in social control (kapus
for women, conservation), and b) in ceremonies for the dead.

Religious ceremonies of the Hawaiians to honor the gods were regulated
by strict ritual, lihen a new heiau was built, elaborate ceremonies lasting
many days were carried out. The idol for the heiau (like Christian statues,
idols were intended only to represent the gods) was carved out of the ohia
lehua. A member of the United States Exploring Expedition, Captain Wilkes,
in describing the ritual in constructing a new heiau during the reign of
Kamehameha, said: "On the second day, they go to the mountains in search of

the okea /~ohia lehua 7 idol, when a man was killed: at the time of the

cutting down the okea /~ohia lehua 7 tree the priest prayed for land, and the
sacrifice was offered, with a hog and tapas, and the image carved; the direc-
tion in which the tree fell, land was sought for, and the people on it were
stripped of all they had and killed;.,.." (Degener, 1930),

The hula also had a deep religious significance, and plants played a
vital role in the ritual surrounding the training of hula dancers. Prior to
the period of training, a site was selected for the training structures
(called halau), then purified by the sprinkling of a mixture of tumeric
(olena) or red clay and sea water. An altar dedicated to Laka (goddess of
the hula) was set up on one of the buildings. The altar was decorated by the
trainees with flowering branches of ieie, maile, ohia lehua, hau, breadfruit,
banana, la-i, aalii, and ilima (plants sacred to the gods). Following that,
an uncarved block of the lama wrapped in yellow kapa scented with the tumeric
was placed on the altar. This bundle represented Eaka. A bowl of awa was
subsequently placed} on the altar daily during the training period (Degener,

1930) .

Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 3

February 1969

Plants sacred to the gods were used often in religious ceremonies.

Special chants had to be recited in many cases before the plant was picked
(for example, before one could pick the ieie, a prayer to the gods had to be
offered). The olena was used extensively "to purify places, things and people"
(Neal, 191*8). One kapu-lifting prayer to the god of husbandry goes: "The

taro is luxuriant; like the banana stem are the stalks of the taro; the leaves
of our taro are as large os the banana" (Neal, 191*8). A visitor to the home
of Pele was "always supposed to tear off a branch of berry-bearing ohelo
/"which was sacred to the goddess 7, throw half of it into the crater and pro-
claim: lPele, here are your ohelos; I offer some to you, some I also eat,’"

Only then could one eat of the berries (Day, i960), A kapu-lifting prayer that
was used by hula dancers mentions the maile, which was said to be either one of
the manifestations or one of the symbols of Laka:

Ch wildwood bouquet, oh Laka8

Hers are the growths that stand here.

Suppliants we to Laka.

The Prayer to Laka has power;

The maile of Laka stands to the fore

The maile vine now casts its seeds. (Neal, 191*8).

The kapu was also used by the Hawaiians to reinforce the status of the
chiefs. Like the Kahunas, the chiefly class had its own divisions and levels
of importance. David Malo distinguishes among them in his Hawaiian Antiquities,
and attributes different levels of kapu to the different ranks. TEe highest
chief who had the "kapu-moe" was so sacred that he often would go out only
at night, since during the dajfci&Ll must throw themselves on the ground before
him. Even so, the people had to prostrate themselves whenever anything of his
passed by (for example, his clothing and his food) (Malo, 1903)* A young chief
who was of high rank would be taken from his home and brought up in seclusion
in a sacred place. No one x-jho ate coconut or whose garments vie re greasy with
the oil of the coconut was permitted to enter that sacred place, (Fornander,
1918-19)* A favored child may be given a bowl (’umeke mana *ai) after weaning
for his sole use. The bowl was kapu to the child, and was often made out of
kou (which in some cases was made from a tree grown over the afterbirths of
his grandparents) (Buck, 1957)* The chiefs, although they had no power to
change the religious kapus, those of the gods, and those concerning eating
practices, had the power to declare temporary kapus. These could oe instituted
for good reasons, or merely out of whim. Chiefs often levied a kapu on certain
plants for their own use. a poem by Keaultmoku predicting the victory of
Kamehameha entitled "Fallen Is the Chief" describes a kapu placed on awa (awa
was used extensively in ancient Hawaii by all classes, especially by the hard-
working lower classes, to whom it brought needed relief):'

Kona sits undisturbed as in a calm.

Kona is under a kapu respecting awa,
they are in pleasure together

For the chief’s sake, for Paiea, for Liloa /"Kamehameha 7

The conch proclaiming a kapu is sounded.

The k; pu of the chief is determined on,

Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page h

February 19&9

The sound rings through Kona, the awa is kapu;

The awa kapu uy the chief, the kapu of the chief*
19).

(Fornander, 1918-

If a chief placed a kapu on a field of plants, a stick of sugar cane was placed
in the corner of the field, warning the common people that it was kapu (Degener,
1930)* If a piece of white kapa on a stick was set in a path, it was a warning
against tresspassing; if the kapa was wrapped around the trunk of a tree, then
the fruits of the tree were kapu (Degener, 1930) •

Of all the kapus relating to plants, those prohibiting women from eating
certain foods are most well known. As mentioned previously, the kapus are
thought to originate from the earliest times (i.e,, the time of Vakea),

Among other foods, women were prohibited from eating bananas, coconuts, and
breadfruit grown on plantations. The explanation for the kapu can possibly be
that these fruits were sacred to the gods. If women, who were inferior (profane
common), ate these fruits, the gods would be offended. The banana tree was
thought to be the body of Kanaloa by the Hawaiians; and the coconut tree, the
body of Ku (Handy and Pukui, 1958)* The penalty for disobedience of this kapu
was death. In one case, described by a missionary school teacher, the offender
was not killed:

I had a scholar about eight years of age. Her erect
figure, clear smooth skin, regular features, slightly curling
hair, and full black eye, with the long, black fringes of its
covering made her a good specimen of the loveliness of child-
hood*

But the beauty of that fine production of nature was
marred by violence* The ball of her right eye had been
scooped out entirely, * * . »

"My child, how did you lose your eye?"

"I ate a banana,"

She could not have been more than five years old when
the idols were destroyed. Had she been of mature years, her
life would have been taken. (Thurston, 193U)*

Rank, however, did have its privileges. A pair more fortunate were Keoua and
Kapiolani, who were young girls of the highest rank. Thinking that they were
unwatched, they crept into the ocean to eat the forbidden banana. They were
discovered, but because of their rank, their tutor was executed by drowning
instead (Degener, 1930),

A highly beneficial use of the kapu in relation to plants is that of
conservation* These kapus were either temporary, to conserve food in times
of famine for example, or they were periodical. E. S, Graighill Handy (19^0)
describes a kapu in the cultivation of potatoes: when the potato tubers are

beginning to develop, the smaller potatoes are unearthed by hand, and the
larger ones are left to mature. He adds at this point that potatoes should be
left alone during the period of maturation. Hie Hawaiians evidently knew this,
since they placed a kapu on the patch after the small tubers were harvested.
During the length of the kapu (the time in which the potato matured) no one

Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 5

February 1969

was allowed in the patch. After the influx of foreigners end the discovery
that a profitable trade in sandalwood could be carried on with Canton,
Kamehameha insured the availability and continuation of supply by placing a
kapu oh the young sandalwood trees. After his death, the kapu was abolished,
Wholesale cutting of trees and foolish practices (the Dahu plain was burned
in order to detect locations of sandalwood) depleted the supply of sandalwood
(Day, I960),

One of the uses of plants in conservation x^as that of narking fishing
areas which were kapu. Different varieties of fish xjere kapu during specific
seasons in deference to Kuula, the fish god. The tine of kapu, noreover, was
simultaneous with the spawning seasons. At other times, a kapu was laid at
the command of the king or landlord. In order to indicate that a kapu was in
effect, hau branches were placed along the seashore. Removal of the branches
signified the removal of the kapu (Degener, 1930), Another plant x/hich was
used to signify kapu fishing grounds vas the coconut (Hr ndy et al, 1933)# Sea-
weeds were also kapu during certain times of the year, since they served as
food for fish.

Hau branches xrere also used to s gnify a kapu on squid fishing. The
hau branch would be placed during January or February* The kapu lasted for
about four to six months folloxring the placement of the branches. Toward the
end of the clos d season, xiatchmen would be stationed on the seashore to look
for favorable signs. Uhen they decided that the season could be opened, the
hau branches were removed, and the population xjent doxm to the ocean to
celebrate in a community squid hunt (Buck, 1957).

After a person died, a kapu was placed on the house of the dead person,
on his relatives living in the house, and on the food of the kapu relatives
until the body had been disposed. The period of the kapu lasted one or two
days for a commoner and ten days or more for a chief. If a person come into
contact with the food of the kapu relatives, he also became kapu. He remained
kapu until cleansed by a priest. After disposal of the body, the bearers
washed themselves in fresh water and xjas sprinkled with a mixture of salt
water end seaweed or turmeric (Buck, 1957)*

Quite obviously, much more research needsuto.ibeddoJEBetoddev^'Lppaa
systematic study of the uses of plants in the kapu system. Further study can
be done on: the plants sacred to the gods, and the ceremonies connected with

them; the uses of plants as signs of kapu; the uses of plants in religious
ceremonies; the use (or prevention of use) of plants to signify social status;
the use of plants in ceremonies connected with death and illness.

Hawaiian Botanical Society newsletter - page 6

February 1969

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buck, Peter H. Arts and Crafts of Hawaii . Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 19!?7

Day, A. Grove. Hawaii and Its People. New York: Duell^ Sloan and Pearce, I960

Degener, Otto.. Plants, Haxxaii National Park* Honolulu: The Star-Bulletin,
Ltd., 1930*

Forcander, Abraham. Hawaiian Antiquities and Folklore* Honolulu: Bishop

Museum Press, 1918-1919.

Handy, E* S. Craighill, et, al. Ancient Hawaiian Civilization. Honolulu:

The Kamehameha Schools, 1933*

Handy, E. S. Craighill* The Hawaiian Planter, Vol. I* Honolulu: Bernice P.

Bishop Museum, 19b0,

Handy, E. S. Craighill and Mary Pukui. The Polynesian Family System in Ka-iU,
Hawaii. Wellington, New Zealand: The Polynesian Society (Incorporated),

195^7“

Judd, Gerrit P. IV, Hawaii, New York: Collier Books, 1961,

Kamakau, Samuel* Mary Pukui, trans, Ka PoT e Kahiko* Honolulu: Bishop Museum

Press, 196h,

Malo, David, N, B. Emerson, Trans, Hawaiian Antiquities* Honolulu:

Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd,, 1903*

Neal, Marie C. In Gardens of Hawaii. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum,

19U8.

Potter, Norris W, and Lawrence M. Kasdon, Hawaii, Our Island Sta te. Columbus:
Charles E, Merrill Books, Inc., 196b.

Remy, M. Jules, William T. Brigham, trans. Contributions of a Venerable
Savage to the Ancient History of the Hawaiian Islands. A. A. Kingman,

18 68 ( priva te ly printed)",

Thurston, Lucy G. Pioneer Missionary in Kona, Hawaii. Honolulu: S. C.

Andrews, 193b*

Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 7

February 1969

BOOK REVIEW
A. C* Smith

Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum. Edited by George H. IT, Lawrence, A, F* Gunther

Buchheim, Gilbert S. Daniels, and Helmut Dolezal. 1063 pp.

Hunt Botanical Library, Pittsburgh, Pa* 1966, $30,00 (Distributed by

S-H Service Agency, Inc,, 31 E, 10th St,, New York, N. Y, 10003*)

Few aspects of editorial technique in the botanical field have resulted
in such a profusion of usages as the abbreviation of periodical titles. At
least until recently, every editor of a botanical periodical seemed to have his
own pet system of devising abbreviations - a system, needless to say, at variance
with that of his authors. In the taxonomic field, where literally hundreds of
literature abbreviations occur throughout a paper of moderate length, such dis-
agreement on periodical abbreviations has often resulted in irritated sensibili-
ties, bewilderment, and even downright confusion*

Heroic attempts have been made to remedy the situation, among them such
lists as those of Schwarten & Rickett (Abbreviations of titles in serials cited
by botanists. Dull, Torrey Pot, Club 85:277 - 300, 1958 j op* c it, 8 68: 1 - 10,

1961), the June rican Standards Association (American Stands rd for Periodical
Title Abbreviations, 1961*) , and the Biological Council' (Abbreviated Titles of
Biological Journals, ed, 3. 1968), The Style Manual for Biological Journals
(ed. 2, 196)4) prepared for the American Institute of Biological Sciences also
recommends abbreviations.

However, neither these works nor any others approach in scope the compre-
hensive undertaking of the Hunt Botanical Library, The Botanico-Periodicum-
Huntianum (designated by it® editors as B-P-H) is a compendium that attempts to
provide a single set of unambiguous abbreviations for more than 12,000 titles
of periodicals that contain papers of botanical interest. The coverage is
astonishingly wide, includingrnot only strictly botani'cal periodicals, but also
those dealing with tangential fields - agriculture, forestry, plant breeding,
microbiology, paleontology, pharmacology, and plant pathology among others. The
period covered, 161*6 to 1966, is ambitious but imperative.

A concise introduction of 13 pages provides the rationale of the work and
explains its use, indie ting how titles of periodicals are listed (and this is
consistently followed in the text in very satisfactory detail), how place of
publication is recorded, hoxj volumation and dates of publication are handled,
and how alternative abbreviations are cross-referenced.

Of the two appendices, the first (pp, 1005 - 101*7) lists the word-abbrevia-
tions utilized in the text. These were selected after an extensive study of the
world’s leading botanical reference works, and they represent a consensus of
opinion reached by the editors after long deliberation and consultation. The
abbreviations will doubtless not please every user in every instance, but they
represent careful judgment and should, in this reviewer’s opinion, be accepted
as the appropriate standard by the world botanical community* By adopting the

Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 8

February 1969

suggestions of this appendix, a user may appropriately abbreviate a periodical
not listed b B-P-H, emissions, however, will certainly prove very few, except
of course for periodicals initiated too recently for inclusion.

The second appendix (pp. 10JU9 - 1063) takes up the complex matter of
political chronology. In the text, the place of publication is given for the
first volume of each periodical. Because the names of cities and nations change,
as do their boundaries, the reader will appreciate the politico-geographic asides
of this appendix and of the incorporated list of geographical name equivalents.

The main portion of the text is the periodical listing (pp, 2£ - 1003)j
this was produced by photo-offset lithography from a computer-produced print-out.
That computer print-out systems have improved in recent years is here demonstrated
by the use of a special 120-character type font that provides not only capital
and lower c use letters, but also the conventional accent marks required for the
more than hS languages represented. This alone will indicate that the greatest
pains have been taken to insure accuracy. Titles not in a roman alpha oet are
transliterated, with conventional accent and diacritical marks where required.

The sequence of periodical titles is alphabetical in accord with the
adopted abbreviations. Thus a full title, xjith details of volumation, dates of
publication, changes in title throughout the years, city of first publication,
and location of the entry in the Union List of Serials, appears only once. The
more than 12,000 accepted abbreviations are underlined, but about 12,000 others
(as used in standard bibliographies and other reference i'/orks) are also alpha-
betically listed and cross-referenced to the adopted abbreviation. Thus it is a
simple matter to find, from any reasonable abbreviation at hand, the recommended
abbreviation and a wealth of detail aoout the periodical in question.

Abbreviations for periodicals are intentionally made so complete that they
will lead anyone to the title itself. In principle this is certainly praise-
worthy and will be appreciated by all users who have attempted to decipher
enigmatic abbreviations. But this application of firm principles will perhaps
lead to dissatisfaction in a few instances. As an example, geot raphic names in
general are not abbreviated, and one of our local periodicals is appropriately
listed as Pacific Sci. rather than Pac. Sci. Nevertheless, one wonders if all
taxonomic editors will be happy with Ann. I "Missouri Bot. Gard. instead of the time-
honored Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, Personal names are not abbreviated, and this is
doubtless a good principle in such a title as J. Arnold Arbor, (rather than,
for instance, J, Am. Arb . ) for the Journal of the Arnold Arooretum. But on the
local scene we’""may question the full use of the title of our Museum in such
adopted abbreviations as Bernice P. Bishop Mus, Bull, and Qccas. Pap. Bernice
Pauaki Bishop T,rus.; the taxonomist who may cite these periodicals dozens of times
in a single paper may be excusedffor assuminggthat his reader will understand
Bishop Mus,

Another example of a questionable decision is the adoption of Bot. Gaz.
(’’Crawfordsville) for the well known Botanical Gazette, published since 18 75*
merely because of another Bot. Gaz. (London) for a periodical that ceased after
only three volumes in I81i9~^l. In this instance it seems that Bot. Gaz. would
be adequate for the better known journal. Similarly, Bot. Jahrb, Syst, seems
inappropriate for the often cited journal published continuously since 1881,

Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter ~ page 9

February 1969

in spite of the competition offered b v Eot. Jahrb. Jedermann for a periodical
with a single volume published in 1799* A precedent for omitting the third
word in the abbreviation for the better known of 'such titles is found in the
B-P-H use of J. Bot. for "the" Journal of Botany published in London* Six
additional periodicals are also assigned the use of J. Bot. but in each case with
parenthetical mention of an editor or a citjr of publication. Similarly Bot. Mag*
is adopted for the "the” Botanical Magazine, first edited by William Curtisj
lesser known Bot. Mars, are assigned a parenthetical means of identification*

So why not Bot. Gaz. and Bot. Jahrb*?

However, these are mere quibbles, and every user will find some detail of
abbreviation not quite in line with his oxm predilections. My advice to botanists
is to put aside such prejudices and use without reservation the abbreviations
adopted by B-P-H, For the first time xre have a carefully considered and compre-
hensible abbreviation for every periodical likely to be encountered in our work.
Some title s, to be sure, do not lend themselves to a very concise abbreviation.

We may note th, t one of our local periodicals is to be cited as Hawaii Agric .

Exp. Sta. Univ. Haxraii Techn. Bull . ; the compilers of B-P-H cannot be blamed for
this, but it is surely an eloquent argument for one-word titles. We ere glad to
note that our own periodical made the listing in this "what’s what in botanical
literaturel, with the reasonably concise Newslett. Hawaiian Bot. Soc.

For readers unacquainted with that unique institution, the Rachel McM”sters
Miller Hunt Botanical Library was assembled b^ Mrs. Hunt during an active life-
time of interest in the art, history, science, and literature that relate to
plants and gardening. Transferred to the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now
Carnegie-Mellon University) in Pittsburgh in 1961, the Hunt Botanical Library
occupies part of that institution’s Hunt Library o ilding. Under the director-
ship of George H, M. Laxxrence, the Hunt Botanical Library has developed into a
significant institute for bibliographical research in the literature of botany
and horticulture. Its publications have already attained the highest standards
of scholarship and printing quality, but its major undertaking xd.ll be the
production of a multi-volume encyclopedic x;ork on the botanic. 1 literature of
the period I73O-I8I4.O, to be entitled Bibliographia Huntiana * The presently
reviewed xrork, B-P-H, is a byproduct of the basic studies essential to the
Bibliographia. Writers and editors in all areas of biology, and especially those
in the fields of botany and horticulture, are most fortunate that the coverage
of B-P-H xtfas extended beyond the dates of the Library’s prime concern. The work
is of much greater value because of the inclusion of a vast number of periodicals
over three centxiries of time.

The botanical community, and all other individuals interested in any phase
of plant life, may offer sincere congratulations to the editors and publishers
of this compendium of unsurpassed value. It has a place in every library where
scholarship is allied to an interest in the plant sciences.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 9088 0177

7471

)

H A W A I I A N BOTANICAL SOCIETY
c/o 'Department of Botany, University of Hawaii
2h$0 Campus Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

OFFICERS EDITOR. ..... .Charles H. Lamoureux

(TJ.H. Botany)

PRESIDENT Dr, Robert 11, Warner

(Dept. Horticulture, Univ, Hawaii)

VICE-PRESIDENT Dr. Clifford W. Smith

(Dept, Botany, Univ. Hawaii)

SECRETARY Mr. William Sakai

(Dept. Botany, Univ. Hawaii)

TREASURER Dr. Paul Ekem

(Wa$s6r Resources Research Center,

Univ. Hawaii)

DIRECTORS Dr. Daniel D. Palmer

(Medical School, Univ. Hawaii)

Dr, Charles F. Poole

(Dept. Horticulture, Univ. Hawaii)

MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE:

Dr. Douglas J.C. Friend

(Dept. Botany, Univ. Hawaii)

Dr. Dennis McLain

(Dept. Horticulture, Univ. Hawaii)

Dr. Pieter van Royen

(Dept. Botany, Bishop Museum)

HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY
c/o Department of Botany
University of Hawaii
2U50 Campus Road
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

isspublished in February, April, June,
October,’ and December. It is distributed
to all Society members with the purpose
of informing them about botanical news
and progress in Hawaii and the Pacific.
News contributions and articles are
welcomed.

THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY was
founded in 192h to "advance the science
of Botany in all its applications,
encourage research in Botany in all its
phases," and "promote the welfare of its
members and to develop the spirit of
good fellowship and cooperation among
them." "Any person interested in the
plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is
eligible for membership in this Society."

LIBRARY

U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
WASHINGTON 25, D. C. 20413

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