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Mfoviteultaral Repository,

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NEW- YORK,

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Notice of the occurrences in Natural Iistory,
and ihe Arts and Scieaces which have a con-
nection with it for a few years past, in our

NOVE MBER, 1828,

CONTENTS.

The dignity and importance of agricultural pur-
suits must direct ihe policy and manners of
the people, to secure the perpetuity of our

United States of North America.—By Saml. civil privileges, 262
LL. Mitchill. Page 249 | Recent Valuable Patents. —Improvement in the
Fire Blieht—By J. Buel, Esq. of Albany, 252 Horse Shoe—Cast Iron Busi for Grist-Mills
ay A short ‘reatise on Botany, 253 —Cast Iron Fire Tongs—Machine for Plant-
as fi Remarks on Mr. Wilson’s akete! a of the different ing Seeds, 264
kinds of Gardens in the United States.—By On a method of Cleaning Silk, Woollen, and
__ Thos. Bridgeman, 255 Cotton Goods, 265
Remarks in answer to a ‘‘ Squash”—By Betula Neat or Horned Cattle. —Of the varieties and ~
ys - Alba, 257 breeds of the Bull—Criteria of Cattle for vari-
G On the usc of Gypsum in Agriculture.—By J. ous objects and purposes, ib.
|. Buel, Esq. of Albany, 258 | Remarks upon the treatment of Swine. —By Dr.
A Sketeli of the different kinds of Gardens in the S. Reynolds, 268
Bs * Waited States, particularly those of the Mid- Copy ofa letter from W. Eldeston Alfen, Esq.
: dle and Eastern States.—By Wm. Wilson, 260 | to Dr. Sami. i.. Miitchiil, on the cultivation of
sh ee ee Gardening. —<aAnswers- by William the Vine, ~ 2'70
’ Wilson to the Queries pat to him by Anti- Proceedings of the N. Y. Hortieativral Society, 2'72
“ Indigenous Conceit.” : 261 | Beech Trees proof against the Kleetric Fluid, — ib.

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NEW-YORK FARMER

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ees editor i is . determined to sparé no exertions to render this work initinsically excellent, and worthy
the pe asal and patronage: uf “oar inte Ig ene practival farniors and horticulturists. in different séetions of
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Horticultura

a Heposttory,

VOL. 1]

NEW-YORK, NOVEMBER, 1928, :

[NO. ite

ART. 1 37 ney Notice iafiks occurrences in Natu-;
ral History and the Arts and Sciences which have q
connection with it for a few years past, in our Una-

ted States of North America. By Sami. L. Mitcx-

ett.—[Communicated for the New-York Farmer

and Hor. Repository. ]
Sources of the river Mississippi explored.

In this enumeration, I feel as if I ought to mention
the Chevalier Baltrami, an Italian traveller of distinc-
tion, who published a book in the French tongue, at
New-Orleans, on his travels to the sources of the
Mississippi. The famous Bruce claimed the merit
‘of first exploring the head waters of the Nile; Bel-
trami assumed the honour of having been the first
man, (not an indigene) who had penetrated to the
places where the waters which form, in their course,
ihe father of rivers, issue from their earthy strata, and
in the first place feed ponds and lakes. He had the
misfortune to quarrel with some of the distinguished
explorers, and other important personages in Louisi-
ana. In consequence, they denounced him and his
book. I knew the man and have perused his perfor-
mance ; though full of self-importance and egotism,
I think there are some pages of it that may be read
with entertainment and even instruction, by those
who are not implicated in the author’s disputes and
hostilities. By the verses written in Latin, on the
loss of his bark-canoe, he appears to have possessed
the taste of a poet and the attainment of a scholar.
On his departure for Ravenna, he carried with him
extensive collections of minerals, and of the arms,
dresses, ornaments and utensils of the native Indians.

Valuable Periodical Publications.

Among the periodical publications evincing the iu-
creased desire for natural knowledge, I delight to
mention the American Farmer, a work of great merit,
established years ago in Baltimore, by Mr. Skinner ;
the New-England Farmer, issued from Boston, by
Mr. Fesenden ; and the New-York Farmer and Hor-
ticultural Repasitery, edited by a member of the Hor-
iiciltural Society, under very favourable auspices, at
‘New-York. ‘To these I ought to add Professor Sil-
limat’s Journal of Science: Of this, it would be too
little to say, that if is honourable to New-Haven and
the compiler, for it is ake creditable te the country
and the age.

Greut Accession of Orgunie. Remains,
Tt is a subject of gratilation, that Gedlogy fias ex

a

|

ae a rdinarbapions accession. G. W. Paes
stonhaugh, Hsqr. on his return from Europe, brought
along a rare and instructive collection of organic re-
mains, procured with very considerable exertion and
cost. This body of articles well arranged and label-
led, is deposited in the N. York Lyceum, to whose
exhibition, rich and extensive before, it imparts a fine
Increase of importance. These productions of a
former and very different state of being in our planet,
are rapidly issuing from their places of sepulture,
and affording information concerning the times incal-
culably anterior to the date of history. These ‘‘ me-
dals of nature,” as they have been called, afferd the
only evidence extant, concerning the race of extinct
vegetables and animals; that is to say, of organized
beings which were once inhabitants of this world, but
of which not a single individual is at this day, known
to bealive. Our own country abounds with such
curious productions, which the science and research
that now predominates, are constantly bringing to
light and subjecting to interpretation.

From these general views, I proceed to some that.
are more detailed and particular.

Fossil of the Spermaceti Whale from Louisiana,

Early in the season of 1828, some uncommon fos-
sil bones were found between the city of New Or-
leans and the Gulf. The newspapers had abounded
with puffing paragraphs concerning their unknown
and wonderful nature ; at length. from the bank of
the Mississippi, they reached N. York. The owner,
who travelled with them, for profit, brought me a let-
ter of introduction. On examining the fragments of
the skeleton, composed chiefly of vertebra, ribs and
one half of a lower jaw, I was enabled to pronounce
upon them as belonging to the Spermaceti Whale,
or species of the Physeter. The creature was
apparently one of uncommonly large magnitude,
and had got aground on a shoal of the river,
where he died. The bones were afterwards co-.
vered by the alluvion of that vast stream, which is
forming a delta below like that of the Nile in Lower
Egypt.

The Huge Bone Shark of the North Sea.

From Lubeck, a seaport in Maine, was brought.
soon after, a stuffed skin, in the form of a dried pre-
paration of an enormous fish, Capt. John Allen,
the cuptor, immediately on its arrival at New York,
invited me tasecit. It was in good preservation,

230

re eR hh
and being more than thirty feet long, and of corres- |The flesh is stated by naturalists, to be rank and un-

ponding proportions in other respects, was carned
trom place to place for show, on a wagon construct-
ed for the purpose. I decided it to be one of the fa-
mily called sqalus maximus, “ the great or basking
Shark.” The French zoologists have separated the
individuals of this genus into three or four species.
Gut, as | had not viewed their specimens, nor had
any thing more than a dried specimen to examine for
inyself, I suppose, for the present at least, it will be
best to continue the old denomination.
pears, that this huge creature, who inhabits the ocean-
ie tracts of the North Atlantic, comes sometimes as
far south as the aforesaid place ; and indeed further,
for I have come at intelligence that he has been often
seen off Capo Cod. More, from a horny excres-
eences onone side of the gill-arches, haying some re-
semblance to what is vulgarly called whalebone, this
fish has been called thereabout, the Bone Shark. A
straggler of the kind, found his way by Sandy Hook
to Middletown Point, in the year , and was there
killed. The preparation was exhibited in the city as
the Sea Serpent, and the inhabitants relished the no-
tion very much. I have understood that this speci-
men for want of proper antiseptic and drying ingre-
dients, has perished ; this renders the surviving ar-
ticle the more interesting. Their journeying from
place to place, affords zoologists exemplary oppor-
tunities for examination.
A Whale killed in Cow Bay.
Among the rarer occurrences in Zoology, is the

It hence ap-

capture during the spring of 1826, ofa whale in East

River Sound. The individual got aground in Cow
Bay, on the north side of Long-Island, about twenty
miles eastward of the city. It was living Gntil after
a rope had been attached to it for security. The find-
er then concluded to kill and cut it up, forthe oil. As
it was only about eighteen feet long, it may be con-
sidered as quite a young one. As faras our opinion
could be formed from some of the garniture of the
mouth which was saved, it was a Balena, and proba-
bly from the appearance of the lower jaw bones, of
the mysticetus, or right whale (blubber) species.—
The event is here recorded, as one of rather an un-
common kind ; the like haying certainly never hap-

pened during the last half century, if indeed it ever!

was known before,
The Trunk Tortoise near Sandy Hook.

The capture of an individual of the hugest of the
‘Tortoise family, near Sandy Hook, in the summer of
1$28, deserves tobe mentioned. Once in ahout five
of six years, or sometimes not so often, a solitary
‘Tronk Turtle makes its appearance along the coast.
This isthe Testudo coriavia of the books, called
otherwise the Leathery Tortoise, weighing not un,
frequently, eight hundret| pounds, and even more.—

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

savoury : this isa mistake, as I know from my own
experience, for I procured a good ration of one a few
years ago. My family, children, servants and all.
ate it with avidity, and asked for more. I recom-
mend it therefore, as an excellent article for food,
and worthy of higher consideration than it has recei-
ved, both for the market and table.
An uncommon Fish, the Centronotus, caught at
Coney Island

During the period of my ichthyological recollec-
tions, there have been, within perhaps eighteen or
twenty years, three individuals catched of a singular
fish, and one of them during August, 1828. This
latter weighed twenty-two pounds, and Swas hand-
some and even splendid. When first brought to me,
I examined the books and museums until { was tired,
without finding any description or figure. I there-
fore found it necessary to make a new genus, which
I named Cenrronortus, from two Greek words sig-
nifying Prickly Back, in consequence of a row of
short, stiff and distinct spines to the number of seven
or eight, situated in front of the dorsal fin. It has
somewhat the general aspect of a mackerel ; but the
broad and flattish form of the head, the wide separa-
tion of the eyes, the unequal division of the tail, of
which the upper portion is the largest, and the num-
ber and disposition of the teeth, seemed to offer a
plenty of discriminating marks. My specimen after
having been described and figured, was cooked and
served up for dinner. One of the coloquial names
given it by the people of my kitchen, trom the reat
nnmber of crabs found in the stomach, was Crab
Eater ; and the article was so well relished, a request
was made that I would, as soon as possible, procure
another Crab Eater, but it never has since been in my
power. ‘

Great Show of Nercids at Brooklyn.

During August, 1828, the tide-water in the bay
of New-York, was enlivened by visitors whom J ne-
ver saw before. ‘They swam with remarkable agility
near the surface, in sinuous and curyilinear courses.
When my attention was first called to their sprightly
motions, I soon decided they were not fish; and a
little further observation, satisfied me they were not
shrimps, nor any of the crustaceous tribe. Howey-
er, on catching some of them and subjecting them to
examination, they turned to be Nereips, about an
inch and a half long, and as they moved through the
water, appearing of a faint redish colour. These
creatures, who made an exhibition novel to me, are
said to come only at distant and irregular times, and
that during the term of their centinuance, fish in their
neighbourhood, who are prone to take the baited
hook, bite no more, by reason of having preferable
food enough te satisfy their appetites, So the Clio

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

Borealis of the North Seas, the little mermaid, as the

people along shore call it, enlivens our waters once

in perhaps a dozen or fifteen years with its countless

numbers.

The Wild Tuberous Potato, or Solanum Taberosum,
from Chili.

In the vegetable department, the introduction from
Chili of the tubers formed there by the native potato
plant, has established certainty where somewhat ofa
doubtremained before. Itis now understood, that
inthat region the Solanum tuberosum is wild and
grows spontaneously, producing small and inconsid-
erable knobs on the roots. I was much pleased on
the receipt of these productions from Dr. Finslar, of
the U.S. Navy. I planted some and distributed the
rest of them among my horticultural friends. ‘The
germs vegctated very well; the stems were luxuriant
and vigorous, and produced flowers ; these latter fell
off without producing u single berry or seed. Being
disappointed in obtaining increase from the balls, I

cherished the expectation of procuring the means of |

propagation from the roots ; I nevertheless experien-
ced a second reverse, when I undertook to dig my
crop. There was not one tuber to be found! The
roots were stringy and fibrous, like those of ordinary
plants. The like destitution of tubers was observed
by all the gentlemen to whom distribution had been
made. ‘Thus the experiment ended, by reason of a
total inability to conduct it further. I cannot forbear
to remark on this occasion, the wonderful power that
man possesses to change the nature and character of
vegetables. The poor little potato of the south has
been transformed into the rich and large article we
raise, by horticultural skill, in little more than two
centuries. Never, perhaps, was there a more com-
plete and admirable instance of the cultivator’s tri-
umph over scanty and imperfect nature. Had we
been enabled to ripen the seeds so that we might
fave planted them, it is possible that by a series of
plantings fora century and more, there might have
been potatoes obtained of commendable quantity and
quality. As the matter stands at present, all we have
discovered about it is, that the plant, believed to be
the parent of our cultivated round potato, is an indi-
genous product at this day, of South America.

The Wild Potato of Peru, or Witheringia Montana,

from Si. Lorenzo Islands.

Another tuberous root forwarded from the island of
St. Lorenzo, in the Pacific Ocean, off Peru, by Com-
modore Hull, excited also considerable expectation.
They were said to be esculent, and had been gather-
dd for the ship’s use. I planted some of them, anc
made distribution of ethers. They grew very well,
and I caused delineations to be made of the stems,
blossoms and fibre-farnished tubers. I then suppo-
ged Thad found a new or andeseribed species, and

251

called it accordingly the St. Lorenzo Potato, or Sv-
lanam Laurentti. 1 promptly and respectfully sent &
despatch to a celebrated society in Europe, whase
Secretary in a polite answer, informed me it was no?
ascertained to be horticultural enough for insertion in
their transactions. From another society in this
country, l receivedno answer at all, and have not
learned that the smallest notice had been taken of it.
Determined to keep the field in spite of these repul-
ses, I sent through one of my friends some of the
tubers to the distinguished Professor Hooker, of
Glasgow University. He planted them and witnessed
their growth and inflorescence. The result appeared
to him important enongh for insertion inthe Botanica}
Magazine. The description and history, witha co-
loured figure, have accordingly made their appear-
ance there. He considers that the species had been
observed and named by the Spanish botanists, as the
Mountain Potato, or Solanum montenum, Still, in
pursuance of the botanical etiquette of multiplying
genera and increasing names, this plant has been lat-
terly termed M¥ttheringia, on account of some differ-
ence in the stamens from the true Solanums. It is
now the Witheringia montana, and my denomination
of Solanum Laurentii, is retained as a synonyme.
Vain attempts to cultivate the Aracacha of Bogota.

The attempts to introduce and naturalize the Ara-
cacha Plant of Bogota and New Grenada, in Colurr-
bia, have not that I know, been as yet attended with
any promising results. From the failure to propa-
gate it in maritime and northern regions, I despair of
obtaining any benefit from its abundant and nutritious
roots. The late Baron de Shack wrote me that
although it vegeiated in Trinidad Island, there was en
expenditure of the whole vegetative effort in produr
cing herbage and upper growth; while there was
nota single tuber but only fibrous roots, under ground,
Under this view of the case, I am inclined to the be=
lief that, whether it be an Apiwm as commonly sup-
posed, or a Conium as. others say, it is a native of
very clevated tracts, and will, in all likelihood, require
a long and patient course of experiments to reconcile
it to low lands and places near the sea, if indeed thet
object can be effected at all.

Mortality among Peach Trees.

I remember the time, nearly forty years ago, when
I could boast nearly as many varieties ofthe peach;
I even said that I would fatten or feed hogs on yel-
low clingstones. There has been since that time, ‘e
lamentable reverse. The peach trees of that planta-
tion and of the neighbouring region, have been doom-
ed to linger and perish. The disease has been con-
sidered by Mr. Prince as contagious, and communi-
cated by morbid flowers; and by Mr. Adriance, as
caused by a malign influence shed upon the peach
tree by the lombardy poputar. Other discreet obset-

vers have ascribed the mortality to the ravages of the
insect Egeria ertiosa, infesting the trunk between
air and earth, at the point where the ascending and
descending caudex unite. Some agnin think there is
an epidemic influence, which has not yet reached the
end of its destructive term, invading the health and
destroying the life of the peach tree. Whether the

mortality is owing to either of these causes or to any
other, it is quite a calamity in the region around New
York and every place where its visitation extends.—

The most approved rules against the disorder, seem
to be these : to raise trees from the seed ; to cullout
the best varieties of natural growth ; to destroy dis-
ordered trees and to plant new frequently, say once
in fivo or other term of years, according to circum-
stances.
Sheathing Ship’s Bottoms with Soal Leather.

During the summer of 1828, I was invited to wit-
ness the facts presented by the bottom ofa ship then
just returned from a whaling voyage of twenty-two
months duration, in the Atlantic Ocean, chiefly be-
tween South America and Africa. She had not pas-
sed either of the noted capes of the South, and had
the greater part of the time beenat sea. ‘The rava-
ges mado upon the bottom planks of ships by the
teredo navalis or pipe-worm, had led to various eco-

nomical expedients for guarding against them. Be-
smearing with tar, turpentine and brimstone, having

been found tneflicacious, recourse was had to sheath-
ing with various substances as protectors—such as

thin boards of wood, stout paper and shects of cop-

per. This latter is the most secure and effectual,
but at the same time, the most expensive.

with sheathing of leather, or as the quaint expression
is along shere, to put the vessel in leather breeches.

Of all known substances this material seems to be
that te whieh certain animals of the ocean have the
strongest propensity to attach themselves.
numbers are so greatas to render the bottom very
foul, with rough projections, exceedingly retarding
her way through the water. The spectacle on over-
hauling and cleaning this ship, was rare and curious
to the naturalist. Among the animals adhering and
accompanying, were

L. The bell barnacle, or lepas tintinnabulum, of

size large enotgh for an inkstand, and in very thick
array. Some of theseI caused to be boiled out and
found them to taste well: having very much the fla-
vour of scallops.

2. Some of these barnacles being dead, the upper
valves had been washed away, while the main o
principal shell adhered to its place and resembled a
cup. In these cavities certain little fishes had taker
heir abotle. A species of Blonny, somewhat more

The
owners of ships, with a desire to cheapen their con-
struction and outfit, determined to make experiments

Their

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

than an inch long, was brought to me
mood.

3. From other hollow and deserted barnaclos were
brought small fishes of the Cyclopterus family, tha!
had in like manner, made their habitation there.

4. Aspecies of Buccinum about two inches long.
adhering alive by its operculum to the leather.

5. Another species of Buccinum, not so large as
the former, but adhering in hke manner.

6. Serpulas winding about on the shells and other
bodies.

7. Flustras, averspreading other productions, like
mats.

8. Ascidias, as I thought them, adhering to some
of the other things.

9. Mussels (Mytilus) anchored by their byssus,

10. Oysters, in fast adhesion.

11. Acrab of the maja division, usually termcd
the Sea Spider.

12. Species of Otion.

13. Otion Cuvieri.

14. Otion Bloinvillii, were also found on the bot-
tom of the ship sheathed with leather.

A similar experiment was made a few years ago.
I believe it was the first one. I examined this ves-’
sel’s bottom after a voyage from Marseilles to New-
York. It was much incumbered by these outside an€
unwelcome passengers, among whom the stemmed
barnacles or Lepas anatifera, was the most conspicu-
ous. (Zo be Continued.)

ne ee
in very lively

6 B Be

ART. 158.—Tire Blight, by J. Bust, Esq. of
Albany. (From the N. England Farmer.)

Fire blight is still employed to denote the new ma-
lady which destroys our pear and apple trees ; and
the cause, by many, is imputed still to the malignant
influence of the solar rays, which, since the world be-
gan, have given life, growth and maturity to the ve-
getable creation.

Itis a sound axiom that like causes produce like
effects. Ifthe sun does the mischief, why has it not
done the like for centuries before? Has the benign
influence of its rays changed; or have the laws of
vegetation altered, within the last few years? The
tumors on the plum and Morello cherry, which in
some districts have operated to the almost entire ex-
tinction of these valuable fruits, have been ascribe&
to a spontaneous extravasation of sap, and to other
eqaally erroneous causes. But it has been satisfac-
torily shown, by eminent naturalists, as well as prac-
tical gardeners, that this disease originates from the-
poisonous puncture of an insect, probably but a short
time among us, which operates upon the vegetable
blood like the poison ofa rabid animal upon the hu-
man system, causing disease and death, But as the

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

255

S=———————————

ere

circulation is infinitely more rapid in the animal than
in the vegetable, the curein the latter is more easy
and certain. Governed by this opinion I have perse-
vered in cutting off and burning the diseased branch-
es, untill have overcome the evil, although some
gardens in the vicinity are as much afflicted as ever.
Thave some thousands of the plum and Morello
cherry on my grounds, and have found but one dis-
eased tree among them during the season, and that
Forty years

New ene-

came into my possession last spring.
ago the Hessian fly was unknown to us.
mies to our crops are agnually recognized in the
insect tribes.

I do not believe this disease is produced by the
Sun; because its attacks are indiscriminate, where
the sun’s rays are obstructed by foliage, as well as
where exposed to its rays; on the north as well as
ihe south; on horizontal as well as perpendicular
‘shoots ; and on the under as well as upper side.

I dissent equally from the theory, that it 1s occa-
sioned by only deleterious matter in the soil; because
1¢ occurs where the soil has undergone no apparent
<hange; and because, were this the case, the whole
‘system of sap wood, through which the juices cireu-
jate before they become vegetable food, would be a-
like affected, and first the roots and trunk.

I object to every opinion which goes to ascribe it to
~atmospheric influence ; because this influence would
exert itself first on the leaves, the most sensitive and
exposed organs, and the extremities would invariably
give the first indications, which is not the case.

I do not believe it peculiar to any particular varie-
ty; because it attacks my apples as well as pears.—
it most abounds where the wood is most thrifty and
tender. My Poir d’Auch, Winter butter and Priest-
‘ly apples have suffered most.

it ml becomes me, after objecting to other theories,
to setup one of my own, without ample proof to sup-
portit. Butas my only object is to excite investiga-
tion, and elicit truth, I hope I shall be pardoned for
‘my presumption in suggesting it, unsupported as itis
‘by any thing but casual observation and reflection.

My theory is, that the new disease of the pear and
apple trees, like that of the plum and Morello cherry,
is occasioned by an insect which injects a matter
irough the bark, that poisons or vitiates the descend-
ing sap, and causes disease and death. And my rea-
sons for this opinion are briefly,

1. That the progress of the disease is down, with
ihe elaborated or proper sap, towards the trunk and
root ; and not wp, with the ascending sap, towards the
@xtremities and leaves; that it is perceptible to a
“greater extent on the cambium, and inner bark, than
on the exterior surface. The former will be found
Srown, in longitudinal slips, sometimes an inch low-
ér {flan the exterior is affected, The sap frequently

continues to ascend, is elaborated, and nourishes an&
preserves the verdure at the extremity, after tlr
braneh is affected, and the whole circle of the bar
below become brown and withered; anJ in these ¢z:
ses itis not until the sap-wood under the blightet
part is contracted by disease, and reftuscs to perfor!
its office, that the extremity perishes.

2. That the commencement of the disease, frei
what I have stated, is in the descending sap, is coyit-
municated next to the bark, and finally to the wood.

3. That itis most common in thrifty branches, ten-
der bark, andnew wood. And

4, That it appears only when the sap is in full flow,
and vegetation luxuriant; and extends in proportion
to the vigor of circulation and growth.

What che insect is that does the mischief I will not
pretend to determine. I have seen insects, in tlie
morning, so firmly attached to a branch (at the com-
mencement of the new growth) of an apple tree, thai
cutting off the limb did not disturb them ; and at eve-
ning I have found many of them enveloped in the
dead and curled leaves of a branch which they had
probably destroyed in part. As I am no entomofo-
gist, I submitted them to a genileman of science, whe
gave them the generic name of saperda, the specific
name not being known. J. BUEL,

Albany, Nov. 7, 1828.

= @ © O40
[ ORIGINAL. |
ART. 160.—1 short treatise on Bolany.—[Con-
tinued from page 188, No. 8.]
VII]. —OF THE CLASS OCTANDRIA.

One of the prettiest plants of this class, is the Nas-
turtium, or the great Indian Cress, Frepewolum majus,
which Linneus named the Trophy plant, from its
leaves being shield-like, or peltate, and its flowers re-
sembling ahelmet. It is a native of South America,
but is very commonly cultivated here: ' The Sugar,
(Acer saccharinum,) andotherkinds of the Maple, are
also found in this country. The cranberry, Oxycoc:
cus, with its large scarlet leaves, that are brought in
in large quantities to our markets, is an octandrous
plant; so also are the Heaths, (Evica,) a very large
genus of plants, principally found at the Cape of
Good Hope, and one or two species in Europe, which
abound in uncultivated places. Further examples are
the Lace wood, Lagetta lintearia, from the inner bark.
of which a kind of net work, similar to lace is
produced ; and the Calanchoe, a remarkable plant,
native of the Isle of France, having a pinnate-winged
jeaf—the leaflets are toothed or indented, and from,
each of their indentures a radicle 1s put forth, which
takes root and becomes a new plant.

T¥.—OF THE CLASS ENNEANDRIA.

This isa smallclass. The Camphor tree, Laurus
camphore, and the Gignamon tree, Laurus cinnam-

yum, are enneandrous plants ;—also the Sassafras, a
species of Laurus, and the Rhubarb, whose root is
extensively used in medicine, and its leaves for
culinary purposes, particularly for pies.

X.—OF THE CLASS DECANDRIA.

The decandrous plants are numerous and interest-
ing. Many leguminous productions are found m this
comntry,-—-as the Sappan wood, Casalpinia sappan of |
the W. Indies—the wild Locust, or Cassia fistulu--
the Logwood, Hematorylon campeachianum—and
Mahogony, Swietenia mahogoni of S. America.

One of the most singular decandrous plants, is a
native of N. Carolina, the Venus flytrap, Dionea mus-
cipula, growing wild in the swamps, and now cultiva-
ted in all parts. Such is the remarkable nature of the
leayes, which are furnished with long rigid fibres bent
upwards, that when a fly or other insect touches
them, they immediately close, and capture it be-
tween the two halves of the leaf:—this efiect is ow-
ing, perhaps, to a property of irritability, similar to
that observed in the sensitive plant. “The splendid
sheep Laurel, of our country, the lovely Kalmia, the
pride of the American Flora, is also decandrous ;
and there are five species of the latter, which for the
delicacy and elegance of its blossoms, are not to be
surpassed by the productions of any other country.

The Corolia is shaped like a salver or wine glass,
its upper part or limb haying at the bottom five exte-
rior knobs or projections ; the anthers areat first bent
down in their filaments so es to be lodged in the in-
terior cavities, corresponding to the knobs. The fam-

ly of Pinks, Dianthus, is also included in this class.

XI.—OF THE CLASS DODECANDRIA.

Of the dodecandria, the Mangostan Garcinia man-
ostana, is a remarkable example. The Garcinia
ambogia produces the gum from which the yellow
‘olor called gamboge is obtained. The Purslane,

Portulaca, although so common now with us, is sup-
posed to have been introduced. The House-leck,
Sempervivum, is also a foreign plant of this class.

X1I.—-OF THE CLASS ICOSANDRIA.

One of the first of this division is the Cactus, or
prickly pear of our country. What at first sight
might be taken for leaves, are only the broad flat.
jointed stems, one growing at the top of another.—
The place of the leaves is supplied by thorns, which
grow on the sides in fascicles, and are very small
like bristles. The C. opuntia bears a beautiful yellow
flower, whichis succeeded by a succulent fruit of a-
greeable flavor. ‘There are several remarkable spe-
ctes of Cactus, particularly the wonderful night-bloo-
ning C. grandifloreus, which bears a most magnifi-
ent flower of a foot in diameter.

The Cherry, Pranus cerasw, the Plum, P. do-

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

mestica, the Peach, Amygdalus persica, the Almord.
A. communis, the Apple, Pyrus malus, the Pear, 2’.
communis,—all these are valuable fruits of foreigu
growth, that have been introduced into our country,
and they thrive exceedingly well. We have howev-
er, wild fruit of these kinds—the Crab apple, Malus
Coronaria, which if cultivated, would, without doubt,
in time, produce a very excellent fruit;s—our wild
Cherry, Prunus virginianus, is a pleasant fruit even in
thewild state; the Chickasaw plum, P. chicasa, prom-
ises to be a valuable addition to our stock of garden
fruit. The Blackberry, Rubus, the Raspberry, R. o~
doratus, are delicious fruits. ‘This class also includes
the delightful Strawberry, Fragaria.

XIIIl,.—OF THE CLASS POLYANDRIA.

The Poppy belongs to this class. From this plant
is derived the opium, which is so generally used in
medicine for its soporific effects. It is obtained by
wounding the capsule while yet green, from whic!
issues a milky juice that hardens.

This class is rich in elegant flowers. The beauti-
ful Nymphaea, or water Lilly, which adorns our fresh
water streams and lakes, is remarkable for the long
petioles of its leaves. The singular Sarracenia, or
side saddle flower, a swamp plant, with a leaf like a
wine glass, capable of holding water; the delightfil
W. India plant Mammea americana ; the fragrant Or-
ange, Citrus aurantium ; the Shaddock, C, decumare,
the Tea tree, so remarkable for its refreshing bever-
age. There are three varieties of this plant, the Thee
viridis, T. bohea, and T. cochinchiniensis.

The different kinds of green tea are all the pro-
ducts of one tree. ‘he difference in the quality of
the leaves is owing entirely to the different seasons
in which they are gathered. The young leaves are
of the better kind, and the larger or outside leaves in-
ferior, The black tea is of a different species from
the green, and the qualities are, in the same manner,
owing to the different seasons of gathering.

There is no tree, which, in the elegance of the flow-
er and leaf, can exceed the commion forest tree of N-
America, called White wood. Tulip tree, Lirioden-
dron tulipifera. The flower is of a greenish yellow,
resembling in form the tulip, and the leaf of a pecul-
jar shape, unlike any other plant. It.is three lobed,
with the middle segment truncated or cut off square-

Our swamps are also variegated with the splendid,
Magnolia glauca, with its large snow white flower,
and its green leaf, with its under side of a silver hue,
Several other magnificent species of this genus are
found in the U. States, or are cultivated in our gar-
dens and green houses ; in particalar the JM. mucroa
phylla, produces a flower of extraordinary magnitude.
Another plant of this class, remarkable for its large
size, & a species of Nelumtiton, (he flower of whith

GORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY. 255
ae = z= - Se ee es
's frequently of the diameter of 12 inches, and grows| mote from the truth who believes nothing, than he

in the waters of the U. States.

XIV.—OF THE CLASS DIDYNAMIA.

‘This is a very numerous class, and contains many |

plants of singular forms and valuable properties.—
‘They are, in the natural arrangement, called Labiate
or lipped plants, from the resemblance which the co-
rollas of most of them have to the head of some ani-
mal, and the tops of them are cleft, so as to resem-
ble a mouth with its two lips. Some of them take their
ames from sucha fancied likeness as the Dragons
head, Dracocephalum, and Turtles head, Chelone.——
The Catmint, Nepeta cataria, is of this class, anda
very valuable plant for its uses in domestic medicine.
‘It grows every where, almost, and has its name from
the fondness which cats have for it. It is said to in-
foxicate them. The Thyme, Thymus vulgaris, which
is used so commonly as a culinary herb, and the mint
Mentha, are of this class. The Sculleap, seutellaria
lateriflora is a native plant, and was formerly cele-
brated for its virtues in curing the hydrophobia. ‘This
is so called from its singular capsule, which is formed
of the calyx, enclosed so as to bear a resemblance to
the ancient helmets. Of the second order, the ele-
gant Catalpa tree, a native of the U. States, and nat-
uralized in our northern sections, is a remarkable ex-
ample. The Trumpet flower, Bignonia radicans, is
also an elegant and splendid climbing plant, with its
large scarlet blossoms and luxuriant foilage, found
wild in the southern sections of the U. States.
singular division of this class consists of plants which
resemble the orobanche, or beach drops, which grow
{tom the reots of Beach trees, witnout leaves, but
bearing a singular flower, appearing as if made of
white wax. The Sesamun orientale, or Bene plant,
‘bears seeds which produce a valuable oil, and is an
K. India plant, but capable of cultivation here.
(To be continued.)

=O @ Stic

ART..158.—Remarks on Mir. Wilson’s sketch of

. the different kinds of Gardens in the United States,
—by Tuomas Bripcrman ; Gardener; Seedsman,
and Florist. New York.

Sin :—On perusing your last number, I find that
your correspondent, Mr. Wilson, continues to amuse
your readers with his descriptions of Gardens and
Gardners; and, asis customary with him, makes com-
parisons that are net consistent with truth or honour.
To be capable of holding an argument with a man
possessed of his literary talents, is a qualification to

which I do not aspire; but Iam one of those whe
cannot swallow every thing I read, and consider ig-
norance as preferable to errgr ; and fhat he is less re-

A F

DD)
who believes what is wrong.

I very much regret that you should have thought it
necessary to curtail my last communication as you
did; thereby depriving me of the opportunity of ex-
posing some of Mr. Wilson’s unguarded assertions
and insinuations. In page 165, of your Repository,
Mr. W. recommends such publications as the “New
England Farmer,” the “American Farmer,” and the
“New York Horticultural Repository,” to the youth
of this country. He says, ‘‘the value of such publi-
cations are above all price. Youth is the time when
the mind is susceptible cf impressions, and if those
works of which youth ts naturally fond, are properly
digested, the effects on their future taste and habits
are well known to be great.” After such remarks, it
is much to be lamented that Mr. Wilson should suffer
envy or prejudice so to prevail over his better judge-
ment, as to cause him to waste his time and talents
in flattering and deceiving mankind.

I trust, therefore, that you will allow me to use my
humble endeavors to guard your readers from being
misled by a misrepresentation of facts. In page 165,
Mr. Wilson would iead us to believe that the ‘“‘guard-
ed gates of the great and opulent, in England, en-
close all the rural scenery of the country ;” and in
page 201, he-would fain persuade us that the rich and.
great can, like Joshua of old, control the Sun, or
cause the rain and the dew to descend on their darling:
spots at pleasure, to the exclusion of others :—orwhat
does he mean, when he says that, “while a few of the
rich and great, with their domestic retinue, wallow in
the enjoyments of such garden produce as are there
thoug it luxuries, and which the far greater portion of
the inhabitants can never afford to taste of; Ameri-~
cans enjoy, in one universal festival, all the most
choice and delicious fruits and vegetables of the tem-
perate zone?” In page 232, he remarks that, “his
isa free country, and that foreigners are not hindered
from commencing upon their own superior models ;”
and insinuates that the Huropean tenantry are the
“thabitual tools of overgrown landlords!” Does Mr.
Wilson mean to say that the people of England arenot
as free to raise what they like, on their own ground,
as the people of any other country in the world? Or
would he have us believe that England is a barren

desert, with the exception of the ‘highly ornamen-

ted domains that surround the palaces of many of
the noblemen?” Edmunds, in his Political Econa-
my, says that the ‘United kingdoms of Great Britam
and Ireland, contains 74 millions of acres, of which
at least 64 millions of acres may be considered capa-
ble of cultivation. Half an acre, with ordinary cuiti-
vation, is sufficient to supply an individual with grain,
and ane acre is sufficient to maintain a horse ;”? but
Mr. Wilson would baye us to believe that the price of

256

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

nm ee

vegetables i is governed by Covent Garden Market, | Mr. W. seems to have quite forgotten, that with some

and that the prices there are beyond the reach of the
greater part of the inhabitants. It is well known that
nearly all kinds of vegetables are cheaper in England,
by one half, than in New York ; and particularly what
are there called garden luxuries.

In page 760, of Loudon’s Gardoner’s Magazine, it
is stated, ‘that on the 26th of January last, a supply
of all common vegetables, in Covent Garden Market,
were abundant and cheap. Fine white Brocoli, at!
from 1s to 2s per bunch, of 6 to8heads. Purple
Brocoli at the same price per bunch, of eight to ten
heads. Sea Kale from 1s to 4s per punnet, or dish.
Asparagus plentiful and cheap, from 1s to 3s per hun-
ylred. Onions from 2s to 3s 6d per bushel. Savoy
‘abbage from Is 6d to 3s per dozen heads.” On the
ighth of March, ‘Green, purple, and Cape Brocoli,

\s stated as low as 9d per bunch. Artichokes from
ls Gd to 2s 6d per palf seive, (of from nine to ten
fuarts.) Brussel’s sprouts 1s per seive, (over halfa

ushel.) Red Radishes from 1s to 1s 6d per dozen
ain (24 to 30 in a hand.) Musarooms from 9d to
i5d per bottle. Coleworts from 1s 6d to 2s 6d per
“ozen bunches. It is alsostated that Brussel’s sprouts
were brought in, in such abundance, that a cart load
was thrown down in the market, and left there by the
owner, who could find no purchasers at any price.”
‘This profusion was in the month of March, and inthe
midst of a city containing nearly a million and a half
of inhabitants.

In my last communication, you omitted an extract
in which was mentioned upwards of thirty kinds of
Beans, cultivated in England. The reader, by pe-
rusing tbe works there alluded to, may be convinced
that many of the kinds of kidney beans are not much
known here, and they are to be obtained in England
eight or nine months of the year. If it were neces-
sary I could enlarge on this subject, but J trust the
candid reader is convinced already, of the absurdity
of making comparisons between the two countries, to
the prejudice of England. Lhave.already proved that
a regular succession of vegetables may be obtained
from the natural ground in England, in every month
of the year. Mr. W. acknowledges, page 232, that
‘¢gur winter here, for two or three months, checks the
proggess of every vegetable substance ;” but I think
very few of our citizens will agree with him, that this
is “absolutely an advantage of the American climate.”
«What kind of appetite,” says Mr. W., “could they

possess, who would wish to see our markets constant- |

ly stocked with such a variety and profusion, as fill
them to overflowirg during the summer and fall
months ?”—and, ‘‘that no appetite, short of downright
gormandizing, could crave more.” These remarks
remind us of the favle of the Fox and the Grapes,—

depend on the services of Europeans.”

people, (the English in particular,) suitable vegeta-
bles are indispensable with certain dishes of meat.—
An Englishman in his native country, considers a leg
of mutton, for instance, but half a dish, without tur-
nips, which may be obtained there at any time of the
year. If Mr. Wilson’s remarks about “six months
gloom of clouds, rains, and fogs, with all their exhil-
araling auvillaries,” are intended for England, I can
assure him that they do not apply to that country, nor
are they over blessed with that intense heat, which
renders many of our fruits and vegetables here un-
wholesome, by engendering such immense quantities
of lice, worms, caterpillars, and other insects in our
gardens, and such swarms of flies, bugs, and musqui-
toes, about our dwellings. It is however, evident,
that whatever the climate of England may be, it is ca-
pable of producing an abundant supply of upwards of
thirty varieties of garden lururies, that are scarcely
known by the inhabitants of this part of America.

I am at a Joss to account for Mr. Wiison’s remarks
about gardeners. He has repeatedly told us that we
may obtain our vegetables, ‘‘not by any superior art
or skill in Horticulture, on the part of the cultivator ;
the favourableness of the climate rendering no other
degree of either necessary, than such as is exercised
in the cultivation of a field of corn.”

He now informs us, page 232, that, “those men of
more affluence and taste, who have their places cul-
tivated on a more refined scale, have invariably to
And “that
they, (the Europeans,) have done, and are still doing
a great deal of good, in the iniroduction of new and
superior kinds of fruit and vegetables.” Can this be
possible, when Mr. Wilson has assured us, that the
horse-bean is the only esculent vegetable in the
known world, that refuses to yield an abundant pro-
duce in America ? Can such men be capable of intro-
ducing vegetables that hitherto have refused to grow
here, with no other skill than such as is required in
field cultivation? It is well known that our markets,
in the Spring of the year, (which is the most profita-
ble time for gardeners, and the most difficult time to
raise vegetables,) are supplied almost altogether, by
European gardeners ; and yet we are told that these
men have much to learn of the natives ; very few of
whom, until of late years, have scarcely attempted to
raise many kinds of early vegetables at all,

Before I take my leave, Mr. Editor, I would ask
Mr. Wilson who those “vain boasting foreigners” are,
that he alludesto. Not havingseen any of their wij-

tings, ] am at a loss ta know who they can be; dues
he mean himself for one? It daes not become any

one to boast, who lived upwards of twenly yeuts in

ithe country before he becam6 aaturanzéd, ahd 480)8

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

257

————

not make up his mind to become a citizen until after
the war was concluded. As to Mr. Wilson’s com-
parisons between what he calls ‘‘Yankees” and Euro-
peans, tbey are not worth notice. It is well known
that an American going to Europe, would have some-
thing to learn there, whatever may be his previous
acquirements: and if the Americans have arrived to
such perfection in knowledge on Horticultural sub-
jects, pray what is the use, Mr. Editor, of vourself
and others wasting their time and talents to publish
books on the subject?
Tam Sir, with the highest respect,
yours, &c.
T. BRIDGEMAN.
Bowery road, New York, Nov. 1828.

1B Cte

ART. 159.— Remarks in answer to a ‘ Squasie.”
By Berura Atpa. [Addressed to the Editor of
the New-York Farmer and Horticultural Repo-
sitory. ]

Sin :—I hope the following observations, on article

131, page 191, of your Repository, will not be con-

sidered so uninteresting, as to prevent an early inser-

tion of them in your columns. ‘The writer of that ar-

{icle endeavors to vindicate the assertions and senti-

ments of the American Horticulturalist, as stated in

pages 191 and 192. How far that writer has suc-
ceededin convincing your readers of the truth of these
assertions and sentiments, Lam unable to judge. To
me, however, it does appear that he has proved noth-
ing, except that which is in favor of what is advanced
by the author of Critical Remarks. Let me, for one
moment, shortly.state to the reader, the point in dis-
pute. Itis stated by the Am. Hort. that the climate
of this country is superior, in point of congeniality, to
that of England; and that it is on this account, that
her garden products, ia many respects, exceed those
of England. Now your critic does not deny that
there are both fruits and vegetables that succeed bet-
ter in this climate than in that of England ; but this is
not atall the point in dispute. The dispute is, wheth-
er the climate of this country is superior to England,
in point of congeniality for garden products. The

Am. Hort. says that it is. In order to prove this as-

sertion, he refers us to a list-of what he terms supe-

rior garden products, which are brought to maturity
in this climate; and then in an exulting manner, ex-
claims, ‘‘ what has England to compare with these?”

In answer to this, your critic maintains the proof to

be insufficient; because, that many of the articles e-

numerated by him do actually grow in England, and

in as great perfection as they dohere. Your critic
says; “allowing that none of these things could be
hrought to perfection in that climate, it by no means

proves that the climate is inferior.” I deem it alto-
gether unnecessary to point out to the reader the dif-
ference that exists in the two climates: every one is
acquainted, by well authenticated evidence, of the
mild and temperate climate of England. Didifora
moment think any of your readers were ignorant of
this fact, I could show volumes of evidence, to con-
vince them of its truth. Let them examine any or all
of the works that have been written on English hor-
ticulture, and if they are not then convinced, I should
callin question the sanity of their minds. Your
American Hort. has given us a very erroneous im-
pression respecting the nature and state of horticul-
ture in England. Ee would make us believe that
the great care and expense bestowed-upon gariden-
ing in that country, is owing to the uncongeniality of
the climate; this however is altogether a mistake.
The great care and expense bestowed, is to procure
a supply of vegetables and fruits out of the usual
season. . I might here digress and point out the be-
nefits that we in this country might derive from an
adoption of the same system, for it is self-evident
that it is as necessary here as it is there. Perhaps
on some future occasion, I may say something more
on this subject. I shall now take notice of the at-
tempt that the writer makes to prove that the people
in England esteem summer or winter squashes as
garden luxuries. The testimony of the celebrated
Mr. Loudon is brought forward in proof of this assei-
tion. Let meask, does his testimony prove any
thing of the kind? No, in no wise, for not one word
is said about their being esteemed luxuries, nor does
any writer or “inglisn horticulture with whom Iam
acquainted, say that this is the case ; I believe there
is not en Englishman that will give his testimony in
favor of such an assertion. The truth is, that in
some parts of England, the cottagers grow pumpkins
and occasionally have them for pies.

As to Mr. Sabine’s testimony, it goes for nothing,
the vegetable marrow being neither a summer ner
winter squash. Our author scems perfectly sensible
of the weakness of his cause and of his incapability
to support it, forin the agony of distress, he calls
aloudfor help. ‘* We must confess (says he) we
blush at the apathy of the cultivators of American
soil in suffering so long in quietness, the reproaches
which are thrown upon their valuable and abundant
products, by the most gross impositions ; more glar-
ing samples of which was certainly never offered to
the public, than those advanced by your horticultural
Critic, both respecting the luxurious productions of
English cottage gardens as well as the fallacious as-
sertion respecting the value of that most simple and
pliable production, the fruit of a squash.”

Thee my friends are the last struggles of our de~
parting frignd.

258

«* What groan was that I heard? Deep groan indeed,
With anguish heavy laden,

The strong man

By stronger arm o’erpowered, gasps for breath
Like a hard hunted beast.

See ! how he tugs for life, and lays about him

Mad with his pain! Eager he catches hold

Of what comes next to hand and grasps it hard

Just like a creature drowning.’—Bratr.

In the preceeding paragraph your critic is charged
with reproaching the valuable and abundant products
of this country. With what justice this charge is
made, I shall leave it for the public to decide ; for
my own part, I deny itin toto. I have neither re-
proached the country, its climate, nor its products ; 1
have merely asserted that certain of its products are
not esteemed vatuable or delicious by the people of
England. Is this at all saying they are not so te the
inhabitants of this or any other country, who may
consider them as such ?

A man may prefer a load-
stool to any other vegetable, and to him such a pro-
duction is both delicious and valuable.

Our author might have saved himself the trouble
of quoting what he has done from Mr. Loudon, re-
specting the cottage gardens of England ; such quo-
tations only serve to lengthen his story, without pro-
ducing any thing else, and therefore reminds us of
the well known fable, the Mountain in labor.

Tn addition to my former assertions upon this sub-
ject, I say that owing to the superior mild wioters
and the absence of intense heat in summer, the inha-
bitants of England enjoy more of the luxuries of the
garden, than the inhabitants of those countries whose
winters are long and severe, and whose summers are
intensely hot.

I conclude these remarks by calling upon the Am.
IJort. as a gentleman, to inform us who are the for-
eigners he alludes to as hooting and sneering, &¢.—
If he does not so, I shall ever consider him as hay-
ing made an unjust, insinuating and cowardly attack
upon all foreign horticulturists.

BETULA ALBA:

=) 8B See

ART. 160.—On use of Gypsum in Agriculiure.
By J. Buzr, Esq. of Albany. [Addressed to the
Editor of the N. Y. Farmer & Hor. Repository. ]

Sim—The extensive application of Plaster of Pa-
vis in the interior of this state, to the purposes of
husbandry, induces me to hazard a few remarks upon
the causes of its fertility, and the soils and crops to
which it may be advantageously applied. I perccive
that many of our farmers, although slow to adopt this
or any other innovation upon old habits, now that
they have become satisfied of the benefit of plaster
in seme cases, seem to infer that it is useful in all,
and thus apply it without “rhyme or reason.” ‘The

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

consequence, I fear, will be to bring it into disrepute
and lead to its rejection in cases where its utility is
unquestionable.

‘The most common opinion is, that this substance
benefits crops by drawing moisture from the atmes-
phere. ‘This theory proves too much: for if it has
so strongan affinity formoisture, it will attract it from
the soil as well as fromthe atmosphere ; and thus reb
the plants, instead of increasing their supply, of this es -
sential agent of vegetable developement. But it has
been proved that gypsum absorbs moisture far less
powerfully than putressible manures, ‘or even com-
mon soils, and retains it a shorter time. . Johnson
has given us, in his essay on the use of salt in agri-
culture, tables exhibiting the absorbent and retentive
powers of different substances.
tract in proof of my position:

I subjoin an ex-

(‘* Horse dung evaporated previously to paris.
\ dryness, at a temperature of 100°, ab-
sorbed, during an exposure of three
| hours to air saturated with moisture at
62°, 145
Putrified tan bark, under like circum-

S | stances, (66°9,) 145

Sy Unputrified do. 115

en Cow dung do. 180

=| Pig do. do. 120

* | Sheep do. do. 31-
Refuse Salt (60°) 49
Burnt Clay, ; “29
The richest soil (in one hour) 23
Lime (part carbonate) dl

Gypsum, 9
Pig dung, evaporated to dryness, at a

; temperature of 106° (the heat of a me-
ridian sun at midsummer) and then
moistened with six parts of water, re-

— | quired for being reduced to dryness min.

3 again, at the above temperature, 135

= \ Horse dung, under similar cireumstan-

“ | ces, 90
Common Salt, 75
Rich Soil, 32
Poor Soil (sileeious,) 25

Gypsum, 1s

Thus it appears, that the absorbent power of horse
dung is sixteen times greater than that of gypsum,
and its retaining power seven times greater. Let us
not lose sight of another important fuct which these
experiments suggest, viz: That the power of a soil
for absorbing and retaining moisture, and of course
of resisting draught, isin the ratio of the dung ang
vegetable matter which it contains—rich soils suffer-
ing least and poor soils most, in dry weather.—
Ploughing and hoeing frequently tend yery much to
increase, or rather to bring into full operation, these
qualities of soils for absorbing and retaining moisture.

After water has been expelled from plaster of paris
by. burning or heating, it then again absorbs it pow-
erfully—and not only absorbs, but solidifiesit. Iris
by this process that it is fitted for cornices; busis, &e

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

259

Another agency which has been ascribed to plaster
jin the process of vegetation, is that of accelleratiag
putrefaction in the soil—of rendering inert vegetable
matter soluble, and thus increasing the supply of ve-
getable food. The experiments of Sir H. Davy dis-
prove this theory, and show that gypsum rather re-

{ards than increases animal and vegetable putrefac-
~ tion. 5 f

Some, supposing that plants are gifted with sensa
tion, contend, that gypsum acts as a condiment to the
vegetable, as spices do to the animal system, and
benefit by stimulating their absorbent and assimila

{ing organs. Iam not physiologist enough to discuss] its not having been dissolved.

for by their generally abounding in bog soil, and not
usually producing plants which contain gypsum.

As to the time and manner of applying plaster, dif-
ferent opinions prevail. It cannot enter the mouths
of plants until it is dissolved, or become soluble. To
effect this, 500 times its weight of water is found to
be requisite. This would seem to indicate that i;
should be sown early on grass lands. My practice
has been to sow in March, or early in April, and if
practicable, upon a light snow. When sown late,
and a dry summer ensues, its benefits are frequently
not perceptible, probably from the circumstance of
Thave followed the

this point, and will therefore barely observe, that ifjexample of two great pioneers in the improvement of
this is so, all plants are not equally sensitive ; for) American husbandry, the late Judge Peters and John
many are certainly not affected by this stimulus. Taylor, in sowing it for Indian corn and potatoes be-
Others again have maintained, that plaster owes its|fore the last ploughing. I consider the benefit in this
utility to the sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) which it|method more certain and the labor less, than in that
contains ; and of course that.a decomposition or se-|of strewing it on the hills of the growing crop.
paration of parts, takes place in the soil. Sulphuric] The experience of practical men seems to have
acid has been applied, blended with different parts of] fixed the proper quantity at from one to te bushels
water, without seeming to confirm this theory. But] the acre.
a sufficient objection is found in the fact, that gyp-{ Plaster appears partially to have lost its efficacy in
sum is detected in the clovers and other plants, show-| Some parts of Pennsylvania, where it has been long-
ing that no decomposition has taken place, and that|est and most successfully used. It is said, to adopt
the sulphuric acid, remaining chemically combined} the common language, that the soil has becorne tired

with its base, could not have acted separately.

ofit. Isuspect too much reliance has been placed

Sir H. Davy, I think, has suggested the true cause| upon it ; and that it has been used asa substitute ra-
of the fertility in gypsum: That it forms as necessa-| ther than as an auxiliary, for old fashioned barn yard

vy constituent of some plants, as a few drops of pep-| dung.

permint do to a mint sling; and that when the soil
does not contain it, m the small proportion needed,
its application is necessary for their complete devel-
opement and perfection—and that itis only useful to
such crops as yield it on analysis, and on soils where it
is deficient. Of the plants which contain gypsum,
Sir H. Davy has enumerated the clovers, luzern, san-
foin and some other grasses ; in which he believes it
may exist to the amount of three or four bushels on
an acre of these plants.
small quantities ; and if this theory is correct, Indian
corn and potatoes will afford it, as it evidently bene-
fits these crops. ~ He adds, that gypsum is not taken
up in corn crops, such as wheat, rye, barley, &c. A
course of experiments during ten years, has satisfied
me that these crops are not benefitted, directly, by its
application, but often indirectly, by increasing the
erowth of other vegetables, which ultimately enrich
the soil.

The soils which plaster most benefits, are the poor
fean sands and sand loams; and its effects diminish
in proportion as these become more rich, adhesive or
wet. The dung of cattle contains gypsum; so does
peat or bogearth. To lands often dunged, itseffects
are consequently less perceptible. That it does not
prove efficacious upon wet lands may be accounted

The turnip crop yields it in|

There is another way of accounting for its
apparent failure. Has not the soil become tired of
the plants which it aids, and which may have exhaus«
ted it of some other constituent? In the Norfolk
system of alternate husbandry, tt was long ago as-
certained that clover could not be sown to adyautage
oftener than every second course, or once in eight or
ten years, and other grasses were consequently al-
ternated with it. The practice in Pennsylvania has
been, I believe, to continue sowing clover every four
or five years.

The preceding view of the subject and my person-
al experience, induce me to offer the following rules
for the consideration of the farmer :

1. That plaster may be applied to pasture and
meadow lands, not absolutely wet, with strong pro-
bability of profit—as it undoubtedly forms a consti-
tuent of many of the grasses, increases their vigor
and thickens the sole.

2. That it may be applied, with equal prospect of
success, to the maize and potato crops, and I think,
to legumes, such as peas, beans, &c. These being
sown, as good husbandry implies, upon lands natu-
rally freo from surface water, or rendered so by
draining. i

3. That its benefits are greatest upon sands, gra-

| vels and light loams ; and that these benefits dimin-

260

ish in proportion as the soil becomes rich, either na-
turally or by the application of dung.

4, That plaster can never become a substitute for
dung, but may be rendered a valuable auxiliary—be-
nifitting some crops directly, and all remotely, by in-
creasing the volume of vegetable matter, which ulti-
mately becomes the food of plants.

5. That from one te two bushels per acre is a suf-
ficient annual dressing for lands.

6. That upon grass itis most profitably sown ear-
ly, ‘that the vernal rains may render it soluble ; and
upon tilled crops before the last ploughing, that the
moisture in the soil may perform this office in season,
in both cases, to benefit the summer’s growth.

And, finally, That its use can be best regulated by
ihe farmer himself carefully noting its effects upon
different crops, Soils, &c. always leaving a strip un-
plastered upon crops which it is supposed to benefit,
and plastering a strip upon those on which its bene-
fits are doubtful.

Very respectfully,

Aliany Nursery, Nov. 24.

J. BUEL.

— 8 © Ot —

ART. 161.—4 Sketch of the different kinds of}
Gardensin the Unlted States, particalarty those
of the Middle and Eastern Siates. By Wrt11am
Witson, Nurseryman. Continued from page 232.
The list of vegetables (published in our last) with

which our markets are abundantly supplied during

the winter and spring months, contains those that
falsely informed Europeans have been led to believe
were swept from our possession by the severity of
our winters. ‘To that list might have been added the
spinage, which, with a very little trouble in covering,
is frequently cut for market during the greater part of
the season, and our crops of Savoy cabbage, which;

itis presumed, are not surpassed in point of quality
and size by those of any other country, remain in the
finest order for table, the whole winter season, until
the teeming shoots of the asparagus burst through
the mellowclods. Savoys, like other cabbage, have

only to be taken up at the approach of a severe frost |
and laid in the ground close together up to their necks
and covered over with straw, salt hay or cedar brush, |
to prevent the cutting winds from blowing directly |
uponthem. Anditisno more trouble to cut them
for use at any period, from this position, with the
earth around them frozen like the adamantine rock,
than it isin some European countries to have to wade
up to the knees in dirt and mud, to procure the half)
rotten prize. But this is not all, modern experience |
has proved that, with very little care, a continual sup-
ply of that first rate vegetable, the Cape Brocoli, can
be obtained from the month of September until April.
This I state from the facility with which I have for}

| kind.

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

several years, been enabled to continue a regular
succession of its flowers during that period. It has
only to be laid in the natural ground like cabbage, but
must be sheltered by a garden frame and glazed sash-
es, and the whole managed in the same way as the
frames for protecting cauliflower plants. ‘The mar-
ket gardeners generally employ considerable quan-
tities of these kinds of garden frames jor growing
winter lettuces, parsley and young cabbage plants,
&c. And green houses are now almost as commen
amongst them as their horse stables, and without un-
dergeing any initiary instructions in the mysterious
science of propagating or cultivating the far fetched
vegetable dandies, they have for several years past
glutted the markets with multitudes of various kinds
of green house plants, natives of every quarter of the
globe. Very few ef these market men who lease
their ground cultivate much fruit, at least of the tree
‘This is to be attributed to the very general
distribution of orchards that are to be found decora-
ting the ground of perhaps every farmer in the coun-

|try. To do justice to the true character of these

invaluable sources of American enjoyments, would
require a volume, and they are well deserving the
pen of a Cox to illustrate their value. We need on-
ly here remark, that the very reasonable price for
which their produce can be purchased in our markets,
is a good proof of the great facility with which they
yield their abundant crops; and the high price which
our Newtown Pippins bring in England, proves that
their qualities are not altogether of that degenerated

stamp with which many would wish to stigmatize ey-
ery thing of American origin. Newtown Pippins

can generally be Lought in our markets during the
fall and winter months, for one dollar and a half to
two dollars per barrel of two bushels and a half each.
In Covent Garden market, [ have neyer seen their
price quoted at a less rate than six dollars and a half
per barrel.

The price of baking apples of best quality in the
same market, at this season, is generally sixteen
shillings sterling per bushel, equal to three dollars
and fifty-five cents. Fh our markets, the best cook-
ing apples at this season, generally sell at less than
fifty cents per bushel. ‘They are cultivated very ex-
tensively all over the country, and our markets are
often so overstocked with their supplies, that Spitzen-
bargh’s and other good table apples are sold for forty
cents per bushel.

The cultivation of the Peach Tree for the supply
of our markets, is rapidly increasing towards the ex-
tensive scale of former years; considerable num-
bers of our farm market men being in possession ef
many bundreds of these trees in a fine bearing sfate,
and some of them have several thousands, whose
delicious and abundant produce have for years past

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

265

brought their enterprizing cultivators many thousands
of dollars. They are sold in cur markets at an aver-
age price of from two to four dollars per bushel.

It may be entertaining to the inhabitants of this
country, to know that the average price of the best
peaches in Covent Garden market, London, in the
month of August, is twelve shillings sterling per do-
zen, which is equal to two dollars and sixty-six cents.
Allowing each peach to fill the measure of halfa pint,
a bushel would contain 128, which at one shilling
sterling each, amounts to the sum of near twenty-
eight and ahalf dollars. During the three following
months their price is two thirds less. But in July it
is double, and upon a very moderate calculation, we
may conclude that the price of the best peaches in
London is from three to four times higher than the
best in this country ; and when we take into consid-
eration the superior flavour which the cheering rays
of our summer sun imparts to this delicious fruit by
ripening it to great perfection on standard trees ex-
posed to the free open air of the most congenial
clime, we think we may well employ our public pen
to elucidate the true value of those natural advantages
which a kind Providence has so liberally granted

us.

Our Pears, our Cherries, our Plums, and a great
variety of small fruits, are generally excellent and
abundant, and sold at as proportionally low prices as
our apples. They are cultivated extensively with
little trouble, and brought to our markets from all
quarters, where they generally meet a ready saie, and
although sold at low prices, they well repay the in-
dustry of their cultivators.

There are several other kinds of fruit whose value
entitles them to be particularly mentioned in this
sketch, but we shall at present only notice the me-
lon (Cucumis melo of Botanists.) This fruit is rank-
éd by Loudon in his Encyclopedia of Gardening,
page 747, paragraph 4723, as one of the three first
fruits in the world, and in his judgment so far we free-
ly coincide, and are proud to contemplate that con-
geniality of American climate by which this interest-
ing plant extends her fruitful vines over every field
where faithful man bestows the care of simplest cul-
ture. The quantities of this most delicious vegeta-
ble production the earth ever bore, and with which
our markets are supplied in the months of August and
September, is astonishing, and the ease with which it
is cultivated, enables its growers to sell the fruit at
an average price of twelve and a half cents a piece,
and I have myselfsold many a cart load of Murray’s
pine apple and other first rate sorts of melons at six
cents each. The average price of a single melon
in Coyent Garden market in the month of August, is
five shillings sterling. Inthe two following months
they sell for free shillings each, but in July they

bring from five to fifteen shillings. At a moderate

calculation, six times higher than with us, although
in point of flavour far inferior to ours. This I have
frequently heard acknowledged by gentlemen of this
cily, who have had the opportunity of testing the qua-
lities of those of both countries, and which the obser-
vation of every sagacious hortuculturist of experience
might enable him to account for, from the circum-
stance of those of this country being grown and
brought to maturity in the open air, whereas those in
England have to be grown and generally matured by
the aid of class, even during the warmest periods of
In some of Loudon’s
works I lately saw an account of some melons which
were ripened in a more exposed position than usual,

their short lived summers.

and which was said to have resulted in the improve-~
ment of their flavour. The sentiments too, of Mr.
Knight seem to be in accordance with the idea of
fruits being improved by an increase of its exposure
In Loudon’s Encyclopedia, page
715, paragraph 4497, is the following: ‘ Final plan-
ting—The peachis almost universally planted against

to the open air.

walls in Britain; in some few warm situations they
have been tried as dwarf standards—ani Knight,
‘fort. Trans. vol. i. p. 219,) ‘‘thinks they may be
grown insome cases as low as espalleirs covering
with mats in spring to protectthe blossom. In eyve-
ry warm season there can be no doubt the fruit of the
hardier sorts so grown, would be higher colored and
of superior flavour.”

Very little attention has as yet been paid to the cui-
tivation of the grape vine for the supply of our mar-
kets, although very fine samples of various kinds cul-
tivated in Europe, are produced in many places, and
the universal distribution of our native sorts all over
the country, exhibit the clearest evidences of the
practicability of the United States being made the
most abundant wine country in the world.

98 Bt —

ABT. 162.—Landscape Gurdening.—-Answers
by ‘Wa. Witson to the Queries put to him by
“Anti Ixpigenous Conceir.”

Query Ist. ‘* What are the European limited rules
alluded to; and in whose writings are they to be
found 2”

Answer.—They are those that are generally (but
not always) bounded by the limits of an individual
gentleman’s country residence, unconnected by any
intermediate continuation to that of any other, and
are to be found in the writings of Loudon, in his En-
cyclopedia of Gardening, at page 1006, as follows :
«« When artificial scenes join other artificial scenes,
nothing can be easier than by the reciprocal continua-
tion of avenues, strips or masses, so far to unite the
two seats as to conceal the boundaries of each while

262 NEW-YORK FARMER AND

ee

the two mansions will thus each borrow a splendour Conceit” tingle. The meaning of my sentence which
from the other. There are still existing proofs of is the cause of the third query, is precisely what Mr.
the attention paid to this subject in former times, an‘ Anti Indigenous Conceit” has guessed it to be:
mstance of which oceurs in the apparent connection |‘ That in entering the precincts of public roads in
by avenues between Blenheim Ditchley and Hey- | Europe, we cannot equally obtain the view of a coun-
throp, though the last mansion is nearly ten miles try ornamented with the majestic and varied beauties

distant from the first.” of the hand of nature, as is to be seen in our own
Query 2d. “‘ How are we to understand Mr. Wil-| country.”

son when he says, ‘* Our remarks will be in accord- a
auce with the idea of our maintaining and improving | :
one natural, grand, noble and national characteristic
ofrural excellencies.”” Does he mean there is some-
thing more natural, grand, noble, national and excel-
Jent in American rural scenery, than what is to be
fond in Europe, or are we understand by this sen-
teuce, the mere clink and jingle of words?”
Answer.—I mean the preservation of the remains
of our native forest trees and flowering shrubs, dc.
which are still so universally scattered throughout
eyen our oldest settlements. Loudon in his work
above quoted, says, at page 1005, «Trees whether
in scattered forests, thickets, or groups, or in com-
pact geonietre squares, avenues or rows, constitute

ARTY. 163.—The dignity and importance of agvi-
cultural pursuits must direct the policy and manners
of the people, to secure the perpetuity of our civil
privileges.

The pursuit of national objects, is directed by the
influence of public opinion; and it is by this influ-
ence that habits prevail which eventuate in the for-
mation of national character. In every country
which has been called civilized, the splendour of
weulth has engaged the attention of vulgar minds,
and attached to its possessor a superiority to which
merit or talents could have no claim. This sense-

\less admiration of the show and parade of wealth,
the greatest charm of every country.” And in the'pas been too much encouraged, by the influence of
same work, page 993, he says, ‘“‘ The great source

of the beauty of every verdant landscape is wood, and
so much of the beauty of all woods depends on acei-
dental circumstances in their progress from the time

public opinion, in states which have been reputed to
be virtuous and free. The possession of wealth does
not necessarily tend to improve the virtues or capa-

cities of men; these are to be improved by the pur-

of planting till they attain a considerable age, and! suits and the exercises in which they are engaged.—
which cireumstances cannot be said practically to be

under the control of the gardener ; that however high
our aim, however we may study the natural effects of
time, and however correctly we may imitate them, at
ihe end of all our labours, any wood of art will al-
ways be far inferior to a wood of nature under the
same circumstances.” Michaux, page 106, has de-
scribed one hundred and thirty-seven trees which in

Hitherto, a large portion of the American people have
been amused with the idea, that the duration and
perfection of political happiness depend entirely on
a free constitution, written on paper. But many have
ever believed, that when the manners of the people
arrive to a certain degree of degeneracy, the laws
which have usually governed human actions and pas-
sions, will decide its fate ; and that such a state of
America grow above thirty feet high, of which eighty- degeneracy can be prevented only by habits of indus-
five are employed in the arts. In France there are | try in the pursuit of objects best calculated to meli-
only thirty-seven which rise to that height, of which | orate the human condition. Should our republic ex-
eighteen serve to form timber plantations, and of|hibit the phenomenon, which has never yet been ex-

these seven only are employed in civil and marine | hibited in the civilized world, that of a nation of hus-
constructions.

But the preeminence of America, in|bandmen making commerce and the mechanical arts
the beauty, variety and magnificence of her forest | wholly subservient to the interests of agricuiture,
trees, is universally known; and while a good pro-|and enforcing upon our citizens, as it were by a na-
portion, as at present, of these are still preserved | tional discipline and the influence of public opinion,
throughout the country in scattered forests, thickets, | habits of rigid temperance and industry, we might
groups, &c. so long will she continue to exhibit to |indulge more sanguine hopes of its immortal dura-
every unprejudiced eye, one natural, grand, noble | tion. History, that monumental record of national
and national characteristic of rural excellencies, with | rise and national ruin, has taught us that through ev-
which Europe nor any other country upon earth, ery stage of civil society, the miseries attending the
ever afforded a parallel. condition of man, have been accumulated, in prepor-

I did not intend that any of my sentences should | tion to their neglect of the peaceful and happy em-
be understood to mean merely “a clink and jingle of | ployment of cultivating the earth. It has been jastly
words,” and I should be extremely sorry if any af my |remarked by one who has heretofere directed the
answers sbauld make the ears of * Anti Indigenous | destinies of our country, “ frat God has made the

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

263

breasts of those that labour in the earth his peculiar
deposite for substantial virtue ; the focus in which he
keeps alive the sacred fire, which otherwise might
escape from the face of the earth: that corruption of
morals in the mass of cultivators, is a phenomenon
of which no age or nation has furnished an example;
it is the mark set on those, who, not looking up to
Heaven, to their own soil and industry, as does the
husbandman, depend for it on the casualties and ca-
price of customers: and that the proportion which
the aggregaie of the other classes of citizens bears,
in any state, to that of its husbandmen, is the propor-
tion of its unsound to the healthy parts.” The voice
of reason and nature confirm the truth of these re-
marks. There is no occupation, which, like agricul-
ture, contributes to the health and energy of the hu-
man constitution ; and when attended to as a science,
it presents a vast field for the display of intellectual
improvement and philosophical investigation. The
mechanical arts, such as of masons, carpenters and
smiths, particularly, are necessary, not only to aid
the farmer in the progress of his occupation, but con-
tribute essentially to his convenience and comfort.
Buta small proportion of this class of citizens, is
however sufficient for all the necessary purposes of
their respective arts. Itis very obvious that without
the plough, the hoe, and the harrow, the productive
powers of the.soil would never have been developed
inany degree adequate to the great objects of civili-
zation, and of improving the natural condition of
man. Sut in the invention of these arts, which were
necessary fo improve the science of agriculture, man-
‘kind were gradually led to the discovery of those
which increased their riches; and when by the ac-
quisition of a surplus of the produce of the earth,
and the introduction of commerce, money was in-
vented as the representation of property, and by that
means it was found practicable to purchase not only
the necessaries but the conveniences of life, the na-
tural indolence of the human disposition begah to
yield to the fascinating charms of luxurious ease.—
According to the christian chronology, it was more
than three thousand years from the creation of our
world, before the use of silverand gold metals were
introduced as a circulating medium, and a substitute
for the value of property ; during which period em-
pires rose, and flourished, and fell. It would be a
curious subject to investigate the history of the ori-
gin and use of money, and its progressive influence
on the manners of civil society. But for any im-
portant practical use to Americans, in their present
condition, itis sufficient for them to learn whether its
present use, or the means whieh are practised to ac-
cumulate it, have a tendency to advance our political
happiness, or to perpetuate the duration of our own
republican privileges. Ifthe great object of a¢cumu-

lating money is not to meliorate the condition of our
country, by facilitating the means of subsistence ge-
nerally, and making our citizens wiser and better, is
it not questionable, whether the increase of our mo-
ney capital, and our population, will essentially ad-
vance the happiness, and the durable strength of our
republic? It has been remarked that the strength of
a nation is derived from the character, not from the
wealth, nor from the number of its people. And of
the truth of this remark, ancient Sparta has furnish-
ed us withan example. ‘The republic of Sparta, af-
ter Lycurgus had suppressed the circulation of gold
and silver coins, and introduced money made of iron,
as the only circulating medium, and enforced by law
such a distribution of property, that there were no
citizens either rich or poor, and with a less popula-
tion than the surrounding nations, flourished for ages,
the most powerful and happy republic of Greece, and
perhaps of any other that has ever existed. The ob-
ject of the celebrated institutions of Lycurgus, was
to make her citizens powerful and happy ; by making
them wiser and-better ; by improving their manners
and habits, rather than by accumulating their wealth,

extending their dominion, and inereasing their popu-
lation. And Americans should not forget the policy
of Lycurgus, so far as it relates to the importance of
forming the habits of our citizens to industry, and
their morals to virtue, in establishing a national cha-
racter, was enjoined on us by the advice, and exem-
plified in the character, of our Washington. When
on the occasion of his inauguration to the office of
our first chief magistrate, he admonished them to ho-
nour the men who with their own hands maintain their
families, and raise up children who are inured to toil,
he doubtless saw-in this class of citizens the surest
pledges of their welfare, and the permanency of our
privileges. This remark of our illustrious chief was
a salutary reproof to that class of overgrown plan-
ters and farmers, who would degrade the condition
of the labouring husbandman to that of the slave.
In giving lessons to posterity, his exalted policy was
not iafluenced by partial views nor personal motives;
nor by the pride or prejudices of the world. In the
experience of a hfe devoted to the welfare and glory
of his country, he found in the employment of agri-
culture, the best resources of individual happiness
and national prosperity. But although there have
been characters renowned for wisdom, for intellectu-
al capacity, and for patriotism, who have in every age
and country, been disposed to raise the dignity, and
improve the science of agricultural pursuits, yet,
strange as it may appear, in Republican America, to
labour in the field is unfashionable! Cincinnatus
was called from the plough to direct the destinies of
an empire, that gave laws to the world; and to the
proffers of unbounded wealth, and the splendours ef

264

——————————

ambition and of power, preferred his cottage and the
cultivation of his little farm; yet among Americans,
a large class of our citizens, who would claim the
exclusive right to the title of gentlemen, would think
it degrading to their dignity to be found, as the depu-
ties of the senate found Cincinnatus, holding the
plough and dressed in the mean attire of a labouring
husbandman! In Republican America, too, many of
our sons and daughters would excuse themselves}

from honest industry, because it is supposed to be un- \
worthy of the capacity improved by science. But

Americans should not forget what the lessons of his-
tory and experience have taught, that degeneracy of
morals and manners have invariably originated in that
class of citizens who have shunned honest industry
as degrading ; and that when that class becomes so
numerous as to controul the current of popular opin- |
ion, the ruin of political happiness and of liberty is
inevitable. If then we love our country, and would |
transmit to our posterity the blessings we enjoy, we
should adopt the advice of our greatest political
benefactor, honour the men, who with their own
hands maintain their families, and thereby render ag-
ricultural pursuits popular, render them fashionable,

and raise them to that dignity, to which they should
be elevaied,,and to which they must be elevated, to
preserve the happiness, and secure the permanency |
of our republic.—Farmen’s Lib.

= B Btu

ART. 164.—Recent Valuable Patents.
IMPROVEMENT IN THE HORSE-SHOE.
Specification.—Be it known, that I, Stephen R.}
Kean, of the City of Washington, in the District of
Columbia, have invented and applied to use, a new
and useful improvement in the horse-shoe, called
“ The self-expanding, or swivel-joint horse-shoe,” not
known or used before this, my said discovery ; spe-
ecified and described in the words following, viz.
This shoe is formed, by simply uniting two sections
(ene for each side of the hoof,) in the centre, at the
toe, by means of a rivet, which may be a separate
piece of iron or steel; or it may be a projection from
the upper side of the lower half of the hinge joint.—
The rivet must be counter-sunk into the shoe, at the
upper end, and made flush with the upper surface of
the shoe, to prevent it from bearing too hard, or sink-
ing into the hoof; and must be made to work freely
in the joint——laterally.
The benefits of this kind of shoe are practically
known to the inventor, and consist in the certainty of
its obviating or removing the difficulty too often ex-

NEW-YORK PARMER AND

an rere oe

shoe binding the hoof close upon it, often produces
lameness in the horse, of theabove desenption, which
no doubt, is frequently attributed to quite different
causes than the real one; and which might be com-
pletely prevented or removed, by using shoes of the
form here proposed ; as the following facts will more
satisfactorily prove :—

The circumstances which led to this discovery are
briefly these :—A very elegant and yaluable horse,
belonging to a distinguished individual in this Dis-
trict, had become very lame. Tis lameness was at-
tributed to a founder, and he was, for a long time
treated for this complaint, by different farriers, under
whose charge he had been placed ; but all remedies
having finally failed, he was pronounced “ incurable,”
and was accordingly sold for a trifle to a horse-deal-
er. He finally (after having been hawked about for
some time, his lameness still increasing) came into
the possession of the inventor, who soon discovered,
that his lameness proceeded from bad shoeing, or
from shoeing in the usual manner. As a remedy, he
had the shoes taken off, the frogs pared down, and in
this situation turned the horse out into the fields,
where he remained for several weeks, till his hoofs
became sufficiently expanded; when, on having him
re-shod, the idea occurred to him, that a shoe, so
constructed, as to allow the’ hoof to expand freely,
would effectually prevent a return of lameness in the
horse. He accordingly had him shod with shoes of
the construction herein before described; and the con-

| sequence has been, that his lameness never returned,

and he has become one of the most valuable horses
in the District of Columbia.

Another advantage resulting from this mode of
shoeing, (of no small consequence, on the score of e<
conomy, to persons who keep a large number of hor-
ses,) is, that the shoes, if they are well put on in the
first instance, never require removing, till they are
worn out—an advantage which the present meth-
od of shoeing does not possess, as the horse will
become hoof-bound if the sheeremains too long in one
position. It is also evident, that the same shoe will
fit almost any hoof.

In testimony that the foregoing is a true descrip-
tion of my said improvement in the horse-shoe, as by
me described, I hereunto set my hand and seal, this
9th day of June, in the year of our Lord, 1828.

STEPHEN R. KEAN,

In presence of ;
URIAH BROWN,

JOHN F. FOSTER.

CAST IRON BUSH FOR GRIST MILLS.

perienced, of the horse becoming what is called “ hoof} This articie has been patented by Mr. N. Taylor,
bound,” by the shoe of the usual form now used.—| and is said to be a greatimprovement. Its chief ex-
‘The frog, in the centre of the hoof, naturally endeay- | cellence consists in its preventing heat, keeping the
ars to expand; but, being confined, by reason of the | spindle firm, and when once properly fixed in the bed

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

265

stone, saves the expense and trouble that attends the
taking up, renewing and wedging those now in use.
The inconvenience of reparing the commen ones,
often induces the millers to leave them in long after
the spindle begins to warble, and thus much inferior
flour finds its way to market ; but Mr. Taylor’s im-
provement does away this objection. (It can be seen
at this office. )
CAST JRON FIRE TONGS.

High polish and cheapness, and also strength, ap-
pear to be the recommendations of this improvement.
Theyare particularly adapted for kitchen use. (They
can be seen at 113 Beekman-st.)

MACHINE FOR PLANTING SEEDS.

The patent for this improvement was taken out in
August last, by two persons of the name of Roberts,
residents of Denmark, N. York. The machine has
been sometime in operation, and has, says the editor
of the Franklin Journal “ been found to answer the
intended purpose in the most perfect manner.” An
intelligent gentleman who resides in the neighbour-
hoad of the patentees, writes thus, ‘‘ there can be no
difficulty in the application of this machine to the
plantmg of any kind of seed, and any number of
them at a time, at any required distance, as fast as a
man can walk. When the rows are set four feet
apart one way, and eighteen inches the other ; there
is no difficulty, nor is it a very hard day’s work for a
man to plant ten acres after the ground is properly
prepared to receive the seeds.”

19 QD Sti

ART. 164.—On a@ method of Cleaning Silk,
Woollen, and Cotton Goods, By Mrs. ANNE
Morris.

Take raw potatoes, in the state they are taken out
ef the earth; wash them well; then rub them on a
grater, over a vessel of clean water, to a fine pulp ;
pass the liquid through a coarse sieve, into another
tub of clear water: let the mixture stand, till the fine
white particles of the potatoes (the facula) are pre-
cipitated: then pour the mucilaginous potato-liquor
from the facula, and preserve this liquor for use.

The article to be cleaned should be laid upon a
linen cloth, on a table ; and, having provided a clean
sponge, dip it into the potato-liquor, and apply the
sponge thus wet upon the article to be cleaned, and
rub it well upon it, repeatedly, with fresh portions of
the potato-liquor, till the dirt is perfectly loosened :
then wash the article in clean water several times,
to remove the loose dirt: it may afterwards be
smoothed and dried. sa

Two middle-sized potatoes will be sufliciert for a
pint of water.

The white feecula, which separates in making the
mucilaginous liquor, will answer the purpose of tapi-

oca; will make a useful nourishing food, with soup
or milk; orserve to make starch and hair-powder.

The coarse pulp, which does not pass the sieve, is
of great use in cleaning worsted or woollen curtains,
tapestry, carpets, or other coarse goods.

The mucilaginous liquor of the potatoes will clean
all sorts of silk, cotton, or woollen goods, without
hurting the texture of the articles, or spoiling their
colours.

It is also useful in cleaning oil-paintings, or furni-
ture that is soiled.

Dirty painted wainscots may be cleaned, by wet-
ting a sponge in the liquor, then dipping it into a_lit-
tle fine clean sand, and afterwards rubbing the wain-
scot therewith.— Trans. Eng. af Arts.

—=n8 B Gi0—

[ Under the impression that no information which
our columns could convey, will be more acceptable
to farmers than that on neat cattle, we commence the
following as the beginning of a series of articles,
each of which will be accompanied by one or imore
cuts of the most improved breeds of English bulls.
Our readers may rely on the accuracy of the draw-
ings, taken from that celebrated work, Loudon’s Ene
cyclopedia of Agriculture. ]

ART. 165.—Neat or Horned Catile.

The neat or horned cattle used in agriculture are
included under two species of Bos; the B. taurus or
Ox, and the B. bubulus or Buffalo; the latter less
used in Britain than on the continent and in other
countries. These animals are more universally used
as beasts of draught and burthen than the horse, and
have the additional advantage of furnishing excel-
lent food and other valuable products. There is
scarcely a country in which the ox or the buffalo is
not either indigenous, or naturalized and cultivated ;
while in many parts of the world, the horse is either
wanting, or reserved for the purposes of war or the
saddle.

The Ox.—Bos Taurus, L. Ochs, Ger. ; Beuf, Fr. ;
Buey, Span. ; and Bue, Ital.

The male ov is the Bull, Tawreau, Fr. ; Stier, Ger.;
Toro, Span. and Ital. ; and the female the Cow,
Vache, Fr.; Kuh, Ger.; and Vaca, Span. and Ital.
The bull and cow inhabit various parts of the world,
and, as already observed, are domesticated every
where. In most countries, however, they are the
mere creatures of soil and climate, the same atien-
tion in breeding and rearing that is bestowed on the
horse being withheld ; the natural habits little re-
strained or the form improved for the purposes of
milking, fattening, or for labor. It is almost exclu-
sively in Britain that this race of animals have been
improved so as to present breeds for each of these

NEW-¥YORK

266

FARMER AND

_— A A

jurposes, far superior are to be found in a
state of nature or in any other country. Notwith-
standing this, however, much certainty remains to be
known regarding the nutriment afforded by different
kinds of herbage and rects ; the quantity of food con-
sumed by different breeds, in proportion as well to
their weight at the time, as to the ratio of their in-
crease, and the propriety of employing large or small
Even with re-

to what

animals in any given circumstances.
gard to the degrees of improvement made by fatting
caitle generally, from the consumption of a given
weight of roots or herbage, no great accuracy is com-
monly attempted ; machines for weighing the cattle
themselves and their food, from time to time, not be-
ing yet in general use in any part of Britain. We
shall consider the bull family as to his variety, crite-
ria, breeding, rearing, feeding, working, fattening,
and milking.
Of the varieties and breeds of the Bull.

The varieties of the wild ox are the Bonasus and
the Bison ; the first with a long mane, and
the last with a gibbous back. They inhabit the
woods in Madagascar and many other countries of
the east ; and the bison is even said to be found in
Poland.

The varieties of the cultivated ox are the Europe-
an, Indian, Zebu, Surat, Abyssinian, Madagascar,
Tinian, and African. From the European variety
have been formed the different breeds cultivated in
Britain. ‘They are very numerous, but we shall only
notice such as are in most esteem. ‘These different
breeds are generally distinguished by the length or
flexure of their horns, by the absence of horns, by the
districts where they are supposed to have originated,
abound, or exist in the greatest purity, or by the name

of the breeder.

The long-horned
or Lancashire breed
of cattle (fig. 1.) is
distinguished from
others by the length
of their horns, the
thickness and firm
texture of theirhide,
the length and closeness of their hair, the large size
of their hoofs, and coarse, leathery, thick necks :
they are likewise deeper in their fore quarters, and
lighter in their hind quarters than most other breeds ;
narrower in their shape, less in point of weight than
the short horns, though better weighers in proportion
to their size ; and though they give considerably less
milk, it is said to afford more cream in proportion to
its quantity. They are more varied in their color
than any of the other breeds ; but, whatever the co-
Jor be, they have in general a white streak along their

back, which the breeders term
white spot on the inside of the hough.
view, this race, notwithstanding.the singular efforts
that have been made towards its improvement, rey

finched, and mostly a
In a general

mains with little alteration; for, excepting in Leices-
tershire, none of the subvarities (which differ a little

in almost every one of those counties where the long

horns prevail) have undergone any radical change or
any obvious improvement.

The improved breed of Leicestershire (fig. 2.) is
said to have been formed by Webster, of Cauley near
Coventry, in Warwickshire, by means of six cows
brought from the banks of the Trent, about the be-
ginning of the present century, which were crossed
with bulls from Westmoreland and Lancashire.—
Bakewell, of Dishley in Leicestershire, afterwards
got the lead as a breeder, by selecting from the Cau-
ley stock ; and the stocks of several other eminent
breeders have been traced to the same source.

Criteria of Cattle for various ohjecis and purposes.

The criteria ofa well-made bull, to whatever breed
he belongs, are according to Culley as follows : the
head should be rather long, and the muzzle fine ; his
eyes lively and prominent, his ears long and thin, his
horns wide, his neck rising with a gentle curve from
the shoulders, and small and fine where it joins the
head; the shoulders moderately broad at the top,
joining full to his chine or crops and chest back-
wards, and to the neck-vein forwards; his bosom
open, breast broad, and projecting well before his
legs ; his arms or fore-thighs muscular, and tapering
to his knee ; his legs strait, clean, and very fine bo-
ned ; his chine and chest so full as to leave no hol-
lows behind the shoulders ; the plates strong, to keep
his belly from sinking below the level of his breast ;
his back or loin broad, straight, and flat ; his ribs ri-
sing one above another in such a manner that the
last rib shall be rather the highest, leaving only a
small space to the hips or hooks, the whole forming
around or barrel-like carcase ; his hips should be
wide placed, round, or globular, and a little higher
than the back ; the quarters from the hip to the rump
long, and instead of being square, as recommended
by some, they should taper gradually from the hips
backward, and the turls or pott-bones not in the least

a ay ae

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY. 26%

proturberant ; rumps close to the tail, the tail broad, | bag tending far behind ; teats Jong and large, but-
well haired, and set onso high as to be in the same|tocks broad and fleshy, tail long and pliable, legs pro-

horizontal line with his back. Bulls should be con-
stantly well fed, and kept in proper enclosures, never
being suffered to ride before they are three years old,
as whenthe contrary is the practice, they never attain
so perfect a growth. Jtis observed by Lawrence,
that the above description delineates that barrel-
shape, which Bakewell supposed most advantageous
for all kinds of animals intended to be fed for slaugh-
ter, or even used for labor.

The criteria of excellence in neat cattle in general
are thus given by John Wilkinson of Linton, near
Nottingham, an eminent breeder. ‘‘ The head ought
to be rather long, and muzzie fine; the countenance
calm and placid, which indicates a disposition to get
fat; the horns fine; the neck light, particularly
where it joins the head; the breast wide and project-
ing well before the legs ; the shoulders moderately
broad at the top, and the joints well in, and when the

portionable to the size of the carcase, and the joints
short. To these outward marks may be added a
gentle disposition, a temper free from any vicious
tricks, and perfectly manageable on every occasion.
On the other hand, a cow witha thick head and a
short neck, prominent back bone, slender chest, bel-
ly tucked up, small udder or a fleshy bag, short teats,
and thin buttocks, is to be avoided as totally unfit for
the purposes either of the dairy-man, the suckler, or
the grazier. The most valuable cows are those
which are bred in Yorkshire, Staffordshire, and upon
the strong Jands in other parts of England, and ii
Ayrshire in Seotland.

The criteria of excellence in cattle as derived
from color, is of no importance, and all that can be
said is, that white and red cattle are less hardy than,
the black haired.

The criteria of age in cattle is derived from the

animal is in good condition, the chine so full as to} teeth and horns.

At the end of about ten years they
leave no hollow behind them; the fore flank well | shed their first four teeth, which are replaced by
filled up, and the girth behind the shoulders deep ;| others, larger, but not so white ; and before five
the back straight, wide and flat ; the ribs broad, and| years all the incisive teeth are renewed. These
the space between them and the hips small; the) teeth are at first equal, long, and pretty white ; but
flank full and heavy ; the belly well kept in, and not}as the animals advance in years, they wear down,
sinking low in the middle, or so formed that a cross}become unequal, and black. These animals like-
section of it would resemble an oval, whose two ends | wise shed their horns at the end of three years ; and
are of the same width, and whose form approaches | they are replaced by other horns, which, like the se-
to that of a circle, or of an ellipsis, whose eccentri-| cond teeth, continue. The manner of the growth of
city is not great ; the whole forming, not a round or| these horns is not uniform, nor the shooting of them
barrel like carcase, as some have expressed it, for|equal. The first year, that is, the fourth year of the
this would leave a deficiency both in the upper aud |animal’s age, two sraall pointed horns make their ap-
lower part of the ribs ; the hips globular, wide across | pearance, neatly formed, smooth, and towards the
and on a level with the back itself ; the hind quarters, | head terminated by a kind of button. The following
that is, from the hips to the extremity of the rump, | year this button moves from the head, being impelled
long and straight; the rump points fat, and coming} by a horny cylinder, which lengthening in the same
well up to the tail; the twist wide, and the seam in| manner, is also terminated by another button, and so
the middle of it so well filled, that the whole may}on: for the horns contiuue growing as long as the
very nearly form a plane, perpendicular to the line of} animal lives. The buttons become annular joints or

the back ; the lower part of the thigh small; the taj]
broad and fat towards the top, but the lower part thin;
the legs straight, clean, and fine boned; and when
the animal is in high condition, the skin of a rich and
silky appearance. These appear to be the most ma-

terial points for the formation of true symmetry inj

cattle: there are others of a minor consideration,
which will readily be suggested by attention and ex-
perience.”

The criteria of an ox well adapted to labor, differ
from the above only in requiring long and strong legs,
and broad hardy feet and hoofs.

Culley’s marks of a good cow are these: wide
horns, a thin head andneck, dewlap Jarge, full breast,
broad back, large deep belly ; the udder capacious,

_ but not too fleshy ; the milk-veins prominent, and the

rings, which are easily distinguished in the horn, and
by which the age of the creaturemay be easily known;
counting three years for the point of the horn, and
one for each of the joints orrings. The cow conti-
nues useful for more than twenty years, but the bull
looses his vigor much sooner. It is common with
dealers to cbliterate these rings, by shaving the
horns, in order to conceal the age of the beast.

The terms applied to different ages are as follow.
A young castrated male, after the first year, is called
a stot, stirk, or steer; at five years old an ox. A
female, after the first year, is called a heifer, or
quey ; at five years old, a cow. And afterwards, a
castrated female is called a spayed heifer or cow.—
Certaia of the Welsh and Scots cattle, of rather a
coarse and sturdy kind, are denominated runts. Bul-

268
==
lock is the general term for any full grown cattle,
male or female, fat or lean. —

The natural duration of life with the bull and cow
may be stated at upwards of twenty years, to nearly
the end of which the latter is useful with her milk,
but the former usually looses his vigor, consequently
his use, many years sooner.

(To be continued. )

8B Oe

ART. 166—Remarks upon the treatment of Swine,
read before the Farmer's Society in the town of Flo-
vida, N. Y. November, 1828, by Dr. S. Reynoxps.
{ Communicated for the N. Y. Farmer and Horti-
cultural Repository. ]

The man who undertakes farming as a profession,
with a view of maintaining and securing a compe-
tence for his family, should keep constantly in mind,

that his profits are made up of trifling items, which
he must assiduously attend to, and collect in their
proper season. Inno part of his business is this fact
more evident than in raising and fattening swine.

In this town, where grain of every description al-
ways brings a good price, I have been long ago con-
vinced, that we cannot advantageously make pork for
the Albany or New-York markets. The farmers to
the West, where Indian corn is cheap, can now, as-
sisted by the canal, afford to undersell us. Yet not-
withstanding this, we must raise many hogs and make
large quantities of pork, for our own use, and that of
the mechanics who reside amoag us—and the great
question is, how is this to be done with the least ex-
pense, or with the greatest neat profits ?

To be able satisfactorily to answer this inquiry, we
must be well acquainted with the nature and habits of
the animal we are about to fatten—for that treatment
which would be proper for any other domestic ani-
mal, would not be so for the hog. They bear con-
finement better, and furnished with a dry bed and

sufficiency of food, very soon become reconciled to
their prison, however narrow the limits.

There is no class of animals which abound with
greater or more distinct varieties, than the hog.—
They have become naturalised to all the climates of
the globe,

‘¢ Differing in all and yet in all the same.”
Every where offering to man a salutary food and a de-
licious repast, upon the most reasonable terms ; for
they ask nothing more than that we shoula

‘¢ Feast well the animal we doom our feast,

“ And ’till we end the being make it blest.”

In accordance to this, the skilful farmer will never
permit his hogs to complain of hunger, or languish
for want of drink. While the pigs are small and ob-
tain their sustenance from the sow, he takes care that

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

EE
and when they become larger, should they grow cla-
morous or unruly, he will not starve them in the sty,
or punish them with yokes.

Of all the expedients for keeping swine out of mis-
chief, to which slovenly farmers have recourse, that
of yoking them, is certainly the most absurd and un-
profitable—to say nothing of the cruelty that usually
attends it. If the yokes are loosely put on, they are
very soon off, and all the labour and noise expended,
without the least benefit. On the other hand, if they
are heavy and tightly put on, the poor animal is doom-
ed to perpetual distress ; he can neither walk or lie
down with ease ; his neck is galled, becomes infla-
med and swells, and although he may for a while eat
his scanty allowance, it is quite impossible for him to
grow—painand want of rest occasion a fever, and
the fever emaciation, and unless the yoke is seasen-
ably removed, the death of the ill-fated animal soon
follows.

If the yokeing of swine is a needless cruelty, and
improper, so is the practice of worrying and tearing
them with dogs—but this is attended with such im-
mediate and evident injury, that very few farmers per-
mit it upon their own hogs, reserving this dreadful
severity for those which are turned into the highway
for the purpose of living and preying upon their neigh-
bours. This alone, if there were no other reasons.
should deter every prudent man from permitting his
hogs to run at large in the streets. But this is not
all, here they are constantly exposed to be bruised,
run over, and killed, by horses and carriages; but
should they escape, they can derive very little benefit
from the scanty pasture afforded in the highway ; the
natural grasses which grow here, are usually short
and always hard and wiry, and quite unfit for this spe-
cies of animals, for as they cannot ruminate or chew
their food a second time, their digestive organs act
feebly upon it, consequently the labour of procuring
a meal, is scarcely compensated by the nourishment
it affords.

Hogs (like all other creatures) require a certain
quantity of food to supply the constant wants and
wastes of animal life—all that they eat beyond this,
is converted into fat, and neatly and securely laid up
in the adipous cells, for their own and our future be-
nefit. Why should we then stint them in their meals
or compel them to labour that is worse than useless?
Their almost insatiable appetite will cause them to
eat and thrive upon the coasest garbage, if that can
be obtained with ease and abundance. But if we
would fatten them, they must be supplied with clean
nutricious food. Filled with this, all their wants are
satisfied, they lie directly down and sleep soundly,
until a desire for food awakens them ; thisthey should
find without delay or much labour. Only notice for

she is well fed with milk and other nutricious food,/a moment their form and peculiar organization, and

FOR TICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

269

you will sce most plainly, that it was never the inten-|
tion of nature they should plough or work in any)
other way. The more they exercise, the more they
must expend of that oil in which all their riches con-|
sists, and which at rest, they would treasure up. It
is therefore a great mistake and want of economy, to|
confine hogs in the stye and leave them a single hour
unsatisfied with food. If their troughs are properly|
made and fixed, they will not waste whatever you|
may give, altuough they may not devour the whole
immediately ; nor will they cloy or sicken like the ox
by having toolarge a mess. In a short time their
appetites return, and the remainder is devoured with
the same avidity as the first. It is this innate and in-
satiable desire for food, that renders the hog so ex-
iremely useful to man.

That kind of hogs therefore, which have the great-
est appetites, joined with the earliest disposition to
fatten, are the best. ‘There is a small kind lately im-
ported from China, and now fed by Mr. Storm in N.
York and Mr. Dunin Albany, which more than any
other that I have seen, have these requisite qualities
in perfection.

The small grass breed so commen about this town,
are also a valuable, race, and deserve more particu-
lar attention, than has hitherto been given to them.
Vhey have a peculiar relish for clover, and will fatten
considerably upon it: I bought a pig of this kind
about a year ago ; it had been confined in a pen, and
there ‘half starved, and although four months old,
weighed no more than forty pounds. Last winter it
‘was kept in the stye and fed with the refuse of the
kitchen. In the spring, a ring was put into his nose,
and he was turned out to feed in the orchard, where
the clover was fresh and abundant—when the apples
began to fall, he feasted upon them. About the mid-
dle of September, £ began to feed him on old corn;
this was boiled and fed to him freely, yet did not pre-
vent his eating clover and apples. About the 15th
of October he was shut from the orchard, but per-
mitted to run at large in an adjoining pasture, until a
few days, when he was killed, and declared by an
experienced butcher to be the fattest hog he ever saw.
The hairs upon his belly, swept the ground as he
walked. He measured more than six feet round the
breast, and the meat only weighed 418 lbs.
This at $6 per hundred, is
The lard not included with the carease,

$25
3

$28
1 do not know the exact quantity of corn he ‘con-
sumed in the last two months, but as he had always
a good appetite, should estimate at least ten bushels ;
this might be worth 5 dollars—all my other charges
against him, could not be more than 5 qollars, inclu-
ding the purchase money. I have then you see, a

neat saving of 18 dollars ; abountiful return for all
my care and expence !

Had the same treatment been given to a hog of
the long-leged, long-nosed breed, the result I am
quite certain, would have been very different. But,
gentlemen, when you have selected the best breed,
when you have fatted them in the best manner, and
when you have killed and brought them into the cel-
lar, you have not done all that is necessary to make
their flesh palatable, and to give it that fine and ex-
quisite relish, of which it is so peculiarly suscepti-
ble. As itis usually laid down in many families, it
is worth but little ; and before that time of the year
arrives, when it should be the principal meat upon
every farmer’s table, it becomes rusty and ill-flavour-
ed, if not absolutely spoiled and lost. Pork is per-
haps the only flesh that improves by salting, and
grows better by the means taken to preserve it.

Before the carcase has become entirely cold, it
should be smoothly and skilfully cut up. The chine
and ribs should be nicely seperated from the sides,
and the sides from the shoulders and hams. The
sides intended for summer use, must be packed alone
in a cask—cover the bottom of this an inch deep,
with coarse salt, then put ina laying of the sides firm-
ly pressed down ; next fill all the crevices, and level
the surface with more salt ; inthis way alternately, put
down all your sides with the salt, and finish the work
by throwing upon the top a peck of salt and as much
cold water as will cover the whole. Laid up in this
manner, your summer meat wil! be safe and good,
until wanted for use ; but the shoulders and hams
must be treated very differently, or they will be too
salt, dry and unsavoury——put these into another cask,
pack them as close as possible, without any salt, and
then cover them with a pickle made in this manner :
To every gallon of hot water, put one pound and a
half of salt and half an ounce of salt petre--if the
weather is cool, this may be put upon the meat as
soon as the salt is dissolved ; take care that you have
enough to cover every part of it. Here your hams
may lie five or six weeks, then take them to the smoke
house, having a care that they are not made too wan
while smoking, for this would injure them much.—
To prevent any danger from this, let the smoke be
made with corn-cobs : when they are smoked to your
liking, take them out, and those intended for sum-
mer use, should be neatly and closely sewed up in a
coarse cotton or linen cloth, in such a manner that
no fly can have access to any part of them—then dip
the hams so covered, into a very strong lye of wood
ashes, and immediately retarn them to the smoke
house. or hang them in any other dry and cool place.
Here they will be safe from the depredations of in-
seets, and when wanted upon the table, will be found.

a luxury.

270

[We are much pleased in being enabled to lay be-
fore our readers the following letter, not doubting that
it will be read with all the interest that was given to
the former one, from the same source. We certain-
ly agree with the writer, that the choice of species in
the vine, like that of the best breeds and crossings
in the animal tribe, is of primary importance. The
deductions with respect to the sorts of vines which he
ecommends, seem to us so clear, that we hope the
pubhe will coincide with us in tie value of the infor-
mation, which appears to be the result of personal ob-
servation, corroborated by practical results. ]

ART. 167.—Copy of a letter from W. Ecperton
Auten, Esq. to Dr Samuel L. Miichill, on the
cultivation of the Vine, dated NM. York, Vov. 1828.
(Communicated forthe N. Y. Farmer & Hor. Re-
pository. }

Sir—Since you honored me by causing my letter
to you of the 2d of April last, on the subject of the
Grape Vine, to be published in the New-York Hor-
ticultural Repository, I have taken a cursory view of
the state of the vine, wherever it happened to fall in
my way in or about the environs of this city, inclu-
ding part of Long island, the Jerseys, &c. Se. and
{ must confess to you it struck me, though perhaps
erroneously, that there was at present neither suffi-
cient'progress made in the planting, nor such an ap-
pearance of desire to attain perfection either in the
partial or general cultivation and pruning of the few
which exist, to render it worth my trespassing on you
or the public, for the present, with any detailed plans
on the subject, as I had at first proposed.

{t is my intention now merely to submit to you two
observations relating to the object in question—the
one in confirmation, in part, of what I have in my last
referred to with respect to the impossibility of deter-
mining, other than by experience and time, what sort
of wine ‘ may be expected to be produced in this or
any other of the United States, from any particular
selected grape,” whieh however I shall now venture
to follow up by a recommendation (founded on the
experience of this as well as other climates,) of the
Burgundy Grape, as that which is most likely to turn
out the best for a wine crop.

The other observation will be, on the preference
to be given to autumnal and winter, instead of spring
pruning. With regard to the former, namely, the
probable ‘* production in wine either as to quantity or
quality, or the sort of grape most likely to produce
the best wine,” referred to in my former letter ; on
casting my eye the other day over Sterne’s Sentimen-
tal Journey, a book which [had not looked at for the
last 20 years at least, Taccidentally observed him al-
so to have laid a foundation for this theory of uncer-

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

trine, accompanied with some few facts which I in-
tend to state, seem to me so perfectly to confirm in
favour of the Burgundy Grape, that I cannot avoid
so far digressing from the subject, as to give you his
observations, which I shall do as briefly as is neces-
sary to explain the introduction by him into his book,
of matter so apparently unconnected with the memoirs
of a Sentimental Traveller, as is the planting of the
vine, especially in a country many thousand miles
distant from the land of his travels.

Mr. Sterne, by way of sarcasm on the general dis-
content of man and the motives which induce all clas-
ses to leave their homes insearch of novelty, appears
to have been desirous of establishing as a great lead-
ing principle, that all were reduced to one general
level of absolute uncertainty in the result of their
most flattering expectations ; and with this view, he
proceeds to say, that, “ 'The man who first transplan-
ted the grape of Burgundy to the Cape of Good Hope
(observe he was a Dutchman) never dreamt of drink-
ing the same wine at the Cape, that the same grape
produced upon the French mountaims—he was too
phlematic for that-—but undoubtedly he expected to

) . . .
drink some sort of vinous liquor: but whether good,

bad, or indifferent—he knew enough of this world to
know, that it did not depend upon his choice, but that
what is generally called chance was to decide his
success: however, he hoped for the best ; and in
these hopes, by an intemperate confidence in the for-
titude of his head, and the depth of his discretion,
Mynheer might possibly overset both in his new vine-
yard ; and by discovering his nakedness, become a
laughing-stock to his people.”

Mr. Sterne’s journey on the continent of Europe,
took place about the year 1760, and the first edition
of his book appeared some where about 1767, and
it is a curious fact that the Burgundy Grape men-
tioned by him as planted at the Cape of Good Hope,
has never produced Burgundy (meaning the wine so
called) at the Cape, but its product was a light kind of
Madeira, in great quantities, of a bright straw or pale
sherry colour, of excellent flavour and much esteem-
ed and used !a London by economical persons, as a
common dinner wine, from its great cheapness, be-
ing sold retail at about 18s. sterling (or $4) the doz-
en, owing to its being subject to a very low duty, as
coming from a British colony.

This circumstance, added to those mentioned in
my former letter, will, Ithink, induce you to agree
with me, that the success which the Burgundy Gi ape
has met, inwniformly producing a good wine, under
the several changes of climate in which it has been
tried during the last half century and upwards, (al-
though not a precise Burgundy wine,) affords at least

tainty in production, which I in some measure, exhi-|a fair inference that it would be the best grape to
bited in my former‘letter, but which Mr. Sterne’s doc- | plant, 0 « large scale, for wine, in this country, es-

HORTICULTURAL REPOSITORY,

S71

pecially as the fruit is excellent, though not posses-
sing the elegance of bunch for gracing a desert, which
is peculiar to the black Hamburgh, black Muscat,
black Prince, and some other kinds,

In further confirmation of the probable success. of
the Burgundy Grape, in this and othernorthern states
of the Union, I have the pleasure of being able to
add, that in my visits to the Horticultural and Bota-
nical Garden, established by Mr. A. Parmentier, at
Brooklyn, (which i have repeated with more than
common satisfaction, from his extreme politeness and
great readiness to shew and explain every thing in
it—and that without the slightest view to personal ad-
vantage,) | was much gratified in observing that the
three best specimens, both of wood and fruit, among
all his numerous varieties, were of the Burgundy spe-
cies. One, which he called the black Orleans, and
whichis of Burgundy origin, being a species of the
Pineau, had the bunches us perfect and as healthy as
ft have generally seen themin Europe. Another, the
«¢ Meunier” or Miller Grape (from its powdered-like
leaves as before explained, ) was not only particularly
healthy but very prolific—and a third sort closely al-
lied to the Burgundy: ifnot the same as the vine
ealled the white Burgundy ; namely, the “ Meslier
Blanc” or white Mesleir. which he appears to have
obtained from Champaigne, was also very fine and
particularly productive——all the three having no ap-
pearance of disposition to mildew.

iam perfectly acquainted with the product of the
black Orleans species of the Pineau vine, which the
French call ‘ Vin de Beaugency,” and I consider it
ofall the ‘ Vins-ordinaires,” the most agreeable,
where areal Burgundy or Bordeaux-ordinaire is not
met with ; and this quality ina native of Burgundy,
grown in that indifferent wine country, Orleans, Tours
and the neighbourhood, is an additional proof, I think,
of the probable success of the Burgundy species of
the grape here, or indeed almost any where.

T shall have fatigued you, I fear, with the length of
details into which [ have been unintentionally led on
this point, but the choice of that species of the vine
which has the best chance of success, seems to me
of the first importance.

Besides the Burgundy, the Madeira Grape (mean-
ing that which produces the Madeira Wine at the isl-
and of Madeira) appears also to have met with its
share of success, for in addition to the lighter wine
mentioned in my last, as being its product in the Ne-
apolitan dominions, there is a great quantity of wine
grown in Sicily, which I have frequently drank at the
tables of Italians even in Paris, which they call ‘‘Ma-
dere de Sicile,” or Sicilian Madeira, but the wine be-
ing more known in France than England, I give you
the name by which it can be easiest. procured through |
any French or Italian house. It is usually call-

ed Bronte Madeira, in compliment to Lord Nelson,
who was created, as you recollect, Duke of Bronte,
by the Queen of Naples, and I first drank itin Eng-
land by that name. It is excellent as a lighter white
wine than Madeira, but of the character or family,
if Imay use the word, of the’ Madeiras, Sherries,
Teneriiies, dry Lisbons, and the like.

Before I quit this part of the subject, I will beg
your excuse for making a remark which I dare say is
unnecessary to your observing eye, namely, that the
handsomest grapes which I have seen as fruit in this
neighbourhood, are those of the black Hamburgh

species, in the garden of Mr. Smith, Seedsman, of

Broadway. I consider the vine as the true black
Bamburgh, andif I may judge from its success in
his hands, a valuable species for good sheltered as-
pects, trained high. The bunches were fully equal
in their generic character, so peculiar to that and
some others, ofa lobe-like, ramifying breadth at top
and narrow point at bottom, producing a triangle in
the general contour, and giving that beauty so attrac-
tive tothe eye. Its variety of tint of dark and light
purple and green, were also well marked, though the
season was far from good for grapes in general.

The famous vine at Hampton Court Palace, near
London, is of this kind, and produces sometimes,
2000 lbs. weight in a year.

Twill conclude by adding that its name originates
from our having first got itin England, by way of
Hamburgh. It is the most general run of our green
and hot-houses. It is very prolific but will not ripen
out of doorsin England andis very little grown in
France.

With regard to the second subject, viz. The pru-
ning vines in autumn and winter instead of spring, as
now generally performed, I would recommend in this
and other northern and middle states, where the cold
is severe, the winter long, and the latter succeeded,
as it generally is, by immediate summer rather than
spring, that the pruning should be done at any time
after the leaf has fallen.

The advantages of pruning at this season, will, T
think, be obvious to you, if a few circumstances are
considered. First, the facility which the diminiahed
and consequently more manageable size of the vine,
affords to the laying down and covering with earth
for protection during winter, where that practice is
desired to be adopted, especially in vineyards ona
jarge scale, where, by cutting back the vinetca
stump ofa few stools of the current year with one or
two eyes or buds at most to each, (which is the
French plan) a common hoe, or a moulding plough
even, will raise as much ground from between the
rows as will effectually cover them from frost.

Here I should observe, that the first time I saw
Mr. Parmentier cover his vines in winter, I took the

a)

272

not only unnecessary, but that the constant and fre-
quent transitions to which their covering was subject-
ed, from thawed to frozen, alternately, day and night,
much more dangerous than any degree of dry cold,
when wholly uncovered. He told me on my last vi-
sit to his garden, that he had given up the covering
system altogether.

Secondly—The unripe ends or parts of the shoots
which have not attained the torpid state necessary to
endure frost, and which often remain very late ina
growing state, are by this pruning, disposed of, and
only the hardy full ripe wood left; and presuming, as
many persons do, that an attack of frost to those un-
ripe parts is liable to affect the whole vine, the remo-
val of this cause of injury, affords an additional pro-
tection.

Thirdly—The spring (if it can be so called, as the
season so named is more properly summer here) is
so much retarded by phenomena, producing effects
of climate wholly in opposition with the continent of
Europe in similar latitudes ; that before the frost has
sufficiently left the ground for the gardener’s atten-
tion to be called either to pruning or cultivation, the
sap of the vine is forced into rising, with a prompti-
tude unknown in the vineyard countries ; and before
the season usually considered that in which spring
pruning should be performed, the sap is so far adyan-
ced that the vine bleeds at every cut, and sustains
considerable injury, to the frequent, if not certain di-
minution of the expected crop of fruits, and the re-
tarding and weakening of the new shoot.

I am fully aware that in attempting to lay downany
general undeviating rule for a new production, in a
new country, (new, I mean, as to that and many other
European fruits) little better than a supposed last
theory can be professed to be submitted to public
choice. Practice alone can prove the rectitude of
any opinion.

The result of that which I recommend, is, howev-
er, easily attained, by cutting every other vine, or
every other row of vines, more or less ; the one in
autumn or winter, and the other in spring, for two or
three seasons, whereby the best system will most
certainly be discovered.

I cannot close my letter without expressing my
sincere regret that our New-York Horticultural Soci-
ety should still be without agarden. Were that long
desired and indispensible appendage obtained, little
room would be left for theorists to intrude their opin-
ions, as there canbe little doubt but that some ofthe
many able practical horticulturists of our society,
would soon exhibit the vine in all its native perfection
and under every shape of training and cultivation,
which any situation er aspect could require, la which
I need not assure you, Ishould be most ready to lend

NEW-YORK FARMER AND

my minor aid in any way that my own experience or
my observations in England and France, might en-
able me.

Believe me, dear sir, with the purest regard and
esteem, your very faithful humble servant,

W. ELDERTON ALLEN.

— eB Qn

ART. 168.—Proceedings of the New-York Hor-
ticullural Society.

November 4.—Mr. W. Curt exhibited 6 plants of
celery, blanched 20 inches and weighing 13 lbs. 6 oz.
The whole length of the plants was 2 feet 10 inches.

Mr. John Curr, 12 roots of salsify, wg. 2 Ibs. 2 oz.

Mr. Wm. R. Cooke, a bunch of gamet grapes and
also a bunch of 2d crop Isabella grape.

Mr. Wilson, 2 heads of Brocoli, wg. 5 Ibs. 12 1-2
oz.

Mr. Jno. Curr, 2 heads of Brocoli, wg. 7 lbs. 6 oz.

Mr. Geo. Still, 3 do do do. wg. 9 lbs. 11 oz.

November 11.—-Mr. Ingle Fiskjpresented 3 heads
of Savoy Cabbage, wg. 23 lbs. 12 oz. ; 1 drum head,
wg. 18 Ibs. 12 oz. ; 6 other heads, wg. from 15 to
18 Ibs. each ; 6 orange carrots wg. 11 Ibs. 4 oz.

Mr. Wm. Curr, 1 drum head cabbage, wg. 13 lbs.

Mr. Jno. Curr, 1 head of brocoli, wg. 3 Ibs. 10 1-2
oz.

Mr. Aymar, abunch of 2d crop Isabella grape ;
specimen of Mimosa scandens ; and some beautiful
chysanthemums.

Mr. Wilson, Monthly China Roses ; & Monthly
Honey Suckles, in full flower, from the open border.

November 18.—Mr. Still presented 2 heads of Sa-
|voy, wg. 7 lbs. 15 oz. ; 1do. Mongrel inferior do.
| wg. 7lbs. 15 oz. ; and 6 beets, wg. 13 lb. 7 oz.
| This terminates the exhibitions for the season.

The reports of the committee will be given in a
future number.

oO Gee

Beech Trees proof against the Electric Fluid.

A correspondent of the American Farmer states,
|that itis a very common opinion among suryeyors
and woodsmen of the western states, that the beech
tree possesses the non-conducting power ascribed to
the cedar ; ‘I presume,” says he, ‘* I have passed
ahundred oaks which have been stricken, and al-
though beech is more common than any other timber,
Ihave not discovered one of that kind.’ It would
be highly satisfactory to ascertain the correctness of
this opinion. One well attested fact of the beech
being struck, would settle the question. Although if
should be found not to be a perfect non-conductor,
\stillit is desirable to know ifitis less liable than other
trees of the forest.

«

BOWERY GREBN-HOUSE AND
SEED STORE,

“ Jnnediulc?y north of the junction of Broac-

, way and Bowery.

T. BRIDGEMAN respecifully informs his friends and the
public, that he keaps for sale a general assortment of Garden
and Flower Seeds, Green-liouse Plants, Orange and Lemon
Lrees, Moss Roses, and Chinese Chrysanthemums in Pots,
&e. Also, Annual Biennial, and Perennial Flower Plants,
Cabbage, Broccoli, Khale, Leek, and Endive Plants.

f. B. having been a practical market gardener for the last
eight years, Maiters himself that the seeds sold by him will
give general satisfaction, the greater part beiug raised by
himself; and he is determined to sell no other seeds than
such as he would plantin his own garden,
te. GARDEN SEEDS.

‘THE. Subscribers have on hand an extensive as-

sortment of Garden and Fruit Seeds, the growth

of the present year. Southern dealers supplied

on liberal terms, and every thing warranted fresh

and genuine. Among them are many varieties
of early and late Peas, Gabbages, Caulifowers, Broccoli,
Beets, Radishes, Turnips, Lettuce, Snap Beans, &c. &e.—
‘hose who prefer having their seeds pat up ready for retail-
ing, can be accommoda.ed on reasonable terms—every pa-
per neatly tied and the name distinctly written on. Cata-
logues or particulars to be had at the store.

Among the Field Secds, ave Blue Grass, Herd’s Grass, Ti-
mothy, Orchard Grass, Ned and White Clover, Lucern,
Buckwheat, &c. &«. Also, exotic Flower Seeds in great va-
riety. Also, a seasonable supply of Bulbous Flower Roots,
such as Doulle Hyacinths, (100 varieties by name,) Crown
Imperials, Double Jonquilles, Polyanthus Narcissus, Double
and Single Tulips, (of the cho:eest sorts,) Crocus, &e. &e.—
Warden tools of every description— Many ofthe best modern
works, on the subject of Agriculture, Horticuliare and Fo-
fany—Garden Fiower pats by the crate or dozen—Dird
Seeds of every sort—Pelverised ‘Thyme, Sage, Sweet Ma-
jorum, Summer Savory, acd Celery Seed in bottles for sea
stores, or any other culinary purpose: price 25 cents each,
or $225 per dozen. A constant supply of medicinal Herbs
eured by the Shakers. Oat Meal and Embden Groats, Lon-
don Split Pens—wiih every avtiele apperiaining to their bu-
siness, which are cisposed of wholesxle and rei.i! on mode-
vate terms.

Greamiforse Praxts.—in this department of our business
greet pains have been taken to have our assortments very rare
and select. Many of the choicest plants known cen be ob-
tained on as tavoreble terms as at any other establishment on
the continent; and as eur collection is in the midst of the
city, they can be viewed without tbe fatigue of a long walk
or the expense of a ride. Our plants are all arranged so as to
fo be shown in a inoment. Any person fs welcome to call
and walk through the garden, on whom no other restraint is
laid, than not to handle or break any of the flowers aud fruit.

G. THORBURN & SON,
67 Liberty-1. New-York.
GARDIEN SEEDS § FRUIT TREES.
A general assortment of esculent vegetable sceds,
warranted of the best quality, the greater part
raised by the subscribers, such as grow to any ad-
vantage in this country. Such as are necessary
‘o import, are from the best establishments in England, on
which the u(mest reliance can be placed. Also a general as-
sortment of Fruit trees, true to their kinds, all propagated un
dey our own inspection, worked from trees off our own pre-
mises in fol! bearing. ‘Chose who may favorr us with tveir
orders, may rely oo what they receive. Orders felt at our
store, No @72 Drosdway orat our Nursery, Lodi, New-Jersey,
near Newark bri 'ge. wil meet with prompt attention, acd-be

executed ov reasuiable terms.
ALEXANDER SMITH & CO. Seedsmen.

n20

iMPOKTANE TO BREEDERS OF SHEEP.

Imporren, per (he British Bark Diana from Hull, One Ram
and Two Ewes, (a cress with the Leicestershire and York-
shire breeds ) from the celebrated stock of Watson Harrison,
of Kynsing‘on Marsh, York hire. Lhe said Sheep are for
Sete, an} may be seer at Mr, A. © Wheeler's, No 2 second
Avenue, two doors free: North street.

Application (v be made to Cap. Sugden of the Diana, or to
eo, Alesander,at Ne. 103 Nassau St, Ye aare:

“

ADVERTISEMENTS

handsome standard trees, some pear trees on Quin

"HORTICULTURAL BOTANIC GARDEN.
[YG ANDREW it Garam rol tw mi

ticultaral Botanie Garden, Brooklyn. L. 1. two miles
from New-York, offers for sale a very rge assoriment of -
the most approved Pear, Apple, Plum. Peach, Cherey Apri-
col, Nectarines, Gooseberries, &c. &c. some n

dwarf, and some apple trees on Paradise sto
Also, Forest trees of large size, very good for p)
streets, such as Horse-chesnut, European Lime
tree, Weeping-willow, European Bireh, European
ropean Ash’and Elm, Paper Mulbersy, Catalpa, J
Anthus, Laburoum, European White Poplar, Balsa
&c. Mr. P. in delivering his trees will give direc

Also, a very large collection of + ag A

%, i ry, the Golden,
the tausk and the royal Chepellusaahe rhite,
the violet. the black und the gaey the | Ri .

large Maroc, and the large Frankenthul; for __ ;

6 dollars per dozen,with directions for plant-

ing, cuitivating, &c. The vines well packed — 7

in moss and matts, intuch amannerastoco | 2

several hundred-miles farther
= Mr. P. will furnish in a certain qua
s each root, for vineyards, warran

Provisional Catalogues can he had gratis at | = NS a
Swan's grocery and tea store, No.357 Broadway, orat Messrs

Thorburn & Sons, 67 Liberty street, N.Y. where Ss CH
be Jeft, or directcd by the Post-Office to his esta nent at
Brooklyn. Ay See ee

21s aR
SUBSCRIPTION é ate.
Vor importing Grape Vine Roole from France ot a moderale j

price, and encouraging the introduction of that cultu
United States. (esto eaagres
MR. ALPHONSE LOUBAT, baying considerably ditehued.
his Vineyard on Long Island, where he bas now in fall culti-
vation thirty-live acres of ground, contniring 72,000 Grape
Vue Roots,-of which 50,000 are to form his Vineyard Stock.
and 22,000 areto be delivered to iis subscribers in October
next; and having also the peculiar advantage of being ena sept
bied te yeocnre the best species of Roots from bis Father's,
extensive Vineyard and Nurseries in the districts of Boruclais,
Gleree end Buzet, cepertiments of Gironde and Lot Ga-
ronae, in France. (45 deg. N. let.), proposes to the numerons
friends to the cultivation of the Grape Vine in the bh
States, a Subscription, which will Le epened on oh
August, 1828. Ca ae
Mr. A. L. will engage to furnish subscribers with (heir
sas Vins Roots, before the first of March next, and for-
ward them free of expense to the different cities where sub-—
scription lists shall have bees opened. The roots will be
‘three years old, and will produce considerabla fruit the se- —
cond year from th: tin of their being planted. will |
be carefully classed and packed in boxes, with some of the
original soil ty which they have been raised, whieh will greatly
facilitate the thriving uf the roots when transplanted. =
Orders will be punctuaily attended to—ihe sabseribersde-
signatinc the quantiti-e and species of ‘the Grape Vine Roots
they wish to have. ‘hey will eagage to pay, for 1000 roots or
more at the rate of 12 1-2 vents for each root; for less than
1000, at the rate of 15 cents, and 25 cents per root for less
than 69. Roots only two years old shall be paid at the rate
of 9 ceuts each for 1000 cr more; 12 1-2 cents for Jess than
1090; and 18 cents for less than 59 roots. BS oer
Payment to be made ou delivery of the roots. Leitzrs not

received unless post-paid. RATA
Alphonse.

Subscription lists are opened of New-York, with
Loubat, 85 Wall-st.; Boston, Bh. Copeland, Jr.; Al
M‘Michacl ; Phiadelphia, Van Aioringe ; Baltiniore, Wil
Rhoads; Washtingon City, Wm. Pairo; Richmond Ds
port, Allen & Co.; Savannah, Dall Shepterand Papper;
Orl rns, Foster and Hulton ; Cinvlesteu, VT. & FP. Sage ci ;

Mr. A. Lonbat's Book on the culture of the Grape Vine and —
pict making of Wire, may Le found at the principt )
s@ters of the U.ited States; nid bis Agents will furnisb th
gratis, to subscribers. 4