.0^-^45-^

•■J863

DATE DUE

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

SB

1

N4

1855-56

CARD

TEIMITIVE FOREST.

l!i>ii:'i'iii|ilillliy.^ C'>kf

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

HE great desideratum sought to be realized in the
composition of a Landscape Garden, is by tlie tasteful
and artistic grouping of Trees, to produce as much
variety as will consistently harmonise with the locale
to be improved, and contiguous scenery. To perform this beautifully, and
without disparaging i:iatural laws of unit}', require a talent cultivated to
the most delicate sense of discrimination. An inherent love for the beati
ideal in nature and the fine arts. Most unfortunately for the budding
taste which is rapidly expanding foi= rural homes in this country, our pro-
i<'jasional landscape teachers are only in rare instances, qualified to impart
the knowledge imperative to the creation of the verit^ibly and naturally
picturesque.

The refined and least sordid of the mercantile community in large cities,
anticipate largely for their dolcefar niente in declining years, from the de-
lights and pleasure inspired by a " Country Home." This object is the
cynosure of their ambition, and the incentive to speculative transactiona.
These men lavish extravagant suras in the accomplishment of their longr
fostered wishes. The result in a majority of cases is a home — a building
with the prominent features of some peculiar architecture, fearfully embla-
Koning every inequality of surface presented for ornamental consideration.
This is termed by the gentlemen of labarynthian architectural lore " Ornate
Expression.'" With him ornateucss is the samtwi bonum, the poetry of

Landscape Gardening^

Ilia art, for the most exquisite elaboration and perfection of this absorbing
idea, minor details tending to the comfort and convenience of the occu-
pant**, and landcapesque effect, suggested by surrounding objects, are saC'
rificed. To such a scrupulous modeller of human habitations, the idea of
enshrining a cot in ivy or any other expressive and elegant vegetation, would
be insupportable vandalism, a retrograde to feudal times and barbaric sen-
timent. As a fitting accompaniment to a house of this character, a lawn
is tortured into an inelegant perpetuity. A requisition is made upon a per-
son, notorious for his profundity and subtlety in piling misshapen rocks
into representations of miniature Gibralters, covered with s]iasnis of vege-
tation vainly endeavoring to struggle through a butterfly existence, stimu-
lated by limestone and three inch crevices of daily irrigated mould. This
individual generally makes his debut formidably armed and accoutrotl
witli lustrous surveying instruments, and other tools peculiar to his art-
professional: not forgetting a small army of ambitious young men whose
desire to absorb abstruse sciences compels them to do menial service, which
is symptoraised in chain dragging. This spreading of the science tends
much to create an appreciation and mystification in the individual " who
pays." The first effort of the brass-mounted gentleman is directed to
subduing hillocks, and correcting undulations, subjugating nature to a mo-
notonous and placid a.spect, exceedingly deferential to all potent progres-
sion. The landscape creator being governed in his operations by certain
fixed geometric rules, whose principles involve the great secret of the pro-
fession, and therefore cannot be transcended. He next selects from a vo-
luminous catalogue a list of trees and shrubs, rendered particularly at-
tractive, in his estimation, from the great care required in their cultivation,
their high price, foreign nativity, and la.stly a stilted Quixotic name. —
Walks and drives are made to perform circles and squares, and triangle?
quite amazing to the beholder, and a matter of self-gratulation to the orig-
inator. Trees are planted circumspectly, pertinaciously following tiie
walks, and characterizing their peculiarly graceful elliptics and angles.
Shrubs are introduced in expanse, which from their subsequent appearance,
for no other object than affording a gardener an opportunity of shearing
them annually; imparting the appearance of a huge punch bowl rever.'ied.
After seeding down in grass, the grounds are rendered classic by being
" dubbed" lawn, but which the genuine lover of nature would not recog-
nize as such, but for the information conveyed by a number of small sign*
which read, " Keep off the latony On the principle of the artist who
painted what he intended should represent a pig, but on showing his per-
formance to a friend was told it more nearly resembled a whale. No?

Landscape Gardening.

wishing to leave the people in a state of doubt he immediately, with eom-
inondable discretion, underscored the words, " This is a Pig."

Landscape Gardening has materially changed in the last half century.
Avenues of trees which formerly graced every abode pretending to suburb-
an dignity, have now given place to a more natural style of planting. The
group at present finds favor, as being more particularly in keeping with na-
ture. But this taste has thus far only impreg-nated the higher cultivated
class, by whom we mean, those whose leisure and predilection, have led
them to cultivate their niral inclinations as a speciality. Large grounds
are mainly composed of a succession of groups, comprising thickets and
woods, interspersed with the smaller group of from two to a dozen trees,
but so judiciously arranged, and so harmonious to nature, as to be perfect
».'< a whole. The principle of grouping may be extended with pleasing re-
sults, even to the smallest place, which however demands very nice judg-
ment. Thickets are occasionally introduced with happy effect, for instance,
to screen a change in the order of planting. In wandering around a curve,
with the objects beyond obscured from view, an entirely different scene
breaks with all its invigorating freshness upon our admiration. A little
hillock, reposing perdu in some sequestered nook, oft-times imparts a zest
to landscape not attainable )iy bolder and more ambitious objects. The
modem style of landscape making is beautifully adapted to the rapid for-
mation of scenery in localities covered by forests. By the proper and care-
ful thinning out of ill shapen and unnecessary trees, they can in a few years
be metamorposed from a wild wood into a cheerful landscape, full of finely
toned shadows, rendered doubly attractive by pendulous luxuriant trees,
sweeping the sun-lit green sward as if it were a love-making, twixt the em-
erald grass and and her majestic companion.

••****" The uooaday sua
Now shone upon the forest, one vast mass
Of mingling shade, whose brown magnificence

A narrow vale embosoms.

******

The meeting boughs, and implicated leaves
Wave twilight o'er the poet's path, as led
By love, or dream, or God, or mightier death,
He sought in nature's dearest haunt, some bank —
Her cradle and his sepulchre. More dark
And dark the shades accumulate — the oak,
Extending its immense and knotty arms,
Embraces the light beech. The pyramids
Of the tall cedar overarching frame
Most solemn domes within — and far below

Landscape Gardening.

The ash and the acacia floating bang

Tremulous and pale. Like reetlcss H;rpents clothed

In rainbow and in fire, the parasite?,

Starred with tea thousand blossoms, flow around

The grey trunks, and as gamesome infants' eyes,

With gentle meanings and most innocent wiles,

Fold their beams round the hearts of those that love.

These wind th^ir tendrils with the wedded boughs,

Uniting their close union : tbo woven leaves

Make net-work of the dark blue light of day,

And the nighfs noontide clearness mutable

As shapes in the wierd clouds. ISoft mossy lawns

Beneath these canopies extend their swells

Fragrant with perfumed herbs, aud eyed with blooms

Minuter, yet as beautiful."

Our engi-aving entitled a primitive fove.<t, .strikingly illustrates tlio iin-
polish and tortuous picturesqueness of original condition. Here we have
trees that ramify and interlace one another in every possible direction ; ad-
ded to this wc have a sub-growth of vegetation, altogether in appearance
and nature too savage to be pleasing. And then again, minute pools of
stagnant water a.ssist to make a disagreeable prospect. This semi-barbarous
a.-ipect can be astonishingly ameliorated, and made to assimilate the more
charming and graceful work of nature, in her cheerful moods.

In the first place, it is absolutely necessary to annihilate a great portion
of the undergrowth, in order to obtain an uninterrupted vista. By thi.T
means we shall be enabled to discover those trees whose development is in
consonance with our requirements. And also that natural gi'oups may be
selected with an eye to their subsequent relative effect. This is the criti-
cal moment to mar or make the landscape, for if this all important opera-
tion be illy performed, no amount of after improvement can obviate the
stiff and unartistic effect. Nature is rarely consoled by patchwork. It will in
consequence be imperative to scrutinize carefully every tree on the ground?,
to estimate its value in the landscape, and to ascertain as nearly a.s possi-
ble, the result of robbing it of its present companions. As different vari-
eties of trees present a multiplicity of shapes and contrast of color, and va-
riation in form of foliage, branch and trunk, it will be essential to consider
well the species which will contribute the most enlivening appearance to
the future effect. It is also a matter of delicate discrimination, whether
round headed deciduous trees would tend to produce a greater degree of
beauty in cci-tain localities, or on the contrary if spiry-topped evergreens
would not be more harmonious, and in keeping with objects in the vieinity-
As a general rule pyramidal evergreens should be used sparingly. Intro-

EXAMPLE OF IMPKOVEMENT IN I'OLEiT SCENELY.

Landscape Oardening.

duced approximate to water, particularly contiguous to rustic bridges, best
Buits tlieir digiiifietl picturosqueness. Most landscape gardeners are im-
pre^isod with the notion that evergreens possess the true principle of grace-
fulness in a tree. On the contrary very few evergreens approach this de-
■arable quality, if we may except such as are of rather straggling and pen-
dulous habit. At the same time we aim at preserving an universal har-
mony and unity of composition in the plantation, great care must be ob-
«erved not to create a monotony of appearanco that palls on our apprecia-
tion and ceases to be a novelty after two or three visits. Therefore, oeca-
aional strong contrasts may be introduced, which, as they detract from the
beautiful, adds immensely to the picturesque. This cannot be performed
imdiserimimately, otherwise confusion will be the sequence. Different
species of trees should be permitted sufficient space to develop their pe-
cuHar individualities, which have a marked tendency to increase the gran-
deur, and dignity of the object. Of course this rule cannot be borne out
in thickets or groves, but as these are intended as screens, or for the pur-
pose of forming dark shadows, the importance of individuality ceases, in-
aflmuch as other effects are conjured, neccessary to the complete elaboration
<rf universal harmony and landcapesque beauty. An important feature in
landscape making, is the effective distribution of the lights and shadows ;
ifc adds boldness and decision, and accumulates a masterly tone, and pro-
fundity of expression similar to the best touches of an artist in throwing
Jn bright lights, and lengthened shadows in a picture that was previously
smooth and mechanical. By adhering to the above suggestions, a forest
can in a remarkably short time be made to resemble our illustration, enti-
tled Example of Improvement in Forest;Scencry. As our space is so lim-
ited, we have given but few specimens of trees, as we were anxious te pre-
serve their individuality as much as possible. Such plantations may be
put in grass at a very trivial outlay of labor and money. The subgrowth
should be grubbed out, after which the surface may be thoroughly broken
up with a long-toothed drag. The ground should be worked over at least
four times, and grass seed scattered previous to the last dragging. This
may appear to be a superficial method, but as we have witnessed several
instances of complete success, we do not hesitate to recommend it, chiefly
for its economy. In some soils, draining may be necessary to conduct off
standing water. This labor of draining may be turned to profitable ac-
count by diverting the water into a valley, as the recurrence of miniature
lakes, traversed by rude bridges, develops a pleasing effect. Instances of
these may be seen at " Greenwood Cemetery." Drives and walks should
aot be more numerous than actually demanded to get a view of every iui-

10 Two Plums worthy of Cultivation.

portant object in the grounds, and these should meander, so that only a
limited portion is exhibited at a time, as the novelty is destroyed by seeing
the termination of a drive long before arrival.

TWO PLUMS WORTHY OF CULTIVATION.

BY JAMES 8N0WDEN.

Among the hundred varieties of Plums sedulously set forth in Nurserr
Catalogues, as embracing all the desirable qualities of this fruit, only
about one quarter of the entire number possess any claim to the cultiva-
tors attention. Many kinds, which to large size, add a fine flesh and de-
licious flavor, present so many difliculties to the cultivator's eflbrts for the
perfection of their fruit, that he is but poorly compensated by success. The
Jeflferson for instance, is a short-lived tree, ill-shapen. dwarfish, and sub-
ject to a blighting of its wood, which materially tends to deteriorate the
flavor of its fruit. Kurserymen are sensible of this inapediment to the
perfect development of many celebrated varieties, hence the reason they
are not offered to purchasers in as large quantities, or plethoric condition,
as less estimable sorts. Before any fruit is heralded to the tree-planting
world, as worthy of more than ordinary attention, it should be proved to
possess a rigorous constitution, a hardy habit, and a freedom from any
inherent promoter of disease. Heretofore, it would appear, that a luscious
flavor has been the chief and only inducement why a nev/ aspirant should
occupy a position in gardens, to the rejection of older and well-tested
sorts. For this reason horticulture has recently been aided by infirmaries
for the restoration of trees constitutionally unsound, which like scrofula
does not submit to any method of treatment yet discovered. In view of
these facts, it is with pleasure we recommend the plums — Martens Seed-
ling and McLaughlin. These partake in an eminent degree, of all the
essential requisites to the perfect formation of a healthful, vigorous tree,
and a superior flavored fruit.

The McLaughlin Plum was brought to notice about ten years ago. It
was raised by the gentleman whose name it bears, at Bangor, Maine. It
grows and bears well in a great variety of soils, and no matter what m&y

MAETES'S SEEI>LLNG.

Mclaughlin.

Two Plums worthy of Cultivation. 13

be the peculiarities of the season, it never deteriorates. The tree is a re-
markable rampant grower, with a rather low and spreading head. The
leaves are very broad, crumpled and glossy, of a light green color. The
bark is of a bright purplish brown on one side, and lightened on the op-
posite, by an admixture of green.

Fruit of medium size, round, very much in shape like an over-grown
gjeen gage. The suture in most specimens is quite indistinct. Stalk va-
ries somewhat in length, from three quarters to one inch, and is inserted
in a slightly depressed cavity. The skin is a light transparent yellow,
and like most yellow plums has a pretty sprinkling of vermillion on the
sunny side, which deepens somewhat as it approaches the stalk. Flesh,
greenish yellow, firm, sweet, and exceedingly luscious flavor. It may be
eafely ranked first rate, and is superior to the Jefferson in every respect,
except size.

Martens Seedling. This fine plum is an accidental seedling, which
sprung up in the garden of Mr. Marten, in Schenectady, a locality cele-
brated for the production of this fruit. Isaac A. Jackson, Esq., Profes-
«or in Union College, was the first one to discover its value. We have
cultivated it in our grounds for the last eight years and have never had
reason to alter our opinion of its superior qualities for general cultivation.
The tree grows to a great size, is remarkably luxuriant, and a prolific
bearer. Not unfrequently, in the nursery, young budded trees attain the
enormous altitude of ten feet, the first season. It has also the desirable
property of presenting a small crop of fruit when but two and three years
old, without ia the least diminishing the robust habit of the tree. The
wood is quite dark, and slightly pubescent, buds are small without much
projection; leaves a dark green ; is a rank grower, and quite upright.

Fruit — above medium size, oval, one side exhibits the freak of a greater
length continued at the lower end, which, in occasional specimens,
amounts to a deformity; suture quite distinct, and traverses from stalk to
apex; skin afgoklen yellow, with dull marblings of green just perceptible.
The side exposed to the sun is irregularly blotched with red. Flesh
sprightly, juicy, and high flavored ; adheres to the stone, which is oval.
Stalk long, smooth, and inserted in an even cavity. Ripens first of Sep-
tember.

Note. — Our engravings are not as good as we could wish. The general appear-
•Qce of the fruit ia however correct, although inaccurate in minor details.

14 Ornamental Cottage for a Laboring Maru

ORNAMENTAL COTTAGE FOR A LABORING MAK

BT H. P. KNIGHT.

WoRKiNGMEN have as much right to live beautifully and be surronnd-
ed with the things pertaining to a pretty home, as those whose pecuniary-
means naturally suggest the envied luxury. It costs no more to con-
struct a tasteful, elegant cottage than those square packing-box abodes,
which have become feaifuily epidemic in our country villages. But la-
boring men have strong prejudices, constant application to their respeo-
tive pursuits, warps their minds and makes them insensible to thing*
beautiful. Their energies are so particularly engaged with the all ab-
fcorbing idea, of providing the actual necessaries of life, that the possibility
of improving their condition, with an ornamental cottage home, is looked
upon as preposterous and absurd. The least departure from an ordinary
clap-board building being attended by an expense, in their estimation, de-
cidedly wasteful, and indicative of a wanton disregard of the value of
money. The great obstacle is the want of appreciation and the lack of
the requisite cultivation for tasteful objects, that deters the laboring class-
es from the delightful pleasure of constructing homes, that will be cher-
ished reminiscences in their children's memories. They appear to have
no conception of the philosophy of comparative happiness as associated
with a rose embowered dwelling-phice. It follows then, that the only
manner in which they can be educated in such matters, is by precept,
and show them by example that they can enjoy the same style of home,
which thev envy in others. It is not imperative because a house is con-
structed at'ter a certain quaint fashion, and ornamented, that it should ii>-
crcase the expense. The cottage prepared for this article is from Loudon,
and has a peculiarly home-like expression, which only requires the aid of
trees and flowers to render positively beautiful. The effect is quite pic-
turesque, and the design and construction exceedingly simple.

The material raav be of wood or brick, or any other substance easily
and cheaply procured. What is called brick stud work, plastered from
the outside, is very cheap and has quite a finished appearance. Only
broken brick are used, which may at all times be purchased at brick
yards for a small price. The plastering may be finished to imitate stone
blocks, and then painted some agreeable and cheerful neutral tint. Tha
chimney stocks are ornamented. The) should be manufactured from
terra cotta, or Roman cement. The former is preferable, and rany be ob-
tained ready made of any design or pattern required. The cost of th«
entire building: from the above material would be about $400.

ul:N A MENTAL COTTAGE FOR A LABOEIXG MAN:

GROUND PLAN.

Tree Culture. IT

Tlio ground plan exhibits a porch, a; staircase and passage, b; kitch-
en, c; closet under the stair, d; back kitclien, e; sitting room, with small
©loset, /"; privy, .9; and wood-house, /i. The chamber lloor contains abed
poom, i; closet, A:; and another closet, /; a bed room, m; two closets, »
and o; and the staircase and landing, p. The defect in the accommoda-
tion hero, is the want of a proper pantry; but this might be easily ob*
tained by enlarging A, turning its present door into a window, and open-
ing a door to it from the kitchen. A substitute for A, may be provided
adjoining g.

TREE CULTURE.

BT PROFESSOR EDWARD NORTH, OF HAMILTON COLLEGE, CLINTON, K. T.

Most men arc anxious to m:ike a comfortable provi-^ion both for tfapir
own old age and for the tender years of their children. This anxiety will
eoraetimes deepen and strengthen until it gains the force of a ruling pas-
sion. Its votaries will rise early, sit up late, and eat the bread of econo-
my, contrivance and extreme toil, to the end that they may be free from
the pinchings of want, and place themselves in independent circumstances.
One is ambitious to acquire in his deeds, and to own more acres than bis
eye can see over. Another has a ravenous appetite for dividends, and is
covetous of stocks, shares and mortgages. The pursuit of this kind of
property is so attractive and engrossing, that ils peiils are a])t to be over-
looked or disregarded. The danger that banks may fail, that bubble
shares may burst, and stock companies declare assessments instead of
dividends, is by many made little account of.

The danger that their children may be ruined, body and soul, by the
wealth which they are toiling so sedulously to accumulate, seldom enters
their calculations. The danger that in the very process of making pro-
vision for an old age of happy independence, they are wholly unfitting
themselves for any other enjoyment than that baser sort which springs
from excUement of speculation and trade, is almost wd)olly overlooked.

If there is any other way of securing a competence for one's declining
years, it is certainly worth knowing. It will be the aim of this article to
Bhow that the same end may be reached more successfully by the plant-
iiig and culture of Trees. The man who plants a tree of some desirablo
kind, in soil to which he has a clear title, makes an investment attended

18 Tree Culture.

with fewer hazards than he who puts faith in scrip and rent-rolls. It has
been proved by repeated trials, and is matter of statistical record, that of
those who engage in the greater adventures of mercantile business and
speculation, a very large proportion end their days in the sorrows of bank-
niptcy. No such fearful risk is made by him who is content to own a
few acres ; to stock them with choice trees ; to provide for their wantS)
and then to confide cheerfully in a good Providence for the showers arid
sunshine which are essential to the growth and ripening of fruits.

The original cost of a fruit tree is but a trifle, if procured from a nui-
sery ; and almost nothing if raised from the seed. It occupies only a
narrow space of ground, and this without excluding hoed crops or grass-
The amount of attendance which it needs is never large, and is always on
the decrease. But when it has leached its maturity it will yield an an-
nual income of sometimes $10 ; sometimes §20 ; and in rare instances,
even $50.*

We flatter ourselves that we are shrewd enough to know when we are
well off, and that we are competent to look after our own interests. We
take fire with indignation and wrath, if anything contrary to this is even
hinted at. But are we not sometimes a little singular in our way of man-
ifesting this shrewdness and self-sufficiency. While, in ordinary times,
the annual profits of our farming are allowed to be small, we yet toil on>
year after year, in the old beaten track; doing this season the same work
we did last season ; expecting to repeat the process next season, and so
on until our limbs are stiffened by age, and we are compelled to resign
the plow and the hoe to our successors. Now, without supposing it po»-
gible to carry forward the operations of a farm in any other way than by
repeating each successive year the work of the last, is it not both possible
and feasible for farmers, as they advance in years, and lose the vigor of
youth, to gradually release themselves from the necessity of cropping a
large number of acres, and this, too, without diminishing their yearly in-
come ! I am old enough to fancy it practicable for every farmer to adopt
a course which shall greatly lessen his toils, as years grow heavy upon

* There is a Virgalieu Pear Tree in the garden of Dr. Hastings, of Clinton, the
fruit of which has netted him 850 in one season. Dr. Hastings is not alone in his
horticultural success. Isaac De.nnison, of Albany, has reported a single crop of
pluni.s from four acres of land that sold for SI200. It is on record that a green
gage plum tree, at Charlestown, Mass.. yielded several successive crops each worth
fropi $40 to $50. The apple orchard of Robeut L. Pell, of Ulster county, is eaid
to yield about $40,000 per annum, clear of all expenses. His orchard is probably
the largest in America. His usual crop is 10,000 barrels, which will always com-
mand in New-York $6 a barrel. In London they have been sold, at retail, as high
us $21 per barrel.

Tree Culture. 19

him; while at tlie same time his revenue shall steadily increase. If a
farmer, at the ago of twenty-one, has the good sense and forethought to
plant as many choice fruit trees, and to tend them properly, it is reason-
able to anticipate that by the time ho reaches the age of forty they will
yield him several hundred dollars of annual profit. As they will then
demand but little care, their owner will be at liberty to retrench his mor«
laborious operations without curtailing his means of support. He has
made a horticultural investment ; and with the smiles of Heaven, without
which no enterprise can succeed, the regular and handsome dividends
may be expected in their season.

But this matter deserves to be looked at in a light le<s sordid, a lighi
more pure and holy than that reflected from silver and gold. There is a
moral, a social, and a civil good connected with the culture of trees, in
comparison with which the question of profit and loss shrinks away out
of sight. Our first parents were placed by their creator in the position
best fitted for the cultivation and enjoyment of their moral and social sus-
ceptibilities. They were placed in a garden. Their employment was
"to dress it and to keep it." Their home and daily walk was among
trees "pleasant to the sight and good for food," which "the Lord God
made to grow out of the ground." Human life at its best estate was a
life among cultivated trees. If we wish to bring back our spirits to some-
thing of that purity and calm enjoyment; something of that freedom
from social strife and corroding envy which made Eden a type of Heaven
the perfection of earthly bliss, we must not neglect the culture of trees.

To hoard one's earnings, and gloat over them in secret, is mean and
miserly. To invest some portion of the,m in trees is provident and self-
ennobling. To amuse ourself in caring for a tree's necessities, in minis-
tering to its appetites and development, in protecting it from vicious in-
sects, from the blasts of winter, and the fervors of Sirius ; and finally to
rejoice over the rich, ripe and ruddy returns which it ought to make for
all this solicitude, is a pleasant care that leaves no lust in the soul. Iti
rather tends to open the heart, and let in the sunshine of generous emo-
tion to its sullenest recesses. It teaches faith in the goodness of Provi-
dence. It teaches one to adore that infinite wisdom and skill which erects
the stately tree from the crude soil ; which causes the vital sap to run on
its errand from root to leaf, and the savory, luscious fruit to emerge from
the fragile blossom.

The social value of trees is also immense. They render home lovely
and attractive. They supply children with delightful memories for their
years of manhood, and womanhood — memories which bind their heart*

£0 Tree Culture.

with a three-fold cord, not easily bioken, to the scene of their earliest and
purest enjoyments. It is truly surprising how much of what is us'iallv
designated a love/or home, may be resolved by a little reflection into a
love/or trees. Recur to the pages of those who have written on this sub-
ject, and it will be fouud almost invariably, that this sentiment is descri-
bed in connection with some aged and venerated tree — some sheaf topped
elm, perchance, stooping, like a guardian angel, over the homestead ; or,
perchance, a generous apple or pear tree, with an equally generous grape
vine hugging its trunk, and surmounting its branches, like a boa-constric-
tor; or some giant sugar-maple which has been tapped so often in spring
that it looks like a huge round cartridge box ; or some gnarled oak, be-
neath which the c'ivls gathered acorns for their baby cups and saucers;
or some yellow-limbed willow near the brook, in whose ample boughs the
boys built their cuddies, when they returned from school in the long days
of summer. Such a tree there once was in old Connecticut, and wheu it
was felled, years ago, its fall sent a bitter pang, not yet forgotten, to one
boy's heart. It parted a tie whicli, had the tree been spared, would hav-«
bound him closer lo the home of his childhood.

Ifthenitis desired that children should love their home, that tliey
should think of it often and with pleasure, when they grow up to be men
and women ; when they are separated from it by many leagues : when
they are steeped lo the lip in worldly cares ; when their fathers and mo-
thers are locked in the dreamless slumber of the grave. Those fathew
and mothers should take pains to make homo beautil'ul and attractive;
should plant trees about it, and thus woo the biids of the forest thither-
ward. An unsightly house, on a bare spot, exposed to sun, and wind
and rain, will be remembered with some unpleasant mixture. "Home is
still home, tho' never so homely," says the proveib, and it says truly, if
the house had only a tree to stand sentinel over it. A mud-built liutis a
picturesque object, if it rest in the shadow of a graceful elm. But with-
out some such companion, you may call it a habitation, a dwelling, a tene-
ment, or what suits you, if you will only leave unperverted the social
word " Home."

Attachment to home is one of the elements of i>atriotism. As trees
Btrengtlien this aitachmont, it follows that (Ijey strengthen the sentiment
of patriotism. Here I find my closing argument in favor of tree-planting.
It is productive of a civil good. It aids in the rearing of good citizens,
honest voters, incorrupt freemen.

I have said my thoughts. Let me briefly recapitulate. The planting
of trees, if I have uttered the truth, is a profitable investment of capital.

Tre^ Cullure. 21

II will ensure .1 cotnfoitablc provision for one'3 old nge, and for tim tender
jrt;\r.s of his children. The culture of trees also contributes to the devel-
o^)ment of the moral and social susceptibilities. It tends to keep alive
»Qd strengthen the sentiment of love for home. It makes better citizen*
and purer patriots.

" I'ut then," whispers an objector, "the uncertainty that trees will liva
and do well when planted, is a great drawback upon all this fine pros-
pect." I acknowledge that in growing trees, as well as corn and potatoes,
there can be no absolute guarantee of success. Yet this uncertainty may
bo greatly lessened by planting trees in the proper manner, remembering
that they are living, organized, digesting, breathing creatures, and not
dead posts.

If one were solicitous to give to a tree the slimmest possible chance for
retaining its life, it could hardly be done more effectually, than by iniita-
tinLT the mode of planting adopted by some who aim to enjoy the luxury
of trees, their shade, and flowers, and fruitage, without paying tlie price
fixed by nature. They will begin, in case they are planting a sliade-tree
by dissevering the top, so that the remainder will be a bare pole, without
leaf or branch. Next they will dig a hole of the smallest dimensions that
will receive the routs, which are crammed into it with as little of cere-
mony as one would use in mowing away corn stalks. Finally the hard,
barren earth is thrown back upon the roots, and the doomed tree is left,
without protection, for the cows to rub their necks against. Of course,
it "kicks the bucket" in a few weeks, and the owner reproaches himself
for having wasted ten minutes in its planting.

This mode of procedure is a waste of time, and a shame to him who ia
guilty of its practice. But there is a better way. It should be remem-
bered that a tree cannot grow without roots-^that it cannot tlirive with-
out strong and healthy roots. They serve the purpose of a mouth, and
take in nutriment from the soil. Therefore, the roots should be carefully
protected, when a tree is transplanted. If an evergreen, its roots should
on no account be suffered to become dry. If it is found necessary to
shorten in the roots, this should be done without bruising or mutilating
them. As many as possible of the small fibres and spongioles should be
•'pared and saved from injury.

A tree cannot live without leaves. They are its lungs. By means of
them it respires and perspires. It inhales carbonic acid gas, and after
the carbon is incorporated with the vegetable system, it throws back the
cxvgen upon the atmosphere. Therefore, a tree, when franspianted,

22 Tree Culture.

should not be wholly robbed of its leave-buds. Blossom-buds, on the con-
trary, it is well to remove. The act of flowering always makes a severe
draft upon a tree's vitality. If the roots are shortened, the branches
should be served likewise, in order that the tree may be well-balanced.
But the less of curtailment there is at either extremity, especially at the
roots, the better.

A tree should have food. It cannot grow in earth where red-sorrel
would die of starvation. Therefore dig a deep, wide hole for the recep-
tion of the tree you are planting. Fill it with mellow and nutrieious soil.
The best manure for this purpose is decayed vegetable matter, which may
be procured in abundance from the woods. Its fertilizing and stimulating
qualities are improved by mixing it wifh lime or ashes.

Ordinarily, a tree is without weapons of defence. Therefore, drive
stakes about it. Protect it from the force of winds, the pressure of snow-
drifts, and the vandalism of cattle.

A tree is a drinking animal — a Maine law toper. Therefore give it
plenty of water. If the water is foul and soapy, so much the more ac-
ceptable. Deluge your trees, now and then, from top to base with an
artificial shower, and they will smile you their thanks from winking leaves
and glistening bark. Watch them before the coming of hot weather by
placing straw or chip manure about their roots. Thus you will save the
soil from baking, and losiiig its nourishment by evaporation. If after aU
this attention, they should refuse to live, you can suiTer their loss witli a
clear conscience. You have done what you could.

There is no denying, that to plant trees in this way, demands in the
outset, much time, and trouble and expense. But in the long run, it will
effect a saving of all three. What is once well done, seldom needs to be
repeated. What is only ill performed needs to be done over and over
ac^ain, endlessly, yet without reaching any satisfactory result.

In conclusion, I can express no kindlier wish for my dearest friend,
than that he may live to a green old age, at peace with man and his ma-
ker, and pass it amid vines and peach trees, amid plum and pear trees,
amid apple and cherry trees, with here and there a thrifty elm or maple,
linden or oak, which his own hands have planted and watered, pruned
and mulched, manured and defended in his and their early years, with
none to disturb him by a note protested, or to make him afraid by a
threatened law suit. All this I wish most heartily, for each and every
reader of the Horticultural Review.

The Strawberry. 23

THE STRAWBERRY.

BY R. G. PARDEE.

This is the earliest, and one of our most delicious and wholesome fruits.
It is also so easily cultivated as to be clearly within the reach of all hav-
ing a few yards of soil — twenty feet square being all that is required to
furnish a small family with an abundance. Why then, we are asked are
they not more generally cultivated, and more efforts made to obtain the
most approved varieties l "We answer, the main reason is, that so mucli
that is erroneous has been published, and the resuU has been sonuraerouB
failures, that multitudes have given up in despair, and declared it to be
cheaper to buv than to raise this fine fruit. This result too, has been,
reached when the fact remains, that strawberries of fine varieties have been
and can be easily raised for fifty cents per bushel, besides the pleasure or
labor of picking them. If this be so, and we do not doubt it, then it is
apparent that three-fourths of all tlie labor and expense bestowed on
strawberry cultivation is lost and worse than lost.

Let us notice some of the errors which have led to such disastrous re-
sults, and, 1st. "We are told to fill the bed in the order of four rows of
Pistillate? and then one of Staminates. The consequence of this putting
starainates and pistallates in the same bed, has been, the strong growing
small bearing, rampant staminates, crowd the full bearing, feeble pistil-
lates out of the bed, so that after one season of tolerable productiveness,
it proves a failure. It is generally conceded to be necessary to place the
staminate varieties contiguous to the pistallates, but we would place them
on opposite sides of the garden, as thirty or fifty feet apart for all practi-
cal purposes is as well as three feet. Where all the runners are pertina-
ciously cut off, there is no evil resulting from allowing different varieties
in the same bed, but this labor is so great we would never attempt it, and
consequently be very careful to keep each variety distinct and separate
from all others. 2d. We are told to prepare the beds with an abundance
of well-rotted manures. This will produce very strong and vigorous
plants, but we have often seen those beautiful plants in beds of sufficient
size to produce five bushels of fruit, not yield even one quart during the
entire season. The plant has been so high fed, so over stimulated, as to
induce barrenness. On the other hand we have often been surprised at
the large crop of luscious Ilovey's and scarlets on soil so poor as hardly
to raise corn. In one instance the hard pan from the bottom of a cellar,

24 The Cultivation of the Orape.

without the least addition astonished tvery one with the large qiiantitifTS
of fine fruit.

We would prefer fair common soil, with a moderate addition of Itaf
mould and unleached ashes, to the richest garden poil and strongest ma-
nures for the strawberry fruit.

3. Another common error is to permit the plants too closely to occopy
the bed. The very large kinds should never be allowed to remain nearer
than twelve inches apart, and the smaller varieties nine or ten. If the
plants are not wanted to set out or give away, throw them away. One
plant, with plenty of sun and air, will overbear a dozen within the radius
of a foot. The strawberry is a plant with a great number of fibrous roots,
and is very tenacious of life. Those numerous roots should not be cut
off or greatly disturbed unless we wish to maim the plant. True those
maimed plants will bear some fruit, and may in a measure satisfy those
who do not care to have a large crop, but such a course should not be
recommended to others. Consequently good clean soil, free from weeds,
should be selected, thoroughly and repeatedly pulverized, and then if
mulched with tan-bark or saw-dur^t, but t'cw weeds will appear, and those
can be taken with the hand, without a resort to that dangerous tool in a
strawberry bed — the hoe, or even a spading fork, unle?s used with great
care. Remarks respecting the most approved varieties, with the combi-
ned observation and experience of the past favorable season, will be de-
ferred until the next nun)ber.

THE CULTIVATION OF THE GRAPE. AND '-TnE MANUFACTURE OF

WINE."

BY D. W\ KAY.

The cultivation of the Grape and the manufacture of Wine have at last
began to attract the attention of the American people. Depending al-
most wholly for their supply of wine upon importations from abroad, and
also paying exorbitant prices for not always an unadulterated article, have
led our enterprising Grape cultivators to grow the Grape extensively for
the sole purpose of manufacturing the fruit into wine. The manufacture
of wine and its sale adds greatly to the commercial wealth and import-
ance of the country where this branch of trade is entered into extensively.
Thfl vineyards of the Rhino and the territory of France are celebrated
throughout the whole world. The amount of wine manufactured and

The Calt'n'al'ion of the Grape. 25

sold in the latter country is said to amount to tlis sum of $500,000,000,
annuall}'. American labor, enterprise and climate are as capable of pro-
ducing the same amount of wine annuaUy as those of France, and I doubt
not the time is not far distant when the X,'nited States, with her gigantic
mountains, broad and noble rivers, her vast and rolling Prairies, (afford-
ing the greatest facilities for the cultivation of the vine, of any country on
the fiice of the globe,) will produce a gveiiter amount of wine than all the
other countries in \\\Q worhl. The vine has been cultivated from the re-
motest period of time, and the time-honored custom of using its juice as a
beverage will never be discontinued. Wine made from the pure juice of
the grape — containing from seven to eight per cent, of Alcohol, equaling
in delicacy of flavor any other drink, will become the companion of our
advanced civilization, until every American can sit under his own vino,
cat the fruits thereof, and produce his own beverage. The manufacture
of native wine and the extensive cultivation of the grape are destined to
add millions to our wealth, and " Temperance" to the character of our
people.

The first vineyards establL-^hed in America were projected hy German
and French settlers, at Vevaj^ and New Harmony, Ind., and Lexington,
Ky., about the year 1812. Their descendants still cultivate the giape to
a moderate extent. The cultivation of the grape and the manufacture of
wine is yet only in its infi^iucy, and there are already planted in the vi-
cinity of Cincinnati over ten thou:-'and acres of mostly Isabella and Cataw-
ba vines, which varieties, including the Schuylkill, are considered the
best for productiveness and for wine making. The region of country bor-
dering on the Ohio has become so celebrated as a wine-producing district,
that the Ohio is called the Rhine of America. Notwithstanding the fact
that the borders of the Ohio have taken the lead in the cultivation of the
grape, that section is not the only one where success may be had in the
production of this desirable fruit. The banks of the Hudson, the Dela-
ware, Schuylkill and Connecticut Rivers, will one day be as celebrated
for the growing of the grape as the banks of the Rhine, the Seine and Loire.

By far the largest grape cultivator in this country is Mr. Nicholas
LoNGW'OETH, of Cincinnati, in fact he may be said to l^e the father of the
grape cultivation and wine manufacture. Mr. LoA'GwoRTir has several
hundred acres under cultivation with the grape. His mode of operating
is, to farm out his land to French and German vine dressers, giving them
a certain share of the crop, and then purchasing their part of the fruit.
3Ir. Loxcr WORTH manufactures the best quality of wine, and bottles every
year more than any other cultivator in this coxmtrj'. It is stated that he

The CuUivatkm of the Gntpe.

put up last j-car 250,000 bottles. He lias one of the largest -uine cellars
in the United States, being 45 feet in depth, and capable of holding sev-
eral millions of bottles. lie thinks the deeper wine is kept below the.
surface of the earth the less liable the wine is to suffer from change o^
temperature ; thus assisting time to ripen its flavor and delicacy.

The borders of the Hudson can also boast of some fair sized vineyards,
among the prominent ones are Dr. A. T. T^ndkuiiili/s, at Croton Point;
Messrs. Yoouhiks k Sneidtkek's, at Nyack, and Dr. Grant's, at lona, a
])eautiful Islet in the Hudson, nearly opposite St. Anthony's Nose.*

It is said oyer four thousand dollars' worth of grapes were sold from
about five thousand vines, four years transplanted on this Island. It ia
also .stated another large cultivator's sales from fruit alone, grown upon the
Hud-son, and mostly Isabella grapes, amounted to over $18,000. We have,
^hus shown that the cultivation of the grape is profitable, much more so
than almost any other crop, and it only remains for the intelligent man,
who cultivates even the smallest plot of ground, to enquire where he can
plant a vineyard, what varieties he must plant, what preparation he must
give his soil, where he can obtain his vines, and how they must be culti-
vated.

Grapes eanjipt be grown north of latitude 43, with an}- degree of suc-
cess : but they thris-e well, and in some, aspects vines grow to an enormous
height and extent, from this latitiuic to the Gulf of Mexico. Native vines
are found growing in the primitive state on the banks of the Ohio, some,
of them nearly three hundred feet in length, and yet growing with all
their pristine vigor. The Scuppernong grape, f«)und wild from A'irginia
to Florida, is xmdoubtedly the most rapid growing and most productive of
all native grapes, and can be cultivated with the least care and attention,
but the wine made from this grape is inferior to Isabella or Catawba wine.
The only profitable varieties of grape for wine manufacturing purposes
and for out door cultivation, are the Catawba, (which produces the finest
of all wines,) the Isabella, Diana, Schuylkill, and Muscadine, (Northern,),
as gi-own by the New Lebanon Shakers. The writer saw last winter, 1854,
several specimens of wine made from this grape containing only altout five
per cent of alcohol, and it is one of the finest light table wines, with perhaps
the exception of Longwokth's Ladies' Catawba, nianufiictured in tin?

*Tlip writer still remembers with pleasure a visit made with some friends to Ihif
beautil'iil I.sle tlie past siinuucr. The Golden Apricot, and rnddy cheel<ed Necta-
rine were. jnst ripenin.c:. The youn.ij; and thriftj' Pear orchard Mas bending- Mifh
golden fruit, and the large vineyard of Catavvbas were lit-crally Irailinp: npon the
i>TOund with their enormous crops of fruit. It was never my fortune to sec a finer,
kept orchard or vineyard.

The Caltlval'ton of the Grape. 27

couutry. Having given the varieties adapted to wine making, we will
now proceed to remark the kind.s of soil best suited to their growth, mode
of cultivating, etc.

Grapes should always be planted in a dry calcareous loam, with a gra-
velly or open subsoil if possible, at least soil not retentive of water, as
grapes do not mildew and are less subject to decay before fully ripe in
such soil, than soil not positively dry.

The aspect chosen should be any but a Northern one for a vineyard, as
a northern exposure does not gte the sun the necessary chance to ripen
the fruit. Elevated surfaces arc always to be preferred for vineyards, as
they are less liable to suflfer from frosts. The best mode of propagating
is undoubtedly by cuttings, especially if tliey are wanted for large vine-
yards. The cuttings should be from twelve to fourteen inches in Icngtli, and
contain four to fiv eyes ; they should be planted the first year in beds or in
nurseiy rows ; if planted in rows, the rows should be three feet apart, and
the cuttings in the rows one foot distant, and should be bitried, so as to
leave but one eye above ground. Cuttings planted in beds and well
mulched with the reflise from woolen mills, or even tan bark, have been
known to do even better than when planted in rows. For transplanting,
the vines should be taken up at one year's growth from the cutting ; they
should be carefully taken up and the roots guarded against exposure to
drying winds, as the fibres are small and easity dried, and should be
secured from the rays of the sun. The iiolc should be dry, large, and the
ground for the vineyard should be cither trenched or subsoiled. Care
should be taken to prune both the roots and the tops ; the vine should be'
citt down to two eyes, and all bruised roots or fibres should be evenly cut
off with a sharp knife. The best distance to plant, and the best mode of
cultivation, are practiced in Ohio. The Ohio method is to plant the vines
three feet apart one way and five feet the other ; planting this distance gives
2600 vines per acre ; this acre, independent of pruning, can be cultivated
at the same expense of an acre of corn, or any other cultivated crop, and
the yield of wine the fourth year from transplanting will average 350 gal-
lons per acre, which will readily sell at as many dollars, from which
amount deduct $100 for cultivation, and it will leave $250 a year profiti
per acre. I ani told one gentleman in Ontario Co., N. Y., the past year,
sold from one acre the grape in fruit to the amount of $1400.

The following is taken from R. Buchanan's treatise on the " Culture
of the Grape," on pruning and training : " In the spring cift the young
vine down to a single eye or bud at first, if two are left for greater safety

The Culth'ut'toit of the Graj:'

at first, take one off afterward, drive a stake six or seven feet long, firmly
to each plant, locust or cedar is preferred, but oak or black walnut, char-
red at the end and driven into the earth will last nearly as long. Keep
the young vine tied neatly to the stake with rye or wheat straw ; pick off
all suckers, and let but one stalk or cane grow. The second spring after
planting, cut down to two or three eyes, and the third year to four or five ;
pinching of laterals, tyii^g up, and hoeing the vines as usual ; the third
year the vines will produce a few grapes : train two canes to the stake this
year, and take off the lateral shoots. The vines should be pruned in the
autumn after the fall of the leaf

"Pruning the fourth year requires good judgment, as the standard stalk
or stem is to be established. Select the best shoot or cane of last year's
growth, cut it down to six or eight joints and fasten it to the adjoining
stake, at the top, in a horizontal position, or bend it over in the form of a
hook or bow and tie it to its own .stake. The ties this year should be of
willow, this is the bearing wood. The other cane cut down to a spur of
two or three eyes is to form the bearing wood of the next year. Give the
shoot, the first year, ties of straw only ; then give the bearing shoot a tie
on the stake nine inches from the ground, and another tie nine inches
above, then bow it over to the neigboring stake in a horizontal position,
and give it the third tie at the top of the stake near the extremity of the
vine. In the succeeding and all subsequent years cut away all the old
bearing wood, and fqrm the new bow or arch from the bes-t branch of the
new wood of the past year, leaving a spur as before to produce bearing
wood for the coming year, thus keeping the old stalk of the vine down to
from one to two feet of the ground, the vine is then always within reach
and control, and one man can cultivate as many vines, planted in this
manner, as three men can planted on a trellis."

The uses of the grape independent of wine making are numerous, they
can be preserved or dried, and for the dessert there is perhaps no fruit so
acceptable or so much in general use. They are one of the most healthy
fruits in existence, and are often used for their medicinal quahties alone.
They impart an agreeable zest to the appetite, and are a good tonic medi-
cine in some cases of disease. Physicians have even recommended tlieir
use. In view of every consideration therefore, we say to all cultivators of
the soil : Plant the A'ine ! Plant freely and without stint, and 3-our chil-
dren, and youi* children's children wiU rise up and call you blessed. —
Plant for yourselves not only, but for posterity.

The Cvnirasst. 29

THE CONTTwiST.

BY WILLIAM HACOX.

A quarter of a century ago it was a mere oceurreucc for any one to set
sliade trees around their dwellings. The Lomhardy Poplar, a tree of easy
and rapid growth, had, to be sure, from the novelty of its form and the
little labor necessary, been somewhat employed for this purpose, but prej-
udice in a few years caused the axe to ])g laid at their roots and the great-
est proportion of them were destroyed, and the comparatively few dwellings
they had shaded were left to stand in unblushing nakedness, exposed to
the fierce glaring rays of the sun, the merciless peltings of the storm, and
the harsh and angry singing of wiury winds.

Then came the reign of !^Iaples ; all trees set by dwellings or by the
wayside, whatever the soil or exposure, must be maple. It has to be sure
some recommendations. Its beautiful symmetry and saccharine qualities,
the latter entering into the dollar and cent calculations, brought it into
particular notice. People entered into the transplanting operation with a
commendable zeal, and had their knowledge been equal, many a dwelling
now naked and unadorned, would now have been shadowed with delightful
fohage, while by our waysides we should have had miles of shady avenues
where we now have rods — not all maples, however, for there are soils
where it will not flourish, even if it lives.

This idea of all maples for shade trees, illustrates the American charac-
ter in one respect most forcibly — with whatever we undertake we go the
whole figure. What succeeds with one, becomes for a time, the hobby of
many others. It was peculiarly so with maples, and instead of imitating
nature and helping carry out her designs, we set her laws at variance in the
matter, so that where a pleasing variety ought to exist, we make a dull, sleepy
uniformity. Who ever saw a forest composed entirely of one variety, or
even one species of trees ? Then, again, we set them in rows as stifi" and
formal as ranks of soldiers, and they grew so monotously uniform that na-
ture almost refused to give them their wonted beauty.

Experience and obsexwation have taught us a salutory lesson. Where
we find vacancies to fill, we increase the variety to the greatest extent pos-
sible, observing with due care to plant those of dissimilar habits and foliage
in proximity, mixing in evergreens with such deciduous trees as retain
their fohage for the shortest period, and interspersing trees ^vith dark
and hea\'y foliage with those showing more light and cheerful appearance.

go A Retrospect.

The Pine, Fir uud Hemlock contras^t ricbly with the Chcsnut and Oak. So
does the Poplar and white Birch, whose early tender foliage thickens the
branches, while late leafing trees retain the nakedness of winter.

Forest trees should never he planted in rows. It gives them all too
formal an appearance. Set them so that their location will appear as much
like an accidental springing up from the soil as possible. They should be
set so far apart that they will for many long years have a chance to de-
vclopo their symmetry of form in natural and easy proportions. If imme-
diate shade is desirable, the ground should be filled with such trees as can
be taken out as circumstances of growth require to give space for perma-
nent ones. Trees of second, third and fourth size may be advantageously
set for this purpose. There is an advantage beyond the pleasure a variety
gives, in introducing it in avenues and groves. Each variety feeds on a
different food from the others, and in its growth will take up food that its
neighbor rejects. Thus a more rapid growth will attend a given number
of trees when a variety of species is introduced, than when they are of the
same kind. Eljiwood, July 9, 1855.

A RETROSPECT.
BY A. ilESSEK..

I wish to congratulate the public on their prospect of a new work on
Hdrticiilture. It is a study worthy of the best minds in the country, and
deserves the patronage of those who would keep even pace with the spirit
of the times". That there has been rapid progress of late, in this delight-
ful employment, no one can deny; and we think the result is to be attri-
buted in part, to the publication of Agricultural and Horticultural Jour-
nals. There are already existing some good works of the kind, but the
land is wide, and there is plenty of room yet. The love of this beautiful
art is a passion, which "grows on that it feeds on," and the diffusion of
some good publications will create a demand for more. It is evideflt
also, that the great progress made in the matter of cheap engraving af-
fords great facilities to the publisher, whereby he can afford a work oft
gardening, beautifully illustrated, and at a price exceedingly low. The
present state of the art would have been astonishing to our predecessors,
twenty years ago.

Horticulture is both a science and an art. Many pic^rsons contemplate

A lietrospcct. S\

it in the one aspect only, while they forget, or overlook the other. This
iniiy be one reason, and the c/t?V/' reason, why so many are disapj)ointed
in the expected results. They have perhaps, for some years, been follow-
ing their favorite rules of practice, copied from that of their predecessors,
and have been surprised at the small fruit of their labors ; while at the
f-ame time they have been violalijig some fundamental law of vegetation.
It is always safe to follow nature, but not to dictate to,or force ber. Peo-
ple may say what thev ]ilcase against " book farming" and book garden-
inix, but it is indispensably necessary to make the science of vcgctahlc
l)hysiology a subject of careful study.

Jlcat and moisture are the two great and essential agents in the process
of vegetation. "Where these are furnished in excess, trees and plants are
found having a luxuriant growth and reachingto a gigantic size, and they
are so found within the tropics. But in the polar regions, these agents
are feeble, and the trees and plants are dwarfish in proportion.

So.ine ])lants and fruits, natives of warm climates^ have indeed been
gro.wii with some degree of success in high latitudes. For instance the
pine apple of the West India Islands, and, the Muscat grapes of Spain,
have been produced in England, having a latitude of 50 degrees north,
and in northern New York, New England and Canada, having a high
northern latitude. But bow has this been done? Not that these delic-
ious fruits will succeed without the powejful stimulants which nature fur-
nieUes. Art has been brought in to assist nature. Structures have been
erected, covered with glass, whereby the solar heat can be economized
and retained. The quantity of water can be graduated at will; and thus
an artificial climate can be made to mcet,the wants of the plant. Th?
successful gardener should be well endowed with that faculty of the min,d.
which is called imagination. If occupied ingrowing the foreign grape
under glass, let him in imagination transport himself to the sunny clime
of Spain or Syiia, and by inspecting the condition of th^ "vine at home,"-
judge of its wants and propensities when an exotic.

O I that the lovely vine were endowed with the faculty of speech, so as
to be able to plead its own cause under all manner of abusive treatment.
Sometimes it is drowned- with flood ; and tiien it is scorched with fire.
Now its border is completely saturated with rain ; then it is dry as the
desert of Sahara. Some are fed with stimulating aliment, even to sur-
feiting; others arc left to starve with hunger. But if (he often ignorant
and but loo heedless wine-dresser, could be induced to study his subject
scientifically, and learn to sympathise with his tender charge, then might

32

The Cultivation of the Sugar Cane.

he see them flourishing in great beauty, and "bringing forth the fruits ia
their season."

The late Mr, Dowxixg, in one of his articles, introduces a case in point.
Some one, in the vicinity of Newburgh, not succeeding well with his
vines, invited Mr. Downing to visit his grapery, and give his advice.
He did accordingly, and found the houses almost without ventilation, and
the leaves badly scorched with a continuous, unmitigated, burning sun.
What was wanting, was fresh air and water. The gardener, following
English practice, had endeavored to keep up the temperature, at the ex-
pense of all the other necessary agencies, and converted his vinery into
an oven.

THE CULTIVATION OF THE SUGAR CANE, AND THE ilANUFACTUEE

OF SUGAR.*

.\,r.,

COOLIES AT THE SUGAR-CROP.

It is not a little remarkable that an article in such general use as sugar
— the production of which in the present day amounts to a million and a
half of tons from all sources — should have been so little known amongst
the ancients, and so rare even up to the fifteenth century, that we read
of a Mrs. Pastor, the wife of a land-owner of Norfolk, of that day, writ-
ing to her husband in London, and begging that he will " vouchsafe to
buy her a pound of sugar."

* English paper.

I'he Cultivation of the Suc/ar-Cane. S3

Many of the early writers, even so far hack as the father of history,
Herodotu?, make allusions to "honey made by the hands of man," and
" tlie sweet juice of an Indian reed, much used for drinking," which t^liny
calls Sacchorn ; but of its precise nature, place of production, &:c., the
Inost vague opinions were held.

There is little doubt that China and India were the original places of
production of this article, whence it would seem to have traveled by slow
degrees towards Persia, Arabia, and vSyria ; and thence became known to
many nations of Europe, throuajh the Crusaders, who carried back with
them the knowledge of many useful arts.

Chemically speaking, sugar, or the saccharine principle, is met with in
many products of the vegetable and animal kirigdom. It has been ex-
tensively manufactured from beet-root in France and Germany ; while, in
the United Slates, sugar is produced from the juices of the maple tree.
la Ceylon, and some parts of continental India, sugar is also produced
from the juices of the cocoa-nut and jaggery palms. The sugar, howev-
er, of which I am now about to write, is the ordinary sugar of commerce,
the production of the sugar cane.

Tracing the spread of the sugar-cane culture from Arabia, westward,
to the Islands of the Mediterranean, Italy, and Spain, we gather that the
Portuguese carried the cane to the Island of Madeira ; and about the fif-
teenth century the Spaniards imported it into the Canaries and the Bra-
zils. Europe continued to be supplied with sugar by the Spaniards and
Portuguese; and it was not until the following century that the English
colonists of Barbadoes cotnmenced the first of the West India plantations,
which afterwards formed such a lucrative -occupation to many of the col-
onists in that part of the world.

The climate of the Mauritius is very genial, although tropical. Its soil
is most fertile, and the vegetation of the island rich slnd varied in the ex-
treme. Excellent roads stretch from the principal town and seat of Gov-
ernment, Port Louis, through the most fertile districts in every direction.
At some distance from the shore, lofty and abrupt ranges of hills rise
from the luxuriant plains, clad to their summits with the most abundant
and beautiful foliage. Dotted along the slopes of green hills and pleas-
antly situated amidst the cool shade of palm topes and mingo groves, may
be seen many delightful villas, the rustic dwellings of the wealthy Mau-
ritians.

Farther from the town than the above are the bungalows of the plant-
ers, surrounded by out-houses, stores, cattle-sheds, and dwellings of their

34 The Cullivation of the Suyar-Cane.

Indian workpeople. A more animated and interesting scene can scarcely
be pictured than the homestead of a Mauritius sugar-planter of the present
day. Their labor is entirely that of Indians, brought thither free of
cost from the Malabar coast, or from Bengal, under stipulated agreements
as to their return home at the end of a stated term. These laborers have
each a cottage and a piece of ground allotted them ; and if at all indus-
triously inclined, which many are, may live in considerable comfort, and
at the end of five or seven years, return to their native villages in a state
of comparative affluence.

The " works" of a sugar-planter, if of the most approved description
and well managed, present an extended and pleasing view. The power
employed is, in nearly all cases, that of steam, and the engine will be so
placed as to be readily available, for the many purposes for which it will
be required, whilst the mill is so situated as to be easily reached from
any part of the estate. A supply of water is a great point ; not less so
indeed, for the works, than is a good stock of cattle for the fields.

The soil of the Mauritius is mostly of a fine chocolate color, loamy and
fertile to a degree ; so much so, that many plantations hdve produced
ample crops for several years in succession, without the aid of manure.
The propagation of the plant is performed by slips of the cane, generally
of a single joint, being placed in holes at regular distances, a few inches
below the surface, or in slight trenches, turned up with a little kind of
plow. The planting takes place at the change of the monsoon, when
frequent showers may be reckoned on, followed by a sunshine not too
powerful. At their first stage of growth, the young canes are subject to
attacks from many enemies, not the least fatal and secret of which are the
white ants. Wild pigs, porcupines, rats, hedgehogs, &c., all prey upon
it, attracted by the sweetness of its sap. Weeds of every description are
carefully removed from the earlier growth of the canes, as a free circula-
tion of air is most necessary to their proper development.

The liberal rains which fall in all tropical countries during the south-
west monsoon, induce a rapid growth of all plants ; and among these
the sugar cane is one of the most luxuriant vegetation. A more beauti-
ful scene cannot be met with than a fine full-grown field of canes, free
from weeds or the attacks of wild animals. In the Mauritius they attain
a surprising height, often nine or ten feet, and of a thickness almost in--
credible — indeed they bear a closer resemblance to bamboos than canes.;
The joints into which a cane is divided, are distant some six or eight in-
ches from each other, their length entirely depending on the vigor of the

The Cultivation of ihe Sugar-Cane.

35

cane, to which this forms a sure guide. J>oin each joint springs a nar-
row and rather graceful leaf, which, however, are stripped off as the plant
approaches maturity, to within three or four joints of the top. By the
side of these gigantic canes, yellow in their stem and bright green in their
leaves, and waving to the breeze, the tall Malabar cooley appears quite
dwarfed, and a whole gang of a hundred laborers soon becomes quite hid-
den amongst the dense groves of sugar-cane, which stretch on every side
for manv miles, through valleys, round hills, and across ample plains.

The world-famed names of Paul
and Virginia, consecrated by one
of the noblest works of fiction an<l
fact in existence, are still to be seen
engraved on a simple tomb at the
foot of the Pamplemousse moun-
tain, surrounded by scenery which,
of itself, without the hallowed re-
collections of the tale, would suf-
fice to give a charm to any spot.
Birds of softest note warble a-
mong the deep green foliage of
mango and tamarind trees. The
i^ squirrel leaps from the wide bran-
ches of the bread-fruit tree, and
the gay fluttering plumage of the
paroquet and the dove may bo
seen darting amidst the waving,
broad leaves of the bananas. A
cottage is near the lovely spot,
surrounded by a grove of orange
WEEDING A scGAR PLA^■TATIO^^ and jarabo trees. A small garden
of cotton, and tobacco, and melons, is attached, and the sound of soft,
Kweet voices comes from beneath its roof. Can it be some kindred spirit
to the eentle Viro-inia that dwells therein ?

Voices are heard over the fields from where the canes are being cut,
the first of the new harvest. The toil of that burning day is over. A
fine-limbed, swarthy Malabar cooly, with streaming black locks, hastens
up the hill from his comrades. A small, graceful figure emerges from
the orange grove : the genius of the spot darts down the path, and wel-
comes the laborer home. It is the first night of the new harvest, and

36 The Cultivation of the Sugar- Cane.

there is rejoicing among the children of the heathen. One of their first
acts of gladness is to place a large bouquet of tiowers upon the tomb of
the sleeping lovers, Paul and Virginia, whose simple, touching history
has fonnd an echo and a syrapathj even in the hearts of those unlettered
people.

The taking in of the sugar crop is a most bustling scene. Every one
capable of assisting in any way turns out to lend a lielping hand, for
there is work for all. The huge canes towering above the tallest of the
coolies, stagger and fall before the short sharp click of the Malabar bill-
hook. The ground is heaped up with them, whilst parties of men and
women are engaged making them up in bundles for removal to the mill.
The tops being cut off, they are taken from the ground in bullock or mule
carts, and at once passed into the crushing mill.

There an equally busy, though very difl'orent scene presents itself.
Beneath a wide and lofty roof a pile of dark iron machinery stands, wav-
ing its long arms, and twisting its terrible-looking limbs, and rushing
round with its heavy wheels, as though it w^ere afraid of being too late
for something, without quite knowing what. The cart-loads of beautiful
canes are piled in regular heaps before this Goliath of a machine, whilst
a party of men and boys are busily engaged feeding the liungry monster
with avmfuls of them. The bright, smooth, clean canes are passed be-
tween the Ectal jaws of the insatiable creature, and lo ! on the other side,
they fall down a confused and ugly mass of crushed and broken fibre and
wood, while a pale stream of juice flows from the relentless iron jaws, and,
rushing down a narrow channel, is lost to sight amidst a chaos of wheels,
and pistons, and other dreadful dark-looking apparatus.

Next to this noisy, steamy, smoky place, is a long range of neat, or-
derly buildings, that appear as though they never had been in the least
dirty, and didn't mean to be, come what might. There are no windows
to it ; but bless me ! what a number of wide, open doors. A delightful
breeze floats through the place ; there is a decidedly warmish feel ; but
it is softened by the breeze, which brings in its company a number of
pleasant perfumes from orange groves and rose apples, and citron trees,
that one rather prefers it-

But if the outside be clean and neat, how much more so is the interior ?
"Why, there never was such a place, to be sure, except in the Hotel de
Ville, at Paris, or Victoria's castle at Windsor. There are huge bright
shining copper stew pans, large enough to boil soup for the whole unions
of the United States; and coolers, and vats, and cisterns, capacious

The L'altivaUon of (in: tiuqar-Cane.

87

THE BOILING-HOUSE OX A SUGAR ESTATE.

onougli to \xnx grog for the entire British navy, with enough to spare for
the army too. Is it possible that the Governor-General of India and his
lady can be coming to take breakfast in this beautiful clean hall, and
have a dance afterwards ? They might very well be entertained in a dir-
tier place. All that is wanted are mats and cushions for the company,
and a few garlands of fiov.ers.

Reader, this is the boiling-house of the Pamplemousse sugar estate;
and the neat looking dapper gentleman, with the light wand in his hand,
is not the master of the ceremonies, as I imagined, but the boiling-master
of the establishment. The bright shining coppers are becoming hot and
steamy ; their contents are thickening gradually, whilst in one or two the
operation of skimming commences, in order to remove the foreign matter
which rises to the surface during the boiling.

The dapper master of the ceremonies clasps his hands, and half a dozen
coolies, as clean as himself, glide in from some invisible corner — I almost
fancied they came out of one of the large vats — and without so much as
a word spoken, tiltpd up, by some unseen machinery, one of the hissing,
boiling caldrons of sugar juice, and away it went into another caldron
rather brighter than the others. The party of mutes having performed
this, shifted a number of the other pans, allowed some more fresh liquor
to flow in from a vat near the mill-house, a: d at length, bv the aid of more
chains and pulleys, that l<X)ked like insfrnmenta of torluro, they contrived

3g The Cutl'wal'.on of the Suyar-Cunf.

to upset the nearest caldron over a sort of gigantic funnel or wooden wa-
ter-spout, and awav rushed the burning hot-juice to some unknown re-
gions below.

Down a wide flight of stone stairs, along a cool passage, and through
n pair of huge folding doors, the visitor reaches the granulating room.
It is immediately beneath the boiling-house, and contains many sets of
capacious Heidelburgh-looking vat«, in which are first boilings of the new
crop granulating and draining, read}- for shipment. I was shown a little
suo-ar remaining over from the hist year's harvest, and a more perfect
crystal and finer, fuller (lavor, I certainly never remember. It was whito
as any salt, and shone brilliaiiliy like pure crystals in the sunlight. It
had been prepared by some new and improved process, of which the
Mauritius planters are now ready to avail themselves ; and what is of
equal value to the beautiful appearance is, that the yield of sugar from
the juice is much greater by this process, and at the same time the pro-
proportion of drainage or molasses is much less.

When the sugar is believed to be sufficiently drained, it is dug out of
the laro-e granulators and placed in bags for shipment, very few casks
beino- used in this colony, the sugar being of a far drier nature than that
of the West Indies or Brazils. Cropping time lasts from six weeks to
three months, during which time both man and beast are worked to the
utmost, in order to secure the canes whilst in their prime. If left for too
lono' a period in the ground, they blossom and lose a great part of their
juice, as well as become harder and more difficult to grind ; and hence it
is the endeavor of the planter so to regulate his planting and his cultiva-
tion, that all his fields may not be forced on his hands at one time.

The calculation for ordinarily good ground is a yield of one ton and a
half of sucrar per acre ; but from some of the richer soils of the Mauritius
as much as four and even five tons to the acre have been obtained. The
whole of the labor employed on the estates of this island is imported, as
well as the food for their support — viz: rice, dried fish, curry-stufts, and
ghee, a sort of fat.

One great and constantly recurring drawback to the prosperity of the
sugar planter of the Mauritius, is the liability to hurricanes, to which the
locality is subject. During the months of February, March, and April,
these terrible tempests are most frequently met with ; and when they
visit the island in full force they are not soon forgotten. Houses, facto-
ries, mills, engines, cane-fields, all are rooted from the grouiid and scat-
tered far and near like so many straws before the destroying element.

jfVie CulUvdlionuf the Sugar-Cane. 39

Macliinciy, many tons in woiglit, lias been known to be lifted many feet
in the air, and hurled to a great distance. Ships laden with full cargoes,
and lying quietly at anchor in the harbor, have been not only driven high
and dry on the sandy beach, but actually blown for a quarter of a milo
inland, and obliged to be broken up where they lay, for to take them
badk to their own element was a matter of sheer impossibility. The loss
that is occasioned by these fearful visitations may be readily imagined,
although all works situated on the exposed sides of the island are built
of great strength.

During the great crisis of 1847 and 1848, several of the largest plant-
ing firms connected with the Mauritius failed, and their prostration caused
much embarrassment in the colony at the time. Fresh energy and capi-
tal has, however, been since brought to bear upon the sugar industry of
this island ; and it is now in a more healthy and thriving condition than
at any previous period of its history.

In Jamaica, and some other of our earliest sugar-producing colonies,
the difficulty of procuring laborers after the abolition of slavery, added
to the embairassments of the leading planters induced by former extrav-
agance and reckless living, has quite revolutionized their industry. Most
of the best plantations have been sold at merely nominal sums, and pur-
chased by the freed negroes, who squat on their small holdings andgiow
just sufficient for their maintenance, having no inclination to labor for
hire.

This, however, is not universall}' the case ; for on some of the islands
■where the squatting system could not be carried out, and where the es-
tates fell entire into the hands of enterprising capitalists, skill and indus-
try have been brought to bear upon the properties ; and at this moment,
what with new and improved machinery, a supply of manure and im-
ported labor, the owners are realizing handsome returns for the capital
sunk; in spite of low prices and equalized duties.

Before concluding this chapter on the sugars of commerce, I may as
well mention that the description of sugar called Muscovado, is simply
the raw unrefined sugar as produced by boiling and granulating. Those
sorts known as fine crystalized sugars have been better and more carefully^"
freed from impurities and coloring matters, some of them being evapora-
ted in what are termed vacuum pans — that is to say, in pans having light
metal covers, and from which all air has been removed by an apparatus
for the purpose. By this means the liquor or syrup boils with much less
heat, and consequently does not become so brown. There is another de-

40 The Cultivation of Flowers.

Bcription called " Clayed Sugar," which is a sort partially purified by be-
ing set to granulate in porous earthcrn pans, kept moistened, from which
the moisture passing and running through the grains of sugar, carries
with it much of the impurity and color.

THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS.
BY D. W. RAY.

Beauty' of every kind was formed to captivate, and there is this pecil-
liar advantage in contemplating the beauties of the natural woild, that
while we permit ourselves to be captivated with the beauties of animated
nature, we are under no apprehension of dishonorable servitude. A taste
for the cultivation of flowers, and for the beauties of vegetation, is the
mark of a pure and innocent mind, and at the same time one of tlie best
preservatives of purity and innocence. It diverts the attention from the
turbulent scenes of folly, and induces a placid tranquillity, highly
favorable to the gentler virtues and to the permanency of the most re-
fined enjoyments. Nature seems to have distributed flowers over the en-
tire world, to serve as a medicine to the mind of man, to give cheerful-
ness to the earth and furnish agreeable sensations to its inhabitants. When
color and shape are combined in perfection, who can view a flower with
insensibility. He that can must waive all pretensions to perception of
taste, or refinement of delicacy. There is scarcely a single object in t?ie
floral world, in which so many agreeable qualities are united, as in that
queen of flowers, the Eose. This beautiful shrub is found in almost every
clime and country, and in every clime its beauty, its fragrance, the vari-
ety of forms and colors it assumes, and the long time it remains in per-
fection, has rendered it the subject of the poet's song, the ornament of the
garden, the object of admiration. The God of nature, as if delighted with
this exquisite production of his hand, has multiplied its species and vari-
eties to an almost unlimited extent. The bard has also sung its praises
in all ages of the world. It has been wedded to the Nightingale, and
the beauty and fragrance of this wonderful flower have been the theme
of every tongue. The soul seems to be refreshed on a fine summer morn-
ing, (while the happy songsters of the grove are pouring forth their "Ma-
tin" songs of joy,) at the view of a fine collection of standard, moss, cottage
and summer Roses, all breathing the sweetest fragrance as they lay bask-

The Cidtimtion of Flowers. 41

ing in tlie iiiorning sunliglit. In oriental climes the rose is peculiarly
odoriferous, aiul yields tlie most fragrant perfumes and costly essential
oils. It tigures largely in the language of flowers, and is considered an
emblem of Purity and Love.

'Tis said in Eastern lands,

They tell their loves with flowers^

And Persian maids with tiny hands,

From 'neath their jessamine bowers :

While the shades ol' night around them hover,

Will twine a Rose wreath for her lover.

The love of a flower garden, it has been said, has a beneficial influence
in attaching men to their homes, and on this account every encourage-
ment given to increase a taste for Landscape Gardening or Ornamental
Planting, is creating an additional security for domestic comfort and hap-
piness. Flowers are of all embellishments the most beautiful, and of all
created beings, man alone is capable of deriving enjoyment from their
growth, and in watching their development. His love for them com-
mences in infancy, and remains the delight of youth; it increases with his
age, and becomes the sweet amusement of his declining years. The
school boy, in care of his little plot of ground, relieves the tedium of his
studies, and loses the anxious thoughts of the home he has left in the cul-
tivation of flowers. In manhood our attention is generally demanded by
the more active duties of life, its more imperious and perhaps less inno-
cent occupations, but as age advances, the love of flowers, and the de-
lights of their cultivation will return to soothe the later periods of exist-
ence. It was the cultivation of flowers and plants, that added pleasure
to and soothed the last days of the Empress Josephine ; she Collected
together in oue vast conservatory all the rare exotic plants to be obtained
and lived as happily as circumstances would admit, among her books, her
birds, and her flowers. Madam De Genlis, a celebrated French writer,
pronounced watching the growth of plants and flowers and their cultiva-
tion, to be one of the most c^elightful occupations the mind could engage
in, as recreation from the labor and monotony of study. The poets have
given us most luxuriant descriptions of ancient gardens and rural scenery,
which have been thought to excel reality ; they have indeed hardly
equaled it. Enter a modern garden of flowers for most of the agreeable
flowering plants, and consider if anything in the gardens of Alcinious, in
the fields of Elysium, or in " Milton's Paradise Lost," can be compared
with the intermixture of the Almond, the Lilac, the Rose, Magnolia, Tree
Feonia, and a great number of others of less common though of equal

42 New Trees.

beauty and merit. As we walk iiudev clusters of flowers, white as snow,
tinged with gold, purple as the grape, blue as the expanse of Heaven, and
blushing as the cheek of modesty, we are led to imagine ourselves al-
most in fairy land, or in a better world, where every delicate sense is de-
lighted, and all around breathes fragrance and expands beauty — where
every thing seems to participate in the laughing joy of Nature.

NEW TREES.
A. Miirrai/, in Edinb. new Phil. Journal.

fiNus Beardsleyi.

" The tree is of great beauty and size ; one which was cut down mea-
sured 123 feet in height, and 44 inches in diameter at the stump. An-
other tree near it measured 17 feet 4 inches in circumference at 3 feet
from the ground. The stem was a very handsome column about 30 feet
to the first branch ; timber good and clear. It wasfound on the top of a
mountain, in lat. 41 deg. N., at the same altitude as Pinus Jeffreyi and
monticola, and Abies grandis, and higher than P. Benthamiana and Zaw-
hertiana.

" This and the following species (^Crair/ana) seem to have more affinity
with P. Benthamiana than any other described species. But the present
species has the points of the umbo of the scale pointing towards the base
of the cone, while in Benthamiana they point to the tip ; the cone of
Benthamiana is 6 inches long, while Beardsleyi is only 3 inches. The
leaves are 11 inches in length, while in Beardsleyi they are only 6 iu-
ches. The sheath of the leaf in Benthamiana is an inch long, while iu
Beardsleyi it is only an eighth of an inch. The wing of the seed of
Benthamiana is much larger and longer than that of Beardsleyi. The
timber of Beardsleyi is homogeneous all through. The heart of Bentha-
miana is redder than the sap-wood, and the sap-wood occupies a great
breadth of the stem. Beardsleyi grows much further up the mountains
than Benthamiana. The distinction between the cones of these trees will
be sufficiently seen from the rough etchings which I have given. The
figure of the cone oi Benthamiana is copied from that given by Hartweg^
Like all that gentleman's figures and descriptions, it is very characteristic
of the cone as it is generally found, but it is inaccurate as a representa-
tion of the cone in its complete state, in so for that it represents the hook-

New Trees. 43

ed umbo as pointing to the base. In point of fact it does take a bend in
that direction, but the prickle which terminates the umbo takes a sudden
turn backwards, and points to the tip hke the following species [Cralf/-
ana.) The prickle in the specimen, from which Hartweg's figure has
been taken, has previously been rubbed off, which gives a false impression
of the direction of the umbo. There can be no doubt about this, because
my brother found all Uartweg's localities so strictly correct that he could
recognise the very patches of different trees that he describes having met ;
and he took his observations on the cones, &c., of Benthamiana from the
very clump of that tree described by Hartweg, as found by him near
Santa Cruz. There was no other tree, or clump of trees, for a great dis-
tance, with which it could be confounded.

" There is also some resemblance between this Pine [Beardslcyi) and
P.ponderosa, as was well suggested to me by Dr. Lindley; but the shape
of the cone and the size and shape of the seed and wing suflaciently dis-
tinguish it. In P . 'pandcrosa the cone tapers to both ends, while in this
it tapers to the point. Its seed does not appear to be speckled in any
figure I have seen, (I have not seen any specimen of the seed itself), while
this is. The sheath of the leaf in P. ponderosa is smooth, longish, fine,
and tightly fitting, wherein in this it is short, corrugated, and rough ; and
the ponderosa is nearly twice as long, being 9 to 11 inches in length, in
place of 6 inches. Its leaf also wants (or nearly so) the projecting points
which roughen that of Beardsleyi, so that the leaves can be distinguished
by the feel, or drawing them forwards between the fingers."

PiNus Craig AX A,

It differs from P. Beardsleyi (the preceding species) in having the
prickle of the scale pointing towards the tip instead of the base. The
prickle, too, is strong and firm in Craigana ; in Bea/rdsleyi it is small
and weak. The apophysis, excrescence on the exposed part of the scale,
is smaller in point of space, but more prominent in Craigana than in
Beardsleyi^ which has the exposed part somewhat flat, while in Craigana
the upper part projects over the lower. The wing of the seed of Craig-
ana is shorter, and relatively broader. The seed is nearly twice the size
of that oi Beardsleyi, although the cones are about the same size. The
leaf of Craigana is finer than that of Beardsleyi, and not so long. The
sheath of the leaf is finer, and considerably longer.

" Craigana was found on the same mountains as Beardsleyi, but grow-
ing lower down, and below it again appeared Benthamiana. It spreads
its branches wider from the stem than Benthamiana, and sheds its seeds

44 Living in the Country.

a month later. My brother and I have dedicated this handsome Pine to
Sir William Gibson Craig, Bart., whose enthusiasm has done so much to
promote the cultivation and introduction of new Pine trees, and who, in
particular, was one of those who chiefly conduced to my brother under-
taking the expedition, of which this Pine forms part of the fruits."

Cui'RESSES LaWSONIAXA.

"This was the handsomest tree seen in the whole expedition. It was
found on the banks of a stream in a valley in the mountains ; it is about
100 feet high, and 2 feet in diameter. The foliage is most delicate and
graceful. The branches bend upwards at the end like a Spruce, and
hang down at the tip like an ostrich feather. The top shoot drops like a
Deodar. The timber is good, clear, and workable.

" This species has been named after Messrs. Lawson, the enterprising
nurserymen of the Scottish capital, who after having distributed and made
generally known so many species of this family of trees, are well entitled
to have their names connected with a species likely to prove a general
favorite ; and the attention comes well from my brother, who, if he has
received praise and commendation from others for the extent and excel-
lence of his collection, has received from these gentlemen the solid expres-
sion, they having purchased the whole of his collection at a liberal price."

This has singularly small cones, and branches so closely covered with
blunt convex whole-colored scales, not depressed at the sides, as to re-
semble those of Jamixrus 2-)h.cnnicea or some such plant. The curved
ends of the twigs remind us of Juniperus incurva. It appears to be very
handsome.

LIVING IN THE COUNTRY.

PuTXAM, for August, has a delightfully written article with the above
caption, from which we clip the following, being a recital of the energies of
Mrs. Sparrowgrass, (an amiable and frugal housewife), directed to the
preservation of seed for the ensuing planting season. It is humorously
related, and withal is pregnant of good sense, and suggestive to careless
seed gatherers :

" Mrs. Sparrowgrass," said I, " let us have some nuts and apples, and a
pitcher of Binghamton cider ; we have a good cheerful fire to-night, and
why should we not enjoy it ?"

Living in the Country. 45

When Mrs. Sparrowgrass returned from giving directions about the
fruit and cider, she brought with lier a square paper box full of garden
seed. To get good garden seed is an important thing in the country. If
you depend npon an agricultural warehouse you may be disappointed.
The way to do is, to select the best specimens from your own raising :
then you are sure they are fresh at least. Mrs. Sparrowgrass opened the
box. First she took out a package of seeds, wrapped up in a newspaper
— then she took out another package tied up in brown paper — then she
drew forth a bundle that was pitned up — then another that was taped
up — then another twisted up — then out came a bursted package of wa-
termelon seeds — then a withered 3ar of corn — then another package of
watermelon seeds from another melon — then a handful of split okra pods
— then handsful of beans, peas, squash seeds, melon seeds, cucumber
seeds, sweet corn, evergreen corn, and other germs, then another bursted
paper of watermelon seeds. There were watermelon seeds enough to keep
half the country supplied with this refreshing luxury. As the treasures
were spread out on the table, there came over me a feeling that reminded
me of Christmas times, when the young ones used to pant down stairs,
before dawn, lamp in hand, to see the kingly toy-gifts of Santa Glaus.
Then the Mental Gardener, taking Anticipation by the hand, went forth
into the future garden ; the peas sprouted out in round leaves, tomato
put forth his aromatic spread ; sweet corn thrusts his green blades out of
many a hillock ; lettuce threw up his slender spoons ; beans shouldered
their way into the world, like incases, with the old beans on their backs ;
and watermelon and cucumber, in voluptuous pla}^, sported over the beds
like truant school-boys.

" Here are sweet peas, on tiptoe for a flight ;
With wings of gentle flush o'er delicate white,
And taper fingers catching at all things,
To bind them all about with tiny rings."

" Now," said I, " Mrs. Sparrowgrass, let us arrange these in proper or-
der ; I will make a chart of the garden on a piece of paper, and put ev-
erything down with a date, to be planted in its proper time.'' Mrs. Spar^
rowgrass said she thought that an excellent plan. " Yes," I replied, tast-
ing the cider, " we will make a garden to-night on paper, a ground plan,
as it were, and plant from that; now, Mrs. S. read off the different pack-
ages." Mrs. Sparrowgrass took up a paper and laid it aside. " I think,"
said she, as the third paper was placed upon the table, " I did not write
any names on the seeds, but I believe I can tell thorn apart ; these," said

46 Living in the Country.

she, '' Mi-e watermelons." "Very well, what next?" " The next," said
Mrs. S., " is either niuskmelon or cucumber seed." " My dear," said I,
" we want plenty of melons, for the surainer, but I do not wish to plant
half an acre of pickles by mistake ; can't you be sure about the matter ?"
Mrs. Sparrowgrass said she could not. "Well, then lay the paper down
and call oif the next." "The next are not radishes, I know," said Mrs.
S.; " they must be summer cabbages." " Are you sure now, Mrs. Spar-
rowgrass," said I, getting a little out of temper. Mrs. Sparrowgrass said
she was sure of it, because cabbage seed looked exactly like turnip seed.
" Did you save turnip seed also," said I Mi's. Sparrowgrass replied, that
she had provided some, but they must be in another paper. " Then call
off the next ; we will plant them for cabbages, whether or no." " Here
is a name." said Mrs. Sparrowgrass, bi'ightening up. "Read it," said I,
pen in hand. "Watermelons — not so good," said Mrs. S. "Lay that
paper with the rest and proceed." " Corn," said Mrs. Sparrowgrass, with
a smile. " Variety?" " Pop, I am sure." " Good, now we begin to see
day-light." " Squash," said Mrs. Sparrowgrass. " Winter or summer ?"
" Both." " Lay that paper aside, niy dear." " Tomato." " Red or
yellow ?" Mrs, Sparrowgrass said she had pinned up the one and tied
up thd! other, to distinguish, but it was so long ago, she had forgotten
which was which. " J^ever mind," said I, " there is one comfort, ihey
cannot bear without showing their colors. Isow for the next." Mrs. S.
said upon tasting the tomato seed, she was sure they were bell peppers.
" Very well, so much is gained, we are sure of the capsicum. The next.''
" Beans," said Mrs. Sparrowgrass.

There is one kind of bean, in regard to which I have a prejudice. I
allude to the asparagus bean, a sort of long-winded esculent, inclined to
be prolific in stiings. It does not climb very high on the pole, but crops
out in an abundance of pods, usually not shorter than a bill of extras, after
a contract; and although interesting as a curious vegetable, still not ex-
actly the bean likely to be highly commended by your city guests, when
served up to them at table. When Mrs. Sparrowgrass, in answer to my
question, as to the particular species of bean referred to, answered " Li-
mas," I felt relieved at once. " Pnt the Limas to the right with the
sheep, Mrs. S., and as for the rest of the seeds, sweep them into the refuse
basket. I will add another stick to the fire, pare an apple for you, and
an apple for me, light a cigar, and be comfortable. What is the use of
fretting about a few seeds more or less ? But, next year, we will mark
all the packages with names, to prevent mistakes, won't we Mrs, Spar-
rowgrass ?"

Gothic Suburban Villa. 47

GOTHIC SUBURBAN VILLA.

From Homes for the People.

The illustration of the external appearance of this villa gives a repre-
sentation of the principal front. The plan shows the outlines to inclose
nearly a regular square — broken, however, by a projecting wing at one
side. The elevation, without needlessly introducing irregular breaks,
still more decidedly departs from the squareness of outline suggested
partly by the plan, and the composition of this front has an appearance
varied as a lover of the picturesque would demand. The projecting
wing, being nearest to the eye, is properly made the principal feature^
and the upward leading of its outlines is strengthened by the manage-
ment of its features, as consisting of windows, canopy and gable, each
of which is, in design, connected with the other, and each one falls back
from the member below, so as gracefully to lead the eye from the base
of this portion of the building to the final terminating its gable.

Next to this is placed the entrance porch, made sufficiently prominent
to duly mark its character, and stopping against it, but in subordinate
relation, is a veranda, divided into three openings, the central one of
■which, opposite the pier between the two windows, is smaller than that
on either side. Against this central pier is placed a seat, and, as the
long window from the dining-room opens on to the veranda, this would
be a pleasant resting place for an after-dinner cigar, in fitting weather.

Above the porch are two narrow windows that give light to the
chamber at the end of the front hall, and in line with them are the bay-
window and the other wiudoAvs of the large chamber over the dining-
room. The roof of this portion of the building is lower than that of
the projection, and its surface is broken by small openings containing
trefoii-hghts into the attic.

The elevations of the other sides may be partly understood from this
illustration. Upon one side would be the long line of roof of the pro-
jecting wing, broken by the outside chimney-shafts, and by the bay-
window which is carried up to the ceiling of the second story. The
other side would consist of a gable, such as the illustration indicates,
over the dining-room, &c., broken by the projection that the plan con-
tains, and below this would be the eaves of the roof over the low-er
portion of the building, as explained in the description of chamber
plan. The rear would be something similar in its roof management to

Bo (Gothic Suburban Villd.

the front elevation, witli just such an amount of embellishment as
situation seemed to render necessary.

The material may be brick, Avith stone dressings — brick entirely, the
architectural features of -the design being executed in moulded brick, ot
perhaps a different color — and the tracery of windows, &c., of wood —
entirely of stone — or of brick covered with mastic, and the decorated
portions either of stone or of durable composition.

The style is that of the later period of Gothic, and the characteristics
that distinguish it have been sufficiently preserved without causing any
intrenchment upon modern convenience and comfort. There are few
situations that would render the erection of such a suburban villa inap-
propriate, and i'ev: families would require arrangements more commodious
than the plan affords. The cost, in the neighborhood of New-Yorkj
Philadelphia or Boston, would be influenced to some extent by the
material chosen, but may be stated at from eight to twelve thousand
dollars — the margin named allowing for elaborate or simple finish of the
exterior or interior, as the taste or circumstances of the owner might
demand. In other situations the expense would be less ; and, whilst the
building is upon such a scale as to allow the builder to lavish any outlay
upon it, and to bring it to the utmost finish of elaborate design, there is
nothing that would be less fitly completed in the most simple and
inexpensive manner. In fact, this would be somewhat a seductive home
for a man of taste and means to commence ; the capabilities that the
fine suite of rooms, and the general liberality of internal arrangements
aftord for appropriate embellishment, would be very apt to draw him on,
step by step, towards enriched completeness that would easily be made
to require a large expenditure ; and this from the very honesty of the
requirements of the style — the educated eye perceiving at once that
gingerbread construction and meretricious ornament would be out of
place, and that decoration, when used, must be in real material and in
earnestness of purpose.

Of the ornamental details, of no style can it so truly be said :

" 'Tis Use alone that sanctifies expense,
And Spleador borrows all her rays from Sense."

LITERARY NOTICES.

Kern's Landscape Gardening, Moore^ Wilstacth& Kerjes,PuhUshers,
Cincinnati.

The object of this work, says the author in his preface, " Is to embody
in as few and plain words as possible, such explanations of the principles
of Landscape Gardening, as well as of the practical operations connected
with it, as will make the subject intelligible to that very large class in
our countrj^, who are proprietors of a portion, great or small, of its soil."

So far as being the exponent of the " principles of the art of Landscape
Gardening" is concerned — if we judge from the contents of this volume —
the credit of tliat rather belongs to Mr. Reptou, from whose admirable
work, " Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening," Mr. Kern has
culled with an unsparing hand. In fact, Mr. K.'s incessant "as Mr. Rep-
ton says," (here follows a page of Repton,) or " Repton has given in the
following" (a chapter), or " Repton has spoken so much to the point that
I subjoin his remarks," — (two pages) — reminds us of the country editor,
whose editorial assistants were an unlimited exchange file and a pair of
scissors, and whose stock of erudition was exhausted when he had written
" We clip the following."

But let it be understood, that we by no means object to quotation from
an author so much to be respected as Repton ; we only instance this as
a good illustration of the absurd manner of many writers of the present
day, who obtain ideas from some antecedent author and then drag him in,
in extenso, to support and confirm their propositions.

But, for the portion of the work which claims Mr. Kern as its author,
and which mainly consists indirections regarding the ^mcfe'ca^ operations
connected with the art, we have not a word to say in dispraise ; his sug-
gestions are in an eminent degree valuable, and his opinions — which are
expressed in clear, concise, and lucid diction, easily interpreted by even
the most limited conception — fairly assert his claim to a station in tlie
foremost rank of niral improvers.

52 Literary Notices.

We can conscientiously bestow unlimited commendation on his ac-
quirements as a thorough practical gardener; but judging from the illus-
trations accompanying the work, we should be sorry to concede to Mr.
Kern the title of Artist. Nor can we satisfactorily reconcile to our mind
the apparently appreciative and discriminate tone of his remarks, with the
glaring discrepancies contained in the embodiment of his ideas, as ex-
hibited in his illustrations.

For a frontispiece, we have a representation of " Artificinl Rockwork
constructed by G. M. Kern, and exhibited at the fall exhibition of the
Cincinnati Horticultural Society, 1854," we will describe it as seen in the
cut. In the centre of a small circular pond two semi-fish, curly headed,
and curly tailed negro twins are blowing what appears to be peppermint
candy out of ear trumpets. Immediately behind this, rises something in-
tended for a rocky steep "crag piled on crag — " but which has more the
appearance of the knobby end of a huge twist loaf, set pyramidically,
surmounted by the ruins of the old city hall, and overtopped by Fire Is-
land light house ; the structure is garnished on either side by seven "of
those small nondescript combinations of pine shavings and green paint,
which do duty as trees in children's German toy sets, and a very old
broom, set handle downward, completes the edifice. The lake is appro-
priately margined by cobble stones, alternated by turnips in a luxuriant
state of vegetation ; and perhaps one of the most pleasing features in the
picture is the perfect equity with which every object, animate or inani-
mate, is balanced. Now this being never seen in nature, we apprehend
comes under the head of Art, and if it do, certainly opens a new phase
in artistic grouping, of which students will doubtlessly take immediate
advantage.

Again, at page 144, in the cut entitled "Pleasure Ground," we cannot
see how the owner could possibly derive any pleasure from the contem-
plation of his estate, until he had obliterated those excresences on the
face of nature which the designer probably intended for observatory, pic-
turesque groups of trees, etc., but which require a more than ordinarily
fertile imagination to interpret as anything else than a discontented bell
tower, which becoming tired of a metropolitan existence, had wandered
forth to spend the summer months in the country. The trees look like a
series of obese cabbages, augmented by some choice specimens of (we
suppose from their appearance) the recently discovered exotic from which
our new street cleaning machines are supplied with brushes. Although
the usefulness of these plants cannot be disputed, yet we regard their in-

Literary Notices. 53

troduction info a gentleman's pleasure grounds, as a combination of tLe
utile ixnd clulce moxQ remarkable for its eccentricity than artistic judo--
ment or good taste. In the illustration of "Park Scenery," p. 73, the
group of trees, rustic bridge and sheet of water are prettily and efFectiveiy
designed and drawn, but here the effect is entirely destroyed by the irrup-
tion of a fine specimen of the broom tree before mentioned, which rises
abruptly from out a rock planted in the very centre of the picture, while
the distance is drawn in accordance with those peculiar ideas of perspec-
tive entertained by Chinese artists, and only seen in perfection on tea-
boards and other celestial works of art.

We do not wish to appear hypercritical, but, as we entirely coincide
with the expressed sentiment entertained by Mr. Kern, " A professional
landscape gardener, must necessarily possess a thorough knowledge of
drawing" (see page 101,) that we deem it right to call the attention to
these little inconsistencies. We submit it to you fairly Mr. Kern, did
you ever see anything in nature approximating to your " Rockwork,"
and if the other] illustrations are to be considered as specimens of the
*' Art" of Landscape Gardening, the less nature is assisted in her .efforts
to achieve in landscapesque effect, the better. Howerer, take the book
as it stands, the joint efforts of Repton and Kern have accomplished a
work of more than ordinary importance to the suburban public, and wo
earnestly recommend those who do not possess it, to obtain a copy, satis-
fied tliat its perusal will amply repay them for all trouble or expense in-
curred.

Homes for the People. Btj G. Wli.ecler. Charles Scribner, ^^ublisher,
New - YorJc.

Apparently, Mr. Wheeler, the author of this volume, has been
guided in its construction by the most approved rules of his art, and
like a thorough architect — as he really is — has evidently been at great
pains to elaborate and perfect his handiwork.

Assuming that the lamentable innocence of good taste in all matters
pertaining to rural beauty, or of a true idea of the picturesque existing
among a large proportion of his readers, would render it improbable that
his ipse dixit in the matter w^ould ever be disputed, and being desirous
to inculcate into the minds of the Messrs. Hobbs, Dobbs or Snobbs of
retired parvenudom a dawning consciousness of beauty in other objects
than gunny bags, cod-fish or calico, he forthwith demolishes and over-

54 Literary Notices.

turns all the hitherto conceived ideas which the pre-Wheolerite ruralists
may have entertained in the premises ; and having pulled down and
obliterated all trace of the old school, proceeds to the erection of bis
new establishment. His ground-plan being laid out, it becomes necessary
to accomplish his foundation, and to this end he obtains a store of
material from the inexhaustible quarries of English architectural litera-
ture, and by ingeniously dovetailing his own conceptions with those of bis
predecessors, and securing and augmenting the whole by judicious selec-
tions from " the Glossary" and " Gwilt.," those never failing vade mecuins
to the architect, forms an admirable thesis for after elaboration.

While we cannot fail to admire the eminently practical nature of Mr.
Wheeler's suggestions, and to concede to him much praise for an ear-
nest, and we are gratified to think, successful effort to improve the taste
of the x\merican people respecting suburban art, we are not disposed to
adopt bodily any author's predelictions, (even though backed by the high
commendation of Lord Fitznoodle, or his Grace of Popkins, or any of
the aristocratic patronymics so perseveringly thrust under the noses of the
befori^ mentioned Hobbs, Snobbs and Dobbs.) when these opinions con-
duce to the exclusion of some as bright effects of rural adornment as
were ever accomplished in any European country. We allude to the
numerous designs for rustic mansions, cottages, etc., devised by the la-
me nted A. J. DowxiKG, Esq., than whom, no man of finer perception —
of more just appreciation of the beauties of nature and art, either sepa-
ratelv, or in combination — ever existed.

As an assistant to the Architect, the work would be of little value, as
no original ideas are promulgated, either in design or construction, and
as it does not obviate, but rather confirms the necessity of employing an
architect, the purpose cf its publication is rather indefinite.

The plans generally are well arranged, and are far superior to the ele-
vations, particularly those on pages 142 and 258. At page 9 the author
speaks of the Gothic arch as being of Eastern origin. Now the pointed
arch of the Saracens and other Eastern nations is of an essentially differ-
ent form from that used by the Gothic architects, being wider at some
distance above, than at the springing, a form that is never seen in pointed
architecture ; the generally received supposition is that it was suggested
by the intersection of the circular Norman arches.

It is, we think, more in interior decoration, that the refined and culti-
vated taste, which Mr. Wheeler indubitably possesses is called into re-
quisition. In the more expanded appreciation of natural beauty of locale
— in the highly imaginative conception of auxiliary splendor, or, in the

Literary Notices. 55

effort at ibe artistic discriminntion neces-ary to produce that almost un-
attainable eftect — iraproveiner.t of nature — he wholly, utterly fails. The
technical cant about " hilly slopes," "bold outlines," "broad expanse,"
etc., etc., with which the work is so plentifully interlarded, lacks the ring
of the true metal to the comprehensive and feeling mind, that detects the
superficialnessaud meritriciousnessof its application; and although it may
jingle pleasantly enough on the ears of the ignorant or unskilful, where
it passes for current coin, and with whom this method of " holding the
mirror up to nature" may escape criticism, to the "judicious few," the
warped image paraded for their inspection, and rendering scenic descrip-
tion farcical, will be provocative of no appreciative feeling.

As a literary production, Mr. Wheeler's book is entitled to a place in
any gentleman's library, his style is pleasing, and; if we except some od-
dities of phrase, such as " the most cheerfully shone upon side," etc., his
expressions are generally happy. The drawings and engravings are fairly
made, and the typography and plate printing beautifully executed.

in'/, i;;ai; i.oo;i of Agriculture. Published by Chilis ct Peterson,

Philadelphia.

The object of this work is one that will render it invaluable as a me-
dium of retrospective information to the agriculturist. Everything of im-
portance to the farmer that has transpired during the past year is collect-
ed and made public in a brief and lucid form. It is designed to be a
substantial summary of agricultural progre^^s. The book is divided into
several departments under the following captions : Agricnltiiral Mechan-
ics, Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural and Economic Geology, Agri-
cultural Zoology, Agricultural Botany, Agricultiiral Metereology, &c.
The work is edited by David A. Wells, A. M., a gentleman celebrated
for his participation in agricultural pursuits and their attributes. Its ob-
ject will be better comnrehendf^d by reference to the annexed extract from
circular.

"The ol'j' 1,1 ciui,>uj|M,in.u iu ■.iXK- ■Mv^^c.i.iiii'ii h !i u publicatioH of tlic Ycav
Book of Agriculture, is to aid in the progress and development of that
science upon which the prosperity of our country so eminently depends.
It is within a comparatively recent period only, that agriculture has, to
any great degree, participated in that wonderful advancement which, du-
ring the present century, has characterized nearly every department of
industry or applied science. In this pursuit alone has the knowledge
possessed by one generation been deemed ample and sufficient for its suc-
eessors. Houtine, therefore, and not jyrogress, has been the result.

The present period, however, as re?^pects agriculture, is one of great ac-

56 Literary Notices.

tivity and enterprise. Stiinulated by the results already attained, in the
application of nuachinery to the cultivation and tillage of the soil, the in-
ventive talent of Europe and America is constantly adding to the number
and perfection of their improvements. Every department of natural and
physical science is also rapidly extending its boundaries, reducing experi-
ments and theories to practice, and revealing truths and principles before
unknown, or which years of routine had only permitted the agriculturist
to perceive in a vague and unsatisfactory manner. More than this, the
cultivators of the soil have themselves become observers and experiment-
ers ; and, through the medium of numerous and well-conducted journals,
are recording their observations and results.

If this progress, so happily and so successfully commenced, is to be
continued, it is absolutely necessary that the accumulated results of sci-
entific experiment and investigation, the application of new mechanical
arrangements, and the records ol all important observations, should be
brought within the reach and comprehension of every one who desires to
keep pace with, or contribute to, the advancement of agricultural discov-
ery and improvement."

The Modern IIorse DocTnT^ 7?// (^('■rar Bad J. Juli.n P . Jewctl d: Co.,

Piihlishers, Boston.

From a brief perusal of sii.s v,(i:K, v.o liiir.k ii cniinently calculated to
mitigate many of the diseases peculiar to the animal upon which it treats.
It is comprehensive and practical, and in the hands of the farmer will
prove a guide, not only for the treatment of the horse in health, but is so
simplified that lie can be his own surgeon, without fear of committing
error. It varies somewhat from the system of medication advocated by
works which have been previously published on this subject. The great
success of the author, as a practical Veterinary Surgeon, in curing obsti-
nate diseases, is a sufficient recommendation of the merits of his book.

The Carpenter's Assistant.

Recently published by Livermore, New York, is a woik well calfiula-
ted to supply a want existing among carpenters in the country. It con-
tains a fund of general information relative to the erection of buildings in
any of the various prevailing and obsolete styles.- The book is elegantly
illustrated by elevations and outlines minutely explained. The portion
relating to stair building is eminently practical, and elucidated in a man-
ner that cannot escape the conception of the most limited intellect. As
a guide however, in the selection of ornate models for rural buildings it
possesses no value, these being inserted simply as evidence of the exterior
expression of different orders, and not as examples to be minutely follow-
ed by the builder. The book is neatly got up; well piinted, and bound
substantially in leather.

EDITORIAL MISCELLANY.

FOKEIGX AND DOMESTIC,

\

In appealing before the Terra- Cultural people of these broad and fer*
tile United States, we are acutelv conscious of the magnitude of the re-
sponsibility we have assumed. The want of a magazine like the present,
combining the practical and ornamental branches of Horticulture, has
induced us to embark in the enterprise, confidently relying for patronage
and support on those whose interest both pecuniarily and beatifically we
shall, endeavor to enhance. In order that our success may be placed be-
yond peiadventure, it will be imperative that we receive the kindly influ-
ence of those whose special interests are dependent on the progress of
Horticulture. A large number of subscribers will be necessary before
profits can be indulged in, as the exceedingly low price of the Review
reduces our remuneration to decimals. In deciding upon a tariff, we
have been instigated by a desire to place the Review within the means
of attainment of every individual w^hose sovereignty boasts the possession
cf even a rood of tillable soil.

Our knowledge of Horticulture is not that of the amateur, but the
gleanings consequent iipon an intimate association with tree-growing and
tree-planting, in a commercial establishment, whose luxurious attributes
first delighted and refreshed our infancy ; and which in later years has
ripened into an admiration for nature's products, almost inseparable from
our delectation. A stranger to Horticulturists, outside of a limited local-
ity, compels us to this formal introduction and ebullition of egotism^
Unhesitatingly we make the confession, that the tutorship of the lament-
ed Downing, has added a zest to our love of gardening which would
otherwise have been realized in some Jess ambitious pursuit. Mr. Dow^n-
ing's lucubrations were the nuclei from which have sprung the kindly
growth that is so rapidly beautifying the banks of our rivers, the hill-top
and secluded valley. It was his eloquent pen thai first lifted the veil
from our eyes and directed mind and vision to the delightful and health-
ful pursuit of the beautiful in nature, with which a kind Providence has

Ediioriai Mi-^fccllan >

so unsparingly favored this sunny land. We prcviouiiy looked upon the
landscape, and the generous soil, and the propitious sky, with an unap-
preciatiog spirit, which reduced these gifts to a certain something we
were used to, and therefore had a natural right to expect, without enter-
taining a rapture, or evincing pleasure in their realization. Mr. Dowx-
ing's eifoits also tended greatly to interlace the commercial relations o^
metropolis and country, and break down that disparity and contempi;
which formerly existed for everything that redoled of the suburbs. His
soul, like a crystal chalice, drank in the balmy air, the sunny life^
and delicious clime, until his entire nature became imbued with its frag-
rant incense. He lived serenely and tranquilly, delighting thousands
with his eloquent discoursing, and feeding his heart with the beautiful
things which one by one he gathered to his little court on the Hudson,
Much winged forth from this abode that has in an eminent degree gene-
alized our hearts, and subdued that malevolence and acrimony which per-
vades so unlimitedly our natures. B.it alas, for those who best loved him,
he nassed away, meteor-like, blinding ns for the nonce by his brilliant
abilities and artistic taste. He has passed away, but is still with us in
the cot, in the more ambitious villa; in the pallalial residence, there are
still cherished vestiges of Downing. His soul has shed the exuvse of
clay; his mortal tenement we have not, but his spirit still hovers on the
banks of the Hudson, where he has infused evidences of his surpassing
quality, and which will engender lively emotions of pleasant things long
after his generation shall be gathered to the great parent. He has left a
train of conrruscations behind him which will out-glitter the lesser lights
whose pigmy scintillations feebly gleam out from their lucre-smeared ef-
forts. There are those who having caught a little of the halo of Mr.
Downing's greatness, have with a knavish assurance contrived to niche
themselves on the pedestal of public opinion, in juxtaposition to that of
the great departed. These men are as completely the slaves of gigantic
and 2:)suedo constructed conceits, as Faust was of Mephistophiles. So
gangrened with their self-estimated flavor — arising from the profundity of
their ignorance— that the Horticultural community have perforce been
surfeited with puerilities until their more delicate perceptions are in dan-
ger of perversion. These individuals are the very antipodes of humbug
or hypocricy; being incited to effort by a pretension which subsequently
gets so mixed up with egotism, that they become actual believers in what
they previously only pretended. In making these strictures we wish to
be distinctly understood, as not having any of this emulous hungering af-
ter positions occupied by those whose real greatness surpassed our sense

Edilorlal M'iscellanij. 59

of a^^preciation, that wo simply intend to perform our part to the extent
of our capacity and ability. To do this eftectually we shall devote the
greater portion of our time to investigation, and shall well digest everything
before presuming to present to our readers, We would also have it un-
derstood, that we are neither directly nor indirectly connected with any
nursery establishment, and therefore have no under-'current interests to
advance, but such as actually concern the Well-doing of our undertakings
"We shall speak boldly on all topics pertaining to Ilorticliltare, giving
our opinion in connection with that of others, qualified by experience to
the privilege. We cordially invite Horticulturists, Farmers, and all en*
gaged in cultivating the soil, to correspond with lis, and as occasion of'
fers to communicate information relative to fruits, flowers, trees, grain,
remarkable appearances in vegetation, the adaptability of certain fruits to
certain localities, the hardiness of trees and plants in extreme latitudes,
and any other items that will prove interesting to the general reader.
We shall be happy to respond to enquiries relating to new plants^ meth-
ods of propagating different species of trees, plants, <fec., or any other
question involving Horticultural information. In making responses, of
coarse we are not accountable for answers beyond our ability to fathom.
In subsequent numbers we shall endeavor to make such improvements as
experience may suggest.

A GREAT deal of alarm was experienced the past spring by fruit grow-
ers; many imagining that the fruit crop for the current season was de-
stroyed beyond remedy. These prognostications have been destined to an
agreeable disappointment. The various districts, immediate to New- York
have an abundance of fruit of all kinds ; it is even questioned whether in
the last dozen years Pomona has so unsparingly spread her riiddy ban-
quet for our epicurean delectation as the present year of '56. The trees
in many localities are bending beneath their glowing burdens, adding
their lustre to the emerald green of the fresh pastures, and the golden re-
fulgence shed by vast waving fields of grain. Correspondents from vari-
ous and distant parts of the country inform us that the abundant crop is
universal. Nurserymen also, who have suflered much by the drought of
the last three years, are exulting over the beautiful, thrifty trees added to
their stock by the propitious rains, which have fallen so unceasingly this
summer. It is a long time since nature has worn so smiling a counte-
nance. As if to make up for past neglect, she has bedecked herself in
unusually florid attire, even making the desert place assume a livery of

60 Editorial Miscellany.

rampant vegetation, to which it has long been a stranger. We have rea-
son to be grateful for the present favorable crisis for the cultivator. War
and pestilence are stalking in the midst of our trans- Atlantic friends. The
seed-tirae and garnering are permitted to pass them by, and the gathering
of the fruitful harvest is substituted for the harvest of human blood. These
nations must be fed, and the surplus produce of the United States will
find a ready market at remunerating but not exorbitant prices. The poor
also of our country can again indulge in a loaf of increased dimensions.
Speculators have endeavored, previous to the harvest, to invest the cereal
with a fabulous value, by spreading reports of the ravages of the Weevil
and Hessian fly ; it is quite true a few localities were devastated by these
pests, but scarce worth mentioning. The story of grain sprouting, occa-
sioned by the continued rains, has agitated the public mind, but like the
Hessian fly report, it proved to be a floating straw, to which wily specu-
lators clung as a last buoy to sustain their drowning hopes. The good
time which has loomed in the vista is upon us ; mellow orchards, frag-
rant meadows, and the tinkling lullaby of the brook, gleefully coursing
its pebbly bottom, are once more with us; they had almost been number-
ed with reminiscences of the past.

An Error Uorrected. — Amid the chaos arising from the many sy-
nonyms of favorite fruits, it is a very easy matter for the Pomologist to
commit the most egregious mistakes, albeit he flatters himself he has
made the most thorough investigation. Mr. Barry, a gentleman whose
correct Pomological knowledge is almost beyond dispute, has revived an
error originally made public by Mr. Downing. The matter we allude to
is the Duane Purple Plum, of which a beautifully colored plate is given
in the June number of the Horticulturist for the present year. The
Duane Purple is not a distinct variety; as there stated it is the Purjyle
Magnum Bo7iU7n, which is a local variety at Schenectady and vicinity.
The mistake occurred in this manner : some twenty-five years ago Jas.
Duane, Esq., of Schenectady, imported from France several varieties of
plum; among them was the famous Peach Plum, the label, however, of
which was lost on the voyage. The earliness of this fruit and its large
attractive appearance, made cultivators solicitous to obtain it for their
gardens, and in the absence of the true name it was called Duaneh Plum.
Subsequently a gentleman from Albany visited Mr. Duane, who on his
return home took with him some scions, of what he supposed to be the
Duane [Peach) Plum, but by mistake they were cut from a seedling

Editorial Miscellany. (51

Purple Magnum Bonum tree. This gentleman not being fiimiliar with
different varieties, disseminated this Pr(r2^lc Magnum Bonum as the Du-
nne Plum, which in the course of its travels became invested with the
additional title of Purple, and was afterwards known as Dtianc^s Purjile,
and so described by Mr, Downing. With regard to the fruit, we would
say it is a common variety at Albany and Schenectady. At the latter place
the nurserymen do not propagate it by budding, as any quantity of off-
shoots can be obtained for the digging, as the tree, like many local sorts,
has the peculiar property of re-producing itself from seed. Occasionally
the seedling will vary slightly in appearance, but not sufficiently marked
to merit di!^tinction. Those having the varievy under the difi'erent names
will find by comparing them that we are correct.

The Annual Fair of the New York State Agricultural Society will be
held this year at Elniira, a delightful village, centrally located and of easy
access from the various portions of the State. The time appointed for
holding the Fair is the 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th days of October. Sixteen
acres of ground will be fenced in, on which will be erected spacious build-
ings, tents, &c., sufficient to accommodate all the articles on exhibition.

Last season the accommodations for the display of fruit and other Hor-
ticultural products were very meagre, and decidedly unsatisfactory to ex«
hibitors. It would appear that this feature of the great Fair is viewed
with indifference by those entrusted with the supervision of providing
conveniences. At Saratoga the stands for exhibiting fruit were not erect-
ed until the novelty of the show had been dissipated by the surfeit caused
by other objects of attraction.

We earnestly hope such unpardonable neglect will not again be chron-
icled on the coming occasion. This most profitable branch of the cultiva-
tor's subtlety should meet with every encouragement from our State So-
ciety. The inducements to grow fruit in its greatest perfection should be
enlarged in order that the grower be partiall}^ remunerated for the extra
trouble and time expended. Giving prizes of $60 for superior specimens
of butter and cheese is certainly not objectionable, but we arc utterly un-
able to discover that they are of paramount importance. Equally as large
sums are annually expended by private individuals in introducing fine
varieties of fruit, as there are in that of importing remarkable breeds of
cattle, and no one vf'iW deny that the profits attendant upon growing fruit
of a marketable quality, arc also equally satisfactory. The j)altry premi-
ums at present bestowed, contain no inducements for other than profca

62 Editorial Miscellany.

sional and nursery men, who are on!}' emulous of giving publicity to their
mercantile establishments. The amateur is quite overlooked, because his
attention is not directed to the subject, and he imagines that the import-
ance of fruit growing is a secondary or a tertiary matter, inasmuch as he
is governed by the opinions of those whom he supposes are familiar with
the thing, and are consequently best capable of appreciating the respective
merits of fruit, grain or cattle growing. Under existing circumstances
we feel called upon to urge the necessity of a distinct and separate organ-
ization, devoted exclusively to Horticulture and Floriculture. This de-
sirable object could be speedily accomplished, provided leading Horticul-
turists would lend their influence toward enlightening the proper parties
who have authority in such aifairs. A convention could be held compri-
sing delegates from the various Horticultural Societies throughout the
State, primary arrangements could be entered into, necessary resolutions
adopted, and a committee appointed to wait upon our representatives at
Albanv, and then and there the matter should be so represented as to at-
tract some of that legislation which at present is squandered in advocating
individual interests, and contending for the consummation of ephemeral
and evanescent ambitions. It is our intention to frequently revert to this
subject, and by a little display of persistence to arouse the attention of
Horticulturists to the great benefits which must ensue if successfully at-
tained. In the 3Iassachusetts Society we have positive evidence of the
good growing out of such an organization. The tastes of the people have
been improved, and their attention has been particularly directed to the
utility and beauty of Pomology. Even country architecture gives evi-
dence in Massachusetts of the favorable working of their society, in the
numerous tasteful cottages and villas which garnish farm lands and village
suburbs ; and it is an indisputable fact that their soil is quite inferior to
that of New York State.

Below we give the arrangements of the Fair to be held at Elmira,
which we copy from the Elmira Advertiser :

" The amount of premiums offered exceed $8,000. Exhibitors to be-
come members of the Society previous to 3Ionday, October 1, and articles
must be arranged on that day, while live stock will have to be on the
ground a week previous to the Fair.

On Tuesday, October 2, the ground will be open to exhibitors.

On "Wednesday morniTig, at 9 o'clock, the judges will commence their
examinations, when none but persons having charge of the articles exam-
ined are expected to be present, but the grounds will be open to the pub-
lic on that and the two succeeding days.

The plowing matches are to take place at one o'clock on Thursday.

Editorial Miscellany. (J3

On Friday, Gov. J. A. "Wright, of Indiana, will deliver the annual
address.

Admission to the grounds will be 25 cents. Members' tickets, $1 each,
admit five persons.

The following railroad companies have agreed to transport stock and
articles for exhibition free of charge. They will also take passengers to
and from the exhibition at reduced rates : — New York and Erie ; Canan-
daigua and Elmira ; Buffalo, (^rning and New York ; Williamsport and
Elmira ; Buffalo and New York city: Cattawissa, Williamsport and Erie;
Tioga ; Canandaigua and Niagara Falls ; Blossburg and Coming ; Syra-
cuse and Binghamton ; Rome and Watertown, and Potsdam and Water-
town, The N. Y. Central and Hudson Paver carry stock and articles freo
only — not agreeing to make any reduction to passengers.

Agreements have been made with our principal hotels not to charge
more than S2 a day, while the others will charge SI. 50 only. Arrange-
ments will also be made with boarding houses and private families to ac-
commodate a largo number of strangers diu'ing the week of the fair — so
that no matter how many thousands of per-sons from abroad may visit El-
mira then, they may depend on getting good boarding accommodations,
and at reasonable rates, too.

The central position of our village, and the extensive arrangements
which have been made for transit, will undoubtedly secure a large attend-
ance. Our friends in other parts of the State and country may rest as-
sured that nothing will be lacking on the part of Elmira to make the com-
ing exhibition one of the best ever held in the State."

The Catawissa Rasphcrry is attracting considerable attention among
cultivators of the smaller fruits. Those who have been favored with a
sight of the plant and a taste of the fruit, do not hesitate to bestow com-
mendation. Joshua Pierce, of Wa.shington city, the proprietor of this
new aspirant has promised us a plant and a bunch of the matured fruit.
If it realizes the encomiums which it has received, we shall in our next
number furnish our readers with a correct representation of the fruit ac-
companied with its histor}' and description. It is our intention not to be-
stow praise upon any new fruit, until we have personally ascertained its
quality and fitness to rank with those of its class esteemed by growers.

The PiCST, the bane of nurserymen, has not appeared this season.
Seedlings, which were in former yeai-s entirely denuded of their foliage
ere the season was half expired, are at the present time growing vigorous-
ly. We had the gratification of viewing a field of plum and pear seed-
lings a few days past, that would average two feet in height, and were .still
growing thriftily. This is the more gratifying, as great difficulty is ordi-
narily experienced in raising a stock of these trees.

G4 Editorial Miscellany.

To GET a tliick fine turf for tlae lawn is a paramount object in rural
husbandry. L. Durand, a gentleman residing at Derby, Ct., sends us
tbe following method of procedure to secure this ultimatum :

" Every farm and country house shoiild be surrounded by a well kept
' lawn.' Of course this refreshing ' oasis' of green will vary in size, re-
spectively, according to the circumstances of the proprietor, and amount
of taste for the luxurious ; whose object is simply a visual gratification —
but in no case in the country should a lawn be limited to less than an acre
in extent, and from that up to five, ten, twenty, and even fifty acres ; in
the larger town and village it may be from a quarter to half an acre in
size. The object is now to get this down to permanent grass. After the
requisite gradings have been completed, the ground should be trenched to
the depth of at least two feet. This should be performed on small grounds
with a spade, on lands comprising a number of acres, economy would sub-
stitute the sub-soil plow for this work of preparation. One important
matter we would particularly call attention to, that is in grounds of con-
siderable extent, to leave the naturally diversified sur&ce of the land re-
main, unless the acclivities are inharmonious and acute, these may be
ameliorated by a shght reduction ; knolls and graceful undulations are in
themselves important features of beauty. After the ground has been pul-
verized to the required degree of fineness by plowing, harrowing, and
rolhnir, the grass seed should be sown, which for lawns, a mixture of
red-top, white clover, Kentucky blue grass, and sweet scented Kinal grass
will make a good variety for securing a tight velvety sward. These seeds
should be thoroughly mixed together, and put in with a generous hand,
at the rate of a bushel and a half to two bushels the acre. Where no
grain is sown with the grass the latter quantity will be imperative to the
production of a thick growth, as some lee-way must be estimated for seed
that in all instances dies out. It is all-important to have the seed get a
good ' catch,' otherwise a luxurious, even turf cannot be reahzed. The
subsequent culture will consist mostly in cutting away the grass frequent-
ly, once a fortnight, dining the rapid growing sea.son. This should be
done with a short ' lawn scythe,' as repeated cuttings materially thicken
the grass and hastens the desired objects, viz : a turf that will afford a
romping place for both small and large children, without resulting injuri-
ously to the trodden grass. In very extensive grounds the grass could be
fed off by sheep. If danger to other vegetation is apprehended, portable
hurdle fences may be used, affording quite a romantic and picturesque ef-
fect, aside from the utility of the construction."

Editorial Miscellany. 65

We arc oLligod to Mr. Durand for his pertinent remarks on lawns.
The first part of his article was so hastily written we were unable to in-
terpret it with sufficient lucidncss to do justice to the writer. We are
promised an article of some length on the culture of the grasses, which will
doubtless prove interesting to our readers.

The following interesting letter was sent by Mr. Feost, " what keepa
the Market Garding," to the Secretary of the London Horticultural So-
ciety : —

" Sir,

" The Satiety having Bean pleasd to Complement Me before I beg Leaf
to lie before Them agin as follows in particullers with I hop They will
luck upon with a Sowth Aspic.

" Sir — last year paid my Atentionsto a Tater & the Satiety was pleasd
to be gratifid at the Lmlargement of my Eadnis. This ear I have turnd
my Eyes to Gozbcrris — I am happy to Say I have allmost sucksidid in
Making them too Big for Bottlin. I Beg to Present sum of itch kind —
Please obsarve a Green Goose is larger in Siz then a Bed Goosebry. Sir
as to Cherris my atention has Bean cheafly occupid by the Black Arts.
Sum of them are as big as Crickt Balls as will be seen I send a Sample
tyed on a Wauking-stick. I send lickwise a Potle of stray berris witch I
hop will reach. They air so large as to object to lay more nor too in a
Bed. Also a Potle of Hobbies and one of my new Pins, of a remarkable
sharp flavior. I hop they will cum to Hand in time to be your Feat.
Respective Black red & White Currency I have growd equely Large, so
as one Bunch is not to be Put into a Galley Pot without jamming. My
Pitches has not ben Strong, and their is no Show on My Walls of the
Plum line. Damsins will bo moor Plentifie & their is no Want of com-
mon Bullies about Lunnon. Please inform if propper to classify the Slow
with the creepers.

" Concerning Graps I have bin recommanded by mixing Wines with
Warter Mellons, the later is improved in its juice — but have douts of the
fack. Of the Patgonian Pickleiug Coucumber, I hav maid Trial of, and
have hops of Growing one up to Markit by sitting one End agin my
front dore. On account of its Progressiveness I propos calling it Pickleus
Perriginatus if Aproved of.

" Sir, about Lnproving the common Stocks. — Of Haws I have some
hops but am disponding about my Hyps. I have quite foled in cultivat-
ing them into Cramberries. I have allso attempted to Mull Blackberis,
but am satisfid them & the Mulberris is of diferent Genius. Please ob-
serve of Aples I have found a Grafft of the connuon Crab from its Strag-
lin sideways of use to Hispalliers. I should lick to be infourmd weather
Scotch Granite is a variety of the Pom Granite & weather as sum say so
pore a frute, and Nothing but Stone.

" Sir — My Engine Corn has been all eat up by the Burds namely Rocks
and Ravines. In like manner I had a full Shew of Pees but was distroy

66 Editorial Miscellany.

ed by the Sparers. There as bean grate Mischef dun beside by Enty-
moUogy — in some parts a complet patch of Blight. Their has been a
grate Deal too of Robin by boys and men picking and stealing but their
has bean so many axidents by Steel Traps I don't like setting on 'em.

" Sir I partickly wish the Satiety to be called to con.sider the case what
follows, as I think mite be maid Transaxtionable in the next Reports —

" My '\\\1 had a Tom Cat that dyd. Being a torture Shell and a Grate
fevcrit, we had him berrid in the Guardian, and for the sake of inrichment
of the Mould I had the carks deposited under the roots of a Gosberry
Buch. The Frute being up till then of the smooth kind. But the next
Sesan's Frute after the Gat was berrid, The Gozberries was all hairy. — &
moor Remarkable the Catpillers of the same Bush was All of the same
hairy Discription. I am Sir Your humble servant

Thomas Frost."

We find in the '• Revue Horticole" an account of two new Esculents,
which are said to deserve notice. Having no personal acquaintance with
them we confine ourselves to a translation of what is said about them by
Mr. MuLLER, superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Upsal, who sent the
seeds to the Botanic Garden, Hamburgh :

" I particularly recommend to your notice these two new kitchen gar-
den plants, Chcerophyllum Prescotti and Rumex vesicarius. We receiv-
ed the first from St. Petersburgh in the spring of 1862, but it did not oc-
cur to me till last autumn that its fleshy root as large as a Parsnip, might
be worth cooking. The seeds being then ripe it was to have been ex-
pected that the roots would prove woody; but I was agreeably surprised
to find it tender and very nice {de tres hon gout). In flavor it is not uih
like the Turnip-rooted Chervil {Cho:ropliylluvi bulbosum), but as it is
much larger and good even after seeding, it is a much more useful plant.
Cultivation will probably increase its size. In my case the seeds were
sown in spring, but I should expect the roots to become larger if the seeds
are sown in autumn, like those of Chcerophollum bulbosum. The plant
is perennial and not biennial like that plant. As it is a native of Siberia,
cold has no power over it, and it succeeds perfectly in good damp garden
soil. It might be called the Turnip-rooted Siberian Chervil."

The other plant, Rumex versicarius, is a kind of Sorrel. " When
dressed like Spinach," says Mr. Muller, "it is very nice. The leaves are
slightly acid, and if mixed with common Spinach greatly improve it.
The plant is an annual, with great fleshy leaves, and grows perfectly in
any rich moist soil."

These two plants seem to deserve the attention of seedsmen.

The tamarind has grown in Virginia from seeds and is highly spoken
of as promising to be a valuable acquisition to our fruit trees, especially
to the prairie lands of the West. Its growth is rapid, its appearance very
ornamental, and it is perfectly free from blight and the depredations of
insects. Last season the trees in Virginia produced fruit as good as the
improrted.

A\Iilorial Miscellany. 6V

The ruthless destruction of forests is attracting attention in the right
quarter. Dr. Hawks, at a meeting of the Geographical Society, made
the following pertinent remarks :

" One of the serious etiects of a total destruction of the forests and
woodlands in any country like this, i-s that barrenness is likely to en-
sue. Palestine, once well-wooded and cultivated like a garden, is now a
deseft — the haunt of Bedouins ; Greece, in her palmy days the land of
laui'el forests, is now a desolate waste ; Persia and Babylon, the cra-
dles of civilization, are now covered beneath the sands of deserts, pro-
duced by the eradication of their forests. It is comparatively easy to
eradicate the forests of the North, as they are of a gregarious order — one
class succeeding another ; but the tropical forests, composed of innumer-
able varieties, growing together in the most democratic union and equal-
ity are n^ver eradicated. Even in llindostan all its many millions of
population have never been able to conquer the phoenix-life of its tropical
vegetation. Forests act as regulators, preserving snow and rain from
melting and evaporation, and producing a regularity in the flow of the
rivers draining them. When they disappear, thunder-storms become less
frequent and heavier, the snow melts in the first warm days of spring
causing freshets, and in the fall the rivers dry up and cease to be naviga-
ble. These freshets and droughts also produce the malaria which is the
scourge of Westerm bottom-lands. Forests, although they are at first an
obstacle to civilization, soon become necessary to its continuance. Our
rivers, not having their sources above the snow line, are dependent on
P0REST3 FOR THEIR SUPPLY OF WATER, and it is essential to the future pros-
perity of the country that they should be preserved."

A writer in the Gardners' Chronicle^ makes some remarks on the ripen-
ing of seeds. He observes :

" In the first place it is necessary to ascertain what is meant by ripeness.
Some say fruit is ripe when it is ready to fall ; others require the pericarp
at least to be dried and the albumen to be completely hardened ; others
again allow fruit to be ripe when the seed is so far advanced that it can
be made to germinate. This is ripeness- ir^ a botanical sense, and is the
only sense in which the word can be used with precision. The period for
gathering does not depend on ripeness ; for example, the Olive is either
gathered or allowed to fall, according to the purpose for which it is wanted.
Grapes are gathered when they are more or less ripe, according to the
object the grower has in view, the results expected from fermentation, and
the composition of the must, so as to suit the taste of his customers. In

68 Editorial Miscellany.

Burgundy the Grape harvest is later now tban formerly, whilst the con-
trary is the case in the south of France. As regards Beans, it is usual
not to cut them until the pod is dry, but the farmers in the Valais, who
desire to keep the stalk unchanged, cut them as soon as the scar of the
seed is black, although the rest of it is still green. Wheat seed has been
proved by M. Duchartre to be capable of germinating when the albumen
is still almost milky, and that germination was strikingly facilitated by
the drying and shrinking [retraction) of the corn. Without, however,
going so far as this, it is certain, from experiments made at Versailles and
La Saussate, that corn may be got in without inconvenience when the
top of the stem is still green, and that the grains are then finer and more
valued in the market. This suflScient ripeness is from nine to thirteen
days earlier than what our farmers call complete ripeness, and gives ft
sum of at least 245 deg. of temperature.

" There is another difficulty met with when an attempt is made to fix
upon a sum of degrees of temperature as necessary to enable a plant to
arrive at maturity ; namely, the difficulty arising from the great number
of varieties which mature, some faster and some slower than others : this
is the case with Corn, Maize, Potatoes, Grapes, &c. We cannot there-
fore admit that ripeness in its common sense, which is so arbitrary and
changeable, is a natural phase in the life of plants ; we must confine the
term to its botanical sense above explained, concerning which we know
very little, and leave the rest to the convenience of cultivators."

" By an artificial contrivance'' — says the author of ' Gossip on Ancient
Gardening' — " during meals there descended on the guests from above,
the powerful aroma of roses. Heliogabalus, in his folly, caused violets
and roses to be showered down upon his guests in such quantities that a
number of them being unable to extricate themselves, were sufibcated in
flowers. During meal times they reclined on cushions stuffed with rose
leaves, or made a couch of the leaves themselves. The floor, too, was
strewn with roses, and in this custom great luxury was displayed. Cleo-
patra, at an enormous expense, procured roses for a feast which she gave
to Anthony, had them laid two cubits thick on the banquet-room, and
then caused nets to be spread over the flowers in order to render the
footing elastic. Heliogabalus caused not only the banquet-rooms, but
also the colonnades that led to them to be covered with roses, interspersed
with lilies, violets, hyacinths, and narcissi, and walked upon this flowery
platform."

Editorial Miscellany. 69

A lieautiful specimen of the California Century Plant, a San Francisco
exchange informs its readers, is now in bloom on the estate of Donna
Catalina Munrass, near Monterey. It was planted over twenty-five
years ago, and has only this spring put forth its stem, which has grown,
in the space of six weeks, twenty feet in height. The base of the stem
is seven inches in diameter. At the top of the stem the flowers are now
coming out in great profusion, and are of pure white color.

Large Trees. — Until within a few years there stood near the junction
of the Scantic Eiver with the Connecticut, in the town of East Windsor,
a large Sycamore or Buttonwood. After the tree had partly decayed,
and a shell of wood, perhaps two inches thick on the outside remained,
Mr. JoHX Peltox found that a pole twelve feet long could be placed
horizontally inside of the shell, making the tree more than thirty-six feet
in circumference. Another tree near measured twenty-four feet. These
trees stood near where the first English settlers in Connecticut located.

Acknowledgments. — From J. Weisler, a basket of seedling peaches,
although superior to many sorts in cultivation, possess no merit sufBciently
distinctive to render worthy of universal dissemination. We are obliged
to J. B. of Washington city, for some fine specimens of rare Conifers;
they were received in admirable condition, and are already embellishing
the place we intend them to occupy. Our thanks are due L. Putnam, of
Boston, for a plethoric box of Grapes, which he informs us were grown
in a "cold house." Some bunches oi Black Hamburg's were the laro'est
we ever witnessed ; which extraordinary size we are bound to state, ap-
pears to have been attained at the sacrifice of flavor. A beautiful garden
vase from R. Warton, of this city, and a package of seed from L. Strick

LAND.

To Correspondents. — Horticulturists, Architects, Farmers, Gardeners
and all who take an interest in the utilitarian and beautiful pursuit of the
yerra-culturist, and the advancement of suburban art, are cordially invi-
ted to contribute any information in their possession which will be in-
structive, and promote the usefulness of this magazine. Rough notes of
experience from the practical farmer, or delicately worded hints from the
lady, who is solaced with the beautiful products of her parterre, will
prove equally acceptable. We shall also be happy to reciprocate by sup-
plying through the columns of this journal any desired information at our
control. Letters should be addressed to C. Reaglks, Editor New York
Horticultural Review, 208 Broadway, New York.

70 Editorial Miscellany.

The Typography of the present number does not equal our expecta-
tions or fulfill the promise made in our prospectus. This is entiiely owing to
the bad working of a new press which we have employed, which although
capable of performing good work, requires several trials in order to per-
fect its operation. We shall probably have overcome this difficulty be-
fore our next appearance. We have also detected a number of errors in
the first sheets. It shall be our special business in future to prevent a
recurrence of this defect, if practicable.

PtEroRTS from various Horticultuiul Societies were received too late
.for insertion in the present number of our Magazine. We shall be pleased
to publish the proceedings of Societies, provided they do not encroach too
much upon the space devoted to' other departments. Reports should,
jthcrefore, be limited to the more important transactions.

Several Horticultural Societies inquire " What will be the price of
the Neto York Horticultural Review providing we conclude to ofier it as
.a premium to persons competing for prizes at our exhibitions." To such
we will answer, where not less than ten copies are ordered the price will
■be reduced to 81.50 a year. We shall also be happy to treat with other
parties on the same terms ; for $15, in advance, ten copies will be fur-
nished for one year to separate addresses.

It is our intention to send the New York Horticultural Revieiv to ev-
ery Post office in the United States. Postmasters receiving this copy
jvill please exhibit it to such parties as take an interest in Horticulture,
and kindred pursuits. Commission liberal.

Advertisers will please send in their favors at an early date as possi-
ble. Nurserymen and others will find the medium unsurpassed as a
channel for giving desirable publicity to their various establishments. As
we are printing a large edition for gratuitous distribution, the present
number will doubtless reach 20,000 readers. Our tariff of prices will
vary somewhat, being governed by the size of the edition published. We
•will esteem it a favor not to be troubled with advertisements of quack
raedicines, or charlatan operations of any description, as we do not wish
to be the medium of deceiving our readers. Where such advertisements
ajro received the money will be invariably returned.

Till-: K()R.\rATrOX op .VliTIKIClAL [>AKl!:S.
A TEE, a celebrated writer observes, is " the very
life and soul of a garden, whether it be the ground
plot of a suburban cottage or the embellished lawn
of an extensive villa." This almost indispensable appendage
in the composition of scenery has, as yet, attracted but little
attention in this country, doubtless owing to the fact that our education
has but just conmienced, for the more utilitarian attributes of rural
resorting places. A great many dollars are annually expended in con-
structing suburban dwellings, and planting grounds with a variety of
fruit and urnamental trees ; these are essential requisites to the pleasure
of a country life. An artificial lake, or the lesser pond, or even the
C0Hr.sing rivulet, is not dreamed of as a conducing feature to the land-
scape ; and then another barrief, in unfavorable situations, is the difficulty
experienced in procuring a supply of water to meet the contingency of
an expanded lake or pond, which, it is urged, decrease rapidly by
evaporation in the atmosphere and absorption by tlie earth. That these
objections do exist, there is no denying ; but that they are insurmountable
we feel inclined to discuss.

There are very few farms of any magnitude, in this countiy, but which
can boast a brook, and not unfrequently w'hat in England would be called
a river. The isolated instances in which an abundance of water does not
occur in individual domain'-', can in most cases be remedied by that

74 Tlw ForiiiaUou uf Art'ijiclul Lu/ces:

admirable little machine, the hydraulic ram. Three of these unceasing
laborers will supply a small pond with water sufficient to keep up a
current, and thus prevent the accumulation of stagnant matter. Water,
by means of the hydraulic ram, may be conducted several miles, when
necessary. All that is required to operate it is a head of water, •which
should not be less than ten feet. This will be capable of forcing a portion
of the water which runs through the ram to the height of an hundred feet
or more. The better method is to elevate the water, when convenient to
a neighboring hill, on which a cement or cedar cistern can be baik ;
from this reservoir it can be conducted to the desired locality in a steady
stream. The expense attendant upon the enterpri.se is much less than
one would imagine ; S600 would purchase three rams of large size, and
the necessary tubing to convey water for a mile, and also build a cistern
and other contingent requirements.

To give an artificial stream the appearance of nature's handiwork is a
desideratum not so readily obtained. Most of our people who live
elegantly in the country are such as have escaped the dust and smoke of
large cities, and are therefore in a highly artificial condition regarding
the beautiful in nature. As a result, we have fish-ponds (when attempted)
very decorously margined with regularly sloped terrace, from which
superior vegetation is kept in respectable speetatorship at a distance from
this immense bowl. Grass is permitted to grow on the border, and
receives a semi-monthly clipping ; but pond lilies are eradicated the
moment their struggling heads arise to the .surface. In order to prevent
the appearance of .sTich untutored vegetation, the bottom of the pond (we
can bring to mind two instances) is paved with clam shells or cobble
stones. To those disposed to persist in this absurd practice, we would
suggest the use of Russ pavement laid in cement, it being a higher state
of artificialit}-, and is economical. It prevents the loss of water by
percolation ; and then, by the medium of a gate — which could doubtless
be rendered a higlily ornamental feature — the water could be drawn off,
and the bottom scrubbed out as occa.sion demanded.

Localities which afford an ample supply of water arc generally sufiici-
entl}' undulating or acclivitous to present that other absolute essential to
the formation of larger lakes, viz., a valley whose margin poi-forms natural
curves or gives precipitous sides. The configuration of the banks is of
more importance in producing .scenic expression than is generally admitted
by those whose energies are directed to this branch of landscape art. If
before improving gi'ound? with water, held in artificial bounds, the pro-

The Formation of Artificial Lakts. 75

prietor would visit some lake celebrated fur its picturesque beauty, and
study well the producing causes of this effect, — wbicli are in part com-
prised of bights extending into the shore, suddenly alternated by miniature
peninsulas, from whose extreme points depend drooping trees laving
their bright foliage in the pellucid water ; and again recur steep banks
with rocky faces garnished with moss and other parasites fed by trickling
springs, and, from crevices which have appropriated a modicum of mother
earth, peep forth weeny shrubs reveling in modest attire, and apparently
in the happy consciousness of sole occupancy. Further on, a deeper
fissure, with its larger volume and several feet of tenacious mould, having
caught some winged germ of future tree-greatness, has with parental
care vitalized the embryo, and thus a tree — not perpendicular like a
French grenadier, but straggling sideways — a sort of loiterer, prepon-
-derating between the two opposing elements, sun and water. Under
such a tree we experience placid delight and tranfjuil happiness, unalloyed
by ba.ser thoughts of the price of pots and pearls, or fluctuations in stock,
ox decliue of one-eighth in cotton, as, safely moored in tiny skiff, we bait
the bearded hook with imitation fly, and then in breathless expectancy
await the approach of some voracious trout or pickerel, who, fancying
a delicious morsel .specially prepared for his epicurean taste, takes a side-
long glance, warily approaches as if fearful of .startling his prey, and then,
gathering up his sinews, makes a bold and desperate plunge. Fatal plunge,
indeed ; " the biter's bit I" and in death, like many mortals we wot of,
realizes the truth of the adage, '■ all's not gold that glitters."

• The linny brood llicir wontrd haunts Ibrsaki'.
Float in the sun, and skim along the lake ;
With frequent leap they range the shallow streams ;
Their silver coats ix'flect the dazzling beams.
Now let the fisherman his toils prepare.
And arm himself with every watery snare ;
His hooks, his lines, peruse with careful eye.
Increase his tackle, and his rods re-tie.
Upon a rising border of the brook
He sits him down, and ties the treacherous liook :
Now expectation cheers his eager thought,
His bosom glows with treasures yet uneaught ;
Before his eyes a banquet seems to stand,
Where every guest applauds his skilful hand.
Far up the stream the twisted hair lie throws.
Which down the murmuring current gently flows ;
Wien if a chance, or hunger's powerful sway. ,

Directs the rovins trout this fatal wav.

The I'^onnation of Artificial Lakes.

He greedily sucks in the twining bait.
And tugs and nibbles tbe fallacious meat.
Now. happy fisherman, now twitch the line.
How thy rod bends I behold, the prize is thine I
Cast on the bank he dies, with gasping pains.
And trickling Ijlood his silver mail distsins."

Further cxploriDg the sinuous shore, a gentle slope succeeds the bolder
rock. — gradually rising, and disclosing a vista, afforded by an opening in
the wood, of vast waving fields of green and golden hue. Enraptured
with the vievr of nature's bountiful spread, we gaze ! The scene awakena
our gratitude, induces reflection, and our imagination sweetly and peace-
fully dreams of pleasant things. "We become, for the nonce, spell-bound
with inhaling nature's narcotine. from which we are suddenly arou.sed by
a tinkling bell suspended from the neck of some parti-colored cow, that,
gorged with the nourishing juice of meadow grass, approaches with
monotonous tread to slake her thirst, guided in her accustomed pere-
grinations by the oft-trod path which terminates with the lake shore. At
other places, a hill of steep ascent presents its base as a limitation of
farther progress in that direction ; and thus the irregular circuit is per-
formed, made up of bold projections, sloping hills, abrupt curves,
precipitous rocks, all claiming a share of our admiration, and forming the
tout ensemble of beauty.

The most important objects are the trees and shrubs which characterize
this wild outline. At inter\-als along the bank, thickets will .stand out in
conspicuous reUef, casting strong black shadows on the water, in beautiful
contrast to the sunlight which fancifully sports around them ; in another
place, the gnarled trunk of a huge tree, having lost its footing by the
assiduous undermining of the water, has fallen down, extended far out
in the lake, where a few limbs show feeble signs of vegetation still tenacious
of life ; again, a weeping willow or some other pendulous tree droops its
branches in graceful luxuriance to the liquid element, affording a favorite
retreat for those fish which seek relief from the intolerant heat of mid-
day.

Suddenly an island of verdure obstructs the view. A fev.- rocks
scattered around at its feet warn the approaching boat to sheer off, or run
the hazard of a collision with an enemy lying yerdu beneath the water's
surface. Circumnavigating the island, the clear liquid meets the gaze
like a polished mirror, uninterrupted except by the banks which are
entrusted with its guardianship. Eetuniing by the other shore completes
the delightful tour; and the proprietor who contemplates adding a similar

The Formation of Artificial Lakes. 77

object to lii'^ ploastiro grotinds, readies liome with a better knowledge of
what he retjuires than if he had considted a dozen landscape gardeners.

He now selects a valley appropriately margined, approximate to a
running stream. Where necessary, the banks are sloped, declivities ai-e
formed, and peninsulas are raised where they do not naturally exist, gentle
slopes appear, trees are planted where required, and others are partially
undermined in order to give them a direction towards the future lake, all
of which being satistactorily accomplished, the dam that is to retain the
water is thrown across, «nd then planted with rapid-growing trees. If
the proprietor is impatient to witness the effect, large ti-ees can be re-
moved in the winter season, with balls of earth attached ; the.se can be
obtained from their native haunts and replanted, with scarce a perceptible
diminution in subsequent vigor t(» that which they previou.sly exhibited.
If needs be, the dam can be so arranged as to afford a cascade, supplied
by the overflow- This feature, like the lake, had better be copied from
nature herself; otherwi.se, an artificial expression will be apparent,
detracting and mai-ring the surrounding natural beauties. The use of
rock-work is admissible in constructing a waterfall, from the fact of its
being the only material capable of resisting the continued wear of the
water. The rocks should not be too large nor of equal size, neither
should they occupy such position as to permit the water to fall perpen-
dicularly ; on the contrary, the arrangement should be suf h as to graduate
the descent by a succession of abrupt terminations, varying in height and
length. The course of the cascade must not be on a straight line from
the lake, but perform part of a circle : or, if the contiguous objects are
con.sonant and the locality propitious, a sudden detour from a .straight line
will provoke a highly picturesque effect. 'The rushing, gurgling sounds
emitted by water tumbling and foaming down a rocky descent, as if in a
terrible rage at the resistance offered by projecting stones, produce a
soothing effect, upon the mind of a chance listener, of no evanescent
character ; and where the surrounding woods are of a wild description,
and birds fond of solitude utter their shrill, prolonged notes, as the
cuckoo and blue jay, the effect is much heightened. But our digression
from the special subject under treatment is already too long.

To return to the lake : We will suppose that the arrangements of
shore are completed. Attention is next directed to the most expeditious
and at the same time most beautiful method of letting in the water. In
the first place, the temporary dyke, which has prevented the flowing
element from interfering with previous operations, should be removed.

78, The Formation of Artificial Lakes.

Only a very iwrrow channel should be exeavuted, just wide enough to
permit an undisturbed ingress of the water. Huge stones may be placed
at the bottom and sides of this inlet to prevent its widening, as it is quite
JDiportant that the locale of admission should be hidden from observation ;
to complete this object more effectually, a thicket of sombre evergreen trees
should be j^lanted on either side of the passage. The hemlock spruce is
preferable for the purpose. These trees in a few years will depend over
the channel and entirely conceal it from view.

Our space being limited, we are unable to go into the miuutiie of
operations ; but to a nian of refined taste, agreeable forms of beauty are
suggested by appropriate objects, and to such the details of complete-
ness are unnecessary. To those whose conception of the picturesque is
limited, our engraving; will give a pretty correct idea of tlie ingredients-
which comprise pleasing effect, of both water and land. The design is
intended to convey the appearance of a pleasure ground and suburban
dwelling in a state of finished picturesqueness — a scene of beauty and
polished elegance, with a slight admixture of untamed nature — just
such a place as can be formed anywhere that presents a running stream
and a slightly undulating surface. The lake in our prepared view has-
no high banks, the reverse of which is shown, as the water is almost on
a level with the land. The effect, it will readily be perceived, is attained
by the judicious arrangement of trees, which are distributed in such a
manner as to entirely conceal the flat country beyond. The ground?
which the lake covers was naturally low, but has been made deeper
where necessary ; and the removed earth has contributed to raise the-
surrounding land, not by forming a dyke (as is frequently seen), but
removed a suflScient distance to offer a slightly broken surface, and also
to give the banks a more natural appearance. The relative position of
the lake to the house is such as to lend an uninterrupted view from the
latter to an interesting portion of the water and scenery.

In smaller places, not boasting a plentiful supply of water for scenic-
purposes, the use of the hydraulic ram can be introduced. Common sense
would dictate the jet d^eau as the preferable and most economical*
method of creating beautiful effect. This feature of fountain could supply
a pond with its gushing element, which of course would not disclose any
stupendous precipices or jutting promontories, but should be arranged-
with sinuous outline, and should be the receptacle of fancy varietiesof fish,
and could also afford a home for certain flowering aquatics. Overhang-
ing trees, and tufts of shrubbery on the bank, will prove promoters of

Critique oh the October nunibcr. 79

beauty. Avoid islands in a pond, for they immediately convey the
artificial communion of uncultivated taste.

In conclusion, we would remark, that trees are the important featuresiu
creating either landscape or waterscape beauty. They are beautiful when
their swelling buds disclose nests of tiny leaves in spring or the brighter
green of expanded foliage in midsummer, or when the mellow and
warm tints of autumn hang them with ruby colors mixed with topaz,
supplanting the emerald of the season gone, by bright shades that con-
trast with orange-tinted clouds — Heaven's curtains ; and as the glance
wanders over empurpled lawns, with here and there refreshing spots of
green, protected and screened from chilling frost by overarching trees,
commingling odors of summer's last flowers, wafted by soft breezes,
invigorate our more corporeal sense. Birds that dolefully chirp their
farewell song in strains of sorrowful warning, as if regretting the maize
and the rill ; the giant oak, the refreshing leaves which have warded
off the noonday heat, and that other tree, sacred to bird memory,
which witnessed the advent of the three little ones, and offered a home
with convenient crotch on which to found a nest where maternal solici-
tude cared for the wants of future warblers. Standing on some ambitious
acclivity ; as far as the glance reaches, the eye is regaled with slopes bo
gentle, hills precipitous, terminating far beyond in the blue mountains,
until their peaks are lost br blending with the bluer sky.

CRITIQUE ON THE OCTOBER N'UMBEK.

r. Y E V E L T N .

Your Leader. — Thanks, Mr. Editor, for your able though good-humored
expose of a few of the absurdities of the professional landscape makers —
I would sav mariers — nine-tenths of whom, I ver'.ly believe, if entrusted
with the adornment of some unfortunfite victim's estate, and left to the
consummation of their peculiar ideas of beauty, would arm themselves
with theodolites, levels, spades, mattocks, and all the rest of their mysti-
cal enginery of devastation, and deliberately grade, pave and fence him
in; put an iron railing round his lawn, and educate platoons of trees to
niarcli in Indian file across liis parks and down his avenues; then, after
j>ersuading the luckless proprietor that their exertions had achieved a

80 Critique on the October number.

picture, compared to wiiioh Paradise was a mere daub, they present a
bill, to liquidate which he narrowly escapes mortgagiiiff his property, and
decamp in search of other prey. One of these Vandals, employed by a
gentleman residing near Yonkers, actually sacrificed a magnificent group
of elm and buttonwood trees, which constituted a principal beauty of
the grounds, because, forsooth, they obstructed the view of the river
from the front windows I So, a few more touches of your caustic, Dr. R.,
and the excrescence may be reduced and the nuisance abated. Your
intelligent readers will agree with the remarks which comprise the
balance of your article, and, indeed, so much to the point are they, that
further comment from me would be superfluous. Pray tell us to whom
are we indebted for that delicious forest description you quote? and let
us know the artist, aUo, to whose pencil the able interpretation of your
ideas is owing.

Mr. SxowDEX introduces "two plums worthy of cultivation ;" and
although I believe this is the first time the Marten's SecdVnui has bad
the honor of a public presentation, I recognize in it anj the McLmiffhlin
two old and well-tried favorites, and, if my experience go for aught,
I conscientiously endorse his recommendation. On ray grounds I have
upwards of thirty descendants of their stock ; and it is my opinion that,
if well befriended and not permitted to sutier from neglect or malpractice,
we have no more profitable or well-deserving plum than they. The
cultivation of this fruit has not had that attention to which its merits
entitle it, and I am pleased to see the subject now in the hands of one
so evidently ait fait in the premises as Mr. Sxowdex. ^Vrite again,
Mr. S., and bring your friends, the plums, along with you.

Mr. Knight's article on a Uome for a Laboring Man is written in a
congenial spirit, and evidently derives much of its freshness from that
great contributor to suburban architecture, Loudox, from whose volu-
minous work Mr. KxiGirr acknowledges his cottage to have been
transferred. His remarks lelating to the apathy existing for pretty
homes among the laboring classes are, it would appear, founded on facts
afforded by an intimate knowledge of their habits and resources. I
sincerely hope the eventful epoch is not far distant when those who toil
for a livelihood will live in cottages ornamented in some simple and
cheap manner, to the displacement of the uncongenial domiciles which
infest the suburbs of our cities and villages. Let us hear from you again,
Mr. Knight, and do not forget to appear attended with another model
of ornateness for the workino- folk.

Critique on the October number, 81

Tree CuLTUKE ; Nuinn. — A healthful, blooming, hale old tieo is the
writer of that article; and one cannot fail to see, from the fruit of his
bearing which graces your intellectual board, that his heart is sound and
unimpaired, and that the generous sap of true good feeling circulates
from root to twig of his hearty, upright frame. Beginning at the founda-
tion, interest — conceded to be the initial step toward convincing the
sceptical — Prof. North conclusively proves the investment of capital
in the culture of trees to be productive of profits far surer, better and
more in accordance with God's nature-inducted lessons than all the
trick-gotten, hard-wrung and hazardous gains of either trades or pro-
fessions. He next treats, at length, upon the eft'ect of tree culture upon
the growing susceptibilities of children, and the masterly tone of his
remarks proves him to be a close and deep observer of human character.
I'll answer for it, the tear was called to many an eye that read his picture
of a " Home," at the recollection of some gnarled old oak or stately
elm, whel-e, erst, the seup hung listless in the noonday heat, and 'mong
whose boughs the jay or wren whiled the hours with song, or the robin
briskly chirped his joyous note, as though delighted at his close proximity
to the clear blue vault of heaven. The Professor's animadversions on
ignorant tree planters are correct, and unfortunately too well deserved,
by the quacks who, by barbarous curtailment or merciless compres-
sion, yearly murder hundreds of healthful, promising saplings. May
we long have the benefit of your experience and leisure, Mr. North !
and now that you are in the autumn of your life, may the leaves
you shed often be wafted hitherward, to be, with others, bound in ever-
greer !

The Strawbeurv has a warm friend in Mr. Pardee, whose article is
eminently comprehensive and to the purpose. The profusion of their
delicious " first offerings of the field," which last spring sent to market,
and the low prices they brought, would certainly seem to verity Mr. P.'s
statement, that they can be raised for fifty cents per bushel, while at the
same time there is no question that amateur strawberry raising (if it may
be so called) is infinitely more expensive and unsatisfactory. Mr. P. is
right: this high feeding to excess will have vent in rank luxuriance of
leaf and vine; but the over stimulation must have its consequent
reaction, and barrenness of fruit is the inevitable sequence. In latter
years I have invariably separated the pistillates and staminates by plant-
ing sparsely in beds from twenty to thirty feet apart, and the result in
almost every case has proven satisfactory.

82 Critique on the October number.

The Culture of the Grape and the Manufacture of Wine. —
Mr. D. W. Rav's cortimunication on the "Cultivation of the Grape" is a
carefully written and correctly compiled summary of statistical and
general information connected with the subject. His directions for
planting and rearing are judicious, and, as far as I can understand them,
correct, and show a thorough conversance with his subject. In his
mention of the principal vineries about New-York, Mr. Rav omits to
notice the flourishing place of Mr. Gumming, at Fort Hamilton — a gentle-
man whose efforts to introduce choice specimens of the seductive luxury
which in time gone by proved too much for even that sturdy old
patriarch Xoah, deserve the gratitude of at least the American portion
of the latter gentleman's posterity. Luxuriating in Mr. Cumming's
vineyard* are upwards of eight hundred varieties of grape vine, com-
prising many never before imported to this country. These the owner
watches with a fostering care, which eventually must insure success.
Indeed, such interest does he take in their culture, that on his return
from Europe (whither he recently went to personally acquaint himself
with the nature-tutored habits of his favorites), he brought with him
a vine dresser, indigenous to the soil, and to the " manor born," to act as
attendant on his interesting ;t)ro/o_5res', which individual can often at noon-
day be seen enjoying a crust and bottle of dc bon vin with as much ffusto
as though he were 'neath the blue skies and breathing the balmy air of his
own sunny France. As for that other "laborer in the vineyard," Mr..
Longworth, the only equivalent we could return for his herculean
achievements would be, in all future ovations to the " rosy god," to
pledge his new partner, under the firm of *' Bacchus and Longworth" —
or to represent him in effigy astride the barrel, tete-a-tetc with his godship,
and jovially hob nobbing him over a bottle of " sparkling Catawba." To
such as have 7W< neglected to plant the vine, I need say nothing; the
harvest time approaches, and they well know the treat in store for them.
To those who have, I offer in consolation the sage Capt. Cattle's advice,
"Train up your vine tiees in the way they should grow, and when you
get old, sit under the shade of 'em." Make a note of it.

The Contrast, by Mr. Bacon, is a well penned and veritable essay ;
but, as the premises are very nearly analagous to those so ably covered
in t!ie leader, I hardly deem it worth while to rt-traverse them.

A Retrospect. — Mkssek. — You are one of the brotherhood, friend
Messkr. You speak fetlingiy, and your sentiments do you honor. If
the studv of Horticulture were as generally disseminated among the

Critique on the October number. 83

practical tillers of the soil as is the absurd prejudice against " book farm-
ing," we would have less cramming, starving, flooding and parching,
freezing, scorching and smothering to death of unfortunate trees, fruits
or flowers. The enlightened cultivator is not content to follow mechani-
cally in the footsteps of some predecessor, to clip because he clipped, and
to dig deep or shallow, use rich soil or poor, because bidden to do it ; he
must know why and wherefore the thing is done, and be familiar with
the habits of the plant and its consequent requirements, if accident or
uncongenial weather retard its progress. Read, study, ye men of toil !
improve your knowledge, and make your children read, that the sweat
of vour brows and the labor of your hands may not be given in vain;
read, that you may evade the pitfalls of mispractice ; read, that you
raav follow in the footsteps of well-known guides ; and then let your own
good sense winnow the grain from the chaft' — sift the gold from the clay.

The Cultivatiox of the Sugar Cane and the Manufacture of
Sugar. — Undoubtedly a sweet composition, but as I know nothing about
the subject, I advise those seeking additional information to carefully re-
read the article, which is really very interesting and well-written.

The Cultivation of Flowers. — The beautiful article with this cap-
tion is given under the auspices of Mr. Ray ; yet many of the conceits
and ideas with which it abounds, have, to my ear at least, a singularly
familiar sound. In fact, I am half disposed to think our friend Mr, R.
composed it while enjoying a promenade amid the flowers that bloom "in
the gardens of Gul." Nevertheless, I repeat, the article is good — very
good — good enough even to quote from the quoter. (The printer will
please not omit the necessary marks.) " Where color and shape are com-
bined in such perfection, he must waive all pretension to perception, taste,
or refinement of delicacy, who can view a flower with insensibility."
Flowers are nature's artists, as birds are her musicians; and it is as impos-
sible to imitate the rich and varied tints and beauteous forms of the first,
or the true, pure liquid melody of the other, as it is for the pen to write
enough in their praises.

Living in the Country. — My dear Mr. Editor: Take a contract from
Putnam (if you can get one) to supply you an unlimited number of such
papers as the " Sparrowgrass" extract, and up goes your circulation like
a kite. I fancy I see hundreds of counterparts of the amiable " Spar-
rowgrass" pair, laughing as they recognzie its truthfulness and appreciate
its sparkle. It is a truly valuable brochure^ as much on account of the
instruction it imparts as the amusement it aff"ords. For the latter, note
the good-tempered ahandmi of the dialogue, or recall the quaint figure

84 Critique on the October v.uinher.

comparing the young beans to xEneases " shouldering their way into the
world with the old beans upon their backs ;" or, for the former, consider
the general morale of the story, and the calm, philosophical conduct of
Mr. S., upon discovery of his better half's carelessness. Instead of flvins:
oflF in tantrums, he manfully subdues his irritation and does all he can to
make the best of the bargain. And then the suggestion about drawing
aground plan of the garden to plant from, was doubtless new to many who
now will avail themselves of its advantages. Depend upon it, such plea-
santly-contrived lessons are productive of more real benefit than would
be volumes of heavy, wearisome homilies.

Gothic Suburban Villa, from " Homes for the People." — Judging
from this extract, I entirely agree with your able reviewer in commend-
ing the style in which " Homes for the People" is written. It is finished,
graceful and decisive, and, to my ideas, not so susceptible of improvement
as is the design accompanying it. I say, in my estimation, for, '■'■ de r/us-
iihus non est disputandum^'' is a veritable axiom ; and what appears ob-
jectionable in my eyes, may constitute an essential beauty to the taste of
another. What I principally except to, in the design, is the projecting
oriel window above the verandah, and the pagoda-like cupola on top. If
the first were omitted altogether, and the other altered in form, the tout
enserahle of the building would be much improved, Next time let us have
the ground plan, to judge of the constructiou of the interior.

Revieavs. — On reading the review of Mr. Kern's book, I was inclined
to believe your caustic reviewer diverged a little from the straight path
of truth, to disport in the fields of facetiousness. In this I proved wrong.
Upon taking the work from ray shelf and comparing it with the critique,
I had to acknowledge the justice as well as the humor of its strictures.
That frontispiece is hnny, funny is the word for it. But apart from its
illustrations, the book is a good book, and I am glad to find my brother
critic (who, after all, seems a good-tempered sort of fellow,) awards it its
just meed of praise. As I have read but the extract which I noticed above
from Mr. Wheeler's work, I must be content to criticise the critic. I
cannot help admiring the perfect impartiality with which the rod and the
reward, the censure and the praise, are distributed ; but when he talks of
Mr, W.'s opinions tending to the exclusion of Mr. Downing 's eflfocts of
rural adornment, he gets beyond the bounds of probability. Mr. W.'s or
any one else's predilections could no more accomplish that than you

could

" Phick its brii;htnc?s from the sun.
Or with polluted finger tarni--h it."

Thoughts from my Garden Seat. 85

Editorial Miscellany. — As a pioneer of expected future brilliancies,
comes your editorial introduction to the " Miscellany." You have begun
well, sir; persevere, and soon I hope to see the envious undergrowth, that
charlatanism and ignorance have interposed, cleared away, and an unin-
terrupted view of nature's countenance reflected in the mirror of your
Magazine. Make your pen your axe; labor fearlessly and do not falter,
and ere long the consummation of this object will be the precursor to
more substantiul rewards. Your modest assertion of your claim to a lead-
ers station cannot be construed into egotism, when it is remembeied that,
though young, the best part of your life was passed amid the surround-
insfs which awaken the soul and enlarge the mind of the horticulturist.
You, like myself, are a pupil of the great Downing, and your grateful
reference to his memory proves how sensible you are of this good fortune.
As for the Phreton like pretenders who would attempt to guide his char-
iot, there is little danger of their setting either earth or water on fire. So
I advise you to let them quietly subside into the mire of oblivion in which
they are slowly, surely sinking. For fear my garrulity may transcend
the space allotted for my lucubrations, I am constrained to touch but
lightly on the agreeable collation served up at your Editor's Table. Mr.
Durand's plan of sowing lawns seems to me feasible. Mr. D. is a valu-
able acquisition to the " Review." T shall see him often, I trust. Who
but Tom Hood could have written that curiously fanciful letter of Mr.
Frost's. Ilis puns grew as luxuriantly as the " Pkkclus Pcrlginatus'''
he speaks of — one end of which was set at his own door, while the other
went to market of its own accord. The extract from the "Revue Horti-
cole" is well deserving the attention of Florists. And now, with every
hope, and scarce a doubt of your ultimate success, I bid you, for the
present, adieu. Hudson, November, 1855.

TIIDUGHTS KKOM MY GARDPJN SEAT.

MoRNiNG-GLOKiEs I — ouc, two, three, four, five varieties I pale blue,
white, pink, dark purple, glowing crimson, and white flecked with blue
and crimson — airy as the clouds, with a living, transparent brightness ia
their cups, as if they were woven of light and air. Other flowers have
their days, .some their weeks, of gradual development— of mature fullness
— of slow decay ; the morning-glory is new every morning. It has only

86 Thoughts from my Garden Seat.

a few fresh hours, and then closes forever, and instead of a half- withered,
slowly-decaying flower, lo I to-morrow, we have all new ones, sprung as
by one magic touch from the womb of night. Ages ago, the Hebrew
poet said of the fairest and only One, the source and essence of all beauty,
His mercies are new every morning.

These morning-glories, in their unvalued commonness, and yet their
strance, ethereal beauty, are a living emblem of that daily love which
God shows us daily, when we wake from the seeming death of sleep to a
new lease of life — a new present of all its adornments and comforts.

Our garden is a perfect jungle of petunias — that flower so encoura-
ging to the souls of immature gardeners, so hopeful, so hardy, so full of
vanity, so persistent in bloom that no exuberance can possibly exhaust it.
We have taken from the ground a petunia that has been flaunting its
bloseoms all summer, cut it down for our winter window-garden, and seen
it bloom there with new vigor all winter ; and when spring came, go back
into the ground and flower on all summer, without one pause suggestive
of weariness. Ah ! how few among our living friends are there that cor-
respond to petunias.

Verbenas also are an encouraging growth, requiring only sunshine
enough for untiring bloom. People with shaded borders should eschew
them, for thej will not blossom without a plenary fullness of sunlight.
Too much sun and heat they scarce can have, and they lift their heads to
it with an exultant glow ; they are like rich, poetic, artistic natures, which
revel in congenial warmth and culture, but become wilted, bloomless and
stinted, in cold, shaded, ungenial situations. Many persons can no more
be judged of, in such situations, than can the verbenas which some of our
neighbors are fond of planting in shady borders under the drip of over-
arching trees. " I see no beauty about the thing," they say ; " it's a
miserable, yellow, lank-growing vine, without form or comeliness.'' Yet,
friend, give it sunshine, and you will .see what it can do. Some of the
most gorgeous and splendid natures may have, all their lives in this world,
passed for miserable. failures — simply becau.se the sunshine of congeniality
and opportunity never awakened what was in them to bloom ; and there
may in the future life be glorious blossoms on plants which seemed poor
and stunted here.

But, oh, these weeds I What I only a week since garden beds and al-
leys were faithfully cleaned, and now behold I

Yet one word about these weeds. A friend said to us the other day,
Does it not seem a piece of impertinence to seize on a piece of ground

Thoughts from my Garden Seat. 87

and vehemently uproot and destroy everything that nature inclines to
place there, and insist on the growth of something which apparently she
cares very little about ? Who does not see that miginonette, larkspurs
and cypress vines are not nature's pets ? She expresses herself with a far
more hearty energy in burdock, pigweed and smartweed. These are
her thrifty children ; our so-called flowers are her step-sons, penuriously
and grudgingly brought up. What makes one thing a weed and another
a flower ? We have seen growing, in trodden paths by the sand and
dust of the wayside, weeds fairer than some green-house nurslings. The
weed of one country is the cherished exotic of another. Our mullein
flourishes in English gardens under the cognomen of the American vel-
vet plant, and the wild heath of her moors is our green-house nursling.

We have thought sometimes that flowers, could they speak, would com-
plain of this capriciou.s standard of valuation. But the same thing runs
through the living world. There is one Mrs. A. who is broad and fat, a
coarse talker, a loud laugher, a heavy feeder, and there is another Mrs.
A. who is just the same, — but the world calls one of them a flower and
the other a weed. One is the rich Mrs. A. and the other is the poor
Mrs. A., and that makes all the difierence. One is designated as era
hon point — the other as broad and fat. One is insufferably vulgar — the
other is " so peculiar and original ;" in short, one is the garden plant
and the other the roadside weed.

We confess to certain remorseful yearnings in favor of weeds, when we
observe the persistent assiduity with which nature endeavors to give them
a foothold in the world. How is a believer in universal toleration and
freedom of development to reconcile it to his conscience to give pigweed
and purslane no chance ? Pigweed has his jcsthetic merits ; his leaf is
elegant ; in good soil he becometh soon a shapely shrub. Whoso will ex-
amine the pink leaves of a very young pigweed through a microscope, will
find them frosted with a glittering incrustation of the most brilliant beau-
ty. A few sparkles of dew lying cradled in tho.so pink leaves have often
etayed our hand in full process of weeding, and raised the query, Why
should this be only a weed ? About smartweed, now, the question is easily
answered. He has no graces, no fine points; his leaves of a dingy hue
with dull spots — his flower of a dirty pink — his odor coarse and rank : al
declare him to be a weed by nature as well as position.

One of our own ideas of a garden is a certain wild ahandona-i freedom
of growth, similar to what one sees in woods and hedges. Trim gardens,
where every plant is propped and tied, and divided with cxactesfc care,

88 Three New Plums.

have their own beauty, but there is (so at least we hope) beauty also in
dense masses of flowers which grow, and twine, and mingle together as if
nature had planted them. Perforce, such has been the shape of our own
gardening affairs ; our beds are so full that the ground is scarcely to be
seen ; flowers lean over each other — ;vines intertwine, they mat, and run,
and blossom in each other's embrace, as if tbey grew in a meadow. Here
and there a hardy weed, if he have any prepossessing points, is allowed
a niche, unless some amateur young gardener, zealous for etiquette, pulls
him up in our absence. Humming-birds and sparrows come and go among
our flowers, and every day, as we explore the jungle, we find some new de-
velopment.

This humming-bird — child of air and light I winged jewel I ethereal
vision I what shall we say of him ? Suppose some good, clucking hen, as
she scratches in the garden, should deliver to her chicks an opinion of him.
Standing on one leg, with her eye cocked upward, she watches his gyra-
tions as he dips first at the coral tubes of the honeysuckle, and then
dances through beds of petunias and verbenas. " See, my children," she
says, •' what absurd, irrational conduct I Did you ever see me do so ?'
What if I should go flying about, pecking honeysuckle blossoms ? Don't
tell me that a bird can live on such fare as that I Don't it take corn-meal,
potatoes and worms to keep us alive, and can a living be got by figuring
round among roses and jessamines ? What utter neglect of all solid tastes
and pursuits ! If I had the bringing up of that creature, she should
learn to scatch and eat corn-meal as a rational bird should I Don't tell
me about her fine colors — all trumpery I and graceful motions — pah!
what are they good for .' do they dig a single worm, or hatch a single
chicken ?"

Many of the judgments which human beings pass on each other are
about as sensible as this. H. B. S. — Independent.

THREE NEW I'LUMS,

I;Y JAMES SXOWDEN.

1 SEND you specimens of three new Plums of decided distinctive
character, and euiieeiitly worthy to hold rank with the more esteemed
of their class. TLe first that I shall notice is the Fulton, a local variety

Three Neiv Plums.

89

THE FULTON PLUM. found growing in great profusion at Johns-

town, Fulton county, N. Y. I have there-
fore named it the Fulton, as its origin
cannot be traced to the original grower.
It is doubtless an accidental seedling.

The tree grows to an unusual size, and
produces its fruit in astonishing abundance
every season. It also, like most local
sorts, attains a more advanced age than
those of foreign introduction.

The wood is red while in an immature
state ; which, however, becomes brown
with more perfect ripeness. The leaves
are much crumpled, resembling, some-
what, the Lombard. The growth is quite
erect and exceedingly rapid.
Fruit medium size, oval; suture very distinct; skin a bright yellow,
interspersed with rough brown spots of irregular form ; flesh yellotv,
juicy, high flavored, fine for the dessert ; stalk about three-quarters of
an inch in length, thick, and inserted in a moderately deep cavity ;
ripens in October, and frequently remains upon the tree to the 1st of
November. It will prove an invaluable sort on account of its extreme
lateness, aside from its other merits.

THE QUACKENBOSS PLUM. Quackenboss, not a very euphonious

name, to be sure ; but that is a matter
of secondary importance. It originated
at Albany, N. Y., which everybody
knows is celebrated for the perfection
with which its soil invests this fruit.
Quackenboss is the name of the in-
dividual who first presented it to public
notice. Whether this gentleman origi-
nated it, I am unable to state with
certainty. Unlike the plum just des-
I cribed, it is purple. A specimen tree
in my garden is so large as to resemble
at a distance a thrifty apple tree of a
dozen years' growth. It grows rapidly,
and forms a compact head of massive
foliage, much darker in color than any

90 Three New Plums.

plum tree in my collection. This dark green color of the leaves is a
remarkably distinctive feature.

Wood dark brown, and exhibits a deal of pubescence. The growth
is straight and perpendicular. The tree is not subject to exudations of
gum, neither have I been able to discover traces of the black knot
excrescence. The bark on the body is smooth and glossy, the very
picture of high condition.

Fruit of the largest size; oblong oval ; skin deep purple, covered with a
whitish bloom, which at a distance makes the plum appear of a blue color;
suture scarcely apparent, and that only at the lower extremity; stalk
short, crooked, thin, and set in a slightly depressed cavity; flesh greenish
yellow, sprightly, juicy, a little coarse-grained, sweet and excellent,
adheres slightly to the stone ; October ; a valuable late market plum.

Guthrie's apricot. This is an European variety, and

much esteemed by the originator. It
has borne fruit with me for the three
past seasons, and quite equals its foreign
reputation.

The tree is a rapid, strong grower^
with large foliage and a healthy appear-
ance. Wood dark and smooth ; buds
large, with a projecting shoulder ; forms
la low-top tree, with a symmetrical
[head.

Fruit large ; irregular oval ; suture
deep and expressive ; skin golden yel-
low, covered with a profuse white bloom ;
flesh yellow, coarse grain, rich and su-
gary, adheres to the stone ; stalk three-
quartei-s of an inch long aiid depends from the tree at a slight angle, and
is planted in a deep basin ; season September.

Correction. — The Marten's Seedling Plum, which I described in the
October number, is a free stone, which I have since ascertained. My
impressions, when Avriting the description, were derived from the previous
season's investigation, and were consequently imperfect on that point.

American Forest Trees. 91

AMERICAN FOREST TREES.

BY D. W. RAY.

A GLANCE at the Forest Trees of America may not be uninteresting to
the readers of the Horticultural Meview. America undoubtedly produces
the most lofty and truly magnificent trees of any portion of the globe.
American forest scenery strikes the European visitor upon his arrival in
this country with wonder, to see the vast extent of territory covered with
natural forests, untouched by the hand of man, in their primeval wild-
ness and solitude. The European is familiar with only such forests as
are artificial in the main, or at best, only those kept as parks by the
wealthy few. Our forests excel in variety and extent. The writer, in
conversation a few years since with G. P. R. James, the celebrated Eng-
lish novelist, heard an eulogy passed upon American forests which he
will not soon forget. He (James) said the average growth of European
trees was 30 feet in height, while our forest trees average over 40 feet,
and often grow 100 to 250. We have 70 varieties which attain the al-
titude of GO to 100 feet. A comparison of American and French trees
shows that there are in France only 37 varieties which attain a height
of over 30 feet. Prior to the settlement of this country, at Jamestown,
Va., the whole Atlantic coast, from the St. Lawrence to Florida, was an
almost unbroken wilderness, extending back to the Mississippi, presenting
the most extensive forests in the world. This portion of the globe seems
to have been peculiarly designed by Providence to produce not only all
kinds of fore;^ trees, but fruits and liowers in the same abundance. Our
American woods comprise over 140 species of trees, more than half of
which rise to an elevation of 60 feet. Among those most distinguished
are the American Cyprus (Cupressus Distichum); the Walnuts or Hick-
ories [Iiiglans Regia); the Tulip tree [TuUpifera Leriodendron); the
Locust [Rohinia); numerous and magnificent Pines, Oaks, Ashes, the
Coflfee tree [Gymnoclades Canadmsis); Magnolia, Sycamore or Plane
tree. Loblolly Boy [Gardenia)^ and innumerable other remarkable kinds.
Only in the United States the most magnificent and the more useful and
valuable forest trees are presented. The North American Flora here in-
deed affords her most elegant features, and an infinite variety of valuable
shrubs and trees.

The first of the American forest trees which we shall notice specially

92 Italian Villa.

is the White Oak [Quercus Alba). " The Oak, in point of usefulness to
man," says Loudon, " can only be equaled by the Pine and Fir tribe.
The latter may be considered the domestic, and the former the defensive
trees of civilized society," The Oak is useful not only for constructing
machinery, but for ship building. The White and the Live Oak found
in Florida are not equaled. The white is indigenous to North America,
and found in no other part of the world. This is the only American Oak
that retains some of its withered leaves until spring. The acorns
are large, oval and sweet. The bark of this tree is used for medicinal
purposes. It is found more abundantly in the Northern and Middle
States, and grows from 70 to 100 feet high. Some specimens are said
to have been found west of the Rocky Mountains 150 feet in height. We
also find in this distant region a range of forest extending along the base
of the mountains, 100 miles from the Pacific and several hundred in ex-
tent, abounding with the most magnificent trees in the world, among
which are many gigantic Pines. Some there are whose tops are 250
and 300 feet from the ground. This is a new Botanical region open for
research and scientific discovery. Very many of our new Pines and
Spruces have been introduced lately from west of these latitudes, discov-
ered in California and Oregon ; the most noted of which are the Menzies
and Douglass' Spruce.

The other varieties of Oaks found in this country are the Live Oak in
East Florida {Quercus Virentes); the Scarlet Oak (Quoxus Coccinea)
is common in the Southern and Middle States, rising to the height of 80
feet ; the Red Oak (Q. Rubra) of the more Northern States ; the Black
Oak {Q. Nigra), one of the loftiest of our forest trees, which attains the
height of 90 feet, is common to most of our States and aftbrd^the valu-
:able quicitron ; the Swamp Oak (Q. Falustris); Black Jack {Q.Fer-
ruginea); the Marsh or Water Oak [Q. Aquatica); the Laurel Oak {Q.
Laurifolia) These varieties comprise nearly all the largest growing kinds
indigenous to this country. Europe presents a larger number of this spe-
cies of tree, but none that attain the majestic size of our native Oaks.

ITALIAN VILLA.

Italian architecture certainly presents, to the rural improver, most
agreeable forms and gublime effects for suburban habitations. This

Italian Villa.

93

ITALIAN YJLLA.— {Front Elevation.)

1^=^

a

"~i|

UIBRARY

15 X II

f

fiJbdff

ffUn^

1

CRAWIN G-

R.

21 X 15

1

ii _ a

■?

_Ji

PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.

94 Italia7i Villa.

style, in its various peculiarities, is strikingly distinct, as well as exceed-
ingly simple in detail. The singularity of roof which characterizes
Italian architecture is a feature to which it owes much of its beauty.
The form is horizontal, and is generally extended over considerable
surface, although not a positive requirement. It is replete with bold
and picturesque projections, remarkably expressive. Another advantage
offered by the Italian style is its comprehension of rectilinear forms for
the more important details, while at the same time it does not exclude
curvilinear shapes for minor embellishments of cornices, <fcc. No other
order furnishes so great an amount of beauty in elevation, without dis-
paraging convenience of accommodation. The Italians are a luxurious
people, in a double sense ; to enjoy an agreeable object, with them it
must be beautiful for thy eye to linger upon, without sacrificing that
other attribute to pleasuie — utility. The architecture of their homes and
public palaces is an apt exemplitication of their skill in blending the
utile et dulcc.

The towering campanile, standing boldly out from the main structure,
diminishes the monotony caused by regular rows of equal-sized windows.
The veranda finds among its acute projections a snug quarter to locate,
as also the oriel and railed balcony window. In the hands of the super-
ficially informed architect, consequent incongruities do not display the
error committed in such a ludicrous and offensive manner as the Gothic
and other purer styles. There are certain peculiarities, however, which
require a somewhat strict observance when profound expression is desired.
Thus, the material used for the roof, and its construction, are important.
A plain shingled roof, or the ordinary earthen tile, or even slates, would
be sadly out of place in the Italian villa. In this country, tin would be
the most ornamental material, as its pliability permits of its being secured
to an uneven surface, which is essential. This abruptness may be pro-
duced by fastening three-inch joists to the roof planking, at regular
intervals of eighteen inches or two feet (according to the size of the
building). Of course the joists are laid parallel with the angle of the
roof. The tin is subsequently fastened over all. {Vide Engraving.)
Another peculiarity, which demands attention when the building material
is of stone, is to avoid walls which present a smooth surface. The stone
should be either what is termed stalactited or vermiculated, two methods
of forming an uneven surfjice. The tower, in perfect specimens, is
imperative, as are also balcony windows and artistically grouped chimney
stacks. Cornices under window sills are indispensable. In Tuscany,

Italian Villa. 95

bell turrets arc frequently seen appended to ordinary farm bouses. In
many instances they are formed by carrying up the gable wall beyond
the roof. In large villas, the principal entrance doorway is protected by
a portico of sufficient size to admit the ingress and egress of a carriage;
but this is a feature that can well be dispensed with, as it is neither
elegant nor useful, and is rendered gloomy for the v.ant of sunshine. As
this style is particularly addressed to refined and cultivated tastes, its
greatest and most beautiful expression can only be attained by those
skilled in the composition of ornate and artistic effects. At the same
time, those of a lower order of talent need not hesitate to attempt its
elaboration. One very obliging characteristic of Italian architecture is,
that additions may be erected at any subsequent period, without in the
least marring the harmony of the composition as a whole. Mr. Lamb,
an English architect, remarks, in his work on Rural Architecture : "If
■we were to look out for a young architect to design an edifice in the
Italian style, we should first show him a landscape and ask him to
analyze it, and next we should show him a view of an Italian building
and ask him to point out the causes of beauty." The Italian villa of
which we give the front elevation, possesses the prevailing features of
this style, excepting the campanile. In designing this plan, the object
sought was to give as much architectural beauty as a moderate cost
would permit. Several efl:ects, to increase picturesque expression, can
be added if required ; but for persons of limited means it will be suffici-
ently expensive, and ornamental enough to satisfy most tastes, except
the hyper-fastidious. The estimate of cost is about $2500, using wood or
brick material ; stone would increase the expense about $2000.

Accommodation. — Entering the principal door by the way of a porch,
we arrive in a vestibule G >< G ; this is succeeded by a spacious hall des-
cribing an ellipse, the light being admitted from above. On the right
hand is a large drawing-room, 18 >< 21 feet; connecting with this room
is a bay window, and a small boudoir — which has a counterpart on the
opposite side of the vestibule, which would be appropriate as affording
protection for hats and external apparel. The room in the rear of the
drawing-room would answer well for a library or study; it is l\x\5
feet. Again, on the left side the hall, we have that indispensable apart-
ment, the dining room, 12 « 15 feet, of ample dimensions for the purpose.
This is in easy communication with the kitchen, which is also 12 x 15
feet, and has the usual appendage of a closet. Adjoining the kitchen is
a small hall, provided with a staircase communicating with the floor

96

Miller Apple.

above ; there is also an entrance to the main hall and stairway. Directly
to the right of the rear hall is a small chamber, 8 m 8 feet, which would
be commodious for the occupancy of a female domestic. Reference to
the Plan will disclose the fact that we have not forgotten those cozy and
useful closets, so much desired by the tidy housewife for such a variety
of purposes.

Ascending the stairs, we arrive at the sleeping apartments, which are
quite numerous and conveniently arranged. The principal bed-room is

PLAN OF CHAMBER FLOOR.
18x21 feet. There are, beside this, five other bed-rooms — 13x12
6x1 2, 11x15, 8x9, and C x 12 ; also a buttery closet, dressing-room
and appropriate oflBces.

The first story is intended to be 13 feet high and the chamber floor
10 feet. The kitchen and library, being an attachment to the main
building, have necessarily lower ceilings. Interior decoration will of
course be governed by the amount of taste possessed by the builder
and the means of the proprietor. In succeeding numbers we shall
present Elevations of this style, with other exterior embellishments, as
tower, oriel window, etc.

Miller Apple.

97

MILLER APPLE.

We have received from James A. Miller, Jr., of Montgomery, Orange
Co., specimens of a new variety of Apple ; such we presume it is, for,
having compared it with numerous and various^kinds, of which we have
perfect fac simile figures, we are forced to the conclusion that it is dis-
tinct, and new to the horticultural world. Although averse to sanction

MILLER APPLE,
the admission of any new fruit into the already surcharged lists, we think
the one before us at least worthy of trial in other localities. Its season
of maturation is at a period when the superior summer varieties are gone,
and autumn sorts of merit are not yet sufficiently ripe to pluck. In size
and shape the Miller apple approaches the Rhode Island Greening; its
flesh is fine and juicy, and of excellent flavor. We append an extract
from our correspondent's letter, in which its history and other important
facts are detailed :

The history of this Apple is very brief. My grandfather, when he
erected the homestead, set out an orchard of the choicest fruit. A few
of these trees met with casualties, and others early began to decay. From
time to time as these vacancies occurred, they were filled with other
trees. Sometimes they were purchased from the nursery, and at other
times seedlings were taken from the garden. My grandmother had a
habit, and a very good one, too, I think, of planting in the garden the

98 Chitiese Yam.

plumpest seeds of the finest varieties of Apples she might become pos-
sessed of, of which the Spitzenburgh and Swaar were and still are her
favorites. From these trees the vacancies (when not replaced by grafted
fruit) w^ere filled. The tree from which these specimens were taken stands
upon the bank of a muckish pond which gets some of the wash of the
yard ; it has borne ten or twelve years, and 1 have never known a season
when it did not bear a fair crop of fruit for the size of the tree. The
apples always hang singly and are very evenly distributed over the tree.
The fruit ripens gradually during the months of September and October,
and may be preserved till late in the fall, and can be used, here and there
one, by the middle of August. Its flesh is rather yellow^, firm and spicy,
rich flavor, excellent for cooking, and I think, when fully ripe, for eating,
la size they are rather above the medium, round, very smooth, and al-
ways fair. The stalk short and moderately stout, inserted in a rather deep
hollow. The color is a yellow ground, finely washed and streaked with
a bright and sometimes a dull red, and on almost every specimen one or
more deep green sjjots in the midst of red. You will see that some of the
specimens sent are quite green yet, and I picked off" some as ripe as the
ripest a month ago. In this respect I consider the , apple a decided
curiosity.

The peculiarity of this variety, in offering for so long a period both ripe
and green fruit, makes it anamolous to its class, and would alone be suf-
ficient evidence to stamp it as entirely distinct from any other kind. Our
impression from the specimens sent us is quite favorable, and we do not
hesitate to recommend it to amateurs for further trial. A season or two
hence will better determine its value for general cultivation — Ed.

CHINESE YAM— {Dioscorea Batatas.)

This esculent is at present attracting considerable attention. M, de
MoNTiGNr, the French consul at Shanghae, first introduced it into
France when the potato disease created so much fearful anxiety.
Like all new and recently discovered vegetables, this novelty has been
much over estimated. M. de Monttgny's description would almost
induce us to abandon the Irish potato and seek its successor in this
tropical root. M. de Montigny is doubtless a speculator and a votary
of monstrosities, for pecuniary emolument. Professor Decaisxe sup-
ports M. de Montigny in his statements; and, between the two, Mr.
John Henderson, late a London nurseryman, has been induced to
devote his eff'orts to the cultivation of the Chinese Yam in England. If

Chinese Yam. 99

•we may credit tlie statement be lias given to the public in a voluminous
pampblet, be bas succeeded in its cultivation ; but otber parties, dis-
interested, make quite a diflereut report, asseverating tbat tbe mucb-
lauded substitute for tbe potato will not form tubers in open cultivation,
and moreover scarce gives evidence of its presence above tbe soil. In
some instances it bas attained a growtb of ten or twelve incbes and tben
decayed. In EngL^nd, it will in all probabilitv bo consigned to tbe
greenbouse, Mr. Joiix Henderson's assertions to tbe contrary notwitb-

standing.

We are informed it bas been introduced into tbis country by an
enterprising nurseryman, wbo is at present experimenting witb it ia
order to determine its value in our more propitious climate. Of course,
a single season's experience is insufficient to form a definite conclusion
as to its merits. We bave seen tbe Chinese Yam growing in its native
localities ; its cultivation tbere is of tbe most simple character. It is an
enormous yielder, and forms tbe leading article of food among tbe poorer
class wbere it is indigenous. Tbe natives boil and peel, after wbicb it is
in a fit state for tbe table. During our sojourn in tbe tropics, we dis-
covered a better method than the ordinary manner of cooking : subsequent
to being boiled, we bad them grated finely, and then kneaded like bread,
seasoning with pepper, salt and butter, after which we put the consistent
mass into a shallow baking pan, wbicb was placed in a hot oven and
tbere let remain unil a tempting brown crust gave external indication
tbat tbe product of our cuisine skill was in condition for eating. Pre-
pared after tbis fashion, it became very respectable food ; but with,
simple boiling, without tbe addition of condiments, it is quite unsatis-
factory, being perfectly tasteless — indeed, we were unable to discover tbe
least peculiarity of flavor. We should imagine tbat for dyspeptics it
would prove invaluable, as it is a light food and of easy digestion, like
most products of tbe tropical latitudes, where stomachs are not arranged
to bold conflict witb " Welsh rabbits."

We consider tbe Yam eminently wortby of trial in tbis country, and
would advise cultivators to experiment perseveringly. By this means,
new features may be disclosed wbicb at present are not transparent.
We give Mr. John Henderson's opinion, wbicb tbe reader will discover
is highly favorable :

I. Tbat, in point of flavor and nutritive properties, it is equal to tbe
potato, and, in the opinion of Professor Decaisne, superior.

II. That tbe quantity yielded is greater than that of tbe potato, whilst
its freedom from disease renders tbe crop more certain.

100 Chinese Yam.

in. That it will grow upon sandy, and generally considered barren
soils, and thus affords an excellent means of turning waste land to a
useful purpose as well as to profit.

IV. That it can be propagated with the greatest facility, as will be
seen by the remarks on cultivation,

V. That it may remain in the ground several years without degene-
rating, but, on the contrary, each year it increases in size, weight and
nutriment.

VI. That, when harvested, it may be preserved in cellars or sheds,
without vegetating, for many months after the potato has become useless
for food.

When these things are considered, it cannot be doubted but that this
esculent must ere long come into general use, and obtain that considera-
tion, at the hands of all, which its intrinsic merits so imperatively demand.
Among those who are pre-eminent in the attention paid to this plant is
the learned Professor Decaisne, whose report is full in itself, and con-
clusively important in its results.

CuLTivATiox. — M. de Montigny informs us that "the Chinese put
aside all the smallest roots at the taking up, and place them in pits or
trenches, covering them well with straw, over which they afterwards
spread a coating of earth. In the spring they are taken out, and laid
horizontally in beds of prepared mould, where they soon germinate, and
produce long trailing stems. As soon as they have attained about six
feet in length (which is generally in a month or six weeks' time), they
are taken up, to be replanted and layered. The manner in which this
part of the operation is performed is as follows : the ground having been
prepared and thrown into ridges, either by means of the plow or spade,
a slight furrow is made on the lop of each ridge with a rake or hoe, and
the plant laid in it lengthwise, and the whole of it, except the leaves, is
covered lightly with earth, care being that they (the leaves) are left ex-
posed : if it rains the same day, they take immediately ; but should it be
dry weather, it is necessary to water them till they begin to grow. At
the end of fifteen or twenty days they will produce tubers, and at the
same time throw out long trailing stems, which ought to be examined
from time to time, to prevent their taking root, and so producing another
set of tubers, which latter would injure the full growth of the first or
main crop."

This statement is nearly correct, as applied to the native haunts of the
Yam, but most certainly not appropriate to the climate of England. A
writer in the Gardcncr^s Chronicle says :

I fear this will prove one of the most complete horticultural fiams
we have had for a long time. In common, I suspect, with some
hundreds of your readers, I purchased some tubers in February last
and planted them in pots, placing the pots in bottom heat in a forcing
house. The shoots were a long time before they made their appear-
ance above ground, seeming to require much heat; however, in May

Chinese Yam.

101

CHINESE YAM.

102 A Peep into a Salad Bowl.

they progressed lapidly, so that by the 16th of June each plant had
formed a tuber about as large as a nutmeg. On that day, after
hardening them off, I planted them out, having first prepared a
ridge on a southeastern slope, the soil being a very light sand ; this I
stirred to two feet in depth, mixing' with it a good quantity of rotten
manure. I placed no glasses over them, considering that if it is really to
prove a hardy esculent fit for general culture, such e.xtreme care should
not be required. And now for my success ! By the 30th of June they
were much less than when planted out; the heavy rains in July gave
them a " heavy blow and great discouragement," and at this moment only
two out of six are alive, and they have shoots perhaps 6 inches long.

In the extreme south of France, and in Spain, with careful culture, it
may succeed, but with our cloudy skies and equable temi)erature, I fear it
will not even reward the amateur gardener, who looks only for small re-
turns after much labor. As an article of general culture it never can be
of the slightest utility, and it is really a pity that so much was done in
the puffing way with it. A very clever French gardener has made a for-
tune by it; and when he was with me a short time since 1 showed him
my plants, telling him at the same time that I was aware it had filled his
pocket, but that I thougtit it would never fill our stomachs. His saga-
cious grin and shrug were things worth looking at.

The flesh is white and very mealy, not equal in flavor to the potato.
The plant has a rambling stem which reaches the height of five and six.
feet, the leaves heart-shaped, the flowers very small, dicecious, of a yel-
lowish color, and produced from the axles of the leaves. It is a perennial,
and can therefore remain in the ground several years, the tubers increas-
ing iu size with advancing age. We have seen them two feet long. In
this latitude they will doubtless require some winter protection.

A PEEl' INTO A SALAD BOWL.

"Mv dear, learned friend," said the doctor, "a bowl of lettuce is the
Venus of the dinner-table I It rises upon the sight cool, moist and beau-
tiful, like that very imprudent lady coming out of the water, sir! And^
to complete the image, sir, neither should be dressed too much I"

When Doctor Bushwhacker had issued this observation, he drew him-
self up in a very portly manner, as if he felt called upon to defend him-
self as well as his image. Then, after a short pause, he broke — silence.

" Lactuca, or lettuce, is one of the most common vegetables in the
world ; it has been known, sir, fi«m time immemorial ; it was as common,

A Peep into a Salad Bowl. 103

sir, on the tables of the ancients as it is now, and was eaten in the same
way, sir, dressed with oil and vinegar. We get, sir, from Atheneus some
idea of the condiments used ; not all of these contributed to make a salad ;
but it shows they had the materials :

• Dried grapes, ami salt, and eke new wine
Newly boiled down, and assafcetida. (pah !)
And cheese, and thj'me, and sesame, (open sesame.)
And nitre, too. and cummin-seed.
And sumach, honey, and marjorum.
And herbs, and vinegar, and oil.
And sauce of onions, mustard and capers mixed.
And parsley, capers too, and eggs.
And lime, and cardamoms, and th' acid juice
Which comes from the green fig-tree ; besides lard,
And eggs and honey, and flour ^Tapped in fig-leaves,
And all compounded in one savory force-meat.'
"They had pepper, too. Opheliau says :

' Pepper from Libya take, and frankincense.'
So, sir, if you had dmed with Alcibiades, no doubt he would have dressed
a salad for you with Samian oil, and Sphettian vinegar, sir, pepper from
Libya, and salt from — ah — hem — "
" Attica, Doctor."

" Attica, my learned friend ; thank you. Now, sir, there was one thing
the ancients did with lettuce which we do not do. They boiled it, sir,
and served it up like asparagus ; so, too, did they with cucumbers — a cou-
ple of indigestible dishes they were, no doubt. Lettuce, my dear friend,
should have a quick growth, in the first place, to be good ; it should have
a rich mould, sir, that it may spring up quickly, so as to be tender and
crisp. Then, sir, it should be new-plucked, carried from the garden a few
minutes before it is placed upon the table. I would suggest a parasol,
sir, to keep the leaves cool until it reaches the shadow of within-doors.
Then, sir, it must be washed — mind you, ice water I Then place it upon
the table — what Corinthian ornament more perfect and symmetrical ?
Now, sir, comes the important part, the dressing. 'To dress a salad,'
says the learned Petrus Petroniiis, ' you must have a prodigal to furnish
the oil, a counsellor to dispense the salt, a miser to dole out the vinegar,
and a madman to stir it !' Commit that to memory, my learned friend I"
" It is down, Doctor." ( Tablets.)

'• Let me show you," continued Dr. Bushwhacker, "how to dress a
salad. Take a small spoonful of salt, thus : thrice the quantity of mus-
tard— 'Durham' — thus : incorporate : pour a slender stream of oil from

104 A Peep into a Salad Bowl.

the cruet, so ; gently mix and increase the action by degrees" (head of
hair in commotion, and face brilliant in color) ; " dear me I it is very
warm — now, sir, oil in abundance, so ; a dash of vinegar, very light, like
the last touches of the artist, and, sir, we have the dressing. Now, take
uf) the lettuce by the stalk 1 Break off" the leaves — leaf by leaf— 'shake
oflf the water, replace in the salad-bowl, pepper it slightly, pour on the
dressing, and there you have it, sir."
" Doctor, is that orthodox ?"

" Sir," replied Dr. Bushwhacker, holdiug the boxwood spoon in one
hand and the boxwood fork in the other, " the eyes of thirty centuries
are looking down upon me. I know that Frenchmen will sprinkle the
lettuce with oil until it is thoroughly saturated ; then, sir, a little pepper;
then, sir, salt or not, as it happens ; then, sir, vinaigre by the drop — all
very well. Our people, sir, in the State of New Jersey, will dress it with
salt, vinegar and pepper — perfectly barbarous, my learned friend — then
comes the elaborate Englishman ; and our Pennsylvania friend, the Rev-
erend Sydney Smith, sir, gives us a recipe in verse, that shows how they
do it there, and at the same time exhibits the deplorable ignorance of
that very people. T quote from memory, sir :

" ' Two large potatoes, passed through kitchen sieve.

Smoothness and softness to the salad give ;

Of mordant mustard add a single spoon.

Distrust the condiment that bites too soon,

But deem it not. lady of herbs, a fault

To add a double quantity of salt :

Four times the spoon with oil of Lucca crown,

And twice with vinegar procured from town :

True flavor needs it, and your poet begs

The pounded yellow of two well-boiled eggs ;

Let onion atoms lurk within the bowl,

And, scarce suspected, animate the whole ;

Then, lastly, in the flavored compound toss

One magic spoonful of anchovy sauce.

O, great and glorious ! 0, herbaceous treat !

•Twould tempt the dying anchorite to eat ;

Back to the world he'd turn his weary soul,

And plunge his fingers in the salad bowl I '

" Now, sir, I have tried that, and a compound more execrable is not to
be thought of. No, sir I Take some of my salad, and see if you do not
dream afterwards of the Greek mythology I" — Wine Press.

A Flourishing Agricultural Society. 105

A FLOURISHING AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Our special correspondent, D. W. Ray, Esq., is at present making a
tour of the Western Slates. lie sends us the following really gratifying
report of the Kentucky Agricultural Society, derived from a participation
in their recent exhibition, held at Lexington, Sept. 11, 1855,

This is a General Association of Southwestern Fruit Growers, Stock
Importers, and Planters generally. The officers of this Society are not
limited to Kentucky alone, but comprise gentlemen, without i-egard to
locality, who are interested in Agricultural, Horticultural, and Mechani-
cal Improvement, and the advancement of all kindred sciences. I notice
on the books of the Society the names of some judges from New-York,
among which are Lewis F. Allen, of Black Rock, Samuel Tiiorne and
L. G. Morris, of New- York. Through the kindness of Col. Sanders,
and Mr. Robert Allen, of the Board of Directors, I was appointed one
of the committee on fruits and flowers. I was also indebted to the kind-
ness and politeness of the President, Mr. Gratz, both for attention and
information ; at his suggestion I became an invited guest. The locality
chosen for this exhibition was one of the most delightful places the eye
ever rested upon. It was situated upon one of the many turnpike roads
leading out of Lexington, upon a gentle eminence commanding a fine
view of the city. It seems as if the God of Nature had designed this spot
as a fitting place for an Agricultural exhibition. The grounds of the
Society comprise fifty acres of fine rolling land, interspersed at intervals
with many of Kentucky's noblest forest trees, among which I noticed the
stately sycamore or plane tree, black walnut and buckeye. The am-
phitheatre was erected by the Association at an expense of over fourteen
thousand dollars. The grounds cost two hundred dollars per acre. Since
the purchase, the Society have constructed a handsome cottage in the
Gothic style upon the ground, at a cost of four thousand dollars. Thus,
over thirty thousand dollars have been expended in permanent fixtures.
I unhesitatingly pronounce their amphitheatre — for the accommodation
of the public, for editors, invited guests, and judges — to be one of the
finest in the world. The vast amphitheatre, filled with from 15 to
20,00.0 people, all interested in the exhibition, reminded one of the
gladiatorial shows of Ancient Rome ; and I doubt if Rome in her
palmiest days ever witnessed a brighter spectacle of gallant youths or
beauteous maidens. Other States might take a lesson from the arrange-

10Q A Flourishing Agricultural Society.

lueiit and management of this Association, especially New York. It Avould
be for the interest of the N. Y, Society to fix upon some central position,
&av Syracuse; there build an amphitheatre capable of containing 50,000
people, sheltered from sun and rain, where ladies could sit in comfortable
and permanent seats, and not be obliged to tiamp about in the sun,
heat and dust, as they are at present compelled to do. This Society has
no endowed fund ; the money has been all raised by sale of life member-
ships, voluntary subscriptions and receipts at Fairs. The receipts, I am
told, are about ten thousand dollars annually. The people of this place
have made a proposition to have the next American Pomological Con-
i;Tess here, offering the use of the grounds and fixtures, and agreeing to
subscribe ten thousand dollars, to be paid to the Society, to further the
objects for which it was formed. ^Vhether they will accept this ofier
remains to be seen. The exhibition, the first day of the Fair, was fruits,
flowers, vegetables and products of the dairy. The exhibition of fruits
was fine — such as were shown, though the varieties were not numerous.
Of Apples, there were some thirty varieties exhibited, neaily all of which
were large and fine; among the varieties were Baldwin, Prior's Red,
Bellflower, Rawle's Jauette (by the way, said to be the best winter Apple
of Kentucky), Gloria Mundi, Swaar, Roxbury Russet, Lady Apple,
Maiden's Blush, &c. The display of Pears was fine indeed ; such Seckels,
Bartletts, "White Doyennes and Flemish Beauties I never saw before-.
The show of Peaches was also fine ; among which I saw a variety called
Tampico Seedling, raised from seed of the Tampico Peach, which
promises to be a fine sort. The show of Native Grapes was good — of
Foreign varieties poor, only two kinds being exhibited. The varieties of
Native Grapes were, Isabella, Catawba, Clinton, Alexander, Ohio, Elsing-
burg, Le Noir, Cape, Diana, and a new seedling from Catawba, called
Mammoth Catawba, which promises to be one of our finest Native
Grapes. It is similar to the Diana in flavor, color like the Catawba,
perfectly hardy in its habit, very productive, and the size of the berry as
laro-e as the Black Hamburgh ; bunch shouldered, not very compact
but quite long. This variety was originated by Mr. Wii'hers, an enter-
prising nurseryman near Danville, Kentucky. The show of Flowers, I
regret to say, was small indeed, only two bouquets being exhibited.
This speaks rather disjiaragingly of the Kentucky ladies for refinement
of taste, manifested in the cultivation of flowers; yet the ladies exhibited
some splendid specimens of embroidery, which attracted a large share of
attention.

A Flourishing Agricultural Society. 107

The second day of the Fair was devoted to the exhibition of Cattle
and Uorses, There are three importing companies in Kentucky, who
import the finest English blooded stock. The largest importer is Mr.
K. A. Alexander, an English gentleman of abundant means and leisure
who has done more to improve the stock of cattle in Kentucky than any
other man. His importations of cattle this season were thirty-five head
of Short-horns, Alderneys and Ayrshires ; this lot cost, on an average,
about eight hundred dollars each. He has imported one single animal
at a cost of over five thousand dollars. Mr. Alexander's importations
are from the herds of Messrs. Ambler, Faxkes, Boldex, and other
eminent breeders. We also noticed a fine animal exhibited bv the
Messrs. Allex, called Senator, a milk-white bull, imported when one
year old, at a cost of two thousand dullars. This animal was from Mr.
Ambler's herd.

The third day of the Fair was devoted to the exhibition of Horses,
mostly blooded stock, for the saddle, buggy and race-course. This was
the day the ladies were most numerous in attendance ; as Kentucky
ladies are proverbially fond of fine horses, they were very much interested
in the competition for premiums. Among the breeders of fine horses
Dr. Warfield of Lexington has the credit of raising the speediest ever
produced in this country ; Dr. Wakfield is the father-in-law of Cassius
M. Clay, who also exhibited some fine stock. Dr. Warfield entered
»nd received a premium on Alice Carneal, mother of Lexington, that
won the twenty thousand dollar race with Lecompte, at the Metaire
Course, New Orleans. The exhibition of Colts was fine ; amono- which
we noticed some of the Morgan breed, whicli has been lately introduced
from Vermont. The editorial fraternity was well represented : I saw
and was introduced to eight editors, among whom I am happy to notice
H. P. BvRAM, editor Horticultural Department of Louisville Journal,
and Mr. Browx, editor Ohio Farmer — a valuable journal, by the way.
Among the invited guests, I had the honor to be introduced to Mr. F.
R, Elliot, of Cleveland, author of " North American Fruit Book,"
ex-Governor Crittexdex, Hon. Cassius M. Clay, Hon. John C. Brecik-
bridge, and ex-M. C. Colonel Thomas Stevexsox, the editor of the first
agricultural journal ever published in Kentucky, called the Kentucky
Farmer. There is at this time more interest taken in regard to horti-
cultural matters than ever before. Your journal will soon receive
abundant support. Growers here are now all getting fine fruit trees for
cultivation, but neglect shrubbery and flowers. People, too, are just

108 The Compost -Yard.

beginning to build their homes with more artistic taste : Gothic houses
are being reared on every side. There seems to be a disposition for
improvement throughout the State ; and I leave it with an exalted idea
of Kentucky hospitality and politeness, and a thorough appreciation of
their taste and ability, as displayed in terra-cultural science.

THE COMPOST- YARD.

It is impossible to carry out good gardening without composts or fresh
soils. It signifies little whether the gardens be one acre or fifty, whether
they contain one plant-house or a dozen ; a compost-yard becomes a
necessary adjunct, and deserves the title, although it may contain only
two or three kinds in as many cartloads. Ladies and gentlemen who are
unacquainted with the practical details of gardening, are apt to wonder
why so much fuss should be made about soils ; but their wonder would
cease could they, for only a couple of years, go through the routine of
practical gardening and plant culture. Could what gardeners term the
pottiiig-board tell tales, it would reveal many a secret which might astonish
those who have not dabbled in composts, manures, drainages, &c.

And this is not all mere empiricism ; tlie first gardeners in the land,
from Sir. J Paxton downwards, will bear us out in the absolute necessity
that exists for a potting-bench ; the latter, of course, of little use without
the compost-yard. We think it was Rousseau, or some witty Frenchman,
who said that a knave and a fool weic made for each other ; and truly the
same may be said of the potting-shed and the compost-yard.

But the very kitchen garden and the flower garden have their demands
on this useful, out-of-the-way place, and we must proceed to show forth a
simplified course of practice in regard of soils. What gardeners term
loam is the first in the list of necessary materials. To describe what a
good loam is, in the eye of the gardener, is a most diSicult affair ; good
gardeners in this matter are mere rule-of-thumb men ; color is not a par-
amount object — it is more a matter of texture ; and we know gardener^
who could tell a good loam blindfolded, so that the finger and thumb would
appear to be pretty good judges in these matters.

To those amateurs, ladies or g' ntlemen, who, not having experience in
gardening affairs, yet desire to acquire such, we would particularly address
ourselves, as to this material called " loam." K\\ Icams are simply soils

The Compost- rani. 109

composed in the maia of sand and clay in various stages ; their degree of
cohesion at once points to the perceutagc of the clayey principle — their
want of fixity or amount of incoherence pointing alike to the predominance
of the sandy principle. Therefore, between the two antipodes, sand and
clay, there arc innumerable grades.

l>ut, to be off-hand in the matter, let us assume three points in judging
a loam. First, a good loam should be almost or quite homogeneous in
color ; it should be rather adhesive — even when half dry ; it should, if
possible, contain much organic matter, or, in other words, the remains of
bygone vegetation — the roots of grasses, herbs, or even plants of half
shrubbery character. As to color, it may be almost yellow, or it may be
a dull hazel ; these things, although they possess their respective meanings,
are but of secondary import. What we want of loam, in the main, is the
quality of adhesiveness or coherence ; without which, composts, whatever
qualities they may possess in a manurial sense, do not " wear" — to use a
technical phrase.

The next soil in pomt of importance in the compost-yard is peat, as it
is commonly called ; but, as this term is used with so much laxity, we
must offer a few passing remarks. It is a common practice amongst
gardeners to talk about bog soil, peat and heath soil, as though they were
the same material, or it were immaterial which formed part of the composts ;
but they are widely different. Heath soil is that dark soil containing
much sand — generally one-third its bulk — which is found on upland moor
soils, and covered with the common heath or heather. Bog or peat is
that dark, fatty material which is dug out of morasses ; such, indeed, as is
dried and sold for fuel in many parts of the kingdom, and containing but
little sand. This, in a raw state, fresh dug, is said to contain a supera-
bundance of humic acid, which is prejudicial in the culture of plants ; it
therefore requires to lay some time in the compost-yard, and to be turned
occasionally. It is not, however, the proportion of sand they contain
which distinguishes them ; they are very different as to the mechanical
textures ; although in both the fibrous portion is simply vegetable matter
in various stages of decay. The fibrous portion of the heath soil is, in the
main, woody fibre, giving a strong and enduring texture to the compost ;
that of the peaty soil is chiefly derived from annual or herbaceous vegeta-
bles, and is, of course, quicker in action and more liable to perish. Sandy
heath soil is by far the safest for choice plants which have to remain long
in their pots, whilst the peaty material is adapted to plants of rapid growth
and which are destined for a disrooting system, or to be entirely replaced
by fresh, young stock.

110 The Cowpost-Yard.

Vegetadle Mould. — Although this is not indispensable in the compost-
yard, it is of eminent service ; still it must be confessed that a gardener
with good loam, sandy heath soil and old manure, can grow any plant in
existence well. Vegetable mould is of various kinds, although what the
gardener terms leaf-mould is the most popular. But, in truth, when in a
highly decomposed state, it signifies little what this humus is derived from ,
whether leaves of trees and shnibs, decomposed weeds, or indeed anything
that has once been a growing vegetable, water- weed and mosses excepted.

Manures. — It would seem almost superfluous to recommend manures for
the compost-yard, since they are in general the first things thought of. We
wish, however, to point in a special way to one or two of importance to
the plant-grower, as also to show the best mode of handling them. The
old dung from decayed hotbeds is a favorite manure with most gardeners,
and very useful it is for general purposes, provided ifc has been frequently
turned, and well handled by the spade. But the most useful manure of
all, in our opinion, is very old cowdung. This should be at least twelve
months old ; in fact, when in proper order for the potting-bencb, it should
resemble well-humbled peat soil. There are other manures of great power,
when high concentration is required ; but we pass by them. We may
here direct the reader's attention to one great fact : that since the utility
of liquid manure has been generally recognized, the gardener feels much
less anxious about the introduction of manurial matters into his soil.

Sand is another important affair to add to the compost-yard — indeed,
a material we cannot do without. There is scarcely a compost made up
by a good gardener, but sand, less or more, finds a place in it. Sand for
this purpose should be very sharp, fine and clean.

^Ye have here enumerated a few things which should be in every com-
post-ground, and we may now be permitted to offer a few remarks pertain-
ing to the general economy of composts.

In the first place, a compost-yard must be perfectly dry beneath ; no
water must lodge here, or the composts will be seriously damaged. Second-
ly, all soils or composts should at all times be piled up in the form of a
sharp ridge, in order to exclude rain, which robs them of their virtues.

The best time, in our opinion, to collect the various soils, &c., is the
month of September. The turfy loam in our fields, commons, &c., is then
full of the fibrous produce of the past summer, and the soil may be ob-
tained dry if the proper opportunity is sought. Ey the way, this obtaining
soils when in a tolerably dry condition is a point which we must particu-
larly direct attention to ; soils handled in a wet state lose half their char-

The Comjjost-Yard. HI

actcr. For the reasons adduced on behalf of the loams, peats and heath
soils are in the best condition at this porioJ ; the accumulated summer
heats in the soil have in general been more than a match for the aggregate
amount of summer rains, and the necessary consequence is an open and
porous condition in the soils, highly favorable to the compost gatherer.

Again, then, we say to those who desire to systematise matters, and to
keep pace with the age in gardening affairs, lay in your soils in September ;
be sure they are tolerably dry when handled ; pile them in sharp ridges ;
and where speedy decomposition is the object, as in the case of peats,
leaf-soils, ttc, turn them frequently. But where there is a reason for
making the organic constituents endure as long as possible, and preserve
their mechanical texture — as in the case of fibrous loams— then, we say,
pile in a ridge, as in the other cases, but do not disturb that ridge until the
material is required ; it will thus, after laying six or eight months, chop
down by a sharp spade into the most valuable soil the gardener possesses.
In the case of hair-rooted plants, such as the epacris family, the ericas,
&c., of course the good cultivator falls back on his sand heath soil, handled
in a similar way. — English Country Gentleman,

The following named new roses were shown at a recent exhibition of
the London Horticultural Society, and were proclaimed equal to the best
of their class, and in some instances gave evidence of superiority. We
do not know that these sorts have yet been introduced to our soil. If
not, the ensuing spring will doubtless harbinger their loveliness to our
more eager amateurs:

II. P., Madame Duchene; blush, fine form, and a very fine rose.
H. P., Gen. Castellane; bright crimson, very full, large and fine.
II. P., Madame Hector Jacquin ; bright rose, fine.
11. P., Glory of France ; crimson, very double, and full.
H. P., Volta; rose, large, and very double — of the La Reine class.
II. P., Duchess of Norfolk; bright crimson, large and very showy, but

not of the best shape, a good grower,
H. P., Paul's Helen ; peach color, very double and smooth.
U. P., Adam Paul ; lilac rose, with rose centre, very double — perhaps a

little too much .so.
n. P., Jules Margottin ; deep rose, bright and very fine.
H. P., Louise Odier; rosy pink, not a large rose, iDut a very free bloomer.
Tea China, Augusto Vacher ; sulphur yellow, a pleasing variety.

With one exception, the list is comprised of Hybrid Perpetuals, which
are therefore all perfectly hardy.

112

Editorial Miscellany.

EDITORL^LL ^nSCELL.V^^Y.

.UlUMX is once more with us, the sweetest
as well as the saddest season of the year.
Insidiously it has crept from out summer's
more torrid glow. The flowers are fast
t tding, and trees are preparing for bleak
y NJ winds that make them sigh for the beauti-
ful robes they have shed. Jack Frost
has already in some localities kissed the
-^s^ ~ fic^hness from nature's cheek. The plen-
^/^^''-O tifiil harvest that has been gainered the
•c ^'"/v^-c:^^-^'*^, past season will go far to conciliate us
^^% "^ ^ ^ W^for the desecration of our flower beds
^^" , ' p^ bv autumnal blasts. Contemporaneous

U^ 'publications teem with glowing ac-
J^*--"^ counts from north, south, east and
,^^T- west. We have grain enough for
^^ /''' ' domestic consumption, and to spare
for the requirements of other nations who
C h's\e not been blessed with a similar abun-
dance. N'o more doleful faces about hard
times : by the way, it's high time the baker's attenuated skeleton of a
"loaf" became more plethoric iu its appearance. The butcher, too, can
afford to relent somewhat in his demands for choice cuts. Potatoes at
fifteen cents per bushel — good ones, too. Dost smile, reader? To be
sure you do. Providence has smiled since warm spring breezes erst oped
the violet's bud. Money is getting easy, but as yet it's a secret, and we
make the disclosure in confidence. Some alarm has been experienced
respecting the sugar crop. Thank Heaven \ sugar is not the staple of
life ; so we'll not fret about such a trifle. Now, good reader, if you
could just step into our Washington Market some morning before the
sun has chased the dew from the house tops, your vision would be
r'.'joiccd with views of peaches — and such peaches ! (we arc writing in
October) apparently emulous to rival pumpkins in size : really, peaches
have gotten quite beyond their limit. " Gentlemen, take your choice.

^\Mi' \\r\

'MA

Editorial Miscellany. 113

only seventy-five cents a basket !" so says a stentorian voice at our
elbow. The truth, too, we give our honor. Apples, too, with ruddy
cheeks, are looking out from barrels that stand in such long rows that we
wonder much who'll be customers for them all. Plums are a profusion,
too plenty by odds; the very look makes one flatulent. Grapes, in
numbers countless, stare you in the face ; we have quite lost our
countenance. Leaving the market makes us melancholy ; so we'll
just drag in N. P. Willis, lie's a good fellow, in the main ; quite
clever at times ; but of late has been taken with a hyperthrophy of spleen.
He gossips of nauseous drugs by the yard : if he takes a pill, he quickly
sits him down and inflicts its bitterness on fifteen thousand readers, which
is the circulation of the Home Journal — so says rumor. Occasionally
purging your readers is quite healthful ; a little gall makes them piquant,
but too much, and you have acrid visages glaring down. We have got
beyond our subject; so we'll just append Mr. Willis's description of a
forest in autumn, written before he took to dissertations pharmaceutical :

AUTUMN.

The first severe frosts have come, and the miraculous change has
passed upon the leaves which is known only in America. The blood-red
sugar maple, with a leaf brighter, more refined and delicate than a
Circassian lip, stands here and there in the forest, like the Sultan's standard
in a host, the solitary and far seen autocrat of the wilderness ; the birch,
with its amber leaves — ghosts of the departed summer — turned out along
the edges of the woods, like a lining of the purest gold ; the broad
sycamore, the fan-like catalpa, flaunted their saffron foliage in the sun,
spotted with gold like the wings of the lady-bird ; the kingly oak, with
its summit bare, still hid his majestic trunk in a drapery of sumptuous
dyes, like a stricken monarch gathering his robes of state about him to
die royally in his purple; the tall poplar, with its minaret of silver,
stood blanched like a coward in the dying forest, burthening every
breeze with its complainings ; the hickory paled through its enduring
green ; the bright berries of the mountain ash flushed with a more
sanguine glory in the unobstructed sun ; the gaudy tulip-tree, the
sybarite of vegetation, stripped of its golden cups, still drank the intoxi-
cating light, in leaves than which the lips of Indian skill were never
more delicately tinted ; the still deeper-dyed vines of the lavish wilder-
ness, perishing with the noble things whose summer they had shared,
outshone them in their decline ; and, alone and unsympathizing in this
universal decay, stood the fir and hemlock, their frowning heads more
sombre and less lovely than ever in contrast with the death-struck glory
of their companions. The dull colors of English autumnal fohage give
you no conception of this marvelous phenomenon. The change there is
gradual ; in America it is the work of a night, of a single frost. Oh,
to have seen the sunset hills in the still green and lingering summer, and

114 Editorial Miscellany.

to awake in the morning to a scene like this ! It is as if a myriad of
rainbows were loosed through the tree-tops; as if summer's golden purple
and crimson had been fused in the alembic of the west, and poured back,
in a new deluge of light and color, over the wilderness; it is as if every
leaf on these countless trees had been painted to out-flush the tulip ; as
if by some electric miracle the dyes of the earth's heart had struck
upward, and her crystals, ores and sapphires, hyacinths and rubies, had
let forth their imprisoned colors to mount through the roots of the
forests, reanimating the perishing leaves and reveling an hour in their
bravery.

Hudson, Oct. 1855.

Of the myriads of men who breathe, live and die surrounded by na-
ture's beauteous radiance, it has pleased the beneficent, all-wise Creator
to endow but an infinitesimal proportion with the priceless gift of fitness
to appreciate and truly love her wondrous beauty. " Since my dear
soul was master of her choice, and could of men distinguish her election,"
such has she " chosen for her own." Pre-eminent among these, stood
the loved, lost Downing, in whose coveted society and revered tutelege I had
the fortune to spend ten of the pleasantest years of my life. Since the
melancholy casualty which deprived us of him forever, I have anxiously
watched for the advent of one robed in his mantle, imbued with his spirit,
to perpetuate his inspired conceptions, to guide his gem-tipped pen. Al-
though numerous works of a kindred nature have appeared since the demise
of the author of the Horticullurist, to my ear none of them reflect the
echo of the voice that is gone. It was, then, with a feeling of sincere in-
terest that I saw heralded the undertaking of one purporting to be a
pupil of the master-.spirit of rural adornment in this country. The Gene-
sis of your venture, Mr. Reagles, is before me ; and if I be not deceived
in my deductions, its budding promise bids fair to ripen into fruitful har-
vest, and to attain a peaceful, green old age. There was a feature in Mr.
Downing's magazine that I think constituted one of the chief charms of
that ever-pleasant serial, and which I have never seen in any subsequent
publication. I allude to the comprehensive and cheerfully written critiques
subscribed " Jeffrey," to whom was allotted the task of, in every number,
recapitulating and commenting upon the articles which composed its pre-
decessor. My way of life has fallen into the " sere and yellow leaf;'' and
if my seniority invest my opinions with suflicient weight to constitute me
Mentor to your youthful enterprise, I should be happy to bold the same
relationship to the Revieio as my predecessor, Sir. Jeffrey, did to the
Horticulturist. I am, Sir, respectfully yours.

To C. Reagles. Evelyn.

EiVitorlnl Miscellany. 115

The above we received from a frii'nd, an old horticulturist, and, withal,
a gentleman of most excellent taste, a fine scholar and " well up" in
the classic school. Our readers will give him a hearty welcome, no doubt
We have oue thing to object to, however, and that is, we do cot wish our
devoted shoulders burdened with mantles which, in our opinion, have not
yet found an object worthy of the inheritance. And then, " Evelyn," you
must give us credit for some little common sense, just sufficient to know
that we are an incipient vegetation, that requires years of careful nurtur-
ing to unfold a blossom or perfect a fruit worthy of perpetuity. Pray don't
be too severe, good Mr. Critic, or some of our timid correspondents will,
desert us; and we'll whisper a truth in your ear — wo can't spare them,
not one, so be lenient. You perceive we are much improved in appearance,
and large efforts are in contemplation. Improvement is our motto, which
the present number exemplifies.

Mr. Editor: Perhaps it is not generally known that there is in our
midst a deadly foe to the apple tree, called the horcr. Whether that is
their proper name I cannot say, but it is certainly a very appropriate one;
and if not molested, they will infallibly destroy every tree they attack.
It is a feeble-looking worm (but powerful for mischief), of a brownish
tinge, with a head considerably larger in circumference than the bodv)
and of very singular construction. Those that I have seen were about
an inch in length, but doubtless they vary in size.

So far as my observation extends, their ravages are confined to young
trees or trees with smooth bark. They attack the tree at or near the
surface of the ground, and penetrate to a greater or less depth, say from
a quarter of an inch to an inch, and then their course is invariably
upward, sometimes abruptly varying from a straight line.

1 first heard of the borer about a year ago, when I was in a neighbor-
ing State. A gentleman residing there took me to his orchard, containing
about two hundred young bearing trees; notwithstanding it was Septem-
ber, the trees were leafless, and the shriveled fruit, still hanging on the
branches, presented a singular sight. It was a scene of desolation in the
midst of verdure : now, it seems, they have come to give us a benefit.

Their presence in a tree is easily ascertained ; you have only to look
carefully around the tree, and when you see small heaps of what looks
like fine sawdust lying on the ground, you will have no difficulty in
finding a smooth, round hole, as if made with a good-sized gimlet. He
is there ; and you must destroy him and look for others, or lose your

116 Editorial Miscellany.

tree. I know of no other way to do this than to cut away until you find
him. I use a small chisel (a gouge is better for this purpose), and, with
the aid of a wire, there is no difficulty in tracing their course. A few
days since I caught one, that had recently entered, with a penknife. I
wish you would favor us with more information on this subject. Is there
any preventive against their attacks, where do they come from, how did
they get here, how long will they stay with us, ttc. ? I wish they were
all in Symme's hole! B.

You are correct as to the name of the destructive worm. The borer
{saperda hivittata) is not a new pest, although but little information has
been as yet elicited regarding its peculiar habits. Its depredations are
not confined to the apple, but it attacks with equal destructiveness the
quince and mountain ash. In the insect shape, it is perfectly harmless,
except that it stings the tree in order to leave its eggs ; and, as it
flies at night, may be destroyed by bonfires. In shape, it resembles
a small beetle. The ovaries are thought to be deposited beneath
the back, which (the eggs) soon become vitalized, and assume the
shape of a whitish grub. This grub subsists by perforating the tree
on which its fortunes have been cast. As its course is divergent, it is
quite difficult to destroy the pest. The only means yet discovered is the
wire which you have attempted. The preferable method of procedure
is to prepare the trees to resist their attacks, as soon as it becomes known
they are iu the neighborhood. This, Mr. Downing says, may be eftected
by washing the bodies of tlie trees with a mixture composed of one pint
of sulphur, one gallon soft soap, and a sufficiency of tobacco water to
reduce the whole to the consistency of paste. When the borer once
takes possession of a district, it appears quite impossible to dislodge
them. We shall be glad to receive any information in relation to this
subject, from cultivators who have observed their habits and peculiarities.

M. "W. Stevens thinks the Massachusetts folk deficient in the know-
ledge essential to the production of fine pears on quinco_bottoms. A great
mistake. In the first place, but few pears on the quince stock are worth
the trouble they imperatively demand at the hands of the cultivator,
except in some singularly propitious localities, which Massachusetts is
not. Mr. Stevens sagely advises deep planting, in order that the pear
may be induced to throw out roots. It must be obvious, even to the
most superficial observer, that this would be simply a pear tree on its
own roots, and deriving its natural food through a natural channel, as, iu

Editorial Miscellany. HJ

the subsequent elaboration of the nourishing juices, none will be returned
to the quince root. The pear roots having the preference because they
oflfer no impediment to the circulation, as a result, in a few years, the
quince roots decay, and you have a standard — a very desirable article, by
the way, but secured by a rather circuitous process. Mr. Stevens speaks
paradoxically. What he means to say is, the pear stock is superior to
the quince. This is certainly the inference suggested by the article we
quote. On some future occasion we shall give our opinion on the quince
stock for pears, at considerable length, as we have had some practical
experience, which we shall relate candidly :

Having been for a few weeks among the fruit growers of Massachusetts,
I notice that an error prevails among them in the treatment of their
dwarf pear trees, particularly in planting them, and to so great an extent
that many persons have almost abandoned their culture ; although they
are really the most valuable trees.

In planting, it should be borne in mind that the Anger's quince will
not endure the winters of New England, and that it is the only variety
on which the pear succeeds ; in all quinces the borers work, and this
variety is even more subject to them than the fruit-bearing kinds, but if
the trees are planted deeper than the place of grafting, these difficulties
are all obviated, and another advantage attained which is all-important,
tliat is, the production of fibres, above the place of grafting, which will
spread plentifully through the ground and sustain the tree to a great
number of years, even if the quince roots were entirely removed, and will
give them a more vigorous growth and double or treble the amount of
their production.

The proper depth of planting is about three inches deeper than the
place of grafting. A mound of earth thrown around the tree will not be
of any avail, as it loses its own moisture from the roots underneath, and a
mound will not often bring out the roots from the pear. Another matter
almost always overlooked is the cutting back of trees ; when first planted,
they should be cut back to three or four buds of the last year's growth,
and this continued for three years, by which a stocky tree of good form i«
obtained, which will often produce more fruit, and of better quality, than
standard trees.

The ground for pears is never too rich ; and two bushels of coarse
stable manure put about the tree each spring, and left to decay through
^he summer, and dug in, and repeated the next spring, will not, on many
of the best varieties, fail to bring forth an abundant crop of melting,

118 Editorial Miscellany.

buttery fruit, of honeyed sweetness, and of size and beauty that would
feast the eye and palate of an epicure. — M. W. Stevens, in Boston
Journal.

An individual owning several thousand acres of fertile soil, devoted
exclusively to legitimate farming purposes, tends in a great degree to
retard the development of rural improvements of a social and elegant
character. It is well known that a large portion of the rich- valley of
Genesee is owned by James Wadsworth, and as a consequence there is
a lamentable absence of that species of improvement which indicates the
presence of progressive influence. This is more particularly discernable
in the non-existence of those beautiful dwellings which bedeck other
portions of the State. To give some conception of the extent of this
gentleman's possessions, we annex an extract from a letter to the Albany
Journal :

James Wadsworth owns about 8000 acres of land in this town, as much
more in Gencseo, about 6000 in the adjoining town of Kush, 5000 or
0000 in the town of Caledonia, and a great many thousands in other
towns in this and other counties. And it is nearly all good land — the
best in the State — and constantly increasing in value. He doesn't sell,
but is fur ever buying. The effect is perceptible. There is a marked
absence of rural taste, so generally inseparable from agricultural pros-
perity, and so important to domestic comtort, if not to individual morality
and happiness. While there is no large landholder in the world more
libei-al, wise or intelligent than Mr. Wadsworth, it would be far better for
the country, and incalculably better for the smaller landholders, if the
lands owned by him were owned by two hundred thrifty poor men, who
would live upon their small farms and contribute to the general architec-
tural, horticultural and educational improvement of the country. There
is a melancholy absence of those substantial farm-houses and tasty appur
tenances so noticeable in other portions of western New- York. It is
almost painful to look out upon the broad, prolific fields which constitute
one of the features of this magnificent valley, and find so few dwellings
embraced in the view. It would be more picturesque, as well as more in
accordance with Avhat has been found to be most in harmony with the
eeneral good, were it otherwise. But, so long as this vast estate is in the
hands of its present enlightened proprietor, there will be but little cause
of complaint.

All of Mr. Wadsworth's land is rented, not leased, and rented for but
a single year. This has been the rule since about 1840. Every lease is
renewed every year — a rule which gives Mr. W. entire control of his
property, and its cultivation and management. A shiftless tenant stands
no chance for a re-lease. And not only is this rule strictly adhered to,
but Mr. W. dictates the character of the crops to be sowed in the several
fields of each farm — which shall be sowed to wheat, which shall be

Editorial Miscellany. 119

reserved for pasture, which allotted to meadow, &c., &c. — thus prcventin'>'
over-working of the laud, or any deviation from what has been ascertained
to be the best system of agriculture. The result is, that these lands arc
among the best cultivated lands in all this well-cultivated region, and
uniformly yield as heavy crops as any other in this prolific valley.

The rents, as I learn from " old settlers," are as follows: For the best
wheat lands, eight bushels of wheat per acre ; for other wheat lands, from
five to seven bushels ; and for lands used for meadows, spring crops, etc.,
from S3 to $4 per acre ; and the land is eagerly sought for at these prices.

TiiK regular Exhibition of the New- York Horticultural Society took
place on the 2Gth of September. The Exhibition was in every respect
the best ever given in the city. In the flower room, which was under
the charge of Mr. Thomas Hogg, the well-known florist, a fine band of
music added a pleasing feature to the entertaining exhibition. The
following account of its proceedings we quote from the New- York
Tribune.

THE FLOWERS AND PLANTS.

Commencing at the entrance on the left, the visitors were shown three
beautiful .stands of flowers, having attached to them pendant baskets filled
with floral beauties. They were all of exquisite design. The desio-ners
were Miss De Grauw of Brooklyn, 3Ir. Wm. Fitzpatrick and Mr. W. C.
Wilson of New- York. On the end of the same table was exhibited a
large cornucopia, at the end of Avhieli was lying a profusion of fruits,
flowers and grains, arranged in beautiful taste. A fine collection of
green-hou.se plants was exhibited by Mr. Alexander Muir, gardener of
Mr. R. L. Stuart of New- York. A rare collection was also exhibited by
the gardener of Mrs. Holbrook — among which was a rare plant known as
the feristcria data, a plant from Panama, which is regarded superstitiously
by the natives. The collection of Mr. Hogg, too, was large, varied and
rare. Among others, he exhibited a new species of the holly, from Japan,
called ilex cornuta. The competition for bouquet premiums was very
great. Eight baskets, ten pairs of hand, and three parlor bouquets,
arranged in faultless taste, were exhibited. Mr. Wm. Cranston, gardener
to Mr. E. L. Stevens of Hoboken, exhibited some fine green-house plants.
Among the varieties were a fine specimen of maranta zebrina, and two
specimens of the palm — the sago palm and the conipha umhraculifera.
Other fine specimens of hot-house plants were exhibited by 3Ir. J. W.
Wood of Washington Heights, and Mr. George Saul, gardener of Shepard
Knapp. Among Mr. Saul's contributions was a fine and large orange tree.

The display of dahlias was large, varied and fine. The varieties
embraced almost every color, .shade and size. Among the exhibitors
were George C. Thornton of Newark, Mateo Donadi of Astoria, James
Weir of Bay Ridge, Long Island, B. G. Burgess of Glen Cove, H. A.
Graafi' & Son of Brooklyn, Alexander Muir of New- York, Joseph Taylor
of New- York and A. liichardson of Fordham.

120 Editorial Miscellany.

Choice varieties of cut flowers were exhibited by Mr. Cranston of
Hoboken, Mr. Alfred Bridgeman of N. Y. and Isaac Buchanan of N. Y.

The roses were unusually fine and varied for this season of the year.
The exhibitors were Mr. Charles Murray of Yorkville, Mr. Donadi of
Astoria and Mr. James Weir of Bay Ridge.

Mr. William Pointer of Brooklyn exhibited some fine specimens of
glexinias. Verbenas were exhibited by Mr. John Burgess of New- York
and Mr. J. Riddock. Mr. Burgess's specimens were seedling varieties.

Mr. Donadi exhibited a carnation raised from seed planted in April.
It is very beautiful and is said to be very hardy.

THE FRUITS.

The display of fruits was the finest we have ever seen. None but the
choicest varieties were exhibited.

Mr. Charles Dubois of Fishkill exhibited some large and beautiful
golden nectarines. Mr. W. S. Carpenter of Westchester, an amateur
fruit grower, exhibited some fine apples and pears. A very fine collection
of pears, consisting of thirty varieties, was exhibited by Messrs. Hovey k
Co. of Boston. Mr. Charles Downing of Newburgh exhibited a collection
of fine apples. Thirty-five varieties of apples and five of pears were
furnished by Mr. R. T. Hames of Elizabethtown, N. J. The Hartford
(Conn.) Horticultural Society sent some choice varieties of fruits, among
which was a specimen of the Hartford Prolific grape, a choice fruit, which
is said to ripen three weeks before the Isabella. Some choice pears were
exhibited by Mr. Gustin of Newark. Mr. John Morgan of New Jersey,
and Mr. Cranston of Hoboken, also furnished some fine specimens of
pears. A collection of over one hundred varieties of choice pears was
exhibited by Mr. Saul of Newburgh. Some fine pears were also fur-
nished by Dr. Maul of lona Island, and Mr. Tiiomas Sprunt, gardener of
Mr. J. De Wolff of Throggs Neck. Among Mr. Spruut's contributions
was a Duchess of Angouleme pear, a choice variety, weighing seventeen
and a half ounces. Mr. Alexander Gordon of Astoria exhibited six
varieties of pears, of extraordinary merit. Mr. jMacy of Poughkeepsie
exhibited a small but choice collection of pears. The collection furnished
by Messrs. Ellwauger & Barry of Rochester numbered one hundred
choice varieties, among which were several seedlings.

Mr. Lawton contributed a basket of his mammoth blackberries. Mr.
Hafi" of Harlem exhibited some fine specimens of Catawba and Isabella
grapes. Six varieties of choice and beautiful hot-house grapes were
exhibited by Mr. Macy of Poughkeepsie. .

Among the melons was a fine water-melon contributed by Mr. William
Cranston of Hoboken, known as the orange melon, from the fact that the
rind can be peeled off like that of the orange. IMr. Isaac Buchanan of
New-York exhibited two specimens of tlie California musk-melon, of
large size and said to be very sweet. Mr. William Mitchell of Hyde
Park exhibited some fine Spanish water-melons and cantelopes.

The excellent arrangement of the fruit department was made under the
direction of Mr. Peter B. Mead, secretary of the Society.

Editorial Miscellany. 121

Acknowledgments. — We have received specimens of the Northern
Muscadine Grape, raised by the Shakers' Society at New Lebanon, N. Y.
The fruit appears to us to resemble in a striking degree the Catawba ;
this likeness is carried out in both appearance and flavor. Like the
Catawba, it is sweet, superadded to which is a lurking reminiscence of
the fox grape of Connecticut. The skin is inclined to be thin ; the flesh
is pulpy, although much tenderer than the Isabella. It is said to ripen
previous to the 15th of September.

We also received in the same package a sample of wine manufactured
from the Northern Muscadine. This was made after a bad receipt, and
therefore we are not able to judge correctly of what it would have been
if made by an experienced vintner. Such a quantity of sugar had been
added as to subdue the real grape flavor, although it made quite a pleasant
cordial. To make wine from this grape, no sugar is required. If we
may judge from the flavor of the fruit, we would say that it was capable
of making an agreeable, sparkling hock. The great objection to most
home-made wines is, that our home-made people are not connoisseurs in
the article of grape juice, and therefore imagine a simple, pleasant flavor
is the requisite condition of vinous drinks.

The Shakers are recognized as the most skilful and successful culti
vators in the country. Their fair dealing has become proverbial. We
are therefore disposed to confide in the assertions respecting their
productions, as set forth in their advertisement (for which see another
page). As conductor of a Horticultural Journal, it behoves us to be
somewhat circumspect in recommending any new fruit, unless qualified
by the personal experience of several seasons.

An article appeared recently in the Tribmie condemnatory of the
Ailanthus, which brought out the following response. It accords with
our own views :

A friend says we are too severe in our sweeping denunciation of the
fashionable ailanthus tree. The great error is not in the trees, but in
their multiplicity ; because " our streets, yards, everywhere are full of
them." " Streets are lined from end to end with this species of trees, as
though there was no other that would grow in city soil, and it is the
abundance of the blossoms that over-load and poison the air." This is
true ; and if only one ailanthus existed where we have ten, we might en-
dure the unpleasant smell of the bloom, mixed with the sweets of other
trees, and allow the trees in diminished numbers to grow, in consideration
that in their rapid growth they absorb so much carbonic acid, which
might otherwise prove deleterious. The same friend says that the ailan-

122 Editorial Miscellany.

thus should be grown in the country, particularly on our Western prai-
ries, for timber ; he says that the wood of an old ailanthus tree is hard
and strong, and takes a polish as well as mahogany, and is equally hand-
some for furniture. Its rapid growth in a timberless country would be great-
ly in its favor ; and if the trunks of the grown trees are a good substitute
for costly mahogany, it should be grown where the country is open, and
not in city streets, and, what is very common, in small pent-up back
yards, where the peculiar odor of its blossoms will penetrate every room
in the house. The ailanthus should never be set along the roadside op-
posite cultivated fields, because every broken root will send up a sprout
and soon fill all the ground. The best way would be to make a planta-
tion of the trees by themselves, just as those do who grow locust timber
as a crop. For shade-trees we have the elm, maple, locust, black wal-
nut, sycamore — all rapid growing trees — and the American tulip tree, the
flowers of which are surpassingly beautiful, and for country road-sides we
would plant, as well for shade as fruit, apple and cherry trees — the first,
seedlings that grow large and strong — and the latter, of what we call the
old English cherry, the trees of which grow a great round top and last
healthv many years. In planting for shade or city ornament, or filling
up a park or open grounds, it is a great error of taste and judgment to
plant all one kind of trees, whether ailanthus or any other kind. The
greater the diversity of kind, both in form and size and date of putting
out or shedding leaves or blossoms, the more pleasing will be the efi"ect.
The old elms of New Haven are noble specimens of street-planted trees,
but there is a sameness, a sort of uniformity in appearance, that tires the
eve much sooner than when it rests upon various forms and shades of
color.

HovEY & Co. of Boston exhibited 210 varieties of pear at the State
Show at Elmira, Elwanger & Barry, the renowned nurserymen of
Rochester, displayed 207 varieties of pear and 130 of apple, Mr. E. Dorr
of Albany showed 33 varieties of plum, Frost & Co. of Rochester ex-
hibited 74 varieties of pear. Besides these, a number of other nurserymen
made fine displays of fruit, flowers, <fec. Take it all in all, the fruit show
would be diflSeult to excel, even in France.

At the October meeting of the New-York Horticultural Society, Dr.
Knight, the corresponding secretary, exhibited a rare plant in bloom,
which he found in Jones's wood, and which he says is the monotropa
unijlora, a parasite and perennial, and forms a connecting link between
the herbaceous plants and the fungi. By the way, Jones's wood is a
little copse, situated in the upper part of the city, and is doubtless the
abiding place of many rare plants which have not yet been introduced'
to technical phraseology -B. I. L.L. S.T.U.B.B.S. H. I. S. M. A. R. K.

Editorial Miscellany. 123

Extract from a " Georgic about Trees," read before the Young Men's
Association at Elmira, N. Y., by Professor Edward North, of Hamilton
College :

Trees furnish us with fuel, timber, fruit;
Yet not for this alone I press their suit.
They have their language, sympathies and voice:
With hearts that leap for joy they can rejoice.
And mourn with mourning hearts ; if happy thought,
Or hope, or love returned, or good deeds wrought,
With softest sunshine fill your soul and eye.
To all this sunshine woods give glad reply.
These joys, for which tongue hath no utterance.
Are voiced in music by the streamlet's dance;
Feelings that struggle at your lip for words,
From smiling trees are syllabled by birds;
Or should bereavement, pain, ingratitude.
People your breast with sorrow's sullen brood
Of wretched thoughts, and human accents rasp
Your wounded spirit, and the proffered grasp
Of friendship's hand seera icy cold and hard, —
With no such rudeness will your peace be marred,
When to the hushed and twilight grove you wend.
For friendship's self without the selfish friend.
From whispering leaves, and insects' hum, and grass
Fragrant beneath your footsteps, there shall pass
Such soothing influence to your breast, that ere
Your griefs are told they turn to holiest cheer.

At the Show at Framinghara, Sept. 19, we saw upon the tables a fine-
looking grape, a little lighter in color than the Catawba, some of the
bunches quite compact, but generally somawhat straggling, and the
berries and bunches of good size. They were raised and handed in by
James W. Clark, Esq., of Framingham. He says the vine originated in
his garden five years ago, from the seed, and was transplanted into a
shaded and moist border. The vine grows vigorously, has never been
protected in winter, and the ripe fruit holds on well. He thinks it a
cross between the native and Catawba, as these two grew near and
intermingled their branches near where the new seedling came up. Mr.
Clark adds, in a note, — "I claim nothing for it, except that it is a
superior native, and, in a fine location, it will ripen before the autumn
fruits." He is right. It is certainly a very superior grape. — New
England Farmer.

Toads feed on all kinds of worms, and should never be killed in
gardens. The canker-worm is a favorite food with them ; they are
useful in destroying all kinds of garden grubs.

124 Editorial Miscellany.

STATE FAIR.

This exliibitlon came off, as per in-evions announcement, in the first
week of October. The weather was not propitious, and therefore the
display and attendance fell short of anticipations. Notwithstanding these
untoward circumstances, the Fair was creditable, even for the Empire
State. The fruit show was good, as was also the flowers. Gov. "Wright
dehvered an exceedingly long address, in which he recapitulated the
oft-repeated tale that farming was a vocation that none need blush for,
that labor was ennobling, etc. He then repeated a great deal of informa-
tion statistical, regarding the profits derived from good cultivation ; after
which he glanced down the vista into futurity, and conjured up two him-
dred millions of inhabitants who would get their bread and butter in the
republican area ; he said that the to'WTis and villages would be so large
that people would tire of metropolitan existence, and involuntarily imbibe
a desire for rural life. Vei-y probable. Gov. "Wright then explained — as
every orator does who addresses himself to the " bone and sinew" — the
beneficial influence that agricultm-al pursuits exerted on the social and
moral nature of man ; that it was a powerful promoter of virtue, and
would infallibly surround the hearthstone with that species of happiness
that is reciprocated by an approving conscience, — which, by the way, is a
happy and efiective method of winding up an oration. The discourse
was listened to by a numerous auditory, who seemed highly delighted
with the Governor's remarks, applauding him at all the little intervals
occasioned by an outburst of elofiuence which induced a desire for a
mouthful of water, and thus the audience could indulge their encore
without interrupting the speaker — a sort of sympathetic arrangement,
engendered by mutual admiration. The principal subject of the discourse
was the subject of grapes.

The evening concluding the Fair was devoted to Terpsichore, and
everybody who appeared to be nearly exhausted during the day became
sufiiciently refreshed to humor their propensity for the agreeable pastime
of the evening, which waned pleasantly for all. On Saturday morning,
the ladies appeared on horseback, charmingly attired, and performed, in
the presence of a great many gratified young men, Amazonian feats of
horsemanship that were astonishing to behold, and equaled in daring
those wild men who catch cattle on the plains of Mexico. "What with •
baby shows, and bloomers, and female horse racers, a portion of our

Editorial Miscellany. 125

female society is attaining an exalted position in the scale of progression
"We arc glad to learn, however, that this exhibition was not abetted by
the officers of the Society. Among the most uscfull goings-on at the
Fair, were the evening meetings of nurserymen, fruit growers and
amateurs (which we quote from the Times' report), which assembled at
the Court-house, Elmira, N. Y., on Tuesday evening, October 3, under
the auspices of the New- York State Agricultural Society, for discussing
subjects aj-ypertaining to the Culture of Fruits.

Col. E. C. Frost, of Catharine, was chosen chairman, and C. M. Hovey>
of Boston, and Joseph Frost, of Rochester, secretaries.

On motion of Wm, R. Prince, of Flushing, it vras voted that a com-
mittee of three be appointed to propose business for the meeting, and
Wm. R. Prince, P. Barry, Rochester, and Dr. Beadle were chosen that
committee.

Dr. Sylvester, of Lyons, proposed to discuss the subject of strawber-
ries, their culture, best varieties, &c., and proceeded to give the results of
his experience. Thought Burr's Xew Pine one of the best, much better
quality than Hovey's Seedling. Rival Hudson good bearer, but too acid
for the table. Had a bed of Burr's New Pine, which produced at the
rate of 300 bushels per acre, carefully measured. Hovey's Seedling
yielded 350 bushels. For fertilizing, uses a hermaphrodite variety, and
prefers it to a staminate variety, as he thinks that they produce much
larger crops ; has no name for the variety ; cultivated it for several years,
during which time it has not produced a single perfect berry. The run-
ners of the strawberries were allowed to cover the ground. Watered his
plants thoroughly every day with warm well water, after the fruit had set,
till it had matured.

Mr. Hovey said that the Burr's New Pine was a poor bearer about Bos-
ton, and invariably did not endure during the \yinter, and thought that 25
to 30 feet would be a proper distance to set staminate from pistillate sorts,
and thought they would be perfectly impregnated. Such varieties as Ho-
vey's Seedling and other sorts having vigorous foliage required more
plants to fertilize them than those sorts having less foliage. Mr. Aspin-
wall growed 2400 quarts Hovey's Seedling to"^ the acre ; the plants were
set in rows and cultivated between. It was seldom that a strawberry was
too poor to sell in Boston, but the Schneicke's Pistillate was one.

Mr. Barry has seen strawberries grown for market, and poorly cultiva-
ted, that produced 125 bushels per acre. No particular sort.

Mr. Prince remarked that Crimson Cone and Hovey's Seedling were
almost wholly cultivated tor the New-York market. The Iowa is too
acid. Hovey's Seedling, in good soil and properly cultivated, will pro-
duce large crops.

Wednesday Evening, 7.30.

The meeting re-assembled, Col. E. C. Frost in the chair.
Mr. Wm. it. Prince, from the committee aj^pointed for that purpose,
reported that the meeting should take up the Culture of the Pear.

126 Editorial Miscellany.

Mr. Barry proposed to discuss the soil most suitable for the pear, and
was called upon to address tlie meeting.

The soil for the pear should be of a substantial character, retain mois-
ture, and sufficiently porous to allow the root to extend in all directions ;
should be trenched deep. In some parts cf the Western States, the pear
does not thrive well, and attributes it to the soil, although it is four to five
feet deep, which is very fine and so compact that the roots push into the
soil with the utmost difficulty. Some sorts do better on particular soils
than others, and differ very much under the same treatment. The pear
or quince requires particularly deep, rich soils, which ought to receive a
good top dressing of manure every year. When planting trees in clay
soil, it would be best to put pure sand around the roots of the trees, which
would induce the formation of young roots, after which they would be
sufficiently strong to make their own way into the clay soil. Would not
attempt to plant the pear upon gravelly or light sandy soil.

Mr. Hovey had much experience in cultivating pears, and had observ-
ed them growing in different localities ; has seen pears do well in soils of
sand, but it requires to be deep. All large pears — such as Duchess of
Angouleme, Beurre Diel and others — require high cultivation to bring
them to maturity. While the fruit is growing or approaching maturity,
if the trees are checked, the fruit is apt to crack ; believes that all pears
will do well upon almost any soil, if it is only trenched deeply, so that it
can obtain sufficient moisture ; and related some astonishing facts about
trees which had received such treatment. Ought not to decide upon the
merits of pears till they had been in bearing several years; three or even
five years was too short a time ; thought that healthy, vigorous trees,
grown at any point in the Middle or New-England States, would thrive
finely, if planted in any locality.

Mr. Bushnell, of Wayne county, Penn., said that the pear grew very
upright ; and the roots, to correspond with the top, must extend deeply
into the ground ; hence it seemed necessary to trench deeply. Thinks
that the pear will crack only when the leaves begin to fall, thus exposing
the fruit to the sun ; therefore should be fed with manures, which would
keep the plants vigorous throughout the season. If properly manured,
trees would produce fruit every year. Had noticed pears seldom produ-
ced perfect specimens soon after planting, or when growing rapidly. —
Manured his pears in the autumn, and found it much better than to do
it in the spring.

Mr. Maxwell, of Geveva, remarked that tile-drained land is most valu-
able for trees, and that there is no soil but pure sand which is not bene-
fited by it.

Mr. Clark, of Otsego, had had much experience in growing fruits, de-
scribed his kitchen garden, the soil of which was of the richest character,
yet he was unable to grow pears.

Dr. Sylvester placed about one foot of charcoal around the roots of"
his trees, as it consumed fourteen times its own weight of water, and par-
ted with it in like proportions. He described the growth and productions

Editorial Miscellany. 127

of his trees, which were very great, and attiibutcd it wholly to charcoal,
and trenched and well-manured ground.

Mr. Ilogg thought the Seckel would do much better tlian almost any
sort upon sandy soils.

Further remarks were made by Messrs. Frost of Rochester, Coffin of
Dutchess, Miller Scott of Kochester, Parsons of Yates, and Howell of
Steuben, when the meeting adjourned till V 1-2 o'clock Thursday evening.

Thursday Evening, 7.30.

The adjourned meeting re assembled.

Mr. Prince remarked that there was no fire blight on Long I'^land nor
at Boston, which might be suggestive to ascertain the cause of it. He
spoke of the present extent of the vineyard culture in the West and oth-
er portions of the United States, and the natural advantages of this coun-
try, and predicted that, before many years had passed, our native pure
wines would be so cheap that parties could not afford to import them.

Mr. Miller had applied salt to his plum trees in moderate quantities,
and believed that he experienced much benefit, both in the quality and
quantity of fruit. It did not aft'ect the ravages of the curculio. If added
in very large quantities, thought it injurious, say half bushel around each
tree. The fire blight appeared to avoid those sorts of pears where the tis-
sue was compact and hard, as the Seckel.

Mr. Hovey thought that plum trees were injured by the application of
salt, and enumerated instances to prove the fact.

The insect blight upon the apple and pear, was well acquainted with,
and frequently destroys the tree as suddenly as the fire blight.

The insect is a beetle, which in its larvae state destroys the inner bark
and wood by eating spirally around it, and when the sap is wholly inter-
cepted, the tree dies suddenly. Knows but little of the fire blight, but has
come to the conclusion that it is caused by atmospheric agency, — the
sun shining upon the trees through an excessively humid atmosphere.
He said that he had pear trees (of White Doyenne) which were set out
in 1805 and '6, produced true and perfect fruit up to 1825, after which
the fruit cracked badly. Spoke highly of the Concord grape as a wine
grape, and gave views highly commendatory of this sort for this purpose.

Dr. Beadle remarked that he had applied charcoal to some of his pear
trees that were blighted, and it appeared to intercept the disease, so that
the trees recovered, and believed that its more general application would
prevent the fire blight in a great degree.

Mr. Frost remarked that the fire blight attacked the quince similarly
to the pear, but its ravages were not so great.

On motion of Mr. Thomas Hogg, it was voted that the thanks of the
meeting be given to the authorities of the town or county for the use of
the Court-House for holding its discussions; and that the thanks of the
meeting be presented to the chairman. Col. Frost, and to the secretaries for
the faithful manner in which they have performed their duties.

Col. Frost happily responded, and the meeting adjourned sine die.

LITERARY NOTICES,

Botany of the Southerx States, By Professor John Darby, A. M.
A. S. Barnes & Co., i^^^^ishcrs, N'ew-York.

The field for botanical research in the United States is one replete
with vegetable novelty of great usefulness and rare elegance, advantage
of which has been taken by eminent European gentlemen. As a result,
we discover the conservatories and gardens of both England and France
made gorgeous with American shrubs, trees and lesser plants, that are
yet to many of us strangers, although inhabitants of our forests. The
Southern States are particularly noted for their profuse and varied con-
tributions to the taxonomy of our country. Professor Darby's work
treats exclusively of vegetation peculiar to the latitudes of the Middle
and Southern States. That such a work should be perfect and complete
in detail is a desideratum not to be expected in the present century, but
that it embodies all the information that is at present available is evident
on a perusal. The first part is devoted to structural and physiological
botany and vegetable products. The facts and theories here related,
although in brief form, are not mere outlines, but embrace a compre-
hensive view of the important features of botany, as a useful science.
The diction is plain and lucid, avoiding the too frequent use of technical
terms, which in most instances have rendered the study of botany a
painful and tedious operation to the student. Professor Darby evidently
looks beyond the mere fact of instructing a pupil in the method of
ascertaining the name of a flower. The anatomy (if we may use the
term) and structure of a plant are explained, not in the usual theoretical
manner, but are conclusions arrived at by persevering investigation and
actual analysis. The remarks on the various tissue are exceedingly
valuable, and disclose some features which may be applied in elucidating
the sap blights which afi'ect fruit trees in this variable climate.

Inflorescence, with its various singularities, is explained in such a
manner as to be comprehended by the dullest scholar, without the aid of

Literary Notices. 129

extraordinary application. The fecundating organs of plants arc also
arranged and delineated, so that the apparently mysterious function of
vegetable procreation may be understood by all. The second part of the
work is devoted to elaborate and complete descriptions of Southern
plants. These arc arranged on the Natural system, which has superseded
the Linna;n school ; but in order to make the work more perfect, the
descriptions are preceded by a Linnaen and Dichotomous analysis. In a
word, we consider the book eminently calculated to secure the object
entertained by its author, viz., a work which shall in a brief form impart
that knowledge requisite to the botanical student, and a correct impression
of the botany of the country. As such, we cheerfully recommend its
adoption by institutions that give instruction in the science its pages
convey.

Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature. By Scheie de Vcre.

G. P. Putnam, 2^'^Mishcr.

It is universally conceded that the United States is making more
rapid advances in a practical point of view than any other country in the
world ; but while these rapid practical advances are acknowledged, we
have been accused of neglecting literature, science and the arts in a
corresponding ratio. A few years since, our country was a wild, unculti-
vated wilderness, the home of the savage and the beast of prey, into
which civilization was feebly but perseveringly struggling to effect an
entrance. Thanks to the determination and powers of endurance of our
ancestors, difficulties, apparently insurmountable, were overcome, and a
solid foothold at last obtained. The vegetation of the forest held every
foot of soil in an unbroken mass, and the undisturbed luxuriant growth
of thousands of years required the patient and long-continued efforts of
the pioneer to sweep away. Success dawned upon these struggles : the
land was cleared, the soil tilled, roads were made and bridges constructed.
As these first wants were filled, new necessities arose ; the school-house
sprang up by the side of the village church, and the manufactory, at first
humble, but ever enlarging, made its appearance on the adjacent water-
course. More rapid means of locomotion were now demanded, and the
puff of the steamboat was heard on every navigable stream, while the
thunder of the rail-car echoed through the valleys. But while these
matters of national interest were advancing with gigantic strides, the
school-house, the academy, the college and the university were following
in the wake. Every hamlet has its school-house, every town its academy.

130 Literary Notices.

every district its college and every State its university. Education is
universally diflfused, and with it is implanted a taste for reading and study,
which promises largely for the future. In literature, science and the arts,
we can now point to individuals whose reputation is not limited to this
continent alone, but extends throughout the civilized globe. Masters in
every department of science are now endeavoring to instill its intricacies
into the popular ear. Manuals and hand-books are being extensively
published on every side, and their introduction into our schools and
seminaries encouraged and promoted. The rudiments of science will
thus be inducted into the rising generation. But something more was
wanted : adults of both sexes, whose avocations were such as to prevent
long and patient study, were left unreached. This vacuum is now filled.
To this class Professor Schele de Verb has particularly addressed
himself with the most complete success. An intelligent student of nature,
he has winged his flight in all her various recesses, and dragged to light
the plenteous stores hidden in her secret granaries. To his own researches
he adds the cream collected from the labors of his compeers in all the
various walks of natural science, and presents the whole to the reader in
the most delightful and fascinating style. It may fairly be called the
poetry of science, — the reader, entranced, eagerly grasping each succeed-
ing sentence of the author, as though it were the most exciting romance.
Never before have the secrets of nature been pourtrayed in such vivid
colors, and a fresh impetus must hereby be given to their study. We
trust that Professor Schele de Verb will continue the pursuit com-
menced under such promising auspices, and present us with many more
" stray leaves from the book of nature."

Which the Piight or the Left, is the novel title of a book recently
published by Gtarett & Co. of New- York. It is rarely that we notice
books emanating from the school of ephemeral twaddle 'yclept novels.
But this is not a novel of the ordinary kind. It is a truthful and graphic
relation of occurrences which we meet in our every-day intercourse with
the business community. The author has with a clever pen painted
Christ's Christians in contrast with the unctions ones who assume the
garb of Christianity to enhance their value in the estimation of those
incapable of discriminating between the genuine and unreal worshipper.
We subjoin the opinion of the New- York Express :

The writer plunges into the actual heart of all the whirling elements
of fashionable religion and every-day business life, and, strangely enough,

Lhcrary Notices. 131

bears with him the true spirit of Christianity. His book is written with
great strength, and thrashing vigor of thought. The reader who may be
fomiliar with the sterling old novels of Danikl De Foe will not fail to
recognise in the masculine vigor, the great realness, and the practical
elevation of its moral tone, a strong resemblance to their leading charac-
teristics in the present work, which is remarkable for its graphic and
powerful delineations of character, the simplicity, force and directness of
its narrative, its striking and satisfying interest, but above all by its
originality and pathos. The death of the hero — the Christian — and that
of the impenitent, are the most effective and significant pictures of the
kind in modern fiction. One idea prominently suggests itself to us in
connection with the work : there is no means that we are aware of by
which the aims of our religious associations — the Bible, Tract, Home
Mission Societies, &c. — could be more advanced and poiyularised than by
the circulation of this volume. In it, religion is not ashamed oi-'

ITSELF.

AoRrcuLTURE OF MASSACHUSETTS. — By the politeness of Wm. Bacon,
Esq., we are in receipt of a copy of the above valuable work for the year
1854. As a book for the farmer, its real value is beyond estimate, as it
is compiled from the experience of intelligent cultivators who appear to
have investigated various favorite theories of cultivation in a thorough
and satisfactory manner, not for any credit that might redound to their
unrequited labors, but for the purpose of improving the condition of the
professional cultivator. Our State could very easily afford a similarly
useful work, provided we had such a secretary as Mr. Flint of the
Massachusetts Society, to whom the credit of editing the book is due.

Flowers of the Crimea. — We give with much pleasure the following
extract from the Gardeners' Chronicle^ as pertaining to the Flora of the
Crimea. We do hope, in common with many thousands, not only to
hear of the prowess of the combined armies of Western Europe in this
half-civilized portion of the globe, but also of much good resulting to sci-
ence from a better knowledge of these half-investigated regions. Not
only are our flower-gardens concerned in this perilous campaign, but our
very forests also. We have heard enough of the Crimean oaks alone to
set us longing for some of their woodland treasures.

We have a number of very beautiful plants here, and their profusion in
rapid succession, grouped in masses, is very striking. I have seen at least
one hundred acres of larkspurs and poppies mixed, the larkspurs five feet
high ; acres of yellow centaurea ; two or three sorts of boraginere, espe-
cially a beautiful echium. But none of these equal the carpet of crocus-
es in the spring. I have already found forty-two species of gramineje,
many of them peculiar species, with some few wandering Indian ones.

132 Literary Notices.

A species of secale is common, and so is that remarkable phalaris bulbo-
sa, whicli has always bulb-like excrescenses in whatever soil it may grow.
Triticum villosura, monococcum, and cristatum are all very beautiful spe-
cies. The composites are very pretty ; one, an everlasting, has so much
flower and so little leaf that it ought to be a very desirable plant to cul-
tivate. I inclose a flower. W. J/., before Sehastopol, Aug. 3. (The
flower referred to is xeranthemum radiatum.]

Tomato Figs are made in the following manner: "Pour boiling water
over the tomatoes to remove the skins ; then weigh them and put into
stone jars, with as much sugar as tomatoes ; let them stand two days ;
then pour oft' the syrup and boil and skim till no scum rises ; then pour
it over the tomatoes, and let them stand two days, as before ; then boil
and skim again. After a third boiling and skimming, let them stand in
their syrup until drying weather; then place them on earthen plates or
dishes, and put them in the sun to dry^that takes about a week; then
pack them in small wooden boxes, with fine white sugar between every
layer. They will keep for years." These figs, made by this recipe,
were exhibited at the Massachusetts Agricultural Show, and pronounced
superior to two-thirds of the figs imported. It is a matter worth the
attention of all farmers.

The editors of a California paper — the Calaveras Chronicle — were
recently shown a branch taken from a tree of the nutmeg species,
containing a cluster of fruit to the number of seven. The tree from
which these nuts were taken was discovered a short time since by a man
engaged in working on the Mokelumne Hill flume, about fifteen miles dis-
tant. There are two trees standing near each other, the same size, being
about thirty feet in height, and the trunks two in diameter. In appear-
ance, they cloisely resemble trees found in the torrid zone, shooting up in
a single stem, a distance of twenty feet before giving off any branches.
The leaves are of the most beautiful deep green on the upper side, lighter
on the under, are narrow, about two or three inches in length, and arrang-
ed alternately upon foot stalks from a foot to a foot and a half in length.
It is a difiicult matter to determine by what chance these trees should, in
the first place, have found their way so far from their native clime ; and
most strange it is, how they survive the frost of this ; for it has ever been
supposed that they were indigenous to the torrid zones. The nutmegs
of commerce are procured from the East India Islands, principally from
the 3Iolucca group. When mature, they are sulgected to a process of cura-
tion, whereby they are deprived of the power of germinating. As they
are easily propagated from the seed, persons having gardens or grounds
would be well rewarded by procuring the fruit as soon as it is matured,
and treating in the same manner as the peach or any other of the nur-
sery seeds.

:- l^r,-^-^^

HAT can be more^appropriate as a decorativo
attribute to a house of a highly architectural
character, than a few judiciously selected and arranged
specimens of the sculptor's art. " Poh I" says some
blunt objector, in his enthusiasm for oaks and elms ; " what con-
geniality of purpose is expressed by nude figures, perpetually
staring down one's garden walks, or stupidly performing sentinel
duty, perched on walls ; or vases that afford hospital treatment for
consumptive plants, that become bilious from envjang their more
fortunate congeners, who are rioting in a profuseness of mother
earth. Do not indulge," he continues, " any such barbarous preju-
dice ; do not desecrate nature's work with the morbid fancies and
handicraft of fellows who go to classic Italy, and return with long
hair and unseated brains. No, no ! let them who will, worship
images, the creations of distempered imaginations — I am one of
those who think with the poet,

' That Nature unadorned 's adorned the most.' "
Quite a tirade, and a specious argument, too ; pitfalls for ama-
teur improvers ; fogyism spitting upon the sacred fires of genius,
in a vain attempt to quench them. Statuary or architectural em-
bellishments of any description, would, we admit, be ridiculous

HDtlBC

^srw?r*-^

136

Architectural Gardening.

intruders in the surroundings of a cottage ornee.^or a landscape of
a highly picturesque character, but, as tributary objects to the
splendor of a villa, whose architecture is elaborate and pretentious,
they become not only desirable, but indispensable appendages. In

such instances, the presence of stat-
uary is demanded in order to contri-
bute completeness of expression, and
entire harmony, suggested by the
aflSnity of art objects.

If statues, and vases, and foun-
tains, are not permisable as tasteful
decorations contiguous to suburban
dwellings, then the like incongruity
is apparent in a purely ornamental
building itself ; as nature, (the hob-
by upon which the prohibitor of
sculptural objects, bases his opposi-
tion,) does not fashion our tenements,
no more than she does a Medidan
Venus. The diflSculty can be summed
up in a nut shell. We have invaria-
bly discovered, that those who are
most fervid in their admiration of
nature, to the utter abandonment of
cultivated sentiments, are such whose
education and early prejudices were
directed to beauty as signalised in
dollars and cents. Subsequently
with a satiety of the pleasure engen-
dered by accumulating gold, comes
a desire for those more peaceful at-
tractions connected with fruits, flow-
ers, graceful trees, green lawns, an
elegant house, etc. Such a person,
we repeat, is incapable of appreciat-
ling or recognising beauty in a stat-
[ue, although it were the handiwork
of Angelo. To entertain admiration
for works of art, it is necessary that

^^Hqer

Architectural Gardenins'.

137

we be somewhat impregnated with
those exalted feelings which inspired
the genius that wrought at the mar-
ble. These feelings can be cultivated
only by an intimate association ^vit'n
the works of the great artists. Not
nnfrequently have we observed, those
pretending to be connoisseurs, too,
looking at a beautiful figure, almost
faultless in truthful expression and
graceful swelling outline, with a sto-
ical indifference, that quite puzzled
us to comprehend. Others again, who
place a proper value on art, contend
that it is absurd and ridiculous to
place a statue out of doors, exposed
to all weathers. If there is any ab-
surdity in the remark, it consists in
the expression of sympathy for un-
■ draped figures, carrying the simili-
tude to humanity beyond reason.
What lends such exquisite poetry to
'the landscape as a " Venus, wooing
you from the top of a Doric column,"
surrounded by other architectural
features ; or a Vase of classic mould, -from whose side depends
bright foliage and delicate flowers.

Statuary should not be looked upon as simply ornamental appen-
dages to the pleasure ground, but also, as instructive remem-
brancers of the birthplace of impulsive enthusiastic genius ; the
biding place of men with conceptions beyond the ordinary herd of
which they formed a conspicuous part. Men who lived only for
their heaven-
inspired pro-
fession, and
who breath-
ed an atmos-
phere radi-
ated with
beauteous

138

Architectural Gardening.

forms. Such are a few of the feelings resurrected by contem-
plating Art objects. Sometimes an over zealous patron of Hebes
•^nd Bacchantes and Yenuses, intersperses his domain so thickly
^vith his favorites, that the eye tires with their constant recurrence,
and in the place of contributing an agreeable finish, assume a stiff-
ness and formality very much out of keeping, and really makes
one think that the gratified proprietor has turned idolater, and
given himself, body and soul, over to his idols. This remark,
however, cannot apply to the London Horticultural Gardens at
Chiswick, which are profusely filled with marble, for they are
all exquisite gems of art, and individually possess a world of
beauty. Horace Walpole being an Art critic, however, advises
retrenchment. But his judgment will not pass current with the
man of taste who has visited Strawberry Hill — the most incongru-
ous pile of lath, stone and mortar, constructed since Babylon's
tower was chronicled as an architectural monstrosity. Walpole
himself, a great admirer of sculptuary, did not indulge his passion
at Strawberry Hill otherwise than in interior decoration, whicli he
carried to an excess inexcusable in a man of his stamp.

Statuary may be introduced with propriety near entrance gates,
parapets of terraces contiguous to the house, or may be elevated
on tastefully wi'ought columns, but alwaj'S in the vicinitj' of ar-
chitectural objects. In geometric gardens they are frequently dis-
covered embellishing centres formed by walks converging to a
common source. They are also fitting occupants for temples,
where the latter form the termination of a vista.

The cottage, Mr. Downing says, may have its vase, but where
tlie building is small, the basket vase made of bits of wood and fill-
ed with flowering plants, is in better keeping than those made of
any more highly artificial materials."

One rule regarding planting, either a vase or statue cannot.

Architectural Gardening. 139

with propriety be transceudect that is, thej'^
should always be accompanied with a suit-
able pedestal to give them a proper eleva-
tion to meet the eye and also to keep up a
certain dignity of appearance which is lost
when they are set on the naked ground, or
amid vegetation.

Purely classical vases should never be
encumbered with plants, as they possess in
themselves sufficient attraction for ornament
tal purposes. Vases of some filagree work
or any fancy pattern, are more harmonious for displaying flowers.

Plant vases may be set on walls, pedestals, balustrades, &c.
One thing must be borne in mind, wherever they are placed, there
should be an apparent object for the disposition, otherwise a
meaningless expression will be the result.

Loudon remarks : " If it be asked, why use vases in this coun-
try at all, unless plants are to be put in them. The answer is,
they are employed as appropriate ornaments, as beautiful forms,
and as articles of rarity and value. But it may be further asked ,
can an article be beautiful or confer ornament on another object,
when it is itself of no use. Certainly it can. The noblest orna-
ments are those without use in the common sense of the word,
though in the sense of art and refinement everything is of use,
which adds to the strength of the emotion of tlie kind of beauty
which it is desired to produce."

" The history of every country may be' traced by its vases, no
less than by its coins ! And the history of all countries is set
before us in the vases of all countries.

This remark, to some extent, may also apply to statuary. Sculp-
tured figures appear to have been among the first arts. As far
back as reliable history can be traced, we have information of
various methods of obtaining fac-similes of the human form, hew-
ed frequently from rough stone and wood, or baked from potters
clay. These devices were rude in some instances, nevertheless
they evinced that artistic feeling which, at a later period, Italy's
swarthy sons so beautifully developed, and which now riot in
England's palaces and pleasure grounds.

A writer in the London Florist, aptly observes : it is not solely
for the terrace or formal garden that vases are appropriate ; there
are many situations in scenery purely English (or in the natural

140

Architectural Gardening.

style) where vases may be introduced with the happiest effect ;
for instance, at the junction of gravel walks, or where these latter
are compelled to be terminated abruptly, a vase or seat affords a
suitable excuse. The angles formed by the sudden sweep of a
walk, and corners not otherwise filled up and backed by masses of
planting are positions which just occur to me, as affording sites
for vases in natural scenery where their introduction will not of-
fend the eye of taste. On the contrary, thej' should never be
placed in open parts of the lawn, where their isolation of
architectural accompaniment
would be manifest, and where,
besides, masonry in any form
would interfere with repose and
breadth, both essential features
in this style of gardening. It
follows, then, that in natural
scenery either real or imitated
vases should be placed in im-
mediate connection with grav-
el walks, which will form a
kind of base for them, or at no
great distance therefrom ; or
only where their employment
as objects to fill up otherwise vacant places affords a reason for
deviating from thegeneral rule ; and on no account should they be
placed as single objects on lawns unconnected either with mason-
ry or walks.

In order to give a more definite idea of such designs as are
most appropriate, we have had engraved several figures drawn
from actual objects.

Fig. 1., is an exquisite and exceedingly symmetrical design, re-
presenting a female bachanalian in graceful pose, pressing the juice
from a bunch of grapes into a goblet. This figure should occupy
a conspicuous position near the mansion.

Fig. 2., is another female figure, somewhat of a more classic
character. The drapery is so disposed as to afford a view of a
finely developed form, without being offensive even to the over
fastidious eye.

Fig. 3., represents an Italian husbandman in a vei-y natural
attitude ; leaning upon his spade resting himself, and contemplat-
ing the surrounding results of his industry. This figure would

Architedwal Gardening.

141

not be out of place in a garden of limited pretension. It is " af-
ter " Angelo Piati.

Fig. 4., another classic statue, in dancing position, beautifully
moulded ; a fine conception and quite a gem of art. As a centre
piece for a geometric or architectural garden, it would form an
elegant and pleasing feature. The original by Canova.

Fig's. 5, and 6., are two dogs, a grey-
hound and St. Bernard, appropriate embel-
lishments for the parapets of a terrace, or
entrance gates of a more than ordinarily
elaborate character. Both are in crouch-
ing position, head erect, evidently on the
qui live for passers in and out, and there-
fore suggestive of an object, in keeping
with the localitj^ they occupy.

Fig. 7., is a classic vase rather severe
than otherwise, and therefore should be
placed near the house, and should not be
encumbered with plants, as the associa-
tion connected with a pui-ely classic vase
would be a variance with good taste if
put to the use of a common flower pot.

Fig. 8., an exceedingly elegant fancy
vase, a very pretty design, ornamented j
with foliage, varied by scroll work. Plac-
ed on a pedestal, it would present a showy
appearance if filled with some gaudy flowering plants.

Fig. 9., is another fancy vase of a more elaborate character ; the
standard of which, represents rustic work, surmounted by a wicker
basket. A very suitable receptacle for trailing plants, as its height
permits them to depend over the side to their complete develop-
ment.

Fig. 10., is a tazza vase, much in use and presenting a large
surface ; affords a temporary habitation for a number of plants,
which can be planted promiscously so as to display a variety of
foliage and flowers forming a harmonious mass.

In selecting plants for vase culture, care should be observed
that only such are used as are free growers, and will not suffer
from a little neglect, and also, that they harmonize with the situ-
ation they fill. The dwarf scarlet geraniums are all good plants
for this purpose, and if properly cared for, will bloom without

142 Architectural Gardening.

cessation during the summer and autumn months. Vases approx-
imate to the house, maybe planted with the American aloe, as its
stiff, upright growth, has an affinity for pm-ely architectural ob-
jects. The African lilly, Eg>-ptian arum, are good plants for
secluded locations ; they require, however, a liberal supply of
water, being half aquatics. Among trailing plants the calestegia-
pubescens, will be found admirably suited to the pm-pose, possess-
ing a good habit, and is a^
constant bloomer. So are al.
so the lophosphernums, and
maurandyas A pretty green-
house plant for the purpose, on
account of its unique foliage,
istradescantiazebmm. There are
a number of other plants well
adapted for the purpose, some annuals the appropriateness of which
can be governed by the judgment of the gardener whether he be
professional or amateur.*

THE CANKER WORM PEST.

The indications now are, that in places where sure remedies are
not seasonably applied, the ravages of the canker worm upon the
tree during the coming summer, will be greater than ever before-
They are now ascending from the ground in vast numbers, and if
not prevented will fill the trees with their eggs. In some places
in the vicinity of Boston, even the fences are covered with these
worms. In many places applications of tar are made, and if kept
in a moist condition, it appears to be effectual. In other cases, a
favorite tree is siu-rounded with a avoocIc]! trench, containing
strong brine. In reg-ard to the use of lime and salt, it has been
said that it will destroy them. A gentleman last week placed a
dozen of them in a tumbler containing a strong solution of lime
and salt, and kept them covered with the mixture all night. In
the morning they were taken out and placed upon an envelope,
and in a short time they were as lively as ever. — Traveller.

* Tne objects embellishing this article and from which our engravings were made, may be ob -
tained of Messrs. Janes & Beebe, at No. 356 Broadway, N'ew York.

Cultivation of the Grasses.

143

CULTIVATION OF THE GRASSES.

BY L. DURAND.

oremost among valuable farm crops, is grass :
the staple as it were, when 'compared with oth-
er vegetation. To the farmer it is of inestima-
ble importance to secure his lands to grass, at
least a goodly proportion of his domain. In
fact, the foundation of all successful tillage lies
in this point, namely : " Does your farm pro-
duce all the valuable, natural and exotic grass-
es well ; if the response be affirmative, you may
muster with tillers who have the right to be consid-
ered good cultivators or at least you ma}' indulge in
the gratifying unction that your neighbors envy you
the possession of a superior farm.

Next to the farmer, who is befriended by green
meadows, and uplands waving with miniature seas of
Timothy," is the rural gentleman who delights in a vel-
vety lawn spread around his house in all its refreshing
"^greenness and glistening brilliancy. To attain this, is
not in all cases an easy matter. The difficulty experienced by
the amateur, is an inadequate knowledge of the different varieties
of grass and their adaptibility to different soils. I shall therefore
give the names and description of those kinds, with which I am prac-
tically acquainted.

Timothy or Herd's grass, (P/deiim Pratensc) is one of the most
valuable of all the cultivated kinds ; it is of foreign origin, but
adapts itself to American soil like one to the " manor born." In
England, twenty-nine tons of this grass have been cut from six
acres of ground, such astonishing yields are doubtless owing to
high cultivation and a propitious climate. In this country, it is
made use of to an almost unlimited extent for market hay, as it
possesses a large per cent, of nutriment, when dry. This fact,
however, does not prove it the best ; for not unfrequently it is
spoiled in making in hay, while in the field ; it being very sensi-
tive of any extraneous influence. Wlien this grass is put in the
ground alone, it often grows coarse, with large stalks particularly
the season subsequent to seeding. This rankness of growth, of

144 Cultivation of the Grasses.

course, tends to depreciate the quality of the grass for fodder. In
order to avoid this error (for it is an error), the seed should be
put in very thick, with a generous proportion of redtop, {Agrostis
vulgaris). The result will be a fine, tender grass, plethoric with
nourishing juice, and afFoi'ding excellent pasturage and a velvety
lawn.

When timothy is sown alone (a plan which I wonld not recom-
mend) on grounds which have been previously well stimulated by
the application of manure, the quantity of seed demanded will be
about one bushel and a half per acre. In case the soil is only in
indifferent condition, two bushels per acre will be none too much.
A better market hay, however, can be produced by sowing one
bushel of red-top, to half a bushel, or three pecks of timothj" per
acre. Oftentimes, one bushel of seed will be as effectual in
seeding an acre of land, as two bushels on other occasions. Not-
withstanding this singularity, thick seeding is at all time advis-
able, whether for pasture, or lawn purposes as in unpropitious
years, much seed never vegetates. Clover is also, essential to
good pasture. In case land has been previously planted to such
crops as require much animal manure, it vrill not be necessary to
put in any clover seed, as a sufficient qiiautity will be found
growing spontaneously in connection with the timothy, the first
season. The second season, timothy and red-top, will displace the
clover. Timothy grass, as a general rule, grows but once in a
season, although in low swales if the weather be favorable ; it
will, after being cut, afford good early fall feed for cattle.

Red-top, in some sections of the country, is considered the very
best grass for feed. Entirely alone it makes excellent fodder for
stock ; horses, however, prefer a mixture of timothy.

Eed-top forms a close, tight sward for the lawn, and effectually
shuts out weeds of almost every description. It will also grow
and flourish well, on a much lighter soil than timothy, remaining
in the meadow and growing a good crop of grass, long after the
timothy has become a reminiscence. There appears to be two
kinds of red-tops, one sort that is peculiar to the west of the up-
land pastures of New England, and grows about twelve inches
high, with a small slender stalk, and a short fuzzy top. The other
kind, the red-top proper, grows from fifteen inches to two feet with"
a long slender head as a top, and a stalk in proportion. The
small red-top, may be as nutritious as the larger kind, it certainly

Cultivation of the Grasses. 145

makes a good grass for cattle when fed down, and not permitted
to run in to flower and seed before the animals are " turned in."

Red clover, we think is entitled to be called a grass, although
some claim that it is not a grass proper, then call it a grass
improper. A late writer in the American Agriculturist, called
Indian corn one of the grasses. If this be the case, I think there
need be no question but that clover may be recognized by a simi-
lar distinction.

Red clover for pasture, is the most economical use to which it
can be devoted. It is also valuable as a soiler turned under when
green. The amount of feed that red clover will yield in a season,
is almost incredible. After it has thoroughly "headed out,"
" turn in " stock enough to feed it down in the shortest time, in
which case it will continue to grow fresh feed during the remain-
der of the season. It is a bienial.

White clover is another excellent grass of the kind ; it forms a
thick bushy bottom, spreading rapidly over the surface, and forms
a much tighter sward than the variety just described. Generally
it will spontaneously appear in newly seeded meadows. In order
to make it into hay, it should be cut while in blossom, otherwise
it wastes in drying, losing its nourishing properties by exhala-
ati on.

Orchard grass — one of the great advantages of this grass is,
that it will grow very eai'ly in the season, and thus afford a good
bite for the cattle by the tenth or fifteenth of May. On this ac-
count it is also valuable for lawn purposes, giving a delicate ver-
dure to the landscape before vegetation has assumed its summer
garb. By the middle of June in this locality it is ready for the
scythe. One great advantage attending the cultivation of the
orchard grass, is its adaptibility for growing beneath the shade of
trees without any apparant diminution of vigor, or quantity to
that grown in open exposure, hence its characteristic name, orch-
ard grass. There is, however, one drawback attending this vari-
ety. Difficulty is experienced in unfavorable seasons in making the
seed " catch," therefore, it becomes imperative to perform the seeding
with a liberal hand. Clover and orchard grass should be sown togeth-
er as they arrive simultaneously at cutting condition, I believe it
is the rule among English cultivators, to sow eight or ten different
varieties of seed together for mowing lands, but in this country,
the advantage of such a promiscous crop is not apparant ; two or

146 Cultivation of the Grasses.

three kinds is quite sufficient, say red-top, timothy, red and white
clover, in generous quantities, will answer. What the soil re-
quires is to be thoroughly swarded over to grass by the second
season of mowing, rooting out all weeds and foul vegetation.
Thick seeding will invariably give a finer and better quality of
grass for hay, and will also, continue to grow good crops,
much longer than when the seed is stintingly scattered.

Sweet scented vernal grass, is frequently found grooving natu-
rally in meadow-lands and the by wayside, it exhales a delightful
perfume of an aromatic character. It is a good pasture grass, but
for hay, its qualities are not altogether desirable, it continues to
flourish during the entire season of vegetation.

Kentucky blue grass, is not known among the northern farmers
to the extent its merit deserves. It makes a heavy grass and
hearty food for animals. There is a variety of blue grass, pecu-
liar to the pasture lands of New England in appearance and
quality, slightly favoring its Kentucky neighbor. I should par-
ticularly recommend the Kentucky blue grass for trial among the
farmers generally, in order to correctly ascertain its qualifications
for enduring and flourishing in the more extreme latitudes ; it has
already been proven invaluable for lawn purposes on account of
its capability for enduring drouths, and also because it gives a del-
icate velvety appearance.

In an article of this character, I can only glance at a few varie-
ties. Those I have mentioned are kinds in ordinary use, and are
sufficient for practical purposes,whether for feed or rural embellish-
ment. A large list of grasses, illustrated by appropriate engrav-
ings, may be found in the Gardeners and Farmers Dictionary.

The proper time for seeding lands to grass in this section, is
generally in the spring with oats, or spring wheat, or barle3^ Oats
however, have the preference ; the only objection to which is,
when they grow too heavy and rank, they are apt to lodge, and
the young grass is smothered and killed out. Barley, and spi-ing
wheat are not so objectionable on this account, but for some rea-
son, grass seed with the latter crops do not catch well at all
times.

Instances are recorded in which success, the most flattering has
been realized by sowing grass seed with buckwheat, which grati-
fying result has also attended fall sowing with rye and winter
wheat.

Some two years ago, I saw a meadow turned over in the month

Cultivation of the Grasses. 147

of August. The furrows were rolled down eveuly and subsequent-
ly, a top dressing of compost manure was applied, after whicL,
turnips and grass seed were harrowed in. The turnips came up
well and gave a large yield. The grass seed also flourished be-
yond expectation, and last year, delighted the owner with a lux-
uriant crop of red-top and timothy. This success is doubtless at-
tributable to the propitious season. In an unfavorable year the
experiment would in all i)robability, bean utter failure, still I con-
sider it a good plan, to get an old meadow freshly seeded where a
course of other crops is not required.

The best varieties of grass for lawns, are Kentucky blue grass,
red-top, timothy, white clover, and sweet scented grass. In locali-
ties occupied by trees, and the ground is much shaded, a proportion
of orchard grass may be added. In the Oct. issue of the Review,
I gave the formula of operations for creating a tight, smooth
sward for the lawn and I therefore may be excused from repeating
it here.

Pasture laxds, for feeding stock are quite heterogenous in their
character. The ordinary mountain lands are and should be kept
in permanent grass. Such lands, generally afford a rich growth
of natural grass which, when fed down by sheep and cattle, may
remain undisturbed by the plough for an infinite period ; all the
attention the land requires is an occasional clearing up of shrub-
ber}', and the application of a top dressing of some specific fertil-
izer ; this, with the excrement of the grazing herds, will be ample
stimulus, to keep up undiminished vigor.

Open wood lands are often turned to profitable account, as be-
sides affording provender for ruminating animals, they also give
shelter, in stormy weather, or the intolerant heat of midsummer.

Such pasture lands as present no obstructions to the progress
of a plough, should be brought into a course of crops, and so kept
in a fertile condition, when a large amount of grass may be ob-
tained from a comparatively small quantity of ground.

IlAYiUKixG. Much has been said, written and reiterated about
the proper time for cutting hay in order, to retain, all the nourish-
ing juices. Most farmers concur in saying that the right time is
after the grass, has attained maturity on the ground, just previous
to that dryness which causes the seed to shell out.

For timothy, the time of cutting is at hand (in my opinion) when
the blossoms commence drooping from decay.

148 Cultivation of the Grasses.

If the farmer has a great many acres to go over, and the work
is to be done by hand, it will be essential to begin cutting quite
early in order that the later mowing be not dried up, and the heart
of the hay, dissipated by the withering and absorbing influence of
the atmosphere, but horse powers and patent mowers are now in
such extensive use, that no intelligent farmer will attempt a large
job without patronizing their superior facilities for accomplishing
labor.

Early haying in June, is uncertain and "risky" as we seldom
have more than one or two fair days at a time, three or four acres
of hay cut, a part laying in the winrow, and the balance in heaps,
and [in this situation "weather" a week of rain, is not just the
thing for good fodder ; here the advantage of horse power machi-
nery is apparent even to "fogies," who still protest against these
rapidly advancing inovations (as they term them) of science, and
intellect, in their application to farm economy. In concluding
my remarks, I would observe, that the cultivation of grass is
productive of large pecuniary results, and the beauty of a well
kept lawn will not be spoken of disparagingly even by the most
sordid disclaimer against the inutility of non productive, garden-
ing. If it were not for the deep, almost perpetual verdure which
bedecks rural England, she would not at the present time occupy
so exalted a position, in suburban matters. It is her green fields
to which she owes, those delightful cottages, which embosom her
home loving people, and why do they cherish remembrances even
to an advanced age, of the " cot " wherein they commenced the
battle of life ; simply for the reason that their homes were made
Eden like with, grassy lawns, trailing ivy, fragrant flowers, deli-
cious fruits, refreshing vistas of land and water, lowing herds,
vast forests ; these combined, have done more, for English rural
life, and English education, than all the efibrts of her ermined
law-makers.

(We especially recommend the perusal of Mr. Durand's article.
The novice, who is taking the initiatory steps, in growing grass
crops, can derive from it, much valuable information, as it is a
veritable record, prompted by experience. Our farmers in most in-
stances, regard the special cultivation of grapes, as something quite
absurd, only seeding down as a dernier resort, when other crops
cease to be remimerative. Mr. Durand, has paid a more than or-
dinary degree of attention to this branch of farming, and therefore
his remarks will be more valuable to the practical man. Ed.

TJie neio Roses of 1855.

149

THE NEW ROSES OF 1865.

BY TH05US RIVERS, [SAWBRIDGEWORTH, ENGLAND.]

N common with most of our flowers and fruits,
, there are every year new Roses in abundance ;
^^^^^^^^^^ but owing to the present high standard of ex-
f JBH|S^^^''V' collence in Roses, but very few of the new
varieties can be honestly recommended. It is
true their names and their descriptions are en-
ticing, owing to the false judgment of those
'who raise them from seed, who, with that peculiar
leaning which every florist feels for a flower of
his own creation, see in them qualities far above
their deserts ; they describe them with glowing
language, because they love them as a parent
loves his children, and are surprised when a cool, dis-
tinguished looker-on, points out defects which their affection-blinded
eyes never detected. There were probably from sixty to eighty new
varieties of Roses " introduced to commerce," as the French phase
is, during the autumn of 1854 and spring of 1855. Many of these
are pretty enough — for what Rose is not pretty ? — but those of really
fine qualities, excelling, or even equaling, such Roses as Prince
Leon, General Jacqueminot, Paid Dupuy, General Bedeau, Madame
Rivers, and many others, are lamentably few ; so much so, that
one almost fears the point of perfection has been attained, and
that no better Roses than those we now possess can or will be
originated.

The following varieties will, I think, however, be found worthy
of a place in the Rose garden : —

Lord Raglan, a seedling from Geante des Batailles, is a full-sized,
cupped, and very double Rose, of nearly the same color as the
parent, but varying with the season ; in July of this year it was
brilliant crimson, a little deeper in color than its parent, in Au-
gust it gave some blooms of the most dazzling scarlet, and I then
thought it the most brilliant and beautiful Rose I had ever beheld.
The Emperor Napoleon, of the same parentage, is quite as brilliant
in colour, but its flowers are small, not double, and not regularly
shaped. Madvime Place, is a most neat, beautifully shaped, ele-

150 The new Roses of 1855.

gant Eose, a little under full size, of a bright rosy pink. Madame
Masson, is one of our largest Roses, and, as usual with large
flowers, not quite regular in shape ; its color is a deep rich red-
dish crimson. It is certainly a fine distinct variety. Baron
Laray is a large fine bright pink Rose, good, but not very distinct ;
and Duchesse de Chambaceres, is a large Rose of this class of
color, remarkable for its vigorous habit and freedom in autumn
blooming. Belle Lyonnaise, Madame Lacour Jury, Madame Theo-
dore Martell, and Madame Vidot, are all pale-colored Roses, of
the same class in color as Madame Rivers. .Deuil de Willermoz,
is a prettj^, very dark crimson Rose, but scarcely large enough or
full enough ; and Prince de la Moskowa, is also a rich dark Rose,
but only semi-double. In this class of color fine, large, and well-
shaped Roses are much wanted.

Among new Bourbon Roses there does not seem to be one real-
ly worthy of notice ; and among the new Tea-scented Roses but
one — viz., Louise de Savoie. This variety has bloomed latelj' in
great perfection, its large, pale yellow flowers having a fine ef-
fect.

A large number of new summer Moss Roses have been intro-
duced, but a few of them have, however, shown any distinctness
or goodness. Comtesse Doria, is of a brilliant crimson, but it is
not double enough ; and Baron de Wassenaer, is a very large
rose-colored variety, very vigorous in its habit.

Some new Perpetual Moss Roses arc really pretty. Celine
Briant, Didon, and Marie de Bourgogne are of the Four Seasons
Rose tribe. They are dwarf ; their flowers, although not large,
are well mossed and very fragrant, and they bloom very freely in
the autimin. Salet is a new Perpetual Moss, of tlie most robust
and vigorous growth ; its flowers are of a pale rose color, not
large, and not abundantly mossed, but its buds have the true
fragrance of the old Moss Rose, and it gives an abuandant crop
of them in September, recalling agreeably the memory of the
Moss Rose buds of " merry June." Madame Ory is a new Moss
Rose of this class, at present rare, but it is likely to prove a good
variety: its flowers are large, double, and well shaped, and it
blooms freely in the autumn. It does not difTer in color from the
old Moss Rose ; its habit is dwarf, and does not approach in vig-
or to Salet, which is really a remarkable Rose.

I have now given the results of my experience with the new

Death of the Seasons.

151

Koses for the year 1855, aucl trust this hastily-Avrittcu aitich;
may be of some little interest with the lovers of Roses, among
whom I class myself, and I am really an old and faithful lover of
our Queen of flowers. Florist and Fruitist.

DEATH OF THE SEASONS.

[by miss ISABELLA STEVEXS.]

HE face of Death -w^as passionless — "
■^ A maiden fair stood on the green hill side ;
Her eyes, blue as the o'er-arching heavens,
"Were eastward turned ; a bright smile lingered on
Her parted lips, and mid her golden locks
Tae surlight played, shedding a radiance o'er
Her face — and Spring, fair Spring, thus standing forth
Half in the sunshine, half in shade, appeared
1 he fair embodiment of all that's bright
And hopeful.

But she stood not long alone ;
For oer the distant hills with noiseless step
A white robed figure came ; onward it sped —
'Its face was ghastly pale — unearthly eyes

Gleamcd'from that pallid face, and with their glances

Of strange and mournful earnestness, they seemed

To have no vision for the things of Earth,

But peered their ardent gaze adown the dark

Vistas of Eternity.

Near and more near

The figure came, and Spring felt a cold hand

Clasping hers, and yet there fell no shadow

On the grass — but her bright smile faded

And her sunny brow was clouded — " Oh Death "

Said she in mournful tones, " How had I hoped

That Earth's inhabitants could greet me once

With a full song of joy unmixed with woe ;

I would have no trembling hands weave flowers,

(My precious dower to earth,) in funeral wreaths ;

Xo wounded heart to meet me with a tear.

And morning say " what care I for thy gifts.

Oh Spring, thy choice-t gifts, since those I loved

Are gone ! Oh that I once could journey on

154 Color of Country Houses.

tic eye. A harsh, vulgar outline may pass without particular no-
tice in a view of rural scenery, if the mass is quiet and harmoni-
ous in color ; while a very tolerable composition may injure
materially, the views near it, if painted white ; the human eye
being so constituted that it will be held in bondage by this strik-
ing blot of crude light, and compelled to give it unwilling atten-
tion. Where a palace like that at Versailles is erected in the
midst of formal gardens and terraces on a very large scale, and
so arranged that it is the principal feature from every point of
view, it is not inappropriate that it should be of white marble
since there is nothing more interesting for the eye to rest on than
the building, and the light and shade of the architectural decora-
tions, together with the general magnificence of the composition
are set forth to advantage. Pure white, even in large masses, if
only disagreeable to the cje Avhen it forces into prominent notice
objects of secondary importance.

In country houses the design has to be adapted to the location,
and not the location to the design ; it is, moreover, undesirable,
and generally impracticable, to make the natural subservient to
the artificial. "Woods, fields, mountains, and rivers will be more
important tlian the houses that are built among them, and every
attempt to force individual buildings into prominent notice, is an
evidence either of a vulgar desire for notoriety at any sacrifice, or
of an ill-educated eye and taste.

As for the colors of rural buildings, they should be carefully
varied — often cheerful and light, sometimes neutral, seldom dark,
and never black or white ; and there is no end to the changes and
combinations of tints tliat may be used in painting a house. The
constant recurrence of about the same requirements will, of course,
lead to much similarity in plan, particularly in small buildings ;
but tlic monotony that this Avould occasion may be agreeably re-
lieved by variety in color, both in the interior and exterior. Dif-
ferent patterns of paper will make two rooms of the same propor-
tion no longer look alike, and the same result will be obtained on
the exterior bj^ adopting diflerent tints for tlie color of the walls
and wood-Avork. Another important point to be considered is, that
it is entirely insufficient to use onlj^ one or tAvo shades of color for
each house ; every rural building requires four tints to make it a
pleasant object in the way of color. This variety costs no more
than monotonous repetition, and adds much to the completeness of

Color of Country Houses. 156

the effect. The principal walls should be of some agreeable shade
of color ; the roof-trimming-s, verandas, and other wood-Avork being'
either of a different color or different shade of the same color, so that
a contrast, but not a harsh one, may be established. The third tint,
not widely diffci-ent from the other wood work, should be applied
to the solid parts of the Venetian blinds, while the movable slats
should be painted of the fourth tint. — This last tint shoukl be by
far the darkest used on the premises, for the effect of a glass win-
dow or opening in a wall is universally dark when viewed from a
distance, and if this natural fact is not remembered, the shutters
being painted the same color as the rest of the house, a blank, un-
interesting effect will be produced ; for when the blinds are closed
(which is generally the case), the house, except to a person very
near to it, will appear to be without any windows at all. This er-
ror is often fallen into, and requires to be carefully guarded
against.

It is, however, a very simple and easy matter thus, in a few
words, to lay down common sense rules that may be advantagous-
ly followed in painting all country houses, but it is a very differ-
ent affair to overcome the difficulties of ignorance and prejudice.
In some cases the house-painters themselves show a laudable de-
sire to escape from monotonous repetition, but, on the other hand,
they are at times troublesome opponents to a reform in this matter.
It is, indeed, scarcely surprising that a mechanic, who has been
brought up on a chalk-white and spinach-green diet ever since he
was old enough to handle a brush, should have little taste for deli-
cate variations of color, because a perpetual contemplation of
white-lead and verdigris is calculated to have the same effect on
the aya that incessant tobacco-chewing has on the palate ; in each
case the organ is rendered incapable of nice appreciation. Any
person who may wish to have his residence judiciously painted
will do well to depend on himself to make the selection of colors ;
and if he will but study the question simply and fairly, trusting to
his real, natural, instinctive taste, and regulating his decision by
his private feeling for what is agreeable or otherwise, instead of
by what he finds next door to him, he will at once cut loose from
conventional absurdity, and in all probability arrive at a result
that ^^'ill be artistic and pleasing.

It is highly satisfactory that, in this matter of color, which is
so important to rural art, there is constant opportunity for im-

156

Remarks on Twenty-one Varieties of Pear.

provement. The necessity for painting every two or three years,
fortunately compels the question to remain always an open one.
Ill-planned roads and ugly houses are troublesome to alter, but an
improved taste may readily satisfy its craving for harmonious col-
or, which will give, in every instance, a most liberal return for
whatever outlay of thought or money may be judiciously bestowed
on it.

REMARKS ON TWENTY-ONE VARIETIES OF PEAR.

BY JAMES SNOWDEN.

AviNG, during the two past seasons, tested a
largo number of the recent additions to our
pear list, I send you my opinion regarding
their respective qualities. One fact I have
demonstrated beyond a doubt, and that is, none
of the exotic varieties arc equal (taking every-
thing into consideration,) to the better sorts
of native origin. They are more sensitive to
the fluctuations of heat and cold, betray less
health, and consequently require a greater de-
gree of attention from the hand of the pomo'
legist. I find it very injurious to make use of
large quantities of highly stimulating manures, as the
excessive growth produced thereby, induces succulent
wood. This plethora is succeeded by a reaction, the
tree is enfeebled, the entire economy loses its accustomed
activity, and a sclerotic nursling aflSicts your vision, your hopes of
a return of vigor prevents you from iiprooting it and substituting
a tree with a happier habit, and there it remains imtil death ensues ;
or if recovery transpire, it is generally at a late period. I should
therefore recommend as a manure for the pear, chiefly composts, in
which lime and iron abound in large proportions ; being less stimu-
lating, they operate specifically as a fertilizer, and also in neutral-
izing the baneful effects of more heating manure. They induce a
glossy, deep green foliage, and incline the wood to produce fruit
spurs instead of watery shoots, which should (particularly in the
pear) not be suffered.

Remarks on Twcnty-om Varieties of Pear. 151

Among tlie foreign pears, I find many eminently worthy of culti-
vation and possessing all the desirable qualities of a first rate
fruit.

Beurre Giffart, a summer-pear with a handsome yellow color,
heightened by a glow of red. It is of medium size, pjnriform
juicy and high flavored. From the middle to the last of August
it is worthy of general cultivation.

Leech'SjKixgsessixg, has been somewhat over-estimated. It was
raised at Philadelphia. It is a very vigorous grower, hardy, fair
size, melting and juicy, good flavor, but inclined to be a little
coarse grained ; notwithstanding I do not hesitate to recommend it
as a valuable fruit, being to the "manor born" it is not affected by
climatical changes. First September.

HosEX Shexk. I have eaten this pear, but the fruit was not of
my own raising. It is quite large, of pyramidal form, melting and
buttery, and is also a good grower. I am informed that it origi-
nated from a seed of the White Doyenne, which it resembles
somewhat in flavor, though scarcely equalling it. The experience
of several seasons will be required to adequately test its merits.
Ripens about the middle of August.

Dearborx's Seedlixg — Is certainly not as good as I have been
led by Mr. Downing, to believe. It is very diminutive, ripens
among the last of summer pears, is quite variable in flavor ; al-
though sometimes excellent, is more frequently indifferent. This
is my experience, others to the contrary.

Beukre Bosc — One of the best of pears, large size, a shy bearer,
and a rather refractory grower.

Beurre Clairgeau — Excellent in all respects ; extremely large,
and has a russet skin, slightly suffused with red on the side ex-
posed to the sun. Very melting, juicy, fine grained, aromatic fla-
vor. First of November.

Beurre D' Amanlis — Another very superior fruit. The tree is
remarkably healthy and vigorous, and is not so susceptible of
blight as other sorts. The fruit attains a great size, is melting,
and has a refreshing sub-acid flavor. First of Oct.

Doyexxe Bossoch — Has been highly and deservedly recommend-
ed. Like the last described variety, it is a strong grower and
succeeds well in a variety of soils. Fruit large, a clear yellow
skin, occasionally^ russeted, melting and buttery. Middle, to last o f
October.

FoNDANTE D' Automxe — One of the best of all pears. Medium size*

1 58 Remarks on Twenty-one Varieties of Pear.

greenish yellow, delicious flavor scarcely surpassed. The Belle
Lucrative, has proved syuonj'mous with this variety. I do not
hesitate to say that no garden, however limited, but what should
embrace at least a specimen tree. First of October.

Triojiphe D' Jodoigne — A monster pear, with a green skin and a
dark red cheek. It is very juicy, saccharine and acid, with a lurk-
ing aroma that forbids satiety. The tree appears to be at home
in most any situation. First of December.

Beurre Charrox — Promises well. It is a roundish shaped pear,
of fair size, though not large ; skin green and when quite ripe
slightly yellow. Flesh exceedingly juicy, high flavored and excel-
lent. I consider it first rate in every respect. Albeit another sea-
son's experience may alter the opinion. It is of quite recent intro-
duction, but I believe may be obtained of Elwanger & Barry, at
Rochester, and other leading nurseries.

Beurre D' Ax.iou — My fruit of this variety the current season,
wis unusually fine. I wonder much that the Beurre d' Anjou is hot
more universally admired and cultivated, for it is really one of our
most desirable pears, and is deservedly worthy of special attention-
It is large and imposing in appearance, perfectly hardy, possesses
a delicious flavor, beside many other good qualities. In England
it ranks first rate. First of November.

DuNiiORE — A large pear, but has with me proved but second
rate in quality. It forms a fine thrifty tree, bears at an early age,
without retarding its growth, as is generally the case with prema-
ture bearers. October.

Tysox — Is a fine tree, and presents a most excellent fruit, of
medium size. No garden is complete without it. September.

Surpasse ViRGALiEU — This fine pear, unfortunately is the offspring
of a very unsatisfactory growing tree, which will prevent its being
as extensively cultivated as other pears, although of inferior
flavor. I have several trees of the Surjiasse Virgalicu in my
grounds, eight and ten j^ears old, but they make no progress. It
would appear that this soi't is afflicted similarly to the Frederick of
Wirtemberg, never making a growth of more than two or three
inches in a season. In some localities, however, the tree develops
a greater degree of energy, but not universal enough to render it
worthy of wide dissemination. October.

Urbaxiste — So very hardy that out of several hundred trees o^
my own growing, not one has been destroyed by blight, although
occupying ground that has been almost denuded of other ki nds by

Remarks on Ticenty-onc Varieties of Pear. 159

winter and summer blig-ht. This fact alone is suflScient to make it
invaluable. The fruit is large, buttery, melting- and juicy ; does
much better on the pear, than on the quince, with which, unless
double worked, it refuses connection. November.

Rapelje's Seedling — A juicy, fair-flavored pear, but exceedingly
coarse grained, not above second rate in quality. October.

Becrre Gris D' Hiver Xouveau — A superior new winter pear,
keeps into Jan., a thrifty grower. The fruit is large, of melting,
buttery flavor, resembling in a slight degree, the old sort, Brown
Beurre. ♦

Beurre Bachellier — Of recent introduction, is in eating the pre-
sent month. It bids fair from the few specimens I have seen, to
take rank with the best of its class. It is of fine proportion, has
a solid flesh, juicy and buttery. When ripe it presents a very
showy appearance, having a golden yellow skin. Messrs. Smith,
Thorp, Hanchett & Co., of Syracuse, N. Y., advertise young trees,
from whom it doubtless can be procured.

SoLDAT Laboreur — I reccivcd several spurious kinds, purporting
to be the true Soldat Laboreur, from various nurserymen at differ-
ent times, which caused me much vexation. I have at last, how
ever, succeeded in getting the kind cultivated by Mr. Rivers, of
London, and am happj^ to state that it quite equals that gentle-
mans encomiums. It is of large size, exceedingly melting and a
rich high flavor. January.

Vicar of Wixkfield — Of second rate quality, but extremely
valuable as a market pear. December.

I have a large number of other varieties in cultivation, whose
merits I shall be happy to relate at some future time.

Forty Dollar Pear Tree. — Mr. C. A. Nealy, formerly a resident
of this town, but now a farmer, Eddington, Penobscot Count}'',
hauled into the village last Tuesday morning, forty bushels of
pears, and in one hour retailed all of them from his wagon at two
dollars a bushel. The pears were of a supei'ior quality, and
bought expressly for making preserves. Mr. N. informed us that
he gathered twenty bushels of the first lot from one tree. We
should think that the farmers in this region might take the hint —
it costs but a trifle to grow the trees. — Ellsworth American.

160

Unique Flower Stand.

UNIQUE FLOWER STAND.

While spending a few hours at the
establishment of Messrs. Janes &
Beebe, of this city, our attention
was attracted to an elegant design
for a plant stand. It is in itself,
a beautiful and expressive piece
' of furniture. The engraving which
accompanies these remarks, affords
a pretty accurate idea of its appear-
ance. It is a rustic pattern in bronz-
ed cast iron. It will accomodate seven
pots, six of which can be arranged
around the perpendicular centre sup-
port whichis surmounted with a recep
tacle for another plant. As this stand
is of a very ornamental description, it
would appear to best advantage when containing plants, while in
bloom. Those who can boast of a grecnhoiise can by a little
forcing, obtain a sufficiency of flowers, to keep such an object a
continual show during the winter and spring months. Camelias
bear forcing admirably, and comport well with the dignity of a
drawing-room, but unfortunately are impatient of an arid atmos-
phere. In the humid air of the forcing house, they look very hap.
py ; and with the thermometer at 60 or 65, may be induced to
bloom in December. As soon as their blossoms become partially
expanded, they may be brought into the drawing-room, forming
elegant objects for the decorated plant stand. Roses may be treat-
ed successfully in the same manner. Hyacinths, Tulips and other
bulbous roots can all be forced and retrograded without the assistance
of a special glass structure, by giving them warm or cold posi-
tions within the dwelling house. A more practical advantage of
the iron stand is, it occupies little room, and the hollows which
contain the pots are large enough to catch and retain all the super-
fluous moisture, running no risk of destroying carpets by a drip-
ping of fi.lthy water.

New Method of Perpetuating the Plum. 161

The wardian case which is becoming very popular, would, be an
admirable companion for a small plant stand, as its peculiarities
are similar in effect to those produced by the more elaborate and
expensive forcing house.

NEW METHOD OF PERPETUATING THE PLUM.

BY ISAAC REAGLES.

Nurserymen are generally very unsuccessful in propagating the
plum on an extensive scale. The great difficulty consists in the
buds refusing to take, with sufficient tenacity, to become a compo-
nent of the stock. Sometimes in budding plums, a portion of the
wood or bark will attach itself permanently to the stock ; but this
portion in most cases, is not the part which contains the bud. As
the season for budding the plum tree is quite short, the only
remedy remaining for stock, on which the buds have failed, is to
engraft the ensuing spring ; but engrafting the plum is an equally
unsuccessful operation, hence the difficulty that is experienced in
getting a saleable stock of plum trees.

Having devoted special attention to raising plum trees, for the
wholesale trade, for the last ten years, it became necessary for me
to devise some method that would facilitate the increase of stock.
I had often observed that the buds invariably grew better on wood
of the current season's formation, than that of the previous year.
Taking advantage of this fact, I subsequently sought the new
wood, when practicable, in which to insert the buds ; the only fault
with this method was, that the trees were worked so high on the
body of the stock, that in the case of rapid growing kinds, the
scion out-grew the bottom, thus making unsightly and rather un-
saleable trees.

I have practiced a method with great success for several years,
by which I secure the principle of budding in new wood, and at
the same time, work the stocks within an inch of the ground.

In the first place, care must be observed to procure none but
sound, fresh seed. In the month of November, the ground must be
prepared for the reception of the pits. This is performed by
ploughing a deep trench. (The soil should be a rather stiff loam,)
which may be afterwards deepened to eighteen inches with a spade.

162 Modd Cottage.

This trench must be partially filled with a compost made from ex
citing manures, and before using should be thoroughly decayed and
frequently turned over in the heap, so as to be well incorporated.
On this compost an inch or two of earth may be thrown, after which
scatter the seed thinl}^ but let it compass the entire width of the
trench. On the top of the seed, I throw coarse gray sand, such
as is used in making mortar. Sand remains perfectly friable, and
does not oppose the shooting stem of the young plants, when vege-
tation takes place in the ensuing spring, and it also prevents for a
time the growth of weeds, thereby permitting the seedlings to get
the start of foul stuff, which, with a little attention, they will maintain
throughout the season. The object of this peculiar cultivation, is
to force the seedlings into an average growth of two feet the first
summer, and by the first of August, they are all in fine budding-
condition, still growing rapidly ; the bark springs from the knife,
and affords ready admission to the bud, which if carefully inserted
will not lose five per cent. I have a field of plum seedlings bud-
ded the past season, which will average two and a half feet in
height, and scarcel}^ a bud exhibits symptoms of decay. The sub-
sequent culture is exceedingl}^ simple. The budded trees are per-
mitted to form their first seasons growth in the seed bed. Many
of them will attain the altitude of six and seven feet. The}' are
then transplanted into the nursery rows, where they may remain
one or two years ; all will, by the expiration of that time, be fit for
sale. If it were not for adopting this plan, my trees would cost
half a dollar each, to grow for market.
Union Gardens, Schenectady, iV". Y.

MODEL COTTAGE.

(fkoxtispiece.)

The ingredients which compose cottage architecture, are fitness,
(that is, the arrangement of the design in accordance with the
amount of money to be expended in such a manner as to produce
a corresponding degree of convenience with durability, utility, and
elegance.) Expression (of a character to betray the position and

Model Cottam.

163

social condition of the occupant — not of the architect, as is frc-
qiicntl}' the case.) And lastly, appropriate surroundings.

A simple un-
ambitious cot-
tage, does not
require the aid
of sculptuary
to complete it,
or promulge a
purpose.

Fer Contra —
the less extra-
neous assist.
ance of an arti-
ficial descrip-
tion that is
made use of the
nearer an ap-
proach is made
to what may be considered a model habitation.

A rugged landscape befitting a castellated and turreted struc-
ture, would be highly indecorous as an appliance to an unpretending-
cottage. The modest, low-roofed tenement suggests tranquility, a
home free from turmoil and bickering strife. A home where child,
ren are born and live in happy unconsciousness of the depravity of
the world without ; where one dies and is mourned for, long after
sable garments have fulfilled their mission. A home where virtue
thrives and sheds its ennobling, heavenizing influence on the
garrulous grandfather, the happy wife and mother, the contented
father, the romping little ones, gleesome with exuberant spirits,
and rosy with bursting health. Such are those who embosom
themselves in cottages, and to such we would feign dedicate our
model retreat, as a fitting object, modestly asserting its claims
for their adoption for future requirements.

The ostentatious villa may be elaborately covered with tawdy
ornaments without marring or rendering it conspicuously dis
agreeable ; but the same amount of decoration bestowed upon a
cottage, makes it unworthy the name, and indeed one is at a loss

164 Critique on the November Number.

to conceive the object to be attained by sucli a profuse outlay of
superfluous material and " extra hazardous " carpentry work.

A cottage, to truthfully perform its object, should be simple in
construction and in a majority of cases inexpensive in material.
Our model cottage (see Frontispiece) was designed by Messrs.
Watt & Holly, for a gentleman in Connecticut, who wished it to
be as cheap, effective and convenient in plan, as possible.

The architects furnish the following description : —

The Kitchen is in the rear, and communicates directly with the
Sink-room, Pantry, Stair to Cellar, Hall and Bed-room. In the par-
tition between the Sink-room and Pantry, is a sliding window for
passing dishes from the one to the other.

The door to the back yard is in the Sink-room, an arrangement
which is at once convenient, and renders the Kitchen more com-
fortable. The stairs to the upper floor, are separated from the
Hall, allowing the latter to be used for a sitting-room, which will
be cool in summer, being shaded by the Veranda. The upper
floor contains three Bed-rooms slightly camp ceilinged, with a
room in the Tower, and closets.

The exterior is very simple in design, with a quiet, genteel ap-
pearance, which is gained by the disposition of the parts. There
is no attempt at making a show by putting on what is called orna-
ment, but the details are simple in outline and moulding. The
chimneys are rendered effective by the vertical and horizontal
divisions, while the coping is of a good thickness and splayed off
on the top.

Cost, $1,300.

CRITIQUE ON THE NOVEMBER NmiBER.

BY EVELYN.

Your first number of the Review, Mr. Editor, gave us a taste of
your quality, by no means deficient in the requisite pabulum for
horticultural readers ; but the second, which is now before me,
what shall I say of it ? To be brief, you have most prodigally ful-
filled your every promise, and more ; you have combined a rare lite-
rary sentiment with the practical knowledge which your lifetime
experience has imparted. To commence with your leader,

Formation of artificial lakes — The subject is a good one, and

Critique on the November Number. 165

as you truthfully remark : one that is yet comparatively in its
infancy in this country. The advice which you give to improvers
is certainly consonant, and if acted upon, must afford satisfactory
results. Permit me to promulg-ate my private opinion, which is,
that ' ponds,' under any circumstances, should be classed with
nuisances generally. They are always inexpressive ; they insinu-
ate neither beauty, repose nor breadth ; their proportions are too
limited to contribute characteristic effect ; and lastly, if not con-
tinually cared for, they become reservoirs of pestilential exhala-
lations, and therefore I vote ihej be summarily tabooed. True,
the pond may be used as an asylum for fish, or as a nursery for
increasing fine varieties of the finny tribe, but even in this case,
the lake presents superior facilities and accommodations. There-
fore I say, let us, by all means, have a lake whose capacity is
ample for boating — a delightful health producing recreation by
the way — and also for piscatorial sport, beyond "pin hooks" and
" shiners." No true sportsman is satisfied with anything of less
dimensions than a veritable " gudgeon."

Thoughts from my Garden Seat — " My life on it." The individu-
al who penned the article with the above caption, possesses
a soul that occasionally strays beyond sublunary ephemera, and
delights herself with reveling in the fields of Parnassus, where
perpetual verdure and bright skies hold holiday. Beside being a
rare intellectual treat, the author inculcates a moral, the influence
is correct, and the conceit quite piquant. The nest person who
engages my attention, is our practical friend, Mr. Snowden, with

Three New Plums — Of course I know nothing about them, but
will take advantage of the opportunity, to relate the method I
pursue in order to exterminate that determined depredator, the
curcidio. Mr. Downing, a few years before his death, advised me
to experiment with pungent manures. So I fenced in my plum
yard and gave freedom to half a dozen chubby Suffolk pigs, and a
score or two of barn-yard " scratchei^." The good effect was im-
mediately obvious, for I succeeded in obtaining a goodly quantity
of plums, and have continued to do so up to the present time.
The swine, doubtless, eat the larvae which is concealed in the fruit,
and thus prevent their development. But the curculio, we are told,
is migratory, and traverses a' wide range. I do not dispute it. The
curculio is a precocious insect. It appears to he adverse to deposit-
ing its progeny where they are systematically destroyed, or where

166 Critique on the November Number.

the locality is inappropriate, and unpropitious to its complete and
perfect development. Such localities are Albany, Troy, and
Schenectady. The soil at these places is a stiff blue clay, rather
cold ; hence it affords disagreeable winter quarters for the cur-
culio in its larvae state. In consequence, the cunning insect, with
commendable discretion, and really astonishing sagacity, selects
such localities as secure a safe harbor, and a certain resurrection
after their winter " nap." Therefore it is almost impossible to
grow a crop of plums on light loams or sandy soils. Some one, —
I forget whom — in a communication to an agricultural Journal,
remarks : That he succeeded admirably in growing plums where
the trees were planted on the bank of a stream. The inference
was, that the curmlio, being aware of the fate which would be meet-
ed out to prospective mrcidios, if brought into the " breathing-
world," immediately over the death giving element, in its won-
derful perspicacity, seeks more auspicious feeding grounds. This
solution may be sheer nonsense, and still an inkling of the
mystery may get a shadow from the theory. The reader must
make his own dediictions.

Ajierican Forest Trees — by D. W. Kay. I am sincerely proud of
this favored land, with trees as high as mountains — no munchause-
nism, — and which puts one in a pleasant glow to circumambulate.
Just imagine yourself getting an appetite for breakfast by pedestri-
ating the circumference of a California pine. G. P. R. James — How
these " noted characters " are " struck up " with initials — would
have had his admiration greatly augmented if he had migrated
across the western praries and the Rocky Mountains, where prime-
val vegetation disports unattended by decay and death which so
surely overtakes the habitants of European forests. Mr. Ray's
article is very edifying ; his description and remarks of the dif-
ferent varieties of the oak, are worthy of preservation as useful
facts. I think Mr. Ray could not perform a more valuable service
to your readers than contimiing the subject in future numbers of
the Review.

Italian' Villa — Your article on Italian and Villa architectui-e is
an intrinsic paper, but I cannot say as much for the building*
The plan is unexceptionable ; but wlio ever saw doors and win-
dows, with an altitude exceeding their breadth, at least four times
Such unseemly excresences are not admisablo, so advise your
artist to have a care for his reputation, or it will be tarnished be-

Critique on the November Number. 16*1

yond the remedy of subsequent achievements, though never so meri-
torious.

The accommodations arc convenient, and do not, to my discrimi-
nation, present any objectionable features. Italian architecture
is pregnant of available and salient points of Ijcauty, not so in-
variably expressed by any other order ; hence its prevalence on
the banks of the " Hxidson, " where hundreds of its kind proudly
rear their towers against the sky they assist to beautify. Square
and spacious apartments, also lofty ceilings, are desideratums
which are attained without the sacrifice of exterior purpose, both
to be coveted, and not secured except by the Italian or Eoraan-
esque styles. In my opinion pure architecture exerts a refining,
enlightning influence in all localities where it most prevails, and
some of our honest " Country-folks," need a deal of this species of
improvement. I consequent!}' wish you Avould be lavish of your
architectural suggestions, both in pictorial representations and
pages of practical hints.

AIiLLER Apple — Another new apple. In good truth, tell me
what is to be done with them all ; for a number of 3'ears I bought
every ncAV apple, whose praises were trumpeted, both in this
country and in Europe. My choice ground was in time entii-ely
taken up, to the rejection of other fruits for which my heart was
covetous ; some were good, some indifferent, others bad, and a few
execrable. I commenced a crusade against the desecrators of my
friable mould. I exterminated all but about twenty-five varieties.
I lost many years in testing the extolled hatchlings of uninformed
cultivators, and now I look with suspicion on every fresh aspirant.
I must have " proof of the pudding " before I devote good soil to
such " risky " purposes. If the Miller Apple be a valuable fruit,
let the fact be well ascertained, and well authenticated, before
grasping commerce repeats it on every fruit grower's land in the
countr3\ I admire your manner of bestowing praise on the vari-
ous new fruits which are presented for opinion. In the present
advanced state of fruit growing, no fruit should be considered
worthy of perpetuity uidess it offers undisputable evidence of su-
periority or a desirable peculiarity, for specified localities, but I
am getting prolix, so I'll to the next, which is a description of
the

Chinese Yam — by the Editor, which, en passant, has set me to
wondering much, how Editors manage to be posted on every sub-

168 Critique on the November Number.

ject under the sun, and that too with a degree of familiarity which
is satisfactory of their being perfectly mi fait in the premises ad-
vocated. I really hope the Chinese Yam will succeed in our
climate ; it certainly is more favorable for its development than
that of England, and rivals La Belle France in the profuseness of
elemental essentials. To the Southward of Philadelphia or even
New York, I have strong hopes of the Yam becoming a prolific
and healthy companion of its congener, the sweet potato. The
manner of cooking the esculent, which you describe, I should im-
agine to be not only original, but an exceedingly happy practice.

A Peep into a Salad Bowl — Is most assuredly a very piquant
production, and worthy of the learned Petrus Petronius himself.
Now I have also a method of dressing a salad, which I flatter my-
self will even supersede that of your agreeable Author. To com-
mence, the Salad should be tender and recently gathered ; a little
wilting will not be followed injuriously to the herbage ; wash it
clean and then squeeze perfectly dry, by ringing in a spotless
napkin ; after which, place it in a deep dish and cut up coarsely.
Now for the sauce. To a large head of salad, take the yolks of
three boiled eggs, which reduce to the consistency of batter.
This is performed by adding a liberal quantity of oil, a minute
proportion of salt, an apparent contribution of vinegar, and
enough mustard to render its presence positively perceptible.
The white part of the eggs may be sliced into the salad, after
which empty on the dressing, and incorporate with a vigorous arm.
My life for it, you will partake with a gusto that will render the
afternoon siesta an indispensable attribute to your delectation.

The Compost Yard — Composts are too little heeded by the non-
practical gardeners ; and as a result, much difficulty is experi-
enced in the culture of many plants, which demand specific treat-
ment. Rhododendrons and Azaleas are produced in England, of
the most gratifying description : but in America, their birth place,
they are only seen in thriving condition, where the " God of na-
ture " planted them. A little experience with the necessary com-
posts, will secure their success in any garden, whether in doors
or out. To those who delight in choice plants, peculiar to forest
soils, I especially commend the perusal of the article.

Editorial Miscellany — Quite an Olla Podrida, seasoned with
appetising condiments, gossip}^ occasionally humorous, graphic
rebukes for the dirilect and much general and useful information

Forest Trees. 169

for everybody, a desert worthy of the feast of good things chroni-
cled in preceding chapters, and this finishes my task — a pleasant
one — so adieu for the present.

FOREST TREES.

(Continued.)

BY D. W. RAY.

The observing mind cannot fail to wonder why native forest
trees, combining equal merit and beauty, do not command the
same attention, and why they are not as eagerly sought after, as
foreign varieties of deciduous ornamental trees. We^think there
is no variety of foreign forest trees that, in elegance of foliage,
size, beauty, and fragrance of bloom, can compare with our native
Magnolia. Every part of this tree is magnificent, from the indi-
vidual beauty of its leaves to its grand effect as a whole. There
are many species of European forest trees cultivated on lawns in
this country, that, were it not for rarity and association of ideas
connected with the land of their birth, would not be noticed. I
would not place any tree in a lawn that was not in itself intrinsi-
cally beautiful. There is no country which produces finer speci-
mens of forest trees than America ; and some of our varieties are
better known and more prized, as specimen lawn trees, in Europe
than in this country. Their Governments have been engaged for
years in importing seeds of our forest and fruit trees, and many of
them are now vieing in beauty and magnificence of growth with
their kindred on this side of the water.

I discontinued my former article describing the Oak (or Quer-
cus) family, which I considered the most useful, beautiful, and ex-
tensive, as to variety, of any species or family of forest tree.

The cultivation of the Sycamore, or Plane Tree, (Platanus Occi-
deutalis,) should become more common, as it grows to be a superb
spreading tree ; its large white arms stretching towards heaven as
if in adoration to its Creator for allowing it to overtop nearly all
its fellows. This tree is a remarkably rapid grower, and in good
strong soils, especially in the alluvial deposit of river bottoms,
it attains the enormous size of forty to fifty feet in circumference.

There is a lofty grandeur and symmetry of form in the American

110 Forest Tras.

White Ash (Sorbus Alba) that I admire. I can even discover

sublimity in its round dense head and spire-like trunk, reaching
often seventy feet without a limb. It is one of our most useful
timber trees.

Hardy Evergreen Trees, from the forest, are ornamental for a
lawn any season of the year, and eminently so in the winter,
when deciduous trees present so bleak and uninteresting an ap-
pearance.

Our forests yield a number of fine and stately trees which are
especially ornamental, among which are the White or Weymouth
Pine, (Pinus Strobus,) also the well-known Silver Fir or Balsam,
(Piuus Balsamea,) which is one of the finest native evergreens,
and is remarkably hardy and rapid in its growth.

The American Arborvitae (Thuya Occidentalis) should not be
neglected, either as specimen lawn trees or cultivated in the orna-
mental screen or hedge. This evergreen bears the shears well,
which the pines and balsams will not.

The beauty of our autumnal foliage is world-renowed. This, in
part, is caused by our variable and changeable climate. In
Europe their autumnal frosts do not come upon the trees as early
as here, consequently their leaves and foliage suffer a gradual de-
cay, and turn into the sere and yellow leaf almost imperceptibly,
leaving none of those bright scarlet tints which make our wood-
lands, in autumn, such a richly colored panorama. This beauty
of American scenery has been the theme of the poet and paintei",
and I remember now the glowing description of autumnal scenery
we read in our school-boy days, written by N. P. Willis.

American climate is such that trees and their foliage grow until
very late into autumn, and when the first frost finds them, which
is often a severe one, they are luxuriating in all the emerald green
of early summer. The foreigner is first to notice the gorgeous
tints of the Scarlet Oak, (Quercus Coccinea,) the bright glow of
the crimson Dogwood, (Cornus Florida,) the deep scarlet of the
different varieties of the Acer or Maple, the various shades of yel-
low or orange, the reddish purple of our American Ash — a distinct
sombre purple. These are but a few of the most striking tints
that refresh the eye of the foreigner upon his arrival in this
" fresh green forest land."

Entrance Lodge.

in

ENTRANCE LODGE.

(by n. p. KNIGHT.)

These structures, although eminently foreign in appearance, are
rapidly becoming features, as appendages, to the ambitious villa.
In this countr}^, I grant, they savor somewhat of the autocrat, as
an embellishment, but as this arises entirely from their histo-
rical association, no reasonable person can entertain a pre-
judice to the disparagement of so ornamental an object. I
shall be happy to witness the day when all of our wealthy re-
tired citizens will indulge their love of picturesque ar-

Gate Lodge.

chitecture, by adding the gate lodge to their respective domains.
In England, no lauded proprietor of any magnitude, considers his
estate complete, unless it is enhanced by a neat porter's lodge.
In all public places, such as parks, cemeteries, etc., they become
indispensable. The one at Greenwood Cemetery, Long Island, is
an elegant, two story cottage, appropriately decorated, the arch
of the building being thrown across the entrance, thus affording a
protected gateway, and increasing very materially, the beauty of
the construction. In many instances, they are erected as an iso-
lated feature outside the gateway. In other cases, the lodge and
gate are built on a continuous front, thus forming a conspicuous
composition. It is not absolutely necessary that the gate

It2

Entrance Lodge.

and cottage, should be of the same style of architecture. Albeit
unity is desirable.

Castellated ponderous architecture appears to me to be very
appropriate in building entrance lodges, particularly where stone
is used for the material. It strikes the observer as being a kind
of protection ; a redoubt, (if I may use the term) and therefore,
turrets and towers, from their peculiar associations, are not only
admisable, but in admirable taste. The one I present to your
readers is a one story cottage, with attic, in the Elizabethian
style ; it is of a very simple construction, but is broken up suffi-
ciently to give a unjque effect and pleasing finish. It is from
London. The material may be of either wood or stone The lati
ter is preferable, as the mortar would permit the growth of the
Ivy, which flourishes very well in the latitude of New York, and
southward.

As the design is quite ornamental, its location should be rather
conspicuous than otherwise, in order to display as much as poss-
ble of tlie elevation

Accommodation —
From a porch, a,
there are two en-
trances : one to
the kitchen, h, with
two light closets,
c, d ; and the other
to a parlor, e, and
a bed-room, /, with
a closet, g.

C onstruction.
The walls are sup-
posed to be of
stone, nd the roof
covered with gray
slates. The open
ings of the win-
dows are shown j-ioor piau.
with plain architratives or facings ; the sashes are modern,
and hung with weights and pulleys. The porch is supi)orted by
a wooden column, which rests upon a square stone plinth, and has
a plain capital. The chimney pots may be formed of cement-

Notes on Neiv and Choice Plants. 173

The platform or terrace, may be finished with turf and gravel, or
paved, as may be most convenient in the given situation.

NOTES ON NEW AND CHOICE PLANTS.

FROM THE FOREIGN JOURNALS.

BiLLBERGiA viRiDiFLORA, (Green flowered). Nat. Ord. Bromeliacfo,.
A green-flowered Billbergia is highly interesting. The lower por-
tion of the flower-stalk and its leaf-like bracts are of a bright car-
mine color ; the flowers, tubular-shaped, are produced in a large
terminal panicle ; each blossom green, three inches long. It merits
a place in the stove, and will contrast very strikingly with the
blues and scarlets of the other species. (Fig. in Flor. des Serves,
1019). It is in the collection of M. Van Houtte, at Gand.

CoNvouuLUs ALTH.EoiDES, var. argyreus. Nat. Ord. Conxolvulacect.
It is a dwarf, bushy-like plant. The floral stems of the plant (fig-
ured in Flor. des Serres) are about six inches long, each termina-
ting with a flower of a bright pink, with a white throat, and two
inches across. It blooms in profusion, and such humble, bushy-
like plants, with numerous large flowers, are very strikingly hand-
some. It merits a place in every greenhouse or pit frame. It will
flourish in the open ground in summer, but will require winter
protection in-doors. (Fig. in Flor. des Serres, 1021). It is grown
in M. Van Houtte's establishment.

GiLiA coRONOPiFOLiA, var. carnea-lutea. Nat. Ord. Polemoniacece.
This handsome flowering variety is a seedling from Ipo7nopsis elc-
gans, which it resembles, in its narrow fine foliage and growth of
plant. The flowers are produced in a Zar^e terminal branchy pyra-
midal head, containing almost a hundred blossoms on each head.
Each flower is three parts of an inch across, and the tube about as
long. It is of a pretty nankeen-yellow color, with a bright car-
mine rim around the mouth of the tube, which extends beyond in
similar colored rayed lines. It is exceedingly handsome, and
worth a place in every greenhouse, or open bed in summer. It
blooms from June to September, or later, by treatment according-
ly. It requires a similar mode of treatment to the Ipomopsis ele-
gant. See an article upon it in a previous volume of the " Flori-

It4 Notes on New and Choice Plants.

cultural Cabinet." {Fig. in Flor. dcs Serves, 1022.) It may be ob-
tained of M. Van Houtte.

Abies K^mpferii. — A new and charming Conifer, which Messrs.
Standish and Noble have obtained from China, and who state, "it
is deciduous, and somewhat resembles the Larch, but the foliage is
very much liandsomer, and the disposition of the branches quite
distinct. The leaves are three to four inches long, of a lively
green. It is a superlatively hardy plant, also exceeding beauti-
ful." In China, it is called the Golden Pine, from the rich yellow
of its leaves and cones in autumn. It grows on elevated and
mountainous districts, to a great height. Mr. Fortune measured
one tree that was eight feet in girth, and 130 feet high. The
trunk is straight.

Berberis Bealii, B. japoxica, B. intermedia. — These have stood
through the past winter wholly unharmed, without any protec-
tion. Messrs. Standish & Co. state, " it is not too much to say
that the above are the finest evergreen shrubs in cultivation."
Their leaves are from fifteen to eighteen inches long, composed of
several leaflets, and a terminal one ; this latter is often five inches
long by three broad, and the side leaflets are proportionately
large.

Cryptomeria japoxica viridus. — This plant is entirely free from
the objection which in some situations the C. japonica is liable to,
viz., its foliage becoming brown in winter. The C. viridus during
the past winter retained its bright, lively green color. It is a
charming tree.

Desfoxtaxia spixosa. — This beautiful evergreen has much the
appearance of a Holly. It is quite hardy ; the foliage a deep
green, and very ornamental. It bears an abundance of tube-
shaped drooping flowers, each about two inches long, red outside
and yellow within. A most charming plant.

Embothriuji ferrugixyum (Spn. Somatia). EiiBOTHKirM laxceo-
LATCM. — The foliage of the former is peculiarly graceful, resem-
bling very closely the finely cut fronds of a large Fern ; and of
the latter, E. lanceolatum, too much cannot be said. It forms a
compact shrub, with large lance-shaped leaves, and long spikes of
rich crimson flowers, which are borne in profusion, and very orna-
mental. They have borne the rigor of last winter without harm,
but they flourish admirably in the conservatory or greenhouse.

Eugenia Ugni. — A charming myrtle-like evergreen, bearing very

Notes on Neio aixd Choice Plants. 115

fragrant flowers, which are succeeded by strawberry-flavored ber-
ries ; quite hardy, and handsome.

Laurelia aromatica. — A handsome evergreen, with fleshy leaves,
which are very fragrant. It is a native of the mountains of Chili.
Quite hardy.

Quadria nETEROPHYLLA. — This interesting tree, which is said to
be hardy, produces fruit about tlie size of a small walnut, with the
flavor of the cocoa-nut.

Retinospora ericoides. — A very pretty heath-like coniferous plant,
which is perfectly hardy. It is a valuable acquisition, having
stood out at Messrs. Standish and Noble's during last winter,
without the least injury, remaining as green as it Avas last Octo-
ber.

Philox, Queen Victoria. — The plant is of the demssata habit, ro-
bust, and stiff. The trusses of blossoms are large, each flower
about an inch across, blush-white, with a large purple eye, and of
exquisite Jorm ; blooming from July to the end of the summer.

EosA viRiDiFLORA. — The flowers in form are exactly like the com-
mon blush China Rose, and are produced as profusely, in trusses,
of from ten to twenty blossoms in each. They are very double,
and of a bright green color. It has a very pretty appearance in
the greenhouse, blooming freely during autumn and winter, as
well as earlier, if managed properly. It is exceedingly interest-
ing, and may be had cheap.

William's Evergreen Climbing Rose.— It is a seedling raised
from the common hardy climbing Ayrshire Rose, fertilized with the
Yclloto Tea Rose. It has the rapid growth and elegant habit of
Ayrshire spkndens, whilst its glossy foliage and large lemon-colored
buds partake of the character of the Yellow Tea Rose. The flow-
ers are of a creamy white, deliciously sweet-scented, and produced
in long racemes of from twelve to twenty on a single shoot. It is
a charming acquisition ; quite hardy.

Salvia Roemeriana. — It is of dronrf habit, a very free bloomer,
excellent for beding. The flow^ers are of a rosy carmine color,
and it blooms throughout the summer.

Eremcrus Spectabilis. Nat. Ord. Asphodelca;. Syn. Asphodelus
Sibiricus. — A handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennial, a native of
Altaic Siberia. The main flowering stem rises from three to four
feet high, almost half of which bears a profusion of flowers, form-
ing an ornamental pyramid ; each blossom (star-shaped) is an

l'I6 Notes on New aiid Choice. Plants.

inch across, of a sulphur-yellow, with large, bright, orange-colored
anthers, which produce a beautiful contrast. It is very ornamen-
tal during summer, and merits a place in every flower garden. It
is in the Eoyal Gardens at Kew. {Fig. in Bot. Mag, 4810.)

Leptodactylon Califorxicum. — Nat. Ord. Polemoniacea. Syn.
Gilia Californica. — Mr. William Lobb sent seeds of this very
charming plant fron San Bernardino, in South California, to
Messrs. Veitch. It is a low much-branched shrub, having a copi-
ous, small, heath-like foliage. The flowers are produced on the
short lateral branches which adorn the principal ones, so as to
form long racemes of bloom. The tubular portion of the flower
is nearly an inch long, yellow, and the fine divided front, an inch
and a half across, of a beautiful rose color, with a white eye ; in
appearance much like a large peach blossom or Oxalis. The
branches are clothed with flowers so numerously as almost to
conceal the foliage. It blooms in summer, and merits a place in
every shrub-border or bed, and being quite hardy, is rendered still
more valuable. {Fig. in Bot. Mag., 4872.)

Salvia Carduacea {Thistle-leaved). Nat. Ord. Lahiatce. — In De
Candolle's Prodovms, Mr. Bentham gives a descriptive list of 401
species of Salvias, and the one we now notice is the most distinct
and remarkable of that vast number. It is a native of California,
discovered about the same time by Mr. Douglas and Mr. Coulter,
and now first introduced to our gardens by Messrs. Yeitch, who
received it from Mr. Lobb. It is perfectly hardy, and merits a
place in every garden. The plant is perennial, and the floral
stem is from one foot to one and a half high, erect. The leaves
thistle-like, spiny, cobwebby, densely woolly beneath. The flowers
are produced in large whorls, each a few inches apart, tier above
tier up the main stem. Each blossom has a tube as long as the
calyx, white ; the limb (front of the flower) is gaping, one and a
half inch across, and of a pretty lavender-purple color. — {Fig. in
Bot. Mag., 48T4).

Meyenia Erecta.- — -Messrs. Rollison received it in 1854, from
Sierra Leone. It was first discovered by Dr. Vogel, in the Niger
expedition, and has been described in the "Niger Flora" by Sir
William Hooker, who states it as the most beautiful plant of the
south-west coast of Africa.

EDITORIAL MISCELLANY

UR table' — of stout black walnut, four by
six — has, during the past month, been a dis-
play that would have tempted Adam of old,
without the luring of that beguiled female.
Mother Eve.

Monstrous pippins, with waxen exterior,
glistened out, half-hidden from view by lus-
cious grapes. Pears have melted on our
tongue, which in turn have been washed
away by wine from native grapes, as
fruity in flavor as the choicest Amontillado, as re-
freshing as the vintage of favored France, and as
grateful as that sherbet which gives sparkle to a Maho-
medan's eye. Good friends, that's quite praise enough,
albeit the wine was good, and deserving of much enco-
mium, but, like all things material, the wine was speed-
ily non est — and we'll tell you a truth, when the last gurgle faintly
expired on our delected palate, we felt that an entire year must
run its course of twelve calender months before the ruby bibula-
tion could be renewed.

Messrs. Norris & Douglass, of Geneva, New York, will please
accept our thanks. The wine they sent us we unhesitatingly pro-
nounce good. It was manufactured from the Clinton Grape. Un-
like Catawba wine, it was heavy, more nearly resembling old
port, and equally high flavored. These gentlemen also sent us
twenty-two varieties of pears, and four of apples — all good speci-
mens of their respective sorts, and give evidence of having re-
ceived special cultivation. One variety of pear, labelled the
" Adele De St. Denis," proved to be the Beurre Bosc. This is the

1 'IS Editorial Miscellany.

second time we have seen these pears confounded. Can any of
our readers inform us if there be a distinct " Adele De St. Denis ?"

" Pride of Geneva." — This is the name of an apple received
from Messrs. N. & D. It is one of the mammoth class, but has a
watery flesh which will prove a barrier to its introduction among
good fruits of its class. Leech's Kingsessing was very good, but
we are compelled to make the memoranda, "not first rate."

And, now, while we are on the subject, we will take the oppor-
tunity to invite horticulturists, both amateur and professional, to
send us specimens of any new fruits, flowers, &c., which maj'
come under their observation. By this means, really valuable
information may be transmitted, and assertions secure a publicity
which shall decide whether they be facts, and entitled to notice.
Notwithstanding the prodigious efi'orts which have been made,
and are still making, by distinguished horticulturists to reconcile
and individualize the nomenclature of fruits, a lamentable igno-
rance (quite perverse in some instances) still exists among a
majority of fruit-growers, particularly those who cultivate for
market.

In om* last number of the Review, " Evelyn," in his critique,
refers to Prof. North in a manner which gives the reader an im-
pression that the latter gentleman is frosted with accumulated
years, and like a very patriarch, with tottering gait, is advising
his inexperienced children to love those material things which
come freshest from God's hands.

Now, Prof. North being a young man, and not wishing to oc-
cupy a false position, indignantly denies the "ancient" insinua-
tion ; and we do not wonder at it, for age and ugliness are witli
the world an inseparable compound. The professor, however,
having obtained his majority, is entitled to the privilege of speak-
ing for himself, so here it is :

Hamiltox College,

Nov. 24, 1854.
C. Reagles, Esq.

Dear Sir,

Some men grow old by natural and easy
stages — some bring old age upon themselves, prematurely, by in-
temperance— and some have it thrust upon them by the printer's
devil. To the latter class belongs your wronged contributor.

Editorial Miscellany. 179

In one of the articles of your October number, I happened to
use the words, " I am odd enough to suppose." Your type-setter,
either misliking or misreading the phrase, printed it " I am old
enough to suppose." "Evelyn" naturally infers from this frank
confession that my days are in the sere and yellow leaf, and that
I am going down the shady declivity of life.

I have read of persons, avaricious of fame, who procured them-
selves to be gazetted among the dead, that they might see what
the editors might say of them, feeling sure that they would have
the benefit of the Latin maxim, " De mortuis nil nisi bonum" It is
a pleasant custom to speak well of the dead, and respectfully of
the aged. Thanks to that mischievous type-setter, I am enjoying
the honors that wait on old age, without the drawback of its bur-
dens.

My college companions, who, fifteen years ago, were fagging
with me over Tacitus and Sophocles, will pronounce it a rare joke.
The least that they will do will be to present me with a gold-
headed walking-stick, with this inscription, " Maiwre scnex fi, si
diu velis esse.^^

Make my best regards to Mr. Evelyn. I like his way of treat-
ing those who are well-stricken in years. If I live to be as old as
he takes me to be, I will write and let him know how it seems.
At present I am just clearing myself from " the atrocious crime
of being a young man."

I have no shrinking from old ago, at least not from that phase
of it which " Evelyn" so pleasantly pictures, yet I would rather
not be precipitated into its realities until the trees which I have
planted are ssmewhat larger, and better able to take care of
themselves — " Ego me minus diii scncvi esse mallem, qtiam esse senem
ante, quam essem."

Yours, sans wig and crutches,

Edward North.

Our assistant editor, Mr. D. W. Ray, has been making himself
happy in Kentucky. We append his last letter, in which are some
interesting items respecting the progress of horticulture and kin
dred matters in that thriving State :

" I have just returned from a trip of observation at the south-
west, where I attended the fair of the South-Western Agricultural
and Mechanical Association. I was introduced to the President

180 Editorial Miscellany.

of the Society, Mr. Hancock, at whose instance I became an in-
vited guest during the week of the fair. I was also much in-
debted to the Vice-President, Mr. Mallory, for attention and infor-
mation ; also to Mr. H. P. Byram, the gentlemanly editor of the
horticultural department of the Louisville Journal. This exhibition
was attended by over 60,000 people. There is a feeling of rivalry
and emulation in regard to agricultural exhibitions in Kentucky
that is salutary and beneficial in its effects. There are about a
dozen societies of this kind in Kentucky, who hold annual exhibi-
tions. Their grounds are well arranged, of ample dimensions,
all having circular amphitheatres capable of seating, under cover,
from 15,000 to 25,000 people, and what adds to the interest of the
enterprise, these fixtures are usually erected at a cost of from
$20,000 to $30,000, and are permanent.

The display of agricultural implements was fine, and in great
quantity. The exhibition of fruits was meagre in the extreme,
owing, probably, to the lateness of the season The only variety
of fruit worthy of notice was peaches, mostly of the late Cling-
stone kind?. The display of flowers was fine. Some boquets did
justice to their fair exhibitors.

There is no State in the Union that can boast of possessing
finer horses and cattle than Kentucky'. Their principal aim for
years has been to improve their stock of these animals. Their
importing associations often bring out $80,000 worth of cattle
from England per year. The character of the horses and cattle
exhibited at Louis vile excelled anything of the kind I ever saw
before.

There was the utmost enthusiasm manifested during the exhibi-
tion by the ladies. Each one had her favorite horse or animal
and described their good points with as much precision as if they
were connoiseurs.

The amphitheatre presented all the gorgeous hues of the rain-
bow, so great was the array of beauty. It seemed as if all of
Kentucky's fairest daughters had turned out en viasse.

The weather was very propitious for such an exhibition. It
was bright, clear, cloudless October weather ; no frosts had yet
tinged the foiest with red and golden hues, and to see the endless
panorama of moving life in the shape of elegantly dressed ladies,
it seemed as if one was on enchanted ground, and called vividly
to mind the scenes described in " Arabian Nights." I shall ever

Editorial Misidlany. 181

remember with pleasurable emotions, my visit to the Louisville
Fair, and the many kind friends I found to make my stay agreea-
ble. I was especially thankful for the kindness and hospitality
of the gentlemanly president of the Louisville Railroad, Mr. Ed-
ward D. Hobbs, whose place I visited, twelve miles from Louis-
ville. Mr. Hobbs is an enthusiastic admirer of fine fruits and
flowers. He lives in princely style upon his farm of about 800
acres, upon which his enterprising partner, Mr. Walker, is estab-
lishing a fine fruit nursery. His house is built in a chaste Gothic
style, is ample and commodious. It is embowered in rare orna-
mental deciduous and evergreen trees, comprising a variety from
the graceful Deodar to the classic Cedar of Lebanon. Louisville
can boast of some fine hotels, among which are the Gait House,
Owen's Hotel, and last, though not least, a new hotel called the
National. This is a fine new building of great architectural beau-
ty, situated corner of Fourth and Main streets. I was introduced
to mine host of the National by my friend Johnson, editor of the
Ky. Statesman. This hotel, in point of size, will compare with
the Prescott House, of New York. Its fittings and furniture are
of the most costly and gorgeous description, nearly equaling that
of the Metropolitan or St. Nicholas. The room allotted me con-
tained rose\vood furniture of the most costly description, and a
Turkish carpet, which returned no sound of the footfall. Its bril-
liant figures stood forth in such bold relief, that it seemed as if
live roses had been scattered over its surface.

Altogether, my ramble has been very -agreeable in various re-
spects. I have been gratified with a view of this garden state^
its hospitable people, and lastly, I have done something towards
making the New York Horticultural Review a permanent institu-
tion in Kentucky. D. W. Ray.

Luminous Lycopodium. — They have at Kew a most curious Lyco-
podium, lately come from Jamaica (not, I believe, sent on account
of its property). It is a common looking species of the Helveticum
group ; green as others by day^but as evening comes on, gradual-
ly appearing Avhite to the eye — not pure white — but the sickly
white of a bleached plant, distinguishable at once by this circum-
stance when it is too dark to see the form or outline. Mr. Smith
detected this property, which can have nothing to do with the ef-
fect produced on the so-called Lycopodium caesium by the rays of
light making that plant iridescent, like shot-silk. H. R.

lS-2 Editorial Miscdlcmy.

It will be seen from the subjoined extract, that Mr. Rivers has a
very favorable opinion of American plums : —

We are indebted to the Americans for some really valuable
Plums. Among them the Jefferson holds the first rank ; ripening
just after the Green Gage, and being quite equal to it in flavor
and far superior in beauty, it cannot be too highly eulogised. I
had some fine fruit on pyramids this season, which, owing to the
fine weather in September, slightly shrivelled on the trees, and
become of a deep golden color, blotched with red ; they were full
of delicious juice ; I thought them superior to the Green Gage.
Benniston's Superb, ripening eight or ten days before the Green
Gage, is also a valuable Plum ; this j^ear the fruit were particu-
larly fine from pyramids ; Huling's Superb is also a very large
and very rich Plum ; the Autumn Gage, an oval medium-sized
yellow Plum, is valuable, as it hangs well on the tree till after
the middle of October. Bleeker's Scarlet is a useful kitchen Plum,
remarkable for its hardiness and productiveness. Smith's Orleans,
an oval redish purple Plum, has not proved quite equal to its
reputation in America. Columbia is a large, round, and very
handsome Plum, rich and sugary, but rather dry, and ripening
with a crowd of other sorts, is not so valuable as the first-named
varieties. I may here mention that Plums in Nottinghamshire,
north of Trent, rarely attain their full size and flavor ; the climate
seems too cool and moist for them, for if large sized fruit are ob-
tained from trees against walls, flavor is sacrifised. Corse's Nota
Bene, an oval, purple Plum, of medium size, is, I think, a Cana-
diaji Plum, from Montreal ; this is an enormous bearer, withstand-
ing our spring frosts well, and ripening early in August. Plums
are becoming most valuable fruit, for owing to several new varie-
ties, the dessert and the kitchen can be supplied from the end of
.luly till nearly the end of October. T. ^Rivers.

A Green Hose. — A recent number of " Galinani's Messenger"
says : — At an exhibition of flowers which took place at the begin-
ning of this month, at Manhelm, a prize was awarded for a very
extraordinary floral curiosity, a green rose. The petals of the
flower »vere green and had somewhat the form of leaves.

The Fig Market of Smyrna. — The fig harvest this year has
proved unusually abundant. The, cultivators simply gather the
ripe fruit, scatter it round the trees, and allow it to dry in the
sun. When dry, it is collected into large packs, and sent into
Smyrna on camels. The roads and principal streets are thronged
all day with long strings of these animals. The fig market is an
animating scene. Hundreds of bags of figs are arranged in a

Editorial Miscdlatiy. 183

sort of square, where the arrival and unloading of camels, the
tasting of buyers and the bargaining with sellers are perpetual.
When a purchase has been made, the bags are conveyed to the
packers, and after being sorted into baskets, are squeezed into
shape by dirty women and children, and then packed into drums
or boxes by men. This process is a very disgusting one to look
at, and it is said that no one, who has seen it, ever eats a fig again.
The residents buy a yearly stock, and have them packed at home
by their servants.

Mr. Gilbert's method of growing that unique bedding plant, the
Ciifhea platycentra, is worthy of emulation, by gardeners on this
side of the Atlantic ; we annex his practice : —

My employer has succeeded in raising standards of this beauti-
ful plant, 4 feet high, with large heads, which are at this time
loaded with fine foliage and flowers. This has been efiected by
beginning with them when they are cuttings, keeping all lateral
shoots stopped, and the leader of each, tied to a neat stake, shift-
ing the plants into larger pots, as soon as they require it, and
using a rich compost. Treated as standards they show to better
advantage their small but beautiful flowers, and afford a pleasing
variety during the summer months, in shrubberies and flower
borders, where they should be plunged in their pots for conveni-
ence in lifting and housing them at the approach of frost. They
should be liberallj'- watered in dry weather, using for them, occa-.
sionally, a little liquid manure. — R. Gilbert, Abbey Wood, Bexley
Heath.

Two ripe apples, of the early June variety, of the second
crop for this year, have been exhibited to the editor of the Fru-
man^s Journal, published in Grant Co., Indiana. These apples
grew in the orchard of Elijah Lucas, near Jonesborough, in that
county.

The correspondent of the Newark Advertiser, wi-iting from Rome,
October 26th, says : —

" The vintage and harvest have failed again this year, and the
government has therefore interdicted the exportation of oil, wine,
and grain. It has also established public bake houses in the chief
cities, to supply the poor at cost prices, and thus prevent extor-
tion by the bakers. Public depots of oil, have been established
for the same purpose. As to wine, there is next to none in the
country, the old stock having been nearly or quite consumed dur-
ing the three years failure of the vine. The grape has been cut
off again all over the peninsula, and the people are drinking vile
decoctions and compositions, for they will not take water with

184 Editorial Miscdlany.

their chestnuts and beans, the sole food of thoiisands of families.
Those who can afford potenia, a sort of pudding made of Indian
meal, fare sumptuously. The almond tasted kernels in the cones
of the pine tree, are also reckoned a great luxury in the moun-
tains."

A correspondent of tlic Cambridge Chronicle, says, " We have
in our garden a small nursery of plum trees, which have been
nearly destroyed by the canker-worm. Last season we com-
menced shaking them off. One day we observed many toads
about these trees, that on our approach became frightened, and
retreated in great haste to their retreats in the neighboring bush-
es. Soon finding that they were not pursued, they commenced
hopping back, and eagerly caught with avidity each canker-worm
as it descended on its tiny thread. We counted, at one time,
thirty immediately around our feet. Day after day, we fed them
with their favorite food, and they became so tame as to follow us,
watch our hands, and take worms from our fingers.'"

The Language of Mothek Earth. — Plants are, as it were, the
most direct language of the earth. Every new leaf, every strange
flower, is some secret that is pi'essing forth, and which, because
it cannot move or speak for joy and love, becomes a mute, quiet
plant. When we find such a flower in a solitary place, does it not
seem as if every thing around were transfigured, and as if the
little feathered ones loved best to dwell in its vicinity ? Over the
whole dry world is flung this green, mysterious carpet of love.
With every spring it is made new, and its strange writing is only
known to be beloved, like the posies of the Orient. Forever will
he read, and never read his fill ; and daily becomes aware of new
revelations of living nature.

Cranberries on High Land. — Mr. Xeedham, of Locustdale,
West Danvers, has sent us a box of cranberries grown upon high
land,which are of good size and shape, and well ripened. lie has
about one hundred rods under culture — has gathered thirty six
bushels, which he has sold at $4 00 per bushel. But for "the
drought of last summer, he confidently expected to get a bu shel
from each square rod. Few men among us have devoted so much
attention to the growing of the cranberry as the Messrs. Need-
ham, or succeeded so well. Others have reclaimed meadows, and
cultivated the berry successfully there, but very few have at-
tempted it on dry land. — JVeio England Fanner.

At a recent meeting of the New York Horticultural Society, the

Editorial Miscellany. 185

following- named gentlemen were elected officers for the ensuing
year : — President, John Groshou ; Vice-Presidents, Abraham A.
Leggett, Archibald Russell, H. M. Schiefflin, Caleb F. Lindsley,
Theodore Banks ; Treasurer, Dr. James Knight ; Recording Secre-
tary, Peter B. Mead, Corresponding Secretary, F. W. Tompkins ;
Librarian, James Cheetham ; Library Committee, Peter B. Mead|
Andrew Picid ; Finance Committee, Caleb F. Lindsley, F. W,
Tompkins, Francis Speir ; Premium Committee, Charles More,
Isaac Buchanan ; Fruit Committee, Peter B. Mead, William S. Car-
penter, John Suttic ; Committee on Flowers and Plants, Thomas
Hogg, Thomas Netterville, John S. Burgess ; Committee on Vege-
tables, Wm. Cranstoun, Alfred Bridgeman, Peter Henderson ;
Committee on Seeds, John Groshou, Caleb F. Lindsley, Dr. James
Knight.

I SHOULD not have troubled your readers with the following re-
marks, had not an article on raising seedling Carnations (recently
printed in a contemporary magazine) been greatly calculated to
mislead the inexperienced florist. Persons accustomed to raise
seedlings never think of saving the seed from single flowers. I
should say that from such seed there would not be a moderately
good flower in ten thousand. The only fault with, at least, two-
thirds of our present varieties is, that they are too thin of petals,
and will not form a good crown, which is an indispensable pro-
perty in the criteria of a fine Carnation or Pink. I ask, what can
look more meagre than the half-double flowers ?

For the information of your readers, I will detail my mode of
proceeding. I select such flowers as are perfectly double. That
such flowers may produce seed, it will be necessary to let every
bud remain to bloom. When they are fully expanded, and the
pistils assume a glittering icy appearance, take any one half-ex-
panded bloom, and tear it open, when will be seen the apices (an-
thers) containing the pollen, or dust ; take one of these, and, if
not already burst, open it, and draw it along the pistils (thread-
like terminating horns) till you see some of the powder adhering
to them. If this has been properly done, the bloom will close in
two or three hours ; and if no alteration takes place, repeat it till
it does. In two or three days after impregnation has taken place,
cut off all the other buds, and remove the plant to a situation
where it will get plenty of sun ; keep it well supplied with water,
and protect the capsule (closed pod) from rain, by placing a
square piece of thin board or other material upon the stick, just
above it ; gather the seed when ripe, and keep it in the pod in a
well-corked phial. It will be also necessary to protect the pod
from earwigs, which is best done by winding a little fresh sheep's

188 Editorial Miscellany.

wool round the stick and stem ; they will not attempt to pass
over it, as it entangles them.

These directions apply equally as well to Pinks, with the excep-
tion that the bloom from which the pollen is to be taken must be
opened before it begins to expand, or the apices will all be burst,
and the pollen gone.
( Florista.

The Fourth Annual Meeting of the United States Agricultural
Society will be held at Washington, D. C, on Wednesday, Janu-
ary 9th, 1856.

Business of importance will come before the meeting. Reports
from its officers will be submitted, and a new election be made, in
which it is desirable that eveiy State and territory should be re-
presented.

Lectures and interesting discussions are expected on subjects
pertaining to the objects of the association, by distinguished
scientific and practical agriculturists. The transactions of 1855,
containing a full account of the late exhibition at Boston, will be
distributed to such members as are present.

The various agricultural societies of the country are respect-
fully requested to send delegates to this meeting ; and all gentle -
men who are interested in the welfare of American agriculture,
who would promote a more cordial spirit of intercourse between
the different sections of our land, and who would elevate this
most important pursuit to a position of greater usefulness and
honor, are also invited to be present on this occasion.

Marshall P. Wilder, President.

W. S. King, Secretary.

December, 1855.

For the N Y Horticultural Review.
Reply to Evelyn. — We would say to our venerable critic, who
comes to us under the name of Evelyn, that, in writing our article
upon the cultivation of the Grape, we wished to treat exclusively up-
on the cultivation of native varieties. We knew of Mr. Cummings
and his plantations of foreign Grapes. But we have ever deprecated
the cultivation of foreign Grapes in this country. In our article, in

Editorial Miscellany. 181

the iV. Y. Journal of Commerve, upon the same subject, given last
winter, we gave experiments tried upon the cultivation of foreign
Grapes, which occasioned great loss to the cultivators, and also
gave some ststistics of the amount of money lost in attempting
to cultivate foreign Grapes in the open air. In regard to our ar-
ticle upon the cultivation of Flowers, if we made quotations, they
were so woven into our memory from reading Oriental literature,
that we know not from whence they were taken. We beg leave to
differ from our worthy critic, and think he lays himself open to
criticism in njaking one remark, " That flowers were Nature's ar-
tists." We think Nature the artist, and flowers the gorgeous pro-
ductions of her handiwork — the " chef de ouvres," if you will al-
low the quotation.

D. W. Ray.

The Vine and the Wine of Georgia. — The Augusta Constitu-
tionalist publishes a letter from the Hon. Mark A. Cooper, giving
an account of a recent visit to the vineyards of Dr. Anderson and
others, of Wilkes. 'These vineyards,' he says, 'were planted
from the slip, in the spring of 1853, and now produces grapes of
the most admirable quality.' Each vine has on an average of 45
clusters of the very largest size, the flavor surpasses anything I
have known. The vineyard was an experiment of one-fourth of
an acre, with a setting of 150 vines per quarter, or 1,000 to the
acre. Owing to dry weather only 130 lived and are in bearing.

I am not premature in the conjecture that in ten years more
the wines of Georgia will meet those of France and our Atlantic
ports, and soon thereafter they will make good the completion by
going to European markets ; so that what has just been achieved
by her flower mills and farmers, will also be eflected by her vine-
yards and wine presses.

Grasshopper Traps. — In our rides in the grasshopper country,
we saw thousands of the deep holes which had been dug in the
earth by the Indians, to entrap their luxurious (?) food. These
holes contain about a bushel and a half, and we believe we saw
holes enough in Yuba, Butte and Sutter Counties, to have collect-
ed fifty thousand bushels of Grasshoppers. The Indians will grow
fat this winter, — California Farmer.

LITERARY NOTICES

Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society for

1854.

This is a remarkable voluminous work, containing a large
amount of useful information for the farmer, and an equally larg^
quantity of useless verbiage. On scanning it, one cannot but be
profoundly struck with the industry which the cumpilation of such
a work demands. The credit of editing the book is due to B. P.
Johnson, the accomplished secretary of the society. That the
work is very wide of what it should be is not Mr. Johnson's fault.
The essays in the book disclose no new features in vegetation,
and are only instructive to beginners. The entomological infor-
mation we would call valuable, if the writer was more conversant
with the economy of his subject. It is very necessary that we tho-
roughly investigate the peculiar habits of destructive insects. A
remedy may be suggested therefrom. The writer appears to have
had but a very vague idea of the application of his surmises,
facts, and theories to practical demonstration. The absence of
illustrations of the insects, and their various methods of commit-
ting depredations, is to be deplored. Pictorial representations
carry conviction in such matters, where written explanations fail
to convince or even clearly elucidate. The last pages of the book
become enraptured all about a certain horse, renowned for divers
feats of agility displayed in days of yore. Candidly, gentlemen,
is this not a puff? A very good one as we view the matter.

Cut the report down about three hundred pages, and dovetail
the remaining portion in a good wholesome style, and we should
have a book worthy the perusal of every cultivator in the country
But, as it is, the very appearance suggests a counterpart of Sa-
hara for dryness ; but as our worthy secretary is restricted to cer-
tain conventionalities, which obedience to statutory edicts render
imperative, we must even digest a volume of transactions annu-_
ally for all time to come.
We are only sorry to see a really capable, persevering man, like

Literary Notices. 189

Mr. Johnson, being compelled to waste his valuable time in giving
form to downright nonsense.

Bedott Papers. /. C. Derby, iV. Y.

This is a humorous work of considerable merit, betraying an
admirable conception on the part of the author, regarding the in-
door provincialisms of New England domestic life. Price, $1 25.
It will well repay the time used reading it.

Spaldings Japan. /. Redfidd, N. Y.

The late treaty with Japan suggested this publication. It con-
tains much interesting history of that comparatively unknown
land — the peculiar traits exhibited by its people, its resources, its
commercial value to the U. S., &c. It is profusely embellished
by tinted lithographs. Price, $1 25.

Crotchets and Quavers. S. French, N. Y.

Max Maretzek, the great leader of operatic orchestral music,
has recently attempted a role in a sphere in which he seems to
have legitimatized himself. He has produced a really clever
book — witty, gossiping, instructive and charming. Price, $1 25.

A Basket of Chips. Buna Sf Bro.

A series of stories, humorous, pathetic, sentimental, and serious,
written at sundry intervals, during the peregrinations of that er-
ratic gentleman and actor, John Brougham. Price, $1 25.

Harpers Magazine for December, is filled with papers unusually
interesting, and illustrated in the usual masterly style peculiar to
the work. We perceive that " McLellan," is attached to the Mag-
azine ; his reputation as an artist is without a rival in New York.
The price of the Magazine is $3 per annum ; but it will be sup-
plied with the Horticultural Review. The two for $4,00.

Putnam's Magazine for December, is as usual freighted with arti-
cles especially written by the most talented authors in America.
This Magazine enjoys a reputation in Europe as a work of great
excellence, and has received many encomiums from the English
and French presses. Price $3,00 per year ; with the Review,
$4,00.

190 Literary Notices.

The Inventor.

A Journal for the artisan. It is well conducted, profusely il-
lustrated contains remarks on all the new patents of the day,
and other valuable information, of intrinsic worth to the class it
addresses. Price $1,00 per annum. Address Quimby, Haskell &
Co., New York.

Catalogue of Cosmopolitan Art Association.

Estimates have been made of the length of the advertisments
of the Cosmopolitan Association, as they appeared in the news-
papers last year. Averaging each insertion at 10 inches, it was
found that, altogether, the advertisements would have formed a
strip of paper, 2| inches in width, fourteen hundred miles in length !
Some reading matter, that cost the Association a nice sum of
money.

The Illustrated Catalogue is printed upon 360,000 sheets, 24
by 33 inches — giving an area of 328,320,000 square inches 1 — a
few broad miles of printed matter 1 — The schoolmaster must be
abroad to instruct the people to read.

This association has become wonderfully popular in a very
short time. All persons who subscribe previous to January 31st
are entitled to a ticket in the distribution of that date.

Erata.

In the advertisement of Shaker blankets in the November
number, we unintentionally stated, that the prices ranged from
$12, to $40 per dozen. It should have been $12, $35, and $40 per
pair. As the disparity was so great, we feel compelled to give
this conspicuous correction.

\

HINTS ON NURSERYMEN AND TREE BUY-
ING.

HEN a man arrives at the conclusion that the
pUmting- of fruit trees will benefit, and add, pecuniarily,
to the value of liis land, he should next well consider
the matter, of whom his trees arc purchased. As a general rule
(with but rare exceptions) — we should advise : never to purchase
a tree at auction, or from those graceless individuals, parapatetic
nurserymen, who scour the country during the winter season, for
the purpose of inveigling farmers into purchasing trees. These
trees are, in most instances, grown purposely for such a market,
and are composed, mainly, of some free growing varieties ; but
the accommodating Charlatans who vend them, will attach labels
of any variety that may be required, even though the sort be ex-
clusively local and unknown to commerce. Thus, if the eager
purchaser, whose knowledge of estimable fruits is limited, wishes
an " Aunt Betsy," a kind that he has seen on a neighbor's land ;
and which he considers the apple, par excdlena, the parasite nurs-
eryman immediately books the name, and the purchaser actually
receives trees bearing the name of " Aunt Betsy," notAvithstanding
there is but one tree of that variety in existence. This specie of
Charlatanry is "carried on" to an almost unlimited extent. We

192 Hints en Nurstrymen and Tret Buying.

can call to mind one individual, who disposed of, in a single sea-
son, 80,000 trees ; and that in two counties.

Planting trees of indifferent fruit is a worse evil than entire
neglect of planting ; for the reason that in the former case, bad
fruit is perpetuated to the rejection of superior kinds. Most
planters are loth to destroy a tree after it has commenced bearing,
even though the fruit be undesirable. Engrafting in such cases
is the only remedy ; but unfortunately, it is either procrastinated
from year to year, or another perambulating nurseryman, in the
guise of a ruminating " grafter," contracts the job, at a low price.
Four or five years more elapse. The trees once more produce
fruit ; but what is the astonishment and chagrin of the planter,
to discover lat his apples are identically the same as the origi-
nal crop, and the horrible suspicion creeps over him, that his
" grafting " friend has supplied himself with scions from the very
tree he was working. In many instances, bitter experience of
this description damps the ardor of the planter, and for all time
to come he remains contented with water core apples, astringent
pears, acid cherries, and horse plums. Kesponsible nurserymen,
occasionally send out traveling agents to contract trees ; but
such agents are always provided with abundant evidence that
they are bona fide attaches to the establishment they respectively
represent. One may possibly purchase of these men without in-
curring any risk ; but even under these circumstances, the prefer-
able method is to procure a supply directly from the " fountain
head," as commissions are saved, and the probability is that more
satisfactory trees will be received.

Instances are recorded, although rare, in which establishments
of enviable reputation have had recourse to sending out trees, •
differing widely from the names by which they were designated ,
Deception of this kind, is " sooner or later " discovered ; and its
transpiration not unfrequently operates disastrously to the future
business of the deceiver, although plausible pretexts may be as-
signed for what is termed an error. There is no branch of com-
merce which offers such inducements to professional " confidence
men " as the tree trade, for the reason that farmers are naturally
unsuspicious, and there is no possibility of being detected in sev-
eral years. Sometimes people imagine they have purchased spu-
rious trees, because the first and second seasons' crops do not
perfectly answer to the description as detailed by books ; at the

Hints on Nurserynun and Tree Buying. 193

same time the trees may be genuine. The causes of this divergen-
cy from the real character, are various. The main reason, how-
ever, is, that young trees are incapable of giving correct expres-
sion to their offspring until advanced age brings about thorough
development of the organs of fructification. In other instances,
imperfections are attributable to climatal peculiarities. A
greater maturity of the tree will have the effect of ameliorating
even these extraneous influences. The absence of requisite nour-
ishment in the soil, will also account for freaks and sports^ that
may, on a superficial investigation, condemn the nurseryman.
Thus it is apparent that unless purchases are made from parties
in whom we have positive confidence, that suspense must be en-
dured for a greater or less period, according to the amount of at-
tention bestowed in cultivation. But few tree planters are willing
to accord sufficient interest to this statement. Their confidence
once gained, they are credulous until conviction is forced upon
them by occular proof ; and then the community of nurserymen
are condemned in toto. This is rank injustice to the honest propo-
gator ; for if the purchaser is governed by his usual discretion in
the matter of barter, he need not bestow his labor and money on
worthless trash ; again, we repeat, buy your trees of responsible
and reputable dealers. We might mention many such, were it
not for giving offence to those overlooked in the list.

The pernicious habit of selecting trees of foreign origin, with a
delectable title, is another false notion, much to be deprecated.
Pears may succeed well in France, that are utter failures in our soil.
The reason for which, is, our soil is wanting in the essential ele-
ments to their perfect maturation. The highly extolled Ribstone pip-
pin, is the apple of England ; but it has never acquired any reputa-
tion in the United States, for even ordinary excellence. " Native
trees therefore, to the inexperienced cultivator, will invariably afford
satisfaction' without extraordinary culture, though high cultivation
will produce superior fruit. Amateurs, who plant promiscuously ev-
erything that is begilt with a new title, in both the old and new
world, have much to answer for, as relates to the present confused
state of the nomenclature of fruits, &c., as in their eagerness and
zeal to inculcate a new variety, they give scions to all who will
accept them ; their ill-informed friends assidiously clingto the Broch-
ure and its asseverated name, although it eventually proves to be
one of the fine old sorts. The a mateur neglects to acquaint his

194 Hints on Nkirserymen and Tree Buying.

friend of the discovery ; and thus the name is perpetuated and
received by the coming generation, in whose mind it becomes a
portion of their education, as a fixed fact, like all early prejudices.
In this manner is much unintentional deception practiced ; origi-
nating, however, in benevolent motive. Hence the necessity of
the highest intelligence in those who grow trees for market.
Education is as necessary for the nurseryman as the lawyer. He
requires the utmost discrimination, in order that he may be able
to name almost any variety of fruit tree from its peculiar char-
acteristics. He should possess discretion that he may properly
estimate a new fruit before puopagating thousands, which he is
obliged to sell or lose money. He should be a skillful mechanic
of nature, so as to fashion a tree after a becoming model : — " As
the twig is bent the tree is inclined." Lastly, he should be an
honest man, the most essential ingredient of all. If he possess
this qualification, he will never dispose of a tree that has even a
suspicion of ungenuineness lurking in its countenance.

The reader will naturally infer that nurserymen are not gener-
ally blessed with all of these enumerated traits, which is certain-
ly the case ; but we anticipate that the day of regeneration
is approaching, which is even now symptoming its advent.
Gentlemen of rare ability, attracted by the beauty of the occupation
and the golden harvest that will fall to their gardening, are enga-
ging in the tree growing business, with all the zeal of the ama-
teur and the skill of the professional. We hail the approach of
this millenium with eager expectancy, for the good it will effect to
the suburban folks in this Eden-like land, equally blessed with
genial suns, refreshing rains, and nourishing soils.

Stephaxotis Floribuxda. — There is no stove plant more easily
propagated. Choose cuttings that are short, trim off the lower
leaves, and insert the cjittings in sand ; place them under a hand-
light, on a heated surface ; pot them off as soon as roots are form-
ed ; replace under the hand-light for a week, shading from sun.
In a fortnight they may be fully exposed. This plant will endure
a temperature of 45^^ ; in winter it should never exceed 55°, un-
less the sun shines, when it may be allowed to rise to 60°, and as-
the days increase in length the licat may be allowed to rise to 65°,
when the plant begins to put forth short, stubby shoots, and fine,
broad, healthy leaves. — Cottage Gardener.

Garden Structures.

195

GARDEN STRUCTURES.

Garden seats of either rude or finished workmanship, arc to the
ferme ornee, what oriental kiosques, Grecian temples, pagodas, and
sculptured figures, are to the grand house and broad park. No
cottager, who is the sovereign of the soil he tills, is so poorly off
in worldly goods, as not to have the wherewith to spare for the
construction of a covered seat, a rustic arbor, or the more archi-
tectural summer-house.

Children love the cosy, vine clad bower. It affords a refuge in
their romps, and games ; and in after years, when vexed with
commercial care, men are frequently solaced with the tran-
quilizing reminiscence of that same delightful arbor and cottage
home , when no cares checked their glee, and the world seemed to
their trusting credulous minds one bright picture with constant
recurring novelties wherein to revel and drink of happiness until
gorged with the inspired elixir. Because the arbor and the rustic
seat at the terminus of the garden walk is a reflected imagery on
children's minds we would feign ^advocate their extension. The
summer-house, or covered seat, have, in good truth, no feeling in
common with intensely architectural structures, neither are they
strictly confined in their construction to the , professional archi-

196

Garden Structures.

tect's dictum. The rudest hands can fashion the rustic seat, and
display equally as much taste as those who have studied elegant
forms in books. The various methods and designs made use of in
forming garden structures are almost as numerous as the places
they occupy. The model which embellishes a portion of this arti-
cle, is an exceedingly simple design from the repertoire of Messrs.
"Watt &> Holly, of this city. Summer-houses of this description
being necessa-
rily built from
wood, are liable
to speedy de-
cay. It is
therefore advi-
sable that the
roof be of a
steep pitch, and
project several
feet beyond the
posts. This
will be ample
protection a-
gainst weather
and will pre-
serve the build-
ing for a much
longer period.
A simpler and
a more popular
mode of erect-
ing the Slimmer
house, is from
rustic work,
bits of some^

durable wood^O'/— '"^^Uv

being used for the material, with the bark imdisturbed. Red
cedar is to be preferred for this purpose, as it is almost impregna-
ble to elemental influences, and is exceedingly tenacious of its
bark. The stem of the cedar is generally quite straight, and is
therefore admirably adapted for the post, which being inserted in

Garden Structures.

191

the ground, also performs duty as foundation. It is a matter of
but little consequence whether the building be round, square, or
octagonal, as the expression is more particularly conveyed by the
attached ornamental work, Avhich is composed of the naturally
bent branches of the cedar tree, judiciously appended to the house,
so as to present the appearance of brackets, supports and corni-

ces. Lattice work presenting a very unique appearance may also
be effectively imitated. The roof of the rustic arbor should al-
ways be thatched, using " flag " or straw for the purpose. Vines
and creeping plants seem to be particularly happy when permit-
ted to embrace the rude columns of fair weather buildings ;
for this reason the edifice would be incomplete without a liberal
quantity of these aspiring beauties.

The rustic seat may appropriately find an abiding place beneath
the outstretched branches of some patriarchal oak, or elm, whose
foliage has not undergone a thinning out by the lank gentlemen

198 The Osier, its Culture, Profits arid Machine for Peeling.

of scythe notoriety. Such a seat as we consider applicable for
these propitious situations, is our illustration of the rustic pattern.
And for a seat whose capacity shall not exceed accommodations
for more than one person, the grape vine chair would not be
inappropriate. It is made of cast iron, and is not only very dura-
ble, but exceedingly elegant, in proper situation.

We have also added engravings of two
other cast iron seats, which strictly are be-
longings of the veranda, or situations conti-
guous to the house, as they are more formal,
and express a greater degree of architecture
in design. Garden furniture of the kind just
described, is quite inexpensive and con-
veniently procured. As embellishments for
simple gardens, they are absolute ingredi-
ents, always making the exception, when used
with discretion ; an excess of such decorat-
ive features is abominable ! and we were"
about to add, inhuman ; for such evidence of
bad taste makes one quite awry when compelled to do admiration
for the sake of not ofl'ending an enthusiastic neighbor.

THE OSIER, ITS CULTURE, PROFITS, AND MACHINE FOR

PEELING.

(by GEORGE COLBY.)

Latterly much attention has been given to cultivating the wil-
low in the United States. The market value of the imported Osier,
is $80 per ton ; two tons can be grown per acre on land that is en-
tirely unfit for other crops. Here we have a yield of $160 per acre ;
deduct the expense of preparing for the trade, about $20, and you
have a profit of $140. Even allowing that this estimate is exag-
erated, there would remain a larger profit per acre than can be ob-
tained from any green crop, and secured by one- fourth the labor.
Mr. Colby, of Jonesville, Vermont, has for a long time been dis-
playing his ingenuity in perfecting a machine that will dispense

The Osier, its Culture, Profits and Machine for Peeling. 199

with hand labor for peeling Osiers, in which laudable undertak-
ing he has finally achieved success. He sends iis, for publication,
the subjoined description, together with his method of growing
and cutting Osiers for market. In order to better explain his
remarks, we have engraved appropriate illustrations. Ed.)

Machine for Peeling the Willoiv.

This machine consists of a frame about eight feet long, and tv/o
and a half high. Upon one end of which are hung two rollers,
each seven inches in diameter, and of any required length, from
one to four feet — as upon the length of the rollers depends the
amount of work that the machine is able to perform. One of these
rollers is made of India Eubber, and the other of wood or iron.

They are so hung that they roll together, one over the other, so
as to draw the willows through between them, and at the same
time, have an endwise or vibrating motion of an inch on each one, in
contrary directions, so as to roll the willows back and forth side-
wise about two inches, as they pass through, thus loosening
the bark and tearing it to pieces This vibrating motion is very
quick, given by the lever attached to one end of each roller, with
a fulcrum in the centre between them, and operated with a crank
under the machine, as shown in the figure. One of the rollers
being of India Rubber, will allow different sized willows to pass
through at the same time, and no willow however large or small,
can pass through without being rubbed, and the pressure of the
rubber is not suflBcicnt to break or injure them, while it will rub
the bark loose, if the willow is in proper condition to peel.

On the other end of the frame are hung two rollers, like the
first, only they have no vibrating motion, and are both made of

200 The Osier, its Culture, Profits, and Machine for Peding.

India Rubber, and geared so as to run about eight times as fast.
About six inches forward of these are hung two other rollers, each
three inches in diameter, one or both of India Rubber, and run-
ning together with the same speed and in the same way — except
the vibrating motion — as the first ; and these three sets of roll-
ers, and the machinery necessary to set them in motion, constitute
the whole machine. The willows, after passing through the first
rollers, as described, are carried to the second or small rollers — by
a belt running over the table between them — and the thick end
which is already clean, passing through them is seized by the
large rollers running very fast, and stripped through the small ones
and thrown out dean, while the small rollers hold the loose bark,
which then rolls through and drops in a heap by itself Such is
the simple working of this labor-saving machine ; it does its work
perfectly and rapidly — to the entire satisfaction of every one who
has seen it perform. The amount of work which it is able to per-
form depends only upon the length of the rollers and the speed at
which they are driven.

But many will ask " what is the machine good for, now you have
got it? — where are the willows to peel? — and what will you do with
them when you get them peeled ? &c." True, there are but very
few basket willows cultivated in this country at present ; so few
that many have never heard of such a thing as cultivating wil-
lows. But why is it that they are not cultivated here ? Surely it is
not because there is no demand for them, for there is no article
produced, the demand for which so far exceeds the supply as bas-
ket willoxos. To supply this demand, in part, we are annually im-
porting a vast amount of willow and manufactured willow-ware,
from France and Germany ; but there can only be enough obtained
in the old country to go but a little way towards supplying the
demand in this.

Then why it is that they are not extensively cultivated here? It
is not because the best European Osiers will not thrive in our soil
and climate, for it has been fully proven by a few enterprising
men, who have imported cuttings of the best French and German
willow, and cultivated themi in this country for a number of years,
that they will grow letter here than in Europe, and all basket-
makers prefer the willow grown here to those imported. But the
reason that they have not been grown here is, because there has

The Osier, its Culture, Profits, and Machine for Peeling. 201

been no mnchine to peel them with, and the great amount of labor
requisite to peel tliem by hand in the short time in May and June,
while tlie bark will strip, has eifectually prevented their extensive
cultivation in this country, where labor is so scarce and high.

But this objection is now overcome, and with proper care in
their cultivation, willows can now be grown in this country al-
most as cheap as hay, and while one sells for $10 or $15, the other
brings from $100 to $200 per ton, and the demand for them is un-
limited, for there is no end to the uses to which they can be ap-
plied. At present there is but very few in market, and the prices
rule very high, owing to the supply from Europe being reduced on
account of the war.

In our western cities the prices of willow is higher than in New
York .In St. Louis it has ranged as high as ten cents per pound for
a very common article, the past season.

Leaf of Basket Willow, { Salix viminalis) .

There is no more difficulty in cultivating willow than any other
crop, only they have to be planted but once, and it is very impor-
tant they should be started right. And one of the most important
things in starting a willow plantation is to procure cuttings of the
right kind. The Salix ximinalis has proved to be the best kind for
cultivation in this country ; it grows very long, smooth, and free
from side branches. There are several other kinds which have
been recommended for cultivation by nurserymen and others en-
gaged in selling cuttings. Some of them are worthless, and oth-
ers, such as the Salix forlyana, S. purpitrea, S. triandrice, &c., are
vary good tough willows'for baskets, but they grow so full of limbs
that they cannot be peeled with a machine, and it will not pay to
grow them in this country, and trim and peel them by hand.

Those about to plant willows will be sure they get cuttings of
the tree Salix viininalis. I will not warrant my machine to peel
any other kind, and I think it would be difficult to find a machine
that would peel a willow full of side branches. The next impor-
tant thing is choosing the proper soil and situation, which should
be rich and naturally moist, but not too wet. The best soil is a

202 The. Osier, its Culture, Profits, and Machine for Peeling.

deep rich loam, as reclaimed swamp, thoroughly drained, or low
meadow, near a river or creek. The land should be well prepared
by plowing- and harrowing, as early in spring as possible, and care
taken in setting the cuttings to have it done right. The cuttings
may be from eight to twelve inches long, according to the depth
of the soil. If the soil is not over six or seven inches deep before
it comes to a hard subsoil, the cuttings should not be over eight
inches long, as there should in no case be more than one or two
buds left above ground. They should be set in rows, about three
feet apart, and the cuttings one foot apart in the rows. If they
are well cultivated the first year, and a cultivator run a few times
through them the second year, they will require but very little,
ever after that.

RESULTS OF PROPER AND IMPROPER CUTTING.

Great care should be taken in cutting them to have it done
right. They should be cut within an inch of the old stock every
year, and no small willows left uncut. I have seen plantations
nearly ruined by carelessness in cutting. If they are cut three
or four, or, as I have seen them, six inches high, and many of the
small ones left uncut, the next year's growth will be nearly worth-
less, as there will be so many buds left and so many sprouts start
to grow, that none of them can grow large, and there will be a
great many small limbs, but no good rods. But if they are cut
short, and no small ends left, there will be but few shoots start
•and these will grow very long and slender, often reaching ten or
twelve feet in a season. And then it is a great loss to cut them

The Union of Embryos. 203

high, as they sell by the pound, and the lower end is the heaviest
four or five inches of the lower end takes a very large percentage
of the weight.

(Those who may wish for more information, can apply to Mr.
Colby, at his residence, Jonesville, Vt. He informs us he will be
happy to communicate any information desired, respecting his ma-
chine, or the manner of cultivating the willow. He also has pub-
lished a valuable treatise on the subject, which all interested
should obtain, as it is distributed gratis.

Mr. Colby, we believe, can also furnish cuttings of the Osier
Salix viminalis. A working model of the machine is on exhibition
at R. L. Allen's, of New York ; also at the office of the " Prairie
Farmer," Chicago, 111. — Ed.)

ON THE UNION OF EMBRYOS.

gardeners' chronicle.

It will have been seen by a communication in our last number,
(p. 678,) that experimentalists are puzzled to understand how it is
possible to make two embryos grow together by grafting. It
seems to be considered impracticable so to unite the seeds of an
Orange and a Lemon as to blend them into one single plant from
the very beginning of their growth. Undoubtedly the operation
is attended with some difficulty. Skill and a sound knowledge of
the nature and structure of seeds are demanded of those who
would perform it. For that reason, indeed, it was, that we offered
a valuable reward to the first who should succeed. Had it been
a mere puzzle, which could be solved by some lucky accident, we
should have consigned it to the limbo of rebuses, charades, and
similar puerilities. But knowledge and the power of applying it
were demanded, and for this reason it appeared to be an excellent
subject for experiment ; certainly not merely for the sake of a
trifacial Orange, which might be easily obtained in Alexandria.

We have already stated, in reply to an inquirer, that it would
probably facilitate the operation if the surfaces to be united are
pared down, just as is done when common grafts are united. But
we are by no means sure that this is indispensable. On the con-
trary, many facts indicate that mere contact will produce the

204

The Union of Embryos.

necessary union. No one can be ignorant that Cucumbers often

come as twins ; so do
Nectarines ; and we
have now before us a
pair of Coe's Golden
Drop Plums complete-
ly united for about half
their length. In all
such cases no removal
of the surface of the
parts took place where
they joined. They
united in consequence
of being firmly pressed
together when very
young, and in the early
stage of growth while
the tissues were young, tender, and forming fast.

A similar example is presented by the monstrous Apple of
which a figure is annexed. In this instance two Apple flowers,

accidentally brought
into close contact in
the earliest state of
the bud, being kept
firmly in contact as
they advanced in
growth, ended by be-
coming half incorpo-
rated ; notwithstand-
ing which they finally
became a twin fruit,
consisting of two very
nequal halves. In
the smaller only four cells of the seed were formed, in the larger
but three. In other respects the structure was complete ; but
each was furnished with a pair of elevated lines on the side next
the line of junction, as shown in the figure. The nature of these
lines is unknown to us. Wliat is particularly deserving of atten-
tion here is, that the hairy surface of the young Apple flower of-

Bergamoi StckdPMr. 205

fered no obstacle to the junction in question ; possibly it took
place before the hairs had formed.

Such being- the case, it becomes a question whether, in grafting
seeds, it is at all necessary that the embryos should themselves
unite. It may be indeed conceived that the firm, solid, highly
carbonized, and scarcely azotized tissue of which such an embryo
as that of the Orange consists, would from its very nature be un-
likely to form an adhesion ; just, indeed, as grafters find that old
wood is very diflScult to operate upon. It is by the young tissue,
when first growing, soft, tender, succulent, and rich in azotized
matter, that junctions are effected. Is it not then highly probable,
that if embryos are to be grafted on each other, the union mus-fc
take place between the surfaces of the young radicle and the ten-
der lengthening stem when first born ? We think so. And upon
that supposition it may be a question whether the operation now
under discussion may not be most easily and certainly performed
by allowing the embryos to enter upon the early stage of germi-
nation before they are finally tied together.

Suppose a couple of Orange pips were allowed to grow just
long enough to be handled, and then had, in each case, one of the
cotyledons removed, so that the nascent stems could be secured to
each other with collodion, or a film of India-rubber, or some such
elastic matter. We only throw this out as a suggestion.

THE BERGAMOT SECKEL.

BY ROBERT LINDLET, (Loudon.)

I have always eaten the little American Seckel with a relish
surpassing that derived from any of the English, French, or Bel-
gian sorts. It has a peculiar aromatic flavor that belongs to it-
self. It favors in taste none of the spicy tropical fruits, neither
does it resemble in any point that of more northern fruits. It is
anomalous to its class and is worthy of the distinction awarded
it — the highest standard of flavor among pears.

In the garden it forms a nice tree, without the least assistance in
the way of disbudding, or shortening in wayward branches, as is
required by other kinds. It is a round, chubby shaped tree, filled

206

The Bergamot Seckd.

with short joined bearing wood, just such as most makes the gard-
ener's heart glad. And then
in the autumn it is a per-
fect show of brown cheek-
ed tempting pears, not
very large, to be sure, but
they remarkably verify the
old saying "short and
sweet." I have four trees j
of the seckel pear, which
I procured directly fromi
nurserymen in the United
States ; they have grown
finely and are at present
quite large, bearing pro-
fusely every season.
The seckel was a great favorite of my former friend the
Isde Mr. Williams of Pitmaston. He was a thorough pomologist,
and took great delight in crossing the more estimable sorts of
pear, in order to induce new varieties of merit ; his success was
quite variable. In nearly all of his experiments he used the
Seckel for either oue or the other parent. I have fruited one of
his seedlings originated by crossing the Bergamot, an old varie-
ty, with the Seckel ; therefore, it is named after both parents,
"Bergamot Seckel," as it betrays each of their respective charac-
teristics. The fruit in flavor resembles the Seckel, while in shape
it is almost an exact countei'part of the Bergamot. With good
cultivation, it attains the medium size, though generally below.
In figure it is oval and very regular ; Calyx very short and stifi",
it is planted in a shallow basin.

The stalk is thick, short, and inserted slantendicularly without
any depression. The skin is of a redisli brown, very finely mark-
ed with specks of russet, which increase in number in the vicinity
of the stalk. Flesh white, juicy, sugary, witli alltlie spicy flavor
of the seckel.

My specimens the past season where in eating the middle of
November. If the keeping properties of the Bergamot Seckel
were equal to either of its parents, I should give it the preference.
The drawing I send you was taken from a medium size pear.

Priming Shrubbery. 201

You perceive I have attended to your suggestion, respecting a
diagram to represent tlie inside arrangement of the seed. 1 think
it a very good plan, and shall observe it in future. I am much
gratified at tlie appearance of the Review. It is certainly to be
much commended as an individual enterprise. We do not get up
such large works in England, unless under the patronage of so-
cieties. I shall occasionally send you such information of fruits
and flowers, as, in my opinion, will be interesting to your readers,
which I hope may be legion. R- L-

PRUNING SHRUBBERY.

Prukixg is an important element in the proper management of
the shrubbery, and requires as much attention as the pruning of
any other trees or plants. The objects of pruning shrubs gencr-
ly are, to modify the form, or lessen the bulk, of over-luxuriant
specimens ; the removal of dead, sickly, and misplaced branches ;
the shortening back, even to the extent of cutting over to within
a few inches of the roots, such as are declining in health and
vigor. In the case of many flowering shrubs, other considera-
tions are to be kept in view, and these are founded on their natu-
ral habits and mode of flowering. As, the Rose will be treated
upon in another article, the remarks upon it are omitted. The
Honey-suckle should be spurred into one or two eyes of the pre-
vious year's wood ; Tree Peeonies often require their branches to
be thinned out when too much crowded, but their terminal shoots
should never be shortened, as it is at the points their blossoms
are produced ; Weigela rosea floAvers upon the wood of the previ-
ous year, therefore removing much of that lessens the abundance
the following season. The season of pruning the majority of
shrubs is during Autumn and Winter, and that of coniferous
shrubs and trees, late in the Spring, after the sap has commenced
circulation. — Western Agriculturist.

^i.^^ siiii;. ..

:ml

lili ''",11

Farm Cotta<re. 209

FARM COTTAGE.

The farmers of the present day are awakening somewhat to
their interests, as advanced by the erection of suitable dwellings ;
buildings that will comport with the farmers' condition, and illus-
trative of his susceptibility to progressive and beautiful influences.
And who more worthy, we ask, to live in a tastefully constructed
house, than the swarthy visaged, hard fisted farmer, who has, al-
most since his eyes first opened upon the landscape and the har-
vest field, struggled Avith the tenacious clay, the resisting sub-soil,
and the mellow loam, having wrung his " quotem " from com-
merce, and added many broad acres of fertile " intervale " and up.
land to his possessions, it is but meeting out a just and well
earned reward, that in the "yellow leaf" of life, he should taste of
that self-gratulation, and cosy independence, as suggested by
a convenient and elegant cottage. Most unfortunately for the
education of the rising generation of farmers, their worthy sires
are not always imbued with that love for tasteful architecture, to
expend thereupon any portion of their earnings. Now, then, we
feel compelled to state that any individual whose ambition and
energy have been expended in cultivating his modicum of sand or
loam, and having enriched himself thereby, when such a person
is content to live in an inconvenient box, we consider it down-
right, willful ignorance — stupid perverseness — and is as unpar-
donable as the dog who snarled over the contents of a certain
manger. Example is contagious ; therefore, those who build for
themselves elegant houses, are national benefactors, and deserving
of a nation's thanks. We do not ask the farmer to build a castle
like a feudal lord ; or a gothic villa like the merchant Prince ; but
we do supplicate him to vacate his unreasonable prejudices, and
construct for his family, if not for himself, a house after the fash-
ion of some tasteful model ; make it simple in ornament, unique
and convenient in design — picturesque, if you please. Plant trees,
and shrubs, and modest flowers around it, and then live in it as
becomes a good citizen and man, who has the beatific unction at
his heart of having surrounded himself with such elegant com-
fort by his own judgment, resources, and unaided ingenuity.
We can remember the time wlien people who dwelt in cities al-

210

Farm Cottage.

ways associated farmers with that class of the human semblance
who are enlightened by sending* among them pictorial handker-
chiefs, so violently opposed were they to imbibing information as
promulged in useful books pertaining to their peculiar avocations.
The opposite of this willful barbarism has had its natal hour, and
we are happy to chronicle the fact that farmers of the present day
are representing us in the ruling places.

This desirable
condition of affairs
is mainly attribu-
table to the incul-
cation of such sen-
timents as are a-
roused by the con-
templation of ex-
amples of home
architecture,
which have been
sown by such men
as Loudon and
Downing. The
harvest is worthy
of the minds and
hands of they who
scattered the seed.

There are a
great many meth-
ods of building a
convenient farm
house, owing to the great diversity of opinion as to what consti-
tutes convenience. Some hold the opinion that the portion of the
house occupied by the family, and the dairy, and structures of a
similar character, should all be sheltered by the same roof Otli-
ers, again, contend that the dwelling should be disconnected from
all other buildings, that its greatest beauty and utility is arrived
at when occupying an isolated position. To the latter opinion
we claim to be a disciple, and to which we have endeavored to give
forcible expression in the illustration entitled " A Farm Cottage,"
the essentials of which are comprised in a plainly ornamented
exterior, and ample and commodious accommodations within.

Farm Cottage.

211

The elevation exliibits an agreeable diversity of form. We
have the balcony window, the dormer window, porch over princi-
pal doorway, and lastly, that indispensible "belonging, " the ver-
anda.

It is the inside of the building, however, which puts forth the
most potent claims for observance.

In the first place, there is a large kitchen, 16x16 feet, which has
communication with the yard, dining-room, and hall. It also har-
bors those important items, closet, sink, and store room.

The dining room is still larger, being 16x18 feet ; besides con-
necting with the
kitchen it admits
you to the library
and hall. The
library is 16x12
feet. This is a
room which in all
well regulated fa-
milies is of indis-
pensable impor-
tance. Running
parallel with the
hall is a double

Bed room

"CL^^^^^To^^l

^OB

Bed room

16X15

Bath

Room

8X7

y

Bed room

1 65^12

_^— ^__^^HBaB

parlor, 27x14 feet,
connected by fold-
ing doors. Fac-
ing three sides of
the parlor is a
broad veranda.

Ascending to the chamber floor by a wide stair case of easy
ascent, we arrive at the sleeping rooms, which are six in number,
of the following -dimensions, viz : 14x11, 14x12, 16x12, 16x15 feet,
and two rooms of 16x1 feet each The upper hall also contains a
bathing-room, and clothes closet. The three large bed-rooms are
likewise supplied with closets.

The material for this cottage may be wood ; the ornament is per-
fectly simple, and within the elaborating abilities of an ordinary
carpenter — not that we would advise the non-employment of com-
petent architects , but in many localities they are not to be pro-
cured. If desired, the chimney stacks could be built of brick, of

212

Death of iht Seasons.

octagonal form. The entire cost of this building, in plain, durable
workmanship, will be about $2,500.

DEATH OF THE SEASONS.

BY ISABELLA STEVENS.

( Concluded.)

11 that fair plain, beneath a tree o'er which
A grape vine clambered ; clad in russet hue
Stood proud exulting Autumn. The golden
Grain was waving in the sun. The aster
And the orches their petals bright unfolded.
The ripened fruit hung from the vine crowned tree,

And Autumn, as she gazed upon the scene,

Laughed in merry scorning.

" Oh Death," said she —

" Grim Death, though others fear and dread thy power

Yet I do not, for blessings rich I pour

Upon the grateful Earth, and I am called

Benificent. When I appear Earth holds

A jubilee, and Poets sing my praise.

Thou canst not dim this fame so glorious ;

Speed, thou destroying Angel, speed thy way;

My onward course must not be stayed by thee.''

Thus with her radiant face and flashing eye.

She boldly stood and hurled her gauntlet

Of defiance, at all conquering Death.

E'en while she spoke a figure glided from

The woods, and stood beside the haughty one ;

The sunset ray which tipped each tiny leaf

With gold, now fell upon the face of Death,

But woke no brightness there. The haughty glance

Of Autumn fell beneath those wondrous eyes.

And twilight shadows closed upon the two.

The conqueror and the conquered. With white lips

Proud Autumn murmured " Death I go with thee.

With thee. Oh Death."

The evening winds caught up
The murmuring tone, while the mournful cadence •
In the distance died away, and then came
Floating back the echo — " Death, Oh Death !"

Death of the Seasons. 213

Upon a moorland stood a tall pale figure ;
And far as eye could reach, the Earth with snow
Was covered o'er. On every side each hill
And valley lay, enrobed in spotless white ;
"While o'er the distant horizon gleamed
The snowy crests of ocean's waves.

And all
Was still, serenelij still, not voice or sound
From busy mart disturbed the quiet
Of that spell bound spot.

And in the sky
Above, the moon moved on in majesty,
Casting her peerless rays on all around.
And bathing all the scene in yellow light ;
So that it seemed like an enchanted land.
But in the midst old Winter stood with locks
All white and hoary ; and the moonbeams shed
Their silvery radiance o'er those features pale,
Bright'ning the eyes now dim with age.

And Hope's
Bright star did light the depths of those dim eyes,
As stars, at night, light up the turbid waves
Of some deep, sullen river. Thus, Winter,
Hoping to meet Earth's children, unattended
By the pale conqueror's shaft, murmured in
Tones low and tremulous : " I go to earth,
But thy dire presence. Death, is needed not ;
Man shouts no welcome when my voice is heard,
But in the fastness of his home-retreat ;
He draws the curtains — stirs the blazing fire,
And while the raging elements without
Are howling round, he hurls defiance
To ray power. — Still I would spare his lov'd ones,
Spare the cherished lorms he seeks to shelter
From my grasp so rude.

But Death, all haloed
Bound with moonlight, did sternly gaze
On Winter's furrowed brow — then from those eyes
Fled the bright starlight, and in silence, side
By side, they journeyed on.

Thus Death attends the footsteps of the seasons ;
And whether Earth be bright and beautiful.
Or whether it be desolate and drear,

214

Gardening — a Refuge..

Death still is there, to dim the brightness of

The brighter, or cast still deeper shadows

On the darker scene ; and where 'ere he goes,

Earth's children mourn, " will not be comforted."

But to some he stands transfigured ;

And to such he seems the peaceful messenger

To unbar for them the shining portals

Of the ■' city of their God." — They clasp their

Hands as life is ebbmg fast away, and

Shout exultingly :

''Oh, Grave, where is thy victory ?

Oh, Death, where is thy sting ?"

GAKDENING— A REFUGE.

BY A. MESSEB.

AKDENixo, as a refuge and an antidote, is one
advantage and blessing offered by horticultu-
ral pursuit, as yet not much alluded to. A re-
fuge from what ? A refuge from listlessness
and that vacuity of mind which, to persons
out of employment, sometimes becomes posi-
tively painful. There are those who, hav-
ing been engaged in active and profitable bu-
siness, during a long life, do, at last, begin to
think seriously of retiring. Enterprising young men
are ready to come forward and take their places in the
workshop, or behind the counter, or in the professional
office. But if they give up their place to others, how
will they be able to spend the remainder of their days in a satis-
factory manner ? They know very well that it is a characteristic
of human nature to be reaching after some object which lies in the
future, and that efforts to obtain it are, if successful, attended
with some degree of pleasure. In earlier life they engaged in
secular business, and a leading motive was to obtain a compe-,
tence for themselves and families.

We will suppose that the object has been attained. Shall they
now propose to themselves a minor and inferior object of pursuit ?

Gardening — a Refuge. 215

In such a tame and tranquil cniplojinent can they get up suffi-
cient excitement to keep them alive ? Happy is that man who
shall have formed a taste for those simple pleasures which result
from rural and horticultural occupation, before the exigency in
question shall have arrived. So that when he shall find it expe.
dient to leave the counting-room, or absent himself from the busy
mart of commerce, he will find himself at home. There are some
— there are many — who have followed their money-getting trades
so long, and so zealously, that they seem to be rather worshippers
of Mammon than rational and immortal beings, having souls to
be cared for. Acquisition has become with them a passion and a
confirmed habit. The chain of servitude may have been rivetted
upon them imperceptibly and insidiously ; but it is an iron chain,
and hard to be broken.

Now what can be said of the garden as an antidote, (or, if you
please,) a substitute? When a man, seeking recreation, retires to
his garden, he is at once in the midst of many things to please
and instruct. If he has a predilection for the study of Nature
his appetite can be gratified, and the result will be useful. Seve-
ral departments of physical investigation, such as Botany, Vege-
table Physiology, Agricultural Chemistry, and Meteorology, will
be called into requisition. He vvill see an additional reason why
these natural sciences are taiight in our schools. He will see in
many common things a striking illustration of the wisdom and
goodness of God. For instance, that the sap of a tree, although
nothing apparently but water, yet contains in itself all the essen-
tial elements to constitute all the different parts of that tree. One
element has a peculiar adaptation for making the bark, another
for the leaf, another for the solid wood, and yet another for the
fruit. How different must be the elements which form the seed
and the pulp of the grape ; or the shell proper and the husk of
the nut ! The one contains a large proportion of flint, the other
none ; and yet that flint, in an impalpable form, and in particles
extremely minute, ascended with the sap. \Yell did a philosopher
inscribe on his garden wall : " Learn to look through Nature up
to Nature's God."

And then as to beauty — what can excel the well-planted and
well-kept garden, whether we regard the rich combination of co-
lors in flowers, or the blushing tints and golden hues of selected
fruits ? " Who can paint like Nature ?" It is not surprising that

216 History and Cultivation of the Host.

our first parents were placed, while yet innocent, in the Garden of
Eden, and taught to dress it. It is a good place to educate the
children, for you can give a lecture on vegetation or botany with
plenty of illustrations before you. And, as a good writer, treat-
ing " On the Pleasures peculiar to Old Age," refers to the "joy-
ous spirit of children," and its influence on the aged, we would
like to add that few pleasures are to be compared with that of the
venerable father or grandfather who is gratifying the children
with fruits and flowers of his own production. If " Music hath
charms to tame the savage breast," and

" The man who hath no music in his soul
Is fit for treason, stratagems, and spoils,"

we would modestly suggest that there is a music, addressed not
to the ear, but the eye, and has much power to allay the stormj'',
wicked passions of the himian heart. And how much this tran-
quilizing influence is needed to subdue the acrimony of political
strife, or assuage the animosity of family discord !

THE HISTORY AND CULTIVATION OF THE ROSE.

BY D. W. RAY.

ROSE freshly gathered, trembling with the
dew that makes its brilliant colors
more bright, is a fitting object to
deck a bride or inspire a poet.

Roses come to us as the earliest
flowers praised and known among the
Ancients. "The mythological history
*of the rose is that the first rose ever
seen was given to Hippocrates by the
god of silence to conceal the amours
of the goddess Venus ; and hence it became a custom among the
ancient Greeks and Romans, at their feasts, and in their banquet
halls, for the guests to place a rose over their heads, thus indicating
that the guests were under no restraint, and that what was said would
not be repeated elsewhere. Thus originated the practice of saying

History and Cultivation of the Rose. 217

" sub-rosa," (under the rose) when anything was to be kept se-
cret.

History tolls us that " the rose gave name to the holy land —
where Solomon sang its praises, as Syria appears to be derived
from Suri, a beautiful and delicate species of rose, for which that
counti'y has ever been famous — and hence called Suristan, or the
land of roses. The Island of Ehodes owes its name to the prodi-
gious quantity of roses which formerly grew upon its soil."

When Venice was at the height of her maritime power and glo-
ry, her merchant vessels always returned loaded with dried rose
leaves, and their essential oils. At this age of the world, the
traffic in fruits and attar of roses, silver and gold, and gems, com-
prised nearly the whole trade of the east. Trade in the " Otto " or
Attar of roses, was by far greater than in any other article.
Profane history of early times gives to Persia the honor of being
the birth-place of the rose. It is supposed by naturalists to have
been indigenous to the country, but being transplanted to a dif-
ferent soil and aspect, and raised from carefully selected seeds, it
gave new and finer varieties, increasing both in size, beauty, and
fragrance. " The art of hybridizing was not known until some
time during the last century." Botanists give over one hundred
varieties of the rose that are distinct, and marked so as to be
easily distinguished. Florists and nurserymen, in Europe and
America, give varieties and sub-varieties to the number of eight
hundred ; many of these varieties however, are so nearly alike
that it takes an amateur to tell the shades of difference. The
system of hybridizing has enlarged the 'list of varieties to a vast
extent. Florists have classified and arranged the difierent spe-
cies of roses, giving the Decidious, the Evergreen, and the Perpe-
tulle roses, difierent classes. The different classifications of roses
arc as follows : climbing roses are in this country more generally
cultivated than other varieties, as almost every cottage has its
running rose of the prairie or Michigan varieties. The next class
is the hybrid perpetual ; this class is the most numerous of all
the varieties of the rose, and much more valuable for general
cultivation as their habit is robust, their foliage deep emerald, of
a fine glossy cast upon the upper side of the leaf ; they are in
almost? constant bloom, when properly treated, from June to No-
vember. The Austrian briars are few in variety, and the most
valuable are the Persian yellow, and Harrison's double yellow ; the

218 History and Cultivation of the Rose.

former has the sweet briar fragrance. The Moss roses are much
admired by all lovers of the genus. Its mossy stem, crested calyx,
and mossy buds will never cease to be the admired of all admir-
ers. Some of the varieties of the Moss rose are perpetual bloom-
ers.

The next class of roses we have to consider is the Evergreen.
They are synonymous with the Hybrid China. These originated
from crosses of the China, Bengal and Bourbon roses. Some of
them are perpetual, and others not this class are closely allied
in habit and growth to the Noisette. The Bengal and Tea
scented China roses are the result of importations from China, and
are distinguished from other varieties of China roses by their
glossy leaves and smooth bark, and the distance the thorns are
from each other on the stem. The Noisettes are most of them tea
scented, some of them emitting a powerful odor. They are usu-
ally strong growers, and some of them of a climbing habit, often
running thirty feet in height.

Among the Provence and other hardy summer roses there are
many varieties that are eminently worthy of a place in every
flower garden. The habit and growth of this class is low, shrub-
by, hardly ever attaining a height of over six feet. The Scotch
roses, as a class, are the most diminutive in size of plant and blos-
som, of any class of roses yet described. They are unique in ap-
pearance, and cultivated and admired by many. There are other
roses that receive by some florists separate classifications, among
which are the Banksii, Mycrophylla and Musk Scented. These va-
rieties can all be classed with those already mentioned.

We have now given the diflFerent classes of roses and their pe-
culiar characteristics, and will proceed to give some hints upon their
propagation and cultivation. The way to propagate the rose is
by layering, as stronger plants may be obtained in less time by
layers than by cuttings. The usual mode of propagating by
layers is as follows : Select from the parent bush two or three
thrifty sprouts, dig out the earth of sufficient depth to lay down
the branch or shoot to be layered, prepare a stick witli a hook
upon it, or use a wire with a crook at the end, then lay down the
shoot. First take a knife and make an incision to the centre of the
shoots, or nearly to the centre. Make the incision from one to
two inches, open gently with the knife, insert in the incision a
small round piece of wood, leaving open the cut about one quarter

Horticulture atid Agriculture.

219

of an inch. In a few weeks the edges of the bark where this inci-
sion is made will commence to send out roots. The shoot should
be well secured b}^ the wires and covered with earth to the depth
of from two to four inches. The time for layering is August — you
then have a fine healthy plant to separate from the parent stock
in the spring.

The soil for the rose should be rich strong loam, as it seldom
thrives well in gravelly or sandy soils. If fertilizers are required,
they should be finely pulverized and well decomposed. Liquid man-
ure I think the best for roses, with a liberal addition of potash.
Of all cultivated ilowers, I think the rose the most gorgeous and
beautiful. It is propagated with little care, requires but little at-
tention, and well repays the cultivator for the little care bestowed
upon it. I love the rose, and who does not love the queenly rose ?
He who does not, must bid adieu to all pretensions to per-
ception of delicacy or refinement of taste. I think it beauti-
ful— supremely beautiful — beautiful beyond the power of descrip-
tion. Beautiful in the unfolding of its earliest leaf, beautiful in
its thorny branch, beautiful in its emerald glossy leaf, beautiful in
the formation of its tiny buds, beautiful in every stage of their
expansion, beautiful in the plenary fullness of its earliest bloom,
beautiful in decay, and beautiful in death.

HOKTICULTURE AND AGRICULTURE.

BY L. DURAND.

a erreat

ETWixT the terms Horticulture and Agriculture there
is generally supposed to be a wide division of inte-
rest and meaning, and are invariably treated as
separate sciences. This, in my opinion, is an
egregious error. The two terms are so inti-
mately connected together that it is difficult
l§ to tell where one begins and the other leaves
off. Many farmers seem to have an idea that
x\griculture and Horticulture have no particu-
lar or special connection together. This idea is
mistake on their part, for the two have a very special and

220 Horticulture and Agriculture.

close interest with each other. Agriculture proper means the im-
provement and cultivation of the soil, on the farm at large, in the
various kinds of crops grown, worthy of cultivation. Horticul-
ture may be called farming more refined ; that is, garden culture,
or the cultivation of all classes of vegetables, fruits, flowers, fruit
trees, &c. So that the farmer should not only learn to be a good
farmer or agriculturist, but he should also aspire to be a good
horticulturist by practice. When the two are combined together
with skill and practice, science, &c., the farmer then may stand at
the head of his profession.

Few of us can or do have a just appreciation of what an im-
proved agriculture and horticulture will have on the community
at large in refinements and civilization. In fact, it is one of the
motive powers of progress towards refining and civilizing man, in
which all may partake and be benefited. The improvement of the
soil has a peculiar effect, or will have, on all who will engage in
its cultivation in the right spirit, to soften down the rough nature
of man, and make him a creature of patience, hope, and good
works. True, this may not be the case when the business is sim-
ply followed as a means to get a living and make money. But
when the mind and heart is engaged with the hand labor to carry
forward this business, then it is that the cultivator becomes a real
improver of himself and his race. For instance, whoever saw or
heard of an improved agriculture or horticulture growing up and
flourishing in a land of " Heathenism and Idolatry ?" No one.
What does this fact pi'ove then ? It says, in plain words, that
where the cultivation of the soil is neglected, from generation to
generation, that misrule, barbarism, and Heathenism will take the
place of civilization and the arts. This fact can be abundantly
proved by past ages, and, of course, the same rule and practice
would again bring about the same results in time. Again the
improvement of the soil brings with it all the various kinds of
rural embellishments of the day, which go to make up the liappi-
ness of civilized society. In fact, it would be difficult to name
any special improvements of the age which does not have its
foundation from this source as a starting point. If these points
are true, then should not all feel an interest in promoting these'
objects, which all are so intimately connected with ? Then, as we
have shown that not only farmers and gardeners are interested in
this development of the resources of the soil, but tlie whole com-

McDowell' s^Rhododendr on. 221

munity at large are brought in debt to this source. Of course
we expect that those directly interested in soil cultivation as a
means of obtaining- a living, will feel more interest in this siib-
ject, than those not directly in connection with it. But still there
is a principle beyond the mere " dollar" idea and view of the sub-
ject which is worthy of attention and consideration. In this
grasping age we know the first question is, how much " money"
can we bring out of it as a business ? Our question now is,
what is this business worth to us as an improver of morals,
health, happiness, long life, &c. ? Let every individual answer
this question for himself at leisure.

MCDOWELL'S RHODODENDRON.

BY J. VAN BUREN.

A new, hardy Rhododendron will be welcomed by the lovers of
evergreen shrubs. The Rhododendron is certainly one of our
most elegant trees, being equally admired for its foliage and flow-
ers. Many persons who are professedly its advocates have, how-
ever, abandoned its cultivation as a garden shrub, for the reason
that it will not submit to the same treatment as the Spirea and
similar riotous plants ; but if these same individuals would take
a lesson from our brethren across the water, they would soon be
able to conquer the repugnance of this plant to occupy dooryard
quarters. Give the Rhododendron such soil as is adapted to its
nature and peculiar habits, and it will thrive as well as in the
districts it naturally inhabits. We have invariably had success
after the following method of treatment : Subsequent to selecting
a location, dig a hole at least three feet deep, and four in diame-
ter, removing the garden mould ; then procure a cart load of leaf
mould from the woods, one of sharp river sand, and an equal
quantity of peat or swamp muck ; incorporate these well, and ex-
pose to the action of the atmosphere, by repeated turning with a
spade. Fill the hole with this compost, in which plant your Rho-
dodendron, and success will assuredly follow.

We are unable to write positively regarding the distinctness of
the Rhododendron known as McDowell's, having only seen a beau-

222 McDowdVs Rhododeiidron.

tiful water-colored drawing, kindly forwarded to us by an old
friend, J. Van Buren, of Clarksville, Ga., accompanied by the an-
nexed description :
"Deab Sir,

" I send you a drawing- and a leaf of the Rhodo-
dendron recently discovered by Mr. McDowell in the mountains of
N. Carolina. It has been exhibited to most of our best qualified
botanists in the U. S., all of which, with one exception, pronounce
it to be a new and undescribed species. Professor Cartis, of S.
Carolina, says it is the Catawbiense ; Buckley, who, next to Xut-
tall, is our best practical botanist, says it is a new species.

I have been acquainted with all the Ehododendrons of the U. S.
for many years, and say it is entirely distinct from the variety I
have always supposed to be Catawbiense, which is very abundant
with us, and of which I have a hedge growing on my place. I
have another one growing, of which I have never yet seen the
flowers, which, I think, will also prove to be new and distinct.
Next season will determine it, as it has formed flower buds this
fall. It has a hirsute or pubescent leaf, which distinguishes it
from R Maximum, R Punctatum, R Catawbiense, and the new one
described by myself in October number of the ' Southern Cultiva-
tor.'

It is a nameless and undescribed variety of Rhododendron ;
there is, however, a traditionary account of its discovery some 60
years since, by a botanist by the name of Fraser, then exploring
this country, under the patronage of the then Emperor Paul, of
Russia. Fraser died suddenly on his return to St. Petersburgh,
which, probably, is the cause of an account of it never having
been published.

The annual burning of the forest in which it grows, usually
destroys it, so that it is extremely difficult to find a specimen of
it. Some four or five years since, however, S. McDowell, Esq., of
Franklin, Macon Co., North Carolina, re-discovered this truly gor-
geous plant, and for a year or two past has been engaged in pro-
pagating them, by removing the plants to his garden near that
place. The shrub grows to the height of 4 or 5 feet, and is of
easy cultivation ; tlie foliage is larger and more rich than that
of the Pontic varieties, with which we have compared it ; the pa-
nicles of flowers, too, are larger and more brilliant in color. Mr.
McDowell sent us a box of the flowers in June, which we com-

McDaweWs Rhododcndnm. 223

pared witli tliosc of Ponticum, which wo fortunately then had in
hloom, and wliich were inferior to it in all respects. The ibliage
also differs from it, being- larger and heavier, having* golden yel-
low foot stalks and mid-rib, the peduncles to tlie flowers being
likewise of the same color, whilst those of Ponticum ai-e green ;
the under surface of the leaves are nearly white, and of a velvety
texture, diflcring from R. Maximum and R. Catawbiense in not
becoming ferruginous. Xo native American flower can exceed it
in habit and beauty, and it must become a popular acquisition to
tlie slirubbery and flower garden, being sufficiently hardy to en-
dure any climate. Its color is a bright crimson, approaching to-
wards scarlet ; the panicles are composed of a large number of
flowers, from 20 to 30, forming a conical mass nearly as large as
a man's head ; the contrast between these and its dark green fo-
liage is very rich and magnificent, and can only be conceived of
by being seen.

The labors of Mr. McDowell have been both arduous and unre-
mitting in transferring these plants to his grounds, as tliey have
only been found on the tops of the highest and most inaccessible
mountains — the only approach being on foot. He has employed
men to bring them some six or seven miles on their shoulders, it
being the only mode of conveyance practicable. Specimens ol'
flower and leaves have been sent to many of our most celebrated
botanists and cultivators of Rhododendrons, and, as yet, all have
failed to identify it with any previously known, and it will proba-
bly prove to be a new species.

We hope the industry and labors of Mr. McDowell may meet
with a suitable reward in the sale of liis noble plant ; and those
who procure them, we will guarantee, -will never regret li;iviiig
done so.

The drawing I send you is a very good representatinu of the
flower I drew it from, being a medium sized panicle. I saw a Imsli
a few days since which had twenty fine panicles of flowers, simi-
lar to this, the past season. It is perfectly hardy.

I am not interested pecuniarily in these plants, and only have
one or two, which are growing in our flower garden. I only cul-
tivate fruit for sale, as a business ; occasionally sell a duplicate of
some flower we may happen to have on hand. Our fruit crop has
been unusuallv fine and al)nndant this season. We have rnaiiv

224

Critique on the December Number.

very fine native varieties of apples and pears, which we are an-
nually improving and extending in number every year.

I have now in bearing, and under cultivation and trial, some
seventy varieties of Southern seedling apples, many of which are
very fine, equal to the best of any country. [Which our Southern
readers may expect to have figured in the " Horticultural Re-
view— Ed.].

" J. Vax Buren.
"To C. Reagles, Esq."

CRITIQUE ON THE DECEMBER NUMBER.

BY EVELYX.

TATUARY, as Ornament for the garden, has, in
this country, tarried thus long without finding
an exponent bold enough to advocate
its claims. That there exists a taste
for such objects cannot be denied, but
whether that taste is sufficient-
ly developed, or has attained
the necessary plasticity, to
mould the imagery in tangible
shape, is not so apparent. In
mail}' instances, individuals
who inherit a love for the fine arts
do not possess the requisite pecu-
niary means to gratify their pas-
sion, for it is a notable fact, that genius
and the love of the beautiful is generally
allied to a soul too noble, too unselfish in
' its aspirations, to pay that heed to lucra-

tive pursuits which the lesser gifted mortal considers the ultima-
tum of human career. So one division of x\dam's family is de-
tered from indulging their natural inclination, while the opposite
class unfortunately are innocent of the ambition ; therefore the ne-
cessity of a teacher, who shall, by example and precept, instil

Critique on i/ie December Number. 225

those sentiments essential to the cultivation oi' a proper regard and
feeling for the fine arts. Generally, with the introduction of new
sensations and unusual ambitions, come those liloodhounds and
charlatans who feed and fatten on the generous impulses of the
credulous ones who desire to soar beyond their neighbor with
their recently acquired pinions. Thus are some made happy in the
heart-hugged unction that they have acquired a genuine Titian at
an enormous sacrifice (so says the wily vender). The good peo-
ple are not aware in their enthusiasm of these newly-fledged pas-
sions, that Medician Venuses are as plenty as grave-stones, and
in many instances nearly as faultless as the great original, but
are comparatively valueless because Roman chisels were not at
the quarrying.

I once heard an anecdote related of a talented artist who visit-
ed Rome, and, of course, ran the gauntlet of the chef d'ceuvres in
the Vatican. Having inspected the various gems of art as dis-
posed in the galleries, he very innocently inquired after the pre-
cincts sacred to the works of Angelo and other celebrities. You
may well imagine his surprise and chagrin when answered that he
had just witnessed the efforts of the great " talked of."

The inference I wish to convey is, that iron statuary, correctly
modelled from good figures, is quite as satisfactory, and is ca-
pable of exciting the same emotions, as the marble statue that
costs fifty times the amount. It will be understood that these re-
marks are intended to apply to out-door decoration, as iron
would be highly improper occupying a niche in one's hall
or drawing-room. The figures you represent in the " Review/'
are very appropriate, and can, doubtless, be procured at trifling
prices. Where sculptured articles are introduced in a highly pic-
turesque landscape, I should prefer vases containing flowers, there
being a greater degree of affinity, and betray a harmonious pur-
pose. On some future occasion I shall take tlie liberty of again
reverting to the subject.

CcLTiVATioN or THE Grasses — By L. Durand. Tliis is, doubtless,
the article promised in the October number. The importance of
bestowing a more specific cultivation on this gvoat " staple,"
grass, seems to be properly appreciated by this gentleman. Many
people are desirous of maintaining a lawn whose verdure shall be
as bright and untarnished in August as when the enierald carpet

226 Critique on the December Number.

in early spring' suffuses itself on Nature's floor. Under the ordi-
nary method of operating this cannot be accomplished — the burn-^
ing sun and arid, atmosphere^scorches the grass, and yellow as-
sumes the place of green. Now, one does not enjoy this desert
look about his house, hence the necessity of devising some me-
thod by which yellow grass can be postponed until winter asserts
its claim as destroyer. The only reliable recipe is to trench to
the depth of three feet, or not less than two, and at the same
time well incorporate a compost, in which the scoria of the black-
smith's forge, and furnace dust, are ingredients. The second in-
dispensable procedure is to procure and seed down with grass that
sends out long roots qualified for a sub terra ramble for moisture,
when drought attempts to diminish its vigor. Such a grass I be-
lieve to be the Kentucky blue variety. Whatever kind of seed is
used for the purpose this should be comprised in the mixture. I,
for one, (and there are, doubtless, others,) shall always be glad to
peruse such instructive and practical articles as Mr. Durand's.

The New Roses of 1855 — By Thomas Rivers — Whose opinion
of Roses, as Captain Cuttle would say, " is an opinion as is an
opinion." The list of roses already comprise a greater variety
than is really demanded to satisfy the most zealous and avaricious
amateur. Unless new varieties are superior to those at present
in cultivation, do not let the world know there is another aspi-
rant for their devotions. Such roses as the " Giant of Battles,"
" La Reine," " Paul Dupuy," " Chromontella," " Souvenir De La
Jtfalmaison," " Devoniensis," and a host of others, are quite up to
the mark of my appreciation. In them my desire ceases. Wlio
covets moi'e must^be a miser indeed.

Death of the Seasons — Good poetry (by no means common in
this age of plagiarism) by a lady — Miss Isabella Stevens —
young most certainly ; old hearts do not tune themselves with music
upon which freshness rests and reflects its bright sparkle. The
dew of youth is yet to be licked up by those scorching passions
which beset the later conflict with life. Young hearts dream of
the joys which reward accomplished purposes, and those joys, all
so bitter, so replete witli gall, we are feign satisfied with the
merest sip. The young poetess permits her imagination to revel
in thought of cloistered convent and old cathedrals, covered over
with tracery of ivy, whose tall spires are comjjanions of taller

Criiiqiie on the December Nnmhcr. 221

trees, with giant arms. The conception is simple, childlike, and
exquisiteh^ related ; and the intention is a fervid one — no ambi-
tion to outsing' other poets, only a passing desire to revel awhile
with beautiful Nature, and unfold the mystical labors of that skel-
eton figure who typefies decay and death. The Death of the
Seasons is a brochure for which I unequivocally thank j^ou, and
shall impatiently await the finale to that which is so well begun.

Color of Country Houses — By Calvert Vanx. Says the villa-
ger, " What can be more beautiful than a freshly painted cottage,
brilliantly white from cellar to eaves, and window shutters of
bright green for ' contrasts ' ? " Very good, Mr. Villager. But
what says a neighbor who thinks he knows " a thing or two ? "
Why, his tune is devoted to a nondescript brown ; and having
been struck with tho beauty of brmcn, it immediately becomes his
beau ideal, and ever after its praises find in him an industrious
chaunter. " Poh !" saj's another, " what a taste ! Brown smacks
too much of the Quaker ' snuff colors ; ' give me yellow — it's a
fast color, and defies storm and time. ' Handsome is that hand-
some does.' " The idea of many people is, to plant a house on a
hill-top, and paint it in such a manner as to make it so irresisti-
bly conspicuous that the eye of the observer is forced to take it in.
Good spirits ! forbid that my vision be usurped by such daubed
specimens of the taste of self sufficient improvers. Mr. Vaux
takes the proper view of the matter of color, and his article will
be of service to those who design dressing up with a coat of
paint.

Remarks ox Twenty-one Varieties of Pear — By James Snow-
den. As practical as ever is Mr. Snowden. Persons taking the
initiatory steps to planting fruits arc frequently at a loss to select
from the voluminous catalogue prepared for their inspection, re-
plete with unpronounceable names of an infinite assortment of
fruit trees, all highly extolled, and all posessing some qualifica-
tion of a desirable character. The question arises, which of these
varieties are adapted to certain localities, and, besides yielding
their luscious fruit offerings, will successfully combat the pecu-
liarities of climate. To this sadly perplexed class arc such arti-
cles as Mr. Snowden's like the manna that fed hungry Israelites.
1 intended giving a few notes myself, but space will not permit,
and, therefore, defer it to a more favorable occasion.

928 Critique on fhe Drrpmhcr Nvwhtr.

New Method of Perpetuating the Plum — By Isaac Keagles. A
new contributor and a new subject. While visiting eastern nur-
series a few years past, I was particularly struck with the numer-
ous blank spaces in the nurserj^ rows containing plum trees. This,
1 was informed, was attributable to the great difficulty experienced
in budding the plum, when operated like the apple and pear. The
bud had the appearance of having grown to the stock, but the
union was so imperfect that it had lost its individual property of
germinating. Notwithstanding this lack of success, the old prac-
tice is still persisted in. The method adopted by Mr. I. Keagles is
new to me, and certainly appears feasible, and I am glad to find
nurserymen do not place such selfish importance on their little dis-
coveries as to keep them concealed for their own emolument. Any-
thing that will advance the interests of the nurserymen and fruit
growers, no matter how trifiing, should be divulged through some
public medium, for the edification of those immediately' concerned.

Model Cottage — from the pen of the editor. The frontispiece
engraving is a perfect gem of ornateness — a cosy cottage nest-
ling in the bosom of great trees. Such examples must improve
the public taste, and give it proper direction. There are but few
individuals in the United States, who, being desirous of building a
house, but can conveniently afford to devote $800 for the enter-
prise. The beautifully constructed and well ordered house is .
the precursory step to the education of children ; and more — it
places each peculiar occupant in the true social condition regard-
ing one with another. It also enhances the value of real estate
almost double the outlay, on which well arranged buildings are
erected. The floor plan of your model cottage discloses conveni-
ent accommodations, and a thought for diminishing the labors of
the housewife. This feature of economising labor in designing
the convenience of a cottage house, is frequently overlooked — in-
terior, in many instances, being subservient to a favorite exterior
exp ession. No one better understood this than Mr. Downing or
Lewis F. Allen, who has explained himself in a valuable book on
farm architecture. Every man who has in contemplation the build-
ing of a home for his especial accommodation at some period of
his life, should make himself familiar with the principles of archi-
tecture, in order that he may have a judgment of his own to dic-
tate the nature of his requirements. Most happily, this condition
of knowledge is already making a progress.

Critique on the December Number. 229

Forest Trees — By D. W. Ray. A very good article indeed, and
an equally good subject ; but I must take some exceptions. It is a
little too general, and scarcely long enough to receive thorough
treatment. Pray, friend Ray, give us more minute, a trifle more
practice, and we (the readers of the Review) will award oui- ben-
ediction. Mr. Ray is evidently a profound lover of nature. I see
in the Editorial Miscellany of the December No., he becomes slight-
ly " umbrageous," because, like an honest critic, I pointed out cer-
tain quotations. The necessity for an explanation did not exist,
and therefore I was startled somewhatfrom my wonted beatitude,
when, on scanning Mr. R.'s response, I discovered the critic criti-
cised. Very good friend R, I acknowledge the correctness of the
criticism, and hold myself amenable to the measure of rebuke to
be meted out (I trust in a merciful mood.)

Entrance Lodge — By H. P. Knight. Where one's means are ade-
quate to the expenditure, the gate lodge becomes a component of
the large villa, not only desirable, but in a measure indispensable.
These structures in this country are not so rare as Mr. Knight
imagines. The banks of the Hudson river boast several extensive
domains, appropriately decorated with the porter's lodge at the
principal entrance way. These buildings are generallj'' small, and
frequently they are rendered extremely ornamental by a lavish
display of architectural fittings.

Notes on New and Choice Plants. Among these, I notice a
new dwarf Salvia, of compact habit, and a free bloomer through-
out both the summer and autumn months. This will be a decided
acquisition. The old varieties are quite late in blooming, and in
extreme latitudes are frozen ere they expand a blossom. The
color of Salvia Rameriana is also novel — a rosy carmine — a fine
contrast with the bright scarlet of fulgens and spimdens, and the
deep ultramarine blue' of Paims Among the other plants de-
scribed I discover some new conifers of a distinct habit. Ever-
greens are ever welcome, as are also such novelties as an Ever-
green Rose, one of which, entitled William's Evergreen Climbing
Rose, is comprised in the list of new plants. A new Philox Queen
Victoria, with flowers measuring an inch across, superb for bedding
out. I like this plan of keeping us informed respecting the new
plants which are brought into notice by the activity and praise-
worthy enterprise of the European horticultural societies.

230 On ImprrsnaHnn of F/onrrs far H'iIhh'j: Siipciior Ihibrlrls.

Editorial Misceixaxy — on the second page of which I discover a
letter from your correspondent, Prof. North. Humbly beseeching
his forgiveness, 1 would, w ])artial exculpation, beg to state, I
was led into error by that same malignant devil (printer's, I mean)
who maliciously, I trow, substituted an / for a d, and thus the
worthy Prof became invested with antidiluvian honors. By the
way, Mr. Edward North, as you handle the quill like a veteran
journalist, and talk of horticulture like one imbued with the true
pomological spirit, why, 1 ask, do you not permit that spirit a lit-
tle flight — give it an airing for the benefit of those eager feeders
who are clustering around the ample table spread monthly — the
Horticultural Review, T mean ; but a hint, &c. — so I Avrite adios,
mi ami^o.

ON IMPREGNATION OF FLOWERS FOR RAISING
SUPERIOR HYBRIDS.

I'.Y A COUNTRY CLERGYilAX.

One of the greatest pleasures attendant on the pursuit of this
art consists in raising ncAV and improved varieties of flowers ;
for, iKjwcver beautiful flowers naturally are, there is no denying
that they are doubly so when they come from the hands of the
skillful hybridizer. In doing this, we are only taking advantage
of the known laws that govern vegetable reproduction ; it is, ou a
small scale, art dictating to nature, and to that, in a great meas-
ure, we owe our many improved varieties of fruits and flowers.
The field of experiment is boundless as the extent of nature itself
Thousands of flowers that our fathers looked upon as the pride and
glory of their gardens, we now look upon as almost Avorthless as
plants of ornament. Were some old amateiir of half a century
ago to have a look at our gardens now, he would be bewildered
by the blaze of beauty that would meet his eye. The change is
not greater in form than in substance ; the style of laying out
gardens has advanced, as well as the productions with which they-
are enriched. For the majority of our most beautiful varieties of
flowers we are indebted to the skillful hybridizer ; he soon gains
a wPBderfwl power oyer the color aiid form of vegetable existence-

On Imprrsnatioii of F/ovrrs for linixivp; Superior Hyhri/ls. 231

We shall suppose him admiring some beautiful flower, but, alas !
it is too delicate for our surly climate ; it comes from some coun-
try where frost never congealed its flowing sap, or bliglited its
o[iening- beauties ; still he admires and covets it ; he has some of
the same family in his garden — hardy fellows, that brave every
blast ; but they want the beautiful color and form of their exotic
I'elatioii. Our amateur is one who has studied the structure and
I'unctiojis of plants, and the laws by which tliose functions are
gxworncd in their operations ; he thinks he may transfer the beau-
tiful iiiilorescence of the exotic to its more hardy relations in the
garden. And he does so : art triumphs over all, his skill and
I'orethought are abundantly crowned with success. In thousands
i»f instances has this transfer of intltu'escence taken place, to the
gratification of every admirer of nature's most lovely productions.
The skill of the artist is rapidl}'- changing the face of the floral
world ; a standard of perfection has been laid before the florist,
and all are bent on its attainment. The art, however, is but in
its infancy ; there is not that precision and certainty in results
which we think will yet be attained. However, much has been
done ; it is an employment full of the most pleasant excitement,
and one to which we Avould invite all amateurs to share in.

As the object of hybridizing is to improve in form and color,
only the most perfect formed of flowers ought to be chosen for this
purpose ; little advance need be expected, uidess that rule be
strictly attended to, as flowers that have been artificially improved
are very apt to run back to their originals, unless urged on by the
same superior attention that has brought them so far as they are.
The plants to be operated on must not only be of the best and most
perfect kinds, but they must also be in a high state of health,
otherwise good seed cannot be obtained. Wlien the flowers of a
plant, intended for tlie seed-plant, are about to open, and just be-
fore they expand, the petals must be gently opened, and with, a
fine pointed scissors cut out all the stamens, taking care not to
hurt the stigma. The reason for thus early cutting out the sta-
mens, is to prevent the pollen on them from coming in contact with
the stigma, which would defeat any attempt at cross impregna-
tion, by being done in the natural way. The plant to be operated
on and the plant to be operated with, must both be in the same
state of forwardness as regards their blossom ; very soon after
the petals are expanded is the proper time to apply the pollen of

232 The Red Camoviile.

one to the stigma of the other. This may be done in various
ways : either by bringing- the flower in contact, or by transfer-
ring the pollen on the point of a fine camel-hair pencil ; for vari-
ous reasons we prefer the former way, when cai-efully done. Af-
ter the operation is performed, which may be done two or three
times, to make sure, it is important that no contact with any
other flower be permitted, either by flies, bees, or otherwise ; to
prevent that, we advise a covering of very thin gauze, or other
similar material, until the petals have faded, then to be discon-
tinued. The plant must all the while be in such a situation as
that light, air, etc., ^^n\\ have free access, and due attention to
watering, so as to keep it in full health.

In trying to gain a flower to the garden, it in general holds
good that seedlings from crossed flowers assume more of the
blossom of the male plant, and in general character and hardi-
ness the features of the mother, or seed-plant, prevail ; that is
worth recollecting, when endeavours to produce the inflorescence
of an exotic to stand our climate is the object of crossing. The
above rule will also apply in the case of plants of bad habit, as
many fine flowers often turn out. By attention and persever-
ance, the flowers of a plant of bad habit may be transferred to one of
the same family of fine habit, by impregnating the one of fine habit
with pollen from the one of bad habit. The exact flower, in form
and color, may not be produced, but a near approach may, and
often does turn out, and very frequently something much superior

THE RED CAMOMILE (PYRETHRUM ROSEUM) FOR THE
DESTRUCTION OF INSECTS.

For some years a vague report has reached us of a Caucasian,
plant having astonishing and eminently useful properties — that of
destroying fleas and bugs ; it was also known that this marvel-
lous plant belonged to the genus Pyrethrum, but the specific char-
acter was uncertain. This plant has been recently introduced into
Brussels, in the rich collections of the botanical garden. We
hope that in some years the red camomile shall have freed our peo-
ple from one of the most abominable ))lagues which afflict sensi-

Tht Red Camomile. 233

tive humanity. Some details of a plant of so certain a future as
that the red camomile, will be. without doubt, acceptable lo our
readers.

In Transcau.sia, its country, this ph\nt bears also the name of
the Fcr.nan camomile, the Jlea-Jdller, the flea-wort. It forms a little
ehrub with perennial roots, branched twelve to fifteen inches high,
bearing- many flowers, at first a dee]) red, afterwards a clear or
rosy red, and an inch and a half in diameter, (the size of the flow-
ers will also cause this jdant to be cultivated as an ornament in
our g-ardcns :) the stalks dry up after the ripening of the seeds,
but the roots are i)erennial, and for some years may be multiplied
by division. Freshly gathered, the flowers are not very odorous,
but dried they acquii-e an odor so strong and penetrating that it
kills all the insects and all the vermin, of which, until now, no
certain agent of destruction has been found. The red camomile
can bear 20 degrees Centigrade of frost, a temperature to which
it is often submitted on the Caucasian mountains and on the plains
elevated from 4,500 to 6,500 feet above the sea level. Although
it inhabits virgin soil, it is easily brought into cultivation in gar-
dens, and, since its energetic properties have been recognized, it
is cultivated in a large way in different parts of Southern Russia.
One very remarkable fact is, that the knowledge of the secret of
the manufacture of the red camomile powder for the destruction of
fleas, &c., only dates back, even in Caucasia, about ten years,
while the employment of this strong powder was known in re-
gions far distant from Circassia. It seems' that an Armenian mer-
chant, named Sumbitofi", traveling in the south of Asia, observed
that the inhabitants sprinkled themselves with a powder to pre-
vent the stings of insects. This powder was nothing else than
that made of the flowers of the red camomile. Returned to his
country, our Armenian told his son of the discovery, and taught
him to recognize the plant. The son became poor by reverses of
fortune, but bethought himself of his father's secret ; he set him-
self then to make this powder, and retired with very large profits
from this trade. In 1818, he sold a pood (about twenty kilo-
grammesj of camomile powder, at twenty-five roubles, (near one
hundred francs ;) and although the secret had been published, and
every one knew the preparation of this powder, more than twenty
villages in the district of Alexandropol were actually given up to
the cultivation of the red camomile. The flowering of the Pyreth-

234 The Red Camomile.

rum roscum commences in June, and continues more than a month.
The Adwci'S arc gathered in dry weather. In one day a good har-
vester can collect from thirty to eighty pounds of these wild flow-
ers. Tliey gencrall}'^ dry them in the sun ; but it is remarked that
those dried in the ahade have more virtue. The bed of flowers is
stirred from time to time to help the drying. Three or four days
is sufiicient to drive ofl' every trace of moisture. To obtain one
pound of dried flowers it requires about one hundred pounds of
fresh ones ! They are then reduced to a coarse powder with the
liand, and by means of a little millstone, or a little brass mill, a
very fine po^vder, fit for use, is obtained. We see by this that the
process is very simple ; the most difficult question is how to oper-
ate upon a sufficiently large number of flowering plants. To give
an idea of the importance of the manufacture of this powder, we
must state, that in Transcaucasia alone there are made each year
for consumption in the Russian Empire, more than 40,000 kilo-
grammes. Baron Folkersahn has recentl}' published a valuable
paper on the cultivation of the red camomile. His memoir termi-
nates with the following remarks : — That this powder preserves
you from fleas and bugs ; it kills flies, gnats, maggots, lice, and
even the worms which are produced in the wounds of our domes-
tic animals. To kill insects provided with wings, they mix a lit-
tle of this with a substance that will attract them ; for instance,
to destroy flies, it is mixed witli sugar. M. Folkei'sahn desires
that the eflects of this powder should be tried on other insects and
worms hurtful to man or to his horticultural plantations. He adds,
that if experiments demonstrate the efficacy of this powder, each
person could cultivate in the corner of his garden a certain num-
ber of plants of red camomile, to kill the insects, caterpillars, &c.,
which ravage his field. From an approximative calculation, it is
found that a space of eighteen square versts furnishes a qinntal
of powder. Mr. B. Roezl, who lived a long time in Russia, states
that the Inseden pjilver (powder of the Pyrethrum) is imported ev-
ery year from Persia and the Caucasian provinces, into all parts
of the Russian Empire ; and tliat, used fresh, sprinkled over the
window-sills, it makes all tlie flies fall instantly, asphyxiating
them ; but that at the end of a year it loses its energy. He also
states that it is the Pyretlirum carneiun and roseum which produce
this powder. — Journal d' Horticulture dc Belgujice.

Editorial Miscdlany.

•235

EDITORIAL MISCELLANY.

NOTHER yeai' ; a fruitful one, all frost-
ed with the snows of its culminated
pilgrimage among us of material
earth, has just been harvested by
the garuerer of life . 1855 will be a
cherished year in the memory of
ft those who look to mother earth for
their pleasure or subsistence. The
resurrection year, the lirst in a long
time that has returned the tiller an
adequate compensation for his toil.
A precursor, we hope and fully be-
lieve, for years to come. Years in whicli the
Horticulturist shall experience greater delights
and larger rewards. Years that shall develope
the resources of this fertile land, and give its producers another
fathom of knowledge in the sea of scientific cultivation. Pardon
us, we do not mean a resort to the apothecary's art, but knowl-
edge as obtained by the observation of enlightened, intelligent,
practical men, who, instead of wasting precious time in pettifog-
ging, have been attracted by the great profits of horticulture and its
sister pursuits, given their endeavors to investigating its secret
granaries, exploring those more minute branches which the care-
less and uneducated have hitherto neglected, or which in their film-
covered vision they have failed to detect the gold hidden beneath
an almost transparent surface. Old school cultivators, are how-
ever, beginning to throw off their prejudices, though with a deal
of loathing, and urged on by example, are insensibly imbibing
new principles and investigating new theories. It is very hard
to do this, we confess. It is difficult in life's retrograde track, to
play a game in which the tracks are all new. We still have a
clinging desire for the fashions of our youth, and, therefore, with a
hesitating consent, and a grudging^hand, we imperceptibly allow
them to slip from us. And now that rural people are scenting
new game, and opening for posterity the doors of science that
they may reap the reward, we would take advantage of the

236 JSditorial Miscellany.

propitious epoch, to urge upon those who think education, as im-
parted by the district school, sufficient mental lore to send their
children from the parental roof to dig and traffic, to impress tliis
class with a higher sense of duty to their offspring.

The farmer, to thoroughly understand his vocation, requires an
equally large amount of scientific tuition as the lawyer or di-
vine. The question arises, in what manner is this to be realized?
We would answer, let the various societies throughout the coun-
try organize themselves into a bodj^ for concerted action, whose
business it shall be, (either by private or public enterpi'ise) to de-
vote their time and energies to procure the erection ot schools
and colleges, for instruction in good understandable common sense
science, as applied to terra cultural interests. Much can be per-
formed by individuals, of which fact we have a great living evi-
dence, in the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder le grand pere de pomona
et flore in America. Let all who possess the leisure and
means, contribute their mite to this gentleman's really arduous
labors. Somehow it appears to us that many of the societies of
agriculture and horticulture, existing in various districts, are ex-
tremely farcical. They lack, in many instances, leading men with
the requisite ability. They convocate at stated periods, throw
wise looks at one another, waste much valuable time in petty
preliminary proceedings ; occasional^ discuss a subject which is
postponed from one meeting to another, and finally goes under the
table without a decision. This is the i*esult of an insufficiency of
earnestness ; there should be more fixedness of pui'pose, more
energetic action, more unity, and more deference to the opinions
of those qualified to suggest subjects for discussion. And lastly,
let every man who grows a currant bush, contribute his share to
the support of some journal that advocates his interests. (We
are not giving 5'OU a hint, for independent of being able to take
care of ourselves, we have met with a success probablj'^ unparallel-
ed in horticultural journalism.) Many well conducted sheets, de-
voted to agriculture have been compelled to discontinue, after a
season of great vexation and pecuniary loss, for the reason that
they Avere credulous enough to believe that they would be abun-
dantly patronized, because the interests of an almost unlimited
class was the subject of their labors. Xow then, this same class
engage heart and soul in the contents of a trashy, naniby pamby
newspaper, emanating from some of our large cities — The Flag

Editorial Miscellany. 237

of oxer Union, for instance. (We beg the publishers' pardon
for the liberty we are taking. ) Written by silly love
cracked spinsters, egotistical young men who parade them-
selves a la Byron, and misanthropical old men, whose hearts
are withered with scorning their fellows, and who consider them-
selves isolated oases amid the mortal wi-eck by which they are
surrounded.

It is the viscid effervescings of such ephemeral brains, that ob-
structs the road to refined and pure reading. The romantic dis-
tortions of these parapatetic literary nondescripts, render unsav-
ory the unvarnished every day recital. The appetite is cloyed,
satiated to repletion, and the very look of a useful or scientific
work suggests a desert like aridity. In consequence, we require
more education, that a purer taste may result ; so wishing a /ta^ppy
new year to one and all, we close the subject for the present.

A Word about our Enterprise. — The readers of the Horticultural
Review will readily perceive that we are putting forth the most
strenuous effort to give them an elegant and useful serial. The
present number is a pretty fair criterion of what it will be for the
year 1856. Xo expense will be spared in the department of il-
lustrations or the printed matter to make it worthy of their ac-
ceptance. Much surprise is expressed that we give so much for the
price ; in answer we would reply that in order to do this profita-
bly, requires a large subscription list. The present expense of get-
ting out the Review, is about $600 each number, beyond the receipts ;
but if we may argue from tlie rapid increase of our circulation,
this extra expenditure wnll not be demanded in three months from
the present writing. We are not avaricious of profit, and have
therefore determined to expend in the Review a large portion of
surplus that may accrue, in improving, beautifying and enlarging
it, to meet the wants of all. We feel much encouraged by the
encomiums which have been lavishly bestowed by those capable of
discriminating, and, therefore, whose opinions we hold in special
regard. Besides the voluntary approval of the press through-
out the United States, we have received much by private letters
from eminent horticulturists. As an evidence of the estimation in
which the " Review " is held, we subjoin a portion of a letter
received from the Hox. Marshall P. Wilder, President of the
United States Agricultural Society. " The general appearance of

238 Editorial Miscellany.

your Magazitie is so good, and gives so much promise of usefulness, I beg
you to receive my subscription in support of your ioo)-thy endeavors.^'
Such letters afibrd us much gratificatiou. It indicates that our
labor is appreciated, and that the measures adopted are properly
directed. If more of the good people will follow Mr. Wilder's
example, our object Avill be speedily consummated. We do not
intend to say much about ourselves in future, therefore we may be
excused for the present egotism.

New Building Material. — The Cleveland Herald speaks of a
new kind of brick which has been introduced there for building
purposes. They have the appearance of granite, and are made of
sand and lime, the blocks subjected to a great pressure while in
nearly a dry state. In size they are ten by four and five inches,
and hollowed, the indented part being seven by one and a half
inches. After the bricks are formed into shape and pressed, they
are subjected to the action of the atmosphere, and soon become as
hard as rocks, and insensible to the frost or rain. These bricks
cost twenty dollars per thousand ; but the inventors say that they
are cheaper than clay bricks that cost but three dollars, because
they furnish so smooth an interior surface that no plastering is
necessary, and being hollowed, the walls do not require to be
furred.

(We doubt very much this statement of brick at $20 per
thousand, being cheaper than brick at $3 per thousand, lor the
simple reason that the former require no finishing witli a coat of
plaster. They must either be furnished at a much lower rate, or
become a luxurj'^, and therefore limited to an exclusive class. —
EnrroK. )

I have observed that whenever tlie peach tree has been put up-
on new land — it has almost without exception, and does yet, thrive
and bear for a series of years.

From this fact may we not couclnde tluit there is some property
in the soil of the newly cleared land, that were it called forth
would aid us in the culture of this tree ? Will some Chemist tell
us what this is, how it can be obtained, or wliat may be substitut-
ed for it ? The object is certainly worth their time, their iiivestT-
gatiou.

Again, it appears that the trees grown from rich land grow

JEditarial Miscdluny. 239

rapidly, and g-euerally bear but once or twice before they die
while those on poor gravell}^ lands grow slowly, bear less luxuri-
antly, are more hardy, and endure long'er.

From this fact we may learn that there is such a thing as driv.
iug this tree too much, and that our highly cultivated gardens are
not the places for thriving Peach trees. In rich soils, the growth
of the tree will be impeded, and the tree made hardy by clipping
the ends oif the branches often, especially those of the upright
ones. If the branch is of any considerable size at the point sev-
ered, the wound should be covered with grafting wax.

With this culture the branches are all within reach from the
ground, and the trees become hardy, (a good bearer) and often
hold out for fifteen or twenty years.

Col. Roe, of Farmington, has a thriving orchard managed in
this way, while his neighbors consider it almost an impossibility
to raise a single peach. Again, I notice that several of the best
peach orchards with which I am acquainted, are situated on land
declining towards the Northwest, and from this I am inclined to
believe that the Northwest decline is the best, owing, doubtless, to
the fact that the tree in such situation would grow with less
vigor, and be of firmer texture, than if on a Southern exposure,
and consequently be better fitted to stand our winters. — Exchange.

We are inclined to think with Mr. Longw-orth, that this country
is destined to eventually enjoy as great a reputation for its wine
as any of the wine growing districts of Europe. The great one,
and hitherto apparently insurmountable barrier, has been the
varieties of grape essential for the purpose. This difiiculty has
been partially removed by the discovery of native sorts, which
have produced a Liquer that will compare favorably with the
imported article. Mr. Longworth gives utterance to his experi-
ence in the following strain : —

Ours is the region for grape culture and manufacture of wine.
The wine countries of Europe have no native grapes. Our hills
and valleys are covered with vines, producing hundreds of varie-
ties of grapes. Yet our Solomons have told us that our soil and
climate is not calculated for the ciilture of the grape and the
manufacture of the wine. I can pardon that opinion at the north,
where they have the Fox and Frost grape only ; but I now feel
assured that I have on trial a few kinds of grape belonging to a

240 Editorial Miscellany.

cool region — that in the Northern part of the State of New York,
and in Vermont — which will be valuable for wine. I am not pre-
pared to judge with certainty of the quality of many kinds I
have now on hand. But I hope this fall to submit some wines to
a select committee, made from new grapes, that shall compare
with some of the best wines of Europe, of the same age. If our
temperance men can be induced to respect the doctrine of the
Bible, and not interfere with the culture of pure wine, not many
years will elapse till we can not only supply the United States with
wine, but include all Europe.

Deterioration of Apples. — In the Middle, Northern, and Eastern
States, the Apple grows to a uniform standard of size, weight and
flavor. In the Western States, they, owing to propitious circum-
stances, much exceed their natural size. The Michigan farmer
remarks : —

" Our attention has frequently been called to the fact that seve-
ral varieties of Apple, that in the Eastern States and western
New York, are long keepers, and were in this State when the
trees first came into bearing, have so far deteriorated that
they are matured and go to decay from one to three months earlier
than they once did. Whether this is owing to the peculiarities of
our climate, or whether it arises from accidental causes, or from
the mode of treatment either of the trees in growing, or of the
fruit after being gathered, remains to be settled. Whatever may
be the cause, the fact is sufficient to arrest the attention of all
fruit growers, especially those who contemplate enlarging their
orchards, or setting new ones. If the Swaar, which formerly kept
good till April, or the Newtown pippin, or Russets, which remained
sound till May and June, are now matured in Januar}' and Febru.
ary, some other varieties should be selected to take their places as
late keepers. Our Apples from trees about twenty-two years old,
are so far deteriorated that our Russets and Newtowns, which
formerly kept till June, are now in prime in January and Febru-
ary. Swaars, which ought to keep till April, arc now matured
and gone to decay before the middle of January. Our Rhode Is-
land Greenings, which formerly kept till February, are now, in
December, showing signs of decay.

Our Northern Spys, which, at the east are called late keepers,
are now, December 15th, at maturity. Our Northern Spy were

Editorial Miscdlany. 241

grown upon a young tree forced into bearing by high cultivatiou,
and bore the past season its first crop. The soil of our orchard is
gravelly loam. We have enumerated these particulars to call at-
tention to the facts. January and February will be the best, and
with many the only time to make observations as to the extent of
the deterioration. As far as our information extends, the fruit
growers in some sections of the northeastern and western por-
tions of the State, make the same complaint.

Apples have already become a staple of Michigan, and if the
thousands of trees now growing, supposed to be the latest keep-
ers, prove only to be medium, our markets will be nearly destitute
of apples by the first of March, unless different varieties are
grown. With us, the Newtown pippin has not proved itself what
it is recommended to be in other locations ; it is, three years out
of four, scrubby, and of a diminutive size.

We do not wish to condemn it. We only'' advise caution, so
that orchardists may not set too freely until it is proved to be
adapted to our climate. It may be well calculated for some loca-
tions and soils. We advise the same as to the Northern Spy.
We consider it in flavor not equal to the Esopus Spitzenburgh,
Westfield Seek-no-further, and some other sorts, and if it does not
prove with others a later keeper than with us, it is tmworthy of
cultivation, because we have better varieties at maturity at the
same time. The apple crop is of more importance than all our
other fruits combined, therefore attention ought to be paid to it in
proportion to its value.

(The only reason that we can surmise as conducing to this de-
cline in the keeping qualities of apples in western regions, is the
unnatural distension of the fruit, induced by extraordinary fer-
tility of soil. This excessive growth entirely changes the cha-
racter of the fruit, in many instances, to such a degree, that emi-
nent pomologists have been puzzled to distinguish some well
known varieties. The Eoxbury Eusset was so altered by its in-
troduction to Ohio soil that it received a new name — a fresh
claimant for the honor of its origin. If the character of a fruit
is thus altered exteriorily, there must be a similar change in its
interior economy. Everything in both animal and vegetable na-
ture becomes coarse by excessive stimulation. The conducting
power is for a time greatly increased ; decaying influences have
an easy access ; and, lastly, the over excitement, the unnatural

242 Editorial Miscdlany:

stimulation, governed by the great la"u- of Xature, reaction,
consequent enervation ensues. The vital energy of the fruit is
weakened, and, as a result, decay follows. In the Eastern States
the soils abound in lime and phosphates. These produce in the
tree firm tissues, in the fruit a firm and perfectly elaborated flesh,
capable of withstanding deteriorating action imtil the proper sea-
son of maturation shall have transpired. The " Farmer" also re-
marks that the first year's fruit of a tree discloses all the pecu-
liarities belonging to its variety. This may be accounted for in
the well known fact that the powers of young trees are necessa-
rily limited ; and, therefore, it is physically incapacitated from
taking advantage of a highly fertile soil until its resources are
completely developed. Hence there is not much swerving in a
young tree from the original type. We shall be glad to
hear from others relative to the matter, as it is a subject of para-
mount importance. — Editor

JAPA^• Peas — A New Article. — We saw exhibited on 'Change
this morning, a sample of peas, which were raised on the planta-
tion of Thomas Maslor, Esq., Moorfield, Virginia. The seed was
brought by the Japan expedition, and carefully cultivated by the
above named gentleman. They are a very beautiful article in
appearance, of a straw color, round, full, and smooth, being about
the size of a large buckshot — said to be exceedingly prolific, mul-
tiplying in great abimdance, and of delicious taste.

We received, a few days ago, from a kind correspondent, a box
of rare California seeds, and several specimens of a "potato
climbing Squash," and highly recommended for the table. Hav-
ing tried the culinary virtues of this vegetable, and as it does not
resemble any of the many varieties of the Cnairhitaccct family we
have tested, we will describe it for the benefit of oiu- friends who
are partial to this Connecticut dish. The " Potato Climbing-
Squash" is a handsome, deep-ribbed, ovate-shaped fruit, about S
inches long and 4 inches in diameter, in the largest part. Be-
tween the ribs is a stripe of dark sea-green upon a yellow grouiid
— the other portions are bright yellow. The skin is remarkably
thin ; the flesh from one to two inches thick, of a bright orange
color — very sweet, fine grained, and solid. Judging from its

Editorial MisceLlanij. 243

sound appearance to-day (12th December) it would keep till Mfiy.
Like most other winter squashes, it has three carpels. When se-
parated into halves, baked like a sweet potato, and dressed with
butter, &c., while warm, it is most delicious — equal, if not supe-
rior, to the sweet potato in flavor. From its convenient size.
agreeable taste, and apparently g-ood keeping properties, this
squash may prove a valuable addition to our winter vegetables. —
Western Affricultuj-ist.

Mk. Salter's Versailles Nursery, Hammersmith. — The Chrysan-
themums at this establishment arc now in full beauty ; a large
house, about eighty feet long, has been formed into a winter gar-
den, in which some hundreds of varieties have been tastefully ar-
ranged and intermixed Avith Pinuses, Ferns, and other plants pos-
sessed of fine foliage ; therefore, as may be supposed, an excel-
lent effect has been produced. Of late j-ears few flowers have
made greater progress than the Chrysanthemum. Those who re-
member the little variety called the Chusan Daisy, introduced by
the Horticultural Society, would hardly believe that to be the pa-
rent of the beautiful Pompones now cultivated, and that in so few
years its character could be so completely changed ; but such is
the fact, for Mr. Salter, then residing at Versailles, introduced it
into France, where it produced seeds, which have each succeeding
year yielded flowers more perfect in form and of almost every co-
lor that could be desired.

Among the new varieties in this class we noticed Trophe, a rose
pink ; Aureole, red crimson, with gold border ; Saint Thais, chest,
nut brown ; Mr. Dale, brassy yellow ; Fulton, rose and yellow ;
Queen of Lilliputs, small blush ; Aigle d'Or, fine yellow ; Alexan-
der Pele, red chestnut ; Mrs. Westwood, a silvery blush ; Lillipu-
tian Eegulus, a red cinnamon anemone ; Etoile du Berger, bright
gold , Scarlet Gem was almost out of flower, but its dwarf habit
and abundance of blooms in some measure show its character
To these may be added Creole, salmon and orange ; La Promesse,
rose ; and lo, fringed lilac.

Among seedlings we noticed a large incurved flower, named
Alfred Salter, a delicate rose, which is considered one of the
finest Chrysanthemums yet raised of this color. — Gardeners
Chronicle.

244 Editorial Miscellany.

Among- many curious plants raised in the garden of the Horticul-
tural Society from the abundant collections of our zealous friend,
Mr. Skinner, is this, which he describes as " an exquisite little
thing," Tvith ultramarine-coloi*ed seeds. It crawls over shady
banks. Both leaves and flowers beautiful." From its great re-
semblance to a GeophUa, it was provisionally named G. villosa, un-
der which name it has been distributed. Now that it has flower-
ed it has been identified as the Coccocypselum cordifolium of Brazil,
which has found <its way as far northwards as the forests of
Guatemala. The flowers are in very small heads, about three to-
gether, of a pale lilac color, and of little interest in their present
state ; but it is conceivable that if carpeting a bank, and bloom-
ing abundantly, the appearance might be gay enough. It is,
however, to the " ultramarine-colored" berries that we must trust
for the beauty which belongs to the plant. The leaves are round-
ish cordate, of firm texture, shaggy, with stalks longer than the
peduncles in the wild plant, though much shorter in the specimen
that has just flowered. — Ibid.

EucH.\Ris Grandiflora. — This is one of the handsomest of bulb-
ous plants. A correspondent (J. M. A.) has sent us a flower, pure
white, thick, like fine kid leather, four and a half inches in dia-
meter, and sweet, like a Tuberose in the evening. In appearance
it may be compared to a Pancratium, or rather to a Eurycles.
The leaf is five inches broad by seven inches long, acute, some-
what heart-shaped, with the texture of a Funkia. Three or four
such flowers as are above described form ' an umbel, on a stiflF
terete scape. The tube is curved and trumpet-shaped, more than
two and a half inches long ; the border is quite flat, consisting of
six ovate segments, the inner overlapping the outer at the base.
The coronet is fleshy, cylindrical, about half an inch deep,
with eighteen thick teeth, every third of which is longer than the
others, and bears an anther. The style projects a little, is very
slender, slightly declinate, and ends in a flat bluntly three-lobed
stigma. Each cell of the ovary contains about a dozen papilli-
form ovules.

The plant was found by Mr. Triana, one of Mr. Linden's collec-
tors, in the province of Choco, in New Grenada. It requires
stove temperature while growing, and a dry greenhouse when at
rest, and is a charming thing. — Ibid.

Editorial Miscellany. 245

A Georn^ia horticulturist writes us, that he has a new seedling
strawberry, which he intends sending out the ensuing season,
that will create considerable sensation among the consuinnrs
of strawberries, au lait. He says it is a cross between Eoss's
Phoenix and a native of Alabama.

" This new strawberry is of the hautboy order, immensely large,
flesh very firm, and of more exquisite flavor than Burr's new pine,
and with my culture is a continuous bearer. 1 believe it the
finest strawberry ever produced. * * * The plant is her-
maphrodite in its character, fruit stalks very tall and erect, with
fruit stems from three to five inches in length, being highly orna-
mental as well as delicious. As soon as the fruit ripens I
will send you some, per express, and, although you may not get
it in its freshness, you will be enabled to judge something of its
quality."

In the letter containing the extract as above, Ave received a
blossom of the plant. Although but a skeleton of what it had
been, it abundantly verified the statement of extraordinary size,
being much the largest strawberry blossom we have ever seen.
We intend, at an early day, to give a representation of the berry
and foliage, also an accurate description of the plant. We for-
bear doing so until we shall have realized our correspondent's
promise of specimens, when we shall take pleasure in informing
our readers of every particular.

Mr. Wm. R. Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, informs us that
he has left some twenty hills of the Chinese yam in the ground
entirely unprotected, it being his determination to thoroughly
test its hardiness and fitness for extensive cultivation. Mr.
Prince's plantation of the yam was much the most extensive of
any in this country the past season. Those who wish to procure
tubers can, doubtless, be accommodated.

PixKS — Wilmer's Laura. — It is the character of some florists'
flowers to disappear almost before the raiser or the trade have
done extolling their merits ; while others, and that but a small
portion, get a world wide notoriety, increasing in votaries and ad-
mirers, and becoming familiar acquaintances. Such flowers are
sure to possess qualities adapting them for the masses, requiring

246 Editoriul Miscellany.

no extrnordinary skill to keep them from degenerating or dying
ont. Our present subject is an example in point. Although seve-
ral years have now elapsed since the raiser, Mr. Wilmer, of Sun-
bury, in England, first brought it before the public, it is just be-
ginning to be eagerly sought after and grown 'by the gardeners
of this country. Its free flowering property in the open ground
in summer, and in the greenhouse or Avindows in Avinter, make it
one of the nicest flowers lie can groAv for bouquets, as a jiink car-
ries its recommendatit)ns with it, in the refreshing fragrance of
its flowers. Planted out in summer, they are easily propagated
by layers or by slips, even the layers throwing up a succession of
flowers. It may with propriety be called a monthly pink. The
flower is fair in quality'' as a shoio flower, and the base of each
petal is marked with a well defined blotch of purple. — Edgar
Saxders, in Country Gent.

Groavixg Baskets of Flowers. — A recent writer says : '' Every
case I recollect of seeing ivy and floAvers associated the effect
Avas agreeable. I haA'e seen himdreds of ladies admiring and in-
A^estigating the modus operandi of hillocks, or baskets of flowers,
formed simply by driving rough pieces of wood into the ground,
coA-ering them Avith iA'}', and filling the space within with earth
and plants, having some of the outside rows of the latter of such
a character as to interlace a little with and fall over the ivy. I
lately saw a nice iA-y basket on the lawn. Originally a basket
had been made, Avith one central stem to support it, and against
this ivy had been planted, trained up and round the basket . The
original basket has long been gone, but the ivy retains the shape,
and bears, without flinching, the weight of the earth and plants ;
the diameter of the basket being, so far as I recollect, something
about four feet.''

Effect of Salt Water on tee Germination of Seeds. — As you
have published notices of Mr. Berkely and myself on the length
of time seeds can withstand immersion in sea water, you may,
perhaps, like to hear, Avithout minute details, the final results of
my experiments. The seed of Capsicum, after 137 days' immer:
sion, came up well, for 30 out of 56 planted germinated, and I
think more would have groAvn with time. Of Celery only six out

Editorial Miscellany. 247

of some hundreds came up after the same period of immersion.
One single Canary seed grew after 120 days, and some Oats half
germinated after 120 ; both Oats and Canary seed came up pretty
well after only 100 days. Spinach germinated well after 120
days. Seed of Onions, Vegetable Marrow, Beet, Orache, and Po-
tatoes, and one seed of Agcratum Mexicanum grew after 100
days. A few, and but very few, seeds of Lettuce, Carrot, Cress,
and Radish came up after 85 days' immersion. It is remarkable
how differently varieties of the same species have withstood the
ill effects of the salt water ; thus, seed of the " Mammoth White
Broccoli" came up excellently after 11 days, but was killed by 22
days immersion ; " early Cauliflower'' survived this period, but
was killed by 36 days ; " Cattell's Cabbage" survived the 36 days,
but was killed by 50 days ; and now I have seed of the wild
Cabbage from Tenby growing so vigorously after 50 days that I
am sure that it will survive a considerably longer period. But
the seed of the wild Cabbage was fresh, and some facts show me
that quite fresh seeds withstand the salt water better than old,
though very good seed. With respect to an important point in
my former communication of May 26th, permit me to cry peccavi ;
having often heard of plants and bushes having been seen float-
ing some little distance from land, I assumed — and in doing this I
committed a scientific sin — that plants with ripe seed or fruit
would float at least for some weeks. I always meant to try this,
and I have now done so with sorrowful result ; for having put in
salt water between 30 and 40 herbaceous plants and branches
with ripe seed, of various orders, I have found that all (with the
exception of the fruit of evergreens) sink within a month, and
most of them within 14 days. So that, as far as I can see, my
experiments are of little or no use (excepting, perhaps, as nega-
tive evidence) in regard to the distribution of plants by the drift-
ing of their seeds across the sea.

Beech Oil. — Amongst the various kinds of oil used in northern
Germany, especially in the kingdom of Hanover, for culinary
purposes or as materials for combustion, that extracted from the
nuts of the Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is, on account of its numer-
ous good qualities, deserving of notice. Beech oil does not play
a prominent part in commerce, nor is it likely to do so, owing to
the fact that it cannot be procured in large quantities ; the coun-

248 Editorial Miscellany.

try people who collect the nuts, or cause them to be collected, use
the greater part of the oil in their own household, and only dis-
pose of the remaining fraction. This is the reason why it is
impossible to give even a rough estimate of the quantity annually
produced About Hanover the nuts are gathered towards the end
of^October, or the beginning of November ; this is done either by
picking up by hand, those which have fallen to the ground, or by
spreading out large sheets under the trees and beating the
branches with poles, so as to cause the nuts to separate from them.
The latter process appears, at first sight, least expensive ; but as
the good nuts have to be separated from the bad (abortive) ones,
it is found, on closer examination, to be just the contrary. In
1854 about 251bs. of nuts sold in Hanover for Is. Qd. ; 25 lbs.
yield about 5 lbs. of oil, 1 lb. selling for about Id. The oil is of a
pale yellow color, and has an extremely agreeable taste. It is
often adulterated with Walnut oil ; the latter is even sold as
Beech oil, and that may account for the difference of opinion en-
tertained respecting the quality of the Beech oil. The townspeo-
ple use it chiefly as salad oil, but the peasantry employ it general-
ly as a substitute for butter, &c., and only when there has been
a good harvest of nuts, for burning in their lamps. The husks
(epicarpia) are, after the oil has been expressed, made into cakes
about 9 inches square and 1| inches thick ; these are used for
combustibles, and not given, as some people imagine, as food to
cattle. Both the oil and the cakes alluded to, are exhibited in the
Museum at Kew. — Hooker's Journal of Botany.

Horse Chestnut Flouk. — The following is ]M. Flandin's plan
of making flour from Horse Chesnuts. Grind the Horse Chesnuts,
and mix with the pulp, carbonate of soda in the proportion of one
or two per cent, at the utmost, and then wash the produce until it
is perfectly white ; 1 lb. of carbonate of soda will purify 100 lbs.
of Horse Chesnuts, and produce 60 lbs. of flour fit for bread, as
the salt removes the bitter principle from the nut. — A. L. O.

Artificially Frosted Glass. — Many are practically cognisant of
instances where this kind of glass is used as a means of shading^
so as partially to intercept the sun's rays ; but the advocates of
the practice must be blind, or they would see at once the ill efiects
of which it is productive. When used for such structures as vin-

Literary Notices. 249

eries, pineries, and houses devoted to hard wooded plants, every
cultivator endeavors to prevent a prostration of the faculties of
his plant when in a growing tender state by intercepting intense
sunshine, at the same time admitting as much light as possible ;
but Miien such plants have completed their growth, their manifes.
tations alone will teach us how indispensable is a due amount of
this agent to the ripening of their wood ; and how is this to be
accomplished beneath frosted glass ? The appearance of the
Vines and plants grown under such disadvantageous circumstan-
ces will afford occular demonstrations of the evil. The wood will
be long-jointed, sappy, and watery, the leaves will have long
slender petioles, and lamina of meagre size etiolated and pallid,
thus deteriorating them until they become so constitutionally im-
paired as to be valueless in all their growing, flowering, and
other properties, even if exposed to a clearer medium and more
favorable circumstances hereafter. With such unfavorable demon-
strations and impracticabilities attending this mode of shading,
why not resort to a more expeditious, easier, and cheaper method,
which will possess greater advantages and incur less risks than
the method in question ? — Gardener^ Chronicle.

LITERARY NOTICES.

Village and Farm Cottages. D. Appkton ^ Co., N. Y.

A large number of works on rural architecture have been re-
cently published, the majority of which, however, have been
chiefly confined to such buildings as are both difficult and expen-
sive to construct. Until the work under notice, none were exclu-
sively devoted to that class whose means are limited to the
possession of a few hundred dollars. Any country carpenter can
build a house modelled after a dry goods box ; but can such a
house be elegant ? — can it express any other purpose than simply
a sort of waiting place, in anticipation of death's visit. It really
is nothing more than a shelter from inclement weather. The
people who reside in these uncouth packing boxes, have ambition
very much like those who cast anchor in palaces. They desire to
live beautifully, but they have been educated to believe that an
approach to elegance, is the road to bankruptcy and destitution.

250 Literary Notices.

In this cherished prejudice, they become content to sequestrate
themselves in houses that only afford shelter. The present work
is intended to correct this erroneous impression, and teach those
willing* to receive instruction, the way to build a cottage that will
rival in beauty the pretensions mansion, and at the same time
secure a greater degree of convenience at a comparatively trifling
outlay of money ; no more, in many instances, than the packing box
house requires. The book contains one hundred engravings, ex-
quisitely executed, and printed in an equally superior manner.
Messrs. Cleveland & Backus Bros., are the gentlemen to whom we
are indebted for the enterprise. It is written plainly; no technical
terms are used ; that cannot be understood by the most ill-informed
person. The book eschews all pretension to literary merit, and
has its say and comprehends its instructions in such terms as
will meet the unqualified approval of the class it addresses.
The price of the work is $2,00.

Fruit Tree Catalogue.

We have received from A. E. Whitney, Esq., of Franklin Grove,
111., his catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees. It is gotten up
with much taste, is finely illustrated, and affords accurate descrip-
tions of everything offered for sale.

Holly Tree Ixn. /. B. Peterson, Philadelphia.

A New Christmas Story, by Charles Dickens. It is quite need-
less to say anything in its praise. We have only to remark, that
it is intensely Dickensj', every line, to insure its perusal by every
individual who has sympathy for the truthful pictures of every
day life. Price, 12| cents.

^lliin^'TiTnimniiiiiji^

'■■„• !;Iii-.'"iiiiH'::;:;i!. '■'- ' ■' ,:'":'' '''^

A NEGLECTED ROSE.

{For Hurt. Rei-iew.)

A CUI/IIA^VTED ROSE.

^I'roni I.Diiiluii Ftorixt.)

T^EVONIEl^ -*"-->

THE WINDOW.

leak winds sing their threatening lullabies,
to ghostly music, as they whirl around the
acute gables, and dash against the house
walls, sighing on the door-sill, whistling through the key-hole>
roaring through the wicket, murmuring in the distance, crackling
among the ti-ee tops, licking up the snow-flakes, it's a dreary
wind that blows, and we hover around the, cheerful fire. Although
there is a cheerless prospect without, an opposite scene delights
one's Vision in the cottage window. There is " a rose in the win-
dow." Not one of those scraggy submissive rose bushes, whose
flowers hang their heads because their etiolated stalks are not
strong enough to sustain their lovely burthens. The rose in the
window has had a loving hand to prune it, and prop it — to water
it, and give it sunshine. Fair fingers have pulled off its dead
leaves, and sprinkled a shower bath on living ones. The rose in
the window has no fear of the icy king Boreas on the other side
of its crystal protector, the back-log of tough hickory crackling
on the hearthstone has given it confidence, and it goes on daily
unfolding bright green leaves, and expanding its fragrant blos-
soms. There is perfume ; delicate, etherial, diffusive perfume, and
red roses in the window, four in all, and three buds dawning

260 A Rost in the Wiyidow.

specks of red, emulating their fully disclosed seniors. The storm
has had its chatter, fairly blew itself away. The sunshine is
flooding the window Avith its golden light. The rose-bush, with
every flower erect, is revelling in the genial warmth. Bright ej'es
are feasting on the scene, ruby lips are inhaling the rose-buds
breath. The hand that has nurtured the rose in the window, is
reunited lor its labor.

We once knew a young man but six niunths embraced by mari-
tal ties, in his exceeding magnanimity, (he was at the mercy of a
salary) wished to present his partner with a tangible evidence of
his affection. He gave her diamonds, and " thereby hangs a tale."
If he had given her a rose-bush, there would have been no melan.
choly sequel. The heart that has no throbbiugs for nature's first
offerings, is scarce ec^ual to giving the proper inclination to youth-
ful minds ; so have a care, ye youths, who are about to take a dive
in the mysterious sea of matrimony, take the advice of " Jack
Bunsby — skipper." " Give a wide berth to vimmen that aint been
brought up with a flower-pot."

Years not few in number, haA-e matured and been garnered since
our vision was gratified by daily scrutinizing a rose-bush that
surpassed all its fellokvs in its profuseness of roses, its numerous
branches, its maize, and its delicious atiar of roses. It was an
ambitious vegetation, not satisfied with an ordinary habitation of
clay-ware and two gallons of loam, so we gave it a chance in a
wooden vessel of exceeding diameter, and proportionate depth. Our
rose appreciated the distinction, and spread its glossy foliage to
the sunlight emitted through eight panes of Dunbarton glass, of
dimensions each, twelve by sixteen. Passers by without, -won-
dered much at tlie plethora — the emhonpoint of that rose-bush resid-
ing in an iron hooped pail in the windoAv. Gentlemen of elegant
taste declared it a prodigy. A little blue-eyed, flaxen-haired
daughter, as she daily wended her way to the A'^illage school,
would gaze into the window at the luxuriant rose-bush, forgetful
that it was just twenty minutes past the hour for her appearance
in Mistress Birch's precincts, sacred to crooked " pot-hooks " and
teachings of young ideas to shoot. On one occasion, the little
maid in her eager admiration, flattened her nose against the win-
dow, alas I for frail Dunbarton and Evish curiosity, the glass
shivered, the little one fled — her love for roses Avas rebuked, and
ever after there was no necessity for a chiding from her precept

A Rose in t/ir. Wi7idow. 2fil

ress. It was a most wonderful rose. A prim old maid, Miss Wilky
by name, importuned and pestered us oft and at various times for
" Blips." For her sake our favorite was shorn somewhat of its most
aspiring twigs. Miss Wilky gave us her benediction and we
gave her " slips ;" but it was of no avail, no majestic riotious rose
branches cast their shadows on her window bench. She had the
rose twigs and we maintained our secret of success inviolable,
but not for all time. Miss Wilky again waylaid us, she had
ascertained by some necromancy that the volume, compactness
and symmetrical shape of our rose-bush was owing to a peculiar
treatment, which information we had kept sub-Rosa. Now Miss
Wilky possessed an insinuating address and a speech of much
sweetness. And thus it was we parted the secret of rose culture
in earthen pots : —

Said we, " procure from the woods a proportion of leaf mould,
which may be subsequently dried, pulverized, and sifted — to which
should be added an equal portion of burnt sod. Animal manure
well rotted, is the next best ingredient — provide of this a similar
quantity, season all, and thoroughly incorporate with the mass, a
small contribution of yellow sand loam, — it makes the compost
friable and facilitates drainage. Now you have the soil. The
roses best adapted to pot culture, are Teas, Bourbons, and Noi-
settes. We do not include the hybrid perpetuals, their season of
bloom being doubtful, intermittant. Devoniensis, ( Tea), is a su-
perb, free blooming, white rose ; extravagantly large and emits a
delicious fragrance. Souvenir de la mat Maison, (Bourbon), is also
a large rose of a delicate flesh color. It has a good habit, is a
profuse bloomer, and requires a large pot to attain its perfection.
In choosing roses for pot culture, care should be observed to select
those possessing a vigorous constitution and rampant growers.
A rose to bloom well during the winter months, must be permitted
rest during the previous summer — placed in a cool shaded situa-
tion will secure the object. In September, the plants designed for
the window should be cut down and re-potted in the compost pre-
viously described ; after which, place them in a cold frame for a
few weeks, admitting air during the day and keep close at night.
The plants will immediately commence growing, and by the first
of October, wnll show flower buds which should be carefully
pinched off. Such stems as show an inclination to outgrow their

262 A Rose in the Window.

fellows may be shortened in. Irregular branches, or such as will
mar the symmetry of the plant should be cut out. At this time, a
second plotting should be performed in pots two sizes larger,
using the same compost. Place again in the frames — the growth
will now be somewhat retarded by cool nights. As it is desirable
to keep the plants in growing condition, they may be kept closer
in the daj^-time and the sash covered with mats at night. By the
first of November they will be in condition to remove to the win-
dow. To grow almost any plant successfully in the house, there
should be provided a projecting or bay window, as it admits light
from three sides. To make the bay window perfect, quite equal
to a green house, a sliding sash should be constructed on the
inside, so that the plants can be secured from the dry atmosphere
of the dwelling room. Place your rose-bushes in the window and
close the sash ; the thermometer, ordinarily, will range about six-
ty— in the day time if there is a bright sun it may reach seventy
\yith this heat the plants will grow finely, which should now
receive a weekly allowance of liquefied guano. As the branches
extend, pinch their tops, and also decapitate any buds which may
show. This pinching the leading stems will induce side branches
and a bushy habit. If the green fly appears, place a handful of
tobacco in a small furnace, apply fire, and place it in the window,
which close tightly by means of the inside sash, let it remain for
about twenty minutes, after which plunge the tops of each plant
in a tub of fresh rain water, " with the chill taken off," wash them
thoroughly and place in the window. By the middle of December,
if the plants have been properly treated, they will be well grown
and bushy with numerous side branches.

The latter part of January a profusion of bloom buds will be
apparent ; these should be permitted to expand. K the plant has
received proper treatment there will be a scarcely perceptible
diminution of blooms for the remainder of the winter and spring.
Liquid guano will incite growth, and wherever new wood is pro-
duced, flower buds arc the consequence. Miss Wilky had listened
to this rather prolix recipe without an interruption. An interval of
rest, which her tongue had not experienced since it first essayed
to syllable Anglo-Saxon ; but it soon made up for the unwonted
dirilection, for we were almost immediately overwhelmed by a
profusion of grateful acknowledgements, which, if Miss Wilky

A Rose in the Window. 263

uttered truth, her obligation were so enormous that a life-time's
devotion ■would scarce prove adequate to cancel.

Our readers would doubtless be glad to know the names of such
varieties as are the most agreeable, and easily subjugated to pot
tillage. Anticipating the desire, we have prepared a list of those
likely to reward the cvdtivator with an abundance of roses and
perfume delicious, in exuberant installments. To commence with
the Teas, we give first position to Devoniensis ; (our engraving
is an accurate representation). It is a vigorous grower and
possesses a free blooming habit ; in color is a creamy white, with
a delicate shading of pink. Abricote is a fawn color, a robust
plant and extremely hardy. Adam, a bright rose color, very large,
an elegant variety. Gloire de Dijon, a magnificent fawn color
tinted with salmon ; the underside of the leaves are pink — quite
unique. Eliza Sauvage, light yellow, with a brilliant orange
centre. Safrano, fawn color ; the buds previous to expansion, are
bright pink. Souvenir d' un Ami, rose color, very large. Bougere,
a bronze rose, a free grower and distinct habit ; one of the best.
Madame Millermoz, a new variety, white shaded with salmon.
Mirabelle, a delicate species, sulphur yellow bordered with purple,
exceedingly pretty and striking. Niphetos, pure white, very
large. This will be enough of Teas. There are many more vari-
eties recommended, but they do not differ materially from those
described.

Among Bourbons we place the Souvenir de la mal Maison, flesh
color, large and finely formed. Aurore - du Guide, crimson and
violet — an elegant flower. Edouard Desfesses, a most exuberant
bloomer, medium size, bright clear rose^ color. George Cuvier,
carmine, perfect shape and a good bloomer. La Florifere, an
abundant flower, deep pink. Madame Angelina, light fawn color,
compact habit — beautiful. Paul Joseph, bright purple — a splendid
dark rose. Souvenir d' un Frere, cherry color, quite distinct,
dwarf habit. Queen, a free bloomer, fawn color. These comprise
the cream of Bourbons.

The Noisettes are not so well adapted to pot culture as the
Bourbons and Teas ; they are mostly climbers, and comparatively
shy bloomers, producing their flowers in clusters. The best of
which are Augusta, a new American seedling introduced by Thorp,
Smith & Hanchett, of Syi-acuse, N. Y. It is in general appear-

264 A Rose in the Window.

ance, much like Solfatere, differing in possessing greater depth of
color and more fragrance. It is a clear sulphur yellow. Lam-
arque, lemon yellow, a fine old sort with rambling branches. Fel-
lenberg, crimson, very pretty and distinct. Yicomtesse d'Avesne,
rose color, a prolific bloomer. Solfatere, sulphur yellow, a fine rose
We have omitted Chromontella, although a superior rose, it is not
satisfactory, being a shj^ bloomer. Hybrid perpetual, or remon-
tantes are occasionally grown in pots with happy results. This
class of roses thrive best when on their own roots, they require
very rich soil. Duchesse de Montpensir, a blush of exquisite
shape. Geant des Batailles, brilliant crimson, one of the best of
its class. La Eeine, a universal favorite, exceedingly large, opens
well, bright rose color. Paul Dupuy, crimson and violet, very de-
sirable. Leveson Gower, bright red, a profuse bloomer. Gene-
ral Badeau, carmine, fine shape. Lucie de Barante, very fragrant,
brilliant rose color.

There's roses enough to satisfy the greediest lover of the thorny
beauties ; and the man who is so acidulated as not to relax some-
what of his acrimony in the presence of a rose tree, is not worthy
of a future paradise. One discovers in a day's rao^ble, many roses
occupying cottage windows enduring their imprisonment in a very
unhappy manner, if their jaundiced countenaces may be taken as
evidence. One day they are flooded with soap-suds, the next they
are fevered by intolerant drought ; the thermometer in the winter
season ranging in twentj'-four hours all the way from freezing
point to blood heat. And then on washing days, they get such a
steaming as quite prostrates the little vital energy remaining in
their enervated systems. The good housewife ruins the constitu-
tions of her rose plants, and is a perpetual lease of wonderment
because she does not get flowers once a month.

Sometimes a little skeleton of a flower, looking much distressed,
takes a brief inspection of domestic matters, and then fades away,
withers, and is quietly gathered to the home of dead roses. A sick,
ly rose is a most pitiful picture of dejected vegetation ; per contra
a healthful, flaunting rose-bush, arouses all the gentle and kindly
emotions that adhere to our hardened natures. Eeference to our
frontispiece plates entitled, " a cultivated rose," and " a neglected
rose," will amply satisfy the most skeptical of the advantage
acquired by possessing the requisite knowledge for treating pot
roses.

The Grand Bretagne and Verulam Pears. 265

THE GRAND BRETAGNE AND VERULAM PEARS.

BY JAMES SNOWDEN.

I HAVE just devoured (December 30th), my last pear of a variety
I received from abroad, under the title of Grand Bretagm. In

exterior appear-
ance it bears a
marked resem-
blance to the
Beurre D'Anjou —
indeed, so strong
is the likeness, that
were it not for the
lateness of its ma-
turity, I might be-
lieve it synony-
mous with the lat-
ter kind. The tree
grows stout and
vigorously, with
dark, yellow
shoots, which
stand very erect.
This valuable pro-
perty will much
enhance it in the
estimation of nur-
serymen, who are
rapidly losing all
conceit of trees
that form tortuous branches, as they sadly disparage the profits
of their products.

The Grand Bretagne is of the largest size ; form, obtuse, obo-
vate ; skin, greenish yellow, with russet dots just perceptible ;
stem, half an inch in length, and quite stout, inserted in a mode-
rately deep basin ; calyx, open with flaring short segments, expos-
ing a tolerably deep hollow ; flesh, fine, juicy, buttery and melt-
ing ; core, small in comparison to the size of the exterior flesh

266

The Grand Bretagne and Verulam Pears.

surrounding it ; seeds plump and perfect, but few in number ; ripen^
latter part of December and first of January. Mine were pre-
served in a cool, dry room.

In looking over a recent number of the " Gardeners' Chroni-
cle," I discover there described, a pear, which, for its stewing
qualities, I should imagine worthy of introduction in this coun-
try. A fine red tinge to stowed pears, the good wife says, is in-
dispensable, and she moreover adds, that it is a pretty positive
indication of the presence of sugar in abundance. The addition
of large quantities of sugar or syrups to pears, to a considerable
extent, destroys their natural flavor. A similar disastrous result

is experienced
when resort is
had to coloring
matter.

Mr. Downing,
who well under-
stood and appre-
ciated the culi-
nary properties
of fruits, advo-
cated certain
varieties of pear
for stewing and
baking pur-
poses ; latterly,
however, this
object has lost
favor, giving
away to excel-
lence for des-
sert require-
ments. It is for
this reason that
I would press
the suit a little
strenuously for

the former qualification. The Verulam Pear, it is said, when
stewed becomes red, without contributing coloring matter. No

The Grand Bretagne and Vendam Pears. 26"

other variety that has come under my observation possesses this
singular quality. I subjoin the description communicated by a
correspondent of the " Gardeners' Chronicle" : —

The Verllam Pear. — Syn. Buchanan's Spring Beurre. — Under
the latter of these names a tree was received into the collection
of the Horticultural Society, from the nursery of Mr. Buchanan^
of Camberwell, in 1828. The name, however, is objectionable,
inasmuch as the fruit is not properly a Beurre, nor is it asserted
that the variety was raised by Mr. Buchanan. In 1827, however,
a cutting was received from Mr. Jutler as the Verulam Pear,
which proved to be identical, and this name is considered the bet-
ter one to adopt.

The fruit is produced all over the tree with great regularity,
and it is remarkably uniform in size, which is similar, in tolerably
good soil, to that of the fruit here represented, from a standard ;
but in rich soil it grows considerably larger. The form is regu-
lar. Stalk, slender and woody. Eye rather open in a slight de-
pression. The skin is strong, and with its bronze-like close coat-
ing of russet, is well adapted for protecting the fruit for a long
period. The flesh is crisp and juicy, and in good seasons becomes
tolerably melting, especially if placed in a temperature of from
sixty degrees to sixty-five degrees for some weeks previous to
using. Its principal merit, however, is as a stewing Pear, for
which purpose it is found to be excellent, and acquiring a fine
rose color without the aid of cochineal. In this way it may be
used all through the winter and tiH May.

The tree is hardy, forming a round spreading head, and bears
abundantly. Shoots, moderately strong, dark olive, sprinkled
with both round and linear grey specks ; leaves, middle-sized,
somewhat obovate, acuminate slightly serrated ; petioles, slender,
about 1^ inch in length. A variety of Pear that is hardy, an
abundant bearer as a standard, and which keeps sound like the
above, must be considered a valuable acquisition. R. T.

jV^^.'r^

Suburban Villa.

269

SUBURBAN VILLA.

PLAN OF" BASEMENT FLOOR

Suburban villas of the present day are so multiform as regards
exterior elevation, that it is almost an impossibility to recognize
the order of architecture by which they may be designated. The
one under notice pre-
sents some prominent
features of the Italian
style, and consequent-
ly may not inaptly be
termed a pseudo-Ital-
ian villa. The flat roof
is wanting to complete
its resemblance to pure
Italian, as also several
details of a less con-
spicuous and important
character. The cam-
panile, instead of pro-
jecting boldly out from
the main structure, is
flush with one-half the
building, and projects
sufficiently on the
other half to afford a
spacious verandah. —
The pitch of the roof
has a tendency to dete-
riorate somewhat the
value of the tower,
when ornamentally
considered, making the
skyline feeble and mo-
notonous. The tower
is a strong feature in
Italian architecture,
and therefore devel-
opes picturesqueness
on its individual re-
sponsibility. It is in

PLAN OF PRINCIPAL FLOO|t,

'210 Quick Thatoing.

consequence marred to a certain degree when backed by a steep
pitched roof. The other appendages to the elevation are oriel win-
dow, dormer window, and a railed window over the principal door-
way, operating as a protection to the entrance, and also giving it
an appearance of elaborate finish without the expense incurred by
the reality of such actual completeness.

Accommodations. — The basement contains a large and commodious
kitchen, lTxl3, in direct communication with a capacious store
room, 14x6, vegetable room, 11x14, and coal cellar, 7x10. On the
opposite side of the lobby or hall is a laundry, 11x13, and closet,
5x7. These rooms are all of easy and convenient access. From
the lobby a staircase communicates with the principal floor above.
A hall is first entered, 18x6 ; from the hall you reach a dining
apartment, 18x15, drawing room, 15x20, library, 12x14, vestibule,
5x6. Oif the dining-room is the ])utler's pantry. The chamber
floor is entirely devoted to sleeping apartments and closets.

A building of this description should be constructed from stone
or brick. If the latter is used, stuccoing will impart an agreea-
ble finish. The wood-work should be of the best clear white pine.
The cost will not exceed $6,000.

Quick Thawixg. — Many plants perish of cold, not so much be-
cause of the cold itself, as because they are thawed rapidly. A
row of frozen Peas facing the morning sun, is completely cut off
by a degree of cold unfelt by the very same crop screened from
the sun. A lot of bedding out plants are frozen hard in a neglect-
ed vinery ; get up the heat and they die ; shade them, and thaw
them very slowly, and they are as fresh as ever.

A couple of examples of what happened in France last winter
may assist in rousing the incredulous to an appreciation of such
facts. Last January a gardener had the ill luck to have a batch
of Pclargoniimis frozen in spite of all the care he could take to
shelter them. As soon as he found out what had happened, he
put half into a greenhouse and half into a cellar. The first lost
all their leaves, the second were completely saved. The same per-
son took up his fine solid Celery, and left the plants at the foot of
a wall facing the south. When the severe frost set in he
had no time to take them in doors, and therefore covered them
well up. The thermometer, however, fell to 5'^, and the plants were
frozen. He then removed some to his kitchen garden shed, and
the rest to an Orangery, where the temperature was kept a few
degrees above freezing. The next morning the Celery in tli*.' shed
was all right, but that in the Orangery was rotting fast.

So much for quick thawing !

Deterioration of Apples.

211

DETERIORATION OF APPLES.

BY L. DORAND.

ETERIORATION of Apples. In the
" January Review," you copy a short note
on the above subject from the " Michigan
Farmer."

The writer goes on to show in sub-
stance, that the various kinds of winter
apples in Michigan, have shortened their
time in keeping during the last twenty
years, three, four and five months from
what they originally were. He says :
" Apples have already become a staple
of Michigan, and if the thousands of
trees now growing, supposed to be the
latest keepers, prove only to be medium,
our markets will be nearly destitute of
apples by the first of March, unless dif-
ferent varieties are grown. With us the
Newtown Pippin has not proved itself
what it is recommended to be in other locations ; it is three years
out of four scrubby and of a diminutive size, &c." For the last
twenty years the Newtown Pippin apple has been deteriorating in
juiciness and size, until it has now become apparently worthless
for cultivation in all this section of country. For twenty years
previous to this time this apple matured and grew well in this
section, according to report from old orchardists and from what we
can judge by the number of middle aged trees of that variety in
the orchards. We believe that these remarks in regard to this
apple, will hold good through New England ; but what the cause
of this deterioration is of course more than we can tell, or proba-
bly any one else. But Downing says in his " Fruit Book," that
the Newtown Pippin flourishes and matures well in the Jerseys,
in some of the Middle States, and in the valley of the Hudson.
And this reminds us of the famous orchard of R. L. Pell, of Pel-
bam, of 20,000 bearing trees, all of Newtown Pippins ; out of his

2T2 Deterioration of Apples.

rrop of apples annually, the bulk of them were shipped to Eng-
land and sold at the rate of from $t to $10 the barrel to our
"English friends" who were probably very glad to get them
even at that price. Now making some leeway for " enthusiasm "
and considerable " exaggeration," we are inclined to think that
Mr. Pell has got the best orchard of Newtown Pippins that
there is in this country, and that the sales and profits of the
orchard must be large yearly. And further, hearing that he has
been brought up to work in the business, we should take heed to
his advice on orchard culture generally. It may be possible that
by superior cultivation our orchards of Newtown Pippins might
flourish in this region, but we would not enter into it or advise it
in this section at least. How this apple flourishes where it origi-
nated, in Newtown, Long Island, we are not informed. As to
the cause of apples of the same varieties not keeping noAv as
well as formerly in Michigan or other sections, it would be difficult
to tell. But we are inclined to think that the " climate " has as
much or more to do with it than the soil or differences of location.
All orchard cultivators know well that there is great difference in
the various seasons, in regard to the keeping of apples. Some
seasons they keep remarkably well and grow fair, while in other
seasons with the same cultivation, they grow knotty and indiffer-
ent, and are inclined to rot soon after they leave the trees, and
often while they are on the trees. Still a good crop of apples
grown and gathered, does not ensure of their keeping well in the
cellar. In this case, more, probably, depends on the way the apples
are gathered from the orchard and stored in the cellar, than from
other causes in regard to keeping. Now the most common arti-
cle in use lo store apples in, is a flour barrel, and it probably is
the poorest article that can be used for that purpose, as all may
prove by experience. All cultivators who store much fruit for
winter should have a " fruit cellar," or a room parted off from the
main cellar on the north side. In this room, shelves should be
put up around the sides and through the centre, should the room be
large. The shelves may be made from two and a half to three
inches wide, the bottom boards six inches wide, the joints to be
left open | or | an inch to allow a free circulation of air up through
the apples. These shelves may be put up two and three tier deep,
acccrding to the height of the ceiling and the number wanted.

Deterioration of Apples. 213

On these shelves, the apples may be strewed two aud three deep
iu thickness, this will allow of their being picked out as fast as
any decayed ones make their appearance.

Ventilation should be had from the window outside, or into the
main cellar as Avauted.

The temperature should be kept as low as it can be above freez-
ing point. Where only a few apples are wanted by mechanics,
a large box such as they pack prunes in for transportation,
may be put up temporaril}^ in a cool part of the cellar, which will
answer a very good purpose to store apples in. Another great
point to have apples keep well ; they should be gathered or
picked from the tree, and handled in such a way that none will be
bruised when they go into the fruit cellar ; careful cultivators
will understand this point. On the whole, as to the deterioration
of the apple generally, we should be inclined to think it more
owing to climate and seasons, than to any running out or shorten-
ing in of the keeping qualities of apples, as to time. There may
be some difference between growing apples on a new soil,
over the old States, in regard to their keeping qualities ; but we
should want more proof of that hereafter, in order to place much
reliance in it. It is possible you may take any of the long keep-
ing apples named in the several " Fruit Books," and yet under
actual trial they might come short two or four months in keeping
when compared with the " Books," so we think it one of those
points which will be difficult to determine. Before closing, we
will just say a word about cutting cherry grafts for spring graft-
ing. The grafts may be cut any time from the middle of Febru-
ary to the first or the tenth of March, if the season be late. Cut and
pack them in sand or moss in the cellar till wanted. The grafting
should be done as early in April, as the weather will admit.
Though if the scions are in good order, that is, the buds not
swelled or started, the grafting may be done any time from the
first to the fifteenth or twentieth of April. We have had good
success in grafting the cherry where the leaves on the stock were
well started, and if the scions were right, as named above. In
this way, the " Mazzard cherry " may have a new top set on by
grafting, with as little less per cent, as apple grafting. But if
the cherry grafts aie cut a few days too late, or the scions' buds
are swelled much, not more than one out of ten of the scions

214

Carriage-house and Stable for a small Cottage.

set, will live and grow ; this is our experience on that point,
others may be different from this.

CARRIAGE HOUSE AND STABLE FOR A SMALL COTTAGE

A SUBSCRIBER requcsts us to give
a plan and elevation of a cheap
carriage-house and stable, to have
a neat exterior expression and at
the same time, not infringe on the
convenience and space within ; he
also limits the expense to $250 —
a very small sum, indeed, for such
an edifice. The annexed plans
will correctly convey the only
manner in which so cheap a barn can be constructed, without en-
tirely losing sight of ornamental effect. We will premise that
the material is wood. The post should not be less than 8x12 in-
ches ; the sills should be some-
what thicker ; the remaining
sticks can be 6x9 joice, and
3x4 scantling. The weather
boarding should be secured
perpendicularly to the frame,
and the joints protected by
narrow strips, bevelled ; finish
the inside with rough hemlock
boards, filling the space be-
tween the out and inside boarding with oat straw, rammed down
compactly. A stable cannot be too warm.

The ground plan exhibits a carriage room, 14x14, with an en-
trance from the front side of the building, and is also in easy
communication with the harness-room and stalls. The stalls are
each 14x5|, containing crib feeding troughs, &c. The}'- also have
a door in the front. As a cow is indispensable to the cottager,
we have provided a suitable apartment for her winter quarters
It is 14x5. The hay loft is arrived at by a stairway contiguous
to the harness-room. The loft is so arranged as to permit of fod-
dering both horse and cow from nearly the same openings. To

J^ w^

•te==Er' t

JU ,y'

il

!

1

1 1

Til i
1 1

I

) 1 1

1

The Manngemmt, Soil, and Situation of the Phnn Oich'ird. 21r>

secure proper ventilation, and also to add a decorative feature, a
small cupola is attached to the roof, risinj;- from tlic centre.

A very durable and cheap paint for a barn is produced by mix-
ing common French yellow, (worth about five cents a pound,)
with lamp-black, Avhicli creates a beautiful clear olive, and will
keep color for several years.

THE MANAGEMENT, SOIL, AND SITUATION OF THE
PLUM ORCHARD.

BY D. W. R.\y.

REAT many different opinions are enter-
tained in relation to the soil, situation
.aid management of the Plum Orchard.
While so many theories are advanc-
ed in regard to the proper treatment
of the Plum, we shall adhere to the
theory shown to be correct by suc-
cessful effort ; and the suggestions
we shall offer in relation to their
cultivation will be found to be emi-
nently practical, and the solution
of our theory of rewarded cultiva-
tion can- be easily shown. The
t«^3 soil for the Plum should not be pos-
itively wet, yet they often thrive
in soils quite moist, if well drained.
• Many writers say a heavy clay

^ loam is best adapted to their
\ growth ; but we have seen them
planted in every variety of soil —
iu clay loam, in strong sandy loam,
in alluvial deposit — and we have
^ ' seen equally good crops of Plums in all
of these soils. This has led us to the conclusion that the Plum
may be planted iu any soil most convenient if the right manures
arc applied.

2t6 Tlif, Manogemtnt, Soil, (ind. Situation of tht. Plum Orchard.

The Plum requires a soil abundantly rich, and if it is not so^
must be made so by the application of animal manures with an
addition of common salt ; the amount of salt necessary for a tree
twelve feet in height, is a top dressing of an inch in thickness, ap-
plied in a circuit as far as the limbs of the tree extend.

Potash is also a good manure for the Plum when used in mode-
rate quantities.

The situation of a Plum Orchard should vary with the conve-
nience of the cultivator : but the best locality we have yet seen
is a fowl yard. A piggery is also a good position for a Plum
Orchard if fowls arc allowed to run in it. The Plum will thrive
well and produce large crops if planted near the kitchen-door,
where they can receive a liberal supply of soap suds from the
laundry, and where persons are often passing by, thus keeping
file ground well packed about the trees. This prevents the curcu-
lio from burrowing in the ground beneath the trees, and they seek
some more favorable locality to commit their depredations.

The curculio (Rliyuchaenus — Venuphar) is the principal thing
to contend against in the cultivation of the Plum. In some sec-
tions of the country its depredations have for years destroyed
whole crops of this fruit, and the cultivators were obliged to des-
troy their Plum Orchards and substitute some other varieties of
fruit less subject to tlieir attacks. We have with considerable
minuteness watchd-d tlie habits and customs of the curcu-
lio. The insect is not as large as the common house-fly ; it
lias a sheath, or coat of mail, which encases its wings ; the mo-
rjicnt it is disturbed, it folds up its wings beneath its coat of mail,
and remains motionless, as if it were lifeless. TJiis pest usually
commits its depredations in the night. It can fly, but it usually
climbs up the body of the tree soon after sunset, and by punctur-
ing the green fruit with its sharp proboscis, makes an incision
which subsequently becomes the receptacle of an agg. The
egg, in a few days, assumes the larva form, and eats its way to
the centre, sapping the life of the immature fruit. The curcidio,
after committing its nocturnal depredations, drops to the ground,
and there awaits an opportunity for another sortie.

Thus the benefit of planting a Plum Orchard in the fowl jard,
arises from the fact tliat the fowls keep the earth under the trees
80 well packed, that the curculio cannot burrow under the trees ;

Tht Management, Soil, and Siiv^ation of tht Plum Orchard. 2TT

and another fact connected with this benefit is, that the fowls arc
stirring early, even before sunrise, and as the curculio drop to
the earth, the greedy chickens soon make a morning meal of them.
Following our directions in this respect, as to situation, will en-
sure a full crop of Plums, or, at least, as many as the trees should
bear consistent with health.

Some have recommended the jjlanling of the Plum over water,
which has been tried with success, as the curculio falls in the
early part of the day into the water, and is drowned ; and the
only injury the fruit on these trees receive, is from the few stray
curculio that chance to light upon it during the day.

Tlie Plum is not the only fruit that suffers from the onslaughts of
the curculio ; the Peach, the Nectarine, the Apple, the Cherry, are
all more or less subject to their attacks. All remedies that have
been presci'ibed to prevent the depredations of this insect have
failed. Such articles as lime-water, sulphur, and iron-hoops are
nseless. Mr. Matthews' celebrated curculio remedy seems to have
not been a certain one.

We would respectfully ask Mr. Matthews to explain the modus
operandi " of his method," in the columns of " The Horticultu-
ral Keview."

We close our article by giving a list of the varieties of Plums
worthy of cultivation in every orchard. We class upon our list
the Jefferson as the best and finest flavored Plum upon the whole
list. The next we place upon the list is the Columbia, Washing-
ton, Orange, Huliug's Superb, Coe's Golden Drop, Imperial Gage,
Green Gage, Frost Gage, McLaughlin, Bleeker's Gage, Lawrence's
Favorite, Schenectady, Catharine, Lombard, and Marten's Seed-
ling.

There may be othej- varieties of Plmns worthy of cultivation
generally, but we have not seen them tested.

[The McLaughlin is superior to the Jefferson in every respect
excepting size. The former being somewhat overrated as regards
flavor. To render the above list, recommended by our correspon-
dent, more perfect, we advise the omission of such varieties as
Columbia, Washington, Orange, and Bleeker's Gage, all of them
being more gratifying to the eye than the palate. — Editor.]

218

Information abovJ the Coffee Trer.

AN ERROR CORRECTED, AND SOME INFORMATION
ABOUT THE COFFEE TREE.

BY ISAAC nEAGLES.

An eastern rural paper has recently been regaling its readers
with a story of success having been realized in growing the cof-
fee plant in the State of Maine ; other papers have reiterated the
report, and it is generally received as a piece of truthful informa-
tion. The coffee tree can no more be grown in Maine, as a hardy
plant, than the Orange tree. The only portion of the United
States Avhich has ripened the coffee berry is the State of Florida.
On the higlicr land bordering the Gulf of ]\rexico it could doulH-
Icss be grown with snccoss and ]irofit.

^^^^/^

COGUES ML&lK);i.\G VOW WORK IX TIIK CUiFKE GKOUNDS.

Tlic coffee tree, where indigenous, grows quite large. I have
seen them in Rio Janeiro planted in door-yards for the shade
which they afford. When cultivated for the berry, it is not per-
mitted to grow to a greater height than nine or ten feet, it being
cut back annually. It bears two crops in a year ; the spring
crop, however, is considered the best, being nearly twice the size
of the fall crop.

There is a climbing legu?ninosce plant called chick pea or coffee

Information about the. Coffee Tree.

219

pea — Cicer Arietinmn of botanists. Tliis is doubtless the plant
wliich has been grown in Maine, and described as the cott'ee of
commerce. The difi'erencc between the two is very wide — the
cMcI: pea belonging- to the natural order of plants bearing legumes
— LagumiiMscr. The coffee tree belongs to the natural order
Chinconaca:, and produces its fruit in the shape of an oval, red
berry, containing two seeds each, which is the coffee of commerce.
The berries are dried, and the pulpy portioii is very easily freed
from the seed. In order to give a more correct idea of tlie man-
ner of operating on a coffee plantation, 1 have compiled a cliap-
ter of information derived from the best authorities.

The coffee plant whicli yields the article of commerce, is one of
a dozen species of the like genus, inhabiting various countries
about tiie Tropics. It is the Caffea Arahica of botanists, and be-
longs to the order of Ruli'icea'. From tlic engraving it may be-
seen that in appearance the
coffee plant closely resembles
the Portugal laurel. The flow-
ers assimilate to those of the
jasmine, (as well also in fra-
grance), while the fuU-groAvqi
fruit has the appearance of a
ripe cherr}'.

The plant, if left unculti-
vated, grows in a wild, strag-
gling manner, to about the
height of ten or twelve feet.
In plantations, however, it is
as carefully pruned as any cur-
rant or gooseberry bush in this
country, being kept down or
"topped" when from live to
seven feet high, and only a cer-
tain quantity of the best bear-
ing wood retained. It grows
readily in many soils, at various altitudes, Worn 500 to 4,000 feet
above the level of the sea in tropical countries, but does not yield
abundantly or of fine quality, unless at between 1,100 and 3,500
feet, which on the slope of mountain laud, and with good soil, is
tlie. favorite altitude.

'iSO Information about the Coffet Tru.

A few of the earlier plantations in Ceylon, were formed on low,
flat land, not heavily timbered ; but there they soon ceased to be
productive. Experience proved that to ensure a lasting and pro-
fitable yield, heavy forests, or the upper ranges of mountain land^
or along the undulating slope situated between the many lofty
ranges of hills, should be selected. It is in such positions that
the greater portion of the good Ceylon coffee is now grown, and
which, in commercial language, is called " Plantation," or " Moun-
tain" kind, in contradistinction to the " Native" or inferior sorts
gathered by the Singalese villagers from their wild trees, and
Bent to market with little, if any, care.

Wilder or more beautiful scenes can scarcely be found than
those amidst which the coffee estates of Ceylon are formed. Vast
tracts of land, cleared from huge forest trees, stretching along
the steep sides of mountains, with the unfelled monsters of the
jungle, waving their broad branches to the cold north winds
above ; while below, miles of green " pattena," or prairie-ground,
may be seen winding through the valleys, skirted by low tufts of
oriental underwood ; and dotted over with herds of wild buffalos,
with here and tliere the villagers' cattle quietlj^ grazing. A plan-
tation thus situated, when in full bearing, and with all the usual
buildings ou it, presents a most pictui-esquc appearance, worthy
the pencil of any artist. In its earlier stage, however, it wears a
totally different aspect, and the life of a coffee planter, under such
circumstances, is far from being either easy or agreeable.

Manj' of the best plantations arc situated forty or fifty miles
from the only town in the interior of the island, and a dozen
miles from the smallest native village, with frequently no other
estate for a long distance. To commence operations in felling the
forest, under such circumstances, requires a man of some energy
and resolution. Instances have not been Avanting in which a
young planter thus occupied, has been deserted by every one
of his coolies, from some offence, or through dislike to the spot,
and left unaided in a leaf hut, with nothing but a little dry rice,
and no means of cooking it. On first locating in the depths of
the jungle, to open a new estate, the care ot the superintendent is
to run up a small hut, aboiit eighty feet by six, of boughs, leaves,
and jungle grass, upon the most convenient grassy knoll that can
be found : this is to form his own dwelling-place during the first
six months' operations, and occupies, perhaps, two hours in eirect-

Infarmatwn about the Coffee. Tree. 281

ing. 'Within call from this leafy residence, a long line of build-
ings, of similar construction, is run up before sunset for the coolies
and their native overseers, as well as for tlie planter's single ser-
vant. The first care of the planter is then to select a suitable
spot for the " nursery," in which to raise a sufficient quantity of
young seedlings for yjlanting out at the proper season. This be-
ing found, the ground well turned up, and the seed sown, the
work of felling the forest commences, with the view of securing
as much available land as possible for the plants that will
be ready to put out during the ensuing rains. The operation ol
felling, although apparently a very ordinary affair, is in these
places one requiring considerable judgment, with a view to eco-
nomizing time and labor. Much of not only the cost, but of the
future success of the coffee estate, will depend upon the judicious
" fall" that may be made. Trees here are never cut down singly,
neither indeed are they cut until they fall by the stroke of the
axe ; experience has taught the planter an economical lesson in
this respect. It has been already said that these plantations are
formed on the slopes of mountain forest-land : it is rare, indeed,
that a piece of quite flat ground is met with in tliese precipitous re-
gions. In placing his party of axe-men to work, the planter com-
mences at the base of the hill, and works gradually upwards in a
straight line : two men usually work at each tree, and occasion-
ally, when those are of large size, three axes will be placed at one
trunk. The rapidity and regularity of stroke nf these workmen
is trul)' astonishing ; and a prettier sight can liardly be met with
than a felling party of sixty or a hundred coolies scattered appa-
rently in disorder, but really in great method, and plying ih''
bright, sharp axes as merrily and untiringly as though they wer;-
the merest toys, and had only just commenced. The trees thus
attacked are not, however, cut through sufficiently to make them
fall ; they will be cut about half through, when the ax(Mnen pass
to the next, and so on until the party have maimed a Mhole legion
of trees in a straight line from the base to the brow of the hill.

Then comes the interesting sight, and, to a stranger, a rathei-
alarming one. The whole gang of coolies are mustered together
in a line across the top of this moimtain of wounded forest-kings :
two men to a tree, they stand prepared for action, and at a signal
a whistle, or a blast on a huge conch-shell, away fly the bright
axes, ringing against the stubborn old trees, and this time they

282 Information about the Coffee Tree.

ply imtil the huge things are cut completely through. Then
comes the din of destruction ; this upper rows of wide-spreading
trees totter for a moment on the broken pediments, reel to and
fro like drunken men, and then, with one long chorus of deep^
sounding groans, they topple over on the row beneath, which, in
their turn, though but half cut through, stagger beneath the
pressure from above, and, with many a groan and heavy sigh,
tumble headlong with their vei'dant branches, carrying tlie like
destruction as they go, crashing, and splintering, and thundering
as they bend heavily to the earth. And so the deafening work
goes on, until, like a mighty tempest, the roar has reached the
basement of the mountain side ; and all that is left of that once
lordly forest is a wild steep of ruined, blighted, splintered stumps,
and trunks, and branches.

The next task, and this should be begun at once, is to arrange
the scattered Avreck by applying the axe here and there, so as to
facilitate the passage of the fire when all shall be ready, which
it will be in about three months' time. As the rainy or planting-
season draws nigh, firing commences. There is not anuch skill
or labor wanting in this operation. The superintendent usually
sees the " burn" started, which is, of course, always from the
windward side of the dry mass. It is a brilliant and imposing
sight, towards evening, to watch the many jungle fires through-
out one of these cofiee districts, especially if you happeii to be
traveling tln-ough some quiet valley, and the " burns" are coming
ofif on the mountain slopes far above you. The effect is then very
magnificent, flinging, as they do, a supernatural glare over sky,
and cloud, and forest. And later, too, when these fires have
burnt out, and there remain but so many smouldering heaps of
red flickering ashes, you may see them peering up amidst the
depth of the jungle in the darkness of a thundery night, like the
restless winking eyes of some wild Titan denizens of the forests,
disturbed in tlieir mountain solitudes.

These fires sweep away all the small branches and some of tlie
larger, but not all, the huge trunks being only badly singed and
blackened. So soon as the embers are cold, a party of " loppers"
are placed on the ground with light axes and " catties," or bill-
hooks, with which they trim off every remaining branch ; these
are folUnved by other coolies, whose duty it is to pile all the
lopped wood at certain intervals, where it ia left to dry for

Tnformalio-n about the Coffee, Tree.

283

a time,'and, previously to the planting operation, has to be burnt
oft:

A month or"" so before the first rains commence, and whicli are
there very rcg-ular 'in their approach, " lining and holeing" form

the chief work. A stranger to
this life, scrambling over the
-; rough ground, bewildered
amidst the tangling masses of
trunks of trees, rocks, &c.,
. would imagine it impossible to
plant 100 acres of land with
young coft'ee plants at regular
intervals, or with any approach
to uniformity of distance. It
is done, however, and witli
marvellous rapidity. " Lining
and staking"_^ are accomplish-
ed quickly enough byj^means
of long cords, having cloth
tallies secured to it, at such
intervals as the coffee is to be
planted at. This line being
stretched across the field by
two or three coolies, high above all impediments, other men walk
along, and drive in the ground sharp sticks immediately beneath
each tally on the line. The ground being thus "staked" off,
a party of " holers" follow — this is rather tough work, as stems,
roots, &c., have to be removed from the spot indicated by the
stake, and a hole dug eighteen inches square by the like in
depth.

The first burst of thunder-storms over the hill-tops is the signal
for beginning '' planting," and a right busy time it is ; the whole
force of the plantation is generally placed at this work, it being-
essential to have the plants in as early as possible. The young
seedlings, when first put out from the nursery, are very small and
invisible at a little distance, buried as they are amidst such acres
of huge blackened trees and blasted rocks. The field appears
one black, barren track, so unlike anj'thing approaching u " plan-
tation" us to puzzle strangers not a little. For some months

284 Informatimi about the Coffee Trte.

afterwards the plants are barely visible above the staves and rot-
ting wood ; but in twelve months the estate wears a cheerful
green look, and busy parties of wceders are to be seen going-
over the various fields with their heavy " Dutch hoes" and sharp-
edged " coontanies," witli which they grub up all obstinate
roots.

While tliese early plants are growing, there is no rest for tlie
superintendent. If there are no more fields to be planted, there
are the coolies' lines or sheds to be erected in a permanent way :
his own bungalow to be seen to, on some elevated spot, where a
good look-out can be obtained over the working parties. Lastly,
there are the " works" of securing and preparing the coming
crop : a receiving shed, a pulping-house, a stove, and long range
of paved ground for drying the coffee on, occupy many months,
and occasion an outlay of a good many hundred dollars. These
should be ready for work by the time the plants have reached
their third year, for at that time they give a maiden crop. In the
hands of an active, clever manager, a coffee plantation, in its
third year, will present one of the most picturesque scenes ima-
ginable. The young bushes are then seen to perfection, before
they begin to straggle and need the pruning-knife ; and if they
have been judiciously selected and well ])lanted, they will be as
nearly as possible of equal size.

The daily routine of a planter's life may be thus briefly summed
up : — Daybreak sees him up and accoutred ; and with a cu]) of
thick-looking, black coffee in his hand, he strolls into the veran-
da in front of his bungalow, if he happens to have one, where
the coolies are mustering, tools in hand, read}' for the day's work.
All hands being out, the " check-list," or muster-roll, is called over,
beginning with Mootoo Carpen, and ending with Verasamy. In
this process a quick and ready ear is needed, as it not unfrequent-
ly happens that those present cry out " all right" on behalf of
any absentees, who would otherwise be fined or short paid. Moo-
too considers it no offence to respond on the part of Tamby, and
vice versa. The list being made up, the people are told off' in work-
ing gangs of thirty or forty, under conganies or headmen, who re-
ceive from the manager the orders for the day's work. Whilst
these several parties, numbering together sometimes as many as
three hundred hands, proceed to the fields requiring them, t!ie

Dioscorea Batatas. 285

planter mounts his pony, and gallops to some more remote parts
of the estate, to see how the young* coffee looks, and if labor is
needed elsewhere. Joining- tlie working' g-angs, he remains
amongst them, dismounted, until ten o'clock, having a vigilant
eye to the style of their work, especially if it should be planting
or pruning, or operations at crop-time. From ten to one, the
superintendent passes in the stores, and has his breakfast of curry
and rice. The work-people return home to their meal at eleven*
going into the field again at twelve. At one, the manager re"
mounts and goes over the same ground as in the morning. Once
a month this monotonous life is varied by a trip to Kandy, the
capital, and the interior, whence he brings, on the heads of coolies,
fresh supplies of provisions, tools, clothing, and cash.

Dioscorea Batatas. — In the November number of " The Horti-
cultural Keview," in speaking of the Chinese yam, we remarked
that it was a tropical plant. In cln-onicling this fact, we neglected
to give the additional information that it was sufficiently hardy to
withstand the severe winters of more northern latitudes. In
China it forms one of the chief articles of food ; it can be eaten
either boiled, roasted, or raw. Although it possesses a large
proportion of nutritious matter, we consider it, in this respect, not
equal to the Irish potato. The yam will, undoubtedly, prove an
enormous yielder, as it is one of those peculiar plants which
derive food from the atmosphere, hence it thrives on comparatively
poor soils. One objection, though not insuperable, to cultivating
the yam on an extended scale, is the present mode of increase by
tubers and cuttings. Growing from seed would be more rapid,
but, unfortunately, the plant is dieecious, and but one of the
parents has been introduced to our soil ; therefore resort must be
had to propagating by cuttings, laj'^ers and tubers ; by the former
method, two years is required to produce roots large enough for
culinary purposes. In the meantime, we advise all to try it the
coming season on a limited scale. We shall be pleased to record
the results of the various experiments.

286

Gossip about Fertilizers.

GOSSIP ABOUT FERTILIZERS,

P.Y A. lIEifSRR.

oRTicuLTURE IS a multifoi'm subject and not soon
(exhausted. It has many phases, which are
worthy of attention, but which are not all
equally interesting to a single class of culti-
vators. The wealthy will feel a strong- inter-
est in certain features of the subject, which
the poor man cannot, from the natui-e of the
case. He is not able to purchase such grounds,
or make such preparations, as will be calcu-
lated to bring out to view the strong points of
the art. Hence, some of the best magazines
of Horticulture, English and French, cannot
■ be fully appreciated in tliis country. They

are not relevant to our wants. Such parts however, as
relate to the nature and habits of plants, and to the choice
and mode or application of manures, are always in order
in any climate, or on either side of the Ocean.
If a man have but a small garden, and but little monej' to spend
for labor ; yet if he have some kuoAvledgeof vegetable physiology,
;ind a taste for cultivation, and will consent to be known as an old
digger, his genius will be sure to develop itself. His skill may
be as plainl}' seen, in his treatment of a row of currant bushes, as in
any other way. I have a neighbor in my immediate vicinity,
who cultivates his small garden in a rhea}) and economical man-
ner. I liave been often amused, by (tbserving the process by
which he secures the accomplishment of his ends. He makes much
of forest leaves, which answer a double purpose ; to cover his grape
borders, and straAvberry ]dants, and then the following summer,
to bo put in a proper [)lacc and composted for manure. This is
done efiectually by putting alternate layers of leaves and spent
ashes. Coal ashes, which are usually regarded as a nuisance, are
turned to good account when used in this way. There is, near his

Gossip about I'crfilizrrs. 287

garden, a grove of forest trees, and in late autumn the ground is
thickly strewn with leaves. You will .see him out, on a mild
moist day, with rake in liaud, g-athcring up the volant encumbran-
ces, and at night the lawn appears like a meadow studded with
liay-cocks. After lying a day or two, they become somewhat com-
pact, and can then be easily removed to the garden. These leaves
when decayed, and reduced with ashes, or lime, are the best of
aliment for fruit trees, and all kinds of garden shrubs and straw-
berries. The " Lawton" blackberries are splendid, when treated
with this fare. That part of the garden, however, which is allotted
to the growing of vegetables for kitchen use, will do best when
furnished with strong manures from the stable.

My friend also was careful to have a large rough box, or an old
hogshead, obtained for a shilling or two, at the hardware or crock-
ery store, which is put in a convenient place, not too far distant,
and filled with rotted leaves, or swamp muck, with pulverized
charcoal, and a small part uf plaster, or ashes, or lime thoroughly
air slaked. It was deemed essential, that tlie materials be ab-
sorbent. The domestics then had their instructions, and it was
made the reservoir of all the slops which were not too dilute. At
first, the question arose, Avhether the result of all this process was
sufficient to compensate for the trouble. But when the fruits came
out to view, in their appointed succession, and Avere seen in their
uimsual luxuriance, and were submitted to that last and satisfac-
tory ordeal, the taste, we alluwed at once, that "the problem was
solved." If he were planting grape vines, and was about to make a
border for the purpose, he deemed it true economy to make it ac-
cording to some judicious plan. You might see boys in his cm-
ploy gathering up bones and old boots and shoes and all such like
refuse. If a slioe-maker lived near, the chips and sweepings of
his shop which had been thrown into tlie gutter, were reclaimed
and appropriated. The feet of cattle and sheep from the slaughter
house were also obtained, and which cost nothing Ijut the expense
or trouble of gathering ; these are abundant in nitrogen, which be-
comes well developed in a few months' time, and affords a rich
pabulum for the wants of the plant. Time should be given for the
alimentary substance to be incorporated with the earth before
the roots of the vine penetrate the mass. The precise manner,
(modus operandi if you please), in which nitrogen administers nu.

288

Gossip about Fertilizers.

trition, is not very obvious. But Professor Norton, and other
chemists, have demonstrated that its presence is indispensable.
The decaying bones also furnish the phosphate of lime, which is
largely an essential clement of the grape vine, which has been
shown repeatedly by analysis. Should any one wish to investigate
the subject, I would recommend that he peruse Professor Norton's
" Prize Essay," which may be found in the " Transactions" of the
N. Y. State Ag. Soc. for (I think) 1850. And with respect to a
judicious treatment of plants and vines under glass, the second
part of Lindley's Theory of Horticulture, is equal, or superior to
anything in the English language. A. MESSER.

THE LOMBARDY POPLAR.

BY AX OLD DIGGER.

AN tlie mania for Lombardy Poplar be revived ?
Mr. Lewis F. Allen has in a recent number of
the Horticulturist, taken it upon himself to be-
come the exponent of that lackadaisical tree, the
Lombard}' Poplar. Li the commencement of
his article, he remarks, " Man is a capricious
animal." To verify this erudite apothegm he
proceeds to state, his (man) having abandoned
the Lombardy Poplar, as evidence to the con-
viction, he calls the introduction of new species
of trees "fashion." Mr. Allen is either the victim of an unfortu-
nate prejudice, or he is ignorant of the natm'c of the Lombardy Pop-
lar, and the advancing strides the science of arboriculture is
making in America. 1 should not have taken notice of the article
in question, were it penned bj' a man of lesser notoriety in the
horticultural community than friend Allen.

In the first place, he endeavours by dulcet persuasion and graphic
description, to prove that the poplar is an elegant and pictur-
esque tree. This, at once, says tlie gentleman is no artist ; true
art does not recognize aught in nature as tributary to beauty or

The Lombardy Poplar. 289

grace, that is composed of straight lines ; so true is this fact, that
our genuine artist has the greatest abhorrence of everj'thing that
is stiff and formal. There may be situations in which a Lombardy
Poplar can contribute harmony, the imagination is not ade-
quate to resurrect the spot, and therefore I await the advent of
some fortunate chance whicli sliall make the disclosure, lie fur-
ther remarks, that their utmost excellence is attained, " when shoot-
ing up their taper lieads here and there among other trees, like the
tall spires of churches among wide blocks of houses, giving variety,
point and character to a finished picture." That's a picture, is it ?
— a pointed picture, we are told — a finished picture ! shade of
Hogarth ! what is to become of the ixirahol ?

" The Lombardy Poplar," again remarks the profound expositor of
beauty "is a universal tree'' to which I will answer, so is the pig-
weed a universal weed — and a universal nuisance. " It throws up
no suckers" Indeed, now, friend Allen, 3'ou uttered that sentence
in a very positive manner. If you will come to Albany I will show
a tree so completely invested by suckers, that only a single branch
of the original tree gets nourishment enough to retain the vital
spaik. The Lombardy Poplar is notorious for suckers, it is di-
aecious. The Creator when he made trees whose fecundating organs
were distributed male and female on separate trees, very wisely
provided another method of perpetuating their species in case the
two sexes were not in juxtaposition. As a natural result, all
disecious trees tlu'ow up suckers from the root, or are readily prop-
ogated by cuttings of the root, or branch. Only the male tree of
the Lombardy Poplar has ever reached America.' One may ask, " if
the Lombardy Poplar is not ornamental, if it is not useful for tim-
ber, why should it have an existence ?" I consider it a special
provision for the country to which it is indigenous, being pecu-
liar to a mountainous district, where other species would scarce
exist, hence its rapid growth may be considered fortuitous ; another
reason is, mountainous countries do not have their valleys over-
blest with sunshine, owing to the Icnghtened shadows cast by inter-
vening hills. It is therefore apparent that if their forest trees
were of the sprawling kind, not even a stray sunbeam would reach
terra firma unless the trees were denuded of foliage, Mr. Allen
should associate more particularly Avith the progressive influences
of the age, and not endeavour to hew out original suggestions

290

Ji'cio Buildins Moterijil.

ill the risk of forfeiting liis well earned life-time reputation for
rural skill. I cannot conceive why that article was written, un-
less from a cliivalric magnanimity to do battle tor the weak and
neglected, the same as knights in the olden time performed won-
derful feats of daring in the cause of unprotected damsels.

[ Wc admitted the above article to our columns, because it redded
of wholesome truths, at the same time wc deprecate the writer's
style of expression. We would suggest for the benefit of future
contributors who have antagonistic views to promulgate, to select
more courteous speech. Ed.]

NEW BUILDING MATERIAL.

BY H. G. BULKLEV.

Ew Building Material. Under this head in the
January number of the " Review," I notice
that of Fresscd Sand Brich.

On investigation, Iiowever, it will be per-
ceived that this " NcAv Building Material" has
been long used in the construction of gravel
or concrete houses.

I built two Gothic cottages of this material
in 1848, which have stood well, notwithstand-
ing a part of the work was done hj a perfect
ignoramus, under tlie pretension of a pro-
fessed mason.

These buildings being then new in this region, attracted no lit-
tle attention, and were the subject of many remarks. Among
those whose especial attention was attracted, was that of Mr. 0.
S. Fowler, of your cit}', while passing tlu'ough the west as a lec-
turer ; and to whom I explained the modus operandi of their con-
struction. Mr. F. has since built one or more houses on this plan,
and, I understand, has published a work on tliis mode of build-
ing-

Instead, therefore, of sand brick being a new building material,
it is only another and more expensive mode of building frame or con-
crete houses, while using precisely the same material.

New Building Material. 291

The mode, as I practised it in 1848, for making concrete build-
ings, and the one then stated to Mr. Fowler, had its objections.

By snch mode it was quite difficult to keep the walls straight
and perpendicular ; to set the door and window frames, and keep
them in their true position until the walls were hard ; also to
keep the moulds in their places, as well as to raise them when
filled without injury to the walls ; and to protect the walls from
storms while in the process of being constructed.

But I have since discovered a remedy for some of these difficul-
ties in the construction of concrete houses ; and in order to com-
pare or cmitrast the concrete with sand brick, as a valuable and
cheap material for building, I will give you the plan.

In the first place, put up what is called a balloon frame, with a
double row of studding (at any desirable distance apart j on the
outside ; and put in all of the door and window frames, and
make them fast to the studding.

Spike all of the joice to the studding, to keep everything in
its place, and the building stifi" and perpendicular. Put on the
roof at ofl.ee, which will shelter the walls from injury- by rain, while
being moulded, and allow the moulding to progress even in damp
or wet weather.

With some hand-screws or other device fasten some boards
(say one foot wide) to the outside of this double row of studding,
and fill the space between with this mortar, or concrete material.
The distance between the rows of studding determines the thick-
ness of the walls.

As soon as the mortar is set in the moulds loosen the screws ;
raise the moulds, and fill again, until the walls arc completed.

The studding will, in most places, cost no more than the mor-
tar to fill the space, while they keep the walls straight and per-
pendicular, and prevent their falling by their own weight before
being fully set or dry. When the walls are dry, the studding will
do no good or harm.

The outside of the building should be covered with a good
stucco, and blocked ofi' in imitation of granite, marble, or free-
stone, to suit the taste of the proprietor.

The mortar for the concrete should be made of good clear gra-
vel and sand, with only lime sufficient to fill the spaces in
the sand. Too much lime weakens the concrete, wliile a want of

292 New Building Material.

lime to fill the spaces in the sand and gravel will prevent
cohesion.

The lime should be thoroughly slacked before mixing with the
sand, or pieces of lime will slacken in the wall, and by expansion
will injure the wall, and prove a waste of lime.

But the last, and " not least," important matter in making good
concrete is to have the materials thoroughly mixed before placing
them in the moulds. This is rarely, if ever, well performed in
mixing mortar either for concrete or brick walls, or for plaster-
ing. It is hard work to mix mortar by hand ; and sufficient time
is not devoted to mix it properly.

To remedy this difficulty, I have invented a machine for mixing
mortar by horse-power, with a view of obtaining a patent. This
machine can be constructed at an expense of $10 to $20, accord-
ing to size ; and by the aid of one or two horses and a stout boy,
it will mix as much mortar in a day as six to ten men, and mix-
ing the mortar at least ten times as much as it is ever mixed by
hand, thus saving labor and lime (the more it is mixed the less
lime is required), and making a much stronger concrete or valua-
ble mortar for other uses.

Besides, this machine may be used to draw the sand from the
sand-bed, or deposite, to the building, mixing the mortar perfectly
in its transit ; and requiring but a small amount of extra power
in thus transporting it.

Now for the comparative expense of building with concrete
and sand brick, and the real permanency, value, and beauty of
the two when completed : —

In the sand brick, cohesion takes place as the result of
great pressure : while in concrete, cohesion takes place naturally
by the use of liquid lime, properly mixed with the gravel
and sand.

In the case of sand brick, the sand and lime are mixed
by hand, placed in a mould, subjected to a great pressure in
an expensive machine, removed and left to harden in a position
to secure it from injury by storms, &c., and then laid into the
wall with no small expense and skill in order to make even
a building of tolerable strength and beauty ; while the mortar of
the concrete is mixed by horse-power, and shoveled at once into
the moulds, in wliich it performs its own pressing and drying, and

Probable Characters to be loolced for in a seedling Pear-iree. 293

cementing- itself into one conglomerated rock, already laid int o
the walls, and by the addition of a stucco, is for ever painted in
80 good an imitation of granite (or other stone) as, in some in-
stances, to excel in beauty even the granite itself.

Any further information will be given with pleasure on appli-
cation.

Kalamazoo, Mich.

PROBABLE CHARACTERS TO BE LOOKED FOR
IN A SEEDLING PEAR TREE.

/. de Jonghe, Brussels.

T is by no means a difficult task to discover

in a seedling Pear-tree the indication of its

Sf HHM!^^^^ probable worth. It is only necessary to observe

/ mmS^^^Wm^ the characteristics of five or six good varieties

raised in the end of the last centurj^, which

<^y have been worked on the Pear stock, and

>fX which bear good fruit when the trees are placed

in the conditions required for producing well. It

is then, also, that the characters are displayed to

the fullest extent in the stem, in the branches, in

the shoots, the wood, the' fruit, and the leaves.

Once these characters are understood, it is easy
to discover them in seedlings, and the estimation of
the value of one of these, becomes a matter regulated by skillful
investigation. Nevertheless, it is necessary to state that these
characters are much more prominent in the more recently improved
sorts, and are therefore more easily recognised and placed beyond
doubt.

An experienced practitioner finds the first indications of a prom-
ising seedling in the seed leaves. If these have long petioles, and
are themselves long, narrow, of a delicate green, and deeply
serrated at the margin, with the surface finely and delicately ret-
iculated, there is a good prospect ; if on the contrary, the petiole
is short and thick, the leaf round, thick, without serratures, white

294 Priihable Cluirocters to be looked for in a Seedling Pear-tree,

or cottony, without distinct reticulations, on the surface, there is
not much chance of the seedling; proving good. If the plumule,
on becoming a stem, is short jointed and forms wood buds of a
conical shape, at one foot above the soil, it is a good sign. If on
a grey-hazel, or pale greenish brown coloured bark, grey ash-
coloured specks are here and there visible, it is a still better sign-
If on the contrary, the seedling has a stem which does not bear
itself erect, and has distorted irregular branches at unequal dis-
tances, no confidence can be placed in it. These marks rarely occur
at the present time among seedlings raised from the more recently
improved varieties of the Pear. A smooth shining bark, soft to
the touch, of a brown, hazel, lead color, fawn, or reddish, the whole
sprinkled more or less closely with pale specks, or lenticular
glands, it is also considered to be a favorable indication ; so it is
likewise when the mature wood of the one-year-old shoots breaks
clean. It is not, however, in the first or second year that one can
judge of a seedling by its characters ; for these are more distinct-
ly marked in the second year after transplanting. The best time
for making camparative observations is at the fall of leaf. It will
then be seen that promising seedlings have leaves posessiug the
good characters above described, and a moderately thick stem,
furnished with large prominent well swelled wood-buds.

It will also be observed that some of the seedlings have pro-
duced shoots forming wide angles, or are spreading ; others spui'S,
some slender fruit-bearing twigs ; others short spines on the stem
and on the branches, which are fui'nished with four or five promi-
nent wood buds. Two or three well formed leaves, and a large
plump terminal bud will be perceived at the extremity of each of
the slioots. A disposition to bear spines is, in general, the surest
sign of the beauty, delicacy, and long keeping of the fiuit. The
contrary opinion is generally maintained : but it can o\\\y be con-
sidered as an old fashioned prejudice. In fact, at the present day
it is generally admitted that fine, smooth, spineless wood betoken
a summer fruit. Wood with thick downy leaves is the sign either
of a musky summer pear, or of a winter stcAving pear. I know of
only one exception to what has been stated respecting downy
leaves, and that is those of that variety called the Comte de Flan,
dres ; but this variety, on the other hand, possesses all the other
characters of a good winter fruit. In this case it may be said there

Probable. Characters to be looked for m a Seedling Pear-tree. 295

is no rule without exception. Fine spines along the branches and
young- shoots, the latter weak and twisted, form an assemblage o^
characters of bad omen, especially when these characters continue
to be reproduced in the upper part of the tree. But the worst char-
acter of all is a bad habit of growth, either as regards the stem or
the branches, and when, at the same time, the latter are straggling,
short, weak, and crooked. Luckily these characters do not occur
in seedlings from good varieties.

Besides the favorable signs already enumerated, the following
are found in seedlings of five years old : — 1st, A straight stem suf-
ficiently strong to maintain itself in an upright position without
support. 2d, Lateral branches and shoots of moderate vigor,
without being either too slender or too thick, and of moderate
length, with their extremities pointing upwards 3d, Spines regu-
larly distributed on the stem as well as on the lateral branches ;
these spines are long or short according to where they are pro-
duced, and furniphed with prominent wood buds throughout their
length ; they are placed perpendicularly, are well fixed on the sur-
face of the branch, and wrinkled at their bases. 4th, The leaves
either of a light or dark green, are finely shaped, rather long than
round, not folded, either perfectly flat, or with the margins slightly
elevated, and the apex recurved, the finest leaves on current year's
shoots being furnished with stipulary leaves. The tissue of the
leaves is compact, the skin thin, the incisions regular and deep.
The nerves are prominent, the mid-rib strong and straight, extends
from the petiole to the apex of the leaf. The petiole is long and
slender. 5th, The wood buds, which are reddish brown, or gray,
are neither too much nor too little developed, neither too much
compressed nor too long, and not placed on the surface but based
on projecting supports. 6th, The internodes between the wood
buds are not long ; but those between the fruit buds are shorter
than those others by half, that is about half an inch in length or
even less.

The above are characters of good presage, and even of a fine
and long keeping fruit ; indeed, it has been established, by repeated
experiments made by the late Van Mons, that the longer the sow-
ing of seeds of the best of every successive generation of Pears is
continued , the greater is the tendency of the fruit produced to keep
long, to impiove in form, and io increase in delicacy.

296 Probable Characters to be looked for in a Seedling Pear-tree

The spines should not extend on the stem and branches higher
than 5 or 6 feet from the ground, especially if the seedling ap-
pears naturally inclined to take the form of a dwarf pyramid.
The higher the tree, the more rare the spine, and ultimately they
entirely disappear.

These observations may guide tlie cultivator in the selection of
seedlings before the third transplanting. Ifis in the second year
after the third transplantation that the indications of the future
worth of the tree are displayed to the close observer in the most
striking manner. In a promising seedling the whole habit of the
tree is pleasing to the eye, and clearly indicates that the period
of full growth and of fructification is at hand.

(The preceding article, is from the Gardeners' Chronicle. Amateurs
who contemplate, or who are engaged in producing new varieties
of pear from seed, can glean from it many valuable facts. We
have ourselves, originated several varieties of plum from seed,
and our experience is conviucing, that out of a seed bed containing
several thousand plants, selections can be made with a positive
certainty of receiving superior fruit when a crop ensues, simply
by becoming familiar with certain external peculiarities which
invariably individualize all trees that offer good fruit. These ex-
traneous characteristics are more apparent in the plum, than in
the pear, peach, or apple. In no instance — out of several hundred
seedlings that we have fruited, has a tree that bore the marks of
a wilding, born fruit other than that of a primitive description-
The subject is worthy the attention of Horticulturists. Ed.)

Address delivered hefore the Fruit Grower^ Society. 29t

ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE FRUIT GROWERS SOCIETY, AT
ROCHESTER, N. Y.

BY J. J. THOMAS.

HE first annual assembling: of the Fruit Growers' Society
of Western New York— a Society occupying a field unex-
celled in its present products, and in its promise of future
_ results, suogests many considerations for our action ; and

i^l^lsj^ I ^^^ with the hope of presenting some useful, if not new sugges-
if^^ih. I a I tions. I propose to offer a few remarks.

In performing a journey, it is always interesting to as-
cend occasionally an cleyated point in our road, from
which we may survey our progress — and from the exten-
sive view aff'orded us, o])serve at a glance the nature of
the road we have passed— and what is still more interest-
ing perhaps, endeavor to ascertain what we shall he likely
to meet with in the course of our future journey. Equally
interesting is it, to trace the past course and progress of
th.^ delightful art. of which we have to-day met to pro-
mote advancement.— that of Pomology. And, of course,
any glimpses of its future history, which we may be able
to get tlirough the reflected light of the past, will be
caught with eagerness.

A number of us will doubtless remember what was the
general condition of fruit culture more than thirty years ago. The great majori-
ty of our land-owners had planted fruit trees, it is true, at that comparatively
early period— the appetite for their delicious products, — which is scarcely less
universal than the appt tite for money. — showed itself conspicuously in the early
history of Western New York. But common orchards then, would hardly satisfy
modern adepts in fruit culture. Of the apjjles generally cultivated, there wereno
higher claims to excellence, than that they are "grafted fruit "—all kinds being
comprehended under the two distinctive names, natural and grafted. _ The few
scattered cheiTy ti-ees consisted of •' sour-cherries " and '• English cherries," with
sometimes a raVe mixture of "Maydukes " and •' Oxhearts." We had also two
sorts of plums. '• the Blue plum," with its several shades of variation, and all
green or yellow plums, however worthless, under the imposing and comprehensive
name of " Green Gage ;'- while in the more rustic districts, the only distinction
was " wild plums " and " tavie plums" — tame enough, indeed, some of them.
Very few had even heard of a nectarine or apricot. A cultivated strawberry bed
was a great rarity, and this delicious fruit was only sought wild in the fields and
woods, at ten times the labor of raising and gathering in gardens. There was one
valuable fruit then, iu which, I am sorry to say, but little improvement has been
made, except in its greatly increased size and quality by cultivation, and this is
the currant, which is perhaps the most easily raised, most hardy, and at its period
of maturity the most valuable of all fruits. .

These remai'ks apply to ordinary instances and to general practice. There
were, here and there, most worthy exceptions of individuals, who in the face of
great difficulties,— difficulties which have now happily almost disappeared,— who
with untiring perseverance had colh'Cted many of the improved varieties, which
even now stand among our most admired and delicious sorts. Some of us rem«m-
ber when the Sweet Bough, Early Harvest, Fall Pippin, Spitzenburgk, Swaar, Rhode
Island. Greening. Seek-no-further, Ramho. Yellow Bell-flower, and a few others com-
prised the principal standard varieties of our best orchards. We had not then
added the Astrachan, Benoni, Sops of Wine, Early Joe, Gravenstein, Dyer, Belmont^

298 Address delivered hcforf. the Fruit Grotcers' Society.

Melon, Peck's Pleasant, Spy, Hawley, Wagener, and other excellent sorts. The se lee
tion of the other fruits in those rare collections, contained some of the most valu-
able varieties, and which we may not be able to excel for a long time to come —
Buch for instance among the pears, a? Seckel, Bar/hit. and JDoyeiine ; and the true
Green Gage among the plums. It must be admitted that ot late years we have
greatly increased the number of really excellent sorts, and as a consequence, en-
larged the opportunity for selecting those best adapted to our several localities,
and for a uniform supply in our varying seasons. Who would not most willingly
spend years of labor in making collections, for the sake of finding three new ap-
ples fully erjual to the Fall Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, and Baldwin, in their
most valuable qualities! Or three such pears as the Bartlett, Flemish Beaniy, uid
Louise Bonne of Jersey !

Some of us are familiar with the early progress of our nurseries. It was less
than twenty years ago that I first visited one near this city, and then occupying
six acres of ground in all,— or rather it was intended to occupy six acres when
they were all planted. Last summer I again spent half a day in its examination.
— it had now spread itself over nearly three hundred acres — the trees it contained
were counted by millions — and its fame was over the civilized world. This is but
one. however, of several of great extent and eminent celebrity, in this and our
neighboring cities. Twenty years ago. all the nurseries within ten miles of Roch-
ester, did not amount, in the aggregate, to fifty acres — now they cover densely at
least t^velve hundred acres, and they send out annually, of full-grown nursery
trees, (to say nothing of seedlings and ornamentals,) at least five millions in
number. Oui- other cities and towns, in which Syracu.se and Buffalo are conspic-
uous, have witnessed a groat increase in the extent of their nurseries.

But it is not in the extent, merely, in which there has been a great improve-
ment. Their character for accuracy, and for their choice selections of sorts, has
advanced in a most gratifying manner, as compared with the character of some
that existed before Pomology had made much progi-ess in Western New York. I
speak from experience, when I say, that of some large collections of trees obtain-
ed from highly respectable sources, (and I allude more particularly to one or two
establishments not now existing.) not one fourth were found true to name, or else
worthy of cultivation. I could occupy an hour in relating the disappointments
that occurred year after year, in procuring different varieties, after waiting years
for the trees to bear. But it is gratifying to pass from such discoiu-aging instan-
ces, to the great improvement which has been made in all highly respectable estab-
lisliments, by the adoption of specimen or bearing trees to propogate from, and
for the prevention of the enors, which, before this precaution was adopted, were
s^o numerous. All nirrserymen of character now ex^pect to see for themselves the
correctness of the sorts they propogate — and not depend on some other person, —
who depends perhaps on a third, and he on a fourth, and so on through a chain as
long as the pedigree of a nobleman or of a jjrize animal.

We have now arrived at our present point in a very rapid progre.ss — our coun-
try is full of fine nurseries, and facilities for conveyance enable us to select our
place for purchase any where within a thousand miles : orchards in great numbers
are yearly set out ; and we might reasonably look tor an immense profusion of
the best fruit within a few years. Nothing of the kind, certainly, would be more
cheering than to see every family m tlie land well supplied with the best fruits
throughout the year — it would certainly prove a most interesting auxiliary in the
advancement of domestic enjoyment and in increasing the attractions of home, if
every one had the resources with themselves for this supply. But unfortimatcly.
we see but comparatively little good fi'uit among the people at large, except at
the most abundant seasons of the year. How many, lor example, enjoy plenty of
oiu: best pears — with the exception oi two or three of the most common sorts, for
a few brief weeks at furthest'.' How many are supplied with a full dish of straw-
berries on e-sery table during the strawberry season ? But when we come to look
at the whole yearly circle of fruits — the succession which may be had, by select-
ing not only a proper assortment for lipeuiug during the ordinary fruit season,
but for the long mouths of winter and the destitute period of spring, — where shall

Address delivered before the Fruit Growers' Society. 299

we find such a supply, except in tbe commouest sorts of the winter apples, and
occasionally a few rare specimens of pears? How many, among all the members
of this Society, who may be well supposed to stand at the head of information
and intelligence on this Eul'ject. among a numerous people in an unexcelled fruit-
growing district, have ever seen a single barrel of well-ripened winter pears on
the opening of spring ".' Where then are the hundreds of thousands of people
embraced within our district, to procure anything like a supply of the long keep-
ing varieties of this delicious fruit ? How long, at the present rate will it be,
before the market will be overstocked by such sorts as the Lawrence, Prince's^ St.
Germain, Doyenne d-Hiver. and Emfer Beurre ? We might as well attempt to dip
all the water out of the Genesee river with an egg shell, as to think cf filling up
the demand of onr wide counti-y and populous cities, which would be created,
were they only known, for these delicious and wholesome luxuries, with the few
trees that are already planted.

But there is another reason why we have so limited a supply of fruit, notwith-
standing the millions of trees that have been set out. This reason is the bad
treatment which they afterwards receive. The subject is a most interesting one
to fruit-growei's. Doubtless a gi-eat many perish by careless transplanting, — by
mutilating the roots in digging them up, by exposure of the roots to the sun, air
and frost, and l»y hasty and imperfect setting out. But the gi'eatest of all losses,
— nay, that which causes more loss than everything else together, is the neglected
and deficient culture vSubsequently received. — Much has been said on this subject :
but a great deal more will be needed, I fear, before the evil is corrected. Five
million trees are set out annually from the nurseries here ; yet I am satisfied from
observation, that if instead of the five million as now treated, — if only half a mil-
lion were set out annually and treated in the best manner, this half million would
produce more and better fruit in ten years, than the five million, two to one. No
one can appreciate the importance of good cultivation who has not seen trees
managed in both ways standing side by side. I have just cut these two shoots
from young bearing peach trees, planted out at the same time, of the same varie-
ty, on land precisely alike. One of them stands on grass land and has received
no cultivation, and as a consequence the growth the past season has been only
eight inches. The other grew beside a piece of ground kept clear of weeds and
grass on one side by a coating of old straw and manure, the manure not mixed
with the soil, and the growth is lour feet eight inches. [The shoots described
wete here exhibited.] This aftbrds a most striking contrast ; but I can assure you
I have often seen as great a difference in trees allowed simply to grow in grass on
one band, and with a soil kept clean and mellow by tillage on the other, and with
no other difference. The question is perhaps more easily asked than answered,
why it is that while no farmer would think of planting a field of corn to grow
among the grass of a meadow, there are so many who will place valualile young
trees, which have cost them more than a hundi-ed times as much as the corn they
have planted, in the midst of a dense grass sod? Or, who, having once planted
them in good soil wholly abandoned them to weeds? However, dear-bought ex-
perience is enforcing its lessons, and good cultivation is becoming more frequent
and better under.stood.

In connection with tills subject, allow me to point out one error which prevails
with some who do not forget the want of theii" yoimg orchards. This is the prac-
tice, not uncommon, of working the soil well at the foot of the trunk, but not ex-
tending the operation far enough off. The distance that the roots of trees extend,
is found to be about equal to the ^vhole height of the stem and branches. As a
single proof of this, now at hand, I have cut from a tree in a young peach or-
chard, which stood in grass without cultivation, seven feet from the bed of straw
and manui'e already spoken of, one of its shoots which measures 2 feet 5 inches
long ; and from another tree, 15 feet distant, this shoot which measui'es 14 inches
long ; while from the trees more remote, the growth is only 8 inches. [The shoots
were here exhibited.] The trees are about ten feet high, and this example shows
that they throw off their roots to a distance ot lifteeu feet, and are benefited by
good soil there. Hence the great error of attempting good culture in a small
circle around each tree.

300 Address delivered before the Fruit Growers' Society.

It was an old belief, (now becoming quite antiquated with intelligent persons,)
that the planter of trees was not to expect crops in his own life time — that he
planted only for his children. No doubt this opinion originated in the slow pro-
gress made by neglected young trees. For if a tree makes but eight inches of
growth in a season, as in the case just exhibited, and none in grass or grain field
can be ex"pected to do much more, it would require at least seven years for such
a tree to make the progi'ess attained in a single year under the best culture. I
have taken the pains, the present season, to measure the products of a few apple
trees, set out about six years ago, then two years from the graft. The Roil
had but one light manuring for many years, and was naturally more sterile than
most of our common farm soils. But it had been kept under good clean cultiva-
tion. Two of the Dyer apple bore each a basket and two thirds ; a Baldwin yield-
ed three bushels and a half ; a tree of the Minister, three bu.shels : a Belmont, two
years older, bore five bushels ; and a Northern Spy, eight years transplanted into
a large hole containing a portion of compost, bore nine bushels. I could furnish
many other instances of a similar character and equally striking, had the crops
been measured. Some years since, a row of twenty peach trees, the ground hav-
ing been kept cultivated and free from all other growth, bore the third summer
from transplanting, about one peck each, and one of them bore about three pecks
of peaches. Now, these are not extraordinary instances, and they are merely
fiirnished to show what may be often reasonably expected when proper atten-
tion is given to cultivation.

Now. no one can justly say that the cost of cultivation is too great for general
practice, provided an arrangement is made for horse-cultivatiou. which should
always be the case with every considerable plantation, in this land of high-priced
labor. No farmer complains of the cost of cultivating an acre of corn or pota-
toes, or can'ies his complaiats so far as to propose to let these crops wholly take
care of themselves after planting, as many do with their costly young trees. Yet
it is much easier to keep an acre of land in trees clean and well pulverized, than
an acre of corn and potatoes, for there are usually only a hundred or two of trees,
which may be easily work about with plow or harrow ; while there are three or
four thousand corn or potato hills, every one of which requii'es separate attention.
By keeping the ground clear of all vegetable growth in an orchard or fruit gar-
den, whether it be a planted crop, or a self-sown^crop of weeds, which is the best
and most profitable coui'-se, (unless it be sometimes that a green crop for manure
may be advisable)— by adopting this coiu'se. five or six dollars an acre are all that
need be required, where one or two plowings and five or six harrowings are given
armually. — aflbrding an almost incredible supply of the necessaries, comforts, and
luxuries of life combined ; while without such cultivation, perhaps not a fifth
part of the same real value would be afforded. How strange that any one should
attempt to save the few by wasting the hundreds ! Squandering the dollars to
save the cents, most emphatically ! But it is needless to dwell longer on the sub-
ject.

In addition to the more common objects for our labors. — assisting in the selec-
tion of the best fruits, in disseminating them more generally, and in promoting
skillful cultivation, — there is another field which has hardly been entered as yet,
except by a very few, but which is well worthy of our attention. I allude to the
raising of new varieties, not by hap-hazard merely, but by carefully directed, sci-
entific labor.

But some one is perhaps ready to exclaim, '• ^Tiy, we have too many sorts al-
ready ! We are already bewildered by the interminable lists of varieties before
the public — our object should be to reduce, not increase the number."' This may
be true to a great extent ; but what we want is a V>etter quality than we now
h^ve ; we wish to cast away the whole multitude of poor sorts, and get better
ones. It is true, that we have a vast number, almost worthy of cultivation ; but
we want so rich a list to select from, that we shall have not only those adapted to
different localities, difterent seasons, different purposes, different appetites, and to
a complete succession throughout the difterent months of the year, but we want
all these to be of such undoubted, unmistakable excellence and general value.

Address delivered before the Fruit Growers' Society. 301

that there shall be no hesitation whatever in adoptinof them. It is a hard thing
to find such a fruit. When the first Congress of fruit growers met in New York
in 18-t8. a committee of nine was selected from the members to present a list of
the best fruits for general cultivation, three negative votes in the committee be-
ing enough to reject any !=ort. And what was the result ?

How many among the thousand varieties of pears would seven out of nine of
this committee agree upon, to present to the Congress as worthy of general culti-
vation ? After ample deliberation, they could agi-ee on only eleven ; and there
were only in-o that did not have any difisenting votes, and these two were the
Seckel and Bartldl.

Neither do I propose raising new .sorts in this country for the pui-pose of dis-
couraging the importation of new foreign varieties. I do not thinli a fruit is
any better or any worse for having been brought '■ a thousand briny leagues " for
adoption here. I hold the inherently wise as well as time-honored rule, that
every tree is to be judged by its fruits — by its intrinsic worth, whether Europe or
America is the place of its origin. By this rule we all pronounce the older for-
eigners, the Bartlett. Virgalieu, Louise Bonne, of Jersey, and Flemish Beauty, and
such newer amvals as the Bostiezer. Giffm-d. and Beurre d' Anjou, as worthy com-
panions of the Seckel. the Tyson, the Brandywine, the Washington, Sheldon, and
l^anrence, and other native Americans ; while among the apples, the Astrachan,
Dyer, and Gravesiein. will compare well with our Melon, Haioley, SpUzenburgh, and
Swaar.

The truth is, we have a long road to travel before we reach a perfect list of
fruits ; and we need all the assistance we may be able to procure from all sources.
It is true that much laljor is required to produce even a small result ; Van Mons
devoted a lifetime, and Knight obtained but few new and excellent sorts ; but
Van Mons adopted a most tardy and laborious process, and Knight made a bad
selection of parents tor crossing, in his experiments, especially with peai'S.

But it must be remembered that we have as yet in this country, but few labor-
ers in the field ; yet these few have had their labors generally well rewarded. I
•>A()uld ask our friends. Elwanger & BaiTy. if bringing into existence such a fine
strawberry as the Genesee, does not amply repay them for their care and attention?
Burr's Seedling, of Ohio, and Hovey's Seedling, of Boston, have become renowned
tlu-oughout the whole country, and are now cultivated in many thousand fine
gardens. New sti-awberrics. it is true, are raised with great facility, every berry
from a pistillate impregnated by a staminate containing seeds that are a cross of
the two sorts. Dr. Kirtland. of Cleveland, and Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia,
have both been eminently successful — the former with the cherry, and the latter
with the raspberry. Governor Wood, is regarded by many as the best cherry in
the world : I)r. Brinckle's Orange, lias been pronounced the most valuable of all
raspberries. Would not such excellent results repay years of toil ' Now sup-
pose that instead of half a dozen experimenters, we had at least one or two
t housand, would we not in a few years see some wonders springing into existence ?
We should, of course, be deluged with new sorts, but every one not possessing
f ininent superiority would soon die a natural death, while those of high merit
would rapidly find their way into the world.

We much need in this country, ex]3eriments in raising new apples and pears.
If we had a thousand operators, what might we not expect from a thousand cross-
es made by each, or a million crosses in all, from such apples as the Swaar with
its richness, and the Baldwin with its productiveness ; or the Dyer with its deli-
cacy, and Gravenstein with its vigor ; or the Early Joe with its refreshing juiciness,
with the Sovs of Wine with its fine growth and fairness? What interesting results
would be looked for in a hundred thousand seedlings from the huge Onondaga
crossed with the delicious Seckel, the Bartlett with the Tyson, the Madeleine viith the
Brandywine, or the Winkfield with the Winter Kelts ? What a privilege would it
not be to range in such a collection of trees when ripening their first crops of new
existences !

We can hardly expect cultivators to adopt the toilsome process used by Knight
and others, of cutting out with scissors the stamens from the flowers, and dusting

302 Address delivered before the Fruit Growers's Societi/.

the petals by a camel's hair brush to effect a cross fertilization — perhaps it will
be sufficient to plant the two sorts so that their branches may intermix with each
other. — Ai"e there not some among us who will immediately make preparations
for raising the seed, by planting a collection of trees for crossing, and setting
them two and two into the same hole ?

Before closing tliese remarks, in which the progress of fruit culture has been
traced up to the present time, and a general glance taken of the needs of the
art, it may not be improper to attempt to look forward on the road we are yet to
travel, and inquii'c, " What shall we find as to the condition of fruit raising in our
onward progress? ^Yill nurseries still increase in number and magnitude? Will
the number of trees set out still be greater each successive year ? — Will the mar-
kets become overstocked ? Will our great labors and outlays, after all, avail us
nothing, in consequence of the future decline in prices, just as we get our trees
into fair bearing condition ? Or, will adverse seasons, diseases, and depredators
become so formidable that we shall never attain what we so much long for, and
which present success promises?"

These are all most interesting inquiries, and we desire to search for all the light
we can find, as the proper answers have so intimate a bearing on our present
labors.

There is one thing very certain, that so long as all have an appet te for deli-
cious fruit, — and this appetite appears to have been universal in all ages, — so^long
as this continues, trees will be planted, cultivated, and cropped. When our or-
chards become so extensive, well selected and general, that all mankind may par-
take of this wholesome and delicious luxury throughout the entire year, then we
shall have enough, so far as human beings are concerned. Then we shall only
have to fill up the natural decay as orchards successively become old. We are
now very far from reaching this point. Very few have more than a plentiful sup-
ply onlj' in autumn. It sometimes happens that a surplus exists of perishable
fruit; if it chances to be of second rate quality. What we need most, in our pro-
vision for the future, is such a selection as will give a varied and excellent sup-
ply through winter and spring. Long keepers may be sent safely half the cir-
cumference of the globe — they will not only supply all seasons, but all countries
and all climes. We need not fear to plant too many of these ; for a large supply
will create large facilities for their distant conveyance, and open large markets
for their sale. Need we, then, fear that the country is becoming too full of or-
chards? K we suppose that twenty million trees are annually set out in the
Union from all our nurseries, which would require some six or seven thousand
acres for raising the young trees, this is not one tree annually to each inhabitant,
and a very small provision Mien we take all the casualties into view to Mhich
they and their crops are liable, the amount needed for foreign markets, whether
in a green state, or dried iu the best manner, and the immense quantities that
might be profitably consumed in feeding various domestic animals, for which they
are not only cheaper then roots, but better, cleaner, and more easily gathered for
winter storage.

I have taken a little pains to estimate the time required for all our present nui'-
series in the whole Union, to fui-nish a ten acre orchard to every farm of a hun-
dred acres, iu all the States east of and contiguous to the Mississippi river. Oa
the supposition that all the ground occupied by nurseries in densely planted /r«i^
trees, amounts to ten thousand acres, their entire and continued products would
be required for three hundred years to fill out all these ten acre oi'chards. But
many estimate that only one-fifth of all trees set out ever reach a successful bear-
ing condition — in which case fifteen hundred years would be needed by oui* pre-
sent nurseries to plant one-tenth of our entire territory -with orchards. Our large
nurserymen here, at Syracuse, and at other places^ whose niu'series range various-
ly ft'om one to thi-ee hundi'ed acres, must bestir themselves, extend their grounds,
and plant more trees, or it will bo a long time yet before our country becomes
the orchard of the world.

Will diseases, enemies, and adverse seasons so increase, that good crops will be-
come difficult and rare, as some are led to fear ? I do not entertain any apprehen-

Addresx delivered before the Fruit Grovm-x' Society. 303

sion of the kind. These disasters often prevail at certain periods, and with pr-
ticular kinds at a time ; but they nearly always become greatly shorn of their
magnitnde under good management, and most of them, after running their
course, disappear from oiu" orchards and gardens. I have no question that the
benignant promise, that while the world remains, seed time and harvest shall not
cease, applies as well to our fruit crops as to the other productions of the earth ;
and that the enemies and difficulties we encounter, are not intended to check our en-
deavors, but to incite us to increased diligence, and like all other difficulties and
calamities of life, to develope our energies in a manner that would never be
accomplished in a life of indolence or of sailing only down the current of a
smooth stream.

The future destiny, therefore, of fruit culture is that of improvement and in-
crease. The improvement will consist in t"je origin, introduction and dissemina-
tion of better varieties and their better cultivation ; the increase, in the propaga-
tion in our nurseries, and the planting out in orchards of those sorts most largely
that are calculated to fill the present deficiency which exists during a large por-
tion of the year, and supplying fine fi'uit at a moderate rate to the great mass of
our country and city population, who now obtain at best occasional supplies.

But a most important improvement consists in the moral influence which must
be exerted by an increase in the attractions of home, which will always result
where family comforts are connected with rural culture, and where tasteful plant-
ing of every kind is made to add to the interest of a country or suburban resi-
dence. How many young men could be rescued from the gambling house and grog
shop, if every owner of a dwelling endeavored to increase these home attractions
in the place of what is now too often dull or repulsive ! How greatly augmented
would be the happiness of a community where, in connection with these excellent
influences, a disposition were cherished to discard cold and selfish feelings, and to
encourage the prevalence of human sympathy. How often may the possessor of
a fine fruit garden, find means to contribute to the happiness of those whom sick-
ness has stripped of physical comforts ! How frequently will the acts of such an
individual drop the balm of kindness into the corroding' irritation of bad nature,
and like the atmosphere of spring, breathe cheerfulness and sweetness around all
within their influence.

May not we hope that our labors, if properly directed, will thus contribute in
some degree to the advancement of the substantial happiness of the human race,
and that one of the most valuable results of the future progress of this art will
be its favorable influence in the cultivation of the sympathies and amenities of
life.

304

Editorial Miscellany.

EDITORIAL MISCELLANY

UR Evelyn has neglected sending
us a critique for the present month ;
but in lieu of which, he has kindly
indulged us with a little gossip
gathered during a recent visit to
the White Mountains. It is not
universally known that the rug-
ged walls of Xew Hampshire are
situate in the most delightful and
picturesque valleys, and embrace
singular and startling beauty, not
encountered in any other locality
west of the Rocky Mountains.

Nature here has acquired aii
impressiveness sublime, beautiful,
terrific, and of a character that
r" "-^.iifc arouses those wondrous emotions

'"'^^^^" in the human soul of the infinite

God, whose great conceptioiis stamp nature's face with the grand im-
perishable monuments of his almighty power. Craggy steeps rise
from sweet valleys stretcliing upward, high up, higher than the
eye can reach, up where their peaks cleave the clouds as liasiened
through the sky, chased by a northern boreas ; high up where
even the eagle dare not venture, albeit he is the prince of
soarers ; high up where the lightnings disport, and thunders forge
their fearful reverberations, and winds whistle, and shriek and
howl like evil spirits who have escaped their fetters, assuming
weird shapes, and beating the sturdy cliff as if in pnnisiiment for
its aspiring to a sphere illegitimately appropriated. Thitherward
Evelyn wandered during the heated term of the past sum-
mer.

Dear Mr. Editor : —

I have breathed an atmosphere exhilirating
and life prolonging, the same that hovers over those sky-aspiring

Editorial Miscellany. 305

peaks, yclept Mount Washington. Sated with the beauties of lower
earth, and almost prostrated by the fervency and persistence with
which Sol dispensed his calorific comforts, during the months of
July and August, I was induced to ramble through New Hamp-
shire's rugged granite, verily ! it is a rich State, there are no broad
rolling prairies to be sure, but there are quarries of granite and
marble enough to contribute palaces to every town in the Union.

During a large portion of the year, the White Mountains pre-
sent to the spectator a silvery white appearance, given by the
snow, which in some places is perpetual ; the warm weather,
however, dissolves the icy beds, and at this period the moun-
tains are involved in a blue hazy mist produced by the condensing
vapors.

Mount Washington forms the climax of a group, comprising
Mount Webster, Pleasant, Jackson, Monroe, Franklin, Clay
Adams, Jefferson and Madison. They are approached through a
narrow defile three miles in length, familiarly known as the
" notch." A large gap, a monster pathway, protected on either
side by perpendicular walls of solid rock, so very high that one's
vision scarce reaches the open space above that lets in a gleam-
ing of the exterior world. Cast your eyes which way you will
nought meets the gaze save adamant and a very limited quantity
of daylight. I must confess, while passing through this prodi-
gious gateway, to a vague incomprehensible feeling of terror, mixed
with sublimer thoughts of the great Architect, who fashioned these
" rocks of ages." I could with diflficulty subdue the impression
that these mighty walls were about closing up, and that I should
meet the fate of Pharaoh, in his transit through the Red Sea.
Emerging from the notch, the beautiful and fertile valley of the
Ammonoosuc bursts upon the view. This valley is for most part
thickly wooded ; from it the whole range of Mountains is in sight
— at the base of which our noblest forest trees flourish, undisturbed
by the desecrating inroads of railroad companies and similar pro-
gressive influences of this age of go-aheaditiveness. Higher up
spruce and pines add their stiff forms to the wild scenery. As.
cending still higher, vegetation with every step perceptibly
diminishes in luxuriance, and becomes dwarfed until trees are
represented by shrubs, which in turn dwindle in size, and their
places is usurped by moss, presenting a remarkably fine study for

306 Editorial Miscellani/.

those artificially idea'd people who seek rural delight iu fantastic
rock-work. The peculiar influence of unpropitious atmospheres on
the ripening of fruits, is particularly apparent on the mountain
Whortleberries, are so extremely acid as to render the real
flavor scarcely recognisable ; this acidity is doubtless to be
attributed to a deficiency of heat during the growing season, and
and also the sudden changes which here exhibits the most singular
caprices. The vicissitudes of sunshiue and gloom, light and
shadow, are as fleeting and ever varying as the smiles and frowns
of a well disciplined coquette. For the space of ten minutes the
sun peeps out brightly and warmly, then comes up a dark cloud,
pregnant of damp and mist, sweeping swiftly through the sky —
quickly intercepting the supply of caloric, and as rapidly making
one's mind change from tropical thoughts to reindeer and polar
expeditions.

These fleecy vapors embrace the mountains as if their destinies
were fulfilled. And so it would, were it not for the merciless
installments of west wind leaping out from a sunlit sky ; they
rush furiously over the valleys, and clasping the misty pall with-
out vvarning, disengages it from the rock and moss-bed ; the
succeeding moment it is away, relentlessly pursued until lost to
view in the distance.

It is a well authenticated fact, that at the summit of Mount
Washington, the external pressure upon the hodj is much less
than at its base. A persons capacity for accommodating food is
so much increased, and his appetite sharpened hj the exhilerating
atmosphere, that on partaking sufficient to appease his craving,
and subsequently descending to the foot of the Mountain, he expe-
riences indescribable agonies — a feeling of repletion almost to
bursting.

The only manner at present of ascending Mount Washington,
is by a bridle path, which, to one unaccustomed to the performance
of pedestrian feats, is a herculean undertaking — nevertheless, it
well repays for the outlay of perspiration. The view is grand,
— entrancing beyond description. Tlie gazer for the nonce, is lost
in the sublimity of his emotions ; and his own insignificance com- .
pared with the mighter works by which he is environed, becomes
a startling and permanent conviction.

Editorial Miscellany.

307

On the loftiest peak of Mount Washington, a small house has
been erected, called the Summit House ; the material and furni-
ture for which, was conveyed a distance of eight miles on men's
backs — a rather arduous undertaking, and was only accomplished
by a large investment of perseverance, time, and money. The
accommodations for visitors, are of course of a temporary charac-
ter. The Glen House at the fool of the Mountain, being the abid-
ing place for those who resort to this cool retreat during • the
summer season.

A chartered company has been organized, and are at present en-
gaged in constructing a carriage road of easy ascent from the very
foot, to the summit of Mount Washington ; a few miles of this
road is already completed. There will also be a fine Hotel erected
for the accommodation of
visitors. In connection with

, <-^''"

1 .-"^^X'

jf^^f^^^i^y

the Hotel, the company pro-
pose constructing an Ob-
servatory, providing govern-
ment will make the ne-
cessary appropriation to de-
fray the expense which it
will incur. This is the high-
est accessible point in the
United States, and as such,
would eminently subserve
the cause of science, as obser-
vations can be taken at any
season of the year without the
annoyance generally experi-
enced by vibratory motion.
It is also in contemplation to erect telegraph wires, and by this means
the several observations taken daily, can be transmitted to ever}'
important city in the Union ; its utility to the commercial inter-
ests is beyond dispute. And a month's sojourn for an invalid at
the summit of Mount Washington, will obviate the necessity for
swallowing nauseous drugs, that do more kill than cure. The in-
crease of travel to the White Mountains, for the last five years,
has made a profitable business for ten large Hotels, and all of
them are in the vicinity of Mount Washington. Th5 engraving

308 Editorial Miscellany.

I send you, is after the plan desig-ned by the Mount "Washing-ton
Road Compan}', and affords a very accurate view of the peak of
the Mountain. (See Frontispiece). The road will be completed in
about two years. Among the curious features of this locality, is
an immense /«ce (I enclose a drawing) called the old man of the
mountains ; a well defined profile of a human being, twelve hun-
dred feet above the level of the pass ; sculptured by nature in the
solid granite, and of dimensions in proportion to her other grand
works in the vicinity. The profile is on the south side of Cannon
Mountain, facing Mount Lafayette. Said an eccentric speaker, at
a celebration a few years since in Fryburg : — " Men put out signs
representing their different trades ; jewelers hang out a monster-
watch ; shoemakers, a huge boot ; and, up in Franconia, God
Almighty has hung out a sign that in New England he maifes
men." The top of the mountain is about two thousand feet above
the level of the road, and four thousand feet above the level of the
sea. Near the summit, an oblong rock, resembling a cannon, has
given a name to the mountain. The sides are covered with a thick
growth of maple, beech, birch and spruce. The Profile Rock itself
is more than twelve hundred feet above the level of the road : it
being situated far below the summit of the mountain. The profile
is composed of three separate masses of rock, one of which forms
the forehead, the second the nose and upper lip, and the third the
chin. Only at one particular place are they brought into their
proper position, which is on the road leading to the Notch, about
a quarter of a mile south of the Lafayette House. The expression
of the face, as it stands out in bold relief against the sky, is quite
stern. The mouth alone betrays any signs of age and feebleness.
But the " Old man of the Mountains " has never been known to
flinch. " He neither blinks at the near flashes of the lightning
beneath his nose, nor flinches from the driving snow and sleet of
the Franconia winter, which makes the mercury of the thermome-
ter shrink into the bulb and congeal." Passing down the road
from the particular spot where it can be seen to perfection, the
Old Man's countenance changes first into a " toothless old woman
in a mob cap," and soon the profile is entirely lost. In passing up
the road, the nose and face flatten until the forehead alone is seen.
The length of the profile, from the top of the forehead to the low-
est point of the chin, is eighty feet. The face looks towards the

Editorial Miscellany. 309

Bouth-east, and is perhaps half a mile distant from the observer in
the road.

There are a thousand other curious freaks of nature, which will
render the White Mountains a capital locality to locate strange
legends, to those disposed to romancing. The immense cascades
which glitter like silver belts in the sunlight, and pour their crys-
tal waters on the plains far below, are in themselves objects of
attraction that amply compensate the traveller for his trouble.

I myself would not have missed the sight for a small revenue in
reliable securities. T am only sorry that publishers have not
turned their attention to making books, descriptive and illustrative
of Wliite Mountain scenery. We believe, however^ that Mr. N.
Orr, of your city, has been recently making sketches, etc., with the
view of bringing out a publication of the kind demanded.

Yours sincerely,

EVELYN.

The rapid extension of the fruit growing interests at the south,
has developed the fact that apples which are highly estimated at
the north for their superior qualities, are in many instances, utterly
valueless in a warm climate, assuming characters widely differing
from the original type. This variation can, we tliink, be explained^
being attributable to hot, long summers, tending to diminish the
saccharine properties of the juice, and concentrate and intensify
the acid principle. Cherries also, in many instances, become quite
acid. H. R. Eobey, Esq., a nurseryman of Fredericksburg, Va., hav-
ing satisfied himself at an earlyday, of the inadaptibilitj' of north-
ern apples for the southern States, directed his attention to secur*
ing seedlings peculiar to his own latitude. His efforts have been
rewarded beyond his most sanguine expectations, having collected
several native sorts of good quality, and which mature their fruit
equally as satisfactory as their congeners of celebrity in higher
latitudes. Mr. Eobey sends us the following list of apples, which
he says can be relied on. They are all winter sorts, many of them
keeping till spring : —

Abram. — Medium size, dull red stripe, peculiar, agreeable aro-
matic flavor, will keep till May, great bearer.

Beverly's Red. — Rather large, red, very good.

Cart House. — Medium, red, long keeper, fair quality.

310 Editorial MisceUanv.

BoxuM. — Large, red, good bearer, one of the best.

Hewe's Crab. — Small, superior for winter cider, a great bearer,

Waugh's Crab. — Rather large, lively red, flesh very white, fine
grained, makes a fine white cider in January, in the Spring it is
one of the best eating Apples, very juicy and sweet, will keep till
June.

Holady's Seedling. — Large, yellow and russet, flesh a little
coarse, very tender and juicy, a good keeper, one of the very
best.

Rawle's Jaxnetti.vg. — Large, stripe on a yellow gi'ouud, well
known as rich and juicy, bears and keeps well, and one of the
best.

LiMBERTWiG. — Rather large, dull red, and yellow, a regular and
good bearer when kept in dry sand, to prevent shrivelling, until
March, it is a rich, tender, juicy Apple.

Leather Coat. — A great bearer and keeper, quality fair.

Milam. — Red, rather a shy bearer, until the trees are fully grown,
quality very good.

Ogleby. — Large, greenish yellow, quality very good, great
bearer.

Brooke's Pippix. — Very large, yellow, flesh very tender and
juicy, keeps well until Spring, great bearer, the best.

Prior's Red. — Large, irregular stripe, spotted and russet, the
best.

Long Islaxd Russet. — Large, keeps pretty well.

Stawx's Seedlixg. — Large, striped, good bearer, very good.

Bell Pree. — Large, greenish yellow, very good.

Albemarle, or Mouxtaix Pippin. — Very large, greenish yellow,
very tender and juicy.

C. C. Wellford. — Rather small, handsome yellow, very tender,
rich and juicy, will keep till June, the best.

Winter Queen. — Handsome stripe, good for early Winter.

Vandevere. — Dull stripe, a grSat bearer, keeps well, very good.

Wine Sap. — Large, dark red, a good and early bearer, very
good.

Edi/oriol Miscellany. 311

Cincinnati Horticulturai, Society. — At a late meeting of the Cin-
cinnati Horticultural Society, the subjoined discussion, relating to
the effects of the recent cold weather on fruit trees, transpired :

Mr. Buchanan requested the members to state their observa-
tions respecting- the effects of the frost upon fruit trees, and par-
ticularly the fruit buds. He found the peach buds and those of
the finer cherries were killed ; those of the apples, the grapes, the
hardier pears, and cherries are still safe.

Mr. Kelly thought the examination premature ; some of the
young shoots are destroyed ; this was true of peaches, cherries,
and pears, tliat had made a late growth in the fall. As heretofore
remarked by him, the Mazzard cherry had suffered more than some
of the finer kinds.

Mr. R. W. Reilly reports all the Morellos safe. Napoleon, the
Spanish, the Dukes, and other finest varieties are killed, not only
the buds but the fruit spurs ; also, the finer pears have their spurs
killed, and the blackness often descends to the main branch.
Some early apples appear killed ; the late ones look well. The
peaches are evidently killed. His trees, five years old, he thinks
are not killed.

Mr. Sayers finds some of the young growth of pears looking
badly ; but in 1853, the same appearances were followed with no
bad results. No peaches . except a few buds, perhaps one
per cent., on low branches near the ground. Cherries appear to
be all dead. Fruit spurs look badly ; but believes they will
recover.

Mr. F. Ct. Carey has liot examined sufficiently, but believes the
cherries are all killed ; a few, perhaps, will survive on the early
May. Plums are not injured. Peaches are killed now ; some of
the trees appear to be injured. He apprehended that we should
see the effects of the frost during the next season in various
blights.

Mr. Kelly i-eminded us that four years ago we had the same ap-
pearances, and where the shoots were used for grafts they
failed ; but where left on the tree they recovered entirely. He
thought this discussion altogether premature, except, as had been
suggested, by way of showing our powers of guessing ; we must
wait until the trees begin to grow in the spring.
Mr. John K. Greene said that Mr. Davis, of Clermont County,

312 Editorial Miscellany .

reported a depression of twenty degrees below zero. He is
on white-oak levels ; more than half of the trees appear to be
killed ; those in tlie nurseries were also much injured. At
Loveland, near him in the valley, the mercury was reported to be
from twenty-four to thirty degrees below zero.

Mr. A. H. Ernst was reminded by the appearances of the obser-
vations made in 1852, when the biids and also fruit spurs were
injured, and it was thought they would probably fall off, so that
we might have less fruit for two or three years, the result proved
otherwise. He thought the ti-ees were very well prepared for the
cold by thorough ripening uf the wood. Tlie vital forces would
restore the healthy condition of the trees. He thinks the young
cherry and peach trees would throw off the injury by their intrin-
sic vitality.

Mr. Orange and others thought it premature to judge of the
effects at thio time, and this is the general sentiment of the
members.

Mr. White had Experienced a very severe winter in Massachu-
setts, when everybody dreaded the effects of the cold, but the
ensuing season was very fruitful.

At the recent meeting of the Fruit Convention at Rochester, a
committee, consisting of J. J. Thomas, P. Barry, and H. E. Hook-
er, was appointed to prepare a select list of fruits for general cul-
tivation within the limits of the society's operations. A list hav-
ing been prepared, the merits of the several varieties of pears
were discussed, with the relative adaptation to the pear and
quince stock. Each variety was presented by itself, when the
following were adopted :

Selected Pears — Bartlett, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Virgalieu,
(or White Doyenne,) Lawrence, Vicar of Wakefield, Glout Mor-
ceau, Easter Beurre. On motion, Shelden and Flemish Beauty
were added. There was some difference of opinion as to the Vicar
of Wakefield, and its merits and demerits were fully discussed.
The Onondaga was also proposed, but after a full discussion was
rejected, as the number was too limited to admit it.

Apples — King — (It was proposed to add of Tompkins County,
as several spurious varieties were in cultivation, some of which
were described by members present as niuch inferior to the

Editorial Miscellany. 313

Tompkins County King, a variety stated to have come originally
from New Jersey, but never distributed till grafted, where it now
prevails.) Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Baldwin, Gra
venstein, and Fall Pippin were adopted. Sops of Wine was
proposed, but withdrawn as it was not sufificiently known to those
present.

The following persons contributed fruits to the exhibition :

Elwanger & Barry, 45 varieties of pears, among which were
very fine specimens of Glout Morceau, Easter Beurre, and Vicar
of Wakefield, which deserved especial notice ; also 33 varieties
of apples.

H. E. Hooker & Co., Rochester, 2 varieties of pears and 30
varieties of apples, among whicli were several new Southern and
Western apples.

Hooker, Farlej'' «& Co., Rochester, 18 varieties of apples.

A. Frost & Co., Rochester, 14 varieties of apples.

John Donellan and nephews, 14 varieties of apples.

John J. Thomas, Ma;:edon, 24 varieties of apples.

A. G. Hanford, Waukesha, Wis., 15 varieties of apples.

Stone & Cook, Hinmanville, Oswego County, 28 varieties of
apples.

C. L. Hoag, Lockport, 1 varieties of pears.

E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, 55 varieties of apples.

Mr. Mattison, Tompkins County, 38 varieties of apples.

A. Pinney, Clarkson. 14 varieties of apples, and some pears.
' J. W. Seward, Rochester, It varieties of apples.

E. C. Frost & Co., Schuyler County, fine specimens of King and
Wagener apples.

R. H. Brown. Greece. 24 varieties of apples and 27 varieties of
pears.

Mason W. llali, ({rcece, i) varieties of apples and 1 variety of
pear.

James Lemon, Rochester, Isabella and Clinton grapes.

F. W. Lay, Greece, 14 varieties of apples.

Charles Lee, Penn Yan, fine specimens of Wagener apples, with
whom the variety originated.

John Park, Gates, 13 varieties of apples in half bushel baskets
which were the finest and best grown specimens on exhibition.

James H. Watts, Rochester, also exhibited a basket containing
fine specimens of the Northern Spy.

314 Editorial Miscellany.

Eden was a garden, but vre have no idea that Adam cultivated
onions or cabbages. We tliink it must have been a natural
flower garden. The plants we now cultivate were the accursed
weeds which have been brought to edible perfection by that
terrible mandate, the sweat of the brow. We believe that there
is not a weed that springs from out the " teeming ground" that is
not worth its culture, either as a balsam or a table esculent. But
we of America never appropriate or improve our wildings, for the
table, until they have first been to Europe, and come back with
high sounding names. It is a wonder how we ever found out the
edible qualities of maize or Indian corn ; probably some hungry
horse, or discerning chicken, first taught us ; or, more likely, the
rude savage of the forest. One of the American aristocracy, tra-
veling recently in Europe, heard much of the rare beauty and
medicinal v":tues of the American Velvet Plant. At a high price
he procured the seed, brought them home, sprouted them in his
green-house, and transplanted them into open borders with the
utmost care. Daily, and almost hourly, he, in common with his
horticultural fi'iends, watched its expanding beauties ; when, lo !
the maturing plant stands confessed, a Mullen in all its charms.
So much for our appreciation of American indigenous plants. A
garden is not merely a place for the culture of exotics. Aspara-
gus is cultivated with considerable expense, when our native
Poke plant, almost its equal for the table, flourishes in the
neglected fence corners. The Endive, a bitter salad, is cultivated
assiduously, whilst the sweeter and more nourishing Purslane is
cut up as a worthless pestiferous weed. Europe and Asia are
ransacked for Broccoli and Kale, and our own Milk Weed and
Dandelion, infinitely their superiors, left as Nature's wildings. —
Soil of the South.

The Gr.^pe Vixe. — Wbatever priming is to be done, should be
done now. We have no faith in European pruning for American
culture. The native vines are found only to succeed well in open
culture. They will not need pruning so much to force the forma-
tion of fruit, as to keep the vine within bounds ; for, in good
soils, they are all rapid growers. The small limbs branching
from the main stem may be cut back to three buds : each one of
these buds will make fruit. So if each one of the lateral branches

Editorial Miscellany. 315

produce three bunches of j^rapes, the viae will make a splendid
yield. The main vine may be cut back, when it is necessary, but
if fruit be the object, only prune the laterals. If the vine wants
invig^orating, dig in ;i mi.uhl ivom the woods and swamps, with a
little good guano, or hen manure witli it, around the roots, not
merely at the base, but ten or tAventy feet from it. Train the
vine to trellis or pots before the buds begin to swell, otherwise
the buds may be rubbed otT. — Ihirl.

The Vineyarils of (Jalifornia. — Mr. Buflum, in his speech in the
California Assembly, wherein he proposed to exempt California
wine from the provisions of the prohibitory liquor law, gave the
following interesting statistics concerning the culture of the vine
in that State :—

" In Los Angelos County — the vineyard of California — there
are already under cultivation as many acres covered with vine as
there are in the whole of the great State of Ohio, the pioneer in
the wine manufacture of the United ^States. In Los Angelos, the
number of bearing vines amount to 800,000 ; the number of acres
under grape culture is 1,500 ; the quantity of wine which can be
made to the acre is 400 gallons ; the amount of capital invested
in the grape culture is $1,000,000, and the number of persons
engaged in the various branches of the business is 4,000. Thus,
these 1,500 acres only under grape culture can produce 600,000
gallons of wine annually, which, at two dollars per gallon, will
yield in this district the annual income of $1,200,000. If there are
in this State but 250,000 acres of land which can be brought
under grape culture, they would produce 100,000,000 gallons of
wine annually, which, at one dollar per gallon, Avould yield the
annual revenue of $100,000,000.

The Pekin Plain Dealer says the Illinois Hedge Company have
set out two hundred miles of Osage Orange hedge in Tazewell
County.

316 Literary Notices.

LITERARY NOTICES.

Landscape Gardening, or Parks and Pleasure Grounds, with
Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks and
Gardens, by Charles H. Smith, Landscape Gardener, Garden
Architect, with Notes and Additions by Lewis F. Allen, author
of Rural Architecture, &c. New York : CM. Saxton & Co.

The American edition of this \^ork, brought out under the sanc-
tion and with the critical notes of Mr. Allen, deserves more spe-
cial notice than it has hitherto received. The author is evidently
well qualified by study and practical experience to speak with
authoritj' on his chosen theme ; and bis American editor is well
known as a tried friend and "able advocate of horticultural im-
provement in this countiy. As might have been expected in an
English book of this kind, some parts of it are of little practical
use to American readers. In particular, the remarks upon the
hardy trees and shrubs suitable for parks and lawns must be
taken with considerable qualification. What is hardy and thrifty
in the mild winters and under the weeping skies of England, is
often not so here. Indeed, when j:he author pictures so familiarly
scenes of laurels, rhododendrons, hollies, deodars and yews, &c...
we sometimes feel a little discontented, because such scenes can
hardly be reproduced in the dry, variable and cold climate of our
Northern States. And here we must find a little fault with the
American editor, for not distinctly informing the general reader
which of these trees and plants are too tender for our latitude.
He might also, in the same connection, have given us a list of
trees of native origin which would answer as substitutes for
these fragile foreigners. There is, perliaps, no point on which un-
professional planters more need information at present than this,
viz., which of the newer trees and shrubs, foreign and native, are
hardy in this climate ; in what soils and aspects they thrive best ;
what is their general habit, size and value. We wish Mr. Allen
would give us such information in the next edition of this work.

We wish, too, that he would be less general ; instead of giving
his " unqualified assent" so frequently, we wish he would qualify

Liter ary Notices. 31 1

the statements of the author, and so render the book better
adapted to tlic wants of American readers.

These things having been said in all frankness, let us pass to
speak ot the great pleasure the book has ulTorded us. In the first
place, it is written in ;i iiUiin, unambitious style, as if it had been
the aim of the author to give the greatest possible amount of in-
formation in the fewest possible words. It proceeds upon the
supposition that the reader's taste is already somewhat formed,
and that his zeal needs little stimulus. It comes to guide that
zeal, and to help that taste in accomplishing some real and impor-
tant object. Our country abounds with persons intent upon lay.
ing out new grounds or improving old ones, and who wish to
create scenes of beauty around their homes. They have read, in
prose and poetrj^, of velvet lawns, and leafy groves, and thickets,
and groups, and mazes, and statues, and vases ; but they have no
clear and definite conceptions of what they wish to accomplish,
and much less do they know how to go to work in order to realize
the scenes floating dimly in their imaginations. They do not
know where to cut down a tree, or where to plant one : where to
clear up shrubbery, or where to set it : where, or when, or how to
plant evergreens, or deciduous trees, singly or in groups. To
such persons this book will furnish many valuable suggestions.
It lays down principles which if the amateur planter studies and
faithfully applies, he will not go far astray.

There is a great variety of subjects treated here for a book of
360 pages. The headings of the chapters are as follows : — The
House and Ofiices ; the Approach ; Pleasure Grounds and Flower
Gardens ; the Park ; Ornamental Character of Trees, detached
and in combination ; Planting ; Fences of the Park and Pleasure
Grounds ; Water ; the Kitchen ; Fruit and Forcing Gardens ;
Public Parks and Gardens ; the Villa : General Observations on
the Laying-out and Improvements of Grounds : the Arboretum ;
the Pinetum. Under these several heads, the author takes a Avide
scope, and furnishes valuable information.

It will be observed, also, that .some topics are discussed here
which do not always find a place in books of this kind. That of
Public Parks, for instance, is of great im^rtance just now to
American readers. The authorities of our young and thriving
cities would do well to read and digest Mr. Smith's cliapter on

318 Literary Notions.

this subject. Perhaps the result would be that many broad acres
in the suburbs of our cities would at once be reserved and planted
before they should be otherwise occupied, or the price of land be-
come so high that no entei'prise of this kind could be successfully
undertaken. In this connection, we must say, that this book
would have pleased us more had the chapter on the Kitchen and
Fruit Garden been omitted, and its place been occupied by one on
Rural Cemeteries.

The author's remarks on the distinctive colors and forms of cer-
tain trees, in chapter five, are very interesting, and evince fine
discernment and long and careful observation. This subject
might profitably be pursued further. What is said in this book
on the subject of Botanical Gardens, chiefly as attached to educa-
tional institutions, is worthy of special notice. A few such gar-
dens already exist in this country, as at Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, in New York and Brooklyn, and possibly in other cities. We
are happy to know that one is also contemplated at Hamilton
College, Clinton, N. Y. It is to be desired that their number may
be increased.

With the few exceptional remarks made near the beginning of
this notice, we heartily commend the book before us to the atten-
tion of all who would gain useful information on the subjects of
which it treats. A. D. G.

We have received the following Catalogues : —

Descriptive Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, from
Messrs. Fahnstock & Horr, Dubuque, Iowa. This establishment
embraces several hundred thousand trees, selected with a view to
supply such as thrive in western localities.

Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, &c., from George H.
Cherry k, Co., River-bank Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, cultivated by C. J.
Ryan & Co., Rochester, N. Y.

Trade List Catalogue of Nursery Stock, from Henry Collins,
Waterloo, N. Y.

Wholesale Catalogue, from Wm. R. Prince & Co., replete with
novelties and horticultural products of recent introduction. ■

DOUGLAS'.-^ FIR, {Mies Dougksii.)

70 KKKT IX IIKHUIT.

(/■Vow I lie lAimhn Florist.)

to

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EngLIsJH KlRAT, COTTAUR.

[Eng.fr.r Hort. Rcvkv:.)

BEDmOM

c.3:tT ;5.5

LIVIUO ROOM
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HE plausible and almost uuiversally received
opinion that the frozen sap blight in the peai
tree is caused by the rupturing of the tissues, owing
to the expansion of the sap when converted into ice, is not suffi-
ciently confirmed by facts, and the results of rupture from other
causes to permit a discontinuance in investigation.

It is a well-authenticated fact that succulent plants are more
susceptible of the influence exerted by heat and cold than those
which form short, jointed, fii'm wood. A pear tree planted in damp
soil is liable to produce soft, saturated tissue ; and in direct pro-
portion that the tissue is rendered moist, is the susceptibility and
conducting power of the tree nicreased. A pear tree of a similar
variety planted in dry ground, grows slow, and creates hard tis-
sues, which diminishes the conducting power, is not so sensitive
lo extraneous influences, and therefore is better prepared to com-
bat the extremes of heat and cold. Frost exerts itself specifically ;
its action can only be experienced w'here humidity exists. When
dilatation takes place by the formation of ice in the cellular tis-
sue, they are not lacerated, but simply separate, as these vesicles
possess, in a limited degree, contractile and expansive powers,
particularly succulent plants. This power diminishes as the wood

328 The Frozen Sap Blight.

increases in dryness. If the frozen sap blight were attributable
to the bursting of the cellular tissue, and the consequent displace-
ment of the fluids, and the interruption to the economy of the
plant, then similar disastrous consequences would be realized, in
partially severing a tree with a knife, or where bruises or disbark-
ing accidentally occurs : in the latter case there is no apparent
diminution of vigor in the tree ; on the contrary, but a short pe-
riod elapses before the destroyed tissue is replaced, and performing
its functions in a healthful manner. It is not freezing, then, nor
the laceration of the tissue that causes death in a pear tree, but
sudden thawing. When a sudden thaw transpires, the compo-
nents of the sap do not recombine ; the heavier portion precipi-
tates in coagulated atoms, and in this form is incapable of elabo-
ration. Nothing remains but a watery fluid, which is entirely de-
void of the vital principle of sap. Chemical decomposition takes
place, and the fluids become viscid. Under these circumstances,
a tree on the approach of warm weather will expend the perfect
sap remaining in the branches in putting forth leaves, which,
meeting with no nourishment, in a short time die. Occasionallj'
but one side of a tree is affected by the thaw, and we have invari-
ably noticed where this occurs, that it is the side directly exposed to
the rays of the sun. In such instances the tree rarely dies. The side
containing the pure sap in its upward progress takes up the in-
spissated fluid, and conducts it to the leaves, where it is rejected
in the , shape of reddish brown tubercles, which will continue mak-
ing their appearance until the tree is entirely divested of impuri-
ties. Prof Turner, who had observed this peculiarity, concluded
that it was an entirely different kind of blight, instead of which it
is a modified form of the frozen sap blight.

A frozen potato, if thawed slowly by plunging it in cool water,
will receive but little injury, but if thawed quickly it undergoes a
wonderful change. The starch which it previously contained, al-
most entirely disappears, and in its place you have sugar. When
a frozen plant is subjected to the influence of light and heat, by
slowly increased gradations of intensity, the several constituents
of the vital principle rc-assume their relative healthful positions
regarding each other, and the economy is but slighily disar-
ranged ; quite the reverse occurs when heat is applied sud
denly

Thf. Frost Srip Bhifrhl. 32')

Prof. Morren asserts : "That no organ whatever is torn by the ac-
tion of frost, except in very rare cases when the vesicles of the cellu-
lar tissue give way, but that the vesicles of plants arc separated
from each other without laceration. 2. That neither the chlorophyll,
the nucleus of cells, elementary fiber, amylaceous matter, raphides,
nor the various crystals contained in vegetable tissue, undergo any
alteration, unless perhaps in the case of amylaceous substances,
which, in some cases, are converted into sugar, no doubt in conse-
quence of the action of some acid, formed by the decomposition of the
organic parts. 3. That the action of frost operates separately upon
each individual elementary organ, so that a frozen plant contains
as many icicles as there are cavities containing fluid ; the dilata-
tion thus produced not being sufficient to burst the sides of the
cavities. 4. That such dilatation is principally owing to the sep-
aration of the air contained in the water. 5. That this disengage-
ment of air from water during the act of congelation, is the most
injurious of all the phenomena attendant upon freezing ; introduc-
ing gaseous matters into organs not intended to elaborate it, and
bringing about the first stage in a decomposition of the sap and
the matter it precipitates ; so that a thaw commences a new
chemical action destructive of vegetable life. 6. That the expan-
sion of the cells and acquiferous organs drives a great quantity
of water into the air-cells and air-vessels, so that the apparatus
intended to convey liquid only, contains water and air, while that
which is naturally a vehicle for air conveys water. Such an in-
version of functions must necessarily bedestructive to vegetable
life, even if death were not produced in frozen plants by the de-
composition of their juices, the loss of their excitability, and the
chemical disturbance of all their contents."

From these statements it would appear tiiat what is termed
" frozen sap blight" may be partially remedied in the pear by cul-
tivating such varieties as produce firm tissues, and forming plan-
tations on dry soil, and uplands secure from standing water on
the surface, and a thoroughly drained subsoil. We have seen
several thousand pear trees blighted in a single season, compris-
ing over a hundred different varieties- The Louise Bonne de Jer-
sey was entirely destroyed beyond remedy, while a row of " Ur-
banistes" adjoining did not receive the slightest injury. The for-
mer having moist tissues, is easily excited ; the latter being u

330 The Ftozm Sap Blight.

slow grower, has dry tissues, and passed unscathed. The seckel
rarely blights. The Bartlett frequently, as also does the " Glout
Morceau." Native sorts are less subject to blight than those of
foreign introduction.

We have thrown out these hints with tlie hope that cultivators
will make observations when opportunity offers, and compare the
results with the above suggestions.

MACLURA" HEDGE CULTURE.

By C. R. Overman.

It is now pretty generally conceded that the Madura (or Osage
orange) is capable of being formed into a hedge that will prove
an effectual barrier against all stock. It is inferred, from obser-
vation and analogical reasoning, that it may possess great dura-
tility. It has been demonstrated that with patience, care, and well-
directed efforts, a great hedge may be made at a less cost than that of
the average of wooden fences, and it will readily be admitted that
a hedge, well-thickened and regularly shorn, is an object of sur-
passing beauty and gracefulness — an ornament to the farm and
lawn. Now, when we consider that the inclosiire system ever has
been, and probably ever will be in vogue, all over our vast " ru-
ral districts," and that the fencing is, in general, an item of great-
er expense than all other improvements of the farm put together,
we will not marvel that this new enterprise, promising so fimch, has
created such an interest, and diffused itself so suddenly over near-
ly every State in the Union.

Yet, on the other side of the question, a sense of justice com-
pels us to notice also the discouraging features of the enterprise,
in their present phases, for it must be confessed that there may
be seen scattered all over the country, thousands of " specimens"
that can never emerge from the condition of a nuisance, (unless
speedily extirpated), and it may be fairly estimated that three-
fourths of the rows now set will result in failure. It would be
easy to " amplify" upon the causes which have led to this general
want of success in the new project, but want of time and space
forbids the mention, here, of more than two or three of the most

Madura, Hedge Culture.

331

prominent, namely, want of requisite information, inexperience, and
general negligence. In the hope of correcting some of the most com-
mon errors in hedge
raising, I propose to
lay before your read-
ers a succinct view of
the whole process of
hedge culture, and
also a glance at the
history and properties
of the plant.

It may be well first
to promise, that though
the science of hedge
culture is simple and
easily understood, yet,
to make a complete
hedge is a very partic-
ular business, and it re-
quires the strict ob-
servance of certain con-
ditions, which cannot
be dispensed with-
The following remarks
and suggestions on
the subject are de-
duced from observation, and the close application for a series of
years to the hedging business.

The Madura is found in its wild state in Texas and some other
parts of the southwest. In Farming County, Texas, it abounds
in considerable forests along the small streams, in some places
forming almost impenetrable thickets, and growing thirty feet
high, or more. Its leaf is medium in size, oval, acuminate, and
of a bright, clear green. The buds on the young shoots are nu-
merous, and from the base of each projects a sharp, tough, and
elastic thorn, from three-fourths of an inch to one and a fourth
inches in length. These thorns remain on the branches for years.
The wood of the Madura is very hard, and extremely durable.
The grain of it is very fine, and susceptible of the finest polish ;

BRANCH OF MACLUBA.

332

Madura Hedge Culture.

it is of a beautiful yellow color, and is much used for dyeing silk.
It shrinks none in drying, and it is so heavy that when thorough
ly seasoned it will sink in water. The fruit (which is generally
produced in alternate j-ears) is large, round, and of a yellowish
green color at maturity. Its surface is knobby and uneven. It
abounds in milk, and the flesh is coarse, or stringy and inedible.
Each fruit contains several hundred seeds, which arc washed out
after the fruit has been bruished or mashed, and partially rotted.
If this "mass" is allowed to ferment, the washing is rendered
easier, but the vegetating principle will be destroyed. If seed

OSAGE ORANGE.

are damaged, the defect is obvious, the germ appearing dark and
lifeless, while perfect seed, on being cut or broken, will appear
light, lively, and crisp. The weight of a bushel of clean dry seed
is about thirty-five pounds, but by keeping several months it will
shrink.

The surest and most efiectual method of sprouting the seed is
to soak it forty-eight hours in warm water, about the close of
winter, and then expose it to hard freeziHg. Once or twice is
sufficient, but care must be taken to spread it out, so that all parts

Madura Htdfre Culture. 333

may be frozen equally. After freezing-, the seed must be kept as

moist and cool as possible to prevent sprouting before the weather

is right, or the ground in order for planting. To prepare the seed

for sprouting without the freezing process, it is necessary to soak

it in warm water about a week,

keeping the vessel near the stove,

or in a warm room, and changing

the water once a day, after which

the water should be turned off, ^

and the seed kept covered with a ,^ Msj^K

damp cloth ; stir frequently, and :^^^

in about another week, if the

room is kept warm, the seed will ^^^^'« ^^ h^^^^-

commence sprouting. They should be planted before the radicles

are half an inch in length, or the roots will grow crooked.

The ground for the seed bed should be rich and deeply stirred,
and it should be finely pulverized, and free from weed seeds.
" New ground" is best. The drills for the seed may be made with
a hand rake, with but two broad teeth a foot apart, drawn by a
line stretched across the ground, thus making two drills at once,
wide and rather shallow, unless the ground is likely to be dry, in
which case the drills should be at least two inches deep.

In these drills sow the seed regularly, about twenty-five to the
foot. Before the seeds have time to dry, cover them about two
inches deep with fine, mellow soil. Two feet space should be left
between the double rows, and if the cultivator is to be used, three
feet is necessary. If the seed is in right condition when plant-
ed, and the weather is moist and warm, the plants will begin to
appear in a week or ten days. The ground must be kept loose
and free from weeds. If the plants are too thick in patches, the
small ones should be thinned out about midsummer. Evenness in
the size of the plants is a most important point.

The plants should gi-ow sufficiently large the first season to set
in hedge rows. It is found safer to take up the plants in the fall.
So soon as the frost kills the leaves, the plants may be mowed at
a uniform height, of about four inches. The roots in a free soil
strike deep, and they must be cut about eight inches below the
surface. This is best done with a subsoil cutter or plow, without
the mould board. It is drawn by a strong team, and may be

S34 Madura Hedst Culture

regulated to any depth. If kept sharp it cuts the roots smooth,
and leave the plants standing, but easy to pull up and assort a
the same time. The plants may then be tied in bundles of one or
two hundred, witli willow shoots. Tliey must bo buried belmn the
frost in dry ground.

Plants may be kept secure through winter, closely packed in
the cellar with moist soil or old sawdust, and covered with mat-
ting. They must not be permitted to freeze or dry through win-
ter, nor to be soaked in water, if buried out.

After freezing weather is over in the spring, the plants arc t«
be taken out and carefully assorted with reference to their size
and vigor — without this \)VQQ.i\.\\i\on, uniformity of growth, the most
indispensable requisite in hedge culture, cannot be secured. When
assorted, keep the classes separate, make a thin mortar of clay,
thickened a little with old, leached ashes ; dip the shoots in this,
next lay them in a sloping trench, cover them securely, leaving
the tops out ; water if necessary. In this condition they may
remain till vegetation commences, when they are ready to plant.
Tliere is an advantage in starting plants in this way before set-
ting, but in TW case must the roots be permitted to dry.

The ground whereon the hedge is to be set, should be plowed
deep in the fall previous, the strip should be ten or twelve feet
wide, the furrows thrown outward, finishing with a deep furrow
straight in the line of the hedge row, and left to the action of the
frost, but on rolling ground, side furi'ows should be formed at

._^ short intervals, to turn out

*' - the water, and prevent wash-

=vt . ing. Early in Spring, harrow

iS-^^i&! _ the ground ; if clodd}^, plow

'^M^kpi0' ^^^^' ^^^■^^^"^S" the furrows
vji. 'ji %^-_ inward, and thus forming a

APPEARANCE OF HEDGE SECOND YEAR, dccp mcllow bcd or bordor :
for the planting, which, however, should be allowed to settle for
some days before the hedge is set, on low or damp ground, raise
the bed a foot high, or more, and six feet wide. Various methods
and implements are used in setting hedges, as with the spade,
the transplanting trowel, the dibble, etc. It matters little which
method is used, but if you would plant well, you must obey implicit-
ly the following injunctions : Use nr> plant, tbat is not in perfect

Madura Hedgf. C'ulturc

335

nrdcr. Plant close and at regular distances apart. Plant deep, plant
firm .

The most general and fatal error consists in too wide planting,
and too much dependence has been placed in the fine side brush,
and small secondary branches, produced by repeated heading
down to thicken the hedge. Experience proves that this kind of
filling in has neither strength nor permanence. Reliance should
only be placed upon the principle — upright stems — for strength
and closeness, -f Perhaps no cultivator of the Madura hedge in
the Union has had longer experience, or given the subject more
attention than Mr. William NefiT, of Cincinnati. His late remarks
i>n close planting ai-e as follows : " My experience convinces me
more and more that foior inches is the extreme distance that the
plants should be separated. When every plant grows, as they
always should, the stocks themselves make even the young fence
impervious to the smallest pigs, and the closer they are set, the
more the plant is dwarfed, both above and below ground, and
will, when matured, require tlie less pruning.

Should any plants
fail to grow, thej __.J^Sl

must be carefulh ~~^~

replaced by vigoi
ous, strong plant'-
reserved for that
purpose ; this ma\
bo done as late as
the first of June,
(in a moist time,)
by nipping uif tin
new growth. IX-
aniinc the row ci itic
allj'^ in the following
spring, and if resets
arc needed, use
strong, two yeai old
plants. Cultivate
tlie first season, by plowing lightly, first to, and then from
the row, as often as weeds and grass appear, till midsum-
mer. Late in autumn form a ridge about the plants, by throwing

-V HMSHED HEDGE.

336 Madura Hedgt Culture

two heavy furrows from each side to the row, which will protect
the roots the first winter. On low, moist ground, the plants must
be mulched, or littered two or three inches deep to prevent "hear
ingr out " by the frost.

So soon as the buds swell in the spring, the ridge is to be re
moved and the border made level ; then, with a sharp scythe, cut
off the row within two inches of the ground, as at A, Fig. 3.

Carefully replant, if necessary, and cultivate as before, by
plowing alternately to and from the hedge row.

About the last of June, if the early growth has been rapid, it
may be cut again to four inches above the first cutting. Some
experienced hedge growers omit this secc nd cutting, till the next
spring. Be careful to preserve a uniform height at each clipping ;
nip or pinch off the coarse shoots, or " leaders," that overstep the
main body of the hedge. The treatment for the third, may be the
same as that of the second ; but the height is to be increased in
the subsequent clipping, as the thickness of the body of the
hedge will allow, six, eight, or ten inches, each time.

The true theory of hedge building is, to check the upward ten-
dency, and to promote and encourage the growth of the base,
shortening the side branches only sufficient to keep them out of
the way in the cultivation.

In the spring of the fourth year, the clipping should be done
with a sloping cut from each side, thus giving it the true and
permanent form, which is that of a pja-amid.

The hedge may now receive its last plowing, which should be
light, throwing inward and giving the border a proper grade
from the hedge, — harrow the border smooth, and mulch nr litter
with rotlen straw, to keep down the weeds.

After the hedge has grown sufficiently thick and strong to turn
all stock, it would be well to seed down the border on each side
to white clover, a thick sward of which will prevent its washing,
keep out the weeds, and somewhat check the vigor of the hedge,
without growing up to interfere with the body of it. At the same
time, it will give it a beautiful, lawn-like appearance.

The finished hedge should be about five feet high, and four feet
wide at the base, sloping from each side to the apex.

It will still require its regular annual shearing, and it will^ be
found to be better and easier to shear twice a year, than once —

Madura HfAgc Culture 337

until the vigor can be checked, which may be safely and easily
aflfected, by running a sharp cutter or coulter, a foot deep, on each
side.

This root pruning- should be done in August, and once in about
every three years — until machinery for shearing hedges by horse
power can be perfected, the simplest and best implement for the
purpose, is made by taking a strong scythe blade, and attaching
to the heel a curved shank, on which is fitted a wooden handle.
The blade is to be kept very sharp, and the trimming done with
an upward running stroke — one side at a time. If the trimming
is neglected, the hedge will soon begin to assume the form of an
inverted pyi-amid, with high, wide, and straggling top, and with
a starved, thin, and open bottom ; and, though it will be likely
soon to fail as a fence, will not fail to exhaust the soil and shade
the ground, and become a nuisance. A perfect hedge will, when
in leaf, present the appearance of a green wall ; the beauty
of which, will amply repay the owner, (if he have a particle of
taste,) for all the labor, pains, or the expense of promptly shear-
ing, and keeping it in perfect order.

As the principal use of the hedge is to tiu-n all domestic ani-
mals, it should be strong enough for that purpose independent of
its armature of thorns ; and should be made so thick and dense as
to render it diflScult to see through it, when in leaf. It also sub-
serves other important purposes in the economy of the farm. It
forms an excellent screen, or windbreak, and it effectually pre-
vents the blowing of seeds from one field'or farm, to another.

A perfect hedge, well kept, will so blend the beautiful with the
useful, that it will improve the taste of the farmer, and promote
the love of order, neatness and method in all his operations ; and
as a consequence, it will strengthen his love of home. Hence,
the importance of properly caring for it, and keeping it in good
condition. The Madura floiu-ishes well in any soil where corn
will grow, and it has proven sufficiently hardy to withstand the
rigors of the winters of the forty-second parallel, though its young
shoots are sometimes partially killed, while the root is unharmed.

It is claimed for the Madura, that as a hedge plant, it excels
most other plants used for that purpose in the following proper-
ties, to wit : its easy cultivation and consec^uent cheapness, its
capacity to bear crowding, or cutting to any extent, its copious

338 Pear Stock, vs. Qninte. Stock.

supply of terrible thorns, longevity, freedom from attack of in"
sects, &c., &c.

I am informed that another new feature of usefulness has been
developed in the leaf, as a food for the silk worm, the value of
which has been fairly tested by a friend at Cincinnati, and
the result is, that the silk is finer than that made from the morns multi-
caulis. We might reasonably infer, that this discovery may
vastly enhance tlie importance of Madura hedge culture, since
the material for producing silk may be collected in vast quanti-
ties, with the least expense, from the summer clippings of the
hedge ; but as this article is already too long, we defer anv
further speculation on this branch of the subject at present.

Canton, 111., Feb., 1856.

PEAR STOCK vs. QUINCE STOCK.

BY JAMES SNOWDEN.

Some ten years ago, the demand for pear trees increased with
such unanticipated rapidity, that nurserymen were unable to in-
crease their stock sufficiently to meet it. As a result, extensive
importations were made, and by this means thousands of pear
trees were introduced on quince bottoms. As this method of
propagating the pear had become exceedingly popular in Europe,
attributable more particularlj^ I imagine, to the unique appear"
ancc of the tree than from advantages of a utilitarian character.
Mr. Rivers expressed himself favorably and even strenuously ad-
vocated the superiority of the quince over the pear for stock, as-
severating that the fruit was improved in flavor, increased
in size the tree, became more prolific, and for the minimum of
space occupied, gave the maximum of product.

Mr. Rivers being a nurseryman of much experience, his views
were cordially adopted by his adherents, both in Europe and the
United States. Tree groAvers here suddenly became wonderfull\'
enamored of the quince, simply because the stock was easily and
cheaply procured, while, on the contrary, pear seedlings wevf
with great difficulty purchased at exorbitant rates, were less

Pear Stock, vs. Quince Stock. 339

tenacious of life, and quite impossible on account of the leaf
blight to g-row in the United States. Hence nurserymen soon
discovered that their interests and profits would be advanced by
proclaiming the superiority of quince stocks. Amateurs, eager
and thoughtless, disregardless of the consequences, Avere in-
duced to chaunt the praises of quenouiles, until quite sensible folk
came to the conclusion that Nature was in error, and was about
being corrected in those charming pyramids that present their
fruit offerings just on a level with one's nose.

Quince Pear trees became the rage. i\jnateiirs planted them,
because a great many varieties coiild be grown and tested on a
small piece of ground ; farmers were highly delighted, because
they got fruit in two or three years from planting. Everybody
planted dwarfs, and, of course, everybody expected to realize a
fortune from dwarfs. After a time it came to be known that
many kinds of pear had a limited existence on the quince roots,
not unfrequcntly " going off" after bearing a single crop. This
gave rise to many lengthened discussions relative to the average
length of time a quince pear tree would survive, which was even-
tually determined to be about eighteen years. The various con-
troversies which ensued respecting the comparative value of
dwarfs for market purposes were mostly carried on between
parties who had trees for sale, and who, in consequence, were
favorably inclined to their universal dissemination. Under
such circumstances, it is not wonderful that no individual could
be mustered who had suflScient courage ,to express himself can-
didly— to boldly stand out from the throng — and declare the fact,
that, although dwarfs were very fine, they were immeasurably in-
ferior to standards, and to the unskilled grower, for market —
sources of more vexation than emolument — that their real value
was on a " par" with the Mahaleh for cherries, or the Doucain for
apples. Tens of thousands, nay millions of dwarf pears have
been planted in the last five years ; many of these have already
ceased to exist, others are pictures of feebleness, their sclerotic
foliage, as bestirred by the passing breeze, sing their exequial
hymn. A few, in propitious localities, and benefitted by good
cultivation, are in a luxuriant and fruitful condition.

The very principle of dwarfing a tree may be interpreted
to sicken it. The process pursued is to offer just sufficient food

340 Pmr Stock vs. Qwiuce. Stock.

to keep it alive, therefore a dwarf is a starvling. To make
a tree fruitful you must sicken it. This may be performed by
partially girdling it or cutting off the roots. Trees so treated
never recover. So it is with a dwarf, born of a disease, it cannot
naturally be expected to produce an amount of fruit equal to a
healthy standard. The pear engrafted upon the mountain ash
rarely survives the third year. On the thorn and apple its
sojourn is of longer duration. On the quince it will vary from
one to twenty-five years.

Many varieties of pear cannot be induced to grow on the
quince unless double worked ; other kinds will live one or
two years, others again five and six years. A few sorts that are
rampant growers as standards, exhibit a similar redundancy oa
the quince stock. This may be accounted for in the fact, that all
rapid growing trees or plants derive a large share of nourish-
ment from the atmosphere. Thus it is that the free growing
varieties of pear invariably take kindly to the quince. It cannot
be denied that large quantities of fruit may be induced on
dwarfs by extra cultivation, for the simple reason that if you
incessantly apply nutriment to the roots a large proportion
must find its way to the fruit. But can this undue excitement be
sustained for any considerable period ? I opine not, as it is not
only inconsistent with Nature's laws, but experience has thus far
denounced its practicability. The advocates of dwarfs cite
many instances of extraordinary success attending their cultiva-
tion. That these instances do occur, I cannot denj', but the
coterie is quite small when compared with the almost innumera-
ble occasions where bitter disappointment is realized instead of
fruitful, healthful trees.

Some who have written on the subject say that the trees
should have a mound of earth, raised high enough to cover
several inches of the scion, in order that it may be induced
to throw out roots. This advice is certainly very good, but
can the tree, under such circumstances, be considered a dwarf,
when it is indebted to the roots emitted by the scion for
sustenance ? Most certainly not ; only proving a powerful argu-
ment in favor of standards.

To remedy many of the above enumerated evils, tree growers
have introduced a variety of the quince that more closely assimi-

A Stonj-and-a-Holf Cottage. 34 J

lates the habit of the pear. The old sorts proved incapable of
affording- the requisite nutriment to sustain the pear for a
lengthened period. For small gardens these will doubtless
answer a good purpose, as a person will be enabled to get
the full value of his pear tree during his own life ; but for
the farmer and the marketer they are not only valueless, but
sources of anxiety from the extra cultivation required to
keep them healthful and fruitful. The time has arrived when
a larger share of attention should be directed to standards.
Winter pears are meeting with ready sales at highly remu-
nerative prices, and the supply is not adequate to a hundredth
part of the demand. The growing of winter pears will ultimately
become a source of great profit to those who properly engage in
it, and standard pear trees, in consequence, must and will super-
sede the dwarf where pears are cultivated on an extensive scale.
The leaf blight which has afflicted pear seedlings is, in my
opinion, becoming extinct, the recent climatal changes having
had the effect to produce healthful and tenacious foliage. This
fact will render resort to the quince stock unnecessary ; hereto-
fore it has been almost imperative. My individual experience
with dwarf pear trees has been of a nature to induce me
to discontinue their cultivation, except for the purpose of ascer-
taining the quality of a new fruit at the earliest moment. For
this purpose and for a kitchen garden they are indispensable, but
for orchard cultivation they are very inferior to standards.

A STORY AND A HALF COTTAGE

FRONTISPIECE.

The exterior appearance of a cottage may prepossess the pass-
er-by without any exposij;ion of the decorator's art. Brackets and
cornices are promoters of beauty in the right situation, but the
great expense which attends their use, in most instances, deters
the man with limited means from putting them into requisition.
Some people are possessed of a singular notion that a house can.

342

A Story-and-a-Half Cottage.

not be beautiful unless profusely covered with what in many
cases we must call tawdry ornament.

T h e conformation,
consisting of bold and
picturesque projections,
embodies more real
beauty, excites the ad-
miration and detains
the eye in nine cases
out of ten where a
" stove pattern " house
is simply seen to be for-
gotten or remembered
as an evidence of mon-
strous and perverted
taste.

The story and a half cottage represented in the engraving is
much to our liking. To boldness is added a permanent appear-
Muce, a startling and lasting beauty — a house that suggests its
being occupied for half a century by the same family. A tawdry
cottage makes one think its occupants are cosmopolitan. The
building itself may not inaptly be termed erratic, and it may,
therefore, insinuate fluctuation in those who bide for a time with-
in its carved doors. A low priced cottage should not have a
square tower like the elaborate and expensive villa, for the reason
that it gives the former a dissatisfied look, as if it would very
much like to be a castle or something of the kind, wci'e it not for
that insurmountable drawback, a lack of means ; hence a square
projection, like the engraving, neatly roofed over, is more in
keeping, and comparatively inexpensive. It affords an excellent
and economical position for the veranda, and contains Avithin itself a
vestibule and prospect room. Over the principle doorway u
slight protection is contributed by a small roof, supported by two
plainly carved oak brackets. All the terminations of the building
are finished off with 0 G moldings. The windows facing the
veranda are on a level with the floor, and swing on hinges,
making the communication with drawing-room quite convenient.

Accommodation — The drawing-room, is 15x14, and has a bay win-
dow ; it communicates with the veranda, liall and kitchen. The

The Mushroom, Uses and Culture.

343

hall is 7x15 ; to the right is a library, also 15x14, which is like-
wise entered from the kitchen, which is 12x16 ; from the kitchen
you descend to the cellar ; through an entrance under main stair-
way, there is also conveniently accessible a family bed-room, 14x
10, large pantry and store closet.

The second floor is
arrived at from lower
hall by a rather steep
stairway. This floor
contains prospect-room,
hall, 1x15, a large bed-
room, 15x14, a smaller
one, 10x14, and clothes
closet, 5x14 : all of
which are well lighted
from outside windows.

A cottage after this model, plan and dimensions, can be built
from durable material, and in a permanent and plain manner, for
$1,500. Where lumber is cheap, $1,000 will be the maximum of
expense.

^HE.MUSHEOOM, USES AND CULTURE.

BY EVELYN.

A DISH of mushrooms, all smoking and hot, reek'ng a savory
odor, is a delightful garuisher for one's table, especially if he or
she be of the epicurean school. Very few people seem to have
any idea of the mushroom as a culinary luxuiy, and a smaller
number are skilled in its propagation.

The mushroom belongs to the genus ogarims, {agariais campes-
tris.) It is most frequenty found in old pastui-es, and may be
readily recognized by its pink colored gills. There are several
species of fungi which bear a close resemblance to the true mush-
room, some of which are supposed to possess deleterious quali-
ties ; but the spurious sorts are darker colored, and are mostly

344 Tht Mushrccm, TJsts and CuUure.

found in the woods, while the true species invariably inhabits open
pasture lands.

The methods of preparing the mushroom for the table are
various. To broil them, cut off the stems, and wash the remain-
ing portion in cool water ; after which, place on the gridiron over
a slow fire, season with pepper, salt and butter, and serve like
broiled meats. To stew tliem it is necessary to i)eel off the skin ;
after which, place in a saucepan, partially covering with water, to
which a small quantity of salt should be added ; stew until they
become tender, when the remainder of the seasoning may be con-
tributed, consisting of butter, pepper, spices and wine ; cooked in
this manner it is generally served on toast.

Another way of preparing the mushroom is in the form of a
catsup ; this is performed by placing them in a dish with alternate
layers of fine salt, in which condition they should remain about a
week ; afterwards, reduce them to a consistent mass and add
pepper, cloves, and cinnamon, at the rate of one teaspoonful of
pepper, a quarter each of cloves and cinnamon to a quart of
mushrooms, incorporate thoroughly and place the vessel contain-
ing the mixture in boiling water, where it should remain for the
space of three hours. Subsequently strain through coarse cloth,
and boil again for half an hour, removing all impurities that rise
to the surface, bottle and cork tight, and set away for use.

As the obtaining a supply of mushrooms from pastures is not
always reliable, recourse is had to increasing them- by domestic
cultivation. In Europe, growing mushrooms is a highly lucrative
branch ot the gardener's art. In this country, it has not been
pursued except in a few isolated instances.

The mushroom is propagated by what gardeners term spawn ;
a white substance, resembling thread. This spawn may be pro-
cured during the spring and summer months, in the localities
where mushrooms flourish. Quite a small quantity will be 'suffi-
cient to commence operations with. The next requirement is a
compost, composed of equal parts of fresh horse manure, cow
manure, loam, and cut straw. Mix these ingredients well, and
mould in the form of square blocks ; then make a small hole in
each block, in which insert a portion of the spawn ; when the
blocks of compost are all prepared, allow them to dry for a few
days, after which, place them on a gentle hot-bed and cover over

The Mushroom, Uses and Culture. 345

with warm straw manure ; this will cause the spawn to spread
to the surface of each block. These blocks will keep several
years without impairing their vegetative powers. When a crop of
mushrooms is desired, all that is necessary is to make an ordi-
nary hot-bed, using an old plant pit for the purpose ; the pit
may be of any size. The manure for the bed should incline like
the angle of the sash, the back part elevated higher than the
front side. After the rank heat of the bed has escaped, whicl^
generally takes about a fortnight, cover it with an inch and a half
of black loam, sifted fine, upon which the spawn may be planted.
One of the blocks will plant a bed four feet square, as it can be
broken in pieces the size of a hickory nut. Plant in rows about
four inches each way, covering with another inch of loam. The af.
ter cultivation consists in keeping an equable temperature, some-
where in the vicinity of 65° will answer, occasionally watering
with tepid water. The length of time required to produce a
crop, is five weeks. If the bed has been kept too moist, the crop
will sometimes fail. Mushrooms can also be grown in the open
air on beds of manure, guarding against the fluctuations of
temperature by using a covering of straw when the weather is
too inclement. I hope in a few years to see mushrooms grown
as an article of every-day food, as it is cheap, nutritious, and a
luxury that never produces satiety.

FoRSYTHiA ViRiDissniA. — The culture of this plant, hitherto so
little known, being very easy and within the means of every
possessor of a garden, I will, with permission, give your reader
a few brief hints. The flowers, which are produced in great pro-
fusion, are of a deep yellow, very delicate in texture, and will
not bear exposure to a rough wind, or draught in a green-house,
as they are readily bruised. To ensure the plants blooming in
the open ground, it is necessary that they should be planted in
rather poor soil, so as to make well-ripened wood of a medium
growth, rather than long succulent shoots, which seldom, if ever,
bring forth flowers. As a plant for early forcing, it is very ap-
plicable ; and for that purpose, strong, healthy plants, with well
ripened wood, should be procured, and placed in pots suitable to
their size, using some rich decomposed turf, and taking care to
stop the shoots, in order to ensure nice compact specimens. The
Forsythia is readily propagated from cuttings, stuck under a hand
glass, in autumn. — W. C. N.

346

New Invention fnr Pruning Trees.

NEW IXVENTIOX FOR PRUx\IXG TREES.

RUN'iXG trees is a sadly
neglected branch of the or-
chardist's skill. Many people
do not feel as if they could
afford to pay a professional
gardener to trim their trees
of superfluous branches, and
are themselves averse to the
rather hazardous performance
of climbing among limbs of
doubtful ability to sustain
one hundred and sixty pounds
or thereabouts of creeping
humanity ; consequently but
few orchards are indebted
to ought but nature for the
inclination of their stems and
branches,
proper and judicious pruning of fruit
induces beaut}', productiveness, large
size, and increased excellence in the fruit,
and long life and agre able form in the tree. Trees that are
crowded by an exce-ss of wood, do not receive sufficient air
and sunlight to perfectly elaborate their fruit— hence it becomes,
in many instances, spotted, deficient in flavor, color and size.
The great superiority of fruit grown with the assistance of
brick walls, espaliers, or such as are treated as dwarfs, is almost
entirely attributable to the trees receiving the frequent applica-
tion of the pruning knife, and also their favorable exposition for
the admission of unlimited quantities of sunlight and air.

There are a great many croakers which infest the community,
who unremittingly protest against the advantages arising from
pruning trees ; asserting that it is the cause of disease, and also
that if commenced, it must ever after be perseveringly persisted
in, for the reason that for every branch cut off nature will immedi-
ately replace by a myriad of emulous sprouts. Very unfortunate-

New Invention for Pruning Trees, 347

\y for those favorably disposed to the trec-trimniing doctrine, they
are deterred from the indulg-ence of their progressive propensity
by the unwarranted prejudices of illiterate " croakers," who, for-
sooth, being* born in the vicinity of a dung-hill, must neiids be
veritable expounders of that which constitutes rural skill. One
man, assuming a wiseacre-ish expression of countenance, remarks,
" Cut off that branch of your apple tree, and the maimed stump
will immediately commence decaying, and will continue doing so
until it reaches some vital point and death ensues." Another upon
whose features gravity and self-complacence become resigned, as-
sures your novice that pruning will positively produce canker.
A third, perfectly innocent of any knowledge of a fruit tree,
other than that acquired by a few trees over whose fates he has
presided for a quarter of a centurj', and which have furnished nought
but apples of contention for twelve leather-tongued urchins, declares
that nature knows her own business, and will therefore, if needed,
perform her own pruning. The grafted tree not being a product
as originally designed, is, by man's interference, an artificial ac-
quirement, and as such demands artificial treatment. A forest
under ordinary circumstances, may not need trimming. A fruit
tree, au contraire, imperatively solicits the pruning knife to aid na-
ture in forming a beautiful and healthful tree. Possibly a tree
may be injured by cutting off" a branch five or six inches in diam-
eter, and leaving the wound exposed to the weather. Where
pruning is commenced when a tree is small, there will be no ne-
cessity of cutting a limb over two inches thick ; this system pur-
sued annually will eflFectually obviate cause for injury, as wounds
will quickly receive a granulated protection of new wood, especi-
ally if the cutting is performed during tlie early summer months,
while the growth is most rapid. Trimming trees either large or
small, should never be performed during the autumn or winter
months — where the wood to be taken out exceeds an inch in thick-
ness. The proper season for trimming is just as the leaves ap-
pear in spring, or at a subsequent period when rapid growth is
going on. This advice, of course, will be understood to apply
specially to fruit and ornamental trees of the larger class ; shrub,
bcry, vines, etc., should only be pruned in autumn and winter, as
the opportunity is more favorable for giving symmetry and de-
sirable proportion.

348

NeiD Invention for Pruning Trees.

We have been induced to make the above remarks from having
recently witnessed the operation of a pruning chisel, that admira-
bly executes the object for which it was designed. The accom-
panying engravings disclose a sectional plan of the invention,
and also a view of the operation of the instrument. Its construc-
tion as is apparent, is exceedingly simple, comprising a broad

chisel, fabricated from the best steel for edge tools ; this is securely
fastened 1o an iron rod, varying in thickness from a half to one
inch. The rod works like a piston, in a hollow tube, with, how-
ever, sufficient play to render its
movement perfectly free. A long
handle, or a short one, if more con-
venient, is firmly attached to all.
To operate the chisel, it is, by a
dexterous movement, plunged into
the wood, which partially severs it,
and leaves the blade tightly embed-
ded. The operator then withdraws
the handle which slides upon the
iron rod, and is prevented from sep-
arating by a nut or bolt head : it is "-^
then driven violently against the ,-^
shoulder of the chisel, which, in two ^^^
or three similar contacts, generally '
cuts throiigh the branch. It will be ■.
perceived that the principle involved
is the same as that of the carpenter
who uses the ordinary chisel for morticing a piece of timber.
That this instrument will prove serviceable, convenient, and labor
saving, we cannot entertain a doubt. It can be used with a short
handle while in the tree, for the purpose of lopping branches with-
out the reach, and which it would be unsafe to approach. In case
a very long handle is required, moveable joints can be used, con-
nected with stout iron ferrules. The name of the inventor of this
i ngenious instrument is W. Harvey, of Saltville, Virginia. Per"

Forest Trees for Waste Lands. 349

sons who would like to purchase, can be accommodated by the in-
ventor, or David Lamdrcth and Sons, of Philadelphia, Pa.

FOREST TEEES FOR WASTE LANDS.

BY L. DURAND.

Tee subject of growing forest trees for waste lands has been
talked of for some years past, while it has b(,'en put in practice
by some farmers. Still it is a subject that requires a good deal
of study and attention, and it needs and wants some go-ahead
farmer in every farming township, to lead off in this business of
improving waste, poor lands, by growing forest trees upon them.
Now almost exevy farmer in New England, will find that if he
has many acres, say from Qfty acres to three hundred on his farm,
that more or less acres will be found of poor, thin, gravelly knolls,
often rocky, with steep hill sides and low pastures capable of
growing, as they are, not much but five-finger vines, stramonium
and rattle-box weeds and plants. On most of such waste lands,
the situation is such that they cannot be plowed to any advan
tage, although many such soils have been " killed " in years
past, by this process of plowing, washing, bleaching and drench-
ing by the rains and atmosphere, with little or no grass growing
in the mean time, so that the soil is little better than a waste
moor. Then, again, but few farmers can get or spare manures to
put on such soils, so what is to be done, for it is certain that such
waste lands are an eye sore to any farmer who is favorable to im-
provement ? First, on many such soils young forest trees will
spring up naturally if the land is left undisturbed for a few years.
If this be the case, the plow should be kept out entirely, and the
young sprouts left to themselves, though sheep may have a range
in the old pasture, and young cattle, after the trees get to bo
four and five feet high. About all the attention such trees want,
will be to trim them up occasionallj^ and cut up the brush.

If they should come up too scattering, the open spaces should
be filled up with transplanted trees from the forest. In the lines

350 Forest Trees for Waste Lands.

of old fences, the various kinds of forest trees, such as the Oak,
Hickory, Elm, &;c., will spring* up of themselves ; and if the old
fences be removed and the under brush cut up, these trees, in a
few years will form a handsome belt of growing timber. Where
the young trees will not come up naturally, they may be planted
in two ways, namely : the young trees may be transplanted from
the forest, or the ground maj^ be prepared by cultivation, and
then the Acorns, Chestnuts, Cones, &c., may be gathered and
planted in rows, or broad-cast, as may be. We think the former
method of transplanting the most sure, and in cases where the
soil is too steep and rocky to be plowed, this is the only plan that
can be followed out. Of course, in either case of cultivation, the
young trees should be protected a few years from farm stock, to
give such trees as are natural to the soil the preference ; for in-
stance, the White Oak, and various other oaks will grow well on
thin gravel soils, and high knolls, while the Elms, Hickorys and
Maples, will require a heavier and stronger soil. Also the White
Birch will flourish and grow well on a very poor, thin soil ; and
as this tree grows fast, it is worthy of cultivation, it often
comes up naturally in old fields adapted to its growth. On many
old barren fields that have been worn out and neglected, the
White Pines will come up in great numbers ; and if, after a few
years, these trees are allowed to grow, and are then cut, and
trimmed up, and thinned out, in a few years a handsome forest of
young Pines vvill be added to the farm. A fifteen or twenty years'
growth will give these trees such a start, that they then may be
cut and thinned out, giving the standard trees of from six to ten
inches in diameter at the trunk, plenty of room to grow to great
size in after years, while the trees should be at such distance as
to let in the sun, the pine grove to be used as a pasture for farm
stock. The extra wood from the young trees thinned out, would
pay the expense of cutting and trimming for fire wood. There
are many instances in Xew England, during the last twenty-five
or fifty years, where enterprising and persevering farmers have
raised fine groves of young timber and forest trees, after the
plans named above. What is now wanted, is a great deal more
done at the same business, on poor, waste lands. Another valu-
able forest tree for cultivation, is the Locust — of these there arc
several varieties. Amongst the most valuable for timber and posts

Forest Trees for Waste Lands. 351

are the red and 3'ellow heart varieties, while at the West they
have a black heart variety, which they consider valuable for tim-
ber. The Locust requires a g-ood soil for cultivation, and it may
bepropogated by seeds and then by young plants, or trees from the
nursery. One advantage in planting a Locust grove, is, that they
make a rapid growth, and so they repay the planter for his labor
in a few j^ears, with fine shade and valuable timber. We know
of but one draw-back in the cultivation of the Locust, and that is
the Borer is very apt to attack them, and oftentimes doing
much damage in this way. In regard to the cultivation of the
Locust for profit, we give a short extract from the Mass., West-
field News-Letter. The writer says that the Acacia, or Locust
tree, grows in twenty years, to a goodly size, perfuming with the
fragrance of its flowers the atmosphere all around it, yielding
great abundance of rich material to the honey-bee for the manu-
facture of his precious nectar — fit food for gods and men. Its
use in ship building, for fence posts, as well as for manifold pur-
poses in the arts and manufacture, is rendering it every year,
more and more valuable as an article of commerce, and it already
commands a high price in all sections of our country ; and it
will grow well in all soils and situations. It is a highly orna-
tal tree, as well as in many useful ways valuable. An acre of
Locust of fifteen years growth, will bring you $800 to $1000 ; of
twenty years growth, $1,500 ; of twenty-five years growth, or
thirty years, $3,000, more or less, without the labor of cutting and
carrying to market, for the buyers will take it standing and leave
you the branches, which, for fire-wood, will pay you the interest
on the cost of the land during the time the crop has been grow-
ing. The cost of planting and protection for the first few years,
with the labor of proper trimming and pruning is trifling indeed,
compared with the ultimate profits. Now if we allow the profits
on the Locust to be but one-half of the above named figures in
the time given, we still have a handsome profit on the time and
labor laid out. And we know of no better investment that can
be made on a rocky or waste field of pasture, than by planting it
out to Locust. The cultivation of the Sugar Maple, also should
be considered as a future source of profit, as in after years the
tree might be made valuable for the making of sugar. And

352 Forest Trees for Waste Lands.

although these trees are of slower growth than the Locust, and
they require a stronger soil for good growth, they will be found to
come to six inches in diameter at the bole before the planter ia
aware of it. The common red heart Cedar is another tree worthy
of cultivation. On many soils this tree will spring up naturally,
and if trimoxed up at the Dole, they may be made to make a
straight and erect growth. For fence posts, the Cedar is very
valuable, also when growing in open pastures with the trunks
well trimmed up they make a fine appearance, and like other
evergreen trees, they maintain the same grand appearance
throughout the year. Also this tree will make a good hedge, or
line fence, when planted close and allowed to grow for that pur-
pose— which is often wanted, particularly on the north and west
Bides of old fields much exposed to winds and cold. Cattle and oth-
er tame stock may be allowed to feed among these trees, as they
will not injure evergreens by browsing, as they will deciduous
trees during the growing season. The native Hemlock is also a
valuable ornamental evergreen shade tree, and although this treo
grows more naturally in thick forests, yet it will do well when
transplanted and grown as an open standard, giving a dai'ker
and heavier foliage than do the Cedars or Spruces. Natural open
woodlands are also worthy the attention of the farmer ; they
should be encouraged to grow wherever they are. Such lands
will admit of the valuable pasture grasses growing for stock, and
generally will not be troubled with under-brush ; if so, they
should be cut out and kept down.

Another great advantage of such lands for pasture is, that the
trees afibrd a protection for animals in case of severe weather
and storrns, which we often have throughout the growing season.
And finally, the advantages which spring up from covering our
rocky, waste, poor lands with forest trees, is much greater than
we can enumerate. On many such poor soils, they have become so
exhausted by the plow, washing rains, scalding suns, and bleach-
ing winds, that the grasses cease to grow ; so it is impossible to
recruit them except by reproduction. Hence they must have help
in that way, and where these soils are covered by shade from the
weather and sun's rays, the tree roots branch out and up near
the surface, thus opening the soil and imparting fertility to it ;
then the pasture grasses will begin to grow, and finally, in

Italian Villa with Campanile.

353

time the soil will sward over to grass and turf. Then, again, the
droppings of the animals will be much better preserved and fed
to the soil under the trees, than without them. So that, the
advantages of growing the trees are many and various, affording
protection to animals, also improving the soil, covering rocky
ledges, deep gulches and waste barrens, with growing timber
and good groves. Of course it will take time, much patience, and
a good deal of labor to bring this about, also some disappoint-
ments must be met and overcome. But whatever cultivator will
begin this business and persevere in it, we will guarantee him,
in a few years, that he will be abundantly paid for his labor and
toil.

ITALIAN VILLA WITH CAMPANILE.

FRONTISPIECE.

An important feature in every house, is its entrance hall, and
here it has ample proportions, though none too great. You enter
first a vestibule nine feet square, and thence into the hall, 9x19,
containing a wide and handsome staircase. At the left is the

drawing-room, an ele-
gantly proportioned
apartment, 16x27, com-
municating with the din-
ing room, in the rear, of
the dimensions of 12x16.
For family purposes, and
even for entertainments,
such as a family living
in the house would be
likely to give, the latter
will be found large
enough.

The wide veranda in
the rear of the dining
room is a notable feature
here, and will be much
appreciated.

354

Italian Villa, with Campamle

Opposite the drawing room is the library, a cosy, pretty room,
12x16, and in the rear of that is a very snug kitchen, also 12x16.
Appended to the dining room and kitchen will be found a good
supply of closets, store-room, sink room, porch, etc.

The second floor plan
is also conveniently ar-
ranged, giving a very
large room, suitable for
a supper room in case of
an evening entertain-
ment, or serving as a
bedroom for all the young
children, or the master
or mistress ; three other
bedrooms 12x16 each,
two very large and two
smaller closets, and an
excellent bath room with
water closet, &c., &c.
Each of the four bed-
rooms is provided with
an open fire place, so es.
sential to aid in a proper ventilation. The very large bedroom
can readily be divided into two, or even three, good sized rooms,
should the requirement of any family make it necessary. The
turret or third story of the tower affords another good room 9x9,
which may be used for a sleeping apartment or otherwise. It is
presumed to be airy, and to afford an excellent view of surround-
ing objects.

In many localities a house of this description would be con-
structed with basement rooms, in which case the kitchen and
breakfast room would probably be immediately underneath the
rooms now designated respectively kitchen and dining room, leav-
ing those rooms to be used for different purposes. This plan is
adapted to the use of wood or rough brick, stuccoed. If of the
former, the frame should be filled in with coarse brick, and the
outside sheathed smoothly. Sliould brick be used, hollow walls
covered with brown stucco will admirably answer. The spac6
in the v/alls will not cause the house to be dry, but will make it

Trees for Railroads. 355

warmer in winter and cooler in summer, besides giving excellent
facilities for ventilating- every portion.

TREES FOR RAILROADS.

BY WILLIAM BACON.

Several articles upon this subject have recently been brought
before the public, which leads us to suppose that the public mind
is waking up on the subject, however drowsj'' corporations may
remain in the matter. Some have argued the benefit which would
result from the operation by the protection the roots would give
the roads, a consideration of no small account in many places,
not only to the corporation, who expend more in every five years
in repairs to such embankments, than would be necessary to plant
trees to keep them in preservation for a century. Then, there
are, in many places, deep excavations, from whose slopes every
spring and autumn, and often in heavy rains in summer, the earth,
for many years, is working towards the track and requiring" much
labor for its removal. Sometimes as we have seen, these slopes
wash, and wearing away the adjoining lands at the loss of fence,
and it may be of the animals by consequent exposure. Here a
clump of trees, spread over the slope, would prevent the mischief
at a much less cost than the labor attending the neglect.

Again, we have seen it noted somewhere that by this setting
out trees on the line, this may no doubt be accomplished, but
years must elapse before the timber from recently planted trees
would become fit for the purpose. They would much sooner be
fit for food to drive the machinerj'', and for this purpose alone
would no doubt well pay the cost of planting, and a good per cent-
age on the amount expended in planting out.

Such are two of the considerations in favor of such an improve-
ment. Another is, that where such trees have become vigorous in
their growth, they would, except in very dry times, remedy one of
the most unpleasant attendants of rail travelling — the dust. By
shading the road a portion of the time, they would keep the earth
cooler, and so prevent the rapid evaporation which is the sure at-

356 Trees for Railroads.

tendant of heat and sunshine. They too, by their power of ab-
sorption, would attract moisture from the atmosphere by their
heads, and from the earth from their roots, thus keeping up a due
degree of moisture, except in the very driest times ; the effect of
which would be to prevent the dust from accumulating at the
surface.

Then again, trees planted by the sides of railroads would give
new interest to the country through which they pass. It is a
common remark of travellers, that they usually pass through the
least interesting sections of the districts along their route. This
is necessarily the case in hilly and mountainous regions, in order
to secure a suitable grade. Hence they pass along low lauds, and
in many cases over swamps, most forbidding in their natural feat-
ures. In higher regions they often pass through deep cuts which
entirely cut off the prospect, which otherwise, for a moment,
greets the eye. These cuts meet the vision as so many grand
deformities, with their ragged sides worn and gullied by every
storm. Now, if these lowlands were belted with trees to inhale
the miasma which arises from them, and exclude from the eye the
unsightly bogs and morasses which line the way — if the embank-
ments presented a slope of verdure seen in beautiful trees rising
higher and higher, what a new and beautiful feature these high-
ways for the million would present to attract the attention, feast
the eyes and gladden the hearts of all passers-by who have taste
enough to appreciate anything so grand and beautiful in nature.
It is a common remark, that " the cars go so fast you can't see
anything." I believe no such thing, for we never, in our own ex-
perience, rode so fast in them but the difference between an oak
or a maple — a pine or a hemlock — a ledge of limestone or of slate
— of clay or gravel, or the different stratifications of sand, were
noticeable. Then what a beautiful succession of trees would be
brought before the eye in travelling from the Atlantic to the Mis-
sissippi, or from Canada to the Gulf, or the South, by the array
of trees and shrubs of every intervening district spread along in
beautiful relief by the way side ; and then the opening of vegeta-
tion in spring, and the decay of autumn, would mark the differ-
ence of season in a way which he could not fail to admire, and
from which we would gather lessons of instruction.

Old English Cottage.

351

OLD ENGLISH COTTAGE.

URAL cottages in England are
very different from what are
termed rural cottages in
America. An English village
is clothed with verdure of
the most enlivening descrip-
tion. There, houses are fairly
enshrouded to the very roof
with graceful climbers. Ev-
ery salient point is embraced
with ivy, which frequently
depends in elegant festoons.
Trees and hedges luxuriate
everywhere, and the remem-
brance of the cottage home
with the Englishman is a
grateful and refreshing rem-
iniscence through all his pil-
grimage of life. Americans,
we are sorry to say, have a
more powerful appreciation
for that which produces the
dollar than that which elevates the mind and cultivates home affec-
tions. We ardently long after twenty-one, and the opportunity to
dash at the busy scenes of life, to compete with others in a struggle
for lucre. We build our homes with a view to economize money,
space, and at the same time not lose sight of convenience, for we are
too utilitarian to omit bo important an object. Sometimes we
go farther than this, and are stimulated to add a little of what is
termed ornament. Instead of doing this with trees and flowers,
we substitute paint, (bright paint), a little extra carpentry work,
and then desist, in the consoling reflection that we have achieved
a prodigy of a house. We are a great restless wave on the sea
of life, constantly undulating and foaming, doing that for the
good of the nation which were wiser expended in one's family —
diving into politics (for we arc born statesmen, every one of us)
—forgetting in our ambition that a cheerful home with our own

358 A Selection of Twelve Varieties of Strawlerries.

is the paramount consideration of life. And thus our children,
strangers to the delights of home, are at an early age estranged,
and are self-banished from the moiety of comfort which such a
home extends. That there are exceptions to this rather sweeping
denunciation, we do not attempt to deny, but they are rare, and
when found, are like the oasis that refreshes the weary traveller
on the burning sands of the desert.

The cottage illustrated by our engraving, is a genuine speci-
men of an old English cottage, situated in the suburbs of a de-
lightful village, which may be seen in the distance. It is a pic-
turesque cottage, expresses comfort, frugal and healthful fare,
happy children, a place where Wrens and Phoebe birds build nests
under eaves, and return" again with each ensuing spring. The
roof is thatched, there are four gables and two oriel windows.
Reference to the plan will disclose the arrangements so as to per-
mit the chimney stacks to occupy the centre of the building, which
should in all cases be adopted, when the sacrifice of convenience
is not required. The material may be gravel concrete, such as
described in the February number of the " Review."

Accommodations. — The principal doorway enters upon the hall
which runs longitudinally, and is 15x7, affording ample space for
staircase. Communicating with the hall is a spacious dining room
and kitchen combined, 15x15, connecting with which is a closet
15x5, bed room, 15x10, and drawing-room, or what is familiarly
termed parlor, 15x17. All these apartments are in convenient
access to each other, and well lighted.

The entrance to the yard is from one side of the building, which,
if desirable, could be readily altered to the reai\ Cost of con-
struction $800.

A SELECTION OF TWELVE VARIETIES OP STRAW-
BERRIES, OF UNRIVALLED EXCELLENCE.

H, Hermaphrodite — P, Pistillate.

BY WJI. E. PRINCE.

Scarlet Magnate, P, The largest variety yet produced in our
country ; rounded, and some berries compressed ; scarlet, rich

A Selection of Twelve Varieties of Strawberries. 359

flavor, productive, and highly valuable. A very showy berry for
market, and a very remarkable and distinct fruit. Plant very
hardy and vigorous, with large, broad, dark-green foliage. The
leaves never burn during the summer ; nor are the plants ever
injured by the winter.

Imperial Scarlet, P. Second only in size to the preceding, to
which it is rather superior in flavor ; the form, obtuse, cone, or
rounded, scarlet, handsome, and very showy, juicy, and sprightly
flavor, firm, and well suited for market,— productive ; plant very
vigorous, foliage pale-green, very large and luxuriant ; a remark-
able variety, very valuable for the size and beauty of its fruit,
and for its other qualities. This, and the preceding variety are
of larger average size than Hovey's Seedling, and much superior
in color and flavor, and consequently, better suited for market.

Ijiperla-L Crimson, P. Large, short cone or rounded, dark-scar-
let or crimson, fine color, sweet, fine flavor, productive ; a first
rate berry, firm for market. It is nearly as large as McAvoy's
superior, and has the qualities for a market fruit, in which that
variety is so deficient.

Le Barox, H. Early, very large, obtuse, cone, dark-scarlet,
not showy, — sweet, rich, melting, highest flavor of all the
large varieties, very productive for one of its sexuality, and
continues long in successive bearing ; foliage, tall, light-green,
and very vigorous, — a seedling of the old Swainstone.

Supreme Montevideo, P. Very large, obtuse cone, bright, light
scarlet ; a beautiful berry, juicy, sprightly, moderatel}' sweety
very productive ; foliage large and vigorous. A seedling from
the Montevideo or Chili, and precisely equivalent to obtaining a
Pistillate variety from the British Queen.

Rosalind, P. Very large, obovate, beautiful light scarlet,
moderate, but good flavor, very showy, scarcely firm enough for
long carriage to market, very productive ; plant vigorous, with
large, broad foliage.

Eclipse, P. Early, large, conical, splendid fruit, on long pe-
duncles, and has the remarkable property of ripening all its
berries at the same time ; bright scarlet, high, brilliant color,
fine flavor, with slight acidity. It is one of the greatest bearers

360 A Selection of Twelve Varieties of Strawberries.

of all Strawberries, and a full and profuse crop may be earlier
supplied for the market from this variety, than from any other ;
plant vigorous, with large foliage. A very striking and remark-
able variety.

Diadem, P. Very large and showy, rounded, beautiful light
scarlet, pleasant flavor — a remarkably fine, and beautiful berry ;
plant very robust, vigorous, and hardy, with tall, light-green
foliage ; very productive. A seedling of the Iowa.

Huntsman's Favorite, P. Large, obtuse cone, bright scarlet,
very handsome, sprightly, juicy, sweet, and very fine ; productive
■ — very valuable. This variety was selected by Prof Huntsman,
from a bed of many seedlings, and was named as above.

Crimson Perfumed, P. Large, obovate or rounded, crimson,
sweet, juicy, high perfumed flavor when fully ripe ; very product-
ive— valuable ; foliage dark-green.

Rubicon, P. Very large, obtuse cone, or rounded, crimson
juicy, fine flavor, highly productive, very valuable ; foliage dark
green, and vigorous.

Malvina, p. Large, obovate, bright crimson, juicy, sprightly,
good flavor, very productive. This variety greatly resembles
Hovey's Seedling, its parents, both in the growth and foliage of
the plant, and in the form of its fruit. But when contrasted, it
is rather smaller, with the advantage that the berries are of a
more average size, and less unequal than that variety. The color
is a brighter red, the berries more juicy, and of a more spirited
and higher flavor ; and it ripens fully a week or more before the
Hovey, thus obviating the disadvantages of that variety. It is
firm, and well suited for market ; foliage, dark-green and luxuri-
ant when in full growth. A grower, who sent a considerable
quantity to market the past season, contracted for the whole at
thirty-one cents per quart.

W^I. R. PRINCE,
Flushing, N. Y.

Cutting Grafts, and Grafting. 361

CUTTING GRAFTS, AND GRAFTING.

By L. Durand.

The subject of improving and growing fruit is one which should
claim our special attention every season, as the time comes around :
and as the Apple stands at the head of all fruits, with the farmer,
we will give our attention to this point now. It may be, and
often is, necessary to repeat, in the course of a series of years,
the same general plans in principle in regard to orchard and fruit
growing generally, of which we may do in this instance. But
our idea is, in this article, to confine our §.ttention to preparing
grafts and grafting, though we may allude, in connection, to or-
chard culture.

Apple grafts may be cut anytime after the leaf falls in autumn
until before the buds start in the spring, and these may be kept a
year or more, though this is not often necessary. But in this cli-
mate, any time from the 20th of February until the 1st of April,
or before the buds swell, will answer to cut Apple grafts. The
grafts should be cut from the outside of the tree, thrifty shoots of
the previous or present season's growth, from six to twelve inches
in length, as may be. Of course the several varieties should be
tied up in separate packages and also labeled. This may be done
by shaving down a large scion in each bundle, an inch or two in
length, and then marking in notches or in numerals, as Baldwnis,
No. I, Greenings, No. II, Spys, No. Ill, Spitzenbergs, No. IV,
&c., at the same time entering the names and numbers down in a
" fruit book," for future reference at grafting time. This plan fol-
lowed out will prevent all mistakes in mixing up grafts, so that
each kind may be found when wanted. After the scions are all
gathered and labeled, they should be packed away in the cellar
in a lot, in rugs, or they may be packed in a woollen cloth kept
moistened in a lot, in a cool part of the cellar. Moisture will not
hurt scions, but the object is to keep the scions in their natural
state, as when cut from the tree. If the scions are kept three or
four months, and quite moist, as the warm weather increases the
buds will push out sometimes half an inch in length or more. In
this case, the buds should be lopped off close when the scions are
set in the stock. Sometimes such scions do well, but they often

362 Cutting Grafts, and Grafting.

shrink and die out after a few days of hot weather. On the other
hand, scions that have bark well shriveled, when set in stocks
that have the leaves well started, such scions in a few days will
swell ou t the buds and grow finely. Still it is the safest way to
have the scions just right, and if they are to be kept until warm
weather, they require a good deal of attention to keep them so.
Some grafters cut and set the scions the same day ; this plan
will sometimes do very well, if the grafting is done very early,
but the safest way is to have the scions cut as we have named
above. As to the time for grafting, it may be done in this climate
any time from the 15th of April, to the 15th of June, or later
as may be, more depending on the character of the scions than in
the season for success. We have had as good success with these
scions set as late as the 10th of June, as with those set earlier in
the season ; yet it requires a little more care in sawing off the
stock, to prevent barking, etc., in late grafting. One advantage,
in late grafting large trees, is, that you will f)nly get a short
growth the first season — say from six inches to twelve or fifteen
inches growth, and the scions will not be so liable to break off by
wind and hail storms the coming winter, as where the scion get
two feet or more in growth by early grafting. Still early graft-
ing has its advantages, and this work generally should be done
in a month from the middle of April to the 20th of May, or by the
time the blossoms are well out. Now, as to the manner and kind of
grafting to be done on large stocks, the common " cleft grafting"
is the best, although this is often done in a bungling manner by
green hands. In grafting large trees, to have this work done in
a business-like manner, requires three hands at least — namely,
one to saw off the limbs and pare the stocks, a second one to set
the scions, and a third one to put on the wax. While one or two
hands are sawing off and paring the stocks, the third one may be
cutting and sharpening the scions, so that no time need be lost.
The scions may be cut from two and a half to three inches in
length, sharpening the wedge of the scion an inch and a half, leav-
ing an inch and a half or so of the scion above the stock after it
is set. One side of the scion should be left a little full of timber in
sharpening, and this side should be set the outside of the stock.
If the scions are large, as some will be, a shoulder may be cut on
the scion, but generally this will not be necessary, as large scions

CiUting Grafts and Grafting. 363

may be pared down pretty thin, and then set in large stocks.
Some grafting- " bunglers" we have seen, will leave their scions
sticking up above the stock, three, four, and five inches long ; this
is bad business, as in nine cases out of ten if they live they will
get broken off by wind and birds There it looks again as though
the grafter expected his scions to have apples by the " Fourth of
July ;" at leaist a wrong calculation. As to the size of the stocks
for grafting, those that are about the size of a hoe handle, or from
an inch to an inch and a half diameter will answer best. Some
grafters saw oflf limbs two and two and a half inches in diameter,
and though scions will usually live and grow in such stocks, yet
it takes a longer time for such stocks to heal over ; then the
stock often pinches the scion so tight as to kill it. So we prefer
to go two or four feet further out, until we find the limbs of a
<'onvenient size to saw off. In grafting a large tree, go first into
the top to saw off, throwing the bush over, outside, and down out
of the way. Care should be taken to saw each tier of under
limbs at a distance of from two to four feet out beyond the limbs
alone, so that when the grafts get well started they will not grow-
up into each other, but will have room to spread. Of course, two
scions should be set in a stock, usually one scion if they live will
be enough, cut with care can be retained if wanted as may be.

Most grafters now use a chisel and a wedge combined, to
split and open the stock, with a small hammer to strike. In
absence of the chisel, a half worn butcher knife, and a small steel
wedge and hammer will answer a good purpose to split the stocks
and set the scions. A fine edge and stiff back, some such as join-
ers use to saw clapboards, should be used to saw the limbs, and
a good pruning knife to pare the stocks. The grafting wax
should be made of seven parts — namely, four of resin, two of bees'
wax, and one of tallow, melted together in an iron kettle, and
when it has become thoroughly dissolved it may be poured into
cold water, and then pulled like shoemaker's wax in rolls ; or it
may be left to stand in the kettle, and pulled and washed as
wanted. This latter plan we prefer, as the iron kettle will draw
the rays of the sun, and soften the wax so thai it can easily be
worked ; so that warm, sunny days should be selected for graft-
ing in the early season, not only for comfort, but to melt the wax.
The inside of the hands should be well greased to prevent the

364 Cutting Grafts and Grafting.

wax from sticking while working it, and also when putting it on
to the stocks. First put a good cap of wax on the top of the
stock, covering it well, and down to the sides, covering the split
well to keep out rain and moisture. Some grafters spread on the
wax thin, as some will butter on bread where it is t- irty cents a
pound, but there is nothing gained by this policy. When the
wax is made after the above rule, it will not melt and run in the
hottest weather, neither will it crack and come off in the coldest
weather, but it will remain on the stock for two years, or until
the stock is entirely closed over where it is well covered at graft-
ing.

When large trees that are thrifty are grafted, it will be well to
take off most of the branches, leaving the limbs pretty much like
bare poles, though a few branches and shoots may be kept to
draw up the sap. Where trees are large, and the tops and
branches are a good way up from the ground, it will be a good
plan to head the trees down, that is, saw off the main branches
of the tree at a convenient distance down, or where the branches
start out from the trunk, so as to form a new head by the sprouts.
These sprouts or shoots may be budded the first or second season,
or you may wait three or four years and then graft the stocks.
If the trees are very large and slow growers, a part of the tree,
say the south half, may be headed down first, and then after two
or three seasons' growth of sprouts, the north half may be taken
off in the same way. Managed in this way, the trees will con-
tinue to grow unchecked ; whereas, if the whole top w6re taken
off at once, the sudden check of sap might kill them. If an old
tree is sound at the trunk, no matter how many dead limbs there
may be upon it, the sprouts or thrifty limbs may be grafted and
the dead wood taken ofi", it will pay.

If such orchards or trees are unthrifty from neglect as they
generally are, they may be first grafted and then pruned, after-
wards scraped and washed ; and then the soil should be plowed
for crops and heavily manured, especially under the trees. Crops
of corn or potatoes may be raised for two or three years to ad-
vantage, or till the soil becomes well shaded again by the groov-
ing sprouts and grafts, the soil to be well manured with each
crop. The scraping should be done directly after a heavy storm
by a " tree scraper," to be had at the implement stores. Begin-

Green-house Climbing Plants. 365

niug- at the upper branches and scraping off all the moss and
loose bark, and so down the trunk to the ground. After this, a
washing of strong potash or lye water may be put on by a large
white-wash brush. Managed in this way, the old neglected trees
will put on a new dress, while the bark will present a smooth,
thrifty appearance. When large trees are headed down and
large limbs are taken off, the stumps or wounds should be covered
with gum shellac dissolved in alcohol to the consistency of thick
paint, and put on with a brush. On this point, most cultivators
understand that the wounds should be covered by some kind of
composition, where large limbs are taken off. But with judicious
yearly trimming, but few or no large limbs will need removing,
and so when the pruning is done in the summer or early fall with
only small limbs taken off, the shellac or composition may be dis-
pensed with. ^Vhere large trees of slow growth have been
grafted, it may be well to let all the sprouts grow for three or
four years, only cleaning them away around the grafts. This will
cause the tree to bring up the sap in a measure, otherwise cut off
by a removal of the top. Where large single trees standing in
pastures or meadows are wanted for shade, the top of the tree,
two-thirds do"wm, may be cut off and grafted, leaving the large
branches and boughs for shade until the grafted top is well
grown, so as to make shade when the lower limbs can be grafted.
In this way, you can renovate your scattering trees, and at the
same time retain the advantages of shade for men and animals.

GREEN-HOUSE CLIMBING PLANTS.

In a recent number of the Floricultural Cabinet, a correspondent
requires an answer on green-house creepers ; T therefore take the
liberty, through your widely circulated and intelligent publica-
tion, of forwarding a descriptive list of such as I grow — this
section of plants (climbers) being a great favorite of mine — as
well as an attempt to make a small return for the useful know-
ledge many othei's have afforded me in this Magazine.

The following kinds are handsome, as well as free bloomers : —
Tecoma Spectabilis — The rich green shining foliage, and its

366 Green-house Climbing Plants.

large, waxy-white, funnel-shaped flowers, with a crimson eye,
render it a charming plant. The panicles of flowers hanging
down are exceedingly pretty.

BiGKoxiA Graxdiflora — is a climbing shrub, growing ten or
twelve feet high, but it c(>mmences flowering when two or three
feet high ; its flowers are produced in panicles, each flower being
two and a half inches across, and of a deep red color. It was
introduced from Japan many years ago, and should be grown in
a border or a large pot, on a rich loamy soil.

Clematis Azurea Grandiflora — is a beautiful flowering plant ;
its flowers are of a pale violet color, four inches across. It may
be cultivated in a pot or border of loam and peat. It flowers in
April and May ; introduced from Japan in 1831.

CLEiiATis Florida Bicolor — (Sieboldii) — is a beautiful showy
flower, which is of large size, and of a greenish-white color ; it
has an Anemone-like centre of a dark purple ; this -and the last
species are hard}", but well deserve a room in the house. It
blooms in xlpril and May ; a native of Japan.

Hoya Carxosa — is an old plant, but pretty, and free to cultivate
in a pot or border ; it resembles an Asclepiat (it is commonly
called the Wax Plant). It flowers throughout the entire sum-
mer.

Kexnedya Kdbicunda — is a rapid grower, and will not display
its beauty except in the green-house border. Its flowers are of a
dark red, and plentifully produced, in April and May. It is a
native of New Holland, and delights in a sandy peat soil, with
plenty of drainage.

Kenxedya Marryattiaxa. — This is a dwarfer species than the
last, and may be cultivated in a pot of peat and loam ; its
flowers are of a crimson-purple color. It is ^ native of New
Holland.

Kexxedya Coccinea — is a very small and pretty species for pot
cultivation ; it gruws and flowers freely in sandy peat, well
drained, blooming in April, May, and June. A native of New
Holland.

Kenxedya Glabr.\ta — This is a neat and handsome species, and
may be cultivated very successfully in a pot of sandy peat. Its

G-reeiv-house Clivihing' Plants. 36t

flowers are produced in spring, of a fine crimson color. A native
of New Holland.

Kexxedya Monoahylla — produces an abundance of blue flowers
in racemes ; it should be grown in a border of loam and peat ;
it grows eight or ten feet high. A native of New Holland.

Kennedya Monophylla Longiracemosa — The same as the last,
but its flowers are of a lilac color.

LoASA Lateritia — is a plant of rough appearance, but deserves
cultivation for its easy culture and showy flowers. It may be
cultivated successfully in a pot of rich loam ; it blooms all the
summer. Introduced from Tucuman.

LoxicERA Japonica — is an evergreen Honeysuckle, producing a
sweet odor, and an abundance of pale-yellow flowers ; it grows
eight or ten feet high, blooming from June to September. It is
a native of Japan.

Passifloba Decairneana — This new and splendid species was
figured in this Magazine, in January, 1855. I obtained a plant,
and it bloomed admirably in my green-house last summer. Its
rich crimson blossoms, adorned with its numerous blue and white
thread-like parts of the nectarium, are exceedingly handsome.
It grows rapidly and blooms freely.

Passiflora Filamentosa — This is a neat and pretty species ;
flowers of a light purple, blooming all the summer ; it delights in
a rich loam and peat soil. A native of America.

Passifloba Ixcabnata — is a free-blooming species, the flowers
are flesh colored. This and the last mentioned species should bo
cultivated in the border, in order to succeed well.

Passifloba Kermesina — is a small and beautiful species, requir-
ing a warm greenhouse ; it delights in a rich loam and peat soil,
well drained. Its flowers are of a fine rosy crimson color.

Philibertia Grandifloba — is a neat and curious little climber for
a pot ; its flowers are greenish-yellow, spotted with purple, bloom-
ing from May to July ; it delights in a rich loam and peat
soil.

Thunbebgia Alata — may be trained to a circular trellis four feet
high ; its flowers are of a buff color, with a dark purple eye, and
are produced all the summer. A rich loam suits it best. The T.

368

Qreen-howse Clivibing Plants.

leucantha, white, with dark eye, and the T. anrantiaca, of a fine
orange, with dark eye and large flower, alike deserve a place in
every greenhouse.

Trop^olum Teicolorum — is one of the most beautiful creepers in
cultivation ; it may be grown in a pot of sandy loam, and be
trained to a trellis. To prevent drought injuring its roots, its
pot should be placed in a larger one and filled round with damp
moss or sand ; it flowers all the spring and summer. Introduced
from Peru.

Trop^olum Brachyceras — is a plant of the same habit as the
last mentioned, and requires the same treatment ; its flowers are
yellow, and bloom all the spring and early summer months.

Floricultural Cabinet.

Editorial Miscellany.

369

EDITORIAL MISCELLANY.

ASHINGTON IRVING, that
most agreeable of Americau
authors, has given us a con-
\incing monument of his good
taste in rural matters in his de-
^■^ lightful home, amid the scenes
of his pen exploits, which he
has appropriately called "sunny
side." Those who have been
permitted the pleasure of par-
taking the good cheer of his
amply spread table, say that it
is " sunnyside " indeed, sunny
without, from the genial rays of
old "sol," and sunny within,
from the kindly heart and radi-
ant countenance of the bio-
grapher of " Rip Van Winkle."
Sunnyside is environed by many
natural beauties which its appreciating proprietor maintains most
sacredly. True there is no parterre or tutored lawn ; but there
are grassy knolls and valleys, majestic trees and lowly shrubs,
aspiring vines and mossy rocks, all in keeping with the locality,
and telling the story of the loves of a simple-minded man, who
discovers the greatest beauty in nature, as expressed by the
Creator's own fashioning.

Washington Irving, although unmindful of the gardener's skill,
has wisely surrounded himself with all the intrinsic enticements of
country life. Of choice fruits, his grounds boast a great abun-
dance. Fine stock also finds in him an admirer. His dove cote
contains rare birds, and is a model of architecture.

To live comfortably, snugly, with a sufficiency of nature's
choice products, a few genuine friends, within sight of the many
scenes his prolific pen has immortalized, to listen to the quaint

3t0 Editorial Miscdlamy.

conversation of the rapidly decreasing remnant of " Knickerbock-
er," seems to fill his cup of happiness quite to overflowing.

The Douglass Fir, represented by one of the frontispiece illus-
trations of the present number, is an exceedingly fine specimen
of its species. It is 10 feet in height, and of the most symmetri-
cal shape. It is growing in private ground in England. The
Douglass Fir, although valuable as an evergreen, does not compare
for beauty and gracefulness with the Hemlodc Fir of this country,
its very symmetry being a sufl&cient cause to limit its use to the
few localities where perfect shaped trees are desirable.

Mr. Bacon sends us a little article relating to the culture of the
cauliflower, that neglected, but excellent vegetable :

Cauliflower axd its Culture. — " Of all the flowers of the gar-
den," says Dr. Johnson, " give me the Cauliflower, so far as its
vegetable qualities are concerned." The doctor's opinion is wor-
thy of universal adoption, for whether we consider it as a healtli-
ful vegetable, or one worthy of the gusto of the epicure, we know
of nothing its superior. Yet with all its acknowledged good
qualities it has thus far found its way into comparitively few gar-
dens, and but very few appear to have any idea of its excellence.
It is rarely, if ever, found in farmers' gardens, and, so far as we
know, is unknown in markets north of New York. In that city,
we presume, it is common, and south of there, as we have no
doubt, its cultivation is well understood.

The Cauliflower belongs to the Brassica or Cabbage family-, of
which it is one of the tenderest and most delicate members.
While the common cabbage, however, forms a compact head of
its leaves under favorable culture, the flower buds of the Cauli-
flower form a close, firm, white, and delicate head, which, when
properly prepared, constitutes a luxurious delicacy which no one,
after having once tasted, will be willing to forego.

For northern culture, the Cauliflower should be sown in a hot-
bed in March, or early in A.pril, and in May the plants should bo
transplanted at such distances as are suitable for common cab-
bages. It is a rough feeder, consequently the soil can hardly be
too rich for its growth. We have succeeded best with it on a sod
of light loam, or on a loam one year from the sod. Decayed veg-

Editorial Miscellany. 371

etable matter is favorite food for it, though compost of muck,
ashes, and lime or plaster, proves an excellent substitute. Soap-
suds is an agreeable condiment. Frequent hoeings, especially
in dry seasons, hasten its growth.

It is the natural tendency of the plant to protect and shelter
the head while forming, with the large leaves with which it is
provided. The effect of this is to blanch them almost to transpa-
rency, and of course remove all disposition to toughness, which an
exposure to the atmosphere would be likely to promote. When-
ever the leaves show an inclination away from the head, they may
easily be brought to cover it by placing them upward in the morn,
ing, and thus habituating them to grow up and cover the head in-
stead of downward.

The U. S. AoRicuLTrRAL Society. — The Executive Committee of
the U. S. Agricultural Society had a meeting in Philadelphia last
week. The Philadelphia Ledger says of it :

" Colonel Wilder, the efficient and distinguished chief of the
xissociation, presided. The object of the meeting was to arrange
certain preliminaries for the next annual exhibition, which has
been fixed to take place in this city on the 7th of October, and
which it is proposed to conduct on a scale of unexampled liberal-
ity and splendor. It was decided to embrace, as objects of the
exhibition, horses and horned cattle, swine and sheep, agricultu-
ral implements, cereal and vegetable productions, poultry, and
native fruits and wines.

" A grand banquet, in which ladies will participate, was also
settled as part of the programme ; and it was agreed to appro-
priate |12,000 or $15,000 in premiums."

We have a private letter from Philadelphia which states that
the good people of that city are arranging for an exhibition which
will eclipse that held in this city last fall. They have subscribed
$15,000 as a guaranty fund, and appointed a committee of ar-
rangements of forty persons, embracing some of the leading men
of the different professions. They will have to work sharp and
keep busy at it, before they will bear away the palm from the
Boston exhibition. — Boston Jounial.

ExANTHUS Pyramidalis Florepleno. — This magnificent plant has

312 Ediiorial Miscellany.

large flowers, of a brilliant carmine outside, and fine blue inside,
with golden spots in the interior of the petal. Its perfume re-
sembles that of the violet. Stem robust, rising to the height of
six feet. It flowers from four to five months, and early ; resists
the greatest cold, and may be cultivated in pots, in an apartment,
or in a greenhouse.

f
Double White Petunia Imperial. — Amongst the novelties for

the decoration of the flower garden, this year, will be the double

white Petunia, said to be as double as the Oleander, and fragrant.

If it is really pure white, and a free bloomer, it cannot fail to be

valuable as a bedding plant. — Midland Florist.

Building stone may be tinted in diflerent shades by impregnat-
ing it with metallic salts and then adding a precipitating re-
agent. By means of salts of lead and copper, with sulphuretted
hydrogen, graj's, browns, and blacks may be produced. Copper
and ferrocyanide of potassium give a red tint. If porous lime-
stones are boiled in solutions of metallic sulphates, carbonic acid
is evolved, and the metallic oxyd, combined with sulphate of
lime, is deeply fixed in stone. In this manner, sulphate of iron
gives rusty tints, sulphate of copper a fine green, sulphate of
manganese a brown, and mixed sulphates of iron and copper a
chocolate. The double sulphates thus formed increase the hard"
ness of stone. — London Artizan.

Vanilla. — The vanilla, so much prized for its delicious flavor, is
the product of a vine which grows to the tops of the loftiest
trees. Its leaves somewhat resemble the grape ; the flowers are
red and yellow, and when they fall off are succeeded by the pods,
which grow in clusters like our ordinary beans — ^^green at first,
they change to yellow, and put in heaps for a few days to ferment.
They are aftewards placed in the sun to dry, flattened by the hand,
and carefully rubbed with cocoa-nut oil, and then packed in dry
plaintain leaves, so as to confine their powerful aromatic odor.
The vanilla bean is the article used to scent snuflT, flavor ice
creams, jellies, &c., &c. Tlie plant grows in Central America and
other hot countries.

Editorial Miscellany. 313

New Fruit-Bearing Shrub. — Ugenia Ugni, — This new and valua-
able fruit-bearing slirub, is of the Myrtle family, and belongs to a
genus of plants named " Eugenia" in honor of Prince Eugene of
Savoy. This variety has been recently introduced by Mr. Veitch,
of the Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, and was obtained through Mr.
Lobb, from Patagonia.

The fruit is said to be much used by the natives for food, and
eaten in Chili as dessert, which statement no one would doubt if
once having ate of the fruit. It is of the most exquisite flavor,
and difficult to describe. The pulp is soft and white, very sweet,
and has a Strawberry flavor, combined with sweet spices, and ex-
tremely aromatic. The fruit is round, of a brownish red color,
flat eye, and small reflexed segments. The stalk is like that of a
Gooseberry, and hangs on the tree in a similar manner.

Tlic plants are increased by cuttings or from seed, and will
grow freely in rich loam, and if kept in a greenhouse it will blos-
som in the spring, and ripen its fruit early in autumn. Small
plants in pots bear well, and form very pleasing objects with
their dark green polished leaves, studded with ruddy fruit.

Doubtless we have something yet to learn in regard to the cul-
tivation of this new shrub. It is not improbable that it would
thrive and produce an abundance of fruit if trained on a south
wall, and occupy a place in the garden among other fruit-bearing
trees. It fully merits a trial, and I hope at some future time to
return to the subject. — Florist.

On the Cultivation of the Fuchsia. — Having been a successful
cultivator of this graceful flower, and having been awarded near-
ly all the first prizes, for some years, at the Nottingham shows, 1
have thought it might be interesting as well as useful to the am-
ateur and young gardener, to give a detail of some of the princi-
pal features of my mode of cultivation — particularly as regards
economy, simplicity, and certainty of success.

I take my last year's plants, and repot them, giving them a
good soaking in water, and then place them in the warmest part
of the greenhouse. This should be done in December, or early in
January, as soon as they have made shoots about two or three
inches long ; I select those cuttings which are of strong growth,
and have no appearance of blooming (early bloomers never make

3*14 Editorial Miscellany.

good specimens), and put each cutting separately into a bottom
heat, where the cutting will soon take root. The soil I use for
this purpose is one part of leaf mould, one of peat, one of loam,
one of sheep clung, with some silver sand, mixed well together. I
then pot ofi" the cuttings into half pints, plunge them into a good
bottom heat, and as soon as the roots make their appearance
round the pot sides, repot them into larger sizes, according to the
growth of the plants. By keeping them in bottom heat they will
grow vigorously, and soon make good plants. Place a stick in
the centre of the pots, and tie the plants to keep them upright.
They will soon begin to make side shoots, and when they are
three or four joints long, stop them. Do this to all the joints
that are near the bottom at once, so that they may all break at
one time. Continue to stop the young shoots from the bottom
upwards. Care must be taken not to get the leader injured, or
the appearance of the specimen will be iinsightly. By this treat-
ment, and careful training, you may get plants >vhose branches
hang with graceful regularity from the top to the bottom of the
stem — not like those we often see, mere bundles of sticks, resem-
bling half-formed bird-cages. The growth of the plant, in my opin-
ion, adds as much to its beauty as the flowers.

LucuLiA GRATissiMA. — It is a matter of surprise that this plant is
not grown in every cold greenhouse, for its beauty and fragrance
at this season of the year cannot be surpassed. Two fine plants
are growing in a cold conservatory at Thorp Perrow, Bedale,
where the thermometer seldom rises above 44<^. It covers a
space on a back wall 24 feet by 12 ; in the Christmas week there
were more than 100 bunches of bloom open at one time, and, their
beauty is likely to last for a long time, which makes them more
prized in winter. The plants are never exposed to cutting winds.
They were planted — one five years ago, the other six. The soil
used for them was a mixture of loam and leaf-mould , so impati-
ent are the plants of heat that the hot water pipes near them have
been covered up for two years ; previous to that the lower blooms
dropped off before they came to perfection. — Gardeners^ Chronicle.

Editorial Miscellany. 315

Farmers' Club Meeting of American Institttte, March 6, 1856.

Reported for Horticultural Review.

The Secretary, Henry Meigs, Esq., read extracts translated by
him from the " Journal de la Societe Imperiale et Centrale d' Hor-
ticulture. Napoleon III, Protecteur, Paris, December, 1855."

" Mons. Capp, Chief Gardener of the Useful Plants in the Mu.
seum of Natural History, in the name of Prof. Decaisne, pre-
sented magnificent tubers of the Dioscorea Batatas, (Chinese
Yam).

The small pieces of this Dioscorea were planted in April, 1854,
and are now of considerable size, and weigh 500 to 1000 gram-
mes, (11^ to 35 ounces) and ramify much.

Messrs. Chevet, of Montigny, said that they had tasted this
Dioscorea the last week, and that the flavor rendered them^ excel-
lent eating.

Mons. J. Dumas, on the contrary, said that he had tasted some
that were " fade " (insipid,) and looked like mucillage. Some
members said that perhaps they were not sufficiently matured.

Mons. Boui-geois, said that he had the last year received some
of the tubers, which were different in figure from the rest, and
that instead of being round, they were flattened.

Mons. Kemont, of Versailles, presented several specimens of
his first crop of the Dioscorea or Igname. They were raised
from the Bulbilles, (little bulbs) : some were grown on new
lands in the environs of Dax, Department of Landes. Others,
near Versailles, in rich and well-manured soil, produced an in-
ferior crop to the former. Mons. Eemont stated, that he had tried
panification (Bread-making,) by adding 20 per cent, of this
Dioscorea to wheat-flour, and that the bread was excellent. He
hopes that 35 per cent, of this root may be added to flour with
advantage. Planted in April, a hectare (2| acres) may yield
sixty-five thousand killogrammes of the tubers — about thirty-five
tone to an acre. (This would be 780 bushels per acre.)

3t6 Editorial Miscdlany.

Mons. Payen said, that if we can obtain 40,000 killogrammes
per hectare, it would be an immense advantage gained for Agri-
culture. He desires of Mons. Remont to dry some of the Ignames
and ascertain their proportion of starch. He observed that it
was a remarkable circumstance in this elongated root, that the
Starch was far more abundant near its upper extremity than at
its base. That those cultivated in Algeria were more full of
Starch than any grown in France, and that like diiferences are
found in the Starch of the common Potatoes, which vary from 14
to 2t per cent, of Starch.

Prof. Decaisne said, that during the last year, some of the
tubers produced It to 18 per cent, of Starch.

Mons. Guerin Menneville said, that Mons. D'Montigny had sent
from China, Bxilbilles of several varieties of the Dioscorea.

Messrs. Decaisne and Remont, pointed out a singularity in the
cultivation of this plant, quite remarkable, which is, that they hate
dung. The Chinese never use it in cultivating the Dioscorea !

As to the dijBficulty of getting out the crop their depth in the
ground being so considerable, Mons. Bourgeois said, a plow
can be made as well suited to plow them out as the plow
used for carrots. Mons. Remont says, he intends to try the culti-
vation of this new root in six of the Departments of France.

Messrs. Bossin and Louesse, presented Dioscorea tubers grown
from the Bulbilles (little bulbs,) and others from the cuttings of
the root.

Professor Decaisne presented small tubers of the Dioscorea
Batatas, and also of the Dioscorea Aroides, received direct from
China. The first are long roots with truncated ends ; the latter are
probably the Colorasse (species of Arum.)

Endive. — It is very strange that Endive with us is only known
as a salad, dressed green with oil and vinegar, and yet how ex-
cellent a vegetable it forms, those who have visited the Paris
restaurants must well know. I have sent you the recipe to show
how it is cooked on the Continent, the bitterness removed, and an
excellent dish produced : — Chop up Chicoree, Endive, or Spinacli
very fine (cooks say for 10 minutes) ; boil it first, then put it

Editorial Miscellany. 3TT

into cold water ; then drain the water off, and squeeze it out till
quite dry. Take a good tablespoonfnl of flour, and a piece of
butter about the size of a Walnut, mix them Avell near the fire,
and boil them in a pipkin. Put this mixture with the vegetable,
and about a tcacupful of water, for fear of burning ; add a little
salt and pepper, and boil till done. So, I think, the German mode
of boiling Beet-root the true one to obtain the fine saccharine
flavor, and it has been much approved at my table, though " never
heard of before." — Ibid.

Prodigious Potato. — The Independance Beige informs its readers
that " in the Belgian Colony of St. Thomas, a Potato has been
grown weighing more than 50 lbs." Good-bye, Big Gooseber-
ries.— Ibid.

The American Pomological Society — Sixth Session. — Ix confor-
mity with a resolution passed at the last meeting of this National
Association, the Sixth Session will be held in Corixthiax Hall, in
the city of Kochester, New York, commencing on Wednesday, the
twenty-fourth day of September next, at 10 o'clock A. M., and
will continue for several days.

Among the objects of this meeting are the following : — To
bring together the most distinguished Pomologists of our laud,
and, by a free interchange of experience, to collect and difftise
such researches and discoveries as have been recently made in
the science of Pomology — to hear the Reports ot the various
State Committees and other district associations — to revise and
enlarge the Society's catalogue of Fruits — to assist iu determin-
ing the synonymes by which the same fruit is known in America
or Europe-;-to ascertain the relative value of varieties in differ-
ent parts of our country — what are suitable for particular locali-
ties— what new sorts give promise of being worthy of dissemi-
nation— and, especially, what are adapted to general cultiva-
tion.

The remarkable and gratifying progress which has been
attained, of late years, in this branch of rural industry, is, in no
small degree, attributable to the establishment and salutarj^ in-
fluences of Horticultural and Pomological Societies. It is, there-

878 Editorial Miscellany.

fore, desirable that every State and Territory of the Uniou should
be represented in this convention, so that the advantages result-
ing from this meeting may be generally and widely diffused.
Held, as it will be, at a convenient point between the Eastern
States and the Western, easily accessible from the South, and
also from the Canadas, it is anticipated that the attendance will
be larger than on any former occasion, and the beneficial results
to the American farmer and gardener proportionately increased.

All Pomological, Horticultural, Agricultural, and other kindred
associations of the United States, and of the British Provinces,
are requested to send such number of delegates as they may deem
expedient ; and nurserymen, and all other persons interested in
the cultivation of fruit, are invited to be present, and to partici-
pate in the deliberations of the convention.

In order to increase as much as possible the utility of the oc-
casion, and to facilitate business, members and delegates are
requested to forward specimens of fruits grown in their respective
districts, and esteemed worthy of notice ; also, papers descrip-
tive of their mode of cultivation — of diseases and insects injuri-
ous to vegetation — of remedies for the same, and also to
communicate whatever may aid in promoting the objects of the
meeting. Each contributor is requested to make out a complete
list of his specimens, and present the same with his fruits, that
a report of all the varieties entered may be submitted to the
meeting as soon as practicable after its organization.

Packages of fruits and communications may be addressed as
follows : — " For the American Pomological Society, care of W.
A. Reynolds, Esq., Chairman Com. of Arrangements, Rochester,
N. Y.»

Delegations will please forward certificates of their appoint-
ments, either to the above, or to the undersigned at Boston.

Gentlemen desirous of becoming members of the Society, and
of receiving its Transactions, may do so by remitting to the
Treasurer, Thomas P. James, Esq., Philadelphia, Penn., the admis-
sion fee of two dollars, for biennial, or twenty dollars for life mem-
bership.

MARSHAL P. WILDER, President.
H. W. S. CLEVELAND, Secretary.
Boston, Mass., March 15, 1856.

Editorial Miscellany. 3T9

The Rose Garden. — The Rose garden may be of any size or
form, according to the taste of the cultivator, but a deal may be
done on a small plot of garden. As a matter of course, much
depends upon the soil and situation, I find them to do the best
when the ground has a gentle slope to the south-east, and is of a
rich turfy loam. Twenty-four yards by thirty is the size of my
garden, in which there is a nine-foot border all round. On this
border I plant my standards, which are about three feet in height,
and they consist of the best summer roses in cultivation. The
other part of the ground I divide into three chains of circles,
eight feet across, with a circular connecting border between each,
and on each side there is a path two feet wide. When thus laid
out, and it has been well worked with rotten manure to a good
depth, I commence planting the first row of beds with hybrid
perpetuals, either on dwarf stocks, or on their own roots ; the
latter I prefer for several reasons, for you may peg them down
and layer them, and they are not so liable to be killed by frost.
In each bed I plant nine trees round the edge and one in the cen-
tre, being careful to pick them as similar in growth as possible.
In the second row of beds J plant Bourbon and tea-scented Roses.
These may either be planted separately or mixed, and in the cen-
tre I plant some of the best sorts of noisettes. In the third row
of beds I plant hybrid perpetuals, as before. On the outside
border I plant dwarf hybrid perpetuals and Bourbons. When all
this is done, I give a good top-dressing of well-decomposed ma-
nure, and do not prune them till March, which I like much better
than autumn pruning.^ I fork the ground well over about the
beginning of May. As soon as the bloom buds show sufficiently,
I pinch off, where there ai'e too many, for by that means I have
much finer flowers. For hybrid perpetuals I would advise a good
mulching of well-rotted manure, about the middle of June, be-
cause it will incite them to bloom much longer and make extra
growth.

In the spaces intervening between the roses on the border and
beds, there will be plenty of room for choice Phloxes, of which
there is now so great a variety, and Pompone Chrysanthemums
and Scarlet Geraniums, which would materially add to the embel-
lishment of the Rose garden,

J. G.

380 Editorial Misedlany.

Clianthus Puniceus. — It appears somewhat strange that this
fine Leguminous plant is so seldom seen in that degree of per-
fection which its exquisite habit and charming racemes of inflor-
escence so richly deserve. Perhaps a few remarks on its cultiva-
tion may prove a word in season to some of your readers.

This fine plant was introduced from New Zealand in 1812, and
is probably better adapted for training against a conservatory
wall than any other situation. It may be easily struck from cut-
tings in any ordinary propagating pit, and when rooted should
be shifted into 48 pots, in soil composed of loam, leaf-soil, and
sand. It should then be kept near the glass in a close pit, or
other structure where a growing temperature is maintained.

In the com'se of six or seven weeks they will be well-estab-
lished plants, suitable for immediate removal to the conservatory
border. The soil should consist of good calcareous loam and
good half-decayed leaves, to which should be added sufficient
burnt clay, or other porous material, to keep the soil in a good
healthy condition. It now requires to be plentifully supplied
with water at root, and frequently syringed over-head, with the
usual course of stopping, tying, &c., ag occasion requires.

In the autumn, water should be partially withheld, in order
that the tissue of the plant may become consolidated or ripened
sufficient to carry out, in the following spring, the brilliant effu-
sion of drooping scarlet pea-shaped flowers, which will assuredly
ensue if the above directions are carried out. — Florist and Fruiiist.

Apples for Michigan. — At the recent meeting of the Michigan
Fruit Growers' Association, the following apples were recom-
mended for general cultivation in that State, viz. : Swaar, Eambo,
Yellow Bcllflower, Esopus Spitzenburgh, Rhode Island Greening,
and Belmont or Waxen. The Baldwin, although found to be
variable, and often badly affected with dry rot, was on account
of its many excellent qualities, also similarly recommended.

Pears. — At the same convention, the following pears were re-
commended for general cultivation : Glout Morceau, Flemish
Beauty (for light soils,) Stevens' Genesee, Dearborn's Seedling,
Swan's Orange (Onondaga,) and English Jargonelle. The latter
must be picked and house-ripened, or it rots at the core and be-
comes worthless.

Editorial Miscellany. 381

Notes on Pears. — There is no fruit so full of vagaries, so capri-
cious in its quality, adaptation to different soils, and in its season
of ripening as the Pear. The past has been pre-eminently a Pear
year ; I purpose, therefore, to give a few running notes on new
and old varieties, their variations in quality under different cir-
cumstances, and hints as to culture when necessary to serve as a
Pear record for the year 1855.

Mter having cultivated and tasted nearly all the old varieties
of early Pears, I have come to the conclusion that we ought en-
tirely to discard such sorts as Amire Joannet, the Blanquets, and
Muscats, and confine ourselves to Doyenne d'Ete, Citron des
Carmes, and Beurre Giffart, as the only very early kinds worthy
of cultivation. They ripen as nearly as possible in succession ;
the first commeTicing to ripen in July, and the others following
till the middle or end of August, depending much upon season,
soil, and site. I am wi-iting of their ripening here in the south,
but not in a warm locality ; these three varieties were all very
good last season and bore abundantly. The first named, as is
pretty well known, is small, and when ripe, of a beautiful red and
yellow. I have eaten it fully ripe from the tree, and very juicy
and agreeable, but as a rule it should be gathered before it is ripe,
and kept a few days in the fruit room, it is then more juicy ; a
very simple mode of prolonging their season, and which may be
applied to all early Pears, is not to gather them all at one time,
but to do so at intervals of three or four days. This summer Doy-
enne is a great bearer and seems to bear nearly as freely when
grafted on pear stock, as on the Quince, in deep rich soils. I have
seen it on the latter stock grow vigorously and bear profusely,
but in most soils it forms a pretty and prolific bush or small pyr-
amid ; on the Pear stock it will grow to a moderate-sized stand-
ard, and also forms on that stock a nice prolific espalier or pyr-
amid, for such a form is preferred.

The Citron des Carmes is a very old variety, and in most sea-
sons is exceedingly juicy and agreeable ; last season they were
very good indeed ; when grafted on the Quince, it grows freely,
and bears fine fruit, but it is very apt to swell over the stock and
become imsightly, unless the stock is carefully covered. The tree
is not so tractable as the Doyenne, but throws out vigorous irreg-
ular shoots. As it does not make a handsome pyi-amid, it is bet-

382 Editorial Miscellany.

ter cultivated as a bush or espalier ; in the former case its vigor-
ous shoots should be pinched early in June, so as to make the
bush as compact as possible with such an irregular grower. In
most soils cultivated on the Pear stock, it cankers terribly ; but I
saw last autumn fine standards growing on a hill at Cheltenham
on the blue lias clay without a spot of canker ; I have indeed
rarely seen such beautiful trees. — Gardener's Chronicle.

QuERcus sEssiLiFLOKA. — In the summers of 1853 and '54,1 visited
Fontainbleau, and had long drives through the forest. 'I was
much struck with the appearance of the Oaks, and having forgot-
ten what Loudon had stated about them, as being all Quercus
sessiliflora, I could not account for their fastigiate appearance, so
different from our old English oaks. My guide, finding that I was
a lover of trees, took care to show me all the lions of the forest in
that way ; I took notes at the time of their girth and apparent al-
titude, but these I have mislaid, and I now only remember that
he first of all drove me up to the foot of an enormous tree which
he called " Chene du Roi ;" this was a magnificent " stick," with
a clean straight bole entirely branchless, and with a compact,
densely leafed head. He then, after a considerable drive, brought
me up to another, and with his " Voila, Mo nsieur," directed my
attention to its grandeur ; this he called " le Chene des Deux
Freres." I remember it as being very tall, straight, and branch-
less in its stem ; another he pointed out to me as " le Chene de
Ferrand" was equally grand ; in fact, I never before saw such
straight, clean stemmed, bulky oak trees. It did not strike me at
the moment that they were the sessile sort, but on visiting an-
other part of the forest where the sandstone rocks lie on the sur-
face in large masses— one place I remember as very picturesque,
called, I think, the Valley of Rocks — I found some small stunted
trees with acorns, and I then found that the dense foliaged large
oaks I had been admiring were Quercus sessiliflora. Loudon de-
scribes the leaves as being of a " paler green" than those of Quer-
cus pedunculata ; this is just the opposite of my inpressions, for
I remember being attracted to some trees of Q. sessiliflora on the
banks of the Dart by their dark green hue, and by their thick,
may I call it leathery appearance. The Fontainbleau oaks have

Editorial Miscellany. 388

this character. On coming to the verge of the forest near the
town, I observed in some of the thickets young trees of peduncu-
lata, and I fancied that some were hybrids partaking of the char-
acters of both, but I could not find any acorns on them ; has any
one ever heard of such hybrids ? The misfortune is that it is dif-
ficult to prove, for before a young oak tree commences to bear
acorns, one has generally ceased to care about acorns and oak
trees. — Ibid.

Beurre d' Amanlis Pear. — Mr. Rivers, I observe, speaks well of
this pear, but says " it is never highly flavored or perfumed." A
pyramidical tree of this kind on the Quince stock I had from him
in 1853, bore this last year 14 large fruit, the first I had ever seen
of the kind, and I can assure you they were as high-flavored as a
good Jargonelle, and very like it in taste though very different in
appearance. In fact it was the highest flavored pear I have
tasted this season ; though that does not say much, as generally I
have found them below the mark, not only those of my own growth,
but in Covent Garden Market. The Jargonelle thrives in our deep
rich soil in the marsh of North Lincolnshire perfectly, and does
not canker. One that , I grafted myself 18 years ago, near the
banks of the Humber, on a sucker of an old pear stock that came
up against the house, speedily spread over two of the walls, and
bore, (and bears, I believe, large crops, without a trace of canker.)
—Ibid.

Medieval Gardening. — Our invaluable ancient authority, Alex-
ander Necham, says a " noble garden" should be arrayed with
Roses, Lilies, Sunflowers, Violets, and Poppies ; he mentions also
the Narcissus (N. pseudo-narcissus ?) The Rose seems to have
been cultivated from the most remote time ; early in the 13th cen-
tury we find King John sending a wreath of Roses to his lady,
par amoiors, at Ditton. Roses and Lilies were among the plants
bought for the royal garden at Westminster in 1276. The annual
rendering of a Rose is one of the commonest species of quit-rent
named in ancient conveyances. The extent to which the cultiva-
tion of this flower had been carried between the 14th and 16th
centuries, may be estimated by the varieties enumerated by Law-

384 Editorial Miscdlany.

son ; tbey are the red, damask, velvet, double Provence Rose ;
the sweet musk Rose, double and single, and the double and sin-
gle white Rose. The Provence Rose was probably first imported
in the 15th century, when the occupation of France by the English
may be conjectured to have caused the introduction of many ad-
ditional varieties of fruits and flowers. The marriage of Marga-
ret of Anjou with Henry VI., may be regarded also as an event
likely to have brought the Provence Rose to our northern climate.
Of all the flowers, however, known to our ancestors, the Gilly-
flower, or Clove Pink {clou-de-girojiee), was the commonest, and to
a certain degree the most esteemed.

Mr. Loudon has stated, erroneously, that the cruelties of the
Duke of Alva, in 156t, were the occasion of our receiving through
the Flemish weavers. Gillyflowers, Carnations, and Provence
Roses. The Gillyflower had been known and prized in England
centuries before. At the end of the 16th century, Lawson, who
terms it the king of flowers, except the rose, boasted that he had
Gillyflowers " of nine or ten several colors, and divers of them as
biggc as Roses. Of all the flowers (save the Damaske Rose)
they are the most pleasant to sight and smell. Their use is much
in ornament, and comforting the spirites, by the sence of smell-
ing." There was a variety of this flower well known in early
times as the wall Gillyflower, or bee flower, " because grow-
ing on walles, even in winter, and good for bees." The reserved
rent " unius clavi gariofili," which is of such frequent occurrence in
medieval deeds relating to land, meant simply the render of a
Gillyflower, although it has been usually understood to signify
the payment of a Clove of commerce ; the incorrectness of this
reading must be apparent, if it is recollected that the Clove was
scarcely known in the 12th and 13th centuries, when this kind of
reserved rent was most common. Another flower of common
growth in medieval orchards, or gardens, was the Pervinke, or
Periwinkle : —

"There sprang the Violet all newe,
And fresh Pervinke, rich of hewe,
And flowris yellow, white, and rede,
Such plente grew there nor in the mead."

ClIALCKK.

As this plant will flower under the shade of trees or lofty walls,
it was well adapted to ornament the securely enclosed, and possi-

Editorial Miscellany. 385

bly sombre, gardens of early times. — Florist, Frnitist, and Garden
Mwcllany.

LITERARY NOTICE.

The Mechanic's, Machinist's, and Engineer's Practical Book Of

Reference. Stringer and Townsetvd, New- York.

For the practical man, the above work will prove an invaluable
companion. It is bound in pocket-book form, and contains 500
pages in fine legible type. It gives formula for the various meth-
ods of running and changing lines, locating side tracks and
switches, etc., besides a vast amount of information in the way of
valuable recipes for mechanical purposes, glossary of technical
terms used in the various arts, trades, and sciences, which alto-
gether make it indispensable to the general business man or ar-
tisan.

A Retrospect 30

American Forest Trees 91

A Peep into a Salad Bowl 102

A Flourishing Agricultural Society 105

Architectural Gardening 133

A Rose in the Window 259

An Error corrected, and some Information about the Coffee Tree 278

Address delivered before the Fruit Growers' Society at Rochester 294

Carriage House and Stable for a small Cottage 274

Critique on the October Number 79

" " " November " 164

" " "December " 224

Chinese Yam 98

Cultivation of the Grasses 143

Color of Country Houses 153

Cutting Grafts, and Grafting 361

Death of the Seasons 151

" " " " 212

Deterioration of Apples 271

Dioscorea Batatas 285

Entrance Lodge 171

Editorial Miscellany 57

" " 177

'• " 112

235

" " 304

" " 369

Farm Cottage 209

Forest Trees 169

Forsythia Viridissuna 345

Forest Trees for Waste Lands 349

Gothic Suburban Villa 49

Garden Structures 195

Gardening a Refuge 214

Gossip about Fertilizers 286

Green House Climbing Plants 365

Homes for the People 53

Hints on Nurserymen and Tree Buying 191

Horticulture and Agriculture 219

Italian Villa 92

Italian Villa, with Campanile 353

Kern's Landscape Gardening 51

Landscape Gardening 3

Living in the Country 44

Model Cottage 162

Miller Apple - 97

McDowell's Rhododendron 221

Madura Hedge Culture 330

Mushroom Uses and Culture 343

Index. 387

New Building Material 290

New Koses Ill

New Method of Perpetuating the Plum 161

Notes on New and Choice Plants 173

New Trees 42

Nesv lovention for Pruning Trees 346

Old English Cottage 357

Ornamental Cottage lor a Laboring Man 14

On the Union of Embryos .■ 203

On Impregnation of Flowers 230

Pear s^tock vs. Quince Stock 338

Pruning Shrubbery 207

Probable Characters to be looked for in a Seedling Pear Tree 293

Remarks on Twenty -one Varieties of Pear 156

Story and-a-half Cottage 341

Suburban Villa 269

The Frozen Sap Blight 328

The Osier, its Culture, Profits, &c 198

The Bergamot Sockel 205

The History and Cultivation of the Rose 216

The Red Camomile, for the destruction of insects 232

The Grand Bretagne and Verulam Pears 265

The Management. Soil, and Situation of the Plum Orchard 275

The Lombardy Poplar 288

The Formation of Artificial Lakes 73

The Compost Yard 108

The New Roses of 1855 149

The Strawberry 23

The Cultivation of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine 24

The Contrast 29

The Cultivation of the Sugar Cane 32

The Cultivation of Flowers 40

The Year Book of Agriculture 55

The Modern Horse Doctor 56

The Carpenter's Assistant 55

Tree Culture 17

Two Plums worthy of Cultivation 10

Three New Plums 88

Thoughts from my Garden Seat 85

Trees for Railroads 355

Unique Flower Stand 160

ILLUSTRATIONS

A Neglected Rose Plate

A Cultivated Rose Plate

Appearance of Hedge 334

A Story -and a half Cottage, with plans Plate

Coolies at the Sugar Crop 32

Chinese Yam 101

Carriage House and Plan 274

Coolies mustering for work 278

Cutting the Hedge 333

Douglass Fir Plate

De voniensis Plate

Example of Improvement in Forest scenery Plate

Farm Cottage and Plans 209, 210,211

Flower Stand 160

Finished Hedge 335

Gate Lodge 171

Gothic Suburban Villa Plate

Grape Vine Chair 196

Guthrie's Apricot Plum 90

Grand Bretagne Pear 265

Instrument for Pruning Trees 348

Italian Villa and Floor Plans 93,96

" " Witt Campanile Plate

388 iTidex.

Leaf of Salis Viminalis 201

Mode of operating Pruning Chisel 348

Model Cottage and plan Plate

Marten's Seedling Plum Plate

McLaughlin Plum Plate

MeDowell's Rhododendron Plate

Method of Pruning 'Willows 202

Miller Apple 97

JIacluraLeaf and Branch 331

Old English Cottage Plate

Ornamental Cottage for a Laboring Man, and Plans Plate

Old Man of the Mountains 307

Osage Orange 332

Primitive Forest Plate

Residence of Washington Irving Plate

Rustic Seat 197

Summit of ilount Washiugton Plate

Suburban Villa 268

Summer House 195

Statue, BachanaUan 134

" Classic 135

" Husbandman 136

" Dancing 137

" St. Bernard Dog 107

" Greyhound Dog 138

The Boiling House on a Sugar Estate 37

The Bergamot Seckel Pear • 206

Twin Apple 204

The Same Divided 204

The Fulton Plum 89

The Quackenboss Plum 89

Verulam Pear 266

Veranda Seat 19"

" Chair 198

Vase, aassic 139

" Fancv 140

" Rustic 141

" Tazza 142

Willow Peeling Machine 199