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Prag hax =) bh A* =f) — 4 atone avwioeveneeetthe SSE) ISOS dudes tt I Ye sonveese esa Y x AA | ; Swe IIIS Swe — j AS ed A)\ |e) ye | ay bd Se, Se, Sy , y ~ I, J y v Ne ei SISSY / f verve ous vensveie ween ae yusEy SOAS Wd WY a iV eli LAAT OL tree, | Ahad l | ly | y hated be d| | | | | BOYS WA Vy ve ISA j 1S ULE US AM MESEVESe wy ST caweeoensee cy weeseoscesoanee Medel vv ccccaadacooes WN ely uy vsy eee ee yeaa By rete tuns eeeecce iv wie Vy rotnetadacaaraada | WIAA Mee I~). ¥v iS} Wy SSIES Se YISG9s | ; Wyse S| \ wwe | | 9 IAD il _} j \ 1 A~h j ) ed | =| | IA No | | { SeeL eee eee ; Bee eee eeewvvivw eeu ; | et | es |] , N $ Nee \ wor} /\ dh dt Ld ead / } , 5 1S { i ai 1] i i j iw | i 1 ae Heel hae es n. 4 fi J VrAled| all> dled een lena | Idd te AA ApAAAA if = | | | i} \ |, Ve az = = Pail y | } laa\ a EEA BNE ~ f = an i | if \A SA _— AARAAARAANAA | ' | f \ / f i > 2 > \W i) if WY f \ Vs ~ ‘\ \| \ | r W i | / P iy \f , y PY AAOAARA m anary \aAARA DA SALE NV ANIAN AN se | ! | Ve \ \ 4 } i Y NM, ~ Y, \ | y iF f / re . . J he: A | a f | 2 OU ) IL¥ } ( ) oul it C J ) . S JL } Ut 1B ) 104 100 (6) J ) } C + eB o ut ) 3 1 } ‘ C U { ojoyd “1971 WW of *M TEA AACS | a a GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 13 * south of the corners there are good exposures of Grenville horn- _ blende-garnet gneiss. Farther south, including the narrow tongue which extends into the granite (see map), there are good outcrops of the usual limestone mixed or interbedded with more or less hornblende-garnet gneiss. For one-fourth of a mile along Number Nine creek toward the western end of the Athol area, there are ex- cellent outcrops of Grenville biotitic, pyroxenic, and hornblendic schists and gneisses, mostly thin-bedded, with some bands of lime- -stone a few feet thick interstratified. Nearly all this rock is straight banded with a dip of 25 degrees to the northeast, though a few local contortions do occur. Locally these rocks are cut and somewhat injected by a little granite and pegmatitic granite. At the southern border of the area nearly a mile east of High Street, a big exposure consists of well-bedded Grenville quartzite showing a thickness of about 15 feet with some poorly exposed limestone on top. Grenville limestone of the usual kind is well exposed in the southern part of the area between the small body of gabbro and the tongues of granite to the northwest (see map). In the small area just north of the road nearly a mile southwest of Thurman station, there is an old quarry in which Grenville pyroxenic crystalline limestone is well exposed. The Grenville a mile east of Bear pond contains mostly hard, heavy, hornblende-garnet gneiss locally associated (on the east side) with some limestone and a little pyritous (“‘ rusty ”’) schist. The Bear pond area marks the southern end of a large body of Grenville limestone of the North Creek quadrangle. Several good exposures of the limestone, cut by a little granite, occur southeast of Bear pond. Boldly outcropping in the little valley west of Wolf pond there . is a large mass of Grenville crystalline limestone. The small hill of solid rock really consists of limestone cut by numerous dikes of silexite. The crystalline limestone is medium-grained and white with scattering lumps of pale green serpentine representing altered original pyroxene. Much of the limestone is more or less con- torted, and it is cut by a network of nearly pure white silexite (quartz) dikes which constitute perhaps one-half of the hill. The boldness of the outcrop is due to the resistance of these dikes. Areas southwest of Warrensburg village. Five small areas of Grenville are shown on the map within a few miles to the south- west of Warrensburg. Largest of these is the area across the river from Thurman station. At the edge of the river, near the western Se 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM end of the bridge, there is a ledge of crystalline limestone about 30 feet long. This graphitic limestone is perfectly stratified in nearly straight bands interbedded with pyroxenic gneiss. It dips at a high angle. Another small exposure occurs at the very sharp turn in the road one-eighth of a mile southeast of the bridge. A very inter- esting large exposure of limestone has been opened up just east of the small pond along the branch railroad not shown on the map. The ledge 200 feet long consists of medium-grained crystalline lime- stone containing many small crystals of green pyroxene and many flakes of graphite. Considerable pyroxenic and _hornblendic gneisses are directly associated with the limestone, the whole mass being notably folded. By the river and railroad nearly 1 mile northeast of Thurman station there are several large exposures of well-stratified Grenville green pyroxene and mica gneisses, and quartzite, in layers I to 5 feet thick in contact with granite on the north side. Just north of the road three-fourths of a mile north-northeast of Thurman station there is a small area of quartzitic and “ rusty ” Grenville gneiss. The small area near the southwestern end of Warrensburg vil- lage shows but one exposure. It is crystalline graphitic limestone associated with some hornblende gneiss. In view of the fact that limestone is extensively developed just north of Warrensburg, it is probable that much of the broad valley in the vicinity of that village is underlain with limestone, but the almost total lack of exposures renders it too uncertain to represent that rock on the geologic map. A very small area of Grenville, mostly thin-bedded biotitic and “rusty”? (pyritous) gneiss or schist injected with some pegmatite and granite, occurs at the eastern base of Bald mountain. Areas in the vicinity of Stony Creek village. Five small areas of Grenville are mapped within a few miles to the northeast, north and northwest of Stony Creek village. One-half of a mile north- east of the village center the rocks are hornblendic and pyroxenic gneisses interbedded with some limestone forming a narrow belt within the granite. A number of outcrops of similar rocks occur in the area 114 miles northeast of the village. There are several exposures of fairly well-bedded pyroxenic gneiss and hornblende- garnet gneiss 144 miles north-northwest of the village. Most of the rock 234 miles north of the village is limestone involved with con- siderable green pyroxenic gneiss and a little quartzite. There are GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 15 good exposures covering most of an acre. Lumps of serpentinous material are common within,the limestone. The small narrow area 234 miles northwest of Stony Creek village consists of fairly well- bedded pyroxene-garnet gneiss, mostly “rusty” in appearance probably due to weathering of contained pyrite. Areas west of Conklingville. At the old graphite mine 114 miles west of Conklingville there is a lens of Grenville strata in the large area of Grenville and granite mixed rocks. The rocks are mainly garnet gneiss, graphitic schist (the so-called “ore rock’), some quartzite, and a very little limestone altogether forming a lens about 40 feet wide with strike variably northwest and dip 40 to 50 de- grees north. The locality is more fully described in the chapter on Mines and Quarries. At the edge of the quadrangle 3% miles west of Conklingville a small lens of nearly pure Grenville quartzite occurs within the mixed rock area. Jeffers mountain areas. On the south face of Jeffers mountain a lens of pure quartzite 5 rods long lies in the granite parallel to its foliation. By the main road on the south side of the river three-fourths of a mile west of the summit of Jeffers mountain, pure well-bedded Grenville quartzite, showing a thickness of 25 feet, lies against granite (see map). Gabbro and Metagabbro General features. Most of the rocks here discussed are to be classed as true gabbro and metagabbro younger than the Grenville series and older than the syenite-granite series. The true gabbro is commonly very massive, medium grained, and very dark with good to poor ophitic texture. In many cases a magmatic flow-structure foliation is locally well developed. Another type of foliation, which is common and clearly secondary, has resulted from the pressure upon bodies of the gabbro where they have been caught up in the syenite or granite magma. The massive gabbro, where it is free from contamination with granite or pegmatic intrusions, generally contains about 50 per cent of plagioclase (andesine to labradorite), hornblende, hypersthene diallage, biotite, in some cases olivine and garnet, and usually small quantities of magnetite, pyrite and apatite. Pleochroism of the hornblende is generally from green to greténish yellow; of the hypersthene from greenish gray to pale reddish brown; and of the 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM biotite from brown to yellow. The labradorite is commonly filled with myriads of tiny inclusions of a dark dustlike substance, prob- ably ilmenite. Many of the hornblende gneisses and amphibolites of the quad- rangle are demonstrably metagabbro because, in single areas and even in single outcrops, they may be observed to grade into the true gabbro. That most, or possibly all, of the bodies of gabbro and metagabbro are older than the syenite-granite is proved by the fact that they are more or less intricately cut by the granite and its peg- matitic facies. In some cases, however, the relation of the gabbro to the granite could not be definitely ascertained, so that possibly some bodies of the gabbro may really be younger than the granite, though quite certainly the amount of any such gabbro would be small. It should be recalled that, throughout the Adirondacks, many bodies of true gabbro have been considered to be younger than the syenite-granite by several workers including Cushing,? Kemp,° and the writer. Gradually, however, as these gabbros and metagabbro facies have been more and more studied in their rela- tion to the other rocks, it has become certain that many (or most) of them are really older than the syenite-granite series. In fact it now seems probable that any gabbros younger than the syenite- granite series are far less conspicuously developed than the older ones and, in the writer’s opinion, it is even questioned if any at all are of postsyenite-granite age. The evidence consists in finding granite, and pegmatite dikes as offshoots of the granite, cutting the gabbro and metagabbro at many localities. During the prosecution of field work in the Lake Placid quadrangle in 1915-16 the writer first began to realize the probability of the presyenite-granite age of at least some of the gabbro, and this idea became more and more certain while mapping the Schroon Lake, Lyon Mountain, and Rus- sell quadrangles, reports on two of which have been published.® Detailed evidence from the Luzerne quadrangle is presented below. There are many small areas, some of them large enough to be separately mapped, of hornblende gneiss or amphibolite which are not demonstrably metagabbro. These are in the form of lenses, bands and irregular masses in the granite usually parallel to its foliation. Similar rocks have been described by the writer as occurring in various other quadrangles of the Adirondack region. It is presumed that most or possibly all such masses are to be 27N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 95, 1905, p. 330-31: ®N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 138, 1910, p. 52-53. *N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 170, 1914, p. 26-27. *N. Y. State Mus. Buls. 211, 213. GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 17 q classed with the gabbro and metagabbro which in some cases have been affected by the granite intrusions. ; aye wie y 7 | q X if { | ' The possibility that the amphibolites may be in part at least highly q metamorphosed portions of the Grenville series should not be over- i looked. Thus Adams,° in his description of the amphibolites of the _ Glamorgan granite of Ontario, Canada, says: “The limestone © _ (Grenville), toward the granite contact, passes gradually over into _ amphibolite, the latter being undoubtedly produced by the action of 4 the former.” Not only is positive evidence for any such action _ lacking within the quadrangle, but also, in the North Creek quad- _ rangle just to the north, limestone masses directly associated with syenite and granite show no signs of change to amphibolite. In the _ writer’s experience in the Adirondacks in general, and in the Luzerne and North Creek quadrangles in particular, those amphibo- lites or hornblende gneisses which are quite certainly interbedded with the Grenville series are commonly garnetiferous and usually interstratified with other materials of rather definitely Seren any ‘origin. Cushing,’ in his report on the Ogdensburg quadrangle, thinks it most likely that the amphibolites there are in part metamorphosed Grenville strata, and in part metagabbro. Martin,® who has care- fully considered the amphibolites of the Canton quadrangle, strongly inclines to the view that most or all the amphibolites there represent metagabbro intermediate in age between the Grenville and granite. The writer has been led to a similar conclusion in his studies of the Lyon Mountain and Russell quadrangles. All things considered, then, and recognizing the uncertainties regarding the problem of the origin of some of the amphibolites of the Luzerne quadrangle, the writer believes the best evidence indicates that most or all of them were derived from rather basic i igneous rocks, prob- ably chiefly or wholly gabbro. Sixty-three areas of gabbro and amphibolites are raprdsencld on the accompanying geologic map, and many more similar bodies of gabbro must occur mostly concealed under Pleistocene deposits. Many strips or lenses too small to be mapped were also observed. Also in many of the areas of mixed rocks, gabbro and amphibolite are prominently developed, but these are generally too involved with other rocks to make separate mapping possible. * Jour. Geol., 17, 1900, p. 8. ™N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 101, tor p. 14-16, ®°N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 185, 1916, p. 50-65. f 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Special descriptions. It is the present purpose to describe enough masses of the gabbro and metagabbro to give a good idea of the character of the rock and its relation to the syenite-granite series. In the area one-half of a mile east of Thurman station most of the rock is medium grained, very massive and nonfoliated, excellent exposures occurring along the road. A thin section of this gabbro shows the following volume percentages of minerals: labradorite, 40; olivine, 18; hornblende, 12; hypersthene, 10; garnet, 6; diallage, 5; biotite, 5; magnetite, 3; and a little pyrite and apatite. Certain of the fine large olivines are surrounded by almost perfect, highly granulated, successive reaction rims of hypersthene, plagioclase and garnet. A pegmatite dike several feet wide and 100 feet long cuts the middle southern portion of this gabbro body. The stone quarry on the east side is in granite close to the gabbro border, and the granite contains a clearly defined inclusion of the gabbro several rods wide. This included gabbro is medium grained and slightly ophitic toward its interior, but amphibolitic along its borders with foliation parallel to that of the granite. Highly foliated amphibolitic gabbro makes up the small area by the road 14 miles south of Athol. Several narrow dikes of granite cut it parallel to the foliation. The large mass of gabbro at the top of Bald mountain is almost all very typically medium grained and ophitic. Much of the gabbro in the area extending westward from the railroad 2 miles south of Athol is foliated and amphibolitic. Around the sides it is intricately cut by granite, as is well shown in a rail- road cut. The main bulk of the gabbro in the area 114 miles west of Black Spruce mountain is very typical, medium to moderately coarse grained, ophitic and nonfoliated. Near the granite contact, as well exhibited along the brook toward the north, it is foliated and am- phibolitic with many local variations where it is cut by some small granite and pegmatite dikes. By the road 1% miles north of Potash mountain a small body of very massive, nonfoliated, medium-grained, moderately ophitic gabbro is cut by one very small aplite dike. This gabbro is fine grained close to the granite. _ The Potash mountain gabbro is largely amphibolitic and cut by several small and large dikes of granite and pegmatite. Quartz syenite and pegmatite dikes cut the small body of gabbro 1% miles north-northwest of Stony Creek village. GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 19 The small body of gabbro one-half of a mile east of Stony Creek village is quite clearly a big inclusion in the granite. Much of the gabbro in the area 1%4 miles northwest of Stony Creek village is medium to moderately coarse grained, ophitic and nonfoliated, but some of it is well foliated, even the coarse-grained part. Some amphibolite is locally developed. This gabbro is in places cut by small pegmatites, one of which, toward the west end of the area, contains 10 to 20 per cent of magnetite. In the large area 2 miles south-southeast of Stony Creek village there are many good outcrops. Most of the gabbro is ophitic, non- foliated and medium to moderately coarse grained with crystals ranging up to one-half of an inch long. Along some of the borders _ it is seen to be amphibolitic where it is cut by a few granite and -pegmatite dikes. . Just north of the summit of West (Hadley) mountain the small mass of gabbro is amphibolitic and cut by small pegmatite and silex- ite dikes. The nearby granite contains some more or less digested inclusions or shreds and lenses of the amphibolite. Big ledges within the area 11%4 miles west-southwest of Gailey hill is medium grained, nonophitic and more or less foliated. A little north of the road it is cut sharply by an aplite dike 2 inches wide, and also by a small pegmatite dike. By the road the finer ' grained amphibolitic facies is intricately cut by pegmatitic granite forming a mixed rock. Near the northeastern border of the area the foliated gabbro is cut very intricately by granite and pegmatite, the metagabbro having been more or less shredded and cut to pieces, both the granite and gabbro showing contortions. By the state road two-thirds of a mile southeast of Gailey hill most of the rock (see map) is considerably foliated, medium grained, nonophitic gabbro cut locally by pink granite usually par- allel to the foliation, but some small dikes of granite cut across the gabbro foliation. Good outcrops cover about an acre. In thin sec- tion this gabbro shows by volume percentages the following min- erals: plagioclase (oligoclase to labradorite), 51; hypersthene, 21; hornblende, 19; magnetite, 614; biotite, 2; apatite, 1; and a little pyrite. In some cases, close to the contacts with masses of granite, the metagabbro is finer grained. Also where closely involved with granite the metagabbro is generally distinctly biotitic. Some gran- ite, containing very little digested gabbro, is itself notably biotitic. Toward the middle of this same area the foliated gabbro is cut by considerable pegmatite mostly parallel to the foliation, producing a 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM crude banded effect. Some pegmatites cut across the foliation. Toward the north the gabbro is massive and scarcely foliated. In the area 114 miles southeast of Gailey hill the gabbro, which varies to amphibolite, is cut by a good many pegmatite dikes some of them carrying magnetite. On Mount Anthony the metagabbro is mostly amphibolite cut parallel to its foliation by many small granite or grano-syenite dikes and some pegmatites. At the sharp turn of the river road one-half of a mile west of the top of Jeffers mountain there is an instructive exposure of gabbro freshly opened up by blasting. Most of the rock is medium grained, fairly ophitic and nonfoliated. A thin section contains labradorite, 50 per cent; hypersthene, 22 per cent; diallage, 14 per cent; horn- | blende, 10 per cent; biotite, 2 per cent; and a little magnetite and © pyrite. On its east side some of the gabbro is more or less foliated and injected with granite, and some is simply fine grained and dis- tinctly foliated. In this involved metagabbro there are some garnets. The mass of metagabbro three-fourths of a mile north of Hunt lake is well foliated amphibolite cut irregularly by some highly foliated dikes of coarse granite. Syenite-granite Series General considerations. As is well known, the syenite-granite series is widespread and abundantly developed throughout the Adi- rondack region. In the Luzerne quadrangle the members of this series, especially the granite, are by far the most extensive of all the rocks. These rocks show many variations from medium- grained quartz syenite through grano-syenite to granite and through monzonite to quartz diorite. Satellitic dikes of pegmatite, silexite and aplite are common. In view of the fact that Professor Cushing has advocated® the existence of two very distinct ages of granite in the Adirondacks, the writer was constantly on the look- out for evidence of this kind. In spite of diligent search the writer was, however, unable to find anything like convincing evidence for two granites of really different geologic ages. All observed phe- nomena may be satisfactorily explained on the basis of a single great syenite-granite series, evidence for which is presented beyond in the more detailed descriptions. This does not, of course, mean that all the facies of the syenite-granite series are exactly of the *Amer. Jour. Sci., v. 30, 1914, p. 288-04. GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 2I _ same age, but rather that we are dealing with a great mass of rock _ which, in a molten condition, was very irregularly intruded into the _ earth’s crust, so that portions of the magma which were partially or _ wholly solidified relatively early were intruded by more or less still _ molten material. Much of the magma varied notably in compo- sition on account of differentiation, and considerable portions more or less injected, digested or even assimilated country rock. It should be clearly understood that the writer does not now main- tain, nor has he ever stated, that there may not be two granites of distinctly different ages, for example, Archeozoic (‘‘ Laurentian ’’) and Proterozoic (“Algoman”). What he does mean is that the burden of proof is upon anyone who argues for the two granites. Even if one granite or syenite will ever be satisfactorily proved to be much older than another, it is the writer’s opinion, based upon fourteen seasons of field work in the Adirondacks, that any really accurate separation of the two on geologic maps would probably never be feasible. Alling, in his description of the old graphite mine near Conkling- ville,*° indicates the presence of Algoman granite well below the surface in a structure section, but since such rock is nowhere exposed in that vicinity there is, in the writer’s opinion, no real warrant for assuming its presence. That the rocks of the syenite-granite series have been intruded into, and are, therefore, younger than the Grenville stratified series is a well-established fact. The proof is at least threefold: (1) dikes of syenite or granite and granite-pegmatite cutting the Gren- ville; (2) distinct inclusions of the Grenville in the syenite-granite ; and (3) injection, digestion and possibly even assimilation of por- tions of the Grenville by the syenite or granite, especially the latter. Dikes cutting Grenville of the Luzerne quadrangle have been men- tioned in the above description of the Grenville rocks. Inclusions of the Grenville in the syenite-granite are very common, especially in some of the areas of mixed rocks described hereafter. The very small masses of pure Grenville separately mapped are in reality only inclusions in the syenite-granite. In fact the once widespread - Grenville was so cut to pieces and displaced by the syenite-granite _ magma that only the merest remnants now remain within the quad- rangle: Intimate injection of Grenville by granite is abundantly represented in the areas hereafter described as Grenville-granite mixed rocks. *N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 199, 1917, p. 95. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Quartz syenite. Syenite is conspicuously developed as a mem- ber of the great syenite-granite series throughout the Adirondacks. Typically it is a medium-grained, more or less gneissoid quartz syenite which is greenish gray where fresh and light brown where weathered. It almost always contains hornblende or monoclinic pyroxene, or both. Since much of the feldspar is usually micro- perthite, the syenite has a strong monzonitic affinity. The quartz content varies considerably from a few per cent to 20 or 25 per cent when the rock becomes a grano-syenite. A distinct porphyritic texture may be locally developed. Foliation may be practically absent, or it may be moderately to highly developed. The color may locally be light gray to pinkish gray. Granulation is common though extremely variable. Granulation is usually most conspicu- ously developed in the feldspars and less so in the quartzes. Typical quartz syenite, with usual variations as above described, is well developed in many areas throughout the Luzerne quadrangle (see map). It is, however, subordinate to the granite. In the fol- lowing descriptions, where certain small areas and portions of larger areas are not mentioned, it may be taken for granted that the observed outcrops of syenite are mostly the rather normal rock. It can not be too strongly emphasized that boundary lines between the syenite areas and areas of granite and mixed rocks are rather arbi- trarily drawn on the geologic map because almost never are there anything like sharp contacts between these rock types. Just west of Mount Anthony a small area contains very gneissoid, biotitic grano-syenite cross-cut by some pegmatite dikes without sharp boundaries. Most of the syenite of the area near Hartman is rather normal except toward the north where it locally varies almost to granite carrying some garnets and some fragments of amphibolite. The main body of rock in the small area just south of Hadley village is medium-grained, well-foliated, greenish gray quartz sye- nite or grano-syenite containing some bands rich enough in quartz to be classed as granite. No. 7 of the accompanying table shows the minerals contained in a thin section of this syenite. | The rock of Cobble mountain just east of Lake Luzerne is medium grained, brown, moderately foliated, and very homogene- ous in great ledges. A thin section (no. 13 of the table) shows it to be unusually rich in hornblende and plagioclase so that it is really a quartz-hornblende monzonite which is quite certainly a facies of the normal syenite. GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 23 Judging by many observed outcrops, practically all the rock of the large area, including Bartlett mountain in the southern part of the quadrangle, consists of rather uniform, typical, medium-grained, moderately foliated, greenish gray quartz-hornblende syenite. Table showing approximate volume percentages of minerals in thin sections of facies of the syenite-granite series ui J Biles abs Sach! lee olals 2 7 PAO ie Weealies s{alo| ®| 2] 2 | 3 es fe} to) fo} [s) | a) Q » oe u ¢ oO 5= a oO bas ° SS viele Sl Shan Gl ees Pee Gil ee firs Pet! Sitios Se ce ee ee a | So Os aeuieen | ey We REO Ps br Sy 1 4 Pe hetO me Sul (erin Wes ey tre Wet aes Heth RS. ey eo i { at eal 44 fh 40} oe... 20)...| 31 Syne ake PAR ule z pd te bad nests ieee q F Sipser | £21 258) Zo 30/-e [ea Sl alee en: Bere g you lately steitl eweavel f 3 I5| 8112 | 55]...]... I}...| 40]...| 33 ZG its eee Ri licble| Me eee Ly ra] Io} 917 | Io}. 25| 10 SSIMTSe eS venice Tipe es = bl Rieter ere yt a - lees ore sal raale ei 2 Io}. 27| II}. (Ov 5 50) Va ge A a 2 Bae Gas Pee aN He yaa © 7 ~» ; Fea 16] 855 | a3l...|...]... rt| 35] 6| 33/-..|... ato at ae OREN Wien a Bias 17/ 8k2 | 55|...|... Beal iy Sl) Calera enyy SB ee 2 2) Be... little q : 2 ep AMET als -\|ce 43) 7|..-{ 22] 20). 5| 23| 2] littie| 4 PI ee le SITs Diee ¢ S PSPS HO. NS Ae he 30] 22]. ES FO) MEL Aeale lteter a lege neous = Flee lates Pate As : 2 24, 14h12|...|... 47| 9}. 22| 8]. Siler | ea | ere a Be Mp oe Cus ME 4 ut a ; n 25h 1c. 4g |. .)... 48) 12]. 20| 9}. GIB tees: 3 Bl eislcr tates cea teste tes : 42 I] 4e1c} 13}. 20|...| 20] 30] 4] 1. Iz aleks leh || aa hes = ‘ 38 POO eT ei. 36] 24). Sica Wa Also boreal ete Pile Pee z oH i eal eee on NS eae 2 20;/9g¢5a]...|... 39] 25]. QSWPLEAl eas eee celiac ial esau 3 ae lene nelle ele es : 2 8| rfi3 i. ...| 45} 16] 18] ra}. SleAcmy title Meyely e eral iil caer awe $s Coss ehe 08 [aa |...| 41] 30] 12] Io] 2 Spillpooo 38 Tel AMIE lle cot ola cob 4 4 10} 24 (rr... |e... SS ie elesOl-s oe kale Gila pare Bl tble lel eee Ae a A 26| 15h7|...]... G7\er aa ||) ALA WON ey Nes ol ir es ae ? Ost dea eae j - : The area several miles long lying north and northwest of Black Spruce mountain shows many exposures of typical quartz syenite varying to grano-syenite, which, in certain places along the border, may be seen to grade into the surrounding true granite. Most of the syenite of the area lying between the Hudson river and Bald mountain is of the rather normal type with some local zones notably quartzose. Along the eastern border. its passage into granite is well shown. Just west of the river (opposite Ferguson brook) the area of syenite shows many exposures of the very typical quartz syenite. It is excellently exhibited in a ledge recently blasted open by the river road toward the south. No. 24 of the accompanying table shows the minerals observed in a thin section from this ledge. In the Stony Creek station area the syenite is darker and more hornblendic than usual, and slightly porphyritic, on all sides of the small mapped mass of gabbro. A few small bands or lenses of the 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . metagabbro (amphibolite) are involved with the syenite. In these unusually good exposures the evidence strongly points to more or less digestion or assimilation of some of the old gabbro by the syenite magma. West of Stony Creek station the quartz syenite varies to grano-syenite which contains some zones of granite par- allel to the foliation. On the high hill 114 miles west of Stony Creek village rather typical quartz syenite varies to grano-syenite and contains some more or less absorbed bands of the old gabbro. On the high hill 3 miles west of the same village the grano-syenite contains some very local thin bands and very small lenses of amphibolite (meta- gabbro?’) parallel to the foliation. The northern half of this large area mapped as syenite (that is the portion lying between 1 and 3 miles northwest of Stony Creek village) contains mostly medium- grained, brown, well-foliated, hornblendic grano-syenite locally varying both to rather normal syenite and almost to granite. No. 25 of the table represents a thin section of the rock. It contains many very narrow highly quartzose bands parallel to its foliation. On the northern slope of Roundtop mountain the grano-syenite clearly grades into the granite. Quartz diorite facies of the syenite. The quartz diorite facies of the syenite are most abundantly represented in the areas of the southern part of the quadrangle. Thus much of the rock in the large area in which are located Efner and Hunt lakes is medium- grained, well-foliated quartz diorite. On the little hill just east of Hunt lake there are good ledges of highly foliated quartz diorite distinctly porphyritic in texture with phenocrysts of feldspar up to an inch long scattered through a medium-grained matrix. No. 8 of the accompanying table represents a thin section of this rock. Along the road for nearly a mile east of the area of mixed rocks (see map) there are excellent exposures of highly foliated, some- what porphyritic, apparently more or less sheared quartz diorite varying almost to granite. A thin section of this quartz diorite is represented by no. 10 of the table. The quartzes are highly flat- tened and the scattering phenocrysts of feldspar are more or less flattened to so-called “augen.’”’ Some lighter colored bands with indefinite boundaries parallel to the foliation are notably more acidic in composition. In the northeastern part of the area the rock appears to be the more normal quartz syenite. North of Jenny lake the rock is mostly highly foliated and moderately porphyritic, but it is less quartzose than that farther east. South of the three lakes ST ee ee ee ee se GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 25 exposures are generally not good in the woods, but most of the rock is there apparently highly foliated, moderately porphyritic grano- syenite or quartz diorite. The small area mapped as syenite three-fourths of a mile north- west of Efner lake is somewhat problematical. It is medium grained, dark gray, well foliated and richer in hornblende than the usual syenite. It may be simply a dioritic facies of the syenite or it may possibly represent rather thorough digestion of some of the old gabbro by a local portion of the syenite-granite magma. The eastern portion of the area which lies in the southwestern corner of the quadrangle is of particular interest because it con- tains a fairly coarse-grained, highly foliated, biotitic, porphyritic quartz diorite with phenocrysts of pink feldspar set in a greenish gray groundmass. In the western part of the area the rock is more like normal syenite, locally somewhat porphyritic. No. 9 of the table represents a thin section of the rock from the eastern part of this area. Outcrops are relatively scarce in the Corinth area where most of the rock seems to be highly foliated, moderately coarse grained, somewhat porphyritic, brown to pinkish. No thin section of this rock was examined, but it is probably a quartz dioritic facies of the syenite much like that east of Hunt lake. Similar rock con- stitutes the small area 114 miles west of Hartman. The granite of the quadrangle also varies locally to quartz diorite as well shown in a big ledge by the road three-fourths of a mile north of the mouth of Ferguson brook. A thin section (no. 26 of the table) of this rock shows it to be a true quartz diorite. Medium-grained granite. This rock occupies fully one-half of the area of the quadrangle, and it is by far the most extensive formation separately represented on the accompanying geologic map. Rock of similar character is abundantly developed through- out the Adirondacks. Most of the statements above made in regard to the foliation, granularity and granulation of the syenite also apply to this granite which is but a facies of the syenite. The color of the great bulk of the granite is pink of varying shades, but locally it is light brown to greenish gray. Most of the rock is moderately foliated ; some shows little or no foliation; while local portions are highly foliated. In addition to quartz and feld- spar the only minerals generally recognizable with the naked eye are hornblende and biotite, either one of these alone or both almost invariably being present. Magnetite, apatite and zircon are seldom 26 NEW VORK STATE MUSEUM absent, and in some cases hypersthene and monoclinic pyroxene occur. In many places the granite varies to quartz monzonite, and locally it becomes true quartz diorite as, for example, by the road three-fourths of a mile north of the mouth of Ferguson brook (see no. 26 of the accompanying table of thin sections). Narrow bands of pegmatite and silexite parallel to the foliation and without sharp contacts were observed in many portions of the granite areas. Also there are occasional larger pegmatites in the form of dikes usually with better defined boundaries, some parallel to the granite foliation and some cutting across it. Many local portions of the granite contain small inclusions, lenses, or mere shreds of amphibolite (presumably metagabbro), and less commonly bits of Grenville rocks. The nature of the variations from the great general body of typical, medium-grained, moderately foliated, pink granite may be satisfactorily brought out by describing certain selected portions of the granite areas. On a large scale perhaps the most interesting place to observe variations is the body of rock constituting Bald- head and Moose mountains and vicinity. Most of this rock is medium to moderately fine grained, but locally distinctly finer and coarser grained facies come in, these latter not being at all sharply separated from the main mass. Such variations are in zones or bands from a few feet to some rods in width. Very locally these are also aplitic and pegmatitic facies. The rock is never highly foliated, but this structure varies notably. Such variations in com- position, granularity, and foliation are all practically parallel to the general foliation with no evidence that one facies really cuts another. The hill just northwest of Luzerne consists of light brown to gray hornblende granite varying to quartz monzonite and grano-syenite. It is mostly medium grained with local coarse-grained variations and distinctly foliated, but in some places only slightly so. Very locally the foliation is highly wavy. No. 12 of the table of thin sections shows the minerals contained in a typical specimen. 2 In the abandoned stone quarry near the railroad 3 miles south of Stony Creek station the well-foliated, medium-grained granite varies distinctly to grano-syenite, and in color from pink to gray. It is cut by many narrow bands of only moderately coarse pegmatite parallel to the foliation, and some coarse-grained pegmatites cut across the foliation. As shown by no. 20 of the table, this granite is notably monzonitic. ee cs le ee ee ee ee ey ee ee ea a 7 7 GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 27 Between 1 and 2 miles east of Stony Creek station the typical pink medium-grained granite shows local variations to syenitic and aplitic facies parallel to the foliation. Practically all the outcrops observed in the southeastern part of the town of Day (except those toward Conklingville) are pink, medium to moderately coarse-grained, highly foliated granite. Most of the rock of West (Hadley) mountain is pink, medium- grained, hornblende granite, but variations to moderately coarse- grained and moderately fine-grained (aplitic) facies are common. The distinct foliation usually shows a general east-west strike, but there are many local variations, especially around the small body of gabbro (see map) where the foliation is wavy and even contorted with strikes in all directions. This granite contains small amounts of amphibolite (metagabbro) in the form of more or less digested lenses and shreds, this being especially true near the gabbro. A thin section of the granite from near the eastern base of the moun- tain is represented by no. 23 of the table. The top of the mountain next south of West mountain consists of pinkish gray, medium to moderately coarse-grained, variably foliated, hornblende granite with some small pegmatite and silexite bands mostly parallel to the foliation. Very locally a little amphibo- lite occurs. Near the road a little northwest of Gailey hill, medium-grained, well-foliated, biotite granite contains considerable pegmatite arranged in bands parallel to the foliation. The hill 1 mile southwest of Hadley village consists of medium to fine-grained, pinkish gray, well-foliated, biotite granite which contains a few thin layers of amphibolite (metagabbro) and some lenslike bands of pegmatite with indefinite borders parallel to the foliation. The face of the mountain just west of Thurman station is pink, medium-grained, well-foliated, biotite granite containing some nar- row bands of amphibolite and pegmatite parallel to the foliation. On the side of the hill 1 mile west-southwest of Athol pink to gray granite varies to grano-syenite. Very locally it contains some bands of silexite and amphibolite, and a little garnet gneiss. Coarse-grained granite. Several areas are separately mapped as coarse-grained granite. This rock is in no way sharply delimited from the medium-grained granite. The largest mass, which occu- pies over 2 square miles near the middle of the quadrangle, clearly shows its relation to the medium-grained granite on all sides. This coarse-grained, pink, moderately foliated granite is mostly very uni- 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM form in composition and structure, and free from amphibolite inclusions and pegmatite. It grades into the surrounding granite on all sides. The coarse-grained granite of the small area 2 miles north of Stony Creek station is pink and well foliated. The small body of pink, moderately coarse to coarse-grained granite on Bald mountain shows a great range in degree of folia- tion. In the midst of the area the foliation is very highly developed with the minerals extremely flattened into a leaf-gneiss. In the area south of Conklingville many exposures show the rock to be a pink to gray, coarse-grained, mostly very highly foliated granite with the feldspars and quartzes extremely flattened. It con- tains a little pegmatite and silexite, and it is locally somewhat porphyritic. The area southeast of Linwood school does not show good out- crops except on the west and east. On the west there are many exposures of pinkish gray, coarse-grained, somewhat porphyritic, biotite granite, mostly highly foliated. A good many moderately coarse-grained parallel pegmatite dikes cut these ledges across the foliation at a high angle. Some of these dikes, 2 to 4 feet wide, are traceable 100 to 200 feet. On the east the granite is only moder- ately coarse grained, pink and biotitic more closely resembling the medium-grained granite as above described. In the area in the vicinity of the reservoir 314 miles east of Lake Luzerne, and also in the area north of the reservoir, most of the coarse-grained granite is of the usual kind. Locally it is more biotitic than usual, slightly porphyritic, and carries some garnets, thus somewhat resembling the granite porphyry below described. Such facies occur in the southern half of the reservoir area where the rock contains local bands or belts of medium-grained granite or grano-syenite without sharp boundaries. Granite porphyry. The two comparatively small areas sep- arately mapped as granite porphyry between Potash and Bucktail mountains are quite likely connected under the narrow belt of Pleis- tocene deposits. They represent some interesting but rather puzzling features. The rock may be best examined in the northern of the two areas where excellent exposures occur along the state road, especi- ally in the quarry (see map). By the state road near Stewart brook the pinkish gray, richly biotitic rock contains many phenocrysts of pink, more or less flattened granulated feldspar set in a moderately coarse-grained, gray matrix of feldspar, quartz and biotite. There are a few scattering red garnets. The well-developed foliation is W. J. Miller , pko to. Al A mass of highly folded Grenville white limestone 25 feet wide surrounded by granite. By the river opposite Thurman. W. J. Miller, photo. B_ A iedge of typical Grenville (or metagalbro)-granite mixed rock by the main road 1 mile east-southeast of Linwood school. The tight gray, garnetiferous gneiss is distinctly banded. GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 29 very irregular, being wavy to almost contorted. No. 16 of the table gives the mineralogical composition of a thin section of this rock which happens to show no garnet. In the quarry the rock is very milar to that just described except that the feldspar is all nearly white, and the garnets rise to several per cent. No. 17 of the table shows the minerals in a thin section which happens to contain but ‘little of the garnet. In the northwestern part of the area some ledges show variations to medium-grained and even aplitic facies. _ In the southern of the two areas there are good exposures in the _ middle portion which show the rock to be essentially like that of the northern area with garnets, but only moderately foliated. _ The writer ventures to suggest that this granite porphyry is not a “pure magmatic differentiation phase of the syenite-granite like the coarse-grained granite above described, but that it probably repre- _sents Grenville dark gneiss (or possibly metagabbro) which has been thoroughly injected and more or less altered and possibly assimilated by pegmatitic granite magma. This view is strength- ened by the character of the Grenville-granite mixed rocks below _ described as occurring in the quarry near the road one-half of a “mile north of Luzerne. Grenville-granite Mixed Rocks \ _ Eighteen areas of Grenville-granite mixed rocks are shown on the accompanying geologic map. These are, next after the syenite and granite, the most extensively developed rocks of the quad- rangle. They are by no means uniform in appearance. Some of them are practically pure intact masses of Grenville strata cut by “numerous dikes of granite and pegmatite; some are rather intri- cately involved Grenville and granite; while still others apparently 4 represent Grenville strata so highly injected, altered and probably assimilated by granite or aplitic granite magma that the main char- acteristics of both the Grenville and granite have been destroyed. ~ Much mixed rock of the kind last mentioned occurs in the areas ‘in the southern third of the quadrangle. In fact such rock is by far the prevailing type in these areas. This type of Grenville- granite mixed rock is much like that described as occurring in the _ southwestern part of the Russell, St Lawrence county, quadrangle. An excellent outcrop (see plate 7B) by the main road 1 mile east- _ southeast of Linwood school well illustrates very typical rock of this sort. It is highly banded in almost perfectly straight layers ' strongly resembling a true stratified rock when viewed from a dis- 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tance of 10 or 20 feet. Closer inspection shows that the light and dark bands, usually alternating, with thicknesses of from less than a millimeter to several centimeters are really not very sharply sep- arated, but are connected by tiny interlocking crystals. The main bulk of the rock is fine grained, but scattered through it there are many light-red garnets fromm less than a millimeter to 5 millimeters in diameter, these garnets constituting 10 to 15 per cent of the rock. The nearly white bands are aplitic grano-syenite, and the light to dark-gray bands represent old dark gneiss (presumably Grenville) more or less highly injected and possibly somewhat digested by aplitic granite. The dark bands are highly biotitic, and most of the rounded garnets are irregularly scattered through them. The bands of white aplite contain very few garnets. A thin section cut across the banded structure of the typical rock shows the following min- erals by volume percentages: plagioclase (oligoclase to andesine), 40; quartz, 38; garnet, 1014; biotite, 10; magnetite, 114; and a little zircon and apatite. Within the bands of the section the minerals are rather irregularly arranged, even the biotite laths. Another outcrop showing rock much like that last described occurs by the river road 2 miles southwest of Conklingville. It is a ledge 150 feet wide across the strike. The rock is very distinctly straight banded, some of the white aplitic bands being 1 to 2 inches wide with scattering garnets. The dark bands of highly injected old gneiss are rich in biotite and garnet. Both the white and dark rocks are highly foliated with the dark facies predominant. A thin section of this rock cut across the bands shows the following volume percentages of minerals: quartz, 30; microperthite, 30; plagioclase (oligoclase to andesine), 18; microcline, 12; biotite, 5; garnet, 3; magnetite, 1; muscovite, 14; and a little hematite, apatite and zir- con. The section is very highly foliated in thin bands, with notable concentration of certain minerals in definite bands. One difference from the previously described mixed rock is that this ledge con- tains a good many bands of greenish gray rather richly biotitic rock without garnets. These bands, usually several inches wide and par- allel to the foliation, are decidedly syenitic or dioritic in appear- ance, and they are notably less foliated than the associated light and dark garnetiferous rocks. An old dark gneiss (presumably Gren- ville) has in this case also been more or less cut and injected by an aplitic facies of the syenite-granite magma. Very similar mixed rock occurs in good exposures along the road across the area north of Hunt lake, but there the igneous bands predominate. Good exposures of somewhat similar rock also occur west of south of GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 31 Linwood school, and one-half of a mile east-southeast of Linwood school, but many of the bands of highly foliated granite are there pink and moderately coarse grained.1 F Among other places where typical straight banded, alternately _ white to dark gray, biotitic, garnetiferous Grenville-granite mixed ' or injection gneisses like those above described may be well seen "are in great ledges in a small gorge at the road corners 1 mile west : of Efner lake; along the road between 124 and 2% miles west of _Efner lake; one-half of a mile northwest of Efner lake; many ex- _ posures throughout the large area west of Conklingville where por- tions of the typical garnetiferous mixed rock very locally contain ‘some thin bands of amphibolite, pegmatite and silexite parallel to the foliation; throughout the area 134 miles east of Conklingville ; the lower two-thirds of the ledge 100 feet high with highly foliated i quartz syenite or quartz diorite with low dip resting upon the mixed rock at the dam across the Hudson river at Palmer; along the road for 114 miles across the mixed rock area southwest of Hartman; _and along the road 144 miles north-northeast of Palmer. _ In addition to the type of Grenville-granite mixed rock above described, there are considerable bodies of more irregularly mixed and less digested rocks. This is especially true in the large area : in the southeastern part of the quadrangle except along the road across the south side of the area. In the eastern part of this area, _and also on the hill 114 miles west-northwest of Hartman, the rocks are rather irregularly banded, dark gray, biotitic, garnetiferous { Grenville-granite mixed rocks locally associated with some am- _ phibolite and pegmatite. The Grenville material seems to predomi- nate, but the bands are not conspicuously light and dark. Similar _ mixed rocks occur in the northwestern part of the area with a short narrow belt (10 feet wide) of pure Grenville quartzite at one place. _ The small area just west of the railroad 2 miles south of Luzerne shows mostly dark gray, garnetiferous Grenville involved with a little amphibolite and more or less intricately cut by granite and ee Gloversville quadrangle has led to the tentative conclusion that banded garneti- _ 18Since the preparation of this manuscript, field work by the writer in the io i ferous gneisses very similar to those here described have at least partly resulted _ from more or less intimate injection or assimilation of an amphibolitic facies of old gabbro by the syenite-granite magma. As already suggested on page 17 some (or much) of the injected amphibolite may be of sedimentary origin. _ The highly banded garnetiferous gneisses here described may possibly, there- _ fore, be partly or wholly metagabbro-granite mixed rocks., During the field season of 1923, the writer hopes to secure evidence which will throw more light upon the problem of the origin of these rather widespread garnetiferous gneisses. 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pegmatite. In some ledges nearly pure, pink, moderately coarse- grained granite predominates. Interesting exposures of Grenville-granite mixed rocks occur on the steep hill just north of Lake Luzerne. At the top big ledges show the rock to be dark gray, garnetiferous, biotitic gneiss asso- ciated with a little amphibolite all cut to pieces by granite and peg- matite. This clearly foliated mixed rock contains some distinct lenses of Grenville gneiss up to 8 inches wide and over a rod long parallel to the foliation, which latter is mostly wavy and locally even contorted. There are many narrow bands of pegmatite and silexite rarely more than a few feet long and a few inches wide. Some of these are distinctly dikelike, but most of them have (under pres- sure) been kneaded into the contorted rocks. Most of the peg- matite and silexite masses are roughly parallel to the foliation, and many pegmatites contain garnets which more than likely represent material absorbed from the garnetiferous gneiss. In the road metal quarry at the southwestern base of the hill somewhat similar rock is exposed. This rock bears a strong resemblance to facies of the granite porphyry above described and lends support to the view that the porphyry really represents old dark gneiss which has been thoroughly injected and possibly digested by much granite magma. Grenville-granite mixed rocks very similar to those last described also make up the small area on Bucktail mountain, and along the middle eastern border of the quadrangle. The mixed rocks of the small area 1% miles northeast of Stony Creek village consist mainly of Grenville green pyroxene gneiss and quartzite cut rather irregularly by some granite and considerable pegmatite. The area covering about 1 square mile between 2 and 3 miles north of Stony Creek village consists very largely of a rather heterogeneous mixture of Grenville light-gray to dark garneti- ferous, biotitic, and hornblendic schists and gneisses more or less intricately cut and injected by considerable granite and pegmatite. These rocks are mostly well banded with variable strike and dip. The area of Grenville-granite mixed rocks north of Thurman station is the southern extension of a larger area in the North Creek quadrangle. Within the Luzerne quadrangle there are rela- tively few exposures representing various types of Grenville in- volved with granite. Near the mouth of the main brook of the area, Grenville hornblende gneiss is cut by considerable granite. Nearly one-half of a mile up this brook a ledge 100 feet long shows GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 33 _well-foliated gray granite cutting much limestone and some pyroxene gneiss. In the very small area south of Thurman station a single large outcrop by the river is an irregular mass of well-stratified highly folded impure crystalline limestone about 25 feet across almost completely surrounded by grano-syenite (see plate 7A). The mixed rocks of the small area just west of High Street are Grenville gray garnetiferous gneisses intricately cut and injected by _ granite. In the small area just northwest of Athol much impure graphitic crystalline limestone is directly associated with some hornblende- garnet gneiss. Both of these rocks are irregularly cut by much ' granite. South and west of Bear pond considerable crystalline limestone and some quartzite are cut by pink medium-grained granite. Grenville-gabbro-granite Mixed Rocks Ina few relatively small areas Grenville strata, gabbro (meta- _gabbro), and granite are so closely associated that it has not been _ feasible to represent these rocks separately on the geologic map. The area at Hadley and Luzerne shows a number of exposures which give a good idea of these mixed rocks. The largest ex- posures are along the river, along the outlet stream of Lake _ Luzerne, and in the southern part of Luzerne village. These rocks "are gray, garnetiferous, biotitic, Grenville gneisses associated with bands or lenses of amphibolite, cut and considerably injected with granite and pegmatite mostly parallel to the foliation. The com- _ bination presents a well-banded appearance generally with steep _ dips. Usually the Grenville material predominates, but along the outlet stream of the lake there is more granite than Grenville. The Constitution mountain area contains more or less intimately _ associated Grenville, metagabbro and granite in varying amounts. q Metagabbro is most conspicuous toward the south where it occurs in the form of numerous bands in the mixed rocks. The Grenville iY portions of these mixed rocks are generally garnetiferous. _. The area south of Gailey hill shows many good exposures of : mainly well-banded (straight to curved) garnetiferous, biotitic ‘ Grenville gneiss cut and notably injected with granite, pegmatite y and silexite, the whole containing bands or lenses of amphibolite ; (metagabbro) ranging from mere shreds to a rod or two wide and some rods long. Lecally the relative proportions of these rocks 34. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM vary notably, but the amphibolite is usually subordinate. Along the state road most of the rock is quartzitic with relatively fewer garnets. Rocks very similar to those just described constitute the main bulk of the Mount Anthony area of Grenville-gabbro-granite mixed rocks. Granite to grano-syenite is always abundant in these banded rocks, while the Grenville (usually garnetiferous) and metagabbro locally vary notably in quantity. Gabbro-granite Mixed Rocks Several small areas of mixed rocks of this sort are shown on the accompanying geologic map. In general it may be said that they represent gabbro (or metagabbro) which has been more or less intimately cut to pieces by granite and pegmatitic granite with some local suggestions of admixed Grenville. In some cases granite pre- dominates and in others gabbro. In the area south of Mount Anthony many small pegmatite dikes cut the mixed rocks at various angles, though mostly parallel to the foliation, and these pegmatites commonly carry considerable mag- netite in masses up to an inch or two across as well shown at the old iron mine (see map). It is believed that this magnetite was absorbed from the old gabbro by the pegmatitic granite during its intrusion. Great ledges in the eastern part of the area 1% miles northwest of Corinth consist of amphibolite (metagabbro) rather thoroughly cut, injected and digested by granite with many very narrow bands, of pegmatite lying parallel to the foliation. Several exposures in the area 2 miles north of Hadley show the rock to be mainly metagabbro (amphibolite) intricately cut and injected by granite and pegmatitic granite causing the mixed rocks to have a banded appearance, in some cases almost contorted, as along the northeast side of the mapped body of gabbro. The areas in the northwestern corner of the quadrangle consist mainly of granite varying to grano-syenite, the composition of which has in many places been changed by more or less complete digestion of bands of amphibolite parallel to the foliation. That this amphibolite is metagabbro is strongly suggested by some bands which have been relatively little affected by the granite. A thin section from a lens of the amphibolite which has been highly in- jected and more or less digested by the grano-syenite magma GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 35 ‘shows: microperthite, 37; oligoclase, 20; hornblende, 25; hyper- sthene, 15; magnetite, 1; apatite, 1; biotite, 12; garnet, 12; and very little zircon. Pegmatite, Aplite and Silexite _ In the preceding descriptions of the rocks, local occurrences of pegmatite, aplite and silexite have been incidentally referred to, and ‘certain of the pegmatite dikes are specifically referred to in the chapter on Mines and Quarries. Pegmatite, and to a less extent silexite, have been observed as dikes and lenslike masses within “practically all the rock formations already described. Some ex- amples will now be given. Only the larger observed dikes are rep- resented on the geologic map. _ Grenville limestone is cut by small dikes of granite, pegmatite and silexite near the “ Cave” at the southern end of Athol village. _ Pegmatite very commonly, and silexite dikes less commonly, cut the gabbro and metagabbro masses, especially around their borders. Various good examples are mentioned in the preceding discussion of the gabbro and metagabbro. Some of these cut nonfoliated _gabbro; some cut across the foliation of the metagabbro; and some are bands or lenses in the metagabbro parallel to its foliation. _ Pegmatite and silexite, especially the former, occur locally in many parts of the areas mapped as medium-grained granite. Most of these are in the form of small dikes or lenses in the granite parallel to its foliation, but occasionally some cut across it. Those parallel to the foliation are, as a rule, not very sharply separated from the granite, while those which cut across usually are. Among _many places throughout the granite areas where such pegmatite and _silexite masses are clearly shown, a number are mentioned in the _above description of the medium-grained granite. Some pegmatite and less silexite occur locally in the coarse- _ grained granite in much the same manner as in the medium-grained granite, but in notably smaller amounts. A locality of special inter- ' est is nearly a mile southeast of Linwood school where highly foli- ated coarse-grained granite is rather sharply cut across its foliation by a number of long nearly parallel dikes of pegmatite ranging _ from a few inches to,several feet in width. _ Pegmatite and silexite masses were seldom observed within the _ areas mapped as syenite and grano-syenite. An exceptional place is the northwestern portion of the large area west of Stony Creek village where many very narrow highly quartzose to silexitic bands lie in the grano-syenite parallel to its foliation and without very ; 2 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sharp contacts. Another exceptional place is the small body of syenite just west of Mount Anthony where some pegmatites with- out sharp borders cut across the foliation of the syenite. The various combinations of mixed rocks as mapped also not rarely contain some pegmatite and silexite mostly arranged parallel to the foliation, but in some cases they cut across it at various angles. Among other places, such pegmatite and silexite are well displayed in the mixed rock areas at and near Mount Anthony; 1% miles northwest of Corinth; on the hill just north of Lake Luzerne; one-half of a mile southeast of Gailey hill; and 2% miles north of Stony Creek village. The largest pegmatite dike observed cuts the Grenville-granite mixed rocks between I and 1% miles southwest of Linwood school. It is described in the chapter on Mines and Quarries. Aplite in the form of distinct dikes seldom occurs, two cases of special interest being an aplite dike 2 inches wide which sharply cuts the gabbro 1 mile southwest of Gailey hill, and another very small one which very sharply cuts the little body of gabbro 1% miles north of Potash mountain. Considerable aplitic granite does, however, occur locally as a facies of the granite in the form of bands of varying width not sharply separated from the granite and parallel to its foliation. Such aplite appears to be a differentiation phase of the granite magma. It is well exhibited on West (Hadley), Baldhead and Moose mountains, and between 1 and 1% miles east of Stony Creek station. Much of the granite which has so intimately cut, injected and even more or less absorbed Grenville material of the garneti- ferous Grenville-granite mixed rocks in the southern third of the quadrangle is distinctly light gray to nearly white, relatively fine- grained, and aplitic in character. Diabase Dikes Diabase dikes are represented at twenty localities on the accom- panying geologic map. Others no doubt occur, some of which are concealed from view and some of which escaped detection by the writer. In any case it is very certain that diabase dikes are far less abundant in this district than they are in the northeastern Adi- rondacks where, for example, on the writer’s Lyon Mountain geo- logic map more than 120 dike localities are indicated. They cut all kinds of Precambrian rocks and, judging by their mode of occurrence as narrow sharply defined dikes, their fineness of grain, GEOLOGY OF THE LUZERNE QUADRANGLE 37 and their total lack of metamorphism, they must be much younger than the other Precambrian rocks of the quadrangle. Since Cush- ing has shown these Adirondack diabase dikes to be older than late Cambrian, they are, therefore, quite certainly of late Precambrian age. These dikes of the quadrangle vary from fine to medium grained, and they usually have a more or less well-defined ophitic texture. In all cases where the determination could be made the dikes show a strike ranging from north-south through northeast to east-west, most of the strikes varying between north Io degrees east and north 40 degrees east. Some of the dikes will now be specifically referred to. The eastern one of the two dikes one-half of a mile north of Hunt lake is fully 30 feet wide. It is clearly traceable for one- eighth of a mile with a strike north 20 degrees east. The western one of these two shows but a single good exposure. A fine-grained diabase dike 6 feet wide sharply cuts the large _ pegmatite dike vertically in the feldspar mine 114 miles southwest _ of Linwood school. A thin section of this diabase consists of basic _ plagioclase and chlorite with much dark glass filling in between the two. A very little pyrite was also noted. The section shows an excellent ophitic texture. _ The diabase dike nearly 2 miles west of Conklingville is 45 feet _ wide and traceable 200 feet. It cuts granite of the mixed rock area 7 almost vertically and parallel to the foliation. It strikes north 40 _ degrees east. _ Three-fourths of a mile northwest of Gailey hill several dikes (the largest 8 feet wide) with east-west strike cut the coarse- ' grained granite vertically about parallel to the foliation. These _ dikes are traceable only a few rods. A thin section contains: _ plagioclase (andesine to labradorite), 38; hornblende, 30; enstatite, 22; garnet, 5; magnetite, 4; and pyrite, 1. The texture is fine _ grained and rather uniform. ; _ At the eastern edge of the gabbro area 2 miles southwest of ' Stony Creek station a diabase dike fully 10 feet wide with strike north 30 degrees east cuts the gabbro, but both of these rocks are there badly crushed due to faulting (see map). A diabase dike 15 feet wide with strike north 40 degrees east is _ also badly’ crushed along a fault 2%4 miles north of Stony Creek village. _ = Se i Li la Oa SS ee ae — NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM : 9 tion in Saratoga county, they being repeatedly found in partly rotted cornstalks. Similar conditions were also observed the fol- lowing winter, which latter was much milder. A distinctly unusual feature was the submission in 1919 of leather _ jackets or maggots of the crane fly, Pedecia albivitta Walk., accompanied by the statement that they occurred in large numbers in Schuyler county in an oat field and were presumably causing some injury. Other field crops. The season of 1919 was marked by a very unusual outbreak of the green clover worm, Plathypena scabra Fabr., upon beans, the greenish white caterpillars feeding generally upon the leaves of both common and lima beans and caus- ing serious to somewhat general injury in various parts of the State. The insect was not observed in appreciable numbers the following two seasons. Asparagus beetles and root maggots were unusually abundant in the vicinity of Albany in 1920, the latter at least being unduly favored by the cold, wet weather of the spring. Several species of wire worms caused rather severe injury in the environs of Albany. Codling moth. Field studies of this important insect have been continued in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, State Department of Farms and Markets, special attention being given to securing exact records of evening temperatures as well as the maxima and minima, and correlating them with the egg-laying habits of the moth. The accuracy of this work has been materially increased by the cooperation of the United States Weather Bureau in loaning thermographs and supervising the setting up of the instruments. The field work has been in direct charge of L. F. Strickland, agent, who was located at Lockport. Details are given in the body of the report. Shade tree insects. The elm leaf beetle and the white-marked tussock moth have not attracted an unusual amount of attention, though both have been locally abundant. A recently introduced willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera ver- sicolora Laich., was brought to notice in 1919 and has become somewhat generally and widely distributed in the southern portion of the State, causing rather severe injury locally. Unusual injury to soft maples by the callous borer, Sesia acerni Clem., was found in the vicinity of Buffalo, the borers occurring in a considerable number of soft maples. In some cases the trees were partly girdled. IO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Ig21I piceae Schr., is likewise widely distributed. Evidence obtained the past season indicates that under certain conditions at least this latter insect may be an important factor in killing portions of good- sized trees. | The spruce gall aphid, Chermes abietis Linn, continues — to attract notice on account of the unsightly galls it produces upon — Norway maples. The spruce bud scalee Physokermes © Forest insects. There was an outbreak of the antlered maple caterpillar, Heterocampa guttivitta Walk. in Chautau-— qua county in T9Ig accompanied by defoliation of sugar bushes in areas where the insects were most abundant. A somewhat extended and serious infestation of the gipsy moth was discovered in New Jersey in July 1920 and was followed shortly by the location of several small, light infestations on Long Island, notably at Brooklyn, Greenpoint, Patchogue, Orient Point, Shelter Island and Southhold. There is also a nearly extinct infestation at Garrison. The season of 1921 was marked by the finding of the gipsy moth in the southwest town of Vermont, which means that through natural spread, the insect has virtually reached the New York State line, and the same is almost true for the north- west corner of Massachusetts. There has also been a marked exten- sion in the southwestern portion of Massachusetts, the insect now occurring in small numbers in the towns of Becket, Otis and Sandisfield, all within about 15 miles of the New York State line. There was in 1920 and also during the past season an effort on the part of interested states, namely New Jersey and New York, and © the Federal Government to exterminate the above-mentioned iso- lated infestations. Extremely gratifying progress has been made. This is particularly evident in New Jersey where the larger and denser infestation permitted a most striking contrast between the three million egg masses found in the infested area in 1920 as com- pared with less than one hundred disclosed by scouting at the end of the past season. It is possible to prevent the dissemination of this insect. The repressive and quarantine work of the Federal Government in cooperation with the interested states has accom- plished much in slowing up or checking what would otherwise have — been an extremely rapid spread. The snow white linden moth Ennomos subsignarius Hubn., was sufficiently abundant in portions of Otsego county in 1919 to defoliate large areas of woodland. The numerous moths appearing in Albany the latter part of July probably originated NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1I _ from these areas. The same conditions continued the past season, ; though the defoliated areas were probably farther west, since the --moths swarmed in several cities, notably Rochester and Lockport. _ The interesting maple leaf cutter, Paraclemensia aceri- foliella Clem., attracted notice in 1919 on account of its unusual abundance in the vicinity of Lake George. The birch leaf skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensi- sella Fern., has been locally abundant and somewhat injurious to _ gray birches the past season in the northeastern part of’ the State, ranging from southern Rensselaer county north to Essex county. The outbreak was less marked than in 1901, though large groups _ of birches here and there were badly browned. , The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, has been - abundant and injurious in young plantings of white pine for sev- _ eral years. In some instances the entire planting may be seriously damaged before the trees have attained a height of 5 feet, and in _ other cases the mischief is very restricted and confined to small areas in rather large plantings. . Miscellaneous. A compilation of the office records of the last _ 20 years indicates a probable biennial life-cycle for the large, strikingly colored Say’s blister beetle, Pomphopoea sayi Lec., since it is numerous approximately every other year, when it attracts attention on account of its feeding in swarms upon the blossoms of various trees, particularly honey locust. The chrysanthemum midge, Diarthronomyia hypo- _ gaea Lw,, is evidently becoming somewhat generally distributed in the State through the shipment of infested plants. It is fortu- nate that investigations of recent years have resulted in the formu- lation of moderately successful control measures. Publications. The “Key to American Insect Galls” appeared subsequent to the period covered by the last annual report. It is _ the only comprehensive tabulation of these interesting deformities in America and since it deals primarily with the more obvious swellings or plant malformations rather than with the minute and highly complex gall makers themselves, it will greatly facilitate the _ study of the interrelations between plants and insects. Owing to the great demand for this bulletin, the edition was speedily exhausted. A number of brief popular accounts relating to the more injurious pests have been prepared as heretofore and widely circulated, the European corn borer on account of its paramount importance 12 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 { q : receiving special attention. There have also been several contribu- tions to our knowledge of gall midges, including one paper on “Indian and Grass Gall Midges,” which appeared as a memoir of — the Department of Agriculture, India, and a general discussion of — “Ada, tations among Insects of Field and Forest,’ which was pub- — lished in the August issue of the Scientific Monthly. Lectures. The Entomologist has delivered a number of lectures or participated in discussions and conferences on insects, mostly — economic species, before various agricultural and horticultural — gatherings, some of these being held in cooperation with farmers — institutes or county farm bureaus and a considerable proportion, — owing to conditions prevailing during the past 3 years, have related — to the European corn borer and its control. Cooperative work. The Entomologist has continued to cooperate with the Federal Bureau of Entomology as collaborator in Euro- | pean corn borer work to the mutual advantage of both interested — agencies. He has also cooperated with the Insect Pest Survey, ~ United States Department of Agriculture. This work covers the entire United States, and since it relates to all insects of economic © importance, it is broader in scope than most undertakings of this © character. It places at the disposal of all official reporters early and accurate information respecting recent developments and thus fre- — quently provides warnings of probable outbreaks in addition to disseminating much valuable data. Collections. A number of desirable additions to the state ento- mological collections have been made, some of the best material — being reared in connection with studies of recent outbreaks or — secured as a result of requests for information concerning compara- tively unknown forms. Special attention has been paid to the acquisition and preservation of immature stages, since these are very difficult to obtain ; this is particularly true of a number of borers similar to the European corn borer and found in corn or in the © stems of various plants. The special work upon the European corn borer has resulted in numerous, very desirable additions to the - state collections. Mr Henry Dietrich very generously donated to the Museum 551 ~ specimens of California Coleoptera representing 160 species, 55 of these being new to the state collections. Mr D. B. Young, assistant entomologist, donated from his personal collections of earlier years a large series of Coleoptera, consisting of over 750 specimens comprising over 400 species previously unrep- — ; ; } j | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 13 resented in the state collections. This large addition has necessitated the rearrangement of many of the Coleoptera and in addition it has involved the study and identification of numerous obscure species. This work has been prosecuted in addition to the many identifica- tions for correspondents and other routine duties. Office matters. The correspondence has been along the same - general lines; the European corn borer, on account of its potential importance and the unusual developments, occupied a prominent _ place. The extraordinary outbreak of the corn ear worm during the past season resulted in an unusually large number of inquiries in relation to this insect. | The general routine work has made unusually heavy demands upon the Entomologist and his assistant, the latter being in charge of the office and responsible for correspondence and other matters 7 during the absence of the Entomologist. There being no provision for the continuance of the special work on the European corn borer, authorized by the Legislature of 1920, it was impossible to continue W. A. Hoffman in the temporary _ vacancy created in June of that year by the transferral of Mr. Young to special work upon the European corn borer. Mr Hoffman resigned from the staff, effective July 31, 1921 and Mr Young resumed his duties on the regular Museum staff October 1st. Hall B. Carpenter of Somerville, Mass., appointed special assistant in European corn borer work in 1920, resigned May 31, 1921. Fannie T. Hartman prior to her transferal from this office in midsummer, 1920, was very fully occupied in addition to the usual duties of an assistant by translations of technical literature needed in systematic work, the making of numerous microscopic prepara- tions of small insects and the arrangement and care of pressed specimens of insect work and the extensive accumulations of alcoholic material. The vacancy created by the transferal of Miss Hartman has not been filled owing to the impossibility of securing a qualified assistant at the very nominal compensation available. The loss of an assistant must inevitably circumscribe the work of the office and may result in serious limitations. Horticultural inspection. The nursery inspection work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Farms and Markets, has resulted as in former years in a number of specimens represent- ing various stages or recent developments, some in very poor con- dition, being submitted to this office for identification. The satis- _ factory identification of specimens originating in various parts of the T4 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 ‘world requires an intimate and wide knowledge of the literature and insécts in both this and other countries and illustrates in a concrete manner the need in entomological work of both training and © experience. General. The work of the office has been materially aided as in past years by the identification of a number of insects through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, chief of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, and his associates. There has been very effective and close cooperation with the State Depart- ment of Farms and Markets, particularly the Bureau of Plant Industry, the State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, the State Experiment Station at Geneva, the State Conservation Commission, the State Department of Health, the county farm bureaus and various public welfare organizations. A number of correspondents have donated material and rendered valuable service by transmitting local data respecting various insects and assisting in other ways. It is a pleasure to state that there has been, as in the past, most helpful cooperation on the part of all interested in the work of the office. Respectfully submitted EpuRAIM PorTeR FELT ‘State Entomologist October 31, 192T NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 15 INJURIOUS INSECTS EUROPEAN CORN BORER Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. _ The widespread occurrence of the European corn borer in the _ northeastern United States and Southern Canada has raised a series _ of problems which can not be readily answered, particularly when _ the diverse behavior of the insect is taken into account. We are 4 primarily concerned with the status of the pest in New York State and yet a clear understanding of the situation can not be obtained q without some reference to the behavior of the insect in other parts meorthecountry.’ 9 — History in America. The borer was discovered in Massachu- - setts in 1917, and in 1918 caused very serious injury in badly infested fields. The total known infested area at the close of that season - was approximately 400 square miles. The insect was first discovered at Scotia, Schenectady county, January 29, 1919, and subsequent investigations showed that the borer was somewhat generally established over an area of possibly j 500 square miles, including portions of Albany, Fulton, Herkimer, Rensselaer, Schenectady and Schoharie counties ; and extending from a little east of Troy westward to Fort Hunter, north nearly to Sara- _ toga and south to Esperance. The federal authorities were notified early of the infestation and rendered material cooperation in identifying the insect and later in determining the limits of the infestation. There was at that time, in spite of well-directed publicity efforts, no reason for thinking an infestation occurred elsewhere than in the eastern part of the State and after due consideration, the official entomologists of the State indorsed a progressive policy which eventuated in a special appro- priation of $75,000 to be expended by the Commissioner of Agri- culture in an effort to exterminate the insect. Operations were __ pushed with the greatest possible speed and prior to the middle of May the entire known infested area, some 300 square miles, had been very thoroughly cleared up, the corn stalks and corn stubble having been burned or plowed under. The Entomologist in his capacity as a state official advised in regard to the control work, and during the growing season kept a close watch of developments in the infested area for the purpose of obtaining the fullest possible information 16 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 concerning the pest. He also served, effective July I, 1919, as collaborator in European corn borer control for the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, and in this capacity was given unusual facilities for making observations not only in this State but in Massachusetts. An infestation in Erie county was located in September 1919 and the comparatively limited scouting permissible between that time and the coming of cold weather resulted in finding the pest established over an area of some 400 square miles in portions of Cattaraugus, Chautauqua and Erie counties, the insect having been found from a little east of Buffalo south and west to Gowanda and Fredonia. The marked differences in the behavior of the insect during 1919 in the infested New York areas as compared to those in eastern Massachusetts demonstrated the need of a careful study of the pest in this State, and upon request the Legislature of 1920 appro- priated $5000 which was used in a careful study of the field condi- tions prevailing in the eastern infested area, namely in Schenectady and vicinity. These investigations resulted in securing data of much practical value in determining the most efficacious control measures. There was in 1920 a material increase in the infested areas of this — State, particularly in the western section. This latter was due largely to the fact that the western infestation was discovered so late in the season that it was impossible to scout the infested area thoroughly before cold weather made satisfactory work exceedingly difficult. One very important development in 1920 was the discovery of the European corn borer in the vicinity of St Thomas, Canada, under climatic and agricultural conditions practically identical with those of our infested areas, a most significant feature being the extended and somewhat severe injury to considerable areas of corn, some 70 to go per cent of the stalks being infested and accompanied by a commercial damage placed at approximately 20 per cent. The past season, 1921, was marked by a moderate extension of the infested areas in New York State, the spread under normal con- ditions being approximately 6 miles and the discovery in late summer of a sparse infestation along the southern shore of Lake Erie extend- ing almost continuously from the New York State line to the western extremity of the Lake. The very scattering character of the infestation suggests that it may have originated from moths drifting with the winds across the lake or from infested corn stalks being NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 7, carried by water currents or the wind. If this be true, it is quite possible that the earlier discovered western New York infestation originated in the same way and may therefore be considerably more recent than the one at St Thomas. This may be the factor which explains the difference between the relatively small injury to corn in the Silver Creek area as compared with the damage under very similar conditions in the vicinity of St Thomas. There is another important matter which should be kept in mind. During the fall of 1920 and the spring of 1921 an extensive clean-up campaign centering upon Silver Creek and limited to the more badly infested area was conducted by the federal authorities. This work appears to have had little effect upon the general infestation, since conditions the past season were very nearly the same in the cleaned-up area as upon the adjacent Indian reservation where no work of this character was possible. There is no doubt but that the clean-up work destroyed many borers and materially reduced the infestation as compared to what it might have been if there had been nothing of the kind. There is a possibility that the benefits resulting from this clean up may have been masked as it were by a considerable driftage of moths from other infested areas, possibly from Ontario. — _ There was a large increase the past season in the known infested area in Canada, due mostly to the very limited scouting possible in 1920. ‘There was also a great increase in the badly infested area about St Thomas, which latter now comprises about 100 square miles and shows much more serious and general injury to early planted corn than the preceding year. There are numerous I-acre to 5-acre lots of early corn in that section which have sustained a commercial loss approximating 70 per cent and in a few instances the damage was so severe that no attempt was made to harvest either corn or fodder, the stalks simply being cut, burned and the refuse turned under. A mitigating feature is found in the fact that even in this badly infested area injury to moderately late or late planted corn, sweet, flint or dent was much less and particularly so in the case of the last named. There was not serious injury in the infested areas of New York State, although there were a number of fields in western New York where a 50 to 70 per cent stalk infestation could be found. This means appreciable damage in sweet corn, though not serious injury to field corn. There was, however, the same relative variation in the infestation in the New York areas as noted in the Canadian territory 18 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Ig21 mentioned above, the greater injury occurring in the early planted | corn. tively limited the past season. The list of infested counties, cities and towns given below indi- cates the known infested areas, the year of addition to the infested territory, if prior to 1921, being given in parenthesis. The following is a list for the eastern area: Albany county. Albany (city, 1919), Berne, Bethlehem, Cohoes (city, 1919), Colonie (1919), Green Island (1920), Guilderland (1919), Knox (1920), New Scotland, Rensselaerville, Watervliet (1920) and Westerlo. Fulton county. Bleecker,! Broadalbin (1920), Caroga, Ephratah, Johnstown (including cities of Johnstown and Gloversville, 1919), Mayfield (1920), Northampton and Perth (1919). Hamilton county. Benson, Hope, Lake Pleasant! and Wells.? Montgomery county. Amsterdam (town and city, 1919), Charles- ton (1920), Florida (1919), Glen, Mohawk (1919), Palatine and Root. Rensselaer county. Brunswick (1920), East Greenbush (1920), Hoosick, North Greenbush (1919), Poestenkill (1920), Rensselaer (city, 1920), Schaghticoke (1920) and Troy (city, 1919). Saratoga county. Ballston (1919), Charlton (1919), Clifton Park (1919), Corinth,’ Day,’ Edinburg,! Galway (1919), Greenfield, Hadley, Half Moon (1919), Malta (1919), Mechanicsville (city), Milton (1919), Northumberland, Providence, Saratoga Springs (town and city, 1920), Saratoga (1919), Stillwater (1919), Water- ford and Wilton. Schenectady county. Duanesburg (1920), Glenville (1919), Nis- kayuna (1919), Princetown (1919), Rotterdam (1919) and Sche- nectady (city, 1919). Schoharie county. Cobleskill, Esperance (1919), Middleburg (1920), Schoharie (1920) and Wright (1920). Warren county. Luzerne. Washington county. Easton, Fort Edward, Greenwich and White Creek. The western area extends from Niagara south around the east end of Lake Erie and along its shore to the Pennsylvania state line. 1 Included in the infested area owing to extreme northern location and the fact that corn is shipped out. ——— The spread of the insect in New York State has been compara- _ — SS ee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 19 _ qua county and eastwardly an infested town borders upon Wyoming _ county. The following is a list of the infested counties, cities and towns a in the western area: Cattaraugus county. Ashford, Dayton (1919), East Otto, Leon, _ Otto, Perrysburg, Gowanda (1919) and Persia (1919). Chautauqua county. Arkwright (1920), Charlotte, Chautauqua, _ Cherry Creek, Dunkirk (1919), Dunkirk (city, 1920), Ellery, Elli- cott, Gerry, Hanover (Silver Creek, 1919), Mina, Pomiret (Fre- _ donia, 1919), Portland (Brocton, 1920), Ripley, Sheridan (1919), q Sherman, Stockton, Villenova (1920) and Westfield (1920). Niagara county. Niagara (1920) including city of Niagara Falls. Erie county. Ambherst (1920), Aurora, Boston, Brant, Angola (1919), Buffalo (city, 1920), Cheektowaga (1919), Clarence, Col- _ lins (1919), Concord, East Hamburg (1920), Eden (1919), Elma (1920), Evans (1919), Grand Island (1920), Hamburg (1919), Marilla, North Collins (1919), Tonawanda (1920), Tonawanda (city, 1920) and West Seneca (1920). The distribution of the European corn borer in America: at the close of the past season may be summarized as follows: The infes- tation in New England includes a strip along practically the entire eastern coast of Massachusetts with a small extension in southeastern New Hampshire and Maine. The Canadian infestation occurs along practically the entire northern shore of Lake Erie, the extreme north and south dimensions being about 4o miles and the infested terri- tory extending to the eastern shore of Lake Huron and with an apparently isolated area on Lake Ontario, some 20 miles east of Toronto. The most seriously infested territory in the vicinity of St Thomas has a north and south extension of about 15 miles and an east and west dimension of 40 miles. There are in addition to the above the New York areas and the sparse infestation along the entire southern shore of Lake Erie, mentioned above. This wide- spread distribution has led to the abandonment of the attempt to exterminate the insect, even in the case of some isolated infesta- tions, and a corresponding modification in quarantine and control measures. Observations in New hee State. The summer of 1919 showed marked differences in the development of the borer in New York State as compared with Massachusetts. For example, female moths 740) REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 were rather common June 20th in the latter area and at that time a very large proportion of the developing tassels upon early corn contained from one to five or six or possibly more young larvae, and yet no sign of the insect was observed in the Schenectady area until a female was captured June 30th, and it was not until July 14th that a scattering infestation of young larvae was found in one © of the earliest corn fields. The maximum infestation that season hardly exceeded 5 per cent, though it should be remembered that all this area had been thoroughly cleaned up in the spring and the infestation must have therefore been greatly reduced. A special appropriation of $5000 in 1920 made possible an inten- sive study of the infestation in the Schenectady area and although repeated examinations were made of various plants in and about many infested corn fields, there was no undoubted evidence to show that the European corn borer breeds in this State in any plant except corn. Partly grown to full-grown borers were found in some weeds and grasses in this State but always in or close to infested corn fields and under conditions which led one to con- clude that they were wanderers from the corn rather than that eggs had been laid and the insects developed on these other plants. This infestation has invariably occurred only toward the end of the sea- son and upon such a small scale and under such exceptional condi- tions that broadly speaking, it may be considered negligible, so far as the distribution of this insect from New York areas in plants other than corn is concerned. The infestation of other plants appears to be determined in considerable measure by the density of the insect population, since investigations the past season in the more badly infested Canadian area with its single generation showed that a considerable number of plants near the infested corn were entered by borers toward the end of the season, though there is no record even under such conditions of development from egg to full-grown larvae upon any plant other than corn. The borer attacks all varieties of corn and injury is most likely to be serious in the small and medium varieties, mostly because the larger types of corn can maintain a greater number of borers with less likelihood of severe injury. It was also evident in connection with this investigation that the earlier fields of corn were much more likely to be infested than those planted later. The above should be compared with the well-known food habits of the insect in eastern Massachusetts. There it breeds freely in barnyard grass, beggar-ticks, cocklebur, and probably a few less a a ee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 21 common plants in addition to various kinds of corn and the closely related sorghums, etc. Partly grown to full-grown borers have been found in eastern Massachusetts in about 170 different species er varieties of mostly herbaceous plants, including a considerable number commonly grown in gardens, such as dahlias, rhubarb, aster, beans, beets, celery and gladioli. Available evidence indicates that most of the infestation of plants other than corn in eastern Massachusetts is due to the work of the second brood, which develops in that section but under normal conditions apparently does not in the present infested areas in this State. The stalk infestation in the Schenectady area in 1920 varied from nearly 35 per cent on some river bottom fields near the pre- sumable center of the infestation to a very sparse occurrence of the borer on the outer margin of the infested territory. The fields showing a stalk infestation of 10 per cent or more were limited te an irregular, narrowly triangular area centering approximately. upon the Scotia flats and covered some 15 square miles, the greatest extension from the presumable center being 5 miles up the Mohawk river and about 3 miles back from the river. Fields with a stalk infestation of 5 to 10 per cent were to be found in an area of approximately 25 square miles outside of the more heavily infested section mentioned above and extending up the Mohawk river for about 8 miles and back from the river some 5 miles. These infestation records should not be construed as applying to all fields in either area, because, as pointed out below, the degree of infestation depends to a considerable extent upon the time of planting, the nearness of infested material and the direction of pre- vailing winds. Three types of injury were noted in New York areas. There is first the damage inflicted upon various portions of the stalk, sometimes very apparent in the breaking of the tassel and usually indicated by borings here and there along the stalk itself. This injury as a rule does not greatly affect the development of the crop, unless it is carried to such an extent as to result in breaking of the lower portion of the stalk either above or below the ear, the latter causing the most damage. The breaking of corn stalks depends upon several factors, namely, the amount of boring, which is closely related to the degree of infestation and, second, the frequency and violence of wind storms. These latter vary widely from season to season and in different localities. The combined effects of boring and wind storm injury 22 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 were strikingly shown in the field belonging to Annie Collins on the Scotia flats. This field had a stalk infestation of nearly 35 per cent and on August 25th there was a noticeable amount of injury due to the breaking over of the corn and on September 3d a careful examination showed that 10.45 per cent of the stalks were broken over. This condition makes harvesting difficult, not to mention the danger of fodder and grain mildewing in damp weather. There was similar breaking in a number of other fields, though not 10 such a great extent. The third type of injury is due to the borers entering the ear itself. This may occur at the tip, the borer entering through the husks on the side or by tunneling from the stalk through the stem of the ear into the cob. This latter method of entry is rarely noticeable until considerable damage has been inflicted. Records obtained from several fields showed 5 per cent to 7 per cent of the ears more or Jess injured by borers. Repeated examinations in the infested area indicated as a rule comparatively slight damage where the stalk infestation was 10 per cent or less and by no means serious injury when the stalk infestation ran to about 30 per cent and ear injury as high as 7 per cent. It is obvious, furthermore, that there can be a larger percentage of ear infestation in field corn with less relative damage than in the case of sweet corn. The approximate relation between stalk infestation and ear infestation in a sparsely infested area is indicated by the following tabulation : Stalk and ear infestation, Schenectady area 1920 Stalk Ear infestation, infestation, Name per cent per cent Angie Collins.) 5 0.0. 34.85 pe Flats Fred Fagel ya EC? HASeU NAN nena 5 Mob aaicwaes 14-53 is e 7.6 Average of figures 7.8) bolel atch bd =) aot Antid Gu uee me 10.38 5.9 Charlton rd. BECWSCCT Os RG 4.4 2 Mr Brewster first estimated Wiley wag a) ated @ AN72' Gor) 25: 5 per cent and then raised it to 10 per cent Theuner no. 5.. eas 8.8 1,08 Freeman’s bridge Theuner no. 3........... ? 2.6 THefMer TO. 4csuhs oh a's «es © ? 12 } i) | 1 ) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 23 The above figures should be compared with the 50 per cent ear infestation in Canadian field corn, 1920, having a 70 per cent to go per cent stalk infestation and the practical destruction of early planted sweet corn in the badly infested Canadian area last season, this latter indicating a very general, presumably 100 per cent ear infestation in the worst affected fields. Conditions affecting infestation. The development of the corn, the nearness of infested material, the direction of the prevailing winds and the stubble infestation all appear to have a material influence upon the amount of infestation. The influence of the time of planting in the infested area was strikingly shown by two fields of howling mob sweet corn, one planted May 2oth and next an infested field of last year, and the other planted July 7th and only 100 feet away across the road. The first had a stalk infestation of 10.52 per cent but in the second only one affected stalk was found. Furthermore, 3 acres were planted with early dawn and golden bantam May 8th and 13th and they had a stalk infestation of 4 per cent while a nearby acre of golden bantam planted June 25th had but three stalks affected, or less than I per cent. Messrs Crawford and Spencer, discussing conditions in the badly infested Canadian area in 1921, state that m general corn sown before May 24th was either practically ruined or suffered severe loss; that sown between May 24th and June Ist was heavily infested but suffered relatively less or but slight, actual loss depend- ing upon the type of corn; while the corn sown after June Ist, » although in some cases showing a fairly high percentage of infesta- tion, carried few larvae and suffered practically no loss except in the case of sweet corn. It should be borne in mind in this connection that the aaa of planting is only an approximate indication of the condition of the corn at the time the moths fly. =>mau—LooaoaoaoEEoSUEoaoaoaaBnaanA99)))aaBB9999R9aBRBB9B99B9B9B9E9anoaSSSSSSS 0'6 6 o’l I o'z Zz (0) re) I Tt OOL Ce Pee Oe rf Ainge ere ie a0°OS 6 Bey) ai - = ¢ os eS Semis tuoreae ore | £°6 Lv giz 6 £'9 ze te) s VI It SOS ea ee viteeeresseesssgz Amo 9°6 gv £-6 € v9 Ze g Vv 8 ZI oos CC eee ‘61 Ay nl = S=¢ 61 e-¢ I It ‘9 ee I 6 LI 9 ors @ aca ge C ois ake .0 Us 6 ae else . 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Oey, AmnL a One or oare) ty) vz vz v 6 8 £ 000*T Spe 2 ie) De ae *--o€ aunt wu £°0 z 0'0 0 g'f£ Iz z £ (oh g co) VES Sie eg ae -+--6z aanl o O'L 9 0-'o ° O'L 9 I I 54 rs) g9S SaGUEnas ce f-ust) tere eet b een eee Qz aunt oy 9°90 ¢ 0°Oo Oo Lo 8 I I 9 ro) £ov eee eee Cy oa te CIS Ss Cir. | “Sz aunt Oo Oe) 0 0°0 0 zr L I v z Co) zvs 2 es : sess epg aunt a o'o o 0'o o g't or I v v I O68 ee ee : oe ee oun 0-0 0 0°o ° Co s ° I v te) oos Sey Shea ae eS Bo SCOTT Ghia = a 4 aavaina | CP4aLNG WSIL eae NOIL sDoa xovia aaa TIN ANIIVAH | GaNINVXa Indo uaa} S#Iddv -ISvuvd S50K -ISOdIAO ‘ON soa S994 s99a soo Salddy 0z6I aLva ‘ON IND wad foie INGO Utd | IWLOL ‘ON ‘ON ‘ON ‘ON ‘ON qiodys07J ‘duolyzg “Dd “Wf JO preyoiO a 0761 UI WsIsered pue uorsodtAo {spsode1 You ZuITpOD ee Oe eS Se ee eS ee , 36 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Ig2t Meteorological records for 1920 Thermometer readings verified and supplemented by thermograph reccrds (By L. F. Strickland, Lockport, N. Y.) Location G. W. Mead, Barker, N. Y. bale cae ga RAIN- DIRECTION DURATION OF orth ATURE | TEMPER- | TEMPER- | PALE {OE marries Roan Ge Daria INCHES WIND MISCELLANEOUS AVSba\=)5 6 doen 73 83 7s Pastacteasicht Slight N.W..... Jide £2... 26 72 715 COUP ere . Wiogac eee ifqHeEse nine. Missed Missed BOS ee suche till hte 5 3c ee je ei SEE vA Fe 50 where atts hight ae ner ee Read at 8.30 p. m. mime 15 sis. 4.1! ray] Ahit, INV so.e teeiees MENTION. Spates 59 70 58 0.25 | Light, S. Bee. Mew 7 ea 57 62 53 o.1 Light, N2EBs 22. une ynee as 58 64 BOVE bs eee Light, N.E..... June TO... 5.1): 71 72 Aa eaten sis Light. N. W Wanei20... nn 69 77 AGig Wiabonertiss St. ienueweneeee ee 20s es 62 70 ic Fa ML ere NW ab iis pee June 225 6 ees 59 68 SO Pe N..SWi by eee ipecerae TA 63 q1 AG EA te oe Ws oh sare roe Read at 8.05 p. m. Ne ZA. nats 71 75 48 Trace Light, D. Be aes dere as See ape ie 79 45 Bagh hie uh Ree Water 55 3 Me at 8.05 p. m. ees Wa) uk 7 7s NS 70 POPs there cts Wie 2 ee heise iichat be Missed | Missed AGE tronctess WW. Sut e aig Mae aly 2e se. oe 73 82 Gaiwlesstecare We . .d.c. ae July 3295). 40 We 75 85 Go 2 Pe Wd ae Read at 8.45 p. m. EUS Me yaaa ae 74 87 63 0.3 W...o de ees Duration 1 hours. Nole: Weather Bureau cooperated by the loan of instruments and b temperatures of June 13, July 3, 9, 16 and 27 taken from t with an asterisk (*). Meterological Records for 1920 Instruments set and records made on daylight saving time. : y correcting the readings. he thermograph records are marked The United States Minimum NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 37 CORN EAR WORM Chloridea obsoleta Fabr. The corn ear worm was exceptionally injurious: and unusually widely distributed over the State in 1921, its general occurrence beifig almost unprecedented and accompanied by great injury in _ Madison county, considerable to serious damage in Orleans, Cayuga, Livingston and Allegany counties and appreciable injury in Chau- tauqua, Chemung, Monroe, Orange, Wyoming and Yates counties. One Wyoming county correspondent reported one to six or eight larvae in nearly every ear of a small field of corn. The central and @# western parts of the State suffered most as was the case in 1919. It is quite possible that the general interest in the European corn borer, both last season and in 1919, resulted in corn being watched more closely than in earlier years and consequently the numerous reports the past few seasons as compared with those of earlier years may give an erroneous impression respecting the relative abundance of the insect. The pest was received in 1921 by various official entomologists from almost every county in the State. Prof. C. R. Crosby states that golden bantam corn seemed to be especially favored by the insect and he records one case where 1% acres of _ wax beans were so badly infested as to render the crop unmarket- able. The widespread injuries need above were by no means confined to New York State. Similar conditions, we are informed by various correspondents, occurred in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsyl- vania and Ohio and Prof. W.:. A. Ross of the Entomological Laboratory, Vineland, Ontario, stated that the ear worm was so remarkably abundant and. injurious: that in some parts of south- western. Ontario the canning factories had to close because the corn was so badly infested that practically none of it was fit for canning purposes. For the first time in Canada, so far as he was aware, greenhouse tomatoes were attacked in southern Ontario, most of the injury occurring in early October. There was an approach to. the general prevalence of ear worm in 1921 two years earlier. This, like the outbreak of the past season, followed a mild winter. It was then received. at Cornell University according to data supplied by Prof. C. R. Crosby, from seventeen localities representing eleven counties. The records of 38 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I921 this office show that the insect was particularly abundant that year — in Chautauqua, Erie, Livingston and Yates counties. Earlier New York records. An examination of the reports of this office covering a period of over 40 years discloses a record of injury in the central part of the State in 1881, another in 1890, relates to injury at Albany and in Westchester county. A third states that in 1902 this insect was unusually abundant on corn at Mount Vernon and in one instance infested ears were shipped to Albany. It was again destructive to corn in Ontario county in 1908, in 1909 it was reported as injurious from Shelter Island and in 1914 from several Hudson valley localities. . The above records of earlier injury would hardly justify the - belief that this insect is markedly injurious from year to year in the southern, warmer parts of the State. Life-history and habits. The corn ear worm is a well-known southern pest. It is the boll worm and the tobacco bud worm of the south. It is also known as the tomato fruit worm. There are four and possibly five generations in the south, the larvae or pupae hibernating underground. Our finding, June 29th, of partly grown corn ear worms in a Gowanda field appears to be the earliest record of the insect in the State for 1921. The infestation was scattering and some of the larvae were about half grown. It would appear entirely possible for two generations to develop later in the season and a very sparse infestation thus early might easily account for the serious and wide- spread injury experienced toward the end of the season, Comparatively little is known concerning the habits of this insect in the northern states except that it is usually present every autumn in small numbers, and in New York State it is generally limited to the warmer portions, Long Island and the central or southwestern part of the State. There is a general impression that the insect can not winter successfully, at least in large numbers, in the cooler portions of our corn-growing area and this is supported by the fact that outbreaks such as that of last year are very exceptional; more- over both this one and that in 1919 followed exceptionally mild winters, which latter presumably afforded unusually favorable con- ditions for successful hibernation. The occurrence of the corn ear worm in New York State as outlined above appears to agree sub- stantially with known conditions in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio and presumably Pennsylvania. The presumed inability of the corn ear worm successfully to withstand our northern winters : a j NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 39 { is of considerable practical importance, since it means, if this be the case, that infestations must originate in most cases from migrat- ing moths and the usual appearance of the pest in corn during September and October also tends to support current opinion respecting the habits of this insect. There is no question but what the corn ear worm winters success- fully a little south of New York State. Dr T. J. Headlee, state ento- mologist of New Jersey, informs the writer that the corn ear worm unquestionably winters in their soils. On the other hand, Dr W. R. Walton states that the winter mortality of this insect, even so far south as central Virginia, is normally very heavy. Doctor Walton thinks it safe to assume that the northern limit of hibernation is normally somewhere in the neighborhood of 42° north latitude. The above general statements agree very closely with known con- ditions regarding the corn ear worm so far as New York State is concerned. _ The eggs of moths flying in midsummer or later are frequently deposited upon corn silk and the young caterpillars enter the tips of the ears and feed very largely upon the developing grain, though in cases of unusually severe infestation there may be damage to the stalk and the tassel very similar to that caused by the European corn borer. Ordinarily this latter does not occur. Partly grown to full-grown caterpillars spoil ears for domestic purposes and if the infestation is general, may seriously damage crops of field corn. Characteristics of the insect and its work. The full-grown caterpillars are about 1% inches long and vary greatly in color from a light green through a rosy color and brown to almost black. They may be either striped, spotted or perfectly plain. Ordinarily, they present rather bright, strongly contrasting colors. They are easily distinguished from the European corn borer by the larger size, the minute black tubercles or warts on the body of the cater- pillars, the frequently strongly marked coloration and the usual limitation of feeding to the surface of the ear. Ordinarily, the corn ear worm is not a borer. Control measures. With the above limitations in mind, and ‘they appear to apply strictly to this species, we are forced to the conclusion that ordinarily remedial measures for the control of corn ear worm are impractical in the New York corn-growing areas, because serious damage is so uncommon. Furthermore the abundance of the insect one season, if it is unable to withstand our severe winters, and such appears to be the case, means little or nothing 40 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 — so far as probable injury another season is concerned. These reasons lead us to doubt the advisability of recommending syste- matic fall plowing or other methods designed to bring about the destruction of the caterpillars so numerous in infested corn fields in the fall, because there is such a slight probability of their win- tering successfully. There may be some sections of the State where this pest is sufficiently abundant from year to year to warrant systematic repressive measures; in such cases, fall plowing for the destruction of the hibernating insects may well be generally followed. In other areas, it is suggested that careful watch be kept for the few early appearing caterpillars and if they occur in midsummer, the last of June or early in July, there is at least a fair probability of some to very material injury developing later. Under such con- ditions in areas where sweet corn is largely grown or even in more highly prized garden plots, injury may be greatly decreased by dusting the silk of the developing ears with a mixture of 50 per cent powdered arsenate of lead and 50 per cent of finely ground sulphur. The first treatment should be given soon after the silk appears and this followed by one or two others before the corn is ready to pick. RASPBERRY BEETLE OR RASPBERRY BYTURUS Byturus unicolor Say. Small, light brown raspberry beetles were extremely abundant May 13, 1921 in several raspberry plantings belonging to C. J. Hep- worth, Milton. An examination on that date in company with J. B. Palmer of the state spray service resulted in finding one to four or five beetles in many of the opened blossoms. It was esti- mated that presumably half of the commercial value of the crop had been destroyed by the insects feeding in the developing buds. Instinct seems to compel them to bore into buds and to force their way between the folds of developing leaves or into partly expanded flowers. This habit makes satisfactory poisoning very difficult, th not impossible. Mr Palmer stated that growers in that section were advised to spray immediately after he found the first beetles and in one plot there had been four applications of arsenate of lead, using 3 pounds of paste to 50 gallons of water. The beetles were still somewhat numerous at the time of examination, although the condition of the bushes indicated thorough and effective spraying. There was a NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ; Al perceptible difference between the area treated in this manner and unsprayed bushes, though the control could not be considered satis- ,) _ factory from a commercial standpoint. Another plot was examined which had been sprayed at least twice with arsenate of lead and then received a thorough application of strong kerosene emulsion ; even in this case, though the latter treatment was recent, there were a number of living beetles. A nearby grower had sprayed two days earlier with arsenate of lead, 3 pounds to 50 gallons and black leaf 40, using 1 quart to 50 gallons of spray. Even this application, excessive in its nicotine content, resulted in no satisfactory evidence of many beetles having been killed, though some had presumably succumbed. This is not surprising in view of the fact that many of the insects had the anterior three-fourths of the body buried in buds or squeezed between petals of opening flowers, while some were within the lat- ter and sheltered to all practical purposes from any application which could be made. An examination, May 24th, of the raspberry patch on the farm of C. J. Hepworth showed only five to seven beetles to a hill in the area sprayed four times with poison. The insects were mostly in the opening blossoms. Mr Palmer stated that they were much more abundant three days earlier in two other fields belonging to Mr Hepworth. The pests were less numerous, there being but two to four to a hill. Perfection was the variety most seriously affected and as the patch is a very early one for that section, it 1s possible that the beetles were unusually abundant at the time of the early bloom and as a consequence the damage was much more serious than if the field had been later. This theory was supported by finding a field of the same variety on a higher elevation and some- what grassy so that the development was a week later and although seven to ten beetles were found to a hill and two to four or even five in the unfolding leaves, practically none was attacking or bor- ing into the blossom buds. Not many of the blossoms had opened and there was very little injury to the fruit. The owner, Mr Kniffen, seemed to think later pickings were more profitable than earlier ones, probably because his field was somewhat later. On the other hand, in the case of the very early field of Mr Hepworth’s, the greatest profit came from the earlier pickings. It would seem from the above that the relative earliness of the field may be an important factor in determining the amount of injury. A series of cage experiments were started in the office for the purpose of determining the susceptibility of the beetles to poison, 42 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 These were not begun until after the insects had been in the field for 2 weeks, and as a consequence the tests were not entirely satis- factory. Each cage consisted of a Mason jar containing a small bottle in which was placed a raspberry shoot which had been pre- viously sprayed with poison, and then ten beetles were added. The — poisoned shoots were replaced with fresh ones every other day and a check cage was also maintained. Arsenate of lead was one of the poisons used and in 24 to 48 hours the first dead beetles were — found, most, if not all, succumbing at the end of 6 days. In the © check cage one beetle died 3 days after the experiment was started. Six escaped at this time and the remaining three were found dead | at the end of a 6-day period. Fortunately, there was in addition a stock jar containing a large number of the insects and here there were relatively few deaths. . Although these experiments were started late in the development of the insect, it is evident that the beetles can be destroyed by spray- ing with poison, though great: care should be taken to drive the spray into the crevices of the unfolding leaves. It is probable that two or three applications at 3-day intervals, at the time the beetles are most abundant would give the greatest protection and make possible the production of a fair crop even in the badly infested raspberry patch. In correspondence with Professor Gossard of Ohio it developed | that spraying with a poison had not been entirely satisfactory and that in the case of badly infested fields, supplementary applications of kerosene emulsion have been advised. It is evident that the raspberry beetle is a somewhat local insect and the serious injuries mentioned above appear to have been con- fined to a relatively small proportion of the raspberries in that well- known, small fruit section of the Hudson valley. The insect has been troublesome in earlier years. There is a record! of injury in that section for 1917 and also for 1911.2 In both of these cases serious injury appears to have been restricted to a small section and the same is evidently true of earlier reports which need not be cited in this connection. Comparatively little is known regarding the factors favoring the multiplication of this raspberry beetle and in view of the fact that it occasionally causes serious damage, there should be a. careful investigation of the pest for the purpose of working out more satis- factory control measures. : , 1918, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 202, p. 49-50. "1912, N. Y. State, Mus. Bul. 155, p. 102-3. ee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 43 WHEAT MIDGE Thecodiplosis mosellana Gehin. Wheat midge, “red maggot” or “ réd weevil” has been unusually ’ abundant in recent years. It was studied in 1918 and a detailed account of the insect will be found in the report for that year. The studies begun then have been continued on account of the impor- tance of the crop. Additional data have been secured through the cooperation of Prof. C. R. Crosby of Cornell University, the latter working in conjunction with the late W. R. McConnell of the United States Bureau of Entomology, later with P. R. Meyers, and with the aid of L. F. Strickland of the Department of Farms and Markets. Infested heads were secured from widely separated areas in the State and the results are summarized in tabulations given below. ‘The prevalence of the wheat midge during the last few years appears to be the first general abundance noted since the insect was extremely destructive to the New York crop in the years 1854 to 1856, a loss of two-thirds of the crop being the estimate for 1856. Early injuries by wheat midge summarized in the 34th Report of the State Entomologist, page 41, vary so greatly from present- day conditions, that a few statements obtained in 1921 by Prof. C. R. Crosby from some of the older farmers in Yates county are deemed worthy of record. Isaac Crosby of Penn Yan writing under date of November 2d to his son stated that in 1853-54 Yates county was quite a winter wheat-growing section and about that time the “weevil fly’ and the “red larvae” worked in the wheat heads, causing much shriveled grain and for a time wheat raising was not very profitable and they took to raising barley. S. S. Mariner under date of November toth stated that about 1854 or 1855 the “ weevil” caused so much damage that they had to stop raising wheat until they learned that the Mediterranean wheat could resist the weevil. J. D. Meeks under date of November 11th stated that about 1854 or 1855 the loss on his wheat amounted to 25 per cent, while others claimed a 50 per cent loss. W. D. Beaumont under date of November 14th stated that wheat midge injury as he recalled it occurred about from 1852-55, 1854 being the worst on account of the great drought, That year farmers sowed rye and very many lived on rye bread and continued to until the weevil disappeared. These brief accounts by eye witnesses confirm the earlier statements by Fitch. 44 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ21 case 86 maggots were found in a head of rye and as each maggot usually means a shrunken or blasted grain, such an infestation if at all general is decidedly serious. A close analysis of 143 samples, many collected by Prof. C. R. Crosby, from all parts of the impor- tant wheat areas in western New York showed that in 1919 there were nearly one-tenth as many maggots as grains of wheat and that 11 per cent of the total yield was composed of shrunken, com- paratively worthless kernels. There was no evidence of general prevalence of either wheat scab or loose smut, consequently such reduction in the crop as noted above must have been due largely to wheat midge. A general summary of wheat midge conditions in the important wheat areas of New York State is given below. 1g F, R. Perry of Genesee county, special field assistant of the — department of entomology, Cornell University, reported July 19, © 1919 that wheat midge was found extensively in winter wheat and also a’small amount in spring wheat. These conditions also obtained 4 in at least parts of Niagara and Erie counties and to a less-marked ~ degree for rye in the eastern portion of the State. Many fields in ~ western New York had from 80 to 99 per cent of the heads infested q and the sunken grain varied from an average of about 4 7 to as high as nearly 33 per cent, the latter being unusual. In one — Se ee ee ee re baie ions b= SSeS SS gis ov6 gzv L S60 VLZ g96 | ITE 1 600 11 | 6L1 9 gis 6L90 1sg ose v 096 Zz g6z Ort ROT ee “"STeqOT, zr ze ItL £9 €z of 09 gta Aad Re 61 6£ 96£ sez vz II 8 2° +8978 X €x II Zev Z0z aa LZ IV 06L v6£ vv If 8 eve zt ZI 8 s “"* "BUTUIOL MM ISt 691 osl 62+ Bz OLI giz 6gi 1 1ZL 6s Sor gzt gzVv Ife 6z OI ff eee | SH i ROA Date suse I z Bgz VVI 6 S QI €1¢ QOL v1 z z ZL1 06 6 v (Sees eae ea suiydwoy, = 6 Li 161 v6 9 v 3 vor. gs $ Zz 6 13 9s ¢ z Ce eee ~~ rarAnyog Fe] v 6 OL 6£ £ Oz $1 cs get € gt SI O1 Zz £ I I Terese ss -arreyoyae [35 ees at: Li 66 OV (2 ZI St PL 6¢ £ fone 0% VE Le € I pect nae | PL Ey EC weuyng n 9S 19 19 Loz rae 6z Sec mgs ZLe cz VI Sz Z1Z LUI ZI 9 9 Se **080MSQO =) gs PL ssc £12 St g6 6z1 gl.V vor Sz 1g es giz LVL St L Sees [SOS “""* sueaTIO = gz 67 SvI 88 9: Sz 6£ 1zS voz Iz top vz 89 6V 9 S S See ee OLLE NITE) 6I ve Sze ovr 6 vs Lo ZzSQ zse 62 Li obs 6vt Lg 6 L 9 ay "+ esepuoug 2 L ge 39 S38 9 OzI £1 969 fry se ev 2s ZEz O61 (yg OL (cya Soe ce aoe SLESeryy = gsi €gr gol LEV of IS1 Sor 068 ves vy St esr Igeé 982 1€ €1 i team) PES Cees OST) sOIUO Hy rea ze 09 YO Lev of Ig LOY ~ | 12S 1sg OL eS SL $zs BSE ce 61 +1 “**WOISBUIATT wn IPI gor O6L I zvo I £L 66 OLI Oey 1 org io) oor 661 g90 I £1L OL Sz Cir eee ee aasettan Pecececar | s$ 06 gv € ¢ 8 Sgr €or 5 see v es Ze € Zz Dae or PE RORCROEOSaa ao -caerte yD “oI A Li Iz 661 sg 9 Sz zs £09 f1e Oz LT 6z cl gs 9 9 OR es “"epnkeg S oysenee Pe SCP up pS mee See ose L VI OIL z9 ¢ one tase viegene So BEN eeeael« Bayes I Y sss sn8nereqqe) a See ea - = $303 $32] spvoy | sjo3 : sy Sproy | sjo2 $19 spvo | Serqt 2 -Bey | 7°°d | S89 | asrdg JO'ON| Bey | 7°°d | SPYPM | oyidg {jo ‘on -3eyy | 70°d |spausaxy | -axrdg ar en Sue | _eo07y | -ALINAOO SNOT . WOoIdaN LaOuHsS YasEWON SSS Se $1010] puvdés pun sayunos sof S1Dj0 7 6161 ‘ploooy oSprlIy 1224 46 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 The wheat heads prior to examination were classed as short, medium and long and an examination of the above data shows an estimated loss in the crop of 26 per cent in the short heads, 11 per cent in the medium heads and 9 per cent in the long heads. These figures are obtained by doubling the number of spikelets to get the maximum number of kernels or grain and making no allowance for reduction by other causes. The estimated reduction for short heads was 1570 and the poor kernels numbered 851. For medium heads the estimated reduction was 1369 and the number of poor kernels was 1311. For the long heads, the estimated reduction was 762 and the poor kernels amounted to 940. It will be noted that the estimated reduction for the short heads is just about twice the number of poor kernels, that the figures coincide almost exactly in the medium heads, while in the long heads, there is a perceptible excess of poor kernels. This condition is probably explainable by the relative vigor of the plants. Those producing short heads suffered more severely from the attack and a larger proportion blasted before they could develop to any extent. In other words, a considerable part of the crop from the short heads was an almost total loss. The medium heads possessed a fair degree of vitality and as a consequence, the poor kernels almost exactly equalled the estimated loss in the crop. The long heads were on the most vigorous plants producing two and occasionally three grains to the spikelet, consequently the esti- mated number of poor kernels of wheat is exceeded by the actual number. The last group, in other words, produced a large crop as a result of unusual vigor and in spite of midge injury, although the actual reduction due to injury by the maggot may have been as . great or nearly as great as in the case of plants producing short or medium heads. / The following summary gives a somewhat clearer idea of the distribution and the abundance of the wheat midge in various sec- tions of the State: Summary of estimated yield, yield and approximate losses, 1919 Fistimated yield Yield Per cent County kernels kernels Reduction Cat tara esics Merc kcc seperate Site eee ite dada eae elma OM mene Tie 124 110 It Gayipats ey we ante Dime Rng ieee tee teas uence see te Phe Sa 912 . 874 10 De ee, GEA, eM «cal LARNER ge AMORA rect ape tb: oe 366 331 9 Genesee i) si Me ilo RAO Nas oon MI, og catia ena 5 208 4 204 17 WAAVANPStON ie le sis he MMR Ne tha! ie Aas: ds oe noe mR EE GIR a 3 332 2 8490 14 INEGRTOG 05.5. his Lammas ae CO re aria tal nN COR SSL OB 2 2 514 I 979 2i LNG EE ee egy Ames. = Nl eS ah Eee ee UE Re yi a I 376 27 Onondaga. .3.)5 3)... Se Cre high Sch, BO ee I 170 I 126 3 Ontario 2258 oa Sars ee ee er Gee eich ee cee ae 802 734 8 Orleans. 5. 5.) .\0 Halevi emer Se Eee Se, See tee nee So is I 328 I 084 3 QBWERO is ooo ie iid atk SR tre OEE awe ee Sean? oa RR EL I 192 I 124 5 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 47 Summary of estimated yield, yield and approximate losses, 1919 (concld) Estimated yield Yield Per cent p County kernels kernels Reduction SER URIEEXI UM caile) apache lake oun 6 aacareve Wiese ciavater tye hea Givers! ates wks relates 224 207 7 BEIT ATIC CRED hyn Se cba aicicts cca asu altars saat csVapaiers «vyakelsieielate «4 198 153 22 MITTEE cc arene rat yan iy sn Met cis. camp clakuluire he csahae aH iuinne’y) ce 416 376 9 SPOR RCLSIEZITIS EY AEE: MALS AT 3. yore Goche Cian e MU rheveis ee oedipdss Sia wuet’s pa biavenenc ee 804 173 3 DN EES cry Ae TART GED OED BIE UE EICIA GBION SMAI OOID avis HERA IaEe 2 962 2 307 20 SRC aU MPN OAT er ei le) Be tht cio Ricder sense sypebie «ta aiclepenphone I 450 BAGS ele tne “ELSI. sity 4 ptadeala Meee aA tee ROL BIE pe ae 2 090 I 945 6 te lini Bain ge eather ihe El ASE DEME SE Ba O lee AAR ca 26 468 22 787 13 The above summary, if the samples be representative, indicates a considerably higher percentage of infestation in Genesee, Monroe, Niagara and Wayne counties in the western part of the State and Schoharie county in the eastern part, with Cattaraugus, Cayuga and Erie county grain fields nearly as badly infested. The Schoharie county record is based upon samples taken from but one field and is therefore not necessarily representative, and the same is true of Cattaraugus and to a less extent of Erie county. This latter, judg- ing from conditions in 1918 and the data secured earlier last season by Mr Strickland, would indicate an infestation in the northern portion at least approximating closely that obtaining in Niagara county. ; | The preceding data do not represent conditions fairly because the collecting of the wheat samples was a little late to obtain the maximum number of maggots and, furthermore, as a period of sev- eral months elapsed between the gathering of the material and the examination of the heads for wheat midge, there was an additional opportunity for maggots to escape. The intimate relation between reduction in the crop and the number of maggots is more clearly brought out in a few samples collected in late June and early July before there was any considerable desertion of the wheat heads by the maggots. Wheat midge in Erie and Niagara counties, 1919 Data compiled by L. F. Strickland; 10 heads fromfeachffield : : Shrunken Variely Owner Grains Maggots grains Daie romiclaGe hic. sicce ys Bs Ne Barley c vctsic ys. as 0s 282 69 I9 June 20 Tron clad.............. J NSA Sssseeh 8 oho Hao no AKbar 230 63 2I June 20 BGlonidyke so. des Bromithn yo oye) as 202 161 o June 18 Klondyke.............. BUSmith AME | US 313 177 o june 18 Klondyke. i250... on F. Goesebe............. 317 260 Ito June 23 Klondyke............. R. Browmiller........... 353 60 24 June 23 Number six............ ae SALE aM A Mh 266 72 35 July 1 Number six............ Tyler. So. te ee 278 o June 25 Number six............ tr Teutnenbure Raia Hee 312 32 31 June 30 Red wave.......... PE OTWe Riddles (22a: 329 106 43 June 23 White chaffc. 0) Gees. APNG Gyi a ess lee erator 295 79 29 June 23 White chaff............ Mr. Trippenses.......... 297 2 Oo june 25 White chaff............ WAC AGE ye its ewe siete 285 '6 4 july 1 White chaff............ Near Kelkenburg........ 254 4 I july 1 Unknown.............. ALOR, Dalen. eee awe 202 187 -58 June 23 48 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 The heads were examined fresh from the field and it will be noted at the outset that the number of maggots is nearly 30 per cent of the total number of grains of wheat. This is quite different from the approximately Io per cent of maggots found in the heads collected by Professor Crosby and his associates so late that prob- ably a considerable number of the maggots had an opportunity to escape and others doubtless left the heads between the time of collecting and the several months elapsing before the examinations were completed. It will further be noted that among the klondyke samples the number of maggots was approximately 36 per cent of the total grains of wheat; in the red wave 24 per cent; in the iron clad 20 per cent; in the number six 11 per cent; whereas in the white chaff it is a little less than 8 per cent. Too much importance should not be attached to these averages though it was very evident in 1918 at least that the softer wheats, such as the klondyke, were much more likely to be badly infested than was the case with the relatively much harder white chaff. Investigations, examinations and analyses of samples collected from representative areas throughout the State showed that the infestation of 1920 was markedly less than that for 1919, as the latter in turn was a reduction from that of the preceding year. Repeated examinations of rye fields in Albany, Columbia, Rensse- laer, Saratoga and Schenectady counties in particular indicate prac- tical freedom in 1920 from wheat midge, although in Schenectady county occasional heads were found containing ten or more maggots and in one case thirty-four yellowish larvae were found in one. This last was so exceptional that it can hardly be considered as significant. One field of rye near Lockport, Niagara county, was examined June 24, 1920 and eight to ten maggots were found in a number of heads. This, however, appeared to be unusual for that section. Field examinations of wheat in Niagara county, June 24, 1920, resulted in finding in an unusually advanced field some 7 miles northeast of Lockport with a rather general infestation, ten small larvae occurring in one spikelet, eight in another and twenty- five in another. In another field, some 7 miles south of Lockport and in Erie county, thirty-one maggots were found in one head. The infestation appeared to be general around Clarence, Erie county, two to ten small maggots occurring in individual heads. Oviposition was with little question in progress June 24th, and i ee SS a ee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 49 ' practically all the maggots were smaller than those found north of Lockport, a number having hatched within a few days. The indi- q cations at that time were particularly favorable for a somewhat - general and possibly severe infestation of wheat in that section, though examinations in the same area July 20th showed a compara- tively light infestation quite different from what was indicated nearly a month before. A summary of the conditions obtaining in 1920 is given in the following tabulation: Wheat midge prevalence in 1920 Summary by Counties Number oH — Grains Counties Localities Farms Spikelets Maggots Grains poor Gatharaueuss ses. et. I I 66 4 120 6 Goran hee eet I I 60 (0) 133 2 Gaviiodee er AL ohn 3 3 176 8 307 12 @hautawdia. i. oe as dss 9 9 510 12 I 063 32 Tae) Bi Sa A 8 9 571 50 I 184 58 Wenesee wie kien ke 15 30 I 879 396 3 583 389 (Gaceesite 5.1) Satine Ulan ihe I I 68 I 157° 2 Neirinpshomanse eee elu. ws) 9 12 7976 209 Toss) 184 Mionroests snes hit LM Tay rot 13 19 it, eb) 371 2 234 370 BNiacamae es by Bila a tl pill, 5 507 75 I 056 94 MONMAgAL eC eee RAS ek, 7 to 649 18 I 372 30 ROT pATTO Me ry bed y eet 2 13 35 2 302 253 A 705 222 Mrleameene hE he ART 9 31 I QoL 462 3 858 530 STIG CNR att eats ene Niels. 5 Io 605 62 1) 207, 67 Mompkins? #1). .6.400) 05). . iz 3 174 365 4 ASHORE ers ease ray ey whe sls n « I5 ie) I 149 218 2 220 210 The above shows a relative general infestation in Genesee, Liv- ingston, Monroe, Ontario and Orleans counties and on referring to data of earlier years, it will be noted that these are the counties frequently showing a heavier infestation than other wheat-growing sections. This is also true of Hessian fly and joint worms. There appears to be no adequate explanation for this difference, unless it be that wheat is more generally grown and consequently the delicate midges have less difficulty in finding suitable grain from season to season. The data in the above table as well as that for preceding years show a strikingly close correlation between the number of maggots and the number of poor grains of wheat. Available information indicates that the time of sowing, method _ of cultivation and contiguity of infested fields appear to have little influence upon the wheat midge, and while there is some range in varietal infestation, even this latter is not great. The harder, stiffer, bearded wheats seem to be relatively immune. It is noteworthy that a comparatively large yield is obtained from well-prepared, vigorous fields, apparently largely due to the fact that the grain 50 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1g21 in such fields can meet the demands of the midges and in addition produce a crop rather than that the plants actually outgrow the work of the pest. It therefore follows that rotation of crops is not likely to have a material effect upon infestation by wheat midge, at least in restricted localities. It is plainly indicated that the preparation of the soil to promote a vigorous growth is of importance in the production of a fairly good crop in spite of midge infestation. Furthermore, injury by this insect is most likely to be severe when climatic conditions favor the grain remaining soft and developing slowly at heading or ripening time. Wheat Midge in Rye There is little information available respecting the work of this pest in rye, though European records indicate that this insect appar- ently shows a greater preference for rye than wheat and that it breeds also in quack grass. It was brought to notice in 1918 because of the excessive local abundance of the maggots and examinations made of badly infested fields indicated that a considerable per- centage of the crop had been destroyed by the pest. The limited time available before the ripening of the rye in 1918 prevented more than a very general survey of conditions. The small grain situation was given more attention in 1919 and a number of samples of rye heads were obtained from five of the more important rye-growing counties. The tabulation given below summarizes these data and indicates a more general and serious infestation than had hitherto been associated with rye in this country, since we have commonly considered the wheat midge as preeminently an enemy of wheat. Summary by counties, 1919 Number f rape Grains County Localities Farms Heads Spikelets Maggots Grains poor Alpanvene seri: 2 2 14 470 18 571 38 Columbia........ 6 8 64 2 046 338 I 736 385 Rensselaer....... 3 3 10 299 373 261 53 Natatoga. onciek os I I 6 178 99 116 80 Schenectady..... 2 3 21 750 I55 671 228 Totals)? pee 2 ee ee eek IIs 3 743 983 32355 784 SSS —eeeeee es eee = NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Si HESSIAN FLY Phytophaga destructor Say The Hessian fly is usually found in small numbers in most grain fields and occasionally it becomes exceedingly abundant and may then destroy a large portion to nearly the entire crop over extended areas. It depends more than many other species upon favorable climatic conditions at the time the grain is developing and to a less extent in all probability upon the relative abundance of natural checks, especially parasites. Those desirous of detailed information in regard to this insect are referred to the author’s report for 1901, State Museum Bulletin 53, pages 705—30. The above conditions make it very desirable to keep wate upon this and associated insects. A Hessian fly survey was started in 1917 in a small way by Prof. C. R. Crosby of Cornell University and the late W. R. McConnell of the United States Bureau of Entomology. The latter has been succeeded in this work by P. R. Meyers of the federal Hessian fly laboratory, Carlisle, Pa. These workers have kindly placed the data at our disposal. The information already secured has been of material benefit in making possible a somewhat accurate forecast of probabilities and as this information accumulates from year to year, the normal vari- ations under New York State conditions can be interpreted more successfully. The following brief tabulation summarizes conditions as they existed in 1917: Percentage of wheat straws infested with Hessian fly puparia, 1917 Per cent stubble County Locality infested Ee Wlaremee:. eeu Neos ee ce th ees oas Sele! 4 HUERIECIE Was o's oh he cictas 4 Wi eStabtert (ohare a0. he er cytes muss: 4 West Henrietta, south................ 4 HERRRMET Seen alas hha Weocksmomiy Sista Se deo Aes ye vik a ces Ss 2 ockpors, 2 Wiss. ser.) Pe, LP 2 Lockport,:3) mio Sietulsig ss ciate sees 2 MESIGAHG Oc ss coro). oes as AMIDIOHpeMOT UGE as aos ae moos) bes cs 6 Garitorme Vee ee eae a ag Siete 2 WW AtErMOEL Aa ebaeneiar Sasi siaeccy: ea Ne see 8 AOUMIPIISIGe os. se ewe Withie Cain. Srey s 2k fa 3)’ nyse wheres ae 4 An idea of the amount of work involved, the number of localities visited and fields examined is given by the following tabulation which summarizes very briefly the Hessian fly conditions for 1918. 52 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ21 Percentage of wheat straws infested with Hessian fly puparia for 1918 Per cent infestation No. No. fields. $4 ___________ Counly localities examined Maximum Minimum Average Alleghany i/o elie buaiae os) eee, ae I I 2.186) ee bay Gattaraneiss i We ee ioe eR I 2 Avie’ TR ae .86 Gaviioa a Cs BNA ae aL a 6 IL 4 2.87 1.05 Cette aera Hea tn Or ARE) A ER 2 6 8 4 1.47 Colt bran, ant ye Ua A Ae nN I 4 2. BOp ales en a «42 Gortlandt tas. SLA AUTEY SAI 2 Os aR ag I 2 7 Mamaia eA .84 1D FSi To) oXSiSTeTAPA Ii a rao Pu Lanne Ion ATi ia ae I It 3.38.0) gearsereene -17 Mies SOA P| Maw Ee Sh ee 2 3 8 2.86 5 Wir i} [OCS aT ESTOS ENS Gee oy ayere tel Oe) Ata GMD eae 5 Ee 2 3 3 (23S aia eee 1.19 Livingston. St Ouet . Cats oan oe ae I 3 6.45 b oe 1.190 IMadiSOm yee yycs a tiate we tics wa kytomrm nin ak I 3 4 2.63 1.06 Montgomery (ht) ti.) AERC a ei I 5 pike yh a Ca .28 Mom Tae ie cies se eco eet) an ele Las 6 14 8 2239) 1.78 Wessauths $280. SE EEE ie eR CRRA OES SAE hae PRE Noid hl ack cat eo VEEToP Ties Hye Bae ML HD) | Pee N CIC ta UI eal 3 5 4 2.4 1.67 Ouerda PORE eI Aes oe RA EEO 2 2 6.06 2.94 2:57 Onondaga very: cue c Ae ee me Rela 3 4 12 4.80 3.73 Orleans P4622, A TINT A OE 8 18 30 2.86 5-91 Rensselaer’ sbi aida veis dw aad ee ek es ae CREAR ee PS Fea. Schuyler......: BT See Aidvastia evehaind lertet a tae ML Me Nae tad ee 2 5.71 4 2.59 BETeCAG! Mies rican eal Ree Braue lame gee 5 5 6.67 3.28 2.56 Steuben VT Te. La Oe, Rte 8 I 6 5). 7 2.78 Cae Coy eb rao) |! a RNa an An Re api iain PB Sta 4 23 4 r.52 any Domplensis WA eee Ne OAR ea 6 8 4 2.86 1.28 WV eae Acree spehole ce eweer athe) cs hated as 5 IL 8 2.22 2.07 Westchester. thai The eee eae t I I BTS LOKI a 1.75 (AGG) cathal auc pe Ly Belem meaiateemin tue a aN SURE 2 - 4 sna 1.82 Watest Fastin: BQ tGata APO 2 2 2 3.33) 0, Se 1.81 It will be seen by comparing the above data with those obtained in 1919, that there was a material increase in the abundance of. this insect, particularly in Genesee, Livingston and Monroe counties. Percentage of wheat straws infested with Hessian fly puparia, 1919 Infestation No. No. fields Max. Min. Average Counly localities examined No. No. per cent Gariigais Sey. wel aes cus nes imp keguousi ters 8 8 18 I 9.39 Corian a. Neth ee ola spre tere tinker ohare te ae (23 5 6 I 4.39 Bted tows ste oaited MOR opera 3 8 4 I 3.87 Genesee i coi. aiece.c s qrte mictetarere ete cia ee 15 28 58 I 15.77 MERETSOM varie to mien a cea eae aia I I 2) A eh Bs 4.00 TS Gigi las} Noy 0 GMA i eee Aa RUAN de Mgt) 8 Bi Il 19 44 I 5.91 WOT POR is acd kt ce yeni ss Siti, #1 peasy en et aloglo 13 20 50 I 12.24 ING aran atin erie cathe Cake A ere On een Io 10 16 I 7.48 Onondaea . Fey gee WEE aR ET eT ; 6 8 18 I 7.83 Gaal esa os oe eke ol eccls wie CT eae artis 5 Gi 3 T 3.43 OPlbanns eee. hen d lee reas ye leva ont ans 6 8 I4 I 5.79 OS WER ae cat ie We Sin) bie oi ateynaene eaten tO Reh 3 6 s 2 ep NICER LE seaestn yal sy Seas & hart a Yoligim eRe ee eerie I re To eee d 67 PE ONIAPATIS A sl chute cee: suse ges ee lecrepecch ane en tone 2 4 2 I 4.50 Wiaat eh Wiley cain eta homeli c a ciemenaietersle aie IL 10 32 I 10.38 IN sihitovock ba\-caraey eae un aS ey meee ty C8 aN 4 Io 6 zi) 2.98 WRIBEST Sas ose incl hs Mae Tis Miles as ee tanate aie iahiots 8 13 4 I 3.26 Supplementary data were also obtained from a number of the less important grain-producing counties and these are given below. Hessian fly in wheat and barley; supplementary data, 1919 Average ‘i No. fields No. straws per cent Counly examined examined infestation Grain Bianca ie.c aie cilia = aii) SSM oa 7 175 .31 Spring wheat and barley Jetiersom 15. 0.59.0 CSE Tae 6 375 22 5 Spring wheat and barley Ontario gs ex.s 3). Gr eae eRe aoe I 50 6 Winter wheat ’ Oriceane tet Ai kh) MAAR Md 50 Tait Barley I dared alobolstayN MEG Aree ee tere I 25 12 Winter wheat Sf LawrenGe yh. eC Rey ee? OWNS 7 400 rie Spring wheat and barley NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 53 The figures of 1920 given below show a very material increase in the percentage infestation in all of the more important wheat- producing counties. Percentage of wheat straws infested with Hessian fly puparia, 1920 Number of infestations No. Average —_—. a Locali- per oto 9 Io toro 20 fo 20 over 20 Counly les ber cent per cent per cent per cent per cen ES ORS ER EA ioe eta een ae ae 12 6.12 II TY Re Dep Wate I (CENT) oS TAs SS Rens eae 3 6.67 2 Miah OR sant oicsirc hor Wiretitatictiangs \ 2. . ee ee 12 4.48 Lif URLS A ME Bayern SR eb I SM Seriayise Spe h eptte ar I 2.60 1A ol RR AO Oh ten Waltman ek ee 2 MOR 72 ania wet hs DEY LARRY Ail vt nee [DENNEN ESSAI lel tee ee 7] 16.33 3 3 I I Haleoly sy AiG) ea 7 14.79 3 eel aya ORM lc 2 WPRREROS 5. coietd oe ae tae D) 15 29.82 7 I 9 13 Livingston..... phy caetee eeewrnets 8 16.37 4 3 2 2 LAL DOTS. S/N els a ne I5 19.69 4 10 7 4 EAP AnA ee etn et 9 AG CORN aranUe Ree pine nee ae 3 ti rondagar sesso ea. 8 24.85 2 5 B I Wistawone is ceie ee oe Rinse 13 10.11 13 il PAB Meieea yee a Orange I TONG) a eee jal 1 gt A eRe US a ON Orleans 9 37.62 2 5 5 15 Rensselaer 5 12.98 2 Ane ey ech L Seneca 5 8.97 5 re) et LORCA, eee er neat: Tompkins... I 7.46 Cai gtareba ts Bac dyke hen Ds | Oe ae eae ed ayne 15 19.25 5} 4 6 2 The average percentage of infestation for the State based on 246 samples is 16.11 —4/19. The data secured in 1921 summarized below show a marked reduction in the numbers of this insect and a correspondingly small probability of serious injury the coming season. Percentage of wheat straws infested with Hessian fly puparia 1921 Number of infestations Ne. Average hi Locali- per 0to9g Io to 19 20 to 29 Over 20 Counly lies cent per cent per cent per cent per cent (Ce FARE epee ee eit ea ees 5 6.93 Se RN EAR co ARIUS SS) SEERA ME, Columbian. 2) statis 4 9.97 3 I Toa An Cee ee, AMS Ae ae ie. 7 8.23 5 ARR A A te ke Ra anes. Lay ages Nae ae 7 7.61 6 2 CAS HERE aN Rage Havinestom Ashe eid At? 17 4.29 23 ARIE LER ERS hoe! WH GSTEBE OTS asaleseia SRA Ae EME CoP 8 2.84 GHEE eins sl. Gu WOR (Us. meso idic ete aoe Nertgara Sith ek AA) a 3h 7 12.38 4 PE AOD, SR OUES NOTES ay ol hg ky eat) - 4.1 13 TUN tae Rc) ib Ps ee Grleansyn head tL YEO Bhs 10.67 Zin eens 2 Ve eh EEE Seneca..... Le Oe See Ie 6 2.66 FA SP MANN) sre HO ack MO Te St RON Na Tonipkins Hike. et, 3 12.44 FM Be Ie EW | sme 2 Bet 818g TOMS HRY SRLIS Se SSE Siam ae 4 6.40 & ATG AN Retr aie VOR eRe Oc te Warne st titilito voy, en, IL 9.36 7 3 Ww PLS. WrayromineyiAit rk. ADD Wes 4) 9 4.94 50) ed CMR tose a Paaett ante A comparison of the average percentages of infestation for the counties of such data as are available from 1917 to 1921 goes far to show that there has been a progressive increase in the numbers of the pest from 1917 to 1920. Apparently this has been fol- lowed by a material decrease in 1921, as shown by the following tabulation : | | 54 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 Comparison of average percentages of infestation by Hessian fly County IQI7 1918 ro19 1920 1921 YL: ch ga eee |) oe OER eo MRM Sek eC 62126 aero (GETIRU 8 PRC an ene RAS Ty AS GAT as oer COT 1.05 9.39 6.67 6.93 CHEETOS Nie Sacks due aoedensaodamee eoao dss: TAF ho ae AvAB). ceeengeee MANE GI 5 oinso! 230 st 2 2 ibis iago es oteyereietelojokoasieicls ail wale claietatehek, | ecvel tetas te eye sean 2500). .weaeree (Call Risat ey ee pa Ae eee ast aie aD Ue Ae AD ak atta 10.72 9.97 Cortland... pd2 BI. 4h. BIAS SS. SI eae 84 4.30 ' SRE eere CERES easter te ete ae yer- Mater ON temnC 7. eae 16.33 SaEhar io OMEN he 6.40 DWV DIE natin teh cep Wine shoOMe es ehng ter gee) dasha uae 2.07 10.38 9.25 9.36 TTA OF 0a (gent ORR i aa TEAR re lt a in eb pf. ot 1.82 2298; Save 4.94 PKECES Ube lis pears ain a'a aio, sp lesuste ee oeubal tevin!) ae eared 1.81 3:26 iis ch eee eae WHEAT JOINT WORMS Harmolita tritici Fitch: Harmolita vaginicola Doane The joint worms, particularly the wheat joint worm, H. tritici Fitch, have attracted little notice in recent years, though they occur in most wheat fields and occasionally become very abundant, in some instances causing nearly total destruction of the crop on account of the plants being unable to produce normal heads or because of the general breaking, lodging and consequent loss of the crop. In many cases both exert an appreciable influence. The work of the wheat joint worm, H. tritici Fitch, is indi- cated at thrashing time by the hard bits of straw containing larvae which appear in the grain instead of being carried over into the straw. An examination of such bits of straw, either in the field or after thrashing, shows knots, swellings and twistings within which may be found small, yellowish larvae about one-eighth of an inch long when full grown. These abnormal growths interrupt the flow of sap and as a consequence the affected plants produce short heads with comparatively few kernels and those developing are apt to be small and more or less shrivelled. The wheat sheath worm, H. vaginicola Doane, has very similar habits to the preceding except that the eggs are laid at the base of the leaf sheath just above one of the joints and as a conse- quence the walls of the infested sheath press upon the stem in such a way as to prevent the sap flowing readily and the plants therefore become stunted and produce only small, poorly developed heads or none at all, Infestation by this species is indicated by a peculiar NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 55 distortion of the leaf sheath and the adjacent stem. This insect is much less important in New York State than the wheat joint worm. A survey of wheat insects would be incomplete without taking into account the joint worms. Data in relation to these two insects were collected by Prof. C. R. Crosby of Cornell University in cooperation with the late W. R. McConnell of the Bureau of Ento- mology. The latter has been succeeded in this work by P. R. Meyers of the federal Hessian fly laboratory at Carlisle, Pa. The data have been kindly placed at our disposal by Professor Crosby and is summarized below, since it may be utilized in determining the probabilities of injury by these insects in subsequent years. Percentage of wheat straws infested with Harmolita (joint-worms) galls, August 1918 Harmolita Harmolita County Place tritici vaginicola Chautauqua...... Pracwatn sai8 SL Gig GEE eee Rice SPN ENR Phe ar eaee OTE ea a 4 COTE ay eae INIVeRVAH Ge cor ia-y-s ae pe oaietrartaninsietas iivimgstort s . {iis bite fary Toye « Giwvlenllesky ot Gia Cee ON cad 12 Davingston-.-...........-.. Avon and Geneseo... 0... 0 Be 36 Additional examinations, disclosing no infestation, were also made in the following counties, the numbers in parentheses indi- cating the number of localities: Alleghany (1), Cattaraugus (2), Chautauqua (4), Columbia (3), Cortland (2), Dutchess (9), Erie (3), Madison (3), Livingston (1), Montgomery (5), Nassau (5), Niagara (5), Oneida (1), Onondaga (4), Ontario (1), Orleans (9), Rensselaer (2), Seneca (2), Steuben (6); Suffolk (22), Tompkins (1), Westchester (1), Yates (1), Jefferson (3), St Lawrence (5), Franklin (5). » 56 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 Percentage of wheat tillers infested wth Harmolita (joint-worm) galls 1919 \ f rey : ALL No HARMOLITA TRITICI HARMOLITA VAGINICOLA HAR- . field : MOLITAS COUNTY at amined Pe _ ; 4 ; : I _ Aver. Max. Min. Aver. Max. Min. Aver. per cent Cayugaiotn.codcc. 8 42 2 Ir. 82 B WACO pel hawt fics = I4 11.96 Cortland’)... 20s. 5 Tea Spilne bac Cae “Baellig Ys. say fhe creeedd hang Gee .24 Dyn ee A AOA bata hed 8 nan | Needed a .25 HI Ae e298 2.75 3.00 Genesee........... 28 56 2 9.52 II.20 74 1,71 11.23 WERErSON: hile csc : el eran! ai) MPN (Aiea Mie te ne . Livingston...» . 4.» 19 65.60 I 9.50 26 1.14 I.g1 II.15 Monroeine. s.cr is. 20 36.80 .45 9.24 fie .80 . 26 9.50 Nideanes deekenrre 10 2 2 3.97 16 .80 2:21 6.18 Onondaga. 0.24/40. 8 S375 2 8.07 3.03 1.43 .81 9.51 Ontario: / evens isis. 7 46 2 T3540 vik oe wie hapa. cteieh epee aa eee 13.70) Wleats. ho aiacinen.: 7 48.80 2 15.29 2.67 separ 67 °°) “t5.06 OSWERO.s sce occult 6 10 2.0 2733 4 2 I 3-33 Schuyler.......... 3 20 6 8.67 Uae | Machete, 44: 1.33 10.00 Tompkins... ... si 4 4 2 2 inves ne 50 2.50 Waves. cau tiekes 6 30.67 1.60 II. 42 1.54 1.16 17 II.59 Wyoming......... 10 16 I 2.68 T4 2 I.Q1 4.59 BEES. os. auth eee 13 34 1.05 10.59 (aN Beg 31 10.90 It will be noted by referring to the above tabulation that the heaviest infestations, as in the case of the Hessian fly and wheat midge, occur in the important wheat-producing counties, namely Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans and Wayne. The same condition is shown in a general way at least in the tabulation for 1920, given below and also in the data secured the past season. Percentage of wheat tillers infested with Harmolita (joint-worm) galls 1920 ALL "| No HARMOLITA TRITICI HARMOLITA VAGINICOLA HAR- Gels MOLITAS COUNTY Ae f amined Max. Min. Aver Max Min Aver noes Albany wee ote score 13 MOT ih are Git T6390. Pes... A ee ee 1.39 Cayuga. 21SNF 3.) 3 25601). Withee 87 |e steee sir pee |) eee 87 Chautauqua... .)..° TQ ek ON eres cee PIGS cleus ss 6 J etal aie vetlel eae Clinton... ii ee Teh eaves. -Se a beectent ney. ccd RRs Tl meee oe Columbia.) a.) ee 2 2 | Ae . 66 TSU ae 66 T.33 Dutchess: (007 0742 8 ATH lt f 1.42 2:07 |} y. stehaae +33 2 1D (aa UA be erp 8 ele ted ae Con wae 5 WR BN esi uae Puy .50 Genesee. f (h). Aes 30 S54. (eRe sae5 3032 lissrdegeraidy he od dele wane 3.32 Livingston........ il SESON os see B42) fei’. sla: al nee < ohana ene oe 3.42 lonroe. 1) ORa15 .,. 2 07s ee ee 3.89 BH oh med me) 4.12 Niagara.. 14 T5320 | wid 5: 1.94 2051) ll we ee -30 2.24 Onondaga......... 9 OPA | Meweicke ot EEG |. 1-3). gel ppeeerde hs Ue eee 1.63 Ontarion fe 26 BOW GaN Act te BBO ls aite sil |) cht's oil ee 5.80 ranpe.).\... Sigs tee Reis es ee ae || eee Ce EP , MleAnsSt hn ee ee 20 DAROWM|| -s/ccosem Br23 CIE Oy Mi WANS cs 12 anak Rensselaer........ Olid -ecblytend.. [ Pek oc eeltecaals falls EA. « lee oneal ere EME Cae rete eere sets aus 8 ZATAON. statuses 8.27 SO) neraeests ae) 8.30 Tompkins.) /6).0.50 2 NGS mb als ote 1.33 Nye peeklp eee ole den eyeme 1.33 WAY xIes Riot iit becuemin Is PACS eee 3.18 SOS | ccsstenes 2t 3.31 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 57 Percentage of wheat tillers infested with Harmolita (joint-worm) galls . Ig21 1 a : | ALL Nes HARMOLITA TRITICI HARMOLITA VAGINICOLA HAR- ; fields MOLITAS COUNTY aR amined ‘ ver. Max Min Aver Max Min Aver ies cont Cayugae seu... 5 USE 3 Yah HAN RS 3.20 Basile ohecats Guat} 5:33 Columbia......... 5 a elmy. Nd liner a Ar ST | Nata eM | nn ee (Ca .31 miei 8. conte one 7 baa Ye i (ie ye PAGINA EEN I coche roti [hoube fore -39 Genesee...........- 9 ZAL20)" | Ee GUO! cee iiisne gelte a leat 6.99 Livingston........ 27 OG AE a chain 4.93 DMG Nea wea el2 20 Tene ive sa5 0h Ue oan 8 DAU A HEE Spat 4.33 Tear acie s 16 4.49 Niagara........... Io Bel Miley eee OSH [Ry ststa hae IN tla chebe as [Nee aisec ste -98 Ontartowys 2 fe). I4 Ba nace y al |S ee ra PAGE Pe ee Mi laiabe a Ml tosene eae 4.49 Wrleans'stiy.s okies 3 Coe (| ea SSG ale veeerascl ns latencies ate 3.56 MIEHECA SS. tele bss 7 Bes Staleca cits BM Gra ltiaebat ae toy gh) Whee neice ester cosas 2.67 Tompkins......... 3 TSS eau) th Eee Til Ane AN |e ese Ae an [a a ea .89 WWiky Sree ee en 4 yea 2.66 TESS tees Lee 2.99 ileyrrie ies 58 2)... It LAO hora) skis 5.10 2ROM bie eles .24 5-34 Wyoming......... ite GAGE cee Eig ACU RC AEN AMI IPRs, Cialees ine mrt Oe I.15 A summarized tabulation by counties for the four-year period, 1918-21 inclusive, indicates a local abundance of the wheat joint worm for the first two years of the period and a considerable reduc- tion in its numbers for the last two years. Harmolita tritici infestation; summary by counties County. 1918 IQIO 1920 T92T % % % % EME EER oe UN Sia RAGES ANS 0 ae on ar nes ee RL Ae cae TASON era (Crs irecy bk WO ae) A ne tet BR ee RO LR Rnamy ae BAe Ee et a8 Be 1.82 87 3.20 (CISLIESEET ITE 2 ciel SUAS GE NALIN Panne URE MA ON LR AMADIS ARID a IE a ie a 66 Li Gontlandiqe sth: (wets. Aes ee ee IED be TS ae nh S2qes th ihee. VR Ria e AM DEI NESS 5 Seg aa a aay Re ee ee TAZ). We | MYO ee PS 2 SL CALA Sey RAIS NaI Eo EOE oR St ea 25 -33 30 CBT Sp Ue TE A OR D735 9.52 3.32 99 JIE SHSSyIS wo GBD AA EOL ir AR Bee en Nem clei SUE 6 SJE RS Se he aE EEO Te PAE EG EOL a ae era aye sik ota) o alae nl claves ate weteiase ales 24 9.50 3-42 4.93 MISTRESS ob dSe GHOST OMME DOR EOO PaO resorts Cee Gun Serie Von b Q.24 3.89 4-33 ISG Capen DP A es als VNU ea es 2 sa ON Rie Rl oe 3.97 1.94 -98 MOTTE TLV Seat to cherie alain Beko ase Manan) an ealie le a yophria reve 4 Bald Gale acl ARE Metta Herero oie Qandah. daglinis Sind ailstnnyoye Bier obeys s ela Peeees 8.70 ENOS ade ae Pace ROPE orl MERE Neyer il ere ceva ee vahansttanenele (ayaes, asters j= ahs 12.5 13.71 5.80 4.49 Orleans 12.69 15.29 2523 3.50 SWE ROR sera cpa eiteyateie oreciionenate (a) acdist salelotonere tarsi ay) ZIV oMRS aupella DPS ie Sam Neal ty tc gl Schuyler......... a eah Canes ty 30 SiGe foreseen plowpees pee GHECC Ay A Mee cleiciace che Nate d ave as BOM iii teva 8.27 2.07 Srbivo) sO Oe ee eee ee Sipe) ca elas Sey ae. Casi pees lompkinsomn yaiek jie sencciuiers s4/s ce 12 2 1.33 -89 ES Ree ee teen Dit app eed Aaya em acve per Sp tae teaweea th Whey aie seta tapi d tyiaver ds oye. hagtid graced 2.66 Reel MA ee MORN rk eras hat dow aia a alela sctaiatan sin) at aripMialonemete ete II.42 3.18 5.10 Wivortinigeun tei es doh iis pate e ek oa dehy tee oe bie 26 QNOSietie ees 1.15 ICES eA ice oe ciSpc cslcrele-sit sug's wit o acter 4 TORSO cen ee oe ee The relative abundance of the wheat sheath worm appears to be governed by much the same conditions as those affecting the wheat joint worm and in the following summarized tabulation in relation 58 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I921 to H. vaginicola, it will be seen that the insect was more abundant during 1918 and 1919 than was the case in 1920 and 1921. Harmolita vaginicola infestation; summary by counties County rors 1919 1920 Ig21 70 % 0 % Bae hiciariort: secre ae ake te ts ss. ois acenetgtpave |, Jelavatapeeie a!) aha Oe nea Cae Ae ly SLB ack eas os nat aR i ees PO DAS aia cne ees Ghatitaudua te oud enc dates fe eke goes Gelert) BASU ts haar Clinton spe ern ciel eee niet a) Brennen os We Gh Be Ni Te mer aes ee Boat at ee COMM bal nas,cosunede cles he a ee eer Ee ee es so a | .66 DSi fol ST Ea ora SEE Ae te, a aA OM te, Sse UA Tie oe 233 12d Ca Gila Ae PES BS Stn ba oar RON Oi acta 2.75 ay RGETIESEE AiR yi ei tr Bosca ier. eye pet Ea eee rale Bn 10 7D Rravareaiens TAVIRSON Th ofo Ns dale OO eee cee he OPC Cet ne Ee ane LiQK) Pees IVIGHUDG SH eC U AG Riba escola eee A aren ent ca eye vse ae fe dae 26 23 RACAL MeO rescucta dca SOIREE, ci At oe, Cate t SANG ETM ane 2.21 30 Ga aed. Mie Sha cisccke. Te ve etc Ap Rm ie, See: Gun E B nS ACR eS sO Bsa cues ATI GO Ah heck aoe ge ee Sh. SNE TR, 1 b OMMNEMERS CONOR cg toi wc Drager sii US tage tes aot ee AL SEE Oe BORE) NI Orleans le hia SEY te UN 9 Ae SRR Rae 4.89 67 12 SWERO.W sts OU Sie Glib cea das eae eR ER GMs OR Re Coan Rensselaer. widest te Me DEAS ob, MO TINY et Te ae ae Co ASR Ch MS en, Fe a ee 2 Ti 3st oes 1210) SE COE IA RS! EERSTE We - Arak hr it Ra ia SEU Lo APTN Ah elec alis hal ye 10 PREIS TOMANIS “10,22 es Cat A, SRN Ae URE, OB Tet ll Sa 50. jee NSCOR ale aca os a | lle eA a (2) pes ec gece rR ERS a, ARERR Rin Waniaedaters eres MEME eS Bey 21 WV OMI Fa ive citatncts lesa ei eM Meee ese et 10.66 E00 cian LE Soa cersencareres cin sinner blew acbissncce haps sty jh Me aeta a RIE Mmn=t eye vin ha + Buk on nee Rotation of crops is considered one of the most effective checks upon both joint worms and is particularly advised in sections where data indicate that they are becoming somewhat abundant. Care should be taken in badly infested areas not to sow wheat close to fields in grain the preceding year; otherwise there may be consid- erable infestation as a result of migration. Both of these species winter in the stubble, consequently burning over the fields in fall or early spring is advisable so far as checking these insects is concerned. CONFUSED FLOUR BEETLE Tribolium confusum Duv. This is one of the commonest pests of cereals and the numerous cereal preparations, it having been recorded in addition as occurring in such varied materials as ginger, cayenne pepper, baking powder, orris root, snuff, slippery elm, peanuts, beans and various seeds. More recently it has been reported as a museum pest.t There was in the spring of 1918, a call for information respect- ing the breeding possibilities of this species and in order to obtain some information along this line a series of breeding jars were started. These were simply four ounce glass jars in which were placed a few beetles together with a level teaspoonful of flour, the 1 Ent. News, 27: 234, 1916. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 59 metal top being finely perforated to admit air. The following tabulation summarizes the data. Tribolium confusum, biological data Se OS OS ee ee SS ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee May 27 2 oe 4 4 ae 2 wee tons 6 Saree ate ae eee ah June 18 2 2 4 4 2 2 AGA ne Fine Eegee sl enc ee July 6 2 |20-30 4 4 12 2 Ouloss S| lem Ba aa 16 2 40 4 4 25 2 10 2 Ae 4 fs Qrilht-< 23 Rae 40 4 + 24 aa 7 2 he 4 Sei EN ies Aug. 8 ae eter Leases I 224 5 ?rIo 2 ?5 4 ?5 2 25 17 6 ?20 4 I ?24 |15-20 2 ?5 4 ?5 2 25 29 18 4 19 ? 18 2 ?7 4 ?S 2 ?7 Sept. 5 ais 4 18 I 17 2 27 9 ei 5 ?7 14 20 4 18 ?3 17 3 ?6 9 ?7 6 ?6 21 bio 4 22 I 18 3 ?6 8 ?7 a ?5 28 2I 4 20 43 18 3 ?6 8 7 7 ?5 Oct. 7 cI7 4 16 38 16 9 2| 9 ?5 7 3 23 16 ?5 3 16 I 16 12 3 9 2 8 ?3 Nov. 19 17 3 I5 ne 16 It 2 9 ?7 9 ?7 Dec. 10 15 3 15 16 10 5 7 |10-12 9 3 31 13 2 3 13 15 It 5 7 |10-I2 8 23 3 Adult. 2 Grub a Also two dead. b Also two dead. e Also one dead. Jars A, B, C and D were started May 27th, with 2, 4, 4 and 2 adults respectively, and prior to the appearance of another gen- eration of adults, namely, July 16th, the living beetles were trans- ferred from A to jar E, from C to jar F and from D to jar G, and the records under these last three headings really belong with those for A, C and D respectively. It will be noted that a period of 81 days elapsed between the establishment of jar A and the appearance of a second generation of beetles, and in the case of jar C, this was extended to 93 days, while for jar D, the time was reduced to 72 days. These figures should be checked by those obtaining in jars E, F and G, probably more nearly normal, where the periods were respectively 59, 50 and 50 days. The earlier statements credit this insect with being able to com- plete its life cycle under favorable conditions in 36 days. The investigations of Professor Dean in Kansas led him to state that the life cycle in summer may be completed in only 35 days while with a temperature of 70 degrees from 98 to 105 days are neces- sary. Our data were obtained in a large room in a cool stone building, the summer temperatures being by no means excessive, while those in the cooler months rarely varied much from 70 Go REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 degrees. The work of R. M. Chapman?! shows that from 40 to 50 days or even longer are required at temperatures ranging from about 73 to 84 degrees F., a considerable extension of the later developmental periods being due to differences in the food available. Our data show an extended adult existence, in Jar E it being at least 148 days and in jars F and G 217 days, with no indication that these are the maxima. It should also be noted that although the life cycle in our breeding jars was completed in from about 50 to 90 days, there is no marked indication, except possibly in the case of jar G, of a second generation and this did not appear until into December or about 5 months after the first generation of larvae. This suggests periods of inactivity between generations and con- sequently estimates of the number of generations annually based upon the time required to complete the transformations are inac- curate because no allowance is made for this interval. This con- dition may easily exist and be obscured to a very considerable extent by apparently constant breeding, owing to the overlapping activities of different individuals. The increase in our breeding jars was less than anticipated. This may be explained in part by the limited amount of food and the probability that some of the smaller larvae were devoured. It is certain that dead beetles were dismembered and it was therefore practically impossible to account for all adults, unless there were repeated separations into smaller groups. The low rate of multiplication could not have been due entirely to the lack of food because after two and a half years the flour was still in a somewhat fair condition, though decidedly con- taminated, and this was true even in the jars containing the most insects. It is worthy of note that a living beetle was found in jar D and a living larva in jar F, November 24, 1920, about 30 months after the breeding was started. Nothing was alive in the other jars. _ The figures obtained by Mr Chapman? show that individual pairs during a period of 42 days may produce from seven to as many as 50 larvae, the normal probably being nearer the higher than the lower figure. He also attempted to determine the influence of nutrition in affecting the liability of infestation and came to the conclusion that the coarseness of the product was a more important factor, since the beetles could more readily penetrate flaky materials. He found that the percentage ratios between coarse and fine bran * Minn. State Ent. 17th Rep’t, 1918, p. 73-93. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 61 _ material was 60 and 4o per cent respectively, examined every 48 hours, though when the material was left for a period of 26 days, the ratios were 47 and 53 respectively, a nearly complete reversal of earlier conditions. The time from the hatching of eggs until the appearance of the first adult in Mr Chapman’s work was as fol- lows: middlings 37 days, sizings 39, low grade 38, tailings 38, bran 38, rye flour 39, barley flour 38, corn flour 40 and rice flour 47 at approximately 78 degrees F. The confused flour beetle and several of its associates occur’ in such a variety of foods as to make control very difficult, particularly in situations where farinaceous materials are allowed to collect in crevices or inaccessible shelters. It is of first importance where practicable to eliminate nearby breeding places, since if this is not possible invasion of valued food products is almost certain to result, whether this be in a home or mill. The possibility of introducing infested material should not be overlooked. This is particularly likely to occur with cereals from infested grocery stores or mills and even the shipping of uncleaned flour sacks or other containers may produce the same result. It is very easy to destroy insects in the latter, according to Mr Chap- man by placing the empty sacks in an ordinary baker’s oven and raising the temperature to about 450 degrees F. for a period of 5 minutes provided the sacks are not over three layers deep. They should be protected from scorching by being placed on pans or boards to keep them from coming in direct contact with the oven. The same treatment is effective in freeing boxes and other containers. Infested cereals in packages may have been invaded by the insects prior to being put up or the trouble may be due to a defective type of package or breaking of the container. Well-sealed packages of cereal can not become infested if the material is clean when packed. The experience of recent years has demonstrated the efficacy of killing these pests by the use of heat, a minimum temperature of 120 degrees F. being necessary. This treatment is ordinarily safer and more satisfactory than fumigation with either hydrocyanic acid gas or carbon bisulphide, both very dangerous and with a limited efficiency, particularly in ordinary buildings which are far from gas tight. 62 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ21 NOTES ON INSECTS The spring of 1921 was one of the earliest on record. On March 21st, blow flies, cluster flies and mosquitoes were out and trouble- some, the morning temperature being 78° F., and on the 27th ants (Prenolepis imparis Say) swarmed in the open at Nassau, this being an extremely early record according to Prof. W. M. Wheeler. Weather conditions were also reflected in the unusually early development of vegetation. American elms were in bloom at Nas- sau on March 27th, arbutus blossoms were found April 3d and on the 6th Carolina poplar catkins were falling rapidly. Apple leaves were about one-half of an inch long, pear buds nearly as long and Forsythia in bloom on the 7th and two days later a few sheltered plum trees were in bloom and many others showed the white petals in the bud. Shad bushes began to show white at this time and an unusually early one was in blossom, though the normal time is the second Sunday in May. Similar unusual conditions prevailed on Staten Island. William T. Davis states that white maples blossomed on New Dorp lane February roth, and little blue butterfles (Lycaena pseudar- giolus) had emerged from their chrysalids by March 28th. Most of the pear trees were in full bloom April 6th and on the gth some apple trees had commenced to flower. For a time develop- ments were from 3 to 4 weeks ahead of normal, though as the season advanced this became less marked and in early summer there was comparatively little divergence from the normal. Shade tree pests were somewhat numerous in 1921. White- marked tussock moth caterpillars (Hemerocampa leuco- stigma) were generally prevalent in the Buffalo area the latter part of June, partially stripping a few trees. Somewhat the same condition obtained on the western end of Long Island. A very few bag worms (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis ) were observed in the vicinity of New York City. At Cold Spring Harbor there was local and serious injury by the elm case bearer (Coleophora limosipennella) and where very abun- dant, some had evidently dropped from the trees and attached to nearby foliage of honey-suckle, dogwood and Forsythia, but without feeding. Irregular blotch mines on the upper surface of sweet gale, Myrica gale, leaves were collected at Cold Spring Harbor, Long NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 63 Island, July 7, 1921 and produced the beautiful moth, Cameraria (Lithocolletes) picturatella Braun., and parasites, namely, Rhicnopeltoidea amsterdamensis Gir. and an Encyrtid, the insects being determined through the courtesy ol Dr L. O. Howard, the moth by Mr Busck and the parasites by Mr Gahan. Oyster scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) was somewhat abun- dant the last of June on soft maples at Kenmore, near Buffalo. The young at this time had mostly established themselves. under well- developed scales, though a few were still crawling. The scale was also somewhat numerous upon the smaller branches of elms at Forest Hills and in a few instances had caused an appreciable amount of injury. The infestation in this latter locality was also marked by the presence of the elm bark louse (Gossyparia spuria) on a few Scotch or English elms, though it was not observed upon the much more abundant American elms. Cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis) was not very abundant in the Buffalo area or in the vicinity of New York City. Putnams scale ( As pi- diotus ancylus ) was numerous on a few soft maples at Ken- more in the environs of Buffalo, fairly encrusting small areas of the bark, though probably not seriously damaging the trees. A number of trees in Kenmore bore evidence the last of June of being injured by the bleeding tree maggot (M ycetobia diver- gens), and in several cases the slender, whitish larvae were actually observed in the exudate and close to the living tissues. Borers were somewhat abundant, though not particularly injurious, at Forest Hills, Long Island. Some of the trees were infested by elm borers (Saperda tridentata), they having entered the trunk at several places and also attacked the branches. The affected trees had a trunk diameter of about 6 inches and showed a. consid- erable degree of vigor. Work of the leopard moth ( Zeuzera pytina ) was also noted on a few trees in the near vicinity, though in no case was the injury severe. Wooly aphis (Schizoneura ulmi) appears to be gen- erally present upon elms in the vicinity of Forest Hills. There were a number of leaves upon trees here and there which had been deformed by the leaf inhabiting generations and many of the knotty enlargements caused by this insect were easily found. The spruce gall aphid (Chermes abietis ) was somewhat generally abundant on the western end of Long Island and in some localities caused material injury. Infestations were also noted in 64 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 Buffalo and vicinity and here likewise there was evidence of material injury. The lightning leaf hopper (Ormenis pruinosa) was observed in small numbers on Forsythia near Cold Spring Harbor. It was also received from a number of localities in the State and appears to have been unusually abundant. Ordinarily it can not be considered as particularly injurious. The spring of 1920 was cold, wet and therefore unusually favorable for root maggots and as a consequence there was considerable dam- age by both cabbage and onion maggots. The taking of the large southern, rare moth, Thysania zen- obia Cram., at Rochester, September 26, 1919 by Richard Lohrmann is worthy of special mention. Notes concerning some of the more important or interesting species are given below. FRUIT TREE INSECTS Rose leaf beetle (Nodonota puncticollis Say). This is one of the smaller, common leaf-feeding beetles greatly resembling in general appearance the more active “ flea beetles” and only occa- sionally comes to notice on account of somewhat marked injuries. It occurs generally throughout New York State during June and July and is recorded as common on roses, blackberry, raspberry and red clover. Some years ago Dr W. E. Britton, state entomologist of Connecticut, recorded injuries by this species to the foliage of Japanese chestnut trees. This beetle was evidently unusually abundant in the State last year and in some cases at least spread from its more common food plants to others, since the special field assistant of the Dutchess county farm bureau, O. C. Plunkett, reported finding it working on the fruit of young apples June 19, 1920, and in one case the injury amounted to 10 or 20 per cent of the fruit. The affected apples had irregularly eaten areas, the epidermis being entirely devoured and the pulp exposed. The damage was so serious that the apples would certainly have been badly distorted if they had not dropped before they were half grown. The same species on apples was received June 19th from F. L. Pelton, Potsdam. Injury similar to the above was observed in the vicinity of Gace bersburg, Pa., by J. R. Stear (Jour. Econ. Ent. 13 :433, 1920). Outbreaks of this character are probably conditioned to a consid- erable extent upon the occurrence of other food plants near apple eS NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM O5 _ trees, though Mr Plunkett stated that he was unable to find anything of the kind in the orchard coming under his observation. An early ‘ and thorough application of arsenate of lead would doubtless check _ the pest before serious injury was caused. _ Apple and thorn skeletonizer (Hemerophila pariana _ Clerck). This European insect had become well established in _ Westchester and Rockland counties in 1917 and has continued to maintain itself in fair to rather large numbers, and in 1921 attracted _ considerable notice because of its unusual abundance. _ The damage by this pest has been very severe, according to _ G.M. Codding of the F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co., in the southern _ part of Westchester county. This territory included New Rochelle, through Quaker Ridge and White Plains where literally hundreds of trees have been entirely defoliated and many others severely _ affected. There has been damage along the Hudson river as far north as Ossining; north of Mamaroneck, and also in Tuckahoe, entire orchards have been stripped. Mr Codding, writing under date of October 3d, stated that he has observed larvae working since early in the season. Up to the present, he adds, the outbreak appears to have been generally severe throughout the southern part of West- chester county, while last year, with the exception of Dobbs Ferry and Hastings, there was little real injury. F. A. Bartlett observed serious injury in Mount Kisco and vicinity and ee in adja- cent Connecticut areas. J. G. Curtis, manager of the Nivjedtchestde farm bureau, stated that there was comparatively little injury by the thorn skeletonizer in the Tarrytown section as compared with 2 years ago. He is of the opinion that it is being controlled by more thorough spraying. He adds that the work of this pest was noticeable in a few orchards: and on roadside trees in the vicinity of Rye and Port Chester. P. L. Huested of Blauvelt states that the pest is somewhat more abundant than in previous years and that he is certain its range has been greatly extended. He has noted the insect from Nyack ‘to Chester, a distance of about 45 miles. The developments of the past season clearly established the occurrence of three and possibly of four generations in one season, in the opinion of Henry Bird who has been following the develop- ments of the insect rather closely. This pest skeletonizes apple leaves in much the same way as the well-known canker worms, except that the latter more generally devour all the tissues of nearly every leaf, whereas the small green- SS A See ee a 66 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 ish caterpillars of this insect confine their attack to portions of many leaves (frequently practically all the leaves on a tree may be eaten in this manner), feeding near the center under a slight web and extending upward and outward to include most of the tip of the leaf. Areas on each side of the basal portion of the leaf are fre- quently left untouched, and not uncommonly the margins to the width of one-half of an inch or so are turned over. There is no webbing together and inclosing leaves in masses as does the fall web worm or, to a less extent, the brown tail moth caterpillars. Both of these last named species produce moderately firm to firm webs, which inclose the leaves, something never done by the apple and thorn skeletonizer. The observations of Henry Bird, of Rye, showed that this insect was abundant on May 23d and in about the same numbers as the preceding fall, at which time the moths were unusually numerous. On June 12th he estimated that there might have been 10,000 larvae at work upon a moderate sized apple tree and yet the tree was not injured to any material extent, though the foliage had become some- what thinned. He states that by September 8th the fourth larval brood were very generally spinning their cocoons, although there was considerable overlapping and moths from the previous generation were still to be seen depositing eggs. He adds that the moths are actively on the wing after 3 o’clock in the afternoon and have a characteristic swinging flight. He states that last year the brood appearing the latter half of September was the most conspicuous, whereas the past season the indications are that it was quite negli- gible. On October 7th he found a very few full-grown larvae on new foliage under conditions indicating that they might represent a partial fifth brood. Mr Bird noted a marked, though unaccountable falling off in the numbers of the insects as the season advanced. He states that all kinds of insectivorous birds destroy the larvae, though it seems unlikely that they would act as a drastic check. He observed para- sitism in the first brood only and this was less than 3 per cent in 1000 newly spun cocoons. The indications in early October were to the effect that fewer adults would go into hibernation than was the case last year. A general account of this insect was published as Cornell Exten- sion Bulletin No. 27 in February 1918 and a more detailed one appears in the Report of the Entomologist for 1917, New York State Museum Bulletin No. 202, pages 33-39. Both of these con- NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 67 tain illustrations of the various stages and of the more characteristic types of 1 injury. _ There is‘no question but what thorough and timely spraying with a poison such as arsenate of lead will destroy the caterpillars and, owing to their feeding almost entirely upon the upper surface of the leaves, a general application to all trees on which the pest can _ subsist would mean its early control and practical elimination so far as material damage is concerned. Owing to the development of several broods each season, it is perhaps unnecessary to state that : it is by all means advisable to destroy the earlier generations. The usual spraying schedule advocated for commercial orchards ought to prevent serious injury by this insect, excepting possibly in restricted areas where the skeletonizer might be excessively abundant. Dock false worm (Ametastegia glabrata. Fall.). Small numbers of the greenish larva of this sawfly were found in _ October 1915, boring cylindrical holes with a diameter of about 2 mm, straight into the sides of Baldwin apples in the orchard of J. : A. Talbot, Spencerport. The percentage of fruit affected in this Manner was infinitesimal and the damage, so far as observed, was | limited to one portion of the orchard where a small amount of poly- -gonum or dock was growing at the base of the trees or in nearby’ uncultivated areas. The insect in this particular case was of no great importance though the injury is worthy of record in connec- tion with its identification. This species has been noticed in some detail by E. J. Newcomer,* and an illustration of recent work by the larva is given on plate 11 of Museum Bulletin 186. Tree crickets (Oecanthus sp.) and canker. A striking instance of the connection between tree crickets and apple canker was brought to our attention by H. W. Fitch, assistant farm bureau manager of Albany county. A number of young apple trees on the farm of L. L. Jones, Feura Bush, were examined April 22, 1920, and considerable injury was found on 15-year old apple trees resulting from oviposition by this insect and the frequently accom- panying inoculation by canker spores. A few of the trees were so badly affected that many of the characteristic oval areas on the _ bark were to be found within 3 inches of one another. This injury is most easily recognized by the irregular, circular or oval dead area, generally with a minute circular puncture about one-sixteenth of -an inch in diameter, near the center. These areas vary in diameter Se ee ee ee ee ee ee eee ee eS *1916 U. S. Dep’t Agric., Bul. 265. 3 68 _ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 from one-half to 114 inches, the larger ones usually being oval. The boundary between living and dead tissues is marked by one or more rather distinct cracks, and on cutting away the surface tissues it will be found that the underlying soft bark has been killed. There was also some injury due to the oviposition of the Buffalo tree hopper, Ceresa bubalus Fabr., though there was dis- tinctly less damage and the scars were due solely or almost so to mechanical injury. . Investigations (N. Y. Agric. Ex. Sta. Tech. Bul. 50, 1916) by W. O. Gloyer and B. B. Fulton demonstrate the connection between tree crickets and this type of injury, and their studies have shown that clean culture and the use of arsenical sprays as for codling moth appear to give satisfactory control. It might be added that the growing of raspberry bushes among apple trees, as practiced by Mr Jones and others, seems to be particularly favorable to the existence of tree crickets and the combination on this account is considered undesirable. GRASS AND GRAIN INSECTS Army worm (Heliophila unipuncta Haw.). The army worm has appeared in a new role for New York State, since partly grown caterpillars about three-fourths of an inch long were found in April 1919 hibernating in corn stalks near Ballston, Sara- toga county, and at Indian Fields, Albany county, April 22, 1920. This is a new record for the State and is of particular interest in view of the statements published by Mr Vickery? relative to the tropical or subtropical origin of the species and his belief that it was problematical if it would survive a mild winter so far north on the Atlantic coast as the city of Washington. The winter of 1919 was exceptionally mild and this may have been the reason why the larvae survived though it should be remembered that corn fields in New York State have never been examined so carefully as they have since the discovery of the European corn borer at Scotia, N. Y. The winter of 1919-20 was exceptionally cold with a large amount of snow from fall to spring. The latter presumably favored successful hibernation. It is well known that the army worm occurs annually here and there in the State and this, taken in connection with its known survival of the winters of 1918-19 and 1919-20 leads us to believe that it may withstand the rigors of *1915, Economic Ent. Jour., 8:390. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 69 our climate, at least when conditions are somewhat favorable. The j wintering caterpillars were found in soft or punky corn stalks and q had evidently entered for shelter. They were about three-fourths _ borer. Army worm caterpillars were reported as somewhat abundant to 4 extremely numerous early in August 1919, especially in the Mohawk valley west to Rome. They were so numerous in some fields as to threaten considerable injury unless they were destroyed by the use _ of a poisoned bait. In one case they ruined 11 acres of oats. Many of the caterpillars established themselves at the base of the leaves, _ remaining there some days; in such places they would not be likely _ to find the poison bait before considerable damage had been caused. June beetles (Lachnosterna sp.). May or June beetles were somewhat abundant in southern Rensselaer and northern _ Columbia counties. According to statements by B. D. Van Buren made June 10, 1920, his red raspberries were seriously injured; _ many of the leaves of the bushes were eaten off and in some cases the blossoms also, though not infrequently the blossoms were left _ after most of the leaves had fallen. He estimates his loss from these _ pests at from $50 to $75 and states that black cap raspberries and _ purple cane raspberries nearby were not injured by the beetles. He also noted that the work was almost entirely on foliage 2 feet _ above the ground or higher and that the lower leaves of the plants _ were practically free from attack. Wireworms. These are the yellowish, hard, cylindrical larvae sometimes found in numbers in sodland or recently turned grass. _ They occasionally cause serious injury to young corn and potatoes and may be easily distinguished from the myriapods sometimes ~ incorrectly called wireworms, by the yellowish color and the pres- ence of but three pairs of legs at the anterior extremity of the 4 body, whereas the millipedes are usually brown or dark brown and invariably have series of legs along the entire under surface of the : body. Specimens of the wheat wireworm, Agriotes mancus Say, _ were received under date of July 7, 1920, from James Pringle, - acting county agricultural agent, Jamestown, accompanied by the _ statement that they were injuring corn and, judging from the _ specimens sent, the infestation was probably somewhat serious. Examples of this species were also submitted for identification 7O REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 July 17, 1920, by H. W. Fitch, assistant manager of the Albany county farm bureau. He stated that these pests had seriously dam- aged one corn field of 5 acres, destroying another of about one-third of an acre and causing a 50 per cent loss on another I1-acre farm, all in the vicinity of Albany. The pests were so numerous on the farm of Charles Adams at Berne as to destroy all the plants for several rods and the owner stated that the plants might be killed overnight. Specimens submitted for examination showed the work of the wireworms at the very base of the plant and the destruction overnight, as mentioned above, could be caused by these insects only through practically destroying the bulb and thus causing the upper part of the plant to shrivel from lack of nourishment. Another species of wireworm, Drasterius elegans Fabr., was submitted for identification by Mr Fitch May 2oth, accompanied by the statement that two to three or four were at work upon recently set cabbage plants on the outskirts of Albany. An examination of the infested field showed that comparatively few plants were affected and that most of the damage was restricted to a lighter ridge. The owner, John Lawton, stated that this ground had been in continuous cultivation for some 16 years, two and three crops being obtained annually and that at no time was it allowed to become weedy. There appeared to be nothing in the way of manurial applications which would tend to increase the infestation and in view of the fact that such reports had been received from this general area from year to year, it appears prob- able that this and perhaps other wireworms may successfully main- tain themselves in land under continuous cultivation, although these insects are commonly regarded as grass-feeding pests, only occasion- ally present in cultivated soil. This is further supported by the statement of Mr Lawton to the effect that dock plants were very likely to have a number of wireworms about their roots. Mr Lawton added that ordinarily there was not serious injury and that the damage was particularly great in cold wet springs when the development of the plants was slow. It was his opinion, furthermore, that good cultivation was one of the best methods of enabling the young plants to outgrow injuries by these pests. It was suggested in case the injury was sufficient to justify the pre- caution, that it might be well to forestall damage by providing the wireworms with some cheap, relatively valueless food, such as a row or two of oats or rye between the transplants and located so that this temporary crop could be wup-rooted with a horse-drawn implement. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 71 _ There are no very satisfactory methods of preventing injury by _wireworms aside from ee the planting of susceptible crops 4 )ure toe heed application. Peas and buckwheat are relatively q immune and may sometimes be sown advantageously in badly 4 infested ground. Deep and thorough cultivation of the soil in late July or August will break open the pupal cells and destroy the pupae and recently transformed adults, thus reducing the number of beetles the following spring. Plowing late in the fall is of little value in destroying wireworms. _ Poisoned baits of various kinds destroy numbers of the parent insects, the familiar brown “ snapping beetles” and “ click beetles,” -and it is possible that the use of poisoned baits would result in _ keeping these pests well controlled, even in areas where they are _ unusually troublesome, as for example in the immediate vicinity of _ Albany. Stalk borer (Papaipema nitela Guen.). The stalk borer, like other pests of corn, received special attention during the summer of 1919 and as a consequence an unusually large number of reports accompanied by specimens were received. The partly _ grown stalk borer is easily distinguished from all other corn-boring insects by the characteristic caterpillar one-half to three-fourths of an inch long and strongly marked with purplish brown and five white stripes, one down the middle of the back and two on each side, the latter wanting near the middle of the body due to the blotchlike extension of the purplish brown. This gives the active moving caterpillar the appearance of having been injured. There is an older larger stage which has received comparatively little attention, possibly because of uncertainty regarding its identity. It is distinctly lighter than the younger stages and usually has no _ well-defined blotch on the anterior abdominal segments. A detailed description of this stage is given below: Larva. Length 2.5 cm. Head, thoracic shield and suranal plate mostly pale yellowish) the thoracic and abdominal segments reddish { or yellowish red and with distinct median and sublateral whitish stripes and a well-defined broad, white lateral stripe on the first, second and the anterior portion of the third thoracic segment. _ Mouth-parts dark brownish, the anterior margin and the teeth of the mandibles nearly black. Five ocelli in a semicircle, the four posterior in a black or dark brown area which is continued indis- tinctly to form a broad, darkish stripe resting upon the lateral margin of the thoracic shield and a portion of the segment just SS a ee 72 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 192T below. Second and third thoracic segments with anterior, narrowly linear submedian tubercles and broader submedian posterior tuber- cles, the latter somewhat expanded laterally. Near the middle of the segment and just below the sublateral white line there is an irregu- larly oval large tubercle with a roughly triangular one a little pos- terior and ventral and a smaller, slightly anterior and ventral. There is a circular, moderately large tubercle on the base of the true legs. Abdominal segments with the anterior, submedian tubercles relatively much larger, irregular and extending nearly across the brownish or reddish submedian stripes. The posterior submedian tubercles a little more lateral and much smaller than the anterior pair. Around the spiracle there is a dorsal, a posterior and a ventral tubercle, all rather large and irregular and a much smaller anterior tubercle, all but the ventral being more or less fused on the second and third abdominal segments. The ninth abdominal segment with an irregular, somewhat illy defined chitinous area, somewhat emarginate mesially, covering the posterior two-thirds of the dorsum of the segment and joined by a slender extension to a broadly oval, lateral tubercle. Suranal plate covering most of the segment and in well-marked specimens with the lateral angles more or less fuscous. True legs mostly dark brown or black, prolegs unicolorous except that the row of hooks is more or less fuscous. This older stage of the stalk borer was found repeatedly during July in corn, working in a manner very suggestive of European corn borer though the burrow was usually larger and the borer itself markedly distinct. The stalk borer occurs in a number of thick-stalked plants, specially potatoes, tomatoes and dahlias. It is a local pest and its operations are mostly confined to the outer rows in cultivated fields or to those weedy the preceding season. Clean and thorough culti- vation is a most effective control measure. The cutting and crush- ing or burning of wilting tips is also of service. Lined corn borer (Hadena fractilinea Grote). The yellowish, dull reddish-brown striped, rather slender caterpillars about 1 inch long, may work in early June in the heart of young corn, tunnelling the stalks and giving evidence of their presence by the irregular holes near the base of the leaves and the wilting of the earlier injured plants. The work of this pest is very similar to that of young stalk borers, though the striking blotchy markings of the latter make it very easy to distinguish between the two. The caterpillar of the lined stalk borer presents a superficial resemblance, size and all, to the recently introduced European corn borer though it can be easily distinguished therefrom by the practical absence of brown spots, really chitinized or horny tubercles, and the fact that usually it works only in young corn, generally in early June. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 73 _ The lined corn borer appeared up to 1919 to have been a com- ‘paratively rare insect in New York. It was first recognized in the State in 1913 on account of injury caused at Stone Ridge, Ulster county, and last summer because of its work in a corn field near Chenango Bridge, Broome county. In this latter instance more than half of the corn appeared to be infested with the pest. The extraordinary interest in corn borers in 1919 resulted in bringing this pest to light in many localities and in practically every instance its operations were confined to young corn usually less than 5 inches high which had been planted on recently turned sod. - Complaints of injury accompanied by specimens were received from various places in Albany, Columbia, Dutchess, Onondaga, Rensse- laer and Saratoga counties, in some instances enough corn being injured as to necessitate replanting. One farmer estimated that one-third of his corn had been destroyed. The caterpillars evidently migrate along the row to some extent, since here and there most of the plants for a distance of several feet were infested or had been destroyed and in several instances the borers were found upon the leaves, head downward, evidently about to enter the growing center of the young plant. Infestation is most easily recognized by the irregularly eaten area near the base of the leaves and a central hole, sometimes filled by the borer, leading to the tender young growth. Older injury or more serious damage is indicated by wilting. Comparatively little is known regarding the life history and habits of the lined corn borer. The moths appear the latter half of July or in early August. It is probable that the partly grown caterpillars winter in the sod much as do those of a number of other noctuids, as well as the frequently associated grass webworms. When the presumably natural food, grass, is destroyed they are compelled to turn to whatever may be at hand and consequently seriously injure corn. Their work is limited as mentioned above to plants 2 to 4 inches high or thereabout, therefore replanted corn or late planted corn is very likely to escape injury, the latter partly because of the more favorable weather making it possible for the plant largely to outgrow the ravages of this pest. The somewhat general prevalence of the lined corn borer, even if not heretofore suspected, is another reason for being careful about planting corn upon recently turned sod land. Hadena dubitans Walk. There are a considerable series of cut worms, a few of which have become well known on account of 74 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 frequent and serious injury to garden and field crops. The larvae of this comparatively unknown form were received May 28, 1910, from William Russell of Ballston who stated that they appeared to be feeding on the grasses or weeds in the corn hills though they — were not found in corn. Another lot was forwarded June 18th — from Harry C. Morse, county agricultural agent, Gloversville, accompanied by the statement that they were eating the corn off — at the surface of the ground and that a considerable number of the — pests were found under sod which had not rotted. There were in this sending a few specimens of a more common cut worm though most of them were dubitans larvae. These larvae or cutworms differed so much from the better — known pests that at first they were supposed to be a species of Gortyna, possibly the hop vine borer. The rearing of moths July 14th established the true identity of these peculiar larvae which are described below: Larva. Length when at rest 3 cm. Head and thoracic shield light brown to black, body a shining fuscous yellow or dull purplish, stout with rather coarse setae having a length one-third the width of the body. The submedian tubercles on the thoracic segments, both the anterior and posterior pair, are more or less coalescent. The anterior fold bears two transverse, slender, nearly approximate tubercles while on the posterior fold there are submedian groups of two large ovate tubercles one just laterad of the other. An annulation between the two segments bears rudimentary tubercles much like those of the anterior fold. Sublaterally on the major fold there is a large circular tubercle, just below that a smaller tubercle and just below the spiracular line there are two large, subcircular tubercles, one almost behind the other, and just below the anterior and larger of the two there is a smaller circular tubercle. The sub- median tubercles on the anterior fold of the abdominal segments are separated by a distance decidedly greater than the diameter of the tubercle, those on the posterior fold with the inner margin laterad or nearly so of the lateral margin of the tubercle on the anterior fold. A large, unisetose tubercle occurs just above the spiracle, a minor one a little anterior and slightly above the spiracle, a medium- sized one posterior of the spiracle and directly ventrad of the spiracle is a large, unisetose tubercle. The submedian tubercles on the posterior fold of the eleventh body segment are separated from each other by a distance less than their transverse diameter. Sur- anal plate large, the anterior margin slightly excavated, the lateral margins rounded to a somewhat pronounced lateral angle. Ven- trally, there is also a moderately large, unisetose tubercle at or near the base of each leg. Spindle worm (Achatodes zeae Harr.). A great interest in corn insects the past season has led to a closer scrutiny of corn [ee ae nee if A ‘- ‘i ‘ ) a i ag in ‘a a i y e | ¥ 4 mn am 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 73 fields than ever before and one consequence was a report from F. D. Condeman, Waterville, under date of June 9, 1919, to the effect that caterpillars of this insect infested about 5 per cent of the plants in his corn field. An examination of the affected corn disclosed _ feeding at the base very suggestive of grass webworms. The small caterpillars apparently eat a little hole below the surface of the corn and in that way produce an unthrifty condition, This insect has also been recorded from dahlia and is known as an inhabitant of tender elder shoots, the infested tips hanging because the interior is gnawed away until only the thin bark remains. Apparently elder is the preferred food plant, and if this is correct it is obvious that injury in corn fields must either be limited to the margins near wild growth or to fields which have been indifferently cultivated and are therefore infested with thick- stemmed plants which would prove attractive to the moths when ovipositing. The general interest in corn insects and the desirability of posi- tively recognizing various borers have led us to prepare the follow- ing detailed description: Larva, half grown, length, 15 to 18 mm. Head mostly yellowish orange, the body yellowish white, with broad, broken submedian and lateral purplish brown stripes and between a narrow broken purplish brown longitudinal line. Below the lateral stripe there is a narrower broken line, obsolete on the thoracic segments, and ven- trad of that, namely on the base of the true and prolegs, a broader broken line subobsolete anteriorly, and on the leg-bearing abdominal segments extending to include most of the prolegs and the ventral area between. The quadrate portions of the submedian broken dark bands of the abdominal segments bear near the anterior mesial fourth a circular unisetose tubercle and near the posterior lateral angle a similar tubercle. There is a similar tubercle just above the spiracle, a small one a little above and anterior, a larger one almost directly posterior and a smaller one ventrad. There is a somewhat oval, unise- tose tubercle at the base of the prolegs or in the corresponding position on the legless abdominal segments. The eighth abdominal segment has four large, oval, unisetose, nearly equidistant submedian tubercles, two on the anterior and two on the posterior margin of the segment, this arrangement contrasting strongly with the normal arrangement on the seventh and other abdominal segments. On the ninth abdominal segment there is a submedian pair of narrowly oval, unisetose tubercles, a sublateral, circular, unisetose tubercle and close to it and a little ventrad and caudad a narrowly oval setose tubercle with an oval lateral one farther ventrad. Suranal plate a dark reddish brown, covering the entire segment and near the middle with a pair of submedian setae and along the lateral edge a series of sparse somewhat irregularly placed long setae. 76 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ2I Green clover worm (Plathypena scabra Fab.). There was an unprecedented outbreak of this insect in New York State in IQ1Q, it causing general and somewhat serious injury to bean foliage in midsummer. Observations and reports indicate general injury not only in this State but also in Massachusetts and Connecticut and apparently much more serious damage in North Carolina and Virginia. This insect is a recognized enemy of clover and alfalfa, the turning to beans being unusual. The light-green, white-striped caterpillars are only 1% inches in length when full grown. They eat irregular holes in the foliage and when numerous may reduce the plants to loosely webbed masses of skeletonized leaves. They have a peculiar semilooping motion due to the fact that there are only four pairs of prolegs or body legs; they thus approach the condition found in the well-known looping canker worms or measuring worms and their allies. The caterpillars wriggle rapidly and usually drop to the ground when disturbed. The development is very rapid and within 10 days the outbreak may be at its height, the decline beginning in about 2 weeks. Dusting or spraying is the most effective method of checking this insect. Owing to its rapid development, as mentioned above, the poison should be applied very promptly and preferably before there © has been material injury. Experiments conducted in North Carolina show that powdered arsenate of lead, used at the rate of I pound to 8 pounds of lime, killed the caterpillars and did not injure the plants. Leather-jackets (Pedecia albivitta Walk.). A number of the yellowish slaty gray maggots of this crane fly were received under date of June 10, 1919, from H. G. Chapin, county agricul- tural agent, Watkins, accompanied by the statement that they were found in large numbers in an oat field near a small brook, and directions for control measures were requested. The probabilities are that an appreciable amount of damage was being caused though nothing further was learned regarding the case. We are indebted to Prof. C. P. Alexander of the Illinois state laboratory of natural history for the specific identification. The larvae varied in length from 2.8 to 4 cm and in diameter from 4 to 5 mm, the larger size being most prevalent. The following description presents characters of the nearly full-grown maggots. Larva. Length 4 cm. Diameter .5 cm. Color a yellowish slaty gray. Segmentation rather distinct. Head indeterminate. Antennae long, slender, narrowly conical, somewhat curved, with a length NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ; Fi about 3 mm. and apically with about ten rather long, radiating hairs. Mouth structures apparently represented by six long, biar- ticulate fleshy processes. First: segment small, the second moder- _ ately large and with a suggestion of a rounded ventral sclerite, the third to sixth segments with distinct prolegs on the ventral surface. _ The other segments apodous, the posterior extremity broadly - rounded. SHADE TREE INSECTS Elm ribbed cocoon-maker (Bucculatrix_ species, not ~ulmella Zell.). Larvae and pseudococoons of this species, kindly passed upon by Mr Busck through the courtesy of Doctor How- _ ard, were received under date of July 8, 1919, from John Dunbar, _ assistant superintendent of parks, Rochester, accompanied by the _ statement that the insect was rather seriously injuring European _ elms. The young larvae eat away irregular, somewhat angular _ areas on the under side of the leaves, never crossing the principal veins. The boundaries of the work were also invariably determined _ by the veinlets. The larvae very frequently fed along one of the lateral veins for a distance of one-fourth or nearly one-half of an inch, the width of the skeletonized area being about one-eighth of -an inch. The characteristic small whitish pseudococoons, presum- _ ably molting cocoons, were found here and there upon the foliage. _ These were approximately oval or circular in outline and had a diameter of two to 2.5 mm. A description of the presumably partly grown larva is as follows: Ee _ Larva. Probably partly grown. Length 4 mm, rather slender, a pale grayish green, the head light brown, the thoracic shield pale _ yellowish, it and the body with sparse, moderately long, dark setae, _ those on the thoracic segments forming a nearly transverse row, _ with two submedian ones near the posterior third of the segment. True legs and prolegs pale yellowish. . The full-grown larvae constructed the characteristic ribbed. cocoons of Bucculatrix, they differing from those of our native _ apple and birch species by being grayish black. Adults were reared July 14th. _ This is probably another introduced species. It may become extremely abundant here and there though the rearing at Washing- ton of parasites, namely Copidosoma sp. and Cirro- spilus sp., indicates that natural enemies either native or foreign are preying upon this insect and may serve to keep it under control fairly well. Should the elm Bucculatrix become ibe abundant we would advise spraying with a poison early in July, taking special 78 ' REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 pains to throw the insecticide upon the under surface of the leaves. Subsequent information suggests that the insect may have been — completely exterminated by unusually thorough spraying. . Elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola Mull.). The somewhat general systematic spraying for the control of this pest has resulted in a very great reduction in its numbers and compara- tively slight injury particularly in the cities of Albany and Troy, though the fact should not be overlooked that during the last few years there has been comparatively slight injury in some adjacent villages where there has been no spraying of any moment. Personal examinations and reports in 1919 indicate local and in some instances rather severe injury by this insect in the city of Johnstown and the villages of Canajoharie and Hoosick Falls. Very similar conditions obtained at nearby Bennington, Vt., and there was serious injury in portions of Pittsfield, Mass. The most effective method of controlling this pest is by early and thorough spraying with arsenate of lead, using about 3 or 4 pounds of the paste to 50 gallons of water. The treatment just as the leaves are beginning to expand and while the beetles are feeding is most effective since a very large proportion of the insects succumb before eggs are deposited, provided there is thorough work. Another excellent time is just as the leaves are nearly developed, namely the first or second week in June for the latitude of Albany, and then special pains must be taken to throw the poison on the under side of the leaves, since the grubs feed only on the lower surface and this treatment is directed against them rather than the parent beetles. Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius Gory). An exami- nation July 30, 1919, of trees in Washington Park, Albany, showed that one large white birch tree, with a trunk diameter of approxi- mately 15 inches, leaved out this spring and later most of the foliage died. Numerous borings of the pest were found in the inner bark of the trunk of the tree, the only external sign being a moderate number of oval holes in the bark. There were also some evidences, though by no means abundant, of the work of this borer in the larger limbs and to an even less extent in the smaller limbs. It was evident that the tree had been girdled by the operations of this pest last year and had strength enough to develop a crop of leaves, though not to maintain them the following season. The unhealthy condition of the tree was evidenced by the presence of the pigeon tremex on the limbs and engaged in ovipositing. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 79 _ There were also a few Hymenopterous parasites upon the bark, _ evidently searching for an opportunity to oviposit in the borers. On the east side of the lake near the upper end there are two _ large white birch trees with decidedly thin, dying tops. The bronze 4 borer is evidently established in these. We advised cutting out _ the upper third of these trees in order to remove and destroy all _ the affected wood. There are three large birch trees at the east end of the park not ' far from Willet street. One has lost most of its limbs and the _ other two show either dying tips or a very thin foliage, indicating a probably serious infestation. The cutting out and burning of these sometime during the winter or early spring is advised. Near _ these three trees, which all lie west of a curved walk and approxi- mately in a row, there is on the other side of the walk near the easternmost trees, another large birch which appears healthy. This latter should be watched very carefully and affected wood removed on the initial signs of injury. Callous borer (Sesia acerni Clem.). The larvae of these beautiful, wasplike red-tailed moths occasionally cause serious injury to soft maples in particular, especially in the vicinity of Buffalo and farther west. An examination June 27, 1921, of numerous soft maples about 15 years old in the village of Kenmore, Erie county, disclosed a somewhat general infestation by this insect, the borings of successive years having resulted in some cases in a semigirdling of the trunk, and in many others there were numerous unsightly scars or wounds, which would probably be greatly extended if no effort was made to check the borers. There were frequently six to ten pupal skins pro- _ jecting from the bark, especially on the edges of wounds, though in _a few cases a number of exuviae were seen upon areas presenting superficially a normal appearance, though a closer examination showed that most of them were diseased below the surface. Observations of the late Dr D. S. Kellicott show that the adults fly about Buffalo from May 2oth to June 15th. The eggs are deposited on the bark of both soft and sugar maples, the female _ preferring as a rule to place them on roughened areas, especially in the vicinity of wounds, if one may judge from the injuries inflicted. The young borers commence work in the bark and sap _ wood and by fall are about half an inch long. Growth is completed in the spring and the moths issue as stated above. Any treatment which results in keeping the bark smooth and | normal will afford considerable protection from this pest; conse- 80 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 as quently trunks should be protected from injury by horses, boys andl il other agencies and existing wounds should be carefully cleaned and covered with a protective coating such as grafting wax or paint. Since the caterpillars bore near the surface, they are easily dug out and destroyed. Infested trees should be examined the latter | part of the summer and the borers killed and again looked over ‘i : early spring for evidences of recent borings. All cut surfaces should | be protected as indicated above. False maple scale (Phenacoccus acericola King). The report of the State Entomologist for 1913 page 59, describes — a very serious infestation of certain hard maples near the New Haven Railroad station at Mount Vernon. These were so badly infested t then that practically every leaf bore six to twenty-five of the con- — spicuous cottony females, while the portions between were thickly — spotted and in some instances practically coated with the numerous — yellowish young. The trunks were also liberally plastered with the white cocoons of the male. An examination of this tree in September 1914 showed it to be in a somewhat weakened condition, there being a few limbs bare of leaves and a few small dead branches. The infestation was not — nearly so severe as the year before, though the trunk of the tree - was irregularly spotted with white cocoons and a large proportion — of the leaves bore cottony females, there being three to five on almost every leaf. Observation in this same locality in 1921 failed to reveal any evidence of permanent injury by this insect. This conclusion was supported by a later statement from J. James de Vyver, a former resident of that city, who accompanied the Entomologist when mak- ing the original observations in 1913. It is evident that the more severely infested trees, though injured for a time, were able to recover from the attack in a comparatively short period. Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae Schr.). This European species appears to have been first detected in America in 1906 and was brought to our attention 2 years later on account of serious injury to Norway spruce trees throughout Prospect Park, Brooklyn. The identity of the insect was not established at that time, though its work was admirably illustrated (N. Y. State Mus. — Bul. 134, fig. 18). Five years later+ it came to notice again on account of injuries to Norway spruces at Mount Vernon and the following year it was reported as occurring so abundantly on spruces 1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 175, p. 50, 1915. es NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 8I P at Amherst, Mass., that the honey dew attracted swarms of bees and _ this in turn called attention to the infestation.’ In 1914” the species was recorded as occurring at Albany and _ Port Henry, in addition to the locality given above, and the state- ' . ment was made that it was probably widely and somewhat generally q distributed in the State, a belief which has been supported by subse- - quent developments. It was rather common in I92I on spruce near _ Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, and also on Norway spruce at Buffalo, in which latter locality eight or ten of the scale insects were found at the base of many branchlets of sickly trees. Nearby healthy trees were free from the insect and, judging from general conditions, it appears very probable that this scale insect may have _ seriously weakened and presumably was an important factor in killing branches and even large portions of Norway spruce trees in at least one of Buffalo’s parks. This conclusion was supported by the observations of F. A. Fenton in 1917 on Norway spruce about the University of Wisconsin campus. He states that it was especially numerous on the lower branches, many of which were killed by it and were rendered unsightly by a black fungus thriving on the honey dew secreted by these insects. The excretion was also very attractive to flies and especially to honey bees. The obscure character of infestation by scale insects, simulat- ing almost exactly the appearance of buds, makes it especially dan- gerous because the true condition is rarely appreciated until there has been serious damage to groups of limbs and perhaps entire trees. This scale insect winters in a partly grown condition on the under side of spruce needles, becoming active the latter part of March and early in April, and by the middle of that month the females have established themselves upon the twigs. The males issue within 2 weeks after the migration to the twigs. The females become full grown early in June and the hatching young may be found the latter part of July. Fortunately this species is subject to attack by parasites, Holcencyrtus physokermis Gir. and Cheiloneurus albicornis How. having been reared from this insect by Mr Fenton. The most promising method of controlling this scale insect is by spraying in early spring with a contact insecticide, especially with an oil, as for the somewhat closely related Lecaniums. 1 Feo. Ent. Jour., 2: 466-67, 19190 aN ON, . State Mus. Bal 180, D. Be, 1915-1016. 82 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 FOREST INSECTS Antlered maple caterpillar (Heterocampa guttivitta Walk.). The work of this insect was very abundant in sections of Chautauqua county, sugar bushes in some portions being entirely . defoliated, according to a report received the last of July, 1919 from T. J. Rupert, assistant county agricultural agent. . This insect has been rather abundant and injurious during recent years in the Berkshires adjoining the eastern border of the State and in some cases the pest doubtless extended its work into the . New York area. The previous outbreak in this State of any moment occurred in 1917. A brief account of the species may be found in the report for that year, Museum Bulletin 124. The control of most forest leaf-eating caterpillars under present conditions, depends very largely upon the efficiency of natural checks such as insect parasites and birds. The former have pre- sumably not been greatly influenced by changes within the last 50 years, whereas there appears to have been a material decrease in the abundance of birds, and if entomological records of recent years are comparable with those of earlier times, insect ravages in forests ~ have been more extended. It is therefore suggested in this connec- tion that better protection of birds is one of the most promising methods of avoiding serious injury by this and associated leaf feeders. Gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar Linn.). The menace of the gipsy moth is increasing with the passing of time. This is evidenced by the discovery in 1920 of very small, scattering infesta- tions on Long Island, at Brooklyn, Greenport, Patchogue, Orient Point, Shelter Island and Southhold and a smaller colony at Garri- son. A somewhat extended and serious infestation was discovered in New Jersey in July 1920 and it-is quite possible that some of the above-mentioned infestations in this State originated from this older and much more wide-spread infested area in New Jersey. The season of 1921 was marked by the finding of the gipsy moth in a southwest town of Vermont, which means that as a result of natural spread, the insect has virtually reached the New York State line and the same is almost true for the northwest corner of Massa- chusetts. There has also been a marked extension in the south- western portion of Massachusetts, the insect now occurring in small numbers in the towns of Becket, Otis and Sandisfield, all within about 15 miles of the New York State line. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 83 “ « _ The isolated infestation in New York and New Jersey have been _ given the best possible treatment by federal and state officials work- _ ing in cooperation, and those at Brooklyn and Garrison in this State _ are at the point of extinction. The marked progress in handling _ the situation is best seen in New Jersey where the larger and denser infestation with its three million egg masses in 1920 was reduced to less than one hundred at the end of the past season. This is a ' marvelous reduction and indicates the possibilities of well-directed _ exterminative measures. In this connection it should be stated that _ two earlier infestations in New York State, namely, one at Mount _ Kisco and the other at Geneva, were exterminated. There is no - question as to the possibilities in this direction. It is very difficult to prevent the dissemination of this insect through repressive and quarantine work of the federal government in cooperation with the interested states, though this has accom- plished much in slowing up or checking what would otherwise have been an extremely rapid spread. The western extension in south- ern Vermont and Massachusetts means that New York State in the near future will have a gipsy moth problem of its own. It is considered advisable, however, to continue the generai practice of earlier years and exterminate remote infestations and at the same time interpose every practicable barrier to the rapid spread of this insect. : Snow-white linden moth (Ennomos subsignarius _ Hubn.). Full-grown or nearly full-grown measuring worms of this _ species were received under date of July 7, 1920, from C. L. Wil- liams, Laurens, Otsego county, accompanied by the statement that the insects were exceedingly abundant and causing material injury over large areas of woodland. Most of the measuring worms were full grown or nearly so when received and several had pupated, indicating that there would be comparatively little additional injury. Mr Williams stated that the pests fed upon basswood, ash, beech, soft maple and a little on hard maple, the preference being in about the order designated. After these trees were stripped, they ate everything except cherry. He added that this was the third and the worst year of attack, - nearly all timber being stripped. The preceding year the woods - were so full of the moths that if a branch was thrown in to the trees, the multitude of flying insects suggested a snow storm. Similar injuries extending over a considerable area were reported in the nearby town of Lisbon by B. J. Churchill. et he ae ee Pee ee ae ee 84 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I92T The snow-white moths of this species appeared on the streets of Albany July 21st, being moderately abundant over a considerable area. They very probably had drifted from the infested areas northeast. The English sparrows fed greedily upon the moths and by noon little was to be seen except scattering wings. Insect-feeding birds appear to be the most effective checks upon such outbreaks and occurrences such as noted above are additional arguments for the better protection of birds, since under present conditions at least, the cost of artificial control in ordinary wood- land areas would be prohibitive. Maple leaf cutter (Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch). This interesting insect came to notice in 1911, and again in 1919, both outbreaks being in the vicinity of Lake George and causing some concern because of the unfortunate condi- tion of the infested trees. This is very apparent because the feeding is confined largely to the lower limbs of large trees and to fairly well-shaded small trees, consequently it is easy to overesti- mate the injury. A somewhat detailed account of this insect is given in the Entomologist’s report for the year 1911, State Museum Bulletin 155. Imported willow beetle (Plagiodera versicolora Laich.). This new introduction has become well established in New York State. Dr F. J. Seaver of the New York Botanical Garden brought it to our notice in June 1919. It was then known to occur on Staten Island and in various New Jersey localities. Observations, July 7, 1921, showed the insect to be abundant in the vicinity of Syossett. There it was feeding upon the willows in considerable numbers and disfiguring the foliage to a marked extent. Records of the occurrence of this insect in Port Chester adjacent to the Connecticut state line have been kindly placed at our disposal by Dr W.E. Britton, state entomologist of Connecticut. It is evident that this insect has become generally established in the southern part of the State and may be expected to spread over a considerable territory. Both adults and grubs feed upon poplars and willow, the latter confining their operations to the under sur- face of the foliage. The moderately stout, metallic blue beetles are about one-eighth of an inch long, hibernate, and issuing in late © April or early May feed for a time and then commence to deposit eggs, a process continuing through the greater part of the month. The beetles of the second brood appear in early June and continue to issue until into July. a ee eT NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 85 Early and thorough spraying or dusting with a poison should control this insect on ornamentals. It is advisable to make the , application to the under side of the foliage, because the grubs feed _ only upon the lower surface of the leaf. Dogwood twig borer (Oberea tripunctata Swed.). The work of a borer provisionally identified as the above-named species was received from R. E. Horsey, Foreman, Highland Park, Rochester, under date of September 6, 1921, accompanied by the statement that they were killing young twigs in the azalea collec- tion, the affected branches being indicated by the dried-up leaves. The yellowish green borer confines its operations at first to the smaller twigs and then works downward in the shrub. One borer, presumably the same, was also found in rhododendron. An examination of the material transmitted with the above state- ment showed that twigs, one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in diameter, were inhabited by an active, yellowish larva, which lives in tunnels some 4 inches long and about one-tenth of an inch in diameter. Here and there along the infested twigs, circular orifices about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter were to be found, and hanging from these there were frequently yellowish strings of borings. The yellowish legless grubs have a length of about three- fourths of an inch and, judging from the borings ejected, are active and very efficient workers. There was serious injury to elm twigs in northern Illinois by a twig girdler described by Chittenden! as Oberea ulmiccla and subsequently a more general account? of this same insect as an elm pest, was given by Doctor Forbes. There is a brief note® by Dr J. J. Davis, which records this insect as infesting much of the dogwood plantings in the park sys- tem of Chicago, though he found some 44 per cent of the borers infested by an ichneumonid parasite. A somewhat full account * of the insect and its work in dogwood was given the following year by Doctor Forbes. The varied food habits of this insect are illustrated by the record * of its presence in large numbers from various parts of New Bruns- wick, where it is reported by Swaine as an apple insect. * Webster, F. M. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bul. 7:1-13. 1904. ? 24th Ill. Rep’t, p. 118-34. 1908 Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:184. Igto. enon, UikvAcr, Expt. Sta. Bul. 151, p. 506-9; also 26th Ill. Rep’t, p. 44-47. IOII 542d Rep’t, Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 72. 1912. 86 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 H. B. Weiss records* its general occurrence in New Jersey on dogwood and states that its presence is indicated by withering leaves at the tips of infested shoots, though as a rule it never occurs in sufficient numbers to cause material damage. ’ The work of this insect as an elm twig pest in the parks of St Paul, Minn., is discussed in some detail * by Prof. A. G. Ruggles. He states that all the trees along one of the finest avenues in St Paul had numberless dead leaves hanging from the terminal twigs in June 1911. Doctor Britton in 1917 records * this species from the twigs of sorrel trees or sour weed, Oxydendrum arboreum and in dogwood and azalea. In connection therewith, Doctor Howard has informed us in a recent communication of the very abundant occurrence of O. tripunctata, in Connecticut where it attacks various species of laurel, It is evident from the above summary that this insect occasionally becomes somewhat abundant and apparently is more injurious to elms than to the smaller trees or shrubs in which it also breeds. It does not appear to have attracted attention before in New York State and may not prove to be of any particular importance. Pales weevil (Hylobius pales Hbst.). Specimens of young larch trees were received June 13, 1921, through the State Conservation Commission from John Barford, East Chatham, accompanied by the information that some 50 per cent of about 1000 recently set trees had been seriously damaged or killed by the work of an insect provisionally identified as this species. The por- tion of the shoot, with a diameter of one-fourth of an inch or a little more, was generally roughened and with numerous accumu- lations of resin, evidently due to recent wounds. In a few places fresh, irregularly oval areas about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, had been gnawed out by an insect. The general appearance of the work and of the shoots agrees very closely with the illustration of the work of the European Hylobius abietis Fabr., as delineated by Gillanders in his “Forest Entomology,” page 72. Hickory gall aphid (Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch). This common insect was unusually abundant. It first attracted notice June i10, 1920, at Nassau where the developing galls were extremely numerous upon the leaf stems and particularly 1Can. Ent., 48:142; see also Circular 26, N.-J. Dept. Agr., p. 44-46, for additional details. 2Econ. Ent. Jour., 8:79-85. Io1s. 317th Rep’t, Conn. State. Ent., p. 360. 1017. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 87 at the base of the catkins. The galls ranged in diameter from one- half to three-fourths of an inch and were mostly oval in shape. There was no orifice or marked discoloration to attract notice. As the leaves had been out for only a comparatively short time, it is probable that the infestation occurred in the bud and that subse- quent developments were comparatively rapid. A gall broken open was found to have the interior literally lined with young gall aphids. Specimens received June 19th from Dr J. Burton Meeker, Chelsea-on-Hudson, were very badly infested, in some cases prac- tically the entire leaf had been transformed into abnormal gall tissues. Doctor Meeker stated that the tree was literally covered with the galls. The probabilities favor serious damage to the hickory in this particular case. Ordinarily the large size of the host tree and its general occur- rence in fields where ornamental values are relatively low make it unadvisable to recommend remedial measures on account of the relatively great expense. Hickory Insects The hickory is one of the more valuable forest trees which has unfortunately suffered very seriously in recent years from insect attack, particularly from the work of the hickory bark beetle, Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa Say. Many thousands of trees have been killed in New York State by this pernicious insect though it should not be forgotten that climatic conditions, particularly extended droughts and the consequent reduced vitality of the trees may have had an important influence in bringing about conditions favorable for a development of this bark borer. Aside from this insect there are a considerable number of other borers occurring in this tree and the following notes relate to some of the more common observed during recent years. They are placed on record in order to more clearly establish the economic relationships of the various species, something of importance in dealing with all insect pests. Rustic borer Xylotrechus colonus Fabr.). The parent beetle is blackish, variegated with yellowish or slate-white markings and ranges in length from a little less to a little over one-half of an inch. It occasionally appears in great numbers, since in 1903 over 600 beetles were reared from two sections of a hickory tree some 15 inches in diameter, the larvae making very irregular, shallow galleries one-fourth to one-eighth of an inch in 88 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 diameter in the bark and outer sap wood, mostly the latter. It was reared again in 1915 from a small hickory log cut in February, the insects appearing in March and continuing to issue until toward midsummer. This species has been recorded as infesting logs and dead trees of black oak, white oak, hickory, chestnut, ash and elm, though in our experience it freely invades trees in a weakly condition. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr. This is a small, reddish beetle about three-eighths of an inch long and prettily marked with three yellow nearly transverse lines on each wing cover. It breeds rather commonly in sickly and dying elm and hickory and appar- ently in a variety of other trees, particularly locust, tulip, cornus, red bud and grape. It was reared in late March 1915, from a hickory log cut in Feb- ruary, the insects continuing to emerge in considerable numbers during the summer and one living specimen was found in January 1916. The data appear to indicate an annual generation for this species with some tendency toward an extension to the next season under unfavorable conditions. Common flat-headed borer (Chrysobothris femorata Fabr.). The adult is a somewhat inconspicuous, metallic, grayish, flattened beetle one-half to five-eighths of an inch long. It occurs on various trees. The legless, flat-headed grub makes shallow gal- leries in the wood. The beetles appear from the end to the middle of February and may often be seen resting on the trunks of trees or flying around them during the day time. The eggs are prob- ably deposited in bark crevices and the young grubs feed on the sap wood and inner bark, the galleries increasing in size and sink- ing deeper in the wood as the borer develops. This insect is recorded as attacking a considerable variety of both native and cul- tivated trees. Adults were reared April 9 and 10, 1915, from a hickory log cut the preceding February, and an examination in February 1916, resulted in finding no signs of flat-headed borers, evidence in favor of an annual life cycle for this species. Quercitron bark beetle (Graphisurus fasciatus DeG.). This is an elongate, rather slender, grayish, black-spotted beetle with a length from one-third to a little over one-half of an inch. It is recorded as a borer of beech and hickory and was reared the latter part of March 1915, from a log cut the preceding Feb- ruary. It is apparently limited to weakened or dying trees. The NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 89 exit hole is broadly oval with dimensions about three-eighths by - five-eighths of an inch. This leads into a gallery which penetrates _ the wood perpendicularly for a distance of 2 or 3 inches. Packard _ states that the eggs are deposited the latter part of June, in the _ bark, the young grubs running galleries mostly lengthwise and well filled with borings. Pigeon tremex (Tremex columba Linn.). The grubs of this large horn tail or four-winged fly are very common in diseased or dying portions of the larger limbs and trunks of vari- ous trees, particularly elms and maples. The parent insect has a length of about 2 inches, a wing-spread of 2% inches, a prominent horn at the posterior extremity and may be recognized by its cylin- drical dark-brown abdomen with its yellowish markings. Not infre- quently these flies are found upon affected trees and are occasionally trapped and perish through inability to withdraw the needlelike Ovipositor from the wood. This insect was reared in small numbers the following mid- _ summer from a hickory log cut in February 1915, and an exami- nation the following February resulted in finding fully formed living adults which would suggest a two-year life cycle, since con- ditions were such that the initial infestation might well have occurred in 1914. The probabilities were certainly against these Tremex adults having developed from eggs deposited the preceding summer. Hickory timber beetle (Xyleborus celsus Eich.). This is one of the longer of our ambrosia beetles, it being about three- sixteenths of an inch long, cylindrical and brownish. It makes a series of galleries of nearly uniform diameter in hickory and oak. The entrance holes usually lead to a perpendicular gallery 1 or 2 inches long from which there are branches at irregular inter- vals and sometimes with a decidedly sinuous course. They cut the wood at right angles to the grain and lie in nearly the same hori- zontal plane, occasionally penetrating the trunk to a depth of 7 inches. This insect, like its allies is of unusual interest because it lives upon a peculiar fungus or ambrosia which develops in the galleries. A considerable number of these timber beetles were reared in late March from a hickory log cut the preceding February and a careful examination later in the season showed practically nothing alive. The insects had presumably ceased breeding and deserted the log because of unfavorable conditions. Monophylla terminatus Say. This insect is a small, cylindrical, gO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q21 nearly black beetle about one-fourth of an inch long, remarkable because of the very large terminal antennal segment which equals in the female and greatly exceeds in length in the male the remainder of that organ. The larvae of this little beetle prey upon a number of wood borers and in our experience it was reared from late March until July from a hickory log cut the preceding Feb- ruary. This log and accompanying branches were badly infested with a number of insects, Sinoxylon basilare Lec. being the most abundant in the branches. Agrilus otiosus Say, one of the small Buprestids, has been taken on ash, oak, butternut and locust foliage and has been recorded as boring in maple, dogwood, red bud, hickory, black walnut and as probably infesting butternut, box elder, and perhaps locust. It was reared in March from a hickory log cut in February 1915, and did not issue after July 2oth. Hickory snout beetle (Magdalis olyra Herbst.). This black, long snouted beetle about three-sixteenths of an inch in length breeds commonly in dying or dead hickory limbs. It appears to confine its attacks very largely to sickly trees or parts of trees and sometimes occurs in enormous numbers, in which event the inner bark and sap wood may be almost riddled by the many irregular branching galleries. This species was reared in small numbers the latter part of March 1915, from branches collected the preceding February. Hickory twig borer (Chramesus hicoriae Lec.) This is a minute, short, stout, black beetle about one-sixteenth of an inch in length occurring quite commonly in hickory twigs ranging from three-fifths of an inch to an inch in diameter. The burrows are mostly in the wood and lightly score the bark. There is a single main gallery about an inch long, the eggs being deposited at nearly regular intervals on each side and the larvae working for a short distance at approximately right angles and then turning and boring nearly parallel with the wood fibers. A few specimens of this insect were reared the last of March '1915, from twigs collected the preceding February. | Red-shouldered twig borer (Sinoxylon basiiare Say). This small, cylindrical, stout, black, red-shouldered beetle about one-fifth of an inch long has been recorded as occurring in the - twigs and branches of a considerable variety of trees, such as hick- ory, persimmon, mulberry, apple, peach and grape vine and Doctor Hopkins states that it breeds in most other deciduous trees. , NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM je} This borer was exceedingly abundant in hickory limbs 1 to 3 : inches or so in diameter and was reared in large numbers from the _ latter part of March and throughout the summer of 1915, and in _ February 1916 some larvae were still active in limbs cut the year before. The probabilities are that by far the greater number of the insects had emerged, indicating an annual life cycle normally with a tendency on the part of a few to carry over to a second season. This species runs galleries in hickory in the inner wood. _ They are about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter and nearly riddle the branches from a depth of about one-eighth of an inch to the center. The galleries of this borer are tightly packed with a very fine mealy sawdust. Many of them are longitudinal, almost con- tiguous, frequently branched and occasionally one may find trans- verse galleries following around the branch at an approximate depth of one-eighth of an inch. The exit holes are circular, at right angles to the surface and one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter or a little larger. The larvae of this twig borer resemble those of the hickory bark beetle superficially, though they are easily distinguished by the different location, the Sinoxylon larvae being almost invariably in galleries at some depth in the wood while the hickory bark beetle larvae rarely penetrate to a depth equal to the diameter of the gallery. There is also a more marked ventral flexing of the pos- terior abdominal segments while the thoracic legs are long, slender and with the apical segment or segments bearing rather thick tufts of long, conspicuous setae, a strong contrast to the rudimen- tary or wanting thoracic legs of the hickory bark beetle. GARDEN INSECTS Asparagus beetles. The common asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi Linn., and the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, C. 12- punctata Linn., were unusually abundant and injurious in the vicinity of Albany in 1920. An examination of the asparagus bed of George Curran at West Albany in company with the assistant farm bureau manager, H. W. Fitch, disclosed a very interesting condition. The owner had allowed one row to grow and this was very badly infested, eggs of the two species being so numerous upon a number of stalks as to occur in thick rows. In some places they gave a decidedly black or sooty appearance to the asparagus. The owner stated that the insects were so numerous as to cause serious loss because it was necessary to wash the eggs from the asparagus prior to marketing it. Qz REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ2I A week later the common asparagus beetle was much less abun- dant though the twelve-spotted species was extremely numerous and Mr Curran expressed the opinion that this latter was more injurious and that it fed more actively. He added that he had sprayed the uncut row two or three times a week with Paris green and one morning an hour or two after spraying he found twenty- eight dead beetles under one plant. A portion of a row had been sprayed with pure kerosene by Mr Fitch and this application killed many of the beetles and apparently caused very little injury to the asparagus. The infestation in this particular locality was so severe that trap crops and the collecting or destroying of the beetles afforded only partial protection. The probabilities are that there had been no spraying of the asparagus to prevent breeding the latter part of the preceding season. The interesting little parasite, Tetrastichus asparagi Crawf., was decidedly abundant on the trap row, one to three or four frequently being found upon individual stalks. The insects are rather slow in their movements and it is comparatively easy ““to"snap them into a cyanid bottle. The eggs of this little species are Jaid in the eggs of the asparagus beetle, though the parasites do not leave the ‘host until the grubs are fully grown, have entered the soil and completed the pupal cell. Later parasites instead of asparagus beetles issue. The most effective method of controlling these pests is to pro- tect the uncut asparagus, usually in midsummer, with arsenate of lead, thus preventing breeding during the latter part of the season and making impossible a superabundance of beetles the following spring. Asparagus leaf miner (A gromyza simplex Lw.). The small, shining black flies of this species were abundant May 28, 1920, upon the asparagus of George Curran at West Albany. They were found crawling upon the stalks and also resting upon the partly expanded tips of the foliage. The insect was so numerous that it was regarded as of some economic importance in that par- ticular planting. Cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae Bouché.). This insect was unusually abundant and injurious in the vicinity of Albany during early summer, 1920, probably on account of the unusual amount of rain keeping the soil about the plants somewhat moist. W. F. Anamier of West Albany, who was rather seriously NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ; 93 troubled with this insect, stated that the maggot was more injurious on the lighter, dryer parts of the field and that it was decidedly more abundant during the last few years. He was advised to water the infested plants which were not so badly injured as to be beyond recovery with a solution of corrosive sublimate, one part to 1000, using about one-half of a cup full for each affected plant and going over the field several days later, to treat others which might show signs of injury. A nearby field of radish was also rather badly infested by this root maggot. Investigations and studies of Professor Caesar in Ontario the past summer have led him to make the following suggestions for control of maggots. He advises the using of corrosive sublimate, one to 1000, and for cabbage he suggests the first treatment 2 or 3 days after transplanting and the second 5 days later. For radish, he would make the first application 3 days after the plants came through the ground and the second 5 days later. He finds that several fine days are necessary to bring the flies out and five such days before eggs are deposited; consequently as a general rule he favors making the first application 10 days after the first warm spell of at least 5 days occurring after April 25th. The experimental work of Messrs Treherne and Rhuman showed comparatively little difference between three and four treatments for the control of maggots. They advocate three treatments, the first 3 days after transplanting and two others at 10-day intervals. The results obtained were superior to those secured with tarred paper disks. Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae Fabr.). A rather general though not serious infestation by this insect was observed on pars- nips at Nassau, March 27, 1921. This appears to be the first record of the occurrence of the insect in this section of the state, though it was reported from Fulton county in 1901, from Long Island in 1916, and caused considerable injury in the vicinity of Rochester at about the same time. It is evidently widely distributed, since it is known to occur in the northern states from Maine to Michigan, and under certain conditions it is a serious enemy of carrots and celery, though it also attacks parsnips, parsley and wild carrots. A detailed account of this species has been given in New York State Museum Bulletin 64, pages 99-103, and a brief note occurs in Museum Bulletin 198, page 73. The presence of this insect in carrots and parsnips is most easily ee ee 94 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q2I recognized by the rusty colored burrows in the roots or the thicker portion of the stem of infested plants.’ When the insects are abun- dant, the whole root may be riddled with burrows, which run in every direction. Seriously affected carrots decay and the lower part breaks off when one attempts to pull them. Frequently, the outer leaves of infested plants turn yellowish and in the more serious cases, the whole top may wilt down and die. In the case of celery the fibrous roots are eaten off and the infested plants become stunted and take on a sickly whitish color. No very satisfactory control measures have been demonstrated, though it seems advisable to rotate crops in such a way that those susceptible to attack will be on ground remote from that which may have become infested in earlier years. This should be supplemented by late sowing whenever it is practicable and if necessary the use of a repellent, such as carbolic soap wash, during the month of June at a time when the flies are abroad and depositing eggs. The use of a sweetened sodium arsenite mixture for the destruction of the flies has been tentatively recommended. MISCELLANEOUS European hornet (Vespa crabro Linn.). The reception October 26, 1921, of a large nest of this recently established Euro- pean insect from F. E. Adsit, a resident of the town of Schodack, Rensselaer county, is a new record for this hornet and indicates a considerably greater northern extension of its range than has here- tofore been recorded, although it is well known as common in the vicinity of New York City, and as having extended its range in an easterly direction to New Haven, and as occurring throughout New Jersey. It was received in 1920 from Highland Falls. The nest, according to Mr Adsit, was some 30 feet from the ground, attached to the underside of a large limb, and was about 3 feet long and 18 inches in diameter. This insect is easily distinguished from the well-known and rather common American white-faced hornet, Vespa macu- lata Linn., an insect familiar on account of its nearly globular, paper nests rather commonly seen hanging from the eaves of buildings or the branches of trees. This European species is even larger and unlike its American relative, commonly nests within cavities in trees, in confined places in buildings, as between rafters, and underground. The nests in trees may consist of a series of combs occupying the entire cavity, entrance to which is usually NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 95 "gained through a small opening. The underground nests are entered by a broad gallery, which turning slightly at its extremity, ipa eg to the lower portion of the nest. The nest itself or “paper ’ is considerably darker than that of our white-faced hornet. This European insect commonly gnaws the bark from living twigs and small limbs and in this way may cause an appreciable amount of injury to ornamentals, whereas our native hornet is con- tent to levy for its paper-making material upon exposed wood _ surfaces, such as old stumps, rail fences and the like. Odontocynips nebulosa Kieff. Specimens of this gall on oak _ were received under date of January 3, 1922 from J. M. DelCurto of the state department of agriculture, Austin, Texas. The mass _ was a very irregular one with a length of about 10 cm and a _ diameter of approximately 6 cm, and composed of numerous fused cells or individual galls, each with a diameter of 1 cm or less. =. 3 eo Se A considerable part of the mass consists of older, blackened tissue with numerous exit holes from which the insects presumably escaped last year. There is a smaller part, dark brown, approaching the blackened color of the older mass and containing fully feuet oped gall wasps evidently due to escape next spring. There is in addition a smaller reddish brown mass with small cells containing eggs or very small larvae. A section through one _ shows that all the tissue is decidedly softer than in the older galls and moreover the central part is nearly filled with a whitish, cheesy, nutritive material easily distinguished from the surrounding pro- tective woody part. The gall evidently develops to nearly full size _ before the larvae feed to any extent. The above conditions suggest a two-year life cycle, though there may be fall and spring broods and an annual life cycle. The above is supplementary to and confirmatory of the account pyle Ee Weld '(U)'S. ‘Nat. Mus: Proe.,'59: 210-11, 192T). Cotton moth (Alabama argillacea Hubn.). Northern flights of this insect were noted in early October 1919, the insect being specifically reported from Lockport, Rochester, Schenectady and Albany. They were somewhat abundant in the last two cities, the moths being numerous in show windows and in Schenectady at least fairly festooning the upper portions of electric light poles. They were also noted at Malden, Mass., October 3d and reported by R. W. Braucher as quite common October gth, and the preced- ing 3 days at Lincoln, III. Moths appeared again in 1921 and were observed in small num- bers at Silver Creek September 13th, Sandusky, Ohio, September 96 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 15th and at Albany September 23d and 25th. Under date of Sep- tember 12th, a specimen was received from Henry W. Bell of Utica accompanied by the statement that it was one of several millions which had been in Utica the preceding 5 or 6 days. Anthrenus verbasci Linn., a 17-year breeding record. April 4, 1902, two ears of popcorn, infested by this insect, were received and placed in a two-quart Mason jar and the latter kept tightly closed with no moisture aside from that in the somewhat dried corn. Breeding has continued uninterrupted for a period of 17 years, namely to April 4, 1919, at which time a living larva was found and there are presumably others alive, though on June 26, 1918, rather close search failed to disclose anything living. In the spring of 1909 (Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:193) the bottom of the jar was nearly covered with fine, white, globose particles, apparently starch grains, fallen from the eaten kernels of corn, and there was a thick mass of brown larval skins and other debris. Conditions were practically the same in the spring of 1912 (Econ. Ent. Jour., 5:297) except that there was more debris. There then remained much uneaten corn and the same is true at the present date, March 28, 1919, except that breeding appears to be reduced to a minimum, though not from any scarcity of food. There would seem to be no reason why breeding may not continue under these conditions for a considerable series of years unless the strain has become depleted through continued inbreeding. Those interested in the ability of Dermestidae to adapt them- selves to untoward conditions are referred to the very interesting account by J. E. Wodsedalek (Science 46:366-67, 1917) in which he records the curious results following 5 years of starvation of larvae of Trogoderma tarsale, which resulted in a gradual decrease in the size of the larvae, the size shrinking even to the hatching length, and increasing with the scarcity and abun- dance of food respectively. Says blister beetle (Pomphopoea sayi Lec.). This large, strikingly colored blister beetle appears to have attracted con- siderable notice in recent years. This may be due in part to the closer attention now being paid to insects and partly to increased abundance. Last summer Prof. C. R. Crosby, of Cornell Uni- versity, called our attention to the apparent biennial appearance of the insect and later submitted data showing the receipt at that insti- tution of a considerable number of reports concerning this beetle in 1917 and even more in 1919. He adds that no records were ee ee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 97 kept prior to 1917. It is well known that most complaints of this insect are based upon swarms of the beetles feeding upon the blos- -soms and foliage of various trees and consequently the above records doubtless indicate swarms in different localities in the _ State. Reference to the published records of the State Museum indi- cates reports in 1900, 1909, IQII, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1917, and 1919, the insect apparently, judging from reports, being most abundant in I911 and 1914. It will be noted that there is at least a sugges- tion of biennial periodicity though this is not strictly true for the 20 years covered. The developments of 1917 and 1919 led Pro- fessor Crosby to suggest that this blister beetle might have a two- year life cycle. Granting that this latter is the case, one would hardly expect a marked biennial appearance owing to the fact that this blister beetle has a variety of food plants and could therefore easily escape observation, and moreover it is doubtless influenced to some extent by climatic conditions and the available food supply. The above records must be considered suggestive at least. American holly leaf miner (Phytomyza ilicicola Loew). Specimens of the work of this insect were forwarded for identification under date of April 29, 1921 by C. H. Zimmer, Lyn- brook, accompanied by the statement that a small percentage of the leaves were affected on the estate of Victor Morowietz near Syossett, L. I. An examination of the affected leaves shows the upper surface to be badly scarred by the mines of this insect, the under surface being practically undamaged. The mines contained numerous puparia, some alive, and it is evident that adults are likely to emerge in the near future. The eggs are laid in all probability on the underside of the leaves and the young maggots work in the foliage through most of the season and perhaps winter in this condition, the flies issuing the following spring. This latter is evidenced by the condition of the material noted above. The holly leaf miner appears to be a southern insect and state- ments at hand indicate considerably more damage in the vicinity of Philadelphia. It is quite possible that the injury noted above was the indirect outcome of the unusually early, warm season. Melander (N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 21:270, 1913) places this species as a variety of obscurella Fall. The insect was described by Loew. as P. ilicis (Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indig., p. 156, 1861), this being changed to ilicicola because the earlier 98 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 name was preoccupied. The type locality is the District of Columbia. It has also been recorded from Massachusetts, Oregon, California and Alaska. The species is probably closely related to Phyto- myza ilicis Kalt., a European species recorded as very abundant in certain English localities by Collinge and Gillanders, the latter illustrating the work and giving an outline of the life history after Collinge* (see pages 359-60 of his “ Forest Entomology ”’). Since holly leaves remain upon the trees for 2 years or more, the destruction of fallen leaves would have no effect upon the miner, because by the time they dropped most of the insects would have deserted the leaves. The most promising method of control- ling this miner would be to spray with a tobacco soap solution, such as three-fourths of a pint of black leaf 40 to 100 gallons of water to which should be added 6 to 8 pounds of any cheap soap to serve as a spreader. Make the first application the last of May or very early in June and then watch the trees; if there are signs of small mines in the new foliage in late June or July repeat the spraying. This latter treatment will presumably be more effective if given after the insects have commenced their mining operations and the injury is therefore relatively inconspicuous. Leucopomyia pulvinariae Mall. A considerable series of these little flies kindly identified by the describer were reared from the cottony maple scale. Pulvinaria vitis Linn. on Crataegus collected July 6, 1916 at Shushan, by Frank Dobbin. The fly larvae evidently prey upon this scale insect. The fly itself is only about three-sixteenths of an inch long, mostly a light bluish gray and with red eyes. This is the only occasion the species has been brought to our notice, though there is a possibility that it is a more efficient enemy than available data would seem to indicate. Mr Malloch states that he has had one specimen for a long time, pire from Illinois. Asteia beata Aldr. A specimen of this drosophilid was taken at Wells, N. Y., July 14, 1921, by D. B. Young. This is a new record for the Adirondacks and apparently only the second for the species, since the one female type was taken at Chester, Mass., August 6, 1914 by C. W. Johnson. The Wells specimen was cap- tured upon the blossoms of spreading dogbane, Apocynum andromaesifolium. Nothing appears to be known con- * Third Report on the Injurious Insects and Other Animals observed in the Midland Counties during 1905, p. 41-42, 1 | | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM OY ¥ cerning the life history of this insect. The original description _ appears in Psyche, 22:95, 1915. Chrysanthemum midge (Diarthronomyia hypogaea FF. Lw.). Badly infested plants were received under date of Sep- _ tember 6, 1921 from L. F. Strickland, agent of the Department of Farms and Markets, Lockport. Mistletoe was the variety of chrys- anthemum affected and the probabilities favored serious injury. It also came to hand October 21st from J. James de Vyver, Oneonta, accompanied by the statement that it had appeared recently in a local greenhouse. This pest was very abundant last year in an Albany greenhouse. This, in connection with its known occurrence here and there from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, indicates a wide and probably more general distribution than has-been sus- pected. It is undoubtedly carried by shipment of infested plants. It multiplies freely under greenhouse conditions upon certain species of chrysanthemums and may cause very serious, if not total loss in certain varieties. This midge occurs or breeds in Chrys- anthemum leucanthemum, C. corym bosum, C. atratum, C. japonicumand C. myconis in Europe, the first named at least being deformed as seriously as the cultivated chrysanthemum in this country. Most cultivated chrysanthemums appear to be susceptible, and owing to the apparently local habits of the midges, the infestation is apt to be very uneven. Observations! in Ottawa, Canada, indicate that the following varieties are freely attacked: Chrysolora, Naomah, Radoelii, Ramapo, Hortus Tulsoms, Mrs Clay Frick, December Gem, Madam G. Rivol, Dr Enguehardt, Anna, Pacific Supreme, Early Snow, Elberon, Ursula Griswold, Aesthetic and Etherington. The Blended varieties of Chrysanthemum indicum and C. morifolium, such as Bob Pulling, Gertrude Peers, Daily Mail, Oconta, Mrs. G. C. Kelly, Wood Mason, F. T. Quilleton, and E. T. Quittington were fairly free from injury. In Victoria, B. C., greenhouses: Smith’s Advance, Halliday, Ivory, Polepheum, Chrysolora, Bonnafon, Wm. Turner, Western King, Mrs Thompson, Englehart and various Pompons were infested, Smith’s Advance, Ivory, Bonnafon, Wm. Turner, Western King and Englehart being practically ruined. The damage is caused by a small reddish midge about one- fifteenth of an inch long, which deposits its eggs? ranging in num- 47917 Gibson, A., Ent. Soc. Ont. 47th Rep’t 1916, p. 118-20. ? Guyton, T. L., Econ. Ent. Jour., 12:162-64. 1919. 100 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I921 ber from 80 to 150 upon the young growing parts of the host plant, the life cycle being completed in 40 to 50 days in greenhouses at a temperature of 70° F. The subsequent infestation may be so Bigs Thirausa pauatice Rubs., ovipositor greatly enlarged, the tip more enlarged (original). severe in young plants 3 to 5 inches high as to result in greatly enlarged, irregularly swollen stems (these sometimes being twice their normal diameter), deformed rudiments of leaves caused by an arrested development, and a failure to produce blossoms, the infested plants making an ill-shaped head. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM IOI : _ A less serious infestation, especially if this occurs after the plants have secured a good start, may result in a few comparatively insigni- ficant swellings or galls on the stems or leaves and more or less deformation of the flowers. One of the easiest methods of detect- _ ing the young inconspicuous galls is to allow the leaf to slip through loosely closed fingers, a process which will readily disclose the presence of slight swellings. The small developing galls appear as slight nodular elevations with darker centers protected to some extent by an unusually abundant mass of short, white hairs, while the fully developed galls have ‘comparatively few of these short hairs and the discolored apical portion makes them relatively - conspicuous. It is by all means advisable to avoid the introduction of infested plants, hence the directions for the recognition of a slight infesta- tion. It is much easier to keep the pest from establishing itself than to control an infestation. Badly affected plants should be removed and destroyed, particu- larly if the stems are seriously deformed, since the chances are decidedly against the production of satisfactory blossoms. A few galls on the leaves or scattering ones on the stems would probably not affect the vitality of the plants to any great extent. Systematic fumigation with burning tobacco paper or spraying with black leaf 40, 1 to 500, and fish oil soap at 3 or 4-day intervals, preferably toward midnight, since 95 per cent of the flies emerge after mid- night, has given very satisfactory results provided the treatment is continued until the insect is practically eliminated. Additional. details concerning this insect are given in the 31st Report (for 1916) of this office, State Museum Bulletin 186, p. 51-55, 1917. Cypress twig gall (Thecodiplosis ananassi Riley). _ This rather common gall midge usually produces a somewhat fusi- af” ss form enlargement of the twig, frequently with a length of 1.25 cm. Specimens received from Prof. W. E. Hinds, Auburn, Ala., October 25, 1921 show an aborted type not unusual among gall midges. In this particular instance, the gall appeared as a budlike enlargement on one side of a small twig about 2 mm in diameter. A section of the gall, the latter with its major diameter less than that of the twig, revealed the orange-red larvae associated with this species and inhabiting a small central cavity surrounded by light cellular tissue as in the case of the larger and more typical deformation. This condition is presumably the result of a very sparse infestation, 1Q2 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 192i possibly the work of a nearly spent female or it may be due to an unusually late infestation. Oak pill gall (Cincticornia pilulae Walsh). Scarlet oak leaves bearing from two to eight good-sized galls of this species were submitted for examination under date of October 25, 1920, by Robert D. McCarter, 50 Church st., New York, accompanied by the statement that practically all the leaves on a very fine oak tree at Rye were affected in this manner. Fig. 2 Dichrona gallarum Rubs., fifth antennal segment of male (left) and female (right), greatly enlarged (original). Examination of these galls showed from three to five or six large reddish orange larvae in a central, irregular cavity. Most of the interior had been destroyed and the outer walls were more or less granular and cracked. It is evident that the galls are in a condi- tion to disintegrate readily with the coming of warm weather in the spring. It is comparatively easy to reduce a severe local infesta- tion by raking and burning the fallen leaves, specially if this be done in the autumn. Elm bud gall (Dasyneura ulmea Felt). This species was first reared May 7, 1886 from aborted elm buds evidently taken in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., by Mr Pergande. Apparently the same gall was collected at Jamaica Plain, Mass., by J. G. Jack. The gall is somewhat common in the vicinity of Albany. The NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 103 insect seems to be local in habit, since clusters of slippery elm sprouts are very likely to have a considerable proportion of the buds blasted by the work of this midge. The infested buds expand to a varying degree, the green leaves just pushing out of the dark- brown bud scales in some cases, and in many others the young leaves form an irregular, somewhat flattened mass of aborted leaves with a diameter of nearly one-half of an inch or thereabouts. Many of the buds affected in this manner fail to develop any leaves and eventually dry up and remain upon the twigs for some months. In a few instances leaves may develop successfully from closely adja- cent buds. The very few midge larvae observed in these deformities in New York led to some questioning as to the true gall producer. It was therefore with more than usual interest that an examination was made June '18, 1921 of a number of galls provisionally identified as those of this species and just at hand from Prof. F. A. Fenton, Ames, Iowa. This disclosed in the larger galls, numerous minute midge larvae here and there in cavities formed by partly developed, greatly aborted leaves. The larvae were upon the active green Fig. 3 Xylodiplosis aestivalis Kieff., side view of abdomen showing portion of the extremely long ovipositor within, greatly enlarged (original). tissues and were sufficiently abundant in our opinion, to account for the deformation observed. This applied to the larger type of gall with a diameter of about three-quarters of an inch. There were also on these slippery elm shoots a few blasted, partly dried galls at the base of well-developed leaves. These latter had a diameter of approximately one-quarter of an inch and an examination showed five or more small larvae on the somewhat limited green tissues near the base of the swollen bud while the apical half was mostly brown. It appeared as though the infestation in the case of these smaller galls had been so severe as to almost blast the development of all leaves and make impossible anything but a very rudimentary growth. ICA REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 19g21 Colpodia trifolii Felt. A series of males and females of this j species was received from P. R. Lowry, April 8, 1921, all labelled — as having been reared from wheat stubble in Hessian fly cages at Sandusky, Ohio, September 12-18, 1920. There were no data to suggest the part of the stubble infested by this gall midge. A related species, C. sanguinia Felt, was received in 1915 from Dr J. M. Aldrich accompanied by the statement that the insect was reared from an almost pure blue grass turf. Another species, C. pratensis Felt, was taken under such conditions as to suggest a host relationship with Kentucky blue grass. The midges referable to the genus Colpodia are remarkable for their very narrow wings. They presumably represent an extreme type of specialization and as two other American species, C. pectinata Felt and C. temeritatis Felt. have been reared from galls on linden and ash respectively under conditions suggest- ing an inquiline relation, it is quite possible that the various species do not produce galls but subsist upon the distorted tissues resulting from the activities of other gall insects or they may find at the base of the roots of certain grasses approximately similar condi- tions. This latter may be the reason why midges of this genus have been obtained from grassy areas. Panorpa? rufescens Ramb. A larva approximately three- quarters grown and presumably referable to this species was found in the environs of Albany July 27, 1921 within a fine specimen of the fungus, Sebacinaincrustans (Pers.) Tul. The larva had probably entered the fungus in search of animal food, since it appears to be predaceous. It is quite possible that it was in a bur- row excavated by some other insect, though there was no evidence of other invaders. Adult specimens of Panorpa were said to be somewhat common in the area where this larva was found. Periodical cicada (Tibicen septendecim Linn.). The brood of this most interesting insect which appeared in 1919 is the largest which occurs in the United States though it is restricted to a very limited portion of New York State. Early records show that there were large swarms in Queens and Suffolk counties in 1902 and that it was observed that year at Wan- tagh, Nassau county, and also in Richmond and Kings counties, thus confirming earlier records. A circular letter was given to the press at about the time the insects were due to appear and the following is a summary of the information received. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 105 William T. Davis of New Brighton, Staten Island, well known because of his enthusiastic love for nature, states that this insect appears to have been limited to that part of Long Island extending from Central Park and Farmingdale south to Massapequa and east to Mastic. He states that there were countless numbers of small, dead branches in the areas between Farmingdale and Massapequa and rightly concludes that the cicadas were extremely abundant. He states that there were a great many eggs or attempts to lay eggs in Baptisia and that as in previous years there was a marked restric- tion to colonies or groups. There was one thickly infested area east of Massapequa along the railroad track and another about 2 miles north. In both the insects occurred in countless numbers. He further states that Charles P. Benedict of Staten Island heard several periodical cicadas singing about his house on the Manor road. He adds that in 1902 several of the insects were taken at West New Brighton not far from where Mr Benedict resides. H. Schmucker of Islip, under date of June 3d, reported that he had seen great numbers of the periodical cicadas in the shrubs about a mile north of his home. Prof. C. R. Crosby of Cornell University informed us July 24th that he had seen a jetue cicada colony west of Farmingdale. The earlier Columbia county record is based on a report in the Saugerties Telegraph of June 26, 1902, to the effect that the insect was reported at Claverack. A special effort was made to locate individuals the past season and as no results were secured the infestation must be very sparse if existent. It was found impossible to secure any confirmation of the occur- rence of this brood in the western portion of the State, namely in Monroe, Niagara and Ontario counties, and if colonies occurred in these sections they must have become greatly reduced. Bat bug (Cimex pilosellus Horv.). There are several bugs very closely resembling the widespread and sometimes common bed bug of dwellings, Cimex lectularius Linn., which are occasionally found in buildings. An exceptionally interesting case of this kind came to our atten- tion early in June 1921, at which time evidence of the previous abundant presence of C. pilosellus were noted in a bat-fre- quented attic of a brick building at Rensselaerville, N. Y. The bats, we were informed, had been destroyed previously by fumigating with burning sulphur and several pailsful of their bodies were removed. The bugs or their remains were extremely numerous in 106 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 the portion of the attic frequented by the bats and pieces of mortar and boards were thickly spotted with dead bugs or the cast skins of the insects. This condition was the result of a liberal use of kerosene oil and corrosive sublimate prior to our examination. It is difficult for anyone but an expert to distinguish between this bat bug and our common bed bug. Tihe bat insect, however, is more hairy or pubescent, with the surface rather coarsely punctured and the abdomen narrower than in the common bed bug or the barn swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horv. This last named is somewhat common in and about the nests of barn or chimney swallows and when the birds nest in chimneys an occasional invader enters sleeping quarters to the great perturbation of the house- keeper. Ordinarily the bugs living at the expense of bats and swallows are not troublesome in dwellings. They are very likely to disappear when their normal hosts are obliged to seek shelter elsewhere. Azalea bark scale (Eriococcus azaleae Comst.). Azalea twigs somewhate badly infested wit hthis insect were received under date of April 19, 1920, from John Dunbar, assistant super- intendent of parks, Rochester, accompanied by the statement that this scale insect was quite troublesome to azaleas in the green- houses and seemed to multiply very rapidly under cool conditions, this being a striking contrast to the behavior of the common mealy bug of the greenhouse. He also adds that it is extremely difficult to control this scale insect with any kind of a spray. It did not prove troublesome when the plants were plunged out in the sum- mertime. , An examination of the material showed full-grown females and recently hatched young. The probabilities are that this species breeds more or less continuously under greenhouse conditions. Records available indicate that this may be a native species which ordinarily lives in the open, since Professor Comstock has reported this species as occurring commonly upon wild azalea, Azalea nudiflora, in Coy Glen, near Ithaca, and far from any culti- vated plant. This species has also been recorded upon greenhouse azaleas at the Michigan State Agricultural College. The probabilities are that this insect can be most effectively treated in greenhouses by fumigating with hydrocyanic gas at two- week intervals, the repeated treatments being designed to catch all the insects while young and therefore particularly susceptible and also to insure thoroughness. Mr Dunbar states that this scale was NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 107 controlled by laying the plants down on a board surface outside 4 the greenhouse and literally washing off the insects with a forceable _ stream of water. ___ Japanese spotted camel cricket (Diestrammena japon- ica Blatchl.). This interesting species was found in New York State for the first time in 1916, when it occurred in large numbers in the cellar of a Buffalo greenhouse. A few specimens were received October 24, 1921 from Henry W. Thorne, Johnstown, accompanied by the statement that it occurred in several cellars in his vicinity. This latest record would indicate that the insect _ is becoming somewhat widely distributed in the country, presumably through shipment of greenhouse plants, especially as it has been recorded previously from Massachusetts, Ohio, Illinois, Rhode Island, Wisconsin and Canadian greenhouses. This camel cricket has a body length of about one-half of an inch, while the distance from the tip of the slender antennae to the extremity of the extended hind leg is 2% to 3 inches. It was earlier identified as D. marmorata Haan. but has since been referred to the above-mentioned species. A brief account of this insect is given in the 32d Report of this office (N. Y. State Museum Bulletin 198, page 88). Camel crickets are nocturnal in habit and in nature are usually found under logs and stones, along streams or in moist woodlands. Occasionally they occur in cellars. They are recorded as having nearly omnivorous habits, readily eating meat, fruit and vegetables. There is little probability of appreciable injury following an infesta- tion by this insect. 108 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST The following is a list of the principal publications of the Ento- mologist. The titles*, time of publication and a summary of the contents of each are given. Volume and page numbers are sepa- rated by a colon. New Philippine gall midges with a key to the Itonididae. Philip- pine Jour. Sci., 13 :281-325, pl. 1, 1918 The following new genera and species are characterized: Luzono- myia n. g, -L. symphoremae type, Diceromyia"n §, DD vernoniae type, Kronodiplosis n. g, K. uichancoi type, Kamptodiplosis n. g, K. reducta type, Heliodiplosis n, g, H. spatholobi type, and the following mew species described: Asphondylia vitea, A. callicarpae, Schizomyia acaly- phae, S. diplodisci, Lasioptera manilensis, Profelti- ella orientalis, Tricontarinia luzone€nsis,” my peeud plosis banksi and H. relicta. There is also a key to the subfamilies, tribes and genera of the gall midges of the world. Key to American Insect Galls, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 200, p. 1-310, figs. 250, pl. 16, 1918 Contents PAGE Dri O CU CHON », i. nents « woin sa © 2's yemivim 5 4 etmuege hcbibile pisiaisy « hieteie emuels oneal ee 5 ee rats Delete as satis SS OE ok eae ee OEE eid etre cts oe ee 15 Bibliography, fei. ew 2 Shoei Std AVES ER ee eae 232 Explanation, OF s plates, ojcjc6.¢.enyoprs, oie pias cfes feiwtato ye clslier ete ieee eal eee 243 Wand ex ae ac cake creel Oe eis eee Caterers teva Sitter eres eines Ae ete Sr 275 Thirty-third Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 202, Oct. I, 1917, 1918. p. 1-240, text fig. 82, pl. 12. Contents PAGE Unto dMetion) % (wie leis Ree eS aw ois o's Ricks SA ete ee ae eee 7 DG UstOS: TESRCES. cae i fnew 56 yo avai ois!s 0 in, Bi co when. neh aie hale coe pee 17 Codling moth Kise cick wis ch ce pc siaveeeneese chk t co Cte a7 Apple and thorn aieiatinied: sida Gia saiGle. SRO. biel lei allele aCe ee 33 Potato. aphis: orsniwh sekinc.> wale seins hee etleeninG ot ack e ee 30 Wotes for’ the yearvov. cc. ce sch oe teens hc cdc ublsi.s s.¥e 5 see enn 43 Pruit tree WSeCts ge eee) oe oles SROs VE wees 44 Small fruit aMSects,. - haere « cscs Qotieiie Serie ES oer eee 49 Grass and Sain’ Pests) vay. ce aN bce syce wisi wieieis aie clas SR neem 50 Garden insects). Mie Bae sicker 57 Gall. InSECts) &y site dis csteloes o's «eed Biclenubhiahiek oe eee 63 Publications ofsthe Bntomoloeist.... 22.5. se cees le ce oe eereel eee 66 Additions ‘to collections Aes. ccc: ook aki clas eet cicieeanic sists ie te eee 60 Appendix: A. Study of (Gall Midggs VI ods bose eeen seco ue 76 Explanation tor platesiee.cpiciis cs.~ + s’sla.swiela ee wes eiciele lets cienicieln ose een 207 Tirndiesc Sey RA. 5 TAT MI i sn OTe RS Ee ate See 231 * Titles are given as published, in some instances articles appearing in a number of papers have been given different titles by the various editors. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 109 ; a | European Corn Borer, Knickerbocker Press, Feb. 12, 1919, p. 12. Brief general notice and an appeal for cooperation. New Corn Pest in New York. Circular letter issued Feb. 20, 1919. ; A reqtiest, accompanied by directions, for cooperation in detecting the occurrence of this pest. ) a European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) Econ. Ent. Jour.) 123124) 1919 A note recording the occurrence and winter characteristics of this pest. European Corn Borer. Cornell Extension Bull. 31, 1919, p. 35-42 | Brief, popular, illustrated account of Pyrausta nubilalis MHubn. Insect Pests and the Fruit Grower. N. Y. State Fruit Grower, April 1919, p. 6 General discussion of fruit tree insects and methods of controlling them. Insect Galls and Gall Insects, Ottawa Naturalist, 32:127-31, 1919 A general popular discussion of insect galls and their makers. European Corn Borer. N. Y. State Hort. Soc. Proc. First Annual Meeting, p. 216-18, 1919 Record of occurrence in New York with a discussion of its importance as a pest and a suggestion regarding the policy of the state in relation thereto. The European Corn Borer. Cornell Countryman, 16:176—-78, 194, 196, 1919 A general discussion of the problem from a national standpoint. Alternation of Generations. Guide to Nature, 12:13, 1919 A brief summary of alternation of generations among gall wasps with references to other insects and alternation of food plants among plant lice. How the Corn Borer Is Exterminated. State Service, v. 3, no. 6, Pp. 42-44, 1919 A discussion of the problem and of the methods adopted. Army worm (Heliophila unipuncta Haw.) Econ, Ent. Jour., 12:272-73, 1919 Record of larvae hibernating at Saratoga. Anthrenus verbasci Linn. a Seventeen-year Breeding Records) Econ. Ent) jours, a2c27a 1918 Records continual breeding for 17 years by this species in unusually dry popcorn kept in a tight jar. European Corn Borer, Univ. of the State of N. Y. Bulletin to the Schools, v. 5, no. 16, June I, 1919 _ Warning placard illustrated by four colored plates, and summarizing the life history and habits of Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. 110 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 Five Non-gall-making Midges. Ent. News, 30:219-23, 1919 The genus Hormosomyia is erected and the following new species are described: Prionellus eremi, Hormosomyia oregonensis, Porricondyla consobrina, P. fultonens1s nd eo beats colei. New Philippine Gall Midges, Philippine Jour. Sci., 14:287-94, 1919 The following new species are described: Ctenodactylomyia antidesmae, Liasioptera falcata, Asphondylia griew- iae, Contarinia saltata, Bremia macrofilum, Arthrocnodax coprae, Itonida paederiae and Ceci- domyia philippenensis. European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. Econ. Ent. Jour. 12:408, 1919 But one generation occurred in New York. An infestation at North Collins, Erie county, is recorded. The Plant Galls Collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913- 18. Rep’t of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, v. 3, Insects, p. 37g—-38g, 1919 Notes and comments upon a number of Salix galls, insects and mites. Typical galls of Phytophaga rigidae O. S. were found in the collection. The Life History of the European Corn Borer and a Summary of the Possibilities of Exterminating the Pest in New York State. Proceedings of the Conference on the European Corn Borer held by the National Commissioners of Agriculture with State Entomologists and Representatives of the United States Department of Agriculture. State of N. Y. Dep't Farms and Markets, Div. Agr., Bul. 123, p. 20-27, 1919 A general discussion of the life history and habits of Pyrausta nubilalis, urging that no reasonable prospect of control or extermina- tion be left untested. The European Corn Borer Problem. Econ. Ent. Jour., 13:59-73, 1920 A general summary and discussion relating to control of Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. New Gall Midges or Itonididae from the Adirondacks. N, Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 27:277-92, 1920 A number of new Adirondack records are given and the following new genera and _ species. described: Tritozyga borealis, Koni- somyia borealis, Neptunimyia flavida, Neocatocha sylvana, Joannisia borealis, Campylomyza monti- cola, Parwinnertzia, ng, P. notmani, Didactylomyia robusta, Porricondyla johnsoni, P. bidentata, P. spini- gera, P. tumidosa, Asynapta borealis, A. dolens, Camp- tomyia antennata, C. dentata, C. pectinata, Holoneu- rus inflata, Dicrodiplosis insolens,:Bremia,syl= NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Linea vestris, Lobodiplosis borealis, Mycodiplosis inter- media, M. lenis, Hyperdiplosis insolens and Lesto- diplosis satiata. Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants. Garden Magazine, 31 :182-85, May 1920 Brief popular accounts of the iris borer, stalk borer, rose beetle, rose scale, box leaf midge, pitted ambrosia beetle, arbor vitae leaf miner, juniper scale, European pine shoot moth, spruce gall aphid, spruce bud scale, pine bark aphid, chrysanthemum midge and some of the general pests of ornamentals. Entomology, American Year Book, 1919, p. 679, 681, 1920 A brief résumé of the more important contributions in systematic entomology. Corn Borers and Grass Insects. Univ. of the State of N. Y., State Dep’t of Education, State Museum, p. 1-7, 1920 (issued June 29). Brief descriptive account of grass webworms, Crambus luteolellus Clem., lined corn borer, Hadena fractilinea Grote, stalk borer, Papaipema nitela Guen., corn ear worm, Heliothis obsoleta Fabr. and European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. New Indian Gall Midges. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ert. Ser. VII, no. I, p. I-II The following genera and _ species are described as _ new: Raodiplosis, type, R. orientalis, Horidiplosis, Type H. fici and the following species: Asphondylia lantanae, A. phyllanthi, Schizomyia assamensis, Contarinia cau- data, Mycodiplosis indica, Diadiplosis indica, Raodi- plosis orientalis, Orseoliella apludae, Itonida penni- seti, and Cecidomyia penniseti. European Corn Borer, A Call for General Control (in collaboration with G. G. Atwood) Dep’t Farms and Markets, Div. Agr. Circ. 199, p. I-2, pls. 2, 1920 (issued Nov. 19) A brief summation of injuries, habits and the repressive measures advised for Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. Four New African Gall Midges. Natal Museum, Annals, v. 4, p. 2, p. 491-96 Xenhormomyia was erected and X. africana and X. natalensis described. Another new genus Heterobremia and two species, H. furcata and H. agilis were also described. Insects and the State. N. Y. State Museum Bul. 219, 220, p. 227- 31, 1920 A brief discussion of the numbers and importance of insects in relation to the development of the state collections. Later Developments in the European Corn Borer Situation. Ent. Soc. of Ontario, 50th Rep’t, for 1919, p. IIO-II, 1920 Summary of conditions prevailing at the end of 1919 in relation to Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. 412 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 New Philippine Gall Midges. Philippine Jour. Sci., 17 :231-234, August 1920 The following new species are described: Scheueria schef- flerae, Lasioptera panicula, Toxomyia brirdeliaenann Mycodiplosis spondiasi. European Corn Borer in New York State. Econ. Ent. Jour., 14: 85-88, 1921 ) A summary discussion of Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. work in the new York areas in 1920. White Grubs and Corn. Nassau Courier, Mar. 8, 1921 Brief outline of injuries, probabilities and preventive measures. European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis. Ore. State Bd. Hort., 16th Biennial Rep’t, p. 113-14, 1921 Brief general summary of distribution and the economic status of Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. New Species of Reared Gall Midges. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 29: I15-18, 1921 The following species are described: Rhopalomyia sabinae, R. weldi, Walshomyia insignis and Winnertzia fungi- Go var. Three new Subtropical Gall Midges. Ent. News, 22:141-43, 1921 The genus Alexomyia was erected with A. ciliata as type and the following new species described: Porricondyla pennulae and Phytophaga floridensis. Indian Grass Gall Midges. Mem. Dep’t Agric., India, Pusa, Ent. Ser. VII, no. 3, p. 15-22, 1921 The following species are described: Dyodiplosis indica on Andropogon schoenanthus, D. monticola on Androp. monticola, D. yplumosa on. Androp.. anniulatimsemane Iseilema laxum and Orseoliella graminis on) Amdnop. squarrosus. There is also a key to the Indian species of Dyodiplosis. Observations on Johnsonomyia Felt with a Description of a New Species. Canadian Ent., 53:96, 1921 ‘ A résumé of the distribution of the genus and a description 6b John- sonomyia alexanderi n. sp. Adaptations among Insects of Field and Forest. Scientific Monthly, 13 :165-70, 1921 A general discussion of the onaelene of the insect world with special reference to adaptation. Lasioptera apocyni Felt. Canadian Ent., 53:148-49, 1921 The above midge, reared from dogbane stems, Apocynum andros- aemifolium, is described. The Number of Antennal Segments in Gall Midges and a New Species. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Bul., 16:93-95, 1921 A brief discussion of the number of antennal segments in the Itonididae and a description of Lasioptera howardi. on gees Tae ee NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM T13 Methods for Combating the Corn Borer. Canning Age, Dec. 1921, Pp. 25-27 Summary discussion of conditions in New York State with special refer- ence to quarantine and control measures. Javanese Gall Midges. Treubia, 1 :139-151, 1921 The following new species are described: Dasyneura elatostem- mae on Elatostemma sp, Stefaniella falcaria on mwarcemnia Officinalis, Stefaniella orientalis on Lepi- dagathis javanica, Schizomyia laporteae on Laportea stimulans, Schizomyia nodosa on Moschosma poly- stachum, Schizomyia villebrunneae on Villebrunnea rubescens, Asphondylia leeae on Leea sambucina, Asphondylia litseae on Litsea sp. and Asphondylia stro- bilanthi on Strobilanthus cernuus. Notes are also given on the following species: Lasioptera javanica, L. manilensis, Asphondylia callicarpae and Procontarinia matteiana. A new Javanese gall midge, Treubia, 1 :270-71, 1921 Trishormomyia pandani reared from Pandanus nitidus is described as a new species. European Corn Borer Situation. N. Y. State Hort. Soc. Proc. 66th Meeting, p. 68, 1921 Brief general summary of Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn. conditions for 1921. White Pine Weevil and Reforestration. The Conservationist (Albany, N. Y.). 4:189-90, 1921 Summary discussion of control methods for Pissodes strobi Peck. A new Diadiplosis. Zoologica (N. Y.), 3:225-26, 1921 Diadiplosis pseudococci_ preying on mealy bugs, Pseu- dococcus bromeliae, in British Guiana is described. New Javanese Gall Midges, Treubia, 2:89-92, 1924 The genus Thorodiplosis is erected, type T. impatientis n. sp., reared from impatiens and the following additional new species described: Orseoliella orientalis on Oplismenus compositus, Parallelodiplosis javanica on Panicum indicum and Parallelodiplosis paspali on Paspulum scrobiculatum. 14 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST [1921 ADDITIONS TO COLLECTIONS The foilowing are the more important additions to the collections: DONATION. Hymenoptera, 1919 Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., elm leaf miner, larvae on elm leaves, June 9, C. F. Curtis Riley, Syracuse. Same, work on elm, June 21, Lucy C. Allen, Wilton Aylax pisum Walsh, galls on Lygodesmia, September 22, C. N. Ainslie, Rugby, N. D Andricus coronus Beutm., gall on oak, April 17, H. Garman, Lexington, Ky. Andricus cornigerus O. S., gall, October 3, 1919, J. J. Davis, Riverton, N. J. Rhodites fulgens Gill., gall on Rosa gymnocarpa, May 16, J. S. Boyce, San Francisco, Cal. Coleoptera, 1919 Pomphopoea sayi Lec., Say’s blister beetle, adult on peach, June 5, G. G. Atwood, Onondaga county. Also received in June from Watkins, Buffalo, Rochester and South Byron Galerucella luteola Mull., elm leaf beetle, larvae and pupae on elm, July 14, E. T. Horton, Whitehall Plagiodera versicolora Laich., poplar and willow beetle, adults on willow, June 17, F. J. Seaver, New York Oberea bimaculata Oliv., raspberry cane borer, adults and work on Rasp- berry twigs, June 26, L. M. Allen, Saratoga Springs Aros gibbulus Lec., adults, November 13, F. J.’ A. Morris, Peter- orough, Popillia japonica New., Japanese beetle, adults, larvae and pupae. May 27, Je J. Davis, Riverton, i yal [3 Laemophloeus pusillus Schon., adult on corn, September 18, Sylvester F. Virkler, Castorland, through Agricultural Department, from shipment of corn from Argentina, Si As Diptera, 1919 Crane flies. A series of ten species, three represented by paratypes were received December 3, 1918 from C. P. Alexander, now of Amherst, Mass. Camptocladius, larva in human stomach, November 5, through State Depart- ment of Health, Johnstown Diarthronomyia artemisiae Felt, galls on artemisia, November 14, 1918, E. G. ae Yakima, Wash. Same, gall on sage, April 24, F. R. Cole, Pullman, Jash. ‘ Rhopalomyia alticola Ckll., galls on artemisia, November 14, 1918, E. G. Titus, Yakima, Wash. Hormomyia. crataegifolia Felt, thorn cockscomb gall, July 28, George S. Graves, Newport Obolodiplosis robiniae Hald., galls on Robinia, August 10, A. Cosens, Toronto, Ont. ?Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn., balsam midge, galls on white spruce, July 10, J. M. Swaine, Fort Coulonge, Quebec. ‘Same August 25, C. L. Shear, North Creek Cuterebra cuniculi Clark, rabbit bot fly, November 18, H. H. Johnson, Poughkeepsie A series of twenty-seven specimens belonging to seven genera and represent- ing fifteen species were received March 3; from M. C. VanDuzee, Buffalo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM I15 Lepidoptera, 1919 Laspeyresia molesta Busck, oriental peach moth, larvae and work on peach, June 27, T. F. Niles, White Plains Apantesis virgo Linn., harness moth, July 23, A. W. Palmer, Johnstown Hadena fractilinea Grote, lined corn borer, larvae on corn, June 2, F. H. Lacy, Poughkeepsie. Also received during the same month from Old Chatham, Skaneateles, Eagle Bridge, Glen and Argyle Macronoctua onusta Grote, Iris borer, larvae on iris, July 10, Mrs Charles Gannon, Ballston Lake Heliophila unipuncta Haw., army worm, young larva on corn, July 24, William J. Schreiber, Mechanicsville. Same caterpillars on corn, August 5, W. J. Hagar, Canajoharie. Same, August 7, J. Leonard, Feura Bush road. Same, August 18, W. K. Agne, Rome. Same, August 23, Harry C. Morse, Gloversville Papaipema nitela Guen., stalk borer, larvae on corn, June 20, G. W. Bush, Utica. Also received from Rome, Coxsackie, Mineola, Salem, Cambridge, Skaneateles, Schuylerville, East Quogue, Amenia, Mechanicville, Oriskany Falls, Mount McGregor, Fredonia, Charlotteville, Hudson Falls and Watkins Hadena dubitans Walk. caterpillar on corn, May 23, William Russell, Ballston Spa Chloridea obsoleta Fabr., corn ear worm, in corn June 5, T. B. Clausen, Schenectady. Also received in October from Akron, Jamestown, Buffalo, Clarence Center, Alden and South Byron Plathypena scabra Fab., green-striped clover worm, caterpillar on beans, August 5, Harry Cook, Albany Heterocampa guttivitta Walk., antlered maple caterpillar, larva on maple, July 25, T. J. Rupert, Jamestown Notolophus antiqua Linn., ancient tussock moth, eggs, March 21, G. W. Crawford, Ballston . Pyrausta ainsliei Heinr., larvae on smartweed, April 14, G. G. Ainslie, Knox- ville, Tenn. Same, on polygonum, May 20, W. P. Flint, Urbana, Ill.- Same, on corn, August 12, H. E. Gossard, Ravenna, Ohio, through Ohio Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Same, October 2, F. A. Fenton, Ames, Iowa Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn., European corn borer, larvae in corn, January 30, V. V. Osterhoudt, Scotia. Also received from Saratoga Springs, Ballston Lake and Esperance Evetria buoliana, European pine shoot moth, larvae, April 18, F. J. Seaver, Bronx Park Laspeyresia caryana Fitch, galls on pecan twigs, May 12, J. M. Del Curto, Austin, Texas Hemerophila pariana Clerck, apple and thorn skeletonizer, work on apple, December 11, 1918, J. R. De la Torre-Bueno, White Plains Sitotroga cerealella Oliv., angoumois grain moth, adult on corn, September 18, Sylvester F. Virkler, Castorland, through Agricultural Department, from shipment of corn from Argentina, S. A. Gnorimoschema tetradymiella Busck, gall on Tetradymia spinosa, July 10, A. O. Garrett, Castle Dale, Utah Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch, maple leaf cutter, larvae on maple, July 28, oe S. Graves, Newport. Same, work, September 17, Raymond C. Donnan, oricon Henuptera, 1919 Pachypsylla venusta O. S. and P. gemma Riley, hackberry galls, April 1, E. Bethel, Denver, Col. Chermes cooleyi Gill., gall on Colorado blue spruce, May 15, F. A. Bartlett, Stamford, Conn. ‘Same, galls on spruce, November 3, 1919, H. R. Hagan, Lehi, Utah Chermaphis pinifoliae Fitch, pine leaf aphid, adults and eggs on pine, July 23, M. L. Minor, St Huberts 116 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I92T Pemphigus imbricator Fitch, beech tree blight, affected leaves, September 15, John A. Losee, Richfield ‘Springs aaa cristicola Ckll., gall on Quercus emoryi, June, G. F. Ferris, Benson, riz Corythuca pallida Osb. & Drk., C. bulbosa Osb. & Drk., C. betulae Drk. para- type, C. elegans Drk., Leptostyla clitoriae Heid., Teleonemia belfragei Stal., Nezara viridula Linn., one bearing the eggs of a Tachinid fly, Trichopoda pennipes Fab. on the thorax. All from Professor Carl Jy. Drake, Syracuse Acarina, 919 Eriophyes rhoinus CkIl., mite gall on Rhus glabra cismontana, October, 1918, T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Col. (Desc. Science, Dec. 2, 1910, p. 796) ?Eriophyes ribis Nal., galls on gooseberry, June 19, S. B. Fracker, Madison, Wis. Hymenoptera, 1920 Vespa crabro Linn., European hornet, adult, August 21, 1920, Mrs Cora P. Flood, Highland Falls. Andricus oree O. S. horned oak gall, on Quercus imbricaria, June 2, 1920. O. Hollister, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio ae aes Pee Bass. Gall on Quercus, Sept. 22, 1920. E. Bethel, Denver, ol. Disholcaspis persimilis Ashm., Galls, April 10, 1920, J. M. Langston, Hattiesburg, Miss. ; Disholcaspis bassetti Gill., gall on Quercus imbricaria, June 2, 1920, W. O. Hollister, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Systole species, gall on Pleuraphis rigida, March 2, 1920, H. J. Quayle, River- side, Cal. foun petiolaridis Cosens, Gall on willow, December 8, 1919, Roy Latham, rient Coleoptera, 1920 Galerucella luteola Mull., elm leaf beetle, larvae and eggs on elm, July 1S: 1920, Edwin Styring, Whitehall Nodonota puncticollis Say, rose leaf beetle, adults on apple, June 19, 1920, F. L. Pelton, Potsdam Typophorus canellus Fab., strawberry root worm, adults on strawberry, June 21, 1920, S. Reynolds, Ballston Spa Phyllotreta pusilla Horn, western cabbage flea beetle, Brownwood, Texas, William A. Hoffman Mezium americanum Lapl., adult, October 15, 1920, Miss Goldring, ? Cadosia Agrilus viridis Linn., galls on Rosa rugosa, May 9, 1920, H. B. Weiss, New Brunswick, N. J. Adistemia watsoni Walleston, in box with mouldy beetles, December 1920, L. B. Woodruff, New York Byturus unicolor Say, raspberry Byturus, larvae on raspberry, July 17, 10920, M Kennedy, Coxsackie Craspedonotus tibialis Schaum., J. J. Davis, Riverton, N. J. introduced from Japan Coleoptera comprising 648 specimens representing 368 species new to the State collections were very generously donated by D. B. Young Diptera, 1920 Psila rosae Fab., carrot rust fly, larvae on carrots, January 14, 1920, S. B. Winans, Pine Plains Anthracophaga distichliae Mall., galls on Distichlis apicata, March 7, 1920, E. Bethel, San Diego, Cal. Oe i NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 117 Aplonyx sarcobati Felt, gall on Sarcobatus vermiculatus, June 26, 1920, A. O. Garrett, Manti, Utah Diarthronomyia hypogaea H. Lw., Chrysanthemum gall midge, on chrysanthe- mum, February 4, 1920, John Barlow, Kingston, R. I. Same, galls and adults on chrysanthemum, November 5, 1920, city greenhouses, Albany, through G. G. Atwood, Department Farms and Markets Rhopalomyia grossulariae Felt, galls on Ribes indecorum, Grosmont, Calif., E. Bethel, February 20, 1920 Rhopalomyia utahensis Felt, galls on Chrysothamnus, May 10, 1920, A. O. Garrett, Salt Lake City, Utah Rhopalomyia gutierreziae Felt, gall on Gutierrezia, June 26, 1920, A. O. Garrett, Manti, Utah Asphondylia chrysothamni Felt, galls on Chrysothamnus, September 15, 1920, E. Bethel, San Diego, Cal. Lepidoptera, 1920 Papilio troilus Linn., green clouded swallowtail, chrysalis, September 30, 1920, E. S. Miller, Wading River Hadena dubitans Walk., ? larvae on potato vines, June 28, 1920, G. W. Bush, Utica. Same, larvae on corn, June 18, 1920, G. H. Gunn, Aurora Chloridea obsoleta Fab., corn ear worm, November 10, 1919, H. G. Chapin, Watkins Sesia pyri Harris, pear borer, work on apple bark, August 5, 1920, Joseph H. Dodge, Rochester Crambus caliginosellus Clem., grass webworm, larvae on corn, June 21, 1920, James FE. Petta, Saratoga Springs Crambus luteolellus Clem., grass webworm, larvae on corn, July 8, 1920, G. W. Bush, Utica. Same, June 18, 1920, G. H. Gunn, Aurora. Same, injuring corn and soy beans, June II, 1920, James Pringle, Jamestown. Same, June 10, 1920, E. C. Weatherby, Auburn. Same, June 9, 1920, W. H. Bates, Hyndsville. Same, June 8, 1920, G. W. Bush, Utica. Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn., European corn borer, larva on corn, September 16, 1920, Alfred Morrison, North Collins. Same, larva, September 3, 1920, P. M. Eastman, Schenectady. Argyresthia thuiella Pack., Arbor vitae leaf miner, Arbor vitae, June 12, 1920, P. G. Taddiken, Ogdensburg Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb. Birch leaf skeletonizer, cocoons on birch, September 18, 1920, Mrs A. M. Harris, Schroon Lake Coleophora limosipennella Dup., European elm case bearer, on elm, June 9, ‘1920, Mrs James A. Glover, Garrison Tinea defectella Zell., reared from fungus, William A. Hoffman; Brownwood, Texas Hemiptera, 1920 Macrosiphum granaria Buck., grain aphis, aphid on oats, July 8, 1920, A. B. Buchholz, Hudson Phyllaphis coweni Ckll., galls on Manzenite (Arctostaphylos) September 22, 1920, E. Bethel, Denver, Col. Eriococcus azaleae Comst., Azalea bark scale, full grown females and young on azalea, April 19, 1920, John Dunbar, Rochester Lepidosaphes grandilobis Mask, on Banksia marginata, T. D. A. Cokerell, Victoria, Australia, received November 14, 1919 Chionaspis micropori Marlatt, T. D. A. Cockerell, China Acarina, 1920 etait cephalanthi Cook, galls on Cephalanthus, December 8, 1919, Roy Latham, Orient Eriophyes nyssae Trott., on black gum (Nyssa), December 8, 1919, Roy Latham, Orient 118 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I921 Hymenoptera, 1921 Cephus pygameus Linn., wheat saw-fly borer, larvae on wheat, June 28, J. F. Rose, South Byron Gmips Bineabele Kins., gall on oak, November 28, L. J. Childs, Santa Rose teas Rhodites gracilis Ashm. regal rose gall September 16, Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua Prenolepis imparis Say, male and female, March 27, Nassau. Through W. M. ’ Wheeler Vespa crabro Linn., European hornet, nests and adults, October 26, F. E. Adsit, Castleton Coleoptera, 1921 Xyleborus sp., ambrosia beetles, adults in balsa wood, April 18, Costa Rica, through Dr Hermann Von Schrenk, St Louis, Mo. Anthonomus robustulus Lec., adult, June 20, S. C. Bishop, Juanita Island Smicronyx sculpticollis Casey, galls on Cuscuta (dodder), August 12, H. B. Weiss, Monmouth Junction, N. J. Hylobius pales Hbst., Pales beetle, work on larch, June 11, John Barford, East Chatham Lyctus parallelopipedus Melsh. powder-post beetle, adults and larvae on black walnut, October 6, Frank T. Sullivan, Buffalo Olibrus semistriatus Lec., adult, July 20, S. C. Bishop, Juanita Island Antherophagus ochraceus Melsh., adult, on bumble bee, July 28, W. J. Schoonmaker, Rensselaer Cyphon padi Linn., adult, September 9, S. C. Bishop, Lake Bluff Agrilus viridis ? Linn., larvae in Rosa rugosa, August 8, Holland, through G. G. Atwood, Department of Farms and Markets. This was imported material for budding and the Agrilus had bored and so nearly girdled the stocks as to make them worthless for budding purposes. ‘Same, work on rose, August 18, H. B. Weiss, Trenton, N. J. Malporus cinctus Say, adult, September 9, S. C. Bishop, Lake Bluff Diptera, 1921 Dasyneura rhois Coq., adults and galls, May 9, Prof. T. H. Jones, Baton Rouge, La. ) Dasyneura ulmea Felt, elm bud gall, galls on elm, March 15, J. M. Swaine, Ottawa, Can. Same, galls on slippery elm, May 26, F. A. Fenton, Ames, Iowa. Same, galls and larvae on slippery elm, June 18, F. A. Fenton, Ames, Iowa Diarthronomyia artemisiae Felt, gall on Artemisia, March 12, L. J. Childs, Hesperia, Cal. Diarthronomyia hypogaea F. Lw., chrysanthemum midge, galls on chrysanthe- mum, October 21, J. James De Vyver, Oneonta. Same, galls on mistletoe chrysanthemum, ‘September 6, L. F. Strickland, Lockport Phytophaga ? destructor Say, Hessian Fly, adult on wheat, March, T. B. Fletcher, Baghdad, Mesopotamia Phytophaga celtiphyllia Felt, gall on hackberry, September 16, T. H. Jones, Baton Rouge, La. Rhopalomyia audibertiae Felt, gall on Audibertia, March 12, L. J. Childs, Hesperia, Cal. Rhopalomyia californica Felt, adults and galls on Baccharis pilularis, June 30, E, O. Essig, Berkeley, Cal. Rhopalomyia clarkei Felt, galls and midges, June 27, W. E. Britton, East Haven, Conn. hasan? ephedrae Ckll., gall on Ephedra, March 12, L. J. Childs, Hesperia, al Lasioptera nodulosa Beutm., nodula stem gall, gall and adults on Rubus, March 7, T. H. Jones & W. G. Bradley, Baton Rouge, La. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM T19 Indodiplosis mangiferae Felt, adults on mango, March, D. d’Emmerez de Chamroy, Port Louis, Island of Mauritius : Hormomyia crataegifolia Felt, thorn cocks comb gall, June 19, J. M. Swaine, Ottawa, Can. Itonida anthici Felt, gall on cypress, August 5, T. H. Jones, Baton Rouge, La. panda taxodii Felt. galls on bald cypress, August 23, T. H. Jones, Mag- nolia, Monarthropalpus buxi Lab., box leaf midge, pupae on box wood leaf, April 27, C. H. Zimmer, Wheatley Hills. Same, pupal skins in box, June 25, John D. Rockefeller Est., Pocantico Hills Phytomyza ilicicola Loew, American holly leaf miner pupe and work, April 29, C. H. Zimmer, Syossett. Same, May 11, C. H. Zimmer, Syossett Olfersia americana Leach., adult on Great Horned Owl, October 25, S. C. Bishop, Albany Lepidoptera, 1921 Chloridea obsoleta Fabr., corn ear worm, larvae on corn, July 14, C. B. McEwan, Loudonville. Larvae were also received from Rochester, Low- ville, Hyde Park, Fayetteville, Belmont, Utica, Gloversville, Watertown, Nassau, Red Hook, Ballston Spa, Cobleskill, North Java, Fonda, Corinth, Glens Falls, Middletown, Mechanicville, Slingerlands and Hoosick Falls cc. argillacea Hubn., cotton moth, adult, September 14, H. W. Bell, tica Plathypena scabra Fab., imago, December 22, Roy Latham, Orient Ennomos subsignarius Hubn., snow white linden moth, work and pupae, July 20, J. F. Rose, Stafford. Same, adults in swarms, June 28, R. E. Horsey, Rochester Rachela bruceata Hulst, Bruce’s measuring worm, male, No. 18, William Russell, Ballston Spa Zeuzera pyrina Linn., leopard moth, larvae on apple twigs, ‘September 16, P. L. Huested, Blauvelt Crambus caliginosellus Clem., larvae on corn, N. G. Farber, Troy Gnorimoschema baccharisella Busck., gall on Baccharis pilularis, June 30, E. O. Essig, Berkeley, Cal. Ectoedemia populella Busck, gall on poplar, J. S. Houser, Wooster, O., - from western Ontario, Canada Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb., birch leaf skeletonizer work, September 9, F. C. Smith, Westport. Same, work on birch, September 22, L. E. Allen, Plattsburg Odonata, 1921 Anax longpipes Hag., adult, June 22, William T. Davis, Staten Island. Hemiptera, 1921 Ormenis pruinosus Say, lightning leaf hopper, adults and young on elm, July 12, Phillip W. Hausman, Albany. Same, adult on grape and berry bushes, July 14, F. A. Weller, Cambridge Okanagana magnifica Davis, paratype, June 17, W. T. Davis, James Springs, N. M. Okanagana synodica Say, June 21, W. T. Davis, Clear Creek Canon, Col. Idiocerus cognatus Fieb., October 10, Chris. E. Olsen, Maspeth Euscelis stagtogalus Fieb., September, Chris. E. Olsen, New Yorkc Pachypsylla mamma Riley, gall on Celtis crassifolia, October 2, James R. Weir, Cabin John, Md. Phyllaphis coweni Ckll., gall on Arctostaphylos, August 2, L. J. Childs, Rialto, Cal. Illinoia pisi Kalt., pea aphis, aphids on peas, July 18, Asa L. Brower, Morrisville 120 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 Tetraneura ulmisacculi Patch, elm sac gall, gall on U. montana May 24, Dr H. D. House, Kenwood Phylloxera devastatrix Perg., gall on Carya (Pecan), May 24, Prof. R. N. Lobdell, Cary, Miss. Tetraleurodes mori Q., larvae on Norway maple, September 12, A. R. Brown, New Rochelle Chionaspis euonymi Comst., Euonymus scale, November 25, R. E. Horsey, Rochester Lethocerus americanus Leidy, electric light bug, adult, August 9, Mr Cuyler Reynolds, Albany Cimex pilosellus Horv., adults on bats, June 15, E. N. Huyck, Rensselaerville Orthoptera, 1921 Diestrammena japonica Blatchl., japanese spotted camel cricket, adults in cellar, November 24, Henry W. Thorne, Johnstown Archnida, 1921 Eriophyes eucricotes Nal., gall on Lycium, July 6, Prof. H. A. Gossard, Salem, Ohio. Same, galls on Lycium chinense, August 22, Emile Kostal, New York, through E. R. Sasscer Eriophyes negundi Hodgk., plant mite gall on boxelder leaves, October 14, Carl F. Gronemann, Elgin, Ill. Eriophyes populi Nal., galls on balm of gilead, August 12, Geo. E. King, Logan, Utah Eriophyes ? tenuis Nal., gall on Bromus ciliatus, August 24, S. H. Burnham, Ithaca Eriophyes tiliae Pag., var. exilis Nal., galls on linden, July 1, Carl F. Grone- mann, Elgin, Ill. INDEX Abietis Chermes, 10, 63 Hylobius, 86 acalyphae, Schizomyia, 108 Acarina, additions to collections, 116, 117 acericola, Phenacoccus, 80 acerifoliella, Paraclemensia, 11, 84 acerni, Sesia, 9, 79 Achatodes zeae, 74 Acknowledgments, 14 Additions to collections, 114-20 aestivalis, Xylodiplosis, figure, 103 africana, Xenhormomyia, III agilis, Heterobremia, III Agrilus anxius, 78 otiosus, 90 Agriotes mancus, 69 Agromyza simplex, 92 Alabama argillacea, 95 albicornis, Cheiloneurus, 81 albivitta, Pedecia, 9, 76 alexanderi, Johnsonomyia, 112 Alexomyia, 112 ciliata, 112 Alfalfa, green clover worm injuring, 76 Ambrosia beetle, pitted, 111 Ametastegia glabrata, 67 amsterdamensis, Rhicnopeltoidea, 63 ananassi, Thecodiplosis, 101 ancylus, Aspidiotus, 63 antennata, Camptomyia, IIo Anthrenus verbasci, 96, 109 antidesmae, Ctenodactylomyia, 110 Antlered maple caterpillar, 10, 82 Ants, 62 anxius, Agrilus, 78 Aphis, woolly, 63 apludae, Orseoliella, 111 apocyni, Lasioptera, 112 Apple, injurious insects codling moth, 29 dock false worm, 67 dogwood twig borer, 85 rose leaf beetle, 64 twig borer, red-shouldered, 90 [121] Apple and thorn skeletonizer, 65, 108 Apple canker, 67 aquatica, Thurauia, figure, 100 Arbor vitae leaf miner, III Archnida, additions to collections, 120 argillacea, Alabama, 95 Army worm, 8, 68, 109 Arsenate of lead, 40, 65, 67, 76, 78, 92 Arsenical sprays, 68 Arsenite mixture, 94 _Arthrocnodax coprae, IIo Ash, injurious insects Agrilus otiosus, 90 linden moth, snow-white, 83 rustic borer, 88 asparagi, Crioceris, 91 Tetrastichus, 92 Asparagus beetles, 9, 91 Asparagus leaf miner, 92 Asphondylia callicarpae, 108, 113 grewiae, IIO lantanae, III leeae, 113 litseae, 113 phyllanthi, 111 strobilanthi, 113 vitea, 108 Aspidiotus ancylus, 63 _assamensis, Schizomyia, 111 Asteia beata, 98 _ Asynapta borealis, 110 dolens, 110 Azalea, dogwood twig borer injuring, 85, 86 Azalea bark scale, 106 azaleae, Eriococcus, 106 Bag worms, 62 Baking powder, confused flour beetle injuring, 58 banksi, Hyperdiplosis, 108 Barn swallow bug, 106 basilare, Sinoxylon, 90 Basswood, snow-white linden moth injuring, 83 122 Bat bug, 105 Beans, injurious insects confused flour beetle, 58 green clover worm, 9, 76 beata, Asteia, 98 Beech, injurious insects linden moth, snow-white, 83 quercitron bark beetle, 88 bidentata, Porricondyla, 110 Birch leaf skeletonizer, 11 Birch tree, bronze birch borer injur- ing, 78 Birds, better protection of, 82, 84 Black leaf, Io1 Blackberry, rose leaf beetle injuring, 64 Bleeding tree maggot, 63 Blister beetle, Say’s, 11, 96 borealis, Asynapta, I10 Joannisia, 110 Konisomyia, IIo Lobodiplosis, I11 Tritozyga, 110 Box elder, Agrilus otiosus injuring, 90 Box leaf midge, 111 brassicae, Phorbia, 92 Bremia macrofilum, 110 sylvestris, II0-II brideliae, Toxomyia, 112 bromeliae, Pseudococcus, 113 Bronze birch borer, 78 bubalus, Ceresa, 68 Bucculatrix sp., 77 canadensisella, 11 Buffalo tree hopper, 68 Butternut, Agrilus otiosus injuring, 90 Byturus unicolor, 40 Cabbage, wireworms injuring, 70 Cabbage maggots, 64, 92 callicarpae, Asphondylia, 108, 113 Callous borer, 9, 79 Camel cricket, 107 Cameraria (Lithocolletes) tella, 63 Camptomyia antennata, IIo dentata, IIo pectinata, II0 pictura- NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Campylomyza monticola, 110 canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 11 Carbolic soap wash, 94 Carpenter, Hall B., study of European corn borer, 7; resigned, 13 Carpocapsa pomonella, 29 Carrot rust fly, 93 caryaecaulis, Phylloxera, 86 caudata, Contarinia, I11 Cayenne pepper, confused flour beetle injuring, 58 Cecidomyia penniseti, 111 philippenensis, 110 Celery, carrrot rust fly injuring, 93 celsus, Xyleborus, 89 Cereals, confused flour beetle injur- ing, 58 Ceresa bubalus, 68 Cheiloneurus albicornis, 81 Chermes abietis, 10, 63 Chestnut, injurious insects rose leaf beetle, 64 rustic borer, 88 Chloridea obsoleta, 37 Chramesus hicoriae, 90 Chrysanthemum midge, 11, 99, 11 Chrysobothris femorata, 88 Cicada, periodical, 104 ciliata, Alexomyia, 112 Cimex pilosellus, 105 Cincticornia pilulae, 102 Cirrospilus sp., 77 “Click beetles,” 71 Clover, injurious insects green clover worm, 76 rose leaf beetle, 64 Codling moth, 9, 29-36, 108; remedies, 29; oviposition and temperature, 31; egg records, 32; thermograph records, 34; records, oviposition. and parasitism, 35; meteorological records, 36 colei, Colpodia, 110 Coleophora limosipennella, 62 Coleoptera, additions to collections, II4, 116, 118 Collections, 12 colonus, Xylotrechus, 87 Colpodia colei, 110 pectinata, I04 Colpodia (Continued) pratensis, 104 sanguinia, 104 temeritatis, 104 trifolii, 104 - columba, Tremex, 89 Confused flour beetle, 58-61 confusum, Tribolium, 58 _ consobrina, Porricondyla, 110 Contarinia caudata, III saltata, I10 Cooperative work, 12 Copidosoma sp., 77 coprae, Arthrocnodax, I10 Corn, injurious insects, 8 army worm, 68 Hadena dubitans, 74 lined corn borer, 72 spindle worm, 74 stalk borer, 71 white grubs, 112 wireworms, 69 Corn borer, 109, III, 113 Corn borer, European, see European corn borer Corn borer, lined, 111 Corn ear worm, 5, 8, 13, 37-40, III; earlier New York records, 38; life history and habits, 38; characteris- tics, 39; control measures, 39 Corn pest, 109 Cornus, Neoclytus erythrocephalus in- juring, 88 Corrosive sublimate, 93 Cotton moth, 95 Cottony maple scale, 98 crabro, Vespa, 94 Crambus luteolellus, 111 Crane fly, 9, 76 Crioceris asparagi, 91 I2-punctata, QI _ Ctenodactylomyia antidesmae, 110 Cut worms, 73 Cypress twig gall, ror Dahlias, stalk borer injuring, 72 Dasyneura elatostemmae, I13 ulmea, 102 dentata, Camptomyia, 110 destructor, Phytophaga, 8, 51 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST Ig21I 123 Diadiplosis indica, 111 pseudococci, 113 Diarthronomyia hypogaea, II, 99 Diceromyia, 108 vernoniae, 108 Dichrona gallarum, figure, 102 Dicrodiplosis insolens, 110 Didactylomyia robusta, IIo Diestrammena japonica, 107 diplodisci, Schizomyia, 108 Diptera, additions to collections, 114, I16, 118 dispar, Porthetria, 82 divergens, Mycetobia, 63 Dock false worm, 67 Dogbane, Asteia beata injuring, 98 Dogwood, injurious insects Agrilus otiosus, 90 dogwood twig borer, 86 elm case bearer, 62 Dogwood twig borer, 85 dolens, Asynapta, 110 Drasterius elegans, 70 dubitans, Hadena, 73 Dyodiplosis indica, 112 monticola, ,I12 plumosa, 112 Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa, 87 Ege parasite, 27 _elatostemmae, Dasyneura, 113 Elder, spindle worm injuring, 75 elegans, Drasterius, 70 Elm, injurious insects aphis, woolly, 63 dogwood twig borer, 86 Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 88 Oberea ulmicola, 85 oyster scale, 63 pigeon tremex, 89 rustic borer, 88 Elm bark louse, 63 Elm borers, 63 Elm bud gall, 102 Elm case bearer, 62 Elm leaf beetle, 9, 78 Elm ribbed cocoon’ maker, 77 Ennomos subsignarius, 10, 83 ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 62 eremi, Prionellus, 110 124 Eriococcus azaleae, 106 erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 88 European corn borer, 6, 13, 15-29, 109, I10, III, I12, 113; history in America, 15; observations in New York State, 19; conditions affect- ing infestation, 23; economic im- portance, 26; control measures, 27; description, life history, 27; natural enemies, 27 European hornet, 94 falcaria, Stefaniella, 113 falcata, Lasioptera, 110 False maple scale, 80 fasciatus, Graphisurus, 88 femorata, Chrysobothris, 88 fici, Horidiplosis, 111 Field crops, 9 Flat-headed borer, common, 88 flavida, Neptunimyia, 110 floridensis, Phytophaga, 112 Forest insects, 10, 82 Forsythia, lightning leaf hopper, in- juring, 64 fractilinea, Hadena, 72, 111 Fruit tree insects, 64, 109 fultonensis, Porricondyla, 110 fungicola, Winnertzia, 112 furcata, Heterobremia, 111 Galerucella luteola, 78 Gall insects, 109 Gall midges, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113 Gall wasps, 109 gallarum, Dichrona, figure, 102 Garden insects, 91 Ginger, confused flour beetle injur- ing, 58 Gipsy moth, 10, 82 glabrata, Ametastegia, 67 Gossyparia spuria, 63 Grain insects, 8, 68 graminis, Orseoliella, 112 Grape, injurious insects Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 88 twig borer, red-shouldered, 90 Graphisurus fasciatus, 88 Grass and grain insects, 68, 111 Grass webworms, 8, 73, III NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Green clover worm, 9, 76 grewiae, Asphondylia, I10 guttivitta, Heterocampa, 10, 82 : Hadena fractilinea, 72, TIT 4 dubitans, 73 ia Harmolita tritici, 54 vaginicola, 54 ; Hartman, Fannie T., vacancy created — by transferral not filled, 13 | Heliodiplosis, 108 spatholobi, 108 ; Heliophila unipuncta, 8, 68, 109 Heliothis obsoleta, 111 Hemerocampa leucostigma, 62 : Hemerophila pariana, 65 ; Hemiptera, additions to collections, II5, I17, 119 Hessian fly, 8, 51-54 Heterobremia, III agilis, III furcata, III Heterocampa guttivitta, 10, 82 Hickory bark beetle, 87 Hickory gall aphid, 86 Hickory insects, 87 Hickory snout beetle, 90° Hickory timber beetle, 89 Hickory twig borer, 90 hicoriae, Chramesus, 90 q Hoffman, W. A., resigned from staff, 13 Holcencyrtus physokermis, 81 Holly leaf miner, American, 97 Holoneurus inflata, 110 Honey locust, Say’s blister beetle in- — juring, 11 q Honey suckle, elm case bearer injur- — ing, 62 4 Horidiplosis, 111 fhe ror Hormosomyia, 110 oregonensis, IIO Hornet, American white-faced, 94 European, 94 Horticultural inspection, 13 howardi, Lasioptera, 112 Hydrocyanic gas, 106 Hylobius abietis, 86 pales, 86 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q2I Hymenoptera, additions to collections, II4, 116, 118 -Hyperdiplosis banksi, 108 insolens, III relicta, 108 hypogaea, Diarthronomyia, 11, oy ilicicola, Phytomyza, 97 ilicis, Phytomyza, 98 imparis, Prenolepis, 5, 62 impatientis, Thorodiplosis, 113 Indian grass gall midges, 112 indica, Diadiplosis, 111 Dyodiplosis, 112 Mycodiplosis, 111 inflata, Holoneurus, 110 Insect galls, 108, 109 insignis, Walshomyia, 112 insolens, Dicrodiplosis, 110 Hyperdiplosis, 111 intermedia, Mycodiplosis, 111 Tris borer, 111 TIsosoma tritici, 8 vaginicolum, 8 Itonida paederiae, 110 | penniseti, IIt Itonididae, 108, 110, 112 Japanese spotted camel cricket, 107° japonica, Diestrammena, 107 javanica, Lasioptera, 113 Parallelodiplosis, 113 Joannisia borealis, 110 johsoni, Porricondyla, 110 Johnsonomyia, 112 alexanderi, 112 June beetles, 69 Juniper scale, 111 Kamptodiplosis, 108 reducta, 108 Kerosene, 92 Konisomyia borealis, 110 Kronodiplosis, 108 uichancoi, 108 Lachnosterna Sp., 69 lantanae, Asphondylia, 111 laporteae, Schizomyia, 113 125 Larch trees, Pales weevil injuring, 86 Lasioptera apocyni, I12 falcata, IIo howardi, 112 javanica, 113 manilensis, 108, 113 panicula, 112 Laurel, dogwood twig borer injur- ing, 86 Leatherjackets, 76 Lectures, 12 leeae, Asphondylia, 113- lenis, Mycodiplosis, 111 Leopard moth, 63 Lepidoptera, additions to collections, PhS Dizey FLO Lepidosaphes ulmi, 63 Lestodiplosis satiata, III Leucopomyia pulvinariae, 98 leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 62 Lightning leaf hopper, 64 limosipennella, Coleophora, 62 Linden moth, snow-white, Io, 83 Lined corn borer, 72 litseae, Asphondylia, 113 Lobodiplosis borealis, 111 Locust, injurious insects Agrilus otiosus, 90 Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 88 luteola, Galerucella, 78 luteolellus, Crambus, 111 luzonensis, Tricontarinia, 108 Luzonomyia, 108 symphoremae, 108 macrofilum, Bremia, I10 maculata, Vespa, 94 Magdalis olyra, 90 mancus, Agriotes, 60 manilensis, Lasioptera, 108, 113 Maple, injurious insects Agrilus otiosus, 90 antlered maple caterpillar, 10, 82 callous borer, 9, 79 false maple scale, 80 linden moth, snow-white, 83 oyster scale, 63 pigeon tremex, 89 126 Maple, injurious insects (Continued) Putnams scale, 63 spruce gall aphid, 10 Maple leaf cutter, 11, 84 Maple scale, cottony, 63 matteiana, Procontarinia, 113 May beetles, 69 minutum, Trichogramma, 27 Mistletoe, chrysanthemum midge in- juring, 99 Monophylla terminatus, 89 monticola, Campylomyza, IIo Dyodiplosis, 112 mosellana, Thecodiplosis, 8, 43 Mulberry, twig borer, red-shouldered injuring, 90 Mycetobia divergens, 63 Mycodiplosis indica, 111 intermedia, III lenis, III spondiasi, I12 natalensis, Xenhormomyia, I11 nebulosa, Odontocynips, 95 Neocatocha sylvana, 110 Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 88 Neptunimyia flavida, 110 nitela, Papaipema, 71, III Nodonota puncticollis, 64 nodosa, Schizomyia, I13 notmani, Parwinnertzia, 110 nubilalis, Pyrausta, 15, 109, I10, ITT, 112, 113 Oak, injurious insects Agrilus otiosus, 90 hickory timber beetle, 89 Ondontocynips nebulosa, 95 rustic borer, 88 Oak pill gall, 102 Oats, injurious insects army worm, 69 crane fly, 9 leatherjackets, 76 Oberea tripunctata, 85 ulmicola, 85 obsoleta, Chloridea, 37 Heliothis, 111 Odonata, additions to collections, 119 Odontocynips nebulosa, 95 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Oecanthus sp., 67 Oeciacus vicarius, 106 Office matters, 13 olyra, Magdalis, 90 Onion maggots, 64 oregonensis, Hormosomyia, 110 orientalis, Orseoliella, 113 Profeltiella, 108 Raodiplosis, 111 Stefaniella, 113 Ormenis pruinosa, 64 Ornamental plants, insect pests, III Orris root, confused flour beetle in- juring, 58 Orseoliella apludae, 111 graminis, I12 orientalis, 113 Orthoptera, additions to collections, 120 otiosus, Agrilus, 90 Oyster scale, 63 paederiae, Itonida, 110 pales, Hylobius, 86 Pales weevil, 86 pandani, Trishormomyia, 113 panicula, Lasioptera, 112 Panorpa? rufescens, 104 Papaipema nitela, 71, 111 P'araclemensia acerifoliella, 11, 84 Parallelodiplosis javanica, 113 paspali, 113 pariana, Hemerophila, 65 Paris green, 92 Parsley, carrot rust fly injuring, 93 Parsnips, carrot rust fly injuring, 93 Parwinnertzia, 110 notmani, IIo paspali, Parallelodiplosis, 113 Peach, twig’ borer, red-shouldered, injuring, 90 Peanuts, confused flour beetle injur- ing, 58 pectinata, Camptomyia, 110 Colpodia, 104 Pedecia albivitta, 9, 76 penniseti, Cecidomyia, 111 Itonida, III pennulae, Porricondyla, 112 twig borer, _—__red- shouldered, injuring, 90 - Phenacoccus acericola, 80 philippenensis, Cecidomyia, 110 Phorbia brassicae, 92 phyllanthi, Asphondylia, 111 Phylloxera caryaecaulis, 86 _ Physokermes piceae, 10, 80 physokermis, Holcencyrtus, 81: _ Phytomyza, ilicicola, 97 ilicis, 98 Phytophaga destructor, 8, 51 floridensis, 112 rigidae, 110 piceae, Physokermes, 10, 80 picturatella, Cameraria (Lithocol- letes), 63» Pigeon tremex, 89 pilosellus, Cimex, 105 pilulae, Cincticornia, 102 Pine bark aphid, 111 Pine shoot moth, European, 111 Pissodes strobi, II, 113 Plagiodera versicolora, 9, 84 Plant galls, 110 Plant lice, 109 Pilathypena scabra, 9, 76 plumosa, Dyodiplosis, 112 pomonella, Carpocapsa, 29 Pomphopoea sayi, 11, 96 Popcorn, Anthrenus verbasci injur- ing, 96 Poplars, willow beetle, imported, in- juring, 84 Porricondyla bidentata, 110 consobrina, 110 fultonensis, 110 johnsoni, 110 pennulae, 112 spinigera, IIO tumidosa, II0 Porthetria dispar, 82 Potato aphis, 108 Potatoes, injurious insects stalk borer, 72 wireworms, 60 pratensis, Colpodia, 104 Prenolepis imparis, 5, 62 Prionellus eremi, 110 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1921 127 Procontarinia matteiana, 113 Profeltiella orientalis, 108 pruinosa, Ormenis, 64 pseudococci, Diadiplosis, 113 Pseudococcus bromeliae, 113 Psila rosae, 93 Publications, I1, 108 Pulvinaria vitis, 63, 98 pulvinariae, Leucopomyia, 98 puncticollis, Nodonota, 64 Putnams scale, 63 : Pyrausta nubilalis, 15, 109, 110, III, 112, 113 pyrina, Zeuzera, 63 quadrispinosa, Eccoptogaster, 87 Quercitron bark beetle, 88 Radish, cabbage maggot injuring, 93 Raodiplosis, 111 orientalis, I1I Raspberries, injurious insects June beetles, 69 rose leaf beetles, 64 Raspberry beetle or raspberry by- turus, 40-42 Raspberry bushes, apple trees, 68 Red bud, injurious insects Agrilus otiostis, 90 Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 88 growing among Red maggot, 43 Red weevil, 43 reducta, Kamptodiplosis, 108 _—\ relicta, Hyperdiplosis, 108 Remedies and preventives arsenate of lead, 40, 65, 67, 76, 78, 92 . arsenite mixture, 94 black leaf, 40, 101 carbolic soap wash, 94 corrosive sublimate, 93 hydrocyanic acid gas, 106 kerosene, 92 Paris green, 92 tobacco paper, IOI tobacco soap solution, 08 Remedies and preventives for antlered maple caterpillar, 82 apple and thorn skeletonizer, 67 = 128 Remedies and preventions for (Con’t) asparagus beetles, 92 azalea bark scale, 106 cabbage maggot, 93 callous borer, 79 carrot rust fly, 94 chrysanthemum midge, IoI codling moth, 29 corn borer, I09, I13 corn ear worm, 39 elm leaf beetle, 78 elm ribbed cocoon maker, 77 European corn borer, 27, I10, III gipsy moth, 83 green clover worm, 76 holly leaf miner, 98 linden moth, snow-white, 84 oak pill gall, 102 raspberry beetle, 40 rose leaf beetle, 65 spruce bud scale, 81 willow beetle, imported, 85 wireworms, 7I Rhicnopeltoidea amsterdamensis, 63 Rhododendron, dogwood twig borer injuring, 85 Rhopalomyia sabinae, 112 weldi, I12 rigidae, Phytophaga, IIo robusta, Didactylomyia, Root maggots, 9 rosae, Psila, 93 Rose beetle, 111 Rose leaf beetle, 64 Rose scale, Ir11 rufescens, Panorpa?, 104 Rustic borer, 87 Rye, wheat midge injuring, 50 IIo sabinae, Rhopalomyia, 112 Salix galls, 110 saltata, Contarinia, 110 sanguinia, Colpodia, 104 Saperda tridentata, 63 satiata, Lestodiplosis, 111 sayi, Pomphopoea, 11, 96 scabra, Plathypena, 9, 76 Scale insects, obscure character of infestation by, 81 schefflerae, Scheueria, 112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . Scheueria schefflerae, 112 Schizomyia acalyphae, 108 assamensis, III diplodisci, 108 laporteae, 113 nodosa, 113 villebrunneae, 113 Schizoneura ulmi, 63 septendecim, Tibicen, 104 Sesia acerni, 9, 79 Shade tree insects, 9, 62, 77 simplex, Agromyza, 92 Sinoxylon basilare, 90 Slippery elm, injurious insects confused flour beetle, 58 elm bud gall, 103 “ Snapping beetles,” 71 Snuff, confused flour beetle injuring, - 58 Sorrel trees, dogwood twig borer in- juring, 86 spatholobi, Heliodiplosis, 108 Spindle worm, 74 spinigera, Porricondyla, IIo spondiasi, Mycodiplosis, 112 ' Spruce bud scale, 10, 80, 111 Spruce gall aphid, 10, 63, 111 spuria, Gossyparia, 63 Stalk borer, 8, 71, III Stefaniella falcaria, 113 orientalis, 113 strobi, Pissodes, II, 113 strobilanthi, Asphondylia, 113 subsignarius, Ennomos, 10, 83 Sweet gale, injurious insects, 62 sylvana, Neocatocha, I10 sylvestris, Bremia, I10-II symphoremae, Luzonomyia, 108 tarsale, Trogoderma, 96 temeritatis, Colpodia, 104 terminatus, Monophylla, 89 Tetrastichus asparagi, 92 Thecodiplosis ananassi, IO mosellana, 8, 43 Thorodiplosis, 113 impatientis, 113 ® Thurauia aquatica, figure, 100 Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 62 Thysania zenobia, 64 Tibicen septendecim, 104 Timber beetles, 89 Tobacco paper, IOI Tobacco soap solution, 98 ‘Tomatoes, stalk borer injuring, 72 Toxomyia brideliae, 112 ‘Tree crickets and canker, 67 Tree hopper, Buffalo, 68 Tremex columba, 89 -Treubia, 113 Tribolium confusum, 58 - Trichogramma minutum, 27 Tricontarinia luzonensis, 108 tridentata, Saperda, 63 trifolii, Colpodia, 104 { tripunctata, Oberea, 85 _ Trishormomyia pandani, 113 tritici, Harmolita, 54 Isosoma, 8 Tritozyga borealis, 110 _ Trogoderma tarsale, 06 - juring, 88 tumidosa, Porricondyla, 110 _ Tussock moth, white-marked, 9, 62 _ 12-punctata, Crioceris, 91 _ Twig borer, red-shouldered, 90 _ wichancoi, Kronodiplosis, 108 _ulmea, Dasyneura, 102 ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 63 i s _ Schizoneura, 63 —ulmicola, Oberea, 85 _unicolor, Byturus, 4o unipuncta, Heliophila, 8, 68, 109 ; vaginicola, Harmolita, 54 4 vaginicolum, Isosoma, 8 _ verbasci, Anthrenus, 96, 109 _ vernoniae, Diceromyia, 108 _ versicolora, Plagiodera, 9, 84 _ Tulip, Neoclytus erythrocephalus in- INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ2I1 129 Vespa crabro, 94 ‘maculata, 94 vicarius, Oeciacus, 106 villebrunneae, Schizomyia, 113 vitea, Asphondylia, 108 vitis, Pulvinaria, 63, 98 Walnut, black, Agrilus otiosus injur- ing, 90 Walshomyia insignis, 112 weldi, Rhopalomyia, 112 Wheat, injurious insects Colpodia trifolii, 104 Hessian fly, 51 Wheat joint worms, 8, 54-58 Wheat midge, 8, 43-50; record 1979, 45; summary of estimated yield and approximate losses, 46; in Erie and Niagara counties, 47; preval- ence in 1920, 49; in rye, 50; sum- mary by counties, 50 Wheat wireworm, 69 White grubs, 112 White pine weevil, II, 113 Willow beetle, imported, 84 Willow leaf beetle, 9 Winnertzia fungicola, 112 Wireworms, 9, 69 Xenhormomyia, 111 africana, III natalensis, III Xyleborus celsus, 89 Xylodiplosis aestivalis, figure, 103 Xylotrechus colonus, 87 Young, D. 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