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State Agricultural Society's

TRIAL OF IMPLEMENTS

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CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN, PRINTER,

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Committee on Crial of Implements at Geneva,

JULY, 1852.

To the Executive Committee of the

New-York State Agricultural Society :—
/

GentTLEMEN—When we received your invitation to attend a
trial of implements and machinery, to ascertain by actual and
thorough trial, their uses and merits, the impression was generally
entertained that comparative merits would occupy the attention
of the judges and satisfy the desires of the Society.

When, however, the judges assembled in Geneva on the 20th
day of July, one only being absent,* it became at once evident
that the scrutiny would not be confined to a comparison of re-
sults ; a demand seemed to exist and was unanimously admitted,
that the examination should be conducted as far as practicable
with a design to prove that the more efficient artificial, as well as
natural agents which ingennity and skill can present to the far-
mer, the greater will be the amount of labor consumed in culti-
vation; and in proportion to the skill and industry employed in
the adaptation and use of artificial agents, so will be the quantity
of products, or commodities for interchange among men. It was
admitted also that the substitution of well constructed machinery
for economizing human labor, must ameliorate the condition of
the people, and increase every comfort and enjoyment.

With these views, your committee entered upon their duties,
and arranged a system for determining the mechanical principles
combined in the machines presented | for trial, in order to ) under-

* * Mr. Kishiand, of Honsether county, was unay yoidably absent.

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stand more clearly, and better to exhibit to our farming people,
the power possessed by these machines to overcome or divide re-
sistances with economy of time and labor, in the accomplishment
of the work of a farm.

This system embraced the determination of the power applied,
the quantity of force required for giving motion as well to the
machine alone, as also to effect perfect work when in full action ;
the speed required or used ; the force or power consumed to per-
form a specific amount of work ; the quality of the work accom-
plished ; the condition of the surface acted on ; the construction
and liability to wear, and other details which are presented under
the various divisions of this report.

This system seemed important and interesting, not only for the
advantage of agriculturists, but also for the mechanics of our
country. Your committee indulge the belief that this trial of
machines and implements will present to the farmer a reliable
authority for a due appreciation of such objects when presented
for his use. It must be conceded that great improvement has
been observed within the last five years in the construction of
plows and a few other farm implements, and much ingenuity has
been displayed in other and more complex machinery for the
farm, yet it is equally true, there is an absence of a sufficient
knowledge of the essential principles of construction and appli-
cation of agricultural implements.

It is no discredit to our artizans or farmers to say that with all
the knowledge we have attained, our requirements are very far
from being met or satisfied, and that the rudiments of agricul-
tural machinery are rarely sufficiently understood by either far-
mers or mechanics. The many thousand persons assembled at
the Geneva trials, afford a conclusive evidence that this first ef-
fort of the State Society to make apparent the value, or the
imperfections of implements and machinery, to the eye of all
interested in their uses and application, will cause greater atten-
tion to mechanical principles, lessening the powers of dratt, and
of resistance; relieving us also from an excessive demand upon
the physical energies.

THE TRIAL GROUNDS.

The grounds selected for the trials, were favorably situated

about one mile from the beautiful village of Geneva, on the estate

5

of Mr. Horace L. Bennett. The meadow appropriated to the
several mowing machines, presented agently sloping surface, the
most elevated portion having a gravelly surface soil with many
loose cobble stones ; the lower part of the field exhibited a loose
vegetable black mould, rough and uneven, as if poached by feed
ing herds.

The grass was thin and wiry, consisting of red top, fiorin,*
and timothy, varying from eighteen inches to two feet in height ;
aquatic grasses occupied much of the lower ground.

This field was accurately surveyed and laid out in parallelo-
grams, each containing an area of two acres; each area was marked
by stakes numbered consecutively from 1 to 10.

A meadow on the farm of Mr. Sherman was also selected as ha-
ving a growth of heavy grass, on which to test the power of the
mowing machines ; this field was covered chiefly with timothy
grass, witha thick bottom herbage springing froma vegetable mold;
the lower portion of the meadow was naturally wet, sending up
a growth of water grasses from a bog surface; the sedges were
about four feet long, the red top rose to three feet, the timothy
measured three feet six inches in length, and the water meadow
grass was as long as the timothy. Much of the grass on this
tield was lodged and tangled. Both meadows would have se-
verely tasked the efforts of the most experienced mowers, and
the temper of the most approved scythe ; they afforded therefore
a good test for the power and capacity of machines for mowing.

The wheat field, comprising about thirty acres, presented an
undulating surface, with a water course or deep furrow through
portions of it; a few trees and stumps, with here and there a
boulder offered occasional impediments, and the whole field pre-
‘sented as many and as varied obstacles to farm machinery and
labor, as will occur probably on any property where machinery
can be profitably employed. The wheat crop on the ground was
of the Mediterranean and Soules varieties, injured in some degree
by the wheat fly ; small portions of the field were lodged ; and
with the exception of low moist places the grain was in proper
condition for harvesting. The soil of this field is a clay loam, a
specimen of which is deposited in the Society’s museum for refer-
ence when desired.

* Sometimes called foul meadow.

6

The barley field containing about 30 acres, was more uneven
as to its surface; deep irregular water courses traversed its length;
the water standing in some portions ; many boulders and stumps
were in the track of the machines; the grain was much lodged
and tangled ; the straw soft and tough. The soil of this field is
a clay loam, though more sandy in its proportions than the wheat
field ; a specimen of this soil isalso deposited in the Society’s mu-
seum. The committee believe that a combination of difficulties
equal to the many presented on this field to the machines on trial,
can rarely occur.

Both the wheat field and barley field were accurately surveyed
and laid out in lots containing areas of two acres each, marked
by numbered stakes in consecutive order from 1 to 12. A track
for the teams to enter was opened by cradles between each lot.

The several areas of the wheat and of the barley field were ap-
propriated to the exhibitors by lot; the numbers drawn by them
respectively, designating the number of the lot on which to ope-
rate ; the numbers prefixed to the exhibitors names in the several
tables in this report indicate the position of each.

An adjacent field, plowed during the second day of the trial,
afforded ample space for the trial of Grain Drills and Cultivators ;
the long continued dry weather during the month of July acting
upon a clay soil, caused the furrows to be rough and baked in
large masses, presenting a surface not to be easily pulverised ;
consequently tasking the merits or powers of each Cultivator to
reduce the soil to a proper tilth, and every Grain Drill to distri-
bute seed at equal distances and at uniform depths.

The upper, or highest level ground of the barley field was
raked, bound and housed, or removed, affording a favorable stub-
ble ground for a second trial of Cultivators, the action of which
having reduced the soil to a condition suitable for planting, it
was appropriated to the trial of corn and seed planters. These
machines were worked on areas, marked, numbered and planted
by each machine, with the intent to note, especially, the results,
after vegetation had advanced the plants a few inches above the
surface.

To aid the efforts of the State Society, and to promote the farm-
ing interests, the inhabitants of Geneva caused a large area of a
meadow adjoining the wheat and barley fields to be covered with
the spacious canopys prepared by Mr. E. C. Williams, of Rochester.

7

One of these immense tents afforded space for the horse powers
where motion was applied on the principle of the endless chain ;
the various powers were arranged on a line with the walls of the
tent in a manner to permit the application of power to the several
machines.

Another tent gave protection to machines and implements until
they were called to the field for trial.

A tent was also appropriated to the exhibition of implements
and machinery not subject to trial; other tents were erected for
the comfort and convenience of attending visitors, and for the
officers and judges of the State Society, with abundant refresh-
ments; every wish was liberally anticipated, and every needful
appliance prepared for the objects to be accomplished.*

With these arrangements and preparations, the judges entered
upon the examination and trial of the implements and machines
submitted to them, and according to the following list of entries
presented by Mr. Secretary Jounson:

LIST OF ENTRIES:
Reaping Machines.

J. H. Manny, Wadham’s Grove, Ill., Reaping Machine, ‘ Manny’s Pat-
ent Adjustable.”

Byron Densmore, Brockport, N. Y., Reaping Machine.

C. H. McCormick, Illinois, Reaping and Mowing Machine.

A. C. Powell, Syracuse, Rugg’s Reaping and Mowing Machine.

K. Danford & Co., Geneva, Kane Co., Il., Danford’s Doubled Sickled
Reaping and Mowing Machine ; also entered by J. Rapalje & Co., Rochester.

A. J. Cook, Enon, Ohio, Reaping and Mowing Machine.

T. D. Burrall, Geneva, N. Y., Convertible Reaper and Grass Cutter.

Seymour & Morgan, Brockport, N. Y., New-York Reaper.

Aaron Palmer, Brockport, N. Y., Palmer’s Self-Raking Reaper.

John 8. Wright, Chicago, IIl., Atkins’ Automaton Raker.

T. R. Hussey & Co., Auburn, Hussey’s Reaper.

O. Hussey, Baltimore, Hussey’s Reaper and Mower.

* The inhabitants of Geneva were represented by a committee consisting of
JOHN C. PROUTY, Chairman,

Joun H. TinuMAn, Treasurer, A. T. Curw, Secretary,
Wm. Creighton Lee, John L. Bennett,
Wm. Orton, 8. C. Cleaveland,

E. Jenkins Burrall, Robert Lay,
S. H. Parker, Asa Gardner,

Jos. §. Lewis.

8

Mowing Machines.

Howard & Co., Buffalo, N. Y., Ketchum’s Mowing Machine.
T. Rush Spencer, Geneva, Bronson Murray’s Mowing Machine.
C. H. McCormick, Chicago, Il., Mowing Machine.

A. C. Powell, Syracuse, Rugg’s Mowing Machine.

T. D. Burrall, Geneva, Grass Cutter.

J. H. Manny, Wadham’s Grove, Ill., Mowing Machine.

QO. Hussey, Baltimore, Md., Mowing Machine.

Grain Drills.

P. Seymour, East Bloomfield, 3 Grain Drills.
Huffman & Bickford, Macedon, N. Y., 1 Grain Drill.
Rapalje & Co., Rochester, N. Y., Wheat Drill.
Foster, Jessup & Co., Palmyra, N. Y., 2 Grain Drills.
S. M. Drake, Skaneateles, Gatling’s Grain Drill.

8. R. Tracy, Newark, 1 Drill.

Horse Power—Sweep or Lever.
J. A. Pitts, Buffalo, N. Y., Pitt’s Lever Power.
Eddy, Dyer & Co., Union Village, N. Y., Taplin’s Circular Horse Power.
Daniel Woodbury, Palmyra, N. Y., Lever Horse Power.
B. H. Wakely, McLean, N. Y., Lever Horse Power.
Hall & Thompson, Rochester, do do

Horse Power—Endless Chain or Railroad.
Emery & Co., Albany, Railroad Power.

George Westinghouse, Central Bridge, N. Y., Horse Power.
Ezra W. Badger, Fly Creek, N. Y., one and two Horse Power.
J. A. Pitts, Buffalo, N. Y., Horse Power.

J. Rapalje & Co., Rochester, do

Geo. F. Jerome, Hempsted, do

Iron Horse Power.
John A. Pitts, Buffalo, Iron Horse Power.

Thrashers.

Emery & Co., Albany, Thrasher and Separator,
Eddy & Co., Union Village, Thrasher.

J. A. Pitts, Buffalo, Thrasher and Separator.
Daniel Woodbury, Thrasher and Separator.

9

George Westinghouse, Central Bridge, overshot Thrasher and Separator.
Ezra W. Badger, Fly Creek, Thrasher and Separator.

J. Rapalje & Co., Rochester, Thrasher and Separator.

Harris Scovill, Tompkins Co., Thrasher.

Steam Engine for Farm Purposes, Sc.
Hoard & Bradford, Watertown, N. Y., Portable Steam Engine.

Seed Planter, for Horse or Hand Power.
Emery & Co., Albany, Seed Planter.
C. C. Van Every, Victor, Corn and Bean Planter.
Pierrepont Seymour, Hast Bloomfield, two Seed Planters.
Rapalje & Co., Rochester, two Planters. -
Foster, Jessup & Co., Palmyra, Corn Planter.
John Woodward, New Hampshire, Corn Planter and Manure Depositor.

Cultivator for General Purposes.

Pierrepont Seymour, East Bloomfield, enters Horse Cultivator.
Rapalje & Co., Rochester, 4 Cultivators.

L. L. Whitbeck, Arcadia, 1 do

S. R. Tracy, Newark, 1 do

Killam & Valleau, Rochester, 1 do

Bradley’s & Roman’s, do I do

J. W. Hamilton, do 1 do

H. H. Howe, Canandaigua, 1 do

Broad Cast Sowers.
Pierrepont Seymour, East Bloomfield, two Broad Cast Sowing Machines.

Early on the morning of Tuesday, the 20th of July, the mar-
shal (Wm. Jounson, Esq., of Ontario,) announced that the Mow-
ing Machines were on the ground, ready for trial. Numbers cor-
responding with the lots surveyed and marked on the meadow,
were drawn by the exhibitors, and each machine was directed to
its station according to the number drawn.

A view of the field at this time, with the array of Mowing Ma-
chines of varied construction, claiming to save labor, and accom-
plish better work than had hitherto been effected by the farmer,
presented a scene of interest, not only to the agriculturist and
mechanic, but also to every man whose views extended to the
advancement of his State and of the nation. It could not escape

2

10

the observing mind, that, in this State, producing annually about
Sour millions of tons of hay, there was on that field machines hav-
ing the capacity to add, by their use, an annual income to the
farming population of more than a million of dollars; and ex-
tending these views beyond the limits of our State, applying them
to the Union, whose surface gives annually more than thirteen
millions of tons of hay, how important becomes the investigation
of this class of machines, thereby exhibiting to the agriculturist
their powers, uses, and advantages.*

The duty of the judges might have been confined strictly and
fairly to a report of the successful machines, yet as agricultural
machinery may be esteemed as being in its youth, immature, as
ingenuity and skill stamped their features on most of the ma-
chines presented, it seems alike due to the mechanic and farmer, to
present a notice of the unsuccessful as well as of the more favored
machines.

The annexed table exhibits, in a condensed form, the distinctive
characteristics of the several Mowing Machines, and embodies the
essential facts needful for a generally correct estimate of their
respective merits:

* Estimating the hay crop of the United States, as per the census of 1850, at 13,605,584 tons,
the average cost of cutting and making at $1 per ton, and the saving, by use of Mowing Ma-
chines, at one-fourth of the present cost, the annual gain would be $3,401,346.

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2logged frequently.
logged twice.
o interruption.
Flogged frequently.

*+:logged frequently.

4 logged frequently.
4‘‘ogged frequently.

STATEMENT
Of the ‘Trial of Mowine Macuines, at Geneva, July, 1852.

] =a
Power Requiren. Sprep. | Drarr. Knives. | Quanity or tHe Work,
= 25 22 Bis | | g 2 S aie al) ane ges 2 a sie
EATENTERS, eee AOme. | a ao a ag oe ie | sae | 2 a 3 1 ae: Sze | 4 | 2 | 28233) 3 ;
P | ad Pics Ss aF 23 £ 54s 2 ad s gag | 3 ou | 2 Sie esl ee eal ee
| | ag Be ERS Sy ge R aE = 33 2 sacay she | =| S |opees) Se |
? & Se 2e 2 a aa 2 = = Ss r) * = | B= ae sé a)
: i Mee 5 S| de | Bus | Ss me | ec | Sap) = | es | & | S36) oH) sea] 2] = |egeas| 25 | ae
. & £ 2. 2 z ze 5 £28 z= Zz i pe | ee Es Bsa 3 | geg |e 8 |a9ses| Ze | $8
& | & = |e a |S | gee) 4 4 | smi) e = a) OM) IR fae | ees ees
3 Dollars. | Pounds. Inches. Inches. Feet. | Hrs. Min. | Pounds. | Pounds. Inches. | Inches. va Inches. | Inches. Feet.| Feet. | Average. | Inches.
, ——|—_——_| —-_|____ —— —_—_|-——- |____|___—__|___| eS
A Rugg’s, ........|A. C. Powell, ....| 130 | 900 1 2 48 1503 | 16 201 2.32 350 4.5 4 11 | Sickle. ee 2H 4 30 6.6] 5.0 | 17 | Fair. 5 Clogged frequently.
_ J. H. Manny’s,...|J. H. Manny,..... 100 | 800 1 2 30 | 943 | ~32 251. iam - 400 6.1 44 2 | Sickle > 29) 4 30 icf. 6] 4.6 34 | Good. 23 |Clogged twice.
3. Ketchum’s,...../Howard & Co.,... 110 | 736 1 2 36 113; | 20 . 188 1.26 450 8.0 3 3 |Smooth.| 2% 4b 36 4.8|None.| 33 Good. | 34 _—|No interruption.
C.H. McCormick,|C. H. McCormick,.| 100 | 800 1 2 28 | 88 34 247 0.56 350 4.8 43 0 | Sickle. | QR | 43 22 6.0] 6.0 | 163 | Good. 5 |Clogged frequently.
ib. Danford & Co.,..|Rapalje & Co.,*...||......|....0. 1 BOM | Bec eteicrece |ooccie v0. | fae ROME. «cll dcxcoleocen | so « SEMMERllle-oveletarele:cllele's'era'e | ee sieeve acllpooe nse clev asi ieccocellcecalnedecl 20. ,| Taineeilsnfeteces| Clogged: theqtentiy:
6. T. D. Burrall,...|T. D. Burrall,....| 100 | 750 1 2 Bei et 119s | cies 248 jcreaee--.| 450 7.9 24 | Smooth 13 8 24 ...-|None.| 20- | Good. 34 Clogged frequently.
7. B. Murray,......[Thos. R. Spencer, || 100 | 800 1 2 82 | ~=1004 27 226) ‘|e cei... 430 7.2 ou | 13 | Sickle. QE 4} 20 ....None.| 17 | Good. 4} |Clogged frequently.

* This Machine was not presented until the second day of Trial. at a late hour.

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12

It will be perceived, from the data set forth in this table, that the
chief competition rested between Manny, No. 2,and Ketchum, No.3.

The judges did not feel entirely satisfied with the trial thus
far, as the grass did not present the resistance to be encountered
in average crops. The exhibitors were notified to present their
machines on the following morning at 8 o’clock on the farm of
Mr, Sherman, when a second trial would be made in heavy grass.
At the appointed hour the judges were on the ground, and caused
each machine to take its station as it arrived and was adjusted.

The Kercuum Mower led offhandsomely, opening a double swath.

Manny’s Mower entered in the same manner and opened a dou-
ble swath. So well was the grass cut by both machines, that no
decided preference could be given to either—and it was manifest
that no labor with a scythe could perform the work as well.

Both machines then entered upon the low grounds, encounter-
ing high and thick grass, portions being lodged and tangled, lying
in all directions ; they were directed to cut double swaths through
this grass, and then to follow each other laying their swaths side
by side. Ketchum’s machine performed the task without inter-
ruption; Manny’s machine was stopped by cutting through a
hummock, which, lodging on the knives, pressed down the stand-
ing grass, preventing a free cutting action ; asecond interruption
occurred when entering the swath, from inattention to clearing
the cutting knives. Aside from these casualties the work was
well performed.

The quality of the work accomplished by both machines could
not fail to satisfy any farmer, and was better done than could be
performed by the most expert mower with a scythe.

Manny’s Macuine is peculiar in its construction, by a facility
of raising or depressing the cutting apparatus while in motion, at
the pleasure of the driver, giving to it the capability of cutting
the heads of grasses for seed, and afterwards the straw or stems
and leaves for fodder ; it runs on wheels; is easily moved from
place to place; is strongly braced, and by an ingenious arrange-
ment is capable of being contracted into a small compass for hous-
ing when notin use. Another peculiarity common to both Mr.
Manny’s and Mr. Murray’s knives, is a cutting edge at the base,
intended to prevent cloggling. A reel is used with this machine,

13

which has a tendency to lay the grass in waves, and not of uni-
form thickness over the surface of the field.

Kercuum’s Macuine is remarkable for its compactness and sim-
plicity of construction, also for the perforation of the knives,
which, it is claimed, renders it impossible to clog in the cutting
operation ; the knives cut with a blunt edge at this perforation,
necessarily consuming more power to effect the object than if it
be a sharp edge. <A curved iron elbow connects the knife or
cutter bar with the running parts of the machine, bringing the
knives close to the ground. It needs perhaps more strength and
uniformity in mechanism—it works without a reel, performing its
work admirably.

”

McCormicx’s Macuine cuts with knives of a peculiar form,
being broad at the base, short in length and having a sickle edge
working between spear shaped teeth or fingers. The construc-
tion of this machine is too fragile for useful purposes, the knives
yielded after a few swaths were cut, needing to be replaced by
another set; these yielded also. The stubble was left long and
uneven.

Burrari’s Macure was presented for trial direct from the work-
shop, and now first subjected to its intended work. It is ingen-
ious in mechanism, presenting a longer vibration of the cutting
knives than any other machine; a fly wheel is attached to over-
come variable resistances and equalize movements, and certainly
the Burral Machine moved over the ground with less noise and
more smoothly than any other subjected to trial.

Without pretending to question the theory, it seems at first
sight that a wheel of so small diameter and weight, could not
efficiently or profitably collect power sufficient to overcome any
sudden resistance to which a mowing machine is usually liable ;
certainly at this trial it did not prevent very frequent interrup-
tions to its progress. More experience may show the value of
this appendage. The ingenuity and excellent workmanship of
this machine is worthy of high commendation, and we cannot
doubt that under improvements which the present trials will sug-
gest to the proprietor, he will at an early day perfect a Mowing
Machine to stand in the foremost rank. In its present condition
it choked frequently and needed oft adjustment.

14

Murray’s Macnrne arrived at the trial grounds from Ilinois
at the close of the day ; it was not properly adjusted for work,
and no one conversant with its use was present to work it. Un-
der these circumstances the work was badly done.

There are however in this machine points of ingenuity and ex-
cellence of arrangement which will probably place it when per-
fected among the favored implements of the agriculturist.

Ruaa’s Patent Mower retains ina great degree the form of
the earliest Reaping Machine as patented by the Rev. P. Bell in
England; the horses are attached to the rear of the machine pro-
pelling it, while the driver guides it by a steering wheel ; he can
also elevate or depress the cutting knives at his pleasure. The
advantages claimed for this patent were not apparent and the
machine soon ceased to operate.

Danrorp & Co’s Macuins was not in time for examination and
trial on the first day, and when in operation on the morning of
the second day, it was frequently impeded by clogging. The pe-
culiar feature of this machine is the reciprocating action of the
cutting knives ; they are moved by eccentrics, causing the knives
to pass each other in close contact on the same plane, the action
of the blade therefore is like that of shears. This position of the
knife cannot probably maintain a long continued perfect action,
for as soon as the knives from any cause lose their sharp edge,
the tougher grasses will be drawn between the plates, and by
clogging arrest the progress of the machine.

The excellence discernable in the best Mowing Machines now
exhibited, leaves no doubt as to their utility. It is equally clear
that the work performed is far better than can be done by manual
labor with a scythe.

The farmer will, however, need the occasional use of the
scythe ; for neatness and thorough husbandry will claim the
scythe to trim fence corners, to remove baulks occasioned by
careless driving, as well as herbage which may escape the ma-
chine when passing stumps or rocks.

The economy derived from their use may be understood from
the following computation :

An able man ean cut with a scythe an area of one acre and a
quarter each day, on a meadow covered with grass equal to two

$5

tons per acre; of heavy clover he will cut not to exceed one acre
per day ; a few men can accomplish more than above stated, but
on an average these quantities are found to be a full days work.
The rate of wages varies in different places and counties, yet a
fair average rate of compensation in Central New York for men
engaged in the hay harvest is seventy-five cents per day, or eighty
cents per acre by the job, with their board and lodging.
Assuming the cost of cutting and making hay at one dollar per
day for each man employed, we may approximate closely to the
advantages of Mowing Machines. Thus
One acre of meadow grass yielding two tons will
cost for cutting and making the hay............ § 2 00
A field of ten acres will therefore cost............ 20 00
A Mowing Machine will cut an acre per hour, worked by one
man with two horses; a field of ten acres may be conveniently
cut in one day by the machine; three additional laborers will be
sufficient and ample for turning, raking and cocking the ten acres.
Then the labor of the 4 men is equal to........... . $4 00
Htea mis Sayyid Aes aise Sate ae Sak BI PET ih
Int. on cost of the machine—wear and tear, say 15
per cent per annum, to sink the cost in ten years,
$15; this amount divided equally to ten harvest
days is equal to a daily charge of*. 20.4...) .a- 1 50
Cost of cutting and making ten acres of hay, of two ——-
tous per acre by a machine). ..... cass s delsedd ele Ge! 00

The difference in favor of the Mowing Machine is therefore a
saving of labor equal in value to thirteen dollars per day, and upon
every ten acres of grassland, the gain upon each ton is sixty-
five cents.

Attention is thus drawn to the economy of Mowing Machines,
that all interested may make estimates for themselves based upon
wages and compensation directly applicable to their own locality,
the above rates being adopted from the customs and practices of
many farmers in the center of the State.

REAPING MACHINES.

A few years have passed since Reaping Machines were success-
fully introduced into the State of New-York. Since their intro-

* No estimate is made of the wear and tear of seythes, snaiths, &c.

16

duction they have multiplied greatly in the grain-growing dis-
tricts. Year after year, ingenuity, stimulated by demand, has
attempted improvements, and as a measure of the excitement, it
may be stated that jiffeen patents were issued from the govern-
ment office for Reaping Machines in the year 1850—’51.

These Reaping Machines are not confined as heretofore, to the
cutting of wheat, barley and oats: they are constructed for har-
vesting Indian corn, stripping the ears from the stalks ; for cut-
ting or removing the corn stalks; also for harvesting cotton
stalks, hemp and grasses.

The astonishment felt and expressed by British cultivators
when two American reapers successfully laid the grain of their
rich fields in regular gavels, ready for binding, at the rate of 15
to 17 acres per day, is generally known; and it appears by re-
cent papers from England, that during the period while the Ge-
neva trials were in progress, seventeen specimens of reapers were
on exhibition at a meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society at
Lewes; upon which occasion an American reaper is declared to
have demonstrated its superiority over other similar machines.

It appears that British mechanics are adopting and combining
the excellencies of various American reapers, producing results
which are spoken of as producing a revolution in their harvest-
ing operations.

This combination of American ingenuity obtained the silver
medal of the Royal Society at their recent meeting, and it is said
that more than one thousand of these machines have been made
to order.

If then the farmers of the old world feel so much interest in
agricultural machines in use among American farmers, we are at
no loss to account for the excitement exhibited by New-York
farmers and others visiting the Geneva trials.

Twelve grain Reaping Machines were entered for trial: three
of them did not reach Geneva until after the adjournment of the
judges.

The following table presents a list of the Reapers on the field,
in the order of numbers’ drawn by them respectively, for their
stations on the ground.

This table exhibits the action and main features of construc-
tion of each machine on the wheat field.

LT

T -
| QuaALity OF purer WoRK.
SS
—— - sae
i ce U fo}
oo =e eg = Z
| lle 2S S a | 4
| =°2 ~ =e aS 2 | S
PATE = co, Oey ae 2 | Z
y. A= $ 2 = Z |
TE = \ oa rae) ca eo | 2
| a | a oe? = \
| : q fei: [ea =
| . oO | 2 m1 A S
I| 2 \ eel ee 2 :
= amt = = = 5
oe eee Sh ears 2 E
oe o \ 3 Be 1S) 2
Os .8 P| te Pm@ sm Ss | a3
Ser - re) Se nena = E
| sue al “WS maou a ae
7 gu5 9 | 25AT A 3
aes =
eee, s 5 = z 8
ee

|

|
nae

|

|

4) 30 sood. good.
4 33 good. good.
3

9 | 2| 29 fair. good.
S10 e eke cate | | | A\ 29 good eood j
re tos.° Ee | | 912 uneven. good.

Sng led
el
ES

~_
he!
.

. \ * 4
| | 4 fair. goad.
| 7 83 | A\ 5 bad. | uneven.

TT

r dis-

, has
ot, it ry j
47 -
vern- FABULAR STATEMENT
m. ; ;
he Of the Trial of Rearing Macsiyes, at Geneva, July, L852.
ar-
cut- \
| | Power Require. | ae |
tton | \ | | Sls EQUIREL | ee Sprep. Knives. | | | Quanity or tHe Worx.
| | | ae | 68g s | i a ree | | isa) roe
| a g o - | A | = | wES i)
ators PATENTEE. | Exhibitor or Agent. | a8 2 By Pi , | - ee es | fos ated es.
Rate \ | | ae 28 ge é z = 3 pel eel” ie E \ oa Be ips
| | ee a ke: z Ps = ace aca 2 | = | g | 252 S ~
Kew | | | es oo ame s 3 | 2) oie es | © | gs Wee” 8 %
y re- | | g so | iz g Zod gg 35 | 3 2 S | ge see i eS es tees 2 Z
\ 2 3s. ie Zz SEB 23 22 | bie 3 2 2a | ee Ss | en | 2 Bens 3 as
a a | & | = | Raees Home zz : £ | Beer) ei ai 3 ss 2 | BS
veal | i | bere | ne Al < = Laas Le | @ a | a | a ied ° 5
| Dollars- Pounds. || Tnches | io eer Hrs. Mi Pe (<S. ar - Saat as ilpaaese aa. ||
y at No.1 C. H. McC k ‘co H. McC ; -— aaa eet. rs. Min. | Feet. Pounds. | Pounds. || Inches. Inches. Inches. Feet Feet.
| No. 1. eCormick,..|C. H. MeCormick,..) f 900 || 9 : aj roar | — aa all sales —— a
d to 9. T. D. Burrall,... hp. D. Burrall, .. can on 1.000. | A - 28 36 264 2.23 101 375 5.21 | 12 | 08 | sickle. 53 32 6 | 6 side. || 30 good. good.
S. BPATKING, Piece. 235s J. S. Wright,.......| 150 | 1.246 | am 5 38 | 26 258 2.48 103 400 6.66 || 3 | 8% |Smooth. 8 26 5 || none. |sideorba’k.| 33 good. | good.
ning 4, E. Danford,......../E. Danford & Co.,.., 120 1,000 | 9 | @ | AB heen seen leeee cee elene Aco. | See See Bak aac | 3 | 8 | smooth. ae 5 eee e eee | side.
alts 5. Seymour & Morgan,.|Seymour & Morgan,., 105 "990 | 9 = 30 2 WP A Ace: 400 Gabi Il Q1 21 smooth. 5 | Sete | ats | ‘back. 29 fair: good.
as 6. J. H. Maney, . ssi. H. Manney, kaa4 | 105 840 | 2 | 4 36 20 188 | 1.35 153 425 5.91 |) A 11 | sickle. 4 | 30 6 | 6 side. || 29 good. | good.
Ss fi Ruge’s Patent,...../A.C. Powell,......| 125 | 920 | Hpee) 2 Oe 2 180 2.34 103 400 66 | 43 | y) sickle. 4 | 30 5.6 | 5 | side. 311 uneven.| good.
8. 0. ate oc... RB. Hussey,..... "| 135 905 | Mma || ae ..((ooggtt Pesan Aeon. hone é cll 1 | 1% | sickle. So leeeneees | side. || 15 a
lver 9. B. Densmore,,.....||Byron Densmore, . . ‘| 130 980 || ms | = 29 319 2.39 99 450 6.82 || LI 3 smooth. 3 26 5.6 || mone. back. 31 fair. good.
said WR. y chet” oe | | aa 16 19 229 2.08 WV 420 5.83 | 4 13 | sickle. 4 2. 6 9 ie side. 25 bad. | uneven.
. A. Palmer,* |
ade 18, Obed Hussey,. || i= | |
st in ° ;
Sig These Machines did not arrive in time for the trial. { Stated and required by the exhibitors
ork
ree
the
eld, :
heir
rue

-~—igea?

~~ *

—— _
‘a s -
--=. 24 2
= - — “= Fs
hae ;
- j
“= 4 - a om
= - +o 7 Pe j
> = = tt -
j
he be
> Sad é
ee eae — i
tw tay * « po
. ie es
= .
—— a a et i A

ia j hae? : )
- (hg: Ni ‘. oyu! i rae wilh ie Ao AP | E pats j lia hti
a . 7 7 ; ; d y ; rae fi 7
ah) Gils ‘eh aes! NORAD MOV eae ete? Maeeeti\ ss, yl diy ful
We) at ays y “.

ane PE RTT TS Te Rae Sun ee PCR 8) at”
es ahs a “al baie wee

by marae Jathl Lil oe eee AAP i Uist Mabe MA

r Repeal Oi Mul ks PENT: ereeOnY » hay

rn 7 if

iw aes 4 j
eT ON Oe, Se ee
reas ef eee, POO lee ere ae

18

1. McOormick’s Macurne cut the wheat straw with accuracy,
and called forth commendation at its first movement: the entire
lot was not however cut evenly. In the barley field it did not
work to advantage, particularly in the lodged grain; the gavels
were well laid ; during the aetion of the machine the horses were
subjected to a heavy side draft.

With various and many good points, this machine has to con-
tend with inferior workmanship and want of firmness.

2. T. D. Burrauy’s Macurye performed its work in the most ad-
mirable manner; the gavels were well laid, though from the
manner of delivery at the side a twist was observable: the work-
manship and materials were excellent: the circular apron for
side delivery—the balance wheel—and an arrangement to elevate
the exterior edge of the apron, are valuable features.

3. Arkins’ Automaton Macuine, entered by Mr. J. 8. Wright
attracted much notice, not for the work performed, that was in-
different ; but for the ingenuity displayed in the mechanism,
whereby an arm was made to rise from the machine, descending
with a rapid motion, it seized the cut grain on the platform, car-
ried it to the side of the machine, and laid it in a tolerably well
formed gavel, beyond the track of the reaper; this action was re-
peated in measured intervals proportioned to the advance of the
machine, and deposit of grain on the platform.

It is due to Mr. Atkins, the inventor, to state that he is a crip-
ple, and was confined to his bed during the whole period occu-
pied by his men in the construction of this machine; in pain
and sickness he conceived the design for a Self Raking Reaper ;
his instructions were carried out imperfectly in the selection of
materials and distribution of strength ; the absence of the mas-
ter mind permitted errors of adjustment and arrangement, con-
sequently it yielded in various parts during the trial. Yet when
in motion, the action of the human arm and hand did not fail to
find a surprising imitation in this ingenious machine.

Upon this occasion the inventor was largely indebted to Mr.
Wright, for his indefatigable efforts to remedy the many difficul-
ties arising from mal-construction—difficulties which may be
easily obviated, because they are due to the builder and not to
the inventor. These remarks upon an imperfect machine are

19

due to the inventor and to our agricultural interests, for it seems
to contain the germ of one of the most useful implements which
mechanical ingenuity can present to the farmer.

4. Danrorp & Co.’s Macutne.—This machine has the peculiar
arrangement of the knives described under the division of mowing
machines ; the edges of the knives cut against each other, acting

like scissors or shears. It performed the cutting satisfactorily ;

yet the position of the knives, as now arranged, presents a for-
midable difficulty in a liability to clog as soon as their keen edge
is lost. The motion of the wheel was not duly adjusted, a too
rapid motion beat the grain and scattered it along the track : the
workmanship of this machine was admirable.

5. Seymour anD Moraan’s Macutne.—The work was well done,
the gavels well laid; the draft was light and of rapid speed,
but it is liable to the objection of side draft.

6. J. H. Manny’s Macuine.—This Reaper cut admirably in
wheat and barley ; the merits of construction were manifest in
the barley field, where the driver could raise or depress the
knives as the standing or lodged grain might demand ; the water
courses also were easily passed ; these are valuable features.

The delivery is not perfect, owing to an elevation of the apron
ur platform which rises about eight inches above its lowest plane.
The necessary consequence is, an uneven or disturbed condition
of the gavels.

7. Ruee’s Macuine.—Having cut a portion of grain appropria-
ted for the trial, was withdrawn.

8. T. R. Hussrey’s Macutnr.—A compact well built machine,
cuts well except where the grain was thin, in such places it over-
rode the grain which escaped the knife. The gavels were toler-
ably laid. The construction of this reaper avoids all side draft ;
yet the direct draft, as indicated by the Dynamometer, was greater
than any other machine.

9. Densmore’s Macuine.—This is an ingenious self-raker, the
grain being swept from the platform by fingers, with a motion
more rapid as it passes the center of it, throwing the gavel from
the side. The driver has the power of regulating this action by

20

his foot gathering more or less grain into a gavel, at his option.
This clever machine seems not yet perfected, the stubble is left
uneven, and the gavels are not smoothly laid for binding. In
this machine may be seen the useful efforts of genius struggling
to surmount difficulties, and it seems to present an object where
success is within reach.

Numbers 10, 11 and 12 did not arrive in due season for trial.
The machine of Mr. Obed Hussey, of Baltimore, reached the depot
at Geneva the day after adjournment.

The established principle in the science of mechanics in regard
to cutting tools, that an acute angle is the most effective on sub-
stances of woody fibre, seems to hold good in the form of a reaper
knife; this is apparent upon comparing the angles of the several
knives, as for instance the height of Mr. McCormick’s knife from its
base line to the apex is five-eighths of an inch, the base line being
4% inches; the power required to cut a swarth six feet wide, ad-
vancing at the rate of 101 feet per minute, was five pounds 534
for every inch in width of the swath. The height of Mr. Bur-
rall’s knife above the base is 33 inches, the base being 3 inches ;
in this case the power consumed to advance 103 feet in a minute,
is six pounds £°,, the swath being five feet wide.

The grain grower must not yet expect to be entirely indepen-
dent of the cradle; for the tracks and avenues must be opened in
crain fields for the entrance of reaping machines, as well as to re-
move occasional baulks, or the grain protected from the knife by
large stones or tree stumps.

The advantage obtained by the use of Reaping Machines, will
appear from the following comparative estimate of manual and
machine labor :

Wheat yielding thirty bushels per acre can be cradled at the
rate of two acres per day by an expert cradler, and few men can
cradle more than three acres of oats or barley ina day. Rye will
require more time than wheat, yet in this estimate it may be
classed with wheat.

Nore.—In nearly all the Reapers presented for trial, a decided improvement was exhi-
bited in workmanship; there was a finish in many which may be viewed generally as proof of
durability ; a symmetry of form, and beautiful correspondence of yarious parts, were observable
in the best machines. In others, coarse rough work dimmed and obscured their excellences,

and caused defects, where existing mechanical principles indicated better results.

21

Farmers may differ in these estimates, but it is believed the
number who ean cradle the acres named, include the great mass
of men ; those who can exceed the spaces here adopted are few,
and form the exceptions only to a general rule.

The average value of cradling labor is one dollar and a half
per day with board and lodging, engaged for the harvest season.
Job work costs about one dollar per acre. At this last rate, a
field of fifteen acres will cost for cradling only, the sum of fifteen
dollars.

The expense of reaping the same area by a machine, may be
thus estimated :

A. team and driver,,...... Pde abe wsrseencrokspe Meets aE tae
PAN: tO! Tale yOM: AMET OVATIG 5 15 seco lege’ <0, pare wporeropotei es ate ae 1 00
Interest on cost of the machine at a value of $120, and

at 10 per cent to cover wear, is $12, one-quarter of

this sum applied to wheat, the balance to be divided

among otherenrops, IVES ica. «a1 «si 4's shclis!s'3 ay Sehaye stele ereragss OREO

$5 75

The cost of cutting fifteen acres of wheat in one day is $5.75; which
exhibits a saving of $9 2°, in favor of the reaping machine on an
area of fifteen acres.

It must be evident that to accomplish the cutting of these 15
acres with cradles, in one day, seven men at least must be em-
ployed, and as many more to bind the grain into sheaves—ma-
king a force of 14 or more men. The machine requires two men
to control it, and needs 7 or at most 8 men to rake and bind the
grain, and shock the whole in the same day, making a further
advantage by saving the labor of four men : equal to four dollars.
Thus it appears that the Reaping Machine offers a considerable
advantage over manual labor, say to the extent of $13.25 on
every 15 acres, or 881 cents per acre.

The number of acres appropriated to the culture of wheat in
this State during the year 1844—45, according to the State cen-
sus, was 1,013,665. The census of the United States for 1850,
shows a diminution of the wheat crop in this State ; yet in the
absence of sufficient official returns, we may reasonably assume

the number of acres of wheat as being equal now, to the area
cultivated in 1845. If so, it will be seen that the use of Reaping

22

Machines applied to the whole crop, would effect a saving to the
State of about $89,540 dollars per annum.

These estimates are presented with the intent to draw the at-
tention of cultivators to the economy of machinery, and to in-
vite every person interested in the inquiry to a more minute in-
vestigation for himself.

DRILLS.

The practice of sowing and planting seeds in regular rows or
drills, has found so many advocates in the United States, as to
encourage mechanical ingenuity in the attempt to improve ma-
chines derived from English and Scoteh cultivators. Until with-
in a short period, the Drill Machines have been cumbrous, and
uncertain in the performance of the work desired ; hence their
use was for a long time confined to sowing the seeds of vegeta-
bles, and small areas of corn. Many successful trials with im-
proved drills led to the construction of a very good machine by
Pennock, of Pennsylvania, by which wheat was deposited in the
earth with regularity and at uniform depth ; it planted corn also
when desired at equal distances ; the use of this machine gave
an impetus to drill husbandry, inducing the belief of utility and
economy.

The advantages claimed for these machines, are :

1. Regularity in delivery of the seed.

2. It is deposited at the proper depth.

3. Facility of destroying weeds during the growth of the
plant.

4. No loss of nutriment by feeding weeds.

5. Free admission of sun and air.

6. Economy of seed.

7. Less loss from wiuter killed grain.

These and other advantages are strongly claimed, probably
upon insufficient proof for adoption in all the States of the Union.
Yet it cannot be reasonably doubted that in the soil of the U.S.,
covering an area of one hundred and eighty-four millions of
acres of improved fields, large tracts can be economically seeded
by well constructed drills, especially in the corn growing regions,
and wherever the cost of labor will permit the careful farmer to
eradicate weeds from his wheat fields.

23

Recent improvements in this department of agricultural me-
chanics, have brought into use several machines, simple in con-
struction, more perfect in their performance, and less expensive
in cost than the complex drills of other days. Such is the cha-
racter of the Drill Machines presented for trial to your commit-
tee, to whom it seems evident that the simplicity of construction
now achieved has reduced the application of physical effort, and
the liability to become deranged or worn; this improvement,
though last named, is not inferior in importance to many others,
as it too often has tested severely the patience of the farmer,
when the aid of the mechanic is needed by repeated demands du-
ring the planting of a crop.

The following table contains such facts as could be derived
during the investigation and trial. The work performed by the
various drills was upon ground very imperfectly plowed, and
upon which neither harrows or cultivators had much effect ; conse-
quently the drills were in action upon a soil in which no far-
mer would permit grain to be deposited.

The field was visited for examination on the 13th of August,
being 2° days after the trial of the drills, when, in no instance
could a perfect drill or row of grain be discovered ; in fact, two
thirds or more of all the seed drilled by each machine had per-
ished. The failure in this respect is not attributable to the drill
machines, but to the imperfectly tilled ground, and a continued
drought from the day of seeding until the 20th of August.

24

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25

SEED PLANTERS.

Planting Machines are closely allied:to Drills; the former be-
ing intended to deposit and establish in the soil various seeds at
certain distances from each other, the latter intended chiefly for
small grains, placed in the earth in close contiguity, and there-
fore the action may more properly be called sowing.

Many of the Grain Drills are convertible into Planters, and
used as such ; and the Planters now under consideration are con-
structed for the deposit of small seeds also, though intended or
used for the seed of esculent vegetables only.

Six competitors appeared in this class of machines, viz: Eme-
ry & Co., of Albany; C. C. Van Every, of Victor, Ontario co.;
P. Seymour, of East Bloomfield, Ontario co., Rapelje & Co, of
Rochester ; Foster, Jessup & Co., Palmyra, Wayne co.; and John
Woodward, of New Hampshire.

The Planter presented by Emery & Co. has been used in this
State during several years. Many acres of corn have been drop-
ped in rows by it, each grain being placed from four to eight or
ten inches apart ; when horse power is applied, this implement
will plant seven or eight acres per day, the rows being usually
three feet apart or more, as the proprietor may desire. All
other seeds are deposited by this Planter, and when planted on
small areas, hand labor only is necessary. The cost of this ma-
chine is $14 to $16. The mechanical construction might be
improved, the frame and castings are generally too light for farm
work.

The Planter offered by C. C. Van Every, of Victor, plants two
rows of any grain at the same time, the rows being three and a
half feet asunder. The peculiar claim of this machine is, the ca-
pability of depositing seed in each row at any required distance
apart, from 1} ioches to 3} feet; the widest distance making
exact squares. There exists a simplicity of contrivance in this
implement which promises well, inducing a belief that with more
attention to workmanship, the inventor will present a useful
labor saving machine to the farmer. The cost is stated to

ad

26

be thirty dollars; it is worked by one horse and one man to
guide it.

Prerponr Seymour, of East Bloomfield, entered a machine as
a Seed Planter, which performs good work ; yet as this machine
acts as a Drill, it has been noticed in that division.

Rapause & Co., of Rochester, presented two Planters, one of
which was Emery & Co’s., or identical with a Planter offered by
Emery & Co. some few years ago, for which he obtained a pre-
mium, and similar to the same machine offered by Emery & Co.
for trial. A small Planter, fit only for garden purposes, was also
exhibited by Rapalje & Co.; among horticulturists it would pro-
bably be esteemed, but its capacity is not adequate to a farmer’s
wants.

A Planter, patented by Dickey, of Pennsylvania, was presented
by Foster, Jesup & Co., of Palmyra, and so constructed as to
drop three grains of corn at the distance of every eighteen inches.
This instrument did not fulfil the claims made onits behalf; the
cost is $20.

Woopwarp’s PLanter was introduced and excited much hope
as appearing to combine almost every qualification for a useful
planting implement. It was tried with corn on the surface and
found to drop four grains with accuracy at equal distances of
three feet.

Gypsum or plaster was then placed ina hopper next to the
seed box; when in motion it dropped the corn with precision,
and deposited about a gill of plaster on the corn.

This machine was then worked in a piece of plowed or culti-
vated ground and planted several rows ; upon examination, and
upon removing the earth, it was found that not more than five
and never less than four grains were dropped with remarkable
exactness in each specified distance. It was moved by one horse,
euided by one man, it cleared away all lumps from the track or
row, leaving a smooth surface on which and directly over the
corn, was about one gill of plaster.

It seemed evident that no manual labor with a hoe, could per-
form work so well. An arrangement exists, but was not exhib-

Par

ited for working two machines by one horse, thus planting two
rows at once.

The cost of a single machine is $20; when arranged for two
rows the charge is $30. Moveable cylinders are applied and so
constructed as to plant every variety of seed down to the most
minute in size.

A Machine for sowing al/ seeds and grains broad cast, was pre-
sented by Prerpont Seymour. It has been much improved since
its first introduction a few years ago. The indexed arrangement
for graduating the delivery is good ; the oscillating motion given
to the shaft which distributes the seed is derived from the off
wheel while a slower motion is given by the nigh wheei to metal
levers when used for distributing plaster, bone dust, lime, ashes
or any other special manures. Another excellent feature in this
machine is the additional box from which clover or timothy seed
can be equally distributed, while at the same time manures can
be distributed from the larger box. Thus any combination of
seeds and manures may be effected during the deposit of the seeds
on the soil:

This implement is usually moved by one horse, the driver has
a seat above the grain boxes, and it sows a breadth of ten feet.

The advantages of Drill Husbandry have not yet been decided,
except only the evident benefit of weeding drilled fields by the
hand or hoe. Broad Cast Sowing has prevailed throughout the
world, and possesses the advantage of greater expedition, and as
many believe a greater product from an acre, and grain of more
uniform quality. The perfection to which both Drills and Broad
Cast Sowers has arrived, must ere long settle the claim of prefer-
ence among cautious observing farmers.

CULTIVATORS.

Instruments for stirring the surface of the earth have long been
extensively used in the United States; they were for a long time
confined to the corn and potato crops, taking place of the plow
for clearing or destroying weeds. Their form and mode of ap-
plication were derived from the English grubber, scarifier and
extirpator, neither of which were found sufficient for the desired

28

operations on the fields of this country. The corn cultivator
maintains its vlace under many modifications, but the working of
fallows has enlarged the cultivator of 1834 toan implement bear-
ing a value about equi-distant between the plough and the
harrow.

Eleven cultivators for general purposes were entered for trial ;
among them was an implement presented by Mr. Hows, of Can-
andaigua, denominated “a field cultivator:” it has seven teeth
in a square frame supported on wheels, these wheels are within
the frame, permitting the teeth to cut about two inches in depth.
It is a compact strong implement, the front teeth are set directly
before the wheels; a good arrangement, as it was evident the
cultivator maintained a more steady course, the wheels running
in the track of the teeth, and therefore less liable to be raised by
lumps or other obstructions. An objection exists, however, to
its action inthe present mode of construction: it takes so slight
a hold of the earth that it does not effectually disturb the grass
and roots, neither did it work the entire surface over which it
passed, leaving about one-fourth undisturbed ; nevertheless, there
are merits in this machine which will probably lead to one of
the most perfect of its class. The price is $24. Draft is 350
pounds.

Srymour’s Wueat Cuitivator is an implement unused as yet
by farmers, being now for the first time introduced. It consists of
a set of 9 teeth applicable to his drill frame after removing the
tubes, thus converting the wheat drill into a wheat cultivator
intended to pass between the rows of drilled grain whenever a
growth of weeds indicates a necessity for their removal, or it may
be used for stirring the earth between the drills. The teeth are
charged at $10 for the set of nine. The draft of this implement
is 300 pounds, and is drawn by two horses.

L. L. Wurrseck, of Arcadia, presented his “ Universal Plow.”
It isa light implement, consisting of three shovel shaped plows
in a square frame, working the soil about 24 inches deep or more,
according to the mellowness of the earth. It may work with
advantage on light sand or loam soils, but can rarely be service-

29

able in the wheat soils. The draft was 230 pounds; worked by
one horse and a driver. The price is $10.

Ipes’ Parent Cuttivaror was offered for trial by S. R. Tracy,
of Newark, Wayne county. Thisimplement has been extensively
in use for several years; it has 7 teeth 13 inches iong below the
beam ; this beam rests on wheels and so arranged as to be raised
by levers, elevating the teeth above the surface of the earth, ren-
dering its transportation from place to place as easy as any light
two wheeled carriage; the levers work in notches on cast iron
ratchets whereby the teeth are elevated or depressed at the plea-
sure of the driver; at this trial they worked at a depth of 24
inches, disturbing the whole surface to the width of the frame.
The draft was not ascertained as no means existed for attaching
the dynamometer, The price is $30.

Roor’s Cuirivator was introduced by Raprerse & Co. This
implement has seven teeth with steel edges on a strong cast iron
shank twelve inches long ; the wheels are so disposed as not to
incline the cutting edge of the teeth to hold firmly to the soil.
The consequence was this cultivator did not perform its work
well.

It was worked by two horses and a driver ; the draft indicated
was 325 pounds—and the price was stated at $28.

Koattam & Vatueau exhibited a Gang Plow which was entered
in the class of Cultivators. This implement consists of a frame
to which is firmly attached foursmall plows; the frame is jointed
and so constructed as to allow it to turn in a small compass, this
is peculiar and well contrived. It is worked by three horses and
a driver ; on trial the furrows were cut 23 inches deep, and nine
inches wide; the draft indicated was 450 pounds. The work
performed was good, even and free from baulks.

This implement does not belong properly to the class of Culti-
vators, for upon a recently plowed field, the work would pro-
bably be ragged and imperfect, not stirred and mixed as by the
usually formed cultivator teeth. It was regretted that no such
ground could be had for a trial. The implement appeared how-

30

ever to possess SO much merit as to need this notice ; the price is
$30.

In the construction of Cultivators a defect was observable in
several, which doubtless was noticed by agricultural mechanics ;
we allude to portions of surface soil in the track of the imple-
ments not stirred ; the edges of the cutting tooth made a concave
excavation, leaving ridges between the concaves, reaching nearly
to the surface. This defect was confined to a few only of the
Cultivators presented for trial.

THRASHING MACHINES.

The early history of Agricultural Mechanics as applicable to
the separation of the grain from the straw, has even now become
a matter of speculative doubt and inquiry. Looking to southern
Europe, it seems strange that science has not more decisively
overthrown the system of thrashing by treading out the grain
from the ear by the feet of cattle: this seems more strange when
we know that, before or at the Christian era, thrashing was done
not only by treading, or by the flail; it was also performed by
subjecting the sheaves of grain to “a sharp threshing instrument
having teeth,’* which was something resembling a cart drawn over
the grain by horses or oxen.

In northern Europe, where the arts and sciences have made
great advances, we find even at this day, the early systems of
thrashing, as practiced by the ancient Arabs, Syrians and Egyp-
tians.

In this country, the feet of cattle and the flail gave way to
well constructed and effective machines about twenty years ago.
Since their introduction they have been steadily and quietly su-
perceding the use of the flail, expelling its musical notes or ex-
changing them for the hum of the rapid-moving and toothed cyl-
inder.

We see from the quotation above given that a toothed instru-
ment was used for thrashing, two thousand years ago; and it is
claimed that the first thrashing machine of Great Britain was
patented by Michael Menzies of East Lothian in 1732. This
seems to have been the germ of modern thrashing machines, for

* Isaiah, 41: 15.

31

it was not until the year 1786 that a successful thrashing machine
was invented.

These historical memoranda are alluded to, that a fact connec-
ted with this country may be preserved among our farmers, as
interesting, at least in connection with the advance of agricultu-
ral mechanics.

In the year 1650 a volume was published in London purport-
ing to describe the machinery used by the planters and farmers of
Virginia. This work was compiled by Ed. Williams, who states
that a saw-mill was in operation, which he describes, and which
could be easily converted “ to thrashing wheat, breaking of hemp
om flax .??

No pretensions are or need be founded on this curious agricul-
tural and historic fact, yet it shows that thrashing wheat by ma-
chinery was thought of in this country at a very early period.

It was hoped, and the endeavor of your committee has been,
to test the comparative merits and excellences of the thrashing
machines, with a close approximation to accuracy, by comparing
the quantity of wheat obtained by each, from a given quantity of
sheaves of grain. With this view, one hundred sheaves of wheat
were appropriated to each competitor ; each parcel was carefully
weighed ; and a weighed portion being submitted tothe action of
each machine, the following results were obtained :

‘3 cee heh S ve bose ole 1S kee eas

5 SP alS Slay lak ga |& | BAS

55 ely 2i2Fl Fs [anal alss| Siss

EXHIBITORS. $4 fale sle,.| SS (Sea Sie 8] oles

2s Ses Sos). 2S ae Ble Ml oe ia
aA Ber tra 22 esse ls |e lsus
S) o| 3 2 oO |.5 = — |5.8 2

| & fae AB |e =
|

Woodbury,--.----- Separator and cleaner| 861) 100)137 | 15.9) 1300) 13 | 6 |S.* 6
Cr 1 FT do 710| 102|1612| 22.7] 1700] 52] 8 |S. 6
Westinghouse, .-+++ Separator,.-.....-.- 954] 103/200 | 20.9) 1450) 134) 2 |E.C 5
feomies sss s-6ces do See cies 489} 50) 85| 17.4| 1600] 8| 1|E.O| 4
TAM ns cece e)s.0o a/6\ 01s Separator and cleaner|1000} 100/192 | 19.2! 1650) 8 | 8 JS. 6
Badger,....+++++- Separator,......+.-- 850} 101)156 | 18.4) 1600) 174) 2 |E.C 5
Eddy, ..+-.+s+++e- Thrasher only,...--- 1080} 100)174 | 16.1) 1500} 103] 2 |S. 5
MB TG US siete ejo.c.sj00 0 sieine Separator and cleaner) 934) 100/194 20.8 1350); 53) 8 iS. 7
Emery, ..------+-: Separator,......+-:. 840) 102/169 | 20.11 1550) 103) 2 |E.C 5

|
|
|
|
|

If the relation between the wheat and straw had been equal in
the several parcels, the fifth column would have determined the
comparative values of the machines so far as their ability to sepa-

* Tp the 10th column §. means sweep principle, Hi. C. endless chain power.

32

rate all the grain was concerned. But throughout these trials
the constant aim has been to avoid a reliance upon opinions: an
earnest endeavor has been used to ascertain and record facts in
relation to each machine with the nearest practicable approach
to mathematical accuracy, and from such premises to determine
merits and excellences.

It would mislead the farmers of this State, and do injustice to
the inventors, if the results exhibited in the above table were al-
lowed to stand as a correct exhibit of the ability of the several
machines to separate the wheat from the straw.

It was obvious when inspecting the various parcels of wheat,
that a difference existed with respect to the quantity of grain and
straw in each ; some were free from grass and weeds, while oth-
ers were materially affected by them: another portion was much
injured by the wheat fly or midge, while a part was free from
this insect.

It seemed clear, therefore, that the table would present an im-
perfect test; an incidental occurrence proved the truth of this
position. Messrs. Hall and Westinghouse were of opinion that
their machines were not accurately tested in relation ¢o time, and
they were allowed to make a second trial. It was evident there
could be no difference in the ability of each machine to thrash
clean on the first and second trial, yet Westinghouse during his
second trial obtained 164 pounds of wheat from 748 pounds of
straw, equal to 21.9 per cent., and being one per cent. more than
on his first trial ; while Hall obtained 100 pounds of wheat from
1000 pounds of straw, equal to 16 per cent., being 3.2 per cent.
less than on his first trial. Such diserepancies in machines when
tried against themselves impair confidence in the test, although
we obtain useful matter for judgment and establishing com-

parisons.

The following table brings to view various interesting particu-
lars respecting the thrashing machines exhibited at Geneva :

i i

Get oO
% Sila, 2 a ‘3
on HO oa SS q
ay ea) are Pea aa
2.2 g ral ‘ep. to 3 3 80 8 z=
oe | fe | ee | oe | a |g d F
a - = a i A 2
[o)
Inches. | Inches. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Dollars.| Inches. | Inches. =
Woodbury’s,..} 32 15 204 | 1000 | ~145 21 | 3 Undershot.
Scovill’s,..... 32 14 180 1200 150 2 3-16 | Undershot.
Westinghouse. 24 14 125 300 40 1? 3-16 | Overshot.
Jerome,..«+++ 22 WAR | eseys ccierere 300 35 1 3-16 | Overshot.
Bad wiewe sos 30 MANY ad ee 1200 150! Aseeg ee 3 Undershot.
Badger,....-- 28 16 135 300 35 12 | 4 Undershot.
UYy s+eeeee 23 112 175 350 40 ee Undershot.
iwi 000gp Opec 32 16 100 1200 150 DE |avcsceee Undershot.
Emery, .....- 264 144 110 400 35 1 2 Overshot.

——

These machines are so similar in their power of separating
grain from straw, that any preference must arise from other con-
siderations.

The cylinders all revolve at so high a rate of speed it becomes
important to protect the journals from the gritty particles of dust
which are always flying in profusion while thrashing: thorough
lubrication is also essential. Tu secure these desirable ends, in-
ventors have provided special contrivances ; they cover the ori-
fices for lubrication with close fitting tin covers to exclude grit
and dust. In some instances a eandlewick passes through a
tube in the box which at one end touches the journal, and at the
other communicates with a cup-shaped cavity on the box, filled
with oil, from which cup it passes to the journal by capillary at-
traction. This contrivance was used by Westinghouse and
worked well, while the machine was under examination. Tal-
low was used on Pitts’ machine, being placed within a collar on
the upper box, covered by the tin cap ; a straw is thrust through
the tallow to the journal. Through this hole thus made oil is
poured for lubrication. If by neglect the supply of oil is deti-
cient, the journal becomes heated, melting the tallow, and for
the time perfect lubrication ensues. These contrivances are
among the best presented, to guard against negligence ; but the
farmer must esteem them only as expedients never to be relied
on for the preservation of his machinery: due attention and uni-
form application of substances to lessen friction, are not to be
omitted with impunity.

Pitts’ machine is furnished with an open cylinder: this is

deemed objectionable as some of the heads of wheat or other
hy)

od

erain are lost by falling through the open spaces. This loss was
particularly noticed when the Pitts machine was working with
the endless chain power, at which time it was divested of the
cleaning apparatus. When, however, the cleaning apparatus was
attached, it made clean work, as the falling heads were carried
back by elevators and thrashed over until they were clean. A
marked difference in value exists, therefore, adverse to the use
of open eylinders, unless accompanied by apparatus for re-con-
veying the loose-falling heads to the cylinder.

Westinghouse’s cylinder moves upon steel journals ; movable
tin curtains are supplied to keep dust and stones from the face of
the operator; in other respects there is little if any difference
from other machines.

The plan and construction of Eddy & Co.’s machine recom-
mend it for durability and ease of repair. The cylinder is formed
by a series of iron rings on an iron shaft passing through their
center; two wrought iron arms pass from near the center of
each ring through the circumference, and by their projection be-
yond it, form the teeth of the cylinder, which is hollow, not liable
to burst or fly apart, and in case of fracture may be repaired with
great facility.

It will be noticed in the table that with the exception of Seo-
vill’s, Eddy’s cylinder is the heaviest, and therefore at equal
speed would have the greatest momentum, and if the resistance
was uniform would absorb the most power: but in thrashing,
when motion is obtained from horse power, the resistance is ir-
regular, and we apprehend the weight of the cylinder will not
in fact require more power, but in effect operate like a fly wheel
equalizing motion.

The simplicity of construction of this machine, and its general
excellence, obtained commendation from every member of the
committee.

In relation to the teeth of cylinders, a difference of 3 of an
inch is observable in the various machines. (See the table.) No
special difference in the performance of their work was observa-
ble, as derived from the length of the teeth ; the prevailing opin-
ion is therefore that the shortest are to be preferred, as by their
smaller leverage they are less liable to fracture.

519)

For many years grain was thrashed by portable machines and
left in the chaff, to be cleaned at the convenience of the farmer.
The inventive genius of our people next presented to the agricul-
turist a combination of parts whereby the grain was thrashed,
winnowed, and delivered clean for the granary, at one opera-
tion.

These latter machines are fast increasing in number, and four
of this class were presented for trial, while five simple thrashers
were exhibited ; all in competition for the same premiums. The
class of thrashers with separators and cleaning apparatus, con-
sisted of machines presented by Pitts, Scovill, Woodbury, and
Hall. The simple thrashers were those of Emery, Westinghouse,
Eddy, Badger and Jerome.

These distinct classes cannot be compared with each other:
and your committee have viewed them as unconnected. The
great difference in weight and cost of these classes is distinctly
noticeable in the table.

For the purpose of comparing the cheapness of thrashing by
these two classes, it may be assumed that 4500 sheaves (or any
other number) is the average quantity of work per day for Pitts
machine; and that 360 pounds of clean wheat is the yield from
each 100 sheaves: these 2%°* 4» gives 270 bushels of clean
wheat per day. The machine requires eight horses at 50-100
per day each, and seven men at one dollar each, making an ag-
gregate cost of $11 per day, or 4 cents and 7 mills per bushel.

The table shows that Emery’s machine requires twice the time
to perform the same work that Pitts’ machine will accomplish :
therefore Emery will thrash 135 bushels per day. To perform
this work Emery requires five men and two horses, the aggregate
cost of which is, at rates before stated, $6 per day, or 4 cents 44
~ mills per bushel.

The difference is 37 mills per bushel in favor of Pitts’ ma-
chine, which is increased by whatever the cost may be of win-
nowing the grain thrashed by Emery’s machine and left in the
chaff. This difference will pay the extra interest on the cost of
the larger machine, the expense of keeping it in repair, and the
cost of an elevator to remove the straw to the stack yard.

36

These advantages belong alike to all the machines of the class
of which Pitts’ is the representative.

Not a particle of thrashed grain passed over with the straw of
Pitts’ thrasher, neither could any heads be found from which the
grain was not thoroughly thrashed out. While, however, great
and well deserved credit is due to this machine for thoroughness
of work and its facilities for repair, it is to be regretted that more
attention has not been given to durability and solidity of strue-
ture: it is worthy of the best workmanship, which in the speci-
men exhibited is in a ratio far below its merits.

The same negligence and inattention seems to prevail generally
in machinery and implements for the farmer’s use, inflicting se-
rious injuries upon the cultivator, and discredit upon the me-
chanics who prepare them.

In Hall & Thompson’s machine it was discovered that a little
yet a very little wheat passed over with the straw; and the
heads were not as perfectly thrashed as by Pitts’. Yet on the
whole the performance was very satisfactory.

Woodbury’s machine is novel in its construction, and the ad-
justment by which the horses can be stopped immediately is very
useful in practice. The belt being carried above the horses re-
lieves them from the necessity of stepping over it: it is very por-
table, but it did not thrash well—a constant stream of grain was
passing over the apron with the straw, and the heads seemed im-
perfectly thrashed.

Scovell’s machine also wasted the grain too much to be used

with advantage.

In the class of Thrashing Machines without any cleaning appa-
ratus, it has been remarked that but little actual difference exis-
ted in respect to the mere power of separating the grain from the
straw: hence the chief difference between them is in durability,
workmanship, power required to work them, and cost.

Emery & Co.’s machine is thoroughly built, the journals run
in Babbett metal boxes, and consuming no more power than
others of its class, has the advantage of economy in the first cost.

a

37

Badger’s Thrasher and separator did not entirely fulfil the ex-
pectations formed by many. The differences, however, between
this and the more perfect machines on the ground, need not pre-
vent its use, for these differences are slight though palpably suffi-
cient to make a discrimination.

HORSE POWERS—SWEEP OR LEVER.

The following table exhibits the most important facts in rela-
tion to Horse Powers on the sweep or lever principle.

Be dteeelliatty bids a Be

3 tS “a

a Prot | lis 3 aj = 38

° =o Bo Sod 2) i=)

ey SE Ss Bo

Lo ee ea A aS ac sd

Tah SIN i = Rana | a P= 3

"Ben no nH a G 3 a a

se|8s| #2 |e] 3.) 3 | & 1 see

| = Les) = = mS = oO a] oO ~_= 8

Baio) eso tre aot ee) foe. UNE ame

Beee Gave ile ssi i Smale Siar “| SES

co foo FI cj a Dols. Pounds.| -¢2
Eddy & Co. (iron,)...... 18 82 255 16 (P20 men lenciets eeeeees 15.94
Eddy & Co. (wood,)....» 18 82 250 2 eda eels aletate« paced 2.50
Woodbury, ........se0- 54 | 1252 212 SOMUGLON ET ESSA ea B kek ge
WWUCL CY’. «a,c. siviv sieisieine BO! jacvaue se B72 16 25 100 | 1,250 23.25
NGUS, (ALON, )'v cere osteisie's « 54 | 200 550 30 ZELMA AE LOOT eke wate 18.33
Pitts, (wo0d.)..se0000e. 54 | 200 610 30 | 24 100 | 7,200 | 20.33
BSOGVEINS, 0:0 asgie a chebore le cisietole)| score els =i[lelatetais all sale levcie o'e)| s/svo'e atelier ole ieterepett am ereteteltts een Mca near ee
MPAA Uo... sted afc MANA so8l| tie hl. Vee ccatelwen. ch Gaal 1AR00; besa.) .

The data in this table show that the greatest effect produced
by a given draft is by the Wakeley power: in other respects also,
this seems to be a good machine. It is constructed on what has
been termed the “sun and planet system”; the teeth are carefully
formed, upon true principles; friction is reduced, and the work-
manship throughout is substantial.

HORSE POWERS ON THE ENDLESS CHAIN PRINCIPLE.

In the absence of Dynamometers applicable to a determination
of the force required for operating horse powers on the endless
chain principle, your committee adopted the following plan :—
Every platform on which the horses tread was elevated to form
an angle of 13 degrees with a level base line; two men whose
weights were ascertained, were placed on the platform, and the
number of revolutions of the driving wheel derived from their
gravity was ascertained by the speedometer ; the length of plat-
form required to make one revolution of the driver was carefully
measured. From these data the length of platform passed over
by the men in one minute was readily obtained, and with the

38

length of the platform and two angles being known, the elevation
attained by the men in one minute, walking on the platform, was
ascertained; or in other words, the heighth of a perpendicular
line in the direction of which a weight would be raised, by a given
power on an inclined plane.

With these facts carefully obtained and noted, the following
results were ascertained, and are here exhibited in tabular form :

28 |2338 |434 |332 |34 [eas | 8

ae) Bey ie le i:| 2 eo ES 2 ae

BS Sau | BO @ ao3|282 aes |

ets Race bo Ga ened AZo AS oF

Be S10) ee ee Nay oe | A ot Ge

= SoH OEG s Ayre 22] oa a

exuiprrons| 28 | 222. /8.%. /Sers | e352 | 822 34
| 8a MASSES | Mees | Sas | mos | Segus | Hm

SEG lebesca | aees | Sess | ses | Seer 32

Boe | e@Sabe | Sesoa!]FSkSA e6 | Sheed . oS

SoBe ass - Si i A ae ey OSE SS
aa —— ——__ —. —_|\-—— —_——— — —-

v ri

aa Inches. Feet. Feet. | Pounds.} Pounds. | Pounds.

Emery & Co.,.| 430 103 372 83.68 52.18 50 232
Westinghouse,.| 386 3 229 51.51 52.18 54 23
Pitts, eieleis 1s» eo] 205 14 239 53.76 52.18 |; 42 232

t=}

Badger,...+++« 218 10 181 40.72 | 52.18 | 50 239

on the platform, whose aggregate weight was 925 pounds. The
thrashing machines were attached to the powers, and the follow-
ing results obtained :

moved to produce
one revolution of
the band wheel.
travelled over in
ed perpendicularly
in one minute.

one minute.
perpendicular

space.
Weight of the six

Reyolutions of the

band wheel in one
Length of platform
Length of platform
Number of feetrais-
Weight raised thro’

Emery & Co., .-++e+++] 240 103 207 46.56 208.80 925
Westinghouse,.-.+.++++| 256 1% 152 34.19 208.80 925
Pitts,....0e- Pocccccene 91 14 106 23.84 208.80 925

as close as desirable ; for the thrashing machines attached to the
powers were of various sizes, with unequal momenta, and subject
to various degrees of friction.

The committee endeavored to correct this source of difference,
at Utica, during the Fair, by testing each horse power with the
same thrashing machine. Upon this occasion, five men, weigh-
ing in the aggregate 714 pounds, were placed on the platform of
each machine, elevated as before to 13 degrees , and the follow-
ing comparative results were obtained:

of ||
of |i

4 1010 2 oOo 318 ao)

ag |=Fece|ce | 2. | ee! of | 3

Se Seas See Soe |. Be a2| 3 |g

EXHIBITORS. |25p | _Asseo/ ei! sg | .de| Ba | 3
| Bea |gase2|22s| 8s | BFS) 22 | Sa
Som ae oan | A a a aS nm A = 30
oa 8 ao 8O# Ss a tS e494 0 od g

see | Se abs | Fea | os ESR) eS =
Emery & Co.,.-..-.. 259 103 224 50.39 | 160.62 | 1996 714
Westinghouse, ...... 217 ve 129 29.02 | 160.62} 1390 714
Joe GleG)S Bpesagmnnc ac 360 10 300 67.48 160.62 | 2160 714

CL PEPE ER ENE OR IP ET OY BIT TTS

Mr. Pitts was not present at Utica with his machine.

It is obvious from the foregoing tables, that Badger’s machine
works with the least friction ; or, in other words, gravity gives to
his machine a greater amount of useful power than to either of
the other machines on trial, having the advantage in regard to
the revolutions of the cylinder of seven and a half per cent. over
Emery & Co., and a still greater advantage over Westinghouse.
In regard to the power exhibited by the weight descending the
platform, it appears that the same weight moved Badger’s plat-
form 300 feet, and Emery & Co.’s 224 feet, the difference (76 feet)
being 251 per cent. in favor of Badger’s power.

Badger’s power is well made, and in this respect deserves much
credit ; yet in this excellence he is exceeded by Emery & Co.
The platform of Badger’s horse power rolls over friction wheels

of unusually large diameter. It is a rack and pinion power, the
lugs being connected by strong iron links, and the rack, though
straight, is provided with teeth increasing in depth as they ap-
proach the exterior edges of the pieces into which it is divided,
and is perforated in the center of each piece to accommodate the
convexity of the pinion while passing over it. This perforation
weakens the pieces and increases their liability to fracture; from
their structure, a rubbing action seems to be inevitable, causing
rapid wear.

The platform of Emery & Co.’s power rolls over reels furnish-
ed with clutches so disposed that the action of the rods is ever
nearly in a direction of a tangent to the circle, and therefore acts
to the best advantage. This arrangement seems less liable to
wear than any other, and the entire contrivance and perfection
of the work gives to it a marked superiority.

Three one horse powers were next submitted for trial. Two
men weighing together 3173} pounds were placed on the plat-
forms, and to each power was successively attached the same
thrashing machine. The following results were obtained :

Emery & Co. produced 950 revolutions of the cylinder.

Badger “ 630 é“ &c

Jerome " 595 ce e

40

STEAM ENGINES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

One engine only for agricultural purposes was presented for
trial. No sufficient arrangement could be conveniently made on
the trial ground to secure the engine in a solid position and to
avoid vibration ; hence a difficulty occurred preventing the use
of a dynamometer of rare excellence, procured from the Hadley
Falls Company. Under these circumstances it was determined
to have a more perfect trial of Messrs. Hoard & Bradford’s porta-
ble steam engine, at Utica, during the week of the State Fair.

The attention of the Society and of farmers of this State has
been invited to several attempts within a few past years to em-
ploy steam in the place of animals, as a motive power for thrash-
ing, sawing, and all farm work which may be accomplished by
fixed or portable engines. We are not informed that any farmer
in this State has adopted them, though much interest has been
felt in the improvement of engines and their nearer approach to
perfection. Extended inquiries are necessary, and many well
established evidences will be demanded to show that steam can
be employed in our farm operations with economy, prudence and
safety. ‘The farmer will compare the cost of an engine, the fuel
and wages for working it, with cost, food and care of horses : the
wear of the engine must be computed, as well as the depreciation
of animals by age and hard labor. It is not necessary to enter
into these estimates now, yet they are mentioned to draw the at-
tention of farmers to an auxiliary highly esteemed and exten-
sively employed in other countries.

It is regretted that Messrs. Hoard & Bradford did not present
their engine at Utica for further trial, as your committee was pre-
pared to devote much time to its examination : they had purposed
to lay before the farmers of New-York an account of existing im-
provements in this branch of agricultural machinery, as a motive
power for their uses, and to have examined the comparative values
of fuel whether of coals or wood; thus leading the mind to in-
quiries which at an early day will probably be forced upon our
consideration. Messrs. H. & B. were prevented from attending
by the sickness of the men in their employ.

Among other important questions, even now claiming our care,

4]

is the relative value of portable and stationary powers. It isa
question which should earnestly engage the consideration of the
farmer who uses the power of horses with machinery, for it ma-
terially affects the economy of the farm, in the disposition of the
buildings and various means for the protection of grain crops.

Knowing that steam power is employed in British husbandry,
and that it is claimed to be a source of economy and profit, it
seems to be a fair field for American enterprise and ingenuity, to
seek a result as successful in the application of steam to farm
labor, as has been achieved on our rivers, our roads, and on the
ocean.

PRICES OF MACHINES.

Before closing this report your committee ask attention to the
column of prices or marketable values, in the table, as declared
by the several proprietors of machines presented for trial. It
has long been a source of annoyance to the farmer to be urged
and pressed to purchase agricultural machinery at exorbitant
prices, under the plea that patent right expenses forbid a less
selling price. But aside from all excuses thus offered, there is
sound reason to believe that the farmer usually pays more than
twenty-five per cent. beyond a reasonable compensation for the
machinery purchased by him. To illustrate this position in part,
your committee were informed by Manny, the proprietor of the
Illinois patent adjustable reaper, that “his price in Illinois was
$135, but with increased facilities for manufacturing had reduced
the price to $125; and with far greater facilities for manufattur-
ing here, (New-York,) materials being only about one half the
cost, and labor easier obtained and cheaper, my price here would
be reduced to $100 without the platforms, and with three extra
knives, with platforms, $105. You will understand the machine
exclusively for mowing, $100; for mowing and reaping com-
bined, $105.”

In addition to the foregoing there is reason to believe that
these Illinois machines may be constructed for $60 to $75 each.
We would by no means interfere with rights or privileges in any
form ; but we deem it a paramount duty to guard the interests
of the farmer. When all parties are well informed in regard to

6

42

labor applied, and its products in articles not of agricultural ori-
gin, then demand and supply will fairly regulate each other.

The continued duties of your committee at Utica, in relation
to the machines presented for trial at Geneva, prevented an ex-
amination of many excellent machines and implements presented
at the annual fair: it was due to the exhibitors that a more ex-
tended notice should be taken of them, than could be accom-
plished. A roughly made grain reaper, and evidently a first ex-
periment, attracted notice by the novel action of the knives; the
blades forming a triangle, and the cutting edge inclining at an
angle of about 40° with the base. These knives are attached to
an endless chain, each one passing through a finger, against the
edge of which it operates with an oblique or drawing motion.
By this arrangement there is no vibration and no dead points to
overcome. The base of the knife is 44 inches, the perpendicular
being 34 inches ; each blade moves 18 feet for every revolution of
the driving wheel. There are points about this machine desery-
ing encouragement.

We have thus presented such facts derived from the trials of
Implements and Machinery, as will we trust meet the desired
ends of the Executive Committtee. We have combined therewith
remarks which may not be deemed strictly relevant, yet they
flow from the subjects treated, and may be acceptable and useful
to the farmer, as well as conducive to our agricultural advance-
ment.

After mature deliberation, we adjudge and award the premi-
ums offered by the society, as follows :

AWARDS

ON THE

Crial af Sinplements and Machinery at Genewa.

To T. D. Burra, of Geneva, New-York, for the best Grain Reaper—
Diploma and $50.

J. H. Manny, of Wadham’s Grove, Ill., for the second best Grain
Reaper, (convertible for grass mowing)—$30.

Seymour & Moraan, of Brockport, N. Y., for the third best Grain
Reaper—$20.

Mowing Machines.

J. H. Manny, of Wadham’s Grove, IIl., for the best Mowing Machine,
(convertible for reaping)—Dzploma and $50.

Howarp & Co., of Buffalo, New-York, for the second best Mowing

Machine—$30.
Grain Drills.

Prerpont Stymoour, of East Bloomfield, Ontario Co., New-York, for
the best Grain Drill— Diploma and $25.

Bicxrorp & HurrMan, of Wayne Co., New-York, for the second
best Grain Dril]—$15.

S. R. Tracy, of Newark, Wayne Co., New-York, for the third best
Grain Drill—$10.

Horse Power, on the Lever Principle.

ae. Prrrs, of Buffalo, New-York, for the best Horse Power for
general purposes—D7ploma and $25.

Eppy, Dyrer & Co., of Union Village, New-York, for the second
best—$15.

Horse Power, on the Endless-Chain Principle.

Emery & Co., of Albany, New-York, for the best Horse Power,
Endless Chain—Dzploma and $25.

E. W. Bapasr, of Fly Creek, Otsego Co., New-York, for the second
best—$15.

df

Horse Power—lIron.

B. H. Waxetey, of McLean, Tompkins Co., New-York, for phe bee
Tron Horse Power—Diploma and $25.

Eppy, Dyrr & Co., of Union Village, Washington Co., New-York,
for the second’ best—$15.

J. A. Prrrs, of Buffalo, New-York, for the third best—$10. ™~ /

Thrashing Machines, with Cleaning Apparatus.
J. A. Prrrs, of Buffalo, New-York, for the best Thrashing Machine,
with Cleaning Apparatus—Dzploma and $10.

Haru & THompson, of Rochester, New-York, for the second best—$8.

Thrashing Machines, without Cleaning Apparatus.
Eppy, Dyer & Co., of Union Village, Washington Co., New-York,
for the best Thrashing Machine, without Cleaning Apparatus—$10.

Seed Planters. *
JosHua Woopwarp, of Haverhill, New Hampshire, for the best Seed
Planter—Dzploma and $10.

Cultivators for general purposes.
S. R. Tracy, of Newark, Wayne Co., for the best Cultivator for gene-
ral purposes— Diploma and $10.
Henry Hows, of Canandaigua, Ontario Co., New-York, for the second
best—$8.

Broad Cast Sowers.
Prerpont Seymour, of Hast Bloomfield, Ontario Co., New-York, for
the best Broad Cast Sower—Diploma and $10.
J. DELAFIELD,
ROSWELL HARMON, ©
ANTHONY VAN BERGEN,
JONATHAN EDGECOMB,
J. STANTON GOULD,
SANFORD HOWARD,
EK. P. PRENTICE,
GEORGE GEDDES,
JOHN MALLORY,
ANDREW J. HEERMANCE,
JOSEPH E. HOLMES,
oma, (2 4