SEP 4 1951 . New York State Museum Bulletin UaitAKY NEV/ YORK botanical garden Published by The University of the State of New York No. 287 ALBANY, N. Y. January, 1932 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Charles C. Adams, Director A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU By Neil Hotchkiss Assistant Botanist, New York State Museum CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 5 Location of the region; purpose of the study 5 Previous botanical investigations; recent field work , 7 Acknowledgments 7 The environment of the vegetation. 9 Physiography 9 Topography and drainage .... 9 Geology and soils 1 1 Summary of physiographic factors 13 Climate 14 Air movements 14 Precipitation 14 Temperature and the growing season 15 Light and humidity 16 Summary of climatic factors. . 16 Occupation of the region by plants 1 7 Source of the vegetation 17 Biologic environmental factors. 18 Occupation of the region by man . . 20 Early settlements. .' 20 The original vegetation 21 Agriculture 21 Lumbering 22 The outlook for farm and forest . 22 The Tug Hill flora 23 Life zones 23 Seasonal aspects of the vegetation 28 Relationships of the flora 29 The plant associations and their succession 34 PAGE The climax forest 34 General development of the vege- tation 37 Primary xerophytic and meso- phytic associations 38 The vegetation of gorges 39 Secondary xerophytic and meso- phytic associations 40 The vegetation of meadows ... 40 The vegetation of roadsides and pastures 41 The vegetation of burns and clearings 42 The vegetation of sand plains . 43 Primary hydrophytic associations 43 The vegetation of slow streams and of ponds with free drain- age 43 The vegetation of well-drained swamps 45 The vegetation of poorly drained ponds 49 The vegetation of poorly drained swamps 50 The vegetation of streams and their margins 53 Secondary hydrophytic associa- tions 54 Summary 55 List of the vascular plants of the Tug Hill plateau 56 Bibliography 114 Index I2I ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1932 1 M267r-Je30-2000 (7-7501) THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1934 Chester S. Lord M.A., LL.D., Chancellor - - Garden City 1932 James Byrne B.A., LL.B., LL.D., Vice Chancellor New York 1943 Thomas J. Mangan M.A., LL.D. - - - - Binghamton 1933 William J. Wallin M.A. ------- Yonkers 1935 William Bondy M.A., LL.B., Ph.D., D.C.L. - New York 1941 Robert W. Higbie M.A., LL.D. ----- Jamaica 1938 Roland B. Woodward M.A. ------ Rochester 1937 Mrs Herbert Lee Pratt L.H.D. ----- New York 1939 Wm Leland Thompson B.A., LL.D. - - - - Troy 1936 John Lord O’Brian B.A., LL.B., LL.D. - - Buffalo 1940 Grant C. Madill M.D., LL.D. ----- Ogdensburg 1942 George Hopkins Bond Ph.M., LL.B., LL.D. - Syracuse President of the University and Commissioner of Education Frank P. Graves Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D. , LL.D. Deputy Commissioner and Counsel Ernest E. Cole LL.B., Pd.D., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Higher and Professional Education Harlan H. Horner M.A., Pd.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education George M. Wiley M.A., Pd.D., L.H.D., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education J. Cayce Morrison M.A., Ph.D. Assistant Commissioner for Vocational and Extension Education Lewis A. Wilson D.Sc. Assistant Commissioner for Finance Alfred D. Simpson M.A., Ph.D. Director of State Library James I. Wyer M.L.S., Pd.D. Director of Science and State Museum Charles C. Adams M.S., Ph.D., D.Sc. Directors of Divisions Administration, Lloyd L. Cheney B.A., Pd.D. Archives and History, Alexander C. Flick M.A., Litt.D., Ph.D., LL.D. Attendance, Charles L. Mosher Ph.M. Educational Research, Warren W. Coxe B.S., Ph.D. Examinations and Inspections, Avery W. Skinner B.A., Pd.D. Health and Physical Education, Law, Irwin Esmond Ph.B., LL.B. Library Extension, Frank L. Tolman Ph.B., Pd.D. Motion Picture, James Wingate M.A., Pd.D. School Buildings and Grounds, Joseph H. Hixson M.A. Teaching Training, Visual Instruction, Alfred W. Abrams Ph.B. New Y ork State Museum Bulletin Published by The University of the State of New York No. 287 ALBANY, N. Y. January, 1932 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Charles C. Adams, Director A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU By Neil Hotchkiss Assistant Botanist, New York State Museum CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 5 Location of the region; purpose of the study 5 Previous botanical investigations; recent field work 7 Acknowledgments 7 The environment of the vegetation. 9 Physiography 9 Topography and drainage .... 9 Geology and soils 1 1 Summary of physiographic factors 13 Climate 14 Air movements 14 Precipitation 14 Temperature and the growing season 15 Light and humidity 16 Summary of climatic factors. . 16 Occupation of the region by plants 17 Source of the vegetation 17 Biologic environmental factors. 18 Occupation of the region by man . . 20 Early settlements 20 The original vegetation 21 Agriculture 21 Lumbering 22 The outlook for farm and forest . 22 The Tug Hill flora 23 Life zones 23 Seasonal aspects of the vegetation 28 Relationships of the flora 29 The plant associations and their succession 34 PAGE The climax forest 34 General development of the vege- tation 37 Primary xeroph5d;ic and meso- phytic associations 38 The vegetation of gorges 39 Secondary xerophytic and meso- phytic associations 40 The vegetation of meadows ... 40 The vegetation of roadsides and pastures 41 The vegetation of bums and clearings 42 The vegetation of sand plains . 43 Primary hydrophytic associations 43 The vegetation of slow streams and of ponds with free drain- age 43 The vegetation of well-drained swamps 45 The vegetation of poorly drained ponds 49 The vegetation of poorly drained swamps 50 The vegetation of streams and their margins 53 Secondary hydrophytic associa- tions 54 Summary 55 List of the vascular plants of the Tug Hill plateau 56 Bibliography 114 Index 121 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1932 M267r-Je30-2000 (7-7501) Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/newyorkstatemuse2871newy ILLUSTRATIONS All photographs were taken and maps prepared by the writer. PAGE Figure i Map of New York State showing the physiographic provinces. . . 6 Figime 2 Contour map of the Tug Hill plateau 8 Figure 3 Political and drainage map of the Tug Hill plateau facing p. 10 Figure 4 Geologic map of the Tug Hill plateau ii Figure 5 Map of New York State showing the floristic zones 24 Figure 6 Map of the Salmon River meadows 47 Figure 7 Map of a bog west of Page 50 Figure 8 Sand delta overlying limestone near Felts Mills 117 Figure 9 Gorge and falls of the Deer river at Copenhagen 117 Figure 10 Lorraine gulf northeast of Lorraine 118 Figure II Marsh meadow bordered by alders, near Parkers 118 Figure 12 Shrubs invading a marsh meadow northwest of Page 119 Figure 13 Marsh meadow and swamp forest east of Parkers 119 Figure 14 Mixed bog near Parkers 120 Figure 15 Point Rock Pond bog 120 [3] .Ttil-TW -nU r«t f>TiW ItAa !!* - .T r.jA. ,,-j,.Ji .i;W»»yftfv» IW’XI.*T 9i / , nu»-£fu.y'H awX.^'Mii niwawh.iin# a ♦’rttjl It ■ . „ , , .7,■^ , , . ..ir.:..;t ■ . (IHl soT Wftf 1}'« -^id B , '';■ i i '. . V. T.thh ,„ * A-j'ivn.tfd'^^tvO 14 Tvv^l »»0'vfiMa ftUftl iut^aqpio^^ . . „ , V ■ yd ba^rf'WKl v<(dWMn U' allijit r ; , . . r}'nh'^ itrvwffrhin Mutes n ’jftiI>o««i csdiixdjj-f 81 W t*iB9 J«raioi^*(ni«vy4 (ufa* wohfltjjti 1' f 1, XU kti, ift i . V'U vti{»' .V. ir. /v.v,;; A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU By Neil Hotchkiss Assistant Botanist, New York State Museum INTRODUCTION Location of the region; purpose of the study The Tug Hill plateau, an erosion remnant of the Cretaceous pene- plain which at one time included all of New York State (Miller, ’24, p. 24), lies between the Ontario plain, the valley of the Black river, and the valley of the upper Mohawk. The region includes parts of four counties, Lewis, Jefferson, Oswego and Oneida, the greater part being in Lewis. Figure i shows the limits of Tug Hill as a physio- graphic province (Miller, Ty, p. 19; and ’24, p. 24 and figure 2) and its relations with the other major physiographic provinces of the State. In this paper the preliminary discussion of the physiography and climate covers all of the country lying between the Black river on the north and east, Lansing Kill and the Mohawk river on the southeast, the lake plain on the south, the west branch of Fish creek on the southwest, and the plain along the eastern end of Lake Ontario on the west. This territory has an area of approximately 1400 square miles and is roughly oval in shape with the long axis of the oval extending in a nearly north and south direction. The length is 50 and the breadth 35 miles. The altitude of the region ranges from 500 feet above sea level on its southern border at Fish creek and on the northwest at the Black river, to slightly under 2100 feet in several small areas toward the eastern side of the plateau. These points [5] 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure i Map of New York State showing the physiographic provinces. (From Miller, Geological History of New York State, figure 2.) are shown on the contour map of the region (figure 2). The more detailed study of the vegetation has been confined almost entirely to the higher, central part of the plateau. The proximity of the Tug Hill plateau to the Adirondack region has apparently helped in diverting the attention of biologists from it as an isolated area. For the purpose of making a preliminary study of the flora and the vegetation the writer spent parts of three sum- mers, 1922, 1923 and 1927, in the field collecting flowering plants and ferns and making a brief observational study of the more con- spicuous types of plant association. These data, together with gen- eral information regarding the environment, have been the basis of an attempt to correlate the vegetation of Tug Hill with that of the Adi- rondacks and the Allegheny plateau (Southwestern plateau in figure I ) . BOTANICAL SURVEY OE THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 7 Previous botanical investigations ; recent field work Due to its isolation, sparse population, general absence of lakes and hills which prevents the region from becoming a popular summer resort, and possibly for other reasons, there seems to have been a lack of interest in the Tug Hill region. Considerable careful geological work has been done on various parts of the plateau but, excepting some of the very early taxonomic work, practically nothing has been published on the plants (see House, ’i6). In 1846 F. B. Hough published a catalog of the plants of Lewis county, the first work to include a detailed account of the flora of a large part of the plateau. The only other floristic work which con- tains records from the Tug Hill plateau is Paine’s (’65) Catalogue of Plants Found in Oneida County and Vicinity (preceded in 1842 by a less detailed flora by P. D. Kneiskern). A few brief pap>ers of an ecological nature have been written more recently. A bulletin of the State Conservation Commission by Stephen (’ii) contains interesting information on the forest condi- tions in the southern part of the region, in Oneida county, together with a map of forest types. Bendrat (’13) has published the only strictly ecological paper noted by the writer for any part of the sum- mit of the plateau. This, however, is rather brief and appears to be inaccurate. Other references to the plants of the region have been made in areal geology bulletins and in county histories (Churchill, ’95; Emerson, ’98; Hough, ’60; Jones, ’51). The basis for this study has been the field work of the writer carried on during parts of three summers, mainly on the high, rolling, central part of the plateau. Nearly two months, beginning with July 4, 1922, were spent in collecting the plants of the plateau sum- mit, with Parkers in Montague township, Lewis county, as head- quarters. Brief notes were also taken on plant associations. About three weeks in June and a month more in August and September 1923, were occupied in collecting plants and in taking more notes on the vegetation as a whole. In 1927, with emphasis on collecting, the writer worked in the region for about three weeks in June and ten days in July. During these three seasons several collecting trips were taken into the outlying parts of the area, but headquarters were kept at Parkers through nearly the whole period. Acknowledgments Most of the work was done under the direction of Dr W. L. Bray of Syracuse University, whose advice and help were invaluable. The 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure 2 Contour map of the Tug Hill plateau. Constructed from topo- graphic maps of the United States Geological Survey. See figure 3 for drainage and place names. Botanical survey of the tug hill plateau 9 writer is also indebteded to Mrs Agnes Chase, K. K. Mackenzie, Dr K. M. Wiegand and Prof. M. L. Fernald for the identification of specimens of critical species ; to W. H. McCarthy of Lowville for information regarding the Glenfield and Western railroad and the virgin forest in Osceola township ; to various Tug Hill people for their hospitality; and to Dr H. D. House for his interest and advice during the latter part of the work. THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE VEGETATION Physiography Topography and drainage. As indicated on the contour map (figure 2) the plateau is a large, remarkably regular, gently rounded hill, with the summit nearly flat and the sides sloping away in all directions, for the most part so gradually as to be almost impercep- tible to one in the field. There are exceptions to this regularity, how- ever, for the eastern edge of the plateau drops away rather abruptly by an escarpment some 400 or 500 feet in height to broad, flat-topped terraces which step down 400 or 500 feet more to the Black river, and extend along it from Boonville to Carthage (see Miller ’24, figure 34, p. 107). This series of terraces has a width of three or four miles at the south and broadens northward where the upper escarp- ment is less pronounced, so that from the longitude of Carthage westward the slope from the highest level of the terrace country to the summit of the plateau is very gentle, while the terrace region itself is much broader than on the eastern side of the plateau and is considerably dissected by a number of deep, glacial cross-channels (Fairchild, ’12, p. 16) running mostly in a northeast-southwest direc- tion. The plateau, likewise, drops off rather abruptly toward the southeast into the Lansing Kill valley and the valley of the upper Mohawk. The topography of northern Oneida county is also irregular. This is presumably due to a considerable amount of morainal material which has been deposited by glacial action over that territory. The same type of land surface extends into eastern Oswego county. In general, however, the surface of the higher part of the plateau is broken only by low and much-rounded hills so that the appearance in the open country is of an extensive, gently rolling plain. Topographic types differing decidedly from those found elsewhere in the region are the flood plain of the Black river from Lyons Falls north to Carthage, and the sand delta of the Black river northwest of Carthage, part of which lies on the south side of the river and hence comes within the limits of the area under consideration io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM (figure 8). This sand delta was laid down in the glacial Lake Iroquois at what was then the mouth of the Black river, and the conditions remained constant long enough to permit a deposition of sand to the thickness of 50 to 75 feet (Cushing and others, To, p. 144) on the north side of the river over an area of 25 to 40 square miles. Another pronounced topographic feature of the region is the numerous gorges and ravines which have cut back into the otherwise nearly level summit of the plateau, and whose formation has been influenced by the steepness of the plateau or terrace slopes and by the character of the country rock, which, as will be noted more fully later, is of shales and thin-bedded sandstones on the higher part of the plateau and of limestone in the terraces of the Black River valley. In the latter region numerous gorges, one to two miles in length, occur all along the west side from north of Boonville to Carthage. The most noticeable are those of Sugar river. Mill creek, and Roaring brook, south of Lowville, the Mill Creek gorge at Lowville, and the one through which Deer river flows just below Copenhagen (figure 9). The gorges which cut back into the shales and sandstones are usually much longer than the limestone gorges, some of them having a length of six or eight miles. Most conspicuous are Whetstone gulf and numerous other very deep gorges along the eastern escarpment, Lorraine gulf (figure 10), Big gulf, and the gorges of the east branch of Fish creek north of Taberg, of the Salmon river east of Orwell, and of Deer river above Copenhagen. The plateau is drained by many streams, even to the broad summit which, however, is so nearly level that it has a very large area in swamp and in marsh meadow. The map of the Tug Hill plateau (figure 3) shows the direction and type of drainage. In general, the drainage is not affected by differences in dip and hardness of the bed rock. Excepting the southeastern part of the region which drains into the Mohawk river, the surface water flows by one route or another into Lake Ontario. The direction of some of the streams has been influenced by other factors than simple stream erosion. The courses of Sandy creek and its branches have been conditioned b}- cross valleys formed by the action of glacial streams (Fairchild, ’12, p. 16 and plate 4) ; and the Black river has been diverted from its original course by the formation of the sand delta at the bend of the river northwest of Carthage. One other diversion from what would seem to be the normal, course is found in the streams which drain southward from -Figure 3 Political and drainage map of the Tug Hill plateau. Constructed from topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey. jjfi W.-- BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU II the central part of the plateau, entering the Salmon river which flows westward. The natural direction of drainage would seem to be south over what is now a very low divide. Possibly the headwaters of streams originally flowing south were captured by the cutting back of the Salmon River valley. Geology and soils. Four general types of rock outcrop in the region (figure 4). Along the Black river from below Boonville to Carthage, and continuing eastward over the greater part of the Adi- rondacks (see Miller, ’17), is an area of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. Its greatest width on the west side of the river Figure 4 Geologic map of the Tug Hill platea'u. Geology taken from the 1901 Geologic Map of New York. 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is seldom over a mile yet the outcrops are numerous and the soil is for the most part thin. West of this outcrop of Precambrian rocks and corresponding almost exactly with the terrace area described in the preceding section is a limestone region which varies from two to four miles in width from Boonville north to Lowville. The limestone continues north- ward and westward, widening out until it covers an area about ten miles in breadth, then passing around to the west side of the plateau near Adams. The bed rock of the plateau proper is composed chiefly of shales, more heavily bedded and less calcareous toward the top. The soil overlying these rocks is, in most places, thin except in the morainal area of northern Oneida county. The highest part of the plateau is capped by a thin-bedded quartz sandstone. These stratified rocks lying above the Precambrian of the Black River valley are, excepting the highest sandstones (Silurian), all of Ordovician age; and all dip slightly toward the south and west so that the lines of contact between the formations are much lower on the southern and western sides of the plateau than on the east and north (see Miller, ’24, figure 4, p. 19, and figure 34, p. 107). The entire geologic section is shown on the map accompanying Miller’s (’10) Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle. See this publication also for pictures of Whetstone gulf and some of the gorges of the limestone country. The soil with its content of nutrient salts, air and water constitutes the most important part of the immediate environment of plants. On the Tug Hill plateau the soils include more or less pure quartz sands which have been deposited at lower altitudes by the action of water, clays, loams, and silty deposits on the flood plains, and muck and peat in swamps and bogs. The soils of Jefferson, Oneida, and Oswego counties have been reported upon in detail by field investi- gators of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the New York State College of Agriculture (Carr and others, ’13; Maxon and others, ’15; Mooney and others, ’19). One might attempt to corre- late from their maps the type of soil in any given area and the vege- tation. No soil survey has been made of Lewis county, but the soils of that part of the plateau are similar to types found in the other three counties. The soils of the uplands are mostly glacial till, and the underlying rock has had some effect on their composition for the material appears, in general, to have been transported but a short distance. BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 13 Loams of varying grades of fineness derived chiefly from somewhat arenaceous shales and from sandstones constitute the greater part of the soils. At lower altitudes, especially in Oneida county, are loams which have been derived, in part, from the lower, more cal- careous shales. On the northern and eastern borders of the region the influence of limestone is indicated by the fertility of the soils and by the character of the native vegetation. In every case there are rather conspicuous differences in the vegetation growing on different kinds of soil, especially when the amount of organic matter present is small. Organic matter, so vitally important to the growth of most plants, appears in the soil only after the advent of plants and animals. Its significance will be considered further in connection with the discussion of other biologic factors. Occupying a smaller area but with a wide distribution in the region, especially at low altitudes, are the soils which have been deposited by the action of water. These may be gravelly to silty alluvium or they may be deposits of sand or gravel associated with glacial stream action. Boulders which sometimes have been transported for con- siderable distances often occur in the glacial till or even in the water- deposited soils. Summary of physiographic factors. The surface of the earth has a direct influence on the vegetation. The physiographic factors (Nichols, ’23, p. 21) which are apparently of greatest importance on the Tug Hill plateau, as well as in other regions, are the topography and the soils. Topography affects the vegetation principally through differences in slope, which are of especial importance in determining the water content of the soil, and direction of slope as it modifies exposure to light and wind. The effect of these differences is obvious when one compares the vegetation on the nearly level, swampy summit of the plateau with the more mesophytic or even xerophytic types on the slopes. The chemical and physical composition of the soil, its content of water and air, and its temperature are all important fac- tors, and often a single one of them or a combination may be sufficient to condition the general composition of the vegetation. The chemical composition of the Tug Hill soils may be one of the important factors influencing the plateau’s distinctive flora which contrasts in some ways so markedly with the flora of the Adirondacks and with that of the northern Allegheny plateau. The soils in the Adirondacks are derived largely from somewhat acidic granites, syenites and gneisses ; those of the Tug Hill plateau from sandstones on the summit, grading into more argillaceous and calcareous rocks at lower altitudes ; while 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM those of the northern Allegheny plateau are often modified by lime- stones and calcareous shales. Physiographic changes also affect the vegetation, those of greatest importance in a region such as this being the dynamic factors of erosion and deposition. Climate Definite data concerning the temperature, precipitation and winds of the high, central part of the Tug Hill plateau are not available, but records which may be of some use in determining the general climate have been kept at several stations on the borders of the region, including Adams Center and Watertown on the western and north- western sides, respectively : Adams Center with an elevation of 540 feet, and Watertown, 737 feet. On the east side of the plateau some records are available from Lowville which has an elevation of 900 feet (Wilson, ’12; Mordoff, ’25). Air movements. The prevailing winds of the region come from the west and are, perhaps, more constant and of higher velocity than in the Adirondacks or the Allegheny plateau. This is due to the proximity of Lake Ontario, down which the winds blow without obstruction ; and to the topography of the western and central parts of the platpau, which is so regular and so gradually graded from the lake to the summit of the plateau that here, also, the prevailing winds are practically unobstructed. In 1922 and 1923, during part or all of the months of June, July, August and September there was, during the daytime at least, an almost constant westerly wind of sufficient velocity to be particularly noticeable to one in the open. The effect of the prevailing wind can be seen along the eastern edge of the plateau, and for a few miles back from the upper escarpment, in the isolated elm trees, which are so bent that practically all of their branches are on the east side. It is probable that local winds are more prevalent in the Black River valley, and it is certain that in the southern part of the region in Oneida and Oswego counties the influence of the prevailing westerlies is not so noticeable as in the central and northern parts. Precipitation. The amount of precipitation is apparently some- what greater than in the adjoining regions. The prevailing winds fresh from Lake Ontario have a tendency to precipitate their moisture as the higher altitudes are reached, though in winter there is a greater amount of snowfall, even at low altitudes along the western side of the region, than on the lake plain just to the south or in the St Law- rence valley north of Watertown. Observation, without instrumental BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 15 data to confirm it, indicates that in summer there is not so pronounced a difference in precipitation between the plateau and the regions just mentioned. Vegetation in the summer of 1923 showed a growth and luxuriance on Tug Hill that was lacking in the St Lawrence valley, during a period when the amount of rain was very slight in each ; but the heavy dews and frequent fogs of the plateau and the general soil moisture conditions were probably effective in causing this luxuri- ance. The total amount of precipitation is approximately 35 to 40 inches a year, near the average for the State as a whole. Temperature and the growing season. The proximity of Lake Ontario probably helps to prevent so many fluctuations of tempera- ture as occur in the Allegheny plateau, but the somewhat higher lati- tude and the decided increase in altitude over a slightly dissected area of so great an extent operate to make the temperature conditions, in general, less mild than in the central, lowland part of the State. The growth of farm crops illustrates vividly the difference in the two regions. Lower temperature have affected the vegetation to such an extent that the characteristic forest trees are in kind and abundance more like those of the Adirondack forest than the lowland forest to the south or even that of the northern Allegheny plateau, where the extreme altitudes are slightly greater but where the plateau is deeply dissected. Wilson ('12) assumes, as do most physiologists (?) that the growing season, the time between the last killing frost in spring and the first one in the fall, influences the vegetation more than do the maximum or minimum temperatures reached during the year ; and the assumption in all probability holds for the Tug Hill plateau. The average length of the season for Lowville is 134 days (Wilson, ’12, p. 542), averaged over a period of 20 years; for Adams Center it is 146 days (9 years); and for Watertown it is 152 days (16 years). These stations are all at low altitudes and are but slightly, if at all, representative of conditions on the highest part of the plateau.^ Probably the growing season at Number Four in eastern Lewis county represents more nearly the conditions on Tug Hill. Number Four is situated on the long, gentle slope which extends from the Black River valley into the Adirondacks and is directly east of the central part of the plateau, but the location of the latter doubt- less influences the prevailing winds, with a consequent effect on the amount of precipitation and on the temperature. The altitude is 1571 feet and the growing season is 112 days, averaged over a period of 15 years, whereas the average length of the growing season for i6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Syracuse, Baldwinsville and Fayetteville, all of which are in Onon- daga county and are situated either on the Ontario plain or at the edge of the Allegheny plateau and at an altitude under 600 feet, is 166 days (Wilson, ’12, p. 536). Records were for 9, 18 and 10 years, respectively. Farther south in the Allegheny plateau records show in a number of places a shorter growing season than that at Adams Center and Watertown, but the average is apparently higher for most of the Allegheny plateau than for Tug Hill. The growing season at some points in the Adirondacks is considerably | shorter than that at Number Four. Thus the Tug Hill plateau holds j an intermediate position in length of growing season between that of j the Allegheny plateau and that of the Adirondacks. Light and humidity. Several other climatic factors of importance in the development of the vegetation should be mentioned though no instrumental data are available. The amount of sunshine probably does not differ greatly from that in other parts of the State, but the total duration of sunshine for the Tug Hill plateau during the grow- ing season is effective in maturing plants in a shorter time than at lower altitudes. The humidity of the atmosphere is probably greater here than in the Allegheny plateau region or in the central part of the State, due principally to the blowing up from the west of moisture-laden winds, and also to the large amount of water exposed on the plateau in the numerous streams, marsh meadows and swamps. Much of the wind- borne moisture, however, is undoubtedly dropped before the winds reach the eastern side of the plateau. Summary of climatic factors. That climate, in general, is of wider significance in determining the kind of vegetation a region will support than are the variations in the earth’s surface has been gen- erally held by plant geographers and ecologists and has furnished the basis for a recent detailed work on the vegetation of the United States by Livingston and Shreve (’21). According to Nichols (’23, p. 20) the climatic factors which are of greatest importance are moisture, temperature and light. In the Tug Hill area the com- bination of factors is such that the forest type of vegetation is the most mesophytic which the climate of the region will support, different degrees of mesophytism occurring as a result of differences in physiographic and local climatic factors. Local climatic dif- ferences result mainly from variations in topography and relation to large bodies of water. Some of the characteristics of the vegetation of Tug Hill may be due to the slight amount of dissection of the BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 17 plateau and to its proximity to Lake Ontario. Differences in slope, and consequently in the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the surface, also are influential in effecting local variations in the vegeta- tion; and the reason why some more southern forms migrate into the region along shallow valleys may be due to complex air move- ments, which tend to ameliorate conditions. Past changes in climate have been important in determining the present distribution of a few plants, at least, for the occurrence in this region of Saxifraga aizoides and a variety of Primula mistassinica can be accounted for only by considering these species adaptable enough to survive in a place where the vegetation was at one time of an extremely boreal type. Other atmospheric influences are probably more important, in most cases, in the bearing they have on temperature and moisture than in any direct effect on the vegetation. Occupation of the region by plants Source of the vegetation. In order for any bare area to be occupied by plants there must necessarily be a migration from the surrounding regions in which they occur. As the Tug Hill plateau was once buried under a continental ice sheet the vegetation which at present covers the region must have entered it subsequent to the last retreat of the ice. At that time the vegetation which had been pressed southward by the advance of the ice would tend to move northward again by ordinary reproductive methods as the climate became more and more favorable to plant growth. One factor which might modify this regular advance of plant species is that plants more suited to the cooler, early postglacial climate would tend to remain in the region wherever climatic conditions were less ameliorated by the retreat of the ice sheet than they were in general. Especially favorable situations would be the south sides of east-west valleys, other modifying conditions being equal ; in most gorges, where conditions are such as to allow the entrance and exit of winds favorable to rapid evaporation and hence to the cooling of the atmosphere; in bogs, where a complex of factors seems to make this habitat more favorable for the growth of some northern plants than elsewhere ; and, finally, and probably most important of all, the high, central part of the plateau itself, isolated as an area of considerable altitude) with a consequently lower tem- perature. From the foregoing it appears that, if there has been a gradual retreat of the ice front since its last advance to this latitude, there have been available fc the Tug Hill flora, at one time or an- i8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM other, all the species occurring north of the region at the present time over* an area with an east and west extent nearly as great as that of the region of eastern North America in which forest is the typical climax vegetation, excepting, of course, any species which may have originated since glacial times. The only apparent reason for the absence of more boreal forms is that the local climatic con- ditions have become more and more unfavorable for their existence. Biologic environmental factors. The penetration of any region by plants brings with it a complex of factors which tends to modify the environment of the vegetation even more, at least locally, than do climate or physiography. Some of the things influencing plant establishment, growth and reproduction are shade, humus, micro- scopic plants, animals and competition. One of the most important in the growth of herbs and shrubs in a forested region is the pres- ence of shade in varying amounts. Shade may be caused by cliffs and steep slopes bordering ravines, but generally it is caused by trees, and the extent to which a heavy canopy modifies the amount of sunshine and heat penetrating it, thereby affecting the amount of evaporation and the soil moisture for plants of low stature, is very different from what it would be in the open. Pioneer vegetation is considerably affected by the chemical and physical composition of mineral soil. Thus there is throughout the Tug Hill region a correlation between the more distinct soil types and the vegetation wherever it is in an early stage of development or where a later stage has been disturbed by agriculture, logging or fire. With the advent of plants dead organic matter begins to accumu- late. When there is free drainage, as on ordinary upland soil, there is usually quite complete decomposition of accumulating plant re- mains, though in some situations, due to poor aeration, it may be only partial. Undisturbed accumulation of well-decomposed organic matter favors uniformity in the vegetation because it favors uniform soil conditions : it is well aerated, is sufficiently retentive of moisture for the best advantage of the plants, and furnishes available nitrogen to them. The presence of a considerable amount of moisture also helps to keep the temperature more nearly uniform. Humus, then, favors the development of a more or less mesophytic forest in well- drained situations. On the Tug Hill plateau the drainage, due to the levelness of the region, is often poor and there is a considerable accumulation of muck, similar to the better-drained leaf mold of the climax forest but with moisture content great enough to support a swamp vegetation. Where the drainage is very poor decomposition BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 19 is not complete and peat is formed. Dtie partly to the very poor aeration of the soil only a few kinds of plants are able to flourish in such a situation (a bog). In a warm climate decomposition of organic matter is generally rapid, consequently a cool climate favors the accumulation of peat and, on upland soils, of partially decomposed duff. The Tug Hill plateau contrasts with the central lowland region of the State in this respect, but there is not such an extensive development of bogs and duff mats as in the Adirondacks. It is possible that the generally very silicious soils of the latter favor the incomplete decomposition of humus, contrasting with the more complete decomposition on the somewhat calcareous soils of Tug Hill. The influence of microscopic plants and animals on the develop- ment of the conspicuous vascular vegetation with which we are acquainted is probably greater than is usually realized. Certainly they are active, especially the bacteria, in the oxidation of dead organic matter and in assisting in chemical changes which make nutritive nitrogenous substances available to the plant. It is possible that their abundance is sufficient in some cases to make their own remains a considerable source of plant food. The importance of some forms as parasites may be great ; and the giving off in the soil of carbon dioxide by these organisms and the addition to the soil of oxygen by green algae may have a decided influence on the development of the higher vegetation. The activities of higher ani- mals such as earthworms, rodents and insects are also very important. Still another biotic factor of great importance to plants is that of competition among the higher plants themselves. This shows itself first in the migration of forms into a region. In general it would be expected that the plants with the most efficient methods for reproduction, either by seed or spore dispersal or vegetatively, would have the best chances in any region not completely occupied by plants. At the same time if the plants could grow satisfactorily under a wide range of conditions the chances for their establishment and survival would be still greater. Plants do not necessarily inter- fere with each other, however, in their attempt to become established, for their requirements may be so different that the presence of one supplements that of another. In a forest, for instance, the require- ments and adaptations of shade-tolerating shrubs are quite different from those of deciduous canopy trees ; requirements of a ground cover of mosses would be still different, etc. Competition between the aerial parts of plants is apparently set up as a result of the need 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM for carbon dioxide and light, and the minimum amount of light necessary for the establishment of some trees is more than is avail- able under others, so that even with other conditions favorable seedlings of the species would not survive. Competition also takes place underground between the roots of plants for water, oxygen, nutritive salts etc. Here again the requirements of different species and differences in the kind and depth of root systems may be such that the plants but supplement each other. But there is obviously a limit to the number of individual plants which any area will support. OCCUPATION OF THE REGION BY MAN Early settlements The Tug Hill region was probably not the permanent home of very many of the Iroquois or Algonquins who had villages scattered over much of the State, but who in general settled in the lower country where the water routes could be used for travel by canoe. An important early canoe route was up the Mohawk river to Rome, just south of Tug Hill, across a short portage to Wood creek, down it to Oneida lake and on to Lake Ontario at Oswego. The Mohawk valley was and is the most important gap through the Appalachian highlands, and in early times the water routes were of great importance. Some outlying parts of the plateau have been settled by white men since shortly after the Revolution. Settlement was made at Redfield, Oswego county, between 1795 and 1797 (Churchill, ’95, p. 671), this being one of the first in the interior of the region. The first settlements in Jefferson county were in Ellisburg and Champion townships in 1797 (Emerson, ’98, p. 76) and others were made soon after. In fact, nearly all of the Tug Hill townships in the four counties were settled within a few years of each other, mostly be- tween 1790 and 1812. The later ones were in the towns of Boylston and Albion (Churchill, ’95, p. 464, 465, 484) in Oswego county in 1812; and in Lewis county — Highmarket in 1814, Osceola in 1822 (not a permanent settlement) and Montague in 1846 (Hough, ’60, p. 115, 201, 193). Settlement was almost simultaneous along two lines, the Rome and Sackets Harbor state road which was opened before the War of 1812 (Churchill, ’95, p. 628), and the road from Rome to High Falls (Lyons Falls), built in 1798 (Hough, ’60, p. 250). The hill country was not occupied until some time later, and only about 70 years have passed since settlement was made of the higher, central part of the plateau in Montague. Except for a BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 2t forested area with a breadth of 15 to 20 miles, mostly in Lewis county, nearly all of the region is now inhabited. The original vegetation Hough (’60), in his history of Lewis county, quoting from notes in the original surveys of the townships, gives some idea of the primitive vegetation — swamps in the valley near the Black river had a great deal of black ash, pine, beech, soft maple and cedar (p. 83), with alders in the more open places (p. 308). These swamps were cleared, for the most part, at an early date and later were covered with wild grass and reeds. Cedar swamps were espe- cially abundant in the valley in a long line some distance back from the river (p. 308) and on the limestone terraces near the eastern base of Tug Hill (p. 312). Hough also mentions the forest on the plateau in the township of Harrisburg (p. 113). Near the north line of the town there was much basswood, maple, elm, beech, birch and butternut. These trees also occurred at the southern end of the town together with some hemlock and spruce. Swamps and beaver meadows with their margins of balsam, alders and tamarack were characteristic of the summit of the plateau (p. 31 1, 314). The forests in Lowville and Pinckney townships were similar, as were those of Champion, Rodman and Rutland in Jefferson county (Emerson, ’98, p. 536, 772 etc.). Agriculture The practice of both agriculture and lumbering has been mostly without definite plan. Farming and logging were flourishing indus- tries in the early days, but as soon as the organic and other essential substances in the soil were used up in the production of crops, with practically no return and no clear idea of keeping the soil permanently in good condition, agriculture became a less profitable occupation. More and more farm land has been turned over to pasturage, and now dairying is the principal business over nearly the whole plateau, with hay and grain produced chiefly for home consumption. The trend was early in this direction, according to county histories written 30 to 75 years ago. Present climatic and soil conditions are ap- parently not satisfactory for the production of a great variety of crops, with the exception of timothy, clover, oats and potatoes. A little corn is grown but the season is too short for it to mature. In the limestone terrace country of the Black River valley conditions are, of course, more favorable, and corn, alfalfa and wheat can be grown profitably. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A factor which, affects farming on the plateau is the distance of much of the territory from railroads ; and until recently the poor roads made travel still more difficult. It is hardly profitable to bring in fertilizer or lime to improve the generally acid soils because of these distances. This same factor discourages the production of crops for market, and, perhaps as a result, there has been the general tendency toward dairying, the milk being taken to the numerous cheese fac- tories which occur throughout the region. Lumbering The value of the timber was recognized at an early date arid much of it was cleared off as rapidly as possible. In the history of the township of Annsville in Oneida county (Jones, ’51, p. 70) mention is made of the large amount of hemlock, pine, spruce, curled and pinned maple, cherry, ash and basswood that was cut and shipped on the Erie canal. The industry became so important that a logging railroad was constructed from Williamstown through Maple Hill into Redfield township (Churchill, ’95, p. 678) and this helped in the early removal of the timber on that part of the plateau. Forest management in recent years has been possibly even more inefficient than when the land was first cleared. Most of the central forested part of the plateau has been cut over for pulpwood, especially the spruce, and there has been in the logging very little regard for the future of the forest. When logging for pulp was first started much was taken out on the small streams at time of high water, with the aid of water stored in numerous ponds. A considerable amount was also hauled out by the roads. Since that time a railroad has been built up from the valley at Glenfield to the top of the plateau at Page, and this has been extended westward through the heart of the forest nearly to the Oswego county line. The outlook for farm and forest Many farms have been abandoned in the past 20 or 30 years, and pastures, swamps and clearings are going hack to a forested condition. Although at the present time the plateau is more characteristically an agricultural region and dairying is profitable, it seems to be better adapted to the production of forest. Such is certainly the case on the steep escarpments and valley slopes and on the more poorly drained and stony soils which occupy so great an area. Another point in favor of the reforestation of the whole plateau is that it is an important watershed, and if it were forested the waters of such BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 23 streams as the Salmon, Deer and Mohawk rivers, and Fish and Sandy creeks would be kept pure, would fluctuate less and so be less likely to flood, and if utilized for power would be more efficient. If managed properly the forests of the region are large enough to be an important source of lumber and pulpwood, at least locally, though of course they could hardly— and would not be expected to — compete with those of the Adirondacks. THE TUG HILL FLORA Life zones The Tug Hill plateau stands out almost as distinctly as an isolated floristic or faunal area as it does as a physiographic province. In a classification of life zones based for the most part on temperature, varying with differences in latitude and altitude, Merriam (’98) maps the central part of the plateau as Bore.al (Canadian) and the sur- rounding lowland country as Transition. The Canadian zone he characterizes (p. 19) as comprising the southern part of the trans- continental coniferous forest of Canada which extends a short dis- tance into the United States in the northeast, and into Michigan, Minnesota and the northwest. It occurs in the Adirondacks and the Catskills in New York. His only other reference to the vegetation of the zone is that wild berries, such as cranberries, blackberries, currants and huckleberries, are abundant, and that the beech is of general occurrence. A larger number of mammals and birds are mentioned; and the writer’s observation of a number of these species in the region helps to corroborate Merriam’s correctness in placing Tug Hill in this zone. Two of his mammals, the porcupine and the varying hare, are quite abundant. Characteristic birds which occur through the summer and apparently breed are the white- throated sparrow and the olive-backed thrush, and some, such as the winter wren, golden-crowned kinglet, hermit thrush, blue-headed vireo and red-breasted nuthatch, not listed by Merriam but usually considered as breeding in this zone. A more recent and at the same time more satisfactory classification of the floristic zones of New York State has been made by Bray (’15, p. 66-80). His zones are identified by letters and characterized by dominant and secondary species, Zone A being of southern distribu- tion, while Zone F comprises the arctic flora occurring only on the summits of the highest mountains. Zone D, called the Canadian- Transition Zone (p. 74-76), apparently corresponds very nearly to the Canadian Zone of Merriam, as mapped, while the true Canadian 24 N£W YORK STATK MUSEUM Fieure ^ Mao of New York State showing the floristir zonec M/THi'fioH BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 25 of Bray which is a zone of coniferous trees is limited by him (p. 77) to the higher summits of the Catskills and the higher part of the Adirondack plateau. Zone D is characterized by the presence of the following species : maple, beech, yellow birch, hemlock, white pine (as in Zone C which will be mentioned later), with red and black spruce, balsam, paper birch and mountain ash coming in at higher altitudes. Tulip tree, chestnut, oaks (most species), hickories and elms are absent. Some of the shrubby and herbaceous species are (quoting further from Bray) shield fern, hobble-bush, true wood sorrel, shining club moss, ground hemlock, red-berried elder, bush honeysuckle, wild sarsaparilla, fetid currant, large-leaved goldenrod, mountain aster, bunchberry, yellow Clintonia, twin-flower, two-leaved Solomon’s seal, stiff club moss, goldthread and one-flowered Pyrola. These species, with but few exceptions, are the characteristic ones in the ordinary, well-drained upland forest on the Tug Hill plateau. Paper birch, twin-flower and one-flowered Pyrola are the only ones on the list which have not been generally noted by the writer (the latter not seen at all). Tug Hill, however, has not been mapped by Bray as belonging to Zone D. The map (figure 5) showing the sum- mit of the plateau in this zone has been modified from his map. Zone C covers all of the region not included in D. The following tree species (Bray, ’i 5, p. 73), all of which have been observed by the writer, are the dominants : white pine, hemlock, hop hornbeam, blue beech, yellow birch, beech, witch-hazel, Juneberry, wild black cherry, sugar maple, red maple, striped maple, mountain maple, basswood and white ash. Nearly all of his list of herbaceous species occur regularly and abundantly. One other scheme for the classification of the vegetation of the United States is described by Livingston and Shreve (’21). Their map places Tug Hill in the area of Deciduous Forest, but the plateau summit seems to the writer to belong, rather, to their Northeastern Evergreen-Deciduous Transition Forest which is mapped as covering the larger part of the Adirondack region. They list as dominant species in this forest sugar maple, beech, birch, basswood, hemlock, white pine, balsam fir and jack pine (p. 41). All but the last are characteristic of Tug Hill and make up the greater part of the forest. The higher part of the Tug Hill plateau belongs, then, in Merriam’s Canadian, and, more exactly, in Bray’s Canadian-Transition Zone; and its vegetation seems to correspond rather closely to that of the Northeastern Evergreen-Deciduous Transition Forest of Livingston and Shreve, This vegetation covers practically all of the plateau 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM above 1500 feet and some of it below that altitude, especially on the western and southern sides. Below this altitude the Transition Zone of Merriam, or the Allegheny-Transition Forest Zone of Bray, takes the place of the Canadian. The definition of these zones in the field, however, is in very few cases distinct. Along the steep eastern face of the plateau the difference is clearest ; elsewhere the intergrada- tion is gradual and scarcely perceptible. There seems to be a ten- dency for the Zone C vegetation to follow up some of the shallow valleys into the plateau, and at the same time there is more or less of a downward extension of Zone D along the borders of ravines and gorges. The dryness of the soil and possibly its chemical compo- sition may be factors in the latter case. A flora resembling that of Zone D occurs isolated in swamps and bogs on the limestone terraces of the Black River valley and elsewhere. A transect across Tug Hill from south to north or from west to east helps one in visualizing the vegetation as a whole and in correlat- ing its parts with differences in altitude. Beginning a south-north transect at Taberg, one finds there several southern species not to be seen at all, or but rarely so, elsewhere in the region. These include Muhlenbergia sylvatica, M. Schreheri, Elyrnus ripariiis, Corallorrhiza maculata, Phytolacca, Platanus and Epifagiis. Others, slightly more widespread, are Thelypteris mar- ginalis, Quercus borealis, var. maxima, Carpinus, Podophyllum, Benzoin, Hantamelis, Rubus alleghemensis and Epigaea. Still another group includes species such as Thelypteris Dryopteris and Streptopus amplexifolius, more common at higher altitudes. Northward, toward and about Point Rock at altitudes between 1000 and 1100 feet, other northern species appear : Equisetum sylvaticum, var.. Lycopodium spp., Picea rubra and Clint onia. Here remain, of the species found at Taberg, only Carpinus, Harnamelis and Epigaea. About Point Rock Vaccinium corymbosum, a southern species not detected on the summit of the plateau, is quite common. The first Abies appears just northeast of Point Rock. North and east of Point Rock pond with the gradual increase in altitude Spiraea latifolia becomes a conspicuous roadside and wet land shrub ; Lycopodium species and Cornus canadensis are common along the roadsides ; and Picea rubi'a and Abies become more and more abundant, until the highest part of the plateau is reached. At Parkers, the rich, well-drained climax forest has as its most con- spicuous species Thelypteris spinidosa, var. intermedia. Lycopodium lucidulum, Picea rubra, Abies, Clint onia, Maianthemum, Medeola, BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 27 Trillium undulatum, Fagus, Coptis, Ribes prostratum, Pyrus ameri- cana, Dalibarda, Oxalis nwntana, Acer pennsylvanicum, A. spicatum, A. Saccharum, A. rubrum, Aralia nudicaulis, Cornus canadensis, Trientalis, Mitchella and Viburnum alnifolium. On the northern slope of the plateau balsam and alder swamps are conspicuous down to an altitude of 1400 feet, but the flora is generally less boreal at an altitude of 1200 feet than on the southern slope of the plateau, due in part, probably, tO‘ the more calcareous soil. In the gorge of Deer river below Copenhagen a number of more boreal species occur, but here the flora is considerably modified by the calcareous rocks and by moisture. Tree species not so abundant on the higher part of the plateau which are especially noticeable here are Tsuga, Thuja, Juglans cinerea, Ostrya and Tilia americana. Conspicuous herbaceous plants are Thelypteris mar- ginalis, Cystopteris bulbifera, Clintonia, Maianthemum, Streptopus roseus, Medeola, Hepatica acutiloba, Actaea rubra, A. alba, Mitella diphylla. Geranium Robertianum and Galium Aparine. Shrubs — excepting Viburnum acerifolium — resemble those of the summit of the plateau. From Copenhagen to Felts Mills the vegetation is still less boreal. Quercus borealis, var. maxima occurs along Deer river below the gorge, and on the limestone and sand land farther north Quercus alba and Q. macrocarpa appear. At Felts Mills Carya cordiformis, with other more or less austral species, makes up the vegetation at an altitude of about 600 feet. In crossing the Tug Hill plateau from west to east one sees the vegetation vary in a manner quite like that just described. The western part of the plateau in Oswego county resembles the southern part in Oneida county. Picea rubra appears at an altitude of about 1100 feet, and near Smartville, at an altitude of about 1200 feet, the climax forest is similar to that on the summit of the plateau. On the eastern side at Whetstone gulf, the gorge of Mill creek (Turin) or the gorge of House creek, the characteristic vegetation of the plateau extends down to 1500 feet, and along the margins of the gorges probably lower. On the other hand, plants more common in the lower country follow up the gorges. Species which become more abundant as one goes down the gorge of Mill creek are Adian- tum, Thelypteris marginalis, Uvularia grandiflora, Asarum, Rubus odoratus. Geranium Robertianum, Hydrophyllum virginianum and Viburnum acerifolium. On the limestone terraces the plants are those of Bray’s Zone C. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Seasonal aspects of the vegetation In general, the growing season on the summit of the plateau opens from two to three weeks later than at Syracuse, so that in the latter part of May and in early June there is a conspicuous remnant of the spring flora. Some of the species conspicuous in the spring are Car ex spp., Arisaenm, Uvularia grandiflora, Erythronium, Clintonia, Maianthe- mum, Streptopus sgp., Polygonatum pubescens, Trillium erectum, T. undulatum, Sisyrinchium spp., Salix spp., Claytonia caroliniana, Caltha, Coptis, Actaea rubra, A. alba, Caulophyllum, Dicentra Cucul- laria, D. canadensis, Tiarella, Viola spp., Panax trifolium. Viburnum alnifolium and Sambucus racemosa. Summer, as a distinct season, is less pronounced than in regions where the growing season is longer. The first killing frosts come very early in the fall and there is consequently a shortening of the season at both ends, so that the flowering periods of some of the spring and fall species overlap and practically eliminate summer. Some, however, are more characteristic of late spring or early fall, and have a flowering period of considerable length. Among these are a number of shrubs, especially species of Cornus and Viburnum. Other plants are Lilium canadense, Medeola, various orchids, Thalict- rum polygamum. Anemone canadensis. Clematis virginiana. Spiraea latifolia, Potentilla spp., Geum spp., Rubus spp., Dalibarda, Oxalis montana, Impatiens spp., Hypericum spp., Epilobium spp., Oenothera spp., Circaea alpina, Cornus canadensis, Lysimachia terrestris, Trien- talis, Apocynum spp., Monarda didyma, Sambucus canadensis. Lobelia cardinalis and L. inflata. Several species of Solidago and Aster are conspicuous in autumn. With them are other Composites (species of Eupatorium, Rudbeckia, Bidens, Hieracium), Gentiana linearis, several mints, and Chelone glabra. The presence of so much cleared and waste land influences the general appearance of the vegetation at flowering time. Meadows are especially showy during the summer when they are made bright, first with buttercup {Ranunculus acris), later with daisies {Chrysan- themum Leucanthemum, var.), devil’s paint-brush {Hieracium aurantiacum) , and other less conspicuous plants. In addition to the direct effect of the length of the growing season on the time of flowering, the shortness of the season, the severity of the winters, and the general instability of weather conditions all seem to affect the setting and maturing of fruit. Among the forest trees, BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 29 most of which flower quite early, there was in two seasons, with few exceptions (beech, one year), quite a noticeable lack of mature fruit. The absence of mature fruit was also noted in the early spring herbaceous vegetation. Relationships o£ the flora The vegetation as a whole resembles that of the Adirondacks but seems to be of a slightly less boreal type and less characteristic of acid soils. Some evidences of the latter are the relative rarity of Gaultheria, the smaller amount of Vaccinium spp., (except V. cana- dense), the rarity of Linnaea and of Betula papyrifera. The small amount of raw humus or duff on the Tug Hill forest floor may have some influence on the abundance of these species. While the flora resembles that of the Adirondacks, its affinities seem to be more with the flora of the Allegheny plateau (South- western plateau on figure i), the Tug Hill plateau being geologically an isolated part of the latter region with its altitude, soils and geo- graphical position such as to make the vegetation approach, in ap- parent nature, that of the Adirondacks. The source of the flora is indicated in an earlier section on “Source of the vegetation.” The following table may help to bring out the somewhat closer relation of the Tug Hill and Allegheny plateau floras than of the floras of Tug Hill and the Adirondacks. It includes practically all of the Tug Hill species which do not have a general range in New York State. The data are based on specimens and other records in the Herbarium of the New York State Museum. The Adirondack ranges exclude records from the borders of the region at Lake Bona- parte in Lewis county, in Fulton coimty and along Lakes George and Champlain; the Allegheny plateau ranges, of course, do not include the Catskill region ; nor are Tug Hill plants listed which are recorded only from the Lake Iroquois basin in and around Felts Mills and Great Bend. The general ranges are expressed in relation to New York State. 1 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Comparisons of the ranges of selected Tug Hill plants SPECIES GENERAL RANGE TUG HILL ADIRON- DACK ALLEGHENY Cryptogramma Stelleri northern occ. rare rare Asplenivtm viride northern rare mmmon — Abies balsamea northern common common rare Panicum boreale northern occ. common rare Muhlenbergia sylvatica southern rare rare occ. M. Schreberi southern rare — occ. M. uniflora middle rare common — Sphenopholis pallens southern rare rare occ. Deschampsia caespitosa, var. ■northftm occ. occ. Cyperus strigosus southern rare — occ. Scirpus hudsonianus northern common occ. rare S. atrocinctus northern common common rare Carex Crawfordii northern rare common rare C. angustior middle common common rare southern southern onmninn C. rosea rare rare OCC. C. cephaloidea middle southern middle rare — OCC. occ. C. Haydeni rare rare C. aurea northern rare rare occ. C. virescens, var. Swanii southern rare — occ. northern northern occ. C. PecHi rare rare rare C. novae-angliae northern rare common rare C. paupercula northern occ. occ. rare C. prasina southern rare — occ. northern southern ocr. C. laxiculmis rare occ. C. ormostachya middle rare rare rare southern middle ncc. C. granularis, var. Haleana. . . rare — OCC. C. castanea northern occ. occ. rare C. oligosperma northern rare occ. — C. intumescens, var. Fernaldii. northern common occ.? rare? C. Michauxiana northern rare occ. rare C. Tuckermani middle rare occ. Acorus Calamus southern occ. rare occ. Spirodela polyrhiza southern rare rare occ. southern northern occ. Juncus filiformis rare common occ. Luzula campestris, var. frigida Uvularia grandiflora northern southern rare occ. rare occ. Allium tricoccum middle occ. — common Lilium canadense southern occ. — common Streptopus amplexifolius northern occ. occ. rare Trillium grandiflorum southern rare — common Sisyrinchium gramineum southern rare — rare Cypripedium parvifiorum, var. pubescens southern rare rare OCC, C. reginae middle rare rare occ. Orchis spectabdis southern rare — occ. Habenaria obtusata northern rare occ. rare BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 31 Comparisons of the ranges of selected Tug Hill plants {continued) ^ SPECIES GENERAL RANGE TUG HILL ADIRON- DACK ALLEGHENY middle southern TPiTP- orn Spiranthes plantaginea rare — OCC. Listera auriculata northern rare — - L. convallarioides northern occ. rare rare rare — Betula populifolia Ulmus fulva middle rare rare southern rare rare occ. Celtis occidentalis southern rare „ — occ. TTrtica. prnr.f»ra. southern southern Asarum canadense occ. rare common A. canadense, var. acuminatum western rare — occ. Polygonum virginianum southern rare — common Phytolacca americana southern rare — — occ. Arenaria lateriflora middle rare rare occ. Cerastium arvense middle rare — rare Thalictrum dioicum southern rare rare common Anemone cylindrica middle rare rare occ. A. Cflin ad crisis middle southern Podophyllum peltatum rare common Benzoin aestivale. southern rare — ^ — occ. Sanguinaria canadensis southern rare — __ occ. Roripa hispida Barbarea "^garis, var. longisi- middle rare — occ. liquosa middle occ. — rare? Dentaria laciniata Cardamine pratensis, var. southern rare — occ. palustris Arahii^ Inr.Qiita northern middle southern southern rare — occ. Saxifraga pennsylvanica common rare common S. aizoides. .... northern southern Pamassia caroliniana rare — occ. Ribe,s americanum . southern southern Platanus occidentalis rare — occ. Spiraea alba western rare — occ. S. latifoUa middle common common rare S. tomentosa middle rare common rare Pyrus americana northern common common occ. Amelanchier Bartramiana .... northern occ. occ. — Rubus occidentalis southern rare rare occ. R. setosus northern middle mmmnn Geranium Robertianum occ. rare occ. Zanthoxylum americanum. . . . southern rare occ. Floerkea proserpinacoides ..... southern rare — occ. Hypericum Ascyron Viola sororia middle rare occ. southern southern V. blanda rare common V. adunca Shepherdia canadensis middle northern rare rare rare occ. Panax trifolium southern occ. rare occ. Cryptotaenia canadensis southern rare — occ. Conioselinum chinense Angelica atropurpurea northern middle rare rare — occ. rare 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Comparisons of the ranges of selected Tug Hill plants {concluded) SPECIES GENERAL RANGE TUG HILL ADIRON- DACK ALLEGHENY Kalmia angustifolia middle rare common rare Vaccinium corymbosum southern rare — occ. Primula mistassinica, var. nnvehnrflrf^nsi.«; middle middle Gentiana linearis common common PhloY southern middle Polemonium Van-Bruntiae, . . . rare — occ. Hydrophyllum virginianum. . . southern common rare occ. H. canaHensp southern southern southern rarp V<=»rhp.na nrtinapfolia nrr V. hastata OCC. rare common Stachys tenuifolia, var. aspera. southern rare — occ. MonarHa HiHymfl southern southern M. fistulosa, var. mollis rare — _ occ. Mentha spicata southern occ. _ — . occ. M. piperita . . .•smitVipm OCC. occ. CoUinsonia canadensis Solanum Dulcamara southern middle rare ncr — occ. nrp R. nigrum rarp occ. northern northern Veronica serpyllifolia, var. humifusa rare rare Utricularia cornuta middle rare common rare Galium Aparine Lonicera villosa, var. tonsa . . . middle middle rare common occ. occ. Linnaea borealis, var. ameri- cana northern rare common? occ.? Triosteum perfoliatum, var. aurantiacum southern rare occ. Campanula aparinoides southern rare occ. rare Solidago macrophylla northern southern southern southern rare occ. occ. A. prenanthoides Erigeron pulchellus OCC. rare — common occ. E. philadelphicus middle OCC. — occ. Antennaria Parlinii middle rare — occ. southern southern ra.TP Prenanthes alba rare rare occ. Hieracium canadense northern rare rare occ. It is interesting in the above list of 140 species to note their distribution relative to the Tug Hill plateau: Common to all three regions 46 species Tug Hill plateau only 5 species Common to Tug Hill and the Adirondacks 14 species Common to Tug Hill and the Allegheny plateau. 74 species Of those common to the Adirondacks and Tug Hill five species appear to be less common on Tug Hill and two species more common. Of botanical survey of the tug hill plateau 33 those common to Tug Hill and the Allegheny plateau 59 species are less common on Tug Hill and only two are more common. Thus the Tug Hill flora appears to be much more closely allied to the flora of the Allegheny plateau than to that of the Adirondacks, but the rarity of individuals in so many species compared with their abun- dance in the Allegheny plateau indicates the nearness of the limit of their ranges, probably set in the Tug Hill region as much by the high altitude and associated climatic conditions as anything else. Some of the more notew'orthy of the species considered in this discussion are, first, the five occurring (so far as the three regions are concerned) only on Tug Hill. Asplefdum viride Tug Hill plateau only Luzula catnpestris, var. frigida. Tug Hill plateau only Listera auriculata Tug Hill plateau only Corallorrhiza striata elsewhere only in Monroe county, western New York Mimultis moschatus probably introduced; elsewhere only on Long Island and in Saratoga county Of the species occurring on Tug Hill and the Allegheny plateau but not in the Adirondacks perhaps the most interesting are the following : Carex torta Spiraea alba other Carex spp. (data incom- plete) Allium trie oc cum Lilium canadense Trillium grandiflorum Habenaria lacera Polygonum virginianum Anemone canadensis Benzoin aestivale Sanguinaria canadensis Cardamine pratensis, var. palustris Floerkea proserpinacotdes Viola sororia Viola blanda Vaccinium corymhosum Polemonium Van-Bruntiae Monarda didyma Triosteum perfoliatum, var. aurantiacum Aster prenanthoides Erigeron philadelphicus Senecio ohovatus (mostly in the Hudson valley and eastward) In this group occur also the boreal Saxifraga aizoides and the variety of a boreal species, Primula mistassinica, var. novehoracensis, isolated in New York State on moist, calcareous shale cliffs in cool gorges. Two grasses form an interesting connecting link between the above group of plants and those restricted to Tug Hill and the Adirondacks. They occur on the summit of the plateau in marsh meadows of ap- parently similar nature. Deschampsia caespitosa, var. glauca has not 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM been found in the Adirondacks but occurs mostly on the Allegheny plateau and in the lowland regions of the State. Muhlenbergia uni- flora does not occur on the Allegheny plateau but is restricted almost entirely to the Adirondacks and Long Island. The last group, the species occurring on Tug Hill and in the Adiron- dacks but not on the Allegheny plateau, contains the following species of special interest : Picea rubra Gentiana linearis Listera convallarioides Lonicera villosa, var. tonsa Amelanchier Bartramiana Solidago macro phylla Rubus setosus THE PLANT ASSOCIATIONS AND THEIR SUCCESSION In the following brief survey of the relations to each other of the species which make up the vegetation of the Tug Hill plateau, only that part of the plateau above the limestone region is considered, except in making comparisons and contrasts. Concepts of a unit of vegetation and of plant succession to be used in a survey of the vegetation of a particular region have been developed by various ecologists to a point where the ideas generally held are somewhat similar. Various classifications have been outlined. In this paper the treatment of the associations is a modification of the scheme out- lined by Nichols in a recent paper (’23, p. 154-77). This plan has been successfully used by him in a study of the vegetation of north- ern Cape Breton Island (T8). The climax forest The climax vegetation (the most mesophytic vegetation a region will support) of New York State is, for the most part, deciduous forest, the principal exceptions being the Adirondacks and Catskills above 3500 feet, approximately. There is, however, a considerable variation in the species which are associated to form the climax forest in different parts of the State, as was noted in the discussion of the vegetation zones. The climax forest of the higher part of the Tug Hill plateau (and of gorge slopes at lower altitudes ?) is composed largely of the fol- lowing species, listed, so far as possible, in the order of their abundance : BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 35 TREES Betula lutea Fagiis grandifolia Acer saccharum Picea rubra Acer rubrum Pyrus americana Viburnum alnifolium Ribes prostratum Acer spicatum Tsuga canadensis Abies balsamea Prunus serotina Tilia americana Fraxinus americana SHRUBS A. pennsylvanicum Cornus alternifolia Taxus canadensis HERBS Thelypteris spinulosa, var. intermedia Oxcdis montana Aralia nudicaulis Clintonia borealis Cornus canadensis Lycopodium lucidulum Maianthemum canadense Trillium undulatum Coptis trifolia Medeola virginiana Trientalis borealis Mitchella repens Dalibarda repens Trillium erectum Erythronium americanum Tiarella cordi folia Viola canadensis Actaea rubra Rubus pubescens Thelypteris Phegopteris Hydrophyllum virginianum Pyrola elliptica Streptopus roseus Dentaria diphylla Viola incognita Galium triflorum Claytonia caroliniana Dicentra canadensis Thelypteris Dryopteris Poa saltuensis Panax trifolium Uvularia grandiflora Allium tricoccum Viola eriocarpa, var. leiocarpa Athyrium acrostichoides Lycopodium obscurum Asarum canadense Botrychium virginianum Chiogenes hispidula Poa alsodes Polygonatum pubescens Milium effusum Caulophyllum thalictroides Thelypteris Goldiana Actaea alba Polystichum acrostichoides Smilacina racemosa Carex plantaginea Mitella diphylla Aralia racemosa Bryophytes are uncommon in the climax forest except on stones and logs. All the plants listed above by no means occur together, but usually most of the trees and shrubs and most of the first third of the species in the herb list, with a considerable assortment of the re- mainder scattered among them, may be found growing in any 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM particular area of forest. The principal trees of the forest are yellow birch (Betula lutea), beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer sacchariim), any one of the three species containing, perhaps, from lo to 40 per cent of the trees in various situations throughout the climax forest. Red spruce (Picea rubra) was cer- tainly— and white pine (Pinus Strobus) possibly — more common in the virgin forest. Hobble-bush (Viburnum alnifolium) is the most conspicuous and probably the most abundant shrub, but the others listed are well distributed throughout. Commonest of the herbaceous plants are the fern, Thelypteris spinulosa, var. intermedia, and wood sorrel (Oxalis montana), both of which occur almost everywhere in the forest, but many of the other species are also abundant. Certain variations in the herbaceous vegetation are associated with dififerences in the soil and in the woody vegetation. For instance, in forest containing a greater percentage of coniferous trees Oxalis montana, Aralia nudicaulis. Lycopodium lucidulum, Trillium undula- tum, Cypripedium acaule and Chiogenes hispidula (?) are more than ordinarily abundant; Viola rotundifolia occurs where the soil is somewhat lighter in texture than the average; while in the lower, richer sections of the forest the tendency is toward the greater abundance of still other species (see “The vegetation of gorges”, and “The vegetation of streams and their margins”). At this point it may be well to consider some of the questions which have probably arisen: questions regarding the distribution of the climax forest, the nature of the virgin forest, etc. Does any true climax forest actually occur on Tug Hill at the present time? In 1927 an area of virgin forest reported to contain between 20,000 and 30,000 acres was still in existence in the central part of the township of Osceola, Lewis county. From observations made by the writer on two trips across it, it appeared to be a nearly perfect type of the climax forest, as just outlined — a beautiful stand of yellow birch, beech, sugar maple, red spruce and hemlock (Tsuga cana- densis), with a dense ground cover of wood sorrel, wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), shining club moss (Lycopodium lucidulum) and other species. The forest was in general quite open and, except where the crown was more open than usual, hobble-bush and other shrubs were less common than in the cut-over forests. This was especially noticeable wherever the conifers were abundant, the ground cover there being composed almost entirely of the herbs mentioned above. Many of the trees — except the red spruce — had a diameter of three feet or more; the red spruce probably averaged BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 37 two feet and was equally tall and straight with the others. All of the tree species were reproducing freely everywhere except in the denser sections of the forest, but the young trees were mostly of shrub size, and small and medium-sized ones were noticeably absent. A large portion of the forested part of the plateau has been logged over for spruce for pulpwood, and some hardwoods have been taken out for lumber, together with white pine — if that species ever was common. The forest does not appear to have been disturbed enough, however, to make it differ greatly from the virgin, climax forest, judging from the observations just noted, descriptions of the original vegetation in county histories, and the reports of the older inhabitants. The climax forest probably occurred originally on all the well-drained ridges and slopes throughout the higher part of the plateau, and now apparently is in the same situations where logging or clearing has not destroyed the ground cover of humus which is so important in equalizing the water content and temperature of the soil and in furnishing nutrient material for plant growth. General development of the vegetation Besides the climax forest, toward which the vegetation in less favorable situations tends to develop, the vegetation may be con- sidered as a complex the variations of which are due to differences in physiographic factors. In the Tug Hill region, where the climate is presumably not so favorable as farther south for the development of a vegetation approaching mesophytism, the type of vegetation is apparently influenced more readily by minor differences in the physio- graphic factors than in the more favored regions. Thus a slightly impeded drainage at any point in the climax forest may bring about an association of plants which is not a typical climax. Such forms as Sphagnum and Osmunda cinnamomea appear in these places and, although the tree species may not differ, the difference in the sec- ondary species which cover the forest floor is often considerable. Similarly, anything which destroys a considerable amount of humus brings about a more xerophytic vegetation than that of the climax, and it may be that the mere logging over of the forest for spruce is sufficient to break up the nice balance which is present in the climax forest and which makes it such a relatively stable unit of vegetation. In the development of the climax from the other types the approach is usually from either of two directions : from the vegetation in excessively dry or that in excessively wet situations. The ability of the vegetation to change is based on the possibility of changes in 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the environment. These are brought about by physical forces such as erosion and deposition, and more especially by the changes effected or conditions modified by the vegetation itself. (For the importance of humus in this connection see the discussion of biologic environ- mental factors.) A large part of the vegetation here considered is of a secondary nature, the original forests and meadows having been modified by logging, clearing and fire, and being therefore of a more xerophytic type than formerly. Extremely wet situations have in some instances been modified by drainage, making the soil favorable for the develop- ment of a mesophytic vegetation. In the few cases of this kind that occur, however, the land has been used chiefly for agricultural purposes and there is no opportunity for the native vegetation to develop. A hydrophytic vegetation may also have been favored in the few cases where streams have been dammed. The primary xerophytic and mesophytic vegetation — including that which has been so little altered by man that it seems not to have been materially dis- turbed in its regular development — will be considered first. Primary xerophytic and mesophytic associations These associations comprise all the plants growing in situations varying from excessively dry to those where moisture is sufficient for growth but the soil is not saturated. The summit of the Tug Hill plateau includes very little primary vegetation that can prop- erly be called xerophytic. There are practically no rock outcrops or talus slopes except in the gorges and ravines which border the plateau, and no sand plains except in the Black River valley at the north and in Oneida county. Probably conditions over much of the higher part of the plateau after the last retreat of the ice front were such that the climax vegetation quickly became established in a habitat mesophytic from the very first, except for the lack of organic material in the soil. Wherever either erratics or bed rock are exposed vegetation tends to establish itself upon them, and its succession in the Tug Hill region is apparently similar to that described by ecologists elsewhere. Crustose lichens ordinarily appear first, followed by foliose and fruti- cose forms and xerophytic mosses. The organic matter left by the death and decay of successive types of plants gradually becomes sufficient to retain enough moisture to support more and more mesophytic and larger and larger plants until eventually a climax vegetation or one approaching a climax may be attained. BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 39 The vegetation o£ gorges. In the numerous gorges and ravines bordering the plateau the exposure of bed rock is extensive, but in most places little vegetation has become established except in the situations where seepage helps to bring about more or less hydrophytic conditions. Rapid erosion, due to the steepness of the slopes and the softness of the rocks, together with the extreme dryness of the situations are the principal factors in preventing the more rapid and successful establishment of plants in such places. Of the few higher plants which grow on gorge cliffs the more conspicuous are Cystopteris fragilis, Aquilegia canadensis, Rubus odoratus, Diervilla Lonicera, Campanula rotundifolia and Erigeron philadelphicus. A species of Parthenocissus is sometimes found along the exposed bases of the cliffs and open talus slopes. Some of the gorges are narrow and ravinelike but others have rather broad bottoms, either open (often with deposits of shingle) or wooded. On the open bottoms a few of the more common species are Car ex torta, V eratrum viride, Salix cordata, Anemone canadensis, Apocynum can^nabinum, Mentha piperita and Tussilago Farfara. Perhaps these could as well be considered as belonging in a flood plain succession as here, but true flood plains with actual hydrophytic con- ditions are almost wholly lacking in the region except along the Black river northward from Lyons Falls. On the wooded bottoms the forest is near the climax but is of a somewhat hydrophytic type. The herbaceous plants, in particular, indicate an abundance of moisture. Species that are often conspicuous are Cystopteris bulbifera, Pteretis nodulosa, Poa alsodes, and Viola eriocarpa var. leiocarpa, and some plants, such as Trillium grandifloriim and Triosteum perfoliatum, var. aurantiacum, characteristic of rich, somewhat calcareous woods and much more abundant on the Allegheny plateau than on Tug Hill. The talus slopes in the gorges are often covered with forest approaching the climax, otherwise, due to their instability, they are nearly bare of vegetation. In the limestone gorges along the western side of the Black River valley talus slopes are often covered with arbor vitae {Thuja occidentalis) . Arbor vitae is also abundant on the shale slopes in Chimney Point gulf. For a short distance back from the edge of many of the deep gorges the vegetation is decidedly xerophytic. This character may in some cases have been intensified by lumbering, but the dryness, the pos- sible leached-out condition of the soil and the rapidity of erosion are probably enough to prevent the development of a true climax. The forest is usually more typically coniferous than on ordinary, well- 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM drained uplands. Red spruce is one of the commonest trees, and white pine and hemlock occur more abundantly than elsewhere. Many of the climax forest species are present in these situations, but there are usually conspicuous additions. Some of the species are : TREES Thuja occidentalis Populus tremuloides Taxus canadensis Juniperus communis, var. depressa Amelanchier laevis P. grandidentata Ostrya virginiana SHRUBS Vaccinium spp. Lonicera canadensis Viburnum acerifolium Samhucus racemosa HERBS Pteridinm latiusculum Botrychium virginianum Lycopodium clavatum L. ohscnrum L. flabelliforme L. tristachyum Clintonia borealis Maianthemum canadense Medeola virginiana Trillium undulatum Cypripedium acaule Secondary xerophytic and mesophytic associations The most conspicuous part of the Tug Hill vegetation, outside of the large forested area, is of a secondary nature. Most of the modification has been due to agriculture, and especially to the partial or total abandonment of land which for a time has been under cul- tivation. Even in cultivated fields there is a tendency for the native or introduced vegetation to reestablish itself, the pioneers apparently being weeds, but when cultivation is continued this succession is destroyed year after year so that it gets no further than a very primitive stage. Succession, in general, seems to be similar to that among the primary associations but its details as well as those of the associations themselves are rather obscure, the whole aspect of the vegetation often being one of disorder. The vegetation of meadows. Native and introduced weeds are conspicuous in meadows. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, var. pin- natifidum and Hieracium aurantiacum are perhaps the most abundant. Ranunculus acris is common in the wetter places, and Panicum impli- catum, Rumex Acetosella, Potentilla canadensis and Lobelia inflata Coptis trifolia Mitella diphylla Oxalis montana Viola incognita Cornus canadensis Pyrola elliptica Monotropa uniflora Epigaea repens Gaultheria procumbens Mitchella re pens BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 41 are abundant in the drier meadows. In general, both meadows and pastures show, with age, a tendency toward increasing “ sourness ” of soil, plants like Rumex Acetosella and mosses, especially Poly- trichum, coming in in abundance. In most cases succession pro- gresses no further than the establishment of a number of these peren- nials, mowing preventing the entrance of shrubs and most of the herbs. Abandonment or pasturing might permit succession to pro- ceed as outlined in the next section. The vegetation of roadsides and pastures. Roadsides generally have a characteristic secondary vegetation, but it is so similar to that of the numerous dry pastures that it will not be considered separately. A large percentage of the total cleared acreage of the plateau is in pasture land which may vary in its moisture conditions from extremely wet and swampy, or even boggy, to dry and more or less sandy. Most of the pastured land has been in use for such a long time that there is little evidence of the way in which so many native species have become established. Probably many of the native ferns and other herbs live through the process of clearing; others may be able to establish themselves because the large amount of pasture per animal prevents close grazing. The most abundant native grasses are Panicum implicatum, Agrostis alba, Deschampsia caespitosa, var. glauca and Danthonia spicata. Anthoxanthum odora- tum is also fairly common. Associated with grasses are various sedges, perhaps the most conspicuous being Carex scoparia. Addi- tional conspicuous species of pastures and dry roadsides are: Pteridium latiusculum Athyrium angustum Thelypteris noveboracensis Dennstaedtia punctilobula Osmunda regalis, var. spectabilis 0. Claytoniana O. cinnamomea Botrychium obliquum Lycopodium clavatum L. obscurum L. flabelliforme L. tristachyum Agrostis hyemalis Carex brunnescens, var. sphae- rostachya C. gracillima C. deflexa (rare) C. communis C. novae-angliae (rare) C. pallescens C. debilis, var. Rudgei Oakesia sessilifolia Cypripedium acaule (bushy pas- tures) Spiranthes cernua Rumex Acetosella Spiraea latifolia Pyrus melanocarpa Fragaria virginiana Epilobium angustifolium Aralia hispida (bushy pastures) Carum Carvi Vaccinium canadense Gentiana linearis Diervilla Lgnicera Lonicera villosa, var. tonsa Solidago humilis S. rugosa 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM v?. grantinifolia Aster umbellatus A(ntennaria spp. Anaphalis margaritacea Achillea Millefolium Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, var. pinnatifidum Hieracium spp. Mosses, especially Polytrichum spp., and lichens are abundant on sandy hummocks and elsewhere. Clint onia borealis, Cornus cana- densis and other plants characteristic of the climax forest often occur in dry pastures. Many of the species are almost equally typical of wet meadows and swamps, the composition of the soil itself and the manner and rate of decomposition of organic matter apparently operating to favor the same sort of vegetation, to some extent irre- spective of the moisture conditions. Some shrubs may persist after clearing, and of this group Corylus cornuta is perhaps the most abundant. Most of the shrubs in the above list, however, seem to reinvade the areas and therefore are con- stituents of shrub stages in the process of natural reforestation. The principal pioneer trees are red spruce and balsam fir (Abies bal- samea), and these are so abundant that in many cases they are domi- nant after cleared land has been largely reoccupied by forest. Associated with them occasionally are red maple (Acer rubrum) and tamarack (Larix laricina). The vegetation of burns and clearings. The influence of fire on the vegetation is inconspicuous in the Tug Hill region. Due to the small amount of but partially decomposed organic matter in the upper part of the soil (compared with the amount generally found in the Adirondack region) fires seem neither to start easily nor to travel readily. Wherever they have occurred at all a pioneer vege- tation of mosses and lichens, which do not require a large amount of humus or an abundant and steady supply of water, tends to appear. Succession following the establishment of these plants is probably very similar to — but perhaps slower than — that on cleared land. In some of the burned-over marsh meadows and swamps the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, is one of the first and most conspicuous pioneers. Lumbering often has a decided influence on the vegetation, espe- cially when enough of the upper story of the forest is removed to alter materially the amount of light reaching the tree seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous plants. There may be, as a result, not only a difference in the amount of light but also a change in the water content of the soil and a modification of the amount and rate of decomposition of humus. There is, of course, an introduction of BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 43 weeds of various species along wood roads, and wherever there has been much logging several species are found in the forest, which indicate the secondary nature of part, at least, of its vegetation. Pteridium latiusculum, Rumex Acetosella, and Rubus idaeus var. strigosus, occur commonly in such situations. Where clearing has progressed so far that the forest cover is almost completely destroyed bracken {Pteridium) becomes very conspicuous, and Lycopodium clavatum, Rubus canadensis, Arabia hispida and Cornus canadensis are characteristic associates. The trees most important in the re- occupation of such areas by forest are aspen {Populus tremuloides) , wild red cherry {Prunus pennsylvanica) , and perhaps red spruce and red maple. The vegetation of sand plains. Sand plains of any appreciable extent occur only at the extreme north, along the Black river, and at a few places in Oneida county, near Taberg and near Point Rock. In all the localities the primitive vegetation has apparently been very much modified. The present vegetation diflfers somewhat from that on ordinary cleared land. On sand land near Point Rock pond aspen and gray birch (Betula populifolia) are common trees, with much bracken associated. Potentilla canadensis is, in places, a conspicuous plant on more or less open sand. Gray birch is also common in 'a similar situation at Mack pond, northwest of Taberg, and with it are Spiraea tomen- tosa and other species, the presence of all probably being due to the clearing of the land. Primary hydrophytic associations The vegetation of slow streams and of ponds with free drain- age. Lakes, ponds and streams in which the current is slow enough to permit the growth of plants are uncommon on the higher part of the plateau. Most of the ponds are artificial and the vege- tation might rather be considered as secondary, but in most places it has been undisturbed for so long that it may very possibly repre- sent what normally would be present in natural ponds. Usually the succession from an association of plants existing in open water to swamp and finally the climax includes several fairly well defined stages. The first plants ordinarily noticed in open water are entirely submerged, although these presumably are preceded by free-floating or submerged and attached algae. The wholly sub- merged flowering plants are not conspicuous on Tug Hill, the only species noted on the summit of the plateau being Potamogeton alpinus in a slow-flowing stream near Parkers, and P. zosterifolius 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and P. pusillus at Mud pond. Other pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.), Najas flexilis and Elodea canadensis are found in Pleasant lake in the limestone country to the north. Succeeding the submerged vegetation in situations where the water is shallow enough are aquatics with floating leaves. The submerged plants in death contribute their remains to the general sediment of the pond and thus, in time, help to build up the substratum enough to permit a higher type of vegetation to take possession. Species which belong in this class are Potamogeton epihydrus, P. ampli- folius, Polygonum natans, Nymphozantlms variegatus and Nymphaea odorata, all but N. variegatus being apparently rare. In still shallower places than those occupied by plants with floating leaves occur forms with their bases submerged but with the upper part of the plant aerial. At lower altitudes in the State where there are large areas of marsh Typha is characteristic, but on Tug Hill it is inconspicuous. When found it is almost always in a somewhat open swamp, not associated with a body of water. Bordering the ponds and streams there is often a marsh or bog meadow which is building outward so vigorously that it forms steep banks of rather closely matted rhizomes and roots, or even a thin mat extending out over shallow water. As a consequence there is very little of the partially submerged vegetation except in a few special localities. The best development noted was at Alexander pond. Here the association is really secondary, the pond being an artificial one which has been partially drained. The slope is gentle, both above and below the water line, and the conspicuous species are Equisetum limosum, Eleocharis palustris and Carex rostrata. These occur over a comparatively large area in the pond, the Eleocharis also extending up along the margins of the slow-flowing inlet stream. Equisetum limosum was noted, too, in a slow-flowing stream near Whetstone gulf in a situation similar to the one just described. Other partially emerged aquatics, seen occasionally, are Sagittaria latifolia, Glyceria borealis and Dulichium arundinaceum. Peltandra virginica occurs at Mud pond, and associated with it is the free-floating Spirodela polyrhiza. At Pleasant lake, in the limestone country, a bordering marsh is somewhat better developed than in localities on the summit of the plateau. Here are Equisetum limosum, Typha, Dulichium arundina- ceum and Scirpus acutus; and even shrubs, such as species of Salix, extend into the water. Most conspicuous of all is Myrica Gale, occurring in a rather extensive zone along one section of shore a few feet out from the water’s edge. BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 45 The vegetation of well-drained swamps. The plant associations of lake and seepage swamps are the most noticeable of all those in which the vegetation has been practically untouched by man — excepting, possibly, the climax forest. On the higher, rolling part of the plateau most of the swamps have apparently resulted from the filling of shallow lakes, but there may also be some seepage caused by impervious soil layers lying so as to bring the underground water to the surface. By far the greater percentage of swamp is of the well-drained type, in contrast to the Adirondack region where nearly everywhere there is a considerably larger relative amount of bog. Subsequent to the filling of ponds sufficiently to support a partially emerged vegetation, added accumulation of vegetable remains and mineral sediments provides a habitat which will support plants tolerating some contact with the free atmosphere but, at the same time, ones which necessarily are subjected to an excessive amount of soil moisture, at least at certain seasons, due to the closeness of the water table to the surface. Practically all of the Tug Hill vege- tation has developed beyond the point where open ponds are still present, except in the case of a few bogs. In the typical swamp situations there is evidence that a large area was once covered by shallow lakes or ponds, their former presence being indicated by the level marsh-meadow or alder-swamp covered flats, almost always bordering slow, meandering streams. The succession of associations following the stage of partially emerged marsh vegetation is first to a marsh meadow made up of grasses, sedges and other low herbaceous flowering plants. Some of these are more characteristic of the water’s edge and may be partially submerged, but the type is in its broader aspects quite uni- form. Shrubs, in time, encroach on marsh meadows, usually in the drier, firmer situations but sometimes more or less promis- cuously. Trees enter the shrub-covered areas either after they are completely covered, or, in some cases, very soon after the entrance of the first shrubs, and swamp forest results. All the while the accumulation of organic material has been building the substratum higher and higher above the water table, making the soil better aerated, so that finally the situation is one which is able to support a climax forest. Marsh meadow is one of the commonest plant associations on Tug Hill. Nearly every stream, along some part of its upper course on the higher part of the plateau, has such meadows ranging in area from a fraction of an acre to several acres (figure ii). As the 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ponds of the summit of the plateau are either artificial or poorly drained, marsh meadows are not characteristically developed along their borders. There is every gradation between typical marsh meadow and typical bog meadow. Some of the more conspicuous marsh meadow species are: Panicimi boreale Phalaris arundinacea Calamagrostis canadensis Deschampsia caespitosa, var. glauca Glyceria canadensis G. nervata Dulichium arnndinaceum Scirpus hndsonianus S. atrocinctus Eriophorum viridi-carinatum Carex angustior C. interior (rare) C. polygama (rare) C. flava Habenaria dilatata H. clavellata H. psycodes H. fimbriata Ranunculus abortivus (rare) Thalictrum polygamum Anemone canadensis Potentilla palustris Sanguisorba canadensis Hypericum ellipticum H. mutilum H. virginicum Viola cucullata V. pollens Epilobium densum Oenothera perennis Sium suave Lyshnachia terrestris Gentiana linearis Lycopus americanus Chelone glabra Veronica scutellata Galium palustre Campanula uliginosa Lobelia cardinalis Eupatorium maculatum E. perfoliatum Solidago humilis S. canadensis S. graminifolia Aster Tradescanti A. umbellatus Senecio aureus Cirsium muticum Several of these species are more characteristic of the swamp shrub and swamp forest stages, but a considerable percentage of the list may be found in almost any marsh meadow. Some species not listed above are common in the wetter marsh meadows. They include Thelypteris palustris (which occurs also in meadows approaching the bog type), Onoclea sensibilis, Os- munda regalis, var. spectabilis, O. cinnamomea and Iris versicolor. Other species are more abundant in situations, such as wet roadsides (see “Secondary hydrophytic associations”), which have been modi- fied by man, though they may also occur in marsh meadows. Of this class, Scirpus rubrotinctus, S. atrovirens, S. atrocinctus, Carex strictior, J uncus effusus, V eratrum viride, Saxifraga pennsylvanica and Geum rivale are the most common. Some of the plants of meadows intermediate between the marsh and bog types are Erio- BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 47 phorum virginicum, Rynchospora cdba, Carex castanea, C. oUgo- sperma (rare), C. Michauxiana (rare), Smilacina trifolia and Dro- sera rotundifolia. Figure 6 Map of the Salmon River meadows. A typical marsh meadow with shrubs taking possession from all sides. The swamp shrub association follows marsh meadow, the shrubs usually invading along the margins (figure 6; figure I2 shows a marsh meadow in which scattered shrubs are becoming established nearly ever)rwhere). The composition of swamp shrub is quite vari- able. One of the commonest species is alder {Alnus incana) which in many places forms an almost pure stand over large areas with, 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of course, a herbaceous undergrowth. In other situations various willows (Saltx spp.) form a large part of the shrub association, but willows occur more often in secondary associations and are com- paratively inconspicuous elsewhere. Other important marsh shrubs, generally growing in places where Alnus is less abundant, are Myrica Gale, Spiraea latifolia, Rosa palustris, Rhamnus alnifolia, Cornus stolonifera, Lonicera villosa, var. tonsa, Viburnum dentatum, Samhucus canadensis and, coming in more noticeably in the some- what boggy meadows, Pyrus melanocarpa, Nemopanthus mucronata, Ledum groenlandicum, Andromeda glaucophylla, Vaccinium cana- dense, Viburnum cassinoides and other more typical bog shrubs. Ilex verticillata is a plant which is apparently more closely associated with the swamp forest association than with the pure shrub stage. The herbaceous species are similar to those found in the more open swamp forest, as well as to those of marsh meadows. One of the first trees to enter the shrub association is red maple. This is accompanied, or very soon followed, by balsam fir, red spruce, elm (Ulmus americana) — though the latter is probably more common in secondary swamp associations — hemlock, tamarack (?), and occa- sionally arbor vitae and basswood (Tilia americana). Balsam often grows in extensive, nearly pure stands, and arbor vitae nearly always has the same habit (figure 13). Associated with these trees are most of the shrubs listed as belonging to the swamp shrub associa- tion. Others which sometimes occur are Taxus canadensis, Ribes triste, var. albinervium, Pyrus americana, Amelanchier Bartramiana, Rhus Toxicodendron and Lonicera canadensis. The herbaceous vegetation is similar in the swamp shrub and forest associations. The herbs characteristic of mixed swamp forests are as follows : T helypteris palustris Onoclea sensibilis Pteretis nodulosa Osmunda regalis, var. spectabilis O. cinnamomea Equisetum sylvaticum, var. Cinna latifolia Glyceria melicaria Carex canescens, var. disjuncta (rare) C. trisperma C. tenella Arisaema triphyllum, var. Stew- ardsonii Calla palustris Veratrum viride Lilium canadense Smilacina stellata (rare) Streptopus amplexifolius Smilax herbacea Habenaria dilatata Listera convallarioides Stellaria borealis Ranunculus septentrionalis Caltha palustris Coptis trifolia Cardamine pennsylvanica Saxifraga pennsylvanica Chrysosplenium americanum Geum rivale BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 49 Rubus pubescens Viola cucullata Chio genes hispidula Scutellaria epilobiifolia Eupatorium maculatum Aster puniceus A. umbellatus A. acuminatus In a few swamps other species are occasionally common, and those of the climax forest, especially Clintonia borealis, Coptis trifolia, Dalibarda repens and Cornus canadensis, may appear very early. Several species not included in the preceding list are often found in arbor vitae swamps. These are generally rare elsewhere. They include Habenaria obtusata, Listera cordata, Corallorrhiza trifida, Mitella nuda, Viola renifolia var. Brainerdii, and Linnaea borealis var. americana. A considerable number of additional rare species grow in the more extensive arbor vitae swamps in the Black River valley limestone country. Following the appearance of such climax forest herbs as those mentioned above, or associated with them, are a number of other woody and herbaceous species such as Thelypteris spinulosa, var. inter- media, Be tula lutea, Ribes prostratum, Oxalis montana, Acer pennsyl- vanicum, A. spicatum, Aralia nudicaulis and Viburnum alnifolium. The entrance and dominance of beech and sugar maple mark the approach of the climax forest. The bryophytes play an important part in this hydrophytic succession, being very abundant throughout except in the climax forest itself, where for the most part they are noticeably lacking. The vegetation o£ poorly drained ponds. There is often a marked contrast between the plants of lakes and ponds which have free drainage and those in which it is impeded. Sometimes the vegetation itself may be active in closing up free drainage outlets, at other times ponds have been undrained from the first. The vegetation is generally very scanty. In three such Tug Hill ponds Nymphosanthus variegatus is the only conspicuous species. Two of these, Mack pond and Point Rock pond, occupy kettle holes in sand land and probably were never drained. The other pond (figure 7), a small one along the Glenfield and Western railroad west of Plage, is entirely surrounded by bog but may have drained at one time through a stream which has since been cut off by the vegeta- tion. At Mud pond where the drainage has permitted the formation of a bog at the lower end and along the slow-flowing outlet there is a conspicuous development of Nymphaea odorata in the latter. Partially emerged plants are inconspicuous at most of the poorly drained ponds visited. Along the margin of Mack pond, however, 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM there is a large stand of Chamaedaphne calyculata in a few inches of water. Decodon verticillatus also borders the pond, this being the only place in the region where it was found. At Mud pond Peltandra virginica is fairly common in a narrow zone between the pond and the bog. The vegetation of poorly drained swamps. Throughout the course of development from marsh meadow to swamp forest the factors which make possible the changes in the vegetation are those associated with the soil. These factors have to do with the supply of water and its effect on the aeration and on the degree of decom- position of humus. The nature of the humus, in turn, affects the BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 51 aeration. In the earlier stages of the succession the latter is poor, j due to the nearness of the water table to the surface, and it is probable that only a slight variation in the direction of poorer aera- tion is necessary to set up bog conditions which in many cases may ■ not be overcome until the forest stage is reached. Accompanying the ! building up of the substratum, and partially causing it, is a constant I accumulation of humus. Intergradations of every degree between j the two typical lines of succession probably occur more commonly here, where the cool temperature and the general climatic conditions favor a development of bog, largely because of their slowing up the rate of oxidation of dead organic matter, than in warmer regions. The plants about poorly drained ponds are often quite different from those growing around or following the disappearance of ordinary well-drained ones. Bordering such a pond there is often a bog meadow composed of grasses, sedges and other herbs, but with the sedges much more abundant than in marsh meadows. The turf is usually firm, though where a bog borders a pond the mat of stems and roots may be built out so far that it is in part floating. Shrubs apparently encroach much earlier than they do in marsh meadows. Most of the characteristic species belong to the heath family, Ericaceae, though there are a number of exceptions. The shrub stage is followed, as in the typical swamp succession, by forest which at first is composed of different species than is the swamp forest. Later it may become more like the latter and eventually it approaches the climax. Sphagnum moss is the most abundant of all plants from the sedge stage to the bog forest. Bogs are not so characteristic of Tug Hill as of the Adirondacks, but at least partial bog conditions are common on the higher part of the plateau. The bog succession, which is first distinguished from the ordinary swamp succession in the marsh stage, usually has in its meadows some of the following species: Eriophorum spissum (rare), E. virginicum, Rynchospora alba, Carex angustior, C. trisperma, C. paupercula, and Habenaria blephariglottis, Pogonia ophioglossoides and Calopogon pulchellus, the last three rare. Other herbaceous plants which may occur in bog meadows or are found as an under- story in, the later stages are Calla palustris, Smilacina trifolia, Sar- racenia purpurea, Drosera rotundifolia and Gaultheria procutnbens- In many bogs there is a more definite zonation into these various stages than in the normal hydrophytic succession (figure 7). There are some, however, which are of a more mixed nature, comprising scattered trees, shrubs and herbs (figure 14) ; but bog conditions 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM here are not quite so pronounced and the vegetation seems to have developed from some state in the swamp succession as advanced as the beginning of the swamp forest (evidenced by the presence of fairly large individuals of red maple and a rather thin mat of Sphagnum). Herbaceous species occurring perhaps more commonly than in the early stages of the more typical bogs are Smilacina tri- folia, Cypripedium acaule and Chiogenes hispidula. The beginning of the next stage is indicated by the encroachment over the sedge meadow of shrub species. This usually progresses inward regularly from the border of the meadow, but in some cases isolated individuals get a foothold out in the sedge mat away from the rest of their own kind (see figure 7). Sometimes this stage follows so closely after the other or is so rapid in its occupation that it almost entirely covers the sedges (figure 15). In some cases, at least, Vaccinium Oxycoccos appears to be the pioneer invader of the sedge mat. Other closely associated species are, first. Ledum groen- landicum, Kalmia polifolia, Andromeda glaucophylla, Chamaedaphne calyculata and Vaccinium macrocarpon, soon followed by Pyrus melanocarpa, Amelanchier Bartramiana, Nemopanthus mucronata, Vaccinium canadense and Viburnum cassinoides. Other species not occurring in all bogs but abundant in some are Myrica Gale, Kalmia angustifolia, Gaylussacia haccata, Vaccinium corymbosum, and occa- sionally a little Alnus incana. The latter and Myrica Gale, however, seem to indicate a vegetation more closely related to the shrub stage of the normal hydrophytic succession. Black spruce {Picea mariana) is the most characteristic tree of the bog forest. Generally associated with it are tamarack, red spruce, balsam and red maple ; and with the advent of these species, accompanied by Clintonia borealis, Cypripedium acaule, Coptis tri- folia, Dalibarda repens, Cornus canadensis and Chiogenes hispidula, there is an approach to the swamp forest. The climax may pre- sumably be reached when the substratum is built up enough to permit better drainage and rapid and complete decomposition of leaf mold, but this takes so long that the swamp forest remains relatively stable for a long time. With the development of a swamp forest from the bog forest most of the bog shrub species (except Pyrus melanocarpa, Amelanchier Bartramiana and Viburnum cassinoides) disappear, especially the heath shrubs such as Ledum, Kalmia spp., Chamae- daphne, Vaccinium Oxycoccos and V. macrocarpon, but Sphagnum continues nearly to the climax. BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 53 The vegetation o£ streams and their margins. The primary hydrophytic associations so far considered have been those connected in some way with the development of the substratum and the vegeta- tion thereon from a submerged habitat in slow-flowing streams and in ponds to an aerial one. Other hydrophytic associations are found on flood plains, and along more rapidly flowing streams and the gorges which in the Tug Hill region often accompany them. A single species of plant was observed in the streams of the higher part of the plateau — the moss, Fontinalis antipyretica, var. gigantea. This is abimdant on the large slabs of sandstone which fill the stream beds. In slower brooks or in those without rocky beds Stellaria borealis, Cardamine pennsylvanica and Callitriche palustris are abundant in places. The plants bordering a brook in the forest show the influence of the presence of the stream on atmospheric humidity and soil moisture in often being of different species from those farther away from the stream. Bryophytes are usually abundant in such situations, as are Athyrium acrostichoides, Thelypteris Phegopteris, T. Dryopteris, Pteretis nodulosa and various flowering plants. In marsh meadows shrubs are sometimes common along the stream banks, and some grasses and other herbs are often more abundant there than else- where. Some species of the latter class are Phalaris arundinacea, Calamagrostis canadensis, Chelone glabra and Lobelia cardinalis. Another situation which supports a somewhat hydrophytic vegeta- tion is the dripping cliffs which are common in some of the gorges, especially the larger ones; the east branch of Fish creek above Taberg, Salmon river below Salmon falls, Lorraine gulf and Deer river south of Copenhagen. Some of the most interesting plants of the region, including isolated species with boreal affinities, are found on these wet, calcareous shale cliffs. Some of the conspicuous species in the Fish Creek gorge are: Cystopteris bulbifera C. fragilis Saxifraga virginiensis S. aizoides Parnassia caroliniana Potentilla fruticosa Rubus odoratus Amphicarpa monoica Aralia racemosa Primula mistassinica, var. noveboracensis Campanula rotundifolia Lobelia Kalmii Aster prenanthoides Erigeron philadelphicus Most of these plants also grow in the other large gorges, and many are found in similar situations in the limestone gorges along the west side of the Black River valley. Plant succession has almost never 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM progressed far on gorge slopes and cliffs, being successfully pre- vented by the frequency of slides and the effectiveness of ordinary erosion. On moist, shady, sloping gorge banks there is often a better development of vegetation- — occasionally a forest with some of the following species conspicuous as undergrowth. Adiantum pedatum Thelypteris Phegopteris T. Dryopteris T. marginalis T. Goldiana Cystopteris bulbifera Taxus canadensis Mitella diphylla Ribes lacustre Rubus odoratus R. pubescens Acer spicatum Secondary hydrophytic associations Secondary hydrophytic associations may be formed by the dam- ming of streams to form artificial ponds. This has happened on Tug Hill in a number of places. If otherwise undisturbed the succeeding changes may be somewhat similar to those of the normal hydrophytic succession, with a few of the former swamp forest species mixed with the earlier stages. Willows, perhaps, play a larger part in the shrub stage of this succession than in the primary shrub association. Secondary successions may also establish themselves as a result of the clearing and pasturing of shrubby or forested swamps or the pasturing of marsh meadows, both often occurring. Such land may later be abandoned and, except for the presence of some introduced species, may return in no great length of time to a condition approxi- mating the original state. The utilization of such meadows and swamps, however, for pasture or hay production for any considerable length of time may alter the vegetation to such an extent that if there is any change it is more often of a retrogressive nature. Qeared and pastured swamp land has a characteristic appearance. Some of the plants often present are various grasses, species of Scirpus {S. rubrotinctiis, S. atrovirens and S. atrocinctus), Acorus Calamus, Juncus spp. (/. tenuis, J. filiformis and J. effusus), Salix spp., Alntis incana, Oenothera perennis and Veronica americana. The vegetation of the marsh meadows is, perhaps, less disturbed by man’s activity than is that of the swamps. Roadside vegetation, too, seems to be less modified, even though it is often pastured. Roads, including old farm or wood roads, often have growing abundantly on their marshy or muddy margins and in their ditches species which are uncommon elsewhere or which are characteristic of marsh meadows. Some of these species are : BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 55 Onoclea sensibilis Osmimda spp. Equisetum arvense E. sylvaticum, var. Eleocharis ohtusa Carex crinita, var. gynandra Veratrum viride Iris versicolor Habenaria dilatata Salix spp. Polygonum sagittatum Caltha palustris Saxifraga pennsylvanica Spiraea latifolia Geum rivale Callitriche palustris Ludvigia palustris Zizia aurea Steironema ciliatum Myosotis scorpioides Verbena hastata Gratiola neglect a Galium asprellum Gnaphalium uliginosum Senecio aureus SUMMARY The Tug Hill plateau stands out as a distinct physiographic province, and because little attention had been paid it by botanists a preliminary survey of the vegetation was undertaken. The results of this survey may be summarized as follows : 1 The summit of the plateau is characterized (a) by a nearly level topography and rather poor drainage, causing a greater amount of swamp than is present in most parts of the State, and (b) by a soil derived largely from sandy shales and sandstones, apparently intermediate in acidity between the Adirondack soils and those of the limestone and calcareous shale country of the northern Allegheny plateau. 2 The climate is similar to that of the rest of the State, but due to the altitude the growing season is comparatively short. 3 The vegetation, modified by environmental factors, has been derived, since the last recession of the continental ice sheet, from the species now occurring between the southern end of the Tug Hill plateau and the northern limit of vegetation. This is borne out, in part, by the study of the species-composition of the flora. 4 An important biologic environmental factor, conditioned by climate and physiography, is the amount and rate of decomposition of humus. On Tug Hill decomposition is, in general, more rapid and complete than in the Adirondacks. 5 The flora is intermediate in composition and character between that of the Adirondacks and that of the northern Allegheny plateau. It is apparently more closely allied to the latter, though the altitude helps to bring about a vegetation the physiognomy of which is similar to that of the Adirondack vegetation. Soil conditions may play an important part in this relation with the Allegheny plateau flora. 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 6 Plant succession is, in general, similar to that elsewhere in the forested region of northeastern United States. Due to the modifica- tions brought about by human activity a large part of the vegetation is of a secondary nature and is somewhat xerophytic. Successional relations are obscure in many instances because of these modifications. 7 The normal swamp succession, as contrasted with the bog suc- cession, is more conspicuous than in the Adirondack region. This may be due, in part, to the influence of the chemical and physical composition of the soils on aeration. 8 Further botanical work on the Tug Hill plateau might well be aimed toward making such a painstaking study of the native flora and vegetation and of the environmental factors that future agricultural practice and forest management might be used upon it. To do this the species-composition of the vegetation as a whole, and of specific plant associations, should be carefully determined and an accurate delimitation made of the latter ; careful instrumental records should be taken of environmental factors through a number of seasons and in a large number of representative localities ; and correlations made between the latter and the vegetation. LIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU The species in the following list were, for the most part, collected by the writer during the summers of 1922, 1923 and 1927. Incor- porated in the list, also, are the records of other specimens in the Herbarium of the New York State Museum when of species rated as rare or when not collected by the writer. Records of additional species in Paine’s Oneida county and Hough’s Lewis county catalogs (Paine, ’65 ; Hough, ’46) are included with references to each by the author’s name and the page, and in the case of some of these records which appear doubtful that fact has been noted. So many of the records in Bendrat’s Flora of Mohawk Hill (Bendrat, ’13) are ques- tionable that none have been entered in the present list. Localities are cited for the rare species only, and the writer’s collection number in parentheses indicates when the station is represented by a speci- men in the Herbarium of the New York State Museum. The map (figure 3) contains the names of all the localities in the list just preceding the catalog of species. Stations can be located by means of the index numbers, and their approximate altitude can be deter- mined by consulting the contour map (figure 2). Most of the writer’s collecting was done on the summit of the plateau, so the list of plants is not at all complete for the region as BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 57 a whole. Many species of the limestone country, the Black River flood plain and the sand land at the north are obviously lacking. Identifications are based largely on Gray’s Manual (Robinson and Fernald, ’o8) descriptions and on comparisons with specimens in the Herbarium of Syracuse University and the Herbarium of the New York State Museum. Some of the principal additional works to which reference has been made are Britton and Brown’s (’13) Flora, Hitchcock’s (’20) Genera of Grasses, and Brainerd’s (’21) Violets of North America. Critical species of Gramineae were identified by Mrs Agnes Chase ; critical species of Carex, by K. K. Mackenzie ; Amelanchier, by Dr K. M. Wiegand; and Rubus and some other specimens, by Prof. M. L. Fernald. The nomenclature is that of the seventh edition of Gray’s Manual, with the emendations of Robinson and Fernald (’09) and with more recent changes and additions the authority for which is given in the catalog, all, in so far as possible, in keeping with the International Code of Nomenclature. Localities Mentioned in the Following Catalog (See map. Figure 3, for marginal index) Alexander pond . . . E 7 Harrisburg C 6 Barnes Corners .... D 4 Highmarket F 7 Bellwood D 5 Hooker E 5 Bennett Bridge .... G 2 House creek .E 8-E 9 Black river .G lO-A I Houseville E 8 Bloodsucker pond. . . H 6 Kings falls B 6 Boyd E 5 Lanesburg D 6 Castorland C 7 Littlejohn Settlement.. F 4 Champion B 5 Lorraine D 2 Champion Huddle .. B 5 Lorraine gulf D 2 Chimney Point gulf. E 7 Lowville D 8 Constableville G 8 Lyons Falls F 9 Copenhagen C 5 Mack pond J 5 Deer river ..E 5-B 7 Mad (Salmon) river.. • E s-F 4 Deer River Station. B 6 Martinsburg E 8 East Martinsburg . . E 8 Michigan Mills F 6 Fall brook I 6 Mill creek (Turin) . . . .F 8-F 9 Felts Mills A 4 Mohawk Hill G 8 Fish creek (East branch) . . Mud pond H 7 E 6-J 6 New Boston D 5 Florence H 5 New Scriba F 2 Gardners Corners . . . D 5 Orwell G 2 Glenfield and Western rail- Osceola G 5 road ,..F 5-E 9 Page F 7 Great Bend A 5 Parkers E 5 Greenboro F 3 Pinckney C 5 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pleasant lake .... ....B 5 Sugar river . . .F 8-Gio Point Rock I 7 Taberg J 6 Point Rock pond (Point of Tabolt Corners . . . . E 8 Rock lake) . . . . I 7 Turin F 9 Powler’s pond . . . . H 6 Vorea F 2 Rector D 5 West Branch ..• 18 Redfield West Leyden H 8 Roaring brook . . . E 9 West Lowville . . . .. D 7 Rutland Center . . B 4 Wetmore E 7 Rutland Hollow . B 4 Whetstone creek. . . .. .E 7-E 9 Salmon falls. .... G 2 Whetstone gulf E 8 Salmon river ....G 6-G I Widmer pond G 7 Salmon River reservoir . G 4-G 2 Windecker D 6 Sears pond South Rutland . . . E 5 C 4 Worth Center E 3 POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium virginianum L. (P. vulgare of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 24: 141. 1922) Polypody Rock outcrops, especially along gorges ; occasional Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair Low woods, wooded gorge banks etc., especially at lower alti- tudes ; occasional Pteridium latiusculum (Desv.) Maxon (Pteris aquilina oi Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 179. 1919) Common brake ; Bracken Roadsides, pastures, clearings etc. ; common Cryptogram M A Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl Rock brake Shady ledges in the limestone gorges of the Black River valley; occasional WooDWARDiA viRGiNicA (L.) Sm. Chain fern Bogs in sand land in the southern part of the region ; rare Point Rock pond (2416) ; near Mack pond, House 11253 Asplenium viride Huds. Green spleenwort Moist shale cliff in Whetstone gulf (2613) A. Trichomanes L. Maidenhair spleenwort “Fish creek precipices.” Paine, p. 177 Athyrium angustifolium (Michx.) Milde {Asplenium angusti- folium of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 178. 1919) Narrow-leaved spleenwort Rich, low woods northwest of Widmer pond (2382) ; Osceola, House 16634 A. ACROSTiCHOiDES (Sw.) Diels {Asplenium acrostichoides of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 178. 1919) Silvery spleenwort Borders of rich, climax forest, shady brooksides in the forest, arbor vitae swamps etc. ; occasional BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 59 A. ANGUSTUM (Willd.) Presl {Asplenium Filix-femina, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 19: 190. 19^7) Lady fern Roadsides, pastures, alder swamps, borders of the climax forest etc. ; common. The several varieties and forms were not distinguished in the Tug Hill plateau region PoLYSTiCHUM ACROSTicHOiDES (Michx.) Schott Christmas fern Climax forest, borders of open woods etc. ; occasional Thelypteris Phegopteris (L.) Slosson {Phegopteris polypo- dioides of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 179. 1919) Long beech fern Gorge banks, shady brooksides in the climax forest etc. ; common T. Dryopteris (L. ) Slosson {Phegopteris Dryopteris of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 179. 1919) Oak fern Shady brooksides and dense climax forest, arbor vitae swamps etc. ; occasional T. PALUSTRis Schott {Aspidium Thelypteris of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 ; 178. 1919) Marsh fern Open marshy swamps ; occasional T. NOVEBORACENSIS (L.) Nieuwl. {Aspidium novehoracense of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 ; 178. 1919) New York fern Dry shady banks, pastures etc. ; occasional T. MARGiNALis (L.) Nieuwl. {Aspidium marginale of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21:1178. 1^19) Evergreen wood fern Shady gorge banks etc. at lower altitudes, especially in the lime- stone country ; occasional T. Goldiana (Hook.) Nieuwl. {Aspidium Goldianum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 177. 1919) Goldie’s fern Rich climax forest, wooded gorge slopes etc. ; occasional T. CRiSTATA (L.) Nieuwl. {Aspidium cristatum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 177. 1919) Crested shield fern Swampy, or somewhat boggy, woods ; rare Parkers (38) ; northeast of Osceola; Turin T. SPINULOSA (O. F. Muell.) Nieuwl., var. intermedia (Muhl.) Weatherby {Aspidium spinulosum, var. intermedium of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 178. 1919) Climax forest, low woods, alder swamps etc. ; common (either this, or the typical form which was not observed). Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Rock outcrops along streams and in gorges, especially in the limestone country ; occasional C. FRAGiLis (L.) Bernh. Brittle fern Rock outcrops in gorges, especially in the limestone country; occasional 6o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore {Dicksonia punc- tilobula of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 ; 178. 1919) Hay-scented fern Dry barren pastures, roadsides, dry woods etc. ; common Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern Wet roadsides, pastures, swamps, low woods etc. ; common Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. {Onoclea Struthiopteris of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 178. 1919) Os- trich fern Low wet woods and wooded gorge bottoms ; occasional OSMUNDACEAE OsMUNDA REGALis L., var. SPECTABiLis (Willd.) Gray (See Rho- dora 21 : 179. 1919) Royal fern Pastures and swamps ; common O. Claytoniana L. Interrupted fern Pastures, roadsides etc. ; common O. ciNNAMOMEA L. Cinnamon fern Swamps, bogs, wet woods, and wet or dry pastures ; common OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Adder’s tongue Marsh meadows, pastures etc. ; rare Parkers (1693, 2465) ; Fall brook, Haberer 6/25/03 Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock Little grape fern “near Fall brook, west of Fish creek.” Paine, p. 180 (Specimen collected by Paine labelled simply “Fish creek”) B. TENEBROSUM A. A. Eaton (Given as a synonym of B. simplex in Gray’s Manual, ed. 7; possibly a reduced form of B. matricariae folium ) Dry grassy pasture northwest of Rector (55) B. ANGUSTiSEGMENTUM (Pease & Moore) Fernald (B. lanceolatum, var. angiistisegmentum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 17: 87. 1915) Lance-leaved grape fern Pasture northwest of Parkers (2464) B. MATRiCARiAEFOLiuM A. Br. (B . ramosum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 36) Sterile field west of Hooker (2490) ; dry open woods southwest of Orwell (2169) B. OBLiQUUM, Muhl. Grape fern Dry grassy pastures, coniferous woods, marsh meadows and roadsides ; common The dissected-leaf form {B. obliquum, var. dissectum (Spreng.) Clute of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7) occurs occasionally in marsh meadows etc. (See Rhodora 23: 151. 1921 for a discussion of the nomenclature of these forms) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 6i B. viRGiNiANUM (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern Dry coniferous woods, climax forest etc. ; occasional EQUISETACEAE Equisetum arvense L. Common horsetail Low swampy woods, moist gorge slopes, roadsides etc. ; occasional E. SYLVATicuM L., var. pauciramosum Milde, forma multira- MosuM Fernald (See Rhodora 20: 131. 1918) Wood horse- tail Open or partially wooded swamps, pastures, ditches etc. ; common E. LiMosuM L. {E. fluviatile of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23: 45. 1921) Pipes Wet roadsides, pond margins, arbor vitae swamps etc. ; occa- sional E. hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton Scouring rush Shaded or open banks etc. ; rare Bennett Bridge (2181): south of Copenhagen; southwest of Castorland ; north of Lyons Falls ; Pleasant lake E. sciRPOiDES Michx. Arbor vitae swamp southwest of Castorland (2666) ; shady shale bank of Salmon river below Bennett Bridge (2180) LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining club moss Rich climax forest ; common L. iNUNDATUM, L. Bog club moss Moist mossy roadsides, sandy bogs etc. ; rare South of Greenboro (2771); New Scriba (2774); Osceola, House 9143; Mack pond. House 11256 L. ANNOTiNUM L., var. ACRiFOLiuM Fernald (See Rhodora 17: 124. 1915) Dry woods and roadsides ; occasional Typical form recorded on sight from three localities but speci- mens collected are all of this variety L. CLAVATUM L. Common club moss Dry woods, roadsides, climax forest (?) etc. ; common L. CLAVATUM, var. megastachyon Fernald & Bissell (Var. mono- stachyon, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 12: 53- 1910) Sand land east of Felts Mills (906) L. OBSCURUM L. Tree club moss Rich, somewhat dry, woods, fields, climax forest etc. ; common L. OBSCURUM, var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton Dry woods, pastures etc. ; occasional 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM L. FLABELLiFORME (Femald) Blanchard (L. complanatum, var. fta- belliforme of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 13; 168. 1911) Ground pine Roadsides, dry woods, pastures, climax forest (?) etc.; common L. TRISTACHYUM, Pursh Dry woods and pastures, roadsides, dry soil bordering gorges etc. ; occasional L. TRISTACHYUM, VAR. Habereri (House) Vict. (See Marie- Victorin, Les Lycopodinees du Quebec, p. 51) Parkers (69) TAXACEAE Taxus canadensis Marsh. Ground hemlock; Yew Low shady or swampy woods, arbor vitae swamps, gorge banks, climax forest etc. ; occasional PINACEAE PiNus Strobus L. White pine Dry woods bordering gorges, swamps etc. ; occasional P. RESiNOSA Ait. Red pine Sand land south of Felts Mills (916) Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch Tamarack; Larch Swamps, bogs, pastures etc. ; common PiCEA rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. Red spruce Climax forest, pastures, gorge banks, swamps etc. ; common P. MARIANA (Mill.) BSP. Black or bog spruce Bogs ; occasional Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam fir Climax forest, swamps, pastures etc. ; common Tsuga CANADENSIS (L.) Carr. Hemlock Swampy woods, climax forest, gorge banks etc. ; common — but inconspicuous on the summit of the plateau except in virgin forest Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor vitae; White cedar Swamps and gorge banks ; occasional. Common in the limestone region JuNiPERUs COMMUNIS L., var. depressa Pursh Juniper Dry pastures and gorge margins etc. ; occasional TYPHACEAE Typha latifolia L. Common cat-tail Marshy places in wooded swamps, marshy lake shores etc. ; occasional SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium americanum Nutt. Bur-reed Marshy margin of arbor vitae swamp northwest of Turin (2597) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 63 S. CHLOROCARPUM Rydb. (S. diversifolium of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 24: 29. 1922) Bur-reed Margin of brook, Parkers (2647) S. CHLOROCARPUM var. ACAULE (Beeby) Fernald Osceola, House 16649 NAJADACEAE PoTAMOGETON NATANS L. Pondweed Pleasant lake (880) P. EPIHYDRUS Raf. P'ondweed Mud pond (2784) P. ALPiNus Balbis Pondweed Slow-flowing brook, Parkers (75) P. AMPLiFOLius Tuckerm Pondweed Slow-flowing streams ; rare Whetstone creek above Whetstone gulf (2615) ; above Sears pond (2646) P. GRAMiNEUs L., var. GRAMiNiFOLius Fries (P. heterophyllus, in part, at least, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23 ; 189. 1921 ) Pondweed Marshy pond south of Great Bend (2731) P. zosTERiFOLius Schumacher Pondweed Shallow water of ponds; rare Mud pond (2786) ; Pleasant lake (2738) P. PusiLLUs L. Pondweed Mud pond (2785) P. FOLiosus Raf. Pondweed. Pleasant lake (2741) Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt Naiad Pleasant lake (2739) JUNCAGINACEAE ScHEUcHZERiA PALusTRis L. var. AMERICANA Femald (See Rhodora 25: 178. 1923) “Point of Rock lake,” Paine, p. 134 (as S', palustris) ALISMACEAE Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Broad-leaved arrowhead Wet soil along brooks ; rare Sears Pond (2644) ; Parkers S. CUNEATA Sheldon (S. arifolia of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23 ; 192. (1921) Arrowhead Marshy pond south of Great Bend (2729) Alisma Plantago- aquatic a L. Water plantain Marshy pond south of Great Bend (2728) 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM HYDROCHARITACEAE Elodea canadensis Michx. {E. canadensis, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 22; 17-29. 1920) Water weed Pleasant lake (2740) GRAMINEAE Digitaria Ischaemum Schreb. (D. humifiisa of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 18 : 231. 1916) Finger grass Sandy roadside south of Felts Mills (919) Panicum capillare L. Old-witch grass Roadside northeast of New Boston (865) P, VIRGATUM L. Switch grass Sandy field, Point Rock pond P. boreale Nash Marsh meadows, dry pastures etc. ; occasional P. IMPLICATUM Scribn. Pastures, meadows, marsh meadows etc. ; occasional P. tennesseense Ashe Marly sidehill seepage southwest of Castorland (2661) P. clandestinum L. Deer-tongue grass Rocky bed of Salmon river above Bennett Bridge (2194) ; dry brushy field north of Osceola (2439) ; Greenboro Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass Gardens and roadsides ; occasional E. CRUSGALLI, forma longiseta (Trin.) Farwell (See Rhodora 23: 55-. 1921) Roadside, Parkers (82). Collected with typical form Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard (S. glauca of Gray’s Man- ual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 18; 232. 1916) Yellow foxtail; Pigeon grass Roadside, West Lowville hill (1686) S. viRiDis (L.) Beauv. Green foxtail Garden, Rector (88) Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice cut-grass Marshy places ; rare Southwest of Copenhagen (869) ; Mack pond. House 11258 Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass Swales and marsh meadows, usually bordering brooks ; occasional Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet vernal grass Pastures, roadsides and meadows ; common Millium effusum L. Millet grass Climax forest or rich, wooded stream bottoms ; occasional BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 65 Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Mountain rice Heavy dry soil in open woods south of Copenhagen (2358) Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. Rocky bank of Fish creek southwest of Taberg (1821) M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Marsh meadow south of Parkers (1702) M. Schreberi J. F. Gmel. Drop-seed; Nimble will Dry opening in woods southwest of Taberg (1815) M. UNIFLORA (Muhl.) Femald (Sporobolus uniflorus of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 29 : 10. 1927) Marsh meadows ; rare South of Parkers (819, 1692) ; northwest of Rector (2624) Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Dry woods and banks ; occasional Phleum pratense L. Timothy Pastures, roadsides etc. ; common Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow foxtail Roadsides ; rare East of Rector (439) ; Parkers A, AEQUALis Sobol. (A. geniculatus , var. aristulatus of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 19: 165. 1917 for its recognition as a distinct species ; and House, Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, p. 94, for syn- onymy) Floating foxtail Swampy woods south of Great Bend (2713) Agrostis alba L. Red top Roadsides, fields, open swamps etc. ; common A. ALBA, var. MARiTiMA (Lam.) G. F. W. Mey Moist rocks along Fish creek southwest of Taberg (1822) A. TENUIS Sibth. (A. alba, var. vulgaris of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 26 : 2. 1924) Pasture, Rector (1706) A. TENUIS, forma artistata (Parnell) Wiegand (See Rhodora 26 : 2. 1924) Dry grassy roadside northeast of Hooker (2756) A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Hair grass Dry roadsides, meadows etc. ; occasional Calamagrotis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt. (See Rhodora 24: 142, 1922) Blue-joint grass Wet roadsides, marsh meadows etc. ; occasional CiNNA LATiFOLiA (Trev.) Griseb. Swamps and rich low woods ; occasional 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Notholcus mollis (L.) Hitchc. (Belongs to the genus Holcus of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7 ; replaced by Ginannia Bub., Rhodora 18: 233. 1916) Meadow northwest of Rector (2637) Reported by Hitchcock in The Genera of Grasses of the United States, p. 1 18, and by Hitchcock in Abrams, An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States, Vol. i, p. 163 as having been introduced into California. The Tug Hill meadow has the appearance of being rather old and the colony of the grass is well established. Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Shady shale gorge banks at lower altitudes and open arbor vitae swamps ; rare Lorraine gulf northwest of Lorraine (2506) ; Whetstone gulf (2607) ; Houseville (2602) ; West Lowville Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv., var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. (See Rhodora 28: 154. 1926) Tufted hair grass Marsh meadows etc. ; occasional Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Wild oat grass Dry banks, roadsides and pastures ; common D. compressa Aust. Dry roadsides in the southwestern part of the region; rare. Southwest of Hooker (2758); southeast of Greenboro; New Scriba Melica striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Purple oat Woods, wooded gorge banks and margins, especially in the lime- stone country ; occasional — but rare on the summit of the plateau Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard grass Roadsides etc., especially at lower altitudes ; occasional PoA ANNUA L. Low spear grass Roadside, West Lowville hill (1687) ; wet woods west of Rector (583) P. COMPRESSA L. Canada blue grass ; Wire grass Roadside, West Lowville hill (1685) P. PALusTRis L. (P. triflora of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 18; 235. 1916) Fowl meadow grass Marsh meadows etc. ; occasional P. PRATENSis L. June grass ; Kentucky blue grass Climax forest, wood roads, roadsides etc. ; occasional P. TRTViALis L. Rough-stalked meadow grass Low wet woods west of Harrisburg (597) P. SALTUENSis Femald & Wiegand (See Rhodora 20: 122. 1918) Shady gorge banks, rich climax forest etc. ; occasional BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 67 P. ALSODES Gray Rich climax forest etc. ; occasional More often at lower altitudes and in richer, moister places (often on stream bottoms) than the preceding species Glyceria melicaria (Michx.) Hubbard (G. Torreyana of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 14: 186. 1912) Wet woods, alder and arbor vitae swamps etc.; occasional G. CANADENSIS (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake grass Wet meadows and roadsides, marsh meadows etc. ; occasional G. NERVATA (Willd.) Trin. Fowl meadow grass Marsh meadows and low wet woods ; common G. GRANDis Wats. Reed meadow grass Wet meadows ; occasional G. Fernaldii (Hitchc.) St John {G. pallida, var. Fernaldii of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 19: 76. 1917) Mucky soil in clearing northwest of Rector (2634) G. BOREALIS (Nash) Batchelder Marshy pond margins ; rare Whetstone creek (2616) ; Sears pond (2638) ; south of Great Bend (2714) ; Pleasant lake Festuca ovina L., var. duriuscula (L.) Koch ? Sheep’s fescue Rocky pasture southwest of Orwell (2161) ; sandy field north- east of Point Rock (2412) F. elatior L. Meadow fescue Roadside near Gardners Corners (591) F. nutans Spreng. Shady shale bank in Whetstone gulf (2609) ; limestone woods, Felts Mills Bromus ciliatus L. Wood chess Wooded or grassy roadsides etc. ; occasional B. ciliatus, var. denudatus (Wieg.) Fernald (See Rhodora 28: 20. 1926) Grassy banks, roadsides etc. ; rare Sears pond (2645) '> northwest of West Leyden (2791) B, PURGANS L., forma glabriflorus Wiegand (See Rhodora 24:92. 1922) Rich limestone woods, Felts Mills (2704) B. inermis Leyss. (See House, Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, p. 124) Roadside near head of Whetstone gulf (2614) Nardus stricta L. (See House, Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, p. 126) Roadsides and old pastures ; rare Northwest of Point Rock (2431); Highmarket (2443) Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quack grass; Couch grass Gardens, meadows etc. ; rare Rector (78) 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Elymus riparius Wiegand (See Rhodora 20:84. 1918) Wild rye Rocky bank of Fish creek southwest of Taberg (1818) Asperella Hystrix (L.) Humb. {Hystrix patula of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 14: 187. 1912) Bottle-brush grass Dry limestone woods, Felts Mills (909) CYPERACEAE Cyperus strigosus L. Field near Black river southeast of Lowville (801) C. FiLicuLMis Vahl, var. macilentus Fernald Sandy roadside, Felts Mills (2709) Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton Marsh meadows, wet roadsides etc. ; occasional Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes Spike rush Wet roadsides, open mucky depressions in pastures, open bor- ders of swamps etc. ; rare Northwest of Rector (2632) ; northwest of Turin (2594) ; south of Copenhagen ; south of Greenboro E. PALUSTRis (L.) R. & S. Spike rush In water at Alexander pond (510) E. ACicuLARis (L.) R. & S. Spike rush Margin of pool in woods south of Great Bend (2720) E. CAPiTATA (L.) R. Br. (£. tenuis of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 20: 24. 1918) Spike rush Open swampy places along brooks, open alder swamps etc.; occasional SciRPUS HUDSONiANUS (Michx.) Fernald Alpine cotton grass Marsh meadows ; common S. VALiDus Vahl Great bulrush Swale northwest of Martinsburg (658) ; shallow pond south of Great Bend (2734) S. ACUTus Muhl. (S. occidentalis of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 22 : 55. 1920) Shallow water. Pleasant lake (2743) S. RUBROTiNCTus Fernald Wet meadows and roadsides ; occasional S. ATROVIRENS Muhl. Moist pastures and roadsides ; occasional S. CYPERiNUS (L.) Kunth, var. pelius Fernald Wool grass Wet pastures and roadsides ; occasional S. ATROCiNCTus Fernald Moist pastures, open swamps, bogs, and wet roadsides ; com- mon BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 69 Eriophorum spissum Fernald (E. callitrix of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 27 : 208. 1925) Hare’s tail Bogs ; rare Mud pond (2398) ; Point Rock pond (2421) ; east of Parkers (2481) E. TENELLUM Nutt. Cotton grass Bog meadow, Parkers (100) E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald Cotton grass Marsh meadows etc. ; occasional E. virginicum L. Cotton grass Bog and marsh meadows ; occasional Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl Beak rush Bogs and marsh meadows ; occasional Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze (Cladium mariscoides of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 25: 53. 1923) Twig rush Shore of Pleasant lake (2746) Carex scoparia Schkuhr Dry pastures etc. ; occasional C. projecta Mackenzie (C. tribuloides, var. reducta of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 35 : 264. 1908) Wet roadsides and low wet woods ; occasional C. Crawfordii Fernald Dry pastures etc. ; rare Parkers (89) ; northwest of Rector (2631) C. angustior Mackenzie (C. stellulata, var. angusiata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rydberg, Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains, p. 124) Marsh meadows, bogs, wet roadsides etc. ; common C. interior Bailey (C. scirpoides of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23 : 96. 1921) Marsh meadows ; rare Parkers (2469, 2474) C. CANESCENS L., var. disjuncta Fernald Marsh meadows and swampy woods ; rare Parkers (560, 2454) C. brunnescens Poir., var. sphaerostachya (Tuckerm.) Kuken- thal (See Rhodora 28: 163. 1926) Dry pastures and open grassy woods ; common C. BROMOiDES Schkuhr Low mucky woods ; rare West of Harrisburg (596) ; Rector (585) ; Houseville, House 9293 C. Deweyana Schwein. Rich open woods west of Parkers (2458) 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM C. TRisPERMA Dewey In sphagnum in wet woods, bogs etc. ; occasional C. TENELLA Schkuhr Rich mucky woods and swamps ; occasional C. ROSEA Schkuhr (C. rosea, var. radiata and C. rosea, var. minor, each in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 43: 425. 1916) Open woods, Copenhagen, House 10095 C. CEPHALOiDEA Dewey Open woods, Copenhagen, House 10096; limestone rocks along the Sugar river, Haberer 3534 C. VULPINOIDEA Michx. Low wet woods, wet pastures etc. ; occasional C. DIANDRA Schrank Bog at Mud pond (2399) C. STIPATA Muhl. Swamps etc. ; rare Parkers (478) C. CRiNiTA Lam. Moist meadows, bogs, brooksides, arbor vitae swamps etc.; occasional C. CRINITA, var. GYNANDRA (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Wet roadside ditches etc. ; rare Southeast of Sears pond (2488) ; Houseville, House 9291 ; Parkers C. TORTA Boott Swamps, open rocky stream bottoms etc. ; occasional C. STRiCTioR Dewey (C. stricta, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 42: 415. 1915) Wet roadsides, brook banks etc. ; occasional C. Haydeni Dewey (C. stricta, var. decora of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 42: 410. 1915) Dry pasture near edge of swamp. Rector (97) C. aurea Nutt. Low field in limestone country, Copenhagen (604) ; dry crevices in shale along margin of Salmon river above Bennett Bridge (2188) ; exposed crevices of igneous rock east of Turin (2251) C. LEPTALEA Wahlenb. Wooded swamps, pastures etc. ; rare Parkers (794, 2463) C. POLYGAMA Schkuhr Marsh meadow east of Page (2444) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 71 C. viRESCENS Muhl., var. Swanii Fernald Dry wooded gulf bottom northwest of Lorraine (2503) ; heavy pasture soil, Pleasant lake (2747) ; under hemlocks at edge of arbor vitae swamp southwest of Castorland (2663) C. GRACiLLiMA Schwein. Moist pastures, roadsides etc. ; occasional C. DEFLEXA Hornem. Dry pasture east of Parkers (2483) C. Peckii E. C. Howe (C. albicans of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7 — accord- ing to Mackenzie) Copenhagen, House 9286 C. COMMUNIS Bailey Rich to dry open woods, roadsides etc. ; occasional C. novae-angliae Schwein. Dry pasture, Parkers (2470) C. PALLESCENS L. Moist meadows, dry roadsides etc. ; common C. PAUPERCULA Michx. (including var. irrigua of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23: 96. 1921) Bog meadows ; occasional C. LIMOSA L. Open bogs ; rare Southwest of Orwell (2160) ; Point Rock pond (2417) C. PRASiNA Wahlenb. Brookside near Fish creek south of Point Rock (431) C. EBURNEA Boott Dry shady shale bank along Deer river south of Copenhagen (2352) ; cliffs. Fall brook, Haberer 1035 C. PEDUNCULATA Muhl. Dry rocky woods southwest of Orwell (2166) ; shady slope in Chimney Point gulf (2222) C. PLANTAGINEA Lam. Climax forest; occasional C. LAxicuLMis Schwein. Fall brook, Haberer 3888 C. ORMOSTACHYA Wiegand (See Rhodora 24: 196. 1922) Dry rocky woods southwest of Orwell (2167) C. HETEROSPERM A Wahl. (C. anceps Muhl. — according to Macken- zie. C. anceps is C. laxiflora, var. patulifolia of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 24: 198. 1922) Dry woods along margin of Lorraine gulf northwest of Lor- raine (2509) C. ALBURSiNA Sheldon (C. laxiflora, var. latifolia of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 24: 193. 1922) Open wooded slope west of Turin (2267) ; Osceola, House 16620 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM C. LEPTONERViA (Fcmald) Fernald (C. laxiflora, var. leptonervia of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora i6: 214. 1914) Low woods, margins of swamps, wooded roadsides etc. ; occasional C. Hitchcockiana Dewey Rich limestone woods, Felts Mills (2705) C. GRANULARis Muhl., var. Haleana (Olney) Porter Open valley in limestone country, Copenhagen (605) ; marly sidehill seepage southwest of Castorland (2659) C. FLAVA L. Marsh meadows and open balsam and alder swamps ; common C. CRYPTOLEPis Mackenzie Osceola, House 16621 C. CASTANEA Wahlenb. Marsh meadows; occasional C. ARCTATA Boott Rich woods, wooded roadsides etc. ; rare Parkers (2449, 2479) ; southwest of Orwell (2165) C. DEBiLis Michx., var. Rudgei Bailey Dry roadsides and fields; occasional C. SCABRATA Schwein. Swales and mucky hollows in the forest; rare Parkers (821) ; northwest of Rector (2630) ; Copenhagen^ House 6/18/24 C. OLIGOSPERMA Michx. Very wet marsh meadow east of Parkers (2651) C. RiPARiA W. Curtis, var. lacustris (Willd.) Kiikenthal (See Wie- gand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 131) Open or somewhat wooded swamps, brooksides in wet meadows etc. ; occasional C. Pseudo-Cyperus L. Low swampy woods south of Great Bend (2715) C. coMOSA Boott Bog on outlet of Mud pond (941) ; low swampy woods south of Great Bend (2716) ; open margin of arbor vitae swamp north- west of Turin (2596) C. HYSTERICINA Muhl. Open valley in limestone country, Copenhagen (606) ; marly sidehill seepage southwest of Castorland (2660) C. LURID A Wahlenb. Damp roadside. Rector (94) C. RETRORSA Schwein. Mud flat at Sears pond (860) ; wet roadside, Parkers; Redfield, Peck, July BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 73 C. LUPULINA Muhl. Wet woods; rare Parkers (93) ; south of Great Bend (2718) ; Redfield, Peck, July C. INTUMESCENS Rudge, var. Fernaldii Bailey Rich open climax forest, roadsides, marsh meadows etc. ; common C. FOLLICULATA L. Marsh meadow, Parkers (92) ; shrubby boggy swamp at Mud pond (2778) C. Michauxiana Boeckl. Marsh meadows; rare Parkers (565) ; east of Parkers (2650) C. VESiCARiA L., var. monile (Tuckerm.) Fernald Margin of Sears pond (2639) C. ROSTRATA Stokes Brooksides and low wet ground ; occasional C. Tuckermani Dewey Redfield, Peck, July ARACEAE Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Indian turnip; Jack-in-the- pulpit Rich low woods; occasional A. triphyllum, var. Stewardsonii (Britton) T. G. Stevens (See Rhodora 23: 136. 1921) Wet woods, arbor vitae swamps etc. ; occasional Possibly somewhat more common on the summit of the plateau than the preceding Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth Arrow arum Swampy margin of Mud pond (2397) Calla palustris L. Water arum; Wild calla Bogs, standing water in wooded or open swamps etc. ; occasional Acorus Calamus L. Sweet flag Swales along pasture and meadow brooks, roadsides etc. ; occasional LEMNACEAE Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater duckweed In water, marshy margin of Mud pond (2396) ; Pleasant lake Lemna trisulca L. Marshy pond south of Great Bend (2732) L. MINOR L. Lesser duckweed Pools in woods north of Salmon River reservoir; southwest of Bennett Bridge JUNCACEAE JuNcus BUFONius L. Toad rush Wet meadows and damp places along roadsides and in pastures; occasional 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM J. TENUIS Willd. Path rush Moist meadows, somewhat dry pastures etc. ; occasional J. Dudleyi Wiegand Wet field in limestone valley, Copenhagen (607) J. FILIFORMIS L. Wet meadow, Parkers (570) J. EFFUSUS L., var. decipiens Buchenau (See Rhodora 12 : 87. 1910) Common or soft rush The only specimen of /. effusus collected, is very near this variety. Wet pasture. Rector (108) Some form or forms of the species are common in wet pastures, open swamps, arbor vitae swamps, bogs (?) etc. J. EFFUSUS var. Pylaei (Larharpe) Fernald & Wiegand Osceola, House 16639 J. BREViCAUDATUs (Engelm.) Fernald Marshy brookside, Parkers (808) J. CANADENSIS J. Gay Bog on outlet of Mud pond (942) J. ARTICULATUS L. Wet meadow bordering arbor vitae swamp southwest of Castor- land (2665) Luzula saltuensis Fernald Wood rush Rich bottomland woods, Bennett Bridge (2183) L. CAMPESTRis (L.) DC., var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak Wooded roadside, Salmon falls L. CAMPESTRIS, var. FRiGiDA Buchenau Heavy soil in low meadows (there in rather dense, extensive patches) ; rare Rector (no); Parkers (2321); northeast of Mohawk Hill (2274) ; east of Gardners Corners LILIACEAE Veratrum viride Ait. American white hellebore; Indian poke Swamps, roadsides, wet clearings in the forest etc. ; common UvULARIA GRANDIFLORA Sm. Bellwort Climax forest etc. ; occasional Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) Wats. Bellwort Clearings, wood roads etc. ; common Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild leek Climax forest etc., in rich, often heavy, soil; occasional Lilium canadense L. Wild yellow or meadow lily Wet roadsides, wooded swamps etc. ; occasional Erythronium americanum Ker Yellow adder’s-tongue ; Dog’s- tooth violet Roadsides, climax forest etc. ; common BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 75 Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus Roadside, Copenhagen (598) Clintonia BOREALIS (Ait.) Raf. Yellow clintonia Climax forest, swamps, roadsides, clearings etc. ; common Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False spikenard Climax forest and wooded gorge banks ; occasional S. STELLATA (L.) Desf. Swampy woods ; rare Northwest of Rector (114) ; southeast of Parkers (2316) ; north of Salmon River reservoir S. TRIFOLIA (L.) Desf. Bog meadows and open bogs with scattered trees and shrubs ; occasional Maianthemum canadense Desf. Wild lily of the valley Climax forest, coniferous forest, pastures etc. ; common Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Twisted-stalk Low woods and wet gorge slopes ; occasional S. ROSEUs Michx. Purple twisted-stalk Climax forest etc. ; occasional PoLYGONATUM PUBEscENs (Willd.) Pursh {P. bifloTum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of Ae Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 147) Small Solomon’s seal Climax forest etc. ; occasional Medeola virginiana L. Indian cucumber-root Qimax forest, dry woods etc. ; common Trillium erectum L. Red trillium Climax forest, moist or dry woods ; common T. GRANDiFLORUM (Michx.) Salisb. White trillium Wooded gorge bottoms and rich woods at low altitudes; rare Northwest of Lorraine (2502) ; south of Copenhagen (2365) ; southwest of Orwell ; Bennett Bridge ; Felts Mills T. UNDULATUM Willd. Painted trillium Dry climax forest etc. ; common Smilax herbacea L. Carrion-flower Roadsides, somewhat wet woods, pastures etc. ; occasional S. HISPIDA Muhl. Swampy woods south of Great Bend (2723) IRIDACEAE Iris versicolor L. Blue flag Marsh meadows, wet pastures etc. ; common SiSYRiNCHiuM ANGUSTiFOLiuM Mill. Blue-eyed grass Roadsides and meadows, open bottomlands etc. ; common S. GRAMiNEUM Curtis Blue-eyed grass Dry meadow, Greenboro (2765, 2766) 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ORCHIDACEAE Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb., var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight Larger yellow lady’s-slipper Swampy woods, alder or arbor vitae swamps ; rare Southwest of Orwell (2175) ; Parkers (2302) ; northwest of Turin (2278) C. reginae Walt. (C. hirsutum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Eames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 153) Showy lady’s-slipper Arbor vitae swamps ; rare Northwest of Turin (2599) ; Houseville C. ACAULE Ait. Moccasin flower Climax forest (?), coniferous forest, gorge margins, bogs etc.; common Orchis rotundifolia Banks (or Pursh? — See Rhodora 28: 169. 1926) Turin, Hough 7/11/81 O. SPECTABiLis L. Showy orchis Dry rocky open woods southwest of Orwell (2168) ; Bennett Bridge Habenaria virdis (L.) R. Br., var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray (See Rhodora 28: 174. 1926) Rich woods southeast of Worth Center (2495) H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Wet woods, Parkers (123) The following specimens and records which were at first referred to H. dilatata, var. media (Rydb.) Ames may belong with this species : among alders of rather open swamp, Parkers (2304) ; arbor vitae swamp northwest of Turin (2276) ; wooded swamp, Turin (2234) ; northeast of Gardners Corners H. DILATATA (Pursh) Gray Bogs, marsh meadows, and wooded swamps; common H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Marsh meadows and open swamps; occasional H. OBTUSATA (Pursh) Richards. Rich mucky woods and mossy arbor vitae swamps ; rare Parkers (2457) ; northwest of Turin (2280) ; east of Parkers; Lowville, Hough, no date H. BLEPHARiGLOTTis (Willd.) Toit. White fringed orchis Open bog at Mud pond (2788) H. LACERA (Michx.) R. Br. Ragged fringed orchis Dry roadsides ; rare West of Whetstone gulf (2618) ; northeast of Lanesburg H. PSYCODES (L.) Sw. Purple fringed orchis Wet roadsides, wooded and open swamps, and marsh meadows ; common BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 77 xH. Andrewsii White Arbor vitae swamp, Turin (2591) H. FiMBRiATA (Ait.) R. Br. Large purple fringed orchis Marshy meadows etc.; occasional Probably some plants referred in the field to H. psycodes belong here PoGONiA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES (L.) Ker Rose pogonia Bogs and marsh meadows ; rare Point Rock pond (2423) ; Rector (2627) ; Mud pond (2780) Calopogon pulchellus (Sw.) R. Br. Grass pink Bogs; rare Point Rock pond (2424) ; Mud pond (2779) Spiranthes plantaginea (Raf.) Torr. (S. lucida of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23: 83. 1921) Ladies’ tresses Wet meadow, Greenboro (2763) ; marly sidehill seepage south- west of Castorland (2658) ; open valley in limestone country, Copenhagen (608) S. CERNUA (L.) Richard. Ladies’ tresses Dry roadsides, pastures etc. ; common S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Ladies’ tresses Somewhat wooded clearing under bracken, Parkers (788) ; dry roadside. Rector Epipactis repens (L.) Crantz, var. ophioides (Fernald) A. A. Eaton “South side of Point of Rock lake.” Paine, p. 136 (as Goodyera repens R. Br.). May have been the next species E. tesselata (Lodd). A. A. Eaton Rattlesnake plantain Evergreen forest along Fish creek west of Mud pond (2392) Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. Twayblade Arbor vitae swamp east of Parkers (2299, 2472) L. auriculata Wiegand Twayblade Rich mucky wo^s, Parkers (2453) L. convallarioides (Sw.) Torr. Twayblade Swampy woods, arbor vitae swamps etc.; occasional Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain Early coral root Swampy, or dry, evergreen woods; rare Parkers (2313) ; Chimney Point gulf (2224) C. MACULATA Raf. Large coral root Dry woods southwest of Taberg C. STRIATA Lindl. Coral root Mucky arbor vitae swamp, Houseville (2284) Microstylis UNIFOLIA (Michx.) BSP. Adder’s mouth Dry woods and roadsides and grassy meadows ; rare Rector (125); New Scriba (2773) 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Liparis Loeselii (L.) Richard Fen orchis Somewhat open, boggy, arbor vitae and tamarack swamp, House- ville (2604) Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes Lowville, Hough, no date SALICACEAE Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow Swamps, wet roadsides and bogs ; occasional S. FRAGiLis L. Crack willow Roadside by bridge over Deer river below Copenhagen (637) S. CORD AT A Muhl. Gorge slopes and rocky stream bottoms ; occasional S. pedicellaris Pursh Bog willow Marsh meadow near bog southwest of Orwell (2172). Specimen is probably (?) var. hypoglauca Fernald (See Rhodora II : 161. 1909) S. DISCOLOR Muhl. Pussy or glaucous willow Roadsides and swamps ; common S. PETIOLARIS Sm. Roadsides and open swamps ; rare West of Constableville (2273) ; Parkers (2330) ; Turin (2236) S. SERicEA Marsh. Silky wallow Wet roadsides, open swamps, margins of ponds etc.; occasional S. Bebbiana Sargent (S. rostrata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rho- dora 26: 122. 1924) Roadsides, pastures etc. ; occasional POPULUS TREMULOiDES Michx. American aspen ; Popple Dry fields and woods, pastures, clearings etc. ; common P. GRANDiDENTATA Michx. Largc-toothcd aspen Sterile soil bordering gorges, gorge banks, dry clearings etc.; occasional P. TACAMAHACCA Mill., var. LANCEOLATA (Marsh.) Farwell (P. balsamifera of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21:101. 1919) Balsam poplar; Tacamahac Sand land, Felts Mills (904) ; rocky bed of Salmon river in the gorge above Bennett Bridge (2193) ; dry exposed bank along Deer river south of Copenhagen (2354) ; Pleasant lake (2749). A cordate-leaved form, near var. Michauxii (Henry) Far- well (See Rhodora 21 : loi. 1919), was collected at Parkers (663) near an old house and w'as probably cultivated MYRICACEAE Myrica Gale L. Sweet gale Brook bank in marsh meadow southeast of Parkers (451) : leaves are rather densely puberulent above and below ; younger than the following specimen BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 79 M. Gale, var. subglabra (Chev.) Fernald (See Rhodora 16:167, 1914) Brook bank, Parkers (128) This variety or the typical form (probably the variety ?) occa- sional by brooks, margins of lakes, in marsh meadows and bogs JUGLANDACEAE JuGLANs cinerea L. Buttemut Roadsides, open gorge bottoms etc. ; rare South of Alexander pond (516) ; Copenhagen; south of Copen- hagen ; Orwell J. NIGRA L. Black walnut “Woods. West Turin,” Hough, p. 274 Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch Bitternut or swamp hickory Sand land east of Felts Mills (902) BETULACEAE CoRYLUS CORNUTA Marsh. (C, rostrata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York. p. 174) Beaked hazelnut Bushy roadsides, thickets etc. ; common OsTRYA VIRGINIAN A (Mill.) K. Koch Hop hornbeam; Ironwood Gorge slopes and margins in the northeastern part of the region ; rare Copenhagen (615) ; Chimney Point gulf (2229) ; Martinsburg; West Lowville; northeast of Bellwood Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue or water beech Roadside thickets, gorge banks etc., in the southern half of the region, at lower altitudes than the preceding; rare West Branch (946) ; northeast of Taberg; Point Rock; gorge of Salmon river above Bennett Bridge Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow birch Climax forest, somewhat swampy woods, arbor vitae swamps etc. ; common The typical form and var. macrolepis Fernald (See Rhodora- 24: 170. 1922) were not distinguished B. populifolia Marsh. White, gray or old field birch Sandy soil, mostly in the southern part of the region ; rare Bloodsucker pond (2408) ; Point Rock pond (2414) ; north of Lyon Falls (2255) ; Mack pond. House 11259; Rector (130) — small tree with cordate-based leaves B. papyrifera Marsh. {B. alba, var. papyrifera of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 176) Paper, canoe or white birch Dry gorge slopes and margins and sandy soil ; rare South of Copenhagen (2367, 2353) ; Point Rock pond (2422) ; northwest of Lorraine ; Pleasant lake 8o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Alnus incana (L.) Moench Speckled alder Brooksides and swamps, bogs etc. ; common FAGACEAE Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech Climax forest; common Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut “Woods. Leyden.” Hough, p. 273 (as C. vesca, var. americana Michx.) Quercus alba L. White oak Sand land south of Felts Mills (917) Q. MACROCARPA Michx. Bur oak Dry woods south of Felts Mills (908) Q. borealis Michx. f., var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe (Q. rubra of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 18 : 48. 1916 and Rho- dora24:i73. 1922) Red oak Gorge banks and bordering woods ; rare Copenhagen (632); northeast of Taberg; northwest of Lor- raine. Specimen and records are probably all this variety. URTICACEAE Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery or red elm Somewhat dry soil in limestone country; rare Felts Mills; Lowville U. AMERICANA L. American or white elm Fields and swampy woods ; occasional U. RACEMOSA Thomas Cork or rock elm Shallow soil over limestone, Felts Mills (896) Celtis OCCIDENT alis L. Hackberry; Sugarberry Lowville, Peck, July Humulus Lupulus L. Hop Roadsides ; rare Parkers (849) ; east of Florence; Littlejohn Settlement Urtica procera Muhl. {U. gracilis of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 28: 195. 1926) Nettle Roadside east of Lowville (803) ; rich soil along wood road, Parkers (820) Laportea CANADENSIS (L.) Gaud. Wood nettle Rich low woods ; occasional PiLEA pumila (L.) Gray Richweed; Qearweed Rich low woods south of Great Bend (2725) LORANTHACEAE Arceuthobium pusillum Peck Dwarf mistletoe On black spruce in bogs; rare Parkers (556) ; southeast of Parkers botanical survey of the tug hill plateau 8l ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Asarum canadense L. Wild ginger Rich climax forest, dry gorge slopes etc. ; occasional A. CANADENSE, var. ACUMINATUM Ashe Wooded gorge slope northeast of New Boston (2372) POLYGONACEAE Rumex Patientia L. Patience dock | Rector (143) 1 R. Britannica L. Great water dock Wet meadow, Rector (141) R. csispus L. Yellow dock Roadside, Rector ( 144) ; Redfield, Peck, July ' R. obtusifolius L. Bitter or broad-leaved dock Fields and roadsides ; rare Rector (142) ; Redfield, Peck, July R. Acetosella L. Field or sheep sorrel Dry roadsides, pastures, meadows, woods, clearings etc. ; com- mon Polygonum aviculare L. Knotweed Yards and roadsides ; occasional P. aviculare, var. vegetum Ledeb. Garden, Rector (134) P. LAPATHIFOLIUM L. Mud flat at Sears pond (856) P. NATANS A, Eaton (P. amphibium of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 27: 158. 1925) Shallow, open pond south of Great Bend (2733) ; Powler’s pond, Haberer 736; Sears pond; Pleasant lake P. NATANS, forma Hartwrightii (Gray) Stanford (P. amphibium, var. Hartwrightii of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 27:160. 1925) Partly emersed, north side of Pleasant lake (2745) P. PENNSYLVANicuM L., var. laevigatum Fernald (See Rhodora 19:73- 1917) Roadside southeast of South Rutland (928) A specimen collected in a low field southeast of Lowville (802) may be the typical form of the species P. Hydropiper L. Smartweed; Water pepper Muddy places; occasional — this or var. projectum Stanford (?) (See Rhodora 29: 86. 1927). A specimen collected in a wet place in a pasture at Parkers (137) is apparently typical, judg- ing from the size of the achenes, though the pedicels are somewhat exserted P. Persicaria L. Lady’s-thumb Grain fields, ditches etc.; occasional 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM P. VIRGINIANUM L. Roadside thicket, West Branch (945) ; open gorge slope, Salmon falls (2197) P. SAGiTTATUM L, Arrow-leaved tear- thumb Wet brooksides in meadows, wet roadsides etc. ; common P. Convolvulus L. Black bindweed Meadows and roadsides ; rare Rector (136) ; south of Felts Mills (920) P. ciLiNODE Michx. Growing over bushes etc. in thickets and woods ; occasional PoLYGONELLA ARTicuLATA (L.) Meisn. Coast jointweed Sand land, Felts Mills (901) CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium Botrys L. Jerusalem oak; Feather geranium Open rocky bottom of Whetstone gulf (2608) C. capitatum (L.) Asch. Strawberry blite Lowville, Peck, no date C. hybridum L. Maple-leaved goosefoot Roadside in Rutland Hollow (926) C. ALBUM L. Lamb’s quarters; Pigweed Gardens and yards ; rare Rector (145) AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus retroflbxus L. Pigweed; Red root Garden, Rector (147) A. GRAEciZANS L. Tumble weed Garden, Rector (146) PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca Americana L. (F. decandra of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 17: 180. 1915) Pokeweed; Scoke Southwest of Taberg AIZOACEAE Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet weed Sand land, Felts Mills (905) CARYOPHYLLACEAE Spergula arvensis L. Corn spurrey Grain fields, along ditches etc. ; occasional Sagina procumbens L. ? Pearlwort ‘Wet grounds. West Leyden.” Hough, p. 254 (as Lagina pro- cumbens L.). Doubtful BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 83 Arenaria lateriflora L., var. typica (Regel) St John (See Rho- dora 19: 260. 1917) Sand-wort Dry wooded gorge slopes, rich woods in the limestone country, and dry embanlcment in an arbor vitae swamp ; rare South of Copenhagen (2363) ; northwest of Turin (2275) ; Felts Mills (2706) ; northeast of New Boston A. SERPYLLiFOLiA L. Thyme-leaved sandwort Rich, rather dry, limestone woods, Felts Mills (2702) Stellaria borealis Bigel. Swamps, brooksides in meadows etc. ; occasional Collections include forms which are apparently referable to var. isoPHYLLA Fernald, var. floribunda Fernald, and perhaps to the typical form (See Rhodora 16: 150, 151. 1914) S. LONGIFOLIA Muhl. Wet meadow northwest of Rector (154) ; open rocks along Fish creek west of Mud pond (2389) S. graminea L. Dry pastures, roadsides etc. ; occasional S. media (L.) Cyrill. Common chickweed Yards and gardens ; occasional Cerastium arvense L. Field mouse-ear chickweed Meadows ; rare Widmer pond (2385) ; northwest of Parkers (2468) C. VULGATUM L., var. HiRSUTUM Fries (See Rhodora 22: 178. 1920) Common mouse-ear chickweed Dry pasture northwest of Rector (148) ; east of Turin Silene noctiflora L. Night-flowering catchfly Fields and yards etc. ; rare Parkers (150) ; Whetstone gulf (2610) S. VIRGINICA L. Fire pink “Denmark. Woods.” Hough, p. 254. Doubtful S. LATIFOLIA (Mill.) Britten & Rendle Bladder campion Fields and roadsides ; rare Rector (149) ; south of Felts Mills Saponaria OFFICINALIS L. Bouncing bet ; Soapwort Roadside east of Lowville (800) ; Felts Mills PORTULACACEAE Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Spring beauty Climax forest, wooded roadsides etc. ; collected on the summit of the plateau at Parkers (2211), and reported as common and conspicuous in the spring CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort Pleasant lake (2744) 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphozanthus variegatus (Engelm.) Fernald (Nyniphaea advena, var. variegata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 187. 1919) Cow or yellow pond lily; Spatter-dock Ponds and slow streams ; occasional Nymphaea odorata Ait. {Castalia odorata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 18: 164. 1916) Sweet-scented or white water lily Ponds and slow streams ; rare Mud pond; Pleasant lake; Mad (Salmon) river (?) RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. Yellow water crowfoot Shallow pond hole in woods south of Great Bend (2717) R. abortivus L. Small-flowered crowfoot Marsh meadow, Parkers (453) ; woods west of Turin; southwest of Orwell R. RECURVATUS Poir. Hooked crowfoot Rich low woods ; occasional R. septentrionalis Poir. Swamp buttercup Marshy meadows, swamps etc. ; occasional R. BULBOSUS L. Bulbous buttercup Hard pasture soil in limestone country southeast of Turin (2245) R. acris L. Common buttercup Fields, roadsides, nrarsh meadows etc. ; common Thalictrum dioicum L. Farly meadow rue Wooded slope along Deer river below Copenhagen (631); southwest of Orwell T. POLYGAMUM Muhl. Tall meadow rue Brooksides, wet meadows, roadsides, alder and arbor vitae swamps etc. ; common Hepatica acutiloba DC. Hepatica Rich woods on gorge slopes and elsewhere, at lower altitudes ; rare Copenhagen (616) ; Bennett Bridge; Salmon falls; northeast of Bloodsucker pond ; Felts Mills ; southwest of Orwell. Re- ported from but not seen by the writer on the siammit of the plateau Anemone cylindrica Gray Thimbleweed Barren field in limestone country east of Copenhagen (609) ; sand land, Felts Mills (903) A. viRGiNiANA L. Tall anemone; Thimbleweed Limestone slope. Pleasant lake (877) A. CANADENSIS L. Anemone Wet meadows, alder swamps, rocky stream bottoms etc. ; common botanical survey of the tug hill plateau 85 A. QUiNQUEFOLiA L. Wood anemone Borders of woods and rich wooded stream bottoms ; rare Bennett Bridge (2184) ; gorge of the Salmon river above Ben- nett Bridge; Fish creek west of Mud pond (2390) Clematis virginiana L. Virgin’s bower Roadsides, alder swamps etc. ; common Caltha palustris L. Marsh marigold ; Cowslip Low wet woods, balsam swamps etc. ; common CoPTis TRIFOLIA (L.) Salisb. Goldthread Climax forest, swamps, bogs, pastures under balsams etc. ; common Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild columbine Rocky gorge banks ; occasional A. vulgaris L. Garden columbine Roadside south of Point Rock (425) Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red baneberry Qimax forest; common A. ALBA (L.) Mill. White baneberry Climax forest, gorge banks etc. ; occasional MENISPERMACEAE Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed “Thickets, Leyden” Hough, p. 250 BERBERIDACEAE Podophyllum peltatum L. May apple; Mandrake Roadside east of Rector (443) ; southwest of Bennett Bridge; open pasture along gorge of Fish creek northeast of Taberg Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue cohosh Climax forest etc. ; occasional LAURACEAE Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees Spice bush Wet woods and swamps ; rare North of Osceola (2436) ; Turin (2235) ; southwest of Taberg (1816) ; southwest of Orwell; south of Great Bend PAPAVERACEAE Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot Bottomland woods south of Copenhagen; woods, Sears pond (2217) ; Champion Huddle Chelidonium majus L. Celandine West Lowville hill (551) ; roadside northeast of Taberg 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM FUMARIACEAE Dicentra Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman’s breeches Rich wooded roadside, Parkers (487) ; woods east of Littlejohn Settlement D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel corn Rich climax forest; occasional The genus is reported to be conspicuous in the spring CoRYDALis AUREA Willd. Golden corydalis “Rocky roads. Denmark.” Hough, p. 251 CRUCIFERAE Draba arabisans Michx. Crest of limestone cliffs along the gorge of Deer river, Copen- hagen (626) Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. (L. apetalum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Eames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 225) Peppergrass Roadside southeast of Felts Mills (641 ) ; railroad tracks east of Page Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd’s purse Dry roadsides and yards; rare Parkers ( 164) Brassica arvensis (L.) Kuntze Charlock; Wild mustard Roadsides and grain fields ; rare Rector (163); West Lowville hill (546) B. campestris L. Rutabaga Roadsides and grainfields ; rare New Boston (862) ; east of Rector Frucastrum gallicum (Willd.) Schulz (See Rhodora 13: 12. 1911 and Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 228) Roadside north of New Boston (864) Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., var. leiocarpum DC. Hedge mustard Roadside, Felts Mills (907) S. ALTissiMUM L. Tumble mustard Roadsides ; rare Northwest of Rector (170) ; south of Felts Mills (922) Frysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed mustard Qearing, deserted lumber camp east of Hooker (830) Roripa hispida (Desv.) Britton (Radicula palustris, var. hispida of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 30: 133. 1928) Marsh cress Shallow water of pond west of Rector ( 166) ; Castorland, Peck 8/12/09 BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 87 Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wiegand (Radicula aquatica of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 27 : 186. 1925) ? Lake cress “Lake Pleasant. Champion.” Hough, p. 252 (as Nasturtium natans D, C.) A. RUSTiCANA Gaertn. (Radicula Armoracia of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Eames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 231) Horseradish Roadsides and ditches ; occasional Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Winter cress ; Yellow rocket Moist open slope in Whetstone gulf (521) B. VULGARIS, var. longisiliquosa Carion (B. stricta of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora ii ; 139. 1909. Identity ques- tioned : Weigand & Eames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 231) Roadsides etc. ; occasional Dentaria diphylla Michx. Crinkle root; Toothwort Rich climax, or somewhat swampy, forest ; occasional D. heterophylla Nuttall ? “Denmark, banks of Deer river.” Hough, p. 252. Probably D. laciniata x maxima Haberer. See House, Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, p. 368 D. LACINIATA Muhl. Pepper-root Bottomland woods along Deer river south of Copenhagen (2366) Cardamine pratensis L., var. palustris Wimm. & Grab. (See Rhodora 22: 14. 1920) Cuckoo flower Marsh meadows and stream banks ; rare Parkers (507) ; northeast of Salmon falls; west of Mud pond; east of Turin C. pennsylvanica Muhl. Bitter cress Swamps, shallow brooks, sidehill seepage etc. ; occasional Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower mustard Open slope in limestone country, Martinsburg (656) A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Rock cress Limestone gorge of Deer river, Copenhagen (619) A. LAEVIGATA (Muhl.) Poir. Rock cress Dry woods over limestone, Felts Mills (91 1) RESEDACEAE Reseda lutea L. Mignonette Roadside west of Champion Huddle (890) ; dry pasture south- west of Castorland (2671) SARRACENIACEAE Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher-plant Bogs; occasional 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM DROSERACEAE Drosera rotundifolia L. Round-leaved sundew Bog meadows and open shrubby bogs, wet roadsides etc. ; occasional CRASSULACEAE Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch stonecrop Arbor vitae swamp northwest of Turin (935) Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gray (5”. purpureum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora ii: 46. 1909) Live-forever Roadsides; occasional SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Swamp saxifrage Wet roadsides and swamps ; common S. viRGiNiENSis Michx. Early saxifrage Calcareous cliffs along gorges ; rare Northeast of Taberg (405) ; gorge of Salmon river above Ben- nett Bridge (2189) ; northeast of New Boston (2379) ; Chim- ney Point gulf ; Copenhagen S. AizoiDES L. Yellow mountain saxifrage Mossy cliff, Salmon falls (2195) ; cliffs of Fish creek above Taberg, House 5653 and Peck, June Tiarella cordifolia L. False miterwort Climax forest, pastures etc. ; common Mitella diphylla L. Miterwort; Bishop’s cap Climax forest, especially along gorges at lower altitudes; oc- casional M. NUDA L. Arbor vitae and balsam swamps etc. ; rare East of Parkers (2295) ; northwest of Turin; Windecker Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. Golden saxifrage Wet woods and swamps; occasional Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Grass of Parnassus Wet calcareous cliffs; rare Northeast of Taberg; Salmon falls; Copenhagen Rises Cynosbati L. Prickly gooseberry; Dogberry Rich woods on bottoms, ravine banks etc. ; rare South of Copenhagen (2347) ; West Lowville (2657) R. HiRTELLUM Michx. (R. oxyacanthoides of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7» See Rhodora 13: 73. 1911) Smooth gooseberry Open pastures, borders of meadows, and swamps; rare Near Whetstone gulf (517) ; Rector (582) ; Turin (2240) R. AMERICANUM Mill. (R. floHdum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora ii: 46. 1909) Wild black currant Swamp, Turin (2242) botanical survey of the Tug Hill plateau 89 R. LACUSTRE (Pers.) Poir, Swamp black currant Shady gorge slopes ; occasional R. PROSTRATUM L’Hcr. Skunk currant Climax forest; common R. TRisTE Pall., var. albinervium (Michx.) Fernald Swamp red currant Wet woods and swamps ; occasional HAMAMELIDACEAE Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel Pastures and woods, mostly at lower altitudes ; occasional PLATANACEAE Platan US occidentalis L. Sycamore; Buttonwood Near Fish creek below Taberg (1823) ; bottom of Lorraine gulf northwest of Lorraine ROSACEAE Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark “Rocky woods. West Turin.” Hough, p. 257 (as Spiraea opulifotia L.) Spiraea alba DuRoi {S. salicifolia of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Weigand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 243) Meadowsweet Roadsides, swampy woods etc. at lower altitudes ; rare West Branch (944) ; south of Great Bend (2712) ; south of Champion (2736) ; Pleasant lake S. latifolia (Ait) Borkh. (See Rhodora ii : 47. 1909) Meadow- sweet Dry roadsides, pastures, marsh meadows, brooksides etc. ; common S. tomentosa L. Hardback; Steeple bush Dry sandy roadsides and pastures, mostly at lower altitudes ; rare Southeast of Point Rock (947) ; Rector; Orwell; Mack pond; Felts Mills ; southeast of Bennett Bridge Pyrus Malus L. Apple Open shrubby pasture, Parkers (573) P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Black chokeberry Bogs, dry roadsides, and pastures ; common P. AMERICANA (Marsh.) DC. American mountain ash Climax forest, roadsides, swamps, pastures etc. ; common P. Aucuparia (L). Ehrh. European mountain ash; Rowan tree Fence row northeast of Gardners Corners (2336) 90 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Amelanchier laevis Wiegand (A. canadensis of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 14: 154. 1912) Shadbush; Juneberry Roadsides, gorge banks, bushy pastures etc. ; occasional Crosses with A. Bartramiana are apparently more common than the typical form of either species A. canadensis (L.) Medic. (A. canadensis, var. Botryapium of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 14:150. 1912) Juneberry Specimen closely resembling this species collected along edge of clearing east of Parkers (2320) A. intermedia Spach (See Rhodora 22: 147. 1920) Juneberry Specimen closely resembling this species collected along road south of Greenboro (2204) A. sanguinea (Pursh) DC. {A. spicata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 14: 138. 1912) Juneberry Dry shaly gorge banks and cliflfs in gorge of Deer river; rare South of Copenhagen (2350) ; northeast of New Boston (2380) A. Bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer (A. oligocarpa of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 14: 158. 1912) Juneberry Swamps, bogs etc. ; occasional Crataegus punctata Jacq. Hawthorn Open pasture west of Parkers (491) C. rotundifolia Moench Hawthorn Open pasture west of Parkers (492) Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Wild or field strawberry Roadsides and pastures ; common F. VESCA L., var. Americana Porter Wood strawberry Woods along the gorge of Deer river below Copenhagen (623) Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.)Trattinick Barren strawberry Grassy roadside bank southwest of Hooker (2207) ; wooded gorge bank below Copenhagen (633) ; south of Copenhagen POTENTILLA ARGUTA Pursh Open gravel bed south of Great Bend (2711) P. NORVEGiCA L., var. HiRSUTA (Michx.) Lehm. (P. monspeliensis of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 259) Wet or dry meadows, alder swamps etc. ; common P. ARGENTEA L. Silvery cinquefoil Dry field in limestone country east of Copenhagen (610) ; Felts Mills; open bottom of Whetstone gulf P. RECTA L. Open bank along Roaring brook below Martinsburg (652) ; Lowville P. PALUSTRis (L.) Scop. Marsh cinquefoil Marsh meadows ; occasional BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 91 P. FRUTicosA L. Shrubby cinquefoil Gorge cliffs and bottoms ; rare Lorraine gulf (2500) ; gorge of Deer river northeast of New Boston (2377) ; northeast of Taberg; Salmon falls P. CANADENSIS L. Common cinquefoil Pastures in open sand land and in other poor soil, meadows etc. ; common Geum canadense Jacq. White avens Low wet woods west of Harrisburg (594) G. STRiCTUM Ait. Yellow avens Brookside in meadow, Rector (173) G. RivALE L. Water or purple avens Moist meadows and roadsides, swamps etc. ; common Rubus idaeus L., var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim. (R. idaeus, var. aculeatissimus of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 21 : 96. 1919) Red raspberry Qearings, pastures, swamps, roadsides and woods; common R. occiDENTALis L. Black raspberry Woods along the gorge of Deer river below Copenhagen (630) ; Felts Mills ; Pleasant lake R. ODORATUS L. Purple flowering raspberry Rocky gorge banks; occasional R. PUBESCENS Raf. (R. trifloms of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rho- dora II : 236. 1909) Dwarf raspberry Dry to wet and mucky rich woods, banks, alder or arbor vitae swamps etc. ; common R. ALLEGHENiENSis Porter Blackberry Roadside east of Florence (2432) ; moist, open gorge slope northeast of Taberg (419) R. CANADENSIS L. Blackberry Roadsides and clearings ; occasional R. SETOsus Bigel. Meadows, roadsides etc. ; common Dalibarda repens L. Rich climax forest, clearings, hummocks in swamps, bogs, etc. ; common Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Agrimony Rich, rather dry, limestone woods, Felts Mills (2703) ; rather dry clearing in arbor vitae swamp southwest of Castorland (2664) A. STRIATA Michx. Agrimony Open woods, shady roadsides etc. ; occasional Sanguisorba canadensis L. Canadian burnet Marsh meadows ; occasional Rosa blanda Ait. Rose Roadside, Felts Mills (642) 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM R. ciNNAMOMEA L. Cinnamon rose Roadside north of Tabolt Comers (529) R. RUBiGiNOSA L. Sweetbrier ; Eglantine Open pasture along Roaring brook below Martinsburg (653) R. PALUSTRis Marsh. (R. Carolina of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rbodora 20:91. 1918) Swamp rose Marsh meadows and bogs; rare Parkers (180) R. PALUSTRIS, var. inermis (Schuette) Erlanson Mud pond (2787) Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild black or rum cherry Climax forest, roadsides etc. ; occasional P. virginiana L. Choke cherry Fence rows, roadsides etc. ; occasional P. PENNSYLVANiCA L. f. Wild red, bird or fire cherry Fence rows, roadsides, and clearings ; common P. NIGRA Ait. Wild or Canada plum Roadside, Pleasant lake (875) LEGUMINOSAE Trifolium pratense L. Red clover Roadsides and meadows ; occasional T. REPENS L. White clover Dry pasture northwest of Rector (188) ; open stream bottom south of Copenhagen T. HYBRiDUM L. Alsike clover Moist pasture northwest of Rector (186) T. agrarium L. Yellow or hop clover Dry fields and roadsides, open gorge bottoms etc. ; occasional Melilotus OFFICINALIS (L.) Lam. Yellow sweet clover Roadside north of Champion (640) ; northwest of Lorraine (this species ?) M. ALBA Desr. White sweet clover Glenfield and Western railroad tracks; Lowville; Deer River Station Medicago lupulina L. Black medick Roadside, West Lowville hill (545) ; open gorge bottom north- west of Lorraine Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. Common or black locust Roadsides ; rare West Lowville hill (550) ; Point Rock Vi CIA Cracca L. Blue vetch Roadside, West Lowville hill (548) V. viLLOSA Roth Hairy or winter vetch Roadside north of Champion (639) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 93 Amphicarpa monoica (L.) Ell. Hog peanut Moist gorge banks and open bottoms ; rare Northeast of Taberg; northeast of Bellwood OXALIDACEAE O'XALis MONTANA Raf. (O. Acetosella of Gray’s Manual, ed, 7, See Rhodora 22 : 144. 1920) Common wood sorrel Qimax forest; common O. MONTANA, forma rhodantha Fernald (0. Acetosella, var. suh- purpurascens of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 22 : 144. 1920) Rich woods southwest of Widmer pond (2440) O. violacea L. Violet wood sorrel “Rocky woods. Turin.” Hough, p. 254. Doubtful O, europaea Jord., forma villicaulis Wiegand (0. corniculata, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 27: 135. 1925) Yellow wood sorrel Low places along brooks etc. ; occasional (this or some other form of O. europaea) Specimen collected at Parkers (190) is this form GERANIACEAE Geranium maculatum L. Wild cranesbill Roadsides, appearing as though escaped from cultivation; rare South of Point Rock (423) ; Sears pond G. Robertianum L. Herb robert Rich moist roadsides, low woods, and gorges ; occasional RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly ash Dry woods in limestone country, Felts Mills (912) ; dry shady slope in Lorraine gulf northwest of Lorraine (2507) POLYGALACEAE Polygala polygama Walt. ? Milkwort “Dry woods. West Turin.” Hough, p. 252 (as P. polygama Wr.) EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha virginica L. Three-seeded mercury “Road sides. Leyden.” Hough, p. 272 Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand Hairy spurge Railroad tracks in gorge of House creek above Houseville (934) ; roadside west of Champion Huddle (891) E. Cyparissias L. Cypress spurge Roadsides; rare South of Point Rock (424) ; east of Rector; north of High- market 94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche palustris L. Water starwort Brooks, pools in open swamps, mud holes in wood roads etc. ; occasional LIMNANTHACEAE Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. False mermaid Swampy woods ; rare Southwest of Orwell (2174) ; northwest of Widmer pond (2383) ANACARDIACEAE Rhus typhina L. Staghorn sumach Roadsides, thickets, along gorges etc., at lower altitudes ; occasional R. COPALLINA L. Dwarf sumach “Osceola. West Turin.” Hough, p. 255 R. toxicodendron L. Poison ivy; Poison oak Roadsides, arbor vitae swamps, rocks in gorges etc. ; occasional AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray (including var. tenuifolia (Torr.) Wats. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 292) Black alder; Winterberry Open swamps and bogs ; occasional Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain holly Swamps, bogs -etc. ; common CELASTRACEAE Celastrus scandens L. Bittersweet Dry, open or wooded gorge slopes ; rare Copenhagen (621) ; south of Copenhagen; New Boston (2381) ; northwest of Lorraine ACERACEAE Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped maple ; Moosewood Climax forest, arbor vitae swamps etc. ; common A. SPiCATUM Lam. Mountain maple Rich low woods, gorge banks, climax forest etc. ; common A. SACCHARUM Marsh. Sugar maple Qimax forest etc. ; common A. RUBRUM L. Red or swamp maple Wet woods, climax forest, bogs etc. ; common BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens pallida Nutt. Pale touch-me-not Wet places along wood roads etc. ; occasional 1. BIFLORA Walt. Spotted touch-me-not; Orange jewelweed Brooksides, wet roadsides etc. ; occasional BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 95 RKAMNACEAE Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. Swamp buckthorn Margins of marsh meadows ; occasional R. cathartica L. Common buckthorn Edge of woods on limestone slope, Copenhagen (602) VITACEAE Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., var. hirsuta (Bonn) Planch. (Psedera quinquefolia, var. hirsuta of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Eames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 296) Virginia creeper; Woodbine Open rocky creek bottoms etc. ; rare North of Bellwood (2341); Bennett Bridge (2186); roadside southeast of Mud pond (2404) — approaches the typical form P. vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. {Psedera vitacea of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Eames, p. 296) Virginia creeper; Wood- bine Open rocky bottom of Whetstone gulf (2611) Specimen has some tendrils ending in disks but the inflorescence is dichoto- mous etc. This or the preceding species occur in several of the gorges at lower altitudes ViTis VULPINA L. Frost grape Roadside, Copenhagen (599) ; open bottom of Lorraine gulf northwest of Lorraine (2501) TILIACEAE Tilia AMERICANA L. Basswood Wet woods, climax forest etc. ; common — more so at lower altitudes, along gorges etc. MALVACEAE Abutilon Theophrasti Medic. Velvet leaf Roadside, Rutland Hollow (925) Malva rotundifolia L. Common mallow; Cheeses Roadside south of Felts Mills (921) M. MOSCHATA L. Musk mallow Roadsides and fields; occasional HYPERICACEAE Hypericum Ascyron L. Great St John’s-wort Rocky margin of Salmon river below Bennett Bridge (2178) H. perforatum L. Common St John’s-wort Roadsides, meadows etc. ; common H. PUNCTATUM Lam. St John’s-wort Marsh or bog meadows; rare Parkers (204); southwest of Hooker (2761) g6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hypericum ellipticum Hook St John’s-wort Marsh meadows; rare Parkers (201); Whetstone creek (2617) H. boreale (Britton) Bicknell St John’s-wort On open mat of white water lily rhizomes at Mud pond (2782) H. MUTiLUM L. St John’s-wort Wet muddy pastures and marsh meadows ; occasional H. CANADENSE L. St John’s-wort Wet gravelly ditch along old road south of Greenboro (2770) H. VIRGINICUM L. Marsh St John’s-wort Marsh meadows ; occasional VIOLACEAE Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh blue violet Wet meadows and gorge cliffs, gorge bottoms, rich roadsides, pastures etc. ; common V. SORORIA Willd. Dry, often open, woods; rare Northeast of Salmon falls (2200) ; Sears pond (2218) ; Parkers (2329) V. FIMBRIATULA Sm. Open sand land, Felts Mills (914) V. Selkirkii Pursh Great-spurred violet Rich climax forest ; rare Northeast of Rector (2325); Parkers (2461); northwest of Rector V. fallens (Banks) Brainerd Sweet white violet Marsh meadows etc. ; occasional V. blanda Willd. Sweet white violet Dry rocky open woods southwest of Orwell (2170) ; wooded roadside, Salmon falls V. INCOGNITA Brainerd Sweet white violet Rich coniferous woods and climax forest; occasional V. RENiFOLiA Gray, var. Brainerdii (Greene) Fernald (See Rho- dora 14: 88. 1912) Arbor vitae swamp east of Parkers (2297) ; mossy arbor vitae swamp northwest of Turin (2281); shady shale bank in Whetstone gulf (2606) V. ROTUNDIFOLIA Michx. Round-leaved or early yellow violet Rich woods, often in more or less sandy soil ; occasional V. PUBESCENS Ait. Downy yellow violet Border of woods near Chimney Point gulf (2227) V. ERioCARPA Schwein., var. leiocarpa Fern. & Wieg. (F. scab- riuscula, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 38: 194. 1911 ; and Rhodora 23: 275. 1921) Smooth yellow violet Rich climax forest, wooded gorge bottoms, etc. ; occasional BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 97 V. CANADENSIS L. Canada violet Rich wooded roadsides and climax forest; common V. CONSPERSA Reichenb. Dog violet Dry or evergreen woods etc. ; rare Chimney Point gulf (2223) ; Parkers (2306) ; south of Copen- hagen; Turin and northwestward V. ADUNCA J. E. Smith (F. arenaria of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 15: 108. 1913) Dry roadside, Parkers (446, 2219) V. ROSTRATA Pursh Long-spurred violet Dry rocky open woods southwest of Orwell (2163) ; Bennett Bridge THYMELAEACEAE Dirca palustris L. Leatherwood; Moosewood Brook bank in woods south of Felts Mills (913) ; creek bottom south of Copenhagen (2345) ELAEAGNACEAE Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Dry shale banks and cliffs in gorges, limestone river banks etc. ; rare Felts Mills (899) ; south of Copenhagen (2351) ; northwest of Lorraine (2508) LYTHRACEAE Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell., var. laevigatus T. & G. (See Rhodora 19: 154. 1917) Swamp loosestrife Shore of Mack pond, House 11255 CuPHEA petiolata (L.) Koehne Clammy cuphea “Woods and fields. Pinckney.” Hough, p. 258 (as C. viscosis- sima Jacq.) ONAGRACEAE Ludvigia alternifolia L. ? Seedbox “Swamps. West Turin.” Hough, p, 259 (as Isnardia alter- - nifolia L.). Doubtful L. palustris (L.) Ell. Water purslane Wet roadsides etc. ; occasional Epilobium angustifolium L. Fireweed; Great willow-herb Clearings, roadsides etc. ; commOn E. MOLLE Torr. “near Fish Creek and Point of Rock Lake.” Paine, p. 80 E. DENSUM Raf. Marsh meadows ; occasional E. GLANDULOSUM Lehm., var. adenocaulon (Haussk.) Fernald (E. adenocaulon of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 20:35. 1918) Brooksides and wooded swamps and clearings ; occasional 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Oenothera muricata L., var. canescens (T. & G.) Robinson Evening primrose Meadows and roadsides ; occasional — this or the typical form This variety collected at Rector (210) O. perennis L. (O. pumila of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 25:47. 1923) Small sundrops Wet places in pastures etc. ; occasional CiRCAEA LATiFOLiA Hill (C. lutetiam of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 17: 222. 1915) Enchanter’s nightshade Rich woods southwest of Castor land (2670) C. ALPiNA L. Enchanter’s nightshade Rich damp woods ; occasional HALORAGIDACEAE Proserpinaca palustris L. Mermaid-weed Margin of pool in woods south of Great Bend (2722) ARALIACEAE Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard Rocky gorge banks, wooded roadsides and climax forest, mostly at lower altitudes ; occasional A. HispiDA Vent. Bristly sarsaparilla Bushy pastures and dry clearings ; occasional A. NUDiCAULis L. Wild sarsaparilla Coniferous woods, climax forest etc.; common Panax trifolium L. Dwarf ginseng; Ground-nut Climax forest; occasional UMBELLIFERAE Sanicula marilandica L. Sanicle; Black snakeroot Roadsides, brooksides etc. ; occasional Hydrocotyle AMERICANA L. Water pennywort Moist soil, along brooks etc. ; rare Parkers (214) ; east of Lanesburg; south of Great Bend OsMORHiZA Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke Sweet cicely Rich low woods and roadsides ; occasional CoNiUM MACULATUM L. Poison hemlock “Very abundant on the banks of Sandy Creek, Pinckney.” Hough, p. 260 Carum Carvi L. Caraway Roadsides and yards ; common SiUM suave Walt. (S. cicutae folium of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 17: 131. 1915) Water parsnip Open marshy meadows, wet pastures and mud flats; common BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 99 Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort Open or wooded gorge bottoms at lower altitudes ; rare Lorraine gulf northwest of Lorraine (2504) ; northeast of Taberg ZiziA AUREA (L.) Koch Golden alexanders Rich soil along roads, in low meadows, woods etc., mostly at lower altitudes ; occasional Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnip Roadsides; rare North of Kings falls on Deer river (638) ; Rector Heracleum lanatum Michx. ? Cow parsnip “near Collinsville.” Hough, p. 260 (as H. lanatum L.) CoNiosELiNUM CHINENSE (L.) BSP. Hemlock parsley Wet cliffs in gorge of Salmon river above Bennett Bridge (2191) Angelica atro purpurea L. Angelica Wet roadsides and meadows ; rare Parkers (212) ; Sears pond (2642) Daucus Carota L. Wild carrot ; Queen Anne’s lace Roadsides ; rare Rector (7^) CORNACEAE CoRNus CANADENSIS L. Bunchberry Dry pastures, roadsides, climax forest, swamps, bogs etc. ; common C. RUGOSA Lam. (C. circinata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rho- dora 12: 122. 1910) Round-leaved dogwood Wooded gorge banks; rare Gorge of Deer river below Copenhagen (628) ; south of Copen- hagen (2359) >■ West Lowville C. Amomum Mill. Silky cornel ; Kinnikinnik Brookside in limestone country southeast of Felts Mills (895) ; roadside. Pleasant lake (2750) C. stolonifera Michx. Red-osier dogwood Swamps and wet roadsides; common C. ALTERNiFOLiA L. f. Alternate-leaved dogwood Roadsides, gorge banks, borders of woods, climax forest etc. ; common ERICACEAE Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt., var. cisatlantica Blake (See Rhodora 19: 241. 1917) Prince’s pine ; Pipsissewa Dry evergreen woods along the gorge of Deer river south of Copenhagen (2368) Pyrola secunda L. Dry bank under evergreens. Chimney Point gulf (2220) ; dry hemlock woods. Pleasant lake (2748) lOO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM P. SECUNDA, var. OBTUSATA Turcz. Somewhat open, boggy arbor vitae swamp, Houseville (2287, 2603) P. CHLORANTHA Sw. Dry evergreen woods along the gorge of Deer river south of Copenhagen (2369) P. ELLiPTiCA Nutt. Shin leaf Climax forest; common P. ROTUNDiFOLiA L., var. AMERICANA (Sweet) Fernald (P. americana of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 22 : 122. 1920) Dry roadsides ; rare Southeast of Greenboro (2769) ; southeast of Vorea P. ASARiFOLiA Michx., var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald Somewhat open arbor vitae swamp, Houseville (2288) Monotropa uniflora L. Indian pipe Low or evergreen woods ; occasional Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Pine drops “Shady woods. Turin.” Hough, p. 266 (as P. andromeda Nutt.) Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Labrador tea Bogs ; common Rhododendron canadense (L.) BSP. Rhodora “Swamps. West Turin.” Hough, p. 266. Doubtful R. MAXIMUM L. Great laurel “Swamps. Leyden.” Hough, p. 266 Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep laurel ; Lambkill Bog at Point Rock pond (2415) ; border of marsh meadow east of Parkers (2654) K. POLiFOLiA Wang. Pale laurel Bogs ; common Andromeda glaucophylla Link Bog rosemary Bogs and marsh meadows ; occasional Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Leather leaf; Cas- sandra Bogs ; common Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus Dry wooded gorge banks, sandy soil etc. ; rare Southwest of Point Rock (429) ; Salmon falls and gorge of the Salmon river below the falls ; Taberg Gaultheria procumbens L. Wintergreen; Checkerberry Dry pastures and wood, bogs etc. ; occasional Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T. & G. Creeping snowberry Mossy logs, stumps etc., in low or well-drained woods, arbor vitae swamps, bogs etc. ; common botanical survey of the tug hill plateau lOI Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch Black huckleberry Bogs; rare Point Rock pond (433, 2419) ; Mud pond (2790) ; southwest of Orwell Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Lam. Low sweet or early sweet blueberry Dry roadsides, woods and pastures ; rare Rector (225) ; east of Parkers (2648) ; east of Turin (2247) > north of Lyons Falls ; Copenhagen and Point Rock (probably the typical form of the species ?) V. CANADENSE Kalm Sour-top or velvet-leaf blueberry Roadsides, pastures, swamps, bogs and woods ; common V. VACiLLANS Kalm Late low blueberry Sandy roadside east of Felts Mills (644) V. CORYMBOSUM L. High or swamp blueberry Roadsides, pastures, bogs etc., in the southern part of the region; rare South of Point Rock (422) ; northwest of Point Rock (2409) ; southwest of Orwell V. CORYMBOSUM, var. AMOENUM (Ait.) Gray Open sandy stony field northeast of Point Rock (2413) ; north- west of Point Rock (2409) — collected with the typical form These two collections have flowers with shorter corollas than the typical material V. OxYcoccos L. Small cranberry Bogs; common V. macrocarpon Ait. Large cranberry Bogs; occasional PRIMULACEAE Primula mistassinica Michx., var. noveboracensis Fernald (See Rhodora 30: 91. 1928) Canadian primrose Moist shale cliffs in gorges ; rare Fish creek northeast of Taberg (297, 409) ; Salmon river below Salmon falls (2192) ; Lorraine gulf (2499) ; Deer river northeast of New Boston (2378) Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Loosestrife Marsh meadows and wet roadsides ; common L. Nummularia L. Moneywort Moist roadsides and pastures; rare East Martinsburg (645); Rector; east of Lanesburg L. thyrsiflora L. Tufted loosestrife Open muddy meadow south of Great Bend (2735) Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed loosestrife Marsh meadows, alder swamps, wet roadsides etc. ; occasional 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Trientalis borealis Raf. {T. americana of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora ii : 236. 1909) Star flower Fairly dry climax forest, pastures under balsams, roadsides etc. ; common OLEACEAE Fraxinus AMERICANA L. White ash Climax forest, roadsides etc. ; occasional F. NIGRA Marsh. Black ash Low wet woods, arbor vitae swamps etc. ; common GENTIANACEAE Gentiana linearis Froel. Gentian Dry roadsides, pastures and marsh meadows ; common Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean Marsh meadows, bogs etc. ; rare East of Parkers (2652) ; Mud pond (2395) ; Houseville (2285) ; south of Great Bend (2726) APOCYNACEAE Vinca minor L. Periwinkle; Myrtle Roadsides ; rare Northeast of Taberg (420) ; southeast of Greenboro; Sears pond Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading dogbane Roadsides and clearings ; common A. CANNABINUM L. Indian hemp Open rocky stream bottoms at lower altitudes ; occasional Specimens collected combine the characters given in Gray’s Manual and in The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin for A. cannabinum and var. hypericifolinni, but seem to be nearer typical cannabinum ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp milkweed Open swamp at Mud pond (2783) ; shallow water of marshy pond south of Great Bend (2727) A. SYRiACA L. Common milkweed Roadsides ; rare Martinsburg (655) ; Rector; northeast of Lanesburg CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus japonicus Thunb. Turin, Hill, no date C. sepium L. Hedge bindweed Roadside east of Parkers (782) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 103 POLEMONIACEAE Phlox maculata L. Wild sweet william Moist roadsides; rare Southeast of Sears pond (2487) ; Hooker P. divaricata L. Blue phlox Rich wooded stream bottom south of Copenhagen (2346) P. subulata L. Ground or moss pink Roadside, escaped from cemetery southeast of Greenboro PoLEMONiUM Van-Bruntiae Britton Wet roadsides, swamps and marsh meadows on the higher part of the plateau; rare Parkers (661 , 231); Sears pond HYDROPHYLLACEAE Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Waterleaf Qimax forest, low wet woods, fence rows etc. ; common H. canadense L. Waterleaf Leafy hollow in open woods east of Turin (2249) BORAGINACEAE Cynoglossum officinale L. Common hound’s tongue Roadsides etc. ; rare Gorge of Mill creek above Turin (539) ; east of Turin; north- east of Bellwood Lappula echinata Gilibert Stickseed Pasture along Roaring brook at East Martinsburg (646) ; open stony creek bottom at mouth of Whetstone gulf (2605) Symphytum officinale L. Common comfrey Moist roadside in gorge of Mill creek above Turin (534) Myosotis scorpioides L. Forget-me-not Moist pastures, roadside ditches etc. in the southeastern part of the region; occasional Lithospermum officinale L. Common gromwell Dry roadsides and pastures at lower altitudes ; rare West Lowville hill (547) ; Pleasant lake (876) ; north of Bellwood Echium vulgare L. Blue-weed; Viper’s btigloss Roadside, Rutland Center (927) ; open bottom of Lorraine gulf northwest of Lorraine; Lowville VERBENACEAE Verbena urticaefolia L. White vervain Roadside south of Pleasant lake (873) V. HASTATA L. Blue vervain Wet roadsides, open swamps and brooksides; occasional 104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM LABIATAE Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog skullcap Open swamp, Rector (239) S. EPiLOBiiFOLiA Hamilton (.S', galericulata of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23:85. 1921) Marsh skullcap Brooksides and swamps ; common Nepeta Cat aria L. Catnip Pasture in limestone country, Copenhagen (600) ; roadside east of Lanesburg N. HEDERACEA (L.) Trevisan Ground ivy; Gill-over-the-ground Wet woods west of Harrisburg (592) Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal; Heal-all Roadsides and pastures ; common The only specimen collected — in a dry field northwest of Rector (236) — is var. lanceolata (Barton) Fernald (See Rhodora 15: 183. 1913) Galeopsis Tetrahit L., var. bifida (Boenn.) Lejeune & Court. (See Rhodora 12: 142. 1910) Hemp nettle Yards and clearings ; occasional Lamium maculatum L. Spotted dead nettle Roadside northeast of Taberg (421) Leonurus Cardiaca L. Motherwort Pastures and roadsides at lower altitudes ; rare Copenhagen (601) ; West Lowville hill; east of Lanesburg Stachys tenuifolia Wind., var. aspera (Michx.) Fernald Hedge nettle Redfield, Peck, July Monarda didyma L. Oswego tea ; Bee balm Shady brook banks, wet roadsides etc. ; occasional M. FiSTULOSA L. Wild bergamot “Rocky ravines. Harrisburg.” Hough, p. 269. Perhaps M. fistulosa, var. mollis M. FISTULOSA, var. rubra Gray Low shady roadside south of Copenhagen (2752) M. FISTULOSA, var. mollis (L.) Benth. ( M. mollis of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 361) Roadside west of Pleasant lake (884) ; weedy meadow south- west of Castorland (2668) Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. ? Wood mint “Wet woods. Martinsburg.” Hough, p. 269 (as BlephUla hirsuta Raf.) Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch Basil Dry pastures and borders of woods ; occasional Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. Mountain mint Roadside ditch southeast of Felts Mills (893) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 105 Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Bugle weed ' Meadows etc. ; rare Parkers (2622) ; New Scriba L. AMERICANUS Muhl. Water horehound Open swamps, wet roadsides etc. ; occasional Mentha spicata L. Spearmint. Moist pastures and roadsides; occasional M. PIPERITA L. Peppermint Moist roadsides and open rocky stream bottoms ; occasional M. ARVENSis L., var. canadensis (L.) Briquet Wild mint Swamps, ditches etc. ; common CoLLiNsoNiA CANADENSIS L. Horse balm ; Stone-root Low woods in limestone country, Copenhagen SOLANACEAE SoLANUM Dulcamara L. Bittersweet Shady woods and swamps etc. ; occasional S. NIGRUM L. Common nightshade Roadside, Rutland Hollow (924) Physalis heterophylla Nees Ground cherry Roadside west of Champion Datura Stramonium L. Jimson weed “Roadsides. Denmark.” Hough, p. 269 ' SCROPHULARIACEAE Verbascum Thapsus L. Common mullein Dry pastures; rare 1 Rector (243) Linaria vulgaris Hill Butter and eggs Roadsides etc. ; rare Near Whetstone gulf; Felts Mills (900, 923) L. minor (L.) Desf. Railroad tracks, Castorland (2672) Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh (S. leporella of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Wiegand & Fames, The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York, p. 370) Figwort Pastures, roadsides etc. ; occasional Chelone glabra L. Turtlehead; Snakehead Brooksides, ditches and swamps; common Mimulus ringens L. Monkey flower Open swamps etc. ; occasional M. moschatus Dough Musk flower Open swamp northwest of Turin (2600) ; roadside ditch. Green- boro (2767) ; rocks along Fish creek, Taberg (1820) ; House 11238 io6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gratiola neglecta Torr. (G. virginiana of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 20: 65. 1918) Hedge hyssop Roadside ditches, muddy pastures etc. ; occasional Veronica Americana Schwein. American brookline Swamps and mucky places in pastures ; occasional V. SCUTELLATA L. Marsh speedwell Marsh meadows ; occasional V. OFFICINALIS L. Common speedwell Dry wood roads, pastures, clearings, wet woods etc. ; common V. Chamaedrys L. Bird’s-eye Roadside west of Turin (544) V. SERPYLLiFOLiA L. Thyme-leaved speedwell Pastures etc. ; rare Alexander pond (511); Parkers; Salmon falls V. SERPYLLIFOLIA, var. HUMiFUSA (Dickson) Vahl {V. humifusa of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 23: 16. 1921) Roadside southeast of Greenboro (2205) V. PEREGRiNA L. Neckweed; Purslane speedwell Dry open soil east of Turin (2252) V. ARVENSis L. Corn speedwell Open gorge slope, Salmon falls (2196) ; dry open soil east of Turin (2253) Pedicularis canadensis L. Lousewort; Wood betony Dry woods ; rare Bennett Bridge (2185) ; Salmon falls LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia INTERMEDIA Hayne Bladderwort Pool in marsh meadow east of Parkers (2653) U. CORNUTA Michx. Bladderwort Sedge bog at Mud pond (2789) OROBANCHACEAE Epifagus VIRGINIANA (L.) Bart. Beech-drops Dry wooded slope southwest of Taberg (1814) Orobanche uniflora L. One-flowered cancer- root Wooded roadsides and gorge bottoms ; rare Parkers (245) ; northeast of Bellwood (2340) ; northeast of Hooker PHRYMACEAE Phryma Leptostachya L. Lopseed Rich low woods south of Great Bend (2724) ; Pleasant lake BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 107 PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago major L. Common plantain Yards and roadsides ; occasional P. Rugelii Dene. Plantain Roadside, Parkers (824) P. LANCEOLATA L. Rib grass ; English plantain Yards etc. ; rare Rector (246) ; northwest of Redfield RUBIACEAE Galium Aparine L. Cleavers ; Goose grass Rich woods in limestone country east of Copenhagen (61 1) G. lanceolatum Torr. Wild liquorice Dry limestone woods, Felts Mills (910) G. BOREALE L. Northern bedstraw Limestone shore of Black river east of Felts Mills (897) G. palustre L. Marsh bedstraw Brooksides, marsh meadows etc. ; occasional G. Claytoni Michx. Wet meadows and brooksides ; occasional G. asprellum Michx. Rough bedstraw Brooksides in meadows, low roadsides etc. ; occasional G. TRiFLORUM Michx. Sweet-scentcd bedstraw Climax forest; occasional Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry Climax forest, dry pastures and woods etc. ; common Houstonia caerulea L. Bluets; Innocence Grassy roadsides, meadows etc. ; rare Widmer pond (2442) ; north of Hooker (2489) ; east of Turin (2254) ; southwest of Bennett Bridge (2177) > Salmon falls; north of Lyons Falls H. longifolia Gaertn. Sandy roadside east of Felts Mills (643) ; weedy meadow south- west of Castor land (2669) CAPRIFOLIACEAE Diervilla Lonicera Mill. Bush honeysuckle Dry roadsides, gorge banks etc. ; common Lonicera villosa Roem. & Schultes, var. tonsa Fernald (L. cae- rulea, var. villosa, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rho- dora 27: 9. 1925) Mountain fly honeysuckle Roadsides, pastures, and marsh meadows, especially on the sum- mit of the plateau; common— rare elsewhere Quite variable : some young branchlets more or less hirsute ; some peduncles over i cm. long Io8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM L. CANADENSIS Marsh. Fly honeysuckle Arbor vitae swamps, wet woods, wooded gorge banks etc. ; common L. DIOICA L. Shale gorge cliffs ; rare Northeast of New Boston (2374) ; south of Copenhagen (2349) Linnaea BOREALIS L., var. AMERICANA (Forbes) Rehder Twin- flower Arbor vitae swamp, Parkers (2300) ; arbor vitae swamp north- west of Turin (2277) ; shady gorge slope. West Lowville Triosteum perfoliatum L., var. aurantiacum (Bicknell) Wie- gand (T. aurantiacum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rho- dora 25; 202. 1923) Feverwort; Horse gentian Open or wooded gorge bottoms, rich open woods etc. at low altitudes in the northern part of the region; rare South of Copenhagen (2357) ; Felts Mills (2701) ; New Boston and northeastward Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush; Witch hobble Climax forest and somewhat swampy woods ; common V. Opulus L., var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry-tree; High-bush cranberry Roadsides and open arbor vitae swamps ; rare Parkers (563, 258) ; east of Orwell V. ACERiFOLiUM L. Maple-leaved viburnum; Dockmackie Gorge banks at lower altitudes ; occasional V. AFFINE Bush, var. hypomalacum Blake (V. puhescens of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 20: 14. 1918) Downy arrow- wood Thin, dry, open soil over limestone, Felts Mills (2708) V. DENTATUM L. Arrow-wood Margins of marsh meadows, wet woods etc. ; occasional V. CASSINOIDES L, Withe-rod ; Wild raisin Swamps and bogs, dry roadsides etc. ; common V. Lentago L. Sweet viburnum; Nannyberry Gorge banks and roadsides at lower altitudes ; occasional Sambucus CANADENSIS L. Common elder Brooksides and roadsides, alder swamps etc. ; occasional S. RACEMOSA L. Red-berried elder Roadsides, gorges etc. ; common S. RACEMOSA, var. LACINIATA Koch Climax forest east of Hooker (829) DIPSACACEAE Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. ? Wild teasel “Leyden.” Hough, p. 262 (as D. sylvestris L.) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU 109 CUCURBITACEAE Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Wild cucumber “Along fences. Pinckney.” Hough, p. 259 (as Hexamena echinata Torr. & Gray) CAMPANULACEAE Campanula rapunculoides L., var. ucranica (Bess.) K. Koch Bellflower Roadsides and meadows; occasional — this or the typical form Specimen collected at Parkers (260) is this variety C. ROTUNDiFOLiA L. Harebell; Bluebell Dry or wet gorge banks and cliffs; occasional C. APARiNOiDEs Pursh Marsh bellflower Grassy roadsides and marsh meadows; rare Greenboro (2764) ; New Scriba (2772) C. ULiGiNOSA Rydb. Marsh meadows etc. ; occasional LOBELIACEAE Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower Marshy grounds and creek banks; common L. SPicATA Lam. ' , Weedy meadow southwest of Castorland (2667) L. Kalmii L. Moist cliffs, gorge of Fish creek northeast of Taberg (296) ; wet shore of Pleasant lake (2742) L. iNFLATA L. Indian tobacco Meadows, roadsides etc. ; common COMPOSITAE Eupatorium maculatum L. {E. purpureum, in part, of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 22 : 64. 1920) Joe-pye weed Arbor vitae and alder swamps, wet roadsides, marsh meadows etc. ; common E. perfoliatum L. Boneset; Thoroughwort Open swampy depressions in woods, arbor vitae swamps, wet meadows etc., more common at lower altitudes; occasional E. urticaefolium Reichard White snakeroot Open swampy woods, dry wooded banks etc. ; occasional SoLiDAGO CAESIA L., var. AXILLARIS (Pursh) Gray Goldenrod Wooded roadside southwest of Copenhagen (867) S. LATiFOLiA L. Goldenrod Wooded roadsides and banks; rare Southwest of Copenhagen (868) ; Whetstone gulf no NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM S. BICOLOR L. White goldenrod Dry roadside north of Pleasant lake (883) S. HisPiDA Muhl. Goldenrod Dry open margin of Whetstone gulf (931) S. macrophylla Pursh Goldenrod Open swampy woods south of Parkers (291) S. HUMiLis Pursh (S. uliginosa of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 17:6. 1915) Goldenrod Marsh meadows, bogs, dry roadsides etc. ; common S. JUNCEA Ait. Goldenrod Roadside west of Champion (889) S. RUGOSA Mill. Goldenrod Roadsides, swamps etc. ; common S. NEMORALis Ait. Goldenrod Dry roadsides ; occasional S. CANADENSIS L. Goldenrod Roadsides, marsh meadows etc. ; occasional S. GRAMiNiFOLiA (L.) Salisb. Goldenrod Roadsides, pastures, marsh meadows etc. ; common Aster macrophyllus L. Dry roadside bank. Rector (852) A. NOVAE-ANGLiAE L. New England aster Open, dry soil in the limestone country ; rare Pleasant lake (874) ; South Rutland A. CORDIFOLIUS L. Dry banks and roadsides ; rare New Boston (863) ; Whetstone gulf (932) A. Tradescanti L. Wet or dry roadsides, pastures, marsh meadows etc. ; common A. tardiflorus L. Moist railroad embankment in gorge of House creek above Houseville (933) A. prenanthoides Muhl. Roadsides and wet gorge banks, mostly at lower altitudes ; occasional A. puniceus L. Wet roadsides and swamps; common A. umbellatus Mill. Swamps, pastures, marsh meadows and roadsides ; common A. LINARIIFOLIUS L. Sand land, Felts Mills (894, 915) A. ACUMiNATUS Michx. Mountain aster Open swampy woods on the summit of the plateau ; occasional Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin’s plantain Roadside southeast of Wetmore (2445) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU III E. PHiLADELPHicus L. Flcabanc Shale slopes and bottoms in gorges ; occasional E. ANNUUS (L,) Pers. Daisy fleabane; Sweet scabious Dry roadsides etc.; occasional E. RAMOSUS (Walt.) BSP. Daisy fleabane Dry roadsides etc. ; occasional E. CANADENSIS L. Horse-weed ; Butter-weed Railroad tracks west of Page (836) Antennaria Parlinii Fernald Pussy’s toes Thin woods, Copenhagen, House 10093 A. CANADENSIS Greene Pussy’s toes Roadsides and pastures ; common A. FALLAX Greene Pussy’s toes Pastures, open woods, roadsides etc., mostly at lower altitudes; occasional A. NEODioiCA Greene Pussy’s toes Dry roadsides and pastures ; common A. PETALOiDEA Fernald Pussy’s toes Roadside near Barnes Corners (2) ; dry grassland along the Deer river south of Copenhagen (2356) ; heavy open soil near arbor vitae thicket on north side of Chimney Point gulf (2228) Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly everlasting Dry roadsides and pastures ; common Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. {G. polycephalum of Gray’s Manual, ed. 7. See Rhodora 20: 71. 1918) Common everlasting Open sand land, Felts Mills (918) G. DECURRENs Ives Everlasting Roadsides etc. ; rare East of Hooker (835) ; west of Boyd ' G. ULiGiNOSUM L. Low cudweed Roadside ditches etc. ; common Inula Helenium L. Elecampane Roadsides east of Rector (797) POLYMNIA CANADENSIS L. Leafcup Rich limestone woods, Felts Mills (2707) Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Ragweed Roadsides, yards and railroad tracks ; occasional Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan Meadows ; occasional R. LACiNiATA L. Tall cone-flower Roadsides and yards; rare Rector (286); Parkers (783) Bidens vulgata Greene Beggar-ticks ; Stick-tight Moist yards, ditches and roadsides; occasional II2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM B. CERNUA L. Stick-tight Mud flats, open swamps etc. ; occasional B. BiPiNNATA L. Spanish needles “Denmark. Road sides.” Hough, p. 262. Doubtful Helenium autumnale L. Sneezeweed Limestone shore of Black river east of Felts Mills (898) ; rocky bank of Whetstone creek at head of Whetstone gulf Achillea Ptarmica L. Sneezeweed Roadsides; rare Parkers (784); Tabolt Corners (845) A. Millefolium L. Yarrow; Milfoil Roadsides ; occasional Anthemis Cotula L. Mayweed Yards and roadsides; occasional Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L., var. pinnatifidum Lecoq. & Lamotte Ox-eye or white daisy Meadows, pastures etc. ; common C. Balsamita L., var. tanacetoides Boiss. Costmary; Mint geranium Pasture by site of old house southwest of Mohawk Hill (938) Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy Roadside south of Rector (294) ; Osceola, Peck, August Tussilago Farfara L. Coltsfoot Railroad tracks, moist gorge slopes and bottoms etc. ; occasional Senecio vulgaris L. Common groundsel Yard, Parkers (288) S. OBOVATUS Muhl. Dry exposed shale slope in Whetstone gulf (2612) S. AUREUS L. Golden ragwort Marsh meadows, wet pastures etc. ; common Arctium Lappa L. Great burdock Roadside southwest of Copenhagen (872) ; roadside, Lowville A. MINUS (Hill) Bernh. (See Rhodora 11:60. 1909) Common burdock Yards and roadsides ; occasional CiRSiuM LANCEOLATUM (L.) Hill Bull thistle Dry pastures etc. ; rare Parkers (274) C. DISCOLOR (Muhl.) Spreng. “Grassy woods. Martinsburgh.” Hough, p. 262 C. MUTicuM Michx. Swamp thistle Open swampy woods and marsh meadows ; occasional C. ARVENSE (L.) Scop. Canada thistle Pastures etc. ; rare Rector (273) BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU II3 Centaurea nigra L., var. radiata DC. Knapweed; Spanish buttons Meadow northwest of West Leyden (2777) C. MACULOSA Lam. Dry pasture southwest of Taberg (1809) ; dry roadside south of Great Bend (2710) CiCHORiUM Intybus L. Chicory; Succory Roadsides ; rare Northwest of Whetstone gulf (929) ; Rector Tragopogon pratensis L. Goat’s beard Roadsides; occasional Taraxacum officinale Weber Dandelion Gardens, yards, roadsides etc. ; occasional Lactuca canadensis L. Wild lettuce Roadsides, etc.; occasional (some form of this species) Var. TYPiCA Wiegand (See Rhodora 22:10. 1920) was col- lected at Rector (282) L. SPiCATA (Lam.) Hitchc. Blue lettuce Moist roadsides ; occasional Prenantiies alba I.. White lettuce; Rattlesnake-root Roadside west of Boyd P. ALTissiMA L. Rattlesnake-root Roadsides and shady banks; occasional Hieracium aurantiacum L. Devil’s paint-brush; Orange hawk- weed Dry pastures and meadows, roadsides etc. ; common H. FLORENTiNUM All. King devil Dry pastures and meadows; common H. PANicuLATUM L. Hawkweed Dry wooded slope southwest of Taberg (1811) H. SCABRUM Michx. Hawkweed Dry roadside southwest of Mohawk Hill (939) H. CANADENSE Michx. Hawkweed Roadside west of Champion (888) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM I 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abrams, Leroy 1923 An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States. Volume I. 5589., 1299 figs. Stanford University Bendrat, T. A. 1913 The Flora of Mohawk Hill, N. Y., North of the Watershed. Torreya, 13: 45-63, map Brainerd, Ezra 1921 Violets of North America. Vermont Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui., 224; 1-172, 66 figs., 25 colored pis. Bray, W. L. 1915 The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. N. Y. State Coll, of Forestry Tech. Pub., 3:1-186, frontispiece and 52 figs., colored map Britton, N. L. & Brown, Addison 1913 An Illustrated Flora of the Northern States, Canada and the British Possessions. Second edition. Volume I, 68op. ; Volume H) 736p. ; Volume III, 6389. ; 4666 figs. New York Carr, M. E., Gilbert, B, D,, Morrison, T. M. & Maxon, E. T. 1913 Soil Survey of Jefferson County, New York. U. S. Dep’t of Agriculture, Advance Sheets — Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1911. 849., I fig., 2 colored maps Churchill, J. C. 1895 Landmarks of Oswego County, New York. Part I. 8449., with portraits and other illustrations. Syracuse Cushing, H. P., Fairchild, H. L., Ruedemann, R. & Smyth, C. H. jr 1910 Geology of the Thousand Island Region. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 145 ; 1-194. 14 figs-, 63 pis., 5 geologic maps Emerson, E. C. 1898 Our County and Its People. A Djescriptive Work on Jefferson County, New York. 936 and 3189., 22 portraits, 36 illustra- tions. Boston Fairchild, H. L. 1912 The Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. N, Y. State Mus. Bui., 160:1-48, i fig., 25 pis. Hitchcock, A. S. 1920 The Genera of Grasses of the United States. U. S. Dep’t of Agri- culture Bui., 772:1-308, 174 figs., 20 pis. Hough, F. B. 1846 A Catalogue of the Indigenous, Naturalized, and Filicoid Plants, of Lewis County. Fifty-ninth Ann. Rep’t of the Regents of the Univ. of the State of New York, p. 249-83 i860 A History of Lewis County, in the State of New York. 3209., with portraits and other illustrations. Albany House, H. D. 1916 A Bibliography of the Botany of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 188:6^106 1924 Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 254:1-760 Jones, Pomroy 1851 Annals and Recollections of Oneida County. 8949. Rome Livingston, B. E. & Shreve, Forrest 1921 The Distribution of Vegetation in the United States, as related to Climatic Conditions. Carnegie Inst, of Wash. Pub., 284:1-590, 74 figs., 73 pis., including 2 colored maps BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE TUG HILL PLATEAU II5 Marie-Victorin, Frere 1925 Les Lycopodinees du Quebec. Contrib. du Lab. de Bot. de I’Univ. de Montreal, 3; 1-122, frontispiece and 11 figs., i pi. Maxon, E. T., Carr, M. E. & Stevens, E. H. 1915 Soil Survey of Oneida County, New York. U. S. Dep’t of Agricul- ture, Advance Sheets — Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1913. 6op., I fig., 2 colored maps Merriam, C. H. 1898 Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States. U. S. Dep’t of Agriculture, Div. of Biol. Survey Bui., 10 : 1-80, colored map Miller, W. J. 1910 Geology of the Port Leyden Quadrangle, Lewis County, N. Y. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 135: 1-62, 5 figs., ii pis., geologic map 1917 The Adirondack Mountains. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 193:1-98, 15 figs., 30 pis. 1924 The Geological History of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 255:1-148, 39 figs., frontispiece and 52 pis. Mooney, C. N., Maxon, E. T., Morgan, R. J. & Bromley, J. H. 1919 Soil Survey of Oswego County, New York. U. S. Dep’t of Agri- culture, Advance Sheets — Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1917. 44p., I fig., colored map Mordoff, R. A, 1925 The Climate of New York State. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui., 444:1-38, 39 figs. Nichols, G. E. 1918 The Vegetation of Northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Trans. Conn. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, 22:249-467, 70 figs. 1923 A Working Basis for the Ecological Classification of Plant Com- munities. Ecology, 4:11-23, 154-79 Paine, J. A. jr 1865 Catalogue of Plants Found in Oneida County and Vicinity. Eighteenth Ann. Rep’t of the Regents of the Univ. of the State of New York, on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 53“i92 Robinson, B L. & Fernald, M. L. 1908 Gray’s New Manual of Botany. Seventh edition. 9269., 1036 figs. New York 1909 Emendations of the Seventh Edition of Gray’s Manual, — 1. Rhodora, 11:33-61 Rydberg, P. A. 1917 Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains, mop. New York Stephen, J. W. 1911 Forest Conditions of Oneida County. N. Y. State Conservation Com. Bui., 4:1-20, 14 pis., colored map Wiegand, K. M. & Eames, A. J. 1926 The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin, New York. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem., 92:1-492, i fig., map Wilson, W. M. 1912 Frosts in New York. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bui., 316:505-44, figs. 135-51 m' VK>*r^J'i .RXfjm ■■)'-r«.';'" Hi i!,; ' awi'i /rthoJjJV-ftmM W&lJil ■<><' uh .di'ttflo'.) i/b ft^nihoqoyc^l e'.’-I feWJi .51 ,RIT«-/318''A .a .M *TrB» ^T .a ^0JC«M • f'<(>V(f yC j .iftoY - ,if40<*") i‘-bir«lp lo jJOl .ificx-; .*Tt SS«»^>.\>5,»1(it Vv Jt^nfetd, • ’' -ftfi'i,-:) V, ./a ,^ ^ :V#qtVTiJ. .l\qf ■ ’■ ' ' ' .H .0 .nrsilttM io j'tfy.l' H Uni'u^ t»/tM >}f I- *^■^4' i qxfi: JrJioJoi ',M-f'^ .\fK^ ■ ■.'. ‘ ' ■ L ,- ... . . ,/ ' : .■ ‘I -W ,i»}iiwt :'kt|>Ja\.^!,>, VW' .^tici! la owwii 5»ft Ut ',>^ SiMwsu* , ■ ' ffu ‘xXQt '. ' . ■? ■•!>•, J • .A .3 .Ho^toM .cj#^. rfad? .7H5rA-:vrHiU 7lrwn^i7(,a\'ji«k*i.4^^ V'* vr-ii; • ’ ' ' ' ) > ;j -" ,*srt Of,' '.yK-t: *(4^ ."foH ii ' . 1 ■"t .a .0 .RUii'c' s.iV/ ‘'.hirBW n^St^ta .*iiii ft’; ' ‘vV ,»'*.rft*rt’5iii lArt 'irsA ■'.•I 5}>;'> ;a aoift;:ii.irwd;,> teaixafoaM stli aiftistf ^nhiv 'j'/ A (A't ' . 0 “'4?. V ■ 4,v.“ f 1 U' ,, ,'' ' ■ ',, , ■' ' / '."‘»t .(lun-it';/ I'Uj; V*tft.’'''> fij'iii'JoC* J'timv.l piwiia V> jdSj " ■ ■ :'-'t>ir ,fi ' ■' *■' ' ■■ ■■ ''■' V *!4>? VrFf )ft’ .vifr’ ) rrJf V* i»ri1 Ir :''^t>ir .iirtA tkrOfJiIw.a ■ ic.ti.MEy. -to ;-.'ni<>Hi!) ♦i.i'.ta’'»ara .> na ,>(-(c)>^vv/3V<' W>’9Mi.:' J&v V' '■ ■ '■''' *'■ ' % .q .vnt/U'll. ' ■ ..I .M ,fetsn?i>'I & ,nl a ,fto?.nfjit,;l>'ii«tH. (lOOt ' 'f.; ■y': ftn .w -I ,o»riH .ttHfill ' -siitf i.) B'tor’J fwJT illfc(}l ' '■ d4 • A:.i' 4-. .«|ca;^h;^A; ^ ■ •, i.'V.*. •■. .Cf-u'if.w.-.i* . ■, « .■ , -W .a^Tv ^iS/'i. •: ' ''jAi ■•fii Figure 8 Sand delta overlying limestone near Felts Mills Figure 9 Gorge and falls of the Deer river at Copenhagen. The rock is Trenton limestone. [117] I'^igure 10 Lorraine gulf northeast of Lorraine. The rock is Lorraine shale. Figure ii Marsh meadow bordered by alders, near Parkers Iii81 Figure 12 Shrubs invading a marsh meadow northwest of Page Figure 13 Marsh meadow and swamp forest east of Parkers [119] Figure 14 Alixed bog near Parkers. Black spruce and tamarack, with Ncmopa)it!ius, Ledum, J^iburnnm cassiiwidcs and other shrubs. Figure 15 Point Rock Pond bog. A narrow zone of sedges and dwarf shrubs nearly all the way around the pond. [120] INDEX Abrams, Leroy, cited, 114 Aceraceae, 94 Acknowledgments, 7 Agriculture, 21 Air movements, 14 Aizoaceae, 82 Alismaceae, 63 Amaranthaceae, 82 Anacardiaceae, 94 Apocynaceae, 102 Aquifoliaceae, 94 Araceae, 73 Araliaceae, 98 Aristolochiaceae, 81 Asclepiadaceae, 102 Balsaminaceae, 94 Bendrat, T. A., cited, 114 Berberidaceae, 85 Betulaceae, 79 Bibliography, Tug Hill Plateau, I 14-1 5 Biologic environmental factors, 18 Boraginaceae, 103 Botanical investigations, previous, 7 Brainerd, Ezra, cited, 114 Bray, Dr W. L., acknowledgment to, 7; cited, 114 Britton, N. L. & Broun, Addison, cited, 1 14 Burns and clearings, vegetation, 42 Callitrichaceae, 94 Campanulaceae, log Caprifoliaceae, 107 Carr, M. E. & others, cited, 114 Caryophyllaceae, 82 Celastraceae, 94 Ceratophyllaceae, 83 Chase, Mrs Agnes, acknowledgment to, 9 Chenopodiaceae, 82 Churchill, J. C., cited, 114 Climate, 14 Climatic factors, summary, 16 Climax forest, 34 Compositae, 109 Convolvulaceae, 102 Cornaceae, 99 Crassulaceae, 88 < Cruciferae, 86 Cucurbitaceae, 109 Cushing, H. P. & others, cited, 114 Cyperaceae, 68 Dipsacaceae, 108 Drainage, 9 Droseraceae, 88 Elaeagnaceae, 97 Emerson, E. C., cited, 114 Equisetaceae, 61 Ericaceae, 99 Euphorbiaceae, 93 Fagaceae, 80 Fairchild, H. L., cited, 114 Farm and forest, outlook for, 22 Fernald, Prof. M. L., acknowledg- ment to, 9 Field work, recent, 7 Flora, 23; relationships of, 29 Fumariaceae, 86 Gentiahaceae, 102 ’ Geology, 1 1 Geraniaceae, 93 Gorges, vegetation, 39 Gramineae, 64 Haloragidaceae, 98 Hamamelidaceae, 89 Hitchcock, A. S., cited, 114 Hough, F. B., cited, 114 House, Dr H. D., acknowledgment, 9; cited, 1 14 Humidity, 16 Hydrocharitaceae, 64 Hydrophyllaceae, 103 [121] 122 Index Hydrophytic associations, primary, 43; secondary, 54 Hypericaceae, 95 Iridaceae, 75 Jones, Pomroy, cited, 114 Juglandaceae, 79 Juncaceae, 73 Juncaginaceae, 63 Labiatae, 104 Lakes, vegetation, 43 Lauraceae, 85 Leguminosae, 92 Lemnaceae, 73 Lentibulariaceae, 106 Life zones, 23 Light and humidity, 16 Liliaceae, 74 Limnanthaceae, 94 Livingston, B. E. & Shreve, Forrest, cited, 1 14 Lobeliaceae, 109 Localities mentioned, 57 Loranthaceae, 80 Lumbering, 22 Lycopodiaceae, 61 Lythraceae, 97 McCarthy, W. H., acknowledgment to, 9 Mackenzie, K. K., acknowledgment to, 9 Malvaceae, 95 Man, occupation of the region by, 20 Marie-Victorin, Frere, cited, 115 Maxon, E. T. & others, cited, 115 Meadows, vegetation, 40 Menispermaceae, 85 Merriam, C. H., cited, 115 Mesophytic associations, primary, 38 ; secondary, 40 Miller, W. J., cited, 115 Mooney, C. N. & others, cited, 115 Mordoff, R. A., cited, 115 Myricaceae, 78 Najadaceae, 63 Nichols, G. E., cited, 115 Nymphaeaceae, 84 Occupation of the region by man, 20; by plants, 17 Oleaceae, 102 Onagraceae, 97 Ophioglossaceae, 60 Orchidaceae, 76 Orobanchaceae, 106 Osmundaceae, 60 Oxalidaceae, 93 Paine, J. A. jr, cited, 115 Papaveraceae, 85 Pastures, vegetation, 41 Phrymaceae, 106 Physiographic factors, summary, 13 Physiography, 9 Phytolaccaceae, 82 Pinaceae, 62 Plant associations and their succes- sion, 34 Plantaginaceae, 107 Plants, comparisons of ranges, 30; occupation of the region by, 17 Platanaceae, 89 Polemoniaceae, 103 Polygalaceae, 93 Polygonaceae, 81 Polypodiaceae, 58 Ponds, vegetation, 43, 49 Portulacaceae, 83 Precipitation, 14 Primulaceae, loi Ranunculaceae, 84 Resedaceae, 87 Rhamnaceae, 95 Roadsides, vegetation, 41 Robinson, B. L. & Fernald, M. L., cited, 1 15 Rosaceae, 89 Rubiaceae, 107 Rutaceae, 93 Rydberg, P. A., cited, 115 Salicaceae, 78 Sand plains, vegetation, 43 Sarraceniaceae, 87 Saxifragaceae, 88 Scrophulariaceae, 105 Settlements, early, 20 Soils, II Index 123 Solanaceae, 105 Sparganiaceae, 62 Stephen, J. W., cited, 115 Streams, vegetation, 43, 53 Summary, 55 Swamps, vegetation, 45, 50 Taxaceae, 62 Temperature and the growing season, 15 Thymelaeaceae, 97 Tiliaceae, 95 Topography, 9 Tug Hill plateau location of the region, 5 purpose of the study, 5 Typhaceae, 62 Umbelliferae, 98 Urticaceae, 80 Vascular plants, list, 56 Vegetation, environment of, 9; gen- eral development, 37; of burns and clearings, 42 ; of gorges, 39 ; of meadows, 40 ; of roadsides and pastures, 41 ; of sand plains, 43 ; of slow streams and ponds, 43, 49, 53; of swamps, 45, 50; original, 21 ; seasonal aspects of ’28 ; source of, 17 Verbenaceae, 103 Violaceae, 96 Vitaceae, 95 Wiegand, Dr K. M., acknowledg- ment to, 9 Wiegand, K. M. & Fames, A. J., cited, IIS Wilson, W. M., cited, 115 Xerophytic and mesophytic associa- tions, primary, 38 ; secondary, 40 ^ ■% • , >.' , «.• v^!T«* '-y -r ' V • •,- ;:J^■'^s1wt^ ;'’^' u;,vs^w:'Kr ' ■ " ofiA' ll4,< >'lrt- , '?■ , Jfjt-, .4*.- ■'_. ’ ,; , un .V£‘»:i \o :^e!fM ■t^'*'5r... , lisartfilll ItlH j . 5(|J Jo i^(lr(j«iBHM, .^A -H-l ,t>«»8f(W" ,. , '"*>'% ■■ '*-^ ■ ft »<>t (^< .1 Jcs-'iiii)Wi:4''';,(>M' .W .iftwiitiW r.lIiA'4u.\‘ ;h : jy' '■,•■' '4^ 'O.V vr^ , ;,^f. ’uri^mn:f . »*wf < _ : ;j5lbVl' <1 ':' ''F' , ' ' iy ’’^ ■'’ ■ ‘•■— '■'■ fij i®j\. E(ii*V rH» .' A , 1 ^«**illv**^ .tj:>v . i^i' I, ?V ( ) (|.;'" Ii; m f^'^¥ ih • ' fSt iv, w£'' ■/."''A Jjt"'';' '^'‘ H '?> 'it. MVAw» .«'.'■ K, .iS/', .(^|'t'.*«y4^,'''('M!l !fW,‘<-^’\ e ^ Mu.-. ‘^’i^ v‘f '(■1. t.#i!>«-. ‘ :' ■.■tiM>^-i4\ ■ •■■ ■ ' ■ '■■';• '' >.||. r- ; .ri.. ,?'''»#.. v‘w< * ■ • ' ■ ■ .44:sV-’'^% *,■ ■ . ■• i.: ■;*, * •■i$st.;,\ -,; '‘ttr ,-yVA ' /•ii-,' '■'■ .; ■««*''■' ’ .: ' ■ ,'''"''^>t’ ^ . * '(• ■y.- <■.*''„ ■■ t\' ^^'.'^’'lijj ■M ■•.’ I'iiii'X. ' '*'■ .-i'A* ' I ^. ' h. ’' ■A A: <;; . *' «! rs- j=- ^ tkj