3 '' COMPLIMENTS OP CHARLES C. ADAMS NEW YORK S I'AI E iv.UGEUM ALBANY, NEVt/ YORK New York State Museum Bulletin Published by The University of the State of New York No. 317 ALBANY, N. Y. February 1939 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Charles C. Adams Ph.D., Director ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM u CONTENTS PAGE Foreword Your State Museum and State History A Summary of the Year’s Work Cooperation with State and Other Organizations State Planning State Council of Parks Allegany School of Natural History Relation of Museum Exhibits to Schools and Colleges Museum Attendance Information and Publicity Condition of Exhibition Halls, Study Collections and Special Exhibits Printing and Publications Photography and Drafting Historical Collections and Allied Matters Museum Collaborators State Museum Council Summary of the Activities of the Scientific Staff General Administrative Problems The Centenary April 15, 1936 Historical Policies World’s Fair of 1939 Annual Financial and Statistical Summary Needs of the State Museum Annual Bibliography of the State Museum Museum Accessions for the Year A Summary of the Accomplishments and Functions of the New York State Museum during the Past Century, 1836-1936, Members of the Staff. . . Report on Geological Mapping of Sedimentary Rocks (Exclusive of Gren- ville) and Glacial Areas in New York State, Winifred Goldring Geological Mapping of New York State. The Precambrian Formations, David H. Nezvland On American Museums, Richard Kraiisel 13 13 16 18 21 21 22 23 25 26 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 53 53 53 54 54 56 59 61 69 119 133 139 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1939 M343r-Je38-2000 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1943 Thomas J. Mangan M.A., LL.D., Chancellor - Binghamton 1945 William J, Wallin M.A., LL.D., Vice Chan- cellor - - - Yonkers 1950 Roland B. Woodward M.A., LL.D. - - - - Rochester 1939 Wm Leland Thompson B.A., LL.D. - - - - Troy 1948 John Lord O’Brian B.A., LL.B., LL.D. - - - Buffalo 1940 Grant C. Madill M.D., LL.D. ----- Ogdensburg 1942 George Hopkins Bond Ph.M., LL.B., LL.D. - Syracuse 1946 Owen D. Young B.A., LL.B., D.C.S., LL.D. - New York 1949 Susan Brandeis B.A., J.D. New York 1947 C. C. Mollenhauer LL.D. ------- Brooklyn 1941 George J. Ryan Litt.D., LL.D. ----- Flushing 1944 Gordon Knox Bell B.A., LL.B. ----- New York President of the University and Commissioner of Education Frank P. Graves Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D., LL.D., D.C.L. Deputy Commissioner and Counsel Ernest E. Cole LL.B., Pd.D., LL.D. Associate Commissioner and Acting Assistant Commissioner for Instructional Supervision George M. Wiley M.A., Pd.D., L.H.D., LL.D. Associate Commissioner and Acting Assistant Commissioner for Higher and Professional Education Harlan H. Horner M.A., Pd.D., LL.D. Associate Commissioner and Acting Assistant Commissioner for Vocational and Extension Education Lewis A. Wilson D.Sc., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Research J. Cayce Morrison M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Teacher Education Hermann Cooper M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Personnel and Public Relations Lloyd L. Cheney B.A., Pd.D. Assistant Commissioner for Finance Alfred D. Simpson M.A., Ph.D. Director of State Library Joseph Gavit, acting Director of State Museum Charles C. Adams M.S., Ph.D., D.Sc. State Historian Alexander C. Flick M.A., Litt.D., Ph.D., LL.D., L.H.D. Directors of Divisions Adult Education and Library Extension, Frank L. Tolman Ph.B., Pd.D. Elementary Education, William E. Young M.A., Ph.D., acting Examinations and Testing, Harold G. Thompson M.A., acting Health and Physical Education, Hiram A. Jones M.A., Ph.D. Higher Education, Irwin A. Conroe M.A. Law, Charles A. Brind jr B.A., LL.B. Motion Picture, Irwin Esmond Ph.B., LL.B. Professional Education, Charles B. Heisler B.A. Research, Warren W. Coxe B.S., Ph.D. School Administrative Services, Ray P. Snyder School Buildings and Grounds, Gilbert L. Van Auken B.Arch. Secondary Education, Warren W. Knox M.A., Ph.D., acting New York State Education Department The New York State Museum, February 28, The Honorable Frank P. Graves President of the University and Commissioner of Education Sir: I beg to submit herewith the report of the Director of the New York State Museum for the period from July i, 1936, to June 30, 1937. Very respectfully Charles C. Adams Director New York State Museum Bulletin Published by The University of the State of New York Xo. 317 ALBANY, N. Y. February 1939 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Charles C. Adams Ph.D., Director ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CONTENTS PAGE Foreword 13 Your State Museum and State History 13 A Summary of the Year’s Work 16 Cooperation with State and Other Organizations 18 State Planning 21 State Council of Parks 21 Allegany School of Natural History 22 Relation of Museum Exhibits to Schools and Colleges 23 Museum Attendance 25 Information and Publicity 26 Condition of Exhibition Halls, Study Collections and Special Exhibits 27 Printing and Publications 27 Photography and Drafting 28 Historical Collections and Allied Matters 29 Museum Collaborators 29 State Museum Council 29 Summary of the Activities of the Scientific Staff 30 General Administrative Problems 53 The Centenary April 15, 1936 53 Historical Policies S3 World’s Fair of 1939 54 Annual Financial and Statistical Summary 54 Needs of the State Museum 56 Annual Bibliography of the State Museum 59 Museum Accessions for the Year 61 A Summary of the Accomplishments and Functions of the New York State Museum during the Past Century, 1836-1936, Members of the Staff. . . 69 Report on Geological Mapping of Sedimentary Rocks (Exclusive of Gren- ville) and Glacial Areas in New York State, Winifred Goldring 119 Geological Mapping of New York State. The Precambrian Formations, David H. Newland 133 On American Museums, Richard Kraiisel 139 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1939 M343r-Je38-2000 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/newyorkstatemuse3171newy ILLUSTRATIONS Photographs by E. J. Stein unless otherwise indicated. Figure i Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure ii Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 PAGE New York State Education Building. The upper floors are devoted to the offices, laboratories and exhibits of the New York State Museum Frontispiece Map showing by counties the number of school or college classes which have visited the State Museum 1936-37- Total number of classes 402; and of students 12,444. By A. K. Mosley 24 An old Van Rensselaer coach in the Historic Collection. Pre- sented by the Goold Company, Albany, N. Y 31 Old pewter Communion set, used at Oldtown Indian Presby- terian Mission, Cattaraugus Indian Reservation 31 Silver pitcher and bowl made by Isaac Hutton (1767-1855) of Albany. Donated by Catharine Eights Boies Potter 32 Silver sugar tongs and spoons, made by Isaac Hutton of Albany. Donated by Catharine Eights Boies Potter 33 Entrance to Mount Tom Iron Mine, near Linlithgo, N. Y, Burden iron ore mine. Catskill quadrangle 35 Fold in Ordovician rocks. Catskill quadrangle near Mount Merino 36 Unconformity between the hill of Silurian, and the rocks in the stream bed of Ordovician. Catskill quadrangle 39 Old lime kiln (1759) at Fort George, Lake George region 40 Glacial clays, showing landslide topography, near Whitehall, Lake George region 41 Lake George, after passing French mountain on Glens Falls road 42 Mosquito breeding water, Albany city dump. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow 43 A detail of the Albany city dump, showing how water-holding objects make breeding conditions for mosquitoes. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow 44 Mosquito-breeding water in old tin cans at Albany city dump. Such cans should be crushed to prevent holding water. Co- operative State Museum and City of Albany W.P.A. mosquito control project. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow 47 Swamp pools like this within the city of Albany are a prolific source of mosquitoes. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow 48 Experiments with explosives for applying insecticide dusts. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow 48 Distribution of dust on the board discharged by explosives, at 50 feet from mortar. Mortar used, cap and five-inch nipple of four-inch gas pipe. Two ounces of powder used to lift three pounds of dust. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow 49 [5] 6 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Figure 19 Distribution of dust on board discharged by explosives, at 100 feet from mortar. Mortar used, cap and five-inch nipple of four-inch gas pipe. Two ounces of powder used to lift three pounds of dust. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow 50 Figure 20 Five banded adult bank swallows. No. 37/55001 to 37/55005. Oneida lake, New York. May 28, 1937. Photograph by Dayton Stoner 51 Figure 21 Site of a bank swallow colony comprising more than 500 indi- viduals. South bank of Fish creek near Oneida lake, New York. Photograph by Dayton Stoner 51 Figure 22 Temporary exhibit of recent zoological accessions 52 Figure 23 Temporary exhibit of recent zoological accessions 52 Figure 24 Dr James Hall (1811-98) State Geologist, State Paleontologist and Director of State Museum 73 Figure 25 Dr John M. Clarke (1857-1925) State Geologist, State Paleon- tologist and Director of State Museum 74 Figure 26 Home of Dr Ebenezer Emmons, 1838. Corner Hudson avenue and High street, Albany, N. Y. Birthplace of the American Association of Geologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Photographed March 1900 77 Figure 27 Helderberg group. Restoration of early Devonian marine life of New York, showing seaweeds, crinoids, trilobites, cephalo- pods, spiny gastropod, brachiopods etc. Executed by Henri Marchand under the supervision of Rudolf Ruedemann 78 Figure 28 Portage group. Restoration of Upper Devonian marine life of New York, showing seaweeds, crinoid, starfishes, cephalopods, glass sponges, fishes. Executed by Henri Marchand under the supervision of Rudolf Ruedemann 79 Figure 29 The Gilboa group, showing the rocks with the three horizons of fossil stumps in front, and the restoration of the forest in the background. Executed by Henri Marchand under the super- vision of Winifred Goldring 80 Figure 30 Dr Asa Fitch (1809-79) first American official State Entomol- ogist 85 Figure 31 Dr J. A. Lintner (1822-98) State Entomologist 86 Figures 32 and 33 General views of Zoology Hall 91, 92 Figure 34 Dr John Torrey (1796-1873), Botanist of State Geological and Natural History Survey 95 Figure 35 Dr Charles H. Peck (1833-1917). From the Journal of Mycology 95 Figure 36 Dr Charles H. Peck in his office in Geological Hall about 1910. 97 Figure 37 Memorial exhibit of fleshy fungi to Dr Charles H. Peck 98 Figure 38 Lewis H. Morgan (1818-81) “father of modern ethnology.” From Researches and Transactions New York State Archeo- logical Association loi Figure 39 Dr W. M. Beauchamp (1830-1925), author of many State Museum publications on New York Indians 102 Figure 40 The Seneca Hunting Group. The preparation of food and skins. Illustrating a method of felling trees by fire and stone hatchet. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 103 Figure 41 The Seneca Corn Harvest Group. Corn pone in the making. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 104 Figure 42 The Iroquois Industry Group 105 ILLUSTRATIONS 7 PAGE Figure 43 The Washington Covenant Belt. Used during the presidency of George Washington as a covenant of peace between the Thirteen Original Colonies and the Six Nations of the Iro- quois. This is one of the finest examples of workmanship of this nature 106 Figure 44 Characteristic types of Shaker buildings at the Watervliet Shakers, near Albany, N. Y 109 Figure 45 A series of turnkeys, used by early dentists for extracting teeth ; a and b presented by Dr C. D. Van Alstine ; c by Dr C. E. Allen, and d, by Dr L. S. Blatner. Medical History Col- lection Ill Figure. 46 Collection of scientific apparatus used by Joseph Henry, 1827-32, in his experiments on electro-magnetism, at Albany, N. Y.... 113 Figure 47 Map showing status of areal geological mapping of the State by the New York State Museum, 1937 123 THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM All scientific specimens and collections, works of art, objects of historic interest and similar property appropriate to a general museum, if owned by the State and not placed in other custody by a specific law, shall constitute the State Museum. [Education Law, § 54.] The Librarian of any library owned by the State, or the officer in charge of any state department, bureau, board, commission or other office may, with the approval of the Regents, transfer to the permanent custody of the State Library or Museum any books, papers, maps, manuscripts, specimens or other articles which, because of being duplicates or for other reasons, will in his judgment be more useful to the State in the State Library or Museum than if retained in his keeping. [Education Law, § 1115.] THE FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE MUSEUM “The Museum is the natural scientific center of the State government ; it is the natural depository of all the material brought together by the state surveys ; it is the natural custodian of all purely scientific state records; it is the natural center of the study of the resources of the State as a political unit ; it must main- tain its capacity for productiveness in pure scientific research — pure science has been the justification of the State Museum from the beginning of its history. * * * In brief, the distinctive sphere and scope of the State Museum corresponds with the scientific interests and welfare of the people within the geographic boundaries of the State. The truest measure of civilization and of intelligence in the government of a state is the support of its institutions of science, for the science of our time in its truest sense is not the opinions or prejudices, the strength or weakness of its votaries, it is the sum of our knowledge of nature with its infinite applications to State welfare, to State progress and to the distribution of human happiness.” — Henry Fairfield Osborn, an address delivered at the dedication of the New York State Education Building, October 15, igi2. THE FUNCTIONS OF A MUSEUM “A museum is an institution for the preservation of those objects which best illustrate the phenomena of nature and the works of man, and the utilization of these for the increase of knowledge and for the culture and enlightenment of the people. In addition to local accessories, the opportunity for exploration and field work are equally essential, not only because of considerations connected with the efficiency of the staff * * * but in behalf of the general welfare of the institution. Other things being equal, exploration can be carried on more advantageously by the museum than by any other institution of learning, and there is no other field or research which it can pursue to better advantage. To aid the occasional inquirer, be he a laboring man, schoolboy, journalist, public speaker, or savant, to obtain, without cost, exact information upon any subject related to the specialties of the institution; serving thus as a “bureau of information.” A museum to be useful and reputable must be constantly engaged in aggressive work either in education or investigation, or in both. A museum which is not aggressive in policy and constantly improving can not retain in its service a competent staff and will surely fall into decay. [9] A finished museum is a dead museum, and a dead museum is a useless museum.” — G. Brown Goode, formerly assistant secretary, Smithsonian Insti- tution. THE VALUE OF RESEARCH “In the eyes of the world today the reputation of a country does not depend alone on the size of her armaments, the size of her empire or volume of her trade so much as upon the contribution she can make to the progress and happi- ness of mankind in art, in literature and in science. “The development of industry depends more or less on the application of new ideas and discoveries in pure science. Successful industrial research is ultimately dependent on the prosecution of research in pure science with the obj ect of adding to our knowledge of the processes of nature, and generally without regard to the practical applications.” — Stanley Baldwin, Lord President of the Council, Opening the Mond Laboratory at Cambridge, England, From the New York Times of February ig, 1933. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION “The future of America is in the hands of two men — ^the investigator and the interpreter. We shall never lack for the administrator, the third man needed to complete this trinity of social servants. And we have an ample supply of investigators, but there is a shortage of readable and responsible interpreters, men who can effectively play mediator between specialist and layman. The practical value of every social invention or material discovery depends upon its being adequately interpreted to the masses. Science owes its effective ministry as much to the interpretative mind as to the creative mind. The knowledge of man- kind is advanced by the investigator, but the investigator is not always the best interpreter of his discoveries. Rarely, in fact, do the genius for exploration and the genius for exposition meet in the same mind. . . The interpreter stands between the layman, whose knowledge of all things is indefinite, and the investi- gator whose knowledge of one thing is authoritative. The investigator advances knowledge. The interpreter advances progress. History affords abundant evidence that civilization has advanced in direct ratio to the efficiency with which the thought of the thinkers has been translated into the language of the workers. Democracy of politics depends upon democracy of thought. ‘When the interval between intellectual classes and the practical classes is too great,’ says Buckle, ‘the former will possess no influence, the latter will reap no benefit.’ A dozen fields of thought are today congested with knowledge that the physical and social sciences have unearthed, and the whole tone and temper of American life can be lifted by putting this knowledge into general circulation. But where are the interpreters with the training and the willingness to think their way through this knowledge and translate it into the language of the street? I raise the recruiting trumpet for the interpreters.” — Glenn Frank. ENDOWMENT AND TRUST FUNDS While the State has done much for the New York State Museum, it has not fully met its needs. Just as the citizens of the State have in the past generously donated much valuable material to the Museum, the public should be informed in what ways it may continue to assist. Many persons do not realize that the State Museum, like the universities and other research institutions devoted to advanced learning, has in reserve many important problems and projects that require more money than the Museum budget provides. It is hoped that private citizens will assist in financing such worthy projects. To make this more definite certain methods of assistance will be listed. [10] 1 Donations of funds to be devoted to special scientific, educational or economic studies. A list of these can be furnished to any seriously interested person. 2 A donation of funds, the income alone of which is to be used to conduct special studies. This kind of fund would give a fluidity which is particularly lacking under the present budget system. Such funds would enable the State Museum to undertake certain studies in advance of general public interest and legislative appreciation. 3 The donation of carefully selected tracts of land, suitable for scientific field stations, or for scientific reservations or important historic sites. Each tract should be provided with an endowment for maintenance. Such tracts could be made of the greatest scientific and educational importance under proper supervision. In this connection attention should be called to the fact that gifts up to 15 per cent of net income, and that all bequests to the Board of Regents of The University of the State of New York in trust for the State Museum, are exempt from federal taxation, under the Federal Revenue Act of 1918. FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to the Board of Regents of The University of the State of New York, in trust for the New York State Museum: Museum Committee of the Board of Regents Owen D. Young, Chairman Wm Leland Thompson John Lord O’Brian State Museum Council Orange L. Van Horne Sanford L. Cluett William Otis Hotchkiss Waldemar B. Kaempffert PiERREPONT B. Noyes [u] State Museum Staff Charles C. Adams, Ph.D., D.Sc Director oj State Museum Alvin G. Whitney A.B Assistant Director of State Museum Rudolf Ruedemann Ph.D State Paleontologist David H. Newland B.A., Ph.D State Geologist Robert D. Glasgow Ph.D State Entomologist Homer D. House Ph.D State Botanist Chris A. Hartnagel M.A Assistant State Geologist Winifred Goldring M.A., Sc.D Assistant State Paleontologist Dayton Stoner Ph.D State Zoologist Kenyon F. Chamberlain Assistant State Entomologist Elsie G. Whitney A.M Assistant State Botanist Noah T. Clarke State Archeologist Edwin J. Stein Museum Draftsman and Photographer Walter J. Schoonmaker Assistant State Zoologist Arthur Paladin Museum Technical Assistant (Taxidermy) Clinton F. Kilfoyle Museum Technical Assistant (Paleontology) John L. Casey State Museum Guide Honorary Curators William L. Bryant . .Honorary Curator of Fossil Fishes Harry S. Peck Honorary Curator of Minerals Collaborator Dr Ephraim P. Felt Temporary Scientific Appointments Aretas a. Saunders Ph.B . . . Robert B. Gordon Ph.D William L. Lassiter M.A. . . A. F. Buddington Ph.D Henry Vaughan A. Glenn Richards Ph.D . . . Rogers McVaugh Ph.D John H. Cook Medora L. H. Krieger M.A Norman Taylor T emporary Ornithologist T emporary Botanist Temporary Curator oj History Temporary Geologist Temporarjy Geologist Temporary Entomologist Temporary Botanist T emporary Geologist T emporary Geologist T emporary Botanist [12] New York State Education Building ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM By Charles C. Adams Ph.D., Director New York State Museum FOREWORD This administrative Annual Report covers the fiscal year closing June 30, 1937. The last, the 31st Annual Report (State Mus. Bui. 313), concluded the hundredth year since the establishment by the Legislature, on April 15, 1836, of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, which under various names came to be known as the New York State Museum. It has seemed advantageous to number the Annual Reports of the new century in harmony with its age, and therefore the present report becomes the One Hundred First Annual Report of the New York State Museum. YOUR STATE MUSEUM AND STATE HISTORY^ During the past three years you have been hearing several talks in this rural education series, of the work and activities of your New York State Museum. You have heard members of the Museum staff and its friends speak of certain natural resources of the State which are of great importance to our citizens. These addresses have been on subjects which have been studied by the scientific staff of the Museum and have included such varied topics as salt, the water in your wells, the glacial soils, poison ivy, poisonous and edible mushrooms, insect pests of your household, garden, fields and forests, the birds which sing about your home and which feed their young a great number of the insect pests, with which you are often battling in order to save your garden and field crops. You thus see that these are subjects which come home to every one of us. Hundreds of letters come to the State Museum regularly from all parts of the State and elsewhere, inquiring about minerals, rocks, oil, gas, plants, insects, birds and other animals. You have heard of these natural history subjects, and now let us turn to another important phase of 1 Radio address given by the Director of the State Museum, Station WGY, June 14, 1937. [13] 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the State Museum’s work. I refer to the State Museum as the central state repository for historical objects. You have heard rather recently of the famous Iroquois Indian groups by one of their creators, David C. Lithgow, the artist of the groups. These six lifelike groups portray the life of the Indians ; and do you realize that this is the first chapter in the human history of this State? Everyone who has seen these groups realizes that this is a worthy subject, adequately and beautifully executed. At the same time let us note that we also need similar groups to portray other important phases in the history of the State, as for example, the life of the early settlers, showing how they worked, the kinds of homes in which they lived, the home industries, how they made their clothes, the kinds of tools which they used, the method of preparation of their food, their businesses and trades and all similar activities. Groups to illustrate these phases, comparable in execution to those of the Indian groups are now needed. By a comparison of such exhibits we are able at a glance to appreciate the great changes and improvements which have taken place through the years. The State Museum has for three-quarters of a century been accu- mulating materials bearing on the history of the State. As a result the State Museum today has an important collection of old ploughs, old corn planters and many other agricultural implements, as well as spinning wheels, samples of old homespun textiles, a great variety of carpenters’, and metal-working tools, machinery, including moving machines, carriages, clocks, locks and similar products of the indus- trial arts. You see at once that these are not historic library materials but are objective museum materials. There are people who say they are not interested in such historic objects, and yet only a few of these would refuse to notice the set of George Washington’s surveying instruments, or the little bell which Joseph Henry rang by electricity for the first time in the history of the world. To this day every time the telephone bell rings in your home it is paying tribute to this discovery, and it will continue to do so as long as such bells ring! Are not such objects of interest and importance? The question is frequently asked. What kind of historic material is of interest and of value to the Historic Collection of the State Museum? First of all, allow me to say that the State Museum is the central depository for state-owned historic objects, as contrasted with documents and publications, which fall within the field of the New York State Library. The state law states that, “objects of ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 15 historic interest and similar property appropriate to a general museum, if owned by the State and not placed in other custody by a specific law, shall constitute the State Museum.” In brief, it is the printed and written matter that falls to the State Library, and other kinds of historic objects that fall within the field of the State Museum. While the limited storerooms of the State Museum are already crowded with historic objects, there are serious deficiencies in the Historic Collection. For example, the collection needs additional material illustrating the Colonial Period, particularly from the Dutch and English settlements of the Hudson valley and Long Island, and up-State from the Mohawk Valley settlements. This applies par- ticularly to the household industries. The collections of materials of the Revolutionary War period and of the period from that war to the Civil War are incomplete. Likewise, materials from the period of the great commercial and industrial expansion following the Civil War, and of the World War are needed. The State has never made adequate provision for the exhibition and storage of such bulky collections. At various times the State has been given historic houses, buildings and battlefield sites, but these have not been acquired according to any general plan or system, and one might say almost by accident. These historic objects are in fact branch or outdoor museums, and should be so conducted. It has been proposed repeatedly that the State inaugurate a comprehensive plan for the administration of all these historic resources, houses, buildings and grounds, and give the State Museum facilities and staff to administer them as branches of the State Museum. Under such a proposal these historic sites would have their collections properly inventoried according to modern museum methods, and properly labeled as exhibits, with over- crowding eliminated by the storage of all superfluous material. The unique and priceless materials would then have proper professional care and protection from fire and theft. The State Museum has in the past had considerable experience with an allied kind of reservation, the geological history preserve. The former Director of the State Museum, Dr John M. Clarke, through years of effort, secured for the State Museum several scien- tific reservations which displayed important aspects of the geological history of the State. The ideal was to pass these places on “to future generations unimpaired,” as is the ideal of the great national parks. These scientific reservations were not intended as recreational parks, as that phase was and is elsewhere being well provided for, but to preserve them for educational purposes. That has proved to be a very difficult undertaking. i6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM With the reorganization of the State Government in 1927, however, these educational reservations were transferred from the Education Department to the Department of Conservation, where they were converted into state recreational parks. It has long been contended that the scientific and the historical reservations should have the same kind of administration, that is, that they should be admin- istered not as parks but primarily as educational reservations, and only secondarily for recreation; and further, that such reservations should be under the direct supervision of the State Education Depart- ment as should all the State’s educational activities. As a part of any such comprehensive program it is also necessary to provide adequate quarters for the State Museum itself. A new State Museum building built and designed exclusively for museum purposes is what is needed ; a building at least as large as the present Education Building has been advocated for many years. It was proposed that such a building be considered the proposed World War Memorial, but this proposal has never been approved by the Legislature. No more appropriate memorial could be suggested, because it would not only house and exhibit the history of the State, including adequate World War exhibits, but would be a permanent exposition of the natural resources of the State and an exhibit of the achievements of its people. A SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S WORK 1 Field studies, laboratory or office work have been continued on the geological and mineral resources of 15 quadrangles or special areas. Museum bulletins on the Santa Clara and Thirteenth Lake quadrangles have been published. Studies have been continued on the mineral production of the State; recent developments of oil and gas; a monograph of the Graptolites; Devonian coral reefs; and special studies of stratigraphy. 2 Field studies, laboratory or office work have been continued on plants and animals. A popular handbook has been in preparation on ferns and their allies, and a handbook on the vegetation of the Alle- gany State Park has been completed. This is the most intensive ecological study of a relatively large area yet made in the State. A similar survey of Cattaraugus county is nearing completion. The report on the flora of Columbia county is also nearing completion. Field studies of the bank swallows of the Oneida Lake region and in the vicinity of Albany have been extended. The study of the cliff swallows of Albany has been continued. These swallow investi- gations have resulted in the completion of two short papers. Field ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 17 studies of mammals of the vicinity of Albany have been continued, as well as those of the birds of the Allegany State Park, and an important handbook on bird population of Quaker Run has been published. Entomological studies have been devoted to cooperative investiga- tions of pests of forest, nursery, greenhouse, field and garden, which have developed largely in various state administrative departments. Work on the black fly and mosquito problem has continued, with a great expansion of the mosquito control efforts due to a large amount of relief labor available. This study has required special research on the relation of ditching to salt marsh vegetation and to water birds. Preliminary reports have been printed on the salt marsh plants, and other reports are in process of publication. 3 Through relief help the study collections of Indian archeology have been greatly improved by storage, cataloging and cleaning, with the result that this material is now in the best condition in many years. A careful history has been published of the Iroquois Indian Groups. Relief labor has also materially assisted in the cataloging, storage and exhibition of the historic collections, which are con- stantly growing and improving in quality. 4 Although all the work of the State Museum is educational, cer- tain relations merit special mention. The State Museum staff assists in the preparation of the Arbor and Bird Day numbers of the Bulletin to the Schools; it encourages the increasing attendance of school children and students from colleges, who come to study the exhibits. The State Museum guide is constantly on hand to assist such groups. In ten years the attendance has increased from 200 classes from 13 counties to over 400 from 38 counties, totaling over 12,000 this year. Visitors to the exhibition halls are rapidly approaching the attendance of 200,000 a year as under normal eco- nomic conditions. Cooperation in conducting the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park has continued. Six radio talks have been given by members of the staff. 5 The economic problems receiving attention included the study of the status of oil and gas production in the State and the collection of mining and quarry statistics. The various geological quadrangle reports also bear on local mineral resources. Studies of insect pests of forests, fields and gardens have great economic value, as well as those on the black flies and mosquitoes previously referred to. 6 Certain administrative problems have required special attention. With the recent development of the Division of State Planning, the State Museum has given special attention to the orientation of the i8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM natural resources in relation to planning. A scientific study of the natural resources is one of the fundamental necessities in sound public planning and the loo years accumulation of data on that subject should be intelligently utilized. 7 Since the Regents decided to celebrate the Centenary of the establishment of the State Museum and its antecedents on April i6, 1836, a chronological sketch of the Division of Science and State Museum has been prepared and was published in the 31st Annual Report of the State Museum. 8 About 20 cooperative projects have been conducted with such agencies as state departments, universities, colleges, museums, federal bureaus and with individuals. All have been mutually advantageous, and several have already resulted in printed reports. 9 Relief projects have enabled the Museum to accomplish much urgently needed work which has been impossible on our limited budget. Every office has profited by such work. COOPERATION WITH STATE AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS As has been emphasized in recent Annual Reports, the large amount of unemployment involving technical, scientific and clerical workers has made available a certain amount of help. This appeared to be a rare chance not only to perform a public service but to permit the Museum to do a great amount of work long in arrears because of a limited budget. A large number of important field investigations could have been conducted advantageously in various parts of the State had conditions allowed this. A ground water survey of the capital district could have given work to a considerable number of unemployed geologists and geologic engineers, but only a small beginning was made. Certain local planning boards continue to call for fundamental physical and biological surveys and special studies, but this help can not be provided on account of the limited Museum facilities. As a result a relatively small amount of work has been done. In spite of these conditions many relief workers on other projects have called on the State Museum for assistance on their own projects. During the past year the State Museum has cooperated with the following agencies or individuals : I United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. The Museum has continued the long-standing plan of collecting jointly the statistics of mineral production from the mines and quarries of the State. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 19 2 New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. Cooperative entomological studies of the European pine shoot moth and of other insect pests of ornamental trees and shrubs have been continued. 3 New York State Conservation Department. The Director of the State Museum is a member of the State Council of Parks. The geologists of the Museum staff advise the Conservation Department on the purchase of lands when mineral resources are involved. The State Entomologist has continued his studies of the Pales weevil injurious to Scotch and other pines, and his studies of the European pine shoot moth. The Division of Fish and Game has cooperated with the State Entomologist on the relation of mosquito control to wild life. The Allegany School of Natural History is conducted in the Allegany State Park by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. The State’ Museum has continued to cooperate in this and conducts scientific studies of park problems in this park. 4 The State Department of Health has cooperated with the State Entomologist of the Museum staff in the control of the blood-suck- ing flies on the grounds of the State Tuberculosis Hospital at Ray Brook, and the Division of Sanitation on the relation of mosquito control to wild life on Long Island. 5 State Law Department, Office of the Attorney General. The Museum geologists cooperate with the Office of Land Titles on the purchase of mineral lands in the Adirondacks and on other legal problems. 6 State Executive Department, Division of State Planning. The State Museum has cooperated in many ways with the Division of Planning. 7 Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N. Y. The Museum cooperates in conducting the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park. The school has assisted in local scientific surveys in the region of the park. There is also coop- eration with the Allegany State Park Commission. 8 Colgate University, Department of Geology and Geography, Hamilton, N. Y., cooperated on a geological survey of the Morris- ville quadrangle. 9 The University of Rochester, Department of Geology, cooperated on a geological survey of the Clyde and Sodus Bay quadrangles. 10 Cooperation within the Education Department : State Library, conducting exchanges of Museum publications; Department Editor, on the publication of Bird and Arbor Day numbers of the Bulletin to the Schools. 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 11 Dr Rudolf Ruedemann, State Paleontologist of the Museum staff, has cooperated with several universities and museums. 12 Dana Natural History Society, Albany, N. Y. Cooperation on a lecture on birds to Albany school children on Bird Day, April 9, 1937, by Dr John B. May. 13 United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Ento- mology, has cooperated on plans for scientific studies to determine the relation of mosquito control operations to wild life conservation. This cooperation is a continuation of the work begun as a state branch of the Federal Civil Works Administration (C.W.A.) mosquito control relief program, and has been extended to include cooperation with the United States Biological Survey on the same series of studies, and with neighboring states. 14 The American Humane Association, Albany, N. Y. This organization has been conducting a prize competition in order to secure a more humane trap for catching animals. In this worthy endeavor the Zoology office of the State Museum has cooperated. This work has been under way for nine years. 15 The National Association of Audubon Societies has cooperated with the State Entomologist on the relation of mosquito control to wild life. 16 National Research Council, Committee on Wild Life and Nature Reserves. The Director is a member of this committee, which has been studying the facilities devoted to the preservation of natural conditions. 17 Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, cooperates in furnishing bands for the bird-banding studies of the State Zoologist, and has cooperated with the State Entomologist on plans for a study to determine the relation of mosquito control work to wild life conservation. 18 The City Health Department of New York City. The State Entomologist has cooperated with this department on the control of mosquitoes and on their relation to wild life. 19 The Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission has cooperated with the State Entomologist on methods of controlling mosquitoes in relation to wild life conservation. 20 The Nassau County Mosquito Extermination Commission has cooperated with the State Entomologist on studies of mosquitoes and their relation to wild life. 21 The Eastern States Association of Official Mosquito Control Workers. The State Entomologist has participated in the organiza- tion and activities of this interstate association, in which the follow- ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 21 ing states are represented: Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massa- chusetts and New Hampshire, as is also the Federal Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture. 22 Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.). Cooperation on Project No. 50,470. By means of this assistance a large amount of clerical work has been performed for which the State Museum budget was unable to provide; also professional services in several lines that have materially contributed to the regular duties of the Museum. STATE PLANNING The functions and relations of the State Planning to the Federal National Resources Board, and their relation to the State Museum were discussed in the 30th Annual Report, “The Relation of National Resources to Regional and County Planning,” Museum Bulletin 310, p. 121-41. The State Museum is in hearty accord with all such efforts to develop public policies based on sound scientific and technical studies looking toward public interest and social advantage. The Museum needs additional funds and personnel if it is to cooperate properly in meeting urgent local requests for such assist- ance. A bill providing for extra funds passed the Legislature but was vetoed. The fundamental importance of the local natural resources and the relative advantages of geographic position are physical facts which are fundamental in sound public planning, although this is not always appreciated. In general, local planning boards can not expect, with their limited resources, to conduct the essential local scientific surveys of their natural resources. Such work should be conducted in cooperation with the State Museum, but when these studies reach the planning and engineering stage, only occasional scientific assistance may be needed. It is frequently observed, however, that engineers and admin- istrators plunge ahead without adequate scientific and technical advice, and many avoidable errors are thus made, and even permanent injury has thus been done. STATE COUNCIL OF PARKS The State Council of Parks, in the Department of Conservation, is the “central advisory agency for all parks and parkways, and all places of historic, scientific and scenic interest.” The Director of the State Museum is a member of the council, and has attended regularly the monthly meetings and inspection trips through the parks and 22 New YORK STATE MUSEUM parkways. The State Museum has also cooperated in conducting the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park for the past ten years, and has conducted scientific and economic studies of the natural resources in this park. The results of many of these studies have been published and others are in preparation. Important cooperative entomological experiments have been con- ducted by the State Entomologist, of the Museum staff, with the Westchester County Park Commission and with the Long Island State Park Commission, in connection with the mosquito control prob- lem in relation to wild life on the tidal marshes. ALLEGANY SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY “Future educational systems of the States will undoubtedly offer increasing possibilities for intellectual and spiritual growth of adults. In this connection, the wide field of nature will be recognized as a major asset, furnishing inspiring original materials teaching their own lessons. A well-developed State Park system, closely articulated to the educational program of the State, may be an extremely important instrument for use in ways of which we are as yet scarcely aware.” — John C. Merriam, President, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1932. The tenth session of the Allegany School of Natural History was held from July 4 to August 22, 1936, in the Allegany State Park. The school was conducted by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences with the cooperation of the State Museum, and with the cooperation also, of the Commissioners of the Allegany State Park, and in affiliation with the University of Buffalo. The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, in harmony with the wishes of the Board of Regents, is now wholly responsible for the educational policy of the school. This was a responsibility of the State Museum for the past nine years, and was its leading extension activity in a new field. This school has been conducted with certain very definite purposes. First of all, it has been planned to demonstrate the advantages of the extensive system of state parks for educational as well as recreational purposes. Only a beginning has been made in the educational utiliza- tion of these parks. There yet remain many unique advantages which are undeveloped. The Allegany School has not duplicated work that is done by other educational agencies. The park officials are not in a position to conduct scientific studies of the natural resources of the park, and are yet in constant need of just such information. Sooner or later this problem comes to every large park. In my opinion the scientific and educational work in the state parks should be super- vised or conducted by the Education Department, just as definitely as any other kind of educational activities within its particular field. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 23 Dr R. B. Gordon, director of the school, reports that the tenth session was very successful. A brief summary of Doctor Gordon’s report as director of the school is published in the 76th Annual Report of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences for i936-37> pages 22-24. RELATION OF THE MUSEUM EXHIBITS TO SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES (Figure 2) That the schools and colleges show an increasing appreciation of the value of objective teaching is a healthy sign of advance. This has not been the result of a sudden spurt but one that appears to be of gradual and normal growth. Book learning and laboratory methods have long been utilized, but excursions to the fields and forests, to historical, industrial and governmental sites, and to public museums, have been of much slower development. The excellent and increas- ing custom of making school excursions by bus or train to the State Capitol, and on to Washington, is one that deserves every encourage- ment. Properly conducted excursions will open up many vistas to the young, expanding mind. The number of classes of school children and college students which visit the State Museum exhibits continues to increase. During the past year the number of classes was 402, with a total attendance of 12,444, a class average of 30. This is the largest recorded attendance. For the preceding year the number of classes was 445 and the total number was 12,315. The attendance for the past ten years, as recorded by the Museum guide, is as follows ; Year No. classes No. students No. counties 1927- 28 200 5 500 13 1928- 29 17s 4 750 21 1929- 30 235 6 308 25 1930- 31 264 7 128 30 1931- 32 253 6 726 28 1932- 33 309 7 981 31 1933- 34 301 8 769 28 1934- 35 333 8 364 36 1935- 36 445 12 31S 39 1936- 37 402 12 444 38 Most of the classes from a distance are from the high schools. The following 38 counties were represented : Delaware, Schenectady, Albany, Schoharie, Rensselaer, Washington, Saratoga, Fulton, Cayuga, Dutchess, Greene, Montgomery, St Lawrence, Essex, Ulster, Suffolk, Chenango, Orange, Westchester, Otsego, Rockland, Columbia, Her- kimer, Onondaga, Sullivan, Tompkins, Oneida, Broome, Clinton, 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Franklin, Oswego, Warren, New York, Madison, Livingston, Jeffer- son, Ontario and Schuyler. The number of classes from each county is shown on the map (figure 2). This shows, as might be expected, that the largest number came from the vicinity of the capital district, and within about 50 miles of Albany. The number of classes from the rural districts declined but the total number of pupils increased. Massa- chusetts and Vermont had eight classes. Figure 2 Map showing by counties the number of school and college classes that have visited the State Museum 1936-37- Total number of classes, 402 ; and of students, ^2,444. As this class attendance has grown in spite of the economic depres- sion, it is likely with recovery to increase, rather than decrease. Requests continue to come from teachers, school officials and indi- viduals, seeking assistance in the naming of natural history speci- mens, as well as requests for small collections for teaching purposes. Properly trained teachers could readily prepare valuable teaching collections and build up local school museums that would be of much value, and much of this initiative should come from the teachers colleges and normal schools. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 25 As in past years, the Museum staff aids the Department Editor in the preparation of the Bird and Arbor Day Bulletin to the Schools. The Museum also cooperates with the Dana Natural History Society in giving a lecture to the school children on birds. This year it was by Dr John B. May and was given on April 9th. Finally, it is well to recall that in adult education activities there is a vast field which is largely independent of the whole school system. As a research institution the State Museum, through its exhibits, its publications, correspondence and conferences, is constantly assisting in this phase of education, MUSEUM ATTENDANCE Although it is not possible to count the attendance to the exhibition halls, nor to distinguish between those on business errands or those who come for consultation, careful estimates are made and school classes are counted, so that it is known that in normal times the exhibition halls have about 200,000 visitors annually. At the bottom of the depression this number declined about 40,000. The estimated attendance for the present year is about 195,000, an increase over last year of about 20,000. A few years ago an effort was made to learn what was the possible ratio between the attendance of a museum and the population of the city in which it was located. The ratio ran as high as 856 per cent. The New York State Museum with an attendance of 200,000 a year, and a population of Albany of about 120,400 gives a percentage of 166. This would place the State Museum at 15 in the rating of 105 museums listed; a very good rating. Undoubtedly this high per- centage is due to the large number of automobile tourists who visit Albany during the summer months. For a number of years the Museum has been closed on Sunday, but because of Albany’s celebration of the granting of the Dongan charter to the city, a special legislative appropriation was made to keep the State Museum open between May 24 and July i, 1936. The hours were from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. During this period the Museum was open six Sundays and on Memorial Day, and the total attendance was 4833. During the same period the combined attendance at the Capitol and at the State Office Building was 5316, clearly showing the great attractive power of the State Museum exhibits. Most of these visitors were from out of the city. They were particularly orderly and displayed a very keen interest in the exhibits. Between July 4, and September 13, 1936, inclusive, ii Sundays and two holi- days, the attendance was 11,023. From May 23, 1937, to June 27, 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ^937) six Sundays and one holiday, the attendance was 5017. The total attendance for 17 Sundays and three holidays was 16,040. The largest attendance is during July and August, when it is esti- mated the visitors reach 35,000 to 40,000 a month. This is the tourist season and a large part of the attendance is from outside of the State. The special exhibit of old Albany buildings by Paul Schrodt, opened April 16, was extended to September 5, 1936, and was a strong attraction for the local public, bringing some for the first time to the Museum. As a rule the local public is not interested in the Museum exhibits during the summer months. INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY A large public looks to the State Museum as a bureau of informa- tion on the natural resources of the State. This results in an exten- sive correspondence and many office visitors. Members of the Museum staff, working in cooperation with other agencies, also act cLS diffusion agents. Press releases assist in keeping the public informed about aspects of the work of the Museum. The announce- ment of the courses at the Allegany School of Natural History was widely distributed to schools and teachers and reached a large public interested in education. There are a considerable number of requests for public lectures, but with our limited travel funds and without official automobiles, not many invitations can be accepted, even when expenses are pro- vided. During the past year members of the staff have given nine lectures, talks or hearings, reaching about 2000 persons. Six radio talks were given in cooperation with the Rural Educa- tion Division over station WGY at Schenectady, as follows: 1 January nth. Dr H. D. House, "The Mushroom Collection of the State Museum” 2 February 8th, Mr David C. Lithgow, “The Making of the Indian Groups in the State Museum” 3 March 8th, Dr D. H. Newland, “Minerals Found and Not Found in New York State” 4 April 1 2th, C. A. Hartnagel, “The Salt Exhibits in the State Museum” 5 May 29th, Dr Dayton Stoner, “A Tour of the Zoological Exhibits in the State Museum” 6 June i6th. Dr C. C. Adams, “Your State Museum and State History” cf. p. 13. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 27 CONDITION OF EXHIBITION HALLS, STUDY COLLEC- TIONS AND SPECIAL EXHIBITS The problem of the leaky skylights continues as a permanent prob- lem in the halls of Geology and Paleontology, necessitating special care to protect the exhibits. The leaks in the Zoology Hall disfigured the ceiling, which was repainted by October. Between January and April the floors in Paleontology and Geology halls were cleaned and a new clear finish applied ; this is a decided improvement. During March and April nine table cases for historic exhibits were repaired with extra thick glass and stronger fasteners. The temporary exhibit of models of old Albany buildings by Paul Schrodt was extended through the summer to September 5, 1936 (Cf. State Mus. Bui. 313, p. 32-37), and continued to interest visitors. The lighting of the labels of the Iroquois Indian Groups has never been satisfactory and calls for a thoroughly modern treatment. The overcrowded condition of the study collections continues, as no additional space has been available. Modem storage cases for these collections are a major need of the Museum. PRINTING AND PUBLICATIONS “After all it is the written word that lives.” — Dr W. M. Beauchamp. The following is a list of the serial publications of the State Museum printed during the fiscal year: Adams, Charles C. 1937 Thirtieth Report of the Director of the Division of Science and State Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 310: 1-146 Buddington, A. F. 1937 Geology of the Santa Qara Quadrangle, New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 309: i-s6 Krieger, Louis C. C. 1937 A Popular Guide to the Higher Fungi (Mushrooms) of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Handbook, 11:538 (1935) Krieger, Medora H. 1937 Geology of the Thirteenth Lake Quadrangle, New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 308: 1-124 Saunders, Aretas A. 1936 Ecology of Birds of Quaker Run Valley, Allegany State Park, New York. N. Y. State Mus. Handbook, 16:1-174 Stoner, Dayton 1937 Ten Years’ Returns from Banded Bank Swallows. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 18. 2ip. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Accompanying this report is also the Annual Museum Bibliography which includes papers by members of the staff, and also papers br- others which are based at least in part on the collections of the State Museum, or which are the result of some form of cooperation with it. The need of funds to reprint various State Museum publications is one that continues to be a serious problem. Frequent requests are made for publications that are out of print and can not be supplied. So little has been done to meet this need that it would require $25,000 to reprint the publications for which there is the greatest demand. This is only a part of the larger problem of a general printing policy for the State Museum publications, which has never been properly solved. Neither the general public’s interest nor protection of the State’s interest can be given proper attention at present. As has been mentioned in previous Annual Reports, Dr H. A. Pilsbry’s mono- graph on the land and fresh water mollusca of the State remains in manuscript after its completion for more than ten years. Another report of unusual merit, by Dr S. C. Bishop, on the salamanders, should be published. Elsewhere I have discussed certain phases of this problem (Suggestions for a Printing Policy for the New York State Museum. The Museum News, v.ii, p. 7-8, 1935.) The reprinting of the bird plates, the wild flower volumes, and certain Museum handbooks is an aspect of the problem that calls for careful study and a progressive policy. PHOTOGRAPHY AND DRAFTING In the conduct of scientific and scholarly investigations no satis- factory substitute has been found for photographs, drawings and maps. These are not only a part of the record, supplementing the written notes, but are an essential part in presenting the results of these studies in printed form for public use. The workers in the field, as a rule, make their own exposures, and the negatives are developed and printed at the Museum, in order to attain uniformity and permanence of the record. The quality of the record thus preserved under this system has improved considerably. The older negatives, photographs, drawings and maps are by degrees being systematized, indexed, and the older negatives placed in better envelops which protect them from dust and injury. During the past year relief workers have been available part of the time and have helped substantially in advancing this work. A card index of the greater part of the negatives is a very substantial improvement. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 29 Additional electric outlets have been placed in the dark room, increasing the safety of the room, and valuable new equipment has been secured. The photographer and draftsman reports the preparation of 51 1 negatives, 1443 prints, 74 lantern slides, 73 drawings and 94 labels. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS AND ALLIED MATTERS (Figures 3-6) “I warmly sympathize with the ambition expressed in your annual report to have this Museum more than a mere zoologic or scientific museum. It should be a museum of arts and letters as well as a museum of natural history. . . . “There should be here a representation of all our colonial and revolutionary life. There should be in this museum for the instruction and inspiration of our people, a full representation of American history since the time when New York cast off its provincial character and became an integral i»rtion of the American Republic.” — Theodore Roosevelt’s address at the opening of the New York State Museum, December 29, 1916. The accession cards and file records of the Historic Collection became so unwieldy that steel filing cases were provided for them. A working catalog of pertinent historical literature has been prepared, and has proved very useful. Illustrative of representative materials in this collection is the old Van Rensselaer coach (figure 3), and an interesting old pewter Com- munion set used at a mission among the Indians on the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation (figure 4). Additional examples of the Isaac Hutton silver presented by Miss Catharine Eights Boies Potter are shown in figures 5 and 6. MUSEUM COLLABORATORS In order to encourage cooperation in the scientific and other aspects of the work of the Museum, the Regents on April 18, 1929, author- ized the Director to appoint collaborators. Dr E. P. Felt is at present the only Museum Collaborator. He has carefully revised his Museum Bulletin 200, Key to American Insect Galls, and has submitted it for reprinting. STATE MUSEUM COUNCIL The State Museum Council is an advisory group appointed by the Board of Regents to advance the general welfare of the Museum. Its duties are thus explained by the Rules of the Board of Regents : Section 13 Councils. The Commissioner with the approval of the Regents shall appoint the following councils, of five members each; college, academic, library, museum, music, nurse training school. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM industrial education, agricultural education, character and humane education, physically handicapped children, and medical. These councils shall serve as advisory bodies with which the officers of the Department may consult regarding institutions in the University or registered in the Department. One member of each council shall be appointed yearly to serve for a term of five years beginning with the first day of October next following the ending of the term to which each respectively, is to succeed, except that an appointment to fill a vacancy created otherwise than by the expiration of a term shall be for the unexpired term. The deans of the dental, pharmacy and veterinary medical schools shall, respectively, act as similar councils for dental, pharmacy and veterinary medical interests. There was no meeting of the Council called this year. SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF (Figures 7-23) “It is essential that this Museum should command the service of many differ- ent men for work in many different fields, and that its work should be so closely related to work of the same kind elsewhere that it shall all represent a coordi- nated whole. This is true of all departments of the work, but especially so of those departments which have a direct utilitarian bearing. “This Museum, like every other institution of the type, should do everything to develop large classes of workers of this kind. And yet, friends, we must never forget that the greatest need, the need most difficult to meet, is the need to develop great leaders and to give full play to their activities. In the entirely proper effort to develop numbers of individual workers there must be no forget- fulness of this prime need of individual leadership if American achievement in the scientific field is to be really noteworthy. Yet, in scientific as well as in historical associations and academies, this fact is often forgotten. “The really great works must be produced by some individual great man who is able to use to the utmost advantage the indispensable preliminary work of a multitude of other observers and investigators. He will be the first to recognize his debt to these other observers and investigators. If he does not do so he will show himself a poor creature. On the other hand, if they are worth their salt they will be proud to have the great architect use all the results of their praiseworthy and laborious and necessary labor in constructing the building which is to crown it.” — Theodore Roosevelt’s address at the opening of the New York State Museum, December 2g, 1916. From an administrative point of view the following is a summary of the scientific work of the staff ; Paleontology. Dr. Rudolf Ruedemann, State Paleontologist, has continued his work on the report on the geology of the Catskill quadrangle. John H. Cook is completing his report on the glacial geology of the same quadrangle. George H. Chadwick has not com- pleted his part of the report on the Catskill quadrangle made in cooperation with Doctor Ruedemann. The completion of the report is mainly dependent on the publication of a revised topographic map of the quadrangle (figures 7-9). Figure 3 An old Van Rensselaer coach in the Historic Collection. Presented by the Goold Company, Albany, N. Y. Figure 4 Old pewter Communion set, used at Oldtown Indian Presbyterian Mission, Cattaraugus Indian Reservation. [31] Figure 5 Silver pitclier and bowl made by Isaac Hutton (1767-1855) of Albany. Donated by Catharine Eights Boies Potter. [.12] Figure 6 Silver sugar tongs and spoons, made by Isaac Hutton of Albany. Donated by Catharine Eights Boies Potter. f33i [35] Figure 7 Entrance to Mount Tom Iron Mine, near Linlithgo, N. Y. Burden iron ore mine. Catskill quadrangle. [36] Figure 8 Fold in Ordovician rocks. Catskill quadrangle near Mount Merino. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 37 Doctor Ruedemann’s monograph on the Graptolites and their stratigraphy is still in preparation. With the Catskill quadrangle in the background this monograph will receive increased attention. Dr Winifred Goldring, Assistant State Paleontologist, has nearly completed the field work on the geology of the Coxsackie quadrangle, and John H. Cook has completed the field work on the glacial geology for this area. Doctor Goldring has continued her studies of Devonian stratigraphy. The coral reef paper has been completed and is ready for publication, and a report was completed on Devonian crinoids for the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh. C. F. Kilfoyle has continued the cataloging of the Clarke collection of pamphlets, and has brought to date the catalog of types of fossils, including over 3500 unpublished cards. Dr A. C. Tester, Temporary Geologist, has not completed his report of the geology of the Randolph quadrangle. Dr Gordon I. Atwater, Temporary Geologist, has not completed his report on the revision of the geology of the Salamanca quadrangle. Professor L. W. Ploger, Temporary Geologist, has continued his study of the geology of the Cattaraugus quadrangle. Dr R. J. Colony, Temporary Geologist, who died March 26, 1936, was engaged for many years on the complex geology of the Schune- munk quadrangle. The field work was practically completed, the report was well in hand, and it will be completed by his colleagues in the Department of Geology, Columbia University. Professor N. C. Dale, Temporary Geologist, is completing his report on the geology of the Oriskany quadrangle. Dr G. Arthur Cooper, Temporary Geologist, continued work on his report on the Hamilton formation and a report on the fossils of the Allegany State Park. Professor H. D. Whitnall and his colleagues of Colgate University have continued their cooperative study of the geology of the Morris- ville quadrangle. Dr John G. Woodruff, of Colgate University, has completed his report on the geology of the Wellsville quadrangle, studied in coopera- tion with Colgate University, Dr Tracy Gillette, of the University of Rochester, who has been making the cooperative study with the Geology Department of the University of Rochester of the Clyde and Sodus Bay quadrangles, has completed his general report. John H. Cook, Temporary Geologist, has about completed his studies of the glacial geology of the Catskill and Coxsackie quad- rangles, as above mentioned. 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Economic Geology. Dr D. H. Newland, State Geologist, began a revised study of the limestones in the southern counties, Orange, Ulster and Greene, but because of the depression this project was temporarily suspended. Doctor Newland, assisted by Henry Vaughan, Temporary Geolo- gist, continued for the second season, their field work on the geology and mineralogy of the Lake George region. This study is to serve as the basis for a popular handbook on the geology and mineralogy of the region. Because of the large number of summer visitors in that region and the lack of a satisfactory popular account of its minerals, it is believed that such a handbook will meet a real need (figures 10-12). Doctor Newland, assisted by C. A. Hartnagel, Assistant State Geologist, has continued the long-standing cooperative preparation of a biennial report on the mining and quarry production for the State. The report will be completed next year. Since this cooperative project was begun about 30 years ago the industries have expanded about four times. At the same time more detailed information is required, so that without a corresponding increase in funds for the State Museum, this additional work has become a serious problem. No one questions the value of these industrial statistics, and increased funds are now needed for this work. C. A. Hartnagel, Assistant State Geologist, has as usual given special attention to oil and gas development within the State, and is nearing completion of a report on the Randolph mammoth. Dr A. F. Buddington, Temporary Geologist, continued his field work on the geology of the Willsboro quadrangle. Mrs Medora H. Krieger, Temporary Geologist, extended her field work on the geology of the Indian Lake quadrangle. The geological report on the Childwold quadrangle in the Adi- rondacks, conducted in cooperation with the Geology Department of the University of Rochester, was suspended for the season. Botany. Dr H. D. House, State Botanist, reports no important changes in the reports of the flora of the Newcomb or Oneida Lake reports. Mrs Elsie G. Whitney, Assistant State Botanist, continued her work on the preparation of a handbook on ferns, but from January on was ill. [39] Figure g Unconformity between the hill of Silurian, and the rocks in the stream bed of Ordovician. Catskill quadrangle. [40] Figure lo Old lime kiln (1759) at Fort George, Lake George region Ui] Figure ii Glacial clays, showing landslide topography, near Whitehall, Lake George region [-12] Figure 12 Lake George, after passing French mountain on Glens Falls road [43] Figure 13 Mosquito breeding water, Albany city dump. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. , [44] Figure 14 A detas! of the Albany city dump, showing how water-holding objects make breeding conditions for mosquitoes. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 45 Dr Robert B. Gordon, Temporary Botanist, completed the prepara- tion and editing of Handbook 17 on the Vegetation of the Allegany Park. He is also completing his report on the ecological mapping of the vegetation of Cattaraugus county. Handbook 17 is the most intensive study of the vegetation of any large tract thus far made in this State, and illustrates, in part, the kind of reports needed in county planning. Dr Rogers McVaugh, Temporary Botanist, has continued his study of the flora of Columbia county. Norman Taylor, Temporary Botanist, made field studies of the salt marsh vegetation on Long Island in relation to the ditching conducted in mosquito control work. A preliminary report has been published, and the full report has been completed. Relief assistance has been continued to the great advantage of the botanical collection. Entomology. Dr R. D. Glasgow, State Entomologist, has con- tinued his studies of various insect pests of the fields, gardens and forests, and has given special attention to the pressing mosquito control problem because of the availability of relief labor, particularly about New York City, on Long Island and about Albany (figures 13-16). Insecticide dusts are usually applied by a blast of air generated . mechanically by a bellows, by a cylinder and piston as in a bicycle [ pump, or by a centrifugal “blower” type of fan. None of these has 1 sufficient power to drive a blast of dust-laden air high enough to cover mature forest trees, as in gypsy moth control work and the like. Dusting from airplanes for control of forest insects, also, is not practicable on hilly ground. Experiments made on May 4, 1937, and later appear to indicate that insecticide dusting by means of explosives may solve many difficult insect control problems. These experiments were made in collaboration with Robert E. Blair, representing the W. H. Loomis Talc Corporation of Gouverneur, N. Y. An important new field of insect control procedure appears here to have been opened up (figures 17-19)- Dr A. Glenn Richards jr. Temporary Entomologist, made field studies of the mosquito problem on Long Island, as a part of a pro- gram to determine the relation of mosquito control to the local wild life problem. His report has been completed. K. F. Chamberlain, Assistant State Entomologist, has continued his work on the transferring of the insect collection to the new insect 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM boxes and steel cabinets. The condition of the collection has thus been greatly improved. Doctor Glasgow has supervised relief workers engaged in organiz- ing, printing and indexing the negatives devoted to insects, listing on cards the office collection of literature, translating pertinent foreign literature, and summarizing the literature on mosquito control. This work is of much permanent value. Reports are nearing completion by Doctor Glasgow on the Euro- pean pine shoot moth, the larch case bearer, Birch skeletonizer, the Narcissus bulb problem, pine and Texas weevils. Zoology. Dr Dayton Stoner, State Zoologist, has continued his prolonged studies of the bank, barn and cliff swallows, by the band- ing method, in the vicinity of Oneida lake and near Albany. The study of the birds in Washington Park, Albany, is approaching a stage warranting a report for publication. The care of the exhibits, the storage collections, the files and indexes constitutes a time-consuming but essential duty. Several temporary exhibits have been prepared (figures 22-23). W. J. Schoonmaker, Assistant State Zoologist, has continued his study of the habits of the woodchuck, and his survey of the mammals of Rensselaer county. Aretas A. Saunders, Temporary Ornithologist, working in the Allegany State Park, has continued his extensive studies of the birds of this park, and is summarizing his observations on the summer birds of the park. His Handbook 16 on Birds of Quaker Run Valley has been published. His report. Studies of Breeding Birds in the Alle- gany State Park, is in process of printing as a Museum bulletin, and his report on the Summer Birds of the Allegany State Park has been completed and awaits publication. Archeology and History. Noah T. Clarke, State Archeologist, assisted by relief help, has been able to review all the stored archeo- logical material under the exhibit cases in Archeological Hall. Scattered collections have been concentrated, numbered, cataloged, indexed and labeled. A card index to collectors and sites has also been prepared. The series of photographs and prints has received special attention. On account of ill health of the State Archeologist the field survey of private collections has been delayed. W. L. Lassiter, Temporary Curator of History, as has been the regular procedure for many years, devoted July and August to cata- loging, recording, caring for and storing the Historic Collection. He has also rearranged the temporary historic exhibits. The relief assistance available has materially advanced in this work. OJ o ^ .ti c/i ^ o ^ £ (n ^ Oh D P £ d<^ ^ o ^ ■ u o ^ U rd !L> r- TO .S S bfi ^ -a 2 o “3"^ O' ^ (/) G o C [471 control project. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. Figure i6 Swamp pools like this within the city of Albany are a prolific source of mosquitoes. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. Figure 17 Experiments with explosives for applying insecticide dusts. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. [48] X [49] Figure 18 Distribution on board of dust discharged by explosives, at 50 feet from mortar. Mortar used, cap and five-incli nipple of four-inch gas pipe. Two ounces of powder used to lift three pounds of dust. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. [50] Fjgui e 19 Distribution on board of dust discharged by explosives, at 100 feet from mortar. Mortar used, cap and five-inch nipple of four-inch gas pipe. Two ounces of powder used to lift three pounds of dust. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. Figure 21 Site of a bank swallow colony comprising more than 500 individuals. South bank of Fish creek near Oneida lake. New York. Photograph by Dayton Stoner. Figure 20 Five banded adult bank swallows, No. 37/55001 to 37/55005. Oneida lake, New York. May 23, 1937. Photograph by Dayton Stoner. [51] Figure 22 Temporar_v exhibit oT recent zoological accessions. Photograph hy E. J. Stein. Figure 23 Temporary exhibit of recent zoological accessions. Photograph by E. J. Stein. 1 52] ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 53 GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS THE CENTENARY APRIL 15, 1936 On April 15, 1836, the Legislature of New York, authorized the establishment of the State Geological and Natural History Survey. This was the first scientific agency of the State Government. At that date only a few states had come to realize the need of a scientific inventory of their natural resources and a technical knowledge of them. This work under the names of the State Survey, the State Cabinet of Natural History, and the State Museum, has been main- tained so that on April 15, 1936, the institution was 100 years old. In several of the Annual Reports attention has been called to the appropriateness of celebrating this centenary in a suitable manner. The Board of Regents decided to devote the 73d Convocation of The University of the State of New York on Friday, October 15, 1937, to that purpose. The significance of such an anniversary appears to be so obvious as to call for no explanation. The value of an anniversary has recently been well expressed by Dr C. Stuart Gager as follows : But what is the point and purpose of recognizing an anniversary? . . . It is not so much to celebrate past achievement, but to reveal to the world the nature of the institution ; for those in charge of it to clarify and possibly to restate their ideals in the light of the wisdom gained by past experience, and with a clear vision of future and larger accomplishments, made possible by new conceptions, new deeds, new methods and techniques, new resources and new enthusiasm. {Gager, Science, v. 84, 1936, 365.) The execution of this general plan falls to the next Annual Report. HISTORICAL POLICIES In the last Annual Report attention was again called to the need of revised or new policies on certain historic matters intimately related to the work of the State Museum as follows : 1 The unsatisfactory status of state-owned historical and scien- tific reservations, and the need of a comprehensive constructive policy for their administration, care and use. (Cf. Mus. Bui. 288, p. 51-56. 1931.) 2 The unsatisfactory status of the battleships that lie upon state land, in public waters of the Atlantic ocean, the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain and Lake George. 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM WORLD’S FAIR OF 1939 Plans are now under way for a World’s Fair in New York City in 1939, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the founding of the government of the United States and of the inauguration of George Washington. If the State Museum and the natural resources of New York State are to be properly represented in this proposed fair, plans should be developed now. Moreover, there will be an opportunity to secure desirable exhibits at the close of the fair. The Centennial of 1876 at Philadelphia, the World’s Fair of 1893 at Chicago, the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901, the Universal Exposition at St Louis in 1904 and the Century of Progress Fair at Chicago in 1933 and 1934 provided opportunity for public museums to acquire the collections and the exhibits at the close of these fairs. The United States National Museum is an outgrowth of the Centennial, and the Field Museum of Natural History, of the World’s Fair, and are well-known examples of the influence of such expositions. Some of the best exhibits in the New York State Museum were the outcome of such fairs. For example, the large relief map of the State was made for the World’s Fair of 1893, and the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 at Buffalo was the source of several economic exhibits in the hall of geology. In order to make any satisfactory utilization of such exhibits and materials, however, the already overcrowded condition of the State Museum points emphatically to the necessity of planning more definitely for the long proposed new Memorial State Museum Building. Valuable and extensive exhibits can not be acquired from such a source unless special storage quarters are provided. Regarding plans for the proposed new State Museum building, reference should be made to the 25th Annual Report (Mus. Bui. 293, p. 81-110, 1932). Failure to prepare for this occasion properly would be an irreparable loss to the State Museum, as such an opportunity may not arise again for a generation. ANNUAL FINANCIAL AND STATISTICAL SUMMARY THE STATE MUSEUM BUDGET The following budget does not include the cost of heat, light, janitor service, orderlies (watchmen), carpenters, painters and ele- vator men. Certain other items also are furnished by the Education Department, such as postage, stationery, express, drayage in part, telegraph and telephone, and are therefore not included in the budget. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 55 The traveling expenses have been budgeted so that each member of the scientific staff is able to plan his work to the best advantage. Facilities provided by cooperative projects supplement to an im- portant degree the state appropriation. It is impossible to estimate the amount of these funds precisely, since they include the federal franking privilege, cooperation with many individuals, with organ- izations and with other state departments. Labor, supplies, expert services, use of automobiles etc. have been provided by this coopera- tion. Such financial assistance is of the greatest value; but the funds do not pass through the Museum. The annual and statistical summary for the fiscal year July i, 1936, to June 30, 1937, follows : APPROPRIATIONS AND FUNDS FOR FISCAL YEAR (July I, 1936, to June 30, 1937) Appropriations Salaries : Administrative staff $9 000 00 Permanent scientific staff 33 450 00 Temporary expert services 2 500 00 Scientific assistants 5 200 00 Qerical, labor etc 10 220 00 Total salaries $60 670 00 Equipment and supplies $ 4 100 00 Traveling (of which $250 was made available for out-of-state travel) 2 600 00 Printing 6 367 00 Total budget $73 737 00 DIRECTORY DATA Name of Museum: New York State Museum Location: Albany, New York, U. S. A. Name of Director: Charles C. Adams Name of Assistant Director: Alvin G. Whitney Date of Founding: The Museum is the outgrowth of state surveys begun in 1836; formal organization of the Museum was effected in 1843. (See State Museum Bui. 313, p. 85-121, 1937, for historical sketch.) Open to the public: Open week days from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Qosed on Sundays and legal holidays, except from June to September. Total number of hours open to the public for the year, about 2556. Staff: Administrative officers 2 Permanent scientific staff ii Technical and clerical assistants ii Part-time employes 10 Total staff 34 Work relief employes ( ?) 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Salary schedules, 1936-37: Administrative $3000 to $6000 Scientific professional staff $1720 to $4500 Technical assistants (nonprofessional grade) $1600 to $2000 Hours and vacation: Hours of work a week, 361 Vacation allowance, i6i working days, and all legal holidays. NEEDS OF THE STATE MUSEUM THE GENERAL FINANCIAL PROBLEM The State Museum moved into its present quarters in the State Education Building in 1912. After 20 years, in 1932, a careful comparison was made of its financial status during that interval. The results were very significant, as they showed a salary increase of about $25,000 in 20 years. Equipment, supplies and traveling and temporary expert services increased about $1300 in 16 years ! The staff declined from 28 to 24 persons in 15 years. The printing funds have never been wholly adequate to meet the needs. These are fair samples of the relatively stationary or declining financial support of the State Museum during the 20-year period. The tragic feature of the situation is that during this same period there was a great period of economic prosperity, during which museum and similar scientific and educational agencies all over the United States underwent unprecedented expansion. Likewise, within the State, while other educational agencies were expanding and new ones being developed, the State Museum did not maintain normal growth, but actually showed a relative decline. The neighboring state of Pennsylvania expended for its geologic work alone $67,500; Illinois, $125,000; and California, $63,000 in a single year, and the New York State Museum, for the same period, with its very much broader field, has had about $75,000. Throughout this period of relative decline of financial support, the public need for scientific and educational work, within the field of the State Museum, has con- stantly increased. This has led to the suggestion that the State Museum, like the state colleges in the Education Department, should have its own trustees, who would be able to devote considerable time to promoting the general welfare of the Museum. As a natural result of this retarded condition of the Museum, other state agencies have encroached upon the legitimate field of the State Museum and tended to take over its functions, in spite of the fact that aside from finances, they are not properly staffed for such scientific, economic and educational work, they do not have the ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 57 necessary library, collections, files of data, for such work ; and, in common with administrative departments, they do not generally have the viewpoint conducive to research and the educational approach. Furthermore, various administrative agencies at Albany frequently need scientific and technical assistance and cooperation which can best and quickest be furnished by an agency at Albany. This long-standing financial situation has received constant em- phasis in each Annual Report for many years, and has become a monotonous feature, but until conditions materially improve, it seems necessary to continue calling attention to the facts of the situation. THE CURRENT FINANCIAL PROBLEM As shown by the financial summary, the budget for the past fiscal year was about $73,000. In addition to this there have been contri- butions from cooperating agencies, which are very difficult to estimate. Special economy reductions from the regular budget items or allot- ments have been made. On the other hand, valuable assistance has been received from the relief agencies, which have furnished clerical help. Considering the value of the natural resources of the State, and their economic and social importance in a State with the largest population and the greatest wealth, however, it is at once apparent that a budget of $73,000 is inadequate to cover an up-to-date, state- wide scientific survey of the natural resources. RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS Cooperative research with various industries has often been found to be mutually advantageous. Such cooperation may be conducted by several methods. A method that deserves particular commendation is the establishment of research fellowships. By this method the cooperating agency would finance the work of capable research assistants or fellows, who work under the supervision of a member of the State Museum staff, on some problem in which the cooperator is particularly interested. The results of such studies should be published by the State Museum and thus made public. GROUND WATER RESEARCH As the population of the State increases, the demand for under- ground waters for public and private supplies, as well as for industrial use, increases very rapidly. One-half of the public waterworks of the State obtain all or part of their supplies from ground waters. 58 NEW YORK state MUSEUM The mode of occurrence, the quality and the quantity of the water are thus of great importance, as was particularly realized during the severe droughts of recent years. Millions of dollars are invested in public water supply plants, and the delivery or sale of water to the consumer makes it one of the most important mineral resources of the State. The products of the mines and quarries during pros- perous times have for a single year amounted to more than $ioo,- 000,000 worth of raw materials, and it is not unlikely that the ground waters are worth considerably more than half that amount. Although the State Museum has collected observations and records on this subject for many years, it has never had the funds, men and equip- ment to make an adequate statewide study of this vital problem. TEMPORARY STORAGE SPACE Pending the construction of a new State Museum Memorial Build- ing the problem of temporary storage for collections is becoming more acute every year. The hallways or corridors have been utilized for storage because there was no adequate provision made for storage when the Education Building was planned; yet this has been dis- couraged for various reasons. The crowded condition of the store- rooms is a menace to the collections, and the materials can not be consulted and used, although there is frequent need of this. DONATIONS TO THE STATE MUSEUM In spite of the preceding statement as to the need of storage space for the museum collections, it is desirable to inform the public that the State Museum welcomes donations of : 1 Scientific collections of natural history materials, minerals, fos- sils, rocks and specimens of plants and animals, particularly when accompanied by scientific data. 2 Historical collections of objects illustrating the history of New York Indians, objects of the Colonial period and the Revolutionary period, household and industrial equipment. Materials illustrating the history of the professions are particularly desired, such as illus- trate the history of medicine and surgery, dentistry, engineering in its various aspects, and the tools and equipment used in various trades. Aviation should also be properly represented. Historic objects related to the various wars in which New York has taken an active part are heartily welcomed. In all cases it should be borne in mind that it is primarily New York State material that is sought, because first of all this is a New York State Museum, and also because space is lacking for other ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 59 materials. Persons contemplating such donations should call at the Museum or write in advance about such proposed donations. The State Museum has no desire to monopolize all such materials, but at present in many localities there are no local organizations able to care properly for such collections; and the State should give reasonable assistance in preserving them and making them available for future study and display. ANNUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE STATE MUSEUM Publications by the Museum staff for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1937, or based, at least in part, on the Museum collections, or made in cooperation with the State Museum, are as follows : Adams, Charles C. 1936 New York State Museum. In 32d Ann. Rep’t of the Education Department, v. i, p. 301-3 1937 30th Report of the Director of the Division of Science and State Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 310; 1-146 1937a The Relation of the Natural Resources to Regional and County Planning. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 310: 121-41 Bryant, W. L. 1936 A Study of the Oldest Known Vertebrates, Astraspis and Erip- tychius. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 76, no. 4 : 409-27 Bryant, W. L. & Johnson, J. H. 1936 Upper Devonian Fish from Colorado. Jour, of Paleontology, 10, no. 7 : 656-59 Buddington, A. F. 1937 Geology of the Santa Clara Quadrangle, New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 309: 1-56 Carson, Russel M. L. 1936 The Adirondack Forest. Univ. State of New York Bulletin to the Schools, 22 : 142-46 Clarke. N. T. 1937 The Indian Groups of the New York State Museum and a Descrip- tion of the Technic. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 310:101-20 Glasgow, R. D. 1937 Some Relations of Mosquito-Control Work to Other Conservation Activities. A Problem in Practical Human Ecology. Proc. 24th, Ann. Meeting, N. J. Mosquito Extermination Ass’n, p. 205-11. Goldring, Winifred 1937 Underground Sun Cracks. In “The Story of Howe Caverns,” p. 66-69. Cobleskill Krieger, Louis C. C. 1937 A Popular Guide to the Higher Fungi (Mushrooms) of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Handbook, 11:1-538 (1935) Krieger, Medora H. 1937 Geology of the Thirteenth Lake Quadrangle, New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 308: 1-124 Lithgow, David C. 1937 History of the Indian Groups with a Description of the Technic, N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 310:83-100 6o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM McVaugh, Rogers 1936 Studies in the Taxonomy and Distribution of the Eastern North American Species of Lobelia. Rhodora, 38 : 241-63 Newland, D. H. 1936 Mineralogy and Origin of the Taconic Limonites. Economic Geol- ogy, 31, no. 2: 133-55 1937 Herkimer County Quartz Crystals. Rocks and Minerals, 12, no. 2; 36-37 Newland, D. H. & Hartnagel, C. A. 1937 Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York in 1936. Amer. Inst. Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Trans., 123 : 420-22 Ruedemann, Rudolf 1936 Ordovician Graptolites from Quebec and Tennessee. Jour. Pal., 10, no. 5:385-87 1936a The Dates of Publication of the Earlier New York State Museum Reports. Science, 84, no. 2182 : 373-74 1936b Memorial of Charles Henry Richardson. Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer. for 193s, p. 301-4 1936c Revision of Oldhamia and the Rensselaer Grit Problem. Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer. for 1935, p. 383 (abstract) 1937 A New North American Graptolite Faunule. Amer. Jour. Sci., 5 ser., 33 : 57-62 1937a Eastern New York Ordovician Cherts. Supplementary Notes. Bui. Geol. Soc. Amer., 47 (supplement) : 201^17 1937b Plankton and Radiolarian Ooze in Paleozoic Formations of New York. (Abstract of paper read at meeting of National Academy of Science.) Science, 85, no. 2210:439 Ruedemann, Rudolf, & Howell, B. F. 1936 Impression of a Worm (?) on the Cheek of a Cambrian Trilobite. Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer. for 1935, p. 373 (abstract) Ruedemann, Rudolf, & Wilson, T. Y. 1936 Radiolarian Cherts of the Deep Kill and Normanskill Graptolite Shales. Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer. for 193S, p. 377 (abstract) 1936a Eastern New York Ordovician Cherts. Bui. Geol. Soc. Amer., 47: 1535-586 Saunders, Aretas A. 1936 Ecology of Birds of Quaker Run Valley, Allegany State Park, New York. N. Y. State Mus. Handbook, 16: 1-174 Stoner, Dayton 1936 Author’s Summary of his “Temperature and Growth Studies on the Barn Swallow.” [Auk, 52 : 400-7] Biological Abstracts, 10: 1837-838 1936a Further Evidence on Blue Jay Migration. Bird Banding, 7 : 170-71 1936b Wildlife Casualties on the Highways. Wilson Bulletin, 48 : 276-83 1937 Ten Years’ Returns from Banded Bank Swallows. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 18. 2ip. 1937a The House Rat as an Enemy of the Bank Swallow. Jour, of Mam- malogy, 18 : 87-89 1937b A Method of Dispersal of the Black Widow Spider. Science, 85, no. 2200 : 219 1937c Reptiles and Amphibians in Relation to Celery Insects in the San- ford, Florida District. Florida Entomologist, ig : 49-53. I937d Feathered Visitors of Rural and Urban Communities. Univ. State of New York Bulletin to the Schools, 23, no. 13: 112-16 i937e Author’s Summary of his Studies on the Bank Swallow, Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus) in the Oneida Lake Region. [Roos. Wild Life Ann., 4: 122-233, 1936] Biological Abstracts, 11:817 ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 6i Stormer, Leif 1935 Dictyocaris, Salter, a Large Crustacean from the Upper Silurian and Downtonian. Norsk geologisk tidsskrift. B. XV. Oslo 193S, p. 265-98 Taylor, Norman 1937 A Preliminary Report on the Relation of Mosquito-Control Ditch- ing to Long Island Salt-Marsh Vegetation. Proc. 24th Ann. Meeting N. J. Mosquito Extermination Ass’n, p. 211-17 MUSEUM ACCESSIONS FOR THE YEAR Accessions are new additions to the Museum. These are classified into the following groups : 1 By donation: objects presented to the Museum 2 By exchange: for other Museum materials etc. 3 By purchase : payment from the Museum budget 4 By the staff: collected by the staff during official duties of any kind 5 By transfer, from other state departments or other divisions of the State Government, as provided by law Gifts to scientific and educational institutions are listed at the end of this section. BY DONATION Adirondack Bait Supply, Chestertown, N. Y. Spotted salamander, Chestertown, N. Y. Albany Chamber of Commerce, Albany, N. Y. Pamphlet on the 250th Anniversary of the granting of the Dongan Charter, Albany, 1936 Angaramie, Patrick, and Carbone, Peter, Albany, N. Y. Leech, Turners pond, near Westerlo, N. Y. Antemann, Elizabeth, Albany, N. Y. Jewelry-makers’ tools, designs and jewelry Arnold, E. J., Albany, N. Y. Collection of historic materials comprising household, industrial and military objects Arnold, E. J., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Blade, near County Farm, Argyle, N. Y. Arnold, Wayne S., Mechanicville, N. Y. Large banded slate tube, near Stafford’s bridge, Saratoga county, N. Y. Slate gagger fragment, Fishkill, N. Y. Stone bird effigy, near Rudd, Guilford county, N. C. Ayres, D., jr. Fort Plain, N. Y. Old broad ax Baldwin, H. T., Chestertown, N. Y. Ellsworthite from Hybla, Ontario, Can. Bartlett, A. E., Delhi, N. Y. Doll’s bedding Beals, A. T., New York, N. Y. 3 specimens of Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth, Long Island, N. Y. Beiermeister, F., Troy, N. Y. Specimen of tropical cockroach, Blaberus sp., Troy, N. Y. 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Branche, Earl C, Lowville, N. Y. Caterpillar of imperial moth, Eacles imperialis Dru., Biantingham, N. Y. Burdick, C. A., Manlius, N. Y. Old iron skillet Case, Leslie V., Tarrytown, N. Y. 38 representative Egyptian flint implements (In memory of Dr John M. Clarke) Castle, B. M., Kingston, N. Y. Southern bald eagle, Zena, N. Y. Chesebro Brothers and Robbins, Inc., New York, N. Y. 3 little redfish (no locality) Chrisp, Hugh P., Albany, N. Y. Gray fox, Stamford, N. Y. Cook, David, Albany, N. Y. 10 specimens of plants from Wyoming county and one from Rensselaer county Cox, Oren H. R., Cohoes, N. Y. Caterpillar of swallow-tail butterfly, Papilio sp.. Cohoes, N. Y. Cranston, H. Howard, Fredonia, N. Y. Photograph of Portland (now Barcelona) lighthouse on Lake Erie, taken about 189s Dempsey, J. M., Albany, N. Y. Old ship’s anchor De Vail, Harry L., and Martin, Clara E., Albany, N. Y. Silver lamprey, Coveville, N. Y. Dobbin, Frank, Shushan, N. Y. 69 specimens of plants from New York and New England Edson, Mrs J. Z., Rochester, N. Y. 7 specimens of plants from western New York Finster, Ray E., Frankfort, N. Y. 5 blanks, i pebble, Schuyler, N. Y. Follett, Louis A., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 1 steatite bannerstone fragment; i broken unfinished bannerstone; 2 net- sinkers; 6 arrowpoints; 5 rejects; 3 scrapers; i drill; 2 flint hammer- stones, Saratoga county, N. Y. Fuller, Harold, Kingston, N. Y. Indian burial, i celt, near Hurley, N. Y. Glasgow, Dr Hugh, (^neva, N. Y. Specimens of May beetles, Phyllophaga tristis Fab., East Northport, N. Y. Glenn, James A., Albany, N. Y. Photographs of old Albany historical models, made by Paul Schrodt Goold, Donald B., Albany, N. Y. Old cutterhead tenoning machine and parts 4 parts of incomplete wagon wheels Gould, Rev. E. W., Center Bnmswick, N. Y. Fine-grained sandstone showing two natural cleavage faces and a distinct small fold showing displacement by faulting Graham, Dr C. F., Albany, N. Y. 2 specimens of Platystrophis ponderosa from Ohio Greeley, Hulda, Delmar, N. Y. Eiastern ruffed grouse, Pownal Center, Vt. Greeley, John R., Delmar, N. Y. Small brown weasel, Voorheesville, N. Y. 3 eastern ruffed grouse. North Pownal, Vt. 2 eastern ruffed grouse, Pownal Center, Vt. Gunn, Mrs Abbie H., Cleverdale on Lake George, N. Y. Worm tubes, Qeverdale, N. Y. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 63 Hammer, C. C., East Hartford, Conn. 2 specimens of plants, Fishers Island, N. Y. Hardel, Edward, West Albany, N. Y. Garden spider. West Albany, N. Y. Hawkins, Mrs A., Rome, N. Y. Specimen of sap-beetle, Cryptarcha ampla Er,, Rome, N. Y. Hayes, John W., Brookview, N. Y. Cartridge and caps. Type used in Civil War, 1861-65 Heaton, Clement, West Nyack, N. Y. Crude hoe, 2 crude digging tools, Rockland county, N. Y. Heit, C. E., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Specimens of fungus gnats, Sciara pauciseta Felt, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Specimen of saw-fly parasite, Perilampus hyalimis Say, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Hill, Mrs Erastus D., Schenectady, N. Y. Collection of historic objects Hillery, J. Martin, Hartford, Conn. Beryl (variety aquamarine) and Spodumene (variety kunzite), Strickland quarry, Portland, Conn. Lepidolite surrounding muscovite, Portland, Conn. Magnetite, Townsend, Mass. Garnet containing graphite, and Cyanite (green variety), Burkhampsted, Mass. Hinchman, F. B., Altamont, N. Y. Milliped, Altamont, N. Y. Milk snake, Altamont, N. Y. Holweg, A. W., Brooklyn, N. Y. 7 specimens of plants from Suffolk county Howell, Professor B. F., Princeton, N. J. 5 trilobites, Paediimias yorkense, Resser & Howell, Fruitville, Pa. Jennings, Mr and Mrs Clarence, East Durham, N. Y. Military hat King, A. H., Speculator, N. Y. 5 specimens of plants from Hanjilton county Kingsley, H., Gilboa, N. Y. Trilobite, Homalonatus dekayi, Blenheim, N. Y. 2 specimens of fossil tree trunk, Blenheim, N. Y. Kjellesvig, Dr E. N., Texas Company, Tulsa, Okla. 7 slides containing etched parts of the trilobite, Acidaspis, Trenton Falls, N. Y. Larrabie, David M., Urbana, 111. 2 specimens Normanskill chert, Hampton, N. Y. Lasher, G. R., Rensselaer, N. Y. 2)4-inch compass found on battlefield of Second Battle of Bull Run Leffler, Mrs C., and Schoonmaker, W. J., Rensselaer, N. Y. Yellow-billed cuckoo, Rensselaer, N. Y. Levison, J. J., Sea Qiff, N. Y. Specimen of broad-necked Prionus, Prionus laticollis Dru., Sea Cliff, N. Y. Linneman, J. P., New York, N. Y. Rhodonite variety Fowlerite, Franklin Furnace, N. J. Lockrow, Mrs Anne, Albany, N. Y. Garden spider, Albany, N. Y. McClelland, W. H., Tuckahoe, N. Y. 7 specimens polished serpentine, varicolored. Rye, N. Y. McLaren, G., Ballston Spa, N. Y. Piece of British flagship “Confiance” 64 new YORK STATE MUSEUM McLear, J. H., Gouverneur, N. Y. Feldspar, variety microcline, DeKalb Junction, N. Y. McVaugh Dr Rogers, Kinderhook, N. Y. 37S specimens of plants from Columbia county Morrill, Vaughan, Lowville, N. Y. 2 specimens hematite ore, Pierrepont, N. Y. Myers, John L., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of sawyer beetle, Monochamus carolinensis Oliv., Saugerties, N. Y. Mynter, Kenneth H., and Schmucker, Robert A., jr, Hudson, N. Y. Large collection of Indian artifacts, vicinity of Hudson, N. Y. Nash, Mrs Frances T., Albany, N. Y. 16 sea fans, Florida Paris, Dr Russell C., Hudson, N. Y. Collection of medical history objects Pauly, Karl A., Schenectady, N. Y. 4 crustaceans, Plumulites, Stone Arabia, N. Y. Potter, Catharine E. B., Whitehall, N. Y. Silver teapot ; silver sugar bowl and cover ; silver waste bowl, and silver cream pitcher, made by Isaac Hutton, Albany silversmith of i8th century, and many other valuable historic objects complete the Potter collection Pugsley, Frank, Pittsford, N. Y. Gypsum, Pittsford, N. Y. Rasmussen, M., Amsterdam, N. Y. Specimens of case-bearers, Solcnobia walshella Clem., Amsterdam, N. Y. Riddle, W. C., Delhi, N. Y. Pestle, Delaware county, N. Y. Rogers, Isaac, Dansville, N. Y. Brachiopod, AUrypa aspera, Dansville, N. Y. Rowley, Elmer B., Glens Falls, N. Y. 2 specimens autunite, Grafton, N. Y. Actinolite, pyrite crystals in schist, magnetite crystals in schist, and talc, foliated, Chester, Vt. Ruoff, J., jr, Chestertown, N. Y. Wolf spider, Chestertown, N. Y. Sanderson, W. E., Loudonville, N. Y. Hungarian partridge, ring-necked pheasant, and 3 eastern turkeys, Loudon- ville, N. Y. Barn swallow. Maple View, N. Y. Schleifstein, Dr J., Albany, N. Y. Scorpion, Albany, N. Y. Shadick, Anna, Albany, N. Y. Specimen of luna moth, Tropaea Itina L., Albany, N. Y. Sholenberger, Mrs H., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of ants, Albany, N. Y. Simonds Saw & Steel Company, Fitchburg, Mass. Booklet “Simond’s Guide for Millman,” v. 14, No. 2, 1932 Article on and illustration of Shaker circular saw Small, David, Syracuse, N. Y. Photographs of New York Central Railroad grade crossing elimination at Syracuse, N. Y. (1) Gravel bed at Minoa (2) Gravel bed and plant at Minoa (3) Roadbed slide in Syracuse Small, Dr J. K., New York, N. Y. 10 specimens of ferns from Florida ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 65 Smith, W. E., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of pine scales, Toumeyella pint King, Cold Spring, N. Y. Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. Y. 20 samples of crude and manufactured products Stoner, Mrs Dayton, Albany, N. Y. Barn swallow, Clarksville, N. Y. Strong, L. H., Durham, N. Y. Warming pan Long handle iron shovel (peel) Taylor, Norman, New York, N. Y. 10 specimens of plants from Long Island Thomas, Wilfred, Catskill, N. Y. Collection of historical objects of household and industrial objects Touchette, Mrs Mary, New York, N. Y. Specimens of cicada killer, Sphecius speciosus Dru., New York, N. Y. • Vairo, M., Inwood, N. Y. Specimen of mole cricket, Gryllotalpa hexadactyla Perty, Inwood, N. Y. Van Allen, Orisa M., Selkirk, N. Y. Traveler’s folding bootjack Van Eseltine, Dr G. P., Geneva, N, Y. 104 specimens of plants mainly from Onondaga county Van Schaik, F. C., Menands, N. Y. 3 field mice, i house mouse, Menands, N. Y. Volz, Mrs Gertrude R., Massena, N. Y. 9S specimens of plants from northern New York Whetzel, Dr H. W., Ithaca, N. _Y. Specimen (cotype of Septotinia podophyllina) Wicks, Frank R., Greenville, N. Y. Old surveyor’s chain Wilson, T. Y., Schenectady, N. Y. 6 specimens Bald Mountain limestone, near Middle Falls, N. Y. 2 graptolites, Didymograptus nitidus, Coxsackie, N. Y. Winter, William F., Schenectady, N. Y. 120 historical objects from Shaker colonies Zodac, Peter, Peekskill, N. Y. Gneiss, augen, with magnetite inclusions, Peekskill, N. Y. BY EXCHANGE Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. 358 plants from various localities Johnson, Professor J. Harlan, Golden, Colo. 8 fish plates. Canon City, Colo. Collection of 72 fossils New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. 268 specimens of plants mainly from New York State Ritchie, Robert, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Cryptozoon ruedemanni, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Smith, E. S. C., Schenectady, N. Y. Pyromorphite from Phoenixville, Pa., for specimen of tourmaline from Gouverneur, N. Y. United States National Museum, Washington, D. C, through Dr G. A. Cooper Foraminifera, manuscript notes, 90 foreign brachiopods and 20 boxes of fossils from the Murchison collection University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 75 specimens of plants from New York State 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM BY PURCHASE Curran, E. S., Troy, N. Y. Shaker swivel work chair Shaker friction electric machine Pitface Mining Company, Burlington, Vt. Jasper from town of Colchester, Vt. Schrabisch, Max, Paterson, N. J. A collection of Indian artifacts and materials from rock caves in southern New York Thomas, Frank M., Catskill, N. Y. Blown flip glass Blown wine glass Parian pitcher Thomas, Wilfred R., Catskill, N. Y. Collection of 25 historical household objects Works Progress Administration, through Frank P. Irving, Troy, N. Y. American optical view box Porcelain printing frame and plates Lowe instantaneous shutter Photographer’s head rest Daguerreotype picture Silver prints Stereoscopic views Book of photographs of monuments Daguerreotype box and holder Daguerreotype portrait Irving view box BY MUSEUM STAFF Adams, Dr Charles C., Albany, N. Y. Field mouse, Albany, N. Y. Cannon, Dr Ralph S., jr, Princeton, N. J. 6 ostracods and graptolites, Piseco Lake, N. Y. Chamberlain, K. F., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of miscellaneous bugs (Heteroptera) from Texas, New Mexico, California, Virginia, and Tennessee Specimen of broad-headed bug. Protenor belfragei Hagl., Cornwall, Conn. Specimens of miscellaneous beetles (Coleoptera), Cornwall, Conn. Specimens of miscellaneous beetles (Coleoptera), Slingerlands, N. Y. Clarke, Noah T., Albany, N. Y. Skull of bald eagle Cook, John H., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of fungus gnats Exechia sp., Thompson’s lake, N. Y. Specimens of moths, Thyris maculata Harr., Thompson’s lake, N. Y. Glasgow, Dr R. D., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of taxus weevil, Yonkers, N. Y. Specimens of European pine shoot moth eggs, Armonk, N. Y. Specimens of larch case bearer larvae. North Elba, N. Y. Specimens of larch case bearer eggs, Warrensburg, N. Y. Specimens of black fly larvae, Essex county, N. Y. House, Dr H. D., Albany, N. Y. 1020 specimens of plants Kilfoyle, C. F., Rensselaer, N. Y. 260 graptolites from Mount Merino, near Hudson, N. Y. 20 graptolites, Stuyvesant, N. Y. ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 67 Paladin, Arthur, Albany, N. Y. Skull of black bear, Schroon Lake, N. Y. Skull of raccoon, Castleton on Hudson, N. Y. 2 skulls of ring-necked pheasant, Albany, N. Y. Richards, Dr A. Glenn, jr, Freeport, N. Y. Specimens of miscellaneous insects, Jones Beach, N. Y. Specimens of miscellaneous insects, Shinnicock Bay, N. Y. Specimens of miscellaneous insects from Gilgo State Park, N. Y. Specimens of miscellaneous insects, Woodmere, N. Y. 70 vials mosquito larvae and pupae. Long Island, N. Y. 167 specimens adult mosquitoes. Long Island, N. Y. Schoonmaker, W. J., Albany, N. Y. 4 embryo cottontails, Nassau, N. Y. Rabbit bot, Nassau, N. Y. Stoner, Dr Dayton, Albany, N. Y. Little brown bat, Albany, N. Y. Eastern phoebe, Voorheesville, N. Y. 2 northern cliff swallows, Altamont, N. Y. Northern cliff swallow, Altamont, N. Y. 2 English sparrows, Altamont, N. Y. Stoner, Dr Dayton, and Schoonmaker, W. J. Albany, N. Y. Skull of common dolphin. Van Wies Point, N. Y. Whitney, Alvin G., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of eggs and adult broad-necked Prionus, Priomis laticollis Dru., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of caterpillar, unidentified, Albany, N. Y. Whitney, Mrs Elsie G., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of spotted grape vine beetle, Pelidnota L., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of broad-necked Prionus, Prionus laticollis Dru., Albany, N. Y. 350 specimens of plants BY TRANSFER New York State Conservation Department, Albany, N. Y., through Dr Emme- line Moore Collection of fishes from 1936 survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna watersheds GIFTS TO INSTITUTIONS AND INDIVIDUALS Bertrans, Professor Paul, Lille, France 16 plant specimens Bethlehem Center School, Glenmont, N. Y. 25 specimens of rocks and minerals Bishop, Raleigh A., Manhasset, N. Y. Collection of 14 fossils Boos, Dr Margaret Fuller, Denver, Colo. Collection of 20 fossils Historical Society of Monroe County, Pa., through Carl Qausen, East Strouds- burg, Pa. Collection of 40 fossils Hudson High School, Hudson, N. Y. 23 rocks and minerals Larchmont-Mamaroneck Children’s Museum, Larchmont, N. Y. Collection of 14 fossils 15 rocks and minerals 18 specimens of invertebrates and i tooth of sperm whale 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lochman, Dr Christian, South Hadley, Mass. 2 crinoids Martines-Fortiin, Dr Carlos A., Clara, Cuba, through Dr Ortelio Martines- Fortiin, Habana, Cuba Collection of 82 fossils McQelland, W. H., Tuckahoe, N. Y. Specimen of twinned rhombohedron of calcite from Sterlingbush, N. Y. Philip Livingston Junior High School, Albany, N. Y., through Gertrude Rosenberg Collection of 12 fossils St Mary’s Academy, Champlain, N. Y. 26 minerals A SUMMARY OF THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM DURING THE PAST CENTURY, 1836-1936 By Members of the Museum Staff CONTENTS 1 Introductory Note By Charles C. Adams, Director, State Museum 2 Office of Geology By David H. Newland, State Geologist 3 Office of Paleontology By Winifred Goldring, Assistant State Paleontologist 4 Office of Entomology By Robert D. Glasgow, State Entomologist 5 Office of Zoology By Dayton Stoner, State Zoologist 6 Office of Botany By Homer D. House, State Botanist 7 Office of Archeology By Noah T. Clarke, State Archeologist 8 Collections of History, Industry and Art By Charles C. Adams, Director, State Museum, and William L. Lassi- ter, Temporary Curator of History g Concluding Remarks By the Director INTRODUCTORY NOTE By Charles C. Adams, Director, State Museum On October 15, 1937, the Board of Regents will devote its 73^ Convocation to the centenary of the establishment of the State Geo- logical and Natural History Survey, the lineal ancestor of the New York State Museum, which was established by the Legislature April 15, 1836. For this anniversary a chronological sketch of the history of the State Museum was prepared by the Museum staff, for the 31st Annual Report (State Museum Bulletin 313, p. 85-121). This sketch has proved very useful. For similar reasons the following summary of the major accomplishments and functions of the Museum is here given. This account is prepared from the viewpoint of each office, and is not a complete account of the institution as a whole. No special emphasis is given to the influence of the exhibition halls, to the extensive series of technical and popular publications, to the extension talks, to the supervision of the educational policy of the Allegany School of Natural History (1927-35), and to the various forms of assistance to the schools ; but enough has been said to give a general idea of the kind and quality of the research and educational [69] 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM work which the State Museum has conducted during the past cen- tury on the natural resources of the State in relation to education and public welfare. The activity of the State Museum in the fields of history, industry and art has never received the attention which its importance merits. OFFICE OF GEOLOGY By David H. Newland, State Geologist (Figure 24) Accomplishments The record of geological exploration and research under state support runs back for a full century. The first governmental survey — one of the pioneers in the field for this or any other country — was started in 1836, and there has been no interruption to the con- tinuity of the work from that time to the present. It would be a laborious and time-consuming task to pass in review the whole series of contributions that have been made to public welfare or to scientific progress during this long interval and to attempt to select the most significant among them — especially so in the brief compass of this statement — and we shall restrict the effort to calling attention to a few broader features of the work that at this time appear to have general importance. Fundamental in relation to all subsequent progress in geological investigation of the State is the service rendered by those engaged on the early survey of 1836-41, notably W. W. Mather, E. Emmons, L. Vanuxem and James Hall, who were really engaged in the task of exploration rather than methodically planned surveying. Cer- tain parts or districts of the State were assigned to each, and the respective reports issued in four quarto volumes constitute a con- spectus of the physical geography, mineral endowment, soils and geological framework of New York, interpreted in the light of the advanced science of that day. These four volumes — to which should be added the one by L. C. Beck on mineralogy — are an indispensable adjunct for all in search of information about the basic physical features of the State. Indirectly they have contributed to geological knowledge of a much broader field, and even today are in request by workers and students of many countries. The State Geological Map on the scale of 5 miles to i inch, issued in 1901 by F. J. H. Merrill, State Geologist, although not the first published, was the most complete and satisfactory representation of the physical structure of the Commonwealth in its entirety from ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 71 present-day standards, so that it ranks as an outstanding contribu- tion. The main classes of geologic formations from the Precam- brian to Recent are thereon indicated as to outcrop by appropriate patterns and with faithful attention to detail. It is an invaluable guide to the distribution of the larger elements and stratigraphic groups that collectively comprise the series of New York formations. So great has been the demand for this map that the large edition is long since out of print ; it fills an urgent need on the part of geologists and geographers, construction engineers and those inter- ested in the minerals, soils and underground waters — to name some of its more important applications. Not to single out any specific report — rather emphasizing their collective standing and value — mention should be made here of the monographic volumes on the mineral resources as of immense importance, measured in dollars and cents. These reports, among others of more limited interest, include a volume on the salt deposits, wherein was first recognized the wide distribution of the rock salt beds, now the basis of a great manufacturing and chemical industry ; one on the clay and ceramic industries ; several bulletins on the iron ores, which have both historic interest, as leading to the early settle- ment of outlying regions, and present-day value; reports on the extremely varied and serviceable quarry materials, running through the whole range of building stones; and bulletins on gypsum, sand and gravel and the mining quarry industries generally. These rank as positive contributions to our commercial and manufacturing welfare. Special Services On the other side of the account, although scarcely less important in the general interest, are the advisory functions of the office, whereby for example, the public is cautioned from time to time against embarking on fruitless ventures in attempts to prospect for and exploit such materials as are known to be lacking in our natural endowment. The futility of exploring for coal beds anywhere in the State — ^notwithstanding its abundance in the area immediately south of the New York-Pennsylvania line — was demonstrated con- clusively years ago to the advantage of succeeding generations. Of more recent date are the warnings against get-rich-quick ventures which have the precious metals as their ostensible object. The office has investigated many such undertakings and in no instance has found any substantial basis for the expenditure of time, labor or money in the enterprise. Although no definite principle of geology is involved in the conclusion, as can be brought forth for coal, the evidence is 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM sufficient to advise at least a very conservative attitude toward this hazardous business. Again the search for oil and gas, although well based in certain localities or districts of the State — the production of the two commodities is worth millions of dollars annually — in other regions is without any solid foundation. Advice and direction in such matters are a function of this office, for which the returns can hardly be estimated according to the usual standards, but they are very substantial beyond doubt. Cooperation with other state departments, including the Execu- tive, Law, Public Works, Conservation, Labor, Agriculture and Markets, are a recurring obligation to which the office gladly re- sponds. In the past few years, for example, it has participated at the instance of Governor Lehman in a national conference for the regulation and control of petroleum, of which the production tem- porarily was in excess of current needs. Cooperation with the officials of the Law and Conservation Departments a short time ago resulted in throwing open certain waste lands for leasing to natural gas companies, where geological study had indicated the probable presence of gas pools. The State now derives a substantial income from its property, without the risk and expense ordinarily con- nected with such undertakings. The office, further, has been called upon for guidance or expert testimony in legal matters involving accidents on public highways caused by landslides or falls of rock, on condemnation proceedings relating to quarry sites, on titles to lands in the Adirondack Forest Preserve where mineral deposits may be concerned, on foundations for buildings and engineering structures, on hazardous occupations that come within the scope of labor regulations, and with regard to many matters involving soils, streams and underground waters. The recent agitation about silicosis as an occupational disease has brought many inquiries and requests for assistance in investgation of dust samples for the presence of certain minerals and in establishing geologic guidance to the local distribution of siliceous materials. The geological collections in the Museum render a very broad and far-reaching service, the value of which can hardly be estimated in monetary terms. Thousands of visitors annually are given the opportunity to gain an all-round acquaintance with the structure and physical features of the State, such as are nowhere else presented in similar detail and completeness. That the collections do have public appeal has been attested also by the fact that a part of the exhibits — those relating to mining — were displayed at the Panama-Pacific Ex- position in 1915, and there won the grand prize in competition with similar exhibits from many other States. Figure 24 Dr James Hall (1811-98) State Geologist, State Paleontologist and Director of State Museum [73] Figure 25 Dr John M. Clarke ( 1857-1925) State Geologist, State Paleontologist and Director of State Museum [74] ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 75 OFFICE OF PALEONTOLOGY By Winifred Goldring^ Assistant State Paleontologist (Figures 25-29) Outstanding Accomplishments Paleontological research. Outstanding among the paleontological publications are 14 quarto volumes, part of the Natural History of New York, constituting the Paleontology of New York by Dr James Hall. These deal with fossils of all the formations from the Cam- brian through the Devonian and comprise more than 4000 pages of text and about 850 plates. These volumes, published in the years between 1847 1894, gained a worldwide circulation and won a high place among standards of reference which they hold to this day. Under Dr John M. Clarke, successor to Doctor Hall as State Paleontologist and later as Director of the State Museum, investi- gations of high scientific value were published in ii quarto mono- graphic reports, totaling more than 3500 pages of text and about 400 plates. These monographs, also holding a high place among stand- ards of reference, are as follows : 1889 Beecher, C. E. & Clarke, J. M. Development of Some Silurian Brachiopoda. g6p. 8 pi. 1898 Hall, James, & Clarke, J. M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. 70 pl. 1900 Clarke, J. M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia County, New York. I28p. 9 pl. 1903 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of New York State. ig6p. 21 pl. 1904 Clarke, J. M. Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26 pl. map. 1905 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York, Pt i: Graptolites of the Lower Beds. 35op. 17 pl. 1907 Eastman, C. R. The Devonic Fishes of the New York Forma- tions. 235p. 15 pl. 1908 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York, Pt 2: Graptolites of the Higher Beds. 584P. 31 pl. 1909 Clarke, J. M. Early Devonic of New York and Eastern North America, Pt i : 366 p. 70 pl. 5 maps. 1912 Clarke, J. M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. The Eurypterida of New York, v.i, text, 44op. v.2,, 88 pl. 1923 Goldring, Winifred. Devonian Crinoids of New York. 6709. 60 pl. 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A Monograph of the Graptolites of North America is nearing completion, and was begun by Doctor Ruedemann, State Paleonto- logist at the request of the United States Geological Survey. This work (probably two large quarto volumes) will be authoritative for the graptolites of North America. Outstanding among 14 paleontologic bulletins is a three- volume work (500 pages; 41 plates), The Utica and Lorraine Formations of New York, by Doctor Ruedemann, of stratigraphic as well as pale- ontologic value and monographic in character. Stratigraphical research. The work of the paleontology section includes studies of the Paleozoic rocks underlying about two-thirds of the area of the State. Detailed geologic mapping has been con- tinued to the present day with the result that about one-third of the State has been so mapped. Among 54 bulletins on stratigraphic subjects, 27 out of 44 quadrangle bulletins deal, entirely or in part, with Paleozoic formations and cover 39 quadrangle areas. These bulletins with their accompanying geological maps are valuable for both economic and purely scientific purposes. The maps cover important areas of the State, as the capital district, Syracuse, Roch- ester and Buffalo areas ; the Mohawk and Hudson valleys. The exhibition halls. Housed in the Museum is the valuable type collection of more than 10,000 specimens which comprises all specimens of figures in paleontological publications of the State Museum. These are valued by dealers at $10 and more apiece. The paleontological exhibits in the State Museum have been declared, by word and in print, by scientists from all over the world to constitute the finest display of Paleozoic fossils in any museum. The State Museum pioneered in fossil restorations and restora- tion groups such as the Lower Devonian (Helderberg), Upper Devonian (Portage), Eurypterid and Upper Devonian Sponge Groups, executed by Henri Marchand under the supervision of Doctor Ruedemann; the Middle Devonian Forest of Seed Ferns, executed by Henri Marchand under the supervision of Miss Gold- ring; and the mastodon, executed by Noah T. Clarke and Charles P. Heidenrich. Reproductions have appeared frequently in text- books and other publications here and abroad, and similar restora- tions now appear in other museums. Popular publications. Under the directorship of Dr Charles C. .\dams, successor to Doctor Clarke, a new handbook series of Figure 26 Home of Dr Ebenezer Emmons, 1838, corner of Hudson avenue and High street, Albany, N. Y. Birthplace of the American Association of Geologists and the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science. Photographed March iqoo. 1 771 o u > o . C- Cl ?t S)l o S' [78] I F [79] ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 8l popular publications was introduced in response to a growing demand on the part of the layman with little or no scientific background. Among these is the Handbook of Paleontology for Beginners and Amateurs prepared by Miss Goldring with the layman in mind. These two volumes (Handbook 9; Part i, The Fossils. 355P- 97 figs.; Handbook 10: Part 2, The Formations. 488p. 51 figs.), though designed for and in demand by the layman, have filled a long- sought need for a simplified textbook for college classes and a reference book, here and abroad, for paleontologists seeking a concise summary of the New York formations which constitute the standard section for the Paleozoic in America. The demand for layman, stuQHP ca a c CS 3 Pi pi m5 3 >. fl O* ‘ Ph ffi K 6 XO'—^ ro r>»'^ '-' M H 0^ »-* "^00 vO CO 10 l^oo lO a a tii nJ o 06 a < O’ a T3 C3 oj & o H fe’S ^ o 2> « 'd Sf 3 o-^ I3 6-B 3 ri 3 +J ffiO .Si;2 ^ ^ ^ .ti • ^ 3.^'3^3'S 3 So 3 ^ os o pH- o3 •'2 § o-So oTg g 9 C If rO p S (u o d ;z:p40(Ps< "o .S 3 3 oSO s< 0) N 42 dS <1^ - o 08 08^ x; ^ +3 3 . ”- 0) rt '-'- 08 23 w >, 3 oS 3 oS O .2 2mi^ Sh o o OS f-t fO ^ 10 to i0\0 vO sO r>.oo Os os O O O O O OOOOOOOOOOOOONHHiwh-. Os Q\OsOsOsOsOsOsOsOsOSOsOsOsOsOSOsOs 1.4 ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 125 •4-> 42> 4-» c a c c a a ’C'C ‘C ‘C'C'C'C Qri 0^4^ 4^ 0^4^ •(-34^ O4 O4 t4-tM-4 ^ Cm-4 G ^ o o’C’C o'C’u^C 0000 4^) 4^ Q44-» 04 04 044^ 4^ 4^) 4^ o6^^o^>5^5o§o6 4J 4^ 0 0 *0*0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G « • i-t — , . . 0 W4 .5 *0 y w 0-ti O 0 10 00 0 73 0 0 ’% 0) M 2 « a -a a w K o a H Q H^pi; dPA^ffi^^'p/KP^ dP^KHQffiddffii-AfeP^ 43 4-> ■JG- SCO. Cd -t-> (D da p^ p,m 31 00Hf00N»-'CiM00v0C'^-'0to rj-miovo On ^0^0 t^oO lC CM CM vo ^ o ONtf OnO o CM J3 CM ^ fO 0 iH M M ^ ^ -^vO O lOiOvO O O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O' fO O' tI- to ic CO fO O' O' O' 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM o 0) *0 *5 s to bJD S w ^ *50 « •s -s (a «:> Co ^ .a bO 5 ^ O 4) -13 b£ ^ O fS CO s o kH 6 0) s s s ^ ’C 'C ’C 'C 04 Q-( Qh O4 4^ ■!-> t4_» CM t4_| t+-| C O 000 O’C'u 44> 4_i 4J 44> CU O. O O D D - (- oooo^vS o o »u -d ^ ^ ^ -C o bO o o o O O •{- m m K K w Ph O ffi CO ro Th rOvO O ■^00 1000 •-• 00 hH HH I n ctJ ffi m oS nd cJ ^ tuO S Q oj rO § O ■ s s-g > |0 £f § a^|.s|s 11^- «= 03 ^ 4-3 'd . s o pH h ^ ;0 O d ^ o3 c! Oj • d- ri G ^ .G t/2 m '3Q § pt; - S O M ^ - S ^ ^ > £? 2 •P otcJpOOD h-i lO vO O 0^ 10 O O C^ CO ON 0^ O^ O^ O'' 0^ ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 127 H 73 w d •z < Pi Q C t) O' >> a H |“M w c/i no Pi . d b-, -3 s' 3 C O JO h "C OJ IH Qco crt rs J} ^ 1-. s ^ HH pg .m ^r- w * Sii G ®a° gw c/5§ ww G >. 3 o o u PQ 'd G G •M G ^ G u G iS aw Q >. • o • a ’ri^ o ‘ o G^ 3' ’ ^ ‘ ca - 13 G G a ^ 5< g ^-'2p2 2 I w® ^ m' p'*^ • S ^C' S 9 «OrS 00 gSv Os O ^ Ov On >H G > l/i t-t G G P, ^G 10 CO M o o pH Ph G O G j) O w G a ^ 2 o p^ o 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM .2 0 ^ cs ^ "Sb s .. ^ CO ^ 01 « *3) d d Ci-O . Vh ^ ^ ’d ago « H 2 bjO Co • > ^ w ^ w 0) (D Q . Q . .K K pi o d ^ in * *c/5 m TiJ ^ rt ^ u .d cc M co'd eiw o g ;-. ^ Tl ^ d O' d On On ^5-5 d d fO bC bjQOO O O ^ s a-2 O O 7; d Ah d o d O o w d IS d o pH o Ph Table 5 Alphabetical list of all sedimentary quadrangles published ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 129 o £ o CO o CO o pH CO o o Ph Ph VO coco ^ NH • ’rJ'OO J hn CO 00 10 r^CO »-'VO^ OMO OnO Ov*-* C^OO *-1 cOfOCv'^ONCS OvOoo (SvO uoQ oo OT m w ^ OD P • P P P mpPPPPPPPPPPPPPP P P P • P P mPmmmPmmmmmmPQmmmmmmmmP mmmPmm _:COCO mPP in m (M mO P P P- pqmpqp 00 VO rO fO Cv OnvO 00 O O '^'^vO OM^iO'tJ'OvO '«?t*iOnoo *^0 rOO lOiOOvOv'-^ *-• ^ Ot-iMOOOOO0»-''-fO'-^eOO*^rOO0'=^»-^0'-<^000OO‘-'1 CD Ch CD W 3 0) Co S|^ S rtjg e! . .„ y £! d c« c >i3«i 2 S C fi n 33 ti ^33 O O S 3j^ ■'aW " Qj d Ph is P >■ I>» CO d oJ

.^c)voc4'?j" ^co^ co_: ^•^•^^•coco_:co_: CO p p p .pppppp^ppppppp » pp . p p p p p * * p . p » p p p p ffipqpQppQWpppqpQPQpCQpqpqpqmcqpp^pqpqpPUpqpqcqffl^ppqpmlDpqpqpqcq CS HH ro ► 00 O O Ph CO o Ph CO o pCH OV VO rO f 00 O O PhPh O Ph O r>, lo lo 10 (N ‘ CO CO COCO CO CO ■00 Ovio > j . .J ^ O O O ov "d- O 10 lovo »^nv0'^0000'd-0v0iOGv0N0>O)0v0av(^'--.a\iOf0-d- ri-vO >-H f^MOO'-'^NfO'-'wOOO-'OOi-'fOOnO O^OvO^O^OvO^O^O^O^O^O^O^O^O^O^O^C^O^O^O^O^O^O^O^OvO^O^C^O^O^O^OvOvO^O^C^O^ >. d m cS S ^ 'C ^ <-l 3 d HH d d !< rj d-S p .-3 32 w3 CL» !> S "S' M P OJP d t^W-.-V,.^W, N fl £ e ftt3 dsSCfc-fcidddd^oiii^ai <; y CuS Jii O fl d P S P ^ Th P d cDooCdddOiin 22Z > Sedimentary in large part. * Sedimentary in small part. ’ N. Y. State Museum publication, unless indicated as United States Geological Survey folio Table 6 Alphabetical list of all glacial quadrangles published 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM o o S'© .2 § "o S pH . • C/2 CO rK n\n ^ O O' Os O 0^\0 vO ON o p^ CO o fCH rA o m ovO ^ 3 i-c/j O 00 ON OnQO 10^ Th n Ci ^ •000 33333 • 0000 pH pH pH Ph C/2 CO C/5 C/5 6666 «^^co ‘oc/i CO c/5 c/5 o o . ^ • PQPQ^D o o^O fO (S rOtOiCiOfO*-* On'^'O iOnO ^ ^ '-'fOOfO'-'O OOfOrCi-iNMO On On On On O' On On On O' O' O' O' O' minr^oo roO'O'fO fOrOOO'^OO'-' O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O' O h «• ■a 0) c? .2 SS S ^ cs o ^ 8 S jSSzoo ai' 9^ ^ ^ P tn n w 2^ > 0) g 3 '2 O c/3 g>, O ^ C3 3> ^6 o p^ CO O' NO to ►X 00 o o pH pH coco o pH OnO c/jco ^ ;3 o fQPQ^^ ONON^J O OnO^J^J On^j On OnOnOoO OnooOOoO O'O on ^ ^ M ^ ';iT:^ *,T? ,, , ijieIi SiL^ ||;.,iV, Ifjf^ BwO.J , , 4,.'' (j. ■■'V.K'i^ -'ii \.i'iii r ewifo K% t ,i,J,’v i> ? t i' :,o|3if nankin'll I ^ ' 'iv Lrfx i;f,^^^i^fei^|'^^/.t^ tki'- :^'f/1t< 'n(i{h\iht\iSi, •i.oJ '-«*/t.4M^#/j«/.. oi vfbicn tffraai ' ;•' ■'>»uM bi(>i7f*4fp..H’me^ pfii lf]’M .-■jl.^ ,j''4^Vtl fj ,t®,'^:; ■■' :.;-yr..-^ ■ ■ --"-SSKJSTVTT— i.»-*!lii«i .Afc i;'fc"i...k j'i \i -. .V*- v._.j»li",^ ' • .^.a^.a t *A •'•■ ' ‘•iL "r^ i^'f. ' ' ' ^ '' ' '‘^‘ *-*'^' j!^ ... Fswv.’ ON AMERICAN MUSEUMS By Richard Krausel^ Professor at the University and Curator at Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort, Germany (Translated by Rudolf Ruedemann) In his travel-letter “Chikago” (Natur u. Museum 1930, 79) Pro- fessor Drevermann has given an illuminating description of the mag- nificent Field Museum, and all Senckenbergers will anxiously await further descriptions by the experienced Museum expert. They can then compare “theirs” with the American museums, of whose wealth and brilliant equipment so much has been heard. I too have become acquainted with some of these museums on the occasion of a journey, supported by the “Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissen- schaft,” through the eastern United States and Canada. But I am no specialist and so faced them, except the one division of scientific interest to me, more or less as a layman. Just for that reason perhaps it is not without some interest if I also record my impressions while visiting these museums and begin my travel accounts therewith. It may be emphasized at the beginning, however, that I am not in a position to give anything fairly complete. My sojourn was much too short for that. In spite of the great hospitality and courtesy I found everywhere, it sufficed mostly only for a hasty survey of large parts of the collections. Paleontology and botany are the fields nearest to me ; of them I shall therefore speak more than of other fields. Not everywhere are the museums such palaces as are the Field Museum in Chicago, the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History in New York or the National Museum in Washington. The State Museum in Albany also is indeed a stately building; like the Field Museum, of classic Greek structure. But in this building, the “Education Building,” are also housed numerous other departments ; as we would say, in the “Kultus- ministerium.” Once I lost my way and wandered into the division of nurses ! Only the upper stories are reserved for the Museum. The beautiful building of the Victoria Museum in Ottawa, the capital of Canada, also houses the Geological Survey. In general often very dissimilar objects are housed in the same structure. In the * Professor Kraiisel is a noted paleobotanist. [139] 140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM great liall of the Field Museum, the splendid elephant group stands peacefully alongside Roman bathtubs. Or if one goes into the National Museum in Washington from the rotunda through a wrong door, one is suddenly surrounded by old spinets and rococco fur- niture, or one stands in a picture gallery. The attractive Peabody Museum of Yale University looks on the outside like a Gothic church, the steeple also being present; and I heard it called jokingly the Cathedral of the Holy Dinosaur. The ghost of lack of space, so well known to us at Frankfort, is also met over there. I do not know when the museum of the great McGill University in Mon- treal was erected. It is certain, however, that many of its rich treasures can not be exhibited effectively, due to overcrowding. The collections in part go back to Dawson, one of the fathers of Canadian geology. This is also true in regard to the unique collection of Devonian plant remains, through whose study Dawson laid the foundation of our knowledge of this old flora that is so exceedingly important for our knowledge of the phytogeny of the plants. To get acquainted with that collection would alone repay one for the far journey ! Similar material is found in the museums of Ottawa and Toronto. Nothing attracts the average visitor so much as the extinct gigan- tic animals of the past. World famous are the Cretaceous beds of the Canadian province of Alberta for the Saurian remains found in them, many of which are mounted in Toronto. Professor Parks showed me there, with pride, the treasures exhumed by him. Unfor- tunately the majority are still packed away in the cellar! What surprises may they hold ! Some species have thus far become known only in one specimen. There are among others the unique Casuary saurian with its birdlike skull or the three-horned Chasmosaurian, whose head-shield runs far down the back. I can not judge whether the skeletons are correctly mounted in the museum at Ottawa, but I stood in wonder before them, together with numerous other visitors, who were proud to see here the results of native research work. One may recall the famous Asiatic collections of the American Museum of Natural History in New York; still more indeed would visitors be interested if they had before them finds made in their own country. That I learned also before the splendid Mastodon in New York as well as in the Peabody Museum of Yale University in the case of its turtle Archelon, that is three meters high, and the peculiar Morosaurus and Stegosaurus. This museum houses still another collection, that is found nowhere else in the world : the magnificent collection of mesozoic Cyadophytae, which Professor ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT I4I Wieland has assembled there. Trunks that are spherical and erect, small or large, sometimes several meters high, let us surmise the wealth of form of these plants that are so important for the phylo- genetic history of the higher classes. The Senckenberg museum received one of these Bennettites trunks through the good offices of Professor Wieland. We have already (Natur. u. Museum, 1925:55, 31 1 ) mentioned this collection and figured one of the trunks, as well as the beautiful glass-model of the blossom in the Field Museum. These flowers are closely attached to the stem between the bases of the shed leaves. By far most of the specimens come from the Cretaceous rocks of North Dakota, where their most noted occur- rences have been made into a “National Park” protected by law. This term commonly implies to us only the sometimes very large, protected areas, so well known by their beautiful scenery (for ex- ample, Yellowstone Park or Yosemite Park in the West), but the same term is also applied to the numerous “nature monuments” placed under legal protection. The number of these “nature parks” is very large both in Canada and in the United States, a fact that is often held up to us as worthy of imitation. It is, however, for- gotten at the same time that the creation of such a protected area is incredibly easier in spacious America than with us, as mostly neither present settlement nor private property rights make any diffi- culties. Quite often one finds notable fossil localities among these parks. For instance, the state of West Virginia has placed under protection a place in the foothills of the Alleghenies, where plant and animal remains of the Upper Devonian are common. A some- what different procedure I found followed by the State Museum in Albany. Probably no other museum except that at Washington holds an equally rich collection of Devonian fossils. That is not sur- prising, for the territory of that State is largely built up of the strata of that formation. Near Gilboa, about 150 kilometers west of Albany, in the steep slopes of a deep valley the soil of a Devonian forest has been uncovered, the trunks of which are still preserved in their upright position with radiating roots in the rock. The locality is no longer accessible, for today the valley contains a reservoir, which provides water for the City of New York, some hundreds of kilo- meters away. But at the foot of the gigantic dam there have been brought together a number of the trunks, and striking signboards invite the traveler not to pass by carelessly “the oldest forest of the world.” Most of the finds, however, have been stored in the State Museum at Albany, where they occupy much space with the fossils from the rest of the State. They have not been content with simply 142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM accumulating the material or even wearying the visitor with a super- abundance of the exhibited material. We find here only selected specimens, which in themselves are very impressive. Who would not admire the goniatites from Cherry Valley, lying in multitudes on the slabs or the delicate starfishes from Mount Marion? In some places again the ancient crustaceans seem to return to life, in others the tender branches of the alga Thamnocladus clarki are spread out as on a carefully prepared herbarium sheet. In many cases, it is true, the fossil fragments speak distinctly only to the expert. It has for that reason been denied altogether that such a museum can be a valuable educational institution for a larger public and it has been believed that the pedagogic aims sought by it can be more readily attained in other ways. The paleontologic division in Albany is, however, an excellent example for the claim that such a collection can be made amenable to general educational ends and therein can not be replaced by anything else. This purpose is for instance served by exhibits with the labels “What is a fossil?” or “What is a geologic formation?” Alongside the often very much distorted or broken fossils themselves is made the attempt at their restoration. That is not only true of single animals; but in various plastic groups made by artists it is even attempted to restore the life of the Devonian sea as a whole with its peculiar types of plants and animals. The propriety of such resto- rations has been acrimoniously disputed and occasionally criticized disparagingly. I can not agree with that. Just as the scientific study of the fossils should not be satisfied with a more or less careful description of the preserved fragments, but should see one of its principal ends in the restoration of the life-picture, so it is correct for a museum to proceed in a similar way. In both cases the restoration may be doubtful in details and later investigations may prove it wrong in one or another place. But that is no reason to reject them a priori. Like the written word, also the “reconstruction” can be only the expression of a knowledge that is temporarily limited, which has to be completed and perfected by the addition of some- thing— let us placidly mention the horrid word — artistic imagination. It is obvious that thereby the facts must not be undervalued or violated. Restorations are hence legitimate and necessary also in the exhibited collections. They are preferable to an exhibit, which I also saw, in which the skeletons of diluvial rapacious animals gnawed on the skeletons of their prey. I found a good restoration of a land- scape of the Carboniferous period in the Peabody Museum at New ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 143 Haven; still more impressive will probably become the one in the Field Museum. I saw it only in the first stages of construction. There all parts (all plants are in natural size) were produced in the laboratory of the museum. One has no conception of how difficult this work is in detail; no wonder, therefore, that the very costly construction of such a group often takes several years. But espe- cially with the plants of the distant past the trouble is well rewarded, for they are usually preserved only in fragments. Even their most beautiful arrangement, as I saw it for instance in Washington, can be supplemented to great advantage in this way. In the zoological divisions of the museums the way here indicated has been already followed for some time. Every visitor to the Senckenberg Museum knows the beautiful arctic bird mountain. Similar animal groups I have seen in most American museums, in Albany as well as in Pittsburgh, in Washington or in New York. I liked very much in Chicago the representations of the same species in different seasons. In New York the deepest impression was made upon me by the not yet finished hall “Life of the Sea.” In it is being built up a gigantic coral reef from the Bermuda Islands with all its colorful animal and plant life. The illusion is splendidly preserved in all details. The visitor looks from above upon the reef rising from the water; if, however, he walks up to it below, he imagines he stands on the bottom of the ocean and wanders in a charmed garden. In another place again he looks through an imita- tion of a gigantic magnifying lens upon the minute organisms of a pool. Between the confusion of copulating algal filaments swim besides delicate crustaceans the green forms of Desmidiaceae and the balls of Volvox; rotting masses of leaves on the bottom are covered with fungi ; to the shoots of the water-plants are attached polyps and vorticellas — and all that with the finest details of the transparent bodies restored in glass! A few steps farther and the visitor stands before the objective of a gigantic microscope; the life of a drop of water opens before him. Here also all the delicate forms of variously shaped protozoans are made of glass. Later I was to get acquainted with the use of the same material on a still larger scale. As is well known, it is hardly possible to prepare living plants so that they retain their natural form and color; at least attempts made in that direction here and there have not found any further distribution. Thus one usually stands in a botanical museum before withered, brown plant remains or bleached alcohol preparations, neither of them attractive. Also from the botanical museum in New York the average visitor will gladly turn to the 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM splendid greenhouses or the extensive botanical gardens. These are situated in the midst of the Bronx Park, whose natural rock groups exhibit all phenomena of former glaciation. Those other methods of conservation are, however, indispensable for science. A great advantage of the New York Museum is that here living and fossil plants are united in one section, in spite of its rarity the only proper way of arrangement. Large herbariums are also found in other museums, though not always in such magnificent installation as in the Field Museum. Reflecting steel cases harbor here one of the largest herbariums of the world. Professor Drevermann has already told us something about the further botanical collections of the Field Museum. Here too may be mentioned the division given up to the palms. They are usually absent in the collections, simply because the space does not permit it otherwise. In Chicago we find in large glass cases the representatives of the most important tropical groups of palms with their often gigantic leaves, inflorescenses and fruits. Most beautiful, however, are the imitations of whole plants or flowering and fruit-bearing branches, which are made of wax and other material in their own laboratory in the museum. Models, as that of Coussapoa giiianensis fill a whole large hall. Also the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh possesses splendid pieces of work of this kind. Something equally beautiful I found again only in the botanical museum of Harvard University (Cambridge-Boston). In the entrance special signs point here to the collection of the “glass- flowers,” which were donated by the heirs of a former Harvard student. In numerous glass cases lie here the imitations, made of colored glass, of more than 800 American species of plants, created in more than 30 years of work by the artistic hands of a German- Bohemian glass-blower family, Blaschka, father and son. I am indebted to the management of the museum for several hundred photographs of this unique collection, of the beauty of which the photographs can give but a very imperfect conception. It is obvious that these exhibition cases ai'e always surrounded by a dense crowd of visitors. Repeatedly I made there the observation that this one or that one searched for “his” plants, that is, those of his home state. Also here it was shown how a museum collection can do more than satisfy the curiosity. The Field Museum possesses a special divi- sion of teaching models which are lent as traveling exhibits to the schools in city and country. In another division again it has united the most important plants of the state of Illinois. I am sure that in ONE HUNDRED FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 145 most cases the aim that is sought is reached. The preference of the American, even of the city-dweller, for the life in the open is thus directed to occupation with the nature of his own country — of which everyone is proud ! This end is also served by various publications of the museums and similar institutions. Where else can one buy for one dollar a book with 30 plates, as that of the Canadian gov- ernment botanist on the higher fungi of Canada? (Giinsow, H. T. and Odell, W. S., Mushrooms and Toadstools. An Account of the more Common Edible and Poisonous Fungi of Canada, Ottawa, 1927.) Inexpensive also is the description of the wild flowers of New York with its 270 splendid colored plates brought out by the State Museum in Albany. Through the manner of their distribution such works frequently reach groups which with us find it utterly impossible to acquire similar books. Of course there also is left still much to be done. As America is the country of superlatives, so it is probably also superlative here and there in the field of destruction and defacing of nature. I am thinking here of the enormous forest destruction, which can not be even excused by the semblance of right through progressive technic and civilization. Thus also the efforts of the “Wild Flower Preservation Society of America” become understandable. Starting in quite a small way, it has spread today over the whole United States, a flourishing growth that above all is due to the work of a woman, the wife of the former director of the Botanical Garden in New York. The separate exhibit of this society in this museum gives an insight into its far-reaching activity, by which it tries to reach grown people as well as school children. Some of this activity seems strange to us; for instance, when it makes use of the children’s ambition for its cause by a system of premiums and badges, or demands from the members (annual fee 50 cents=2 M.) at their initiation a solemn promise : I promise To protect our native plants Not to destroy rare flowers and ferns Not to injure any shrub or tree and Not to set fire to the fields or woods. One must not forget, however, that hereby American people are to be reached, who differ from us in many ways. This is also shown by the pamphlets of the society, which aim to reach this end in the style of American comic sheets by grotesque exaggeration. They 146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM probably would not be accepted by a German journal for nature protection, but in America the success speaks for this mode of propaganda. Much more could be said about the American museums and what is connected with them. The ethnological divisions, which every- where occupy large space, remain totally unmentioned. Above all it is the Indian life that is preserved in numerous, often very beautiful groups. Splendid pieces of old Indian industry, art and architecture are here brought together as in general the interest of the white American in the history of the “red gentleman” has grown in pro- portion to the gradual disappearance of the primitive life of the dwindling race of Indians in their own country. A significant monument of a vanished culture in Washington is the gigantic stone-picture from Easter island, situated lonesomely in the Pacific ocean, tliat like another sphinx gives us knowledge of men who have left no traces. Herewith I close my hasty review. Of some things I did not speak intentionally ; others may have remained unnoticed or may have been misinterpreted. My final word may be again my thanks to all who met the foreign visitor to their museums with his many wishes and requests always helpfully and thereby made his visit a success. INDEX Accessions, lists, 61-67. See also Donations Accomplishments, Summary of ac- complishments and functions dur- ing past century, 69-118 Adams, Charles C., Collections of his- tory, industry and art, 107-15; In- troductory note to summary of accomplishments and functions of the New York State Museum dur- ing the past century, 69; conclud- ing remarks on accomplishments, 1 16-18; cited, 27, 59 Administrative problems, 53-54 Agricultural history collection, 107 Albany buildings, old, 26, 27 Allegany School of Natural History, 22 American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, organization, 82 American museums. On American museums (Kraiisel), 139-46 Animals, studies on, 16 Appropriations and funds, 55; general financial problem, 56-57 Archeology, activities in, 17, 46; sum- mary of century of accomplishments and functions, 99-107 Art collections, see History, industry and art collections Association of American Geologists, organization, 82 Attendance, 25 ; students, 23 Beck, L. C, 70 Bequest, form of, ii Bibliography, 59-61 Bird lecture, 25 Black flies, studies of, 88 Botany, activities in, 38 ; summary of century of accomplishments and functions, 93-99 Bryant, W. L., cited, 59 Bryant, W. L. & Johnson, J. H., cited, 59 Buddington, A. F., cited, 27, 59 Budget, 54; financial problems, 56-57 Building, new, need for, 16 Carson, Russel M. L., cited, 59 Centenary of Museum, 53; summary of accomplishments and functions during century, 69-118 Civil Works Administration, mos- quito control projects, 88 Clarke, J. M., cited, 82 Clarke, Noah T., summary of century of accomplishments and functions in archeology, 99-107; cited, 59 Collaborators, 12, 29 Collections, archeology, 17, 99; en- tomology, 84, 89; geology, 72; his- torical, 15, 29, 107-15; paleontology, 76, 81 ; study, condition of, 27 ; tem- porary storage space, 58 ; zoology, 90 Colleges, relation of museum exhibits to, 23 Cooperation, interdepartmental, 87 ; radio talks, 26; State and other organizations, 18-21 Council, State Museum, 29; members, list, II Curators, honorary, 12 Directory data, 55 Donations, endowment and trust funds, 10; kind desired, 58; received, list, 61-65; received from staff, 66-67; to institutions and individuals, 67 Drafting, 28 Economic geology, studies of, 17, 38, 71 Educational reservations, 16 Emmons, Dr Ebenezer, 70, 82, 83 Employes, see Staff Endowment and trust funds, 10 Entomology, activities in, 17, 45; sum- mary of century of accomplishments and functions, 83-89 Exchange, accessions by, list, 65 Exhibition halls, condition of, 27 Exhibits, entomological, 89; old Al- bany buildings, 26; paleontological, 76 ; relation to schools and colleges , 23; special, condition of, 27; zoo- logical, 89 [147] 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Federal mosquito control work re- lief program, 88 Fellowships, research, 57 Financial and statistical summary, 54- 56 Financial problem, current, 57; gen- eral, 56 Fitch, Dr Asa, 83, 117 Fossil restorations, 76 Functions, during past century, sum- mary, 69-118 Funds, endowment and trust funds, 10; summary, 55 Fungi collection, 93 Geological and Natural History Sur- vey, State, results of activities, 82, 116 Geological map. State, 70 Geological mapping. Report on geo- logical mapping of sedimentary rocks and glacial areas in New York State (Goldring), 119-31; Precambrian formations (Newland), 133-37 Geology, activities in, 16, 37-38; sum- mary of century of accomplishments and functions, 70-72 Gifts, see Donations Glacial areas. Report on geological mapping of sedimentary rocks and glacial areas in New York State, ((Soldring), 1 19-31 Glasgow, Robert D., summary of century of accomplishments and functions in entomology, 83-89 ; cited, 59 Goldring, Winifred, summary of century of accomplishments and functions in paleontology, 75-82 ; Report on geological mapping of sedimentary rocks and glacial areas in New York State, 1 19-31; cited, 59 Ground water research, 57 Hall, James, 70, 82, 116 Herbarium, 94 Historic reservations, museum as cus- todian of, 15 Historical arts collection, 115 Historical objects, museum as re- pository for, 14 Historical policies, 53 History, industry and art collections, 15, 29, 46; century of accomplish- ments and functions, 107-15 History, Your State Museum and state history, a radio address, 13-16 House, Homer D., summary of century of accomplishments and functions in botany, 93-99 Household history collections, 108 Indian archeology collections, 17, 46. See also Archeology Industrial arts collection, 115 Industry collection, see History, in- dustry and art collections Information and publicity, 26 Insect pests, studies of, 17, 45, 87-89 Institutions, gifts to, 67 Interdepartmental cooperation, 19, 85 Kraiisel, Richard, On American mu- seums, 139-46 Krieger, Louis C. C., cited, 27, 59 Krieger, Medora H., cited, 27, 59 Lassiter, William L., summary of century of accomplishments, and functions of collections of history, industry and art, 107-15 Lithgow, David C., cited, 59 Loan exhibits, zoology, 93 McVaugh, Rogers, cited, 60 Maps, geological, see Geological maps Mather, W. W., 70, 82 Medical history collection, 108 Merrill, George P., quoted, 116 Mineral resources, 16, 38; value of publications on, 71 Mosquito control projects, 20, 88; rela- tion to wild life conservation, 89 Museum building, need for, 16 Museum Council, State, 29; members, II Museums, American, On American museums (Kraiisel), 139-46 Narcissus pest problems, 87 INDEX 149 Natural History, Allegany School of, 22 Needs of the State Museum, 56-59 New York State Geological Survey, 82, 1 16 New York World’s Fair, 54 Newland, D. H., Precambrian forma- tions, 133-37; summary of century of accomplishments and functions in geology, 70-72; cited, 60 Newland, D. H. & Hartnagel, C. A., cited, 60 On American museums (Kraiisel), 139-46 Paleontology, activities in, 30-37 ; summary of century of accomplish- ments and functions in, 75-82 Parks, State Council of, 21 Peck, Dr Charles H., 93, 117 Personnel, see Staff Pest control, 17, 45, 87-89 Photography, 28 Pine shoot moth, European, studies of, 88 Planning, state, 17, 21 Plants, studies of, 16 Policies, historical, 53 Precambrian formations (Newland), 133-37 Printing and publications, 27 Public functions, summary, 117 Public services, see Special services Publications, 27; annual bibliography, 59-61 ; botany, 93, 94 ; entomology, 84 ; mineral resources, 71 ; paleontol- ogy, 75, 76 ; Precambrian formations, mapping of (Newland), 133-37; Re- port on geological mapping of sed- imentary rocks and glacial areas in New York State (Goldring), 119- 31 ; zoology, 90 Publicity, 26 Pupils, relation of exhibits to schools and colleges, 23-25 Purchases, list, 66 Quadrangle maps, glacial, 126, 128, 130; Precambrian deposits, 135; sedimentary, 124, 127, 129 Radio talks, 26; Your State Museum and state history, 13-16 Recommendations for future, 118 Regents, Board of. Museum committee, II Relief work, 17, 21 ; Federal mosquito control work relief project, 88 Research, archeology, 99; entomology, 83 ; paleontology, 75 ; stratigraphical, 76; zoology, 90 Research collections, of animal life, 90 Research fellowships, 57 Ruedemann, Rudolf, cited, 60 Ruedemann, Rudolf & Howell, B. F., cited, 60 Ruedemann, Rudolf & Wilson, T. Y., cited, 60 Salaries of staff, 55 Saunders, Aretas A., cited, 27, 60 Schools, gifts to, 67; loan material available to, 93 ; relation of museum exhibits to, 23 Scientific appointments, temporary, 12 Scientific reservations, museum as cus- todian of, 1 5 Scientific staff, summary of activities, 30-46. See also Staff Sedimentary rocks. Report on geo- logical mapping of sedimentary rocks and glacial areas in New York State (Goldring), 1 19-31 Services, special, see Special services Shaker historical collection, 108 Spanish War collections, 108 Special services, archeology, 100; bot- any, 99 ; entomology, 84 ; geology, 71; history, industry and art, 115; paleontology, 81 ; zoology, 90 Staff, accessions from, 66 ; directory data, 55; list, 12; publications by, 27, 59-61 ; radio talks by, 13-16, 26; relief help, 17; salaries, 55; sum- mary of activities of scientific staff, I7> 25, 30-46; temporary scientific appointments, 12 State Council of Parks, 21 State Departments, cooperation with, 18-21, 87 State Geological and Natural History Survey, results of activities, 82, 116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 150 State geological map, 70 State history, Your State Museum and state history, 13-16 State Museum, Summary of the ac- complishments and functions of the New York State Museum during the past century, 1836-1936, 69-118; Your State Museum and state his- tory, 13-16 State Museum Council, 29; members, II State planning, 17, 21 Statistical summary, 54-56 Stoner, Dayton, summary of century of accomplishments and functions in zoology, 89-93; cited, 27, 60 Storage space, temporary, 58 Stormer, Leif, cited, 61 Stratigraphical research, 76 Students, relation of museum exhibits to schools and colleges, 23 Study collections, animal life, 90; con- dition of, 27; relief help on, 17 Summary, financial and statistical, 54- 56 Summary of year’s work, 16-18 Sunday opening, 25 Swallows, field studies of, 16 Taylor, Norman, cited, 61 Temporary storage space, 58 Trust funds, 10 Underground water research, 57 Vanuxem, Lardner, 70, 82 Visitors, see Attendance Water research, see Ground water research Wild Flowers of New York, 94 Wild life conservation and mosquito control, 89 Work relief program, mosquito control projects, 20, 88 Works Progress Administration, co- operation with, 21 World’s Fair of 1939, 54 Year’s work, summary, 16-18 Zoology, activities in, 46; summary of century of accomplishments and functions, 89-93 I.!',, ', a*.' •i'v y-ai*' ^ " '•' \}^«»./ v'*.i»»l,', JUS" ][• ••‘I.;-. ..•Vj“i ’"V ' i;'n > ^ l9M !..,' Ui.r -i'‘i '< v'»'‘V"' 'V- . *1 ’.i. fISi mH r .lr='-"'’'y. .• . :vv. i **>• '‘^ * '•' f- '. , . > ,•*! ;.'jU-"- '^■i 'i.i^/ ' ; ' /all vf k f Uf 8 W ^.'-■4.„Y . „■ i C*tll‘M»7 c 4