Pefop ere ed weber ene y eRe er AO Oe 4 a | Mehr O04 forte eee if et 1 Note na te gy erm he! weenie hae: ee wieoan rata erpse met Arete = SN WS = > = be ‘A > - 2 = 2 WE 2 = 7 ki 2 yy m B m SS 2 m i) m = 2) Ss n fe = no = on i NVINOSHLINS S314YVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SS3I1Y¥Vy = n Z Zz 5 Ww Zz ° n z wn i < = < = < \. = iy < = r. Zz a Zz 4 2 A 4 LL = =I Zs j 2 SNE 2 ANG JZ? wy = 2 eS Xa 2 Ss RN \S 2, Yl 70 = Zi ‘ Lis ; 3 a Be = 3 : SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITU ee = é Fe ae 2 oa = 3 z + Q@0OE 4 - Um 9 oc aS a q RQ = = 2 GR A < a wB 4 > =) : Te WY > 2 > > = Me, = S 2 US = 0 r= bE gy e = — Lead <= oY = _ » [= a oS = = aes SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOISITELSNINVINOSHLINS 253 luYvag Mul BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN = ao 3 Si ae < : a Z 3 ip = ON : 3 = Z 2 8SGYE FRR 8 2 Z = 2 E 2 “yy = “NY 2 = = s > = > = hes = Z a se a 2 a ite a NVINOSHLIWS Saiuvugi7_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S31uvda = ce = « (9 yy ce = ANS ce =j < 4 aw Uy = x 3]: NS Ss ~S Fa > = > = 2 = 2 RNS = 2 = ‘ca . = _ WY ~~ — > — Z a Z n ow 2 m 2 mn NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYAIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SAILYV z= wo ‘ — '~ ” za « on ras no 5 < = fr, = = < = < = y, Vy a“! = : 3 UG. % 2 z Na = 2 = 2) a Wi, Hari IOI iN 2 72) Wak o a2) o am eo) i fie sla aN eo) Te : DANS o) =e fe) = z ts ae 2 E Qo 2 = 2 : Fe Nelo sete 3 z SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3INVYYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT 7) = o rl D 2 2 2 4 n S rz) = 7) ie a ac sect wo = oe = o 7 Ss) oc S oe 4 oe S a = 2 z : 5 WW a 3 m. 5 ues a 2 = =< - 2 = 2 d NVINOSHLINS S31uYvVuYaI7T LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUE E = is 5 = z &S — z : o 2 w = a : ow \G 2) 2 5 2 5 2 5 2A 5 eee = = Ee a = =} = Z 5 5 E & B o ae o = : o z He A aie SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYSIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN wn — aE WwW a) (PARLE wo —_ a =: wn => SOE IR CO ie Eh ee KD) Pry ert he oneap leh texte ct = ma - Zz a) = ALILSNIT NVINOSHLINS S3lu¥vud!I1 LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS _S Ge z = z & z ae z & S ie = Gs je] ‘ = je] — o a a N = 2 XX. Ses 2 = 2 = a WS, = F \ WE e = I= F = Sx SE DBD WINS = Pu) — a = a ARV = = SNS D = ne = o = Sy no Cee on RE z oD z o Tito ees RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS SAluVaall LIBRARI ES |, SMITHSONIAN | < a = gh, : = @. =o = = < = y, = 3 = 5 z Cl, 5 z if, O SS = g = 8 MY lie 2 g LZ 2 SN 8 z = 8G fi’ & z2 a WS ie a eS, »\ S 2 a 2 a 5 a XS Z NVINOSHLINS S31YWVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS rae < = oO ” ba te E = ” be me a = Os G ul ; ul z & ul et = yo « = oc Sy ete = HeLa, vs > = 2 = = F 5 -iffg = = 2 iE = a — “Gy Ss 2 m 2 m oD m D “fl? m = n Zz o gute 7) = o ALILSNI NVINOSHLINS Sa lyvud bas SMITHSONIAN Nor AT TONS NWINOSHLIWS 2 = re s z z = = Fi WATS 4 wtf fg = =l z a z =| ff 3 3 Dip 3 : 7 z 8 : Y oe SHYS x fe} PS fe} = S mz 2 Gy = 2 = 2 c Z 4 = > . = > Ss > S S 75) Zz 7) ‘neta o ES 7) 2 RARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Salyvagi1_ a MITHSONIAN _ | us 5 z 2 ul a wi: = 4 a pl S 4 = Ks fy it x. =_ a = ind = aw. 4 tye = CF 1 PIS 1 Pizz’ 3 ZI S ce =| = “iy S = e = ro) = fo) ean eee fe) ay i *: = 3 wy z af 2 MLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IY¥VuUdIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS _5 co Z c z iE z he z ae = a 5 ae 5 a AN SS) > = > = {> i= > SSS cE a E 3) = *) = a ANY = = 2) = a 4 ra a = SS 2) m ~ AS m m m op = o r= 7m) 2 n = 7) = RAR! ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS Saluvagi | LIBRAR| ES SMITHSONIAN = aa a ee ne, ae = < \ 3 2 \g : 3 = 2 - zZ AVG 3G n ISS. 3 An a) yD) Sou a 7) rR SO ro CANS Oo 35 fe) = ro) oe wes ENO 2 = Zz iB zZ = are a De 2 5 Ae ud = S ALILSNI_ po 2 evel T_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | NOLLNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS 5 o a ud Fs uw a Wi = ce = = © = & =A a ° v 3 4H g Hoo u a H 3) > fo) Ge) o Ae Wo om ) “x v Su a) al u v ) 3) 4a 1c a ° 3} 2 ey a oO od 2 x “a na 3 Year 3 = 2 < —Q al & = We 352N = 15eW 35°N - 45°W 40°N - 15°W S59 NE a= 05 SW: 35°N - 60°W. Sa Neea OR 30°N - 80°W 40°N - 10°W 30°N - 85°W SomNi =A Wie 30°N = L5cw 30°N - 75°W 35°N - 75°W 302NE <== LOSW, B52N) 6) 25.cWie 25°N - 80°W 30°N - 30°W 35°N - 70°W 30°N - 05°W SS oN lS Wie 25°°N) sor Loew 30°N. = 15°W 35°N - 15°W 25-Ni = 10°W S5N = OSW. 20°N - 25°W 25 2Ne =D OW) 35°N - 10°W O5°N - 60°W 30°N - 80°W O5°N - 80°W 202Nie = 25icW 30°N - 80°W 05°S - 50°W S02Nie = 75)Wi O5:2N) 875 SW 20°N - 15°W 30°N - 75°W 0525S. e452W 25°N - 80°W. O5°N - 05°W 1O2NG= LOSW 30°N - 70°W 255) a= 45 ei) 25 aN S05W 2025S) =—35cW O5°N - 05°W 30°N - 65°W 40°S - 60°W 25.°N = S205Wie 2025S) 72205 OS2Nan— 005 30°N = 50°W AOSS eet SOc 20°N - 80°W. 2002S) gael SEW OSSNGe> LOSE 30°N - 15°W ZO0SSi e—) 25°W 202Nie = 7 DiaWie 2525), saa OaW) 2525 == 302Wi 25°N - 80°W 40°S = 10SW 202Ne = 25oWie 2575) usieoD aw. 25 .-Sae > 2oiaW, 25:°N> =e Wi) 40°S - 05°W 20°N. - 30°W 25°°S> = -205W 25°S = 202°W, 25°N - 65°W AO cSea— 00> Z20°N) = 255Wie 2512S) = Pl SeW) 302525) 305 25°N - 60°W OM) oo os T5S2NL oa OSWs 25055, —lOSW 35 2S aes) 2ieNi EDM GOSS = I5SE 10°N - 10°W. 25755 =a05eW, 4025, =) 505W 25°N - 50°W The mean catch per unit of effort taken as apparent abundance for a square for a quarter was computed as the arithmetic mean of the catch per unit of effort for each month in the quarter for each year—possibly 39 values had the square been fished in every month of the quarter in all of the 13 years. The method was selected over the alternative of dividing total catch by total effort because we desired to weight each unit of time equally to elimi- nate the possible biasing effects of large vari- ations in fishing effort in different years. Over 70% of the fishing in the 13 years took place in the 5 years 1962-66 (Table 1). Catch per unit of effort was estimated for most unfished squares, and they were “filled” Table 2.--Continued. First quarter** Never fished* Sot fished Second quarter not fished Third quarter Fourth quarter TT Ua EEUU EEEEEE SESS OSaNG Se LOSE 25°S 00° - 50°W 25°S Z0SSe= OOS 30°S DRY (00) 30°S 3202S) i= -305W 30°S 3205S eee 25aW 30°S 8302S = 005 30°S 80°%S) )= 2055 35,°S SBS, Sty B51SE 35 ¢Se—— 300W 35.25 Bo Seem 25\oW 35°S 8352S, = 205W: 3525S 35°S - 10°W 40°S sbyale (Oo OEY 40°S Shy. 3 00" 40°S 40°S - 45°W 40°S 40°S_ - 20°W 40°S 4OSS > 15 2wi 4028) = 10525 not fished not fished 00° 40°S - 45°W 25°N - 40°W 05°E 40°S_ - 40°W 2 Ni aS DEW 45 °W 40°S - 35°W 20°N - 75°W 35°W 40°S - 30°W 20°N - 50°W 30°W 40°S - 20°W 20°N - 40°W 25°W 40°S - 15°W 15°N - 95°W 20°W 40°S - 05°E 15°N - 90°W 50°W O5°N - 10°E 35 °W S59 sean OmW 30°W 40°S - 50°W 25 °W 20°W 35 °W 30°W 20°W 15°W 05°E *These squares not included in listing by quarter. **No fishing north of 40°N since we felt that with certain limitations values in surrounding squares could be taken as estimators. The four adjacent squares and the four squares at the corners of each un- fished square were considered. An unfished square was filled if there were data in at least: two adjacent squares, one adjacent square and two opposing corner squares, or in this quarter. four corner squares. Adjacent squares were assigned a weight of two, the corner squares a weight of one. The catch per unit of effort of an unfished square was calculated by multiplying values in the adjoining squares by the appropriate weighting factors, summing the _ products, and dividing by the sum of the factors. The Table 3.--Five-degree squares not fished and not filled, by quarter of the year. Each square is identified by the coordinates of its southeast corner. ‘ First quarter** Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter ROYCE (eee ety not filled not filled not filled not filled 40°N - 05°W BD) oNie = 7D). 355 NP 1 = LOS 35°N ~ 75°W 40°N - 70°W 40°N - 00° 35 aN) =) 7/0SW 309N- a=" 15 ew 30°N) = 1855Wi 4O°N - 65°W 35°N - 05°W 35°N - 65°W OSi2N = 805W 30°N - 80°W 40°N - 15°W 30°N - 10°W S5Ni = LOSW, O5°N - 75°W 25.eNe = LS 40°N - 10°W 30°N - 05°W 30°N - 85°W 25S) aaa ow) SB So SOAK S5ISNE tan law 2ONie => LOmW) 30°N - 80°W 25°55) |=" 402W 40°S - 50°W 35°N - 70°W 058S) ==" 505W 35:9S) “= "305W 3072S =. 3 05Wi 40°S - 45°W SHINO USAR 40°S - 60°W ST SEY 30255 v=25eW 40°S - 40°W 35° Ne =e lOSW, GOgSt = 5 5Wi 35/93) =. OSs Wi 35°S) = 35eW 40°S = 35°W 30°N - 85°W 4O2S" = 0550 35S = OOe 35.55) = 30nWi 40°S - 30°W 30°N - 80°W 40°S - 25°W 3579) oe2 iW) ZOLSh 25:5. 30°N ==752W 40°S - 20°W 35.55) = 202W 40°S - 20°W 30°N. - 70°W 40°S - 15°W AOSSin— 2S 5 402S) = 1/5)oW) 252.N =) DOW 40°S:' =) 10°W 40°S - 30°W GOSS = lOSw IBY So OBA 405S)" ="00° AOR Samo iaN) GOSS: “="00% 35:2 Sm OSW 4OSS) = 05°R 40°S - 20°W 40°S_ - 05°E 40°S - 50°W 4025S) = 10°R 402s" = 15SW 40°S - 10°E ZO0°S, = VOSW 405S ee =n00z 40°S - 05°E 40 5Sae—lOSE *These squares not included in listing by quarter. **No filling north of 40°N in this quarter. procedure was reapplied to a single square, in the data field after the filling process. Table lat 20°-25°S, long 15°-20°W, in the second 3 shows the squares which remained without quarter only, which remained as a “hole” observed or assigned values after filling. Contouring was done by computer, assign- ing the catch-per-unit-of-effort value for each square to a point in the geometric center of the square. Although our charts (Figures 1 and 4-13) are a square projection, the “squares” are, of course, not square. One degree of longitude is approximately equal to 60.722 nautical miles x cosine latitude. n 9 _| o° 4 4 - b GS Figure 1.— Divisions of the Atlantic Ocean. The program used for contouring could not effectively distinguish squares with no data from those with values of zero, and it contoured squares which are part water as if they were all water. For these reasons we edited the computer plots, terminating all contours at the coast and a half-square be- fore the edge of the data field. For the sake of clarity and simplicity the contours in Figures 4-13 are usually drawn at the levels of 2, 4, and 6, and the number of hooks is varied appropriately by orders of magnitude: Fish per 100 hooks - Albacore Yellowfin Fish per 1,000 hooks - Bigeye White marlin Blue marlin Sailfish and spearfish Bluefin Swordfish Black marlin Skipjack Fish per 10,000 hooks - The level of 4 (per 100 or 1,000 or 10,000 hooks) is shown by a dashed line. In cases where the catch rates exceeded 6 (per 100, etc., hooks) in significant amounts, the fact is noted in the explanatory text for each species. Black marlin and skipjack are ex- ceptions—their apparent abundance is_ so low that contours are drawn only at the single level of 1 per 10,000 hooks, roughly equivalent to comparison of presence vs. ab- sence. INTERPRETATION OF CONTOURS The various species have shown differing apparent responses to exploitation, and these responses, of course, affect the mean abundance values. (Wise, 1968; Wise and Fox, 1969; Wise and LeGuen, 1969.) For this reason, in Figure 2, we show for each species the annual BLUEFIN 100 ALBACORE 2 50 1 lo BIGEYE 100 YELLOWFIN 5 50 s0-] SWORDFISH A WHITE MARLIN 25 2 4 BLUE MARLIN 08 BLACK MARLIN 04 4-4 SAILFISH & SPEARFISH Os SKIPJACK 02 1956 1960 1965 YEAR CATCH PER THOUSAND HOOKS n Figure 2. — Catch per thousand hooks, 1956-68, various tunas and billfishes in selected areas (see text) in the Atlantic Ocean. catch per unit of effort only in the areas in which the catches of the species were great- est in 1956-68, dividing the Atlantic as shown in Figure 1. Catches were distributed as follows: Bluefin - 89% of the catch in NOW, GUI, and BAH Albacore - 86% of the catch in NOW, BAH, BEN, and RIO Bigeye - 86% of the catch in GUI, CV, GG, and BEN Yellowfin - 86% of the catch in GUI, CV, and GG Swordfish - 81% of the catch in GUI, CV, GG, BAH, and BEN Sr gm 2 SL ames JUL—SEP | - Figure 3. — Relative amounts of fishing by the Japanese longline fleet in the Atlantic Ocean, 1956-68. Darkest portion 2 includes 75% of the effort; intermediate shading plus darkest portion includes 95% include 99% of the effort. White marlin - 72% of the catch in NOW, GUI, BAH, and RIO Blue marlin - 72% of the catch in NOW, GUI, GG, and BAH Black marlin - 73% of the catch in CV, GG, and BAH Sailfish andspearfish- 76% of the catch in GUI, GG, BAH, and RIO Catch rates of skipjack are calculated for the whole ocean. Examination of Figure 2 makes it clear that the contour levels shown for the various species can reflect only relative overall abun- dance and are not necessarily representative of any one year or short series of years. / Tree Teese | pelo roe Us [Ln 20°} L OCT—DEC of the effort; all shaded areas Most, if not all, previous studies based on the Japanese longline data—e.g., Koto (1969); Mather, Jones, and Beardsley (1972); Saka- moto (1967)—have tacitly assumed that all observations are of equal value in delimiting distribution and abundance of the species taken by the fishery. The assumption probably is not correct because of the grossly unequal amounts of fishing in different parts of the Atlantic. For example, there were a total of some 7 million hooks fished in 1956-68 in each of the two most heavily fished 5° Xx 5° squares, vs. a total of only about a thousand hooks fished in the most lightly fished square in the course of the 13 years, a difference of nearly four orders of magnitude. For this reason, we show the relative amounts of fishing in Figure 38. The shaded areas include 99% of the fishing effort in each quarter during 1956-68. Within the shaded area the darkest portion includes squares which total cumulatively 75% of the effort; the intermediate shading plus the darkest portion includes 95% of the effort. Table 4 shows the range of the percentages. The total fishing effort was approximately equal in each of the four quarters—first quarter 120.5 million hooks, second quarter 131.6 million hooks, third quarter 120.7 million hooks, fourth quarter 109.0 million hooks. Thus, all of the squares outside of the shaded areas in any quarter taken together include no more than 1% of the fishing effort for that quarter, and no one unshaded square in- cludes more than about 0.05% of the fishing for that quarter—at the maximum about 5,000 hooks total in 13 years (131.6 million hooks X 0.05%/13). Most of the squares out- side the shaded area include less than 0.05% of the fishing; the average is less than 0.02%, or less than 2,000 hooks total in 13 years. A recent publication by Shiohama (1971) shows graphically the distribution of Japanese longline fishing effort for each year in the 1956-68 period. Table 4.--Distribution of percentages of fishing effort for each quarter. First quarter Effort Range Number Range level of 7% of of % squares 75%, 5 .894- 34 DOV 0.924 0.766 95% 5.894 78 Di O79 0.176 0.225 99% 5 .894- 115 5.075- 0.055 0.046 100% =. 176 D Note: first quarter 95% of the fishing is 75% of the fishing, plus 44 others, Second quarter Third quarter Fourth guarter Number Range Number Range Number of of % of of 7% of squares squares squares 48 5.169- 44 4.070- 55 0.814 0.584 88 5.169- 101 4.070- 109 0.163 0.208 124 5.169- 141 4.070- 144 0.049 0.048 193 5 203 S 200 The number of squares shown for each effort level is cumulative--i.e., in the included in the 34 squares which include or 78 squares. 9 The shaded regions include the areas in which we have reasonable confidence in the contours, with confidence increasing as the amount of fishing included increases. Contour lines outside of the shaded areas are related to very small amounts of fishing and should be interpreted with caution, especially where there are isolated peaks of high apparent abundance. In evaluating the amount of confidence to be placed in the contour lines, however, we feel that giving consideration only to the amount of fishing is oversimplification. When a concentration repeats in more than one quarter, or when it appears to be coherent with one or more others appearing in other quarters, it can often be given more credence than that based simply on the amount of fishing. The ideal, of course, would be to have the fishing uniformly distributed over the ocean. An alternative would be to apply an objective statistical procedure to reject catch- per-unit-of-effort values derived from amounts of fishing below a critical value. The first is impossible and the second probably not practical, so a certain amount of subjectivity must remain in the interpretation of the con- tours. BLUEFIN AND SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNAS The published Japanese statistics did not separate the bluefin and the southern bluefin previous to 1966. In the period 1966-68 about 30% of the total catch of both species was southern bluefin, but less than 100 southern bluefin were caught north of lat 20°S. About 75% of the catch south of lat 20°S was report- ed as southern bluefin. We shall generally consider concentrations north of lat 20°S as bluefin and concentrations south of 20°S as southern bluefin. Figure 4 shows the distribution of catches of bluefin for the four quarters of the year. The most consistent features are a concentra- tion of bluefin off the easternmost part of South America all year round and another, probably of bluefin and southern bluefin (Tal- bot and Penrith, 1963), on or near the African coast south of lat 20°S, in every quarter but 10 the first. There is a concentration in the first quarter just north of lat 20°S; it appears probable that this is related to the African coastal group. There is a concentration around Cuba and Puerto Rico in the first quarter, extending into the northern Gulf of Mexico and along the east coast of North America in the second quarter. It is off the northeastern United States and Newfoundland in the third quarter and extends southward in open water from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the fourth quarter. This pattern is consistent with a migration pattern outlined by Rivas (1955). The migration hypothesis for northwest At- lantic bluefin was unsupported by any direct evidence for many years, but recently long- liners off New England and Nova Scotia caught two bluefin tagged in the Bahamas (F. J. Mather, III, personal communication). In the first through third quarters there are ‘‘spots” of bluefin extending eastward from the concentrations mentioned above, and in the fourth quarter there is a large concentration centered on long 30°W in the North Atlantic. These distributions may be related to the irregular transatlantic migra- tions of bluefin discussed by Mather (1969). Although there are relatively important fisheries for bluefin on the European coast, in the Mediterranean, and on the northwest coast of Africa, nearly all of the large con- centrations in Figure 4 occur west of long 20°W. The apparent abundance of bluefin during the 1956-68 period increased from very low levels in the early years to a peak in 1962-66, then returned to low levels (Figure 2). A similar cycle may be seen in the purse-seine catches off New England (Wise, Beardsley, and Mather, 1971). While great changes in catch-per-unit-of-effort values with time make any absolute values questionable, average catches per unit of effort in the concentrations shown run over 50 per 10,000 hooks in the first quarter and over 100 per 10,000 hooks in the second quarter. ALBACORE The most obvious feature in the distribution of albacore for the four quarters of the year, ee 99-96] ‘Ava OY] Jo StaqIeNb «noj ayy ul (SYOoY OOO‘OT tod) svUNy UYaNT Jo SayozRo Jo UOINGLYSI — "p 9nd 340-150 das -1Nf 4 4 0% YVW-NVE fli "29-9G6] ‘vod ay] Jo SA9qAVNH INoJ ayy UI (SYOOY OOT ed) eLo0deq[e Jo SoYyozed Jo UOI4NGIAYSIq — “Gg AINSI d3s—1N6 eS See ne ae 00% NA — dd ; avW -Nvf 12 as shown in Figure 5, is the separated northern and southern distribution of the species, with very low catch rates between about lat 15°N and 5°S. Beardsley (1969) and Koto (1969) both studied distribution of albacore in the At- lantic on the basis of longline catch and effort. Their analyses were based on shorter series of data than we have used—Beardsley used 9 years, 1957-65, while Koto used 5 years, 1961-65. Both agreed on generally east-west seasonal migrations within both the northern and the southern groups of albacore, with the group of small fish located off extreme south- west Africa interchanging with Indian Ocean populations. Highest average catch rates occur off south- west Africa—up to 10 fish per 100 hooks in the first and third quarters and up to 17 fish per 100 hooks in the second quarter. In other areas, highest average catch rates almost never are above 7 per 100 hooks. The almost complete absence of albacore from the Gulf of Mexico, although not ap- parent in Figure 5, is of some ecological interest. Almost 11 million albacore were caught in the Atlantic by longliners during 1956-68, but only 0.02% were caught in the Gulf of Mexico (GM in Figure 1). The two poorest areas for albacore outside of the Gulf of Mexico, the CV and GG areas of Figure 1, yielded 2.4 and 3.1 fish per 1,000 hooks (total catch divided by the total effort for the 13 years), but the same figure for the Gulf of Mexico (GM) was only 0.5 per 1,000 hooks. Also not shown on Figure 5 is the large shallow concentration of albacore in the Bay of Biscay from about June to October or November of each year. While the longliners fish little or none east of long 20°W, north of lat 20°N (Figure 3), catches of more than 30,000 metric tons of albacore (roughly half of the total Atlantic catch) are taken annual- ly by French and Spanish fishermen with live bait and by trolling. BIGEYE TUNA The distribution of bigeye is shown for the four quarters of the year in Figure 6. Two large concentrations are evident off the coast of west Africa, separated at or near the 13 equator, changing their shapes and bound- aries with the seasons. The northern con- centration is not defined at its northern edge in any quarter except the third, and may ex- tend all of the way across the Atlantic at about lat 35°-40°N in every quarter except the second. These distributions are different in many respects from those outlined by Sakamoto (1967)—the differences may be due to the fact that Sakamoto used data only for 3 years, 1962-64. The apparently anomalous minor concentra- tion of bigeye along the east coast of southern Mexico and Central America in all four quarters may be due to misidentification by the fishermen of large blackfin tuna (7. at- lanticus). Average catches inside the contour of 6 fish per 1,000 hooks reach over 30 fish per 1,000 hooks in some cases along the southern African coast in the last two quarters, and near this level in the northern concentration in the first two quarters. YELLOWFIN TUNA Concentrations of yellowfin tuna are almost entirely confined to tropical waters between lat 20°N and 10°S, except for low or small concentrations in the northwest Atlantic in the third and fourth quarters and some con- centrations in the Gulf of Mexico in all four quarters (Figure 7). Wise and Le Guen (1969), among others, have hypothesized that there may be eastern and western populations of yellowfin in the tropical Atlantic. There is some evidence in Figure 7 of such a division, but the dividing line could be placed at about long 70°W, con- siderably farther west than suggested by Wise and Le Guen. The catch per unit of effort of yellowfin has dropped markedly and steadily from 9 or 10 fish per 100 hooks in the first three years of the fishery to less than 2 fish per 100 hooks in 1964-68 (Figure 2) so that absolute values must be interpreted with considerable caution. The highest average value is nearly 19 fish per 100 hooks in the western Gulf of Mexico in the first quarter and nearly 12 fish per 100 hooks occur on the north coast of South 89 996 T ‘ 1eak ay} Jo $194 aenb .noj ayy ut (SHOoY YONO‘T ted) Buny aAasIq Jo Sayyed Jo uoTIyNqIA4st — “9 a Ind ly das —1Nf YW —-NVE 14 89-9GGT ‘MVaXA aYY JO SLOqZAeNb Anoj ayy ul (SYOOY OOT ted) BUNA UYMOTIAA JO SaYozBd Jo UOIyNqLAYSI — *) ANSI] daS-1n¢ j ae) > r VED { — § as ee] 0 (0% (0% YVW-NVE 15 America in the second quarter—in all other cases the contour of 6 fish per 100 hooks does not enclose values of much above 6. SWORDFISH The plots of swordfish apparent abundance shown in Figure 8 for the four quarters ap- pear on cursory examination to be among the most complex of all the species and groups of species. In fact, they are among the sim- plest, since they demonstrate little difference in distribution with reference to longitude, latitude, land masses, open ocean areas, or even with season. In the first, third, and fourth quarters, the northern limit of distribution at the lowest level shown, 2 fish per 10,000 hooks, extends beyond the limits of the fishery. The highest average catch per unit of effort is about 27 fish per 10,000 hooks, at the northern limit in the fourth quarter—in other quarters it runs about 12-19 fish per 10,000 hooks, either at the northern limit or near lat 10°N on the coast of west Africa. The catch-per-unit-of-effort figures given are for swordfish caught incidental to daytime longline fisheries primarily for other species —commercial longline fisheries for swordfish operate primarily at night, since catches are considerably higher than they are in daylight hours. This fact, together with the increase in apparent abundance of swordfish through the 1956-63 period (Figure 2) means that the values in Figure 8 must be interpreted with considerable caution. WHITE MARLIN Figure 9 shows catch rates for white marlin for the four quarters of the year. The major concentrations of white marlin occur in the western Atlantic. There is a concentration along the east coast of South America in each quarter except the second and another which appears to move along the north coast of South America, through the Caribbean, and into the northern Gulf of Mexico, starting in the first quarter. Mather et al. (1972), after studying 65 tag returns, mostly from the commercial fishery, state that these shifts may be attrib- uted to seasonal migration. They hypothesize that there are probably no major migrations 16 of white marlin between the two western At- lantic concentrations and that they may be separate populations. Average catch rates reach 30 or more white marlin per 1,000 hooks in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean in the second quarter and nearly that rate off eastern South America in the first and fourth quarters. Figure 2 shows that the catch rate of white marlin tended to increase during the 1956-68 period, with rates of about 1 fish per 1,000 hooks or below in 1956-60 and rates generally over 2 fish per 1,000 hooks in 1961-68, ap- proaching 3 fish per 1,000 hooks in 1966-68. BLUE MARLIN Figure 10 shows catch rates for blue marlin for the four quarters of the year. Catch rates in the areas where most of the blue marlin have been caught have decreased markedly (Figure 2), with rates near or above 2 fish per 1,000 hooks in 1956-63, but only 0.6 fish or less per 1,000 hooks in 1965-68. The most striking features of Figure 10 are two major concentrations, both in the western Atlantic. (The apparent concentration off Africa in the first quarter is based on very little fishing.) One of the western Atlantic concentrations lies off the easternmost part of South America in the first and second quarters, with a suggestion of its existence in the fourth quarter. The other lies in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, centered around Cuba, in the second and third quarters. Mather et al. (1972) have hypothesized on the basis of spawning information that these two widely separated concentrations represent separate populations although Ueyanagi et al. (1970) believe there is mixing in equatorial areas. Highest average catch rates in both con- centrations reach over 13 fish per 1,000 hooks in the second quarter. BLACK MARLIN Black marlin had not been reported in the Atlantic until the first statistical report on the Japanese longline fishery (Shiohama et al., 1965). Its existence in the Atlantic still has not been confirmed by examination of speci- mens by a qualified ichthyologist. Nonetheless, “89-9G6T ‘IBaX JY Jo StaqTeNb Inoj ayy Ul (SYOoY QOO‘OT 10d) YSYpAOMs Jo Sayoqeo Jo uoI4NqLaysIg — *g ainsiy | 940-150 | das — 1Nf en ee nen nna ell YVW-NVE oO 00? 008 00 17 *9-9G6T ‘Ivad ayy Jo SAojAaeNb Anoj 9yy Ul (SYOOY OOO'T ed) Ul[ABU azIYM JO SAaYo}wd Jo UOI4NGIAASI| — *G VANS YVW-NVE 18 "29-9461 ‘Rad aYy JO Stoqaenb Anojy ayy UL (SYOOY YOO‘ Nf —adV J tod) ulpreuw antq Jo sayoyzeo Jo uorynqlaysiq — ‘OT oans iy das —1Nf 19 the Japanese longline fishermen, many of whom would be expected to recognize the species, have reported catches consistently in every one of the 13 years studied. Ueyanagi et al. (1970) believe that the black marlin in the Atlantic are strays from the Indian Ocean. Figure 11 shows the distribution of the catches at a level of 1 fish per 10,000 hooks or higher for each quarter of the year. Catches are extremely low outside of the areas out- lined, but can be quite high within them—up to 186 per 1,000 hooks in the first quarter— although most of the rates are less than 10 per 10,000 hooks. Little can be said of the general distribu- tion of the species. A concentration appears in the Gulf of Guinea, off Africa, in the first and second quarters, and _ concentrations appear along the coast of South America in the first and third quarters, related perhaps to a South Atlantic concentration in the fourth quarter. The fact that the concentrations appear off- shore and distant from population centers may explain why the species has not been recorded in the sport fishery. SAILFISH AND SPEARFISH The status of the spearfishes in the Atlantic is not entirely clear; Tetrapturus pfluegeri, the longbill spearfish, occurs in the open Atlantic, and T. belone occurs only in the Mediterranean. In addition there may be one other species of spearfish in the Atlantic, whose status is presently unclear. The statis- tics published by the Fisheries Agency of Japan combine sailfish and spearfishes in a category almost certainly equivalent to that reported by Shiohama et al. (1965) as “‘other marlins.”’ Ueyanagi et al. (1970) suggest that the sailfish lives close to land, while the longbill spearfish is found offshore. We assume that all concentrations in Figure 12 at or above the level of 6 fish per 1,000 hooks are sailfish, except for the two in the second and fourth quarters in the central North Atlantic. S. Hayasi and S. Ueyanagi suggest (personal communication) that all of the open sea con- centrations shown in Figure 12 may reflect the distribution of spearfish rather than sail- fish. Concentrations of sailfish occur along the east coast of South America in all four quarters, extending in the second and third quarters along the north coast of South America. In the second quarter the concentrations reach into the Caribbean and the southern Gulf of Mexico. Another concentration may be seen on the west coast of Africa from about lat 5°N to about 10°N in every quarter except the third. Most concentrations of sailfish do not go much above 6 fish per 1,000 hooks—excep- tions occur only in the second quarter in the eastern Caribbean with over 35 per 1,000 hooks and on the north coast of South America with over 15 per 1,000 hooks. The concentra- tion in the central North Atlantic in this quarter, probably spearfish, rises to just over 14 per 1,000 hooks. Figure 2 demonstrates that there has been a steady increase in catch per unit of effort of sailfish and spearfish during 1956-68, although the combination of more than one species in the statistics makes interpretation of the phenomenon difficult. SKIPJACK TUNA Longline catches of skipjack have been very low—Table 1 shows that in certain years none were reported by the Japanese longliners. There is a strong suggestion in the data that this represents a lack of reporting rather than a lack of catch—compare the data in Table 1 for 1959 with those for 1962. There is prece- dent, however, for considering longline catches of skipjack at least as an indication of distri- bution (Miyake, 1968). Figure 13 shows the distribution of the catches at a level of 1 fish per 10,000 hooks or higher for each quarter of the year. Average catches inside the contours are 10 fish per 10,000 hooks or less, except for one instance on the north coast of South America in the fourth quarter when the catch reached nearly 40 per 10,000. In general, catches outside of the contours shown are very low. Probably the major value of Figure 13 is the indication that skipjack are very widely distributed in the Atlantic. "89-9461 ‘Awad OY Jo SA9}.CENb anog ayy UL (SYOoY YOO‘OT 42d) ULpARLA YoRTq Jo sayoywo Jo UoINGLAASI — ‘TT aANGT [eer Nff—adv 00% PGES peer eer 00 4 21 -29-9G6] ‘Ive ayy JO SAoq.ceNb anoj ayy Ut (Syooy YOO'T ted) ysyavads puv YSY[IeS Jo soyozeo Jo UOIyNGI.Y4SI — “ZT ons 330-150 00F 00 Ot ov 09 Gal LS a Ln fel ine ara eee a | Ov |} ie =| Gaal a aaa | aa d3s-1Nf 08 ov Ot J uvW-Nvf | 22 *89-9GGT ‘vad ayy Jo Saaqaenb Anoj ayy UL (SYOoY OOO‘OT tad) vuny yould1ys Jo sayoyeo Jo UOIyNqLAYSIG — ‘ET dandy Nf —adv YVW-NVE 23 LITERATURE CITED BEARDSLEY, G. L., Jr. 1969. Proposed migrations of albacore, alalunga, in the Atlantic Ocean. Trans. Fish. Soc. 98:589-598. FISHERIES AGENCY OF JAPAN. 1965. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1962. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 183 p. 1966. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1963. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 322 p. 1967a. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1964. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 379 p. 1967b. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1965. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 375 p. 1968. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1966. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 299 p. 1969. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1967. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 293 p. 1970. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1968. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 283 p. 1971. Annual report of effort and catch statistics by area on Japanese tuna longline fishery, 1969. Fish. Agency Jap., Res. Div., 299 p. HOWARD, J. K., and S. UEYANAGI. 1965. Distribution and relative abundance of bill- fishes (Istiophoridae) of the Pacific Ocean. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. (Miami) 2, 134 p., 38 maps in Atlas. KOTO, T. 1969. Studies on the albacore-XIV. Distribution and movement of the albacore in the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans based on the catch statistics of Japanese tuna long-line fishery. [In Japanese, English summary.] Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (Shimizu) 1:115-129. MATHER, F. J., III. 1969. Long distance migrations of tunas and mar- lins. Underwater Nat. 6(1):6-14. MATHER, F. J., III, A. C. JONES, and G. L. BEARDS- LEY, JR. 1972. Migration and distribution of white marlin and blue marlin in the Atlantic Ocean. Fish. Bull., U.S. 70:283-298. MIYAKE, M. P. 1968. Distribution of skipjack in the Pacific Ocean, based on records of incidental catches by the Japanese longline tuna fishery. [In English and Spanish.] Bull. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. 12:509-608. NANKAT REGIONAL FISHERIES RESEARCH LAB- ORATORY (editor). 1954. Average years fishing condition of tuna long- line fisheries, 1952. Nippon Katsuo-Maguro Gyogyo Kumiai Rengokai, Tokyo (not paged). Thunnus Am. 24 1959. Average year’s fishing condition of tuna long- line fisheries, 1958 ed. [In Japanese with English figure and table captions.] Nippon Katsuo-Maguro Gyogyo Kumiai Rengokai, Tokyo, 414 p. + 72 maps. RIVAS, L. R. 1955. A comparison between giant bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the Straits of Florida and the Gulf of Maine, with reference to migra- tion and population identity. Proe. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst., 7th Ann. Sess., p. 133-150. ROTHSCHILD, B. J. 1966. Major changes in the temporal-spatial dis- tribution of catch and effort in the Japanese longline fleet. In T. A. Manar (editor), Proceed- ings, Governor’s Conference on Central Pacific Fishery Resources, State of Hawaii, p. 91-126. SAKAMOTO, H. 1967. Distribution of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean. Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 25: 67-73. SHIOHAMA, T. 1971. Studies on measuring changes in the char- acters of the fishing effort of the tuna longline fishery - I. Concentrations of the fishing effort to particular areas and species in the Japanese Atlantic Fishery. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (Shimizu) 5: 107-130. SHIOHAMA, T., M. MYOJIN, and H. SAKAMOTO. 1965. The catch statistic data for the Japanese tuna long-line fishery in the Atlantic Ocean and some simple considerations on it. Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 21, 131 p. TALBOT, F.H., and M. J. PENRITH. 1963. Synopsis of biological data on species of the genus Thunnus (Sensu lato) (South Africa). FAO (Food Agric. Organ. U.N.) Fish. Rep. 6:608-646. UEYANAGI,S.,S. KIKAWA, M. UTO, and Y. NISHIKAWA. 1970. Distribution, spawning, and relative abun- dance of billfishes in the Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (Shimizu) 3:15-42. WISE, J. P. 1968. The Japanese Atlantic longline fishery, 1964, and the status of the yellowfin tuna stocks. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 568, 5 p. WISE, J. P., and W. W. FOX, JR. 1969. The Japanese Atlantic longline fishery, 1965, and the status of the yellowfin tuna and albacore stocks. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 582, 7 p. WISE, J. P., and J. C. LE GUEN. 1969. The Japanese Atlantic longline fishery, 1956- 1963. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Oceanography and Fisheries Resources of the Tropical Atlantic - Review Papers and Con- tributions, UNESCO, Paris, p. 317-347. WISE, J. P., G.L. BEARDSLEY, JR., and F. J. MATHER, III. 1971. United States research report to the first regular meeting of the ICCAT Council, 1970. Int. Comm. Conserv. Atl. Tunas, Rep. Bienn. Period 1970-71, 2:117-120. v% GPO 796-347 621. 623. 628. 630. 631. 632. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, fry of hatchery or- igin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971, iii + 14 pp., 6 figs., 9 tables. Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971, iii + 15 pp., 3 figs., 19 tables. Apparent abundance, distribution, and migra- tions of albacore, Thunnus alalunga, on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v + 37 pp., 19 figs., 5 tables. Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. By N. B. Webb and F. B. Thomas. April 1971, iii + 11 pp., 9 figs., 3 tables. Distribution of salmon and related oceanographic features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, Ma- sanao Osako, and Jun Ito. March 1971, iii + 22 pp., 19 figs., 3 tables, Commercial fishery and biology of the fresh- water shrimp, Macrobrachium, in the Lower St. Paul River, Liberia, 1952-53. By George C, Mil- ler. February 1971, iii + 13 pp., 8 figs., 7 tables. Calico scallops of the Southeastern United States, 1959-69. By Robert Cummins, Jr. June 1971, iii + 22 pp., 23 figs., 3 tables. Fur Seal Investigations, 1969. By NMFS, Ma- rine Mammal Biological Laboratory. August 1971, 82 pp., 20 figs., 44 tables, 23 appendix A tables, 10 appendix B tables. Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June-August 1967. By Richard N. Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971, v + 25 pp., 14 figs., 21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. Blue crab meat. I. Preservation by freezing. July 1971, iii + 13 pp., 5 figs., 2 tables. II. Effect of chemical treatments on acceptability. By Jurgen H. Strasser, Jean S. Lennon, and Fred- erick J. King. July 1971, iii + 12 pp., 1 fig., 9 tables. Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquat- ic animals of the United States and Canada. By R. A. Greig and R. H. Gnaedinger. July 1971, iii + 7 pp., 2 tables. An annotated bibliography of attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory. By Robert C. May. August 1971, iii + 24 pp., 1 ap- pendix I table, 1 appendix II table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. Blueing of processed crab meat. II. Identification of some factors involved in the blue discoloration of canned crab meat Callinectes sapidus. By ee E. Waters. May 1971, iii + 7 pp., 1 fig., tables. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642, 646, Age composition, weight, length, and sex of her- ring, Clupea pallasii, used for reduction in Alas- ka, 1929-66. By Gerald M. Reid. July 1971, lii + 25 pp., 4 figs., 18 tables. A bibliography of the blackfin tuna, Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson). By Grant L. Beardsley and David C. Simmons, August 1971, 10 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 25 cents. Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Reginald M. Gooding. May 1971, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. By Donnie L. Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 1 fig., 5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Length-weight relations of haddock from com- mercial landings in New England, 1931-55. By Bradford E, Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth. August 1971, v + 138 pp., 16 fig., 6 tables, 10 appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintend- ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. A hydrographic survey of the Galveston Bay system, Texas 1963-66. By E. J. Pullen, W. L. Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971, v + 13 pp., 15 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price 30 cents. Annotated bibliography on the fishing industry and biology of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. By Marlin E. Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall. August 1971, 94 pp. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00. Use of threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, as live bait during experimental pole-and-line fish- ing for skipjack tuna, Katswwonus pelamis, in Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 3 figs., 7 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus resource and fishery—analysis of decline. By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971, v + 32 pp., 40 figs., 5 appendix figs., 3 tables, 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Colum- bia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and their effect on chinook salmon and steelhead trout. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971, iii + 7 pp., 2 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC & ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION POSTAGE AND FEES PAID 4 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF pe Cl Udy ele Cepitisatel: — IL BLDG. 67, NAVAL SUPPORT ACTIVITY 210 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98115 OFFICIAL BUSINESS LIBRARY s DIVISION OF FISHES U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560 DIVISION OF Fig HES TR NMFS SSRF-664 US. NATIONAL MUSEUM MAY 1 6 1573 NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-664 UNITED STATES T U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service December 1972 619 620 621 623 624 626 NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report--Fisheries Series The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, develop- ment and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also as- sists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949, The series carries reports on scien- tific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from NOAA Publications Section, Rockville, Md. 20852. Recent SSRF’s are: Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the 628 Fur Seal Investigations, 1969. By AME Ma- ugust rine Mammal Biological Laboratory. coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By Donald S. Day, January 1971, iii + 94 pp., 19 figs., 13 tables. 629 enalyeis of ihe joperalions Oe seven Hawaiian The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June-August 1967. Part IX: The sea-level wind fel and wind stress By Richard NN Uchida aad Ray Hig SUH, values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. March 1971, v 4 £Y, pp., 14 figs. 21 tables. For Seckel. June 1970, iii + 66 pp., 5 figs. sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. 3 2 Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, 20402 - 35 cents. Oieogimehiie thawytseha, fry a HateneRy aD 630 Blue crab meat. JI. Preservation by freezing. igin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971, July 1971, iii + 13 pp., 5 figs., 2 tables. II. Effect iii + 14 pp., 6 figs., 9 tables. of chemical treatments on acceptability. By 5 < aris Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught gurren Fe aay Jean = PS fom with an otter trawl near Woods Hole, Massa- ease i : Seat a chusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971, 631 Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquat- iii + 15 pp., 3 figs., 19 tables. ic animals of the United States and Canada. By R. A. Greig and R. H. Gnaedinger. July 1971, Apparent abundance, distribution, and migra- iii + 7 pp., 2 tables, tions of albacore, Thunnus alalunga, on the North Por Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild 632 An annotated bibliography of attempts to rear and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v + the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory. By 37 pp., 19 figs., 5 tables, Robert C. May. August 1971, iii + 24 pp., 1 ap- pendix I table, 1 appendix II table. For sale by Influence of mechanical! processing on the quality the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- and yield of bay scallop meats. By N. B. Webb ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - and F. B. Thomas. April 1971, iii + 11 pp., 9 35 cents. figs., 3 tables. 633 Blueing of processed crab meat. II, Identification Distribution of salmon and related oceanographic of some saa mene blue discolorauiag features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. oe canned Ore Ra vatlimectes sapidis. By By Robert R. French, Richard G, Bakkala, Ma- Melvin E, Waters. May 1971, iii + 7 pp., 1 fig., sanao Osako, and Jun Ito. March 1971, iii + 3 tables. : 22 pp., 19 figs., 3 tables. 634 Age composition, weight, length, and sex of her- Commercial fishery and biology of the fresh ning, Chinen palace, used ape redueney ig ee s Vierel 1 sn- 2 99_ maGar V water shrimp, Macrobrachiwm, in the Lower St. Hare 25 an a fas a8 fables eid. July Paul River, Liberia, 1952-53. By George C. eae rs aa ts Miller. February 1971, iii + 13 pp., 8 figs., 635 i> i> 0 co S O CO pS Oo ey | ©) | ey] oy | oy | oy] © i> Totals Number of lobsters Comments: Time 12:00 Tide :FLOOD Surface Bottom Temp: 62°F 60°F DIO @: 6.0 PH : 8.0 GOR: 15.0 fa Salinity: = Figure 4.— Actual sample sheet of catch and effort information compiled by boat and day. 11 CATCH STATISTICS Dealer Y=!6 Day 13 Month AUGUST Year 1968 1. Total catch in pounds 199 h199 2. Total catch in numbers 183 $ 3- Total value of catch 179.10 6179.10 4. Total number of females insample 32 5. Total number of males insample 18 6. Total number of trap-hauls 404 7- Total number of traps setout 764 8. Total number of man-days 6 9. Total number of man-hours 3150 10. Total number of boat -days 5 11. Total number of boat -hours 25.08 12. Mean weight of lobsters incatch 109 13. Catch in pounds /trap-haul Ad 14. Catch in numbers /trap-haul 45 15. Catch in pounds /man-day SSal 16. Catch in numbers /man-day 30.50 17. Catch in pounds /man-hour 6.32 18. Catch in numbers /man-hour 5.81 29. Catch in pounds/boat -day 39. 80 20. Catch in numbers /boat -day 36. 60 21 Catch in pounds /boat-hour 293 22 Catch in numbers /boat-hour 7. 30 23. Value/trap-houl $ 44 Rid Vallveyimen-day ! 22985 25. Walue/man-hour 5.69 26. Value/boat -day $35.82 27. Value/boat -hour 7.14 Figure 5.— Summary sheet of collected data for the sample-day. in a month; nevertheless, we felt an attempt should be made in accordance with the method- ology as outlined by Abramson and Tolladay (1959). As mentioned above, the limitation of usually 30 days in a month resulted in some months with a greater number of sample-days than there were total days in that month. In addition, the 1967 optimum allocation (dis- regarding the feasibility) when applied to the 1968 data was unsuitable for the desired esti- mates and confidence limits (Table 3). Of course the alternative is to stratify the year into larger periods (groups of months), but as the catch effort, length frequency, and mortality sections demonstrate, we would lose 12 needed data by month and the resultant anal- yses. Therefore, we accepted the results of 10 days of sampling per month with its large standard error for certain months of the year. Even in this situation the total yearly expanded estimates have acceptable standard errors of approximately 15%. Expanded Estimates From Probability Sampling Probability sampling of the commercial lob- ster fishery enabled us to make estimates of the total catch and effort (by several categories) for the collective total of 153 dealers and all Table 3. — Optimum allocation required for 0.15Y, 90% confidence limits in 1967 compared with true optimum allocation of sample size for 1968. 1967 1968 ny 1967 ny 1968 Strata Allocation Allocation n n I 20.9 3.9 073 -O021 II 13.2 2.9 O46 016 Tit 6.9 Stor h 024 021 IV 4.3 6.2 015 -035 Vv 32.9 25. 115 140 VI 39.6 12.4 138 -069 VII 12.2 9.9 o42 055 VIII 26.0 32.8 091 -183 IX 32.6 41.2 -114 230 xX 29.4 40.8 -102 228 XI 43.5 -- oalianh -- XII Cf -- -089 -- n = 287.2 178.9 of the days by year from 1966 (partial year), through 1970 (Table 4). These estimates include many catch, effort, and catch-per-unit-of-effort categories that are not reported in “Maine Landings.” The com- parable estimates of catch in pounds, numbers, and number of traps that are reported in “Maine Landings” must exceed the estimates from the survey because of the necessary con- straints of the sampling period and the fact that we cannot efficiently sample individual fishermen who retail their catches. Aside from the absolute need of detailed catch, effort, and catch-per-unit-of-effort data in order to make management recommenda- tions, the expanded estimates might have the following additional useful purposes: (1) Gulland (1965) and others have advocated the use of catch-per-unit-of-effort sub- samples in relation to the actual total catch (as reported in “Maine Landings’’) in order to estimate the total effort in more pertinent categories than just the number of traps. The survey totals by month or year could serve as indices by category of what actually occurs in the entire fishery. These indices after a series of years might make it possible to again compile a figure of total catch with effort by year 13 with the juxtaposed regulations and then make some meaningful determinations about the fishery, particularly since this effort could be in several categories rather than the only previously available category of number of traps. Cluster Samples The cluster samples of 10 lobsters per boat are vitally important to this study not only for the lengths, but also for the weights, and per- centages of females, culls, and shedders. All of these categories have varying degrees of importance on the assessment of the popula- tion. The following sections demonstrate how each category is used. Length frequency analysis. — In this paper, lobster lengths are the basic building blocks for estimating most population param- eters. With this degree of importance, we included the compilation of the number of lobsters by size, sex, month and year (Table 5). These data will also make it possible for the reader to make any other determinations that he wishes. We used actual numbers or percent frequen- cies to analyze the data in two ways: (1) 14% groupings of length and (2) 1-mm increments of length with the probability method. Analysis by 14% increments. — I chose 14% increments because they closely approximate the calculated percent increase in carapace length with ecdysis for legal-sized lobsters from the premolt and postmolt section and from the study by Wilder (1953). On this basis, we separated the carapace lengths in millimeters into groupings of 81 through 92, 93 through 106, 107 through 122, and 123 through 127 (the legal maximum size in this State). It is not logical to assume that an age or molt group starts at 81 mm rather than extending below this size. I will discuss this in the section comparing 14% increments with the probability modes. Silliman (1943), Beverton and Holt (1957), and Ricker (1958) have discussed the assump- tions that must be met when using length fre- quencies in place of the age composition. 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It follows then that it would be meaningless to proceed further with estimates from length frequencies of the needed population parameters on age and growth and mortalities. However, if we accept the possibility of a fairly constant percentage of an age or molt class shedding each year over two or more years, then we have not affected the estimates from the 14% groupings that we need. In fact, Taylor (1948) stated a similar premise in connection with converting length groups to age groups. If the constant percentage premise were not the case, I would expect the 14% increments of carapace length compiled on a monthly and yearly basis to be extremely erratic in relation to each other. Of course, there are other factors which might influence the fluc- tuations in percentage from period to period, such as sample size, effort, and year class strength. Nevertheless, these fluctuations do not mask certain characteristic patterns in the size composition of the catch (Fig. 6). That is, from year to year there is usually a gradual increase in the percent frequency of the group- ings from 81 through 92 mm for males, and for females from August through December in each year. Conversely, these same years and groupings usually display a gradual de- scendency from April through June. In this case, I believe, the length frequencies ade- quately portray the pattern of the size or molt composition of the commercial population be- fore and after shedding. In fact, the section on catch and effort sup- ports the concept of shedding and resultant recruitment influencing the length composition of the catch. That is, as the monthly catch- per-unit-of-effort values decline (April through June) with increasing effort, the length fre- quencies by 14% groupings from 81 through 92 mm also decline by month until shedding and resultant recruitment occurs in July and subsequent months; then the catch-per-unit- of-effort values increase as usually does the percentage of carapace lengths from 81 through 92 mm. We are also able to make general statements about the fishery from these length frequencies. For example, in the coastal waters of Maine at least 60% (usually 80% or more) of the catch by size and month occurs from 81- (38-3/16 inches) through 92-mm (3-5/8 inches) carapace length. Even if we accept the possibility of a segment of lobsters not shedding (at least in the legal size range), the lobster industry would be in immediate economic ruin because it appears that most animals are caught soon after recruitment from the sublegal to legal size through shedding. I am compelled to note here that it is almost inconceivable to work on a commercial, long-lived species whereby over 80% of the yearly catch is constrained within 14-inch inter- val in carapace length. Analysis by probability paper. — Keeping to the advisability of analyzing length frequen- cies in different ways, we used probability paper to pick out modes from the accumulative percentages of carapace lengths of lobsters that are captured by commercial and research gear. The combination of the two types of sampling allowed us to subject a wider range of lobster lengths to the probability method described by Harding (1949) and Cassie (1954). In this method, gear selectivity should be considered for the two types of sampling be- cause this factor alone may have an effect on the location of the modes. Krouse (1971, see footnote 3.) determined that wire traps (1- xX 2-inch and 1- X 1-inch mesh) have a selective range down to at least 50-mm cara- pace length and that lobsters appear to be fully vulnerable between 68- and 70-mm cara- pace length. As discussed previously, the com- mercial gear possibly has a selective range below the minimum legal size while the com- mercial-sized lobsters appear to be fully vul- nerable at 85-mm carapace length. This mode might also coincide with an assumed age or molt class. To support this contention, we found a similar mode for the catch from re- search sampling gear (Krouse, 1971, see foot- note 3.) It seems unlikely that this similar mode in length frequencies from research and com- mercial gear would occur by chance. The length frequencies by sex of the com- mercial catch are similar; therefore, we com- bined these data for the probability analysis. To further examine the assumption regarding the similarity of the size composition between the sexes, we simply plotted the accumulative percent frequencies by sex on probability paper by month and then year. The inflexion points are approximately the same, indicating that the probability method would yield almost iden- tical modes. At first this situation seems to be in conflict with the expectation that mature females extrude their eggs in one year and usually carry them externally into the next year before these eggs hatch and the female possibly molts. The elapsed time for nonshedding of mature females could be 18 or more months. Therefore, with a cer- tain percentage of males shedding each year and a regulation protecting “v’ notched or berried females, there should be a difference in the size composition between males and females. The section on berried female mea- surements helps to explain this apparent anom- aly, in that those length-frequency data lead me to believe that the majority of native females are caught before they extrude eggs. This situation could account for the similarity in the length frequencies by sex in the commercial catch. The probability method on the length fre- quencies of the commercial catch by year re- vealed similar curves for 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970 (Fig. 7). With this similarity, we should expect the resultant modes in millimeters (cara- pace length) to be approximately the same from year to year (Table 6). As mentioned earlier, we calculated an average of 8% per molt from laboratory animals. The consecutive probability modes from the commercial catch do compare favorably with this 8% increment. For example, in 1967 the percent increments between modes are: 7.1%, 6.6% , 8.2% , and 5.7% while in 1970 the percent increments are: 8.3%, 4.4%, 11.6%, and 3.8%. I am reluctant to postulate that these con- secutive increments actually portray the growth pattern between age groups of lobsters in the commercial catch. Still, these consecutive modes may be the result of some situation that I have overlooked. Confounding the prob- lem even more, these modes give logical esti- 25 mates of mortality and of parameters in the von Bertalanffy Growth Equation. Comparison of 14% increments with proba- bility modes. — The consecutive modes from the probability analysis do not fall within the successive ranges of 14% groupings in length. However, we reasoned that it is unlikely for the initial sizes of the range in length about the 84- to 85-mm probability mode (assumed age or molt class) to begin at the legal minimum size of 8l-mm carapace length. In fact, three standard deviations about the 84- to 85-mm probability mode extends the size well below 81 mm. Coupled with this, there could be a range of sizes of a sublegal assumed age or molt class extending into the protected size range of the probability mode at 85 mm. If this were true, then we would have a conglom- erate of assumed age and molt classes in subsequent years in the commercial fishery. Undaunted by this seemingly incongruous situation, we attempted to follow the 85-mm mode and its protected and unprotected size range by approximate 14% increments from 1967 through 1969. This increase should be the result of shedding. Therefore, the 85-mm mode in 1967 might result in a mode at 97 mm in 1968 while the protected size ranges of this or another assumed molt class might move from the sublegal sizes in 1967 to produce a mode at 91 mm in 1968. The 97-mm mode in 1968 might move to 113 mm in 1969, while the mode at 91 mm in 1968 might move to 102 mm in 1969. If this were the actual situation, then the modes from the probability analysis do agree with the 14% groupings (listed in parentheses) in the following manner: 85-mm mode (81-92 mm), 97-mm mode (93-106 mm), and 111-mm mode (107-122 mm). The additional modes near 91 and 105 mm could be the result of the mini- mum size regulation. Viewing the relationship between the two techniques in another way, we hypothesized that the 14% grouping from 81 through 92 mm includes two probability modes at 85 and 91 mm; the grouping from 93 through 106 mm includes two probability modes at 97 and 105 mm; the grouping, with a small sample size, from 107 through 122 mm includes a probability mode near 111 mm. Then this com- Jon Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Moles 100 80 oO! > Vv Females Zz 100 5 6) 80, 1967 & S y 2 Sexes Combined cae j “LENGTH GROUPINGS a va o Female a 3 ~ 1968 aw 6 a L Mae ie et LENGTH GROUPINGS _ 3 i Figure 6. — Carapace length groupings of approximately 14%, compiled on a percent frequency basis by sex, month, and year, 1967 through 1970. The groupings with inclusive carapace lengths in parentheses are: 1 (81-92 mm) and 2 (93-106 mm), this page; 3 (107-122 mm) and 4 (123-127 mm), opposite page. 26 1969 1970 PERCENT FREQUENCY PERCENT FREQUENCY Jon Feb March April Moy June Femoles 00 aC ac Sexes Combined 10 LELL LL July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec LLELELLLALL LULLLL LL LULL Ween 4 te2e ata LENGTH GROUPINGS Jon Feb March April Moy June Moles 6 : [ L L Females ae oo mld LENGTH 4 27 July Aug Sep! Oct Nov Dec LELELE LLLALL RbEELE GROUPINGS 6666 666 B66 WOAJ SOUT] PILOS “OLET Ysnoryy LOGT ‘ead Aq szeded AyzIqeqoad uo payjold yysuey] 66 66 S6 06 SS “APOU SLY JNOGe UOTZBIAp pAVpULyS ay} JUaSeAdat SOUT] YSBP 9] a]IYM Sepow ayy ayeusisep Bsslosqe ayy uo aul] yUddIed eATWe[NUINdDe ()G IY} SUISSOAD OUT] eNbITGO 94} 0} oJeUIPIO dy} UO SaloUaNbaAy YASUE, 944 ajsqo] Jo sadequsoied dalyeinunddy — *) sins 1 n 4 at shit 6666 666 866 66 86 sé 06 ol O26 o8 O24 09 OS Ob OF O02 86 66 866 666 6666 ool fi 4 U O02 O£ Ob OS 09 OL O08 6961 86 66 866 666 6666 sol oll Sil WW HLONG1 JDVdVaVD WW 'HLON31 JDVdVaVD 6666 6666 666866 666 866 66 86 66 86 S6 06 08 O24 09 OS OF OF O02 o|o6Ss oil fb | i TN WW 'HLONI1 JDVdVaVD 4 ——EEEE 866 666 896] 08 OZ4 09 OS Ob OF O2 ol SG 2 lage 2 | So 10" T Toe leees eet, ae T T O02 O£ Ob 0S 09 OL O8 O06 S6 86 66 296| 06 G6 ool sol Joli Sil b2i 6666 G6 ool sol oll Sil oz IDVdvAvD WW “HILON3) 28 Table 6. — Modes from probability analysis of length frequencies, compiled by year, 1967 through 1970. Number of modes 1967 1968 1969 1970 85 FY) o> I ve} x ul im a a bination of probability modes per 14% grouping supports the premise that these percent group- ings represent assumed age or molt groups in a year. However, this situation could lead to some anomalies in the total mortality estimate within years for the grouping from 81 to 92 mm. This could come about from the protected size range of the 85-mm probability mode in one year producing a probability mode at 91 mm in the next year. This combination of possibilities would also account for the absence of visually discernable modes after 85 mm of the monthly and yearly percent frequencies because the size ranges about the succeeding modes would overlap each other to a considerable extent. Other determinations from cluster samples. — In conjunction with the analysis on length frequencies from the cluster samples, we also made estimates of the mean length and weight and the percent of females, culls, and shedders. We compiled this information by sample-day, with monthly and yearly means and percentages with standard errors from August 1966 through 1970 (Table 7). Usually the mean lengths by day, month, and year are quite similar; this situation could indicate the possibilities of heavy exploitation and a similar selectivity range of the described trap dimen- sions. To be expected, the mean weight and associ- ated percentages of culls are closely related and help to explain some of the variability in mean weight related to the same mean carapace length. The percentage of culls between and within areas and years could be a valuable asset in determining ways of improving the catch in pounds (the important item to fisher- men). Some fishermen and biologists have 29 postulated that the rough handling of prerecruit sizes of lobsters (sublegals) in traps leads to either a heavy mortality of these lobsters before they enter the fishery or an increase in the percentage of culls when lobsters reach legal size. Perhaps it would be well for administrators and industry people to consider lath spacing as another means of increasing the catch in pounds. The actual time available for sampling each boat and its catch dictates that the estimate of shedder percentages must be a_ subjective measure. We determined if a lobster was hard- or soft-shell by a slight amount of hand pressure on the lateral surfaces of the carapace and chelipeds. This was accomplished in the process of measuring and weighing the lobster. Then by this method we have a subjective estimate for what we term “recent shedders.” This subjective determination is made even more difficult by the dealers usually buying at two prices (hard- versus soft-shell) during the months of peak molting. Their determina- tion of a shedder does not always agree with ours, but we are stymied by the dealers separat- ing the hard- and soft-shell lobsters. Therefore, the estimation of the percent of shedders in the commercial fishery can only be considered a rough approximation. This estimate in some months was so inexact that we eliminated it from the tabulations. As a consequence, we concluded tentatively that: (1) lobsters in the southwestern section of the State begin ecdysis earlier in the year than those from the north- eastern part; this situation could be influenced by the general seasonal warming of the ocean from southwest to northeast, and (2) the per- centage of shedders by month gives us addi- tional evidence of the effect of ecdysis on recruitment during August through November of each year; the importance of this determina- tion will be discussed in the catch and effort section. Catch and Effort Analysis Ricker (1958), Beverton and Holt (1957), and many others have discussed the importance of the relationship of catch to effort. In the lobster fishery this has become increasingly important because Dow (1961) and Dow and Trott (1956) have quite convincingly demon- strated that the catch in numbers or pounds per trap is not a valid index of stock density. Therefore, when this survey started, we knew that we would have to determine a different effort value than had been considered pre- viously. Initially we hoped that the catch in numbers per trap-haul would satisfy the need to find, at least, an indicator of stock density. We col- lected this type of information from August 1966 through August 1967. Upon analysis of these data, we found that while this catch-per- unit-of-effort value does approximate the con- dition in the fishery at least for May through July, it is not adequate for most other months. Evidently there are other factors influencing even this catch-per-unit-of-effort value. Also, these unknowns are apparently constant for May through July and quite variable in other months. A factor that could account for these situations is the number of set-over-days in association with availability. In addition to the established interview ques- tions, we added one more regarding the number of set-over-days for the group of traps hauled per boat. This additional information began in September 1967. A preliminary analysis, as the data were collected, looked promising. Then, with a monthly and yearly backlog of survey data for 1968 through 1970, we determined the following specific relationships for each of these years: (1) The catch in numbers per trap-haul as it is related to surface water temperature; The catch in numbers per trap-haul-set- over-day as it is related to surface water temperatures; The catch in numbers per trap-haul-set- over-day as it is related to the number of boat-days. (2) (3) In 1968, these relationships segregated them- selves into three distinct periods during the calendar year: Period 1: Covers those months when avail- (January- ability could be a major factor; April) i.e., water temperature in as- sociation with metabolic rates, leading to vulnerability in a trap 30 fishery; also considering acces- sibility (moving from deeper to shallower water). Period 2: Includes those months when ef- (May-July) fort and the assumed molt- or year-class strength from the preceding year could be a major determinant. Period 3: Encompasses those months (September- when recruitment through molt- December) ing with increased vulnerability during the current year in as- sociation with the defined effort could have the greater effects. We hypothesize that after sev- eral days, new shell lobsters actively seek food thereby in- creasing their vulnerability to the baited trap (personal ob- servations from laboratory stu- dies). Ideally, in all of these periods and relation- ships we should use the bottom ocean tempera- tures either by area or coastwide. Again, limited manpower and money made this an impossi- bility. As a result, we used the surface tempera- tures that we collected at the dealer locations during the survey (Fig. 8). In considering the catch in numbers per trap- haul with surface water temperature (Fig. 9), we deduced the following: Period 1: As the mean surface water tem- (January- perature increases by month, April) the catch in numbers per trap- haul generally decreases. This situation conflicts with the pre- mise that availability should be increasing with the warming ocean waters. Period 2: The downward convex curve (May-July) possibly indicates that even though the monthly mean ocean temperature is increasing, the age- or molt-class strength is reduced prior to recruitment. However, the convex reduction might indicate that availability is still a factor rather than age- or molt-class strength from the preceding year. November Mean: Percent: length weight females culls shedders 86.8 485.5 48.7 8.2 1.8 90.1 528.4 57.0 10.0 48 87.6 508.7 52.7 11.5 ie) 86.7 4705 46.9 9.5 te) 88.0 507.4 39.9 te) 4 89.5 ie) 509.6 42.6 20.0 27 2.3 9 Percent: females culls shedders 87.0 500.0 70.0 te) q culls shedders 2.6 January Februar’ : : y March April May June July August September October | November December Yearly Estimates q Percent: Deal Wean: Percent: Deal Maan: Deal ) Moan; Percant: Dail : Pe ~ Moan; Percent: << a reel ter walpht frm culls shedders cod tegth walght females culls shedders code teat welght culls —_shedders cote igh welght fons culls _shedders rote. angth —_welght forales a shedders Year Tongth _wolght Heaales culls __ahedidors L-4 89.0 506.3 380 0 100.0 H-27 87.3 4939 360 108 933 C8 89.3 538.1 640 9.2 1.0 W-21 868 485.5 487 8.2 1.8 Y-14 88.6 4550 595 96 0 K-26 888 5457 57.0 72 0 W-20 89.6 5491 540 0 51.1 H5 88.9 535.2 520 34 25 S4 90.1 528.4 57.0 10.0 48 S7 89.8 548.3 68.1 81 0 C14 869 5058 393 62 451 K-3 895 544.2 570 38 100.0 H-1 898 565.7 310 88 0 cg |876 5087 527/ 115 0 H-11 89.7 5568 65.9 0 0 K-28 90.8 5599 35.0 17 55.1 W13 87.6 5188 530 39 589 H-22 921 617.2 430 39 4.1 C14 | 867 4705 469/ 95 0 K-9 89.3 5629 70.7 0 ) e 2 C13 89.7 525.1 379 12.3 59.1 K-19 88.2 5297 410 57 92.0 H-30 87.1 500.2 310 26 36.0 LS 88.0 5074 39.9 0 44 - : - : : - eo a W-21 948 640.1 620 164 24 H-17 92.6 596.5 48.0 27 54.4 H-15 90.1 5628 60.0 to) 0 Y-5 | 89.5 509.6 42.6) 20.0 0 : - 2 z 5 2 Ei H-21 89.7 546.8 37.0 79 37.4 Y-10 87.1 495.0 40.0 i) to) c-4 87.0 493.0 59.0 10.0 0 5 5 : : ; : : uo W10 909 539.2 497 86 79.9 2 2 = : S : : - : 2 2 2 e z 3 F ; < z K-3 905 5701 50.0 30 78.3 - - - - : = : 2 e 2 B ] ‘ < : 5 ; z cee - K-24 90.7 608.0 510 0 900 - - - - - : : : - 2 2 = ; i ; : f el i mee Monthly mean 90.2 554.7 457 63 547 Monthly mean 88.8 532.5 47.0 38 64.2 Monthly mean 89.2 5446 47.0 5.4 6.2 Monthly mean. | 88.1 500.6 48.0 9.9 1.8 Monthly mean 89.3 530.8 66.1 44 i) Monthlymean 89.3 535.7 49.0 6.0 30.9 as ———— — Standard error 99 136 30 # 17 «109 Sancaxlanen 7 WS @0 @ We Standard error 7 169 6.1 15 5.0 Standard error Ceo 27) AS a) Standard error @ 2386 8 26. @ Standard error 6 69 1.6 ish 44 Bes Doster Mann: Porcaot: Dealer Moan: if ty Dealer Mean; Parcant: Deal b E : cote Tongih——welght——_fematan culls ——_ahoddors code Aongth ght mT ho , ; ae anh Porc Dealer Wann: Parcant: Deal Maan: Percent: : 2 : I: : Deal Mean: Percent: Da Percant; aan: Porcant; Bak fg Soa sea Wee LE, ~ eee sede Nongth __welght___ females culls sheers code Jongih——woight——_fomat culls shadders code feng weight fomtet. calls sheddera a | eine Ps calls shaddere eR oe es otis esc eopaaen calls shaders By eR oe sre eo ER cern culls shudders ECM | ruth wugtt tes culls shaders a right lt Irena cals) batders yur Tongth ——welght—_fomales culls —__shodders ao i 4 666, i et) Y-11 87.1 4725 610 100 oO l = Gy ay 891 eae 4a ‘zien mo at GSO Eeas. AGO. BE! 8 ae ae sore te 28 g K-27 88.3 5415 594 0 ) C19 867 5015 600 23 0 K-22 88.9 531.2 46.1 11 tt) H-10 888 5337 732 0 0 L10 88.2 5252 514 0 38.9 C15 87.3 4934 539 10.7 100.0 H-1 90.1 518.3 10.0 - K-30 87.0 5000 700 0 : C15 87.8 519.7 69.0 14,7 Acc en foe ene fa@ 3 ‘ : i 3 i d : A af BS z J K-15 89.6 5429 544 103 0 Y-3 85.3 461.2 700 52 0 H-5 898 569.1 40.7 32 0 HB 97.4 7016 448 36 0 Y-3 875 507.9 528 88 558 K-25 90.7 577.0 374 26 778 K-21 88.4 520.3 2 - K-11 90.2 592.0 60.0 0 : C19 86.6 495.1 56.9 148 : a fi : ; A x if é E i 2 2 i E 4 W-22 90.6 552.0 60.0 0 0) K-2 879 5226 554 42 0 K5 90.1 5637 600 53 0 KA 87.7 5264 467 0 0) K7 89.2 547.9 332 0 74.6 H-22 92.2 590.3 396 2.7 100.0 K-18 90.2 568.0 20.0 - Y-6 89.3 5047 47.3 10.4 - H-22 90.0 569.0 600 0 - os : . - 0 A 2: 5 5 2 : : : 3 ¥ i z Z o H-5 88.9 540.6 48.0 1.5 0 K-11 88.1 509.7 591 16.6 0 C13 89.4 5358 425 5.9 19 K-24 89.8 477.0 40.0 200 50.0 H-3 90.6 570.9 45.0 7.6 87.6 L-17 89.9 563.5 10.8 $-2 89.9 549.0 56.1 8.8 - L-15 87.1 493.3 53.0 8.7 - ~~ Geir 3 p : E : 2 ; C2 87.6 527.7 50.0 0 0) H-4 877 5079 482 69 0 H-3 94.2 665.0 30.0 100 0 w-2 91.9 5930 400 0 60.0 - - : - - E H-13 88.9 524.9 5.1 - H-30 88.3 5181 474 0 : K-9 88.1 5168 384 6.3 : o 72 3 2 3 i : - i i ‘ 5 5 2 K8 87.0 4845 44.0 118 ) W-12 90.6 550.3 605 48 0 L8 90.8 602:9 628 28 161 C-18 86.8 504.1 57.9 59 93.0 - - - - : - - - - : - - - : : : : 5 2 - = : 5 ey Ones : > 3 Z i : : : ; si : 3 . K-29 91.9 598.3 47.0 to) to) Y-2 87.7 499.0 20.0 20.0 0) - : > = - > L5 88.4 558.0 70.0 ty) 70.0 - - - - - : - - : : - : ¢ 2 2 : bo eS : s % x ; i 8 : ; : : : 2 : : j é ; : : : é 5 : g i ; : 5 : : : : 2 ; 3 E : 2 3 é : : ; : E : : : ; A E ? E : : : : ' : ES Monthly mean = 89.1. 542.2 53.1 56 0 Monthly mean 87.8 5033 535 94 0 Monthi T Sis) Msard orror eer 54 a q standetclories a aoe AS ee pea He ae eee Bp a 2 Monty: iueen B28 Bee 580 34 0 Monthly mean 879 5195 530 36 0 Monthlymean 89.0 5329 478 83 0 Monthlymean 91.4 594.3 500 37 30 Monthly mean 88.8 5305 49.3 5.0 63.2 Monthly mean 90.2 557.9 440 59 91.4 Monthly mean 89.5 539.0 460 9.2 - Monthly mean | 88.9 532.8 56.1 3.8 - Monthly mean 87.9 5188 55.4 8.9 - Monthly mean 89.1 537.8 51.0 5.9 ie B tata = : : E : ‘ mM iy 8a Standard error fH 167 102 16 © Standard error 5 @7 GS a7 © Standard error i 8 62 75 26 Standard error G Wi Cp Ae Gn Standard error iO BAH a7 AQ 84 Standard error 40s) 12:9) c's) Standard error 6 169 43) 24 : Standard error 16) 11316) i510) aie : Standard error A EK) 18 7 - ag Pam: Parcant: Devler = Mean: Percent; Denier Fen aC = ~ b agin wolght females culls shaders code Tength ——walght = fomatos culls shaddars tT fomiles lls hed nee Fak Forceat: Dealer Maan: Percent; Osaler Moan: Percent: Deal Maan: Percent: Daaler Parcent: Daal E Percent: Maan: Percent: H Percent; Moan: Parcont; an C8 87.6 494.3 70.0 0 H-3 90.6 603.0 60.0 0 as E m = = at — = se = oe a — —— Gad besa oe ieee ep cate igh weight females culls shedders code weight females culls shaders, code cn walght females culls shedders real teat ‘wolght females culls shaders feel | an welght mal culls shaders. font wolght females culls shedders Yer tong wolght fomales culls shedders & 2 7. | , E i ! y e E 4 : W19 88.5 515. i - | : L6 87.3 516.5 62.2 6.1 é K-25 90.6 624.1 600 8 i 30 AG AG haat ae o188 32 5 5 5 ‘3 nies 514.3 544 8.4 2.6 K-10 89.1 546.3 48.2 41 0 C-6 87.9 519.0 60.0 30.0 0 Y-4 88.9 501.6 37.1 10.0 69.3 Ww-3 94.2 574.0 20.0 - 100.0 H-3 87.8 549.2 59.5 3.1 25.9 S-6 90.1 587.6 75.2 2.6 30.0 - - - - - - iy = 3 : : : : - : * : : : S : 5 i : MH «EA OOO fe oe ee neae aa aa L3 86.6 520.0 60.0 0 oO H3 915 5589 598 23 0 H-28 91.3 5526 520 11.0 44.0 H-29 875 5108 559 5.1 87.0 Y14 85.6 4695 509 11.9 65.0 K7 | 886 5152 537; 7.3 31.7 : : > : : nue : i i z k : ve el Cano: GOO | qaS Be re opt 2ohe 00 0) 0) K-17 90.7 5632 524 109 0 K-19 909 5729 557 21 O Y-6 90.9 539.3 576 11.1 301 H5 895 553.1 520 11.6 52.0 C18 862 503.2 521 67 28.7 H-2 89.2 5918 60.0 119 7.0 : - eet) , a a 3 f E Me Cad Gino Gao ai a 5 . K Y 2 to) $5 91.6 635.6 47.4 5.6 0 Y-11 88.3 5450 339 132 48.6 C-16 90.2 519.6 37.3 8.3 78.8 Y-1 88.0 496.7 458 194 206 K-19 92.1 6078 66.7 5.0 8.1 Y-3 | 85.6 456.6 60.7, 31.6 10.0 2 z 2 ¢ 2 C) aay te 5 : és g Z s S _ I p i ca ne Ze s 5 g 3 i : : Ko 90.0 559.8 47.4 3.5 0 C19 899 5144 44.2 4.2 94.2 $2 88.0 480.3 51.0 3.3 75.2 K-27 914 6029 596 135 560 L-22 885 5359 59.0 133 43.0 - 12 : : - - 2 2 > 9 5 A a CS : : - - , : $ ri b 3 c E : y 4 5 F 2 L17 88.5 555.4 600 62 0 W14 938 6540 512 77 0 H16 87.9 534.2 456 4.2 96.4 L10 881 5375 48.6 2 54.6 W19 87.5 546.2 506 29 409 5 | : - : : : 2 2 a 5 - - - - - - a 2 § Z e 5 E x = 2 é : 3 a ? a : g 3 : S41 85.1 481.6 31.6 38 83.9 : - - - - - - - - = = 5 Y-12 88.6 509.1 547 135 8.6 5 = - - - - - - - aes Z 9 < E : 4 5 4 : A 2 é me z E Fe 7 5 : : 5 : g H4 905 5934 14.0 : 0 - - é 2 z : = a é E 5 : E 2 : z z : | : z A = é z e ‘| 2 > - - - rk 5 : a 3 2 “ 5 z A i FE : 3 = Z x e = 2 > 5 L-18 89.3 565.0 51.4 1.1 58.0 = 2 = 5 A = 5 a 2 vs < 5 2 c 5 2 7 3 g 4 = = S 2 a2 = = é el E 5 5 z 3 = = = - : = = S é # 5 a a = a 5 By 2 2 2 5 4 2 ‘ A s E | B a es 2 > 5 2 ng Monthly mo 87.5 505.4 66.1 3.0 | u2 cron a. in ay 56 None mesh ons Bie goo 2 Monn y ee or sek eye a (ihren 875 5126 585 34 30 Monthly mean 89.1 537.2 50.2 68 8 Monthlymean 89.4 563.4 526 50 Oo Monthly mean 89.7 556.0 44.6 7.2 31.7 Monthly mean 89.5 521.3 468 80 65.7 Monthly mean 89.8 5458 470 83 Monthly mean 88.1 531.6 56.2 8.1 31.5 Monthly mean | 88.4 537.8 62.4 12.1 19.7 Monthly mean 2 2 2 Monthlymean 88.9 540.4 526 6.7 ; 3 2 E { d z i 5. : tandard error 4 7.3 44 1.9 1.8 Standard error 6 18.0 2.2 1.4 6 Standard error of 15.7 25 eo) Oo Standard error &} G7 5.2 a 188) ] Standard error 6 10.9 3.4 1.4 ) Standard error 1.0 16.0 58 3.2 Standard error 16.7 2.2 17 76 Standard error 9 42.1 45 6.6 65 Standard error - - - - Standard error 2) 513) 1.3 8 Fie Moun; Percent: Moan: Porcant: Dealer Maan: Percant: Dealer oan: Porcent: Daler Wann: Percent: E Percant: 5 y a Percent: mam: Fercant; A & Ivngth —_welght females culls shodders, length ——_welght Tomales, culls sheddors code Vongth —_walght fomales culls shodders code longth __walght fomales culls __shadders. code Vongth ——_wolght females culls shaders a it weight females culls _shedders foe font wolght females coils shedders | eA log walght (aay culls shedders ay fend culls shadders. ea ie culls. shedders fais ny wolght eee culls shaddors, frou tng wolght femal culls —_sheddere Yar Jength —_wolght females cally __shaddors Eun ov ges ee Go ae on H-6 89.5 5626 643 0 0 L15 901 5720 60.0 100 oO K-2 88.7 575.0 60.0 100 0 K-13 87.3 5258 62.7 18 © C10 87.4 4940 600 100 oO H-25 94.5 662.00 400 0 10.0 K-16 87.9 4856 323 0 93.1 K-3 440 66 53.7 K-8 89.8 13.6 65.3 K-11 | 91.8 598.2 820 40 37.9 W-20. 87.5 5235 52.1 ae) il 3 85.2 4860 60.0 0 cue ° : 3 ‘ 5 i ¥ : : i : ws 87.6 524.3 59.4 47 ) H-29 89.6 560.1 71.0 4.2 to) C-15 90.4 6426 73.9 0) () S-3 88.1 538.4 315 14.2 73.3 K-1 88.7 564.2 40.3 0 74.3 H-22 35.9 23 643 K-A 90.8 te) 47.9 C-20 | 88.9 544.3 60.0 4.0 346 K-22 87.4 5069 56.4 to) 64 ey Te 4 a 2 ; 2 F = € © - 2 c : Y-10 87.1 515.2 500 0 ) L-12 87.9 5110 700 100 oO Y-14 87.1 487.1 57.3 209 0 ws HI RW Gea GG Gy | Y-12 87.2 511.1 534 36 788 H-14 623 94 219 w-7 88.7 35 38.1 S-2 86.8 488.0 700 0 40.0 W15 92.2 583.3 59.8 12.2 4 to 5, ; z : y i 2 i 4 5 G 2 : 8 E ° K-28 909 6316 577 0 0) K-15 884 5411 698 74 O H-24 868 5078 454 31 266 $-3 878 5396 478 59 826 u41 297 28 41.0 K-29 87.4 10.0 20.0 W-11 | 885 5015 788 225 0 - : : : : a Sa ce : 3 p Z 7 ; . : 2 W10 878 5304 337 0 7) K-25 90.3 5820 50.1 5 @ H-3 93.1 626.3 54.2 0 719 | C20 87.7 5090 38.1 3.0 77.4 K-6 48.0 0 38.0 L14 88.9 16.1 29.3 Y8 88.4 5039 496 46 208 - - : : © =¢ < 5 e i 5 ; r ‘ : : 2 $ z ? K-5 89.5 598.0 50.0 0 to) K-2 89.6 584.9 51.7 5.3 24 H-17 89.4 5465 618 118 164 | 1-21 88.4 5274 345 5.0 68.3 Y-8 50.5 9.2 415 Ck) fyi) 10.0 60.0 - - : - 3 > : 5 be Gis e 3 : Z 3 2 g a i z é 3 e - = : : : - - W-14 | 90.1 5805 595 25 0 C11 91.7 5856 429 0 1000 | Y-3 84.5 459.2 48.1 10.3 68.4 L-12 475 5.2 79.6 H-13 90.0 5.3 23.0 : | - : - : : ag : 4 2 ; F z z i 3 y I ‘ 5 5 . ° 2 - : - : - : L18 88.9 5682 666 59 0 H-4 896 5288 376 7.3 682 | C6 89.7 564.6 60.2 4.2 71.2 S-1 50.0 0 90.0 H-24 88.9 5.8 722 : |e - - - : : 2 2 BS 3 : : ; : é : é 5 Fy ; ; : Z ; : : : : : : : : : - - : : ; : : - . | H4 90.3 5589 469 5.2 55.0 1-13 723 144 67.0 Y : : : : E . i : ; E : : : 5e Monthly mea 7.1501. os ee cor a7 aS ae a z Monthly mean 89.5 562.6 64.3 Co) 0 Month eed 90.1 572.0 60.0 10.0 v) Monthly mean 87.8 538.2 56.5 49 to) Monthly mean 88.8 559.5 57.5 2.6 te) Monthly mean 89.0 560.1 61.1 6.6 3 Monthly mean 90.3 567.8 46.1 5.3 52.4 Monthly mean 87.0 524.4 44.6 1 74.3 Monthly mean 89.2 542.2 48.9 SG sz Monthly mean 88.9 536.0 52.3 8.0 445 Monthly mean 88.9 527.2 68.1 7.1 26.7 Monthly mean 89.0 537.9 56.1 5.1 2.6 Monthlymean 88.8 543.3 53.8 5.5 32.6 Bis g : : : SeNeee cien 8 E i : a Fe ead : E ¥ y 3 Siiceicloria: 5 186 32 29 0 Standard error & 2 G7 16 @ Standard error 6 Bi BO 24 3 Standard error QO er 63 10 md Standard error 7 Pa @ iO! a5 Standard error 6 WD 42 16 73 Standard error BS M7 . 2a dQ wal Standard error 8 201 59 3. 75 Standarderror 1.6 23.200«2.20CO 3.719 Standarderror 2.15.2 1.2 6 19 ae i ; es Dealer Porcant: Dealer Waa: Percent; Dealer Wann: Percent: Dal Mann: Parcant: 7 Percent: 5 F | , Percent: Dealer Maan: Maan: Percent: ES code females culls shedders code weight fomales calls shedders code Tength = wolght) females culls shedders a eagle te culls shedders pate fh wot fomies, cals) iahedder pe feat vlght (eet Inia thelierr pear eth wolght ae culls shedders rae fort wolpkl femaes culls sheddors code longth weight culls ahedders Yar Tength —wolght——_famalex culls ahedders 8 5 veal 2 wo © Ht 90.7 5349 435 0 3.5 C14 | 884 5036 348 239 50.7 (om 89.6 530.3 724 16.2 133 K-16 908 5514 428 92 913 L417 87.1 5067 500 64 928 S41 89.4 5087 508 184 63.2 S2 | 874 4944 637 1.2 459 W-15 90.1 544.2 774 68 137 (3 H7 49.9 10.0 () w-20 89.6 543.0 50.2 68 3.2 K-17 90.4 567.2 485 8.9 0) H-2 89.1 5528 447 11.6 18 K-2 89.7 5428 518 3.0 90.4 L418 89.3 5364 649 9.1 100.0 K-22 90.3 559.1 45.3 48 68.0 S1_ | 855 494.0 40.0 a) E00 GRE) BO2e S181 88 58 ° 2 @ C17 55.1 5.1 o H-13 89.8 567.6 64.8 24 0 K-9 90.8 597.0 605 22 0 C10 893 5545 577 4 99.6 j H-23 91.3 534.0 50.0 30.0 9800 C9 89.1 541.0 412 44 647 W141 889 5404 44.1 3.0 729 H-27 | 89.0 5288 48.3 39 48.7 C8 88.6 505.0 545 9.3 11.4 i K-2! 61.5 11.9 5 K-3 89.4 568.8 75.0 0 () L147 91.4 568.7 53.0 105 359 $3 87.5 499.0 40.0 10.0 50.0 L7 887 5187 446 67 856 K4 90.3 566.7 602 3.1 95.0 H-24 848 488.0 40.0 0 80.0 K-6 | 908 562.6 448 6.2 91.2 : - = = . . =) sf 5 = g : F S65 93.2 596.0 40.0 100 0 L20 89.4 550.0 20.0 0 100.0 W-21 93.6 6133 61.1 5.2 3.4 | HS 90.6 5533 35.5 36 89.1 W-20 87.8 505.7 538 146 708 W-22 90.9 6028 58.5 14 79.1 C-13 | 89.2 519.0 500 0 100.0 = 3 . : ¢ : KR ao > i E z a 2 . zi 4 % é * = = 2 > L15 90.0 554.9 46.0 7.2 90.5 L-10 90.1 531.3 39.4 5.0 95.6 W-14 90.0 548.2 47.9 32 96.1 W-15, 89.1 538.3 56.4 6.3 935 K-25, 93.2 621.2 54.2 34 22.4 : a 2 ° oF Gd 4 € 2 3 - 2 < : = f 3 = = 5 = = 2 L7 89.4 547.7 44.1 5.6 87.2 W-15 90.0 549.8 46.1 4.1 88.6 W-15 90.0 535.9 438 45 98.2 5 = 3 5 > E c-10 90.8 552.0 60.0 10.0 60.0 = a = 5 5 F : : 5 2 : S : - - - 2 K9 87.8 501.0 300 0 30.0 E 5 : 3 C20 884 5121 446 41 712 : 3 E E w-8 89.1 529.3 578 58 158 2 6 i Z 2 - 2 3 = A z c : : 3 3 : g & 5 ; ; ; = 2 2 = z K-11 88.3 5216 432 0 70.0 - : : - = |e = z i c 5 5 5 . 2 Moorings 875 5048 55.7 11.7 a Monthly mean 905 5620 547 38 1.3 Monthly mean 90.1 557.3 43.3 9.1 37.3 Monthly mean 89.5 544.2 495 71 47.0 | Monthly mean 90.2 540.2 443 88 887 Monthly mean 889 5305 500 5.5 843 Monthly mean 889 5395 49.2 56 762 Monthly mean | 89.4 5377 52.4. 5.5 55.5 Monthly mean 89.3 5216 60.3 72 84 Monthlymean 89.4 5387 493 68 S18) iit ie Aa al “il Standard error 7 108 66 2 z} Standard error iSte514 7 2 2G. Standard error 7 128 48 19 144 Standard error 3 48 28 GG 16 istandardienae ja, eon oy, 1a AG) Smndardiener O Ga 20 SF a Siandardieres 8 147 #53 «+417 «+104 Standard error 4 117 87 1 42 Standard error 2 29 15 8 K [Dealer-code = the letter representative of the county and the number of the dealer in the county. The county designations are: Y for York, C for Cumberland, S for Sagadahoc, L for Lincoln, K for Knox, H for Hancock, and W for Washington.] i yl at nny DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 / \/ | Hy, 34 32 VV JS FMAMIJJSASOND JFMAMJJASOND LEMAA I J ASIOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMSSASOND MONTHS Figure 8. — Mean surface water temperatures, recorded from 10 dealer locations each month of the survey, TOTAL CATCH IN NUMBERS PER TRAP-HAUL 1966 (partial year) through 1970. 1968 (PERIOD 3) pay, (PERIOD 2) June 4— fon ‘ (PERIOD 1) Feb March + July oa April 2— A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30 32 3h SON wS8y 40 A220 Ad A465 248850), 52554 5k 58 60 62 SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE (°F) Figure 9. — The relationship between mean ocean surface temperature and catch in numbers per trap-haul by month for 1968. 33 Period 3: (September- December) These months of recruitment through molting show increasing catch-per-unit-of-effort values on a monthly basis with pro- with the same temperature data (Fig. 10) to determine if similar conclusions would result: gressively lower ocean tempera- Period 1: These monthly catch-per-unit- tures. In this case we conclude (January- of-effort values increase along that recruitment through molt- April) with the ocean temperatures. ing with the hypothesized vul- This situation does agree with nerability has a far greater our premise that availability effect than water temperature. should be increasing. While this is plausible for the Period 2: This downward concave curve months of peak molting (August (May-July) possibly indicates that even and September in 1968; see though the monthly ocean tem- analysis of cluster samples), it is peratures continue to rise, the difficult to accept a continuing year- or molt-class strength from high recruitment and vulnera- the preceding year diminishes. bility during October and Incidentally, there is not as wide November when the molting a disparity between April and percentages decrease. May in catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day as there Continuing with the analysis, we next used is with catch in numbers per catch -in-numbers - per -trap-haul-set-over-day trap-haul. 1968 < Qa 3 4 a 4 (PERIOD 3) —— =) Oct Sept < = Nov re ee - Aus a a Moy i“2) a = (PERIOD 2) = > April Zi z an =——,, oe Morch ie TE eer U > x Feb = 3 PM a de ii Ie a SN See | Ay 4ol-32) 34 36 38) 40 $40. 144 ido 148) 50) S2NNSAue Sous uEGONnG2 SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE (°F) Figure 10. — The relationship between mean ocean surface temperature and catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day by month for 1968. 34 Period 3: Even though recruitment is oc- (September- curring, the monthly catch-per- December) unit-of-effort values decrease along with the ocean tempera- tures. The values for this period are higher than those for pe- riods 1 and 2, indicating perhaps that our premise of increased vulnerability after shedding is correct. Our next step in analyzing the catch-in- numbers-per-trap-haul-set-over-day was _ to compare these values with another measure of effort (boat-days) in order to determine if this relationship demonstrates any condition not revealed by temperature (Fig. 11). There is an amazing similarity between the two types of relationships. This led us to believe that our original hypotheses concerning periods of the year and the related assumptions are greatly strengthened. Therefore, in the face of this evidence we concluded that the rela- tionship of catch-in-numbers-per-trap-haul-set- over-day with boat-days is the more impor- tant consideration after the ocean water tem- perature warms above a certain level. These same types of relationships appeared to hold true for 1969 (Fig. 12). However, as usually happens with hypothetical concepts, something somewhat different obviously oc- curred in 1970 (Fig. 13). By way of explanation for the omission of data from January through March 1970, the sampling in that year began in April because of the demonstrated reduction in the catch and effort categories for January through March from 1967 through 1969 (Table 4). The reasons for the reduction might be an evolving shrimp fishery which usually concentrates its effort between January and March of each year and the ease by which lobster boats and fishermen are converted to fishing for shrimp. This situa- tion, in addition to a tremendous backlog of data from sampling the lobster catch in other months, led us to the decision to discontinue the lobster survey during this period of the year. Returning to the months that we sampled in 1970, there is an abrupt increase in the catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day in 1968 > < a c w 6 4 fF (PERIOD 3) ie 2 > in ae x= of Oct a Nov (55) << 3- i [= 4 = Aug [a4 w a 2 - May Pune ie = “April (PERIOD 2) 7L June Zz (PERIOD 1) “- July = - March / Ee a ! Jan O Sa el < * Feb = z | | | i na 7 20 30 40 50 SUMMARY EFFORT IN BOAT- DAYS (Actua!) Figure 11. — The relationship between catch in numbers per trap-haul-set- over-day and boat-days by month for 1968. 35 > 1969 < io) a Ww > @) i ee Ww @ —_ =) < x= Nov x D (PERIOD 3) Sept < oe us Eo m7 = (38 yn [oa wi fea) = 2= =) Zz April zZ (PERIOD 1) July = : O i- sees eae pay (PERIOD 2) O “ 3 June, > Feb . [o4 : < Dec = = Ait sl lll Peak Pica At ai aa Via We Oe ae ATC I Sie elt St) fly 300 32) 34 36, 38) 400 eA2y sad AG AS P50 Sb 2e 5 4y 565 5B) OO mmO2 SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE (F) Figure 12. — The relationship between mean ocean surface temperature and catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day by month for 1969. se 1970 < — [oa wi > ie) a oe yn 5 < r a < Sa (PERIOD 3) oe a Oct ve) yi fo July wa : a . 3 . Dy 3 Moy sae va Zz (PERIOD 2) x= . VY April [o4 < < < 2 | | | | | | | | | | | i | | | | | Ce 30) 325734! 36) 838) 40) 420444648) 50952 54 | 56 58 60 62 SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE( F) Figure 13. — The relationship between mean ocean surface temperature and catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day by month for 1970. 36 July. This appears even more pronounced because the values in April through June 1970 are smaller in comparison to the values in these same months of 1969 and 1968. Surprisingly, this catch-effort value in August 1970 is smaller than the one for July of that year. This is the first year during the sampling survey for this to occur. A partial explanation is the tremendous increase in trap-hauls and trap-haul-set-over-days in July and August 1970 as compared to these months in 1969 and 1968 (Table 4). In addition, the peak shedding percentages by month were later in 1970 than in previous years. This combination of factors, different from 1969 and 1968, could account for the changed relationship by month between catch in num- bers per trap-haul-set-over-day and water tem- perature in 1970. I reasoned that other than a shift of specific months between the three periods of 1970, we have not destroyed the hypotheses that we had developed for each of these periods in 1969 and 1968. Relationship Between Catch in Numbers per Trap-Haul and Set-Over-Days We compared the catch in numbers per trap- haul (TH) with the number of set-over-days (SOD) as another means of studying the de- scribed catch and effort situation in 1970. This type of analysis could also be used to evaluate the intricacies of catch in numbers per THSOD because we hypothesize using it as an index of stock density. To analyze these data, we compiled the information by month and year in two categories: (1) the catch in numbers per trap-haul, and (2) the associated number of set-over-days. The values for these categories were calculated by dividing that total catch in numbers by that total number of trap-hauls from the fisher- men who said their traps were hauled the day before (1 SOD), then the same procedure for those fishermen who hauled with a 2 SOD, and so on through 5 SOD. We omitted data from any fisherman who had a mixed number of SOD for the group of traps that he hauled for the day; such as a fisherman who hauled 300 traps for the day and of those, 150 had been set-over for 1 day, while the remaining 150 traps had been set-over for 2 days. These modified data were compiled by month and year from 1968 through 1970 (Table 8). The relationship between the catch in num- bers per trap-haul and the number of set- over-days in 1970 reveals a higher increasing trend line than for 1969 and 1968 (Fig. 14). I attribute this to the same reason that I have already discussed: that is, an earlier and higher percent of shedders starting in June 1970, resulting in higher recruitment and vulnera- bility starting in July and continuing through = < = a < ee a a o iS F . ea w zs a .50—- ” 4 2 = 1968 = y Z z I 35— G25 x < e) | i if 1 | 2 4 5 SET-OVER-DAYS 1969 CATCH IN NUMBERS PER TRAP-HAUL | 2 4 d 3 SET-OVER-DAYS 3 4 25, z < i 2 & a * 5 2 8 50— = 2 . 7 Zz 25 U g < Vv SET-OVER-DAYS 1970 Figure 14. — The relationship between catch in num- bers per trap-haul and set-over-days by year, 1968 through 1970. most of the remaining months of 1970 as com- pared to the situation in 1969 and 1968. This combination of factors could also ex- plain the slightly higher value of catch in numbers per THSOD in 1970 than in 1969, although the total catch in pounds is slightly higher in 1969 than in 1970 as reported in “Maine Landings.” I concluded that while catch in numbers per THSOD is a much better indi- cator of stock density than any other known ratio, it must be carefully analyzed each year. Such a continued treatise will be valuable in future years. Relationship Between Catch per Unit of Effort and Effort Gulland (1968) discussed the usefulness and expected type of curve between the relation- ship of catch per unit of effort plotted against Table 8. — The compilation of the catch in numbers per trap-haul and the number of set-over-days by month and year, 1968 through 1970. The ratios are enclosed by parentheses. Month | Number of set-over-days: Number of: 1968 trap- lobs-]| trap- lobs- | trap- lobs- |trap- lobs-|trap- lobs- hauls ters {hauls ters | hauls ters {hauls ters {hauls ters Jan. 40 (.1750) Feb. Mar -4500) Apr. .2978) . 1000) .3120) May - 6848) .6735) (.4417) June wily) . 2709) 3671) (1.4625) July . 2249) 3062) Aug. 334 .4772) 5559) Sept .5760) (.4687) Oct. 970 . 7032) (1.0144) Nov. 705 (.7603) (-9333) Dec. Totals] 12,174 6,087] 11,702 5,881] 5,182 3,017]1,432 852] 957 417 (.5000) (-5026) (.5822) (.5950) (.4357) 38 Table 8. — The compilation of the catch in numbers per trap-haul and the number of set-over-days by month and year, 1968 through 1970. The ratios are enclosed by parentheses. — Continued. 1969 Month! Number of set-over-days: i ee trap- lobs-} trap- lobs- |trap- lobs-] trap- lobs-]| trap- lobs- hauls ters | hauls ters |hauls ters |hauls ters | hauls ters ante ---- ---- |---- ---- 160} 120 119 ©-25) Ge=s) (.9917) Feb. ---- we-- fe--- 0 re] ---- ----] ---- ---- Gee) Gi=—%) ssa) Mar. ---- -a-- fen--- anne =H --] ---- ---- (Grey) Gees) Ga) Apr. 45 39 410 143 86 60 (.8667) (. 3488) (.6977) May 330 105 | 415 181 a — (.3182) (.4361) € <8 5 June 1237 ehLil 472 84 Sul 137 (.2514) (.1780) (.2630) July 1147 326 718 250 30 8 (. 2842) (. 3510) (. 2667) Aug 3995 1786 |1716 1188 ---- a (.4471) (.6923) CG) Sept 1923 979 }1372 936 310 163 (.5091) (.6822) (.5258) Oct. 863 481 SS ar32 ---- ---- (.5574) (.8516) (@=-5) Nov. ---- ---- 902 1034 ---- ---- (ces) 9) (1.1463) Gee) Dec. ---- ---- 40 20) 100 59 Ge) (.5000) (.5900) Totals |10,266 5,211} 9,540 4,027 |6,200 yas) 7/0) |i shale} 1 HOO) ae G7, 546 (.5076) (.4221) (.6403) (.4858) (.4679) 39 Table 8. — The compilation of the catch in numbers per trap-haul and the number of set-over-days by month and year, 1968 through 1970. The ratios are enclosed by parentheses. — Continued. 1970 Month | Number of set-over-days: trap- lobs- | trap- lobs-] trap- lobs- | trap- lobs- | trap- lobs- hauls ters hauls ters }|hauls ters hauls ters hauls ters Jan. SaS0 SSoo Go") Feb. =oo= sess (--) Mar. Sos S255 Claw) Apr. 150 43 -5161) (.2867) May 6 174 ---- ---- 33509) ( -- ) June 628 460 27/5} -3156) : (.5935) July 2 5 154 160 18 - 5310) : (.1125) Aug. v B46 2296 456 362 -5690) 5 (-7938) Sept. J 653 110 4y -5331) 5 (4000) Oct. 7 5 6 550 336 100 70 (.6109) 5 (. 7000) Nov... 2 1283 1466 570 859 (1.1426) . (1.5070) Dec. 83 54 ---- So (.5696) E ( -- ) Totals /10,082 3,436 | 15,386 6,594j11,492 6,546 | 4,734 2,790 | 2,006 1,669 (. 3408) (-4286) (-5696) . (-5894) (.8326) 40 effort for a long series of years, preferably with a wide range in effort. Because we have data for only four full years, we cannot hope to demonstrate the expected theoretical curves. Nevertheless, we did calculate this relationship for the months within each of these years of the survey. An interesting comparison came to light between catch in numbers per trap-haul and catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day by month and year plotted against the respec- tive effective effort (Fig. 15). The relationship of catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day and its effective effort are similar with only slight changes in the slope from year to year. This occurred even with a tremendous increase in trap-hauls and trap-haul-set-over-days in 1970 (Table 4). On the other hand, the rela- tionship between catch in numbers per trap- haul and effort shows a similar curve to the preceding relationship for only 1968 but with a much higher trend line. However, in 1969 and 1970 this relationship is entirely different. I attribute this difference to an increase in the set-over-days for 1969 and 1970. We already have demonstrated how this variable affects the catch in numbers per trap-haul. Turning to the fairly consistent relationship of catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day and its effective effort, we can see that the trend line for 1968 is higher than that for 1969 or 1970. This situation indicates that the catch in 1968 is better than the following 2 years, and that 1969 and 1970 are close to the same total poundage. Indeed, ‘‘Maine Landings” demonstrates that this is true. Thus we have, to some extent, again sub- stantiated the premise that catch in numbers per trap-haul-set-over-day is a better index of stock density than any other known ratio. At the same time, this value must be scrutinized more fully than most indices of stock density in other fisheries. Consideration of Effectiveness of Fishing A factor that has been overlooked in the literature, is a possible change in fishing ef- fectiveness with the advent of the hydraulic hauler in the early 1960’s. This gear possibly 41 1968 CATCH IN NUMBERS PER UNIT OF EFFORT 1969 CATCH IN NUMBERS PER UNIT OF EFFORT 1970 CATCH IN NUMBERS PER UNIT OF EFFORT (TRAP HAUL SET OVER DAYS) 1 1 10 20 30 40 50 EFFECTIVE EFFORT IN THOUSANDS Figure 15. — Comparison of catch in numbers per trap-haul and catch in numbers per trap-haul-set- over-day with respective effort by month and year, 1968 through 1970. enables fishermen to use and haul more traps in the same amount of time than is required to haul a lesser amount of gear with a mechani- cal hauler. The sampling for the present survey began in 1966, after most of the conversion to hydraulic haulers occurred. Therefore, it is impossible to compare the change in fishing intensity in terms of trap-hauls or time spent fishing from before to after the conversion. Another consideration in terms of fishing effectiveness might be vessel speed. Boat dimensions are approximately the same as Dow and Trott (1956) described; however, usually more powerful engines are used today than at the time of the original study, thereby possibly reducing the time to and from the fishing grounds and between trap-hauls by trip. Dow (1955) mentioned the use of electronic gear, depth recorders primarily, that could be another factor in fishing effectiveness. POPULATION PARAMETERS With the data from some previous sections, we estimated certain population parameters. These parameters are used directly in the simple yield equation described by Beverton and Holt (1957). Therefore, these estimates are vitally important to the objective of deter- mining the biological minimum size for maxi- mum sustainable yield. Von Bertalanffy Growth Equation The determinations from the length frequency analysis make it necessary to consider this relationship in a different way than usual. First, we do not know the actual age of any sized lobster. It follows then that we do not know the age composition of any size mode. Second, there is a possibility that these size modes represent molt classes, and further that one or more of these molt classes might be in the same age group. Following this reasoning, I attempted to calculate the parameters of the von Bertalanffy Growth Equation by combining probability modes to correspond to 14% incre- ments as hypothesized in the probability analy- sis. The estimated parameters, determined by the method of Tomlinson and Abramson (1961), are obviously incorrect; for example, the maxi- mum expected carapace length is 13.0 mm. As an alternative, I used the consecutive modes from the probability analysis of the length frequencies. This might constitute a molt group-length relationship rather than the usual age-length correlation. This information was used in the method of Tomlinson and Abramson (1961). The perti- nent estimates and standard errors are: 42 to = 266.77 + 59.04 Rk = 0.04785 + 0.01566 ty = -0.77250 + 0.43685 where: tee = maximum expected length k = constant proportional to catabolic rate A 5 ty = hypothetical age at zero length. These growth parameters are much more logical; leading to the dilemma of deciding whether we are dealing with molt or age groups. To resolve this, I reasoned that the intent of the use of the von Bertalanffy Growth Equation is to demonstrate the growth pattern for lobsters which intuitively (comparison of calculated parameters) is better reflected by using con- secutive size modes from the _ probability analysis. Weight-Length Relationship We fitted a logarithmic transformation of the basic equation W aL® by the method of least squares. There were 336 males and 391 females used in these calculations. The follow- ing real values by category are: W = 0.001669 L25?781 (males) W = 0.001657 L?43877 (females) W = 0.001682 L?58?6 (sexes combined). A t test on the 6 values revealed no signifi- cant difference between the sexes; therefore, the sexes were combined (Fig. 16). The 95% confidence limits on the slope or 6 value for the sexes combined placed the upper limit at 2.86099 and the lower limit at 2.79554. The 95% confidence limits on this intercept or a value placed the upper limit at 0.001889 and the lower at 0.001509. We also calculated the weight-length rela- tionships by the same method for the com- mercial sizes only. While there still is no significant difference between males and fe- males, the confidence intervals about the slopes bracketed ‘3’ in each case. We surmise that there is a change in the weight-length relation- ship after lobsters reach legal size. This situa- tion might have importance in the section on yield. CARAPACE LENGTH ININCHES 5 ? ; 4 1400— =3 1200— 1000— Sp a = = Gal < ra) a« = © 800— = zZ re = 3 x= (= a Z > a 600— =I) 400— 200— 1 | 1 | i 40 60 80 100 120 140 CARAPACE LENGTH IN MILLIMETERS Figure 16. — The weight-length relationship of lobsters (sexes combined), W = .001682 L?-82826, Mortality Rates The implications from the length frequency section concerning age or molt groups create some imponderables for estimating survival or mortality. A reasonable alternative would be to estimate the desired parameters by 14% groupings and then by selected size modes from the probability analysis, realizing the dis- cussed assumptions in each category. With this approach, we can compare estimates and then, in certain situations, explain why there are differences or similarities. Of course, even if these estimates were similar, they would be tentative because of the uncertainties con- cerning the age composition of the catch. To circumvent this situation to some extent, we present corroborative estimates, whenever pos- 43 sible, from different techniques of other investi- gations on lobsters. In accordance with this reasoning, we listed the methods and reported all estimates in annual rates (Table 9) as follows: (1) We used the method of Robson and Chapman (1961) with 14% increments of growth for the commercial-sized lobsters within cal- endar years. The estimates are: 90.0% (1967), 91.4% (1968), 92.2% (1969), and 92.9% (1970). These authors explained that the method is not adequate when estimating survival by age class between years because it does not con- sider effort. Nevertheless, the authors devised an unbiased estimate of survival and mortality within years if the age and growth considera- tions were correct. R. A. Cooper (personal communication) estimated approximately the same total annual mortality from a tagging study off Monhegan Island, Maine. In my opin- ion, it is unlikely that the two separate tech- niques and data sources would approximate each other by coincidence. (2) Cushing (1968) described a method which does incorporate effort with assumed age classes. However, Beverton and Holt (1957) maintained that it is seldom efficient to estimate an index of instantaneous abundance as is required in Z = loge Wea Nevertheless, t+ this equation (after conversion) represents the usual method of estimating total annual mor- tality. We used it with two different types of effort: (1) trap-hauls-set-over-days and (2) trap- hauls. With the first effort term the estimates are: 87.0% (n/n. between May 1968 and May 1969) and 83.5% (n/n for the same time period). With the second effort term the estimates are: 85.8% (n4/n2z between May 1967 and May 1968) and 90.8% (ii2/n3 for the same time period) ; 74.8% (ui /n2 between May 1968 and May 1969) and 68.1% (n2/n3 for the same time period); 64.6% (11/n2 between May 1969 and May 1970) and 94.1% (n2/n3 for the same time period). Also, we used this method of Beverton and Holt (1957) to estimate the annual natural mor- tality for the prerecruit sizes of lobsters. These estimates are: 29.3% (11/2 between May 1968 and May 1969) and 19.2% (n1/n2 for May 1969 and 1970). BIep TeOTAOASTY worz aeak fq sdei3z jo siequnu pue sezts TeToOrTouM0D JO SjusWetoUT YyouT-7/T (e) Tg0TgZoq-Zg0TB0q 0°€8 cae = (2-1) 0l807 L£761T-996T = €761-Z2461 LY6T-9476T aeak yoeo uf sezts TeFoLoMWOD JO SJUBWeIIUT %HT (q) (se2e1 Tenuue oF O° pe ztaau05) Zustu aeak yore ut sezqs 3ynave1 T4398 07-7 u°Z0T OL6T -aid jo sapom A347 TTQeqoad saAino yoqe9 AB9A YORI UT AB_ BUTMOT -ToJ skep-itava0-Jos-Tney-derz jsufese pazjotTd Z yam sazts TBFIOTSWUMOD FO SjUaWeTOUT %HT (eB) (s93e2 Tenuue 03 pejzeAu0D) OL6T-696T-896T xq+e = & aeek yoes ut sezts TeyoAeuMIOD Jo safouanbaaz y3BueT woirz sisqoweied yamo013 103 sapow AzTTTQeqGoad (v) ($9382 Tenuue 0} pe zazsAUOD) aeak yore jo Key uy sfep-19A0-as-[ney-desz (2) pue sTney-der3 (T) y3TM sasseto a3e pouinsse Bu,TMOTTOJ sazts TefForouM0D JO sapow AIFT}FQeqorad (p) (s9jea1 Tenuue 03} peztaAUu0D) T+3y aN B80, = 7 a1pak yora uz sAep-19A0-Jas- [ney -dei3 yim sasseTo a8e pounsse BUTMOTTOJ sazts TNA01 -a1d Jo sapow A37TTQeqoad aeak yora jo Key uy smey-derq yjtM sesseto a3e pounsse 8uyMoTTo} sezts TeyoLsuMOD Fo sqyUusMaIOUT %yT (89322 Tenuue 02 paj4t9Au0D) aeak yora jo Kew ut sXkep-12ea0 —J9s-[ney-der3 yAyM sasseyto a8e pounsse BuzMo[[oJ sazts TeFOLIMUIOD JO SsZuaMaIOUT Y%HT teak yora ut sazts TeFoOAouMIOD FO sjUuolla1DUT Y%HT (BP) suotTjenby Tenuue JO sajeutisqy “OLGT Ysnoty} LOGT ‘StVaXd ULYZLM puR UddMJoq SaIsO[Opoyjou pu soyeUIysa AqI[eIALOW Jo ArwuUNS YW —°¢ a[qe, (€76T) UBWIIT TS (8S6T) AaAOTY (LS6T) JIOH pue uojasaog 44 (896T) Butysng (196T) ueudey) pue uosqoy so0Uatajar ABoTOpoyrzay (3) Next we used a method outlined by Cushing (1968), but more fully described by Beverton and Holt (1957). The equation is = N+ Z = loge Ne I place the greatest amount of reliability in this estimate because the latter authors explained that with a continuous fishery, a much better estimate could be expected from the mean abundance of a year or molt class during 1 year of life when related to the same year or molt class and mean abundance 1 year later. This method also has shortcomings (other than our assumptions regarding length frequencies) in that the total mortality should be approximately the same in each of the two years considered. This shortcoming can be compensated for, to some extent, by a cor- rection factor or picking one month (May, in the case of the lobster fishery) in each of two years as described by Paloheimo (1961). We made this estimate with two different types of effort, (1) trap-haul-set-over-days and (2) trap-hauls. With the first effort term the estimates are: 94.5% (1/2 between May 1968 and May 1969) and 94.2% (n2/n3 for the same time period); 94.4% (i1/n2 between May 1969 and May 1970) and 94.6% (n2/n3 for the same time period). With the second effort term the estimates are: 94.1% (11/2 between May 1967 and May 1968) and 94.3% (n2/n3 for the same time period). (4) Beverton and Holt (1957) described an- other method of estimating total mortality from the combination of (1) parameters from the von Bertalanffy Growth Equation and (2) the mean length and the size when lobsters are fully vulnerable in the commercial fishery. The R(lao-l’) equation is Z = . The estimates by year are 88.9% (1967), 90.1% (1969), and 77.6% (1970). (5) Again Beverton and Holt (1957) described a method which involved the use of the total (1968), 88.9% N mortality estimates from Z = loge seus plot- Nyt 1 ted against the effective fishing effort (in this case trap-haul-set-over-days). Because we col- lected these effort data from 1968 on, it is only 45 possible to use three years of data. The authors caution that we should have a long series of years; nevertheless, we estimated an annual natural mortality of 7.7% for lobsters of com- mercial size. (6) Ricker (1958) presented a detailed dis- cussion on the use of “catch curves” along with the methodology. For use in this method, we organized the length frequencies of the commercial and prerecruit sizes of lobsters into either 14% groupings or numbers at se- lected modes from the probability paper deter- minations, all within years. A plot of the natural logarithm of the frequency of numbers of pre- recruit and commercial sizes with effort reveals a dome-shaped curve with a somewhat sinuous descending right limb (Fig. 17). In addition to the contributive causes for this type of curve described by Ricker (1958), we must add our technique of estimating the assumed age or molt groups by 14% increments or by proba- bility modes. It then follows that the descending right limb which is concave suggests that the fishing mortality has increased on the larger sizes (positively the case from prerecruit to recruit sizes), but variable recruitment from shedding frequencies might affect these esti- mates, as could a changing natural mortality or vulnerability to the trap in association with SOD. The latter consideration seems plausible, but then we should expect either larger sizes in the population to be readily apparent or a. good carry-over of commercial sizes of lobsters from December to May of the following year. The conclusion from sampling the natural popu- lation with different types of gear, including scuba observations, refutes this carry-over contention; therefore, it appears that either a decreasing natural mortality (some of our estimates indicate this is true) or as Ricker (1958) pointed out, the shape of the curve could also be affected by the assumed age or molt groups not being uniform in size in- crements. In this case the probability modes between and within years do not lend support to this premise, at least for the commercial sizes. While we included in Table 9, under the catch curve section, only the total annual mortality estimates from the number of lobsters at consecutive probability modes, we also sn 5- —_ =) —S—:uvr.—_ CC ext S———S “10 : ; D | \ | ! I te te +] te +2 te 43 te +4 te +5 ASSUMED AGE AT FIRST CAPTURE (tc) Figure 18. — The relationship between the calculated yield in weight (grams) per recruit and assumed age at capture (t.) from binomial and cubic expansions of the simple yield equation. 53 Therefore, with the new size limit, it would still be possible to have a smaller total poundage in a given year than previous years. Influence of Other Parameters on Yield We have already demonstrated the importance of different natural mortality estimates on yield. Therefore, we should explore the possible influence of some other estimated parameters used in the yield equation: specifically, F, k, to, and th or p. In the cubic expansion, we considered the influence of instantaneous fishing mortality by 0.5 increments. In the binomial expansion, we had to use one estimate of F in each run. Therefore, we changed F' from 2.2036 to 1.0000 with the same other parameters in two of the runs. As might be expected, the increasing trend of yield in weight per recruit is relatively unaffected by the F' values (trend lines [C] and [F'] binomial, Fig. 18). A change in the k estimate from the von Bertalanffy Growth Equation influences the yield estimates in the cubic expansion. For example, if k is halved (actually reducing the carapace length for time ft), then the yield in weight per recruit is reduced with the same other parameters (trend lines [C] and [D] cubic, Table 11). Although this reduction does change the magnitude of the yield, it does not alter the general increasing or decreasing trend of this line. Because of the relationship of k to fo, we might expect the hypothetical age at zero length to to influence the magnitude of the yield estimates without affecting the general trend, at least within the different values that we considered. Indeed, this is the situation ({D] and [E] cubic, Table 11). If tp and p are changed from 1.0 to 3.0 to 4.0 in the binomial expansion with a natural mortality of 0.2664, we note a decreasing trend in yield in weight per recruit in each case ([A] with [D] and [E] binomial, Table 11). Con- versely, with the lower natural mortality, we note that with t, or p = 1, the trend line increases in either case ([B] with [C] binomial, Table 11). I reasoned that only in the un- realistic situation of t, or p = 1 with the also unlikely high natural mortality, would there 54 be a discrepancy in the increase or decrease of the trend in the yield estimates. I concluded from this series of changes in the described parameters that even if the origi- nal estimates were not exact, we would reach the same management recommendations as we would with the precise parameters. Of course, it is most advisable to use the verified values in the yield equation because we can then better predict what would happen with certain popu- lation conditions and corresponding manage- ment proposals. Discussion As stated earlier, I have not advocated a reduction in effort to achieve maximum sus- tainable yield (or maximum net economic gain), rather, a change in the minimum size limit to improve the yield under other existing con- ditions. In my view, economists and some population dynamicists have overlooked one very impor- tant point, at least for the United States, in the field of fisheries control. That is, few if any State or Federal agencies in fisheries have re- ceived the confidence of the fishing fraternity (commercial or sport) or legislators to entrust regulations entirely to that agency. In order to gain recognition from these people, we must proceed in a step-like fashion: namely, biological minimum size limits, where needed. The recognition of improvement in a fishery through a change in the regulation on size or age at entry would then make it possible to demonstrate the benefit of effective effort controls that are biologically and economically oriented. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based upon this study, I recommend raising the minimum legal size to 89-mm (3-¥% inches) carapace length, and elimination of the 127-mm (5 inch) maximum size regulation. The survey of the commercial fishery should continue in order to determine if there would be any changes in the estimated parameters that we used in the yield equation. Indeed, if there were changes in the critical parameters, then we should adjust the minimum size accordingly. Really, we must abandon the concept of static, unchanging regulations in a dynamic, changing population of lobsters. In this way we can always obtain the best yield for fishermen. In any study with budgetary restrictions there are many aspects that cannot be examined. In the present study we still need detailed in- formation on: (1) trap selectivity; (2) larval distributions; (3) parent-progeny, or stock-recruitment re- lationships; (4) an entirely new technique for determining the ages of lobsters; (5) movements of lobsters and independent mortality estimates; this would be best suited to a tagging study. Unfortunately, most of these studies are costly. In order to accomplish them and carry on the necessary commercial sampling, we need 2 to 3 times the present budget. While this sounds like a tremendous increase, this new annual budget would only amount to 1.5% of the landed value of lobsters in Maine for each year. The Need for a Technique to Determine the Age of Lobsters I feel that this particular recommendation is so important that it should be treated separ- ately. We were able to estimate most of the pre- ceding parameters by assuming that the manipu- lation of length frequencies revealed the age or molt composition of the catch. With this insight, we should consider an independent method to determine the age composition of the lobster population. Hopefully, this new technique would corroborate the determinations from the length frequencies. Some funding agency must be made to recog- nize the importance of this need not only for lobsters, but also for other crustaceans of com- mercial importance. This type of investigation would be best suited to universities (medical schools) that have prior experience with the genetic-biochemical aging process in humans. Paradoxically, in this situation, humans would be the test species. For those who would say this limitation in the length frequencies should delay implementa- tion of the recommendations in this report, I would remind them that the regulations now in effect are largely a result of intuition and convenience. While this type of management might suffice in a lightly exploited fishery, it is foolhardy to continue it in such a valuable resource as lobsters, especially when the most cursory examination of the length frequencies reveals that the size ranges of the exploited phase of the stock have been reduced practi- cally to one-half inch in carapace length. Fur- ther, this one-half inch in size range does not include the size at maturity for most female lobsters. SUMMARY In summary we have determined: (1) Most traps currently in use have parlors, reflecting a change from an earlier study in 1948. Further, present-day traps pos- sibly have a selection range below the legal size of 81-mm carapace length. (2) The premolt-postmolt relationships in carapace length in millimeters by category are: = 0.64986 + 1.07578x (males) -0.46448 + 1.09612x% (females) = 0.59543 + 1.076192 (sexes combined) eee ur (3) Based upon berried female measurements: (a) Canadian and Maine stocks of fe- male lobsters extrude their eggs between May and July; (b) most female lobsters from Maine stocks mature (extrude eggs) be- tween 90- and 100-mm carapace length; (c) female lobsters from Maine extrude eggs at a larger size than females from certain parts of Canada. (4) The maximum size regulation of 127-mm (5 inches) carapace length is biologically unsound. (5) (6) (7 7, (8 wm (9 wa (10) (11) (13) Probability modes and 14% groupings of length are comparable and possibly indi- cate age or molt groups. The cluster samples show (a) fairly uni- form mean lengths by day, month, and year; this mean length is approximately 89-mm (3.5 inches) carapace length, (b) the mean weight is more variable but is explained, to some extent, by the per- centage of culls, (c) the percentage of females is usually around 50% on a monthly and yearly basis, (d) the sub- jective measure of the percent shedders shows a proportionate increase usually from July through October in each year. The catch in numbers per trap-haul-set- over-day is a better indicator of stock density than any other known ratio, pro- vided it is carefully analyzed. Fishing effectiveness has increased from 1955 to 1970. Trap limitations as proposed by some fishermen and legislators will not di- minish the effective effort. The solved von Bertalanffy Growth Equa- tion is: i, =266.77 [re e@ ~ 0.04785 (t+ 0.77250) ] The solved weight-length relationship for the sexes combined is: Wa—0:001682) 7, 2:22826. Depending on the methodology, the in- stantaneous total mortality ranges from 1.1363 (67.9% ) to 2.9188 (94.6% ) while the instantaneous natural mortality ranges from 0.0202 (2.0%) to 0.3467 (29.3%). Therefore, the estimates of the instantan- eous fishing mortality range from 0.7896 (54.6% ) to 2.8986 (94.5% ). An instantan- eous natural mortality of 0.1054 (10%) and an instantaneous fishing mortality of 2.3026 (90% ) are more plausible. By using the binomial and cubic expan- sion of the simple yield equation with reasonable parameters, the legal mini- mum size should be raised to at least 89-mm (3-42 inches) carapace length. 56 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I find it a pleasure to commend others who have played an integral part in an investiga- tion. Specifically, I would like to thank the fisher- men and dealers who allowed, often at an inconvenience to themselves, “‘bug-hunters’’ to gather the information for this report. The sampling crew, Paul J. DeRocher (who worked from 1966 to 1970), Clarence C. Burke, Gary A. Robinson, and Louis M. Kazimer, has my deepest appreciation. These men not only traveled great distances but also worked many overtime hours including weekends and holidays to collect the data. They were also instrumental in the compilation and summarization of this material at the laboratory. Jack Watson, National Marine Fisheries Service, Boothbay Harbor, critically evaluated the manuscript and provided many helpful suggestions. In the same agency, Gareth W. Coffin photographed many of the figures in this report. Sheilagh J. Foss, Isabel Barter, and Phyllis Carnahan, Maine Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, had the tedious task of typing the manuscript and the tables. I sincerely thank everyone who assisted me and hope that this paper justifies their endeavors. LITERATURE CITED ABRAMSON, N., and J. TOLLADAY. 1959. The use of probability sampling for estimat- ing annual number of angler days. Calif. Fish Game, 45:303-311. BEVERTON,R.J.H., and S.J. HOLT. 1957. On the dynamics of exploited fish popula- tions. Fish. Invest. Minist. Agric. Fish. Food (G.B.), Ser. IT, 19, 533 p. CASSIE, R. M. 1954. Some uses of probability paper in the analysis of size frequency distributions. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 5:513-522. COOPER, R.A. 1970. Retention of marks and their effects on growth, behavior, and migrations of the Ameri- can lobster, Homarus americanus. Trans. Am. Fsh. Soc. 99:409-417. CUSHING, D. H. 1968. Fisheries biology. Univ. Wis. Press, Madi- son, Milwaukee, and London, 200 p. DOW, R. L. 1955. Lobster maximum size restrictions. Maine Dep. Sea Shore Fish., Misc. Rep., 7 p. 1961. Some factors influencing Maine landings. Commer. Fish. Rev. 23 (9):1-11. lobster 1964. of the Maine lobster Rev. 26 (11a): 19-26. 1969. Cyclic and geographic trends in seawater temperature and abundance of American lobster. Science (Wash., D.C.) 164:1060-1063. DOW, R. L., D. M. HARRIMAN, J. W. HURST, JR., and P. L. GOGGINS. 1953. The lobster resource of Maine. Maine Dep. Sea Shore Fish., Mise. Rep., 19 p. DOW, R. L., and T. T. TROTT. 1956. A study of the major factors of Maine lobster production fluctuations. Maine Dep. Sea Shore Fish., Misc. Rep., 18 p. GULLAND, J. A. 1965. Manual of methods for fish stock assessment. Part 1, Fish population analysis. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 40 (Rev. 1), 68 p. 1968. The concept of the maximum sustainable yield and fishery management. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 70, 13 p. HARDING, J.P. 1949. The use of probability paper for graphical analysis of polymodal frequency distributions. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 28:141-153. PALOHEIMO, J. E. 1961. Studies on estimation of mortalities. I. Com- parison of a method described by Beverton and Holt and a new linear formula. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 18:645-662. 1963. Estimation of catchabilities and population sizes of lobsters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 20: 59-88. PERKINS, H.C. 1971. Egg loss during incubation from offshore Supply, sustained yield, and management resource. Commer. Fish. northern lobsters (Decapoda: Homaridae). Fish. Bull., U.S. 69:451-453. RICKER, W. E. 1958. Handbook of computations for biological 57 statistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Board Can., Bull. 119, 300 p. ROBSON, D.S., and D. G. CHAPMAN. 1961. Catch curves and mortality rates. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 90:181-189. SILLIMAN, R. P. 1943. A method of computing mortalities and replacements. Jn Studies on the Pacific pilchard or sardine (Sardinops caerulea). U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. 24, 10 p. SKUD, B. E. 1969. The effect of fishing on size composition and sex ratio of offshore lobster stocks. Fiske- vidir. Skr. Ser. Havunders., 15:295-309. SKUD, B. E., and H. C. PERKINS. 1969. Size composition, sex ratio, and size at maturity of offshore northern lobsters. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 598, 10 p. TAYLOR, C.C. 1947. Some observations on the weight and number of eggs of female lobsters. Maine Dep. Sea Shore Fish., Fish. Cire. 1, 3 p. 1948. A method of inferring the annual growth increment of lobsters from length frequency measurements. Maine Dep. Sea Shore Fish., Fish. Cire. 3, 4 p. THOMAS, H. J. 1955. Observations on the sex ratio and mortality rates in the lobster (Homarus vulgaris Edw.). J. Cons. 20:295-305. TOMLINSON, P. K., and N. J. ABRAMSON. 1961. Fitting a von Bertalanffy growth curve by least squares including tables of polynomials. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 116, 69 p. WILDER, D. G. 1953. The growth rate of the American lobster (Homarus americanus). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 10:371-412. wy GPO 796-846 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 Qil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Rginald M. Gooding. May 1971, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. - By Donnie L. Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 1 fig., 5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Length-weight relations of haddock from com- mercial landings in New England, 1931-55. By Bradford E. Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth. August 1971, v + 13 pp., 16 fig., 6 tables, 10 appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintend- ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. A hydrographic survey of the Galveston Bay system, Texas 1963-66. By E. J. Pullen, W. L. Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971, v + 13 pp., 15 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. Annotated bibliography on the fishing industry and biology of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. By Marlin E. Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall. August 1971, 94 pp. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00. Use of threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, as live bait during experimental pole-and-line fish- ing for skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 3 figs., 7 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus resource and_fishery—analysis of decline. By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971, v + 32 pp., 40 figs., 5 appendix figs., 3 tables, 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents. Surface winds of the southeastern tropical At- lantic Ocean. By John M. Steigner and Merton C. Ingham. October 1971, iii + 20 pp., 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. Inhibition of flesh browning and skin color fading in frozen fillets of yelloweye snapper (Lutzanus vivanus). By Harold C. Thompson, Jr., and Mary H. Thompson. February 1972, iii + 6 pp., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc. uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Traveling screen for removal of debris from rivers. By Daniel W. Bates, Ernest W. Murphey, and Martin G. Beam. October 1971, iii + 6 pp., 6 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0016. 646 647 648 649 650 651 654 655 656 Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Colum- bia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and their effect on chinook salmon and steelhead trout. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971, ili + 7 pp., 2 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents. Revised annotated list of parasites from sea mam- mals caught off the west coast of North America. By L. Margolis and M. D. Dailey. March 1972, iil + 23 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. Weight loss of pond-raised channel catfish (Ietalurus punctatus) during holding in pro- cessing plant vats. By Donald C. Greenland and Robert L. Gill. December 1971, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthyn- nus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 pp., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. Stock No. 0320-0036. Effects ofssome antioxidants and EDTA on the development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen stor- age. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 pp., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0032. The effect of premortem stress, holding temper- atures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 pp., 8 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5- meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis, March 1972, iv + 10 pp., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. An electric detector system for recovering inter- nally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs., 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 25 cents. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Don- ald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 pp., 9 figs., 1 table, For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 35 cents. UNITED STATES y DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC & ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF BLDG. 67, NAVAL SUPPORT ACTIVITY SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98115 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Library Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 “TZSNOBA TR NMFS. SSRF-673 US. NATIONAL MUSS man 1.2 1874 NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-6/3 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service 619 621 623 624 625 626 627 NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report--Fisheries Series The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, develop- ment and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also as- sists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scien- tific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on id studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from NOAA Publications Section, Rockville, Md. 20852. Recent SSRF’s are: Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By Donald S. Day, January 1971, iii + 94 pp., 19 figs., 13 tables. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part IX: The sea-level wind field and wind stress values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iii + 66 pp., 5 figs. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, fry of hatchery or- igin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971, iii + 14 pp., 6 figs., 9 tables. Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971, iii + 15 pp., 3 figs., 19 tables. Apparent abundance, distribution, and migra- tions of albacore, Thiunnus alalunga, on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v + 37 pp., 19 figs., 5 tables. Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. By N. B. Webb and F. B. Thomas. April 1971, iii + 11 pp., 9 figs., 3 tables. Distribution of salmon and related oceanographic features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French, Richard G, Bakkala, Ma- sanao Osako, and Jun Ito. March 1971, iii + 22 pp., 19 figs., 3 tables. Commercial fishery and biology of the fresh- water shrimp, Macrobrachium, in the Lower St. Paul River, Liberia, 1952-53. By George C. Miller. February 1971, iii + 18 pp., 8 figs., 7 tables. Calico scallops of the Southeastern United States, 1959-69. By Robert Cummins, Jr. June 1971, lii + 22 pp., 28 figs., 3 tables. Continued on inside back cover. 629 630 635 Fur Seal Investigations, 1969. By NMFS, Ma-— rine Mammal Biological Laboratory. August 1971, 82 pp., 20 figs., 44 tables, 23 appendix A tables, 10 appendix B tables. Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June-August 1967. By Richard N. Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971, v + 25 pp., 14 figs., 21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. a Blue crab meat. I. Preservation by freezing. July 1971, iii + 18 pp., 5 figs., 2 tables. II. Effect of chemical treatments on acceptability. By Jurgen H, Strasser, Jean S. Lennon, and Pred Sick J. King. July 1971, iii + 12 pp., 1! fig. oe tables. } Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aon ic animals of the United States and Canada. | R, A. Greig and R. H. Gnaedinger. July 197i, iii + 7 pp., 2 tables, An annotated bibliography of attempts to rae the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory. B; : Robert C. May. August 1971, iii + 24 pp., 1 ap= | pendix I table, 1 appendix II ‘table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. 3040 ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 35 cents. “. sili so! Blueing of processed crab meat. II. Identification of some factors involved in the blue discoloration of canned crab meat Callinectes sapidus. By Melvin E. Waters. May 1971, iii + 7 pp., 1 fig., 3 tables. ? Age composition, weight, length, and sex of her. ring, Clupea pallasii, used for reduction in Al ka, 1929-66. By Gerald M. Reid. July 1971, iii + 25 pp., 4 figs., 18 tables. a A bibliography of the blackfin tuna, Thun atlanticus (Lesson). By Grant L. Beardsley L David C. Simmons. August 1971, 10 pp. F sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 25 cents. ae U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Frederick B. Dent, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator < NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE MENTION Robert W. Schoning, Director Sy » .) nnn 1 Ce Vu" 5: WATIONA/ NOI, NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-673 Abundance and Distribution of Inshore Benthic Fauna off Southwestern Long Island, N.Y. FRANK W. STEIMLE, JR. and RICHARD B. STONE SEATTLE, WA DECEMBER 1973 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. Introduction Methods Results La DGlgoyeapeh WN tame G oti ces Peis Come Sob o OG Sens DIRE o/c. o/c CMG EIGN AAD aR nA Biokct cl ce ROER Te Seu aoeo ba ctabio.o AUS SSO Oot G DO COS CONS cD cic eee rcinn omeret En oe Cras [BY COLE Sener cEO cae OTe ECE ROLOIERS 0 oie RACINE ARES rela cu en cnn eee eEEIIG ince oer Breer a ree S aA Bp Whe CONTENTS mMhestinesiltvasandyvassemblapewn seme te icrrearic rie a tear cietstene tes AeorecationsolMiytilusvedulismescrmcr re sae oa citer ete oe ele eee ee DISCUSS IO MS epee pays Ae ioye VCR Ta See y NNT Se eke oo UATE od eek eee CARA eee voreL PNCKNO WIE A SMEMUS, cae 8 tek se eNO RUT T RNS TEE A AGT te LIE CIE CRo eee RSI Scien ILA Re air eee ee prema o Bo Se cae Oe Ore oe ae Set es Cae ieee. JX} 0) OXSS AVG LD. es Ces RCCL Re an CGE Pe SES Cin ANC ene Fe no oe ea Figures -. RV Challenger survey, 1966-67. Locations of transects and collecting stations ..... . The Petersen grab sampling a medium sand bottom station; sand dollars, Echina- RAGKIUUSEPALMGrarelevidentiOn SUILACERR enrich cl eRe ee eae Appendix Tables pleQcalionsrOMCoOllecting Stations}. ee eustye eis oe eee ae Water depth;andisediment types at collecting stations) => 222 4se5sc4- 220 asa: ee mleistaotaspecies\collectedyonlsunvey, sacs. 5 one eee . RV Challenger survey, 1966-67. Benthic grab collection records .................. = Benthicorganismsiabundance.and| diversity <2... soe ns A ee ee ill 2 ee eul2 ee 50 We +0, eet Abundance and Distribution of Inshore Benthic Fauna off Southwestern Long Island, N.Y.' FRANK W. STEIMLE, JR.” and RICHARD B. STONE? ABSTRACT This paper describes a qualitative and quantitative census of the inshore benthic fauna off southwest Long Island over the period February 1966 through January 1967, prior to construction of an ocean sewer outfall in the general vicinity. Preliminary analyses of data indicate the presence of three distinct com- munities: 1) an inshore medium to coarse grain sand community dominated by the bivalve, Tellina agilis, the amphipod, Protohaustorius deichmannae, and the echinoderm, Echinarachnius parma; 2) an offshore silty fine sand community dominated by the bivalve, Nucula proxima, and the polychaete, Nephtys incisa; and 3) a community dominated by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. INTRODUCTION In 1966, the Sandy Hook Laboratory, Middle At- lantic Coastal Fisheries Center, made a census of the benthic fauna off the southwest coast of Long Island. The objective was to collect quantitative and qualitative data on benthic biota in an attempt to evaluate the extent of existing pollution and to pro- vide baseline data that could be used to determine effects of future domestic waste disposal in these waters (Stone and Steimle, 1966). One method to study the effects of pollution in the aquatic environment is to investigate changes in benthic faunal species composition, distribution, and numbers. Reish (1957, 1959, 1960), Filice (1959), and Kitamori, Kobayashi, and Nagota (1959) stres- sed the importance of bottom-dwelling organisms to the study of water quality in the marine environ- ment. Marine benthic populations, especially polychaetes (Reish, 1970) and amphipods (JJ. B. Pearce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, N.J., pers. comm., 1972), have shown to be altered in the vicinity of a pollution source, e.g., domestic sewer outfall. This alteration may be evident as a change in community composition and species abundance. ' This survey was funded by Manganaro, Martin and Lincoln, Consulting Engineers, New York, N.Y. * Sandy Hook Laboratory, Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, NMFS, NOAA, Highlands, NJ 07732. * Atlantic Estuarine Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516. In this paper, we present a preliminary analysis of data, which includes 11 cruises of the RV Challenger over transects from Rockaway Inlet to Fire Island during the period February 1966 through January 1967. The data analyzed are derived from 423 grab collections of benthic and epibenthic fauna. This study represents the first such benthic census in this part of the New York Bight, although work has been done in adjacent estuaries (Townes, 1939). METHODS We established 39 sampling stations along seven transects normal to the adjacent beach (Fig. 1). The transects ranged over proposed sewage outfall loca- tions near Jones Inlet, Long Island, N.Y. Each transect began at a point as near shore as water depths and surf conditions would normally allow the Challenger to enter and extended seaward from 7.4 to 11.1 km. We spaced the sampling stations at 1.8 km intervals along the seven transects, except for Station D1, which was moved east 0.5 km because of a dangerous shoal. Station depths ranged from 4.9 to 25.2 m. Station coordinates are given to the nearest 0.1 nautical mile in Appendix Table 1. Each station was sampled once a month from Feb- ruary 1966 through January 1967, except the De- cember 1966 cruise which was cancelled because of adverse weather conditions. The interval between starting dates was 30 days and all stations were sam- pled within 5 days. 14 40°30' LONG ISLAND Figure 1.—RV Challenger survey, 1966-67. Locations of transects and collecting stations. Station D-1 is at the mouth of Jones’ Inlet. We used a 0.0624 m* Petersen grab (Fig. 2) to collect samples at each station. Each sample was washed through two screens, with 2- and 1-mm mesh openings. All organisms collected on both screens were stored together in a jar and fixed with 10% Formalin buffered with borax. Later the samples were transferred to 70% ethanol for permanent pre- servation. Loran navigation was the principal method used for positioning the Challenger on collecting stations. We increased accuracy when possible, by use of radar, land ranges, and by visual sightings of buoys and light towers. After primary sorting into major phyletic groups, each sample was processed separately and or- ganisms identified to species, whenever possible, and counted. The responsibility of species identifi- cation was assumed by the senior author with the aid of authorities listed in the acknowledgment. Alpine Geophysical Associates, Inc., Norwood, N.J., analyzed sediments collected at each station during the period June through September. RESULTS Hydrography Monthly mean values (bottom and surface) for water temperatures, salinity, and dissolved oxygen for the survey transects, available for the period bo February to November 1966 (Alpine Geophysical Associates, 1967) are nearly constant on all transects with the exception of salinity values on A transect. Mean bottom water temperature ranged seasonally from a minimum of 1.5°C in February to a maximum of 20.0°C in September and declined to 11.1°C in November. The salinity near the bottom was gener- ally uniform east of Rockaway Inlet, ranging from 31.0 to 32.3%cduring the 10-mo survey. Bottom salinities obtained from the far western part of the survey area, including A transect (near the mouth of the Hudson River), were consistently lower and fluctuated from month to month; bottom salinity there ranged from 27.3 to31.2 %cduring !the 10 mo sampled. Dissolved oxygen values of the bottom water ranged from a high of 7.5 ppm (parts per mil- lion) in February to a low of 4.2 ppm in July, then rising slowly to 5.6 ppm in November. The dissolved oxygen values for the western transects were gener- ally lower than those of the eastern portion during the summer months, July and August, with a low value of 3.5 ppm found on Transect A during July. Sediments Analysis showed a predominantly medium to coarse sand bottom at most stations with the excep- tion of Transect B where all of the stations were characterized by finer sediments (Appendix Table 2): ! \ ) Figure 2.—The Petersen grab sampling a medium sand bottom station; sand dollars, Echinarchnius parma, are evident on surface. Biota We recorded 145 invertebrate species represent- ing nine phyla in the study area (Appendix Table 3). Our preliminary analysis of the species composition at all stations (Appendix Table 4) indicates that the benthic fauna in the survey area can be separated into at least two distinct assemblages. Two of these assemblages show a strong association with sedi- ment types (medium to coarse sand and fine sand mixed with silt) as well as with depth. A third as- semblage dominated by apparently unattached clumps of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, was col- lected on both mud and hard sand sediments and showed no particular association with sediment type. The medium sand assemblage.—This assem- blage was found at all stations except B6 and B7. The dominant organisms were the bivalve, Tellina agilis; the burrowing amphipod, Protohaustorius deichmannae; the sand dollar, Echinarachius parma; the tube-dwelling amphipod, Unciola ir- rorata; and the surf clam, Spisula solidissima. Other invertebrates commonly collected as part of this assemblage were the cumacean, Leptocuma minor; the amphipods, Acanthohaustorius millsi, Trichophoxus epistomus, and Monoculodes ed- wardsi; and the polychaetes, Sthenelais limicola, Lumbrineris fragilis, and Spiophanes bombyx. The mean number of organisms collected from the medium sand sediment ranged from 49 animals/m?, Station El, to 2,030 animals/m?, Station E3 (Appen- dix Table 5). The total number of species generally increased with depth from a low of 11 at Station El to a high of 54 at Station D5 (Appendix Table 5). The fine silty sand assemblage.—This assem- blage was evident offshore mainly at Stations B6 and B7 and occasionally at the offshore stations of the D, E, and G transects. The dominant or- ganisms were the bivalve, Nucula proxima, and the polychaete, Nephtys incisa, with other polychaetes, Pherusa affinis and Clymenella tor- quata, and the amphipod, Leptocheirus pinguis, also abundant. The average density at Station B7, the only station not transitional with the medium sand assemblage, was 1,440 animals/m? (Appendix Table 5). A total of 50 species were collected from this station (Appendix Table 5). Aggregations of Mytilus edulis.—Clumps of blue mussels unattached to a substratum, were found on Stations Al, A2, and A5 during June through September (Appendix Table 4). These clumps consisted of variable size mussels from 1 to 5 cm in length; the 1-cm-size group included ap- proximately 95% of all individuals. These clumps were situated on a medium to coarse sand bottom; a solid substrate, usually necessary for Mytilus attachment and development, was absent. Com- monly found within the Mytilus clumps were the polychaetes, Harmothoe extenuata, H. imbricata, Nereis succinea, and Lepidonatus squamatus. The brachyuran crab, Neopanope texana, and the anemone, Metridium senile, were also abundant. The fauna in the sand underlying the clumps was typical of the Tellina-Protohaustorius-Echinar- achnius medium-sand assemblage. Where these clumps originated is unknown. They may have been broken away by storm surges from mussel beds that are known to be nearby. It is possible that our sam- pling in the spring and fall missed the clumps which are present throughout the year. DISCUSSION It is apparent from Appendix Tables 4 and 5 that the relative abundance and diversity of species vary. In general, an increase in total numbers of species collected per station is directly related to an increase in water depth. For example, the average total number of species collected on the 11 stations in less than 10 m in depth was 20.8 species, on the 21 sta- tions between 10 and 20 m. the average total was 27.9 species, and on the 7 stations in water greater than 20 m the average total was 45.7 species. No correlation between total number of organisms col- lected and depth could be detected. Many of the most abundant species appear to be distributed con- tagiously (Fager, 1966) on the bottom, especially: Unciola_ irrorata, Echinarachnius parma, Spiophanes bombyx, and Spisula solidissima. It is possible that this contagion is the result of inade- quate sampling. The fine silty sand assemblage, dominated by Nucula proxima and Nephtys incisa, is similar to the soft bottom community in Buzzards Bay, Mass., and Long Island Sound (Sanders, 1956, 1958). San- ders reported that Nucula proxima and Nephtys in- cisa made up 57% and 17% respectively of the total number of organisms collected in Buzzards Bay. At Station B7, in this study, these species made up 47% and 10% respectively of the total number col- lected. The sediments at this station visibly con- tained large amounts of finer sediment material, silt, not measured in the sediment analysis. Individual rock crabs, Cancer irroratus, were generally found infrequently throughout the survey area. During the summer, however, juveniles were collected in abundance throughout the study area. This can be attributed to the settling of larvae in June. The large numbers collected in July consisted principally of juveniles (0.5-1.5 cm carapace width). The number declined rapidly after July, probably due to predation by fish and other predators. Of the organisms collected in lesser numbers two are of particular interest. Both of these are polychaetous annelids that have only been reported from areas far distant from the New York Bight. In April 1966, on Station C3, four specimens of Pisione sp. were collected. This genus had previously been described from South African waters (M. Simpson, Adelphi University, Garden City, Long Island, N.Y., pers. comm., 1969). The second species was tentatively identified as Magalone riojae, previously known from Pacific waters (Simpson, pers. comm., 1969). This specimen was collected at Station D4 during the January 1967 cruise. Both species were sent to authorities at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. for verification. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the cooperation of colleagues who assisted in the identification of benthic forms: Ed- ward L. Bousfield, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada; and Margaret Simpson, Adelphi University, Garden City, Long Island, N.Y. LITERATURE CITED ALPINE GEOPHYSICAL ASSOCIATES. 1967. Report - Outfall sewer location sludge disposal facilities - Disposal District #3 (Nassau County, N.Y.) Appendix A: Oceanographic Studies. Final report pre- pared for Manganaro, Martin and Lincoln, Consulting En- gineers, N.Y., 82 p., 5 tables. FAGER, E. W. 1966. Comments in discussion as part of Chapter I: Sampling organisms and related problems. Jn W. T. Edmondson (editor), Marine Biology III, Proceedings of the Third International Interdisciplinary Conference, p. 19-35. New York Academy of Sciences, N.Y. FILICE, F. P: 1959. The effect of wastes on the distribution of bottom invertebrates in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Wasmann J. Biol. 17:1-17. INMAN, D. L. 1952. Measures for describing the size distribution of sedi- ments. J. Sediment Petrol. 22:125-145. KITAMORI, R., S. KOBAYASHI, and K. NAGATA. 1959. The benthic community in polluted coastal waters. (II) Mihara Bay. Bull. Naikai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., Fish. Agen. 12:201-214. REISH, D. J. 1957. The relationship of polychaetous annelid Capitella capitata (Fabricus) to waste discharge of biological origin. Biol. Water Pollut., U.S. Public Health Serv., Cincinnati, p. 195-200. 1959. An ecological study of pollution in Los Angeles - Long Beach Harbors, California. Allan Hancock Found., Occas. Pap. 22:1-119. 1960. The use of marine invertebrates as indicators of water quality. /n E. A. Pearson (editor), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Waste Disposal in the Marine Environment, p. 92-103. Pergamon Press, New York. 1970. The effects of varying concentrations of nutrients, chlorinity, and dissolved oxygen on polychaetous an- nelids. Water Res. 4:721-735. SANDERS, H. L. 1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1952-1954. X. The biology of marine bottom communities. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect., Yale Univ. 15:345-414. 1958. Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay. I. Animal-sediment relationships. Limnol. Oceanogr. 3:245-258. STONE, R. B., and F. W. STEIMLE, JR. 1966. Report - Outfall sewer location sludge disposal facilities - Disposal District #3 (Nassau County, N.Y.) Appendix D: Fish and wildlife studies - a study of the possible effects of domestic waste discharge on the zoo- plankton benthos and fisheries off southwestern Long Is- land. Final report prepared for Manganaro, Martin and Lincoln, Consulting Engineers, N.Y., 127 p., 5 tables. TOWNES, H. K., JR. 1939. Ecological studies on the Long Island marine inverte- brates of importance as fish food or as bait. Jn A biologi- cal survey of the salt waters of Long Island, 1938, Part 1, p. 163-176. State of New York Conservation Department, supplement to 28th Annual Report, 1938, a joint survey with the U.S. Bureau of Fish. APPENDIX TABLES Appendix Table 1.--Locations of collecting stations. Locations are given by coordinates of North latitudes over West longitude, listed to the nearest 0.1 nautical mile. TRAN - SECT STATION 1 2 3 4 ©) 6 7 A 40°32.5! 40°31.6! 40°30.6! 40°29.8! 40°28 .6! 40°27.5' Teo Sel T3257 39" VEO SUE 13° S73" W325i 2 WCDI! B 40°34,.9! 40°34.0! 40°32,9' 40°31.9! 40° 30.8! 40° 29.8! 40° 28.8! 73°46.8! 73°46,.8! 73°46,.5! 73°46,3' 73°46,1! 73 245.9 73°45.8! C 40°33.8! 40°32.8! 40°31.8! 40°30.9! 40°30.0! 73238..9!! TS Sti7/¥ 73°38.4! 1323852" (32380! D 40° 34,3! 40°33.1! 40°32.4' 40°31 .4' 40°30.4' P3e35 61 iSeSoeo 713 °3459"! (32 34Ru 73°34.6! E 40°34,.9! 40°34.0! 40°33.0! 40°31.9! 40°31.0! 1373050! (323048! 73°3055" 13°B8O%3! P3230%010 13 40°35.4! 40°34,4' 40°33.4' 40°32.4! 40°31.4! 732/26)16 H32267,)3" Yo AS -OL M3225 ral 73°25.4! G 40°37.0! 40°36.0! 40°35.0! 40°34.1' 40°33.2!' 40°32. 2! WSo lees! VS ikso ut Sel Tino)! TIA ow 732 enol TOOT OE Appendix Table 2.--Water depth and sediment types at collecting stations. Sediment values are averages of samples collected in June-September 1966 and are in accordance with the Inman System of Sediment Analysis (Inman, 1952); @ = logy of the diameter of particles in millimeters. Station Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 Cl C2 Station Depth @ 750 6.4 4.9 OG67/ 14.0 16.8 Wil, Sediment Description Silty Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Silty Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Coarse Brown Sand Coarse Brown Sand Coarse Brown Sand with Gravel Coarse Brown Sand with Gravel Fine Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Fine Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Fine Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Fine Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Fine Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Very Fine Dark Organic Sand with Shell Fragments Very Fine Dark Organic Sand with Shell Fragments Coarse Light Brown Sand with Gravel Coarse Tan Sand with Gravel Mean (MZ) 136 vey/ WGA 223 Zee3 2.01 Dreil9 14 OI) Sorting a) 49 -/8 56 254 STi 256 250 -/5 74 6Ue -76 -76 owl 130 -86 Appendix Table 2.--Continued. Station Station Depth €3 15.5 C4 16.8 C5 17.4 D1 6.7 D2 T6 D3 14.0 D4 LO 2 D5 20.1 El 7.0 E2 16 E3 14,9 E4 UL ThS a E5 18.0 oat Wass) F2 14.3 19S) Sy F4 Lod Sediment Description Mixed Sand and Gravel Coarse Brown Sand Coarse Brown Sand Coarse Gray Sand Medium Gray-Brown Sand Medium Gray-Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Coarse Gray-Tan Gravel and Clay Medium Gray-Tan Medium Gray-Tan Shell Fragments Coarse Gray-Tan Shell Fragments Medium Gray-Tan Shell Fragments Medium Gray-Tan Shell Fragments Medium Gray-Tan Shell Fragments Medium Tan Sand Fragments Medium Tan Sand Fragments Sand with Lumps Sand and Gravel Sand with Sand with Sand with Sand with Sand with with Shell with Shell Medium Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Coarse Brown Sand with Shell Fragments Mean (M¢) 555) 41 96 1.00 1.61 1.45 1.00 1.76 Ne7Al 1707, Loa 2 Woe) 1.61 1.42 NG tts} Sortin 49 56 -65 1.06 .68 41 259 ove) 44 .60 ~54 -62 5a) g Appendix Table 2.--Continued. Station Station Depth (m Sediment Description Mean (MQ) Sorting @ F5 illo 7ieaii Medium Brown Sand with eo 2/ 41 Shell Fragments Gl 9.1 Fine Brown Sand with Shell 2.34 254 Fragments G2 Se Coarse Tan Sand with Gravel Mek 22 48 G3 18.6 Medium Brown Sand with Gravel 2.02 $56 G4 2136 Medium Brown Sand with Gravel TAO 62 G5 20.7 Medium Brown Sand with Gravel 37 66 G6 DPD Medium Tan Sand with Gravel 1.41 46 Appendix Table 3.--List of species collected on survey. Cnidaria (Coelenterata): Hydrozoa: Pennaria sp. Obelia sp. Anthozoa: Cerianthus americanus (Verrill, 1866) Metridium senile (Linnaeus) Sagarta modesta (Verrill, 1866) Platyhleminthes: Turbellaria: unidentified sp. Nemertea: unidentified sp. Aschelminthes: Nematoda: unidentified sp. Annelida: Oligochaeta: unidentified sp. Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Harmothoe extenuata ieee 180) Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767) Lepidonotus squamatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lumbrineridae: Lumbrineris fragilis (0. F. Muller, 1776) Lumbrineris impatiens (Claparede, 1868) Lumbrineris tenuis (Verrill, 1873) Lumbrineris acuta (Verrill, 1875) Ninoe nigripes Verrill, 1873 Orbinidae: Orbinia (Phylo) kupfferi (Ehlers, 1875) Orbinia swani Pettibone, 1957 Scoloplos robustus (Verrill, 1873) Scoloplos sp. Spionidae: Polydora ligni Webster, 1879 Polydora sp. Prionospio malmgreni Claparede Scolelepis squamata (0. F. Muller, 1789) Spio setosa Verrill, 1873 Spiophanes bombyx (Claparede, 1870) Magelonidae: Magelona riojae Jones, 1963 Cirratulidae: Cirratulus grandis Verrill, 1873 Cirratulus sp. Tharyx acutus Webster and Benedict, 1887 Flabelligeridae: : Pherusa affinis (Leidy, 1855) Opheliidae: Ophelia bicornis Savigny, 1818 Ophelia denticulata Verrill, 1875 Travisia carnea Verrill, 1873 Scalibregmidae: Scalibregma inflatum Rathke, 183 Capitellidae Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780) Maldanidae: Clymenella torquata (Leidy, 1855) Ampharetidae: Ampharete arcitica (Malmgren, 1866) Asabellides oculata (Webster, 1879) Sigalionidae: Sthenelais limicola (Ehlers, 186)) Sigalion arenicola Verrill, 1879 Phyllodocidae: Eteone flava (Fabricius, 1780) Eumida sanguinea (Oersted, 1813) Paranaitis kosteriensis (Malmgren, 1867) Phyllodoce mucosa Oersted, 183 Pisionidae: Pisione sp. Syllidae: Autolytus cornutus A. Agassix, 1863 10 Paraonidae: Paraonis lyra Southern, 191) Nereidae: Nereis grayi Pettibone, 1956 Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 Nereis succinea (Frey and Leuckart, 187) Nereis virens Sars, 1835 Nereis sp. Nephtyidae: laophamus circinata (Verrill, 187) Nephtys bucera Ehlers, 1868 Nephtys incisa Malmgren, 1865 Nephtys picta Ehlers, 1868 Goniadidae: Goniadella gracilis Verrill, 1873 Glyceridae: Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers, 1868 Hemipodus sp. Dorvilleidae: Protodorvillea gracilis (Hartman, 1938) Onuphidae: Diopatra cuprea (Bosc, 1802) Onuphis eremita Audouin and M. Edwards, 1833 Arabellidae: Drilonereis longa (Webster, 1879) Notocirrus spiniferus (Moore, 1906) Terebellidae: Nicolea venustula (Montagu, 1818) Polycirrus phosphoreus Verrill, 1880 Sabellidae: Buchone rubrocincta (Sars, 1861) Potamilla reniformis (Linnaeus, 1788) Exogoninae: Exogone sp. Unidentified (Fabriciinae?) Arthropoda - Crustacea: Isopoda: Edotea triloba (Say, 1818) Chiridotea tuftsi (Stimpson, 1883) Cirolana concharum (Stimpson, 1853) Mysidocea: Neomysis americana (S. I. Smith, Te Heteromysis formosa S. I. Smith, 1873 Cumacea: Leptocuma minor Calman, 1912 Diastylis sculpta G. 0. Sars, 1871 Diastylis polita S. I. Smith, 1879 Amphipoda: Grammaridae: Elasmopus laevis (Smith, 1873) Lysianassidae: Tmetonyx nobilis Stimpson, 1853 Hippomedon serratus (Holmes) Anonyx sarsi Steele and Brunel Ampeliscidae: Ampelisca vadorum Mills, 1963 Ampelisca macrocephala Byblis serrata Smith, 1873 Haustoriidae: Protohaustorius deichmannae Bousfield, 1965 Protohaustorius wigleyi Bousfield, 1965 Acanthohaustorius millsi Bousfield, 1965 Acanthohaustorius spinosus Bousfield, 1962 Acanthohaustorius intermedius Bousfield, 1965 Parahaustorius attenuatus Bousfield, 1965 Parahaustorius holmesi Bousfield, 1965 Parahaustorius longimerus Bousfield, 1965 Pseudohaustorius borealis Bousfield, 1965 Bathyporeia gquoddyensis Shoemaker, 199 Phoxocephalidae: Trichophoxus epistomus Shoemaker Phoxocephalus holbolli (Kroyer, 182) Oedicerotidae: Monoculodes edwardsi Holmes, 1903 Appendix Table 3.--Continued. Corophiidae: Unciola irrorata Say, 1818 Corophium tuberculatum Shoemaker Photidae: Leptocheirus pinguis (Stimpson, Photis macrocoxa Shoemaker Podoceropsis nitrida Stimpson Ischyroceridae: Ischyrocerus ipes Kroyer Jassa falcata (Montagu, 1808) Sthenothoodae: Stenothoe sp. Caprellidea: Aeginella longicornis Kroyer Decapoda: Caridea: Crangon septemspinosus Say, 1818 Brachyura: Libinia emarginata Leach, 1815 Cancer irroratus Say, 1817 Cancer borealis Stimpson, 1859 Neopanope texana Smith, 1869 Ovalipes ocellatus (Herbst, 1799) Anomura: Pagurus longicarpus Say, 1817 Pagurus pollicaris Say, 1817 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Crucibulum striatum (Say) Crepidula fornicata Crepidula plana Say Lunatia heros (Say) aLal Lacuna vincta (Montagu) Mitrella lunata (Say) Nassarius trivittatus (Say) Turbonilla elegantula : Opisthobranchia: Acanthodoris pilosa (Abildgaard, 1789) Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Nucula proxima (Say) Yoldia limatula (Say) Lamellibranchia: Mytilus edulis L. Ensis directus (Conrad) Siliqua costata (Say) Tellina agilis Stimpson Lyonsia hyalina Cay Pandora gouldiana (Dall Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) Astarte castanea (Say) Astarte undata Gould Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn) Artica (Cyprima) islandica (L.) 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eTqey, xtpueddy 9 Appendix Table 5.--Benthic organism abundance and diversity. Average number Total Average number Total of animals number of animals number collected per of collected per of Station square meter species Station square meter species Al 15,200 19 El ho 11 A2 10,500 Pal: E2 1,200 23 A3 2h9 25 B3 2,030 555) Ah, 271 25 Eh 698 3) AS 10,200 35 ES 909 50 A6 108 21 Fl 357 19 Bl 213 13 F2 OO 29 B2 CUE: 23 135, 7h9 27 B3 335 25 Fy 593 29 Bh Ol 29 F5 499 32 B5 336 33 B6 521 6 Gl 292 22 B7 1,440 50 G2 1,200 25 G3 730 27 Cl 183 20 Gh 1,560 50 C2 08 20 GS 604, bh C3 127 iy G6 Sho 43 ch 2h3 23 cS 870 28 Dl 227 aN D2 336 2h D3 438 36 Dh 862 32 D5 1,996 54 50 vs U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974—798-235/11 REGION 10 636 637 638 639 640 641 643 644 Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Reginald M. Gooding. May 1971, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. By Donnie L. Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 1 fig., 5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Length-weight relations of haddock from com- mercial landings in New England, 1931-55. By Bradford E. Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth. August 1971, v + 13 pp., 16 fig., 6 tables, 10 appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintend- ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. A hydrographic survey of the Galveston Bay system, Texas 1963-66. By E. J. Pullen, W. L. Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971, v + 13 pp., 15 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. Annotated bibliography on the fishing industry and biology of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. By Marlin E. Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall. August 1971, 94 pp. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00. Use of threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, as live bait during experimental pole-and-line fish- ing for skipjack tuna, Katsuwwonus pelamis, in Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 3 figs., 7 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus resource and fishery—analysis of decline. By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971, v + 32 pp., 40 figs., 5 appendix figs., 3 tables, 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents. Surface winds of the southeastern tropical At- lantic Ocean. By John M. Steigner and Merton C. Ingham. October 1971, iii + 20 pp., 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. Inhibition of flesh browning and skin color fading in frozen fillets of yelloweye snapper (Lutzanus vivanus). By Harold C. Thompson, Jr., and Mary H. Thompson. February 1972, iii + 6 pp., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Traveling screen for removal of debris from rivers. By Daniel W. Bates, Ernest W. Murphey, and Martin G. Beam. October 1971, iii + 6 pp., 6 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0016. 646 647 648 649 650 651 653 654 655 656 Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Colum- bia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and their effect on chinook salmon and steelhead trout. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971, iii + 7 pp., 2 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents. Revised annotated list of parasites from sea mam- mals caught off the west coast of North America. By L. Margolis and M. D. Dailey. March 1972, ili + 23 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. Weight loss of pond-raised channel catfish (Ietalurus punctatus) during holding in pro- cessing plant vats. By Donald C. Greenland and Robert L. Gill. December 1971, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Huthyn- nis pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 pp., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. Stock No. 0320-0036. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen stor- age. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 pp., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0032. The effect of premortem stress, holding temper- atures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 pp., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. The use of eiectricity in conjunction with a 12.5- meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 pp., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. An electric detector system for recovering inter- nally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs., 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 25 cents. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Don- ald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 pp., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 35 cents. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N.E. 45TH ST. SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Library $ Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMME! 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