NOAA TR NMFS NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-632 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service An Annotated Bibliography of Attempts to Rear the Larvae of Marine Fishes in the Laboratory ROBERT C. MAY NO A A TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries Series The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, develop- ment and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also as- sists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report — Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scien- tific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from NOAA Publications Section, Rockville, Md. 20852. Recent SSRF’s are: 586. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part VII : Observations of sea birds March 1964 to June 1965. By Warren B. King. June 1970, vi + 136 pp., 36 figs., 11 tables. 591. A bibliography of the lobsters, genus Homarus. By R. D. Lewis. January 1970, i + 47 pp. 592. Passage of adult salmon and trout through pipes. By Emil Slatick. January 1970, iii + 18 pp., 8 figs., 12 tables. 594. Seasonal and areal distribution of zooplankton in coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine, 1967 and 1968. By Kenneth Sherman. July 1970, iii + 8 pp., 6 figs., 3 tables. 595. Size, seasonal abundance, and length-weight re- lation of some scombrid fishes from southeast Florida. By Grant L. Beardsley, Jr., and William J. Richards. May 1970, iii + 6 pp., 5 figs., 2 tables. 596. Fecundity, multiple spawning, and description of the gonads in Sebastodes. By John S. MacGregor. March 1970, iii + 12 pp., 6 figs., 7 tables. 597. Fur seal investigations, 1967. By Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory. March 1970, vii + 104 pp., 31 figs., 79 tables. 599 Diagnostic characters of juveniles of the shrimps Penaeus aztecus aztecus, P. dunrarum duorarum, and P. brasiliensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaei- dae). By Isabel Perez Farfante. February 1970, iii -j- 26 pp., 25 figs. 600. Birectilinear recruitment curves to assess in- fluence of lake size on survival of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchns nerka) to Bristol Bay and fore- cast runs. By Ralph P. Silliman. March 1970, iii -f 9 pp., 13 figs., 2 tables. 601. Effect of flow on performance and behavior of chinook salmon in fishways. By Clark S. Thomp- son. March 1970, iii + 11 pp., 8 figs., 3 tables, j 602. Biological characteristics of intertidal and fresh- , water spawning pink salmon at Olsen Creek, Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1962-63. By John H. Helle. May 1970, iii + 19 pp., 11 figs., 5 tables. 603. Distribution and abundance of fish in the Yakima River, Wash., April 1957 to May 1958. By Ben- jamin G. Patten, Richard B. Thompson, and Wil- 1 liam D. Gronlund. June 1970, iii + 31 pp., 26 figs., 37 tables. 604. The flora and fauna of a basin in central Florida Bay. By J. Harold Hudson, Donald M. Allen, and T. J. Costello. May 1970, iii -f- 14 pp., 2 figs., 1 table. 605. Contributions to the life histories of several penaeid shrimps (Penaeidae) along the south Atlantic Coast of the United States. By William W. Anderson. May 1970, iii + 24 pp., 15 figs., 12 tables. 606. Annotated references on the Pacific saury, Colol- abis saira. By Steven E. Hughes. June 1970, iii + 12 pp. 607. Studies on continuous transmission frequency modulated sonar. Edited by Frank J. Hester. June 1970, iii -f- 26 pp. 1st paper, Sonar target classification experiments with a continuous- transmission Doppler sonar, by Frank J. Hester, pp. 1-20, 14 figs., 4 tables; 2d paper, Acoustic target strength of several species of fish, by H. W. Volberg, pp. 21-26, 10 figs. 608. Preliminary designs of traveling screens to col- lect juvenile fish. July 1970, v -f- 15 pp. 1st paper, Traveling screens for collection of juvenile Continued on inside back cover. wAf I0M( .1 Vi * IF U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Maurice H. Stans, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Philip M. Roedel, Director NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-632 An Annotated Bibliography of Attempts to Rear the Larvae of Marine Fishes in the Laboratory ROBERT C. MAY SEATTLE, WA. August 1971 I'or sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office ^ CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Bibliography 2 Appendix I. Species of marine fishes used in laboratory rearing attempts 16 Appendix II. Foods used in attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes 20 in f un Annotated Bibliography of Attempts to Rear the Larvae of Marine Fishes in the Laboratory By ROBERT C. MAY Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92037 ABSTRACT A bibliography has been compiled of papers which describe attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory, covering the period 1878 to 1969. Anno- tations summarize each paper, and appendixes list the species of fishes studied and the types of food used in the attempts to rear them. INTRODUCTION The past few years have seen a resurgence f interest in rearing marine fishes under lab- ratory conditions. The literature pertaining o this subject, however, is widely scattered and n some cases relatively inaccessible. The pre- ent annotated bibliography was prepared as I .n aid to researchers desiring a source of ref- ;rences to, and quick summary of, previous ittempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in he laboratory.’ It includes all papers which I lave been found, after an extended search of he literature, describing attempts to rear lar- ral marine fishes under laboratory conditions, rom 1878 through 1969. Certain papers I ^mostly recent ones concerned with larval be- lavior and physiology) , whose rearing methods ire described in greater detail by the same mthors in other papers, are excluded. 1 The bibliography was originally assembled for the •enefit of workers at the Bureau of Commercial Fish- ries (now National Marine Fisheries Service) Fishery- )ceanography Center in La Jolla, where an extensive irogram of research on larval fishes has developed. The author was supported by a Bureau of Commercial fisheries Predoctoral Fellowship during the prepara- ion of this manuscript. Appendix I lists by families all fish species studied in the papers included in the bibliog- raphy. Since the choice of a suitable larval food appears to be one of the most important prerequisites for successful rearing, Appendix II lists the types of food whose use is described in these papers. Appendix II is taken, with a few additions, from May (California Cooper- ative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 14: 76-83, 1970), where detailed discussions of the different food types will be found. For each paper, annotations are given under as many of the following headings as the in- formation supplied by the original author permits. Fish studied: The currently accepted ge- nus, species, author and family of the fish are given. Foods: ( + ) indicates that the preceding food was taken by the larvae, ( — ) indicates that the food was not taken, and ( ?) indicates that the author does not say whether the food was taken. Containers: The volume and material, and occasionally the shape, of the rearing contain- ers are given, and if circulating or periodically renewed rather than static water was used, this is noted. Temperature: The temperature or range of temperatures to which larvae were exposed during rearing is given; temperatures sepa- rated by commas or by the word and indicate that separate rearing attempts were carried out at different temperatures. Maximum time kept: Unless otherwise noted, this refers to the maximum time the larvae were kept alive after hatching. The values given under this heading may have dif- ferent meanings in different papers, since in some cases the experiments ended due to death of all the larvae while in others the experiments were terminated purposely by the experiment- ers, and occasionally it is impossible to tell from the reports whether they were terminated purposely or not. For further information on this point, the original papers must be con- sulted. Maximum length reached: The length at the maximum time that larvae were kept is given, unless otherwise noted. The range of lengths attained is given where possible. TL denotes total length, SL standard length (i.e., measured to the tip of the notochord), and the absence of TL or SL indicates that the author does not state how the lengths were measured. Survival: The percentage of hatched lar- vae surviving a specified length of time, or past a specified stage, is given. If not other- wise noted, the survival value refers to the percentage of larvae alive at the end of the experiment as indicated under Maximum time kept. Remarks: These are self-explanatory. BIBLIOGRAPHY ANTHONY, R. The cultivation of the turbot. 1910. Proceedings of the 4th International Fishery Congress, Washington, 1908, Pt. 2, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 28: 861- 870. (Translation.) Fish studied: Scophthalmus maximus (L.), Bothidae. Food: Wild plankton ( + ). Containers: 50-liter glass jars with rotating discs, part of water renewed daily. Temperature: 18°-20° C. Maximum time kept: 20 days + (?). Survival: 90% passed yolk absorption. BARDACH, JOHN E. The status and poten- 1968. tial of aquaculture, particularly fish culture. Vol. 2, Part III, Fish Cul- ture. Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci., Wash., D.C. 225 p. [P. 22-29 of this work describe the rearing experiments of G. O. Schumann.] Fish studied: Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, Scombridae. Foods: Wild plankton ( + ) ; Artemia nauplii given to older larvae. Containers: 19,000 liters (500 gal). Maximum time kept: 6 months +. Maximum length reached: 200 mm fork length at 6 months. Remarks: Food was collected at night with a submersible pump and a light to attract plankton. More than 20 other species of fishes were reared using these methods, but detailed descriptions of the work are not available. BISHAI, H. M. Rearing fish larvae. 1961. Bull. Zool. Soc. Egypt 16: 4-29. Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Foods: Artemia nauplii ( + ), Tigriopus ful- vus nauplii ( + ) , copepods ( ?) , phytoplank- ton ( “Chlamydomonas , Nitzschia, etc.”) ( + ) , liver of shore crab ( Carcinus maenas) (?); rearing aquaria prepared by stocking with Artemia, Tigriopus and “other cope- pods,” and attached algae; food introduced from a “food supply tank” containing algae and copepods including Tigriopus. Containers: 64-liter, concrete; water fil- tered, and renewed every 3 days; various other containers used in some experiments. Temperature: 13°-15° C. Maximum time kept: 21 days. Maximum size reached: 12 mm. Survival: 0. Remarks: Not kept beyond “critical stage” on phytoplankton alone. 2 i BLAXTER, J. H. S. Herring rearing — IV. 1962. Rearing beyond the yolk-sac stage. Mar. Res. Scot. 1962 (1): 18 p. IFish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. I 'Foods: Commercial fish fry food (?) ; Aster- ias eggs (?); cultures of Chlamydomonas ( ?) , Nitzschia ( ?) , Dunaliella ( ?) , Chlorella (?), and Skeletonema (?); Artemia nauplii ( + ); Balcinus nauplii ( + ) ; Tigriopus “young stages” (?); Tisbe (?); Anguillicula (?). Containers: 50-liter glass (painted black) or “perspex”; 2000-liter fiberglass; circu- lating water. Temperature: 7°-8° and 11° C. Maximum time kept: 78 days at 7°-8° C, 91 days at 11° C. Maximum length reached: 33 mm. Survival: ca. 50% passed yolk-absorption, none reached metamorphosis. Remarks: “No real success” with any food except Balanus nauplii; Artemia nauplii were given from day 40-50 on, due to un- availability of Balanus nauplii. BLAXTER, J. H. S. Rearing herring larvae 1968. to metamorphosis and beyond. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 48: 17-28. Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Foods: Balanus nauplii ( + ) and wild plank- ton ( + ) , Artemia nauplii ( + ) when plank- ton scarce; Artemia alone ( + ) ; Tigriopus fulvus ( + ) and other foods given to ad- vanced larvae. Containers: 200-liter black “Darvic”; 1500- liter fiberglass for older larvae; circulating water in most experiments, “semi-static” water in some (i.e., 20 liters renewed daily in each 200-liter tank). Temperature: 7°-14° C. Maximum time kept: 182 days on wild plank- ton plus Balamis nauplii. Maximum length reached: 25 mm on Ar- temia alone, 44-77 mm on wild plankton plus Balanus nauplii. Survival: On wild plankton plus Balanus nauplii: 25-35% through yolk-absorption, 1-4% through metamorphosis; on Artemia alone: 16-28% through yolk-absorption, none past metamorphosis. Remarks: Natural plankton was used when Balanus nauplii no longer available. BLAXTER, J. H. S. Experimental rearing of 1969. pilchard larvae, Sardina pilchardus. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 49: 557-575. Fish studied: Sardina pilchardus (Wal- baum), Clupeidae. Foods: Wild plankton, from both inshore and offshore collections ( + ) ; cultures of Chlam- ydomonas sp. ( + ), Dunaliella primolecta ( + ) , Olisthodiscus sp. ( + ) , Cmjptomonas maculata ( + ) , Halosphaera minor ( + ) , Pro- rocentrum micans ( -t- ) , Ditylum brightwellii ( -1- ) , Lauderia borealis ( 4- ) . Containers: 25-liter circular black plastic, 10 liters renewed daily; phytoplankton fed to larvae in 1-liter beakers. Temperature: 13.9°-18.8° C. Maximum time kept: 10 months. Maximum length reached: 52 mm. Survival: 12 % alive 2 weeks after yolk ab- sorption, at 15.8°-16.3° C using offshore plankton. Remarks: Larvae feeding on phytoplankton survived no longer than starved controls. BLAXTER, J. H. S., and G. HEMPEL. Bio- 1961. logische Beobachtungen bei der Aufzucht von Heringsbrut. Helgol- aender wiss. Meeresunters. 7: 260- 284. [English summary.] Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Foods: Wild plankton ( + ); Artemia nauplii ( + ) ; wild plankton plus Artemia nauplii ( + ) ; wild plankton plus Mytilus trocho- phores (?). Containers: 120-liter earthenware, either continuous circulation or 30 liters renewed every 2 days. Temperature: 7°-15° C. Maximum time kept: 4 months, on wild plankton plus Artemia nauplii. Maximum length reached: 20-39 mm TL on wild plankton plus Artemia nauplii; 20 mm TL on Artemia nauplii alone. Survival: 0.3 % passed metamorphosis on wild plankton plus Artemia nauplii. 3 BUCKMAN, ADOLF, WILHELM HARDER, 1953. and GOTTHILF HEMPEL. Unsere Beobachtungen am Hering, Clupea harengns L. Kurz. Mitt, fischerei- biol. Abt. Max-Plank Inst. Meeresbiol. 3: 22-42. [English summary.] Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Foods: Copepods ( + ), Daphnia ( + ), egg yolk ( + ). Containers: Various. Remarks: This paper comprises mainly be- havioral observations on advanced larvae. Daphnia were taken only when moving in the manner of copepods, egg yolk only when tossed about by water turbulence. BUDD, PAUL L. Development of the eggs and 1940. larvae of six California fishes. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 56, 50 p. Fishes studied: Parophrys vetulus Girard, Pleuronichthys verticalis Jordan and Gilbert, Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan and Gil- bert, Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, Pleu- ronectidae; Atredius lateralis (Girard), Clinocottus analis (Girard), Cottidae. Foods: Wild plankton (?); Nitzschia (?); Dunaliella (?); “freshly hatched larvae” of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( ?) , Artemia salina (?), and Tigriopus fidvus (?). Containers: 3.8-liter jars with rotating cel- luloid discs. Remarks: All larvae died during “critical period,” apparently through starvation. CHIRINOS de VILDOSO, AURORA, and 1964. ESMERALDA CHUMAN. Notes sobre el desarollo de huevos y larvas del pejerrey Odontesthes ( Austrome - nidia) regia regia (Humboldt). Bol. Inst. Mar Peru 1: 3-31. [English summary.] Fish STUDIED: Odontesthes ( Austromenidia ) regia regia (Humboldt), Atherinidae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). Containers: 6-liter jars. Temperature: 20° C. Maximum time kept: 42 days. Maximum length reached: 18 mm TL. CUNNINGHAM, J. T. The life-history of the 1893-95a. pilchard. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 3: 148-153. Fish studied: Sardina pilchardus (Wal- baum), Clupeidae. Foods: Minced worms ( + ) and wild plank- ton ( + ) . Temperature: 17° C. Maximum time kept: 10 days. Maximum length reached: 5.5 mm. Survival: 0. CUNNINGHAM, J. T. Experiments on the 1893-95b. rearing of fish larvae in the sea- son of 1894. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 3: 206-207. Fishes studied: Gadus merlangus L., Gadi- dae; Pleuronectes platessa L.,Pleuronectidae. Foods: Nereis eggs ( G . merlangus — , P. platessa -f ) , wild plankton ( + ) . Container: “Small tank,” circulating water. Temperature: 12° C. Maximum time kept: G. merlangus 11 days, P. platessa 37 days. Remarks: P. platessa took Nereis eggs more readily than wild plankton. DANNEVIG, ALF. Rearing experiments at 1948. the Flodevigen seafish hatchery 1943- 1947. J. Cons. 15: 277-283. ‘ Fishes studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupei- dae; Scomber scombrus L., Scombridae; Microstomas kitt (Walbaum), Pleuronecti- dae; Solea solea (L.), Soleidae. Foods: Ostrea edulis larvae ( + ) , wild plank- ton plus Artemia nauplii ( + ), Pomatoceros sp. (?), Balanus nauplii (?), “raw cultures of phytoplankton” (?), “cultures of single species of green algae and naked flagellates” (?). Containers: 35-liter glazed earthenware pipes, circulating water. Survival: Feeding Ostrea larvae to smaller fish larvae, Artemia nauplii and wild plank- ton to larger larvae: 21% of herring sur- vived to “size large enough for vertebrae to be counted”; soles reared “with no appre- ciable mortality.” 4 Iemarks: Phytoplankton gave “no positive results.” DANNEVIG, ALF, and SIGFRED HANSEN. 1952. Faktorer av betydning for fiskee- genes og fiskeyngelens oppvekst. Fiskeridir. Skr., Ser. Havunders. 10(1): 36 p. [English summary; English translation of p. 6-16, the section on herring: Translation No. 415, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland.] 1 Fishes studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupei- dae; Gadus morhua L., Gadidae; Pleuronec- tes platessa L., Pleuronectidae; “other flat- fishes.” Foods: Artemia nauplii plus wild plankton ( + )• Containers: 35-liter glazed earthenware pipes, circulating water. Maximum time kept: Past metamorphosis. iDANNEVIG, IIARALD. On the rearing of 1897. the larval and post-larval stages of the plaice and other flatfishes. Rep. Fish. Bd. Scot. 1896, Pt. 3: 175-193, pi. IV. Fish studied: Pleuronectes platessa L., Pleu- ronectidae. Food: Wild plankton ( + ). Container: 50-liter glass carboy, water re- newed once or twice daily. Maximum time kept: Past metamorphosis. Maximum length reached: 13.76 mm TL on day 45. DAVID, LORE R. Embryonic and early larval 1939. stages of the grunion, Leuresthes tenuis, and of the sculpin, Scorpaena guttata. Copeia 1939: 75-81. Fish studied: Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres), Atherinidae. Foods: Wild plankton ( + ) , cultured diatoms (species not given) ( + ). Temperature: 18° C (?). Maximum time kept: ca. 2 weeks. Maximum length reached: ca. 9 mm. Remarks: Found Rhizosolenia, Chaetoceros, and “small crustaceans” in larval guts. No attempt to rear Scorpaena is described. DELMONTE, PETER J., IRA RUBINOFF, 1968. and ROBERTA W. RUBINOFF. Laboratory rearing through meta- morphosis of some Panamanian go- bies. Copeia 1968: 411-412. Fish studied: Lophyogobius cyprinoides (Pal- las), Gobiidae. Foods: Commercial fish fry foods ( + ), cul- tured Dunaliella (?), Artemia nauplii ( + ), attached filamentous algae ( + ) and zoo- plankton ( + ) growing in rearing containers. Containers: Plastic wading pools, 320-570 liters (85-150 gal). Temperature: 24°-29° C. Maximum time kept: 153 days. Maximum length reached: 32 mm. Survival: ca. 15% (presumably, past meta- morphosis) . Remarks: Brief mention is also made of the rearing of three specimens of Bathygobius andrei (Sauvage) through metamorphosis. DEUEL, DAVID G., JOHN R. CLARK, and 1966. A. J. MANSUETI. Description of embryonic and early larval stages of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 95: 264-271. Fish studied: Pomatomus saltatrix (L.), Pomatomidae. Food: Fertilized A rbacia eggs (?). Containers: Aquaria of 19, 38, and 76 liters (5, 10, and 20 gal) . Temperature: 18°-22° C. Maximum time kept: 7 days. Survival: 0. Remarks: Behavior indicated that larvae may have taken the food. DOTU, YOSIE, and SATOSHI MITO. The 1958. bionomics and life history of the gobioid fish, Lueiogobius sakaiensis Dotu. Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 16: 419-425. [In Japanese, with English summary.] 5 DOTU and MITO— Cont. Fish studied: Luciogobius sakaiensis Dotu, Gobiidae. Foods: Copepods from wild plankton ( + ). Container: Glass jar. Maximum time kept: 32 days. Maximum length reached: 12.2 mm TL. FABRE-DOMERGUE, and EUGENE 1897. BIETRIX. Recherches biologiques applicables a la pisciculture maritime sur les oeufs et les larves des poissons de mer et sur le turbot. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.). 8 Ser., Tome 4: 151-220. Fishes studied: Clupea harengus L., Alosa sp., Clupeidae; Taurulus bubalis (Euphra- sen) , Cottidae; Trachinus sp., Trachinidae; Scomber scombnis L., Scombridae; Atherina presbyter Valenciennes, Atherinidae. Foods: Powdered cooked egg yolk ( — ); crushed mussel ( — ); wild plankton ( + ); “algae” ( — ); cultured infusorians (mainly Euplotes) ( — ); dissociated elements of a filamentous brown diatom and of a blue- green alga ( — ); Philaster digitiformis ( — ); Ascidian larvae ( — ). Containers: Crystallizing dishes, water re- newed frequently. Temperature: Various, within the range 6°- 17° C. Maximum time kept: T. bubalis 22 days, A. presbyter 16 days, S. scombnis 9 days, Alosa 7 days, Trachinus 6 days, C. harengus 4 days. Maximum length reached: A. presbyter 8 mm, Alosa 5.4 mm. Survival: 0. FABRE-DOMERGUE, and EUGENE 1905. BIETRIX. Developpement de la Sole ( Solea vulgaris). Introduction a l’etude de la pisciculture marine. Travail du Laboratoire de Zoologie Maritime de Concarneau. Vuibert et Nony, Paris. 243 p. Fish studied: Solea solea (L.), Soleidae; brief references to rearing of other species. Foods: Dunaliella salina ( + ) , wild plankton with larval fishes ( + ) . Containers: 50-liter glass jars with rotating discs; crystallizing dishes. Maximum time kept: 8 months. Maximum length reached: 55-76 mm. Remarks: Dunaliella was collected from salt marshes and cultured in the laboratory. Larvae fed first on Dunaliella, but soon be- came carnivorous and preyed upon other larval fishes (particularly sprat larvae, Sprattus sprattus (L.)). Larvae lived only 8 days in crystallizing dishes but passed meta- morphosis in large jars with rotating discs. In an earlier paper (C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132: 1136-1138, 1901) these authors give a survival value of 50% for sole larvae feeding on Dunaliella and wild plankton containing larval fishes. FAHEY, WILLIAM E. A temperature con- 1964. trolled salt-water circulating appa- ratus for developing fish eggs and larvae. J. Cons. 28: 364-384. Fish studied: Alosa pseudoharengus (Wil- son), Clupeidae; Fundulus majalis (Wal- baum), Cyprinodontidae; Bairdiella chry- sura (Lacepede) , Sciaenidae; Mugil cephalus L., Mugilidae. Foods: Artemia nauplii ( + ) , first and second naupliar stages of Tigriopus calif ornicus ( + ) • Containers: 4-liter polyethylene, water forced in and out of mesh-covered window on bottom. Temperature: 19.0°, 23.0°, and 27.0° C. Maximum time kept: Fundulus 79 days. Survival: Fundulus 92-98%. Remarks: Fundulus was fed Artemia nauplii, other species fed Tigriopus nauplii; results of rearing are given only for Fundulus. Tigriopus nauplii were reared in mass cul- ture. FISHELSON, L. Observations on littoral fish- 1963. es of Israel. II. Larval development and metamorphosis of Blennius pavo Risso (Teleostei, Blenniidae). Israel J. Zool. 12: 81-91. Fish studied: Blennius pavo Risso, Blennii- dae. Foods: Cooked egg yolk ( + ) , small copepods ( + ) , Artemia nauplii ( + ) . 6 . 'emperature: 23°-25° C. Iaximum time kept: 27 days + . Maximum length reached: 11.4 mm SL. ’LUCHTER, JURGEN. Versuche zur Brut- 1965. aufzucht der Seezunge Solea solea in kleinen Aquarien. Helgolaender wiss. Meeresunters. 12: 395-403. [English summary.] "ISH studied: Solea solea (L.), Soleidae. r00D: Artemia nauplii ( + ) . Container: 30-liter glass aquarium. Temperature: 15°-18° C. Maximum time kept: 6 months. Maximum length reached: 70-82 mm TL. Survival: 80% passed metamorphosis. Remarks: Growth was comparable to growth in nature. FORRESTER, C. R. Laboratory observations 1964. on embryonic development and larvae of the Pacific cod ( Gaclus macroceph- alns Tilesius) . J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 21: 9-16. Fish studied: Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, Gadidae. Foods: Artemia nauplii (?), Skeletonema costatum (?), Monochrysis lutheri (?). Temperature: 5°-ll° C. Survival: 0. FUJITA, SHIRO. On the larval stages of a 1957. scorpaenid fish, Sebastes pachyceph- alus nigricans (Schmidt). Jap. J. Ichthyol. 6: 91-93. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Sebastes pachycephalus nigri- cans (Schmidt), Scorpaenidae. Food: A rtemia nauplii ( + ). Container: Glass jar. Maximum time kept: 28 days (i.e., past meta- morphosis). FUJITA, SHIRO. On the egg development 1958. and larval stages of a viviparous scorpaenid fish, Sebastes oblongus Gunther. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 24: 475-479. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Sebastes oblongus Gunther, Scorpaenidae. Food: A rtemia nauplii ( + ). Container: Glass jar. Maximum time kept: Approximately 1 month. Maximum length reached: 12-14 mm TL. FUJITA, SHIRO. Early development and 1965. rearing of two common flatfishes, Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein) and Tanakius kitaharai (Jordan et Starks). Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 31: 258-262. [In Japanese, with Eng- lish summary.] Fishes studied: Eopsetta grigorjewi (Her- zenstein), Tanakius kitaharai (Jordan and Starks), Pleuronectidae. Foods: Fertilized sea urchin eggs (?) and Artemia nauplii ( + ). Container: Glass jar. Temperature: 11.0°-13.8° C. Maximum time kept: E. grigorjewi 12 days, T. kitaharai 29 days -f. Maximum length reached: T. kitaharai 7.5 mm TL on day 29. FUJITA, SHIRO. Egg development, larval 1966. stages, and rearing of the puffer, Lagocephalus lunaris spadiceus (Richardson). Jap. J. Ichthyol. 13: 162-168. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Lagocephalus lunaris spadi- ceus (Richardson), Tetraodontidae. Foods: Boiled egg yolk ( + ) and Artemia nauplii ( + ) . Temperature: 21.7°-24.5° C. Maximum time kept: 36 days + (i.e., past metamorphosis) . Maximum length reached: 6.6 mm TL at 21-36 days. FUJITA, SHIRO, and KEITARO UCHIDA. 1959. Breeding habits and rearing of larvae of a blennoid fish, Emogrammus hex- agrammus (Temminck et Schlegel). 7 FUJITA and UCHIDA— Cont. Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 17: 283-289. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Ernogrammus hexagrammus (Temminck and Schlegel), Stichaeidae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). Container: Glass jar. Maximum time kept: 34 days (i.e., past metamorphosis) . Maximum length reached: 13 mm TL. GARSTANG, WALTER. Preliminary experi- 1900. ments on the rearing of sea-fish larvae. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 6: 70-93. Fish studied: Blennius ocellar is L., Blenniidae. Food: Wild plankton ( + ). Container: 13-liter plunger jar. Temperature: 18.8°-19.2° C. Maximum time kept: 13-14 weeks (i.e., past metamorphosis) . Maximum length reached: 19-25.5 mm TL. Survival: 20% at 52 days. Remarks: Polychaetes were given to ad- vanced (ca. 20 mm) larvae. GROSS, F. Notes on the culture of some ma- 1937. rine plankton organisms. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 21: 753-768. Fishes studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupei- dae; Lophius piscatorius L., Lophiidae; Sar- dina pilchardus (Walbaum), Clupeidae. Foods: Chlamydomonas sp. ( + ) , Prorocen- trum micans ( + ) , Thalassiosira sp. ( + ) , Coscinodiscus radiatus ( — ), Skeletonema costatum ( — ), Artemia nauplii ( + ),wild plankton ( — ). Containers: Fingerbowls and “small tanks.” Temperature: 8°-17° C. Maximum time kept: C. harengus 27 days, L. piscatorius 29 days, S. pilchardus 15 days. Survival: 30% of the L. piscatorius were alive after 20 days. Remarks: L. piscatorius ate only Artemia nauplii; other fishes were offered only phyto- plankton. Author attributes death of larvae to lack of temperature control. HERTLING, HELMUTH. Die Zuchtung von 1932. Meeresfischen fur wissenschaftliche und praktische Zwecke. In E. Ab- derhalden (ed.), Handbuch der bio- logische Arbeitsmethoden. Abt. 9, Teil 6, Heft 2: 195-366. Fish studied: Agonus cataphractus L., Agon- idae. Foods: Coscinodiscus concinnus ( + ) , Biddul- phia mohiliensis ( + ) , copepods ( + ) . Maximum time kept: Past metamorphosis. Remarks: This paper reviews in detail much of the rearing work done prior to the 1930’s and also includes a few apparently original observations; the rearing of Agonus is the only original work for which information on feeding is given. HEUTS, M. J. Experimental studies on adap- 1947. tive evolution in Gasterosteus aculea- tus L. Evolution 1: 89-102. Fish studied: Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Gasterosteidae. Foods: Powdered eggs ( + ); aquaria con- tained “a rich microfauna and flora.” Containers: “Large aquaria.” Temperature: Various, within the range 10°- 23° C. Maximum time kept: 1 year +. Remarks: The author states that the “rich microfauna and flora” in the aquaria is “nec- essary for successful rearing of the off- spring.” HIRANO, REIJIRO. Rearing of black sea 1969. bream larva. Symposium on Culture and Propagation of Sea Breams. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 35: 567-569, 603-604. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Mylio macrocephalus (Basi- lewsky), Sparidae. Foods: Crassostrea gigas larvae ( + ) , Brach- ionus plicatilis ( + ), Balanus amphitrite al- bicostatus nauplii ( + ), Artemia nauplii ( + )• IVANCHENKO, L. A., and O. F. IVANCHEN- 1969. KO. Transition to active feeding by 8 larval and juvenile white sea herring ( Clupea pallasii Natio Mavis-alb i Berg) in artificial conditions. Dokl. Biol. Sci. 184: 207-209. (Translated from Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 184: 1444-1446.) Fish studied: Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, Clupeidae. iFooDS: Wild plankton ( + ); homogenates of Mytilus ( + ), periwinkle ( — ), Fucus (— ), and kelp (— ); phytoplankton ( + ) ; cooked egg yolk ( + ) ; cooked egg yolk plus wild plankton ( + ) . 'Containers: “Aquarium” and crystallizing dishes. ^Temperature: 7°-19° C. Maximum time kept: 120 days + on cooked egg yolk plus wild plankton. ’Maximum length reached: 43-50 mm. Remarks: On all foods except egg yolk plus wild plankton, larvae failed to survive longer than starved controls. Larvae ate yolk until 14 days after hatching, then switched to planktonic crustaceans. JOSEPH, EDWIN B„ and VISHNU P. SAK- 1966. SENA. Determination of salinity tolerances in mummichog ( Fundulus heteroclitus) larvae obtained from hormone-induced spawning. Chesa- peake Sci. 7: 193-197. Fish studied: Fundulus heteroclitus (L.), Cyprinodontidae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). Containers: 3.8-liter (1 gal) jars. Temperature: 22° C. KASAHARA, SHOGORO, REIJIRO HIRANO, 1960. and YASUO OSHIMA. A study on the growth and rearing methods of black porgy, Mylio macrocephalus (Basilewsky) . Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 26: 239-244. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Mylio macrocephalus (Basi- lewsky), Sparidae. Foods: Oxyrrhis sp. ( + ), Stylonichia sp. ( + ) , copepod nauplii ( + ) , Balanus amphi- trite albicostatus nauplii ( + ), Artemia nauplii ( + ) , young Neomysis japonica ( + ) . Containers: 2-5 liter glass aquaria, 39 liter bowl, large concrete tanks. Temperature: 17°-25° C. Maximum time kept: 60 days +. Maximum length reached: 32 mm TL on day 60. Survival: 13% at day 52. Remarks: Growing larvae were given pro- gressively larger food types. KLIMA, EDWARD F., IZADORE BARRETT, 1962. and JOHN E. KINNEAR. Artificial fertilization of the eggs, and rearing and identification of the larvae of the anchoveta, Cetengraulis mysticetus. Bull. Inter-Amer. Trop. Tuna Comm. 6: 155-178. Fish studied: Cetengraulis mysticetus (Gunther), Engraulidae. Foods: Natural and cultured phytoplankton (?), prepared aquaria (?), Artemia nauplii (?), powered yolk from hard-boiled eggs ( ?) , 12 commercially prepared fish fry foods ( ?) , 4 water-soluble vitamin compounds ( ?) , dry yeast microorganisms (?), human blood (?)• Containers: Various. Temperature: 19°-23° and 26°-31° C. Maximum time kept: 154 hr. Survival: 0. KOTTHAUS, ADOLF. Zuchtversuche mit 1939. Heringslarven ( Clupea harengus L.) . Helgolaender wiss. Meeresunters. 1: 349-358. Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Foods: Nudibranch ( ? Nacktschnecken) lar- vae ( — ), Mytilus larvae ( — ) , “Monadinen” ( — ), copepod nauplii cultured from wild plankton ( + ) . Containers: 165-liter earthenware pipes with circulating water; 3- to 5-liter glass jars, water changed every 3 days. Temperature: 7.2°-9.6°, 10.0°-13.2°, and 9.3°- 12.9° C. Maximum time kept: 54 days. Maximum length reached: 25 mm. Survival: 4-10% after 12 days at 10.0°- 13.2° C, 0.8°-1.7% after 15 days at 9.3°- 12.9° C. 9 KOTTHAUS— Cont. Remarks: The only successful rearing was conducted in the 165-liter pipes with copepod nauplii as the major food; older larvae ate green algae, presumably Enteromorpha from the tank walls. Kotthaus refers to an un- published report of Marx (1935) which de- scribes the rearing of 30-40 herring larvae past the “critical stage”; some larvae at- tained 30 mm in 5 weeks, and of the food offered (mussel and snail larvae, copepod nauplii, and wild plankton) only nudibranch (? Nacktschnecken) larvae and copepod nauplii were found in the larval guts. KRAMER, DAVID, and JAMES R. ZWEIFEL. 1970. Rearing and growth of anchovy lar- vae ( Engraulis mordax Girard) as influenced by temperature. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 14: 84-87. Fish studied: Engraulis mordax Girard, En- graulidae. Food: Wild plankton ( + ). Container: 380-liter glass, water either not renewed or partially (10-20%) renewed daily. Temperature: 17° and 22° C. Maximum time kept: 34 days. Maximum length reached: 9.8-20.7 mm SL. KURATA, HIROSHI. On the rearing of lar- 1956. vae of the flatfish, Liopsetta obscura, in small aquaria. Bull. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 13: 20-29. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Liopsetta obsqura (Herzen- stein), Pleuronectidae. Foods: Skeletonema costatum (?), Mytilus larvae ( + ) , Artemia nauplii ( + ) . Containers: 1.3-liter glass jar, one-third of water renewed once or twice daily. Temperature: 6.8°-14.5° C. Maximum time kept: 1 year. Maximum length reached: 64 mm TL. Survival: 9% at 25 days. Remarks: Early larvae ate larval Mytilus (“an excellent food for the larvae”), later switched to Artemia nauplii. Larvae fed Skeletonema survived only 1 day longer than starved controls. KURATA, HIROSHI. Preliminary report on 1959. the rearing of the herring larvae. Bull. Hokkaido Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 20: 117-138. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, Clupeidae. Foods: Artemia nauplii ( + ), Chone teres trochophores ( -f ) , Skeletonema costatum ( ?) , chicken yolk ( ?) , minced shrimp or crab meat (?). Containers: 1.2-liter glass jars. Temperature: 4.9°-7.7° C. Maximum time kept: 40 days +. Maximum length reached: 14.5 mm. Survival: 10-20% at 40 days. Remarks: Only larvae fed Artemia nauplii survived significantly longer than starved controls. Larvae feeding for the first time took Chone teres trochophores in preference to Artemia nauplii, perhaps because of their smaller size; however, C. teres had the dis- advantages of a short spawning season and trochophores which settled quickly. LASKER, R., H. M. FEDER, G. H. THEI- 1970. LACKER, and R. C. MAY. Feeding, growth, and survival of Engraulis mordax larvae reared in the labora- tory. Mar. Biol. 5: 345-353. Fish studied: Engraulis mordax Girard, En- graulidae. Foods: Gymnodinium splendens ( + ) , Proro- centrum micans ( + ) , Protoceratium reticu- latum ( — ), Fragilidium heterolobum ( + ) ; veligers of Bulla gorddiana ( + ) , Haminoea vesicida ( + ) , and Navanax inermis ( + ) ; Gymnodinium plus veligers; Artemia nauplii ( + ) • Containers: 10-liter circular black plastic; 510-liter fiberglass. Temperature: 16°-18° C. Maximum time kept: 50 days. Maximum length reached: 7.2 mm on Gym- nodinium and 9.6 mm on Gymnodinium plus veligers, at day 19. 10 ■ urvival: 47 % on Gymnodinium plus Bulla veligers, 31% on Gymnodinium alone, 0 on veligers alone, at 19 days. I EM arks: Gymnodinium was the only phy- toplankter which gave survival better than starved controls. EBOUR, MARIE V. Young anglers in cap- 1925. tivity and some of their enemies. A stucjy in a plunger jar. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 13: 721-734. "ISH studied: Lophius piscatorius L., Lophi- idae. Vood: Wild plankton ( + ). ONTAINER: 50-liter plunger jar. •emperature: 16.8°-18.8° C. Maximum time kept: 11 days. Maximum length reached: 7 mm. SURVIVAL: 0. IIcHUGH, J. L., and BOYD W. WALKER. 1948. Rearing marine fishes in the labora- tory. Calif. Fish Game 34: 37-38. l’iSHES studied: Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres), Atherinops af finis (Ayres), Atherinidae. 'OODS: Artemia nauplii ( + ) in prepared aquaria. Containers: 19-liter aquaria. Maximum time kept: 4 months +. McMYNN, R. G., and W. S. HOAR. Effects 1953. of salinity on the development of the Pacific herring. Can. J. Zool. 31: 417-432. 'ISH studied: Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, Clupeidae. rOODS: Artemia nauplii ( + ) , Daphnia pulex eggs ( ?) , liver-skim milk ( ?) . Containers: 600-ml beakers. Temperature: 8°-9° C. Maximum time kept: 20 days on Artemia, 5 days on Daphnia eggs, 14 days on liver-skim milk. Maximum length reached: 10.2 mm TL on day 20. Survival: 56% at day 20. MEYER, H. A. Biologische Beobachtungen 1878. bei kunstlicher Aufzucht des Herings der Westlichen Ostsee. Wiegandt, Hempel and Parey, Berlin. (Trans- lation in Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. 1878, Pt. 6: 629-638.) Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Food: Wild plankton ( + ). Container: 700-liter wooden tub, one-half of water renewed daily. Temperature: ll°-20° G. Maximum time kept: 5 months. Maximum length reached: 65-70 mm. Remarks: During the first month of rearing the plankton was strained, which the author believes may have restricted larval growth and survival by eliminating certain food or- ganisms. MITO, SATOSHI, MASAO UKAWA, and MA- 1969. SAKI HIGUCHI. On the develop- ment and rearing of the larvae of a flounder, Kareius bicoloratus (Basi- lewsky) with reference to its spawn- ing in the culturing pond. Bull. Nan- sei Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 1: 87-102. [In Japanese, with English sum- mary.] Fish studied: Kareius bicoloratus (Basilew- sky), Pleuronectidae. Foods: Brachionus plicatilis ( + ), Artemia nauplii ( + ) , wild plankton ( + ) . Containers: 40 liters, cylindrical. Temperature: 14.2°-15.0° C. Maximum time kept: 47 days + . Maximum length reached: 32-33 mm TL on day 47. Survival: 40-60% past yolk-absorption, 20- 30% past metamorphosis. MOLANDER, ARVID R., and MARTHA MO- 1957. LANDER-SWEDMARK. Exper- imental investigations on variation in plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa L.). Inst. Mar. Res., Lysekil, Ser. Biol., Rep. 7. 45 p. Fish studied: Pleuronectes platessa L., Pleu- ronectidae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). 11 MOLANDER and MOLANDER-SWEDMARK — Cont. Containers: 5 liters, glass. Temperature: 6°, 8°, and 10° C. Maximum time kept: 1 year + . Maximum length reached: 50-110 mm. Survival: 18.6-64.2% metamorphosed. MORRIS, ROBERT W. Some aspects of the 1956. problem of rearing marine fishes. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco. 1082. 61 p. Fishes studied: A total of 17 spp. were in- vestigated. Of these, 5 spp. were reared through metamorphosis (identified below by **) and 5 spp. well beyond yolk absorption ( identified below by * ) : Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, Sardinops sctjax ( Jenyns) , Clupeidae; Engraulis mordax Girard, En- graulidae; Spirinchus starksi (Fisk)*, Os- meridae; Aulorhynchus flavidus Gill**, Aulorhynchidae; Genyonemus lineatus (Ayres)*, Sciaenidae; Oxyjulis calif ornica (Gunther), Labridae; Sebastes goodei (Ei- genmann and Eigenmann)*, Sebastolobus sp., Scorpaenidae; Hexagrammos sp., Hex- agrammidae; Clinocottus recalvus (Gree- ley) **, Oligocottus snyderi Greeley**, Clino- cottus analis (Girard), Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres), Cottidae; Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres)**, Atherinopsis calif ornien- sis Girard**, Atherinidae; Citharichthys sp., Bothidae. Foods: Wild plankton ( + ), Mytilus calif or- nianus “ larvae ” ( -f ) , Tigriopus fulvus ( + ) , Artemia nauplii ( + ), Balanus glandida nauplii ( + ) , Dendraster excentricus “eggs and larvae” ( + ) , Strongylocentrotus purpu- ratus “eggs and larvae” ( + ) , Oxyrrhis ma- rina ( — ) , Stichococcus sp. ( ?) , Dunaliella sp. ( — ) , yeast ( ?) , cooked chicken egg yolk ( ?) . Containers: 28-liter glass jars with rotating discs, water renewed periodically. Temperature: Various, within the range 8°- 22° C. Maximum time kept: 5 spp. through meta- morphosis, 5 spp. well beyond yolk absorp- tion. Survival: 10-70%, among fish which had metamorphosed . Remarks: Successful rearing attempts em- ployed Artemia nauplii as food for early larvae and adult Tigriopus for older larvae. Genyonemus was reared well past yolk ab- sorption using Dendraster eggs and, later, Artemia nauplii as food. In all rearing at- tempts the main food was supplemented by “secondary foods,” defined by the author as “items which are too small to be directly fed upon by the fish larvae but which are in- cidentally ingested”; these items apparently also served as nourishment for some of the main food organisms and included Sticho- coccus, Dunaliella, cooked egg yolk, and yeast. NIKITINSKAYA, I. V. On the onset of active 1958. feeding of the larvae of Clupea hcu rengus pallasi Val. Zool. Zh. 37: 1568-1571. [In Russian, with Eng- lish summary.] Fish studied: Clupea palasii Valenciennes, Clupeidae. Food: Cooked egg yolk ( + ) . Maximum time kept: 18-20 days after yolk- absorption. Remarks: A higher food concentration was needed for first-feeding larvae than for larvae at later stages. Author states that in the laboratory the food concentration must be 50 times greater than in nature. OKAMOTO, RYO. Rearing of red sea bream 1969. larvae. Symposium on Culture and Propagation of Sea Breams. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 35: 563-566, 603. [In Japanese, with English sum- mary.] Fish studied: Pagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel), Sparidae. Foods: Oyster and mussel trochophores ( + ) , Brachionus plicatilis ( + ), Artemia nauplii ( + ) , wild plankton ( + ) . Containers: 30 liters. Maximum length reached: 39 mm TL at day 45. Survival: At 20 days, usually 10-20%, max- imally 55.6%. Remarks: Growing larvae were given pro- gressively larger food types. 12 ORCUTT, HAROLD GEORGE. The life his- 1950. tory of the starry flounder, Platich- thys stellatus (Pallas). Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 78. 64 p. Hsh studied: Platichthys stellatus (Pallas), Pleuronectidae. ^OODS: Tigriopus fulvus nauplii ( — ), Arte- mia nauplii ( — ), Strongylocentrotus pur- puratus motile blastulae ( — ), Platymonas subcordiformis ( + ), Nitzschia closterium ( — ), wild plankton ( — ). Containers: 3.8-liter glass jars. Temperature: 12.5° C. '.Maximum time kept: 10 days. Maximum length reached: 3.5 mm TL on day 4. Curvival: 0. Remarks: Larvae which ingested Platymonas appeared to be starving. l^ASIM, S. Z. Rearing experiments on marine 1955. teleost larvae and evidence of their need for sleep. Nature (London) 175: 217-218. 1959. Laboratory experiments on some factors affecting the survival of ma- rine teleost larvae. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India 1: 13-25. Fishes studied: Blennius pholis L., Centro- notus gunnellus (L.), Blenniidae. : Foods: Chromulina pusilla ( + ), Isocho'ysis galbana ( + ), Chlamydomonas sp .( + ), Chlorella stigmata ( + ), Prorocentrum mi- cans ( + ), Artemia nauplii ( + ), barnacle nauplii ( + ) . Containers: 25-liter glass jars. Maximum time kept: 68 days +. 'Survival: “A small percentage” passed meta- morphosis. Remarks: The two papers seem to describe the same experiments. Larvae fed only phy- toplankters did not survive significantly longer than starved controls. Nauplii plus phytoplankters gave no better survival than nauplii alone. RICHARDS, WILLIAM J., and BARBARA J. 1969. PALKO. Methods used to rear the thread herring, Opisthonema oglin- um, from fertilized eggs. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98: 527-529. Fish studied: Opisthonema oglinum (Le- Sueur), Clupeidae. Foods: Wild plankton (?), Tnpneustes escu- lentus eggs ( ?) , finely ground trout food ( ?) , Artemia nauplii (?). Containers: 38-liter glass aquaria, water partially renewed every 2 or 3 days. Temperature: Approximately 21°-33° C. Maximum time kept: 95 days. Maximum length reached: 34-53 mm SL. Survival: ca. 0.8% at day 95. Remarks: Tanks had a high concentration of Chlorella as food for plankton; authors had no evidence that fish larvae fed on Chlorella. ROLLEFSEN, GUNNAR. Artificial rearing 1939. of the fry of sea water fish. Prelim- inary communication. Cons. Perma. Int. Explor. Mer, Rapp. Proc.-Verb. Reun. 109, Pt. 3: 133. Fish studied: Pleurovectes platessa L., Pleu- ronectidae. Food: A rtemia nauplii ( + ). Containers: 200-liter tanks, petri dishes. Temperature: 10° C. Maximum time kept: Past metamorphosis. Survival: 50-75% “rearing percentage.” Remarks: Rollefsen’s 1940 paper (Naturen 6-7: 197-217; in Norwegian) contains rough- ly the same experimental results for plaice rearing as his 1939 paper — the survival is given as 70% (to metamorphosis ?). RLBINOFF, IRA. Raising the atherinid fish 1958. Menidia menidia in the laboratory. Copeia 1958: 146-147. Fish studied: Menidia menidia (L.),Ather- inidae. Foods: Arbacia larvae (?), Crepidula larvae ( ?) , “diatoms” ( ?) , powdered fish foods ( ?) , Artemia nauplii ( + ) . Container: 25-liter wooden trough, circu- lating water. Temperature: 22° C. Maximum time kept: 48 days. Maximum length reached: 27-30 nun. RUNNSTROM, SVEN. Quantitative investi- 1941. gations on herring spawning and its yearly fluctuations at the west coast of Norway. Fiskeridir. Skr., Ser. Havunders. 6(8). 71 p. Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Food: “Plankton algae” ( + ) . Remarks: The author makes only the follow- ing brief mention of his rearing attempt: “By hatching experiments with herring eggs I succeeded to keep the free-swimming larvae alive for 6 weeks without any great mortal- ity, feeding them on plankton algae. Al- ways, however, when they had reached a certain stage, they all died in a short time (p. 34).” SCHACH, HELMUT. Die kunstliche Auf- 1939. zucht von Clupea harengus L. Hel- golaender wiss. Meeresunters. 1: 359- 372. Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Foods: Wild plankton ( + ), Mytilus trocho- phores (?). Containers: 190- to 2500-liter tile and stone- ware, circulating or static water. Temperature: 10.5° C. Maximum time kept: 56 days. Maximum length reached: 20-60 mm. Survival: 7% at day 56. Remarks: Food was held in a special con- tainer with a large crop of phytoplankton, from which it was siphoned into the rearing container; larvae probably ingested the phy- toplankton as well as zooplankton. SHELBOURNE, J. E. The artificial propa- 1964. gation of marine fish. Advan. Mar. Biol. 2: 1-83. Fish studied: Pleuronectes platessa L., Pleu- ronectidae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). Containers: 40-liter glass, slowly circulat- ing water. Temperature: 7°-ll° C. Maximum time kept: 100 days. Survival: Maximum of 66% of original eggs passed metamorphosis. Remarks: In some earlier experiments the author used Balanus balanoides nauplii as a first food. This paper summarizes several earlier papers on plaice rearing by the author and his coworkers and reviews the history of marine fish culture. SHIOKAWA, TSUKASA, and HIROSHI TSU- 1961. KAHARA. Studies in habits of coastal fishes in the Amakusa Islands. Part 1. Early life history of the purple rockfish, Sebastes pachyceph- alus pachycephalus Temminck et Schlegel. Rec. Oceanogr. Works Jap., Spec. No. 5: 123-127. Fish studied: Sebastes pachycephalus pachy- cephalus Temminck and Schlegel, Scorpaeni- dae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). Temperature: 15° C. Maximum time kept: 25 days ( + ?). Maximum length reached: 13 mm TL at 25 days. SHOJIMA, YOICHI. On the development of 1957. eggs and rearing of larvae of a puf- fer, Fugu ( Higanfugu ) pardalis (T. andS.). Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 16: 125-136. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Fugu ( Higanfugu ) pardalis (Temminck and Schlegel), Tetraodontidae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). Containers: Glass jars. Temperature: 11°-17° C. Maximum time kept: 50 days. Maximum length reached: 13.09 mm TL. Survival: 5-15% at 3 weeks. SOLEIM, PEDER A. Arsaker til rike og fat- 1942. tige arganger av sild. Fiskeridir. Skr., Ser. Havunders. 7(2). 39 p. Fish studied: Clupea harengus L., Clupeidae. Foods: Nauplii of Artemia and Balanus bal- anoides ( + ), “vegetarian diet” (?). Containers: 7-14 liters. Temperature: 10°-15° C. Maximum time kept: 2 months. Maximum length reached: 18 mm. 14 remarks: Author states that “ . . . a vege- tarian diet alone was unable to keep the lar- vae alive in early life.” In an earlier paper (Fiskeridir. Skr. 6(4): 39-55, 1940) the author reported a 50% mortality of larvae at the time of yolk absorption, at 14° C. 'SUKAHARA, HIROSHI. Studies on habits 1962. of coastal fishes in the Amakusa Is- lands. Part 2. Early life history of the rockfish, Sebastiscus marmoratus (Cuvier et Valenciennes). Rec. Oceanogr. Works Jap., Spec. No. 6: 49-55. Hsh studied: Sebastiscus marmoratus (Cu- vier and Valenciennes) , Scorpaenidae. •7ood: Artemia nauplii ( — ). Temperature: 15° C. Maximum time kept: 10 days. [Maximum length reached: 5 mm TL. Remarks: Artemia nauplii were “too large to be swallowed.” TTSUKAHARA, HIROSHI, and TSUKASA 1957. SHIOKAWA. Studies on the flying- fishes of the Amakusa Islands. Part 2. The life history and habits of Parexocoetus mento (Cuvier et Va- lenciennes). Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 16: 275-286. [In Jap- anese, with English summary.] Fish studied: Parexocoetus mento (Cuvier and Valenciennes), Exocoetidae. Food: Artemia nauplii (-(-). TSUKAIIARA, HIROSHI, TSUKASA SHIO- 1957. KAWA, and TADASHI INAO. Studies on the flying-fishes of the Amakusa Islands. Parts 3 and 4. The life histories and habits of three species of the genus Cypselurus. Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 16: 287-311. [In Japanese, with English summary.] Fishes studied: Cypselurus opisthopus hiraii Abe, Cypselurus heterurus dbderleini Abe, Cypselurus starksi Abe, Exocoetidae. Food: Artemia nauplii ( + ). YAMAMOTO, GOTARO, and CIJUZO NISHI- 1952. OKA. The development and rearing of hatched larvae of North Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius). Spec. Publ. Jap. Sea Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., on the third anniversary of its founding: 301-308. [Translation No. 402, Fish. Res. Bd. Can.] Fish studied: Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, Gadidae. Food: Wild plankton ( + ). Containers: Glass bowls, 20-30 cm diameter; circulating water, or static water changed daily. Temperature: 3°-6° C (?). Maximum time kept: 28 days in static water. Remarks: Larvae ate small crustaceans and larval molluscs, along with a few diatoms. Results from experiments conducted running water were unsatisfactory. 15 APPENDIX I Species of Marine Fishes Used in Laboratory Rearing Attempts. Fish References CLUPEIDAE (herrings) A losa sp Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson) Fahey, 1964 Clupea harengus L Bishai, 1961; Blaxter, 1962, 1968; Blaxter and Hempel, 1961; Biickman et al., 1953; A. Dan- nevig, 1948; Dannevigand Hansen, 1952; Fabre- Domergue and Bietrix, 1897; Gross, 1937; Kotthaus, 1939; Meyer, 1878; Runnstrom, 1941; Schach, 1939; Soleim, 1942 Clupea pallasii Valenciennes Ivanchenko and Ivanchenko, 1969; Kurata, 1959; McMynn and Hoar, 1953; Morris, 1956; Nikit- inskaya, 1958 Opisthonema oglinum (LeSueur) Richards and Palko, 1969 Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) Blaxter, 1969; Cunningham, 1893-95a; Gross, 1937 Sardinops sajax (Jenyns) Morris, 1956 ENGRAULIDAE (anchovies) Cetengraulis mysticetus (Gunther) Klima et al., 1962 Engraulis mordax Girard Kramer and Zweifel, 1970; Lasker et al., 1970; Morris, 1956 OSMERIDAE (smelts) Spirinchus starksi (Fisk) Morris, 1956 EXOCOETIDAE (flyingfishes) Cypselurus heterurus doderleini Abe Tsukahara et al., 1957 Cypselurus opisthopus hiraii Abe Tsukahara et al., 1957 Cypselurus starksi Abe Tsukahara et al., 1957 Parexocoetus mento (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Tsukahara and Shiokawa, 1957 CYPRINODONTIDAE (killifishes) Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) Joseph and Saksena, 1966 Fundulus majalis (Walbaum) Fahey, 1964 GADIDAE (codfishes and hakes) Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius Forrester, 1964; Yamamoto and Nishioka, 1952 Gadus merlangus L Cunningham, 1893-95b Gadus morhua L Dannevig and Hansen, 1952 GASTEROSTEIDAE (sticklebacks) Gasterosteus aculeatus L Heuts, 1947 AULORHYNCHIDAE (tube-snouts) Aulorhynchus flavidus G ill Morris, 1956 16 Appendix I— Species of marine fishes used in laboratory rearing attempts— Cont. Fish References i omatomus saltatrix (L.) POMATOMIDAE (bluefishes) Deuel et al., 1966 SCIAENIDAE (drums) i'lirdiella chrysura (Lacepede) Fahey, 1964 •enyonemus lineatus (Ayres) Morris, 1956 SPARIDAE (porgies) 'ylio macrocephalus (Basilewsky) Hirano, 1969; Kasahara et al., 1960 vagrus major (Temminck and Schlegel) Okamoto, 1969 LABRIDAE (wrasses) xyjiilis calif ornica (Gunther) Morris, 1956 TRACIIINIDAE (weevers) rrachinus sp Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 SCOMBRIDAE (mackerels and tunas) (Comber japonicus Houttuyn Schumann, in Bardach, 1968 rcomber scombrus L A. Dannevig, 1948; Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 GOBIIDAE (gobies) athygobius andrei (Sauvage) Delmonte et al., 1968 ■ophogobius cyprinoides (Pallas) Delmonte et al., 1968 ■uciogobius sakaiensis Dotu Dotu and Mito, 1958 SCORPAENIDAE (scorpionfishes and rockfishes) 'ebastes oblongus Gunther Fujita, 1958 'ebastes pachycephalus nigricans (Schmidt) ..Fujita, 1957 'ebastes pachycephalus pachycephalus ^ Temminck and Schlegel Shiokawa and Tsukahara, 1961 'ebastiscus marmoratus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Tsukahara, 1962 'ebastes goodei (Eigenmann and Eigenmann) .Morris, 1956 ■'ebastolobus sp Morris, 1956 HEXAGRAMMIDAE (greenlings) iexagrammos sp Morris, 1956 COTTIDAE (sculpins) "linocottus analis (Girard) Budd, 1940; Morris, 1956 Hlinocott7is recalvus (Greeley) Morris, 1956 Uligocottus snyderi Greeley Morris, 1956 Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres) Morris, 1956 paurulus bubalis (Euphrasen) Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 17 Appendix I— Species of marine fishes used in laboratory rearing attempts— Cont. Fish References AGONIDAE (poachers and alligatorfishes) A g onus cataphr actus L Hertling, 1982 BLENNIIDAE (combtooth blennies) Blennius pavo Risso Fishelson, 1968 Blennius pholis L Qasim, 1955, 1959 Blennius ocellaris L Garstang, 1900 Centronotus gunnellus (L.) Qasim, 1955, 1959 STICHAEIDAE (pricklebacks) Ernogrammus hexagrammus (Temminck and Schlegel) Fujita and Uchida, 1959 MUGILIDAE (mullets) Mugil cephalits L Fahey, 1964 ATHERINIDAE (silversides) Atherina presbyter Valenciennes Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 Atherinops af finis (Ayres) McHugh and Walker, 1948 Atherinopsis calif orniensis Girard Morris, 1956 Leuresthes tenuis (Ayres) David, 1939; McHugh and Walker, 1948; Morris, 1956 Menidia menidia (L.) Rubinoff, 1958 Odentesthes ( Austromenidia ) regia regia (Humboldt) Chironos de Vildoso and Chuman, 1964 BOTHIDAE (lefteye flounders) Citharichthys sp Morris, 1956 Scophthalmus maximus (L.) Anthony, 1910 PLEURONECTIDAE (righteye flounders) Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein) Fujita, 1965 Kareius bicoloratus Basilewsky Mito et ah, 1969 Liopsetta obscura (Herzenstein) Kurata, 1956 Microstomus kitt (Walbaum) A. Dannevig, 1948 Parophrys vetulus Girard Budd, 1940 Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) Orcutt, 1950 Pleuronectes platessa L Cunningham, 1893-95b; H. Dannevig, 1897; Dannevig and Hansen, 1952; Molander and Mo- lander-Swedmark, 1957; Rollefsen, 1939; Shel- bourne, 1964 Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard Budd, 1940 Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan and Gilbert . .Budd, 1940 Pleuronichthys verticalis Jordan and Gilbert . .Budd, 1940 Tanakius kitaharai (Jordan and Starks) Fujita, 1965 Appendix I— Species of marine fishes used in laboratory rearing attempts— Cont. Fish References lea solea (L.) SOLEIDAE (soles) A. Dannevig, 1948; Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1905; FlUchter, 1965 TETRAODONTIDAE (puffers) agu ( Higanfugu ) partialis (Temminck and tSchlegel) Shojima, 1957 \f,gocephalus lunaris spadiceus (Richardson) .Fujita, 1966 iphins piscatorius L LOPHIIDAE (anglers) APPENDIX II Foods Used in Attempts to Rear the Larvae of Marine Fishes.' Food References WILD PLANKTON Anthony, 1910; Blaxter, 1968, 1969; Blaxter and Hempel, 1961; Budd, 1940; Cunningham, 1893- 95a & b; A. Dannevig, 1948; H. Dannevig, 1897; Dannevig and Hansen, 1952; David, 1939; Dotu and Mito, 1958; Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897,1905; Garstang, 1900; Ivanchenko and Ivan- chenko, 1969; Kramer and Zweifel, 1970; Lebour, 1925; Meyer, 1878; Mito et ah, 1969; Morris, 1956; Okamoto, 1969; Orcutt, 1950; Richards and Palko, 1969; Schach, 1939; Schumann, in Bardach, 1968; Yamamoto and Nishioka, 1952 PROTISTA: PLANKTONIC FORMS Chlorophyta: Loxophyceae: Plcitymonas subcordiformis Halosphaera minor Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas sp Dunaliella primolecta .... Dunaliella salina Dunaliella sp Chlorella stigmata Chlorella sp Stichococcus sp Orcutt, 1950 Blaxter, 1969 Bishai, 1961; Blaxter, 1962, 1969; Gross, 1937; Qasim, 1955, 1959 Blaxter, 1969 Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1905 Blaxter, 1962; Budd, 1940; Delmonte et ah, 1968; Morris, 1956 Qasim, 1955 Blaxter, 1962 Morris, 1956 Pyrrophyta: Cryptophyceae: Cryptomonas maculata Blaxter, 1969 Desmophyceae: Prorocentrum micans Blaxter, 1969; Gross, 1937, Lasker et ah, 1970; Qasim, 1955 Dinophyceae: Gymnodinium splendens Lasker et ah, 1970 Oxyrrhis marina Morris, 1956 Oxyrrhis so Kasahara et ah, 1960 Protoceratium reticulatum Lasker et ah, 1970 Fragilidium heterolobum Lasker et ah, 1970 Crysophyta: Xanthophyceae: Olisthodiscus sp Blaxter, 1969 See footnote at end of table. Appendix II— Foods used in attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes— Cont. Food References “I Chrysophyceae: Isochrysis galbana Qasim, 1955, 1959 Monochrysis lutheri Forrester, 1964 Chromulina pusilla Qasim, 1955 Bacillariophyceae: Coscinodiscus concinnus Hertling, 1932 Coscinodiscus radiatus Gross, 1937 Skeletonema costatum Blaxter, 1962; Forrester, 1964; Gross, 1937; Ku- rata, 1956, 1959 Thalassiosira sp Gross, 1937 Lauderia borealis Blaxter, 1969 Rhizosolenia sp David, 1939 Chaetoceros sp David, 1939 Biddulphia mobiliensis Hertling, 1932 Ditylum brightwellii Blaxter, 1969 Nitzschia closterium Orcutt, 1950 Nitzschia sp Bishai, 1961; Blaxter, 1962; Budd, 1940 “Diatoms” David, 1939; Rubinoff, 1958 umycophyta: Ascomycetes: “Yeast” Klima et al., 1962; Morris, 1956 axonomy uncertain: Natural and cultured phytoplankton” Klima et al., 1962 Raw cultures of phytoplankton” Dannevig, 1948 “Cultures of single species of green algae and naked flagellates” Dannevig, 1948 “Phytoplankton” Bishai, 1961; Ivanchenko and Ivanchenko, 1969 “Plankton algae” Runnstrom, 1941 Algae” Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 Monadinen” Kotthaus, 1939 “Vegetarian diet” Soleim, 1942 PROTISTA: NONPLANKTONIC FORMS •yanophyta: Blue-green algae” Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 'hlorophyta: Enteromorpha sp Kotthaus, 1939 'hrysophyta: “Filamentous brown diatom” Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 ’iliophora: Ciliata: Euplotes sp Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 Philaster digitiformis Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 Stylonychia sp Kasahara et al., 1960 'axonomy uncertain: “Filamentous algae” Delmonte et al., 1968 “Cultured infusorians” ..Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 a ^ “7 21 I Appendix II— Foods used in attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes— Cont. Food References METAZOA: PLANKTONIC FORMS Aschelminthes: Rotifera: Brcichinous plicatilis Hirano, 1969; Mito et al., 1969; Okamoto, 1969 Mollusca: Gastropoda: Crepidula sp. “larvae” Rubinoff, 1958 Bulla gouldiana veligers Lasker et al., 1970 Haminoea vesicula veligers Lasker et al., 1970 Navanax inermis veligers Lasker et al., 1970 “Nacktschnecken” ( ? nudibranch) larvae .Kotthaus, 1939 Pelecypoda: Mytilus calif ornianus “larvae” Morris, 1956 Mytilus sp. trochophores Blaxter and Hempel, 1961; Okamoto, 1969; Schach, 1939 Mytilus sp. “larvae” Ostrea edulis “larvae” . . . Crassostrea gigas “larvae” “Oyster” trochophores . . . Annelida: Polychaeta: Chone teres trochophores . Pomatoceros sp. “larvae” . Nereis sp. eggs “Minced worms” Arthropoda: Crustacea: Artemia salina nauplii . . . Dannevig, 1948; Kotthaus, 1939; Kurata, 1956 Dannevig, 1948 Hirano, 1969 Okamoto, 1969 Kurata, 1959 Dannevig, 1948 Cunningham, 1893-95b Cunningham, 1893-95a Bishai, 1961; Blaxter, 1962, 1968; Blaxter and Hempel, 1961; Budd, 1940; Chirinos de Vildoso, 1964; Dannevig, 1948; Dannevig and Hansen, 1953; Delmonte et al., 1968; Fahey, 1964; Fish- elson, 1963; Fliichter, 1965; Forrester, 1964; t Fujita, 1957, 1958, 1965, 1966; Fujita and U- I chida, 1959; Gross, 1937 ; Hirano, 1969; Joseph and Saksena, 1966; Kasahara et al., 1960; Klima j et al., 1962; Kramer and Zweifel, 1970; Kurata, i 1956, 1959; McHugh and Walker, 1948; McMynn and Hoar, 1953; Mito et al., 1969; Molander and Molander-Swedmark, 1957; Morris, 1956; Oka- moto, 1969; Orcott, 1950; Qasim, 1955, 1959; Richards and Palko, 1969; Rollefsen, 1939; Rubinoff, 1958; Schumann, in Bardach, 1968; ! Shelbourne, 1964; Shiokawa and Tsukahara, 1961; Shojima, 1957; Soleim, 1942; Tsukahara,! 1962; Tsukahara and Shiokawa, 1957; Tsuka- : hara et al., 1957 Gross, 1937 Cladocera Appendix II— Foods used in attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes— Cont. N, Food T References 1 : iropoda — Cont. rustacea — Cont. Daphnia pulex eggs McMynn and Hoar, 1953 Daphnia sp Btickmann et al., 1953 Copepods Bishai, 1961; Btickmann et al., 1953; Fishelson, 1963; Gross, 1937; Hirano, 1969 Copepod nauplii Kasahara et al., 1960; Kotthaus, 1939 T ig riopus calif ornicus nauplii Fahey, 1964 T igriopus fiilvus nauplii Bishai, 1961; Budd, 1940; Orcutt, 1950 Tigriopus fiilvus adults Blaxter, 1965, 1968; Morris, 1956 Tigriopus sp. “young stages” Blaxter, 1962 Tisbe sp Blaxter, 1962 Balanus balanoides nauplii Blaxter, 1962, 1968 ; Dannevig, 1948; Qasim, 1955, 1959; Shelbourne, 1964; Soleim, 1942 Balanus glandula nauplii Morris, 1956 Balanus amphitrite albicostatus nauplii . .Hirano, 1969; Kasahara et al., 1960 Neomysis japonicus “young” Kasahara et al., 1960 linodermata: Echinoidea: Dendraster excentricus eggs or larvae . . . Morris, 1956 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs or larvae Budd, 1940; Morris, 1956; Orcutt, 1950 Tripneustes esculentus eggs or larvae . . . .Richards and Palko, 1969 Arbacia sp. eggs or larvae Deuel et al., 1966; RubinofF, 1958 “Fertilized sea urchin eggs” Fujita, 1965 Asteroidea: Asterias sp. eggs Blaxter, 1962 f ochordata: Ascidian larvae Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 | ordata: '|fFish larvae Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1905 METAZOA: NONPLANKTONIC FORMS f Jchelminthes: | Nematoda: Anguillicula' sp. Blaxter, 1962 MISCELLANEOUS repared aquaria Bishai, 1961; Delmonte et al., 1968; Heuts, 1947; Klima et al., 1962; McHugh and Walker, 1948 inely ground trout food Richards and Palko, 1969 owdered fish foods RubinofF, 1958 ommercial fish-fry foods Blaxter, 1962; Delmonte et al., 1968; Klima et al 1962 23 d Appendix II— Foods used in attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes— Cont. Food References MISCELLANEOUS— Cont. Cooked chicken egg yolk . . Water-soluble vitamin compounds Liver of shore crab, Carcinus maenus .... Minced shrimp and crab meat Crushed mussel Homogenates of Mytilus, periwinkle, Fucus and kelp Liver-skim milk Human blood Buckmann et al., 1953; Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897; Fishelson, 1963; Fujita, 1966; Heuts, 1947; Ivanchenko and Ivanchenko, 1969; Klima et al., 1962; Kurata, 1959; Morris, 1956; Nikitinskaya, 1958 Klima et al., 1962 Bishai, 1961 Kurata, 1959 Fabre-Domergue and Bietrix, 1897 Ivanchenko and Ivanchenko, 1969 McMynn and Hoar, 1953 Klima et al., 1962 1 This table is taken, with some additions, from: May, R. C. 1970. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 14: 76-83. GPO 998-708 24 salmon (models I and II), by Daniel W. Rates and John G. Vanderwalker, pp. 1-5, 6 figs., 1 table; 2d paper, Design and operation of a canti- levered traveling fish screen (model V), by Dan- iel W. Bates, Ernest W. Murphey, and Earl F. Prentice, 10 figs., 1 table. Annotated bibliography of zooplankton sampling devices. By Jack W. Jossi. July 1970, iii -f 90 pp. Limnological study of lower Columbia River, 1967-68. By Shirley M. Clark and George R. Snyder. July 1970, iii -f 14 pp., 15 figs., 11 tables. Laboratory tests of an electrical barrier for con- trolling predation by northern squawfish. By Galen H. Maxfield, Robert H. Lander, and Charles D. Volz. July 1970, iii + 8 pp., 4 figs., 5 tables. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part VIII: Sea-level meteorological properties and heat exchange processes, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iv + 129 pp., 6 figs., 8 tables. Sea-bottom photographs and macrobenthos col- lections from the Continental Shelf off Massa- chusetts. By Roland L. Wigley and Roger B. Theroux. August 1970, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. A sled-mounted suction sampler for benthic or- ganisms. By Donald M. Allen and J. Harold Hudson. August 1970, iii + 5 pp., 5 figs., 1 table. Distribution of fishing effort and catches of skip- jack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in Hawaiian waters, by quarters of the year, 1948-65. By Richard N. Uchida. June 1970, iv + 37 pp., 6 figs., 22 tables. Effect of quality of the spawning bed on growth and development of pink salmon embryos and alevins. By Ralph A. Wells and William J. Mc- Neil. August 1970, iii + 6 pp., 4 tables. Fur seal investigations, 1968. By NMFS, Ma- rine Mammal Biological Laboratory. December 1970, iii -f- 69 pp., 68 tables. Spawning areas and abundance of steelhead trout and coho, sockeye, and chum salmon in the Columbia River Basin - past and present. By Leonard A. Fulton. December 1970, iii 37 pp., 6 figs., 11 maps, 9 tables. Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By Donald S. Day, January 1971, iii + 94 pp., 19 figs., 13 tables. 620. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part IX: The sea-level wind field and wind stress values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iii + 66 pp., 5 figs. 621. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, fry of hatchery or- igin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971, iii -f 14 pp., 6 figs., 9 tables. 622. Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971, iii + 15 pp., 3 figs., 19 tables. 623. Apparent abundance, distribution, and migra- tions of albacore, Tkunnus alalunga, on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v + 37 pp., 19 figs., 5 tables. 624. Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. By N. B. Webb and F. B. Thomas. April 1971, iii -f 11 pp., 9 figs., 3 tables. 625. Distribution of salmon and related oceanographic features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, Ma- sanao Osako, and Jun Ito. March 1971, iii -f- 22 pp., 19 figs., 3 tables. 626. Commercial fishery and biology of the fresh- water shrimp, Macrobrachium, in the Lower St. Paul River, Liberia, 1952-53. By George C. Mil- ler. February 1971, iii + 13 pp., 8 figs., 7 tables. 629. Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June-August 1967. By Richard N. Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971, v + 25 pp., 14 figs., 21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. 633. Blueing of processed crab meat. II. Identifica- tion of some factors involved in the blue discol- oration of canned crab meat ( Callinectes sapi- dxs). By Melvin E. Waters. May 1971, iii + 7 pp., 1 fig., 3 tables. 636. Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Reginald M. Gooding. May 1971, iii -f- 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC 8. ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF BLDG. 67, NAVAL SUPPORT ACTIVITY SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98115 OFFICIAL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE