NOAA TR NMFS SSRF-661 NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-661 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service I A Review of the Literature on the Development of Skipjack Tuna Fisheries in the Central and Western Pacific Ocean FRANK J. HESTER and TAMIO OTSU Ti'h^ I 1 III •»■" — SEATTLE, WA January 1973 NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries Series The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, develop- ment and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also as- sists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report — Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scien- tific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from NOAA Publications Section, Rockville, Md. 20852. Recent SSRF's are: 619 :VIacrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By Donald S. Day, January 1971, iii -|- 94 pp., 19 figs., 13 tables. 620 The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part IX : The sea-level wind field and wind stress values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iii + 66 pp., 5 figs. 621 Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynclius tshawytsclm, fry of hatchery or- igin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971, iii + 14 pp., 6 figs., 9 tables. 622 Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971, iii + 15 pp., 3 figs., 19 tables. 623 Apparent abundance, distribution, and migra- tions of albacore, Thioutus atahniga, on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v -1- 37 pp., 19 figs., 5 tables. 624 Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. By N. B. Webb and F. B. Thomas. April 1971, ii'i + H Pp., 9 figs., 3 tables. 625 Distribution of salmon and related oceanographic features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, Ma- sanao Osako, and Jun Ito. Mai^h 1^71, iii + 22 pp., 19 figs., 3 tables. ' ' 626 Commercial fishery, and biology of th^ fresh- water shrimp, Macrobrachium, in the Lower St. Paul River, Liberia, 1952-53. By George C. Miller. February 1971, iii -f 13 pp., 8 figs., 7 tables. 627 Calico scallops of the Southeastern United States, 1959-69. By Robert Cummins, Jr. June 1971, iii + 22 pp., 23 figs., 3 tables. 628 Fur Seal Investigations, 1969. By NMFS, Ma- rine Mammal Biological Laboratory. August 1971, 82 pp., 20 figs., 44 tables, 23 appendix A tables, 10 appendix B tables. 629 Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June-August 1967. By Richard N. Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971, v + 25 pp., 14 figs., 21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. 630 Blue crab meat. I. Preservation by freezing. July 1971, iii + 18 pp., 5 figs., 2 tables. IL Effect of chemical treatments on acceptability. By Jurgen H. Strasser, Jean S. Lennon, and Fred- erick J. King. July 1971, iii -|- 12 pp., 1 fig., 9 tables. 631 Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquat- ic animals of the United States and Canada. By R. A. Greig and R. H. Gnaedinger. July 1971, iii -|- 7 pp., 2 tables. 632 An annotated bibliography of attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory. By Robert C. May. August 1971, iii + 24 pp., 1 ap- pendix I table, 1 appendix II table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Ofl^ce, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. 633 Blueing of processed crab meat. II. Identification of some factors involved in the blue discoloration of canned crab meat Callinectes sapidus. By Melvin E. Waters. May 1971, iii -|- 7 pp., 1 fig., 3 tables. 634 Age composition, weight, length, and sex of her- ring, Clxpen pallasii, used for reduction in Alas- ka, 1929-66. By Gerald M. Reid. July 1971, iii -f 25 pp., 4 figs., 18 tables. 635 A bibliography of the blackfin tuna, Tlmnnna atlauticus (Lesson). By Grant L. Beardsley and David C. Simmons. August 1971, 10 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 25 cents. Continued on inside back cover. ^O ftTMOSp^^ ^VEf^T Of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Peter G. Peterson, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Philip M. Roedel, Director NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-661 A Review of the Literature on the Development of Skipjack Tuna Fisheries in the Central and Western Pacific Ocean FRANK J. HESTER and TAMIO OTSU lidiJue Biological LaboratoriT LIBRA r:?Y MAfl2 1973 Woods Hole, Mass. SEATTLE, WA January 1973 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Priming Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. f CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Skipjack fishery assessment 2 Abundance 2 Distribution in time and space 3 Skipjack fishery development 3 Methods 3 Economics and capital investment 4 Skipjack fishery management 4 Bait fishery assessment 5 Abundance 5 Distribution in time and space 5 Bait fishery development 5 Present fisheries 5 Rearing or holding 5 Anchovy 6 Nehu 6 Others 6 Field trials 6 Economics and capital investment 6 Bait fishery management 6 Bibhography 6 111 A Review of the Literature on the Development of Skipjack Tuna Fisheries in the Central and Western Pacific Ocean By FRANK J. HESTER and TAMIO OTSU National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Fisheries Center Honolulu Laboratory Honolulu, HI 96812 ABSTRACT There has been a rapid acceleration in efforts to develop skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific. This is because the resources of the larger tunas (yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin, and albacore) are already being fished at or near the maximum sustainable level. The greatest potential for increased harvest appears to be the skipjack resource. To assist the skipjack development effort, pertinent information on the subject is summarized and a bibliography of selected references is included. INTRODUCTION The rapid acceleration of interest in skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, fishery development in the central and western Pacific has prompted several exploratory fishing operations in the area beginning in 1971. To aid the development of skipjack tuna fisheries we thought that a review of the literature and a compilation of a bibliography on earlier developmental work would be useful. Most of these references are available in any reasonably large research li- brary or in most fisheries libraries. All are available in the library of the Honolulu Labora- tory of the Southwest Fisheries Center or in its archives and files. Many references dealing with the subject have been omitted, no doubt some through oversight but chiefly because they are incorporated in other documents in our bib- liography. The development of a fishery, from the discovery of the resource to the time that full production is reached, can be diagramed. Figure 1 is a convenient diagram for considering the development of a skipjack fishery in the central and western Pacific. The diagram is complicated by the fact that one of the methods widely used in capturing skipjack tuna requires live bait. Thus we have a fishing method dependent upon another fishery, and it is desirable to consider the development of a fishery for the bait species along with that for skipjack. Hence, a parallel flow chart for the baitfish fishery is included and pertinent references are incorporated. There is less literature on the baitfishes used for skipjack fishing in the central and western Pacific than there is on the skipjack. Only in three areas is systematic collection of baitfish information under way, these being Palau, Hawaii, and American Samoa. In both Palau and Hawaii, where substantial skipjack fishing is carried out, baiting records are available for several years, and some research has been or is being conducted to provide a better under- standing of the biology and management of the bait resources. ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT SKIPJACK TUNA ABUNDANCE- BAIT FISH DISTRIBUTION TIME a SPACE I I LITTLE DATA [ i SOME DATA f^]]\ CONSIDERABLE DATA METHODS NEW TROLLING THESE DATA MOSTLY PROPRIETARY t DISTRIBUTION TIME a SPACE sub pops GILL NETS -(fishery)- ECONOMICS a CAPITAL INVESTMENTS INCLUDING SHORE FACILITIES a PROCESSING L — » PURSE SEINE POP DYNAMICS^ - i k —*■ KmBMy""m -•■ regulations ♦;PRESENT FISHERIES REARING OR HOLDING ANCHOVY NEHU OTHERS FIELD TRIALS Figure 1. — Flow diagram for the development of skipjack fisheries in the central and western Pacific. SKIPJACK FISHERY ASSESSMENT Abundance We will consider those references that attempt to quantify the potential yield of skipjack from the central and western Pacific. These fall generally into three categories: (1) papers and reports coming from Japanese workers, who have concentrated primarily on fisheries near Japan and in the southwestern (south of lat 24° N, west of long 160° E) Pacific, (2) papers originating with the Honolulu Laboratory, and (3) papers from the west coast of the United States, chiefly from the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (lATTC). The Japanese workers have estimated the potential yield of skipjack in the Pacific in a number of ways based upon current and prewar production and distributional records from their fishing fleet. Estimates for the western Pacific made several years ago include 30,000 metric tons for the Caroline Islands, 15,000 metric tons for Palau (Uchida, 1970), and 150,000-200,000 metric tons for the Japanese home island and Ryukyu Islands fishery (based on peak landings). No estimates were found for the potential of the New Guinea and Coral Sea grounds, but recently Japanese estimates as high as 1.5-2.0 million tons for the entire Pacific have been made ([U.S.] Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 1970a; U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, 1971). In the eastern Pacific the lATTC workers (Shimada and Schaefer, 1956; Calkins, 1961; Broadhead and Barrett, 1964; Joseph and Calkins, 1969) have suggested that (1) a considerable tonnage of skipjack are either unexploited or never enter the eastern Pacific fishery, and are located somewhere west of long 120° W, and (2) present landings (ca. 50,000 metric tons) could safely be increased and perhaps doubled. Workers at the Honolulu Laboratory, partic- ularly Rothschild (1966), Silliman (1966), and Rothschild and Uchida (1968), also concluded that there is a large potential yield of skipjack tuna in the central Pacific, their estimates ranging from some 40,000 to over 200,000 metric tons on a maximum sustainable yield basis. Although all the conclusions are highly speculative, it is reasonable to assume that the potential yield of skipjack in the central and western Pacific has not been reached and that the resource is large enough for a sizable expansion of the fishery. Distribution in Time and Space Our knowledge of skipjack distribution comes primarily from the established fisheries in the eastern Pacific, Hawaii, French Polynesia, and the western Pacific, as reported by a number of workers including Imamura (1949), Shimada (1958), Shippen (1961), Calkins and Chatwin (1967), Brun and Klawe (1968), Isa (in press), and Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Labo- ratory (n.d.). Supplementing this information are incidental catches of skipjack taken from tuna longhne records (Kasahara, 1968; Miyake, 1968). Records are also available from research and exploratory vessels scouting for skipjack (Smith, 1947; Smith and Schaefer, 1949; Royce and Otsu, 1955; Yoshida, 1960; McKenzie, 1961; Waldron, 1964; York, 1969; Hida, 1970a, b). Currently an FAO development project has been initiated in Fiji, and new fisheries established in the Solomons and New Guinea area are beginning to provide information from the southwestern Pacific. Tag recoveries are beginning to contribute to the understanding of the migration and seasonal occurrence of skipjack (Rothschild, 1965; Fink and Bayliff, 1970; Kasahara et al., 1971). From such observations several summaries on their occurrence have been published. These include [U.S.] Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (1963), Kawasaki (1965), Kasahara (1968), Rothschild and Uchida (1968), and Kasahara et al. (1971). These summaries led to hypotheses on the origin and migration of skipjack in the Pacific, including those by Rothschild (1965), Naga- numa (in Kasahara, 1968), and Matsumoto^ . Following the formulation of distributional and migration hypotheses, some attempts have been made to generalize the distribution of the skipjack and to relate them to their environ- ment. In the eastern Pacific, their north-south Matsumoto, W.M. Distribution, relative abundance and movement of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna longline catches, 1964-67. Unpublished manuscript filed at National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center, Honolulu Laboratory, Honolulu, Hawaii 96812. distribution is believed to be limited between surface isotherms of 20° and 29° C (Williams, 1969). In the central Pacific various attempts have been made to describe the relation of skipjack distribution to the various current systems (Seckel and Waldron, 1960; Seckel, 1963) and in the western Pacific to seasonal changes in water temperature and current systems (Inanami, 1941; Kawasaki, 1965). For the central and western Pacific, the general pattern is one of a northward expansion from near equatorial waters as the summer season progresses and a contraction to the lower latitudes with the onset of fall and winter. The seasonal shift can best be seen in reports by Kasahara (1968) and the Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory (n.d.). SKIPJACK FISHERY DEVELOPMENT Methods Until recently pole-and-line fishing with live bait accounted for most of the skipjack landings. Recently purse seining has begun to produce an increasingly significant fraction of the catch. These two methods have greatly exceeded the small amounts taken by trolling and with gill nets. Trolling is generally limited to nearshore, small-boat subsistence fisheries and by research vessels. In French Polynesia, however, this method has been developed into a fairly pro- ductive fishery (Van Campen, 1953; Van Pel and Devambez, 1957; Brun and Klawe, 1968). Some estimates of potential production by trolling can be obtained from survey reports such as Smith (1947), Smith and Schaefer (1949), Bates (1950), Welsh (1950), Murphy and Ikehara (1955), and Iversen and Yoshida (1957). As with trolling, gillnetting until recently has been limited to scientific surveys as an indicator of the distributions of tunas (Matsumoto, 1952; Shomura, 1963). In the last decade gillnetting for tunas has been developed commercially in Australia and New Zealand (Temple, 1963; York, 1969; Avery, 1970). Purse seining is the preferred method for taking tunas in the eastern Pacific, where in 1971 approximately 100,000 metric tons of skipjack were taken. A review of this method is given by McNeely (1961) and Green and Perrin (1970). In the central Pacific purse seining has been tried on a few occasions in Hawaiian waters (Murphy and Niska, 1953). The method has shown some promise ([U.S.] Bureau of Commerical Fisheries, 1969a) and recently another attempt (Hawaii. Fish and Game and Bumble Bee Seafoods, 1970) has taken place with partial success. In the western Pacific the Japanese have been increasing tlieir experimental and exploratory purse seine work, which is summarized by Watakabe (1970). Like the HawaiiaJi experiments, these efforts have not been an unqualified success. American west coast purse seiners have also made some excur- sions into the western Pacific with mixed success ([U.S.] Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 1970b). Numerous reasons have been cited for the difficulties encountered in applying this method of fishing in the central and western Pacific, chief among these being the greater depth of the thermocline and the clearer waters in the tropics. This method may yet become increasingly important following development work involving gear modifications and special- ized techniques. Pole-and-line fishing with live bait is still the preferred method in the central and western Pacific. There are many references to live-bait fishing in these areas from prewar years (Ikebe and Matsumoto, 1937; Matsumoto, 1937; South Seas Government-General, 1937a, b, c; Wata- nabe, 1940; Ikebe, 1941) and numerous reports from after the war including June (1951b), Inoue (1966), Hida (1970b), and Uchida (1970). Little has been published on new methods (Alverson and Wilimovsky, 1964; Kristjonsson, 1968). Some work has been done on improved purse seining (Green, Jurkovich, and Petrich, 1970) and purse seining in combination with live bait (Hawaii. Fish and Game and Bumble Bee Seafoods, 1970). Attracting and concentrating fish under floating objects (Gooding and Magnuson, 1967; Hunter and Mitchell, 1968) and electro-fishing (Tester, 1959) are other methods that have been tried or suggested. Recently the Japanese have developed an automatic skipjack fishing device which shows considerable promise (Suzuki Tekkojo Kabushiki Kaisha, 1970) and the Tahitian troll-pole method (Van Campen, 1953), though not new, is a method that may well prove applicable to other areas. Economics and Capital Investment Most of the information on cost and investment economics is from industry, and the data are proprietary and can only be obtained by special arrangement with the appropriate companies. Some information on the impor- tance of skipjack fishery development for the western Pacific is included in the Nathan Report (Nathan Associates, 1966), in [U.S.] Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (1969a), and in Pacific Islands Development Commission (1971). Shang (1969) discusses the economic aspects of the Hawaiian skipjack fishery. Production figures are generally available from a number of sources including lATTC, the National Marine Fisheries Service, the State of Hawaii, and the Japan Fisheries Agency. FAG summarizes these statistics annually in its Yearbook of Fishery Statistics (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1970). These are generally several years late and do not reflect the rapid changes that are occurring. Because of the proprietary nature of the data, the production figures often are pooled for a large geographical area so it is impossible to tell how many fish are landed from any one location. SKIPJACK FISHERY MANAGEMENT With the rapid expansion of the skipjack fishery, conservation and management of the resource should be of concern to all interests. At present there is no convention to manage and protect the tunas of the central and western Pacific. Management requires certain broad items of information. The first is whether or not a fishery exploits a single stock or several more or less independent stocks or subpopulations. Generally the skipjack population is believed to be separated into a western Pacific stock that ranges from the Philippine Sea to the home islands of Japan and from the Ryukyus south to New Guinea and into the Coral Sea, and a central Pacific stock that probably extends from the Carolines and the eastern side of the Marianas all the way to the Americas. This theory is supported by genetic evidence summarized by Fujino (1967, 1970a, b, in press) by morphometries (Kawasaki, 1955a, b, 1964), and by tagging (Otsu, 1970; Kasahara et al., 1971). The second factor in the management of the skipjack is the dynamics of the exploited population. Sources of data on the population dynamics of skipjack are listed in the bibli- ography (Tauchi, 1943; Shimada and Schaefer, 1956; Kawasaki, 1964, 1965; Fink, 1965; Rothschild, 1965, 1966; Silliman, 1966; Joseph and Calkins, 1969; Joseph, 1970). Because the fisheries we are concerned with are in the developmental stage, there has been no con- certed effort toward the development of a management plan for these fisheries. None of these references deals specifically with manage- ment. BAIT FISHERY ASSESSMENT Abunda nee There is little published data on the quantitative abundance of baitfishes in the central and western Pacific. The majority of the available work has been done on the Hawaiian anchovy, or nehu, Stolephorus purpureas (Tester, 1951, 1955; Bachman, 1963; Au, 1965). Investigations are currently underway on the abundance and population dynamics of the Palauan anchovy, Stolephorus heterolobus, by Garth Murphy and his group at the University of Hawaii, hi addition, there are some notes on the biology of the Marquesan sardine, Sardinella marquesensis, (Nakamura and Wilson, 1970) which may have some bearing on a similar species that occurs in the Eastern Carolines, Marshall Islands, Fiji, and elsewhere. This study suggests that the Marquesan sardine cannot withstand extensive fishing pressure. Ikebe and Matsumoto (1938) made some estimates of bait resources near Saipan. Few species and small populations were reported and special fishing techniques were required to take them. Distribution in Time and Space Apart from estimates of abundance based on quantitative analysis, a great deal of work has been done to locate suitable bait species by search and sampling in areas where these fishes are needed to support tuna fisheries. Reports of bait surveys include translations from Japanese investigations ranging from prewar investigations in the waters of Ponape and Palau (South Seas Government— General, 1937a, c), Loliai, Lamo- trek, and Puluwat (Matsumoto, 1937) to the recent (Kikawa, 1971) report on baitfish surveys in the New Guinea area. There are reports in English from several areas. For Hawaii and the Leeward Islands there are June (1951a), Tester (1951), Hida and Morris (1963), Au (1965), and Nakamura (1970). For the Micronesian area and the central Pacific, there are Ikehara (1953) and June and Reintjes (1953) on the baitfishes of the central Pacific and Wilson (1971) on the baitfishes in Truk. Still being prepared is a paper by Wilson" covering live bait in the Palaus. In addition is the report by Hida (1971) on the current National Marine Fisheries Service investigations in the Trust Territory. There is some unpublished material on baitfishes in Samoa (Swerdloff ); a paper by Royce (1954) covering the Marquesas and Tuamotus; and finally papers by Hida and Thomson (1962) covering the introduction of threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, and Hida and Morris (1963) reporting on the introduction of the Marquesan sardine into Hawaii. BAIT FISHERY DEVELOPMENT Present Fisheries With regard to present fisheries for bait, there is no current report available on any of the important bait species, except Bachman (1963). However, catch and effort statistics are main- tained both in Hawaii and Palau and reports of the current status of these fisheries can be obtained from the appropriate Fish and Game and Marine Resources Departments. Rearing or Holding From time to time attempts have been made to improve the availability of bait by supple- menting the natural supply with bait held in pens or reared in ponds. "Wilson, P. T. Observations of various tuna bait species and their habitat in the Palau Islands. Division Headquarters, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Koror, Palau, Western Caroline Islands 96940. "^Stanley N. Swerdloff, Director, Office of Marine Resources, Government of American Samoa, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96920. Anchovy.— The success of the Japanese south- ern waters fishery depends upon the transpor- tation of hve bait from the home islands of Japan to as far south as the equator (Iwasaki, 1970; Anonymous, 1971). Similar efforts have been made in Hawaiian waters with the transportation of west coast anchovy in 1932 (Brock, 1960). In 1971, an additional attempt was made to bring anchovies from California to Hawaii. More than 100 buckets (1 bucket "« 8 lb.) of the northern anchovy , Eugraulis mordax, were brought from San Diego, Calif., to Honolulu aboard a bait boat with better than 80% survival after 15 days. The problems of mortality do not appear to be great and the cost of transportation for large quantities of bait may be economically feasible. Nehu.— A number of attempts have been made to improve the keeping of nehu aboard vessels (Hiatt, 1951; Pritchard, 1953; Burdick, 1969; Baldwin, 1970; Baldwin, Struhsaker, and Akiyama, 1971). The handling of nehu for better survival is summarized by Baldwin (1969) and Baldwin et al. (1971). There is also a report on development of a separate baitfish holding facihty for nehu ([U.S.] Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 1969b). Others.— Studies also have been made on rearing introduced species as substitutes for native baitfishes. These species include the threadfin shad (Iversen and Puffinburger)'* and tilapia, Tilapia mossambica (Brock and Takata, 1955; King and Wilson, 1957; Hida, Harada, and King, 1962; Uchida and King, 1962). Marquesan sardine were introduced into Hawaii in 1961 and are established but not in sufficient quantity for bait fishing (Hida and Morris, 1963). Field Trials There have been several experiments designed to improve the effectiveness of natural live bait, as well as tests of new live bait species. Tests of Iversen, R. T. B., and J. O. Puffinburger. Capture, transportation, and pumping of threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). Unpublished manuscript filed at National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fi.sheries Center, Honolulu Laboratory, Honolulu, HI 96812. the natural baits are reported in Welsh (1949) and Yuen (1959, 1969). Tests conducted using tilapia as an alternate bait for skipjack in Hawaii are reported by Shomura (1964). A report of recent trials using threadfin shad as live bait in Hawaiian waters is given by Iversen (1971). Economics and Capital Investment Studies were conducted to determine the value of live bait to the tuna fishermen in order to explore the economics of supplying live bait to tuna vessels. Some estimates of the value of nehu to fishermen and a breakdown on the probable production costs for threadfin shad as a live bait are reported by Shang and Iversen (1971). Brock and Takata (1955) also provided an estimate of the value of nehu to Hawaiian fishermen. BAIT FISHERY MANAGEMENT Some work on the problem of defining subpopulations of live bait species has been done in Hawaii. Matsui (1963) reports on populations of nehu in the vicinity of Maui, Strasburg (1960) reports on the discovery of an offshore species of nehu, and Tester and Hiatt (1952) report on variations in meristic characters in the nehu. Management of baitfishes in the central and western Pacific has not been implemented. There is, however, some information on the population dynamics of these fishes. Bachman's (1963) thesis considers fluctuations and trends in the abundance of nehu for Hawaii. The present study by Murphy, University of Hawaii, in Palau is the only current investigation in the population dynamics of a baitfish. However, the National Marine Fisheries Service is beginning to study the biology of the sardine in the Marshall Islands. The Fisheries Departments of the Government of American Samoa and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands are collecting or will collect fishery and biological data from their baiting grounds for future management investi- gations. BIBLIOGRAPHY ALVERSON, D. L., and N. J. WILIMOVSKY. 1964. Prospective developments in the har- vest of marine fishes. In Modern Fishing gear of the world 2, p. 583-589. Fish. News (Books) Ltd., Lond. ANONYMOUS. 1971. Skipjack fishery development . . . bait problems. 1971 edition of the skipjack- tuna yearbook (katsuo-maguro nenkan), Suisan Shinchoosha, Tokyo, p. 84-90, 95-98. (Engl, transl., 1972, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Cen- ter, Honolulu Laboratory, Honolulu, 15 p.) AU, D. W. K. 1965. Survey of the distribution of the eggs and larvae of the nehu (Stolephorus purpureus) in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, 76 p. AVERY, M. 1970. Tuna gillnetting trials continue off New Zealand. World Fish. 19(12):20-21. BACHMAN, R. 1963. Fluctuations and trends in the abun- dance of nehu {Stolephorus purpureus Fowler) as determined from catch statis- tics. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, 100 p. BALDWIN, W. J. 1969. A report on the recent fish pump experiments with nehu and iao. Univ. Hawaii, Hawaii Inst. Mar. Biol., 20 p., 13 figs. 1970. Oxygenating device for live-bait wells. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27:1172-1174. BALDWIN, W. J., J. W. STRUHSAKER, and G. S. AKIYAMA. 1971. Longer life for nehu. [In English and Japanese.] Sea Grant Ext. Booklet, 24 p. BATES, D. J., Jr. 1950. Tuna trolling in the Line Islands in the late spring of 1950. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Leafl. 351, 32 p. BROADHEAD, G. C, and I. BARRETT. 1964. Some factors affecting the distribu- tion and apparent abundance of yellowfin and skipjack tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 8:417-473. BROCK, V. E. 1960. The introduction of aquatic animals into Hawaiian waters. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 45:463-480. BROCK, V. E., and M. TAKATA. 1955. Contribution to the problems of bait fish capture and mortality together with experiments in the use of tilapia as live bait. Territory of Hawaii, Industrial Re- search Advisory Council Grant 49, Final Report, 39 p. BRUN, M., and W. L. KLAWE. 1968. Landings of skipjack and yellowfin tuna at Papeete Market (Tahiti). Com- mer. Fish. Rev. 30(4):62-63. (Also as Separate 813.) BURDICK, J. E. 1969. The feeding habits of nehu (Hawaiian anchovy) larvae. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ha- waii, Honolulu, 54 p. CALKINS, T. P. 1961. Measures of population density and concentration of fishing effort for yellow- fin and skipjack tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, 1951-1959. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 6:69-152. CALKINS, T. P., and B. M. CHATWIN. 1967. Geographical distribution of yellow- fin tuna and skipjack catches in the eastern Pacific Ocean, by quarters of the year, 1963-1966. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 12:433-508. FINK, B. D. 1965. Estimations, from tagging experi- ments, of mortality rates and other para- meters respecting yellowfin and skipjack tuna. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 10:1-82. FINK, B. D., and W. H. BAYLIFF. 1970. Migrations of yellowfin and skipjack tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean as deter- mined by tagging experiments, 1952-1964. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 15:1-227. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZA- TION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1970. Yearbook of fishery statistics, catches and landings, 1969. 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Tuna investigations — east coast area of New Zealand 1965 - 1967. N.Z. Mar. Dep., Fish. Tech. Rep. 40, 80 p. YOSHIDA, H. O. 1960. Marquesas area fishery and environ- mental data, January — March 1959. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 348, 37 p. YUEN,H. S. H. 1959. Variability of skipjack response to live bait. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 60:147-160. 1969. Response of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) to experimental changes in pole-and-line fishing opera- tions. In A. Ben-Tuvia and W. Dickson (editors). Proceedings of the FAO Confer- ence on Fish Behaviour in Relation to Fishing Techniques and Tactics, Bergen, Norway, 19-27 October 1967, Vol. 3:607-618. FAO Fish. Rep. 62. 13 iX GPO— 796-181 ^imBmm 5 WHSE 01841 636 Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Rginald M. Gooding. May 1971, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 637 Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. By Donnie L. Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 1 fig., 5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 638 Length-weight relations of haddock from com- mercial landings in New England, 1931-55. By Bradford K. Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth. August 1971, v + 13 pp., 16 fig., 6 tables, 10 appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintend- ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 639 A hydrographic survey of the Galveston Bav system, Texas 1963-66. By E. J. Pullen, W. L. Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971, v -|- 13 pp., 15 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. (iovernment Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. 640 Annotated bibliography on the fishing industry and biology of the blue crab, CalUriertes i^npuhis. By Marlin E. Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall. August 1971, 94 pp. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00. 641 Use of threadfin shad, Doroaoma petenense, as live bait during experimental pole-and-line fish- ing for skipjack tuna, Katsuwovus pehtmis, in Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 3 figs., 7 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 642 .Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia iyrannus resource and fishery — analysis of decline. By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971, v -f 32 pp., 40 figs., 5 appendix figs., 3 tables, 2 appendix tables. For .sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents. 643 Surface winds of the southeastern tropical At- lantic Ocean. By John M. Steigner and Merton C. Ingham. October 1971, iii + 20 pp., 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. 644 Inhibition of flesh browning and skin color fading in frozen fillets of yelloweye snapper (Lut;:anus vivamifs). By Harold C. Thompson, Jr., and Mary H. Thompson. February 1972, iii + 6 pp., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 645 Traveling screen for removal of debris from rivers. By Daniel W. Bates, Ernest W. Murphey, and Martin G. Beam. October 1971, iii + 6 pp., 6 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0016. 646 Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Colum- bia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and their effect on Chinook salmon and steelhead trout. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971, iii + 7 pp., 2 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents. 647 Revi.sed annotated list of parasites from sea mam- mals caught off" the west coast of North America. By L. Margolis and M. D. Dailey. March 1972, iii + 23 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. 648 Weight loss of pond-raised channel catfish {Iclalnriis pjiuctatim) during holding in pro- cessing plant vats. By Donald C. Greenland and Robert L. Gill. December 1971, iii + 7 pp., 3 fig.s., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 649 Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthyn- viis pelfDinff) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972. iii 4- 16 pp., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. Stock No. 0320-0036. 650 Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel {ScoinheromorxK maculatiin) during frozen stor- age. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv -|- 12 pp., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0032. 651 The effect of premortem stress, holding temper- atures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. Bv Ladell Crawford. Apriri972, iii -f 23 pp., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. 653 The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5- meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv -I- 10 pp., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 654 An electric detector system for recovering inter- nally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii -|- 7 pp., 3 figs., 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 655 Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii -f 7 pp., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price 25 cents. 656 The calico scallop, Argopecten gibhus. By Don- ald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii -|- 19 pp., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price 35 cents. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC & ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF BLDG. 67, NAVAL SUPPORT ACTIVITY SEAHLE, WASHINGTON 98115 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 210 OFFICIAL BUSINESS MAR'NF BiaLOTICAL LABORATORY L'.bHARY - PERIODICAL?; - WUUD3 HOLE, MA 0^^'^^i ■ '.•'