NOAA TR NMFS SSRF-668

A UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE
PUBLICATION

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-668

■ r

Marine Oiological Unoralory |

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE J ^^P^^tSX

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jilt "3 1973

National Marine Fisheries Service

L

An Annotated Bibliography

of the Gunner,

TBUtogo/abrus adspersus (Walbaum)

FREDRIC M. SERCHUK and DAVID W. FRAME

SEATTLE, WA
May 1973

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619 Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the
coastal waters off' Vancouver Island (Canada)
and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By
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figs., 13 tables.

620 The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study.
Part IX : The sea-level wind field and wind stress
values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R.
Seckel. June 1970, iii + 66 pp., 5 figs.

621 Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon,
Oncorliynchus fslidwytscha, fry of hatchery or-
igin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971,
iii -f- 14 pp., 6 figs., 9 tables.

622 Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught
with an otter trawl near Woods Hole, Massa-
chusetts, September 1961 to December 1962.
By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971,
iii + 15 pp., 3 figs., 19 tables.

623 Apparent abundance, distribution, and migra-
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Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild
and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v +
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624 Influence of mechanical processing on the quality
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figs., 3 tables.

625 Distribution of salmon and related oceanographic
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By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, Ma-
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22 pp., 19 figs., 3 tables.

626 Commercial fishery and biology of the fresh-
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Paul River, Liberia, 1952-53. By George C.
Miller. February 1971, iii + 13 pp., 8 figs.,
7 tables.

627 Calico scallops of the Southeastern United States,
1959-69. By Robert Cummins, Jr. June 1971,
iii + 22 pp., 23 figs., 3 tables.

628 Fur Seal Investigations, 1969. By NMFS, Ma-
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1971, 82 pp., 20 figs., 44 tables, 23 appendix A
tables, 10 appendi.x B tables.

629 Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian
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630 Blue crab meat. I. Preservation by freezing.
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631 Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquat-
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Melvin E. Waters. May 1971, iii + 7 pp., 1 fig.,
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634 Age composition, weight, length, and sex of her-
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ka, 1929-66. By Gerald M. Reid. July 1971,
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF C0|MMB<^©& Mold, Moss.

Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Robert M. White, Administrator
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-668

An Annotated Bibliography
of the Cunner,

Taufogo/abrus adspersus (Walbaum)

FREDRIC M. SERCHUK and DAVID W. FRAME

SEATTLE, WA

May 1973

For sale by llic Superintcmlcnt of Docuniciil^, U.S. Govcriimcnl I'rlmlnii; Office
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It

An annotated bibliography of the cunner
Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum)

By

FREDRIC M. SERCHUK, Fishery Biologist^'^.
Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Unit
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002

DAVID W. FRAME, Fishery Biologist

National Marine Fisheries Service

Atlantic Estuarine Fisheries Center

Beaufort, North Carolina 28516

ABSTRACT

This annotated, indexed bibliography of the cunner contains 347 entries including
references on taxonomy, distribution, life history, physiology, behavior, commercial and
sport fisheries, and related fields. It may be considered current through June 1972.

INTRODUCTION

The cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus
(Walbaum), also known as the chogset or bergall,
is commonly found around wharves and docks
and on rocky bottoms along the northeastern
coast of North America. It is distributed from
Newfoundland southward to the mouth of the
Chesapeake Bay, with a major center of
abundance in the Massachusetts Bay area. In
these northern waters, cunners are most
numerous in shallow inshore areas, although

Contribution No. 35 of the Massachusetts Cooperative
Fishery Unit jointly supported by the U.S. Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the Massachusetts Division
of Marine Fisheries, the Massachusetts Division of
Fisheries and Game, and the University of
Massachusetts.
2

Present address: Dept. Fish, and Wildl., Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823.

they are frequently taken near wrecks and shoals
up to 30 miles at sea. There is little evidence in
support of seasonal migration patterns and
individuals remain near their natal areas during
their formative years.

At one time, the cunner was a favorite fish of
New England anglers. During the 1880's
between 200,000 and 300,000 pounds of cunner
were taken in the New England commercial
harvest. However, since the turn of the century,
commercial catches have been negligible because
of poor demand.

Though not regarded as a sport fish, the
cunner supplies a fishery to thousands of
youngsters and tourists who frequent the
Northeast coast. Until the 1960's (Clark, 1960;
Deuel and Clark, 1965), no record of the
number of cunners caught by anglers had been
kept. Its importance to anglers, however, was
recognized by Bigelow and Schroeder (1953)

who observed that the total cunner caught "is so
considerable that this must be classified as a
useful little fish from the recreational
standpoint."

This bibliography has attempted to include
all known literature on cunner through June
1972. Many of the references have been
obtained from standard indexes and abstracts
including the Zoological Record, Biological
Abstracts, Aquatic Biology Abstracts, Sport
Fishery Abstracts, the Current Bibliography for
Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, A Preliminary
Bibliography with KWIC Index on the Ecology
of Estuaries and Coastal Areas of the Eastern
United States (U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci.
Rep. - Fish. No. 507) by R. L. Livingstone, and
Fish of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, An
Unabridged Bibliography (Tech. Rep. No. 261
Fish Res. Bd. Canada) by V. M. Srivastava.
Except for a very few entries, each citation
annotated was personally examined. Portions of
the original remarks have been included when
possible ambiguities could result from
interpretation, when the entire (rare) article is
quoted, or when the findings appeared to have

particular significance.

We are particularly indebted to Miss Virginia
Brandenberg and her staff at the Marine
Biological Laboratory Library, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts for unfailing assistance
throughout this project. Mrs. Ann Hall,
Librarian at the National Marine Fisheries
Service Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina,
kindly provided editorial advice. Many state and
federal agencies supplied information upon
request and we gratefully acknowledge their
cooperation.

A subject index has been included to assist in
a search of the literature on the cunner. All the
references within this bibliography have been
included in the index, although the index may
not necessarily be complete on all the subjects
within any one article. In addition, an
addendum has been prepared for the inclusion
of references overlooked in preparation of the
main body of this communication.

The authors would be most appreciative if
articles on the cunner which are not included in
this bibliography could be brought to their
attention.

CITATIONS

Abbott, C. C.

1868. Catalogue of vertebrate animals of New
Jersey. Append. E, Fishes, p. 806-830. In C.
C. Abbott [ed.] Geology of New Jersey.
"This is a numerous species, found about
the coast generally, and not prized as an
article of food. It has many common
names, as nibbler, connor, etc." p. 809.

Agassiz, A.

1878. On the young stages of some osseous
fishes. Part I. Development of the tail. Proc.
Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 13: 117-127.

Traces the development of the tail, with
special attention to the presence of the
embryonic caudal lobe.

Agassiz, A.

1882. On the young stages of some osseous
fishes. Part III. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.,
17: 271-303.

The embryology and larval development is

described.

Agassiz, A.

1892. Studies from the Newport Marine

Laboratory. XXIX. Preliminary note on some

modifications of the chromatophores of

fishes and crustaceans. Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., Harvard Univ., 23 (1892-93): 189-192.

A discussion of coloration and

chromatophore presence is presented.

Experimental evidence suggests that "to

retain a condition of coloring brought

about or modified by surrounding

influences, the young fish must remain

exposed to them for a considerable time,

and the modification will be more or less

permanent, or of a greater or less degree,

according to the age of the fish." p. 191.

Agassiz, A. and CO. Whitman.

1885a. Communications from the Newport
Marine Laboratory. XIV. On the
development of some pelagic fish eggs.
Preliminary Notice. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts
Sci., 20(4): 23-75.

A detailed description of the embryonic
development of the cunner "from the
moment of fecundation onward."

Agassiz, A. and C. O. Whitman.

1885b. Studies from the Newport Marine
Laboratory. XVI. The development of
osseous fishes. I. The pelagic stages of young
fishes. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard
Univ., 14(1): 1-56. 19 plates.

A general account of embryonic
development of the cunner is presented.

Agassiz, A. and C. O. Whitman.

1889. Studies from the Newport Marine
Laboratory. XVI. The development of
osseous fishes. II. The pre-embryonic stages
of development. Pt. 1 . The history of the egg
from fertilization to cleavage. Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ., 14(1): 1-40. 12
plates.

Detailed observations on the "early
history of the periblast" are given and eggs
are referred to as undergoing typical
teleost embryonic development.

Agassiz, A. and C. O. Whitman.

1915. Studies from the Newport Marine
Laboratory. XVI. The development of
osseous fishes. II. The pre-embryonic stages
of development. Pt. 2. The history of the egg:
cleavage, formation of the periblast, and
development of the germ ring. Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ., 40(9): 429-434.
11 plates.

Embryology of the cunner is described

and figured.

Alexander, A. B.

1905. Statistics of the fisheries of the New
England States, 1902. Rep. U. S. Bur. Fish,
for 1904: 245-326.

Catch and market statistics are scattered
throughout the text. "The cunner fishery
from Boston in 1902 was carried on near
islands in Boston Harbor by 9 fishermen
with 3 boats. The catch was taken with
hoop nets, or fyke nets, and amounted to
38,400 dozen, or 57,600 pounds of
cunners, vzilued at $3,840. The boats made
two trips a week during eight months of
the year, and averaged 200 dozen cunners
to a trip. The fish were of small size.

weighing about 2 ounces each, and sold
for an average of 10 cents a dozen. These
boats are the last of the 'Irish market
boats,' being about 4 tons each and
similar to those used in Ireland..." p. 290.

Alperin, I. W. and R. H. Schaefer.

1964. Juvenile bonefish (Albiila vulpes) in

Great South Bay, New York. New York Fish

and Game Jur. 11(1): 1-12.

Nineteen juvenile cunners were collected
by beach seine from Hercers Island in
Great South Bay. July 24 - October 16,
1962.
Ambrose, J.

1870. On fishes of St. Margaret's Bay. Proc.

Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Natur. Sci., 2(2):

87-94.

A short account of the natural history of
the cunner in St. Margaret's Bay is given.

American Fisheries Society.

1970. A list of the common and scientific
names of fishes from the United States and
Canada. 3rd. ed. Spec. Pub. No. 6, Amer.
Fish. Soc. 150 pp.

Cunner is listed as the common name of
Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum).

of spawning cunners (Tautogolabrus), and
hatched out a few dozen of their eggs. I
find that the eggs are about one-half
millimeter in diameter, having increased
very slightly, if any, after coming from the
fish; are exceedingly transparent, perfectly
free, adhering neither to each other nor to
any other object at any time; they are
slightly buoyant in sea water, and slowly
rise to the surface, where, if in still water,
they remain suspended until hatched.
Both impregnated and unimpregnated eggs
rise at first, but after the lapse of a few
hours, the unimpregnated lose their
buoyancy and sink to the bottom. The
yolk is more buoyant than the outer shell
and rises to the upper side of the latter,
which it very readily fills. The embryonic
disk forms on the lower side of the yolk. I
kept my eggs in vials in my tent, renewing
the water from time to time, and think the
average temperature maintained was 60°
Farenheit; possibly a little higher. Under
these circumstances the eggs hatched in
three days. In the natural place of deposit
the water is undoubtedly considerably
colder, possibly 10° and the eggs would
then be four or five days in hatching."

Anctil, M.

1969. Structure de la retine chez quelques
teleosteens marins du plateau continental. J.
Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 26(3): 597-628.

The retinal structure of the eye is
documented. Results indicate that the
normal pattern of topographical
specialization of cones is absent. This lack
of a distinct retinal area is compensated by
specific ocular behavior.

Appellof , A.

1894. Ueber einige Resultate der
Kreuzungsbefruchtung bei Knochenfishen.
Bergens Museum Aarbog, 1: 1-9.

Cited in Newman (1914) as attempting to

hybridize cunner with cod.

Atkins, C. G.

1878. Artificial hatching of the cunner.
Forest and Stream, Rod and Gun, 10(26):
502.

"While at Georgetown, I came upon a pair

Atkins, C. G.

1904. The salmon fishery of Penobscot River
and Bay. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish Fish, for
1903: 110-114.

Cunner was one of 23 species of fish,
other than salmon, which were taken in
the trap nets and weirs.

Atwood, N. E.

1895. On the habits of some salt-water fishes.
Proc. Boston Soc. Natur. Hist., 10: 65-68.

A cunner possessing a malformed snout is

cited.

Ayers, W. O.

1843. Enumeration of the fishes of
Brookhaven, Long Island, with remarks upon
the species observed. Boston J. Natur. Hist.,
4(2-3) 26: 255-302.

"Here, as on the other parts of the coast,
the Burgall is extremely abundant. They
are seen as early as the middle of May, and
remain till the last of October, and in

storms are washed up on the beach of the
Sound, through the whole winter. Among
their numerous varieties of color, I, the
last season, saw several specimens which
had their entire surface banded with
alternate vertical lines of black and light
brown, presenting the appearance so
singular, that at first I supposed them to
be of a distinct species. I have found the
dorsal fin rays sometimes 18-10, at others
18-11 and at still others 17-11." p. 263.

Baird, F. T., Jr., and R. L. Dow.

1966. The marine sport fishery and resource
in Maine. Dept. of Sea and Shore Fisheries,
Augusta, Maine.

The current recreational use of the cunner
in Maine is deemed "extensive."

Baird, S. F.

1873a. Report on the condition of the se^
fisheries of the south coast of New England
in 1871 and 1872. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish
Fish, for 1871-1872: i-xU.

Reference is made to the cunner as a
predator of fish eggs and young fry. p.
xxix.

Baird, S. F.

1873b. List of fishes collected at Woods
Hole. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish Fish, for
1871-1872: 823-827.
The cunner is listed.

Baird, S. F.

1889. The sea fisheries of eastern North
America. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish Fish, for
1886, Append. A: 3-224.

The distribution is given as Newfoundland
to Cape Hatteras. Citations are scattered
throughout the text.

Bauchot, M. L.

1963. Catalogue critique des types de
poissons du Museum National d'Histoire
Naturelle. Part I - Famille des Labridae.
Publications du Museum National d'Histoire
NatureUe, Paris, No. 20. 195 pp.

This gives brief descriptions of specimens

in the museum collection.

Bean, T. H.

1881. Check-list of duplicates of North
American fishes, distributed by the
Smithsonian Institution in behalf of the
United States National Museum, 1877-1880.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1880, 3: 75-116.
Cunner specimens are listed.

Bean, T. H.

1884. List of the fishes collected by the U. S.
Fish Commission at Wood's Holl (sic),
Massachusetts, during the summer of 1881.
Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish Fish, for 1882, 10:
339-344.

Cunner is listed.

Bean, T. H.

1885. Notes upon an exploration on Long
Island Sound. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. for
1885,5:33.

Tautog and cunner are more abundant in
inlets.

Bean, T. H.

1888. Report on the fishes observed in Great
Egg Harbor Bay, New Jersey, during the
summer of 1887. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. for
1887,7: 129-154.

"A single example, 4 1/4 inches long, was
seined at the Beesley's Point, August 11,
in the grass near the river mouth. The
species is called 'bengal' at Somers Point,
probably a corruption of bergaU." p. 137.

Bean, T. H.

1897. Notes upon New York fishes received
at the New York Aquarium, 1895-1897. Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9: 327-375.

"Cunner.-Found throughout the year.

Hardy in the aquarium. Individuals have

been kept three years or longer. The food

is chiefly hard clams." p. 368.

Bean, T. H.

1901. Catalogue of the fishes of Long Island,
with notes upon their distribution, common
names, habits, and rate of growth. N. Y.
Forest Fish Game Comm., 6th Annu. Rep.:
373-478.

The natural history is briefly described.
The range is given as Labrador to New
Jersey. "At Woods Hole, Mass., where the
fish remain in eel grass in winter.

thousands perish from cold every year.
449.

P-

Bean, T. H.

1903a. The food and game fishes of New
York: Notes on common names, distribution,
habits and capture of New York fishes. N. Y.
Forest Fish Game Comm., 7th Annu. Rep.:
251-460.

The habits and occurrences are described.

This account is an amplification of Bean

(1901).

Bean,T. H.

1903b. Catalogue of the fishes of New York.
N. Y. State Mus., Bull. 60, 9: 1-784.

This report contains a taxonomic
description, synonymy, and general
account of the habits of the cunner and is
the same as that given in Bean (1903a).

Bevelander, G.

1935. A comparative study of the branchial
epithelium in fishes, with special reference to
extraneural excretion. J. Morphol., 57(2):
335-347.

The character of the cunner respiratory
epithelium was found to be that of the
prevalent flat squamous type. The mucous
cells examined were noted to be large and
numerous in the interlamellar areas and
very numerous on the free surface of
lamellae.

Bevelander, G.

1936. Branchial glands in fishes. J. Morphol.,
59(2): 215-224.

The branchial glands in the cunner were
found to consist of loosely packed,
flask-shaped patches of cells. These cells
"present a wide variety of shapes, but are
for the most part modified columnar cells,
which are elongated but extremely
irregular." p. 218.

Bigelow, H. B.

1914. Explorations in the Gulf of Maine, July
and August, 1912 by the United States
Fisheries Schooner GRAMPUS.
Oceanography and notes on plankton. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ., 58(2):
29-147.

Data on the larval and postlarval stages
taken in the plankton hauls are listed.

Bigelow, H. B.

1917. Explorations of the coast water
between Cape Cod and Halifax in 1914 and
1915 by the United States Fisheries Schooner
GRAMPUS. Oceanography and plankton.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ.,
61(8): 161-357.

The newly spawned eggs of the yellowtail
flounder and cunner are likely to be
confused but "the two can usually be
distinguished by size, the former averaging
.9 mm, the latter .75-.85 mm in
diameter." p. 226. "Eggs of the cunner
(Tautogolabrus adspersus) were taken at
seven localities always close to land. . .
The absence of its eggs at the off-shore
stations was to be expected, from its
general distribution." p. 267.

Bigelow, H. B.

1928. Plankton of the offshore waters of the
Gulf of Maine. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, for
1924,40(2): 1-509.

The various reasons for an absence of

pelagic larvae are discussed; i.e., larval

drift, low larval survival, poor egg viability.

"Some of the cunner (Tautogolabrus)

larvae produced in St. Marys Bay, which

Huntsman (1922) has found to be an

important site of reproduction for this

fish, must likewise find their way into the

Bay of Fundy either around Brier Island

or through the passages; but so few of

them survive the conditions they

/x encounter in the Bay of Fundy, that none

a^' have been recorded from all the winter

(k -V" and summer towing which has been done

V A from the St. Andrews station." p. 73.
Q^ (^^

Bigelow, H. B., and W. C. Schroeder.

1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish.
Wildl. Serv., Fish Bull., 53(74): 1-577.

This is the best general description (p.
473-478) of the life history.

Bigelow, H. B., and W. W. Welsh.

1925. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Bull. U. S.
Bur. Fish, for 1924, 40: 1-567.

The ecology of this species is documented
(p. 280-286).

Bowers, G. M.

1904. Artificial propagation of marine
species. Extracted from the revised edition of
the Fish Manual. Pages 195-238, plates 54 to
63. Government Printing Office, Washington.
This gives an identical description of
cunner eggs as that in Brice (1898).

Bowers, G. M.

1907. Statistics of the fisheries of the New
England States for 1905. Rep. U. S. Coram.
Fish, for 1906: 1-93.

Catch and market statistics are given

throughout the text.

Breder, C. M., Jr.

1922. The fishes of Sandy Hook Bay.
Zoologica, 2(15): 329-351.

A few fish, taken by seine, were recorded

in 1920 and 1921.

Breder, C. M., Jr.

1925. Fish notes for 1924 from Sandy Hook
Bay. Copeia, 138: 1-4.

Fish were taken in Sandy Hook Bay in

1924.

Breder, C. M., Jr.

1927. The locomotion of fishes. Zoologica,

4(5): 159-297.

The cunner was one of eight labrids whose
locomotive movements were studied.

Breder, C. M., Jr.

1938. The species of fish in New York

Harbor. Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc, 41(1): 23-29.

This species occurs in New York Harbor.

Breder, C. M., Jr.

1948. Field book of marine fishes of the
Atlantic coast, from Labrador to Texas. G. P.
Putnam's Sons, New York. 332 pp.

A brief description (p. 204) of the
distribution and habits is presented.

^•^ Breder, C. M., Jr., and D. E. Rosen.

A 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes.
^ ^^ Natural History Press, New York. 941 pp.
^ This report discusses spawning and sexual

dichromatism (p. 509).

Brewer, J.

1965. Marine life on the artificial reef off
Fire Island, New York. Underwater Natur.,
3(3): 11-14.

Fish were abundant on the "Schaefer

Reef."

Brice, J. J.

1898. A manual of fish-culture, based on the
methods of the United States Commission of
Fish and Fisheries. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish
Fish, for 1897, 23: 1-340.

"The eggs of the cunner or chogset
(Ctenolabrus adspersus) are of the same
size and character as those of its near
relation, the tautog, and are deposited
during the same season. In water having a
mean temperature of 56° F. they have
been hatched in 5 days, in the tidal
cod-jar. On account of the small size, great
abundance, and comparatively little
commercial value, the propagation of the
cunner has not been regularly
undertaken." p. 223.

Briggs, P. T., and J. S. O'Connor.

1971. Comparison of shore-zone fishes over
naturally vegetated and sand-filled bottoms in
Great South Bay. N. Y. Fish Game J., 18(1):
15-39.

Catch statistics of cunners taken over
bottom types in Great South Bay are
scattered through the text. Cunners prefer
natural bottoms rather than sandfilled
areas.

Brook, G.

1885a. Preliminary account of the
development of the Lesser Weever-Fish
(Trachinus vipera). J. Linnean Soc. Zool., 18:
274-291.

The embryology of Trachinus is compared
with the cunner embryology investigations
of Kingsley and Conn (1883).

Brook, G.

1885b. On some points in the development
of Motilla mostela. J. Linnean Soc. Zool., 18:
298-306.

Reference is made to the cunner
embryology work performed by Kingsley
and Conn (1883) and Agassiz and
Whitman (1885).

Brunei, P., and J. Bergeron.

1960. Clef d'identification des poissons
marins du golfe Saint-Laurent. Contrib.
Manuscr. Statist. Biol. Mar., Canada, No. 8.34
pp.

The cunner is cited (p. 32).

BuUoch, D.

1965. The development of the wreck, 'Pinta'
as a marine habitat. Underwater Natur., 3(1) :
17-19, 31-32.

Cunners were noted as the first fishes to

appear around the wreck.

Bumpus, H. C.

1898. The breeding of animals at Woods Hole
during the months of June, July, August.
Science, 8(20): 850-858.

"The cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus,
spawns during June and early July, and
the bright colored young are abundantly
found throughout the latter part of the
summer. . . The auftrieb is not rich in
surface vertebrates during the summer. . .
In early July, young swellfish, cunners,
sticklebacks, tautog, sandeels, silversides,
hake and sand dabs (occur)." p. 852.

Bumpus, H. C.

1900. The preparation of a list of fishes
known to inhabit the (Narragansett) bay.
Ann. Rep. Comm. Inland Fish, Rhode Island,
30: 46-53.

The cunner is listed.

Clark, H. A.

1887. A geographical review of the fisheries
industries and fishing communities for the
year 1880. Part III. The fisheries of
Massachusetts, p. 113-280. In G. B. Goode
[ed.] , The fisheries and fishery industries of
the United States, Section 2.

Catch statistics are scattered throughout
the text. "Sea perch, or cunners, were
taken in much larger quantities a few years
ago than at present; 38,000 dozen were
sold in Boston during 1879. The market
could dispose of many times this amount
if they were taken, but for some
unexplained cause the supply has largely
decreased during the past few years." p.
196-197.

Clark, J. R.

Undated. The 1960 salt-water angling survey.
U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Circ. 153, 33 pp.

Cunner fishery statistics are included in

tables throughout text.

Clark, J. R.

1962. Report of the first littoral survey:
results of the Labor Day fish count,
September 1961. Amer. Littoral Soc,
Littoral Surv. Rep., 1(1): 1-23.

Teams of divers observed cunners
occurring in the waters of long Island, N.
Y. (Huntington, Jones Beach, Island Park,
Rockaway) and coastal N. J. (Raritan Bay,
Long Branch, Elberon, Deal, AUenhurst,
Bamegat Light Township).

Cockerell, T. D.

1913. Observations on fish scales. Bull. U. S.

Bur. Fish, for 1912, 32: 117-174.

A description of labrid scales, with a key
for identification, is provided. Cunner
scales are described as smaller than 7 mm,
possessing very poorly developed apical
radii, and possessing very thick apical skin.

Cole, C. F.

1967. The ecology of the young fishes of the
Weweantic River Estuary (WR-2). Proc. Water
Res. Symp. Univ. Mass. No. 2: 22-26.

Reference is made to Lebida (1969) on
the eggs and larvae in the Weweantic River
Estuary. Cunner eggs were among the
most abundant eggs found with "the great
bulk of tautog and cunner spawning
apparently. . . at the mouth of the
estuary."

Collins, H. H., Jr.

1959. Complete field guide to American
wildUfe. East, Central, and North. Harper and
Row, New York. 683 pp.

A brief description (p. 495) of the habitat,
food, range, and spawning period of the
cunner is provided.

Collins, J. W.

1892. Statistical review of the coast fisheries
of the United States. Pt. 3. Fisheries of the
New England States (1887-1888). Rep. U. S.
Comm. Fish Fish, for 1888: 286-332.

The cunner is listed throughout text in
tables of catch statistics.

CoUins, J. W. and H. M. Smith.

1892. Report on the fisheries of the New
England states. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. for
1890: 73-176.

Catch statistics of the cunner are listed.

Colton, J. B., Jr., and R. R. Marak.

1969. Guide for identifying the common
planktonic fish eggs and larvae of continental
shelf waters, Cape Sable to Block Island. Bur.
Comm. Fish. Woods Hole, Mass., Biol. Lab.,
Ref. 69-9, 43 pp.

Identifying characteristics of the cunner
eggs, prolarvae, and postlarvae are
discussed, (p. 23).

Cooper, A. R.

1915. Trematodes from marine and fresh
water fishes including one species of
ectoparasitic turbellarian. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Canada, Sect. 4, Ser. 3, 9: 181-205.

"I have also noticed that the skin of a
number of fishes taken in Passamaquoddy
Bay, notably Tautogolabrus adspersiis
(Walb.), Cunner, is greatly infected with
small pigmented cysts, similar to those
described (Tocotrema lingua) which in all
probability would be found to contain
larvae of this species: Linton describes the
species from the cunner." p. 190.

Cooper, A. R.

1921. Trematodes and cestodes of the
Canadian Arctic expedition. 1913-1918. p.
1-27. In A. R. Cooper [ed.] , Report of the
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, Vol.
9, Part G-H., Ottawa, Canada.

Cunner is noted as a host for cestode

Abothrium rugosum.

Cornish, G. A.

1907. Notes on the fishes of Canso. Contrib.

Canadian Biol, for 1902-1905: 81-90.

Cunners were noted to be abundant about
the wharfs during the summers of 1901
and 1902. One specimen was found in the
stomach of Raja ocellata.

Cornish, G. A.

1912. Notes of fishes of Tignish, Prince
Edward Island. Contrib. Canadian Biol, for
1906-10: 79-81.

Summer observations were made on the
ichthyofauna (including cunner).

Costello, D. P., M. E. Davidson, A. Eggars, M. H.
Fox, and C. Henley.

1957. Methods for obtaining and handling
marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological
Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Lancaster
Press, Lancaster, Penn. 247 pp.

The procedures for procuring, handling,
and observing cunner eggs for laboratory
use are described.

Cox, P.

1895. Catalogue of the marine and
fresh-water fishes of New Brunswick, Bull.
Natur. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, ^3: 62-75.

Cunners were observed along the coast of

the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Cox, P.

1921. List of fishes collected in 1917 off

Cape Breton coast and the Magdalen Islands.

Contrib. Canadian Biol, for 1918-20:

109-114.

"Cunner. Blue Perch. Everywhere in
abundance. Swarming in shore waters and
taken in traps to a depth of 10-20 m." p.
111.

Craigie, E. H.

1927. Sex-ratio in Canadian marine fishes.
Contrib. Canadian Biol., 3(22): 491-499.

Sex -ratio data was obtained from the file

records of the Atlantic Biological Station.

Only 356 males were recorded from 811

cunner observed (44%).

Cuvier, M. Le B., and M. A. Valenciennes.

1839. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Vol.
13. Pitois-Levrault, Paris. 505 pp. Reprinted
1969, A. Asher & Co., Amsterdam.

General and taxonomic descriptions are

given (p. 237-240).

Dannevig, A.

1919. Biology of Atlantic waters of Canada.
Canadian fish-eggs and larvae. Canadian Fish.

Exped. for 1914-15: 1-74.

The occurrence, distribution, and
abundance of cunner eggs obtained in
1914-15 is documented.

Davis, R. E., and J. E. Bardach.

1965. Time coordinated prefeeding activity
in fish. Anim. Behavior, 13(1): 154-162.
Laboratory experiments were conducted
on cunner, tomcod, killifish, scup, and
flounder. Results indicated that no
pre-light or pre-feeding activity occurs in
cunners. Individuals seldom fed and would
not tolerate companions in the aquarium.

Dawson, A. B.

1932. The reaction of the erythrocytes of
vertebrates, especially fishes to vital dyes.
Biol. BuU. (Woods Hole), 63(1): 48-73.

"Cunner. The erythrocytes of this fish
very closely resemble in their staining
reactions those of the two preceding forms
(Toadfish and Tautog). Fewer immature
cells were noted than in the tautog, and in
general the reticulation patterns are very
meager. The primary granules also appear
as basophilic bodies with Wright's stain."
p. 55.

Dawson, A. B.

1933. The relative numbers of immature
erythrocytes in the circulating blood of
several species of marine fishes. Biol. Bull.
(Woods Hole), 64(1): 33-43.

Cunners were found to possess almost all
(99+%) mature erythrocytes in their
circulatory systems. These results were
almost identical to those obtained for the
toadfish, tautog, sea bass, pipefish, sand
dab, weakfish, and sharksucker.

Dean, B.

1895. Fishes, living and fossil. An outline of
their forms and probable relationships.
MacMillan and Co., New York. 300 pp.

The larval development of the cunner is
described and figured (p. 224-226).

De Camp, M.

1963. Exploring a northern reef. Underwater
Natur., 1(2): 16.

Concentrations of cunners were noted to

surround the wreck 'Mohawk' located off
Manasquan Inlet, N. J. on September 16,
1962.

De Kay, J. E.

1842. Zoology of New York. Part IV. Fishes.

W. and A. White and J. Visscher, Albany. 415

pp.

A description of the taxonomic features,
color, habitat and range of the cunner
(Ctenolabrus ceruleus and Ctenolabrus
uniotatus) is given. "The Bergall has
various popular names: 'Nibbler', from its
vexatious nibbling at the bait thrown out
for other fishes; 'Chogset', a name derived
from the Mohegan dialect, but its purport
unknown; 'Burgall', I suppose to be of
Dutch origin, as its use seems to be
confined to the neighborhood of New
York. It is also called 'Blue-Fish', on
account of its prevailing color. At Boston,
it is often called 'Blue Perch' and generally
among the eastern fisherman, 'Cunner', or
'Connor'. This last name is applied to a
Crenilabrus on the coast of Sussex and
Hampshire in England, from whence I
presume it was derived." p. 173.

Denton, S. F.

1901. Figures of fishes in colors. N. Y. Forest
Fish Game Comm., 6th Annu. Rep.:
367-372.

The natural history is described.

De Sylva, D. P., F. A. Kalber, Jr., and C. N.
Shuster, Jr.

1962. Fishes and ecological conditions in the
shore zone of the Delaware River Estuary,
with notes on other species collected in
deeper waters. Univ. Delaware Mar. Lab.,
Infor. Ser., Pub. No. 5: 1-164.

Two cunners were caught by hook and
line off Cape Henlopen on July 8, 1958
(p. 37).

Deuel, D. G., and J. R. Clark.

1968. The 1965 salt-water angling survey. U.
S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Resource Pub. 67, 51 pp.
Angling statistics are listed.

Dew, C. B.

1970. A contribution to the life history of
the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus

10

Walbaum, in Fishers Island Sound. M. S.

thesis, Univ. Conn., 35 pp.

An investigation of the "age and growth,
length and weight relationships, spawning
period, age at maturity, sex ratio, and
nocturnal and winter habits of the cunner
in Fishers Island Sound."

Dexter, R. W.

1944. The bottom communities of Ispwich

Bay, Massachusetts. Ecology, 25(3): 352-359.

The cunner is listed (p. 356) as belonging

to the "permanent influents" of the

Ipswich Bay bottom community.

Dexter, R. W.

1947. The marine communities of a tidal
inlet at Cape Ann, Massachusetts: A study in
bio-ecology. Ecol. Monogr., 17(3): 261-294.
Cunners are noted to be a "permanent
influent" in five different marine
biological communities. The food webs of
each of these systems (depicting the
interaction of the cunner) are illustrated.

Edwards, R. L.

1958. Species composition of industrial trawl
landings in New England, 1957. U. S. Fish
Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 266, 23
pp.

Catch statistics are given.

Edwards. R. L., and L. Lawday.

1960. Composition of industrial trawl-fish
landings in New England, 1958. U. S. Fish
Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 346, 20
pp.

Cunner is listed in catch statistics.

Ehrenbaum, E.

1905-1909. Eier und l^arven von Fischen des
Nordischen Planktons. Nord. Plankt. 2 Parts
(1-216), (217-413). (Reprinted 1964 by A.
Ascher & Co., Amsterdam. 413 pp.)

Reference is made to the tact that the egg
and larval development of the cunner is
similar to that of the European labrid,
Labrus rupestris.

Eisler, R.

1965. Erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin
content in nine species of marine teleosts.
Chesapeake Sci., 6(2): 119-120.

An intermediate hemoglobin value of 8.31
gm. per 100 ml is listed.

Fairbanks, R. B., W. S. Collings, and W. T. Sides.
1971. An assessment of the effects of
electrical power generation on marine
resources in the Cape Cod Canal. Mass. Dep.
Natur. Resour., Div. Mar. Fish., 48 pp.

The distribution and abundance of adults
as well as eggs and larvae was studied. No
significant differences were noted in
abundance for any cunner stage due to the
operation of the electrical power facility.

Field, I. A.

1907. Unutilized fishes and their relation to
the fishing industries. Rep. U' S' Comm. Fish,
for 1906: 1-50.

An account of the uses, foods, characters
and distribution, and possible
destructiveness of the cunner.

Fish, C. J.

1925. Seasonal distribution of the plankton
of the Woods Hole region. BuU. U. S. Bur.
Fish, for 1925, 41: 91-179.

The occurrence of larvae in the Woods
Hole region is documented and graphically
represented. "In the summer the most
abundant fish larvae, were Tautogolabrus
adspersus and Tautoga onitis. Both have
pelagic eggs which appear in June and
remain untD August."

Fish, C. J., and M. W. Johnson.

1937. The biology of the zooplankton
population in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of
Maine with special reference to production
and distribution. J. Biol. Bd. Canada, 3(3):
189-322.

The distribution of cunner eggs and larvae
obtained from tow net collections is
briefly cited.

Fish, M. P.

1954. The character and significance of
sound production among fishes of the
western North Atlantic. Bull. Bingham
Oceanogr. Coll., 14(3): 1-109.

An account containing sections on the
recorded sounds, mechanisms involved,
and significance of the cunner as a
soundmaker (p. 53-55).

11

Fish, M. P., A. S. Kelsey, Jr., and W. H.
Mowbray.

1952. Studies on the production of
underwater sound by North Atlantic coastal
fishes. J. Mar. Res., 11(2): 180-193.

The biological origin of sound produced
by fishes is discussed. The sound produced
by the cunner consists of a low thump
caused by the air bladder.

Fish, M. P., and W. H. Mowbray.

1970. Sounds of western North Atlantic
fishes. A reference file for biological
underwater sounds. Johns Hopkins Press,
Baltimore. 207 pp.

The distribution, habits, size, sound
production and sonic mechanism of the
cunner is discussed (p. 136).

Fiske, J. D., J. R. Curley, and R. P. Lawton.
1968. A study of the marine resources of the
Westport River. Mass. Div. Mar. Fish.,
Monogr. Ser. No. 7. 52 pp.

Cunner is listed and discussed as one of
the species obtained from the Westport
River.

Fiske, J. D., C. E. Watson, and P. G. Coates.

1966. A study of the marine resources of the
North River. Mass. Div. Mar. Fish., Monogr.
Ser. No. 3. 53 pp.

Cunner is listed as a species taken in the
North River area.

Fiske, J. D., C. E. Watson, and P. G. Coates.

1967. A study of the marine resources of
Pleasant Bay. Mass. Div. Mar. Fish., Monogr.
Ser. No. 5. 56 pp.

Cunner is listed and discussed as one of

the species of finfish obtained from
Pleasant Bay.

Fletcher, G. L., R. J. Hoyle, and D. A. Home.

1971. The relative toxicities of yellow
phosphorus production wastes to
seawater-maintained fish. Tech. Rep. Fish.
Res. Bd. Canada, No. 255. 14 pp.

Experiments indicate that yellow
phosphorus is lethal at very low
concentrations.

Forbes, J. C.

1927. The effects of various treatments on
the tensile strength of fish muscle. Contrib.
Canadian Biol., 3(21): 467-487.

The average tensile strength was 38
ounces. This was higher than any of the
six fish species tested, except for the
muttonfish.

Fortin, P.

1864. Continuation of the list of fish of the
Gulf and River St. Lawrence. Ann. Rep. of
Pierre Fortin for 1863, App. No. 40, Rep.
Comm. Crown Lands of Canada (1863),
Sessional Paper No. 5. 12 pp.

The distribution and habits of the cunner

are discussed.

Fowler, H. W.

1906. The fishes of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. N.

J. State Mus. for 1905, Pt. 2: 35-477. 103

plates.

A taxonomic description and brief
account (p. 343-344) of the habits of the
cunner is provided.

Fowler, H. W.

1908. Further notes on New Jersey fishes.
Ann. Rep. N. J. State Mus. for 1907:
120-189.

A detailed description (p. 180-181) of the
cunner is provided.

Fowler, H. W.

1909. Notes on New Jersey fishes. Ann. Rep.
N. J. State Mus. for 1908: 351-392.

"At Corson's Inlet and Barnegat Pier Dr.
Phillips has taken this fish. He says they
are plentiful early in the season till late,
and are never much over six, and mostly
three or four inches in length. It is
occasionally eaten, though the flesh is not
as firm eating as that of the tautog. It is a
great bait-stealer." p. 386.

Fowler, H. W.

1912. Records of fishes from the middle
Atlantic states and Virginia. Proc. Acad.
Natur. Sci. PhUa., 64: 34-59.
The fish occurs at Hunter's Island, New
York and Corson' Inlet, New Jersey.

12

Fowler, H. W.

1916. Records of northern New Jersey fishes.
Copeia, No. 31: 41-42.

The cunner is hsted as an addition to the
New York Aquarium's collection of fishes
attained from New Jersey waters.

Fowler, H. W.

1917. Notes on some New England Fishes.
Proc. Boston Soc. Natur. Hist., 35: 109-138.

The cunner is listed as occurring at Boston
Harbor, Nantucket, and Woods Hole.

Fowler, H. W.

1920a. A list of the fishes of New Jersey.
Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., 33: 139-170.
The cunner is listed.

Fowler, H. W.

1920b. Notes on New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
and Virginia fishes. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci.
Phila., 1919 (1920): 292-300.

The cunner is listed as occurring at
Atlantic City and Corson's Inlet.

Fowler, H. W.

1926. Records of fishes in New Jersey.
Copeia, No. 156: 146-150.

The fish occurs at the Longport stone

jetty, Atlantic City.

Fowler, H. W.

1928. Notes on New Jersey fishes. Proc.
Acad. Natur. Sci., Phila., 80:607-614.
The cunner is listed.

Fowler, H. W.

1937. Notes on fishes from the Gulf Stream
and the New Jersey coast. Proc. Acad. Natur.
Sci., Phila., 89: 297-308.

The cunner is listed as one of the species
occurring along the New Jersey coast.

Fowler, H. W.

1952. A list of fishes of New Jersey, with
off-shore species. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci.,
Phila., 104: 89-152.
The cunner is listed.

Freeman, B. L.

1970. The recreational marine fishery of

northern Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts and a
statistical method to sample its anglers. M. S.
thesis, Univ. Mass., 108 pp.

The occurrence of the cunner in Buzzards
Bay and statistics of the fishery are cited.

Gibbons, E.

1964. Stalking the blue-eyed scallop. David
McKay Co., New York. 332 pp.

Techniques for fishing for cunner and
preparing them as food are discussed.

Gibbons, N. E.

1934a. Lactose-fermenting bacteria from the
intestinal contents of marine fish. Contrib.
Canadian Biol., 8(23): 291-300.

Bacterium found within cunner included
E. coli, E. grunthali, and B. immoholis.
"These fish live largely on refuse, and
there is ample opportunity for
contamination from human sources." p.
295.

Gibbons, N. E.

1934b. The slime and intestinal flora of some
marine fishes. Contrib. Canadian Biol., 8(22):
275-290.

Cunner slime possessed bacteria of the
genera Micrococcus, Achromobacter, and
Flavobacterium. Cunner faeces contained
bacteria of the following genera:
Micrococcus, Achromobacter,
Flavobacterium, and Proteus.

Gill, T.

1862. Catalogue of the fishes of the eastern
coast of North America from Greenland to
Georgia. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sci. Phila., for
1861,13: 1-63.

The cunner is listed.

Gill, T.

1865. Synopsis of the fishes of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundy. Canadian
Nat. Geol., New Series 2: 244-266.
The cunner is listed.

Gill, T.

1873. Catalogue of the fishes of the east
coast of North America. Rep. U. S. Comm.
Fish Fish, for 1871-1872: 779-882.
The cunner is listed.

13

Gill, T.

1904. The state ichthyology of Massachu-
setts. Science, 20(506): 321-338.

This provides the same account as in Gill
(1905).

Gill, T.

1905. State ichthyology of Massachusetts.
Rep. U. S. Bur. Fish, for 1904: 163-188.

Describes the confusion of the common
name "perch". "In England the name is
specifically applied to a well known
fresh-water fish (Perca fluviatilis). The
immigrants to New England found a fish
almost undistinguishable from it, and
properly gave it the same name. . ." p.
167.

Golvan, Y. J.

1965. Catalogue syste'matique des noms de
genres de poissons actuels. Mason, et Cie.,
Paris. 237 pp.

Tautogolabrus is listed as one of the many
genera in the family Labridae (p. 122).

Goode, G. B.

1879. Catalog of the collections to illustrate
the animal resources and the fisheries of the
United States. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14:
1-354.

Cunner specimens are listed. Distribution
of the cunner is given (p. 36) as
"Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras."

Goode, G. B.

1884. The chogset or cunner — Ctenolabrus
adspersus, p. 273-274. In G. B. Goode [ed.],
The fisheries and fishery industries of the
United States, Sec. 1, Pt. 3, No. 87.

A popular account of the habits and life

history of the cunner.

Goode, G. B.

1888. American fishes. A popular treatise
upon the game and food fishes of North
America with especial reference to habits and
methods of capture. W. A. Houghton, New
York. 496 pp.

The account of the cunner given in Goode
(1884) is repeated here.

Goode, G. B.

1890. The color of fishes. Science, 15(374):

211-213.

"On certain ledges along the New England
coast the rocks are covered with dense
growths of scarlet and crimson seaweeds.
The cod-fish, the cunner, the sea-raven,
the rock-eel and the wry-mouth, which
inhabit these brilliant groves, are all
colored to match their surround mgs; the
cod, which is naturally lightest in color,
being most brilliant in its scarlet hues,
while the others, whose skins have a larger
original supply of black, have deeper tints
of dark red and ruddy brown. These
changes must be due to the secretion of a
special supply of red chromatophores. It
has occurred to me that the material for
the pigmentary secretion is probably
derived indirectly from the algae, for,
though the species referred to do not feed
upon these plants, they devour in immense
quantities the invertebrate animals
inhabiting the same region, many of which
are likewise deeply tinged with red." p.
212.

Goode, G. B., and T. H. Bean

1880. A list of the fishes of Essex County,
Massachusetts Bay and the contiguous deep
waters. Bull. Essex Inst., 11: 1-38.

"Cunner. Common everywhere in shallow
water and in harbors. Called 'Nipper' at
Salem." p. 14.

Gordon, B. L.

1957. The common cunner. Maine Coast
Fisherman, 12(4): 10.

A brief description of the habits of the

cunner is given.

Gordon, B. L.

1960. The marine fishes of Rhode Island. The
Book and Tackle Shop, Watch Hill, Rhode
Island. 136 pp.

The fish is mentioned as "very common
around rocks, wharves and jetties" p. 71.

Gorham, F. P.

1899. The gas-bubble disease of fish and its
cause. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., 19: 33-38.
The cunner is listed as one of the 18

14

marine fishes tiiat were "affected by the
disease during the spring and summer of
1898, and the list includes all the fish,
with two exceptions, which were kept in
the aquaria of the Fish Commission at
Woods Hole, Mass., from March to
September." p. 33.

Graham, J. J., and H. C. Boyar.

1965. Ecology of herring larvae in the coastal
waters of Maine. Int. Comm. Northwest Atl.
Fish., Spec. Pub. 6: 625-634.

Gunner larvae were captured in the
Sheepscot - Boothbay - Damariscotta
region of Maine during August - October,
1961-62.

Grant, L. J., ed.

1969. Wondrous world of fishes. National
Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. 373
pp.

The tautog and cunner are often observed

to swim together (p. 206).

Gray, I. E., and F. G. Hall.

1930. Blood sugar and activity in fishes with
notes on the action of insulin. Biol. Bull.,
(Woods Hole), 58(3): 217-223.

The fish possesses an average blood sugar
level of 25.2 mg sugar per 100 cc of blood.
"The results indicate that the blood sugar
level of the cunner is similar to that of
relatively inactive and sluggish fishes such
as the "sand-dab, Lophopsetta maculata
and the puffer, Spheroides maculatus.'" p.
220-221.

Greeley, J. R.

1939. A biological survey of the salt waters
of Long Island, 1938. Section II. Fishes and
habitat conditions of the shore zone based
upon July and August (1938) seining
investigations. Suppl. 28th Ann. Rep. N. Y.
Cons. Dept., Pt. 2: 72-92.

"Cunner. The young of this resident
species were found to be moderately
common and widely distributed, the 27
collections representing both the north
and south shore regions. Early July to late
August specimens were represented, the
smallest being 15 millimeters. Several
juvenile individuals, probably one year

old, were taken but adults were not seined
as they are in deeper water than could be
covered by shore seining." p. 88.

Green, J. M., and M. Farwell.

1971. Winter habits of the cunner,
Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum 1792), in
Newfoundland. Canadian J. ZooL, 49(12):
1497-1499.

SCUBA diving observations as well as
laboratory experiments demonstrated that
cunners remain torpid under rocks in
shallow water when winter temperatures
fall below 5° C.

Gregory, W. K.

1933. Fish skulls: A study of the evolution of
natural mechanisms. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc,
23(2): 75-481. (Reprinted 1959 by Eric
Lundberg, Laurel, Florida. 481 pp.)

The cranial structure is figured. "In
Tautogolabrus (Fig. 129), as in other
labrids, the ascending processes of the
premaxilla are longer than the aveolar
branch. The latter is attached at its distal
end to the lower end of the maxilla, which
in turn is fastened to the side of the
mandible. Hence, a lowering in the
mandible draws the premaxillae downward
and forward." p. 256.

Gregory, W. K., and F. La Monte.

1947. The world of fishes. Amer. Mus. Natur.
Hist., New York. 96 pp.

"Apparently nature grew reckless when
she colored the Wrasses and Parrot Fishes,
for these are among the most bizarre sights
that bewilder the eye of the visitor to
undersea gardens in tropical waters. Only
the Cunner and the Tautog, among the
northern outliers of the family, have been
toned down into sobriety and somberness
in the chilly waters of New England. The
cunner retains the loose, protruding lips
and retreating forehead of its tropical
ancestors, but the tautog has acquired a
short, stiff mouth, a prominent chin, and a
generally determined countenance", p. 57.

Greig, R. A., and R. H. Gnaedinger.

1971. Occurrence of thiaminase in some
common aquatic animals of the United States

15

and Canada. U. S. Dep. Commer., Nat. Mar.

Fish. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish No. 631. 7

pp.

The cunner was analyzed for the presence
of thiaminase. Reference is made to the
work of Lee (1948) from which the results
on the cunner were taken.

Gross, A. O.

1923. The black-crowned night heron
(Nycticorax nycticorax nacuicus) of Sandy
Hook. Auk, 40: 1-30.

Cunner is cited (p. 19) as a food item of

the night heron.

Giinther, A.

1861. Catalogue of the fishes in the British
Museum, Vol. 4. London. (Reprinted 1964,
Strechert-Hafner Service Agency, Inc. New
York. 534 pp.)

The taxonomic description with
synonomy is given (p. 90-91).

Giinther, A.

1880. An introduction to the study of fishes.

Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh. 720 pp.
The author lists (p. 527) the cunner
(Ctenolabrus burgall) as being common on
the North American coast.

Giinther, A.

1886. Handbuch of Ichthyologie. Carl
Gerold's Sohn, Vienna. 527 pp.

The fish is noted (p. 376) as occurring on
the North American coast.

Halkett, A.

1913. Check-list of fishes of the Dominion of
Canada and Newfoundland. Ottawa, Canada.
138 pp.

The cunner is cited (p. 89).

Hall, F. G.

1930. The ability of the common mackerel
and certain other marine fishes to remove
dissolved oxygen from sea water. Amer. J.
Physiol., 93: 417-421.

Investigations concerning the lowest
oxygen tension at which marine fishes are
capable of removing dissolved oxygen
demonstrated that cunners could remove
dissolved oxygen at an oxygen tension of
14.8 mm Hg.

Hall, F. G., and I. E. Gray.

1929. The hemoglobin concentration of the
blood of marine fishes. J. Biol. Chem., 81(3):
589-594.

The hemoglobin concentration results of
four cunners are presented. The results
indicate that the cunner was in the
intermediate range of hemoglobin
concentration of the 15 teleost species
tested, - lower than bonito, mackeral and
menhaden but higher than goosefish,
toadfish and sanddab.

Haugaard, N., and L. Irving.

1943. The influence of temperature upon the
oxygen consumption of the cunner in
summer and winter. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol.,
21(1): 19-26.

Laboratory experiments on cunner
acclimated in tanks containing waters of
18-22° C (summer temperature) and 1-3° C
(winter temperature) indicated that the
rate of oxygen consumption of the
"winter fish" was a little higher than
that of the "summer fish" at all
temperatures below 15° C. "Since the
difference is small, the depression of
metabolism caused by the low
temperatures in winter probably leaves too
little physiological activity to enable the
cunners to stay in their summer habitat. . .
The information about the winter habits
of the cunner seems to agree with the
experimental observations." p. 25.

Heller, A. F.

1949. Parasites of cod and other marine fish
from the Bale de Chaleur region. Canadian J.
Res., 27D(5): 243-264.

Two fish were examined for parasites.

Specimens of the nematode species,

Contracaecum aduncum, were found

internally.

Herman, S. S.

1958. The planktonic fish eggs and larvae of
Narragansett Bay. M. S. thesis, Univ. Rhode
Island, 61 pp.

The numbers of eggs and larvae of the
cunner collected in plankton hauls in 1957
is documented; "More cunner eggs were
collected during the study than any other

16

species, 12,592 eggs being taken from
early May through September." p. 42.
Reference is also made to the great
difficulty encountered in distinguishing
cunner eggs from tautog eggs.

Herman, S. S.

1963. The planktonic fish eggs and larvae of
Narragansett Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr., 8(1):
103-109.

This report contains the results of
Herman's plankton work cited above.
Tables (p. 106-107) list the number,
occurrence, abundance, and characteristics
of the eggs and larvae obtained in the
plankton sampling.

Hildebrand, S. F., and W. C. Schroeder.

1928. Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. Bull. U.

S. Bur. Fish, for 1927, 43 Pt. 1: 1-388.

The authors discuss the general life history
of the cunner (p. 320-321). Only one fish
had ever been taken in a Chesapeake
locahty.

Holmes, E.

1862. Report on the fishes of Maine,
including some of the elementary principles
of ichthyology. Natur. Hist. Geol. Maine,
Second Ann. Rep.: 11-117.
Ctenolabrus burgall is listed.

Huntsman, A. G.

1918a. The effects of the tide on the
distribution of the fishes of the Canadian
Atlantic coast. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Ser.
3,12(4): 61-67.

The distributions of the cunner in the Gulf
of St. LaviTence and in the Bay of Fundy
are compared. It is concluded that the
"absence of heavy tides makes the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, and in particular the
Magdalen shallows, an important spawning
ground for many species of fishes with
pelagic eggs, and the presence of heavy
tides prevents the Bay of Fundy serving in
a similar capacity. . ." p. 66.

Huntsman, A. G.

1918b. The growth of the scales in fishes.

Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst., 12: 61—101.
Analysis of the rleationship of total length
to scale length in the cunner is presented.
The conclusion is reached that in the
cunner "there is to be found a lack of
correspondence in the rates of growth of
the scales and of the body, as judged by
their anterioposterior diameters (for the
scale, particularly of the anterior field).
The scale begins its growth later, grows
relatively more rapidly than the body
during the first half of life, and less rapidly
than the body during the second half." p.
91.

Howe, A. B.

1971. Biological investigation of Atlantic
tomcod, Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum), in
the Weweantic River Estuary, Massachusetts,
1967. M. S. thesis, Univ. Mass., 82 pp.

The cunner is cited as one of six species of
fish which was found in the stomachs of
tomcod (p. 31, 33).

Hunter, G. W., Ill, and E. Wasserman.

1941. Observations on the melanophore
control of the cunner, Tautogolabrus
adspersus (Walbaum). Biol. Bull. (Woods
Hole), 81(2): 300.

Background responses under a constant
source of illumination were studied in the
cunner. "The cunner has a melanophore
system controlled by adrenergic and
cholinergic sets of nerve fibers. . ."

Huntsman, A. G.

1922. The fishes of the Bay of Fundy.
Contrib. Canadian Biol, for 1921(3): 49-72.

"Very common and of all sizes in St. Mary
Bay which must be a successful breeding
place and centre of dispersal. Known to
the fishermen in Annapolis basin, but not
common, and taken only on lines, no
small specimens seen... The eggs have been
taken in Passamaquoddy Bay, but no
larvae have been found..." p. 15.

Huntsman, A. G.

1923. Natural lobster breeding. Bull. Biol.
Bd. Canada, 5: 1-11.

The disparity between the absence of
cunner fry in the Bay of Fundy and the
"prodigious quantity" of cunner found in
the Magdalen shallows was investigated. It

17

was concluded that since the Bay of
Fundy main mass of water does not rise
above 50° F in summer, it is not warm
enough for the successful development of
the cunner eggs.

Huntsman, A. G., W. B. Bailey, and H. B.
Hachey.

1954. The general oceanography of the Strait
of Belle Isle. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 11(3):
198-260.

A discussion on the occurrence of cunner
eggs, larvae, and adults is given. Fish were
abundant with lobsters in the warm
shallow water along the northern part of
the east coast of Newfoundland.

Huver, C. W.

1965. Occurrence of a northern pike in
Fisher's Island Sound. N. Y. Fish and Game
Jour., 12(1): 113.

Cunner is cited as one of the fish species
that is taken in the sportsmen's catch in
Fisher's Island Sound near shore at Groton
Long Point.

Hyman, L. H.

1921. The metabolic gradients of vertebrate
embryos. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole), 40(1):
32-72.

A detailed study of the susceptibility of
the developing eggs of the cunner, cod,
and kiUifish to toxic solutions.

Jacobowitz, D. M., and A. M. Laties.

1968. Direct adrenergic innervation of a
teleost melanophore. Anat. Rec, 162(4):
501-504.

Sympathetic innervation to melanophores
in fish was investigated using a
catecholamine histochemical fluorescence
method, "catecholamine-containing fibers
were observed to be in close anatomic
proximity to the conjuctival and dermal
melanophores of the cunner
(Tautogolabrus adspersus).'"
Catecholamines released from these
adrenergic fibers are capable of causing
aggregation of pigment with blanching of
skin color.

James, J. F.

1887. Catalogue of the mammals, birds.

reptiles, batrachians, and fishes in the
collection of the Cincinnati Society of
Natural History. J. Cincinnati Soc, 10:34-48.
The cunner is listed.

Jerome, W. C, Jr., A. P. Chesmore, and C. O.
Anderson, Jr.

1967. A study of the marine resources of
Beverly-Salem Harbor. Mass. Div. Mar. Fish.,
Monogr. Ser. No. 4. 74 pp.

The fish occurs in the Beverly-Salem
Harbor area.

Jerome, W. C, Jr., A. P. Chesmore, and C. O.
Anderson .

1969. A study of the marine resources of the
Annisquam River - Gloucester Harbor coastal
system. Mass. Div. Mar. Fish., Monogr. Ser.
No. 8. 62 pp.

A brief discussion of cunner taken from
the Annisquam River - Gloucester Harbor
is given.

Johansen, F.

1925. Natural history of the cunner. Contrib.

Canadian Biol., 2(17): 423-468.

The most comprehensive and complete
account of the occurrence, habits,
development, and life history of the
cunner available.

Johansen, F.

1926a. Fishes collected in Newfoundland
during the autumn of 1922. Canadian
Field-Natur.,40(l): 1-6.

The fish is noted as occurring in

Conception Bay.

Johansen, F.

1926b. Fishes collected in the Gaspe
Peninsula during August of 1922. Canadian
Field-Natur., 40(8): 175-178.

Six specimens of cunner, ranging between
14 1/2 - 27 cm in length, were noted at
the pier at Port Daniel on August 8, 1922.

Jones, J. M.

1865. Notes on Nova Scotia fishes. Canadian
Natur. Geol., New Series 2: 128-135.

An account of the biology and economic

importance is provided.

18

Jones, J. M.

1879. List of the fishes of Nova Scotia. Proc.

Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Natur. Sci., 5

(append.): 87-97.

The cunner is "very common during the
summer months in harbours and bays." p.
91.

Jordan, D. S.

1887. A catalogue of the fishes known to
inhabit the waters of North America north of
the Tropic of Cancer, with notes on the
species discovered in 1883 and 1884. Rep. U.
S. Comm. Fish Fish, for 1885, Pt. 13,
Append. E: 789-973.

The cunner is listed (p. 885).

Jordan, D. S.

1891. A review of the labroid fishes of
America and Europe. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish
Fish, for 1887, 15: 599-699.

A taxonomic description and synonomy is
provided. The habitat of this species is
given as "Atlantic coasts of North
America, from Labrador to New York."
"This little fish is exceedingly abundant
about rocks and wharves near shore in the
regions where it is found. It reaches a
length of about 10 inches, being too small
to have much value as food. . ." p. 624.
The fish is also noted as being a pest to
fishermen by "nibbling" bait from hooks.

Jordan, D. S.

1905. A guide to the study of fishes. Holt

and Co., New York. 599 pp.

"With this, [Tautoga onitis] and still more
abundant, is the cunner or chogset,
Tautogolabrus adspersus, greenish-blue in
color, the flesh being also more or less
blue. This fish is too small to have much
value as food, but it readily takes the hook
set for better fishes." p. 387.

Jordan, D. S.

1917-1920. The genera of fishes. Stanford

Univ. Ser, 4 Parts.

The four parts are as follows: Part I, 1917,
pp. 1-161; Part II, 1919, pp. 163-284; Part
III, 1919, pp. 285-410; Part IV, 1920, pp.
411-576. Tautogolabrus is listed (p. 318)
as one of the genera described by Giinther
(1861).

Jordan, D. S.

1923. A classification of fishes including
families and genera as far as known. Stanford
Univ. Publ. Univ. Ser., Biol. Sci., Vol. 3(2):
77-243.

Tautogolabrus is listed (p. 221) as one of
the genera in the family Labridae.

Jordan, D. S.

1925. Fishes. D. Appleton Co., New York.

773 pp.

The abundance of the cunner on the coast
of New England is noted (p. 598).

Jordan, D. S.

1929. Manual of the vertebrate animals of the
northeastern United States. 13th ed. World
Book Co., New York. 446 pp.

The taxonomic description is given (p.
186). Distribution of the cunner is cited as
Newfoundland to Virginia.

Jordan, D. S., and B, W. Evermann.

1896. A checklist of the fishes and fish -like

vertebrates of North and Middle America.

Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish., for 1895, 21,

Apjjend. 5: 207-584.

The fish occurs on the "Atlantic coasts of
North America, from Labrador to Sandy
Hook." p. 411.

Jordan, D. S., and B. W. Evermann.

1896—1900. The fishes of North and Middle
America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47(1-4):
1-3313.

The taxonomic descriptioa and synonomy

is given (p. 1577).

Jordan, D. S., and B. W. Evermann.

1916. American food and game fishes. A
popular account of all of the species found in
America north of the equator, with keys for
ready identification, life histories and
methods of capture. Doubleday, Page Co.,
New York. 572 pp.

The fish is referred to (p. 476-477) as
"one of the best known fishes on our
North Atlantic Coast from Labrador to
Sandy Hook."

Jordan, D. S., B. W. Evermann, and H. W. Clark.

1930. Checklist of the fishes and fish-like

19

vertebrates of North and Middle America
north of the northern boundary of Venezuela
and Columbia. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish, for
1955. U. S. Fish and Woldl. Serv., Wash.,
D.C. 670 pp.)
C. 670 pp.)

The taxonomic synonomy of the cunner is

listed (p. 424).

Jordan, D. S., and C. H. Gilbert.

1882. Synopsis of the fishes of North
America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16: 1-1018.
A brief description of the cunner is
provided (p. 599). The distribution of the
species is given as Newfoundland to Cape
Hatteras.

Kendall, W. C.

1908. Fauna of New England. List of the
Pisces. Occ. Pap., Boston Soc. Natur. Hist.,
7(8): 1-152.

The localities in New England where
cunner (Ctenolabrus ceruleus ) occur are
listed (p. 109).

Kendall, W. C.

1909. The fishes of Labrador. Proc. Portland
Soc. Natur. Hist., 2(8): 207-243.

Kendaill notes that Jordan and Evermann
(1896) list the cunner as occurring in
Labrador and that his list is based upon
their observations.

Kendall, W. C.

1914. An annotated catalogue of the fishes of
Maine. Proc. Portland Soc. Natur. Hist., 3(1):
1-198.

The localities in Maine where cunner were

cited are reported (p. 55-56).

Kidder, J. H.

1880. Report of experiments upon the
animal heat of fishes, made at Provincetown,
Mass., during the summer of 1879, in
connection with operations of the United
States Fish Commission. Proc. U. S. Natl.
Mus., 2: 306-326.

Experiments on the internal temperatures
of fishes were performed. A thermometer
inserted in the stomach of cunner read 1.2°
F above ambient water temperature.

Kingsley, J. S., and H. W. Conn.

1883. Some observations on the embryology
of the teleosts. Mem. Boston Soc. Natur.
Hist., 3(6): 183-212.

A detailed account of the development of

the cunner egg.

Kuntz, A., and L. Radchffe.

1917. Notes on the embryology and larval
development of twelve teleostean fishes. Bull.
U. S. Bur. Fish., 35: 89-134.

A description of the spawning, eggs,
embryology, and larval development of
the cunner is provided. Also contained
within this report are figures of the
developing eggs and larvae of the cunner,
as well as a key to the fish eggs which
occur within the Woods Hole region
during July and August.

Laird, M., and W. L. Bullock.

1969. Marine fish haematozoa from New
Brunswick and New England. J. Fish. Res.
Bd. Canada, 26(4): 1075-1102.

Seven cunner examined yielded no signs of

blood parasites.

Lebida, R. C.

1969. The seasonal abundance and
distribution of eggs, larvae, and juvenile fishes
in the Weweantic River estuary,
Massachusetts, 1966. M. S. thesis, Univ.
Mass., 59 pp.

Cunner eggs were obtained from plankton
tows in June 1966. Cunner and tautog
eggs comprised the bulk of eggs identified
from plankton net hauls. Nearly all (98%)
of the cunner eggs obtained were from the
lower portion (high salinity) of the
Weweantic Estuary.

Lee, C. F.

1948. Thiaminase in fishery products: A
review. Comm. Fish. Rev., 10(4): 7-17.

Reference is made to the work of Yudkin
(1945) in which the cunner was
investigated for thiaminase occurrence.

Legendre, V., [ed.] .

1964. French and English names of the
Canadian Atlantic fishes. Quebec Service De
La Faune Rapport No. 2: 1-178.

20

The French and English names of the
cunner, (tanche-tautogue; cunner) and
several references to Canadian publications
citing this species are provided (p. 78).

Leim, A. L., and L. R. Day.

1959. Records of uncommon and unusual
fishes of eastern Canadian waters, 1950-1958.
J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 16(4): 503-514.
"A record sized, male specimen, 44 cm (17
1/4 in.) long and weighing 3 1/4 pounds,
was caught off Head Harbour, Campobello
N. B., September 9, 1953." p. 512.

Leim, A. L., and W. B. Scott.

1966. Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada.

Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 155. 485 pp.
A complete natural history of the cunner
is given (p. 269-270). Included within this
account is information pertaining to the
description, common names, distinctions,
size range, and biology and economics of
the cunner. References are provided for
reports relating to the Canadian
distribution of the cunner.

Linsley, J. H.

1844. Catalogue of the fishes of Connecticut,
arranged according to their natural families;
prepared for the Yale Natural History
Society. Amer. J. Sci. Arts, 47: 55-80.

"There is a great variety of coloring in the
burgall, and this has doubtless induced Dr.
DeKay to constitute his new species,
'uninotatus;' specimens of which may
always be taken in any large collection of
the true species, and of which we
doubtless have but one, as indicated by
Dr. Storer." p. 66.

Linton, E.

1901a. Fish parasites collected at Woods Hole
in 1898. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. for 1899,
19: 267-304.

Examination of 22 cunners obtained
during August and September revealed
that most of fish were infected with
cestode and trematode cysts. The
"immature distoma" encysted within the
skin of the cunner are described and
confirm the earlier findings of Ryder
(1884) concerning trematode cysts.

Linton, E.

1901b. Parasites of fishes of the Woods Hole
region. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. for 1899, 19:
405-492.

The nematode, cestode and trematode
parasites of the cunner are enumerated.
Also listed are the various food items
found in cunner stomachs; - seaweed,
hydroid stems, bryozoa, tunicates, small
crustaceans of various kinds (Caprella,
shrimps, etc.) and univalve mollusks.

Linton, E.

1910. Notes on the flesh parasites of mzirine
food fishes. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. for
1908, 28, Pt. 2: 1195-1210.

The cunner is noted (p. 1199-1200) as
usually possessing small distomes encysted
in the skin and in the fins. These parasites
are considered as unlikely to infect
humans since they are usually removed in
preparing the fish for cooking.

Linton, E.

1915. Tocotrema lingus (Creplin). The adult
stage of a skin parasite of the cunner and
other fishes of the Woods Hole region. J.
Parasit., 1: 128-134.

Cunners are frequent hosts of the cyst

stage of Tocotrema lingus.

Linton, E.

1928. Notes on trematode parasites of birds.
Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 73(1929): 1-36.

The trematode Cryptocotyle lingua is
noted to be found "Encysted in gills, fins,
and skin of Ctenolabrus adspersus,
Tautoga onitis, and other species offish."
p. 19.

Linton, E.

1934. Some observations on the distribution
of helminth Entozoa of fishes of the Woods
Hole region (Massachusetts, U. S. A.). In R. J.
Daniel [ed.] , James Johnstone Memorial
Volume, University Press, Liverpool:
121-131.

The cunner is commonly parasitized by
the trematode metacercariae of
Cryptocotyle lingua.

Linton, E.

1940. Trematodes from fishes mainly from

21

the Woods Hole region, Massachusetts. Proc.

U. S. Natl. Mus., 88(3078): 1-172.

Gunner is listed as a host for the following
parasites: Cymbephallus uitellosus,
Lepocreadium trullaforme, Hemiurus
appendiculatus, Lecithaster confusus, and
Cryptocotyle lingua. An expanded
account of C. lingua infection of the
cunner is presented (p. 156-157).

Linton, E.

1941. Cestode parasites of teleost fishes of
the Woods Hole region. Massachusetts. Proc.
U. S. Natl. Mus., 90 (3112): 417-442.

The cestode Bothriocephalus is listed as a

parasite of cunners.

Loeb, J.

1895. Untersuchungen uber die
phy siologischen Wirkungen des
Sauerstoffmangels. Pfluger's Arch., 62:
249-294.

Cited in Phillips (1940) as working with

cunner eggs.

Loeb, J.

1912. Heredity in heterogeneous hybrids. J.

Morphol., 23(1): 1-16.

Attempts were made to hybridize cunner
eggs with sperm of scup and mummichog
and mummichog eggs with cunner sperm.
None of the crosses succeed in hatching.

Loomis, F. B., and D. B. Young.

1912. On the shell heaps of Maine. Amer. J.

Sci., 34(199): 17-42.

Thirty-two cunners were found in a shell
heap on Flagg Island and one cunner on a
shell heap on Seaward Island.

Lugger, O.

1877. Additions to list of fishes of Maryland,
published in report, January 1, 1876. Rep.
Comm. Fish. Maryland: 57-94.

Cited in Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928)
as recording the occurrence of the cunner
in Worcester and adjoining counties,
Maryland.

Lux, F. E., and F. E. Nichy.

1971. Number and lengths, by season, of
fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods

Hole, Massachusetts, September 1961 to

December 1962. U. S. Dept. Commerce, Nat.

Mar. Fish. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No.

662. 15 pp.

"Cunners were caught from September to
early December in 1961 and from late
March through November in 1962. . .
They were rare or absent during the
coldest months. This species spawns in
spring and early summer, and the fish 30
to 59 mm. long in 1961 were judged to be
young of the year. In 1962, the 0-group
fish appeared in catches in early July at
lengths of 17 to 27 mm and were present
through November. Cunners caught from
late March through June in 1962 probably
were 1-group fish; however, from July to
early September fish older than 1-group
also appeared to be present." p. 9-10.

McAllister, D. E.

1960. List of the marine fishes of Canada.
Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada, Biol. No. 168: 1-76.
The cunner is listed.

McConnaughey, B. H.

1970. Introduction to marine biology. The C.

V. Mosby Co., St. Louis. 449 pp.

"A few exceptional species (wrasses) are
found outside the tropics and become
larger than most species. The blackfish, or
tautog (Tautoga onitis), of the United
States Atlantic coast and the burgall, or
cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), which
extends as far north as Labrador, are
examples." p. 151.

McErlean, A. J.

1963. Aquarium behavior of juvenile labrid

fishes. Copeia, 1963 (1): 186.

Observations of one cunner held in an
aquarium with six tautog for two weeks
yielded information on cunner
territoriality. A detailed description of the
animal's behavior is provided.

McKenzie, R. A.

1959. Marine and freshwater fishes of the
Miramichi River and Estuary, New
Brunswick. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 16(6):
807-829.

"Called 'blue-perch' by many, this species

22

is common throughout the tidal parts of
the Miramichi." p. 827.

McClane, A. J.

1954. The wise fishermen's encyclopedia.

Wm. H. Wise Co., New York. 1336 pp.

The general life history and distribution is
presented together with fishing
techniques.

McClane, A. J.

1965. McClane's standard fishing
encyclopedia. Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
New York. 1057 pp.

A description of the fish, its life history
and its angling value is presented.

Mackmull, G., and N. A. Michels.

1932. Absorption of colloidal carbon from
the periotoneal cavity in the teleost,
Taiitogolabrus adspersus. Amer. J. Anat., 51:
3-39.

Experiments utilizing the cunner
demonstrated "that intraperitoneally
injected carbon reaches various organs and
tissues, a) as free ink granules, b) by direct
infiltration of carbon-filled cells, i. e.,
macrophages derived from the peritoneal
cavity, and, c) by migration of
carbon-filled macrophages from vascular
channels. Direct absorption of free carbon
particles from the peritoneal cavity is
accomplished chiefly by the mesentary
and intestine, the muscular coat of the
latter being frequently invaded by bay-like
projections of carbon." p. 31.

Marak, R. R., and J. B. Colton.

1961. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae,
temperature, and salinity in the Georges Bank

- Gulf of Maine area, 1953. U. S. Fish Wildl.
Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 398, 61 pp.

Cunner eggs and larvae were obtained in
plankton tows using a meternet and a
"Hardy plankton sampler" from May 25,
1953 to June 3, 1963.

Marak, R. R., J. B. Colton, and D. B. Foster.

1962. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae,
temperature and salinity in the Georges Bank

- Gulf of Maine area, 1955. U. S. Fish Wildl.
Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish No. 411, 66 pp.

Four cunner eggs were obtained on May
28, 1955 from the surface plankton using
a "Hardy plankton recorder".

Marak, R. R., J. B. Colton, Jr., D. B. Foster, and
D. Miller.

1962. Distribution of fish eggs and larvae,

temperature, and salinity in the Georges Bank

- Gulf of Maine area, 1956. U. S. Fish Wildl.

Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 412, 95 pp.

Cunner eggs and larvae were obtained

from surface plankton hauls during the

spring of 1956. Both a surface-towed

meter net and a continuous Hardy

plankton recorder were utilized in the

plankton operations.

Meek, A.

1916. The migrations of fish. Edward Arnold,

London. 427 pp.

The observation is made that cunner eggs
are pelagic and that, in this respect, they
resemble the eggs of related wrasses such
as the "goldsinny rainbow wrasse, and
tautog." p. 307.

Melancon, C.

1958. Les poissons de nos eaux. Troisieme
e'dition, avec addenda. La Societe zoologique
de Quebec, Quebec. 258 pp.
The cunner is cited (p. 230).

Merriman, D.

1947. Notes on the midsummer ichthyofauna
of a Connecticut beach at different tide
levels. Copeia, 1947(4): 281-286.

Seine-hauls at Bushnell Beach, Pine
Orchard, Connecticut during the latter
part of July and early August, 1943 and
1944 yielded cunners in only two sets.

Merriman, D., and R. C. Sclar.

1952. Hydrographic and biological studies of
Block Island Sound. The pelagic eggs and
larvae of Block Island Sound. Bull. Bingham
Oceanogr. Coll., 13(3): 165-219.

The eggs and larvae of the cunner are
discussed. Attention is focused upon
abundance, spawning period, distribution,
etc. A key to the eggs and larvae of Block
Island Sound is provided.

23

Merriman, D., and H. E. Warfel.

1948. Studies on the marine resources of
southern New England. VII. Analysis of a fish
population. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll.,
11(4); 131-164.

Gunner is listed in tables concerning the
occurrence of fish species in one-hour
trawl hauls taken during 1943-1946.

Mitchill, S. L.

1814. Report, in part, of Samuel L. Mitchill,
M. D., on the fishes of New York, New York.
28 pp.

Gunner is cited (p. 23-24) as Tautoga niger
and Tautoga coerulea.

Mitchill, S. L.

1815. The fishes of New York described and
arranged. Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. N. Y., 1:
355-492.

A description of the cunner (Labriis
chogset and Labrus chogset fulva) and its
habits are presented (p. 402-403).

Moenkhaus, W. J.

1904. The development of the hybrids
between Fundulus heteroclitus and Menidia
notata with especial reference to the behavior
of the maternal and paternal chromatin.
Amer. J. Anat., 3: 29-66.

"The eggs of Fundulus heteroclitus can
very easily be impregnated by
Tautogolabrus adspersus. The eggs of the
former cleave ordinarily in about two
hours after the addition of sperm. Those
of the latter under similar conditions,
cleave in about fifty minutes. In the
hybrid, however, the rapid sperm is unable
to alter the rate of cleavage and vice versa.
This law is strikingly illustrated in the
cross between Batrachus tau and
Tautogolabrus." p. 36.

Morgan, T. H.

1895. The formation of fish embryo. J.
Morphol., 10: 419-473.

Reference is frequently made to the

embryology of Ctenolabrus.

Morris, M.

1914. The behavior of the chromatin in
hybrids between Fundulus and Ctenolabrus.

J. Exp. Zool., 16(4): 501-521.

The cytology of hybrids developing from
mummichog eggs and cunner sperm is
discussed in depth with particular
attention devoted to the behavior of the
chromosomes.

Morrow, J. E., Jr.

1951. The biology of the longhorn sculpin,
Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus Mitchill,
with a discussion of the Southern New
England "trash" fishery. Bull. Bingham
Oceanogr. Goll., 13(2): 1-89.

The cunner is listed as a food item found
in the stomachs of longhorn sculpin
collected in February 1944 (p. 89).

Murawski, W. W.

1970. Study of the ichthyoplankton

associated with two of New Jersey's coastal

inlets. N. J. Div. Fish Game Shellfish, 34 pp.

The distribution and occurrence of cunner

eggs and larvae obtained by plankton nets

during 1968-1970 is documented.

Nalbant, T. T.

1967. Fish collected by the trawler 'Galati' in

the northwest Atlantic (Georges Bank).

Buletinul Institutului de Cercetari Piscicole,

26: 41-53.

Cited in Zoological Record. Cunner was
one of the species of fish collected. In
Romanian with French and Russian
summaries.

Needier, A. W. H.

1940. A prehminary list of the fishes of
Malpeque Bay. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci.,
20(2): 33-41.

Small cunners, locally called 'perch', were
common throughout the bay and were
seined from the mouth of the bay to the
creeks. None larger than 13.5 cm were
taken.

Nelson, J.

1890. Descriptive catalogue of the vertebrates
of New Jersey, p. 481-824. In J. Nelson
[ed.] , Geological survey of New Jersey. Part
2. Vol. 2.

A taxonomic description of the cunner is

listed (p. 743).

24

Newman, H. H.

1914. Modes of inheritance in teleost
hybrids. J. Exp. Zool., 16(4): 447-499.

References and reviews the work of
Appellof (1894) on teleost hybrids.
Appellof attempted to cross the cod and
the cunner.
Newman, H. H.

1915. Development and heredity in
heterogenic teleost hybrids. J. Exp. Zool.,
18(4): 511-576.

Newman performed the following hybrid
crosses: cunner sperm with the eggs of
F undulus heteroclitus; Fundulus
diaphanus ; Cyprinodon variegatus ;
Gasterosteus aculeatus; Apettes quadracus;
Menidia menidia notata; Stenotomus
chrysops; and cunner eggs with the sperm
of F. heterclitus; F. majalis; A. quadracus;
M. menidia notata; M. beryllina cerea;
Poronotus triacanthus; and S. chrysops.

New York State Conservation Department.

Undated. Fish & fishing in New York. 36 pp.
"Cunner. A small, colorful fish abundant
over rocky bottoms and around docks and
piers. Hardly anyone fishes for them;
nearly everyone catches them. Take 'em or
leave 'em." p. 22.

Nichol, J. A. C.

1967. The biology of marine animals. Sir
Isaac Pitman Sons, Ltd., London. 699 pp.
The cunner is listed as exhibiting an
oxygen consumption of 108—126 cc.
02/kg— hour at 18° C. The rapidity with
which color changes are accomplished is
also noted.

Nichols, J. T.

1913. A list of fishes known to have occurred
within fifty miles of New York City. Abst.
Linn. Soc. N. Y. for 1907-1911, 20-23:
90-106.

The cunner is listed.

Nichols, J. T., and C. M. Breder, Jr.

1927. The marine fishes of New York and
southern New England. Zoologica, 9(1):
1-192.

A brief account (p. 129) of the
distribution, habits and life history of the
cunner is presented.

Norman, J. R.

1966. A draft synopsis of the orders, families
and genera of recent fishes and fish-like
vertebrates. Trustees of the British Museum,
London. 649 pp.

Tautogolabrus is listed (p. 353).

Norman, W. W.

1896. Segmentation of the nucleus without
segmentation of the protoplasm. Archiv fiir
Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismus, 3:
106-126.

Cunner eggs were used as experimental
material to ascertain the effects of
increased temperature on the
segmentation of the protoplasm.

Ogren, L., and J. Chess.

1969. A marine kill on New Jersey wrecks.
Underwater Natur., 6(2): 4-12.

A mortality of marine organisms was
noted off the coast of southern New
Jersey in the fall of 1968. Cunners were
noted to be affected in the area of the
wreck 'Delaware.' "They were lying on the
upper part of the wreck, curled or pressed
into crevices. They exhibited blotchy
pigmentation, gaping mouths, and erect
fins. Some of these cunner would swim in
a disoriented manner when disturbed. No
live cunner were found on the 'Delaware'
three weeks after the first stress symptoms
were observed. The absence of large
numbers of dead fish suggests that the
majority of cunner moved off the wreck."
p. 5.

Nichols, J. T.

1918. Fishes of the vicinity of New York
City. Amer. Mus. Natur. Hist., Handbook
Ser.,No. 7: 1-118.

An account (p. 80-81) of the habits of the
cunner and a description of the fish are
provided.

Orlowski, S. J., S. S. Herman, R. G. Malsberger,
and H. N. Pritchard.

1972. Distinguishing cunner and tautog eggs
by immunodiffusion. J. Fish. Res. Bd.
Canada 29(1): 111-112.

An immumodiffusion technique is
described which enables eggs of the cunner

25

and tautog to be distinguished within
three hours.

Orton, G. L.

1953. Development and migration of pigment
cells in some teleost fishes. J. Morphol.,
93(1): 69-100.

The pattern of larval development of the
seiiorita, Oxyjulis californica, is noted to
be similar to that of the cunner.

Osbum, R. C.

1921. Bryozoa as food for other animals.

Science, N. S., 53(1376): 451-453.

"Certain fishes that habitually browse
around ledges, rocks, wharves, etc., and
which have teeth adapted for cutting off
and crushing the shells of their prey, are
known to include Bryozoa in their diet
with some regularity. Thus, the cunner,
Tautogolabrus adspersus, and the blackfish
or tautog, Tautoga onitis, feed on bryozoa
along with other hardshelled organisms."
p. 452.

Parker, G. H.

1903. The optic chiasma in teleosts and its
bearing on the asymmetry of the
heterosomata (flat fishes). Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Harvard Univ., 40: 219-242.

Cunner was one of ten species of fish
examined "to ascertain whether the right
nerves or the left nerves are more usually
dorsal at the chiasmata of symmetrical
teleosts. . ." p. 222.

Parker, G. H.

1912. Sound as a directing influence in the
movement of fishes. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 30:
97-104.

The distribution of fish in a large wooden
tank was studied after allowing a 4300 g
iron ball to strike the outside end of the
tank. Cunner showed a tendency to move
toward the sound center.

Parker, G. H.

1913. Effects of explosive sounds, such as
those produced by motorboats and guns
upon fishes. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for
1911: 1-9.

The sounds of a motor boat altered the

behavior of cunners. They ceased feeding
while the running boat stood 6 ft. away
from baited lines.

Pearce, J. B.

1969. Thermal addition and the benthos.
Cape Cod Canal. Chesapeake Sci., 10(3,4):
227-233.

"Some preliminary work with the cunner
(Tautogolabrus adspersus) indicates that
changes occur in the blood tissues of this
fish when it is exposed to elevated
temperatures. As temperatures are
increased the percent of red blood cells
decreases. Further research is necessary to
substantiate these findings. Again,
however, cunner are usually found in
depths lower than those predicted by
consulting engineers to be adversely
heated by discharged waters." p. 229.

Pearcy, W. G., and S. W. Richards.

1962. Distribution and ecology of fishes in
the Mystic River estuary, Connecticut.
Ecology, 43(2): 248-259.

Cunner eggs, larvae, juveniles and adults
were collected as part of a general
investigation of the ichthyofauna. Labrid
eggs were collected between April and
August and were the most abundant
pelagic eggs collected in the estuary. No
differences in vertical distribution of
either the eggs or larvae were apparent
although both stages were noted to be
more common in the lower estuary.

Perley, M. H.

1852. Descriptive catalogue (in part) of the

fishes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Rep. Sea River Fish. New Brunswick,

Frederiction. 294 pp.

The occurrence of the cunner in Canadian
waters is documented (p. 190).

Perlmutter, A.

1939. A biological survey of the salt waters
of Long Island, 1938. Section II. An
ecological survey of young fish and eggs
identified from tow-net collections. Suppl.
28th Ann. Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dept., Pt. 2:
11-71.

"Several thousand eggs were taken from

26

May through September. . . (although) the
height of spawning is reached in June. . .
During July and August, the Griek trawl,
picked up two size groups of cunners. One
group, from 15 to 34 mm, represented
young of the year whereas the second
group from 45 to 89 mm probably were in
their second year." p. 28.

Perlmutter, A.

1961. Guide to marine fishes. Bramhall

House, New York. 431 pp.

A short description of the color,
distribution, general information, and
economic importance of the cunner is
provided (p. 393-394).

PhUips, F. S.

1940. Oxygen consumption and its inhibition
in the development of Funduliis and various
pelagic fish eggs. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole),
78(2): 256-274.

The respiration of the cunner egg during
the first several days of development and
its sensitivity to NaCN and NaN3 were
investigated. The results indicate that
cunner eggs are quite sensitive to
anaerobic conditions and cease
development almost immediately upon
exposure to respiratory poisons. These
findings corroborate observation of Loeb
(1895).

Finney, E.

1918. A study of the relation of the behavior
of the chromatin to development and
heredity in teleost hybrids. J. Morphol.,
31(2): 225-292.

Investigation of the developmental and
cytological processes occurring in hybrid
crosses between the cunner and Fundulus,
Menidia, and Stenotomus.

Finney, E.

1922. The initial block to normal
development in cross-fertilized eggs. I.
Crosses with the egg of Fundulus. II.
Reciprocal crosses between Ctenolabrus and
Prionotus. J. Morphol., 36(3): 401-420.

An additional investigation of the behavior
of chromatin in teleost hybrid eggs. A
tabular summary of the data on the

crosses performed is presented. "The first
cleavage mitosis depends upon certain
specific physical conditions of the
substratum, namely the egg protoplasm."
p. 402.

Prince, E. E.

1917. On serially striped haddock in New
Brunswick. Contrib. Canadian Biol, for
1915-1916-86-91.

"The young forms (cunner) exhibit the
transverse bars, eight or nine dark ochre
bands richly spotted with black dots,
extending from the head region to the
base of the tail, when the fish is barely
half-an-inch long." p. 89.

Provancher, A.

1875. Faune Canadien. Les poissons. Le
Naturaliste Canadien, 7: 758.

A description of the cunner and an
account of its occurrence is provided.

Putnam, F. W.

1863. List of the fishes sent by the museum
to different institutions, in exchange for
other specimens, with annotations. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ., 1: 2-16.
The cunner is listed.

Radcliffe, L.

1922. Fisheries of the New England States in

1919. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish, for 1921,
Append. 5: 120-187.

Tables of catch and market statistics are
given throughout text.

REinsom, B. H.

1920. Synopsis of the trematode family
Heterophyidae with descriptions of a new
genera and five new species. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 57: 527-573.

The cunner is listed as a host for the cyst
stage of Cryptocotyle lingua.

Rathbun, R.

1893. Report upon the inquiry respecting

food-fishes and the fishing ground. Rep. U. S.

Comm. Fish Fish, for 1889 to 1891, 17:

97-171.

"The eggs of the cunner are buoyant and
very transparent; about 26 are contained

27

in a linear inch. About 50,000 eggs of this
species obtained May 22, 1890, were
hatched at Woods Hole on the 5th day,
with a loss of only 5,000. The tidal cod jar
was used, the temperature of the water
being 56° F." p. 160.

Ravenel, W. DeC.

1901. Report on the propagation and
distribution of food-fishes. Rep. U. S. Comm.
Fish Fish, for 1900: 25-118.

The cunner is listed (p. 55) as one of the
salt-water fishes exhibited at the aquarium
at Central Station in Washington, D. C.
during the fiscal year ending June 1900.

Ray, C, and E. Ciampi.

1956. The underwater guide to marine life.

A. S. Barnes Co., New York. 338 pp.

"The cunner (bergall), Tautogolabrus
adspersus is the most northern wrasse. . .
It reaches 15 inches and ranges from
Labrador to the Chesapeake." p. 256.

Reid, M. E.

1929. The distribution and development of

the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus

Walbaum) along the eastern coast of Canada.

Contrib. Canadian Biol., 4(27): 431-441.

Plankton tows were accomphshed during

the summer of 1971 at Miramichi Bay and

Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick;

Cheticamp, Shelbum, and St. Mary Bay,

Nova Scotia. Differences in spawning

season and abundance of cunner eggs and

larvae between the various localities is

attributed to water temperature.

Richards, C. E., and M. Castanga.

1970. Marine fishes of Virginia's eastern
shore (inlet and marsh, seaside waters).
Chesapeake Sci., 11(4): 235-248.

Juveniles clung to tiles placed in
mid-marsh areas for oyster drill studies
and they remained on the tiles even
though lifted from the water.

Richards, S. W.

1959. Oceanography of Long Island Sound.
VI. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae. Bull. Bingham
Oceanogr. Coll., 17(1): 95-124.

Eggs and larvae were sampled using a

Clarke-Bumpus sampler from March 1954
to November 1955. Eggs and larvae were
obtained from May - September 1954, and
June-August 1955. The delayed
appearance of specimens in 1955 was
attributed to the time of sampling rather
than temperature. No significant
difference in sizes of cunner eggs was
noted from various localities in L.I.S., but
the average cunner egg diameter decreased
through the summer.

Richards, S. W.

1963a. The demersal fish population of Long

Island Sound. I. Species composition and

relative abundance in two localities, 1956-57.

Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., 18(2): 1-31.

Trawl hauls were taken in L.I.S. from June

1955 to July 1957. Cunner were obtained

seasonally at both stations, usually in the

warmer months but never in midwinter.

Richards, S. W.

1963b. The demersal fish population of Long
Island Sound. II. Food of the juveniles from a
sand-shell locality. BuU. Bingham Oceanogr.
CoU., 18(2): 32-72.

"Twenty-four cunners, zero to fourth
year, caught in spring, summer and fall,
ate 18 identifiable prey, of which
crustaceans, primarily motile amphipods,
were the most important. Small cunners
exhibited less over-all evidence of bottom
feeding than did the larger specimens.
Occasional polychaetes did not form an
important segment of the diet, and small
numbers of copepods were consumed only
by the 0-year class. Occasional mysids (2-3
mm), shrimps (5.6-16.0 mm), crabs, and
mollusks were primarily eaten by the older
cunners. Ten percent of the total
caprellids was consumed by 11 cunners,
while hydroids, in which caprellids live,
were eaten only by cunners from 94 to
138 mm. Very small cunners were
apparently able to select the amphipods
from the hydroids, whereas the older
cunners were not able to do so. The only
specimen of Orchomenella was eaten by a
cunner 37 mm long. Empty stomachs
occurred infrequently and at no particular
season." pp. 55-56.

28

Richards, S. W.

1963c. The demersal fish population of Long
Island Sound. III. Food of the juveniles from
a mud locality. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr.
CoU.,18(2): 73-101.

Data on the food found in cunner
stomachs is presented (p. 78, 98).

Richardson, J.

1837. Report on North-American zoology.
Rep. British Ass. Adv. Sci. 5: 121-224.

Cunner (Labrus coricus) is listed (p. 208)

as a North- American labrid.

Rosenbaum, S.

1968. Collecting for a salt-w^ater aquarium.

Underwater Natur. 5(3): 33-37.

The aquarium behavior of the cunner is
described as "same habits as blackfish, but
is a smaller fish. Quite timid as it gets
larger and correspondingly more difficult
to feed." p. 35.

Ryder, J. A.

1884. On a skin parasite of the cunner
(Ctenolabrus adsperus). Bull. U. S. Fish.

Comm., 4: 37-42.

Larval flukes were found in the skin, fins,
and gills. A discussion on the pathological
affects produced by these cysts
(presumably metacercaria of Cryptocotyle
lingua, — see Stunkard, 1930) is provided.
Attention is focused on the development
of pigment cells adjacent to the cysts.

Safford, V.

1940. Asphyxiation of marine fish with and
without CO 2 and its effect on the gas content
of the swimbladder. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol.,
16: 165-173.

Experiments were conducted to determine
how the respiratory changes at the gills
influence the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide at the swimbladder. The
swimbladder of the cunner was found to
lose 82% of the oxygen content normally
contained therein when fish were
subjected to asphyxiation with little
carbon dioxide in the water.

Sands, B.

1971. Mercury monitoring highlights Long

Island swordfish tournament. N. Y. Conserv.,
26(2): 27-31.

One cunner possessed 0.22 ppm mercury.

Sargent, P. E.

1898. The giant ganglion cells in the spinal
cord of Ctenolabrus coeruleus. Anatomischer
Anzeiger, 15: 212-225.

The 35 to 40 giant ganglion cells lying in
the dorsal fissure of the spinal cord of the
cunner are described.

Sargent, P. E.

1900. Reissner's fibre in the canalis centralis
of vertebrates. Anatomischer Anzeiger,
17(2-3): 33-44.

The Reissner's fibre in the cunner is

described.

Sargent, P. E.

1903. The torus longitudinalis of the teleost
brain: its ontogeny, morphology, phylogeny,
and function. Mark Anniversary Vol. 20:
399-416.

A description of the torus longitudinalis of
the cunner is provided.

Sargent, P. E.

1904. The optic reflex apparatus of
vertebrates for short-circuit transmission of
motor reflexes through Reissner's fiber; its
morphology, ontogeny, phylogeny, and
function. Pt. I. The fishlike vertebrates. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ., 45(3):
127-259.

The optic reflex apparatus of the cunner is
described with accompanying figures (p.
212-215).

Schaefer, R. H.

1967. Species composition, size and seasonal
abundance of fish in the surf waters of Long
Island. N. Y. Fish Game J., 14(1): 1-46.

Only two cunners were obtained in seining
operations at Fire Island, New York,
between July 1961 and November 30 in

1961, between May 1 and October 31, in

1962, and between May 1 and November
30 in 1963.

Scholander, P. F., C. L. Claff, C. T. Teng, and V.
Walters.

29

1951. Nitrogen tension in the swimbladder of
marine fishes in relation to depth. Biol. Bull.
(Woods Hole), 101(2): 178-193.

Gunner was one of 15 species of New
England marine fishes analyzed for
nitrogen tension in the swimbladder.

Scholander, P. F., and L. Van Dam.

1953. Composition of the swimbladder gas in
deep sea fishes. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole),
104(1): 75-86.

Analysis of the gas composition of the
swimbladder is presented. The relation of
gas composition in the swimbladders of
cunners to total pressure is illustrated.

Schopf, J.D.

1788. Beschreibung einiger
nord-amerikanischen Fische vorziiglich aus
den neu-yorkischen Gewassern. Schrift. Ges.
Naturw. Freunde Berlin, 8: 138-194.
The cunner is cited (p. 155).

Schroeder, W. C.

1955. Report on the results of exploratory
otter-trawling along the continental shelf and
slope between Nova Scotia and Virginia
during the summers of 1952 and 1953 p.
358-372. In Papers in Marine Biology and
Oceanography, Deep-Sea Research; Vol. 3,
Suppl.

The cunner is listed as one of the many
species taken in the haul samples.

Schwartz, F. J.

1961. Fishes of Chincoteague and Sinepuxent
Bays. Amer. Midi. Natur., 65(2): 384-408.
A single specimen captured in a crab pot
at Pamell Bay in Chincoteague Bay
November, 1959 is listed.

Schwartz, F. J.

1964. Fishes of the Isle of Wight and
Assawoman Bays near Ocean City, Maryland.
Chesapeake Sci., 5(4): 172-193.

The cunner is noted as a common summer
and winter species (125-190 mm) found
browsing on the pilings and jetties of
Ocean City.

Scott, W. B. and M. G. Scott.

1965. A checklist of Canadian Atlantic

fishes with keys for identification. Royal
Ontario Museum, Univ. Toronto, Contrib. No
66. 106 pp.

The cunner is listed.

Serchuk, F.

1972. The ecology of the cunner,
Tautogolabnis adspersus (Walbaum) (Pisces;
Labridae), in the Weweantic River Estuary,
Wareham, Massachusetts. M. S. thesis, Univ.
Mass., Ill pp.

Various aspects of the life history of the
cunner are described. Emphasis is placed
upon age and growth of adults, the
distribution, seasonal occurrence and
abundance of egg and larval stages, and the
occurrence and extent of trematode
metacercarial parasitism on all life stages.

Sharp, B. and H. W. Fowler.

1904. The fishes of Nantucket. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. PhUa., 56: 504-512.
Cunner is listed.

Shepard, D. C.

1961. A cytological study of the origin of
melanophores in the teleosts. Biol. Bull.
(Woods Hole), 120(2): 206-220.

"The pigment of the pelagic cunner egg is
interesting because in similar embryos
Orton (1953) and others have observed
melanophores forming in the crest region
well before any pigment cell migration."
p. 213. Details of embryo pigmentation
are described.

Sherwood, G. H. and V. N. Edwards.

1902. Notes on the migration, spawning,

abundance, etc., of certain fishes in 1900.

BuU. U. S. Fish. Comm. for 1901-1921:

27-31.

"Barrels of cunner were killed by the
extreme cold of February, 1901, and were
seen floating on the surface with tautog."
p. 30.

Sindermann, C. J.

1970. Principal diseases of marine fish and

shellfish. Academic Press, New York. 369 pp.

"Cercariae of Cryptocotyle invade and

encyst in the fins and integument of

herring, cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus.

30

and a number of other inshore western
Atlantic species, causing the formation of
conspicuous cysts or 'black spots'." p. 53.

Smith, G. M.

1933. The mechanism of intake and outflow
of fluids in the lateral line canal of fishes.
Anat. Rec, 56(4): 365-368.

Gunner was one of many species
investigated which failed to exhibit
definite penetration of colored fluids into
the lateral line canals.

Smith, H. M.

1894. Economic and natural history notes on

fishes of the northern coast of New Jersey.

Bull. U.S. Fish. Gomm. for 1892, 12:

365-380.

The fish is found "throughout the fishing
season" in pound nets catches. The largest
examples weigh \V2 pounds. "Small
examples were abundant in the dense
vegetable growth which adheres to
poundnet poles, ropes, anchors, etc. At
Bradley Beach an old rope, covered with
Ulua lactuca lactuca and U. enteromorpha
compressa, when pulled up had hundreds
of small cunners on it, which were landed
in the boat. . ." p. 378.

Smith, H. M.

1898. Fishes found in the vicinity of Woods
Hole. Bull. U. S. Fish. Gomm. for 1897, 17:
85-111.

Gunner seasonal mortality is described in
addition to breeding habits and
distribution.

Smith, J. V. C.

1833. Natural history of the fishes of
Massachusetts, embracing a practical essay on
angling. Allen Ticknor, Boston. 399 pp.

Gunner life history is discussed (p.
259-261). Baird (1873) states of this
publication "an exceptionally and even
ludicrously erroneous and worthless
compilation. . ."

Smith, J. V. G.

1835. A catalogue of the marine and
freshwater fishes of Massachusetts, p.
535-538. In E. H. Hitchcock [ed.], Report

on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany and
Zoology. Massachusetts, pt. 4.
Gunner, Labrus coricus, is listed.

Smith, J. Gapt.

1616. The generall historie of Virginia, New
England and the true travels, adventures, and
observations and a sea grammar. 2 vols.,
London. Reprinted from the London edition
of 1629 by the Franklin Press, Richmond,
Va., 1819.

Smith comments on the abundance of
fishes in New England and notes, "And in
the harbors we frequented, a little boye
might take of Gunners and Pinacks and
such delicate fish, at the ships sterne, more
than sixe or tenne can eate in a dale; but
with a casting net, thousands when wee
pleased. . ."

So,.B. K. F.

1972. Marine fish haematozoa from
Newfoundland waters. Ganadian J. Zool. 50:
543-554.

Gunner was one of 28 species examined
for haematozoa. None of the 26 cunners
examined contained blood protozoa.

Speidel, G. S.

1922. Further comparative studies in other
fishes of cells that are homologous to the
large irregular glandular cells in the spinal
cord of the skates. J. Gomp. Neurol., 34(3):
303-318.

Gunner is listed as one of the many species
of fish which were examined for Dahlgren
cells. The cells found in the cunner
exhibited lobulation of the nucleus and
large cell body size.

Stafford, J.

1905. Trematodes from Ganadian vertebrates.

Zoologischer Anzeiger, 28: 631-694.

The cunner is cited as a host for
Dermocystis centolabri (p. 682).

Stafford, J.

1907. Preliminary report on the trematodes
of Ganadian marine fishes. Gontrib. Canadian
Biol, for 1902-1905: 91-94.

Distomum sp. was encysted in skin of

cunner.

31

Stafford, J.

1912. Fauna of the Atlantic coast of Canada.

Contrib. Canadian Biol, for 1906-1910:

45-67.

The cunner is listed as one of the species
of fish found in the mouth of the Gaspe
Basin.

Stafford, J.

1917. Canada's fisheries as a source of food
supply. Canadian Fisherman, August, 1917.

The abundance of the cunner in Canadian

waters is noted.

Steams, W. A.

1883. Notes on the natural history of
Labrador. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., 6(6):
111-137.

The fish was very common all about Cape

Britain.

Stock, V.

1915. On some parasitic copepods of the Bay
of Fundy fish. Contrib. Canadian Biol, for
1911-1914: 69-71.

No caligid copepods were found on the

one cunner examined.

Stone, R., and J. Clark.

1970. Artificial reef. Skin Diver, 19(7):

62-65.

The cunner was the most abundant of fish
on an artificial reef built off Fire Island
Inlet in 1962.

Storer, D. H.

1839a. Reports on the ichthyology and
herpetology of Massachusetts. Zoological and
botanical survey of the state. Reports on the
fishes, reptiles and birds of Massachusetts.
Boston J. Natur. Hist., 2(3-4): 289-558.
(Reprinted 1839 Button, Wentworth,
Boston, 426 pp.)

A report on the fishes of Massachusetts. A
description and short natural history is of
the cunner is provided, (p. 390-392)

Storer, D. H.

1839b. Remarks on the "Natural history of
the fishes of Massachusetts, embracing a
practical essay on angling; by Jerome V. C.
Smith, M.D." Amer. J. Sci. Arts., 36(2):
337-349.

"Upon page 259, we have a description of
the cunner, or marine perch as it is often
called; and it is surprising that after the
author observes, 'since the commencement
of this little volume, no one species has
given us more trouble and perplexity in
the classification than this;' to find it
arranged in a vinrong genus, with the sage
remark, 'to all appearance the perch or
cunner is the tautog in miniature; and if it
were black it would be supposed to be the
young of that fish!' And this too, while
the preoperculum of the former is strongly
denticulated throughout, and the edge of
that of the latter is per fectly smooth!" -
p. 345.

Storer, D. H.

1846. A synopsis of the fishes of North
America. Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci., N. S. 2(7):
253-550.

The taxonomic description and synonomy

of the cunner is given (p. 386).

Storer, D. H.

1867. A history of the fishes of
Massachusetts. Welsh, Bigelow, Dakin, and
Metcalf, Boston. 287 pp. This report was
reprinted from Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.,
1853, N. S. 5 (part 1): 49-92, 122-168; (part
2): 257-296. 1858, N. S. (part 2): 309-372.
1863, N. S. 8 (part 2): 389-434. 1867, N. S.
9 (parti): 217-256.

A taxonomic description with synonomy
and remarks is provided (p. 108-110). The
cunner, is noted to be a common species
taken from the middle of June until late in
October, and brought to market in
immense quantities.

Storer, H. R.

1850. Observations on the fishes of Nova
Scotia and Labrador, with description of new
species. Boston J. Natur. Hist., 6(15):
247-270.

"Cuvier received specimens (of cunner)
from Newfoundland; Dr. Storer next
mentioning it as in the waters of Maine,
whence it ranges southerly as far as New
York. It is so plentiful in the Gut of
Canso, that by sinking a basket with a salt
fish tied therein for bait, we continually

32

caught them by the score; and by putting
a few hundred into the 'well' of our little
sloop, we kept ourselves, the dogs, and a
hawk ffa/co Sancti Johannis) well supplied
with fresh fish wilst at sea." p. 264.

Stroud, R. H.

1971. Introduction to symposium, p. 1-8. In
P. A. Douglas and R. H. Stroud [ed.] , A
symposium on the biological significance of
estuaries. Sport Fishing Institute,
Washington.

Cunner is listed as a species which is
considered by some biologists to be
estuarine-dependent at some critical stage
in its life history.

Stunkard, H. W.

1930. The life history of Cryptocotyle lingua
(Creplin), with notes on the physiology of
the metacercariae. J. Morphol. Physiol., 50:
143-191.

Experiments were performed with
trematode life stages obtained from
cunners. Host relations and specificity of
the trematode are presented on the basis
of experimental data.

Suckling, J. A.

1967. Trunk lateral line nerves: some

anatomical aspects p. 45-52. In P. Cahn

[ed.]

Lateral line detectors. Indiana Univ. Press,

Bloomington, Indiana.

Cunner is listed as one of many species of
fish which have a "dorsal nerve present
with commissures passing to lateralis
nerve." p. 49. "Preliminary histological
studies on the lateralis nerve of
Katsuwonus pelamis and Tautogolabrus
adspersus suggest that there are both large
and small fibers present. The number
appears to be of the order of 1000 fibers
in the lateralis nerve, before it becomes
part of the vagus." p. 51.

Sumner, F. B.

1906a. The osmotic regulations between
fishes and their surrounding medium
(prehminary note). Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole),
10(6): 298-306.

The cunner is not able to tolerate fresh

water; the abruptness of transfer to low
salinity and fresh water is not as important
as the salinity level.

Sumner, F. B.

1906b. The physiological effects upon fishes
of changes in the density and salinity of
water. BuU. U. S. Bur. Fish, for 1905, 25:
53-108.

"Of the typically marine fishes few were
tested as to their ability to withstand
abrupt transfer to fresh water, since this is
well known to result fatally in the case of
most species. . . Some cunner
(Tautogolabrus adspersus) were dead at
the end of 12 hours. . ." p. 60. The
following experiment was performed:
"Thirteen cunners (Tautogolabrus
adspersus) treated as were the fishes in the
two preceding experiments. (Specimens
transferred to fresh water through a series
of daily steps of 0.001 in specific gravity.
Fishes were fed throughout the
experiment). All died within 12 hours
after reaching fresh water though
apparently healthy till this occurred." p.
65.

Sumner, F. B., R. C. Osburn and L. J. Cole.
1913. A biological survey of the waters of
Woods Hole and vicinity. Pt. 1. Sec. 1.
Physical and zoological. Pt. 2 Sec. 3. A
catalogue of the marine fauna. Bull. U. S.
Bur. Fish for 1911, 31: 5-441, 547-794.

Cunner is listed as one of the species
obtained during the survey. A chart
illustrating the distribution of the cunner
in Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay is
provided as well as a description of the
food, parasites, and habits (p. 759-760).

Thomas, M. L. H. and G. H. White.

1969. Mass mortality of estuarine fauna at
Bideford, P.E.I., associated with abnormally
low salinities. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada,
26(3): 701-704.

"In May 1967 an up-estuary gale caused
the buildup of an extra-ordinarily deep
freshwater layer in Bideford River, P.E.I. ;
salinities at 3 m fell to less than l°/oo."
A single dead specimen of Tautogolabrus
adspersus, the cunner, was noted after this
phenomenon.

33

Thompson, H.

1932. First list of fishes in the Newfoundland
fishing area. Ann. Rep. Newfoundl. Fish Res.
Comm. for 1931, Append. 1(4): 107-110.

Young lorms are taken peiagically at Bay
Bulls.

Thompson, H.

1933. Second list of fishes in the
Newfoundland fishing area. Ann. Rep.
Newfoundl. Fish Res. Comm for 1932,
Append. 2(1): 125-127.

Cunner is listed.

Thompson, H.

1934. Third list of fishes in the
Newfoundland fishing area. Ann. Rep.
Newfoundl. Fish Res. Comm for 1933,
Append. 2(2): 115-117.

Cunner is listed.

Thomson, K. S., W. H. Weed, III, and A. G.
Taruski.

1971. Saltwater fishes of Connecticut. State

Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. No. 105.

165 pp. A brief account of the field

characters, color, description, size,

distribution, habits, and importance of the

cunner is provided (p. 131-132).

ThrelfaU, W.

1968. Studies on the helminth parasites of
the American herring gull (Larus argentatus)
in Newfoundland. Canadian J. Zool. 46(6):
1119-1126.

Although metacercariae of Cryptocotyle
lingua parasitize the cunner, specimens of
the fish were not found in the stomachs of
gulls.

Townsend, C. H.

1901a. Report of the Division of Statistics
and methods of the fisheries. Rep. U. S.
Comm. Fish Fish, for 1900, 26: 163-184.
The cunner is listed.

Townsend, C. H.

1901b. Statistics of the fisheries of the New
England States. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish Fish,
for 1900, 26: 311-386.

Catch statistics are listed throughout text.

Tracy, H. C.

1906. A list of the fishes of Rhode Island. I.
Annotated list of the fishes known to inhabit
the waters of Rhode Island. Ann. Rep. Rhode
Island Comm. Inland Fish, for 1905, 36:
38-99.

A very brief account of the distribution,
habitat, reproduction, food and size of the
cunner is provided (p. 77-78).

Tracy, H. C.

1910. Annotated list of fishes known to
inhabitat the waters of Rhode Island. Ann.
Rep. Rhode Island Comm. Inland Fish, for
1909. 40: 35-176.

A description of the distribution, habitat,
reproduction, food and rate of growth of
the cunner is given (p. 135-136).

Tracy, H. C.

1911. The morphology of the swim-bladder
in teleosts. Anatomischer Anzeiger, 38:
600-606; 638-649.

Cunner was one of nine species of marine
fish in which the development of the
swimbladder was studied.

Tracy, H. C.

1925. The relation of carbon dioxide to
spontaneous movements in the larvae of
Opsanus tau. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole), 48(6):
408-431.

The spontaneous movements of the
toadfish are compared to those of
Fundulus and the cunner. "It would
appear that the activity habits of these
animals are not widely different at any
stage of their existence, and are
determined by some internal physiological
mechanism, the earliest expression of
which is found in the spontaneous
movements of the embryo." p. 411.

Tracy, H. C.

1926. The development of motility and
behavior reactions in the toad-fish. J. Comp.
Neurol., 40(2): 256-369.

Observations are made in detail on the
reactions, movements, and behavior of
larval cunner. Larval cunner behavior is
compared with that of the toadfish.

34

Tremblay, J. L.

1943. Rapport general sur les activities de la
Station biologique du Saint-Laurent pendant
les annees 1936-1942. Univ. Laval. Stat.
Biol., St. Laurent, Rapp. No. 4: 39-41.
The cunner is mentioned, p. 40.

Trumbull, J. H.

1873. On some early notices of New England
fishes. Report on the condition of the sea
fisheries of the south coast of New England
in 1871 and 1972. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish
Fish, for 1871-1872: 165-169.

Usage of terms "cunner" and "bergall" for
fish other than Tautogolabrus adspersus is
discussed.

Unger, L

1966. Artificial reefs - A review. Amer.
Littoral Soc, Spec. Pub. No. 4, 74 pp.

A description of the occurrence of cunner

in areas of artificial reefs.

Verrill, A. E.

1873. Report upon the invertebrate animals
of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters,
with an account of the physical characters of
the region.- In Report on the condition of the
sea fisheries of the south coast of New
England in 1871 and 1872. Rep. U. S.
Comm. Fish Fish, for 1871-1872, 1:
295-778.

A cunner was observed to be in the
stomach of a "Peaked-nosed Skate"
caught in Vineyard Sound (p. 521). This
occurrence was also recorded in Baird
(1886).

Vladykov, V. D. and R. A. McKenzie.

1935. The marine fishes of Nova Scotia. Proc.

Nova Scotian Inst. Sci., 19(1): 17-113.

Lists the cunner (p. 100) as very common
in coastal waters but devoid of economic
importance.

Walbaum, J. J.

1792. Petri artedi sueci Genera Piscium.

Ichthyologiae Pars IIL 723 pp. Reprinted

1966, J. Cramer. Steckert-Hafner Inc. New

York.

A taxonomic description of the cunner,
(Labrus adspersus), is provided (p.
254-255).

Warfel, H. E. and D. Merriman.

1944. Studies on the marine resources of
southern New England. I. An analysis of the
fish populations of the shore zone. Bull.
Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., 9(2): 1-91.

The cunner is listed as one of the species
obtained from the Morris Cove area.
'^Tautogolabrus adspersus and Opsanus tau
were apptirently wanderers from rocky
habitats where they are well known,
although they have been reported from
sand or muddy bottoms occasionally." p.
60.

Weis, J. S.

1968. The occurrence of nerve growth factor
in teleost fishes. Experientia, 24(7): 736-737.

The results of bioassays on the cunner

spinal axes are listed.

Wheatland, S. B.

1952-1954. VII. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae.

Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., 15:234-314.

BuU. Bingham Oceanogr. CoU., 15: 234-314.
The relative abundance of eggs and larvae
obtained from L.I.S. is listed. Data
pertinent to other characteristics of
cunner eggs and larvae (size, number
collected, etc.) is provided in tables. An
excellent discussion of cunner eggs and
larval distribution and abundance is given
with explanations accounting for the
decrease in cunner egg diameter observed
through the spawning season.

Whiteaves, J. F.

1886. Catalogue of Canadian Pinnipedia,
Cetacea, fishes and marine invertebrates.
Ottawa, Canada, 42 pp.

Specimens of cunner from Canadian
waters were exhibited at the Colonial and
Indian Exhibition in London (p. 16).

Wicklund, R. I.

1970. Observations on the spawning of the
cunner in waters of northern New Jersey.
Chesapeake Sci., 11(2): 137.

The spawning behavior of the cunner was
observed in their natural habitat at
Shrewsbury Rocks, New Jersey. "Cunner
spawning was observed. . .after 1200 hr
and before 1700 hr of June and July,

35

1963. . . Prespawning behavior took place
within small aggregations of 3 to 15
cunners which became more active than
usual, milling and darting about. Chasing
next ensued, one fish, pursued by several
others, moving in small circular paths in
and out of rock crevices and over rises on
the bottom. The spawning act took from
two to three seconds. In each instance, a
group of fish made a quick turn upward to
converge at a point one to two meters
above the bottom, where the fish either
contacted or merely touched each other.
Then they immediately swam down and
glided in a curving path toward the
bottom away from a white cloud,
presumably milt and eggs which they had
discharged at the apex of the upward
spawning movement. . ."

Wilbur, C. G.

1956. The physiology of the heart of marine
fish. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole), 111(2): 316.
(abstract).

At a given temperature larger fish have
slower heart beats than smaller fish. "A
few average values in beats per minute for
fish arranged in order of decreasing size:
Roccus, 20; Oppsanus, 40; Prionotus, 50;
Tautogolabrus, 60; Fundulus, 100."

Williams, G. C.

1906. Dispersal of young marine fishes near
Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Publ. Mus. Mich.
State Univ., Biol. Ser., 1(10): 331-367.

The cunner is listed (p. 343) as a species
often taken by anglers near Waquoit Bay.

Williams, G. C.

1967. Identification and seasonal size changes
of eggs of the labrid fishes, Tautogolabrus
adspersus and Tautoga onitis,o{ Long Island
Sound. Copeia, 1967(2): 452-453.

Observation indicated that the eggs of

cunner and tautog could be correctly
identified from each other by the use of
monthly egg-diameter frequency
distributions.

WUliams, G. C.

1968. Bathymetric distribution of planktonic
fish eggs in Long Island Sound. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 13(2): 382-385.

The distribution of cunner eggs was
strongly vertically stratified with most of
the eggs obtained from the upper five
meters of water.

Williamson, W. D.

1832. Chapter on Fishes, p. 150-164. In W.
D. Williamson [ed.]. The history of the state
of Maine, from its first discovery, A.D. 1602,
to the Separation, A.D. 1820, vol. 1. Glazier,
Masters Co., Hallowell, Maine.
"'Cunner' is a brown coloured, scaled salt
water fish, as large as a white perch, and is a
good pan-fish. It has a horny or thorned
back, and is found in Casco bay and
westward; and weighs from 1 to 6 pounds."

Yudkin, W. H.

1945. Occurrence of thiaminase in marine
teleosts. Proc. Soc. Exp. Med., 60: 268-269.
Assays for the presence of thiaminase were
conducted on the cunner and three other
marine species. No thiaminase was present
in any of the fish tested.

Zube, E. H. and C. A. Carlozzi, eds.

1967. An inventory and interpretation.

Selected resources of the Island of

Nantucket. Coop. Exten. Serv., Univ. Mass.,

Publ. No. 4. 135 pp.

The tautog (Tautoga onitis) and cunner
(Tautogolabrus adspersus) were commonly
caught while sampling in Nantucket and
Madaket Harbors. Their diet consist of
shrimp, amphipods, mussels, crabs, etc. (p.
55-58).

36

ADDENDUM

Most of the entries below were listed in Fish
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, An Unabridged
Bibliography, (Technical Report Number 261,
Fisheries Research Board of Canada) by V. M.
Srivastava. The publications referred to have not
been seen by the authors and are not included in
the index. Although not annotated, they are
presented in the interest of completeness and to
inform the reader that additional information,
albeit obscure, is available.

Bergeron, J.

1956. Liste preliminarie des representants de
la region des Iles-de-la-Madeleine, P. Q. Dept.
Pech., Sta. Biol. Mar. Grande-Riviere,
Manuscript.

Bergeron, J.

1960a. Liste des poissons marins de I'estuaire
du Golfe Saint-Laurent. Contr. Dep. Peche.
Que. 80: 1-27.

Bergeron, J.

1960b. Liste des poisons capture's dans la
re'gion de la Baie-des-Chaleurs et du Golfe
Saint-Laurent par la station de biologie
marine de Grande Riviere de 1952 a 1960.
Dept. Pech., Sta. Biol. Mar. Grande Riviere.
(MS).

Bergeron, J. and G. LaCroix.

1963. Catches of fish larvae from the
southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1962.
Rapp. Ann. (1963) Sta. Biol. Mar., Grande
Riviere: 69-76.

Bergeron, J. and V. Legendre.

1970. Catalogue des especes de poissons
deposes au muse'e de la station de biologie
marine de Grande-Riviere (Gaspe-Sud)
1932-1969. Quebec, Min. Indust. Commerce,
Service Biol., Cahiers D-information 51:1-86.
D-information 51: 1—86.

Fortin, P.

1863. List of the cetacea, fishes, Crustacea
and mollusca, which now inhabit and have
inhabited the Canadian shores of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and are objects of fishing
operations, whether on a large or small scale,
and which are used as bait, etc... Ann. Kept.

of Pierre Fortin, for 1861-1862, Quebec
109-124.

Gauthier, M.

1966. Poissons rares ... peu abondants ... non
commerciaux. Le point sur les connaissances
en biologie des peches dans le Golft Sant
Laurent. G.T.B.P. Doc 33: 1-9 (MS).

Halkett, A.

1914. Natural history report. Dept. Mar.
Fish., Ann. Rep. for 1913-1914, A.F.P. 14:
343-367.

Kennedy, V. S. and P. M. Powles.

1964. Plankton collections from the western
Gulf of St. Lawrence and central Nova Scotia
banks, 1958-1962. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, MS
Report (Biol.), No. 799, 69 pp.

LaCroix, G.

1966. Les plies. Le point sur les
connaissances en biologie des peches dans le
Golfe Sanit-Laurent G.T.B.P. Doc. 23: 1-11

(MS).

LaCroix, G. and J. Bergeron.

1964. Prelevements de larves de poissons dans
le sud-ouest du Golfe Saint Laurent en 1963.
Rapp. Ann. 1963, Sta. Biol. Mar. Grande-
Riviere: 25-37.

Lacroix, G. and L. Legendre.

1964. Le zooplankton et al[estuaire de le
Riviere Restigouche (Bale des Chaleurs):
Quantities et composition en aout 1962. Nat.
Can. 91(1): 21-40.

Scarrat, D. J. and A. J. WUson.

1970. Experiments with rotenone in
Northumberland Strait and stomach analysis
of fish collected. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, MS
Rep. 1107: 1-7.

Van Vliet, W. H.

1970. Shore and freshwater fish collections
from Newfoundland. Nat. Mus. Canada, Publ.
Zool. 3: 1-30.

Van Vliet, W. H. and D. E. McAllister.

1961. Preliminary list of marine fishes of
Quebec. Nat. Can., 88(3): 53-78.

37

INDEX

Age and Growth

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Dew, 1970.

Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928.

Huntsman, 1918b.

Johansen, 1925.

Nichols and Breder, 1927.

Serchuk, 1972.

Tracy, 1910.
Anomalies

Atwood, 1865.
Artificial Reefs (occurrence on)

Brewer, 1965.

BuUoch, 1965.

DeCamp, 1963.

Ogren and Chess, 1969.

Stone and Clark, 1970.

Unger, 1966.
Bacteria

Gibbons, 1934.

Gibbons, 1934b.
Bay of Fundy

Bigelow, 1928.

Huntsman, 1922, 1923.
Behavior

Davis and Bardach, 1965.

Dew, 1970.

McErlean, 1963.

Parker, 1912, 1913.

Rosenbaum, 1968.

Tracy, 1925, 1926.

Wicklund, 1970.
Block Island Sound

Merriman and Sclar, 1952.

Merriman and Warfel, 1948.

Warfel and Merriman, 1944.
Blood

Dawson, 1932, 1933.

Eisler, 1965.

Gray and HaU, 1930.

Hall and Gray, 1929.

Laird and BuUock, 1969.

Pearse, 1969,

So, 1972.
Brain

Sargent, 1903.
Cape Breton

Cox, 1921.

Canso

Cornish, 1907

Storer, 1850.
Carbon (absorption of)

MackmuU and Michels, 1932.
Chesapeake Bay

Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928.
Chromosomes

Morris, 1914.

Pinney, 1918, 1922.
Commercial Fishery

Alexander, 1905.

Baird, 1889.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Bowers, 1907.

Clark, 1887.

Collins, 1892.

CoUins and Smith, 1892.

Edwards, 1958.

Edwards and Lawday, 1960.

Goode, 1884, 1888.

Radchffe, 1922.

Storer, 1867.

Townsend, 1901a, 1901b.
Common Names

Abbott, 1868.

American Fish. Soc, 1970.

Bean, 1888, 1901, 1903a, 1903b.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

DeKay, 1842.

GiU, 1904, 1905.

Goode, 1884, 1888.

Goode and Bean, 1880.

Gordon, 1957, 1960.

Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928.

Johansen, 1925.

Legendre, 1964.

Leim and Scott, 1966.

Mitchill, 1815.

Nelson, 1890.

Serchuk, 1972.

Smith, H. M., 1894.

Trumbull, 1873.
Connecticut

Dew, 1970.

Linsley, 1844.

Merriman, 1947.

38

Pearcy and Richards, 1962.

Thomson, et al., 1971.
Continental Shelf

Nalbant, 1967.

Schroeder, 1955.
Delaware

DeSylva, et al., 1962.
Description

Ambrose, 1870.

Ayers, 1843.

Bean, 1901, 1903a, 1903b.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Breder, 1948.

DeKay, 1842.

Denton, 1901.

Field, 1907.

Fowler, 1906. 1908.

Goode, 1884, 1888.

Gordon, 1957, 1960.

Gregory and LaMonte, 1947.

Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928.

Johansen, 1925.

Jordan, 1891, 1905, 1925, 1929.

Jordan and Evermann, 1916.

Jordan and Gilbert, 1882.

Leim and Scott, 1966.

McConnaughey, 1970.

Melancon, 1958.

Mitchill, 1815.

Nelson, 1890.

Nichols, 1918.

Nichols and Breder, 1927.

Perlmutter, 1961.

Provancher, 1875.

Ray and Ciampi, 1956.

Smith, 1833a.

Storer, D. H., 1839a, 1846, 1867.

Thomson, et al., 1971
Eggs

Atkins, 1878.

Bigelow, 1917.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Bowers, 1904.

Brice, 1898.

Cole, 1967.

Colton and Marak, 1969.

Costello, et al., 1957.

Dannevig, 1919.

Fairbanks, et al., 1971.

Fish, 1925.

Fish and Johnson, 1937.

Herman, 1958, 1963.

Huntsman, 1922.

Huntsman, et al., 1954.

Hyman, 1921.

Johansen, 1925.

Kuntz and Radcliffe, 1917.

Lebida, 1969.

Marak and Colton, 1961.

Marak, et al., 1962.

Marak, et al., 1962.

Meek, 1916.

Merriman and Sclar, 1952.

Murawski, 1970.

Orlowski, et al., 1972.

Pearcy and Richards, 1962.

Perlmutter, 1939.

Philips, 1940.

Rathbum, 1893.

Reid, 1929.

Richards, 1959.

Serchuk, 1972.

Wheatland, 1956.

WUliams, 1967, 1968.
Embryology

Agassiz, 1878, 1882.

Agassiz and Whitman, 1885a, 1885b,

1889, 1915.

Atkins, 1878.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Brook, 1885a, 1885b.

Ehrenbaum, 1905-1909.

Kingsley and Conn, 1883.

Kuntz and Radcliffe, 1917.

Loeb, 1895, 1912.

Moenkhaus, 1904.

Morgan, 1895.

Morris, 1914.

Newman, 1914, 1915.

Norman, 1896.

PhUips, 1940.

Pinney, 1918, 1922.

Shepard, 1961.
Estuarine Dependence

Stroud, 1971.
Feeding Behavior

Davis and Bardach, 1965.
Food (ingested by cunner)

Bean, 1897.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

39

CoUins, 1959.

Denton, 1901.

Dexter, 1947.

Field, 1907.

Johansen, 1925.

Linton, 1901b.

Nichols and Breder, 1927.

Osburn, 1921.

Richards, 1963b, 1963c.

Tracy, 1906, 1910.

Zube and Carlozzi, 1967.
Food Value (palatability)

Abbott, 1868.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Field, 1907.

Gibbons, 1964.

Goode, 1884, 1888.

Gordon, 1957.

Jordan, 1891, 1925.

Jordan and Evermann, 1916.

Nichols and Breder, 1927.

Perlmutter, 1961.

Stafford, 1917.

Storer, 1867.
Gas Bubble Disease

Gorham, 1899.
Gaspe'

Johansen, 1926b.

Stafford, 1912.
Gills (branchial glands)

Bevelander, 1935, 1936.
Habits

Ambrose, 1870.

Bean, 1901, 1903a, 1903b.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Briggs and O'Connor, 1971.

CoUins, 1959.

Denton, 1901.

Fish and Mowbray, 1970.

Fortin, 1864.

Goode, 1884, 1888.

Gordon, 1957, 1960.

Grant, 1969.

Green and Farwell, 1971.

Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928.

Johansen, 1925.

Jordan, 1891.

Leim and Scott, 1966.

McClane, 1954, 1965.

Needier, 1940.

Nichols, 1918.

Nichols and Breder, 1927.

Perlmutter, 1939, 1961.

Ray and Ciampi, 1956.

Smith, 1833a.

Storer, 1839a, 1867.

Sumner, et al., 1913.

Thomson, et al., 1971.
Heart

WUbur, 1956.
Hybridization (heredity)

Appellof, 1894.

Loeb, 1912.

Moenkhaus, 1904.

Morris, 1914.

Newman, 1914, 1915.

Finney, 1918, 1922.
Industry (see Commercial Fishery)
Labrador

Kendall, 1909.

Stearns, 1883.
Larvae (occurrence)

Bigelow, 1914, 1928.

Colton and Marak, 1969.

Dannevig, 1919.

Fairbanks, et al., 1971.

Fish, 1925.

Fish and Johnson, 1937.

Graham and Boyar, 1965.

Herman, 1958, 1963. ^

Huntsman, 1922, 1923.

Huntsman, et al., 1954.

Johansen, 1925.

Lebida, 1969.

Marak and Colton, 1961.

Marak, Colton and Foster, 1962.

Marak, et al., 1962.

Merriman and Sclar, 1952.

Murawski, 1970.

Pearcy and Richards, 1962.

Perlmutter, 1939.

Reid, 1929.

Richards, 1959.

Serchuk, 1972.

Wheatland, 1956.
Larval Development

Agassiz, 1878, 1882.

Agassiz and Whitman, 1885a, 1889.

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Dean, 1895.

Ehrenbaum, 1905-1909.

40

Johansen, 1925.

Kuntz and Radcliffe, 1917.

Orton, 1953.

Tracy, 1925, 1926.
Lateral Line

Smith, 1933.

Suckling, 1967.
Locomotion

Breder, 1927.
Long Island Sound

Bean, 1885.

Richards, 1959, 1963a,

1963b, 1963c.

Wheatland, 1956.

Williams, 1967, 1968.
Magdalen Islands

Cox, 1921.
Maine

Atkins, 1904.

Baird and Dow, 1966.

Graham and Boyar, 1965.

Holmes, 1862.

Kendall, 1914.

Loomis and Young, 1912.

Williamson, 1832.
Maryland

Lugger, 1877.

Schwartz, 1964.
Massachusetts

Baird, 1873b.

Bean, 1884.

Bumpus, 1898.

Clarke, 1887.

Cole, 1967.

Dexter, 1944, 1947.

Edwards, 1958.

Fairbanks, et al., 1971.

Fiske, et al., 1966, 1967, 1968.

Freeman, 1970.

Goode and Bean, 1880.

Howe, 1971.

Jerome, et al., 1967, 1969.

Lebida, 1969.

Linton, 1901a, 1901b, 1940, 1941.

Lux and Nichy, 1971.

Pearce, 1969.

Serchuk, 1972.

Smith, 1898.

Smith, 1833, 1835.

Storer, D. H., 1839a, 1867.

Sumner, et al., 1913.

WiUiams, 1960.

Melanophores (chromatophores)

Agassiz, 1892.

Goode, 1890.

Hunter and Wasserman, 1961.

Jacobowitz and Laties, 1968.

Nichol, 1967.

Ryder, 1884.

Shepard, 1961.
Mercury

Sands, 1971.
Mortality

Bean, 1901.

Fletcher, et al., 1971.

Ogren and Chess, 1969.

Sherwood and Edwards, 1902.

Smith, 1898.

Thomas and White, 1969.
Museum (specimens)

Bauchot, 1963.

Bean, 1881, 1897.

Goode, 1879.

James, 1887.

Putnam, 1863.

Ravenel, 1901.

Whiteaves, 1886.
Muscle Strength

Forbes, 1927.
Nantucket

Sharp and Fowler, 1904.

Zube and Carlozzi, 1967.
New Brunswick

Cox, 1895.

McKenzie, 1959.

Perley, 1852.

Prince, 1917.
New England

Alexander, 1905.

Edwards, 1958.

Edwards and Lawday, 1960.

CoUins, 1892.

Collins and Smith, 1892.

Kendall, 1908.

Radcliffe, 1922.

Smith, 1616.

Townsend, 1901a. 1901b.
Newfoundland

Halkett, 1913.

Green and Farwell, 1971.

Johansen, 1926a.

Thompson, 1932, 1933, 1934.
New Jersey

Abbott, 1868.

41

Bean, 1888.

Breder, 1922, 1925.

Clark, 1962.

DeCamp, 1963.

Fowler, 1906, 1908, 1909, 1912,

1916, 1920a, 1920b, 1926, 1928,

1937,1952.

Nelson, 1890.

Ogren and Chess, 1969.

Smith, 1894.

Unger, 1966.

Wicklund, 1970.
New York

Alperin and Schaefer, 1964.

Ayers, 1843.

Bean, 1885, 1897, 1901, 1903a,

1903b.

Breder, 1938.

Brewer, 1965.

Briggs and O'Connor, 1971.

Clark, 1962.

DeKay, 1842.

Fowler, 1912.

Greeley, 1939.

Huver, 1965.

Mitchill, 1814, 1815.

New York Cons. Dept., Undated.

Nichols, 1913.

Nichols and Breder, 1927.

Perlmutter, 1939.

Sands, 1971.

Schaefer, 1967.

Schopf, 1788.

Stone and Clark, 1970.
North America (Atlantic Coast of)

Gill, 1862, 1873.

Gunther, 1880, 1886.

Jordan and Evermann, 1896, 1896-1900.

Jordan, et al., 1930.

McAUister, 1960.

Richardson, 1837.

Scott and Scott, 1965.
Nova Scotia

Ambrose, 1870.

Jones, 1865, 1879.

Needier, 1940.

Perley, 1852.

Storer, 1850.

Vladykov and McKenzie, 193 5. Osteology

Gregory, 1933.
Osteology
Oxygen Consumption

Hall, 1930.

Haugaard and Irving, 1943.

Nichol, 1967.

Philips, 1940.

Safford, 1940.
Parasites

Cooper, 1915, 1921.

Denton, 1901.

Johansen, 1925.

Linton, 1901a, 1901b, 1910, 1915,

1928, 1934, 1940, 1941.

Ransom, 1920.

Ryder, 1884.

Serchuk, 1972.

Sindermann, 1970.

Stafford, 1905, 1907.

Stock, 1915.

Stunkard, 1930.

Sumner, et al., 1913.

ThrelfaU, 1968. X
Plankton (occurrence)

Bigelow, 1914, 1917, 1928.

Dannevig, 1919.

Fairbanks, et al., 1971.

Fish, 1925.

Fish and Johnson, 1937.

Herman, 1958, 1963.

Lebida, 1969.

Marak and Colton, 1961.

Marak, Colton and Foster, 1962.

Marak, et al., 1962.

Merriman and Sclar, 1952.

Murawski, 1970.

Pearcy and Richards, 1962.

Perlmutter, 1939.

Reid, 1929.

Richards, 1959.

Serchuk, 1972.

Wheatland, 1956.

WiUiams, 1967, 1968.
Predation (on cunner)

Baird, 1889.

Cornish, 1907.

Gross, 1923.

Howe, 1971.

Morrow, 1951.

Threlfall, 1968.

VerriU, 1873.
Prince Edward Island

Cornish, 1912.
Record Size

Leim and Day, 1959.

42

Recreation

Freeman, 1970.

Gibbons, 1964.
Reissner's Fibre

Sargent, 1904.
Retina

Anctil, 1969.
Rhode Island

Bumpus, 1900.

Gordon, 1960.

Herman, 1958, 1963.

Tracy, 1906, 1910.
St. Lawrence, Gulf of

Brunell and Bergeron, 1960.

Cox, 1895.

Fortin, 1864.

Gill, 1865.

Huntsman, 1918a.

Tremblay, 1943.
St. Margaret's Bay

Ambrose, 1870.

Bigelow, 1928.
Salinity

Merriman and Sclar, 1952.

Sumner, 1906a, 1906b.

Thomas and White, 1969.
Scale Characteristics

Cockerell, 1913.

Huntsman, 1918b.
Sex Ratio

Craigie, 1927.

Dew, 1970.
Sound Production

Fish, 1954.

Fish, et al., 1970.

Fish and Mowbray, 1970.
Spawning

Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953.

Bigelow and Welsh, 1925.

Breder and Rosen, 1966.

Bumpus, 1898.

Collins, 1959.

Dannevig, 1919.

Dew, 1970.

Johansen, 1925.

Kuntz and RadcUffe, 1917.

Lebida, 1969.

Leim and Scott, 1966.

Merriman and Sclar, 1952.

Pearcy and Richards, 1962.

Perlmutter, 1939.

Reid, 1929.

Richards, 1959.

Wicklund, 1970.
Spinal Cord

Sargent, 1898.

Speidel, 1922.

Weis, 1968.
Sport Fishery

Baird and Dow, 1966.

Clark, (undated).

Deuel and Clark, 1968.
Strait of Belle Isle

Huntsman, et al., 1954.

Leim and Scott, 1966.
Swimbladder

Safford, 1940.

Scholander, et al., 1951.

Scholander and Van Dam, 1953

Tracy, 1911.
Systematics

Bean, 1903b.

Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839.

DeKay, 1842.

Golvin, 1965.

Giinther, 1861.

Johansen, 1925.

Jordan, 1891, 1917-1920, 1923, 1929.

Jordan and Evermann, 1896-1900.

Jordan, et al., 1930.

Jordan and Gilbert, 1882.

Norman, 1966.

Walbaum, 1792.
Temperature (body)

Kidder, 1880.
Tide (effects of)

Green and Farwell, 1971.

Huntsman, 1918a.

Merriman, 1947.
Thiaminase

Greig and Gnaedinger, 1971.

Lee, 1948.

Yudkin, 1945
Virginia

Lugger, 1877.

Richards and Castagna, 1970.

Schwartz, 1961.
Vision

Anctil, 1969.

Parker, 1903.

Sargent, 1904.

^>GPO 796-995

43

. "BL WHOI Lrbrai

636 Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker
R. C. Stover. By RRinald M. Gooding. May
1971, iii + 12 pp., 8 figs., 2 tables. For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
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637 Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs
in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina.
By Donnie L." Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August
1971, iii + 10 pp., 1 fig.. 5 tables. For sale by
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638 Length-weight relations of haddock from com-
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Bradford E. Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth.
August 1971, v + 13 pp., 16 fig., 6 tables, 10
appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintend-
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639 A hvdrographic survey of the Galveston Bay
system, Texas 1963-66." By E. J. Pullen, W. L.
Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971, v -|-
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640 Annotated bibliography on the fishing industry
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By Marlin E. Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall.
August 1971, 94 pp. For sale by the Superinten-
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G41 U.se of threadfin shad, Dorofsoma petcvevse, as
live bait during experimental pole-and-line fish-
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Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971,
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642 Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus resource
and fishery — analysis of decline. By Kenneth
A. Henry." August 1971, v + 32 pp., 40 figs., 5
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sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
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643 Surface winds of the southeastern tropical At-
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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,
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644 Inhibition of flesh browning and skin color fading
in frozen fillets of yelloweye snapper (,Lut.:(tinis
vivaiius). By Harold C. Thompson, Jr., and
Mary H. Thompson. February 1972, iii + 6 pp.,
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645 Traveling screen for removal of debris from
rivers. By Daniel W. Bates, F^rnest W. Murphey,
and Martin G. Beam. October 1971, iii + 6 pp.,
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646 Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Colum-
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Chinook salmon and steelhead trout. By Wesley
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tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc-
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647 Revised annotated list of parasites from sea mam-
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By L. Margolis and M. D. Dailey. March 1972,
iii + 23 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of
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648 Weight loss of pond-raised channel catfish
{Ictnliiriis pinictntiif;) during holding in pro-
cessing plant vats. By Donald C. Greenland and
Robert L. Gill. December 1971, iii -|- 7 pp., 3 figs.,
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649 Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Eiithyn-
7IIIS pelauii.-i) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By
Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January
1972, iii + 16 pp., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by
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650 Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the
development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel
(Scombe7-omorii!f vutculatufs) during frozen stor-
age. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972,
iv + 12 pp., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the
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651 The effect of premortem stress, holding temper-
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653 The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-
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654 An electric detector system for recovering inter-
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655 Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by
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656 The calico scallop, Arqopeeten gibhus. By Don-
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UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF COAAMERCE

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