NOAA TR NMFS SSRF- SSRF-671 NOAA Technical Report NMF$ SSRF-671..„ I UBRARY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service 1 Coastal Upwelling Indices, West Coast of North America, 194671 h ANDREW BAKUN SEATTLE, WA June 1973 NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report-Fisheries Series The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. 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NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from NOAA Publications Section, Rockville, Md. 20852. Recent SSRF's are: 619 Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off' Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By Donald S. Day, January 1971, iii + 94 pp., 19 figs., 13 tables. 620 The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part IX : The sea-level wind field and wind stress values, Julv 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970, iii -f 66 pp., 5 figs. 621 Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus fslmwytscha, fry of hatchery or- igin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971, iii + 14 pp., 6 figs., 9 tables. 622 Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971, iii -I- 15 pp., 3 figs., 19 tables. 623 Apparent abundance, distribution, and migra- tions of albacoi-e, Tluuinus alaliinr/a, on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v -f 37 pp., 19 figs., 5 tables. 624 Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. Bv N. B. Webb and F. B. Thomas. April 1971, iii -f 11 pp., 9 figs., 3 tables. 625 Distribution of salmon .and related oceanographic features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, Ma- sanao Osako, and Jun Ito. March 1971, iii -f- 22 pp., 19 figs., 3 tables. 626 Commercial fishery and biology of the fresh- water shrimp, Macrohrachiitm, in the Lower St. Paul River, Liberia, 1952-53. By George C. Miller. February 1971, iii + 13 pp., 8 figs., 7 tables. 627 Calico scallops of the Southeastern United States, 1959-69. Bv Robert Cummins, Jr. June 1971, iii -f 22 pp., 23 figs., 3 tables. 628 Fur Seal Investigations, 1969. By NMFS, Ma- rine Mammal Biological Laboratory. August 1971, 82 pp., 20 figs., 44 tables, 23 appendix A tables, 10 appendi.x B tables. 629 Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June-August 1967. By Richard N. Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971, v + 25 pp., 14 figs., 21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. 630 Blue crab meat. I. Preservation by freezing. July 1971, iii 4- 13 pp., 5 figs., 2 tables. II. Effect of chemical treatments on acceptability. By Jurgen H. Sti'asser, Jean S. Lennon, and Fred- erick J. King. July 1971, iii -|- 12 pp., 1 fig., 9 tables. 631 Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquat- ic animals of the United States and Canada. By R. A. Greig and R. H. Gnaedinger. July 1971, iii -f 7 pp., 2 tables. 632 An annotated bibliography of attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory. By Robert C. May. August 1971, iii + 24 pp., 1 ap- pendix I table, 1 appendix II table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 35 cents. 633 Blueing of processed crab meat. II. Identification of some factors involved in the blue discoloration of canned crab meat Callinectes sapidns. By Melvin E. Waters. May 1971, iii -|- 7 pp., 1 fig., 3 tables. 634 Age composition, weight, length, and sex of her- ring, Clupea pallasii, used for reduction in Alas- ka, 1929-66. By Gerald M. Reid. July 1971, iii + 25 pp., 4 figs., 18 tables. 635 A bibliography of the blackfin tuna, Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson). By Grant L. Beardsley and David C. Simmons. August 1971, 10 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - 25 cents. Continued on inside back cover. .,40 ATMOsp, '^EMT Of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Frederick B. Dent, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M. White, Administrator NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-671 Coastal Upwelling Indices, West Coast of North America, 1946-71 ANDREW BAKUN SEATTLE, WA June 1973 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office Washineton, D.C. 20402 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Method 1 Calculations 2 Pressure data 3 Effects of monthly mean data on calculated results 5 An effect of coastal topography 8 Mean yearly cycle of indicated upwelling 8 Discussion 9 Acknowledgments 12 Literature cited 12 Appendix — Tabulations and plots of coastal upwelling indices 13 60°N,149°W 14 60°N,146°W 20 57°N,137°W 26 54°N,134°W 32 51°N,131°W 38 48°N,125°W 44 45°N,125°W 50 42°N,125°W 56 39°N,125°W 62 36°N,122°W 66 33°N,119°W 72 30°N,119°W 78 27°N,116°W 84 24°N,113°W 90 21°N,107°W 96 Figures 1. A conceptual diagram of the coastal upwelling process 3 2. Data grid 4 3. (a) Configuration of data points used to form pressure derivatives, (b) Dia- gram showing the transformation of the geostrophic wind vector to form anestimateof the wind near the sea surface 5 4. (a) Long-term mean annual cycle of offshore Ekman transport composited from actual wind observations within the 1-degree squares indicated on the coastline drawing to the right. (b| Long-term mean annual cycle of offshore Ekman transport formed from upwelling indices computed from monthly mean atmospheric pressure data at points indicated by dots on the coastline drawing, (c) Values from Figure 4(a) after having been adjusted to the slopes of the regression lines in Table 2. Units are cubic per second per meter of coastline 7 5. Height of a constant pressure surface 8 6. Mean monthly values of the computed upwelling indices for the 20-yr period, 1948 through 1967 (m''' sec" VIGO m) 10 iii Tables 1. Sources of synoptic surface atmospheric pressure fields used by Fleet Nu- mercial Weather Central in constructing monthly mean fields 2. Results of comparison of a 54-mo series of monthly means of offshore com- ponent of Ekman transport computed 6-hourly to the corresponding se- ries computed from monthly mean data at the selected coastal grid points . 3. Mean monthly values of the indices for the 20-yr period, 1948-67. Units are cubic meters per second per 100 m of coastline IV Coastal Upwelling Indices, West Coast of North America, 1946-71 ANDREW BAKUN' ABSTRACT A series of monthly indices of intensity of large-scale, wind-induced coastal upwelling at selected locations along the west coast of North America is presented for the period 1946 through 1971. The indices are based on calculations of offshore Ekman surface wind transport from monthly mean surface atmospheric pressure data. Summaries by quarter and by year are included. The effect of using monthly mean pressure data is evaluated by comparison to a similar series of monthly means of transports computed 6-hourly over a 43^-yr period. The correla- tion between the two series at an\ particular location was found to be high. However, the slope of the regression line varies at tlifferent locations. Also values off southern California during summer may be amplified relati\ e to other locations as a result of the discontinuity in the atmos- pheric pressure gradient caused by the coastal mountain range between the thermal low in the interior of southern California and the higher pressure offshore. The conclusion is that these series may be satisfactory indicators of temporal variations of upwelling at each location, but less satisfactory indicators of spatial distributions. INTRODUCTION Coastal upwelling can profoundly affect the physical environment of marine organisms. An extreme example is the "El Niiio" of the Peru Current where high surface temperatures re- lated to cessation of upwelling have apparently resulted in such dislocation of marine fauna as to have caused starvation of great numbers of guano-producing seabirds (Wooster, 1960). Per- haps even more important from a fishery stand- point is the role of upwelling in the cycle of organ- ic production in the sea, both in transporting nutrient-rich deeper waters into the illuminated surface layers where they are available for pro- duction, and in providing virgin water which is sufficiently free from predators to allow accumu- lation of large phytoplankton blooms (Gushing, 1969). Estimates have run as high as Ryther's (1969) suggestion that upwelling areas com- ' Pacific Environmental Group. National Marine Fish- eries Service. NOAA. Monterey. CA 93940. prising about one-tenth of 1% of the ocean surface may produce one-half of the world's harvestable fish supply. Evidently, some indication of fluctua- tions in the upwelling regime is extremely impor- tant to understanding fluctuations in marine pop- ulations. This report is an attempt to provide indices of intensity of coastal upwelling off west- ern North America on time and space scales use- ful to fishery research in general, and to the MARMAP (Marine Resources Monitoring, As- sessment and Prediction) program of the Na- tional Marine Fisheries Service in particular. METHOD It is generally recognized that coastal upwell- ing in broad, diffuse eastern boundary currents such as the California Current and the eastern portion of the Gulf of Alaska Gyre is largely due to replacement from below of surface water transported offshore by the stress of the wind on the sea surface (Sverdrup et al., 1942, p. 501). Other possible mechanisms producing coastal up- welling include upwarping of density surfaces within a geostrophic current (Stommel and Wooster, 1965) and cross-isobar onshore flow at the bottom due to bottom friction (Hsueh and O'Brien, 1971). However, these are more likely to be important in narrower, more intense flows than normally occur in the area covered by this report. Our present understanding of surface wind transport is based on Ekman's (1905) theory. Under Ekman's assumptions of steady state motion, uniform wind, and infinite homogeneous ocean, the mass transport per unit width of ocean surface is directed 90 degrees to the right (in the Northern Hemisphere) of the direction toward which the wind is blowing and is related to the magnitude of the wind stress by the expression M / (1) where M is the mass transport resulting from a wind stress, r, and / is the Coriolis parameter. This mass transport has come to be called the Ekman transport. The layer in which appreciable transport occurs is often referred to as the Ekmun layer and extends from the surface to depths not exceeding 50 to 100 m. The bottom of the Ekman layer is sometimes identified with the bottom of the homogeneous wind-mixed zone. Smith (1967) has shown that Yoshida's (1955) expression for the offshore transport in the early stage of coastal upwelling reduces to the Ekman transport expression if the stress is assumed constant. This leads to the conclusion that the Ekman theory gives a valid description of wind- driven offshore flow in the early nonequilibrium phase of upwelling as well as in the later steady- state phase. The approach taken in generating the indices presented in this report has been to estimate the monthly mean wind stress on the sea surface at points near the coast, from this to compute the Ekman transport, and finally to resolve the com- ponent of Ekman transport perpendicular to the coast. The magnitude of the offshore component is considered an indication of the amount of water upwelled through the bottom of the Ekman layer to replace that driven offshore (Fig. 1). Negative values indicate onshore transport or convergence at the coast. Since accumulation of surface wa- ters tends to cause downward displacement of the density structure in the coastal area, this sit- uation is sometimes referred to as downirelling. The basic input data is the wind field over the ocean. However, the distribution of sea-surface wind observations in the near coastal regions of the northeastern Pacific is uneven, both spatially and temporally. The number available for a given area during a given month is often insufficient to form a good estimate of the monthly mean stress on the sea surface. In order to construct a consis- tent series, use is made of the relationship in mid- latitude regions of wind to atmospheric pressure. Incorporating atmospheric pressure data in- creases the coverage in data-sparse areas and allows an understanding of the behavior of large- scale pressure systems to aid in providing contin- uity to the analysis of scattered observations. Therefore, winds derived from analyzed atmo- spheric pressure fields are used in the produc- tion of these indices. Calculations The computed values are based on monthly mean pressure fields prepared by Fleet Numeri- cal Weather Central (FNWC). These data are available on a 63 by 63 point square grid which is superimposed on a polar stereographic projection of the Northern Hemisphere (Hughes, 1966). The mesh length is 200 nautical miles at lat. 60 °N and decreases southward to about 144 nautical miles at lat. 20 °N. The data were transferred to a 3-degree mesh length geographical (spherical coordinates) grid (Fig. 2) using Bessel's central difference formula. First derivatives of the surface pressure at each grid point were estimated by taking the dif- ference in pressure between the grid points to either side and dividing by the 6-degree angular mesh length. For example, the derivatives of the pressure at point "0" in Figure 3(a) would be ap- proximated as dP_ P, 2h dp 2h 12) where 6 and A denote the northward and east- ward angular coordinates, h is the 3-degree an- gular mesh length in radians and P, denotes the pressure at point "1", etc. The geostrophic wind was computed according to I dP I dP fn„ R 36 fp R cos 6 d\ (3) Figure 1. — A conceptual diagram of the coastal upwelliriK process. The coast of the continent is represented in cutaway view with the ocean to the left of the figure. Off- shore transport in the surface Ekman layer due to stress of the wind parallel to the coast on the sea surface is replaced by upwelling from depth. where Vg and Uy are the respective northward and eastward components of geostrophic wind velocity, / is the Coriolis parameter, p„ is the density of air and R is the mean radius of the earth. The density p„ was considered constant at 0.00122 g cm ' . An estimate of the wind near the sea surface was formed by rotating the geo- strophic wind vector 15 degrees to the left and reducing it by 30% as in Figure 3(b) to approxi- mate frictional effects. The sea-surface stress was then computed ac- cording to the classical square-law formula (4) where t is the stress vector, p,; is the density of air, Cfi is an empirical drag coefficient, v is the estimated wind vector near the sea surface with magnitude \r\. A relatively high value, 0.0026, of the drag coefficient was used to partially off- set the effect of using mean data. Finally, the Ekman transport was computed according to Equation (1). Except for the estimates of the pressure derivatives which necessarily differ because of the different grid format, this calcu- lation procedure is the same as that used by Fofonoff (I960).- The offshore transport is de- termined by resolving the component perpendic- ular to a line drawn by visual estimation on a bathymetric chart along the dominant trend of a 200-mile segment of coastline centered near the grid point in question. The indices generated by this method must be considered as indicative of rather large-scale coastal upwelling. The 6-degree gap across which the derivatives are measured as well as the scale of coastline resolution indicates a 100- to 200-mile scale as being appropriate for interpretation of the indices. Certainly, smaller scale upwellings could occur within a larger scale downwelling just as short-term upwellings might occur during a monthly period of average downwelling. Pressure Data The number of synoptic surface atmospheric pressure fields available at FNWC for each month during the period 1946-71 is variable. Because of the nonlinear dependence of stress on wind velocity (Equation 4), use of a variable sam- pling interval destroys the internal consistency of the time-series. For this reason monthly mean - Fofonoff. N. P. 1960. Transport computations for the North Pacific Ocean-1958. Fish Res. Board Can., Manuscr. Rep. Ser. (Oceanogr. Limnol.) 80, 81 p. (Processed.) iiis:: IS2: 1 ■'':;■■■■:■■:■■'.■ ■ i | j 49 m }43 H<> )37 134 i3l, I2S 1^5 122 1 9 tl 6 1 3 tl 0 r07 104 10( es J 1 "uU "■^'_ ^ — 1 ;:g ^i' ,■" ri ;, -*^-i^^ ) Svi5> "i i \ 1^°^. i";^ ?■ 54 51 ^^^■i h L H i i \ ■''. '^? ', 48 1 j j 1 4D 42 1 ■ " ir . ■ / 39 36 »\ i- . t 33 L„ X 1 1 ■■■! ■""' 27 1 ^-x:>: W ~' % ^ , — „„ 24 1 J I'^-k 1 r "^ > ^ ; -!<. £H • ■ • ■ 1 18 ' ' ' ' 1 j 1 -- V. 1 1 1 ■ - s ^ i 1 1 . . - . . i ' Figure 2. — Data grid. Intersections at vvhicli upwelling indices are computed are marked with large dots. ♦ * .0* ,^ (a) 07- GEOSTROPHICt WIND (b) Figure 3. — (a) Configuration of data points used to form pressure derivatives, lb) Diagram showing the transformation of the geostrophic wind vector to form an estimate of the wind near the sea surface. pressure fields were used as input data, thereby making best use of available data within each month while retaining a consistent sampling in- terval for computation of the stress. The effect of using monthly mean data on the absolute magni- tude of the index at each location is discussed in the next section. The monthly mean fields have been assembled by FNWC from, as far as was possible, 6-hourly (four per day) synoptic fields. Where this fre- quency was not available, twice per day where available or once per day fields were utilized. This decreased frequency occurs mainly in those years previous to 1963 when FNWC began to produce its own analysis. To extend the series back to 1946, FNWC has collected synoptic fields from the sources listed in Table 1. Because of the different data sources and the expected trend toward increased detail in later pressure fields due to an expanded system of meteorological observations, care should be used in attempting to discern long-term trends in these upwelling indices. For example, it is diffi- cult to determine how much of the decreased amplitude of the yearly cycle apparent at several of the locations during the earliest several years is real and how much is due to relative smoothing of the data in the earliest pressure fields. The in- tention has been to produce a series which will give a useful indication of the relative intensitv of upwelling by month within any group of fairly contemporaneous years. Effects of Monthly Mean Data on Calculated Results Due to the nonlinear linkage of wind to stress (Equation 4) the value of the Ekman transport computed from monthly mean data will be small- Table 1. — Sources of synoptic surface atmospheric pres- sure fields used by Fleet Numerical Weather Central in constructing monthly mean fields. Time period Source agency Remarl^s Jan. iy46- National Climatic Center Hand analysis of available Mar. 1955 Ashville. N.C. reports: once per day. Apr. 1955- National Center for Dec. 1959 Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colo. Jan. 1960- National Climatic Center June 1962 Asheville, N.C. National Meteorological Center analysis digitized at alternate gridpoints; twice per day. Once per day. July 1962- Fleet Numerical Weather FNWC objective machine Dec. 1971 Central. Monterey, Calif, analysis. Certain gaps filled with NCC data; four times per day. er than the monthly mean of Ekman transport computed at synoptic intervals by an amount depending upon the variance of the wind vector within the month. In order to evaluate this effect, a 54-mo series (January 1967 through June 1971) of monthly means of 6-hourly computations of offshore component of Ekman transport was generated for comparison with the corresponding values computed from monthly mean data. The results of the comparison are summarized in Table 2. The high values of the correlation coefficients indicate quite linear relationships between the two sets of series. Thus the distortion introduced into the series at any particular location due to use of monthly mean data is mainly one of abso- lute magnitude. The relationship of each monthly value to the other monthly values at the location is affected only slightly. This indicates that the series computed from monthly mean data gives an indication of the monthly variations in inten- sity of upwelling nearly equivalent to that given by the corresponding series of monthly means of values computed each 6 hr. However, Table 2 shows the slope of the re- gression line for the two series to be variable from one location to the other. This indicates a change with location in the amount of variability of the wind vector within a month. Thus the use of monthly mean data in conjunction with the nonlinear stress law (Equation 4) gives an erro- neous impression of the relative magnitudes of offshore Ekman drift when different locations are compared. For this reason the indices tabula- ted in this report which are designed to indicate temporal variations at a particular location, should be used with caution as indicators of spa- tial distributions. This distortion of the spatial distributions in- troduced by designing the computational method to minimize distortion of the time-series at each particular location can be illustrated by exam- ining the long-term mean annual cycle of off- shore Ekman transport computed in two differ- ent ways. Figure 4(a) is a time-series isogram of offshore component of Ekman transport for a long-term composite year computed from actual wind observations taken from the National Cli- matic Center's file of marine surface observa- tions. The figure summarizes over 75,000 indi- vidual wind observations taken by ships at sea Table 2.— Results of comparison of a 54-mo series of monthly means of offshore component of Ekman transport computed 6-hourly to the corresponding series computed from monthly mean data at the selected coastal grid- points. Rank Product- ^ ^^'^P^^''^ ^ Location correlation moment correlation " coefficient coefficient ^ line 60°N.149°W 0.99 0.98 0.62 60°N.146°W 0.99 0.98 0.66 57°N.137°W 0.99 0.98 0.66 53°N.134°W 0.97 0.94 0.54 51°N,131°W 0.96 0.94 0.47 48°N.125°W 0.99 0.97 0.48 45°N,125°W 0.99 0.97 0.49 42°N,125°W 0.99 0.96 0.57 39°N.125°W 0.99 0.96 0.68 36°N,122°W 0.99 0.98 0.83 33°N.119°W 0.99 0.99 0.94 30°N.1I9°W 0.99 0.99 0.98 27°N.116°W 0.95 0.96 0.97 24°N.113°W 0.96 0.96 0.83 21°N.107°W 0.99 0.96 0.59 over the 20-yr period, 1948 through 1967, within the 1-degree squares shown in the accompanying coastline plot. The Ekman transport was comput- ed for each wind observation and the offshore components were averaged by month for each coastal square. The drag coefficient used with these actual observed winds was 0.0013. Bakun (1971) demonstrated that the spatial distribu- tions obtained in this manner agreed well with the mean annual cycle of sea-surface temperature distributions. Reference to the slopes of the re- gression lines in Table 2 indicates that since this drag coefficient is half that used with winds com- puted from monthly mean pressure fields to gen- erate the indices tabulated in this report, rough numerical equivalence between the two trans- port sets should occur at about lat. 45°N. Figure 4(b) is a similar isogram constructed from long-term mean monthly values for the same period of the indices derived from monthly mean pressure data. The locations at which the indices were calculated are marked on the accompanying coastline plot. Comparison with Figure 4(a) shows an extreme southward shift and intensification of the point of maximum indicated upwelling. Figure 4(c) displays the data from Figure 4(b) after having been adjusted to the slopes of the re- SON 45 N 40 N 35N 30 N SON 4SN 40N 35N 30N SON 4SN 40 N 3SN SON JFMAMJJASONDJF I30W I24W new II2W JFMAMJJASONDJF JFMAMJJASONDJF Figure 4. — (a) Long-term mean annual cycle of offshore Ekman transport coniiiosilcd hum actual wind observations within the 1-degree squares indicated on the coastline drawing to the right, lb) Long-term mean annual cycle of offshore Ekman transport formed from up welling indices com- puted froin monthly mean atmospheric pressure data at points indicated by dots on the coastline drawing, icl Values from Figure 4(al after having been adjusted to the slopes of the regression lines in Table 2. Units are cubic meters per second per meter of coastline. gression lines by multiplying each monthly value by 0.5 and by the reciprocal of the slope given in Table 2. The multiplication by 0.5 is necessary be- cause the value of the drag coefficient used to construct Figure 4(a) is half that used for Figure 4(b) whereas the slopes in Table 2 were computed for two series with equal drag coefficients. Multi- plication by the reciprocal of the slopes then serves to adjust the data so that the spatial varia- tion in the underestimate of the monthly mean wind stress due to computation from monthly mean atmospheric pressure data as predicted in Table 2 is removed. The magnitudes and spatial variations dis- played in Figure 4(c) are more like those shown in Figure 4(a) than are those in Figure 4(b). Some smoothing of gradients in Figure 4(b) and (c) re- sults from having data points at 3-degree intervals with each point incorporating data across a 6- degree area. This causes some loss in detail and displacement of contours relative to Figure 4(a| where data points are at 1-degree intervals and incorporate data restricted to a 1-degree square area. There remains however a definite shift of the maximum toward southern California in Fig- ure 4(c) relative to Figure 4(a). A possible cause for this shift in maximum upwelling is described in the following section. An Effect of Coastal Topography During the summer an intense thermal low de- velops in the interior of southern California. Due to the 3-degree mesh length of the computation grid, the meridional component of the geostrophic wind at a coastal gridpoint is computed (Equation 2) from a continuous constant pressure gradient between an offshore gridpoint and one on the con- tinent (dashed line in Fig. 5). However, the south- ern California coastal mountain range causes a discontinuity in this pressure gradient such that the gradient actually in equilibrium with the geo- strophic wind (solid line in Fig. 5) may be less than that used in the computations. This leads to an overestimation of the geostrophic wind that in turn leads to an overestimation of the upwell- ing index. The assumption made in presenting these series as indicators of time variations of intensity of coastal upwelling is that the actual pressure gradient at the coast varies in rough proportion to the total onshore-offshore pressure difference which is used in the computations. MEAN YEARLY CYCLE OF INDICATED UPWELLING Having been designed to give a consistant in- dication of temporal variations at each particular LOW PRESSURE Figure 5. — Height of a constant pressure surface. The slope of the dashed line indi- cates the assumed gradient used in the calculations. The slope of the solid line indicates the lesser gradient which mav exist in realitv. 8 Table 3. — Mean monihly values of the indices for the 20-yr period, 1948-1967. Units are cu- bic meters per second per 100 m of coastline. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 60°N.149°W -138 - 86 -46 -11 0 6 6 6 - 3 -26 -73 -109 60°N,146°W -180 -103 -48 -12 . 2 6 5 3 - 9 -34 -94 -129 57°N,137°W -212 -117 -51 -24 -11 0 1 -6 -29 -88 -140 -163 54°N.134°W - 97 ■ 68 -27 -20 -10 1 3 -1 -V, -82 - 98 - 91 51°N,131°W - 64 - 36 -12 - 5 4 13 16 12 - 3 -40 - 58 - 57 48°N,125°W - 90 - 47 -21 0 18 25 34 22 A -39 - 88 -100 45°N.125°W - 94 - 47 -15 9 34 48 74 50 16 -20 - 73 - 93 42°N,125°W - 67 - 28 3 33 79 103 132 91 36 0 - 42 - 57 39°N,!25°W - 13 9 36 69 124 168 182 139 63 20 - 7 - 12 36°N,122°W 11 35 80 121 203 239 198 183 94 49 12 1 33°N,1I9°W 19 48 120 178 282 312 231 212 137 76 22 10 30°N,119°W 56 77 116 1-41 199 199 143 142 129 103 65 54 27°N.116°W 71 93 119 148 202 195 114 105 110 106 74 63 24°N.113°W 51 74 93 116 143 129 48 44 49 69 52 39 21°N.!07°W 18 39 97 KMJ 87 39 3 5 -14 -15 8 8 locution, this set of indices may be admirably suited for describing the spatial variations of timing and duration of upwelling. In Table 3 are listed the long-term monthly mean values of the indices for the 20-yr period, 1948-67. Figure 6 displays plots of these values. The period of maximum values of the indices is earliest to the south, becoming progressively later in the year with distance to the north. At lat. 21 °N the peak is in April. Off the coast of Baja California the peak is in May. A June peak occurs off southern and central California. North of San Francisco the peak is generally in July, with a slight shift back to June at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Alaska. From the southern tip of Baja California north- ward to Monterey Bay the mean values of the indices indicate upwelling throughout the year. Northward from San Francisco the season of indicated upwelling becomes progressively re- stricted, lasting March through October off north- ern California, April through September off Ore- gon, May through August off northern Vancouver Island, finally narrowing at lat. 57 °N to a scarce- ly significant positive value of the index during July. Tabulations of the deviations from these long- term mean values accompany the tabulations of the values of the indices in the Appendix. Graph- ical plots of both the anomalies and the values of the indices are included. DISCUSSION Detailed analysis and interpretation of the time-.series plots contained in the Appendix is beyond the scope of this report. However, it may be useful to point out several examples and to speculate briefly upon possible consequences. Accompanying the plots of the monthly indices for each location are tables of quarterly and an- nual averages. The following three examples are each illustrative of phenomena occurring basi- cally on one of these three different time-scales. As it happens, the first two concern negative values of the index. Negative values of the index indicate accumulation of wind-transported sur- face waters at the coast and resulting down- welling. Short-Term Intense Convergences in the Northern Gulf of Alaska A glance at the first chart in the Appendix reveals an extreme negative spike in the up- welling index at lat. 60 °N, long. 149 °W during February 1950. In this case, the indicated con- vergence is over 4y2 times the 20-yr mean value for February. It is interesting to speculate upon the effect of such an anomaly on the density struc- ture of the northern portion of the Alaskan Gyre. If the given numerical value is accepted as an estimate, we find for February 1950 an anomalous onshore flow of nearly 300 m-' /sec along each Fisure 6. -Mean mmithly values of the computed upwelling indices for the 20-yr period, 1948 through through 1967 Im'" sec'Vper 100 m). 10 100 m of coastline. Assuming this flow accumu- lates within a zone extending 300 km offshore, this represents for the 1-mo period a lens of ex- cess surface water about 24 m thick. If the flow away from the coast which must balance this ac- cumulation occurs below the pycnocline the re- sult is a downward shift of the upper density structure an average of 24 m over the shoreward 300 km. Such a shift implies an extreme increase in baroclinicity in this already highly baroclinic area, tending to accelerate the westward geo- strophic flow along the northern boundary of the Gulf of Alaska. The striking negative anomalies for the same month in charts of the index at lat. 60 °N, long. 146 °W and at lat. 57 °N, long. 137 °W indicate that this feature existed over the major portion of the northern Gulf of Alaska coastline. This wide geographical extent justifies such a two- dimensional treatment as presented in the pre- vious paragraph. It also indicates a possibly far- reaching effect on the marine environment of this region. Several similar short-term intense negative values of the index appear in the charts at other times. In each case the major pulse is confined to only one monthly value but has spatial coher- ence in the Northern Gulf. Most impressive along with February 1950 just discussed are the months of January during the years 1959, 1966, and 1971. January 1971 differs from the others in that the absence of a strong anomaly at lat. 57°N, long. 135°W indicates a lesser eastward extent of the feature. Periods of Intense Winter Convergence off Washington and Oregon The monthly charts of the index at lat. 45°N, long. 125 °W indicate the periods of December 1957 through February 1958 and January through March 1961 as having been intervals of extreme convergence of wind-drifted surface waters at the coast. Winter of 1958, in particular, exhibits a striking anomaly in the charts for locations extending from lat. 51 °N to lat. 39 °N. These periods differ from the intense convergences previously described for the more northerly re- gion in containing several successive months of anomalously large negative values of the index rather than a single extreme month and are highly evident in the charts of quarterly sum- maries presented in the appendix. The effect of this apparent downwelling at the coast upon the density structure would be to accelerate north- ward flow or to decelerate southward flow. Either situation would favor an anomalous warm ad- vection. Long-Term Groupings of Mean Yearly Values In examining these data for long-term or re- gional trends it is sometimes helpful to filter out some of the shorter term variability by means of annual averages. For example the charts of mean yearly values indicate anomalously high mean annual upwelling throughout the most recent 8-yr period, 1964 through 1971, from Cape Blanco to San Diego (lat. 42 °N to lat. 33 °N). In contrast, along Baja California (lat. 30 °N to lat. 24 °N) strikingly low anomalies are indicated for the 4 successive years, 1965 through 1968. The period 1955 through 1959 has anomalously high values from the Los Angeles Bight to the southernmost point covered by the grid (lat. 33°N to lat. 21°N). In fact, the anomalously high values during this period extend all the way north to the Straits of Juan de Fuca (lat. 48°N) if the year 1958 which is anomalously low in the more northern area is left out. The low yearly mean values for 1958 are largely due to the extremely low first quarter value previously discussed. Low annual absolute values of the indices are found for the first 4 yr of the series (1946-49) at nearly all locations. As previously mentioned this may be due, at least in part, to relatively sparse data coverage in the early years leading to some smoothing of the gradients used in the computa- tions. Conclusion Anomalies of the type discussed may have im- portant marine biological consequences. Vertical displacements of the thermocline due to intense convergences or divergences such as that indi- cated for February 1950 may affect the depth on the continental shelf where groundfish are located. Anomalous upwellings and downwellings undoubtably affect productivity and the concen- trations of primary producers and zooplankton. 11 They may also affect recruitment and distribu- tion of fishery resources, particularly where the anomaly is of longer term or recurs in successive years. In view of these possibilities it is hoped that biologists will find the indices presented here to be convenient and suitable for incorporation into studies of the dynamics of biological distributions, and that empirical associations may lead to eco- logical hypotheses and finally to experiments which can verify both the hypotheses and the indices presented in this report. Finally, although this work was directed primarily toward develop- ing a tool for biological and fisheries research, it is suggested that these indices may find appli- cations in such fields as coastal oceanography, fog research, and studies of climate and weather of coastal regions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Invaluable discussion and advice was provided by James H. Johnson, Gunter R. Seckel, and Douglas R. McLain of the Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, throughout this project, from its con- ception through the completion of the manu- script. Atmospheric pressure data and electronic com- puting and plotting facilities were provided by the U.S. Navy, Fleet Numerical Weather Cen- tral. LITERATURE CITED BAKUN, A. 1971. Climatology of upwelling off California. I Abstract.) (030), AGU 1971 Fall Annu. Meet. EOS-Trans. Am. Geophys. Union .521 11):8.'J0. GUSHING, D. H. 1909. Upwelling and fish production. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 84, 40 p. EKMAN, V. W. 190^1. On the influence of the earth's rotation on ocean currents. Ark. Mat. Astron. Fys. 2, 11:1-52. HSUEH, y. and J. J. O'BRIEN. 1971. Steady coastal upwelling induced by an along- shore current. J. Phys. Ocean. 1:180-186. HUGHES, R. E. 1960. Computor products manual. Fleet Num. Weather Facil., Tech. Note 21, 301 p. RYTHER, .J. H. 1969. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. Science (Wash., D.C.) 166:72-76. SMITH, R. L. 1967. Note on Yoshida's (19.55) theory of coastal upwell- ing. J. Geophys. Res. 72:1396-1397. STOMMEL, H., and W. S. WOOSTER. 1965. Reconnaissance of the Somali Current during the southwest monsoon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 54:8-13. SVERDRUP, H. U., M. W. JOHNSON, and R. H. FLEMING. 1942. The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Prentice-Hall, New York, 1087 p. WOOSTER, W. S. 1960. El Nirio. Rep. Cahf. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. 7:43-45. YOSHIDA, K. 1955. Coastal upwelling of the California coast. Rec. Oceanogr. Works .Jap. 2(2):8-20. 12 APPENDIX Tabulations and plots of coastal upwelling indices The following pages display the coastal upwell- ing indices by month, quarter, and year for 15 near-coastal points over the period 1946-71. The display for each location comprises six pages. The first four contain monthly values. The fifth contains quarterly values. The sixth contains the completion of the table of quarterly values and the table of yearly mean values. The first column of figures on each page indi- cates the month, quarter, or year to which the information appearing on the same line pertains. In the tabulations by month, the first two digits refer to the year and the last two to the month. For example, 4601 refers to January 1946. In the tabulations by quarter the first two digits again refer to the year and the last two refer to the quarter. For example, 4601 in this case refers to first quarter (Jan., Feb., Mar.) 1946. In the tabulations by year the year is printed in full. The second column contains the value of index for each period. The units are metric tons per second per 100 m of coastline. These units may be thought of as indicative of the average amount (metric tons or cubic meters) of water upwelled through the bottom of the Ekman layer each sec- ond along each 100 m of a straight line directed along the dominant trend of the coast on a scale of about 200 miles. However, it must be remem- bered that because of uncertainty in exact values of some of the constants employed and for other reasons outlined in the section on "Method," these indices should be regarded more as indic- ative of relative flucuations of upwelling intensity at each point than as quantitative measures of absolute magnitude. The quarterly and yearly values are averages of the monthly values weighted by the number of days in each month. An exception to this rule is February which is considered to always contain 28 days in order to avoid a different set of long-term means for leap years. Such refinement is well below the level of sensitivity of these indices. The third column contains the anomalies or deviations from the long-term mean value of the index at the particular point for the particular month, quarter, or year over the 20-yr period, 1948-67. The values and anomalies are plotted to the right of each page. The heavy line indicates the values of the upwelling index while the lighter line indicates the anomalies. The deviations of the anomaly line from the zero line are shaded. 13 UPWELLING INDEX AT 60N, 149W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX BNOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 ?00 300 400 500 1 i601 -24 114 ■ 1 4602 -72 13 ^^^ 4603 -28 18 ^vK iSBi -9 2 4605 -2 -2 1 -4 J 4607 0 -6 (i 4608 6 1 ^ 4609 -16 -13 ^^ 4610 15 40 ^^>^> 46U -61 12 f^"""^ --'^ 4612 -71 37 \ v^ 4701 -63 75 ^^ i* ' ' 4702 -97 -11 ^^S^ 1 4703 -18 28 1 i 4704 -15 -4 Vj 4705 -1 -1 * 4706 0 -5 ^ 4707 g 3 n 4708 6 0 a 4709 -1 2 ^M 4710 -43 -17 ^^^ 4711 -28 45 \ ^--^ 4712 -15 93 ^ 4801 -31 108 ^^^0^ ^—-^ \ 4802 -84 2 ^^T r^' 4803 -31 15 ^***N 4804 -25 -14 v,1 4805 -3 -3 \i 4806 7 0 ^ ' "480-7-" 13 7 % 4808 5 -0 V 4809 -0 3 A 4810 -8 17 ^^■^'t^ i 4811 -73 0 ^^^"^ ^"""----^ 4812 -39 69 ^^V ' ^""^"^"^""N-^ 4901 -13 125 1 ^^^ ___-^-^ :^ 4902 -79 7 ^^r^ "=^"'' 1 4903 -7 38 ^^**^ j> 1 4904 -20 -8 Vt 4905 0 0 \ 4906 7 0 ij 4907 3 -2 » 4908 2 -4 1 4909 -2 1 /\ 1 4910 -8 17 ^ \ 4911 -49 24 Z''^' N 1 4912 -63 46 c -^-^ 1 5001 -42 5002 -383 =-=^■■'1 .....^.:...| 1 5003 5004 -38 -26 8 -15 I '\^ ' 1 5005 -3 -3 ■ i 5006 -0 -7 i 1 5007 -0 -6 1 5008 -1 -7 1 5009 -3 0 J 5010 -21 4 -^ ■ ; 5011 -164 -91 ^.^^^ -'^-Jr^ ■( 1 5012 -90 19 ^^J^ ---— ^ 1 5101 -127 12 ^ ^^ '■"""-^ I 5102 -16 70 ^^^ ; JI^^ 1 5103 -76 -30 ■^--^a: 1- 5104 -1 10 ^T' 1 1 5105 0 -0 I 5106 10 4 ,) 1 5107 4 -2 ( - 1 5108 9 4 9 1 i 5109 -8 -5 yf 1 5110 -28 -3 y^ 5111 -52 21 < -^ 5112 -24 85 ^■ 5201 -205 -57 't^^ . ^^dlJ ' 5202 -69 17 ' ■^^.T'"""'^. 5203 -15 30 ^\y 1 5204 -8 4 Vr 1 5205 -1 -1 1 1 5206 3 -3 \ 1 1 5207 10 4 1 5208 0 -5 / i 5209 -9 -6 A 5210 -15 11 y,v. I 5211 -28 46 ^.^^ 1 ^ 1 . 5212 -113 -5 - r : ' '. 1 14 UPWELLING INDEX AT 60N, 149H BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1 5301 -273 -135 1 . i__ , 1 5302 -36 50 1 » l^j:^' 1 5303 -43 3 vr 5304 -15 -4 >i 5305 1 0 1 5306 1 -5 ii 5307 1 -5 11 5308 10 5 ^ 5309 -3 1 ^x* f 5310 -54 -29 _y>^\ 5311 -86 -13 V M i-^ i 5312 -67 42 ___ -^ S&^ 1 5401 -199 -61 ■^1 ,, ^ ! ^C^4p 1 ] 1 5402 -93 -7 1 '^^ 1 i 5403 -4 41 'J 1> 1 1 5404 -30 -18 ^ r 5405 -3 -3 ^^ ] _5j!06__ ■i 5407 3 ~3 n ' 5408 12 7 / ! 5409 -1 3 / 1 5410 -23 3 ^r - 5411 -44 29 ^^^r J4_L2„_ -112 -3 « ^^— "'^ -- 5501 -41 98 ^"^"^ -~=z. 5502 -53 32 \ X'^ 5503 -9 36 1 5504 -5 7 \ ■ '' 5505 0 -0 Y 1 J506„ 11 5 11 ! 5507 7 1 II ■ 5508 6 1 u 5509 -2 1 / 5510 -10 16 -* "^ 5511 -132 -59 "^1 I^ 5512 -151 -42 — r- T^ 1 ' ■ t 5601 -264 -126 ^=J ^ilillLiilj!!' ' 5602 -54 31 ™^*^ '^^^ 5603 -44 1 ^^^ ( 1 5504 -5 7 ^^'( 1 5605 9 9 \ 1 JM6_„ 3 -3 Ifl 1 i 5607 4 -2 5608 2 -3 f 5609 2 5 A 1 5610 -20 6 X N 1 t 5611 -40 33 r!=='— - ' _5.6I2_ -211 1 5701 -15 123 ■■ "T^ .J r=- 1 1 5702 -59 26 t i 5812 -148 -40 __^_J..— -r^ 1 1 5901 -348 -210 —=4 =n:i:i_j,^ ' I' ' ' 5902 -12 74 "2liz^^^^^^^=" 5903 -101 -55 <^ 5904 -5 6 ^^ - 1 5905 -2 -2 i 5906 1 -6 ', 5907 9 3 )i 5908 4 -2 / 5909 -3 0 A 5910 -31 -5 >^ 5911 -66 7 < '■"-^ 5912 -45 64 N ^~^^ i 15 UPWELLING INDE:X- RT BM. IA9A 3Y MONTH I MONTH INDEX RNOMHLY -300 -200 -100 0 ^m 200 300 400 503 16 UPi^'ELLING IN^OEX RT 80N, 149W BY MONTH 1 MONTH INDEX HNOMRLY -320 -zm -13S 0 im 2m mz tm 500 | 6701 -165 -27 -~-s-s^^ 6702 -78 7 6703 -29 16 ^^^^ 'M 6704 5 17 ^**^ 6705 -0 -0 v 6706 17 11 ^1% -6707— 8 3 Iff 6708 11 6 1)S I 6709 -23 -20 1 1^ 1 6710 -25 ! x^^^~ 1 6711 -3 70 ^J^ ""/ 1 _ii7I2 -47 62 ! 1,^—-*^ --'"'' 6801 -138 -0 <"^ 1 j 6802 -118 -32 ^'**-..^ <:^ 1 6803 -4! 5 |^^****Sw^~ -. 1 8804 -1 11 / 1 1 1 6805 -0 -0 J ( -ti- Z -6 ( 1 1 -5 6808 -i -6 1 : i 1 6809 -12 -9 1 A 1 j 6810 -27 -2 1 L^ 1 i 6811 -73 -6 1 1 6812 -138 -29 ^^^•- '^ 1 6901 -155 -17 ^*»i*-^' '^' 6902 -86 -I J ^^*'******fc^ V. 6903 -18 29 ^ V I 6904 -22 -11 X 1 6905 -0 -0 i k 6906 10 3 \ 1 ~6907 9 3 } 6908 -0 -6 f 6SZ9 -11 -8 1 K 6310 -46 -20 ^^^ '\. ' i 591 1 -85 -12 ..^r^ /,' 1 _6912_ -139 -30 J _,---^ ^: 1 7001 -211 -72 ^ 7002 -84 2 '"-'^-•.^.^^^^^""^rv ' 7003 -23 22 ^^^^!' 7 7004 0 12 1/ 1 1 7005 -1 -1 r 7006 1 [) j 7007 5 0 II 1 7008 6 \ M 7009 -7 -A Js 7010 -24 1 ^^^ ■ 7011 -82 -9 ^^^^ (\ 1 ■ jm? -122 -13 -^^ „— — — -r-''i 7101 -324 -185 -J '^^""^ — ^=^=iii_x_ "n 1 1 7102 -64 22 1 '■!:" — —— L, i 7103 -99 -53 KI^,^ 1 7111 7112 -66 -25 7 <|''^-^ 83 1 I __ 17 UPNELLING INDEX RT 60N, 149W BY QUnRTER QTR. INDEX flNOMHLY "300 "200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 -40 50 4602 -3 -1 4603 -3 -6 4604 -39 30 y^ 4701 -58 32 4702 -5 -4 4703 4 2 4704 -29 40 z^- 4801 -47 43 4802 -7 -6 4803 6 3 4804 -40 29 ^ 1 4901 -31 59 4902 -4 -3 4903 1 -2 4904 -40 29 l5 \. 5001 -147 -57 5002 -10 -8 5003 -1 -4 5004 -91 -22 —C 5101 -75 15 5102 3 5 5103 2 -1 5104 -35 34 ^ -; ^ 1 1 5201 -97 -7 5202 -2 -0 5203 0 -2 5204 -52 17 \>^ 5301 -120 -30 5302 -4 -3 5303 3 0 5304 -69 0 •e 1 5401 -99 -9 5402 -11 -10 5403 5 2 5404 -60 9 ^^y^ 5501 -34 56 5502 2 4 5503 4 1 5504 -97 -28 > S^ 5601 -123 -33 5602 3 4 5603 3 -0 5604 -91 -22 < i i 1 5101 -110 -20 6102 -4 -2 6103 9 6 6104 -86 -17 i 6201 -60 30 6202 -13 -11 5203 2 -0 6204 -98 -29 nS ;> 6301 -73 17 6302 7 9 6303 4 1 6304 -119 -50 < 3 i j 6401 -74 16 6402 -1 1 6403 0 -2 5404 -100 -31 ! 6501 -96 -6 6502 4 6 6503 11 8 8504 -7: -2 I Q i 18 UPWELLING INDEX RT 60N, 149W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX flNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 100 200 300 400 500 6601 6602 6603 6604 -U7 7 1 -90 -57 9 -1 r21_ 6701 6702 6703 _6704_ 6801 6802 6803 6804 -91 7 -1 -25 -98 -0 -81 -1 9 -4 44 -8 1 -7 -12 6901 6902 6903 il904_ 7001 7002 7003 7004 -86 -4 -1 -90 4 -3 -3 -21 7101 7102 7103 7104 -107 2 2 -166 -2 2 -31 -17 -75 -0 -0 38 UPWELLING INDEX RT 60N. 149W BY YERR YEAR INDEX flNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1 1946 -21 18 1 ; i 1 1947 -22 18 ■ 1 1948 -22 17 ' 1 1 1 1949 -19 21 ^^ 1950 ^^ 1952 -38 2 M 1953 -47 -8 ( { 1954 -41 -2 1955 8 \ I 1955 -52 -13 ^ < 1957 -20 19 ^s j> 1958 -43 -4 /^ ' 1959 -51 -11 \ \ 1960 -34 5 ? 1961 -48 -8 : ' \ 1 1962 -42 -3 1963 -45 -6 1964 -43 -4 1965 -38 1 ! } A i 1966 -57 -18 ! ^"^ 1 1967 -27 12 1 > !> 1 1968 -46 -7 1969 -45 -6 J570 -44 -5 1971 -48 -9 ,' " 19 UPWELLING INDEX -RT 60N, 146W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX flNOMRLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 -51 129 4602 -92 10 4603 -15 33 4604 -19 -7 4605 -5 -3 4606 1 -5 ^-^ 4607 -0 -6 4608 3 -0 4609 -23 -13 4610 3 37 4611 -77 17 4612 -80 49 r^^ 1 i 4701 -52 128 4702 -149 -46 4703 -25 23 4704 -19 -7 4705 -6 -4 4706 -1 -7 "^ ~~T^'^ 4707 6 1 4708 4 0 4709 -5 5 4710 -57 -23 4711 -36 58 4712 -46 83 <4.„_ 1 1 ' 4801 -51 129 4802 -98 5 4803 -31 17 4804 -7 5 4805 -4 -3 4806 6 -0 \^ t^ i 1 1 i 4807 10 5 4808 5 2 4809 -3 6 4810 -28 6 4811 -73 21 4812 -43 86 S-- 1 j 4901 -27 153 4902 -115 -13 4903 -18 30 4904 -15 -3 4905 0 2 4906 6 -0 < ^-^ 4907 2 -3 4908 0 -3 4909 -13 -4 4910 -17 17 4911 -81 13 4912 -79 50 J ^ I 5001 -47 133 1 • 5002 -412 -309 1 =q =-=^ — 1 ^ 5003 -50 -2 5004 -42 -30 5005 -9 -7 5006 -0 -7 1 1 1 5007 -1 -6 5008 -4 -7 5009 -12 -3 5010 -32 3 5011 -188 -95 5012 -112 17 j 1 j 5101 -185 -5 5102 -31 71 5103 -83 -35 5104 -7 6 5105 -2 -0 5106 7 1 r^^ 1 ^ 1 f 5107 2 -3 5108 2 -1 5109 -17 -8 5110 -46 -n 5111 -78 16 5112 -36 93 'J ^^ j 5201 -268 -88 5202 -98 4 5203 -22 26 5204 -17 -5 5205 -2 -0 5206 2 -4 i 1 ^ \ i 5207 7 2 5208 -1 -4 5209 -15 -6 5210 -30 4 5211 -69 24 5212 -182 -53 --4 20 UPWELLING INDEX RT 60Np 146W BY MONTH nONTH INDEX RNOMflLY -330 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 41 . 1 . . J 1 1 30 500 5301 -346 -166 ^ . , 5302 -69 34 ■^ — V ~ p 5303 -43 5 x 1 5304 -21 -9 N^ 5305 -0 1 ^ _5306 1 -5 5307 0 -5 1 5308 5 2 5309 -3 1 ^^*^ 5310 5311 -71 -37 ^^\^'\ 1 -118 -25 ^L '""^ -,^ 5312 -91 36 . p -> 5401 5402 -209 -91 12 a ^^~^^----— 3\ 5403 -7 41 '^ -0^ 5404 -28 -15 K 5405 -7 -6 1 5406 -2 -9 5407 1 -4 \ \ 5408 6 3 \ 5409 -2 7 ^^ ] 5410 -47 -12 /^ 5411 -61 32 i^ 1 5412 -108 21 1 1 5810 -47 -13 T^ .^^ i 5811 -56 38 . — ' _ „-:-> 1 _5J_L2_ -202 -74 -^ — ' 5901 5902 -470 -29 74 --z^^ 5903 -63 -15 <.j^ 5904 -9 3 ^N 5905 -3 -1 5906 -8 ', 5907^ Q 3 \ 5908 2 -1 I 1 5909 -7 2 > 5910 -43 -9 ^^ — 5911 -99 -6 <^ J--^ 5912 -56 73 1 21 UPWELLING INDEX RT 60N, 146W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6001 -75 105 l--.^- 1 6002 -67 35 1 ,, J ^ — """"^ : 1 6003 -146 -99 -^ - zi^j"^ ■ 1 600i -20 -8 \ **^ 1 6005 -3 -1 ^ 1 6006 0 -6 . 1 6007 0 -5 5008 2 -1 6009 -4 5 J^ i 6010 -42 -8 ^^^{ 6011 -85 9 ^^ "^-^ 1 6012 -8J J ;^^ 1 6101 -142 38 <^ jt^^ 6102 -124 -21 \.i ^'m 6103 -100 -52 ^y-^.^Mi 610^ -5 7 " ' '^^t. 6105 -4 -3 1 6106 -5 -11 A 6107 7 2 A 6108 3 0 ■ 6109 7 16 ^^\ 6110 -10 24 6111 _6!_L2__^ -74 -20J 19 -72 ^^ — ""^^f^ 6201 -140 40 ^^^^li....^ 1' — ^— v^^ 6202 -27 76 ' "^ '^-^ 6203 -29 19 J L-^"""'''^ i 6204 -37 -25 %^iil| 1 6205 1 2 ^*i^J j 6206 7 1 il 1 t 6207 2 -3 tf 6208 8 5 1 6209 -5 3 1 y r 6210 -23 1) 1 -^ y I 6211 -139 -46 ^ I -J. ""^ i 6212 -152 -23 ^, ■■-— ^^ 1 [ 6301 -42 138 '"■'-^ ! .'--;„__^i^^sp=- I ' 1 6302 -176 ~73 ' ^ ) 6303 -5 42 ' i^p^^^rp^ I 6304 -2 10 1 1^ 1 6305 -2 j 6306 25 19 i-7 ' 6307 18 13 ' ; J \ 6308 22 19 6309 -41 -32 rTK 1 6310 -58 -23 -— — -'-^=T^iii j 6311 -202 -108 1 6312 - 50 -21 ^^^ 1 ^^^^"-^j ; 6401 - 53 27 * ''^"""^^^ 1 6402 -21 82 ^ J^ 1 1 6403 -60 -12 ^ ^T^ 6504 -3 10 1 \ ^ 6505 11 12 iH 6506 14 \9 6507 2 -3 \ 1 6508 8 5 \ 1 6509 21 30 ^^ -». 6510 -61 -27 . ^\ 6511 -104 -10 Jr ~^ ■^^__ .6512 51 JS2^ 6601 6802 -415 -20 83 1 "1 Z-^— -* 6603 -112 -64 -<^; 5S04 -3 9 ■*=*. £l 6605 16 18 S 1 660S 5 9 il 1 5607 5 10 1 JJ 5608 3 0 1 Jr 1 6509 -19 -10 : \- 6610 -8 26 ^^ X 6611 -57 37 \ 1 -^^^ asi 6612 -225 -96 1 22 UPWELLING INDEX AT 60N, 146W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 21 30 300 Am 500 6701 -185 -4 6702 -80 23 6703 -30 18 6704 5 18 6705 0 2 6706 20 14 ^ 1 6707 9 4 6708 5 5 6709 -40 -31 6710 -28 6 6711 -15 77 6712 -67 62 ^^ 6801 -138 42 6802 -153 -50 6803 -42 6 6804 -1 12 6805 0 2 6806 1 -5 c >-^ \ 6807 0 -5 6808 -2 -5 6809 -14 -5 6810 -30 4 681.1 -87 7 6612 -177 -48 \ 6901 -229 -49 6902 -126 -24 6903 -21 27 6904 -30 -18 6905 -3 -1 6906 9 3 < **"'*».^,^^^^ > 1 1 i 1 6907 9 4 6908 -1 -4 6909 -17 -8 6910 -74 -40 6911 -114 -20 6912 -19/. -65 -—<^l P 7001 -251 -71 7002 -97 5 7003 -27 21 7004 2 14 7005 -1 1 7006 8 2 m}i^ i ! 7007 6 0 7008 4 1 7009 -7 3 7010 -28 6 7011 -109 -15 7012 -175 -46 ^ 1 ! 1 1 7101 -413 -233 "iZ — 7102 -64 38 7103 -99 -51 7104 -19 -7 7105 -2 0 7106 6 0 =*; \ 7107 11 6 7108 -I -4 7109 -3 6 7110 -4 30 7111 -81 13 7112 -50 79 ^ 1 1 4701 -73 38 4702 -8 -6 4703 2 2 4704 -47 39 t 1 4801 -59 52 4802 -2 1 4803 4 4 4804 -48 38 ^^ 4901 -51 59 4902 -3 -1 4903 -3 -3 4904 -59 27 Sr' 1 5001 -162 -51 5002 -17 -14 5003 -5 -5 5004 -110 -24 ^'X^ 5101 -102 8 5102 -1 2 5103 -4 -4 5104 -53 33 t3f> 5201 -131 -20 5202 -6 -3 5203 -3 -3 5204 -94 -9 _^ ^ 1 5301 -155 -45 5302 -7 -4 5303 -I -1 5304 -93 -8 f — ^ 5401 -103 8 5402 -12 -10 5403 2 2 5404 -72 13 "T^v 5501 -47 64 5502 -1 2 5503 !■ 1 5504 -125 -40 s^ 5601 -149 -39 5602 -4 -1 5603 1 1 5504 -100 -14 T^. 5701 -50 60 5702 -8 -6 5703 -3 -3 5704 -54 31 s^ 5801 -146 -36 5802 1 4 5803 -2 -2 5804 -102 -17 rc^ 1 5901 -192 -82 5902 -4 -1 5903 1 1 5904 -66 20 L^^^ 1 6001 -97 13 6002 -8 -5 6003 -1 -1 6004 -69 16 ^A 6101 -122 -11 6102 -5 -2 6103 6 6 6104 -96 -10 P^^ 1 6201 -67 44 6202 -10 -7 6203 2 2 6204 -104 -19 1 1 ! < 6301 -71 39 6302 7 9 6303 0 0 6304 -136 -50 •«cr :::^^ r 6401 -80 31 6402 1 4 5403 -0 -0 6404 -114 -28 ^ r:^ r 6501 -139 -29 6502 7 10 6503 10 10 6504 -81 5 1 -M 1 ^i \ ! 24 UPl^ELLING INDEX RT 60N. 146W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1 6601 6602 6503 6604 -188 9 0 -97 -77 -— — _w.j-~^ 12 0 - -12 1 r-" 6701 6702 6703 6704 -99 8 -7 -38 12 48 ' l"""*-— J ^ L j 1 1 6801 6802 6803 6804 -109 0 -5 -98 1 3 -5 -13 >"-'''*'v ! 1 6901 B902 6903 6904 -126 -8 -3 -15 -6 -3 -42 ■ <^ 1 1 i i 7001 7002 7003 7004 3 1 - 04 -16 6 1 -18 1 ! 1 1 i 1 7101 7102 7103 7104 - 96 -5 3 -44 -86 -2 3 41 1 ' ""i 1 ^ S. 1 UPWELLING INDEX RT 50N, 146W BY YEAR YERR INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 102 200 300 400 500 1946 -29 ze 1 { I 1947 -31 18 I 1948 1949 1950 -26 -29 -73 24 20 -24 <^. J 1 1 1 1951 -40 10 ^ r ' 1 1 1952 -58 -9 ( ( 1 1 1953 -64 -14 1954 -46 3 \ ; 1 1955 1956 -43 6 J 1 -63 -13 1958 -62 -13 I i t 1959 -65 -15 > 1968 -53 -4 \\ 1969 -66 -16 19Z0 -56 -7 1971 -60 -11 1 1 25 UPWELLING INDEX RT 57N, 137W BY MONTH 26 UPWELLING INDEX ni 57N, 137W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOmLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 5301 -323 -111 5302 -125 -8 5303 -53 -2 5304 -49 -25 5305 -3 8 5306 1 1 ~~ =^ > 1 1 5307 -0 -1 5308 -5 0 5309 -21 8 5310 -139 -51 5311 -129 12 5312 -135 28 s -^ i 5401 -190 22 5402 -84 33 5403 -7 44 5404 -20 4 5405 -8 3 5406 -11 -11 -*-^ ^' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5407 -6 -7 5408 6 U 5409 -11 18 5410 -95 -7 5411 -157 -17 5412 -116 46 -4: i i i 5501 -114 98 1 5502 -38 79 5503 -30 22 1 5504 -16 8 1 5505 -29 -19 5506 -0 -0 i 1 i 1 1 1 5507 7 6 5508 -17 -12 5509 -19 10 5510 -97 -10 5511 -239 -98 5512 -273 -im - __^^ ,r-^' ' i ! 5601 -385 -173 •* '- 5602 -66 52 5503 -68 -17 , 5604 -22 1 5505 -18 -8 5606 -1 -1 -Si^,_ 1 1 1 1 5607 2 a 5508 -23 -18 5509 -2 27 5610 -49 38 5611 -169 -29 5612 -190 -28 ^^ L^ > 1 i 1 1 5701 -51 161 5702 -68 50 5703 -77 -26 5704 -17 7 5705 -14 -3 5706 -0 -0 ^^ 1 1 5707 2 1 5708 -1 5 5709 -22 7 5710 -52 35 5711 -102 39 5712 -126 36 ^y 1 5801 -240 -28 , 5802 -339 -221 — = 5803 -13 38 5804 -7 16 5805 -7 4 '^"' -= ■^j^-^-^^i \ /" % 5808 -38 -32 5809 -7 22 5810 -105 -18 5811 -151 -11 5812 -251 -RR 5901 -457 -?45 ^ ^ > t 1 —^^=1:; r 1 •!:'; : 7 5902 -52 65 5903 -96 -45 5904 -9 15 5905 -3 7 5906 -3 -2 5907 -5 -6 5908 -2 4 5909 -18 11 5910 -64 23 5911 -132 9 5912 -161 2 ^ -^ ) 27 UPWELLING INDEX AT 57N. 137W BY MONTH -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 28 UPWELLING INDEX AT 57N, 137W BY MONTH 29 UPNELLING INDEX RT 57N, 137W BY QUARTER 30 UPWELLING INDEX RT 57N, 137k' BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX RNorflLY -300 -200 -100 0 1E0 220 300 400 500 | 6601 6602 6603 6504 -198 -4 -23 -143 -71 8 -12 ~~'?^ ? ! 6701 6702 6703 -136 7 -28 -56 19 -17 65 ^< ^ 6302 8803 6804 -159 -15 -25 -184 -32 -4 -14 -54 ^ rj 6901 6902 6903 6904 -158 -29 -15 -30 -17 -4 -93 jn ^ 7001 7002 7003 7004 -13 -14 -112 -2 -3 18 ^"a^ ^ 7f0I 7102 7103 7104 -130 -26 -8 -71 -15 3 59 i ^"^ UPWELLING INDEX AT 57N, 137W BY YEAR YEAR INDEX RNOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 -49 21 \ t - \ 1 1947 -62 8 c 1 1 1948 -46 23 ^ 1949 -50 19 ^ ^ ^ 1950 -93 -23 > 1952 -87 -17 T r 1953 -82 -12 V 1954 -58 12 > > 1955 1956 -72 -3 / / -83 -14 C ^ 1957 -44 26 ^-> ^ > 1 1958 -93 -24 r f 1 1959 -84 -14 \ \i;^ 1 1960 -65 5 1 1 1 1961 -67 3 ( \ 1962 -61 9 ) \ 1 1963 -74 -4 < 1964 -62 8 ^ \ ' 1985 -69 1 i y rt/ 1966 -92 -22 !<^ 4 1967 -55 14 \^ ^ y 1968 -96 -26 r /if 1969 -106 -36 C 4ii 1970 -67 2 i\ , 1971 -58 11 1 1^ 1 31 UPWELLING INDEX AT 54N, 134W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 A601 -57 39 1 1 _i-— _J— - • 1 4602 -161 -93 1 ■^' " ' '1 1 ' ' 1 A603 -49 -22 ! ^"'~'*"^>,'; A604 -68 -48 i *'**s^ 1 4605 -2 7 ^^^ ? 4606 4607 0 -11 -0 i J -14 { 1 i 4608 -0 0 -0I> 1 4509 -44 -21 <^ 1 4610 -6 76 ^ ^ 4611 -17 81 / i 4612 -32 59 < , -,.- -. , 1 470 — -20 77 ^ ^^^v^J^si 1 [ 4702 -116 -48 ^^^_'C^^ ' 4703 -34 -7 1**'**^'^ 1 4704 -40 -20 v 1 1 4705 -10 -1 >c j 4705 -9 -9 \ i 1 4707 0 -3 1 k I 4708 18 19 ]> 4709 -15 9 ' -^'^' 1 4710 -133 -51 ^,„J ----Jii 1 471! -7! 27 ^*****^ ^ 4712 -72 19 \ J \ j 4801 -67 10 ***-**^ 1 ^ 4802 -11 57 ^^ J^ 4803 -1! 17 > f 4804 8 27 ^-^' 4805 -17 -7 ^ 4806 9 9 a 4807 1 -2 c 4808 14 15 ^^ 4809 -26 -3 ^^00*^/ 4810 -98 -16 f^ ■. 4811 -89 10 {^ ^ ^-^ 4812 -34 58 ^^ "-^ 4901 -39 58 / i ■■ -■ J 4902 -17 51 ,.j^ 4903 -19 9 4904 -104 -84 4905 -1 9 ! **^' 4906 -3 -4 4907 -3 -6 4908 -4 -4 V 4909 -18 5 ^\ 4910 4911 -66 17 i , III -^ I ^ -172 -74 ^^^^^»— !^~~— --^ 4912 -6 86 ■■( S^^^SS^slN 5001 9 105 ^ ^;L-^^S=L-— 4 5002 -202 -134 '-Zi__ 1 1 5003 -40 -13 ■^*~^>"p^ 1 5004 -74 -54 ^^^1 :i. 5005 -43 -34 ^i^j^^.] 1 ,5006 -3 -4 ^^ 1 5007 -18 -20 / 5008 -16 -15 y 1 5009 -26 -2 ^^ ^ ► 1 5010 -58 24 ^r 5011 -84 15 /^ [ 5012 -100 -8 / 1 5101 -116 -19 4 — _ ^ ■"^^^~-^ 5102 -10 58 — 7 B2> 1 5103 -25 2 < ^'^ 1 5104 -12 8 \ j ! ! 5105 -3 7 > ■k 5106 28 28 "? 5107 5 f j 5108 5 6 J * 5109 5110 -23 -44 -0 38 ^y^> 5111 -98 0 ^^^ v--. -5.U? -8 84 ^^ ^35- 5201 -75 22 5202 -85 -17 * < 1 5203 -5 21 "^^^^ 5204 -62 -42 ^^^ 1 5205 -17 -7 ^*^fe 5206 -2 1 i 5207 12 10 ) 1 j 5208 3 4 _yi f 1 5209 -34 -11 /^ 1 5210 -50 22 X 5211 -87 12 ■"^^— .^ J 5212 -228 -136 _-^-. .• ., 1 32 UPWELLING INDEX RT 54N, 134U BY MONTH MONTH INDEX PNCMHL" -300 -200 -1 100 200 300 400 500 33 UPWELLING INDEX RT 54N, 134W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX flNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 I 100 200 300 ^00 500 1 6001 -64 32 1 I ■ yx 1 i 1 6002 -36 32 is3 6003 -83 -56 <& 1 600i -30 -10 1 6005 -12 -2 6006 -4 j 6007 -12 -15 6008 6 7 >l , 6009 -14 9 ,r-^ ) ' 6010 -94 -12 f""^ i. 1 6011 -101 -3 \ 601? -108 -16 1 -^ ^' ' 6101 -204 -107 ^ "^ ■ ■ . :■ 6102 -161 -93 ^****- , '■^^ ■■ M' 6103 -63 -36 ■■~-^^i^ 6104 -5 15 ^^ y 1 6105 -8 2 J f 1 6106 -39 -39 6209 -21 2 ■^ 6210 -67 15 6211 -163 -65 kC""^ •t;;^''^ , 5212 -111 ^^*^ ■^ "^"-^ . 8301 -11 85 ■ ■^ 1- - - --^ 6302 -165 -97 6303 6 33 1 "^7^7 6304 1 21 ; y ; 1 6305 -12 -2 < . ' 1 6306 12 S 6307 3 11 1 1 6308 16 17 J 6309 -109 -86 6310 -200 -118 ■^ ' -•^ ■''■!■ ' 'I' ■■' ■; 6311 -84 15 _jt^ j!Z^ s* 6312 -178 -86 ^=-I!Ilj.! 1 1; 6401 -100 -4 ^>w~^^ 1 6402 -56 12 ^^^^^ \ ! 1 6403 -7 21 ^^^ i'-^T 6404 0 20 v'l 6405 6 15 w 6406 -0 -1 f 6407 -4 -7 1 5408 -6 -6 B 6409 -1 22 ^^_-Jp> 6410 -86 -4 ^ ' iT 6411 -69 30 \_ l^\ 6412 -52 40 J^ " j^ 6501 -130 -34 <: cr < 6502 -54 ^ 14 ^""^CK 6503 -2 25 i ) 6504 -4 16 { 6505 5 14 V 6506 -4 -5 f 6507 -0 -3 K 6508 15 16 V, 6509 31 54 ^ -J^ 6510 -177 -95 «^s^^ -^^r^ni^ 6511 -24 74 ■"— 7 ~" — r-r-,. 6512 -40 51 1 -^ ___^/' 6601 -130 -34 -< az^ 6602 -11 56 ^^^ "^7>- 6603 -60 -33 •"^ 1 6604 8 28 ^; r> 6605 -25 -16 < 6606 -4 -5 N ^^ 6607 42 39 ^^ 6608 -2 -1 ^^^^^ 6609 -87 -64 ^•— !^_ 1 6610 -60 22 x^^^ 1 6611 -13 85 ^^^ 1 6612 -82 10 , 1 1 1 34 UPWELLING INDEX ni 54N, 13AU BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMflLY --iaa -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 ,. 1 ] 1 ] 1_^ 6701 -70 25 _^ 6702 -112 -44 ^^\ 1 '^^^""^ ! 1 6703 670i 10 37 ™» 'v^ 29 49 L^ 1 6705 -11 -1 <1 1 6706 36 36 ^ 6707 -2 -5 1 ^ 6708 -10 -9 ..^rrg 6709 -93 -69 6710 -56 26 ^^^^ '~ ~--^,^ 671! -19 79 1 ^^ > 6712 -40 52 ^>_ ' "''"- 6801 0 97 _ _. _^ _-^ ^ 6802 -200 -132 ^" ^-T ^ j 6803 -81 -54 ■*V^>SLn^,i| 1 ' 6804 -42 -22 ^^SJJn 6805 0 10 > 6806 -9 -9 1 j 680r- -4 -6 6808 -2 -1 ^^ 6809 -46 -22 ^^ _/^ 1 6902 -66 2 ^T^ '""^ 1 6903 -27 0 ^^^TfTl'l 6904 -88 -68 ^^^jll l|! 6905 -11 -1 ^■*4*^,^| _690eL_ 6907 8 -11 7 > -14 ( 6S08 -13 -12 A 6909 -22 1 -+ ^ j 6910 -120 -37 6911 -147 -49 ] 1 1 ^^ "TTT^ !'■ 1' ■ 691? -202 7001 ^82 15 ^ "~t< ^ 7002 -109 -41 < -^ 7003 -45 -18 7004 -9 11 s- 7005 -48 -38 ^w] _2M6_ -4 -5 ^j| 7007 -7 -10 j 1 7008 -6 -6 J 7009 -u 12 /'V.^^^ 7010 -19 63 ^^ 7011 -54 44 ^ ' _201? -50 42 \ 1 7101 -40 56 y^ -^-^ 7102 -78 -10 ^ ! 7103 -53 -25 \ ' r i 7104 -42 -23 Nil 7105 -9 1 ^ 7106 0 -0 ' >k 1 7107 19 16 1 ^ > 1 7108 -19 -18 <| 7109 -8 16 /^ 7110 -21 61 V 7111 7112 -62 37 4701 -55 9 ^ 'i 4802 -0 9 ^s 4803 -3 4 ^^^ k _4804_„ 17 <^^^ 4901 -25 39 \^ 4902 -36 -26 4903 -8 -2 r ^f> ^904_ -80 10 5001 -74 -10 V y 5002 -40 -31 ^Vj^i ! 5003 -20 -13 J^l ! 5004 -81 h I 5101 -52 12 ! 5102 4 14 li 1 5103 5104 -4 -49 3 41 ^ H> 1 5201 -54 9 ^ ^>^ 5202 -27 -17 ^^v 1 5203 -6 1 5204 -125 -35 <• r 5301 -99 -35 X ^^--^ 5302 -12 -3 5303 -6 1 , -J 5304 -39 ^£ "^' <^ 5401 ~33 30 ■ "fc ■> 5402 -15 -6 ^y 5403 2 9 ^ i _5A04__ -117 -27 ij.^ -^ 5501 -36 28 ^"^-^^ ■^ 5502 -8 1 ^ 5503 -4 3 ^—-4 _550_4_ 5601 -U-2 -21 < — ..(■ -100 -37 1 ^1 -^ ■ 5602 -10 0 ' ' ' "^ 5603 -3 4 ^ ,|J '■ _5604_ -6 ^^ * ->. 5701 -26 38 ^^*'**^ 5702 -8 1 ^ p^ j 5703 -2 5 ^J . 1 _5ra4_ -65 25 ^^00"'^ ^ 5^ I 5801 -126 -62 ■^^ -^ 5802 8 18 »- r- 5803 -6 1 1 -* '/ _5804 -127 -36 ^ ' 5901 -99 -35 ^t^ , ■<• ■ 1 5902 5903 -6 4 """*^- -5 2 , .-J 5904 -102 -12 :m^ -23 -14 ^ 1 6203 -5 2 6204 -113 -23 •■ =-^ 6301 -53 11 ^"*>^h 1 1 8302 1 10 ^S j 6303 -26 -19 -^^ 6304 -155 -64 ^^^ ""^Z 6401 -54 10 T-^ 6402 2 12 ! 6403 -4 3 ! _6404 -69 22 1 6501 -62 1 ^^ 1 6502 -1 9 5503 15 6504 -81 10 — -^ ■ 1 36 UPWELLING INDEX RT 54N, 134W BY QUnRTER QTR. INDEX RNOMRLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6601 -69 -5 5602 -7 2 6603 -15 -8 6604 -52 39 2 ^ 6701 -56 8 6702 18 28 6703 -34 -27 6704 -39 52 ^ 6801 -90 -26 6802 -17 -7 6803 -17 -10 6804 -100 -9 6901 -39 25 6902 -30 -2! 6903 -15 -8 6904 -187 -96 ^ ^ 7001 -78 -14 7002 -21 -11 7003 -8 -1 7004 -41 50 ^**v 7101 -56 8 7102 -17 -7 7103 -3 4 7104 -30 61 T^ 1 UPWELLING INDEX RT 54N, 134W BY YERR YEAR INDEX RNOMRLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 -36 6 1947 -41 1 1948 -28 14 1949 -37 5 1950 -53 -11 ^ "i \ 1951 -25 18 1952 -53 -10 1953 -62 -19 1954 -41 2 1955 -40 3 <"' '5> 1956 -52 -9 1957 -26 17 1958 -62 -20 1959 -53 -10 1960 -46 -4 n fe> - 1961 -50 -7 1962 -40 3 1963 -58 -16 1964 -31 12 1965 -32 11 V , 1966 -36 7 1967 -28 15 1968 -56 -13 1969 -68 -25 1970 -37 6 Q \ 1971 -26 16 ^ 37 UPNELLING INDEX AT 51N, 131W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX PNOMRLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 -48 16 4602 -97 -61 4603 -4 9 4604 -16 -11 4605 1 -2 4606 0 -15 (1 ? i 4607 1 -15 4608 12 -1 4609 -10 -7 4610 14 55 4611 -13 44 4612 13 70 I; < \ k '\ 4701 12 75 4702 -61 -25 4703 -8 4 4704 -5 0 4705 2 -2 4706 3 -12 4707 -1 -16 4708 44 31 4709 7 10 4710 -68 -27 4711 -6 52 4712 -23 34 "f? 4801 -43 21 4802 2 38 4803 1 14 4804 2 8 4805 -7 -11 4806 3 16 t 1 1 1 4807 1 -5 4808 24 12 4809 2 5 4810 -18 23 4811 16 74 4812 5 62 l-> 1 i 1 1 1 4901 0 64 4902 -3 32 4903 -12 1 4904 -57 -52 4905 0 -4 4906 26 11 <" 4907 11 -5 4908 -4 -16 4909 -3 -0 4910 -12 28 4911 -154 -96 4912 3 60 -^^ 5001 0 64 5002 -122 -86 5003 -17 -5 5004 -46 -41 5005 4 0 5005 2 -13 s' 5007 3 -13 5008 -11 -23 5009 -7 -4 5010 -32 8 5011 -40 18 5012 -92 -34 j^ 6902 -15 -9 ,l \ 7001 -50 11 B£^^ -^ ^ 7002 -81 -18 ^^■ 7005 -12 -16 % 700B 10 -6 1 "7007 g -7 I 7008 8 -1 7009 9 12 V 7010 -1 36 > -7 7011 -32 25 < ^sk 7012 -L7 m \ 7101 62 > 7102 -23 13 y* 1 7103 -11 -29 \^ 7I?il -25 -20 ^^ 7105 11 7 ^ WIS 2 -13 sC ~n%T~ 28 12 >I> 7108 -15 -27 <^ 7109 10 13 Vv, 7110 1 11 ^^ ^ 7111 -37 21 ^^ '^^^ 7112 5 62 I ' 41 UPWELLING INDEX RT 51N, 131W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX RNOMRLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 2 00 300 400 500 1 i 4601 -48 -10 4602 -5 -9 4603 1 -8 ! A604 5 57 1 "1. : 4701 -13 19 4702 -0 -5 , 4703 17 9 , 4704 -32 19 % ; Lm\ -14 24 i 4802 8 4 : 4803 13 4 \ 4804 1 53 % ■ A901 -5 32 4932 -10 -15 4903 1 -7 : 4904 -53 -2 A : 5001 -44 -6 ; 5002 -13 -18 i 5003 -5 -14 ! 5004 -55 -3 "% j 5101 -24 14 5102 22 18 5103 9 1 5104 -34 18 6801 -65 -28 6802 5 I 6803 10 1 1 6804 -63 -11 \ 6901 -20 18 6902 -14 -18 6S03 8 -1 6904 -119 -67 J > 7301 -48 -11 7002 11 7 7003 8 -0 7004 -18 34 / i. 7101 -22 15 7102 -4 -8 7103 7 -1 7104 -10 42 t UPWELLING INDEX RT 51Np 131W BY YERR YERR INDEX flNOMPLY -c)00 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 1947 1948 1949 -^^ ; 1952 ! 1953 i 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 J1960 -12 -8 2 -17 -=-%- -ZJ -27 -27 -13 7 11 21 2 4 ^ -8 -8 6 \ -25 -13 -45 -21 -23 -6 6 -4 <^ b 1961 1962 1963 1964 JL9.55 -23 -15 -37 -1 -4 -4 4 -18 18 15 ) 1966 1967 1968 LI 970 -20 -8 -28 -36 -12 -1 11 -9 -17 7 X ^ 0971 -7 12 * 43 UPNELLING INDEX AT 48N, 125W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX flNOMHLY 300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 44 UPWELLING INDEX RT 48N, 125W BY MONTH 45 UPWELLING INDEX HT 48N, 125W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6001 -127 6002 -32 15 I \ > i : 1 6003 -29 -8 I 1 1 1 6004 -35 -36 c i I 6005 -11 -28 *?>!; s^ ! ' 1 6006 39 14 ?> 6007 28 -6 / 6008 21 -1 / 6009 7 3 -^ / 6010 -56 -17 v^^'^ 6011 -85 2 6012 -111 -10 — *^ _— — t-tT'' ■ 6101 -254 -164 «^^^^_-^drii ' 6102 -106 -58 1 ""~\ "T" ' \ 5103 -91 -71 ■ [ 6104 14 14 i^**""""^ ' 6105 1 -17 1 f 1 1 6106 5 -20 ^ 1 1 ~6T07— 32 -2 ^s 6108 13 -9 ■ ^ 1 6109 23 20 ^ 6110 -4 35 ^^.-' ^) ' 6111 -66 22 1 6202 -20 27 X / \ [ 6203 -6 15 >>---■ ' 6204 -16 -16 6206 12 -14 1 6207 54 20 ■■>^^ 1 6208 7 -15 \\^^ 1 6209 2 -2 jj 1 6210 -33 4 -^^\ i 6211 -121 -33 ^ < i ! 6212 -106 -6 >■ — ■ "^-- 1 6301 1 91 1 6302 -101 -54 ■^' "—• ^ " ! 6303 -1 20 ' ■* t^ 6304 -3 -3 J : 6305 3 -u ^7 6307 24 -10 f 6308 19 -4 J 6309 -9 -12 r ! 8310 -106 -67 « ^"^^Liij:.! 1 t 6311 -74 14 ^ 6312 -100 0 \ j 6401 -79 11 5402 11 58 --.^^ 6403 5 26 S^^ 5404 39 39 ^^M 6405 35 17 wj 6406 22 -3 / f 6407 18 -16 (V 1 6408 15 -7 \ J 1 6409 7 4 . if 1 6410 -28 11 ^^ V i 6411 -45 43 ^^ ^^ 6412 -85 16 ^^ <■ -650l~ -64 26 V,^^^ ^ 6502 -4 43 ^^*^ _ ^ 6503 -4 16 1^ 1 5504 -0 -0 W^ 1 5505 54 37 ^^J^ ; 6506 58 32 ^^^'\ \ \ ( 6507 62 28 %C \ 5508 29 7 6509 36 32 __ '^^ \ ! 6510 -77 -38 ^ -^ i.T 1 1 6511 -117 -29 < ''~-,^ 1 5512 -67 33 > ^' 6601 -101 -11 ■ ■C^ ^ 6609 0 -4 ^Z 5610 -9 29 ^^\\ 6611 -44 43 ^ , -^\_ ' - — ^ 1 5512 -166 -66 ( 46 UPWELLING INDEX HT 48Np 125W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMflLY "300 "200 "100 0 1130 200 300 400 500 6701 -67 23 6702 -27 21 6703 -12 8 6704 10 10 6705 51 33 6706 85 60 ^ ll>S! i i 1 6707 70 36 6708 58 36 6709 3 -1 6710 -97 -58 67 U -32 56 6712 -51 49 -^ 6801 -107 -17 6802 -175 -128 6803 -55 -34 6804 30 30 6805 IS 1 6806 30 5 ^ s^asis^^' 1 6807 53 20 6808 18 -5 6809 8 4 6810 -76 -37 6811 -132 -44 6812 -87 13 K <;^^ y 6901 -61 29 6902 -116 -69 6903 -6 14 6904 -41 -41 6905 9 -8 6906 57 32 < "^^^ 6907 62 28 6908 18 -4 6909 -3 -7 6910 -27 12 6911 -99 -11 6912 -196 -96 ^^ J" 1 1 ! 7001 -91 -1 7002 -73 -26 7003 -2 19 7004 23 23 7005 18 1 7006 33 8 \ i 1 7007 43 9 7008 36 14 7009 1 -3 7010 -25 14 7011 -63 25 7012 -106 -6 * ^ 7107 39 5 7108 15 -7 7109 1 -3 7110 -7 32 7111 -56 31 7112 -20 81 <^ ^■^^. 47 UPWELLING INDEX AT 48Np 125W BY QUnRTER QTR. INDEX RNOnflLr "300 "200 "100 0 1 00 200 300 400 500 4601 -54 -1 4602 -1 -15 4603 1 1 -9 4604 -24 51 ^ 4701 -25 28 4702 9 -5 4703 10 -10 4704 -59 16 i 1 1 4801 -29 24 4802 5 -9 4803 8 -12 4804 -41 34 <> P 4901 -15 38 4902 3 -11 4903 5 -15 4904 -79 -3 > 5001 -82 -29 5002 1 -14 5003 4 -16 5004 -102 -27 ■ 5101 -41 12 5102 20 5 5103 16 -4 5104 -70 5 r— ^ ■7 5201 -69 -16 5202 -7 -22 5203 15 -5 5204 -137 -62 •->. ^ 5301 -52 1 5302 -4 -18 5303 4 -17 5304 -90 -15 <4 1 5401 -43 10 5402 2 -13 5403 8 -13 5404 -128 -52 ■^ 5501 -16 37 5502 21 7 5503 23 3 5504 -65 10 r^ s > i 5601 -75 -22 5602 22 8 5603 28 7 5504 -43 32 9, 5701 -38 15 5702 13 -1 5703 13 -7 5704 -54 2! ^ i / I 5801 -132 -79 5802 22 8 5803 43 23 5804 -75 1 2>. d 5901 -47 6 5902 13 -1 5903 28 8 5904 -49 26 > — > 6001 -64 -11 6002 -3 -17 6003 19 -1 6004 -84 -8 -Q S 6101 -152 -99 6102 7 -8 6103 23 3 6104 -38 38 ^ i I 6401 -22 31 6402 32 18 6403 14 -6 6404 -53 23 t ' 6501 -25 28 6502 37 23 6503 43 22 6504 -87 -11 1 48 UPWELLING INDEX ni 48N, 125W BY QUnRTER QTR. INDEX flNOMPLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6601 -67 -14 6602 32 18 6603 35 15 6604 -73 2 :> 6701 -36 17 6702 48 34 5703 44 24 6704 -60 15 ? 6801 -110 -57 6802 26 12 6803 27 6 6804 -98 -22 ^ IS: D 6902 9 -6 6903 26 6 6904 -107 -32 « ^ 1 7001 -55 -2 7002 25 10 7003 27 7 7004 -65 1 <::^^ 1 7101 -34 9 7102 12 -3 7103 18 -2 7104 -27 48 <»"^ts.^ UPWELLING INDEX ni 48N, 125W BY YEAR YERR INDEX RNOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 -17 7 1 ! i 1947 -16 7 1 1 1 1948 -14 9 1 \ 1 1949 -22 2 J j> 1 1950 -21 1951 -19 5 <<\ 1952 -50 -26 1953 -35 -12 ^ 1954 -40 -17 L*^ 955 -9 14 ^^ V 956 -17 6 f 1 1957 -17 7 J ' 1958 -35 -12 v*^ 1959 -14 10 ^ > 1 1 _1.960„_ 1961 -33 -9 f f'\ 1 1 -40 -16 V^' ; 1 1962 -20 3 ^ 1 1963 -25 -2 c 1964 -7 16 ^ ^ 1965 ~Q \ J 1 1966 -18 5 t < 1967 -1 23 ^ 'y^ 1968 -39 -15 c^ \ 1969 -33 -10 1 1970 -17 \ 1971 -8 16 1 49 UPWELLING INDEX RT 45N, 125W BY MONTH 50 UPWELLING INDEX ni 45N, 125W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMHLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 5301 -235 -141 __ ^... ^ 1 j 1 5302 -1 46 "V^ ! 5303 -17 -1 "^ 5301 -3 -12 1 5305 2 -33 < 1 5306 24 -25 >x^ 1 5307 67 -7 J> 1 5308 10 -41 <4 < — 1 5309 18 1 i 5310 -9 11 5311 -147 -73 ^^^|^^-=cz^^^___ 5312 -45 49 ~~rj. 5/101 -57 37 0J 5402 -101 -54 ^r .g-iTrnTiT 5403 2 17 5404 5405 4 28 -5 -6 J \ 5406 4 -44 ^ 5407 37 -36 V^i ■ ^S 5408 37 -13 ^/ 5409 7 -10 ^ i 5410 -47 -27 ,— 1 '^T^H 5411 -141 -68 /-" ^^/ 1 5611 -20 54 ^ 1 5612 -60 34 5702 -12 35 ) 5703 -28 -12 1 5708 35 -16 y^ j 5709 5 -11 1 f ' 1 5710 -1 19 1 5711 -15 59 2>- 5712 -125 -32 !!t!r^r^r"^ 5801 -271 -177 — *"!" 1 -=r::^_ . 5802 -162 -114 =:i^; ■; , ; 5803 -4 11 7 5804 5805 -1 38 49 -10 4 { ^^ 5807 124 5 >>J^ 5808 63 13 />- — 1 5809 7 -10 ^ /"^ 5810 -8 12 X^^^^^ 5811 -26 48 , II ■* i^jji^ 5817 -120 -27 ^" 6907 106 32 6908 46 -5 6909 6 -11 6910 -14 6 6911 -53 21 5912 -157 -64 \ 7007 71 -3 7008 73 23 7009 1 1 -5 7010 -7 13 7011 -54 19 7012 -106 -12 4 ^^ < H \ 7101 -32 62 7102 -16 32 7103 -49 -33 7104 -2 -11 7105 66 32 7106 13 -36 ^ ^ 7107 65 -9 7108 24 -27 7109 8 -8 7110 1 21 7111 -40 34 7112 -27 66 4 < ' \ 53 UPNELLING INDEX AT 45N, 125W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX flNOMHLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 -56 -4 4602 8 -23 4603 29 -18 4604 -13 49 1 "IH ^ 4701 -22 31 4702 15 -15 4703 32 -16 4704 -50 12 > N 4801 -17 35 4802 8 -23 4803 19 -29 4804 -27 35 > % 4901 -20 32 4902 20 -11 4903 25 -22 4904 -85 -23 i 5001 -74 -22 5002 26 -5 5003 33 -14 5004 -98 -36 1 -:- ^ 5101 -35 17 5102 51 21 5103 55 8 5104 -57 5 5201 -55 -3 5202 16 -15 5203 49 2 5204 -113 -51 <, ^«*.^,,- ^ 5301 -87 -35 5302 7 -23 5303 32 -16 5304 -66 -4 •c^ -:^ 5401 -50 2 5402 12 -18 5403 27 -20 5404 -117 -55 >^ ^ 5501 -15 37 5502 43 12 5503 68 21 5504 -45 8 ^^2^ 5601 -64 - 1 5602 44 U 5603 54 7 5604 -28 34 '^^ 5701 -19 33 5702 19 -11 5703 36 -12 5704 -47 15 ^ r" 5801 -145 -93 5802 29 -2 5803 65 18 5804 -52 1 1 ♦ 5901 -37 15 5902 28 -2 5903 66 19 5904 -23 39 ^^ 6001 -49 3 6002 9 -21 6003 41 -6 6004 -71 -9 ^ > 6101 -160 -108 6102 11 -20 6103 42 -5 6104 -30 32 r- i> 6201 -15 37 6202 21 -9 6203 47 -0 6204 -77 -15 \ S 6301 -34 18 6302 24 -7 6303 23 -25 6304 -70 -8 5 6401 -36 16 6402 45 14 6403 41 -6 6404 -55 7 ^ 6501 -28 24 6502 64 34 6503 74 27 6504 -71 -9 1 54 UPWELLING INDEX ni 45N, 125W BY QURRTER QTR. INDEX RNOMHLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6601 6602 6603 6604 -62 56 66 -68 -10 25 18 -6 2::^ 1 6701 6702 6703 6704 -41 78 81 -42 11 48 34 20 to 6801 6802 6803 6804 6901 6902 6903 6904 -97 46 48 -84 -45 16 1 -22 Z^ -45 17 53 7 -13 6 \ i- 7001 7002 7003 7004 35 52 -56 4 5 6 "^p. 7101 7102 7103 7104 -33 26 33 -22 20 -5 -15 40 ^ UPWELLING INDEX AT 45N. 125W BY YEAR YEfiR INDEX RNOMHLr -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 -8 1 1947 -6 3 1948 -4 5 1949 -15 -6 1950 -28 -19 ! A 1951 4 3 1952 -26 -17 1953 -28 -19 1954 -32 -23 1955 13 22 1 1 1956 2 11 1957 -3 6 1958 -25 -16 1959 8 17 1960 -17 -8 4 f 1361 -34 -25 1962 -6 3 1963 -14 -5 1964 -1 8 1965 10 19 1 ^ 1966 -2 7 1967 19 28 1968 -22 -12 1969 -12 -3 1970 -6 3 1 , 1971 1 10 ^ 55 UPWELLING INDEX AT 42N, 125W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX ANOMflLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 -16 51 4602 -68 -40 4603 5 2 4604 4 -29 4605 49 -30 < ^ i^T-US— 1 i 4608 99 8 4609 14 -21 4610 19 19 4611 -5 38 4612 -11 46 vLiiii;! 41 < c^ 1 1 4701 -1 66 4702 -18 9 4703 -5 -9 4704 12 -22 4705 58 -21 4706 40 -S3 i > 1 4707 32 -99 4708 132 41 4709 44 9 4710 -21 -22 4711 14 56 4712 -22 35 < =* 1 4801 -7 60 i 4802 10 38 4803 2 -1 4804 -10 -43 4805 15 -64 4806 74 -29 4 [1 ■■ 1 i 4807 80 -52 4808 60 -31 4809 15 -20 4810 1 ! 4811 -6 36 4812 -9 49 ' / % 4901 17 84 4902 -45 -17 4903 -1 -5 4904 6 -27 4905 30 -49 4906 117 14 4. ^ ■> 4907 128 -3 4908 32 -59 4909 24 -12 4910 32 32 4911 -141 -98 4912 - 1 47 ^_. <^ ^r ^ 1 ! 5001 - 4 53 5002 -70 -42 5003 -27 -30 5004 1 1 -22 5005 129 50 5006 77 -26 2 1 1 5201 -75 -9 5202 -14 13 5203 34 30 5204 10 -23 5205 53 -26 5206 75 -28 li K 5207 122 -10 5208 81 -10 5209 33 -3 5210 -1 -1 5211 -24 18 5212 -184 -127 . - k 56 UPWELLING INDEX RT 42N. 125U BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY -30Z -20!? -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 5301 5302 -204 -137 "- ^ 1 15 43 " yr^ 1 1 5303 3 -1 .-■■ [ 1 1 II 530ii 5 -28 V 1 ] 5305 25 -54 < 5406 35 -68 <1^i. " <. 5407 89 -43 J^ 5408 52 -39 ^ 5409 19 -16 ' y^ 1 5410 -16 -16 ^^r^ 5411 -111 -68 \ ' ' ■^ 1 |- ■' 1 5412 -1^0 -43 \-a ""^^^-ii^.. 5501 -19 48 1 ^^"^ ? 1 5502 4 32 i i ' 1 5503 17 14 5504 28 -5 J '■ — |L|, 5505 169 90 " j^-^ ^^ ' 1 5506 120 7 r" \ < _ 1 5507 148 7 ^-^ i \ 5508 173 82 -> 1 1 5509 70 34 ^iiSi'-- 5510 3 3 y^^ 5511 -17 26 ^- 5608 101 10 j^ L-— - ^ 5609 10 -26 < f^ 5610 9 9 . k 1 5611 -9 33 / ■\ 1 5612 -21 37 < V -5701 -2 65 > ^ 1 5702 -14 14 fj ^ 5703 -14 -17 «ii ^^ 5704 34 1 ^^..^ ^ 5705 16 -63 5708 89 -2 < ^^ — - 5709 3 -32 r^ 1 5710 0 -0 1 k^ 1 5711 -5 37 1 ' j> 15712 -86 - -??==^ 1 hlMi— -258 -1P2 ^^^^j. ■-, 1 5802 -194 -166 5803 -1 -4 --— 1 , 5804 9 -24 1 4 ^^^ 5805 49 -30 ^^ 5806 57 -46 41 *-^, 1 5807 5808 126 -6 ^ > \ 89 -2 ^^^ r 5309 30 -6 \ ^^"^ 5810 -1 -1 i ^ 5811 -9 33 ^^ ^ 5812 -75 -18 <:A 5901 -49 18 \^ > 5902 -5 23 ^s \J ' 5903 16 13 %^^ ' 1 5904 71 38 ■ >^****\ ' 5905 82 4 ■^ \ 1 -7 1 ' ■^ ^*'"~^ ~5907 173 42 ! ii^; ^~]^ 1 5908 157 66 5909 23 -12 j < y^' 5910 14 14 Av 5911 -3 39 J ^ 1 1 5912 -20 37 1 f ■' 1 ' ■ 1 57 UPWELLING INDEX RT 42Np 125W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX HNOMRLY "300 -200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6001 -66 1 6002 -10 17 6003 -2 -5 6004 -0 -33 6005 5 -74 6006 141 38 ^ f^ 1 1 1 6007 87 -44 6008 89 -2 6009 51 16 6010 -7 -7 6011 -48 -6 6012 -67 -9 -^ ^ 8101 -194 -127 6102 -56 -29 6103 -37 -40 6104 25 -8 6105 17 -62 6106 58 -45 ^ 1 -, 6107 74 -57 6108 52 -39 6109 76 40 6110 13 13 6111 -29 13 6112 -3 54 'i! <; ^ 1 1 1 6201 -3 64 6202 -29 -1 6203 1 -2 6204 13 -21 6205 72 -7 6206 87 -16 4 X 1 6207 179 47 6208 48 -43 6209 30 -6 6210 -3 -3 6211 -38 4 6212 -79 -22 ^^ "C ^ 5301 17 84 6302 -101 -74 6303 2 -1 6304 -1 -34 6305 35 -44 6305 157 54 ■-^hi ^_ 1 1 1 6307 93 -39 6308 75 -15 6309 -1 -37 6310 -15 -15 6311 -26 16 5312 -54 4 I f 6401 -72 -5 6402 35 52 6403 22 19 6404 147 113 6405 89 10 5405 72 -31 <1~ < p' 5407 122 -9 5408 99 8 5409 85 50 6410 -7 -7 6411 -37 5 6412 -87 -29 \ ^ > 6501 -79 -12 6502 7 35 6503 28 24 6504 25 -8 6505 179 100 6506 195 91 ^~~^ §u ~~> 1 1 6507 152 30 6508 77 -13 6509 99 63 6510 -2 -3 6511 -101 -59 6512 -25 33 < ■^ — ^ j 6601 -47 20 6502 -10 17 6603 -12 -15 6604 100 87 6605 237 158 6606 94 -9 N ^^ 6607 139 7 6608 182 91 6509 24 -11 6610 17 17 5611 -25 17 5612 -85 -28 ■^ r^ ■^ 58 UPWELLING INDEX AT 42N, 125W BY MONTH 59 UPWELLING INDEX AT 42N, 125W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX ANOMflLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 -25 6 4602 28 -44 4603 61 -26 4604 1 34 l| ^ i 1 i 1 4701 -8 23 4702 37 -35 4703 70 -17 4704 -10 23 s ! 1 I 4801 1 32 4802 26 -46 4803 52 -35 4804 -5 28 ^ i i i 4901 -9 22 4902 51 -21 4903 62 -25 4904 -39 -6 §^ 5001 -36 -5 5002 73 1 5003 76 -10 5004 -67 -34 ^^ 1 5101 -12 19 5102 84 12 5103 95 8 5104 -34 -1 r- \. 5201 -19 12 5202 46 -25 5203 79 -8 5204 -70 -37 > ^ 1 5301 -65 -34 5302 41 -31 5303 63 -23 5304 -33 -0 ^ z> 5401 -36 -5 5402 40 -32 5403 54 -33 5404 -75 -42 -z^ 5501 1 31 5502 106 34 5503 131 45 5504 -30 3 J— ^^ i. 5601 -46 -15 5602 85 14 5603 83 -3 5604 -7 26 r p 1 1 5701 -10 21 5702 45 -27 5703 78 -9 5704 -30 3 [S 1 1 1 5801 -149 -119 5802 39 -33 5803 82 -4 5804 -29 4 ri- 1 i 5901 -13 18 5902 83 11 5903 119 32 5904 -3 30 1 " "'-s ^^^ :»> 6001 -27 4 6002 48 -24 6003 76 -10 6004 -40 -7 1 !> i 6101 -97 -66 6102 33 -39 6103 67 -19 6104 -6 27 1 > 6201 -10 21 6202 57 -15 5203 86 -0 8204 -40 -7 j y 1 <-r ^ 6301 -25 5 6302 63 -9 6303 57 -30 6304 -32 2 A r::^ \ 6401 -6 24 6402 102 30 6403 102 16 6404 -44 -11 1 X ^/ — 1 6501 -15 15 6502 134 62 6503 113 26 6504 -42 -9 i 7 I i f 60 UPWELLING INDEX ni 42Np 125W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX RNCMflLY -300 -200 -100 100 200 300 400 500 6601 6802 6603 J604_ -2i US 116 7 73 29 _2_ -16 135 139 -i 1/1 63 52 29 -58 127 93 -27 55 7 -20 -34 56 163 -i -16 75 -12 7001 7002 7003 700iL -67 102 129 -A0 -36 30 42 -7 7101 -4 ?R 7102 83 11 7103 68 -19 7104 2 35 UPWELLINU INDEX RT 42N, 12bW BY YEAR YEAR INDEX flNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 17 -7 1 ; \l • i 1947 22 -2 ) 1948 19 -5 / 1949 16 -8 1 1 1950 12 -12 t 1951 33 10 f> 1952 9 -15 1 i r 1 1 1953 2 -22 r , 1954 -4 -28 ^ 1 1956 52 29 28 >>> I 5 j y r \ 1957 21 -3 ^ 1958 -14 -38 ^ \ i 27 4 \ r 1 1969 35 11 \\\ 1970 31 8 1971 37 13 V 1 1 61 UPNELLING INDEX AT 39N, 125W BY MONTH 62 UPWELLING INDEX RT 39N, 125W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 5301 -39 -26 5302 65 56 5303 40 4 5304 42 -27 5305 74 -50 5306 189 22 ...^- > 1 1 5307 174 -7 5308 53 -86 5309 33 -30 5310 20 -1 5311 -23 -16 5312 8 20 < z' ^ 5401 -5 7 5402 -8 -16 5403 1 1 -24 5404 35 -33 5405 123 -1 5406 124 -44 ,-< \ 1 1 5407 145 -36 5408 95 -44 5409 57 -6 5410 1 -20 5411 -27 -20 5412 -29 -17 1 ^ ^ ! I 5501 3 16 5502 26 17 5503 65 29 5504 73 5 5505 284 160 5506 209 41 ^ ^^— -^ i t 5507 242 61 5508 254 116 5509 133 70 5510 32 12 5511 14 20 5512 -44 -32 .^ P 3 5601 -62 -50 5602 20 11 5603 38 3 5604 107 38 5605 106 -18 5606 203 35 4^ < ^ 1 5607 204 22 5608 158 19 5609 26 -37 5610 45 25 5611 2 8 5612 1 13 <--J ( "^ 1 ) 5701 1 14 5702 -10 -19 5703 16 -20 5704 77 8 5705 35 -89 5706 166 -1 4 — -^ 5707 217 35 5708 167 28 5709 12 -51 5710 8 -13 5711 2 9 5712 -19 -6 ^ J? — - > i 1 5801 -113 -100 5802 -150 -158 5803 10 -26 5804 50 -18 5805 47 -77 5806 90 -77 ^ ^^ X 5807 149 -32 5808 143 4 5809 78 15 5810 9 -12 5811 11 18 5812 -15 -3 f- ::' 5901 -4 9 5902 10 1 5903 83 47 5904 123 54 5905 162 38 5906 206 38 1 1 ^... 5907 257 76 5908 210 71 5909 87 24 5910 63 43 5911 7 13 5912 1 13 1 r^ ^ i 1 63 UPWELLING INDEX AT 39N, 125N BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNomiY -300 -200 -100 a 100 200 300 400 500 1 6001 -20 -7 ; 1 , > , 6002 18 10 ^ ! 1 6003 24 -12 ^ \ 1 i 6mi 28 -40 -rf 6108 66 -73 ^^ 6109 83 20 ^ ^^ 6110 43 23 &^^^^ 6111 -4 3 %^^ 6112 14 26 ^j 6201 7 20 > p^ 6202 -19 -28 < 6203 10 -26 S^,^^ ' 6204 51 -18 1 ^^^^^ 1 6205 103 -21 ^ ^^^^^ 1 6206 58 -g 1 \ ■ ^^^^ 1 6207 6208 6209 86 75 71 -63 8 1 ] 6212 -30 < 1 6301 11 23 ^ ^^1* St> 6302 -44 -53 6412 -11 1 ( 6501 -10 3 V <^ 6502 36 28 >l 6503 34 -2 /* I 6504 45 -24 ^^~ 5505 300 176 7~^^~;z^=^ *" ^^ 6506 230 63 "i'-k^^:^ — ' ^^^^^ \ 6507 162 -20 AS ^^^^'^ \ 6508 102 -36 i *''**^ 1 6511 -52 -45 1 ^^ 1 6512 3 16 ^^ R 6601 -1 1 F i 1 6602 3 -5 J \ 6603 11 -25 ■C^ >;— — . 6604 126 57 ^^^ -— ^..^ 6605 193 68 S> 1 6606 25 y^ I 6607 186 <.^ t 6608 203 64 ^J_i>- ^ 6609 38 -26 *^ ^ " 6610 52 31 ^^^^^ 6611 -12 -5 r "^^ 1 6612 -7 5 ♦f- 1 64 UPWELLING INDEX AT 39N. 125W BY MONTH 65 UPWELLING INDEX AT 39N, 125W BY QURRTER QTR. INDEX flNOmLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 14 4 4602 77 -43 4603 111 -18 4604 20 19 i 5401 -0 -11 5402 94 -26 5403 100 -29 5404 -18 -19 1:^3 5501 31 21 5502 190 70 5503 211 82 5504 1 -0 ^*n i 5601 -2 -13 5602 138 18 5603 130 2 5604 16 15 t> 1 i 1 1 1 5701 3 -8 5702 92 -28 5703 133 5 5704 -3 -4 6201 -0 -11 6202 104 -16 6203 111 -17 6204 -6 -7 1 ^--^ \ 6301 -7 -18 6302 116 -4 6303 107 -22 6304 -5 -5 .1 6401 68 57 6402 186 66 6403 206 77 6404 -3 -4 1 ^.^^1;^^=:^ k 6501 20 9 6502 193 73 6503 115 -14 6504 -13 -13 r ^:^^ 66 UPNELLING INDEX AT 39N, 125N BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX RNOMHLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1 1 6601 6602 6603 6604 4 171 143 11 -6 50 15 11 ^^ 6701 6702 6703 6704 16 152 169 8 6 31 40 8 X- n^ 6801 6802 6803 6804 -21 191 121 -8 -32 71 -8 -9 ^ i::^ 6901 6902 6903 6904 -12 100 273 -13 -23 -20 145 -13 i _^ Sr= ==^ 7001 7002 7003 7004 -41 186 191 -10 -52 65 62 -11 ^ 1^3 7101 7102 7103 7104 23 143 106 30 12 23 -22 30 i 1 < >— - y- UPWELLING INDEX AT 39Np 125W BY YEAR YEAR INDEX flNDMRLY "300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 56 -9 1947 54 -11 1948 48 -17 1949 54 -11 950 60 -5 \ \ \ |( 951 70 5 1952 56 -10 1953 53 -12 1954 44 -21 1955 108 43 i .1 1956 71 6 1957 57 -9 1958 27 -38 1959 101 36 1960 45 -20 4 f |3^>» 1961 41 -24 1962 52 -13 1963 53 -12 1964 114 49 965 79 14 > 966 83 17 1967 86 21 1968 71 6 1969 88 23 1970 82 16 H 1971 76 11 ! ' / 1 67 UPWELLING INDEX RT 36N, 122W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1 i601 30 20 1 >'y 1 i isaz 16 -19 < fc-^ 1 4603 96 16 ^ ^"**^ i6Bi 112 -9 -V i 4605 173 -30 < •"...^ 1 4606 257 18 J> L-^jfc 4607 153 -46 ^: "^ 1 4608 146 -37 "^■i' 4609 59 -35 4610 52 3 4611 17 5 f^^ i 1 1 4612 3 -5 4v 1 4701 33 22 1^ 1 4702 9 -26 ^■f"^ ^ 1 4703 34 -46 ^, 1 1 4704 121 -0 ^^^J!> ■> 4705 105 -98 ■^1)1^1^!' i <^ 4706 154 -85 ^^iilliiii'V: i ; ^\ 4707 179 -20 1 > 4708 154 -29 „^ 4709 87 -7 ■( ^^^ ^ 4710 41 -9 r?^^__J^^ 1 1 4711 65 53 ''^^^^"^^^^ 1 1 4712 35 28 ■ J^j^^ 4801 -3 -13 ' 4806 114 -124 -c: ,„„,^^^^ 4904 105 -16 ^^ "^ \ 4905 115 -88 ' f^^""^ V 1 4906 150 -88 1 ' '.' > 1 - 1 4907 120 -78 1 'v r 4908 131 -52 j 4909 44 -49 4S10 62 13 "'^ >^ 4911 -3 -15 ■'i 1 4912 13 1 5001 3^ 25 1 5002 3 -32 fd 1 5003 53 -27 Kii 1 5004 124 3 1 '~"'iUi 5005 183 -20 ^frjr^fpi 1 ^^ 5006 153 -86 5007 115 -83 5008 107 -76 Vjl: I'll. ^-i^ ,/ 1 5009 55 -39 ii ^ ^ ! 5010 13 -36 ffl r 5011 1 -11 1' ' 5012 -1 -8 I 5101 41 31 ! 5102 23 -12 < 5103 102 22 _^ •^^~x 5104 80 -41 r''" 5105 166 -37 ^^ ^ 5106 148 -90 "^Ilni'.l '1 < 5107 162 -36 ^ 5108 106 -77 if ^^ ^t"^ 5109 58 -35 ^^(. ^^^ 5110 36 -13 1 ^^r 5111 1 -11 ^ 5112 6 -1 1 5201 5 -5 1 I ! 5202 18 -17 <1 ^ V-^.^ 1 5203 103 23 -^ '5 5204 77 -44 r"^ ^ ^ 5205 170 -33 ^ 1 *^ 520R 185 -53 -^--r"' ,„^ 1 5207 73 -125 > 6006 141 i _^>^' 6007 93 ~I06 Li^;^__ 5009 85 -9 j-r^ 6010 64 14 {y ^^^y 6011 11 -1 \r _6012 4 -4 1 6101 -15 -26 ■^ 6102 74 39 1 6103 6104 135 127 55 6 ?" 6105 242 39 3- ^»» 6106 139 -100 •^— 6107 134 -64 ■ \^ 1 6108 88 -95 < ^ ^ '^ 1 6109 57 -37 "~""'--*^ r 6110 55 6 ^ ^^ 1 6111 1 -11 < ^^ 6112 29 22 "viy 6201 18 7 / 8202 8 -27 L 1 6203 24 -55 ^ 6204 151 30 -,■ -K„^ 1 6205 208 5 ! ^--^ z ► ' 6206 186 -52 ! k 6208 140 -43 << 1 S209 106 12 ? ^— ■ 1 6210 42 -7 >-^<^ 6211 51 39 ^^ 6212 -10 ' t^ 1 6301 g -5 \ ! 6302 1 -34 V 1 6303 34 -46 \ j 6304 57 -64 6305 139 -64 ~^-0!l '1 ' _6306 232 -7 ^""^ ■> 1 1 6307— 204 5 j. < 1 1 6308 193 10 --Tfr' 9 j 6309 28 -65 _^ 6408 234 51 .— --| 6409 155 61 ; ^_^^- 1 6410 35 -14 ^ >"■ i 6411 1 -11 \ r^ 641? 10 3 f\ 6501 7 -3 4^ 6502 81 46 ii^^ ' 6503 57 -22 ,^ ^607— 271 73 1 y^\ 6608 242 59 — ^ 6609 91 -3 V^ "^' 1 6610 60 11 A'^-^ 6611 -0 -12 k"^ 6612 5 -2 '« 70 UPWELLING INDEX AT 36N. 122W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOmLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6701 2 -9 ! 6702 28 -7 i 6703 52 -28 ; 6704 97 -24 6705 266 63 6706 244 6 1 4 -J 1 6707 248 50 6708 214 32 6709 92 -2 6710 60 11 6711 -1 -13 6712 10 3 P J 6801 -3 -14 6802 -6 -41 6803 43 -37 6804 245 124 6805 306 103 i 6806 348 108 ^ u ^ ' -^ ti^ I 6807 252 54 6808 153 -25 . 6809 135 41 1 5810 58 9 6811 13 6 6812 -1 -8 / ^ 6901 -3 -14 i S902 -1 -36 ' 6903 59 -20 ' 5904 162 41 1 6905 247 44 f 6906 245 6 i ^^ 7107 240 41 7108 152 -31 7109 79 -15 7110 73 24 7111 25 13 7112 7 0 1 gau*- \ 71 UPWELLING INDEX AT 36N, 122W BY QURRTER 72 UPWELLING INDEX AT 36N, 122W BY QUnRTER UPWELLING INDEX AT 36N, 122ki BY YEAR YEAR INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 93 -10 >i 1 1947 85 -18 1 1 1948 78 -25 1 1 1 1949 69 -34 ( 1 1950 71 -32 Wi V j 78 -25 \ > ; 1952 6S -34 ; c i 1953 90 -13 ' > 1954 82 -21 t. 1955 161 58 ' > 1958 140 37 / 1957 114 11 I.-' /^ 1958 98 -5 1959 163 60 w^ '^^^ 1 1 _lil.a0_ 1961 92 89 -11 "^ t ^^ -14 V f 1962 95 -8 } 1963 77 -26 ,__ < 1964 153 50 ■^^"~-> ^> 1 3 10 1 ( C 1968 1 a 15 ■} ) 1987 110 7 c 1968 130 27 ■■ '■ \ ^ 1969 124 21 I / 1970 112 ''\ i 1971 1,23 IS ■ ^ 73 UPWELLING INDEX AT 33N, 119W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX HNOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 i601 33 14 1 1 : 1 i602 43 -5 1603 109 -11 iBZi 150 -28 %. 1^**^^ __ 4605 273 -9 X. , JL606_ 348 36 i5> Z^^fc 4607 176 -55 /rflT - ' i 4608 152 -61 % ^^r 1 4609 102 -34 i 1 4610 47 -29 \ ^^^^ 4811 17 -5 • 4612 -5 V. 1 4701 26 7 *1 1 1 4702 23 -25 4ff In^ 4703 73 -47 4708 156 -57 '^iTf 1 4709 91 -46 >ll ^ 4710 58 -18 ^ ^X^ 4711 21 -1 r 4712 14 J 4801 -22 'x c^ 1 4802 58 10 1 4803 77 -43 ^^ l! pi \ , 4804 88 -90 tffi) jl |i 1 1 j v ~ 1 4805 202 -80 -T*' r 'i' ! I p ~> 1 4806 147 -165 •V 4903 76 -45 /T^ 1 \s 4904 125 -54 ^--^'' ' ■"v^ 4905 165 -117 <-^ ■■ " ■, ■' I. 1 , ^ 490B 152 -160 , !: ^ 1 4907 4908 07 134 -124 -78 ^ A^ S 1 1 4909 64 -72 /-" i 4910 49 -28 ""-•, ^ I 4911 3 -19 ■\1 <^ 4912 -0 ^. ^v 5001 42 23 -?> 5002 18 -30 jf <^ 5003 78 -42 t ^^'■^ 5004 141 -37 ^ ""^•^^ 5005 183 -99 .a] ff ^ 5006 -121 _. * 5007 86 -145 I'll ^ w* — ' j 5008 110 -103 Jl 1 } 1 5009 97 -40 ^""^ 11 1 ^^> 5010 46 -31 \ii,i ^^^^ 5011 7 -15 \ ^^ I 5012 20 10 ^■^^^^ I 5101 72 53 '^^^ 5102 51 3 . ^ ^. 5103 85 -35 J^ ^^v I 5104 110 -68 5105 238 -44 -^ j 5106 216 -96 5110 61 -15 \ _^^ 5111 17 -5 \ ,1^^ 5112 19 9 >J 5201 10 -9 7 ( 5202 22 -26 4 ^^ _ 5203 114 -6 ^.,^*TflTTfHi '"*• y 5204 94 -84 •=!ail l!ll ll ■f 5205 238 -44 ^.-^ ^ , •yt 5206 210 -102 A 1^ h ui ^ 5207 5208 98 U5 -133 -68 - "^ ' ' ^ 5305 _5306 233 -49 14 -^ ^^ !^ 5307 153 -78 "^^ 'I'N ■«-- - 5308 180 -33 ^\ii' ^^ \ 5309 113 -23 xl ,- 5310 75 -2 K >^ 5311 47 25 ^X ' 5312 23 14 ^(\ 1 5401 30 11 ■') 5402 24 -25 v^tT t^ 5403 71 -50 ^IIMj ^--1 5404 178 -0 J2- 5409 138 1 K ^^ " 5410 72 -4 ^^^ 5411 19 -2 ; ^^^^ 5412 -2 -11 4 ^ 5501 26 7 KN : 5502 32 -16 ^i1 ^^^ 1 5503 71 -49 -^aiii ^^- ,[ 5504 260 82 ^^^55=7-71 1 *** ~~ _ 5505 365 83 r KB6 434 122 ^to 5507 272 41 ^^•-* 5508 238 26 ^ 5509 244 108 ^ — ^ 5510 147 71 1 5511 67 46 i> 1 5512 12 ''s^ 5602 92 44 '^ ""*'****-N-^ 5603 175 55 ^^****'*'Vd 5604 216 38 ■ ^^^^ 5605 277 -5 -<:_ ^^^^.^ 5606 460 148 -^ ^5*"^ 5607 331 100 5608 5609 372 160 "1"^=* 181 44 ^^- •-^■"^■•^ 5610 142 65 1 ., --^^ 5611 -16 -37 ' 5707 282 51 f*"^ 5708 276 64 ' 5709 193 56 — ^"^ 5710 109 33 ^^^^^^"'"'^^ 5711 41 19 ^^^^"''^ _5Z12_ 10 \ ! 5801 21 2 V^ 5802 55 7 ■ ^s,^,^^^ 5803 5804 5805 115 231 264 -6 53 -18 • >>^ — - -■-s^ 5806 441 129 "~~ ^-7 ^^ 5807 350 119 ' .' 5808 249 37 ■-.,■■ r-"^ i ^^^0^"^^ 5809 181 44 ' ''J^ 1 1 1 ^ "^ 5810 84 7 *^ ^ • ' 5811 64 42 ^V^*/^ i -5SXZ 6 t"--^ ^ , ^ _5906 491 179 ■ > 1 "^ 5907 341 110 K-""^ \ 1 5908 271 59 ^^^ 5909 240 104 v^ __ , -^ 5910 125 49 .,^ ' L „> 5911 16 -6 ,-^- III 1 5912 5 -4 75 UPWELLING INDEX ni 33N, 119W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX flNOmiY 320 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 76 UPWELLING INDEX AT 33N, 119W BY MONTH 77 UPWELLING INDEX AT 33N, 119W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX RNOMHLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 62 -1 1 - '. 1 i602 257 -0 <4 ^5»» 1 i603 144 -50 _ 1 i604 23 -13 ^ 1 4701 41 -22 ^.^i-rTiTi ^ 1 ^ 1 4702 156 -102 *^^2lllll]i! i' ■ — 1 i 4703 159 -35 ^-AUijijj||! — J 1 1 4704 31 -5 '/I r 4801 44 -19 —-irrnT 11 V---_ 4802 146 -111 jj » 1 1 — ,010^'''^^ 5104 32 -4 r- — 5201 50 -13 ^J\ ^» — __ 1 5202 181 -76 /fH' i !',! i ^^^^ 5203 105 -89 ^^^^ f*""""^ 5204 30 -6 ^^~<^~ii ^^^ 1 5301 86 23 5302 271 13 ^»TT^ ■^ ^^^p* 5303 149 -45 << 1 ~ 5304 48 12 > r*""^ 5401 42 -21 r'' __ 5402 223 -35 ' "l^ 5403 166 -28 _ 1 """j^ 5404 30 -6 > ^ 5501 44 -19 ^^^,N- 1 1, 5502 353 96 T> ■^l^^i^ 5503 252 58 , 5504 79 43 1 5601 101 38 iC ^' . . 5602 317 60 :iM ' \jf 5603 296 102 — ^ 5604 43 7 ! 5701 77 14 V, ^»«— . 5702 293 36 \^ " ^^ 5703 251 57 ^ ■^ ^^ 5704 53 17 f ^r—^ 5801 64 1 i..^> — - 5RPI? 311 54 \^ ■► 5803 261 67 .3504 51 15 r'^rr— 5901 74 11 i-^^jN-. 5902 368 110 ~^^~ 7 ^«^^^ 5903 285 91 ': _^__--' 5904 49 13 , -^ ^^^ ■ "6001 101 38 ^t, ^^ 6002 239 -19 -''iinTn =* 6003 137 -57 <» . 6004 39 3 ^<-i ^^ *!^^ 6101 102 39 ''L^ ""*■ 6102 253 -5 ^^r^ '^^^ 1 6103 104 -90 "^^Gjirj '■ : ^— .^ j 6104 21 -16 ^*~7' xr^ 6201 35 -28 if ■■' > — 6202 231 -27 liii "7 6203 205 11 ^ •^ I 6204 49 12 ^ F' ' "" 1 6301 39 -24 ^! « .— 1 6302 237 -21 p' i 6303 184 -10 \ _6304__ il -23 ««»^^ " 6401 6402 68 424 167 -r~. _ ~~-^ ,.. 6403 331 137 i— ^^"" 6404 50 : /-"^^t ' ' 1 6501 68 5 J ^^- 1 6502 228 -30 -> > 1 4801 70 -13 4802 145 -35 4803 117 -21 4804 61 -13 ^ <- > ! 4901 90 7 4902 156 -24 4903 131 -7 4904 76 2 V ^ J > 5001 79 -4 5002 156 -24 5003 99 -39 5004 72 -2 < > 5101 105 21 5102 168 -12 5103 144 6 5104 84 10 < > i 5201 56 -27 5202 158 -22 5203 99 -39 5204 64 -10 < :^ 5301 113 29 5302 212 32 5303 163 25 5304 127 53 ^ > 5401 82 -1 5402 185 5 5403 150 12 5404 75 1 > 5501 83 0 5502 264 84 5503 206 68 5504 115 41 c-^ ':^ 5601 127 43 5602 233 53 5603 205 67 5504 84 10 ^^~— - y 5701 81 -2 5702 216 36 5703 180 42 5704 95 21 ^ > 5801 S4 11 5802 226 46 5803 160 22 5804 101 26 ■>- 5901 102 19 5902 228 48 5903 162 24 5904 81 7 i ^^ ?»■ 6001 105 22 6002 193 13 6003 127 -10 6004 78 4 < > 6101 118 35 6102 178 -2 6103 96 -41 8104 56 -18 4 .^ 6201 59 -24 6202 207 27 6203 156 18 6204 77 3 < 7 ^i:::^ • 6301 53 -31 6302 143 -37 6303 136 -2 6304 58 -16 6 <^ :p 6401 95 11 6402 199 19 6403 143 5 6404 57 -17 .A 7 6501 49 -34 5502 123 -57 6503 76 -62 6504 29 -45 I 1 ^ 84 UPWELLING INDEX RT Sm. 119W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX RNOMHLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6601 58 -28 6602 89 -91 6603 90 -48 S504 36 -38 1 1 6701 49 -34 6702 122 -58 6703 118 -20 6704 55 -19 % r^ :/ 6801 52 -32 6802 142 -38 6803 105 -33 6804 65 -8 p> 6901 6/1 -20 6902 202 22 6903 198 61 S904 71 -3 i. •— 7001 47 -37 7002 221 41 7003 187 49 7004 72 -2 <0 1 ?• 1 7101 137 53 7102 246 66 7103 171 33 7104 121 47 UPWELLING INDEX AT 30N, 119W BY YERR YERR INDEX PNOmLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 157 38 1947 124 5 1948 98 -20 1949 113 -6 1950 102 -17 1 ^ 1951 125 6 1952 94 -24 1953 154 35 1954 123 4 1955 167 48 ' > 1956 162 43 1957 143 24 1958 145 26 I 1959 143 25 960 126 7 / 961 112 -7 1962 125 6 1953 98 -21 1934 123 5 1955 69 -50 < 4 k < K > 1966 68 -51 19S7 88 -33 1968 91 -28 1969 134 15 1970 132 13 X 1971 163 50 ^v. 85 UPWELLING INDEX AT 27N, 116W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 53 -19 ^ . ' 4602 52 -41 <^ k„^l , 1 4603 119 0 ^^' ^^*^*^^^ 4604 165 17 '^~— — --^ ' ^****'^— - 4605 332 130 ^'~"^~i~-^ "l^ j 4606 294 100 1 ■ ^ , 1 -^^ i 4507 171 57 >•— - 1 4608 141 36 fe^ < 4609 169 59 > 4610 61 -45 I '^0^ / — ^" 4611 44 -30 1 1 / \ 4612 34 -29 4,^^ \ 4701 113 41 ! P>^> 4702 62 -32 < 4705 103 -99 "=^^7"^: ' 1 4708 130 25 .^^^"'^"^ 1 4709 61 -49 "•sQUif 4710 101 -5 7 1 4711 58 -16 V 4712 65 2 4801 58 -15 f: 4802 77 -16 1 4803 gg -20 !\\ 4804 iig -29 4!^ 4805 219 18 > » 4R06 155 -39 <^ 4807 103 -11 ^ 4808 97 -8 1 J 4809 84 -26 1 ( 4810 92 -14 y 4811 61 -13 A ^ 4812 27 -36 c 4901 36 -35 "^^ v.-^ 4902 137 43 -^ 4903 134 15 i L 4904 171 23 ^ 4905 187 -15 y 4906 154 -41 ^^^ 4907 91 -23 •<^ 1 >^^^ 4908 121 17 '> _^ "> 1 4909 56 -54 tjjjiTijjiii <^ 4910 84 -22 \ ' > 1 4911 68 -6 \ / 4912 47 -16 i\ < 5001 69 -2 ^ > ^ 1 5002 107 14 \ 5003 117 -2 V 5004 155 7 > ^v^ 5005 191 -11 ^1 ^ 5008 180 -15 ^^-1 ' 5007 52 -63 <3lijj - 5009 107 -3 ^ y 1 5010 78 -28 <; < 5011 89 15 > \ 5012 97 34 ■-:\ > k. 5101 130 58 ^y ^ 5102 131 38 J 5103 107 -12 & < 5104 131 -17 «11 ^^ — ^ 5105 233 32 ^>». — V 1 5106 254 60 ■^"1> — ^ 1 1 5107 115 1 " ^1 1 5108 89 -15 c ^ <*^ 5109 147 37 ^ ^ 5110 123 17 '-S X 5111 101 27 5^ ^ 5112 54 -9 \ <^ 5201 70 -1 - > 1 5202 58 -35 "xii Ci 5203 108 -11 ^1 ^ 5204 111 -37 ^ilil ^-...^ 5205 180 -22 1 /''" > 5206 151 -43 1 < L-'^ 5207 84 -30 1 ^ /"'^ ; 5208 72 -32 { 1 5209 68 -42 ( 5210 71 -35 ) 521! 64 -10 N J 5212 40 -23 /I. ^ i 1 86 UPWELLING INDEX HT 27N, 116N BY MONTH 87 UPNELLING INDEX ni 27N, 116W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX flNOmiY -300 -21 30 -100 0 \m zm 300 400 500 6001 77 5 \ "V 1 5002 120 27 i 6003 160 41 . --^ 6004 102 -46 1 i 8009 52 -58 XJ i < \ I 6010 76 -30 I; > 1 \ 6011 47 -27 V f 6012 53 -11 -f J 1 6101 35 -37 -at ..^5-^ 6102 137 44 ^?53^ ->. 1 6103 162 42 ,Jii > 1 B10/1 6105 6106 132 -16 ^ T < i 203 140 1 -54 fiTfi z> 6107 58 -56 r^ \ 1 6108 70 -35 J^ i > 1 ■ 6109 39 -71 1 6111 45 -29 \a' r 1 6112 37 -27 i: i 6201 34 -37 i c 6202 54 -39 v^ 6203 93 -26 VI ^N .^^^ ; 6204 150 2 ^^^^^^ ' 6205 202 0 ■^ . 6206 193 -7 ^ 6207 148 33 ^^ 6208 108 4 < 6209 126 16 ?> > 6210 101 -5 v r 1 6211 100 26 ^ ^ 1 44 -19 ^ f^ 6301 -41 c 6302 71 -22 \ ^v 6303 110 -9 V^ 6304 150 2 Jff . >. 6305 168 -33 ml 7 6306 161 -34 l!!^ >/ 6307 127 13 r jT 6308 104 -1 --iffTBl .^^ 6309 42 -68 ^ "C 6310 68 -38 ^^ X 6311 88 14 7 y 1 1 6312 63 -1 < 1 6401 82 11 ~ / 1 6402 80 -13 i < 6403 96 -24 \ »^^ 6404 145 -2 "^■^^^^^ ^'**'*^ _ 6405 255 53 ^^ ^ 6406 242 47 / — -^ 6407 139 25 M" / 6408 117 12 r f 6409 105 -6 ^fti < ^ f 6410 67 -39 y\\ ^ 1 6602 33 -60 C 1 6603 40 -79 Iff ii i ii' v 1 1 6604 36 -112 /f! t !i \ i' 1 ^^^ 1 6605 77 -125 4| \\ ( lii il ! ^^^ t 6606 95 -99 Ji ^' \W\\\ ^ 1 -660-^- 91 -23 -^' ■ ^^^ ! 6608 33 -71 , \ \ ^^ 1 6610 34 -72 1952 90 -27 <-^ 1953 170 53 ^>' 1954 116 -1 1959 128 11 y^ 1960 98 -19 , r 1961 93 -23 1 1968 94 -23 i\ 1 1969 111 -5 1 s 5Z0 115 V, 971 141 25 X 91 UPk'ELLING INDEX RT 24N. 113W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNCMRLV -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 t im\ 55 5 1 1 ^602 54 -21 ^^ ^ 4603 113 20 ^k 460-1 134 17 ^r-r^>~^^ ^- 4605 253 110 i i" ■ ^ * _J ' "^ 4606 166 38 i " ,.--"^ ! 1 4607 62 14 !/ r 1 4608 57 12 ; 4609 50 1 .- -'^'' ^ 1 4610 IB -53 4811 28 -24 j 1 4612 10 -29 ; 4701 36 -15 1 i 4702 53 -21 ^^_ 4703 101 8 ^^ '■■ ^ 4704 89 -27 ^-"■"^ 4705 52 -91 Wilji i 4706 53 -76 4707 130 82 V^^^^^^^ 4708 68 23 ^~^^^^ 4709 15 -34 t "t 93 -19 «^ ■ lizi 42 -6 1 r i308 32 -13 ,-^" y 4809 1! -38 ^ '. ; • 4906 -44 f '1 :i '1 ^-xT 1 4907 28 -20 -., f^ ! 4908 32 -13 y 4909 2 -47 <^ 4910 55 -14 > 4911 28 -24 ■■ f i 4912 -12 I 1 "500! 33 -18 . '^N. f 5002 S5 20 > ^> - 5003 100 7 < 1 5004 101 -15 •k ^'*««^ 5005 157 14 4 1^ [ 5006 5007 139 11 --' . ^ 17 -31 5008 91 46 5009 78 29 j 5010 16 -53 - *^^ 1 5011 63 11 ^^ '■ ^^ 1 5012 34 -5 ''-^ ^^-«_ 5101 91 40 \[*"**'*^^^ 5102 147 73 ^-^""^ 1_^> 5103 92 -0 ] fc'^ * S,^ 1 5104 142 26 :>\ ^•-v^ 1 5105 195 52 > 7 5106 180 52 ^_ , .— — ^ -5T0-7— 36 -12 4^ 5108 20 -25 1 5109 82 33 > 7 5110 74 5 '^ s. 1 5111 94 41 >-^^ i 5112 37 -2 ^ ^ 5202 69 -5 / 5203 79 -14 A 1 5204 87 -30 Av\ 5205 97 -45 m 1 5205 -31 %'i 1 5207 30 -17 .^■'' 1 5208 27 -18 5209 10 -39 r 5210 35 -34 v 5211 31 -21 "\!; / j 5212 32 -8 i 92 UPWELLING INDEX RT 24N, 113W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY 3?0 -Zm -102 0 100 200 300 400 93 UPWELLING INDEX ni 24N, 113W BY MONTH nONTH INDEX ANOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 4 m 500 5001 109 58 ; ! ! . '^ 6002 142 57 X 6003 155 63 1 L.-- ^ 6004 75 -41 T^^ 6005 65 -64 ► 6009 2 -47 4\\^ , ^T 6010 42 -27 ' ^^ 1 6011 33 -19 V c 6.01? 43 4 J 6101 29 -21 <■' ^^^ 6102 77 3 ■'< "V. 6103 109 17 ..> . > 6104 79 -38 < ! 6105 120 -23 <4\- > _6_10J_ 65 -63 >^ 6107 25 -23 \ r 6108 25 -20 vif' J 6109 3 -46 -iif- 110 —18 \ Jfi 60 12 > y^^^ 6208 28 -16 f 5209 28 -21 k L^^ 6210 87 18 ""51 ^> 6211 71 18 } y 621? 37 -2 6301 31 -20 i 6302 39 -36 6303 77 -16 6304 132 16 !> "**\ 5305 137 -5 < 1 6306 139 10 > ^_^ 6307 6308 49 70 1 26 6309 32 -17 < 6310 61 -8 \ 6311 83 31 _631? 33 -6 6401 52 1 J 6402 54 -10 6403 55 -28 < 6404 122 5 \ ">». 6405 158 16 i-\ ^ 6406 150 21 J . L ' 6407 34 -14 ■i, r^ 6408 43 -1 6409 32 -17 >^ / 6410 19 -50 •€ ( 6411 21 -32 \i ) _641? 9 -31 pi ( 6501 7 -43 4: 1 6502 9 -66 1 6503 10 -83 fh' V. 6504 40 -77 V ■ ^■^ — 6505 84 -59 \ 6506 88 -41 '■-< ■ ^ 6507 44 -4 ^x^ 5508 9 -36 rfi r 5509 13 -36 !'!'■■! V 6510 34 -36 / 'f i > 8511 -5 -58 .< I'M 1 ^^ 5512 0 -39 k 5501 19 -32 > 5502 18 -57 ^l:;!ii' ) 6603 11 -82 ,-- • ( 6604 9 -107 i I 6605 19 -124 \ 6605 36 -93 ^■■■.}|jM. > 6607 19 -29 A 1 1 / 6508 2 -42 f 6509 1 -48 / ij i J V 6610 15 -54 /■■ ;■ i: ; > 6511 3 -50 N i 'i c 6612 9 -30 \ ' 1 94 UPWELLING INDEX RT 24N, 113W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMRLY •300 -200 -100 100 200 300 400 500 6701 S702 6703 6704 6705 _62e!6_ 6707 6708 6709 6710 6711 _6ZL2_ 35 37 53 125 105 JL34_ -16 -37 -40 9 -38 _5_ 77 41 109 54 17 5_ 29 -3 60 -15 -35 r34_ ■C 6801 6802 6803 6804 6805 6807 6808 6809 S810 5811 8812, 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905 fi9a6_ 6 10 29 67 121 64 -45 -64 -63 -50 -22 -65_ 35 49 66 62 67 _A3„ -13 4 17 -7 15 3_ h 17 66 103 119 107 _J5_ -34 -8 10 3 -36 -54 =5111 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911 _B9_12_ 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 ^007 7008 7009 7010 7011 Z012_ 42 28 38 7 0 J0 -6 -16 -11 -62 -52 -9 43 13 61 110 126 73 -8 -61 -32 -7 -17 -56 > 5101 109 36 5102 173 43 5103 45 -2 5104 68 14 rv'^ 5201 74 1 5202 94 -36 5203 23 -25 5204 33 -21 1 A 5301 63 -10 5302 150 21 5303 53 6 5304 96 43 5401 47 -25 5402 117 -12 5403 18 -29 5404 42 -11 -:< > 5501 78 6 5502 206 76 5503 92 45 5504 111 57 s ■> 5601 113 41 5602 178 49 5603 81 34 5604 73 19 i> 5701 91 18 5702 169 40 5703 105 58 5704 113 59 '-> 5801 .42 70 5802 212 83 5803 70 23 5804 74 21 1 f-'ct'^ i 5901 96 23 5902 161 32 5903 83 36 5904 82 29 I c > 6001 135 63 6002 99 -30 5003 14 -33 6004 40 -14 -C > 6101 72 -1 6102 88 -41 6103 18 -29 6104 39 -14 J] 6201 44 -28 6202 104 -25 6203 39 -9 6204 65 1 1 I'll > > • 6301 49 -23 6302 136 7 6303 50 3 6304 59 5 ► 6401 60 -12 6402 144 14 6403 37 -11 6404 16 -38 ^> > 6501 9 -64 6502 71 -59 6503 22 -25 6504 10 -44 ^ i; > 96 UPNELLING INDEX AT 24N, 113W BY QURRTER QTR. INDEX ANOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6601 16 -57 ---^;ii> iji' II i 1 i 6602 21 -108 52i3!l!i!ili:,^ ) 6603 7 -40 ^^^ '1 ■ , ( 6604 9 -45 k 6701 42 -31 -■1^ ; ' ^^-^ 6702 6703 121 76 -8 28 %>^ > 6704 26 -28 ,.r' 6803 50 3 ^ — . 7002 103 -26 Z>f 7003 25 -23 < — 7004 46 -8 7101 105 32 '> 7^ 7102 142 13 »/_r>. 7103 33 -14 ■a 7104 92 39 UPWELLING INDEX AT 24N, 113N BY YEAR YEPR INDEX RNOMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 21 m 300 400 500 1946 83 8 1947 64 -12 1948 57 -18 1949 62 -14 1950 77 1 w X. 1951 99 23 1952 55 -20 1953 90 15 1954 56 -19 1955 122 46 < < > ^ > 1956 111 36 1957 119 44 1958 124 49 1959 106 30 1960 72 -4 ) 1961 54 -21 1962 63 -13 1963 74 -2 1964 64 -12 1965 28 -48 ; 1966 13 -62 1967 66 -10 1968 52 -24 1969 53 -23 970 53 -22 \ \ 971 93 17 t^ ^v 97 UPNELLING INDEX RT 21N, 107N BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMflLY -3 30 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 i601 32 14 ^ 1 4602 29 -11 ,,,^ t^ 4603 59 -38 ^ 4604 19 -81 <^ •c 4605 61 -26 " - > 4606 29 -9 \ y^ 4607 -5 ^ ir^ 4608 0 -5 1 4609 -3 12 \ 4610 0 15 \t 4611 14 6 ^ ^ ^512 -23 -31 ■4. 4701 17 -1 1 K 4702 34 -5 ^ > 4703 33 -64 <- I 4704 53 -47 > 4705 470R 11 17 -76 -22 4711 3 -4 / _471? -15 4 4801 -g -24 U 4802 18 -21 Uii ^— 4803 129 32 >j:: >► { 4804 50 -50 'CTTry! r-^ ] 4805 61 -26 ^^\i; > 4806 45 5 L^ 4807 0 -3 r^ 4808 2 -4 4809 -11 4 / 4810 -14 1 I 4811 -7 -15 \ . 4812 -7 -16 \\ 4901 7 -10 }\ s 4902 7 -33 iv 4903 37 -60 \1' '':V. ^ 4904 46 -54 y 4905 23 -64 iH . 'iv:: / 4906 9 -30 X|. / 4907 -0 -3 r 4908 -1 -6 4909 -35 -20 ^V 4910 1 15 > 4911 -24 -32 4912 6 -2 \ 5001 11 -7 J \ 5002 13 -27 ^' w 5003 34 -63 /^' > 5004 23 -72 i~-,„.^_^^ Cs^ 5005 76 -11 ^'~^'., ^> 5006 11 -28 fill! » — 5007 -18 -21 5008 5 -0 I 1 5009 0 15 \> 1 5010 -43 -28 ^lJ 1 5011 -7 -15 /*! 5012 -18 -26 5101 16 -2 \ 5102 40 1 ^^ X 5103 53 -44 -asanii _^v^ 5104 147 47 5^ 1 "^^^ 5105 101 14 r ^>^ 5106 52 13 i,^"^ 5107 -0 -4 ^ 5108 -19 -24 5109 -12 2 Y \ 5110 -4 11 5111 2 -6 L 5112 9 1 > 5201 0 -17 411 f 5202 9 -30 ^--.^ 5203 94 -3 ^ ^^> 5204 38 -62 r^ /-'^ 5205 26 -61 \_ / 5206 -0 -39 ^ 5207 -15 -19 A 5208 0 -5 V 5209 -32 -18 C| 5210 -31 -16 5211 12 4 ^ V j 5212 31 23 A 1 98 UPNELLING INDEX ni 21N, 107W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNOMHLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 5301 9 -9 .'' ! ' 1 5302 8 -31 >>^ 1 5303 58 -39 ^i'i' ^x I 5304 77 -23 \l \ t 5305 108 21 > ^ ► 1 5306 17 -22 <^ /""^ 5307 -0 -3 ^ 1 5308 -4 -9 > 1 5309 -34 -19 ^ 5310 -9 6 > 9 5311 3 -5 kt 5312 28 20 ^i 1 5401 22 4 ' / 5402 17 -22 <] *— 5403 117 20 — r"* "z >■ 5404 34 -66 ^C^^ <^ 5405 59 -28 \ > 5406 13 -26 ^^ r 5407 -9 -12 1 5408 1 -4 5409 -62 -47 ^^M 1 5410 0 15 ? i 5411 9 1 i) 1 5412 8 -0 %^ 1 5501 49 31 5502 48 9 1 5503 102 5 ''--- ^^^ 1 5504 236 136 ' J^ 5505 205 119 ■-^ 5506 68 30 - '.^^..-i-'"^'"" 5507 -1 -4 «r :" " 5508 26 20 1^ 5509 -1 14 r\ 5510 7 22 \) ' 5511 23 15 \ 1 5512 6 -2 if 5601 5 -12 4L-^ 1 5602 121 82 jsi-*" > t 5603 83 -14 -'-"" ^-^ 5604 186 86 ■^ 5605 86 -1 ^^^^^ •- 5606 25 -13 ', /^ 5607 8 5 € 5608 16 10 % 5609 -19 -5 < 1 5610 1 16 ^ i> 5511 1 -7 ( > 5612 6 -2 5701 6 -11 .', I 5702 16 -24 V-,^ 5703 136 39 5704 160 60 -.,^ 1 5705 216 129 >_^ > 5706 106 67 ! ■r-r'"*^ 5707 7 3 ir*^^ 5708 4 -1 / 1 5709 -2 12 \ 5710 3 18 4. 5711 53 45 -*> 5712 -9 -18 rt 1*^^ 5801 0 -17 \} »^^ 5802 45 6 ^^^^^r- 5803 203 106 V ^""^"^^ V 5804 222 122 ■,^^iiii_— js. __ ^ 5805 49 -38 ^ 'r^^ 1 1 5806 49 10 ^^ T^ 1 5807 2 -1 ^ 5808 25 20 5809 -28 -14 5810 -1 14 5811 3 -4 5812 -1 -10 5901 27 9 V>fc 1 5902 44 5 ( V..^^ 1 1 5903 121 24 "" ^£_ 1 5904 118 18 5905 235 148 '\~-~^^' 1 ii^T^*' 5906 78 39 -^ ' 1 5907 38 35 jT 5908 35 30 J 5909 14 28 C 5910 15 30 F 1 5911 9 1 ! r 1 1 5912 7 -2 1 1 ' 1 99 UPWELLING INDEX ni 21N, 107N BY MONTH 100 UPWELLING INDEX ni 21N, 107W BY MONTH MONTH INDEX RNCMflLY -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 670! 6702 6703 6704 6705 _6706_ 31 21 53 217 90 13 -18 -U 117 3 9 6707 6708 6709 6710 6711 ii712_ 1! -10 9 -6 -1 -lEL 7 -15 2i 9 -9 _1_ 8801 6802 6803 6804 6805 _6806_ 5807 6808 6809 6810 6811 3S1Z^ -i 18 45 191 114 68 -22 -21 -52 91 27 29 rZ 1 2 -1 0 28 J5_ -2 -3 13 15 20 7 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905 6906_ 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911 6912_ 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006_ 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 70_L2_ 7101 7102 7103 7104 7105 ■UM_ 7107 7108 7109 7110 7111 7112 38 103 108 110 86 172 8 -4 -35 9 1 J5_ 20 64 11 10 -1 133 4 -9 -20 24 -7 17 59 24 170 212 92 _5.8_ 41 -16 73 112 5 19 1 2 -5 20 -21 8 -2 -3 10 35 -29 42 42 52 86 116 66 24 3 -45 -14 29 _i8_ -1 -5 10 24 52 5 -6 9 25 16 44 101 UPWELLING INDEX AT 21N, 107W BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX ANOnflLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 4601 40 -11 4602 37 -39 4603 -1 0 4604 -3 -4 1 4701 28 -24 4702 27 -48 4703 -5 -4 4704 -0 -1 ^ 4801 48 -4 4802 52 -23 4803 -3 -1 4804 -9 -10 X ^ 4901 17 -34 4902 26 -49 4903 -12 -10 1 > 5001 19 -32 5002 39 -37 5003 -4 -2 5004 -23 -23 > 5101 36 -16 5102 100 24 5103 -10 -9 5104 2 2 2> 5201 35 -17 5202 21 -54 5203 -16 -14 5204 4 3 ^ ^ V 1 5301 25 -26 5302 68 -7 5303 -12 -11 5304 8 7 > > 5401 53 1 5402 35 -40 5403 -23 -21 5404 6 5 <£ ^ 1 1 1 5501 67 15 5502 170 95 5503 8 10 5504 12 12 1 5601 68 16 5602 99 24 5603 2 4 5604 3 2 5701 54 2 5702 161 86 5703 3 5 5704 15 15 ^==- 5801 84 32 5802 106 31 5803 -0 2 5804 0 0 cr^ 5901 65 13 5902 145 70 5903 29 31 5904 10 10 ^ =* ! 6001 125 73 6002 45 -31 6003 -14 -12 6004 4 4 '^ v^_ ^ ! 1 6101 46 -6 6102 36 -40 6103 -5 -4 6104 4 4 ^ [> 6201 46 -6 6202 42 -33 6203 -7 -5 6204 8 8 P 6301 43 -9 6302 69 -6 6303 2 4 6304 3 3 { ^'^^ 6401 113 61 6402 98 23 6403 7 8 6404 17 17 ^ 7 6501 38 -13 6502 56 -19 6503 4 6 6504 -61 -62 f- > 1 102 UPNELLING INDEX AT 21N, 107N BY QUARTER QTR. INDEX flNOMHLY "300 "200 "100 0 100 200 300 400 500 6601 16 -36 5602 21 -54 6603 13 15 6604 8 8 ^il 1 T ■ ■ 6701 35 -16 6702 118 43 6703 3 5 6704 1 1 < ?^ i 6801 20 -32 6802 124 49 6803 1 2 6804 14 14 ^ C^ 6901 82 31 6902 122 47 6903 -10 -8 6904 12 12 ^ ^^^ 7001 86 35 7002 120 45 7003 -0 1 7004 3 2 ^ 7101 46 -6 7102 90 14 7103 1 2 7104 29 28 \^ UPWELLING INDEX AT 21N, 107N BY YEAR YEAR INDEX RNOMRLY -300 -200 -11 30 0 100 200 300 400 500 1946 18 -13 i 1947 12 -19 { ( 1348 22 -9 ) 1 1949 6 -25 f! ( I 1950 8 -24 V 32 1 > 1952 11 -20 >N 1956 43 11 ^ ^ 1957 58 27 "* \ 1958 47 16 ( V 1959 62 31 > \ 1960 39 8 / ^ 1961 20 -11 1 1962 22 -9 1 I 1 1963 29 -2 i. V^ 1 1964 58 27 1^^^ 1965 9 -22 nTf ^^^ 1966 15 -17 \\\ V 1967 39 8 -. ^ 1968 40 8 1 1 V 1969 51 20 •1 1 970 52 21 4 ) 971 41 10 ■/ / * U, S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973-797-045 / 15 REGION 10 103 MBL WHOl Library Scnals 5 WHSE 01848 636 Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Rginald M. Gooding. May 1971, iii + 12 pp.", 8 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 637 Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. By Donnie L. Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971, iii + 10 pp., 1 fig., 5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 638 Length-weight relations of haddock from com- mercial landings in New England, 19.'?l-55. By Bradford E. Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth. August 1971, V -I- 13 pp., 16 fig., 6 tables, 10 appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintend- ent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wa.shington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 639 A hvdrographic survey of the Galveston Bay system, Texas 1963-66. By E. J. Pullen. W. L. Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971, v -f 13 pp., 15 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. 640 Annotated bibliography on the fi.shing industry and biology of the blue crab, Cnllhiectes sapidus. By Marlin E. Tagatz and .•\nn Bowman Hall. August 1971, 94 pp. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00. 641 Use of threadfin shad, Doroaoma pcteiiense, as live bait during experimental pole-and-line fish- ing for skipjack tuna, Kntsiiwoiius pcfnmis, in Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971, iii -f- 10 pp., 3 figs., 7 tables. For .sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 642 .-Vtlantic menhaden Brcvnnrtia ti/rainiiis resource and fi.shery — analysis of decline. By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971, v + 32 pp., 40 figs., 5 appendix figs., 3 tables, 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents. 643 Surface winds of the southeastern tropical At- lantic Ocean. By John M. Steigner and Merton C. Ingham. October 1971, iii -j- 20 pp., 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. 644 Inhibition of flesh browning and skin color fading in frozen fillets of yelloweye snapper (Liitzamis vivnnus). By Harold C." Thompson, Jr., and Mary H. Thompson. February 1972, iii -|- 6 pp., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 645 Traveling screen for removal of debris from rivers. By Daniel W. Bates, Ernest W. Murphey, and Martin G. Beam. October 1971, iii -f 6 pp., 6 figs., 1 table. For .sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0016. 646 Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Colum- bia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and their effect on chinook salmon and steelhead ti'out. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971, iii -i- 7 pp., 2 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents. 647 Revised annotated list of parasites from sea mam- mals caught off the west coast of North .\merica. By L. Margolis and M. I). Dailey. March 1972, iii -f 23 pp. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. 648 Weight loss of pond-raised channel catfish (fctriliiriis pinirtntiis) during holding in pro- cessing plant vats. By Donald C. Greenland and Robert L. Gill. December 1971, iii -f- 7 pp., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Doc- uments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 649 Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthyn- vns pehniih) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972. iii -\- 16 pp., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 30 cents. Stock No. 0320-0036. 650 Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomhcromornx nntciildfiif!) during frozen stor- age. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 pp., 0 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. Stock No. 0320-0032. 651 The effect of premortem stress, holding temper- atures, and freezing on the biochemistry and qualitv of skipjack tuna. Bv Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii -f 23 pp., 3 figs.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents. 653 The u.sc of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5- meter (Headrope) Gulf-of- -Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 pp. 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2()402 - Price 25 cents. 654 An electric detector system for recovering inter- nally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. 0. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs., 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of i)ocuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents. 655 Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii -f- 7 pp., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price 25 cents. 656 The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Don- ald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii -|- 19 pp., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price 35 cents. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAl MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N E 45TH ST SEATTLE. WA 98105 FOURTH CLASS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Marine Biological Laboratory S Library - Periodicals Woods Hole, Ma 025'+3 I