at Exchange Between Ocean and
Atmosphere in the
Eastern North Pacific for 1961-71

N. E. CLARK, L. EBER, R. M. LAURS,
J. A. RENNER, and J. F. T. SAUR

SEATTLE. WA
DECEMBER 1974

noaa

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND •
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NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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619. Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off Vancouver Island
(Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963, By Donald S. Day. January 1971, iii +
94 pp.. 19 figs.. 13 tables.

635. A bibliography of the blackfin tuna. Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson* By Grant L.
Beardsley and David C. Simmons. August 1971, 10 pp, For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents, U,S, Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402.

620 The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part IX: The sea-level wind field
and wind stress values, July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel, June 1970. iii + 66
pp.. 5 figs.

636. Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C Stoner. By Reginald M,
Gooding. May 1971. iii + 12 pp.. 8 figs,. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent ol
Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC 20402.

621. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshauytscha. fry of
hatchery origin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971, iii -^ 14 pp., 6 figs,. 9 tables.

622. Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods
Hole. Massachusetts, September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy.
February 1971. iii + 15 pp.. 3 figs.. 19 tables.

623. Apparent abundance, distribution, and migrations of albacore, Thunnus alalunga.
on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y, Yong,
September 1970. v -t- 37 pp., 19 figs.. 5 tables,

624. Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. Bv
N. B. Webb and F, B, Thomas, April 1971. iii + II pp.. 9 figs.. 3 tables,

625. Distribution of salmon and related oceanographic features in the North Pacific
Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, Masanao Osako. and Jun
Ito. March 1971. iii + 22 pp.. 19 figs.. 3 tables.

626. Commercial fishery and biology of the freshwater shrimp. M aero bra chium, in the
Lower Si. Paul River. Liberia. 1952-53, By George C. Miller. February 1971, iii -I- 13 pp.. 8
figs., 7 tables.

627. Calico scallops of the .Southeastern United States, 1959-69, By Robert Cummins. Jr.
June 1971. iii + 22 pp.. 23 figs.. 3 tables.

628. Fur Seal Investigations. 1969. By NMFS. Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory.
August 1971. 82 pp.. 20 figs.. 44 tables. 23 appendix A tables. 10 appendix B tables.

629. Analysis of the op»^rations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June-
August 1967, By Richard N, Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971, v + 25 pp.. 14 figs..
21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice. Washington. D.C. 20402.

637, Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlei,
North Carolina, By Donnie L. Dudle\ and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971, iii + 10 pp.. 1 fig.,
5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printmg Oflice.
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638, Length-weight relations of haddock from commercial landings in New England.
1931-55. By Bradford E Brown and Richard C, Hennemuth, August 1971, v + 13 pp., 16
figs,. 6 tables, 10 appendix A tables, For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.

639, A hydrographic survey of the Galveston Bay system. Texas 1963-66, By E. J. Pullen.
W. L, Trent, and G, B. Adams. October 1971. v+ 13 pp.. 15 figs.. 12 tables For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C.
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640, Annotated bibliography on the fishing industry and biology ot the blue crab,
Caltmectes sapidus. By Marlin E, Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall. August 1971, 94 pp. For
sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington,
DC, 20402.

641, Use of ihreadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense. as live bait during experimental pole-
and-line fishing for skipjack tuna, Katsuuonus pelamis. in Hawaii, By Robert T, B.
Iversen. August 1971. iii + 10 pp., 3 figs., 7 tables. For sale by the Superintendent ot
Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.

642, Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus resource and fishery— analysis of decline.
By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971. v + 32 pp.. 40 figs.. 5 appendix figs.. 3 tables. 2
appendix tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printmg
Office. Washington. DC 20402,

643 Surface winds of the southeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean, By John M. Steigner and
Merton C. Ingham. October 1971, iii + 20 pp.. 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.

630, Blue crab meat, I, Preservation by freezmg. July 1971, in + 13 pp.. 5 figs.. 2 tables.
II, Effect of chemical treatments on acceptability. By Jurgen H, Strasser. Jean S. Lennon,
and Frederick J. King, Julv 1971. iii + 12 pp., 1 fig., 9 tables.

631, Occurrence of thiammase in some common aquatic animals of the United States
and Canada. By R. A. Greip and R, H. Gnaedinger. July 1971. iii + 7 pp., 2 tables,

632, An annotated bibliography of attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in the
laboratory. By Robert C. May. August 1971. iii + 24 pp.. 1 appendix I table. 1 appendix II
table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington. D.C. 20402.

633, Blueing of processed crab meat, II. Identification of some factors mvolved in the
blue discoloration of canned crab meat Callinectes sapidus. By Melvin E. Waters. May
1971. iii + 7 pp.. 1 fig.. 3 tables.

634. Age composition, weight, length, and sex of herring. Clupea pallasu, used for reduc-
tion in Alaska. 1929-66. By Gerald M, Reid. July 1971, iii + 25 pp., 4 figs.. 18 tables.

644. Inhibition of flesh browning and skin color fading in frozen fillets of yelloweye
snapper (Lutzanus vivanus). By Harold C. Thompson, Jr.. and Mary H. Thompson
February 1972. iii ■•■ 6 pp., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S
Government Printing Office. Washmgton. D.C, 20402.

645. Traveling screen for removal of debris from rivers. By Daniel W. Bates, Ernest W.
Murphey. and Martin G. Beam. October 1971. iii -t- 6 pp., 6 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C.
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646. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Columbia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and
their effect on chinook salmon andsteelhead trout. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971, iii + 7
pp.. 2 figs , 6 tables. For sale by the Supermtendent of Documents, U.S. Government
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647 Revised annotated list of parasites from sea mammals caught off the west coast of
North America. By L Margolisand M. D. Dailey. March 1972, iii -t- 23 pp, For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C.
20402.

Continued on inside back cover.

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-682

Heat Exchange Between Ocean and

Atmosphere in the

Eastern North Pacific for 1961-71

N. E. CLARK, L. EBER, R. M. LAURS,
J. A. RENNER, and J. F. T. SAUR

SEATTLE, WA
DECEMBER 1974

UNITED STATES / NATIONAL OCEANIC AND / National Marine

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION / Fisheries Service
Frederick B. Dent, Secretary / Robert M White, Administrator / Robert W Schoning, Director

■ ^D ^'WS>.>„.^

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec-
ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material
mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or
to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro-
motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends
or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned
herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly
the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS
publication.

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction 1

Source and distribution of the data 1

Initial data processing and chart preparation 2

Marine environmental variable and heat exchange summaries 2

Heat exchange computations 3

Preparation of the heat exchange charts 4

Charts prepared from the heat exchange computations 4

Monthly average and anomaly charts 4

Long-term mean or normal charts 4

Seasonal variation of the normal total heat exchange 6

Evaluation of charts 8

Acknowledgments 11

Literature cited 11

Charts:

Part 1 . Total (net) heat flux monthly averages and anomalies January 1961 to De-
cember 1971 13

Part 2. Total (net) heat flux 1961-71 mean monthly values (normals) 79

Part 3. Net incoming radiation 1961-71 mean monthly values (normals) 85

Pail 4. Effective back radiation 1961-71 mean monthly values (normals) 91

Pail 5. Evaporative heat flux 1961-71 mean monthly values (normals) 97

Part 6. Sensible heat flux 1961-71 mean monthly values (normals) 103

Figures

la. Average number of observations per month during winter seasons for 1961-71 .... 2

lb. Average number of observations per month during summer seasons for 1961-71 . . 3

2. Comparison of total heat transfer values (cal/cm-/day) taken from Seckel (hori-
zontal axis) and this report (vertical axis). Each of the 24 monthly values for the
period July 1963 to June 1965 was averaged over the region lat. 20'" to 35°N and
long. 130° to 170°W 11

Table

1. Mean difference (upper value) and RMS difference (in parenthesis) of Q, in

cal/cm'/day for 5° quadrangles 10

Plates

1. Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Q,. by 5° quadrangles

from lat. 20° to 50°N in the meridional strip long. 175°W to the 180'' meridian. Q^ is

the average annual total heat exchange 5

2. Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange. Q^, by 5° quadrangles

from lat. 20° to 50°N in the meridional strip long. 150° to 155°W. Q, is the
average annual total heat exchange ^^ 6

3. Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Q,, by 5° quadrangles

from lat. 20° to 50°N in the meridional strip long. 130° to 135°W. Q, is the
average annual total heat exchange ._^ 7

4. Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Q,, in coastal regions

from northern Gulf of Alaska to Washington. Qj is the average annual

total heat exchange ._^ 8

5. Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Q,, in coastal regions

from Oregon to Baja California. Q, is the average annual total

heat exchange 9

ni

Heat Exchange Between Ocean and Atmosphere in the
Eastern North Pacific for 1961-71

N. E. CLARK, L. HBER, R. M. l.AURS. J. A. RENNER, and J. F. T. SAUR'

ABSTRACT

Summaries of large-scale heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific
Ocean are presented for the period 1961 through 1971. The summaries are based on computations made
from synoptic marine radio weather reports and include I) monthly values of total heat exchange and
departures from a long-term mean; 2) long-term monthly mean values of the total heat exchange, incom-
ing solar radiation, effective back radiation, and evaporative and sensible heat transfer; and 3) annual
cycles of total heat exchange for selected areas.

Outstanding spatial and temporal features of the heat exchange values are discussed. However, little
detail is given since this is a summary report, and readers can draw their own conclusions depending upon
the intended use of the charts.

Comparisons are also made between the total heat exchange values and those given in two other
reports. Discrepancies between values given in this report and those published in the other reports are
attributed to differences in the empirical equations used to make the heat exchange computations, differ-
ences in data processing techniques, differences in the observed data used in the computations due to
difTerent methods of acquisition, and the possibility of ocean climate changes.

INTRODUCTION

The ocean's thermal structure is an important en-
vironmental variable that affects the distribution and
abundance of marine fish populations (Sette, 1961;
Uda. 1957, 1961). As part of a fisheries oceanography
research program directed towards fisheries predic-
tion, ocean temperature conditions and the air-sea
interaction processes which are most often responsible
for changes in this structure have been monitored in
the eastern North Pacific since 1960. These data have
been used to describe the interaction of ocean and
atmosphere (Clark, 1972; Namias, 1969, 1971) in the
eastern North Pacific and to identify and attempt to
understand those ocean features that are important de-
terminants of tuna distribution (Johnson, 1962; Flitt-
ner, 1970). They are also being used to evaluate the
role of changing ocean conditions on other fish popula-
tions.

This report is a contribution to the MARMAP pro-
gram of the National Marine Fisheries Service and
presents summaries for use by fishery and other marine
scientists of the derived heat exchange between ocean
and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific Ocean
bounded by lat. 20° and 60°N and long. 1 15°W and 180°
for the period 1961-71 . The summaries were computed
by 5° latitude-longitude quadrangles and are presented
on charts of 1) the monthly values of total heat ex-
change and differences from the long-term mean; 2) the
long-term monthly means of the total heat exchange,

'Southwest Fisheries Center. National Marine Fisheries Service.
NOAA. 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037.

incoming solar radiation, effective back radiation, and
evaporative and sensible heat transfer; and 3) the an-
nual cycles of total heat exchange in selected areas.

Since air-sea interaction processes cannot, in gen-
eral, be measured directly except for solar radiation,
for which there are very limited measurements over
the oceans, quantitative evaluation of these processes
depends upon computations based on empirically de-
rived formulas. Because these formulas are still the
subject of extensive research, the heat exchange com-
putations should be considered only as relative indices
of the magnitude of the heat flux across the air-sea
interface. However, we believe that the computations
represented by the charts in this report can be used to
evaluate large-scale features and to show year-to-year
and month-to-month variations of this heat flux.

SOURCE AND DISTRIBUTION
OF THE DATA

The source of data used in preparing the charts in
this report is the synoptic marine radio weather report
made by ships at sea. Cooperating American and
foreign-flag vessels make, record, and transmit the
standard marine weather observations according to es-
tablished procedures set up by the World Meteorolog-
ical Organization (WMO). Observations taken at
0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 Greenwich Mean Time
daily are transmitted to designated commercial and
government radio stations around the world.

Between 8,000 to 10,000 synoptic marine weather
observations from the eastern North Pacific are pro-
cessed by computer each month at the National
Marine Fisheries Service La Jolla Laboratory, and

several summaries are compiled depending on their
intended use. For a more detailed description of how
the observations are received and processed, see
Johnson, Flittner, and Cline (1965). Although specific
program details have been changed, the present pro-
cessing methods are essentially the same as those de-
scribed in that publication.

Because the data are compiled from merchant and
fishing vessel marine weather reports, the spatial and
temporal distributions of observations over the ocean
are irregular. Observations are most numerous in the
major shipping lanes from San Francisco to Hawaii,
from San Francisco to Japan, from Panama to San
Diego, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, and from
Seattle to Japan. Shipping lanes of secondary impor-
tance are from San Diego to Hawaii and Panama to
Hawaii.

The average number of marine synoptic observa-
tions taken per month over the period 1961-71 by 5°
quadrangles for the winter and summer seasons is
shown in Figures la and lb, respectively. The density
of observations is shown in class intervals of 50 as
indicated on the charts. Compilations made for the

spring and fall seasons show the density distribution
for spring similar to that of winter and the density
distribution for fall similar to that of summer.

In all seasons, most observations are taken along
the shipping lane between San Francisco and Hawaii
and the coastal route from Panama to U.S. west coast
ports. The least number of observations are taken
northwest of Hawaii and between lat. 25° and 30°N
during the summer season. The main difference be-
tween the winter and summer distributions is the
southward shift of greatest observation density west of
long. 145°W from the great circle route to Japan during
summer to between lat. 30° and 35°N during winter.

INITIAL DATA PROCESSING AND CHART
PREPARATION

Marine Environmental Variable and Heat
Exchange Summaries

An intermediate step between reception of the
synoptic marine data and preparation of the charts
presented in this report is the compilation by 5° quad-
rangles of monthly mean marine synoptic variables

AVERAGE

NUMBER OF

OBSERVATIONS PER MONTH

DURING

WINTER SEASONS

196

-1971

□

< 50

H

50-99

0

100-149

■- S

> 150

I80®W 175 W

I70W 165 W 160W 155 W I50W 145 W 140 W r35 W I30W 125 W I20W

Figure la. — Average number of observations per month during winter seasons for 1961-71.

9

and heat exchange values that are computed from the
variables. The initial output format consists of a deck
of computer cards which are sorted and reprocessed in
order to display the values in a geographic format.
Each of the variables and heat exchange terms (de-
scribed below) is printed in this format after three
summaries have been made: 1) long-term mean
monthly values computed over the years 1961-71; 2)
monthly mean values computed for a given month and
year; and 3) deviations of a value for a given month
and year from the long-term monthly mean, i.e., anom-
aly values.

Heat Exchange Computations

For a given area and time period, the equation for
the energy exchange at the air-sea interface is Q[ =
Qio ~ Qr + Oh + Qc + Qs- Energy exchange calcula-
tions presented here do not take into account changes
in heat brought about by advection.

Qi,). the incoming solar radiation corrected for
cloud cover (cal/cm-/day), is determined from the fol-
lowing equation proposed by Berliand (1960):

Qio= (Berliand table) {] - aC - hC-)

where C= cloudiness in tenths;
h= 0.38; and
a= a function of latitude.

Berliand's table, which lists values by month and
latitude of incoming solar radiation with a clear sky,
and values of "a" are given in .Fohnson et al. (1965).
Of the incoming radiation corrected for the screen-
ing effects of cloud cover, some is reflected at the sea
surface. The amount retlected depends on the latitude
and time of year and is computed from

Qr = C^v, • '■

where /• = percentage of radiation reflected given in a
table by Budyko (1956). The percentage varies from
about 6% in low latitudes to more than 209? in high
latitudes in winter. In preparing the charts, Qio and Q,.
were combined in a single term Qj, the incoming radia-
tion corrected for cloud cover and reflection, defined

by Qi = Qio - Qr.

Effective back radiation. Qj, (cal/cm7day), is the
difference between long-wave radiation from the sea
surface and long-wave radiation from the atmosphere.
The following semiempirical equation proposed by

AVERAGE NUMBER OF

OBSERVATIONS PER MONTH

DURING SUMMER SEASONS

1961 -1971

< 50
50-99
100-149
> 150

l»0«W I75W I70W 165* 160 W 155 W I50W 145 W 140 W 135 W I30W 125 W 120 W II5W

Figure lb. — Average number of observations per month during summer seasons for 1961-71.

3

Berliand and Berliand (1952) has been used in this
study:

^^ = -[sa(0.s)'<O-39-O.O5OV^)(l-AC=)

+4va0i(ei-0fl)]

where i = 0.97 (the ratio of the radiation of the
sea surface to a black body);
O5 = absolute sea surface temperature (°K):
d(, = absolute air temperature (°K);
a= 1.175 X 10"" (the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant);
ea = vapor pressure (mb);
k = a function of latitude (values given in

Johnson et al., 1965);
C = cloudiness in tenths of celestial dome
covered.

Additional energy enters or leaves the sea surface as
evaporation lQ^,> and sensible heat iQs)- Evaporation
depends upon 1 ) the velocity of the wind and the vapor
pressure difference between the sea surface and air
above it. and 2) a coefficient of proportionality. The
coefficient of proportionality used in our computations
is given by Tabata (1958):

Qc = - 4.70 (f,v - eaW

where cy = saturation vapor pressure at tempera-
ture of sea surface (mb);
i'li = vapor pressure of air (mb); and
W = wind speed (m/sec).

Bowen (1926) established the relation between
evaporation and the heat conduction at a water sur-
face. The equation used here for sensible heat loss by
the ocean is derived from the relation found by
Bowen:

Qs = - MTs - Ta)W

where T^ =

Ta =

W =

sea temperature (X);
air temperature (°C); and
wind speed (m/sec).

Preparation of the Heat Exchange Charts

Preparation of the charts presented in this report
began by transferring the heat exchange values from
computer printouts to a map of the eastern North
Pacific and then contouring them by hand. In drawing
the isolines. subjective smoothing was used, and,
therefore, the lines do not always conform to the num-
bers as printed. This technique was used to eliminate
the influence of values that could be an order of mag-
nitude different from surrounding ones, a problem that
is usually due to observation errors.

Caution should be exercised in interpreting the indi-
vidual energy exchange values in regions having limited
observational coverage (see Fig. la, lb). Small errors in
observation and transmission can cause large errors in
some of the computations. In quadrangles having few

observations, considerable bias can be introduced by \
the relative positions of the reporting ships and their
timing with respect to the calendar month. All compu-
tations presented assume the data centroid to be at the
center of each respective quadrangle and for the middle
of the month. Energy exchange calculations were not
made for 5° quadrangles having fewer than five obser-
vations per month.

CHARTS PREPARED FROM THE HEAT
EXCHANGE COMPUTATIONS

Monthly Average and Anomaly Charts

Monthly averages and anomalies of the total (net)
heat exchange, 2^ across the air-sea interface are
shown for each month of the ll-yr period, 1961-71, in
Part 1 of the chart section. A detailed description of
these charts will not be given since readers can draw
their own conclusions depending upon the intended
use of the charts. However, some remarks will be
made concerning spatial characteristics and mag-
nitudes of the Qi anomaly patterns.

The anomaly patterns of total heat exchange Qf
vary widely over the chart for a particular month and
from month-to-month during the ll-yr period. Mag-
nitudes of the Qj anomalies range from less than \% of
the monthly average values to over 200%, with the
largest values occurring in summer months. In addi-
tion, there appears to be very little month-to-month
persistence in the Qt anomaly patterns. This result is
not surprising, since there is also very little persistence
in the anomaly patterns of the four heat exchange
terms that determine Qj.

Since anomalies of Q; and Q^y are usually small
compared to those of ^^ and Q^, spatial and temporal
variations in Qt anomalies are primarily due to fluctua-
tions of evaporative and sensible heat flux. Anomaly
patterns of Qg and Qs tend to be fairly large in geo-
graphical scope and coherence; at times, more than
50% of the eastern North Pacific is covered by an
anomaly pattern of the same sign and magnitude. In
addition, magnitudes of the anomalies can vary widely
from month-to-month, ranging from less than 1% to
over 100% of the monthly average.

Long-Term Mean or Normal Charts

In order to facilitate description of the heat ex-
change normals, the first two harmonics (first har-
monic has a period equal to 1 yr or 12 mo) of the
Fourier Series for each heat exchange term were com-
puted for each of the 93 5° quadrangles on the chart. In
addition to the two Fourier coefficients, the per-
centage of series variance accounted for by each of the
harmonics was also computed. This type of analysis
was useful in interpreting seasonal cycles of the data,
since the two harmonics usually accounted for over
95% of the variance in each quadrangle; in fact, over
most areas of the chart the first harmonic or yearly
cycle accounted for over 90% of the variance. By de-

termining the phase of the harmonics, it was also pos-
sible to compare relative times of maximum and
minimum values of each series.

Part 2 of the chart section shows the long-term mean
monthly values (norrmils) of the total heat flux across
the air-sea interface, Q[. Negative values ofQt, imply-
ing heat loss from the ocean surface, occur from Sep-
tember through March, while positive values, imply-
ing heat gain by the surface layer, occur from March
throjjgh September. A regular yearly cycle is found in
the (2t series with maximum values occurring in June
and minimum values in December.

Part ?i of the chart section shows the normal values of
net incoming solar radiation, Qj. As expected, a regular
yearly cycle is found in the Qi series with maximum
values in each quadrangle occurring in June and
minimum values in December due to the motion of the

earth around the sun and the tilt of the earth's axis of
rotation with respect to the plane of revolution.

Part 4 ofjhe chart section shows the effective back
radiiUion. (?/, . A regular yearly cycle is also found in
the Qh series. Maximum values occur in December
and January due to the relatively low values of air
vapor pressure and large values of sea-air temperature
differences during these months, while minimum val-
ues occur in June and July.

Part 5 of the chart section shows the normal values
of evaporative heat transfer between ocean and atmo-
sphere, Qp. A pronounced yearly cycle is found in the
Q(, series with maximum values occurring in Decem-
ber and minimum values in June. Negative values of
Qe occur in all months, reflecting the fact that on the
average sea-air vapor pressure differences are positive
throughout the year.

400

1 — rn — n—\ — i — i — i—i — r
L 45-50N I75-I80W

200

Qt = 30

J I I I I I I I L

^ -400

^ JFMAMJJASOND

400

en

UJ

T — I — I — I — I — rn — I — I — TT
L 30-35N I75-I80WJ

-400

Qt =-5

J I I I I I I I I I L

rn — r~r-\ — i — m — i — tt
40-45N I75-I80WJ

Qt =-25

J \ I l_l I I I L

r-rn — i — i — i — i — i — i — rr
L35-40N I75-I80W

J I I I I I I I I I L

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND

1 — I — I — I — I — rn — I — m — r-

I I I I I I — I I I I I
25-30N I75-I80W.

_I_J I L

_l_l l_L

_20-25N

I75-I80W_

Qt = I4

_I_J I \ I I I I I L

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND

MONTH

Plate 1. — Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Q,, by 5° quadrangles from lat. 20° to 50°N in the meridional strip long.

175'W to the 180° meridian. Qj is the average annual total heat exchange.

Part 6 of the chart section shows the normal values
of sensible heat transfer between ocean and atmo-
sphere, ^.s. A regular yearly cycle is also found in the

monthly total heat exchange, Qi, was plotted for each
5° quadrangle and the annual average computed from

series

with maximum values occurring in (|^g equation Or

November and December and rmnimum values in
May and June. Positive values of Qs (heat gained by
sea surface) occur in high latitudes from April through
September, reflecting the fact that air temperatures in
this region of the eastern North Pacific are warmer
than sea temperatures during these months.

The yearly cycles in Qe and ^v reflect the fact that
sea-air temperature and vapor pressure differences
and observed wind speeds also have regular yearly
cycles with maxima and minima that occur at the same
times as those of the heat flux terms.

Seasonal Variation of the Normal Total Heat
Exchange

The seasonal variation of the 1961-71 normal

_L
12

2 Q,i,

where / represents the month. Except in the near
coastal region of North America, the character of the
normal seasonal variation changes less with latitude
than with longitude. Therefore, for the oceanic region
lat. 20° to 50°N and long. 130°W to 180°. the seasonal
curves and the average annual values are shown here
for only three selected meridional strips. Plate 1 shows
the seasonal variation for each 5° quadrangle
in the longitudinal strip between long. 175°W and
180° at the western boundary of the area. Similarly,
Plate 2 represents the area between long. 150° and
155°W northward from Hawaii toward Kodiak, and
Plate 3 represents the area between long. 130° and

400

200-

<
o

CVJ

I

o

CO
LlJ

cr
o

_j
<t
o

-200-

-400

I 1
_ 45-

1 1 1
-50N

1 1 1
150-

1 1 1
-I55W_

1 1

Qt

1 1 1

= 29

1 1 1

V:

1 1 1

1 — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — r
40-45N I50-I55WJ

Qt = 7

J I I i I I I I I I L

1 I I I I I I I I I n
_35-40N I50-I55W

Qt =-9

I I I I I 1 I I I I I

JFMAMJJASOND

JFMAMJJASOND

JFMAMJJASOND

400

1 — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — r
L 30-35 N I50-I55W J

200-

-200

-400

Qt =15

J — i_J i_i I I I I I I

1 — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — \ — I — r
L 25-30N I50-I55W

Qt =29

J \ I I I I I I I I I

— T—T-T- T-TT

. 20-25N

T — r T r-1-'
I50-I55W_

Qt =

1 1 1 1 1 1

-18

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND

MONTH

Plate 2. — Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange. Q,. by 5° quadrangles from lat. 20° to 50°N in the meridional strip long.

150' to 155°W. Qj is the average annual total heat exchange.

135°W just westward of the strong influence of the
continental boundary. Plates 4 and 5 show the sea-
sonal variation in 5° quadrangles in coastal regions
from the northern Gulf of Alaska to Washington and
from Oregon to Baja California, respectively.

The general character of the seasonal variations can
be described in terms of the average annual net heat
exchange, the range of the variations and the months
in which the maximum and minimum values occur. In
the open ocean, lat. 20° to 50"N and long. 130°W to
180°, the distribution of average annual net heat ex-
change, Qj. is highly zonal with the largest (positive)
values occurring in the lat. 45° to 50°N band. To the
west of long. I55°W a secondary maximum appears in
the lat. 30° to 35°N band. The maximum seasonal
range, nearly 600 cal/cm^/day, occurs in the lat. 35° to
40°N, long. 175°W to 180° quadrangle. The lowest sea-
sonal ranges (205 to 230 cal/cm-/day) occur in the lat.

20° to 25°N band between long. 125° and 145°W. The
maximum monthly heat exchange (greatest rate of heat
gain by the ocean) occurs in June in all but a few
quadrangles where peak gains are in May or July and
with the exception of the area from Baja California west
to long. 140°W in which August maximums dominate.
Minimum values (greatest rate of heat loss from the
ocean) generally occur in December except for a few
quadrangles with November or January minimums.

In the coastal regions the ranges of the average sea-
sonal variation are consistently large, from about 430
to 525 cal/cm-/day from the Gulf of Alaska to the cen-
tral California coast. In the northern portion of the
section the annual average Qj is negative. In the ab-
sence of declining average annual sea temperatures, a
negative annual Qj implies that heat is transported
into the region by currents. Similarly, in the southern
region, in the absence of increasing average annual sea

400

200

>-
<
o

CSI

I
O

CO

LU

or
o

_i

<

-200-

-400

45-50N

I I I I I I
I30-I35W J

Qt=I7

J I 1 I I I I I I I L

JFMAMJJASOND

400

I I I I I I I I 1 I I
L 30-35N I30-I35W

200-

-200

-400

Qt^7

I I I L_J I I I I L

JFMAMJJASOND

I I I I I I I I I I I
40-45N I30-I35W,

Qt=4

I I I I I

_ 35-40N

T

I30-I35W_

Qt--I6

I I I I I I

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND

I I I I I I I I I I I

1 I I I I I I I I I r
L25-30N I30-I35W_|

Qt =9

I I I I I I I I I

20-25 N I30-I35W

Qt =-46

II l__L

JFMAMJJASOND
MONTH

J FMAMJJASOND

Plate 3. — Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Q,, by 5° quadrangles from lat. 20° to 50°N in the meridional strip long.

130° to 135°W. Qj is the average annual total heat exchange.

400

200-

'>. -200 >

<
o

I

1 1 1 1 1
_ 55-60 N

1 1 1 1 1 1
I45-I50W_

Qt

1 1 1 1 1

= 26

1 1 1 1 1 1

^ ^ JFMAMJJASOND
400'

1 1 1 1 1
_ 55-60 N

1 1 1 1 1 1
I40-I45W_

Qt

1 1 1 1 1

= -48

1 1 1 1 1 1

-

T — r
55-

1 1 1 1
-60N

1 I
135-

1 1 1
-I40W_

-

^

-

/

/

1 1

/

Qt^
1 1 1 1

-81
1 1

1 1 1

CO
UJ

or
o

-J
<

I I I I I I I I I I I
L50-55N I30-I35W J

:oo

-200 ->

-400

_i_i I II

_ 45-50N

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND

1 I I I I I I I r

T

I — I — I — r-r
I25-I30W.

Qt =32
I I I I I I I

JFMAMJ JASOND

J FMAMJ JASOND

MONTH

JFMAMJJASOND

Plate 4. — Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Qi, in coastal regions from northern Gulf of Alaska to Washington. Qj.

is the average annual total heat exchange.

temperatures, a positive annual ^ 7- implies that heat is
extracted from the region by currents.

EVALUATION OF THE CHARTS

The vahdity of these charts as quantitative represen-
tations of heat flux across the sea surface is subject to
the quality and geographical coverage of the source
data, the accuracy of the empirically derived formulas
used for computation and the method of processing.
Seckel (1970) has made a thorough analysis of each of
these factors in producing a 2-yr series of monthly heat
exchange tabulations by 5° quadrangles for the North
Pacific trade wind zone. Seckel's tabulations provide
an excellent set of heat flux values for comparison
with those presented in this report.

Both were based on marine synoptic weather obser-

vations as the principal data source. However, for our
report we utilized observations radioed ashore, while
Seckel's data were derived from written logs archived
by the National Weather Records Center.- Sets of data
acquired by these two methods for particular areas and
time periods will be similar but not identical due to
card-punching and transmission errors and to the fact
that not all data entered in weather logs are transmitted
by radio, and not all observations reported by radio
reach the archives.

Seckel's method of averaging the observations for
each 5° quadrangle and month gave equal weight by 1°
quadrangle and by day. These weighted averages of the
variables needed for heat exchange computations were
plotted on charts at the mean locations of the observa-

■Now the National Climatic Center, National Oceanic and ,\t-
mospheric Administration.

400

200

'^ -200

1 1 1 1 1 >-

4n-4*iN /

^

1 1 1 1

PO-IP'iW

\ .

\

/

\ -

..:::.:.:.. \ 1

Qt-II2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

^ '^^^JFMAMJJASOND
400

en

UJ

tr.
o

<

I I I I I I I I — TT
L30-35N II5-I20WJ

200

-200

-400

Ot =124

I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I
I20-I25W.

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND

I I I I I I

I 1 I T
25-30N

I5-I20W.

Qt =137

I l—J L

_ 20-25 N

II5-I20W_

Qt =62

I I I I I I I I

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND

MONTH

Plate 5. — Seasonal variation of average monthly total heat exchange, Q, , in coastal regions from Oregon to Baja California. Q^. is the average

annual total heat exchange.

tions. The charts were then contoured and used to
obtain values of each variable at the centers of the 5°
quadrangles by interpolation.

In the method of Johnson et al. (1965), which was
used in the preparation of this report, unweighted aver-
ages of the meteorological variables for each 5° quad-
rangle and month were used to compute the heat
exchange components. The refinements employed in
SeckeFs method improve the accuracy of his results
because of the fact that obervations are concentrated
along shipping routes and generally are not distributed
evenly in either time or space.

The empirical equations used by Seckel to compute
the components of heat exchange differ in some re-
spects from those used to obtain the results presented
in this report. The greatest difference occurs in the
equations for heat loss through evaporation. Seckel
used a variable drag coefficient which is formulated as

a function of wind speed. His equation would give
approximately the same values of evaporation as that
of Johnson et al. (1965) at a wind speed of about 7
m/sec.

The equation for incoming radiation employing
Berliand's table, used by Johnson et al. (1965). gives
higher values of heat fiux than the corresponding equa-
tion used by Seckel for equivalent conditions. Com-
puted values of sensible heat conduction, on the other
hand, would be 25% greater in magnitude using
Seckei's equation due to a difference in constants. The
equations used for effective back radiation are the
same.

In consequence, discrepancies between values of
total heat exchange given in this report and those pub-
lished by Seckel may arise from differences in the em-
pirical equations, from differences in processing tech-
niques and from differences in the observational data

actually used for computation due to different methods
of acquisition.

No attempt will be made to make a critical evalua-
tion of these factors, however, a simple comparison of
independently computed net heat flux values may be
helpful in the utilization of the charts in this report.

The region studied by Seckel overlapped that rep-
resented by our charts from long. 130° to 170°W, be-
tween lat. 20° and 35°N. This comprises 24 5° quad-
rangles; consequently, 24 pairs of computed net heat
flux values were available for comparison for each of
the 24 mo of SeckeFs series, which ran from July 1963
through June 1965.

The mean difference and the root mean square
(RMS) difference of net heat flux for each 5° quadran-
gle are given in Table 1.

Positive differences are predominant and indicate
that Seckel's values of net heat flux are larger. The
RMS differences range from 40 to 106 cal/cm-/day and
are generally smallest in areas having the most obser-
vations. The RMS difference for the entire sample is
72 cal/cm-/day.

Correlation coefficients were also computed for
each 5° quadrangle from paired values of monthly heat
flux over the 2-yr period. The results ranged from 0.93
to 0.98 for areas lat. 30° to 35°N, 0.88 to 0.95 for areas
lat. 25° to 30°N, and 0.62 to 0.91 for areas lat. 20° to
25°N. Only three quadrangles had a correlation coeffi-
cient smaller than 0.86 which reflects the fact
that the seasonal cycle of net heat flux, as represented
by both sets of computations, is several times larger

than the RMS differences. Furthermore, the apparent
improvement of correlation with latitude reflects an
increase in the seasonal range of heat flux northward
from lat. 20° to 35°N. The areas for which the correla-
tions were lowest were also the areas with the least
observations.

Averaging over larger areas reduces the effect of
random variations which adversely affect the correla-
tion by 5° quadrangles between the two sets of val-
ues. Figure 2 shows Seckel's monthly total heat flux
averaged for the entire region from long. 130° to 170°W
and from lat. 20° to 35°N plotted against corresponding
averages from our data. The correlation coefficient for
the 24 pairs of monthly averages is 0.99 indicating that
the effect of random differences has been essentially
eliminated.

Systematic differences, however, are revealed by
the regression line which crosses the horizontal axis at
12 cal/cm-/day, indicating that Seckel's formulas and
processing technique give higher values of the total
heat flux. Also, the slope of the regression line differs
from 1.0, indicating another systematic discrepancy
that stems, at least in part, from Seckel's use of a drag
coefficient which varies with wind speed in the equa-
tions for evaporation and sensible heat transfer. His
formulation gives higher evaporative heat loss with
winds stronger than about 7 m/sec (other factors being
equal) than those presented in this report, and lower
evaporative heat Joss with winds weaker than 7 m/sec.

Wind speed frequencies tallied from tables in
Seckel's report indicate that in the region and period

Table 1. — Mean difference (upper value) and RMS difference (in parenthesis)
of Q, in cal/cm /day for 5° quadrangles

^\Long.

167° W

162° W

157° W

152° W

147° W

142 °W

137° W

132° W

32° N

-34

-30

-16

-14

-1

9

36

30

(101)

(96)

(63)

(38)

(51)

(54)

(48)

(40)

27° N

2

-3

21

39

26

39

26

9

(106)

(55)

(79)

(80)

(52)

(69)

(59)

(51)

22° N

66

16

29

-5

-9

20

8

23

(91)

(73)

(64)

(55)

(63)

(96)

(89)

(93)

Figure 2. — Comparison of total heat transfer values (cal/cm^/day)
taken from Seckel (horizontal axis) and this report (vertical axis).
Each of the 24 monthly values for the period July 1963 to June 1965
was averaged over the region lat. 20 to 35'N and long. 130° to 170°W.

for which the comparison was made, wind speeds
were less than 7 m/sec in about two-thirds of the cases
for June through September and greater than 7 m/sec
in about two-thirds of the cases for November through
February. These factors combine to make Sectcel's
computed values of heat loss by evaporation lower
than ours in the warming season and greater in the
cooling season, which is reflected by his higher max-
imum and lower minimum values of net heat flux
shown in Figure 2.

Computations of heat exchange at the sea surface
have also been carried out by Wyrtki ( 1966) who pre-
pared charts of heat loss by evaporation and of total
heat exchange for the Pacific Ocean north of lat. 20°S.
Wyrtki's charts are based on marine synoptic weather
observations taken during the period 1947-60. The
equations used for computation of the various compo-
nents are equivalent to those described in this report,
except for differences in certain empirical constants
which give Wyrtki larger values of heat loss by evap-
oration and conduction under otherwise similar condi-
tions. Wyrtki's method of data processing also differed
from that of Johnson et al. (1965). Considering all cir-
cumstances, however, results obtained with the equa-
tions and procedures of Johnson et al. (1965) for a
given set of data would probably agree as well or bet-
ter with corresponding results from Wyrtki's method
than with Seckel's.

Since Wyrtki's charts represent a time period an-
tecedent to the 1 1 yr covered by our charts, they af-
ford an opportunity to verify climatological patterns of
net heat flux and, with caution, to infer changes in
such patterns. We will make no attempt at interpretive
comparison in this respect, other than to point out a
few of the main characteristics in the mean cycle of
heat exchange.

The beginning of the cooling season is first evident

in September in the northernmost part of the Gulf of

Alaska and in an area west of long. 155°W between lat.
35° and 45°N . However, large positive heat flux values
still occur at this time of year along the North Ameri-
can coast south of lat. 45°N. By October, the mean net
flux is generally negative north of lat. 25°N, except in
coastal areas out to about long. 125°W. From October
through January, negative heat flux is most intense in
the Gulf of Alaska and west of long. 150°W, between
lat. 25° and 45°N. Heat loss is minimal between lat. 45°
and 5()°N west of long. 165"W, and our charts show an
area of positive heat flux off southern California and
Baja California in every month except December.
Wyrtki's charts include all of these features and, in
addition, show small areas of positive heat flux even in
December. In February, positive values of heat flux
appear in coastal areas south of lat. 40°N, out to long.
125°W. The largest negative flux of heat at this time
occurs south of lat. 30°N, from long. 165° to I7()°W
according to Wyrtki's charts and somewhat north and
west of that area on our charts.

March is a transition month with marked intensifica-
tion of positive heat flux south of lat. 40°N from the
coast out to long. 125°W, while the flux elsewhere is
both positive and negative and generally weak. The
principal features in the heat exchange pattern which
characterize spring and summer are the areas of max-
imum positive heat flux along central and northern
California and to the west of long. 150°W at lat. 30° to
35°N. Wyrtki also found a relative maximum along the
southern stretch of Baja California which does not ap-
pear on our charts because of the cutoff east of long.
115°W. A relative minimum in the pattern occurs in
the vicinity of long. 130°W at about lat. 20° to 25°N.
Our charts show a negative flux in this area in every
month except August and September. Wyrtki found
negative values in the same area in every month ex-
cept July and September.

The values of net heat flux computed by Wyrtki
differ from those presented in this report by 50
cal/cm-/day or more in many areas. Such differences
may reflect dissimilarities in data distribution,
methods of processing or real climatological trends.
The main features in the mean seasonal patterns of net
heat exchange depicted by our charts appear, how-
ever, to be well substantiated by comparison with
those of Wyrtki.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their thanks to Albert J. Good
and Dorothy D. Roll for special programming and
technical assistance and to Gunter R. Seckel for his
thorough review of the original manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

BERLIAND. M. E.. and T. G. BERLIAND.

1952. Opredelenie effektivnovo izluchenia zemli s uchetom vli-
jania oblachnosti (Determination of effective radiation of the

11

earth as influenced by cloud cover). Izvestiia Akad. Nauk
USSR, Ser. Geophizicheskaia. No. I. [Original not seen].
BERLIAND, T. G.

1960. Metodika klimatologicheskikh raschetov summarnoi
radiatsii (Climatological method of total radiation calcula-
tions). Meteorol. Gidrol. 6:9-12.
BOWEN, I. S.

1926. The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evapora-
tion from any water surface. Phys. Rev., Ser. 2, 27:779-787.
BUDYKO. M. 1.

1956. Teplovoy balans zemnoy poverkhnosti (The heat balance
of the earth's surface). [In Russ.] Gidrometerol. Izd.
255 p. [Translated by N. A. Stepanova, 1958, 259 p.; avail-
able U.S. Dep. Commer., Off. Tech. Serv., Wash.. D.C.]
CLARK, N. E.

1972. Specification of sea surface temperature anomaly patterns
in the eastern North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2:391-404.
FLITTNER. G. A.

1970. Forecasting availability of albacore tuna in the eastern
Pacific Ocean. In T. Laevastu and 1. Hela (editors).
Fisheries oceanography, p. 116-158. Fishing News (Books)
Ltd., Lond.
JOHNSON,. 1. H.

1962. Sea temperatures and the availability of albacore off the
coasts of Oregon and Washington. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
91:269-274.
JOHNSON. J. H.. G. A. FLITTNER, and M. W. CLINE.

1965. Automatic data processing program for marine synoptic
radio weather reports. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.. Spec. Sci.
Rep. Fish. 503. iv + 74 p.

NAMIAS, J.

1969. Seasonal interactions between the North Pacific Ocean
and the atmosphere during the 1960's. Mon. Weather Rev.
97:173-192.

1971. The 1968-69 winter as an outgrowth of sea and air cou-
pling during antecedent seasons. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1:65-
81.
SECKEL. G. R.

1970. The trade wind zone oceanography pilot study. Part
VI II: Sea-level meteorological properties and heat exchange
processes, July 1963 to June 1965. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 612, iv + 129 p.

SETTE. O. E.

1961. Problems in fish population fluctuations. Calif. Coop.
Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 8:21-24.
TABATA, S.

1958. Heat budget of the water in the vicinity of Triple Island,
British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 15:429-451.
UDA, M.

1957. A consideration on the long years trend of the fisheries
fluctuations in relation to sea conditions. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci.
Fish. 23:368-372.
1961. Fisheries oceanography in Japan, especially on the prin-
ciples offish distribution, concentration, dispersal and fluc-
tuation. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 8:25-
31.
WYRTK.I, K.

1966. Seasonal variation of heat exchange and surface tempera-
ture in the North Pacific Ocean. Report for NSF Grant No.
GP-5534, Hawaii Inst. Geophysics, Univ. Hawaii, 80 p.

12

PART 1. TOTAL (NET) HEAT FLUX MONTHLY AVERAGES AND ANOMALIES, JANUARY

1961 TO DECEMBER 1971.

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

col /cm^/day

JANUARY 1961

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH 1961

I80°W 175 W 170W I65W t60W. 155 W I50W. 145 W I40W, r35 W. I30W. 125 W I20W. 115

14

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

MAY 1961

I80*W I75W I70W I6S« |60W I B S * I50W 145 W I40W I35W I30W 125 W 120*

15

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

col/cm^/day

JULY 1961

i»'». i7»w. irow. i>s«. lac

sow. 145 w I40W. I3SW. I30«. t29 W. ItOV. lltV

16

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal/cm*/day

SEPTEMBER 1961

ieO**W, 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W i50 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W. 120 W. riS W,

17

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/day

leo^w I75W, I70W I65W I60W. I55W. I50W. 145 w I40W, I35W. I30W. 125 W- I20W. I18W.

18

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qj)

cal /cm^/day

JANUARY 1962

180° W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W i55 W 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W 120 W 115 W

19

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

col /cm^/day

MARCH 1962

180" W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W I5S W ISO W. 145 W 140 W 135 W ISO W 125 W 120 W- 115 W.

20

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

col /cm^/doy

MAY 1962

I80<»W 175 W 170 W 165 W I60 W i55 W 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130* i25 W 120

21

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

JULY 1962

ISO°W 175 W 170 W 165 W I60 W 155 W i50 W 145 W 140 W i35 W 130 W i25 W 120 W Il5 W

')')

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm*/doy

SEPTEMBER 1962

180°* I75W I70W 165 W 160 W 155 W I50W 145 W (40* I35W I30W i25 W 120

23

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/doy

NOVEMBER 1962

<80°W I75W I70W I69W. r60W. I5S W I50W. 145 W I40W. 135 W. I30W. 125 W. I20W. 115

24

TOTAL (NET)
HEAT FLUX (Q,)

col /cm^/day
JANUARY 1963

ON -J ^00

IBO°W I7SW I70W I65W r60 W ISS W I50W 145 W I40W 135 W I30W 125 W 120 W irSW

25

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH 1963

°W 175 W I70W 165 W 160 W 155 W 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W 120 W M5 W.

26

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

col /cm^/day

MAY 1963

180° W 175 W 170 W 165 W I60 W i55 W 150 W 145 W 140 W i35 W I30W 125 W 120 W nS W

27

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (0^)

cal/cm^/doy

180° » 175 w 170 « 165 w ISO* iSSW 150 W. 145 w HOW- U5 W. 130 W 125 W- 120 W II5W.

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

AUGUST 1963

leCW I75W I70W I65W I60W, I55W I50W. 145 W 140 W 135 W, I30W, 125 W, 120

28

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

cal /cm^/day

SEPTEMBER 1963

ltO*W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W

Ti \ 1

IS5 W 150 W 145 W 141

0 W 135 W 130 W 125 W 120 W. I IS V

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm*/day

OCTOBER 1963

leO^W 175 W 170 W 165 W (60 W 155 * 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W I25 * 120 W Il5 W

29

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q|)

cal /cm^/doy

NOVEMBER 1963

laCW 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W I55 W J50 W 145 W r40 W 135 W I30 W 125

W 120 W itSW

30

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

cal /cm^/day

JANUARY 1964

180°* I75W I70W 165 W I60W I55W I50W I45 W I40W 135 W I30W 125 W I20W liSW

31

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH 1964

180°* 175* 170* 165* liOU 155*. 150*. 145* l«0 * 135*. 130*. 125* 120*. 115*.

32

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (0^)

col/cm^/day

I60**W [75 W 170 W 165 W 160 W (55 W I50W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130* (25 W 120 W

33

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qj)

cal/cm^/day

JULY 1964

ISO^W 175 W. 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W ISO W. 145 W 140 W. I3S W. 130 W. 125 W 120 W. IIS W

34

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/day

SEPTEMBER 1964

180° W ITS W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W ISO W 145 W t40 W I35 W I30 W 125 W 120 W riS W

35

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

NOVEMBER 1964

ISO^W. I75W I70W I6SW. I60W 155 W I50W 145 W 140 W 135 W I30W 125 W IZOW llSW

36

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

JANUARY 1965

leO^W r75 W 170* 165 * I60 W 155 W ISO W

0 W I3SW I30W 125 W IZOW M5

37

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal/cm^/day

leCW I75W I70W I65W I60W I55W (SOW 145 W 140W I35W I30W 125 W I20W MS W.

38

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/day

MAY 1965

ieO*>W. ITS W. 170 W. 165 W. 160 W. 155 W 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W- 130 W 125 W 120 W

39

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

col /cm^/day

JULY 1965

laO^W 175 W I70W 165 W I60W I55W (SOW 145 W 140 W I35W I30W i25 W IZOW II5W.

40

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

ieO"W, I75W- I70W I65W tSO W I55W iSOW 145 W |40 W 135 W I30W 125 W 120 W IISW

41

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

NOVEMBER 1965

°W 175 W I70W I6S W 169

5 W 140 W J35 W 130 W 125 W 120 W Il5 W

42

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

col /cm^/day

JANUARY 1966

I80°W I75W I70W leSW I60W 155 W ISOW 145 W 140 W 135 W I30W 125 W 120 W

43

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal/cm^/day

leCW I75W I70W I65W I60W I55 W I50W 145 W I40W 135 W I30W 125 W 120W II5W

44

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /ctn^/day

MAY 1966

ieO*'W 175 W 170 W 165 W I60 W 155 W 150 W 145 W 140 W I35 W 130* 125 W 120 W 115 W

45

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal/cm^/doy

W I75W I70W 165 W l60W l55W 1 50 W t45W I40W l35W I30W 125W 120 W 1 15 W

46

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

SEPTEMBER 1966

IBO'W 175 W I70W I65W I60W ISS W ISOW I4bw 140 W 135 W I30W 125 W 120*

47

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/ day

NOVEMBER 1966

180" W 175 W 170* 165 W 160 W 155 W I50 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130* 125 W 120* IIS W

48

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (0^)

cal /cm^/day

JANUARY 1967

(80*W. I75W I70W 165W I60W I55W ISO* 115 W OOW t35 W 130* i25 W I20W 115 W

49

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH 1967

leO^W I75W. I70W I65W I60W ISS W I50W 145 W I40W I35W I30W 125 W I20 W IISW

50

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q|)

col/cm^/day

30N =»-

I80<'W I75W I70W 165 W itO W t55W I50W 145 W 140 W I35 W I30W 125 W 120 W II5W

51

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

col /cm^/day

leO^W I75W I70W 165* I60W. 155* i50* 145 W 140* 135* 130* 125* 120 W 115*

52

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm ^/ day

SEPTEMBER 1967

IBO'W. 175 W 170 W 165 W h60 W. 155 W ISO W, 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W. 125 W 120*. 1(5 W-

53

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/doy

NOVEMBER 1967

I80"W. 175 W 170 W 165 W. 160 W. 155 W 150 W. 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W. 125 W rZO W. <I5 W.

54

TOTAL (NET^

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

JANUARY 1968

IBO'W, 175 W 170*. 165 W 160 W. 155 W I SOW 145 W 140 W 135 W 130W 125 W 120 W 115 W.

55

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

leO^W I75W I70W- I6SW. I60W. I55W I50W. 145 W 140 W. 135 W. I30W 125 W tZO W. M5 W

56

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

cal/cm^/day

MAY 1968

180"* 175* 170* 165* 160* 155* 150* I45 W I40W 135* I30W 125* 120* Il5*

57

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Of)

cal /cm^/day

JULY 1968

laO^W IT5 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W I50 W I4 5 W 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W 120 W il5 W

58

TOTAL (NET)
HEAT FLUX (Q,)

SEPTEMBER 1968

ISCW. 175 W 170W I65W I60W I55W I50W I45 W 140 W I35W I30W 125 W 120 W I15W

59

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/doy

NOVEMBER 1968

ieO°W I75W I70W I65W I60W 155 W I50W 145 W 140 W 135 W I30W 125 W I20W US W

60

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

col / cm^/doy

JANUARY 1969

61

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH 1969

62

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cat /cm^/day

MAY 1969

I80*W 175W I70W I65W I60W I55W I50W 145 W (40 W 135 W I30W i25 W 120 W

63

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/doy

ieO°W I75W I70W I65W )60W ISSW iSOW 145 W I40W 1 35 W ISOW I25 W 120 W II5W

64

TOTAL (NET)
HEAT FLUX (Q^)

SEPTEMBER 1969

IBO^W I75W I70W 165 W i60W IS5 W I50W I<;5W 140 W 135 W I30W I25 W IZOW II5W,

65

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

NOVEMBER 1969

180'^W I75W I70W 165 W )60W IS5W ISOW 145

25 W 120 W 115 W

66

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

col /cm^/day

JANUARY 1970

laO^W I75W I70W I6SW 160 W 155 W I50W 145 W I40 W I3SW I30w I25 W I20W II9W

67

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

col /cm^/day

MARCH 1970

68

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Of)

col/cm^/day

MAY 1970

ieO*'W I75W I70W 165 W I60W I5S W <SOW t4S W I40W 135 W l30w I25 W 120 W US

69

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal/cm^/day

JULY 1970

leO'W 175 W I70W I6S W 160 W (55 W ISO W (45 W 140 W 135 W i30 W 125 W 120 <«

70

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (0^)

cal /cm^/doy

SEPTEMBER 1970

I80°W I75W I70W I6SW I60W I55W I50W I45W 140W 135 W I30W 125 W I20W

71

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal/cm^/ day

NOVEMBER 1970

IBO°W I75W, I70W I65W <60W I55W ISOW I4S w 140 W I35W I30W 125 W 120 W

72

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/day

JANUARY 1971

35 N- -=^

IBO^W I75W I70W I65W 160 W iS5W I50W 145 W |40 W i3S W I30W 12&

73

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qj)

cal/cm^/day

MARCH 1971

SON - ^. ^—.-. ^ 3J3^

leO^W I75W I70W leS W I60W I5SW I50W 14% W I40W 135 W I30W ra^ w I20W MS w

74

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/doy

MAY 1971

180" W ITS W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W I50 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W (25 W IZO W 115 W

75

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm'/doy

JULY 1971

76

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/day

I80°W r75W 170* I65W I60W I55W (SOW 145 W I40W i35 W I30W i25 W I20W HtW

77

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

col /cm^/day

ieO«W I75W I70W I65W I60W I55W ISOW 145 W 140 W I35W 130 W I25W r20

78

PART 2. TOTAL (NET) HEAT FLUX 1961-71 MEAN MONTHLY VALUES (NORMALS).

TOTAL (NET]

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

JANUARY
1961 -1971 MEAN

180" W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W 150 W 145 W 140 W r35 W 130 W P25 W 120

79

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Qf)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH
961-1971 MEAN

' ^

•0*W. ITS W 170 W IC5 W I60 W I M * 150 W 145 * 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W \iO

« II5W

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (5t)

cal /cm*/day

APRIL
961-1971 MEAN

I80*»W I75W I70W I6SW I60W I55W 150 W 145 W 140

W I35W I30W 125 W I20W 115 W

80

TOTAL (NET}

HEAT FLUX (Q,)

cal /cm^/day

MAY
1961-1971 MEAN

leO^W 175 W 170 W 163 W 160 W iSS W 190 W 145 W 140 W. 135 W 130 W i25 W 120 W M

81

TOTAL (NET_^

HEAT FLUX (Qt)

cal /cm^/day

JULY
1961-1971 MEAN

ISO^W I75W irOW 165 W I60W I5SW ISOW I4S W 140 W I35 W I30W I2S W 120 W II5W

82

TOTAL (NET]
HEAT FLUX (Q^)

(80°* I75W I70W I65W 160 W i55W (SOW 145 W I40 W I35W I30W I25 W 120 W II5W

83

TOTAL (NET)

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

col /cm^/day

NOVEMBER
961-1971 MEAN

I60*W I75W 170* 165W I60W

SOW 145 W 140 W 135 W I30W I2S W 120 W IISW

84

PART 3. NET INCOMING RADIATION 1961-71 MEAN MONTHLY VALUES (NORMALS).

NET INCOMING

RADIATION tQ;)

col /ctn*/day

JANUARY
X^ 1\ ,. 1961- 1971 MEAN

I80»W 175 W 170W 165 W 160 W lS5 W I50 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W i25 W 120 W itS

85

NET INCOMING

RADIATION (Qi)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH
1961 -1971 MEAN

IBO^W ITS W 170 W t6S W ISO W I » W 190 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W 120 W 119

86

NET INCOMING
RADIATION (Q;)

IBO*W. I75W- I70W, I6SW, 160

I50W. 145 W I40W I35W I30W- 125 W. 120 W. US*

87

NET INCONflING

RADIATION (Qi)

cal /cm^/day

JULY
1 1961- 1971 MEAN

SOW 145 W 140 W 199 W ISOW 125 W 120 W 119 W

88

NET INCOMING
RADIATION (Q:)

180" W 175 W 170 W 165 W IGO W IS9 W (SO W I4S W 140 W I3S W I30 W I2S W 120

89

NET INCOMING

RADIATION (Qj)

cal /cm^/day

NOVEMBER
961- 1971 MEAN

ISO'W. 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 1 55 W ISO W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W (20 W

90

PART 4. EFFECTIVE BACK RADIATION 1961-71 MEAN MONTHLY VALUES (NORMALS).

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Q^)

cal /cm^/doy

JANUARY

,\i 1\.,. 1961- 1971 MEAN

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Qjj)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH
961-1971 MEAN

ieO<»W I75W I70W I65W i60W I55W I50W 145 W 140 W I35W I30W I25 W 120 W llSW

92

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Q,,)

col /cm^/day

MAY
1961 -1971 MEAN

laO^W 175 W r70* 165 W 160* I55 W 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W 130 W I25 W IZO W NSW

93

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Q^)

cal /cm^/day

JULY
1961- 1971 MEAN

180°* 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W I50 W 145 W i«0 W 135 W 130 W i25 W 120 W IPS W.

94

-<^

7^

i-

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Q(j)

cal /cm*/doy

SEPTEMBER
1961- 1971 MEAN

100

^-101

\

1^

I90«W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 159 W 150 W I4S W 140 W 135 W 130 W 125 W 120 W ItS W

-100

./

-^

t^

^^jt-^

,£?<^^-

V-I2E

^'

^■

-101.

K

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Q^)

cal /cm ^ /day

OCTOBER
1961- 1971 MEAN

108 -lOi

■^

80° W r75 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W I50 W 145 W 140 W I35 W i30 W 125 W 120 W 115 W

95

-<^

-ICO

-95 V -i;

-116

j-^M-^

t

-126

^5

/

Vi.
-125

^'

^1

S3

r1

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Q|j)

cal /cm^/day

NOVEMBER
1961 -1971 MEAN

-123

-125-

-123 -125

/
-125

■^

BO"W, ITS W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 * r50 W 145 W I40 W (35 W 130 W 125 W 120 W Il5 V

EFFECTIVE BACK

RADIATION (Qj,)

cal /cm^/day

DECEMBER
1961- 1971 MEAN

180°* 175 W 170 W (65 W I60 W 155 W 1 50 W 145 W 140 W I35 W I30 W i25 W 120 W 1 15 W

96

PART 5. EVAPORATIVE HEAT FLUX 1961-71 MEAN MONTHLY VALUES (NORMALS).

HEAT LOSS THROUGH
EVAPORATION (Qg)

r. ^\ 1961-1971 MEAN

ieO**W. I75W I70W. I6SW I60W ISSW I50W 145 W 140 W I3S W I30W IZ5W 120 W. ItSW.

97

HEAT LOSS THROUGH

EVAPORATION (Qg)

cal /cm^/day

MARCH
1961 -1971 MEAN

ieO°W I75W I70W 165W ISOW IS5 W I50W 145 W >40 W I35W I30W I25 W 120 W II5W

98

HEAT LOSS THROUGH

EVAPORATION (Qg)

col /cm^/doy

MAY
1961 -1971 MEAN

IBCW ITS W I TOW 165 W 160 W i55 W 150 W 145 W 140 W 135 W ISO* 125 W 120 W 115 W

99

HEAT LOSS THROUGH

EVAPORATION (Qe)

cal /cm^/day

JULY
1961- 1971 MEAN

180* * 175 * 170* 165 W 160* 155 W 1 50 * 145 W (40 W 135 * i30* 125 W 120 W MS W

100

HEAT LOSS THROUGH

EVAPORATION (Qe)

col /cm^/doy

SEPTEMBER
961-1971 MEAN

leO^W ITSW I70W I65W I60W I5SW iSOW I4SW 140 W I35W I30W i25 W 120 W llftW

101

HEAT LOSS THROUGH

EVAPORATION (Qe)

cal /cm^/day

NOVEMBER
1961-1971 MEAN

I80OW I7SW 170 W 165 W I60 W I55W I50W i45W 140 W 135 W i30* l25 W 120 W Ii5

102

PART 6. SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX 1961-71 MEAN MONTHLY VALUES (NORMALS).

-O

^^"^

^^

J-^JL^

\

T
J

^^

\

-20 > -30

A

^

-EO

-25

^'

SENSIBLE
HEAT FLUX (Q^)
cal /cm^/day

JANUARY
r. % 1961- 1971 MEAN

^

f-23

N

\

-24
I

-25

-50

-5*

V

\

-28 \

-?'-

/.

/

"^

•0*W 175 W 170* 169 W I60 W 1 95 W ISO W 145 W 140 W 135 W IJO W 125 W 120 W IIBW

-?•-

-^

^_

fi

7?^

^^Ji-^

£^i^-

y-

-14

i

\-33

"="^C^

X'

%

-;5-'' Q \

SENSIBLE
HEAT FLUX (Q,)
col /cm^/doy

FEBRUARY
r. % 1961 -1971 MEAN

V

\

-25

'^

-50

/■

/

/-I,

^

-27/

12 -10

^

ieO"W. 175 W t70 W 165 * I60 W 155 W 150 W 145 W 140 W I35 W 130 W 125 * 120 W 115 W

103

SENSIBLE
HEAT FLUX {Qj)
cal /cm^/day

MARCH
1961 -1971 MEAN

leOOW I79W I70W I65W I60W 155 W rSO W 145 W 140 W 135 W I30W 125 W I20W I

104

SENSIBLE

HEAT FLUX (Q^)

cal /cm^/doy

MAY
1961- 1971 MEAN

180° W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W 150 W 145 W 140 W I35 W 130 W 125 W 120 W. IIS W

105

SENSIBLE
HEAT FLUX (Qj)
cal/cm^/day

JULY
961-1971 MEAN

I80°W 17SW I70W I65W I60W IS5W I50W 145 W 140 W I35 W I30W 125 W I20W II5W-

106

SENSIBLE
HEAT FLUX (Q^)
col /cm^/day

SEPTEMBER
1961- 1971 MEAN

leO^W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W 155 W ISO W. 145 W 140 W 135 W ISO W 125 W 120 W. 115 W.

107

SENSIBLE
HEAT FLUX (Qj)
cal /cm^/day

NOVEMBER
1961-1971 MEAN

160° W 175 W 170 W 165 W 160 W i55 W 150 W 145 W t40 W 135 W 130 W 125 W 120 W llS W.

108

<r U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1975-698-126/21

648. Weight loss of pond-rai»ed channel catfish {Ictalurua punctatus) during holding in
processinc planl vats. By Donald C Greenland and Robert L. Gill. December 1971. iii + 7
pp., 3 fiRs,. 2 tables For sale by the Superintendent of Documenls, U.S. Government
Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.

649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna {Euthynnus petamis) in the eastern tropical
Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 pp., 7 fiKft.. 3
tables For .sale bv the Superintendent of Documenla. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington. D.C. 20402.

650. Effects ofsome antioxidants and EDTAon the development of rancidity in Spanish
mackerel iSco.nberomorus macutatus) during frozen storage, By Robert N. Farragul.
February 1972. iv + 12 pp , 6 figs.. 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.

651 The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the
biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladelt Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 pp., 3
fi(ts,. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington. DC. 20402.

653, The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico
shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 pp.. 11 figs., 4
tables For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington. DC 20402,

654, An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus
flrei'«»/-f(o. By R. O Parker. Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 pp., 3 figs.. 1 appendix table. For
sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
DC, 20402,

655, Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Dovle F.
Sutherland. March 1972. iii + 7 pp.. 3 figs,, 2 tables. For sale by the Supenntendeni ot
Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C, 20402.

662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and bitlfishes in the Atlantic, By John P, Wute and
Charles W, Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 pp., 13 HfCB., 4 tables. For sale by the Supcrinten
dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, WashinKton, D.C. 20402,

663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during
April and May 19*J7 Bv Kenneth D Waldron. December 1972. iii + 16 pp.. 2 tigs,, 1 table.
4 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendenr ..t I)i.< mnfuiv Is (;i>(,..rni>i.-.if \'i:nt
ing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.

664. Tagging and tag-recover\' experiments with Allaiun. mfnriudcn. hrenKtrtio tyrun-
nus. By Richard L, Kmger and Robert L Drvfoos. December 1972. iv + II pp.. 4 figs.. 12
tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Oflice,
Washington. D.C. 20402.

fi6r>. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay. California. By Maxwell B. Eldridge and Charles
F Bryan, December 1972. iii + H pp.. 8 tigs,. I table. For sale by the Su[>erintendent ol
Documents. US. (iovernment Printing Office. Washington. DC, 20402.

666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River. North Carolina. By
William R, Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973. iv + 23 pp.. 1 tig.. 13 tables.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. US. (iovernment Printing Olfite.
Washington. D.C. 20402.

667. An analy.sisol i he commercial lobster i Homaru.s anencanusi lisbery along (he coast
of Maine. August 19(»fi through December 1970. By James C, Thomas, June 1973, v + ;'i7
pp,. 18 figs.. U tables. For sale by the Superintendent ot Documents. I' S Gfivernment

Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.

668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner. Tautugutabrus adspersus (Walbaumi. By
Fredric M Sercbuk and Da\id W. Frame. May 197.3. ii + 43 pp. For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C.
20402.

656. The calico scallop, Argopecti>n gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T J. Costello. May
1972. iii + 19 pp,. 9 figs-. 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402.

669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meteorological satellites. By L. E- Eber.
August 1973. iii + 7 pp.. 2 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of E)ocuments,
U.S. Government Priming Office. Washington, D,C. 20402.

657. Making I'ish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on
research and some processes and products studied by NMFS By Malcolm B Hale.
November 1972. v + ;i2 pp.. 15 figs.. 17 tables. 1 appendix table. For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC,
20402.

658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature.
By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L Hall. July 1972. iv + 47 pp. For sale by the Superinten-
dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC. 20402.

659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R.
Bulbs. Jr. Richard B Roe. and Judith C Gatlin. July 1972. xl + 9.=) pp.. 2 figs For sale by
the Superintendent ni Dncuments. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
20402

670 Unharvested fishes in the U,S, commercial fishery ol western Lake Erie in 1969. By
Harr>- D. Van Meter, July 1973. iii + II pp., 6 figs,. 6 tables. For sale by the Superinten-
dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.

671, Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew
Bakun. June 1973. iv + 103 pp.. 6 figs., 3 tables. An appendix figs. For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C.
20402.

672. Seasonal occurrence of young Gulf menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern
Florida estuary. By Mariin ETagatzand E, Peter H. Wilkins. .\ugust 1973. iii + 14 pp, 1
fig.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent ntDoruments. U.S. Government Print intjOl-
fice, Washington. D,c! 20402,

660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By
James E, Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes, November 1972. iii + 11 pp., 9 figs.

661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the cen-
tral and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii +
13 pp.. I fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. US. Government Printing Of-
fice. Washington. DC, 20402

673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Islarid.
N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle. Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973. iii + 50 pp.. 2 figs..
5 appendix tables.

G74- Lake Erie bottom Irawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W Bowman. January 1974.
iv + 21 pp.. 9 figs,. I table. 7 appendix tables.

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