^' ^t^f '^''Co NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-694 . ]^^. Semiclosed Seawater System With Automatic Salinity, Temperature, and Turbidity Control SID KORN SEATTLE, WA September 1975 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report— Fisheries Series The maior responsibUities of the National Marine Fisheries Service INMFSI are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to estabhsh levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is 'also charired with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. .,. . ...... . , . The Special Scientific Report- Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific mvestigations that document long term continuing programs of NMFS. or intensive scientUic reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliom-aohies of a specialized scientific nature. k ... ■:■ j i j =. . Tk. ,™ .i.„ .„.ii.hl. i„ NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are avaUable free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and Stale. They are also avaUable in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D83. Technical Information Division. EnviroitmenUl Science Information Center. NOAA. Washington. D.C. 20235. Recent SSRF s are: 619. Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1%3. By Donald S. Day. January 1971. iii + 94 p.. 19 figs.. 13 tables. 620. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part IX: The sea- level wind field and wind stress values. July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckel. June 1970. iii + 66 p., 5 figs. 621. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncarkifnckus tshawyt- scha. fry of hatchery origin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971. iii + 14 p.. 6 figs.. 9 Ubies. 622. Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods Hole. Massachusetts. September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971. iii + 15 p.. 3 figs.. 19 ubles. 623. Apparent abundance, distribution, and migrations of albacore. Thunnus alalunga. on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970. v + 37 p., 19 figs., 5 tables. 624. Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. By N. B. Webb and F. B. Thomas. April 1971, iii + 11 p.. 9 figs., 3 tables. 625. Distribution of salmon and related oceanograpic features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French. Richard G. Bakkala, Masanao Osako. and Jun Ito. March 1971. iii + 22 p.. 19 figs.. 3 tables. 626. Commercial fishery and biology of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobra- chium. in the Lower St. Paul River. Liberia. 1952 53. By George C. Miller. February 1971. iii + 13 p., 8 figs.. 7 ubles. 627. Calico scallops of the Southeastern United States. 1959 69. By Robert Cummins. Jr. June 1971. iii + 22 p., 23 figs.. 3 tables. 628. Fur Seal Investigations. Laboratory. August 1971. 82 p. appendix B tables. 1969. By NMFS, Marine Mammal Biological 20 figs.. 44 tables. 23 appendix A tables. 10 629. Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels, June August 1967. By Richard N. Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971. V + 25 p.. 14 figs.. 21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 630. Blue crab meat. I. Preservation by freezing. July 1971. iii + 13 p., 5 figs.. 2 tables. II. Effect of chemical treatments on acceptability. By Jurgen H. Strasser. Jean S. Lennon, and Frederick J. King. July 1971, iii + 12 p.. 1 fig.. 9 tables. 631. Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquatic animals of the United States and Canada. By R. A. Greig and R. H. Gnaedinger. July 1971. iii + 7 p., 2 tables. 632. An annotated bibliography of attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory. By Robert C. May. August 1971. iii + 24 p.. 1 appendix I table. 1 appendix II table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Goverment Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 633. Blueing of processed crab meat. II Identification of some factors involved in the blue discoloration of canned crab meat Caltinectes sapidus. By Melvin E. Waters. May 1971. ui + 7 p.. 1 fig.. 3 tables. 634. Age composition, weight, length, and sex of herring. Clupea paUasii. used for reduction in Alaska. 1929 66 By Gerald M Reid July 1971. iii + 25 p.. 4 figs.. 18 Ubles. 635. A bibliography of the blackfin tuna. Thunnus atlantiais (Lesson). By Grant L. Beardsley and David C. Simmons. August 1971. 10 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 636. Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Reginald M. Gooding. May 1971. iii + 12 p.. 8 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC. 20402. 637. Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet. North Carolina. By Donnie L. Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971. iii + 10 p., 1 fig.. 5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 638. Length weight relations of haddock from commercial landings in New England. 1931 55. By Bradford E. Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth. August 1971. V + 13 p.. 16 figs.. 6 Ubles. 10 appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 639. A hydrographic survey of the Galveston Bay system, Texas 1963-66. By E. J. Pullen. W. L. Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971. v + 13 p.. 15 figs.. 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC. 20402. 640. Annotated bibHography on the fishing industry and biology of the blue crab, CaUinectes sapidus. By MarUn E. Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall. August 1971. 94 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 641. Use of tnreadfin shad. Dorosoma petenense. as live bait during experi- mental pole and-line fishing tor skipjack tuna. Katsuwonus petamis. in Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971. iii + 10 p.. 3 figs.. 7 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washing- ton. D.C. 20402. 642. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus resource and fishery— analysis of decline. By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971. v + 32 p., 40 figs., 5 appendut figs., 3 tables, 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 643. Surface winds of the southeastern propical Atlantic Ocean. By John M. Steigner and Merton C. Ingham. October 1971. iii + 20 p.. 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washing- ton. D.C. 20402. 644. Inhibition of flesh browning and skin color fading in frozen fillets of yelloweye snapper {Lutzanus vivanus). By Harold C. Thompson. Jr., and Mary H. Thompson. February 1972. iii + 6 p.. 3 Ubles. For sale by the Superinten dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 645. Traveling screen for removal of debris from rivers. By Daniel W. Bates. Ernest W. Murphey. and Martin G. Beam. October 1971. iii + 6 p.. 6 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402. 646. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Columbia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and their effect on chinook salmon and steelhead trout. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington D.C. 20402. 647. Revised annotated list of parasites from sea mammals caught off the west coast of North America. By L. Margotis and M. D. Dailey. March 1972, iii + 23 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover. if.: NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-694 Semiclosed Seawater System With Automatic Salinity, Temperature, and Turbidity Control SID KORN SEAHLE, WA September 1975 UNITED STATES / NATIONAL OCEANIC AND / National Marine DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION / fisheries Service Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary / Robert M White. Administrator / Robert W Schonmg, Director The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Flow description 1 Temperature control 3 Salinity control 3 Alarm system 3 Performance and maintenance 3 Acknowledgments 5 Literature cited 5 Figures 1. Schematic of Tiburon seawater system 2 2. Intake pumps, showing cleanouts and dual piping 2 3. Reservoir, aerator, brine tank, and pneumatic salt delivery line 2 4. Part of main wet laboratory 3 5. Recirculating line in trench 3 6. Schematic of salinity control system 4 7. Control and alarm panel 4 Table 1. Comparison of raw and recirculated water in seawater system 5 m Semiclosed Seawater System With Automatic Salinity, Temperature, and Turbidity Control SIDKORN' ABSTRACT The new seawater system at the Southwest Fishery Center, Tiburon Laboratory, is described. The system delivers up to 450 l/min of filtered, ultraviolet sterilized, temperature- and salinity -controlled seawater suitable for extended holding of marine fish and invertebrates. Unique aspects of the system including provisions for open and/or closed circulation, and the pneunutic salinity control components are described in detail. The design of this facility may offer ideas to others desiring near-oceanic quality seawater from marginal sources. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to describe the new seawater facility of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southwest Fisheries Center, Tiburon Labora- tory. Special emphasis is placed on the salinity control components and design features that allow for either open or closed circulation. I hope this information will assist other facilities with water supplies varying in tempera- ture, salinity, and turbidity, in their effort to obtain near-oceanic quality water. This facility is located on San Francisco Bay where water conditions vary considerably in temperature, salini- ty, and turbidity, partially caused by runoff from the Sacramento-San Joaquin rivers. The former seawater system, operating from 1967 to 1971, did not control temperature or salinity and had a limited filtering capacity. Fouling of waterlines and tanks, wide fluctua- tions in temperature (range 9°-20°C) and salinity (range 2-30%o>, and bacterial disease problems made research impossible during certain times of the year. This facility is used for physiological research and needs a system that supplies water of near-oceanic quality with constant physical conditions. Final specifications and design work were completed by consulting engineers. The system was constructed from November 1972 to April 1973. The new seawater system (Fig. 1) is a semiclosed system which can circulate 450 l/min of filtered, sterilized, temperature- and salinity-controlled water. Most of the system is duplicated to facilitate repairs and cleaning with- out disruption of the waterflow. Due to the high cost of salinity and temperature control, most of the water is recirculated. However, some open circulation is required when toxic effluents from experiments are involved and to insure that problems associated with recirculating water do not occur. After water has been recirculated for extended periods through tanks containing a biomass, nitrates accumulate, trace 'Southwest Fisheries Center Tiburon Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Tiburon. CA 94920; present address: Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, AK 99821. elements may be lost, and pH may change. Therefore, we always maintain at least 10% of the total flow to open circulation. Toxic effluents are filtered through activated charcoal before being discharged. FLOW DESCRIPTION Seawater is pumped by one of two centrifugal pumps (Ace 3 horsepower, hard rubber [Fig. 2)), through a two-stage, automatically backflushing, high-rate sand filter (Baker Model HRB-30). From the filter, the flow is directed to either the sump tank or back into the bay by an electrically actuated valve, which is controlled by a level indicator in the reservoir (Fig. 1). This is done to prevent excess water from entering the system. Dual 3-inch PVC (polyvinyl chloride) lines allow for cleaning of lines and changing of the pump. The 600-liter epoxy-lined concrete sump tank collects new filtered water and water that has been recirculated through the laboratories. As the water level rises, one of two 10-horsepower centrifugal pumps (Allis Chalmers Model F-4, 316 stainless steel) is activated by a float valve. Water is pumped through a second single-stage sand filter (Baker Model HRB-36) to the 53,000-liter reservoir (Fig. 3). The water enters the reservoir through a redwood splash tray aerator patterned after a similar design at the Southwest Fisheries Center, La Jolla, Calif. (Lasker and Vlymen 1969). The concrete reservoir is epoxy-lined and is divided by a concrete wall into two sections. Water can be valved to enter and leave one or both sides. This allows for the cleaning of one half of the reservoir without disrupting the flow through the system. The capacity of the tank allows for a 2-h full flow reserve in the event of a failure. By reducing flow rates to 112 l/min this reserve can be extended to 8 h. Water flows (up to 450 l/min) by gravity from the reservoir to the wet laboratories passing through: an ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer; a heat exchanger; and tempera- ture- and salinity- measuring probes. The flow is then directed into tanks and aquaria as needed (Fig. 4). Depending on the need for open or closed circulation, the effluent line is valved to direct flow into concrete trenches FRESH ,FU3AT VALVE 8RINE TANK Hi- RESERVOIR SATURATED BRINE ^T PROPORTIONAL VALVE REFRIGERANT PUMPS U V STERILIZER \% ETHYLENE GLYCOL HEAT EXCHANGER SALINITY PROBES RECIRCULATING SANO FILTER -TEMPERATURE PROBES WET LABS TANKS ANO AQUARIA .-y RECIRCULATING '^ O^ PUMPS U" WASTE! ^liMP TANtf RAW WATER SUMP TANK , ^j^^p piLTERs RAW WATER PUMPS ^ 1 i ELECTRICALLY -ACTIVATED VALVE SAN FRANCISCO BAY Figure 1. — Schematic of Tiburon seawater system. Figure 2.— Intake pumps, showing cleanouts and dual piping. Figure 3. — Reservoir, aerator, brine tank, and pneumatic salt delivery line. Figure 4. — Part of main wet laboratory . Plastic sheeting isolates tanks at rear for behavioral observations. where it flows out a 6-inch cast iron line into the bay, or into 3-inch PVC recirculating pipes which deliver the water to the sump tank for recirculation (Fig. 5). Three-inch caps on Y fittings are located every few feet to allow entry to the recirculating lines. All piping and valves in the system are schedule 80-PVC. Piping is in straight runs with threaded caps serving as cleanouts at each end. All seawater lines are dual to allow for maintenance, except for piping down- stream from the UV sterilizer, where cleaning is minimal. TEMPERATURE CONTROL The seawater can be cooled to a set temperature (± 2° C). Although this temperature can be adjusted for the entire system, investigators must vary temperature in their tanks by individual cooling and heating devices. A 750,000 BTU (British thermal unit) air-cooled compressor (Trane Model CGAA-6004-MA) cools ethylene glycol, which is circulated by one of two centrifugal pumps (Allis Chalmers Model F2L1, cast iron) through an all glass heat exchanger (Corning Model 600-GRB). An air-operated temperature probe in the seawater effluent 1^ \ "-ij*^j!L["a line from the heat exchanger controls the compressor through Ave steps of capacity. At the maximum step of capacity, 450 1/min can be cooled 10°C. The Corning heat exchanger is similar to that described by Lasker and Vlymen (1969). SALINITY CONTROL The salinity can be adjusted to any level above ambient (±0.5%o). A 41,600-liter fiber glass brine tank is filled pneumatically with 31,745 kg of rock salt (Fig. 3). This salt is the unreflned product of a salt company located in the San Francisco Bay area. A typical analysis is given below: Component Percent Calcium sulfate 0.09 Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate 0.03 0.01 Moisture (H2O) Water Insolubles 3.45 0.01 Sodium chloride 96.41 Figure 5. — Recirculating line in trench. Y fittings serve as entry points. Freshwater enters the tank, controlled by a float valve, and becomes saturated brine solution. This is meter- ed into the seawater line by g^ravity flow through a stain- less steel air-operated proportional valve, controlled by a conductivity meter pneumatic control system (Fig. 6). This system, patterned after Hettler et al. (1971), features conductivity meters with platinum probes mounted in the seawater line, a pneumatic controller, and chart recorder (Fig. 7). The temperature-compensated conductivity signal is converted to salinity, then recorded on a 7-day chart and fed into the pneumatic controller. The salinity is dialed on the controller, the instrument measures the difference between measured salinity and the set point, and sends a variable air pressure (4-15 pounds) to adjust the proportional valve. Variation in the salinity has been controlled to ±0.5%o. By adding another proportional valve connected to a freshwater source, one could lower the salinity if needed. ALARM SYSTEM An alarm has been incorporated into this system to avoid loss of fish and research time from component failures (Fig. 7). Specifically, the system alarms if: 1) water temperature exceeds high or low set points; 2) saUnity exceeds high or low set points; 3) the water level is too high in sump tank; 4) the water level becomes too low in the reservoir; or 5) the electric power fails. An alarm signal activates a bell and timer. If the alarm persists past a preset time interval (30-300 s), a telephone dialer is activated, sending a signal to a local alarm company that has 24-h service (they have a list of people to call for corrective maintenance). PERFORMANCE AND MAINTENANCE The Tiburon Laboratory seawater system has been operating since April 1973. As of October 1974, after some modifications, the system is meeting the objectives of high water quality year-round. SEAWATER FROM RESERVOIR BRINE FROM BRINE TANK ELECTRIC LINES PIPING NULLMATIC CONTROLLER ELECTRICITY TO AIR PRESSURE CONVERTER SEVEN DAY CHART RECORDER TO LABS Figure 6. — Schematic of salinity control system. During September-December 1974, two filtered raw water samples and two recirculating water samples (entering the wet laboratories) were taken to determine water quality changes caused by recirculation with changfing biomass. Samples were analyzed for nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate by a state-certified water quality laboratory. Temperature, pH, and salinity were measured at this facility (Table 1). The results show no significant increase in nitrite, phosphate, and pH with recirculated water. Nitrate does accumulate at low levels but adjustment of the open flow will keep nutrients at acceptable levels. The December 9 Figure 7.— Control and alarm panel showing alarm indicators (top), conductivity meters (left), nullmatic controller (bottom center), and chart recorder (right). condition indicates the seawater system water quality at near maximum biomass and flow rates. At this biomass the oxygen content measured in the effluent of the tanks was 1-3 mg/1 below saturation. The actual maximum biomass the system will maintain depends on the species held, temperature, and stress factors. For the past year, although bay turbidities sometimes exceeded 100 Jackson Turbidity Units (JTU, Hach 2100 Turbidometer), values in the laboratories never exceeded 5 JTU. Because of this, cleaning of lines containing filtered water has been unnecessary. The absolute water clarity is important for the efficient functioning of the UV system (Herald et al. 1970). The built-in UV output meter in our model (Refco Model EP-120, 316 stainless steel) indicates whether the unit needs cleaning or lamp replacement. To date, one cleaning has been needed (20% acetic acid soak for 1 h) and several lamps have needed replacement. The temperature control has been less than satisfac- tory and will be modified. The high temperature variation of ±2°C is due to the cycling of the compressor through five stages of capacity to maintain the set temperature. A modification is planned whereby a two-way proportional valve controlled by an air-operated temperature controller will direct the ethylene glycol flow into the heat exchanger or a bypass line. This arrangement should allow for precise temperature control (±0.5°C). Plans also call for addition of heating capacity via a large-capacity water heater in the ethylene glycol line. Salinity control has been precise (±0.5%o) and has been maintained, although bay salinities varied from 12 to Table 1 . — Comparison of raw and recirculated water in the Tiburon sea water system . ' Salin- Tempera- ity ture Sample C/oo) ( °C ) PH Total Recircu- Open phosphate Nitrate Nitrite latingflow flow Biomass (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (l/min) (1/min) (kg) Sept. 10 Raw 26 18 7.8 0.80 0.44 0.02 Recirc. 26 16 7.8 0.62 0.70 0.02 Oct. 29 Raw 27 17 7.8 2.5 0.62 <0.01 Recirc. 26 17 7.8 2.8 0.61 <0.01 Nov. 14 Raw 23 13 7.8 0.5 0.31 <0.01 Recirc. 26 14 7.7 0.6 0.43 <0.01 Dec. 9 Raw 22 12 7.8 0.6 0.37 <0.01 Recirc. 24 11 7.8 0.6 0.52 0.02 300 240 320 400 60 55 45 200 20 30 40 340 ' Mean values, N = 2. Total system volume = 65,000 liters. 30%o. Control can be maintained with up to 150 1/min open flow. With an average bay salinity of 18%o and open circulation of 75 1/min, a level 10 %o higher can be maintained for $270.00/week (salt cost $30.00/ton, de- livered). The cost of salt makes it mandatory to recirculate most of the flow and to monitor open circulation during periods of low bay salinities. It is recognized that the unnatural ionic balance of the salt used to increase salinity could cause problems with sensitive invertebrates or fish larvae, although no prob- lems have been encountered to date. No maintenance has been required except routine calibration. It is expected that the conductivity probes will need cleaning and replatinization every 2 yr, and the brine tank will need cleaning every 2-3 yr. This seawater system has allowed us to hold and maintain a wide variety of organisms including adult and larval Pacific herring, adult and larval northern anchovy, juvenile striped bass, juvenile chinook salmon, and other bay fish and invertebrates. Organisms have been held for up to 8 mo and used for determining effects of petroleum components on their physiology. Pacific herring and northern anchovy have been reared from eggs to juveniles. We have achieved our goal of year-round research with near-oceanic quality water. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Robert Brocksen, Reuben Lasker, and Jean- nette Struhsaker for review of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED HERALD, E. S., R. P. DEMPSTER, and M. HUNT. 1970. Ultraviolet sterilization of aquarium water. In W. Hagen (editor). Aquarium design criteria. Special edition of Drum and Croacker. p. 57-71. U.S. Dep. Interior. HETTLER, W. F., R. W. LICHTENHELD, and H. R. GORDY. 1971. Open seawater system with controlled temperature and salinity. Prog. Fish-Cult. 33(1):3-11. LASKER. R.. and L. L. VLYMEN. 1969. Experimental sea-water aquarium. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.. Circ. 334, 14 p. ti U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-699-555 / 5 REGION 10 948. Weight loss of pond-rais«d chinnel catfish ilctalurus punctatus'i during holding in processing plant vats. By Donald C. Greenland and Robert L. Gill. December 1971. iii + 7 p., 3 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna iEuthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972. iii + 16 p.. 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel {Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972. iv + 12 p.. 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washing- ton. D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temper?tures. and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972. iii + 23 p.. 3 figs.. 4 ubles. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf- of Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972. iv + 10 p.. 11 figs.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortui. By R. 0. Parker. Jr. February 1972. iii + 7 p.. 3 figs,. 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of finerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972. iii + 7 p.. 3 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop. Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p.. 9 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972. v + 32 p.. 15 figs.. 17 tables. 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972. iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis. Jr.. Richard B. Roe. and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972. xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro- motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and opera- lion. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972. iJi + 11 p., 9 figs. 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973. iii + 13 p.. I fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 662. Seasonal distribtution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973. iv + 24 p.. 13 figs.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972. iii + 16 p.. 2 figs.. 1 table. 4 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden. Brevo- ortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972. iv + 11 p.. 4 figs.. 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay. California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972. ill + 8 p.. 8 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washing- ton, D.C. 20402. 666 Distrihulion and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River. North Carolina, By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p.. 1 fig.. 13 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster {Homarus americanus} fishery along the coast of Maine. August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973. v + 57 p.. 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabnu adspersus (Walbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973. ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973. iii + 7 p.. 2 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973. iii + 11 p.. 6 figs.. 6 Ubles. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973. iv + 103 p.. 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 appendix figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Gulf menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. Argust 1973, iii + 14 p.. 1 fig.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Djcuments. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island. N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle. Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973. iii + 50 p.. 2 figs., 5 appendix tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations. .1962-66. By Edgar W. Bowman. January 1974. iv + 21 p.. 9 figs., 1 table, 7 appendix tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, KailuaKona. Ha- waii. 9-12 August 1972. Part 2. Review and Contributed Papers. Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). July 1974, iv + 335 p.. 38 papers. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974. vi + 74 p.. 15 figs.. 12 tables, 12 appendix figures. 41 appendix tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroin vertebrates in natural and altered estuanne areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p.. 11 figs., 3 tables. 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncor- kynckus nerka. and associated species in the Naknek River system. 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974. v + 53 p.. 27 figs.. 26 tables. For sate by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea. September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea. June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p.. 3 figs.. 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washing ton, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cad- mium. October 1974. iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 196h71. By N, E. Clark. L. Eber. R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974. iii + 108 p., 2 figs.. 1 table, 5 plates. MBL WHOI Libra, Serials WHSE 04502 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC RUBLICATPONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N E 45TH ST SEATTLE, WA 98105 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 OFFICIAL BUSINESS ^°°d- Hole, Na ipj.j^ ,OV-^T'0/v THIRD CLASS ''6-1 c/w5?5 AON a:3Ai30H>d AMERICAS FIRST INDUSTRY