733 U; a Q .^^ OF Co. ■fi o \ .<^^ NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-733 Possible Management Procedures for Increasing Production of Sockeye Salmon Smolts in the Naknek River System, Bristol Bay, Alaska Robert J. Ellis and William J. McNeil April 1979 Wr.r.H^u"f Biological Laboratory/ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution MAY 6 1996 Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atnnospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. N.MFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United Stales coastal waters, and the devel<»pment and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. .NMFS also a.ssists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report — Fisheries series was established in 1949 The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS. or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publicati(m of biblif)graphies of a specialized scientific nature. N().\A Technical Reports NMFS .SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and .State. They are also available m exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from 082.5. Technical Information Division. Environmental Science Informatiim Center. NOAA. Washington. DC. 2023,"). Recent SSRFs are: t>49. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna iEutbynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropica! Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972. iii + 16 p.. 7 figs., H tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C, 2()4()2. fi.5(). Kffects of .some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (. Scorn fecromoru.s macutatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. F'arragut. February 1972. iv + 12 p.. 6 figs.. 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C 20402. fj-Sl . The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972. iii + 23 p., 3 figs.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. H.')3. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12..T-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972. iv -f 10 p.. 1 1 figs.. 4 tables For sale by the Superintendent ol Documents. U.S. (Kivernment Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402, f>.'vr An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Hrnimrtia. By R, O, Parker. Jr. February 1972. iii -I- 7 p.. -i figs . 1 app table For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U..S. Cio\'erninen1 Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. fi-'».'j. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. Bv Dovie F. Sutherland, March 1972. iii -H 7 p.. 3 figs.. 2 tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC, 20402. (viH. The calico scallop. Argopecten gihbus. By Donald M. Allen and T, •I. Co.stello. May 1972. iii + 19 p.. 9 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. (i-n7. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972. v -f 32 p.. 1.'5 figs.. 17 tables. 1 app table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402, t).')8. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By .lay C, Quast and Elizabeth L, Hall, July 1972. iv + 17 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. (j.')9. The .Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes, By Harvey R, Bullis. Jr.. Richard B Roe. and Judith C Gatlin, July 1972. xl + 9.'i p.. 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. ti60. A freshwater fish electro- motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By -lames E. Ellis and (^harles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 P-. 2 figs. Wl A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p.. 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent (jf Documents. II. S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC. 20402, ()(i2. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By -John P. Wise and Charles W, Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p-, 13 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC, 20402. ()fi3 Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972. iii + 16 p.. 2 figs,. 1 table. 4 app. tables. For sale by the -Superintendent of Documents. U.S, Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. K64 Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Hri'i (Kirtia tyrnnnus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972. iv -t- 11 p.. 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the .Superinten- dent of Documents. LLS. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C, 20402, ti6,5. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay. California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972. iii -t- 8 p., 8 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. (566 Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River. North Carolina. By William R, Turner and George N, Johnson. September 1973. iv +■ 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667, An analysis of the commercial lobster [Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973. v ■(• .')7 p.. 18 figs.. 1 1 tables. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ()(i8. An annotated bibl liography of the cunner. Tauto^olabrus adspers VI Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973. ii iinprintpnHpnf of r^nciimpnt* IT ?^ rinvprnmp ilabrux adspersus ( Wilbauml, By Fredric M, Serchuk and David W, Frame. May 1973. ii -t- 4.1 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. l^.S. Government Ticp Washington DC -XU(Y? ti69. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L K Eber. August 1973. iii + 7 p.. 2 figs.. I table. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, 670, Unharvesled fishes in the US commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 19(59, By Harry D, Van Meter, July 1973. iii -f 11 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. (i71. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America. 1946-71, Bv .Andrew Bakun. June 1973. iv + 103 p.. 6 figs.. 3 tables, 4.'j app, figs. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government I'rinting Office. Washington. DC. 20402. (".iniiniifd ml inside hack i-nver NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-733 ^^2^^^,^ 'l-ItNI t)( Possible Management Procedures for Increasing Production of Sockeye Salmon Smolts in the Naknek River System, Bristol Bay, Alaska Robert J. Ellis and William J. McNeil April 1979 ,,, Marine Biological Laboratory/ Woods Hole Oceanographic Instiiutlon l.ihrp-" MAY 6 1996 Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanlta M. Kreps. Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Richard A. Frank. Administrator Terry L. Leitzell, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries National Marine Fisheries Service Kor Sale by the Superintendent o( Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Stock No. 003-017-004SI-1 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS lntni(kuli(in 1 Physical aspects and productivity of lakes 1 Abundance ot'juvenilesockeye salmon and associated species 2 I'redat ion as a limiting factor 4 liationale for increasing production of smolts 5 Spawnmg populations and sex ratios 5 Fecundity 5 Kgg-to-fry survival 6 Kry-to-sniolt survival 6 Desired try recruitment 6 Kstitnatesof current fry recruitment 6 Additional spawners required 7 Adequacy ol natural spawning grounds 7 Recommendations and conclusions 7 North Arm 8 Northwest Basin 8 Firooks Lake 9 Literature cited 9 Figures 1. Naknek River system. Alaska, showing the five main-stem lake basins (Coville and Grosvenor Lakes, lliuk Arm, South Bay, and West End) and the three external lake basins (North Arm, North- west Basin, and Brooks Lake) 2 2. Weighted mean number of age sockeye salmon per standard tow by early (before 26 July), middle (26 July-fO August), and late (after 10 August) time periods in each lake of the Naknek River system. 1961-63 3 3. Weighted mean number ot age 1 sockeye salmon per standard tow by early (before 26 July), middle (26 July-lO August), and late (after 10 August) time periods in each lake of the Naknek River .system, 1961-63 3 4. Smolt production, parent escapement, and potential egg deposition in the Naknek River system, 1956-69 6 Tables 1. Total surface area and percentage of each major basin of the Naknek River system shallower than .T m 2 2. Distribution of spawning grounds of sockeye salmon and reported escapements of adult spawners in basins of the Naknek River system 2 3. Mean surface water temperatures in August, mean number of age and age I sockeye salmon and of pond smelt and threespine and ninespine sticklebacks, and mean fork lengths of age sockeye salmon in seven lakes of the Naknek River system, 1961-63 4 4. .Abundance of spawning grounds and average catch per unit effort of age sockeye salmon in early July 1961-63 in lakes ot the Naknek River system 4 5. The system wide mean catch per tow (weighted by area of each lake) for age and age I sockeye salmon in the Naknek River system in August 1961-64 and resulting numbers of smolts produced . . 4 6. Number of adult sockeye salmon spawning in Brooks Lake and tributaries and the percentage of temales. 1957-67 5 7. Number ot adult sockeye salmon entering American Creek (Coville Lake) and the percentage of temales, 1951-72 5 8. Estimated survival of sockeye salmon from potential egg deposition to fry emigration in three spawning streams in the Naknek River system 6 9. Approximate number of try recruited annually to lake basins in the Naknek River system, assuming that 40' < ot the spawners were temales with an average of 4,000 eggs per female 7 10. Additional sockeye .salmon fry that are desirable for lake basins in the Naknek River system .... 7 11. Total existing and required number of spawners and spawning area for sockeye salmon in North .■\rm. Northwest Basin, and Brooks Lake 7 Possible Management Procedures for Increasing Production of Sockeye Salmon Smolts in the Naknek River System, Bristol Bay, Alaska ROBERT J. ELLIS and WILLIAM J. McNEIL' ABSTRACT About .'t.^'/r of the Naknek River system is greatly underutilized by juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchtts nerka. In two basins the cause seems to be a lack of spawning grounds, and in a third basin the cause may be too few spawners or poor quality spawning grounds. The annual yield of adult sockeye salmon to the fishery could probably be increased by about 200, 000 to ;i(M).OlM) fish by increas- ing the production of smolts. Artificial production of fry. along with improving or increasing the spawning environments, is recommended. The numbers of adult females, eggs, and fry required to ful- ly seed the three underutilized basins are discussed. Attempts lo Increase the production of sockeye salmon in the Naknek Kiver system must be accompanied by detailed biological studies to determine optimum seeding levels and establish cause-and-effect relations. INTRODUCTION The sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, resources of Bristol Bay, Alaska, are large and valuable and have been heavily fished since about 1900 (Burgner et al. 1969). The National Marine Fisheries Service (under various names) began research on the freshwater and early marine life of the sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay before 1920, and since the early 1940's much of this work has been done in the Naknek River system. The studies on sockeye salmon of the Naknek system have included most aspects of their freshwater biology, both biological and physical. Much is known about fac- tors that appear to limit the number of young salmon produced by the system and the number of returning adults (Burgner et al. 1969). Within broad limits, the number of returning adults produced in seawater in- creases as the number of young leaving freshwater as smolts increases. In contrast, above a certain minimum, the number of smolts produced in freshwater appears to be independent of the number of parent spawners — smolt production is limited by freshwater spawning or nursery areas. In this paper we briefly review information available in the literature on 1) physical aspects and relative pro- ductivity of the various lakes of the Naknek system, 2) abundance and distribution of spawning grounds and spawning adults, and 3) abundance, distribution, and growth of young sockeye salmon and associated species of fish. We then consider factors that appear to be limiting production of juvenile sockeye salmon in the Naknek system and suggest management procedures that might 'Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center .^uke Bay Laboratory'. National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, AK 99821. significantly increase the production of smolts (juveniles going to the ocean). PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF LAKES In freshwater, juvenile sockeye salmon typically occupy four successive habitats for varying periods: spawning gravels of streams or lake beaches for several months, littoral of lakes for a few weeks, open- water areas of the lakes for several months to 2 or 3 yr, and an outlet river through which the smolts travel for a few hours or days to reach the ocean. Two factors seem most likely to limit the production of smolts: the quan- tity and quality of spawning grounds, which may limit the number of fry produced, and the productivity of the pelagic waters of the lakes where juvenile salmon do most of their feeding and growing. The Naknek system consists of four major lakes — Coville, Grosvenor, Naknek, and Brooks — and an outlet stream that connects these lakes to the ocean — Naknek River (Fig. 1). Naknek Lake differs from the others in that it consists of five regions which appear to be phys- ically and biologically discrete. These regions are treated as separate basins in our research — Iliuk Arm, South Bay, West End, North Arm, and Northwest Basin. Because of their relative locations and to facilitate our discussion in this paper, we designate five of these lakes or basins as main-stem basins and three as external basins (Table 1). Two high mountain lakes, Hammersly and Murray, are tributary to Coville Lake and receive only a few adult sockeye salmon each year so they are not considered here. In general the lakes of the Naknek system are deep, have little littoral area, and are oligo- trophic (Burgner et al. 1969). The portion of each lake HAROSCRaBBLE Figure I. — Naknek River system, Alaska, showing the five main-stem lake basins (Coville and Grosvenor Lakes, Iliuk Arm, South Bay. and West End) and the three ex- ternal lake basins (North Arm, Northwest Basin, and Brooks Lake). Table I. — Total surface area and percentage of each major basin of the Naknek River system shallower than 5 m. Percent Surface area littoral area Lake or basin (km- or 100 ha) (<5mdeep) Main stem basins Coville Lake 33 39 Grosvenor Lake 73 10 Uiuk Arm 94 4 South Bav 74 10 West End 218 26 External basins' North Arm 182 11 Northwest Basin 41 30 Brooks Lake 75 1 Total 790 'The total surface area of the external basins composes 31.1% of the total surface area of all of the lakes. <5 m deep ranges from about SS^c in Coville Lake to about 1% in Brooks Lake. Sockeye salmon spawn in tributaries of each lake, on some beaches, and in Naknek River; but the amount of spawning grounds and the numbers of spawners are not proportional to the size of the lakes (Table 2). ABUNDANCE OF JUVENILE SOCKEYE SALMON AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES The apparent abundance of juvenile sockeye salmon and associated species in the Naknek system from 1961 to 1964 has been reported in detail (Ellis 1974). Five species of fish predominated — sockeye salmon; three- spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus; ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius; pygmy whitefish, Pro- sopium coulteri; and pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus. Table 2. — Distribution of spawning grounds of sockeye salmon and reported escapements of adult spawners in basins of the Naknek system. Surface Potential spawning grounds Range in spawners' Relative to size of lake Relative to size of area Total (ha spawning ground/ Total lake (thousands/ Basin or lake (kmO (ha) km^ lake area) (thousands) km- lake area) Main stem basin Coville Lake 33 111 3.32 80-1,000 2.4-30.3 Grosvenor Lake 73 30 0.40 35 0.5 Iliuk Arm 94 34 0.37 — — South Bay 74 6 0.07 4-150 <0.1-2.0 West End 218 148 0.68 75-200 0.3-0.9 External basin North Arm 182 8 0.04 6- '300 <0.1-1.6 Northwest Basin 41 1 0.02 July-ID AuRust). and late (after HI August) time periods in each lake of the Naknek Ri\er system. 19fil-(;:i. From Kllis (1974). ,96, 1962 - ,963 COVILLE LAKE GROSVENOR LAKE ■ V / Y - EORLT MIDDLE LATE '% 'A / \ \ _,. \ ■\ SOUTH BAT ,6 3 / a\ .96,\. NORTH ARM NORTHWEST BASIN BROOKS LAKE Figure .3. — Weighted mean number of age I socke,\c salmon per stan- dard tow by early (before 2*i •Jul.\ i. middle (2(i July-H) .August), and late (after 10 .August) time periods in each lake of the Naknek Kiver system. I%l-(i:!. From Kllis (IIITl). in the Naknek system (Ellis 1974). The three basins with the greatest numbers of all species of fish in the tow-net catches were those with age sockeye salmon of average or greater than average length — Northwest Basin, West End, and Coville Lake (Table 3). It appears that compe- tition for food or space did not result in a reduction in growth of juvenile sockeye salmon in the Naknek system. The mean fork lengths ot age sockeye salmon from the Naknek system on 1 September were generally equal to or greater than those of two other major river systems of Bristol Bay (Wood and Kvichak Riversi tor which we have comparable data (Hurgner et al. 19691. The rankings of abundance of age sockeye salmon in the various basins in early summer relative to the rank- ings of area of potential spawning grounds (Table 4) Table 3.— Mean surface water temperatures in August, mean number of age and age I sockeye salmon and of pond smelt and threespine and ninespine sticklebacks, and mean fork lengths of age sockeye salmon in seven lakes of the Naknek River system, 1961-63. Mean fork Mean length of surface water temperature' Number of fish per tow' age Mean for ( sach species Four species sockeye Sockeye salmon Pond Threespine N: inespine oi-Imon' Lake or basin (°C) AgeO Age I smelt sticklebacks sticklebacks combined (mm) Northwest Basin 14.4 30 46 35 29 140 56 Grosvenor Lake 10.8 8 0.5 0.5 0.5 8 48 Diuk Arm 10.2 37 10 0.5 6 1 54 52 South Bay 11.7 10 9 0.5 19 5 43 53 West End 12.5 8 0.5 0.5 108 6 192 59 North Arm 11.8 1 1 0.5 1 0.5 3 52 Northwest Basin 14.5 5 0.5 2 548 37 590 54 Brooks Lake 11.9 3 0.5 0.5 0.5 3 53 'Mean of all observations made in each lake during tow netting in August 1961-63. ^Mean for 16 August to 1 September 1961-63, for species other than sockeye salmon and after 11 August for sockeye salmon. 'Mean for 20 August 1962 and 1963. Table 4. — Abundance of spawning grounds and average catch per unit effort of age sockeye salmon in early July 1961-63 in lakes of the Naknek River system. Area of potential Age spawning grounds sockeye per unit lake salmon Lake or basin area (ha/km') per tow Coville Lake West End Grosvenor Lake Diuk Arm Brooks Lake South Bay North Arm Northwest Basin 3.32 0.68 0.40 0.37 0.24 0.07 0.04 0.02 96 3 3 13 1 5 1 2 within each basin were not correlated (at P = 0.05, Spearman rank correlation, Siegel 1956). However, Coville Lake had by far the highest ratio of spawning grounds to lake area and the greatest abundance of age sockeye salmon in early July, and basins with the lowest proportions of spawning grounds had smallest catches of age fish in the tow nets. The lack of significant correla- tion in all basins is likely due to many factors in- cluding: sampling error, annual variations in success of the various stocks, and incomplete knowledge of poten- tial spawning grounds and their capacities to produce fry. For the Naknek system, the abundance of age sock- eye salmon in late August between 1961 and 1964 was relatively constant. The mean number of fish per tow (weighted by surface area of each basin) varied by a fac- tor of <3— from 8.8 to 23.0 (Table 5). In addition, the numbers of smolts produced by these age fish (esti- mated in the Naknek River) were relatively constant. The parent escapements for the age fish sampled from 1961 to 1964 ranged from 351,000 to 828,000 and for age I fish from 351,000 to 2,231,000 (Table 5). From the foregoing discussion we see that the Naknek system has a relatively constant number of age fish in the fall of each year and, similarly, a relatively constant number of smolts produced in the spring from 351,000 to 2.2 million parents (Table 5). It appears, however, that Table ^. — The systemwide mean catch per tow (weighted by area of each lake) for age and age I sockeye salmon in the Naknek River system in August 1961-64 and resulting numbers of smolts produced. Age (I fish in .August can become age I or age II smolts. but age I fish in .August can become only age II smolts (rarely age III). Mean Age of Fish in number of fish and parent fish per year of escapement tow-net Smolts 1 produced ' (millions) sampling (thousands) catch Age I Agen Total AgeO 1961 828.4 11.9 8.0 8.7 16.7 1962 351.1 13.2 6.0 5.0 11.0 1963 723.1 8.8 2.2 9.9 12.1 1964 905.4 23.0 14.7 6.1 20.8 Age I 1961 2.231.8 1.9 — 8.5 — 1962 828.4 4.7 — 8.7 — 1963 351.1 3.2 — 5.0 — 1964 723.1 5.4 — 9.9 — 'Stewart, Donald M. (editorl. 1969. 1967 Bristol Bay red salmon smolt studies. Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Inf. Leafl. 134. p. 69. the three external basins are not supporting the density of age sockeye salmon that could be possible. Two of the external basins. North Arm and Northwest Basin, have by far the lowest spawning-area to lake-area ratios of the system which apparently results in too few fry to fully use the rearing areas. The third external basin. Brooks Lake (fifth ranking in the system in ratio of spawning area to lake area), may have enough spawning grounds in Headwater Creek where the lake's major stock is produced, but the true capacity of this stream is un- known. PREDATION AS A LIMITING FACTOR Predation has been considered both significant in limiting the number of sockeye salmon smolts produced (Foerster and Ricker 1942; Rounsefell 1958) and insigni- ficant (DeLacy and Morton 1943; Roos 1959). Many species of fish and bird predators occur in the Naknek system but they appear to have little effect on the number of smolts. The best example of this little effect is the large number of smolts per spawner produced by the 1961 escapement. This escapement was relatively small (351,000), but about two-thirds of the spawners went to the uppermost spawning grounds of the system — Amer- ican Creek. As a consequence most of the progeny of the escapement had to run the gamut of predators to reach the ocean. Even so, the number of smolts produced per adult in the parent escapement was about 32, the high- est rate recorded between 1956 and 1963. Thus, a large rate of production can occur in this system despite maxi- mum exposure to predation. RATIONALE FOR INCREASING PRODUCTION OF SMOLTS It appears that significantly more sockeye salmon smolts could be produced in the Naknek system if pro- duction of fry in the three external basins (Brooks Lake, North Arm, and Northwest Basin), which now support relatively few juveniles, could be increased. Brooks lake has an intermediate ratio of spawning ground to lake area, but the only way of increasing the escapement to Headwater Creek (the major spawning ground) is by selectively protecting its stock from the fishery. Since the run into Naknek River occurs over a short period (Straty 1966), it may not be feasible to protect one stock with- out a closure of the entire fishery. Even if selective pro- tection of stocks were possible, increasing the escape- ment of spawners to North Arm and Northwest Basin would probably not increase their fry production be- cause of limited spawning grounds. Therefore, the need for other methods of increasing production of juveniles seems obvious — i.e., a selective increase in survival of some stocks from egg to fry via a hatchery system or ar- tificial spawning channels. Rationale for an enhance- ment program will now be developed. Spawning Populations and Sex Ratios Our best estimates of the capacities of the Naknek system and of the three external basins in particular to produce fry can be determined from past escapement data. The annual escapements of adult sockeye salmon to the Naknek system averaged about 994,000 fish for the years 1956-69 (Parker 1974). For Brooks Lake, unpub- lished observations by the National Marine Fisheries Service for the years 1957-67 ' reveal that an average of about 21,000 adults spawned annually in the lake or its tributaries (Table 6). For North Arm the average number of spawning adults is assumed to be about 2% of the total escapement to the Naknek system (an average of 20,000 fish), and for Northwest Basin the number is assumed to be about 0.2'c (an average of 2,000 fish). These assumed percentages are based on the respective percentages of the total spawning area in each basin. Table (». — Number (»f a(!ult siickexe salmon spawning;' in liruuks Lake and tributaries and tbe pereentaKe of females. l!).'>7-(>7. •Number of Percentage Year spawners of females 1957 28,813 49.7 19.58 13,418 26.5 1959 21.849 27.8 1960 12,361 28.0 1961 7,942 53.4 1962 27.204 39.7 1963 9.904 31,3 1964 19,068 29.8 1965 15.383 26.7 1966 35,953 35.4 1967 43,974 39.3 Mean 21.443 35.2 '1\)tal count of adults passed into Brooks Lake at Brooks River weir less number counted back downstream (data derived from Dewey et al. see text footnote 3). Although stocks of sockeye salmon spawning in the Naknek system exhibit variable sex ratios from year to year, males generally predominate. Some stocks, such as Brooks Lake, have a strong dominance of males in most years (Table 6), whereas others, as illustrated by Amer- ican Creek (which flows into Coville Lake), exhibit a weak dominance of males (Table 7). On the basis of these data, we assumed a sex ratio of 40 females/100 spawners in estimating various factors related to the production of sockeye salmon in the Naknek system. Table 7.— Number of adult sockeye salmon entering American Creek (Coville Lake) and the percentage of females, iy(il-72. (Data from Dahlberg see text footnote 4). Number of Percentage Year adults of females 1961 217.824 53.0 1962 84,332 46.1 1963 63.855 33.1 1964 50,385 30.1 1965 — — 1966 99,712 34.6 1967 109.492 60.0 1968 121.324 32.4 1969 99,619 34.6 1970 77,468 24.1 1971 284,725 61.8 1972 99,562 43.1 Mean 118.936 47.8 Fecundity The fecundity of sockeye salmon in the Naknek system appears to vary around an approximate average of 4,000 eggs/female. For example, Dewey et al. (see footnote 3) counted an average of 3,950 eggs/female (range 3,668- 4,336 eggs) from Brooks Lake samples from 1957 through 1967. Dahlberg reported an average of 4,651 eggs/fe- 'Dewey, R. D., S. Tsunoda, and W. L. Hartman. 1971. Naknek system red salmon investigations. 1966-67. Unpubl. manuscr., 44 p. Northwest & Alaska Fisheries Center Auke Bay Laboratory, Natl. Mar. Fish. Ser\., NOAA. P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, AK 99821. 'Dahlberg, M. L. 1972. Studies of sockeye salmon m the Naknek River system. 1972. Unpubl. manuscr.. 114 p. Northwest & Alaska Fisheries Center Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay. AK 99821. male at American Creek (Coville Lake) and 3,553 eggs/t'emale at Miss 42 Creek (Northwest Basin) in 1972. Kgg-to-Fry Survival Ten estimates of survival from potential egg deposition to fry emigration have been made in three streams in the Naknek system (Table 8). The number of fry entering nursery lakes averaged nearly 9'f of potential egg deposi- tion. Table 8. — Estimated survival of soi'ke>e salmon from potential cuk deposition to fry pmigralion in three spaunin^ streams in the .N'aknek River svstem.' Number of Percentage survival Stream observations Mean Range Hidden Creek (Brooks Lakel 5 10 1 6.6-13.7 One Shot Creek (Brooks Lakel 1 8.5 — Ameritan Creek iCoville Lakel 4 7.3 0.7-12.0 Mean 8.8 'Michael L. Dahlberg, Fisheries Research Biologist, Northwest & Alaska Fisheries Center Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box 1.15, Auke Bay. AK 99821. Pers. commun. Mav 1976. Fry-to-Smolt Survival Assuming that the annual escapement was 994,000, 40% of the fish were females, and the average female car- ried 4,000 eggs into the system, the annual potential egg deposition averaged 1,590 million. The average number of sockeye salmon smolts emigrating from the Naknek River from 1956 to 1969, from which the average annual escapement was figured, was 12.2 million. From these as- sumptions we can calculate the average annual fresh- water survival (S> from potential egg deposition to out- migrating smolts as follows: 12.2 (smolts) 1,, 590 (eggs I 0.008. Average fry-to-smolt survival can be approximated from the tollowing relationship: S = S, X $,, where S' is the estimated total freshwater survival from potential egg deposition to smelt, Si is the estimated egg- to-fry survival, and ,S'j is the estimated fry-to-smolt sur- vival. Using the values 6' = 0.008, and .S, = 0.09, we calcu- late S, to be s. = ^ 0.008 ^ 0.09 0.09. Desirable Fry Recruitment There is no consensus on the level of sockeye salmon fry recruitment to a lake that produces the maximum outmigration of smolts. It is generally recognized that op- timum fry recruitment will vary among lakes, depend- ing on various biotic factors such as primary and sec- ondary productivity and abiotic factors such as length of growing season. Data on primary productivity presented by Burgner et al. (lo69z for 10 western Alaska sockeye salmon lake systems reveal that the Naknek system has intermediate rankings with regard to carbon fixation and standing crop of phytoplankton. However, the Naknek system ranks relatively low with regard to escapement of spawners per 100 ha of lake area. Information is not available to compare all basins within the Naknek system in regard to production of food for juvenile salmon and distribution of spawners. The number of spawners, potential egg deposition, and resultant smolt production for the Naknek system for the 14 brood years 1956-69 are shown in Figure 4. The higher levels of smolt production appear to result from escape- ments of slightly more than 1 million adult sockeye salmon, but for our estimates we used 1 million. Ellis (1974) concluded that juveniles resulting from escape- ments of up to 1 million adults did not overburden the food supply. POTENTIAL EGG DEPOSITION (MILLIONS) 1,000 ; in ' ,000 1 3,000 '*,000 1 1 • ^-^ • • ^ ^ y • ^^ ■^ * ■""^ • ^^^ 10 - ^ /.^ l/y^ l^.^ /// ■\ / ■ r 1 — 1 1 1 ' Thus, fry-to-smolt survival is estimated to average about 9%. " 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 FISH IN PARENT ESCAPEMENT (MILLIONS) Figure 1. — Smoll production, parent escapenu'iit. and potential egg deposition in (he Naknek system, l!».'t*i-(>M. Dashed line represents !).'>' '■ confidence hounds of the expected smoll production. .Modified from figure '.\7\ of Pella and -laenicke (see text footnote (»). Estimates of Current Fry Recruitment Our estimates of current levels of fry recruitment to the various lake basins are based on estimates of spawner escapement, sex ratio, fecundity, and egg-to-fry survival. We calculated average annual fry recruitment per 100 ha of lake area by dividing estimates of annual fry recruitment (Table 9) by surface area (Table 1). The es- Table 9. — Approximate number of fry reeruited annually to lake basins in the Naknek River system, assuming that 4()7o of the spawn- ers were females with an average of 4,000 eggs/female. Calculated Assumed average Assumed average Assumed annual fry adult fecundity egg-to-fry recruitment Basin escapement (number) survival (millions) Main stem lakes 951,000 1,600 0.09 136.9 North Arm 20,000 1,600 0.09 2.9 Northwest Basin 2,000 1,600 0.09 0.3 Brooks Lake 21,000 1,600 0.09 3.0 timates for the combined main-stem lakes and for each of the external basins are: Main-stem lakes 278,000 North Arm 16,000 Northwest Basin 7,000 Brooks Lake 40,000. A first approximation of the desirable number of addi- tional fry that could be supported in the Naknek system is obtained by determining the number of fry needed to bring the average annual recruitment of fry in North Arm, Northwest Basin, and Brooks Lake up to the level estimated for the main-stem lakes, i.e., 278,000 fry/100 ha (Table 10). Table l(). -.Additional soekeye salmon fry that are desirable for lake basins in the Naknek River system. Approximate Additional fry desired try Target fry For recruitment recruitment Per total basin Basin (no./lOOha) (no./lOOha) 100 ha (millions) Main stem lakes 278,000 278,000 0.0 North .'\rm 16,000 278,000 262,000 47.7 Northwest Basin 7,000 278,000 271,000 11.1 Brooks Lake 40,000 278,000 238.000 17.8 Total 76.6 Additional Spawners Required With natural spawning, approximately 532,000 addi- tional adults would be required in the combined escape- ments to North Arm, Northwest Basin, and Brooks Lake to generate the potential for an additional 76.6 million fry recruits, i.e., North Arm Northwest Basin Brooks Lake Total 331,000 77,000 124,000 532,000. Adequacy of Natural Spawning Grounds Up to 5,(X)0 female soekeye salmon spawners can be accommodated on 1 ha of good quality spawning ground (Burgner et al. 1969). With a sex ratio of 40 females/100 spawners, 1 ha of spawning ground would accommodate up to 12,500 spawners (both sexes). Thus, at least 42.6 ha of spawning ground would be required for an additional 532,000 adults in the Naknek .system. Under this assumption, the existing and required number of spawn- ers and natural spawning areas in North Arm, North- west Basin, and Brooks Lake (Table 11) lead us to con- clude that: 1) The available natural spawning areas are inade- quate for North Arm and Northwest Basin to meet the stated goals of fry recruitment, even if the desired spawner escapements could be provided. 2) The available natural spawning areas are adequate for Brooks Lake to meet the stated goals of fry recruit- ment. Factors which may now be limiting fry recruit- ment to Brooks Lake are underescapement of spawners and poor survival conditions in existing spawning areas or both. Table II. — Total existing and required number of spawru-rs and spawning area for soekeye salmon in North Arm, North- west Basin, and Brooks Lake. Basin Number ot spawners Spawnmgarea (ha) .Additional Total Existing required Existing required North. Arm 20.000 331.IXH) 7.5 28.1 .Northwest Basin 2,000 77,000 0.7 6.3 Brooks Lake 21.000 124,000 18.0 11.4 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Any plan to increase recruitment of soekeye salmon fry to North Arm, Northwest Basin, and Brooks Lake must satisfy the requirements of soekeye salmon for repro- duction and time of entry of juveniles into the lake nursery area. Furthermore, such a plan should be eco- nomically feasible and will have to be integrated with resource management programs of the U.S. Park Service and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. We consider four currently used methods to increase fry pro- duction in each of the three external basins: 1) In- crease the escapement of spawners into already accessi- ble spawning grounds, 2) provide spawners access to presently inaccessible stream areas by laddering impass- able waterfalls, 3) construct spawning channels, and 4) construct hatcheries. Because of probable need to revise any method undertaken, all attempts to enhance the present stocks in the Naknek system should be care- fully documented and evaluated. Spawning channels to supplement natural recruitment of soekeye salmon fry to lakes have shown promise in some instances in British Columbia, and should be con- sidered in the Naknek system. Assuming a satisfactory egg-to-fry survival of 70'^c in spawning channels (versus 9' c in natural spawning grounds), channels with a capac- ity of approximately 27,000 female spawners (or about 67, .500 total spawners with a 40:60 sex ratio) would be re- quired. This would mean about 5.4 ha of spawning sur- face. A hatchery capable of producing 76.6 million fry would probably cost less to construct than a spawning channel and would require much le-ss space. A building to house the required incubators would encompass about 1,300 m.- Provision of about 1,800 m- of exposed raceways might be desirable to allow tor short-term rearing ot hatchery tr>' until physical and biological conditions in the lake nursery waters become suitable. Although some physical factors favor a hatchery system, spawning chan- nels would obviate some of the biological problems of hatcheries — especially genetic selection (matings occur naturally in spawning channels) and reduction in spread- ing of diseases. For example, IHN {infectious hema- topoietic necrosis) virus is present in most stocks of sock- eye salmon in Bristol Bay and will be an important factor in the success or failure of artificial enhancement proj- ects in the area (Grischkowsky and Amend 1976). North Arm About 90' f of the natural spawning in North Arm occurs in Bay of Islands Creek (Fig. 1) which drains a high tundra lake (Idavain Lake) and runs 27 km to North Arm. Upstream migration of salmon in Bay of Islands Creek is blocked by a waterfall 14 km from North Arm. Lack of suitable natural spawning area is most likely the principal factor limiting production of sockeye salmon in North Arm. Nevertheless the present avail- able natural spawning area (7.5 ha) should support up to 100,000 spawners of both sexes or about 40,000 females — recent escapements have been only about 20' r of this number. Construction of a fish passage facility at the waterfall on Bay of Islands Creek would provide salmon access to an additional 13 km of stream and could increase the available spawning area' in North Arm by about 50' c. The feasibility of laddering the waterfall should be investigated because of its potential for a significant low- cost increase in natural production of fry. If the waterfall could be laddered and escapement of sockeye salmon spawners to Bay of Islands Creek in- creased to 150,000 adults, fry production should be about 150,000 spawners x 0.4 ^male spawner X 4,000 -^ESl. X 0.09 ^ = 21.6 million fry. fomalo c^aa female egg The recruitment of fry to North Arm would be increased to 119,(XJ0 fry/HX) ha, whereas the suggested target re- cruitment is 278,000 fry/100 ha (Table 10). It seems doubtful, therefore, that Bay of Islands Creek has the potential to produce the additional fry needed to achieve the target density even with laddering of the waterfall. Therefore, consideration should be given to artificial propagation of fry. The minimum required capacity of either a spawning channel or a hatchery would be about 28.9 million fry annually. A successful spawning channel or hatchery capable of producing 28.9 million fry could generate an additional 2.6 million smolts in the annual outmigration from North Arm. At least a 3 yr full-scale operation would be re- quired to realize maximum smolt production from the lake. Should marine survival average 15*^0 of the ad- ditional fish from North Arm leaving Naknek Lake as smolts (average survival of natural smolts from the Naknek system from 1956 to 1969 was about 19'( and for the nearby Ugashik system 12'() (Pella and Jaenicke'), an additional 390,000 sockeye salmon adults would be re- cruited to the Bristol Bay fishing grounds. Three addi- tional years would be needed after maximum smolt production is achieved before these artificially produced fish would become fully recruited to the fishery. It is like- ly that about 200,000 to 300,000 (50'r to 70%) of the fish produced artificially in the Naknek system and return- ing to Bristol Bay would be caught in the fishery. This means that 117,000 or more of them would escape the fishery and return to Bay of Islands Creek, i.e., to the site of the incubation facility. However, <30,000 of these returning adults would be needed to restock a hatcher\' facility (more would be needed for a spawning channel because of lower efficiency), and the remainder could be allowed to spawn in Bay of Islands Creek. This would en- sure almost full utilization of the natural spawning area in addition to the artificial facility. Northwest Basin Natural spawning areas are too limited in Northwest Basin to accommodate increased escapements of wild fish, and there are no opportunities to provide wild fish access to potential new spawning areas. The only obvious course of action for increasing recruitment of sockeye salmon fry to Northwest Basin is through hatchery propagation, because creeks entering Northwest Basin are too small to satisfy the water requirements of a spawning channel. About 11 million hatchery-produced fry (see Table 10) would have to be added to the Northwest Basin to achieve a target recruitment of 278,000 fry/km- of lake nursery area. This would require a hatchery similar to the facility already described for North Arm but about one-third as large. However, costs of constructing and operating such a facility on Northwest Basin would be considerably more than one-third the cost of a larger hatchery for North Arm. It would probably be more eco- nomical to enlarge a hatchery at North Arm to raise 40 million fry instead of 30 million and to transplant 10 mil- lion fry annually to Northwest Basin. To reduce possible changes in genetic makeup of stocks of Northwest Basin, only adult fish randomly selected from Northwest Basin should be used to produce fry for that basin. Based on the same calculation used for North Arm, the 11 million hatchery fry could be expected to yield about 75,000 to ''Unpublis)ied notes and stream survey data, Salmon Investigations (1961-1963). Unpaginated. Northwest & Alaska Fislieries Center Auke Bay Laboratory, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, AK 99821. 'Pella, J. J., and H. W. Jaenicke. 1975. Some observations on the biol- ogy- and variations of populations of sockeye salmon of the Naknek and Ugashik systems of Bristol Bay, Alaska, 1956-69. Processed report, 133 p. Northwest & Alaska Fisheries Center Auke Bay Laboratory-, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOA.A. P.O. Box 155, Auke Bay, AK 99821. 100,000 adults to the fishery and about 45,000 to 75,000 spawners to Northwest Basin. Brooks Lake The known natural spawning area in tributaries to Brooks Lake appears to be more than adequate for the number of spawners required to fully stock the lake with sockeye salmon fry (Table 11). Inadequate fry recruit- ment in Brooks Lake appears to be the result of inade- quate escapement of spawners to the system rather than a lack of sufficient spawning area. The large terminal tributary to Brooks Lake, Head- water Creek, is 80 km long and provides at least 15 ha of spawning ground, all of which is accessible to salmon. Escapements of sockeye salmon adults are typically < 10,000 fish (see footnote 5), even though the stream could easily accommodate 100,000 or more. Factors limiting the capacity of Headwater Creek to produce fry should be determined before plans are developed to in- crease stocks of sockeye salmon in Brooks Lake through artificial propagation. LITERATURE CITED BURGNER, R. L. 1964. Factors influencing production of sockeye salmon (On- corhynchus nerka) in laites of southwestern Alaska. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 15:504-513. BURGNER, R. L., C. J. DiCOSTANZO, R. J. ELLIS, G. Y. HARRY. JR.. W. L. HARTMAN, O. E. KERNS. JR.. 0. A. MATHISEN, and W. F. ROYCE. 1969. Biological studies and estimates of optimum escapements of sockeye salmon in the major river systems in southwestern Alaska. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 67:405-459. DeLACY, A. C, and W. M. MORTON. 1943. Taxonomy and habits of the charrs, Salcelinus malma and Salvelinus alpmus, of the Karluk drainage system. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 72:79-91. ELLIS, R. J. 1974. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon. Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-678, 53 p. FOERSTER. R. E. 1944. The relation of lake population density to size of young sock- eye salmon {(Jncorhynchus nerka). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 6:267-280. FOERSTER, R. E.. and W. E. RICKER. 1942. The effect of reduction of predaceous fish on survival of young sockeye salmon at Cultus Lake. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 5:315- 336. GRISCHKOWSKY, R. S., and D. F. AMEND. 1976. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: Prevalence in cer- tain Alaskan sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 33:186-188. JOHNSON, W. E. 1956. On the distribution of young sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Babine and Nilkitkwa Lakes, B.C. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 13:695-708. 1958. Density and distribution of young sockeye salmon (On- corhynchus nerka) throughout a multibasin lake system. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 15:961-982. KROGIUS, F. V. 1961. O sviaziakh tempa rosta i chislennosti krasnoi (On the rela- tion between rate of growth and population density in salm- on). Tr. Soveshch. Ikhtiol. Kom. Akad. Nauk SSSR 13:132-146. (Translated by R. E. Foerster, 1962, 17 p.; available Fish. Res. Board Can. Transl. Ser. 411.) NARVER, D. W., and M. L. DAHLBERG. 1964. Chignik sockeye salmon studies. In T. S. Y. Research in fisheries .... 1963, p. 18-21. Univ. Fish., Contrib. 166. PARKER, K. P. (editor). 1974. 1973 Bristol Bay sockeye salmon smolt studies. Fish Game, Tech. Data Rep. 14, 61 p. FELLA, J. J. 1968. Distribution and growth of sockeye salmon fry in Lake Aleknagik, Alaska, during the summer of 1962. In R .L. Burgner (editor). Further studies of Alaska sockeye salmon, p. 45-111. Univ. Wash. Publ. Fish., New Ser. 3. ROOS, J. F. 1959. Feeding habits of the Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma (Walbaum). at Chignik, Alaska. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 88:253- 260. ROUNSEFELL, G. A. 1958. Factors causing decline in sockeye salmon of Karluk River, Alaska. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 58:83-169. RUGGLES, C. P. 1966. Juvenile sockeye studies in Owikeno Lake, British Colum- bia. Can. Fish Cult. 36:3-21. SIEGEL, S. 1956. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sci- ences. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 312 p. STRATY. R. R. 1966. Time of migration and age group structure of sockeye salm- on (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawning populations in the Naknek River system, Alaska. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 65:461- 478. Koo (editor), Wash., Coll. Alaska Dep. tlOS Government Pnnlrng Ofdce 1979—698-005 112 872. Seasonal nccurreniT of young (aild menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and K. Peter H. Wilkins. AuKvist Idl'l. iii + 14 p,, 1 fifi,, 4 tables. Vnr sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government I*rinting Office, Washington, D.C. 2()4()2. 67^^ Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle. Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 197;i, iii + 50 p.. 2 figs., 5 app. tables. H74. Lake Krie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W, Bow- man .January 1974. iv + 21 p.. 9 figs.. 1 table. 7 app. tables. (i7.'>. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii. 9-12 August 1972, Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 197.'). iii + 'Xi p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974. iv + 355 p. {:^8 papers); Part '■]. Species synopses. June 1975. iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S, Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale bv 1 he Superuitendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402, 676, Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974. vi + 74 p.. 15 ligs.. 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app, tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent, April 1974, iii + i:^ p., 11 figs., .'i tables. 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent ot Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, 67H, Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon. On(79 Kinds ;ind abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebrciikcr (!hii irr m the eastern Chukchi Sea. September-October 1970. Bv Bruce L. Wing August 1974, iv + 18 p,. 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC 20402. (iHO, fVlagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971 Bv Gerald A, Sanger. July 1974. iii + 8 p.. 3 figs.. 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington. D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautofiolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974. iv -I- 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. F^orsale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government F^rinting Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. fi82. Heal exchange between ocean and atmi>sphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark. L. Eber. R. M. Laurs. J. A. Renner. and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p.. 2 figs.. 1 table. 5 plates (>83 Biot'conomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow. Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M, Harriman. March 1975. v + 44 p.. 20 figs.. 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 6H4. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden. Brpcoortia tyrannus, purse seine catch. 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R, Nicholson. June 1975. iv + 28 p.. 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C, 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the .South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahav March 1975, iv + 39 p,. 19 figs.. 9 tables. 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. <>86, Pink salmon. Oncorhunchus fiorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska. 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik. and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975. iv + 39 p.. 24 figs.. 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens. Genus Hrcvoortta, 1963-1973, By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and cohosalmtm. By Theodore H. Blahm. Robert J. McConnell. and George R. Snyder. April 1975. iii + 22 p.. 8 figs.. 5 tables, 4 app, tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402, 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout. Salmo gairdncrii , as shown by tagging experiments. Charts t)f tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States. 1956- 69. By Robert R. French. Richard G, Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p.. 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975. iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval fiatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the c(mtinental shelf between Cape Cod. Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina. 1965-66. By W. G. Smith. J. D. Sihunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bat hvt hermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972, By Steven K. C(»ok. June 1975. iv -I- 81 p.. 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly u[)welling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73 Bv Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii -t- 114 p., 3 figs.. 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn, September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table, 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuu'onus pclamis. in the Pacific Ocean based on Jaj>anese tuna long- line catches. 1964-67. By Walter M, Matsumoto. October 1975. iii + 30 p., 15 figs.. 4 tables, 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V. 1951- 71. By David M, Husby and Gunter R, Seckel November 1975. iv -f 44 p., 11 figs . 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Dvlau arc II during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S, J, Wilk and M, J, Silverman January 1976. iii + 159 p., 1 table. 2 app. tables. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents, U.S. tlovernment Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish tauna of Sandy Hook Bay. New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv -(- 16 p.. 21 figs.. 1 table. 2 app, tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and VV'ashington as shown by drift bottle experiments. 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii -t- 9 p.. 4 figs.. 4 tables. MBL WHOI Librarv - Senal: 5 WHSE 04516 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAl OCEANIC AND AIMOSPMERIC ADMINISTRATION NATlONAl MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STATE ROOM 450 1107 N E 45TH ST SEATTLE. WA 98105 OEFICIAl auSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM 210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE OMiGON mn\ OP Pisii s, wiujljfi!,' MAJilNl-l IJ(M].;nl'R Ji{{JVi.] .s WhM'UiCI', 01/ 'JUG'S NOAA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS NOAA. the National Oceanic and A Imospheric Adminislralion, was established as part of the Department of CoTTiTTierce on October 3. 1970. The mission responsibilities of NOAA are to monitor and predict the stale of the solid Earth, the oceans and their living resources, the atmosphere, and the space environment of the Earth, and to assess the socioeconomic impact of natural and technological changes in the environment. The six Major Line Components of NOAA regularly produce various types of scientific and technical infor- mation in the following kinds of publications: PROFESSIONAL PAPERS— Important definitive research results, major techniques, and special in- vestigations. TECHNICAL REPORTS— Journal quality with extensive details, mathematical developments, or data listings. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS— Reports of preliminary, partial, or negative research or tech- nology results, interim instructions, and the like. CONTRACT AND GRANT REPORTS— Reports prepared by contractors or grantees under NOAA sponsorship. TECHNICAL SERVICE PUBLICATIONS— These are publications containing data, observations, instructions, etc. A partial listing Data serials. Pre- diction and outlook periodicals; Technical manuals, training papers, planning reports, and information serials; and Miscellaneous technical publications. ATLAS — Analysed data generally presented in the form of maps showing distribution of rainfall, chemical and physical conditions of oceans and at- mosphere, distribution of fishes and marine mam- mals, ionospheric conditions, etc Information on tvtiltblllty of NOAA publlcallon* can t>« oblalntd from: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE INFORMATION CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION SERVICE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 6009 Executive Boulevard Rockvllle, MD 20852