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NORMENTAFELN

ZUR

ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE DER WIRBELTIERE.

IN VERBINDUNG MIT

Dr. Bles - Glasgow , Dr. Boeke- Helder, Holland, Prof. Dr. Brächet -Brüssel, Prof. Dr. B. Dean -Columbia
University, New York, U. S. A., Dr. H. FUCHS-Strassburg, Dr. GLAESNER-Strassburg, Prof. Dr. O. GROSSER-Prag,
Prof. Dr. B. HENNEBERG-Giessen, Prof. Dr. HuBRECHT-Utrecht, Prof. J. GRAHAM KERR-Glasgow, Prof. Dr. KoPSCH-
Berlin, Dr.THH.O KRUMBACH-Breslau, Prof. Dr. LUBOSCH-Jena, Prof. Dr. P. MARTIN-Giessen, Dr. NiERSTRASZ-Utrecht,
Prof. Dr. C. S. MiNOT-Boston, U. S. A., Prof. Dr. NICOLAS-Paris, Prof. Dr. PETER-Greifswald, Prof. Reighard-
Ann Arbor, U. S. A., Dr. SAKURAi-Fukuoka, Japan, Dr. SCAMMON- Harvard Medical School, Boston, U. S. A.,
Prof. Dr. Semon- Prinz- Lud wigshöhe bei München, Prof. Dr. SOBOrrA- Würzburg, Prof. Dr. SOULIE -Toulouse,
Prof. Dr. TANDLER-Wien, Dr. TAYLOR-Philadelphia, U. S. A., Prof. Dr. TOURNEUX, Toulouse, Dr. VOELKER-Prag,

Prof. Whitman- Chicago, U. S. A.

HERAUSGEGEBEN VON

Prof. Dr. F. KEIBEL, LL. D. (Harvard),

FREIBURG I. BR.

ELFTES HEFT.

NOMAL PLATES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NECTÜRUS MACÜLOSUS.

BY

ALBERT C. EYCLESHYMER and JAMES M. WILSON.

ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS MO., U. S. A.

WITH 3 PLATES.

JENA,

VERLAG VON GUSTAV FISCHER.

IQIO.

Verlag von Gustav Fischer in Jena.

Normentafeln
zur Entwickelungsgesehiehte der Wirbeltiere.

herausgegeben von

Prof. Dr. F. Keibel,

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'v^ü- *"^ — "

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Fauna Aretiea.

Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer ßerückslctitigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes
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NOßMENTÄFELN

ZUR

ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE DER WIRBELTIERE.

IN VERBINDUNG MIT

Dr. Bles - Glasgow , Dr. BOEKE- Helder, Holland, Prof. Dr. Brächet - Brüssel , Prof. Dr. B. Dean- Columbia
University, New York, U. S. A., Dr. H. FucHS-Strassburg, Dr. GLAESNER-Strassburg, Prof. Dr. O. GROSSER-Prag,
Prof. Dr. B. HENNgBERG-Giessen, Prof. Dr. HUBRECHT-Utrecht, Prof. J. Graham KERR-Glasgow, Prof. Dr. KOPSCH-
Berlin, Dr. THILO IvRUMBACH-Breslau, Prof. Dr. LUBOSCH-Jena, Prof. Dr. P. MARTIN-Giessen, Dr. NiERSTRASZ-Utrecht,
Prof. Dr. C. S. MiNOT-Boston, U. S. A., Prof. Dr. NicOLAS-Paris, Prof. Dr. PETER-Greifswald, Prof. Reighard-
Ann Arbor, U. S. A., Dr. SAKURAI-Fukuoka, Japan, Dr. Scammon- Harvard Medical School, Boston, U. S. A.,
Prof. Dr. Semon- Prinz -Ludwigshöhe bei München, Prof. Dr. Sobotta- Würzburg, Prof. Dr. SOULIE -Toulouse,
Prof. Dr. Tandler- Wien, Dr. TAYLOR-Philadelphia, U. S. A., Prof. Dr. TOURNEUX, Toulouse, Dr. VOELKER-Prag,

Prof. Whitman- Chicago, U. S. A.

HERAUSGEGEBEN VON

Prof. Dr. F. KEIBBL, LL. D. (Harvard),

FREIBURG I. BR.

ELFTES HEFT.

NORMAL PLATES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NECTÜRÜS MACULOSUS.

BY

ALBERT C. EYCLESHYMER and JAMES M. WILSON.

ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY, ST. LOUIS MO., U. S. A.

WITH 3 PLATES.

JENA,

VERLAG VON GUSTAV FISCHER.

1910.

Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Pr ef ae e.

The preparation of the normal tables and plates on Nedurus was begun several years ago by
Professor C. O. Whitman but on account of unavoidable circumstances the werk was delayed. It was later
taken up by Professor Eycleshymer upon the Suggestion of both Professor Whitman and Professor Keibel.
While Professor Whitman has not directly participated in the later work, he has furnished the senior
author with material and Information without which it would have been impossible to complete the work.
In the completion of the work the senior author has been fortunate in having the able Cooperation of
Professor James M. Wilson.

Table of Contents.

pao;e

Descriptionofillustrations '

Introductiontotables ö

Tables 7

Somevariationsinexternalstructures 28

Cleavage 28

Gastrulation 28

Closure of neural folds 28

Appearance of optic vesicles 28

Neuromeres (?) 28

Somites 2g

Lateral curvature of body 29

Externa] gills 29

Limbs 29

Pigmentation 29

Variationsininternalstructures 30

Notochord 30

Eye 30

Ear 30

Nose 30

Epiphysis 30

Paraphysis 30

Hypophysis 31

Liver 31

Pancreas 31

Spleen • 31

Thymus 31

Trachea — lungs 31

Bibliography 32

Introduction 32

A. Alphabetical arrangement of titles according to authors 32

B. Alphabetical arrangement of authors under topics 48

Plates.

Description of lllustrations.

The series of eggs, embryos and larvae of Necturus, from which the following descriptions and the
appended illustrations were made, were collected May I5th, 1903 and kept at a water temperature of
17" — 18 '' C. The illustrations are copied from the original water colored pictures which were made by
Mr. Leonard H. Wilder, under the direction of the senior author. It should be emphasized that the ages,
measurements and illustrations are all made from the living objects.

Fig. I. (X 10.)

Side view of egg i day 4 hrs. after deposition. The first cleavage groove has reached the lower
pole of the egg. Second grooves extend to level of the equator of the egg.

Fig. 2. (X 10.)

Side view of egg l day 8 hrs. after deposition. The second cleavage grooves have reached the
equator. The grooves of the third cleavage pass in meridional planes, but have not yet reached the equator.

Fig. 3- (X 10.)
Side view of egg i day 12 hrs. old. Five cleavage grooves have reached lower pole, dividing lower
hemisphere into six segments.

Fig. 4. (X 10.)

Side view of egg i day 16 hrs, old. The greater number of cleavage grooves pass in meridional
planes, many are latitudinal and some nearly radial. The upper surface of the egg shows sixteen segments,
the lower nine.

Fig. 5. (X 10.)

Side view of es!;g i day 20 hrs. old. The upper surface of the egg shows some fifty segments, the
lower nine.

Fig. 6. (X 10.)

Side view of egg 2 days 2 lirs. old. The upper surface of the egg shows more than one hundred
segments, the lower twelve.

Fig. 7. (X 10.)

Side view of egg 2 days 7 hrs. old. The upper surface of egg shows about two hundred cells.
The lower portion is in about same stage as described in Fig. 6.

Norraentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere. XI. X

31830

2 Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Fig. 8. (X lo.)
Side view of egg 2 days I2 hrs. old. The upper surface of egg shows some five hundred cells, the

lower about forty.

Fig. 9. (X lo.)

Top view of egg 4 days 4 hrs. old. Segmentation cavity shows through thin translucent roof.
Blastopore not präsent.

Fig. 10. (X 10.)

Bottom view of egg 6 days 16 hrs. old. Crescentic blastopore. Line of invagination sharply
separates large yolk cells from small cells of blastodisc.

Fig. II. (X 10.)
Dorso-lateral view of egg 10 days 10 hrs. old. Large circular blastopore; faint indication of
embryonic anläge.

Fig. 12. (X 10.)

Side view of egg 10 days 16 hrs. old. Large circular blastopore. Anlage of mesial portion of
embryo above dorsal lip of blastopore. Segmentation cavity faintly outlined.

Fig. 13- (X 10.)
Top view of egg 13 days 3 hrs. old. Small circular blastopore. Embryonic anläge triangulär in
outline ; lateral boundaries indistinct. First appearance of neural groove. Roof of segmentation cavity
thinner, making its boundaries distinct.

Fig. 14. (X 10.)

Top view of egg 14 days 4 hrs. old. Blastopore smaller, lateral margins of anterior portion of
embryo bounded by short broad ridges which are the beginnings of the lateral portions of the neural
fold. At anterior margin of embryo there is a transverse crescentic ridge which is beginning of transverse
portion of neural fold. Neural groove deep but does not extend either to transverse portion of neural
fold or to blastopore. Segmentation cavity crescentic.

Fig. 15- (X 10.)
Top view of egg 14 days 19 hrs. old. Blastopore much reduced, circular. The yolk plug is not
visible in this egg. Lateral and transverse portions of neural fold united to form continuous fold around
anterior portion of embryo. Lateral boundaries of posterior portion of embryo not defined. Neural groove
not as long, nor as distinct as in preceding stage. Dark crescentic area in front of embryo is segmen-
tation cavity.

Fig. 16. (X 10.)

Top view of egg 15 days 15 hrs. old. Blastopore small, circular; yolk plug visible. Neural fold
prominent, its free ends extend nearly to blastopore. Neural groove deep and narrow at anterior end, broad
and shallow at posterior end, fades out just in front of blastopore. A part of the segmentation cavity is
still apparent in front of the embryo.

Fig. 17. (X 10.)
Top view of egg 16 da3's 6 hrs. old. Blastopore reduced to a very minute circular aperture. Neural
plate narrower than in preceding stage. Neural fold prominent, its free ends coalescing at blastopore.

Normal Plates of tlie Development of Necturus maculosus. 3

Neural groove extends to transverse portion of fold but does not reacli blastopore. Segmentation cavity
no longer visible in surface views.

Fig. 18. (X 10.)
Top view of embryo 17 days 2 hrs. old. Blastopore an elongated narrow aperture between ends
of neural fold. Neural plate narrower than in preceding stage. The constricted portion represents in
a general way the division between head and trunk. Neural fold most prominent in head region.

Fig. 19. (X 10.)
Top view of egg 17 days 17 hrs. old. Blastopore no longer visible. Neural plate narrowest poste-
riorly; broad in head region, showing boundary zone between head and trunk. Lateral portions of fold
coalesced at posterior end of embryo. At anterior end of embryo a deep groove partially separates the
two halves of the neural fold.

Fig. 20. (X 10.)
Top view of egg 18 days 13 hrs. old. Lateral portions of neural fold almost united except in
head region where they are still widely separated. In the antero-lateral portions of the fold are slight
evaginations which are the beginnings of the optic vesicles.

Fig. 21. (X 10.)
Top view of egg 18 days 15 hrs. old, 3 or 4 pairs of myotomes. Lateral portions of neural fold
widely separated in head region, more closely approximated in anterior trunk region, coalesced in taii.

Fig. 22. (X 10.)
Dorso-lateral view of embryo 20 days 10 hrs. old, length 6 mm, 6 pairs of myotomes. Outline of
body conforms to curvature of egg. Head end of embryo shows three longitudinal ridges; middle ridge
lies slightly above level of lateral ridges. The middle one is common anläge of fore, mid and bind brain.
The lateral ones are the common anläge of the optic vesicles and branchial arches. Anus formed.

Fig. 23. (X 10.)
Side view of embryo 21 days 2 hrs. old, length 7 mm, 10 — 12 pairs of myotomes. General outline
of body conforms to curvature of egg. Head slightly raised above surface of yolk. Slight enlargement at
end of tail. A distinct enlargement of anterior end of head shows optic vesicles; just posterior to this
enlargement is the anläge of the branchial arches. Anus shows just below tip of tail.

Fig. 24. (X 10.)
Dorso-lateral view of embryo 22 days 17 hrs. old, length 8 mm, l6~i8 pairs of myotomes. Embryo
much curved laterally. Anterior half of head free from yolk. Caudal enlargement more prominent. Optic
vesicles and mandibular arch well defined. The hyoid and first branchial arches are discernible ; also the
common anläge of the second and third branchial arches.

Fig. 25. (X 5-)

Side view of embryo 23 days 10 hrs. old, length 9 mm, 20 — 22 pairs of myotomes. General outline
of the body straighter. Head free from yolk. Caudal enlargement becoming free. Optic vesicles and
forebrain much larger. Mandibular, hyoid, first branchial, and common anläge of second and third branchial
arches well defined. Otic vesicle visible above hyoid arch.

^ Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Fig. 26. (X 5-)

Side view of embryo 24 days 22 hrs. old, length 10 mm, 23 — 24 pairs of myotomes. General
outline of body of embryo straighter, less curved laterally. Head and caudal extremities free from yolk.
Yolk becoming oval. Optic vesicles prominent. Ear better defined. Olfactory pits present. The mandibular,
liyoid and first branchial arches are distinct. The second and third branchial arches are not yet differentiated,
a slight process on the first branchial indicates the beginning of tlie gill bar. The anläge of the heart is
visible just beneath the arches.

Fig. 27. (X 5.)

Side view of embryo 26 days old , length 1 1 mm , 26—27 myotomes. General outline of body
straighter than in preceding stage. Head projects some 3 mm beyond margin of yolk; tail projects 1.2 mm,
is thinner laterally but broader dorso-ventrally. Eye, ear, nasal pits and mouth well defined. Maxillary
process discernible. Mandibular arches longer, but ventral ends widely separated. Second and third
branchial arches formed. Gill bars present on three branchial arches. Anterior limb buds indicated; faint
anläge of posterior limb buds. Yolk pear-shaped. Heart prominent. First surface capillaries present although
not indicated in figure.

Fig. 28. (X 50

Side view of embryo 30 days 8 hrs. old, length 13 mm, 30 — 31 myotomes. The trunk of the embryo
is nearly straight. At level of the posterior gill there is a pronounced neck bend and at the level of the
posterior limbs a striking downward bend of the tail. The epiphysis shows in surface views. The lens is
discernible. The ear is still vi.sible. The external nasal openings are sharply defined. The boundaries of
the mouth are better outlined owing to the approximation of the ventral ends of the mandibular arches.
The hyoid arch is becoming obscured. The gill bars are prominent on the three branchial arches. The
anterior limb buds project dorsally about .5 mm above the surface of the bod3\ The posterior limb buds
are but slight elevations. The yolk is pear-shaped with its dorsal surface much flattened. The auricular
and ventricular portions of the heart are apparent. The surface of the yolk is covered by a dense network
of capillaries which for the most part convey blood antero-ventrally to the abdominal vein. Considerable
pigment is present in the trunk region although but little has reached the outer portion of the dermis.

Fig. 29. (X 5)

Side view of embryo 36 days 16 hrs. old, length 16 mm, 36-38 myotomes. In general outline the
embryo shows a numljcr of striking changes. The neck bend is not so pronounced. The tail bend is
scarcely noticeable. There is a striking increase in dorso-ventral width of tail. The cerebral hemispheres
are well defined. The eye is now prominent and the lens better defined. The ear is no longer visible in
surface views. The mouth is well defined. The ends of the mandibular arches are closely approximated
but not united. The hyoid and branchial arches are more obscure. Anlagen of gill fiiaments present on
gill bars. Anterior limbs project dorsally. Posterior limbs are short ridges extending in horizontal plane.
The yolk is elongated and reduced in diameter both dorso-ventrally and laterally. Surface blood vessels
as in preceding stage, excepting that they are now apparent in the gill bars. The chromatophores are
most numerous in the anterior and dorsal portions of the head.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus. c

Fig. 30. (X 5-)

Side view of einhryo 40 days 20 hrs. old, length 18 mm, 44—46 myotomes. The outline of the
body shows a marked ventral curvature of the trunk, less pronounced neck bend, and further increase in
the dorso-ventral width of the tail. The eye is very prominent owing to the pigment in the retina. Ear
not visible externally. Nasal openings very small. The mandibular arches have coalesced. The boundaries
of the other arches are no longer discernible. Gill filaments well developed. Anterior limbs about i mm
long project dorso-posteriorly. The yolk is elongated oval. Abdominal vein and branchial blood vessels
prominent. Pigment present in dorsal portion of head, also along dorsal and lateral portions of trunk and
tail. The yolk is unpigmented excepting along dorsal margin.

Fig- 31. (X 5.)

Side view of larva 49 days old, lergth 21 mm. General outline of body decidedly different. Head
bend obliterated, slight upward curve in trunk. Tail broader. Eye more deeply pigmented. Gill bars very
long, extending to level of end of anterior limb. From three to five lateral filaments on each gill bar.
Anterior limbs project postero-ventrally ; three digits formed. Posterior limbs directed caudad ; no trace of
digits. Yolk much elongated. Network of capillaries denser. Large lateral arteries, at level of upper
margin of yolk, very prominent. Well defined longitudinal bands of pigment.

Fig: 32. (X 5.)

Side view of larva 61 days old, length 25 mm. General outline of body shows less dorsal curvature
of trunk. Tail much longer in proportion to length of trunk and much broader dorso-ventrally. Gill bars
longer, each posessing six to eight lateral filaments. Anterior and posterior limbs directed postero-ventrally.
Anterior 3 mm long, posterior 2 mm long. Each limb shows four digits. The distribution of pigment is
essentially similar to that observed in the 21 mm larva, the bands however are more sharply defined.
Chromatophores in the gill bars and limbs and beginning to extend over the dorsal surface of the yolk.

Fig. 33. (X 5.)

Side view of larva 70 days 4 hrs. old, length 28 mm. The general outline of the body is slenderer
than at any time preceding. The rapid absorption of the yolk has brought its ventral surface nearly to the
level of the ventral surfaces of the head and tail. The gill bars curve dorsally and possess fi;om ten to
twelve pairs of lateral filaments. The tail is somewhat constricted at the level of the posterior limbs. The
limbs and digits are better developed and are now used in locomotion. Pigmentation is denser than in
25 mm larva, but same general arrangement of bands prevails.

Fig. 34. (X 50

Side view of larva 97 days old, length 34 mm. In general outline the larva begins to resemble the
adult. The yolk is well absorbed. The tail is very broad and now used as a powerful caudal fin in
swimming. The gill bars project dorsally and have a large number of filaments. The legs project far
below the ventral surface of the body. In color the same general pattern prevails as in the 28 mm larva.

f. Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

There are some minor changes, the Hght band is broader and better defined, and extensions of pigment
over the yolk have been so uneven that a number of irregulär oval areas are left unpigmented, causing a
mottled appearance in this region.

Fig. 35. (X 5-)

Side view of larva 126 days old, length 39 mm. The young Nedurus now conforms in outline to
the adult. In color hovvever it is decidedly diiferent.

Introduction to Tables.

The material upon which the normal tables are based was collected in 1903. At the time the
illustrations were made from the living material, several specimens of the same stages were fixed in various
Solutions. Among these 10 7o formalin caused the least distortion. This formalin -fixed material proved
most satisfactory for work not involving cytological study. The material was stained in toto with haemato-
xylin, imbedded in paraffin and counterstained on the slide with weak picric acid, orange G or eosin.
Unless otherwise stated the above fixation and staining have been used. Each of the stages designated in
the following tables was sectioned in transverse, horizontal and sagittal planes. Besides these series many
others have been consulted in which the material was fixed and stained by other methods. The total
number of series at our disposal was upwards of 250.

T a b 1 e s.

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

Length

lO

II

12

13

14

16

17

18

12

18

20

25

28

35

38

40

48

55

65

69

73

>S5

Age

I day 4 hrs.
I day 8 hrs.
I day 12 hrs.

1 day 16 hrs.

2 days 2 hrs.

2 days 7 hrs.
2 days 12 hrs.

6 days 16 hrs.
10 days 16 hrs.

13 da3's 3 hrs.

14 days 4 hrs.

14 days 19 hrs.

15 days 10 hrs.

16 days

16 days 10 hrs.

17 days

17 days 17 hrs.

iS days 15 hrs.

Elastomeres

Volk

2

6

12

20—24
80 — 100

200—250

500—600

Lower portion six surface grooves.

Lower portion nine surface grooves;
none reach center of egg.

Lower portion twelve surface grooves ;
few reach center of egg.

Lower surface as above excepting
several grooves reach center of egg.

Lower portion forty surface grooves;
yolk much segmented.

Normal Plates ol the Development of Necturus maculosus.

Segmentation
cavity

Blastopore. Anus

Archenteron. Enteron.
Mesoderm. Chorda

Neurenteric
canal

Nervous System.
Optic vesicles. Somites

Stage

Präsent , large ; roof
Single layer thick.

Large, roof in nart two
layers thick.

Segmentation cavity

larger, roof in part

two layers thick.

Segmentation cavity

large, roof in part

three layers thick.

Roof thinner , four

layers around peri-

phery, single layer in

center.

Well formed.

Smaller.
Smaller.

Quite small.

Very small.

Very small.

Very small.
Not present (?).

Small, well defined.
(?)

Present as large spaces
among yolk cells.

Crescentic fissure on
ventro-lateral portion of
egg-

Horse-shoe-shaped.

Circular.

Small, circular, yolk plug
externally visible.

Very small, circular, yolk
plug externally visible.

Elongated dorso - ven-
trally; yolk plug not ex-
ternally visible.

Yolk plug not present.

Archenteron just beginning.

Archenteron extends over about 20"
Peristomal mesoblast present at dorsal
lip of blastopore.

Archenteron extends over about 45°.

Dorsal wall posteriorly two layers.

Peristomal mesoblast well defined in

ventral lip of blastopore.

Archenteron nearly complete; dorsal
wall two layers anteriorly. Meso-
blast around entire blastopore. An-
lage of chorda.

Archenteron very nearly complete;
Single layer in mid-longitudinal axis;
this layer is beginning of chorda
Paraxial mesoblast co-extensive with
chorda.

Lateral walls of enteron three layers

Somatic and splanchnic layers well

defined. Chorda well defined in head

region.

Enteron single-layered dorsal wall;
mesoblast extends ventrally over one-
half of egg. Chorda narrower, thicker.

Walls of enteron as above. Meso

blast extends to ventral portion of

egg; well defined coelom. Chorda

anteriorly a rod of cells.

Chorda oval or round in cross section

througliout head and trunk regions.

undifferentiated in tail.

Present.

Present.

Present,

small.

Tubulär.

Small canal

VVidely
open.

Anus perforate.

Enteron as above. Mesoblast over Closed (?).
ventral surface of egg. Chorda well
defined in head and trunk regions.

Broad neural plate of thicke

ned ectoblast; shallow neu

ral groove.

Low neural ridges present,
deep neural groove.

Higher neural ridges, deep
neural groove.

Prominent neural folds ap-

proaching each other, deep

neural groove.

High neural ridges approxi

mating, but nowhere in

contact.

Neural ridges meet in ante-
rior head region. Beginning
of optfc vesicles.

Neural ridges not closed in
head region but coalesced
in posterior trunk region and
in tail. Optic vesicles better
defined.

Neural folds closed through-
out entire length of embryo.
Optic vesicles prominent,
outer wall single layer of
cells. Three or four somites

10

13

14

16

17

NormentafelD lur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere. XI.

lO

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

19

19a

20

21

Series

100 Trans.

101 Trans.

102 Trans.

103 Sag.

105 Trans.

Length

6 mm

Age

6'/j mm

7 mm

8 mm

106 Trans.

107 Sag.
HO Front

20 daj's
10 hrs.

21 days
2 hrs.

22 days
18 hrs.

9 mm

Body Form

23 days
10 hrs.

Outline of body
conformstocur-
vature of egg;
extends over
160" of circum-
ference of egg.

Extemally 6
pairs of Seg-
ments, those
in anterior
trunk region
roughly tri-
angulär in
cross sec-
tions. Myo
coele prä-
sent. Muscle
plate and
cutis plate
well defined.
Clear zone
at ends of
muscle plate.

Body Covers
180" of circum-
ference of egg.

Head end of

embryo slightly

elevated above

surface of yolk

Distinct en-

largement of

anterior end

shows optic

vesicles. Tail

end enlarged to

form slight

knob.

Embryo curved
laterally. Ante-
rior half of head
free from yolk.
Optic vesicles
well defined.

Somites

Notochord

Nervous System

Extemallyio
to 1 2 pairs of
myotomes.
In anterior
trunk region
muscle and
cutis plate
better de-
fined, other-
wise as in
6 mm stage.

Notochord anteriorly
a solid rod of cell
Extends slightly in
front of ear. Posteri
orly not free from
ectoderm orentoderm.

Extemally 14
to 16 pairs
myotomes.

Head end ele-
vated. Optic
vesicles larger
Mandibular,
hyoid, first
branchial and
common anläge
of second and
third branchial
arches well de-
fined. Caudal
enlargement
morc pronoun
ced. Embryo in

contact with

yolk over 140".

Curved late

rally.

Externally20
to 22 pairs of

myotomes.

In anterior
trunk region,
muscle plate
nearer noto-
chord. Clear
zones at ends
of plate

wider, fib-
rillacpresent
in myobl.-ists.

Well defined through
out anterior and
middle portion of
body; extends slightly
in front of level of ear.
Anterior portion lies
in contact with medul-
lary tube. Long tract
of mesenchyma be
tween anterior end of
chorda and hypophy-
sis; fused with ento-
derm and ectoderm in
posterior portion. An-
lage of sheath. Indi-
cations of hypochorda

Extends from a point
slightly in front of ear
to tip of tail. Vacuo-
lated anteriorly, not

posteriorly. Sepa
rated from neural tube,
fore gut and hypo-

physis by mesen-
chyma. Posteriorly
notochord, neural tube
and entoderm fused
into common mass.
Unsegmented. Hypo-
chorda well defined.

Eye

Ear

Neural tube closed throughout entire
length ; enlarged at anterior end
Fore brain, mid brain and hind brain
indicated. Anlage of telencephalon
Fore brain nearly at right angles with
mid brain; prominent, oval ni trans-
versa section; walls thin, cavit}' large
Mid brain long; oval in transverse
section ; canal narrow transversely
Optic stalk .short, hollow. Chiasma
well defined. Torus transversus small
Infundibulum moderate size. No
plexus. No commissures. Anlage of
trigeminal ganglion, also acusticus,
facialis and vagus. Spinal cord long
oval in section. Anlage of spinal
ganglia. Caudally, notochord, dorsal
wall of gut and neural tube fuse into
common mass of cells.

Cranial flexure well marked. Divi-
sions of brain better defined. Me-
dulla longer than fore brain and mid
brain together. In roof of fore brain,
paraphysial arch, postvelar arch and
epiphysial arch formed. Beginning of
velum transversum. Trigeminal nerve
forming branches. Roof of meduUa
a siegle laver of flattened cells ; nerve
fibers forming in Gasserian ganglion.
Spinal cord oval in section. Canal
Wide, constricted at sides. Roof plate
thinner than floor plate. Cells still
contain large yolk granules. Spinal
ganglia have grown down nearly to
middle of side of cord.

Flexure showing in mid brain. Hemi
spheres well developed ; walls thinner ;
ventricle very large. Beginning of
epiphysis. Velum transversum deeper.
Infundibulum forming. Optic chiasma
well defined, also torus. Roof of mid
brain thin, ventricle widest in dorsal
portion. Auditory nerve well devel-
oped. Trigeminal ganglion has two
branches, one running over eye,
other anterior to first gill. Peri-
pheral band of nerve fibers on ven-
tral and lateral surface of medulla.
Spinal cord elongated oval in trans-
verse section. Canal wide. Roof
plate thin, well defined. Ganglia
larger. Undifferentiated mass of cells
at caudal end of spinal cord.

Primär}' optic
vesicles better
defined; grown
slightly back-
ward ; outer
wall flattened
and thickened
forming anläge
of retina ; open

widely into
third ventricle.
Anlage of lens
as slight thicke-
ning of ecto-
demi. No meso-
derm between
lens and vesicle.

Vesicle larger.

Beginning of
optic cup. Inner

layer thinner;
outer or retinal

la3'er slightly

concave. Optic

stalk somewhat

constricted.

Otic vesicle
just closed,

spherical,
lies between
ectoderm and

hind brain.

Cells elon-
gated in ven-
tral parttheir

inner ends

free from

yolk. Acus-

tico-facialis
ganglion lies
ventro-ceph-
aladof vesicle
and is nearly
as large as
vesicle.

Vesicle com-
pletely
closed,
slightly
pear-shaped,
smaller end
dorsal. In
contact with
ectoderm.

Optic cup shal
low. Optic stalk
better defined
contains small
tubulär lunien
which connects
third ventricle
of brain and
cavity of optic
vesicle. Lens
consistsof sphe-
rical mass of
cells arranged
radially ; still in
connection with
ectoderm and
containing
cavity.

Vesicle
pear-shaped,
smaller end
dorsal, de-
tached from
ectoderm.
Anlage of
ductus endo-
lymphaticus
as Short dor-
sal evagin-
ation. Thin

layer of
mesenchyma
between ve-
sicle and
ectoderm,
also between
vesicle and
hind brain.

Normal Plates of thc Development of Necturus maculosus.

II

Nose

Hypoph3'sis

Mouth

Digestive System, Liver,
Pancreas, Spleen

Gills, Thyroid,

Thymus, Trachea,

Lung

Urino-
genital
System

Anlasje of

nasal organ as

thickening of

internal layer

of ectoderm.

Anlage of hypophysis

as a long wedge-
shaped mass of cells
the inner end of which
is 2 or 3 layers thick,

outer end a single
layer continuous with
deeper layer of ecto-
derm. No Capsula.
Lies some distance
from anterior end of
notochord. Wall clo-
sely applied to single-
layered wall of infun-
dibulura. Yolk gra-
nules less numerous
than in underlying
entoderm.

Position of

mouth indi-

cated by

thickening

of ectoderm

Heart and Blood
Vessels

Skin

Gut extends from level of poste-
rior portion of eyes to a point
slightly beyond posterior end of
embryo. Distended anteriorly to
form branchial Chamber: short
postanal gut.

Thickening of
internal layer

of ectoderm
more pro-

nounced and
more definitely
circumscribed

Slight con-
cavity in sur-
face of ecto-
derm. Thick-
ness of wall ot

nasal organ
equal to that
of wall ot fore-
brain. Narrow
layer of mesen-
chymabetween

nasal organ
and forebrain.
External laj'er

of ectoderm
can be traced
only to margin
of nasal organ

Anlage of thyroid

as median out
growth in anterior
portion of floor of
iDranchial cavity, in
close relation to

hyomandibular

arch. No external

indications of gill

arches.

Stage

19

Pronephric

ducts present

as two short

straight

tubes.

Anlage of liver.

Single layer ot

long flat cells

containing

coarse yolk

granules.

Anlage of heart in Thickened
form of a rod of greatly over
cells lying below head. Over
the Pharynx and body long flat
between the ven- cells intersper
tral borders of the sed with many
pericardialcavities. large oval cells.

Mass of cells close
under infundibulum
4—5 cell layers thick.
Slight indications of
cavity. Has lost con-
nection with ectoderm.

Surface in
vagination a
broad trans-
verse groove.

Thyroid evagin-
ation deeper. Out

growth longer.

Mandibular hyoid

and common an-

läge of third,

fourth and fifth

arches visible

externally.

19a

20

Gut extends from anläge of mouth
to junction of tail end of embryo
with yolk; here it runs ventrad
and extends somewhat further over
the yolk than in the preceding
stage. Extends laterally far bey-
ond bounds of embryo at level
of anterior portion of yolk. Diver-
ticulum of gut just behind liver
extends ventrally half way to ven-
tral surface. Pharyngeal Chamber
large. Midgut narrow dorso-ven-
trally, wide' laterally. No distinc-
tion between midgut and hindgut.
Wall of Pharynx and dorsal wall
of midgut consist of single layer
of columnar cells, heavily laden
with yolk granules. Ventral wall
of midgut irregulär yolk cells.
Liver pear-shaped evagination

Mandibular, hyoid,

first branchial and

common anläge of

fourth and fifth

arches visible

externally.

Pronephric
ducts coiled,
open anteri

orly. End

posteriorly
about 10" or
11" Segment
End in mass
of mesoderm
in close prox-
imity to

entoderm.

Pericardial cavity
large. Heart has

become a tube.

Endothelium dis

tinct. Division into

auricular and ven

tricular portion re

cognizable. Lateral

blood vessels

appearing, also

branchial arches

and sinus venosus.

Thickened over

fore and mid

brain.

12

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

23

111 Trans.

112 Sag.

113 Front.

24

116 Trans.

117 Front.

25

118 Trans.

119 Sag.

Length

12 mm

26

120 Trans.

125 Sag.

126 Front.

Age

Body-form

24 days
22 hrs.

26 days

28 days
2 hrs.

13 mm

Head more
elevated. Optic

vesicies pro-
minent. Embryo
less curved ven-
trally and late-
rally. Tail end
enlarged, be-
Coming free
from yolk. Yolk
becoming oval

in outline.

Markedcephalic

flexure.

Outline of body

straighter.
Anterior limb

buds indicated.
Yolk pear-

shaped. Heart
prominent.

Embryo less
curved dorso-
ventrally and
laterally. Head
end free to an-
läge of heart
Tail end pro-
jects further
from yolk.
Markedcephalic
flexure. Ends
of mandibular

arches near
median line but
still separate.
Yolk changed
from oval form
to pear-shaped,
small end an-
terior. Capil-
laries appearing
in yolk.

Somites

Externally 23

to 24 pairs of

myotomes.

Muscle plate

much wider

laterally, ex-

tends further

ventrally. Myo-

coele small.

Notochord

Sheath well defined,
a Single layer of cells.
Vacuolated through-
out excepting a small
portion at posterior
end. Hypochorda well
defined.

Nervous System

Eye

Ear

Externally 26
to 27 myotomes.
Inanteriortrunk
region muscle
plate and cutis

plate further
dififerentiated;

muscle plate

extends ven-
trally to level of
ower margin of
notochord. Myo-
coele nearly ob-
literated. Septa
between myo-
tomes forming
by ingrowing

mesenchyma.

Externally 28

to 29 myotomes

(?)•

Extent as above.

Separated from neural

tube by mesenchyma

throughout head and

trank. Separated from

gut by mesenchyma

and dorsal aorta.

Hypochorda better

defined.

Extends to level of ear
anteriorly. Separated
from neural tube by
mesenchyma through-
out entire length ex-
cept at caudal end.
Separated from gut by
mesenchyma and dor-
sal aorta.

30 days
8 hrs.

Externally 30
to3l myotomes.

Flexure in mid brain more pro-
nounced. Cerebral hemispheres
better defined. Neuromeres in
medulla well marked. Para-
physis indicated as thickening
in epithelium. Spinal cord oval
in transverse section. Layer ofj
fibres well defined in ventro-
lateral portion of cord. Spinal
ganglia better defined. Many
nerve fibers beginning to grow
out from ganglion cells.

Epiphysis better defined; para-
physis a slight evagination;
walls of both a single layer of
cells. Velum transversum also
a Single layer of cells.

Optic cupconcave; Vesiclepear-
outer pigment wallj shaped.
a Single layer of Ductus endo-
cells; inner wall orjlymphaticus
retinal layer thick. better devel-
Inner ends of cells oped.

becoming clear.
Optic stalk nar-
rower. Lens sphe-
rical, hollow, not

completely de-
tached from inner
layer of ectoderm.
Mesoderm extend-
ing between lens

and wall of cup.

Optic cup more Vesiclepear-

concave, cavity shaped;
very small. Lens lateral por-
detachedfromecto-tion of wall
jderm ; inner wallthinner,inner
thicker than outer. portion thick,

No cellular ele- Iventral por-
ments in cavity ofi tion very

lens. Mesoderm thick. Ductus
also extending be- endolympha-

tween lens and
optic cup.

Paraphysis a well marked Pigment wall of
narrow diverticulum. Spinal optic cup very thin.

cord cells still arranged radially.
Layer of fibers better defined.

Extends from otic
vesicle to fjosterior
end of spinal cord.
Vacuolated throughout^
greater portion of its

extent. Separated
from neural tube and
gut throughout entire

extent. No mesen-
chyma between noto-
chord and neural tube.
Separated from gut
by mesenchyma and
dorsal aorta. Hypo-
chorda not present(?).

a Single layer of
flat cells. Optic
stalk more con-
stricted. Lens
larger, nearly fiUs
optic cup ; cavity

in lens larger.
Mesoderm between
lens and ectoderm
A few mesoderm
ceUs in optic cup
behind lens,

Cervical flexure well marked.
Diencephalon and mesence-
phalon nearly at right angles
to medulla. Velum transversum
much deeper. Infundibulum and
hypophysis larger, also optic
chiasma and torus. Commis-
sure in torus recognizable. No
plexus. Diencephalon still pro-
jects in front of prosence-
phalon. Ganglion oftrigeminal
very large. Peripheral laj'er of
fibers developed in ventral and
lateral wall of mid brain. Be-
ginning of plica rhombomes-
encephalica. Spinal cord oval
in section , compressed late-
rally ; canal a narrow slit.
Spinal ganglia large, well de-
veloped.

ticus bemg
constricted.

Optic cup has outer

margin in close
contact with ecto-
derm. Cavity ob
literated except at
outer margin. Pig-
ment wall and re-
tinal layer as above.

Lumen of optic
stalk smaller. Cho-
roidal groove deep
Walls of lens of
uniform thickness.

Vesicle flat-
tened on
mesial sur-
face; walls of
saccular por-
tion notably
thicker than
remaining

portion.
Mesoderm
separates ve-
sicle from
ectoderm,
also from
hind brain.
Ductus lon-
ger, con-
stricted.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus.

13

Nose

Hypophysis

Mouth

Digestive
Sj'stem ,
Liver,

Pancrcas,
Spleen

Gills, Thyroid, Thymus,
Trachea, Lung

Urino-genital
System

Heart and Blood
Vessels

Skin

Ske-
leton

Limbs

Stage

Disk-like
depression
on surface
deeper. Na-
sal epithe-
lium thicUer,
separated
from fore-
biain by thin
layer of
mesen-
chyma.

Invagination
deeper, cup-
like. In free
ends of cells
forming

bottom of
cup, yolk is
entirely ab-
sorbed leav-

ing clear
Zone.

Nasal pit for-
med ; organ
oval in out-
line.

An oval loosely
arranged mass
of cells contain-

ing irregulär
cavities.Antero-
ventral wall
thinner than
dorsal. Yolk
not absorbed.

Gill bearing arches recog-
nizable as divisions in a
common enlargenient from
which they develop. An-
lage of external gills as
slight proliferations. An
läge of trachea as longitu-
dinal groove in median line
of thickened ventral wall
of Oesophagus. Gill clefts
indicated by deep evagin
ations of pharyngeal and
corresponding mvagination
of surface ectoderm. Noecto-
dermal invagination bet-
ween fourth and fifth arches.

Gill bearing arches better
developed. Ectodermal in-
vagination between fourth
and fifth arches. Tracheal
groove deeper; wall a single
layer of columnar cells.

Pronephricduct

much coiled at

anterior end;

sanie caliber

throughout ;

widely open

anteriorly into

coelom; poste-

riorly open into

cloaca. No

trace of meso-

nephros.

Epithelium
of mouth
shovvs as
columnar
layer of
cells, al-
though yolk
is not absor-
bed in mouth
cavity.

Nasal pit a
short cylin
der. Epithe-
lium thicker.
Clear Zone at
free ends of
cells broa-
der

An oval mass of
cells closely

applied to in-
tundibulum.

Contains cavity.

Capsule begin-

ning to be for-
med.

Anlage of
gall blad-
der. An-
lage of
dorsal
pancreas.

Heart somewhat twisted.
Endothelium and meso-
thclium defined. Blood
vessels prescnt in ante-
rior branchial arches.
Truncus arteriosus for-

med. Beginnings of
vitelline veins as irre-
gulat Spaces on ventral
surface of yolk. Anterior
and posterior cardinal
veins forming. Blood
capillaries appearing over
surface of yolk. No blood
vessels in tail.

Gill bearinCT arches better
defined. Gill bars pro-
minent but no gill fila
ments. Pharyngeal portion
of gill clefts extends two
thirds distance to exterior,
meeting ectodermal invagin-
ations. Walls of clefts
closely apposed.

Thyroid extends backward
to anterior wall of pericar-
dium. Tracheal evagination
deeper, tubulär.

Generally
two layers.

Cuticular
margin well
developed.
Shows Stra-
tum corneum
and Stratum

germina-
tivum, each

a Single
layer of cells.
Many large

oval cells

(mucous,

"Leydig"
cells).

Heart placed transver-
sely. Large abdominal
vein formed communica
ting with sinus venosus.

Pronephric tu-
bules still wi-
dely open into
coelom. Poste-
rior portion nar
rower than ante
rior. No meso-
nephros.

Heart S-shaped, twisted
Auricular portion tubu-
lär. Ventricie constricted
where itopens intoconus.
Conus and truncus not
differentiated. Endothe-
lium of ventricie and of
pericardial cavity a single
layer of flattened cells.
Anterior and posterior
cardinal veins formed.
Large abdominal vein
running through the liver
Beginning of portal cir-
culation.

Cuticular
margin
thicker. An-
lage of late-
ral line
Organs.

Anlageof

anterior

limbs

visible.

23

24

Anterior
limbs
more
prom-
inent.
Posterior
limb buds
just dis-
cernible.

25

36

14

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

27

127 Trans.

128 Sag.
130 Front.

28

131 Trans.

133 Sag.

134 Front.

2g

135 Trans.

138 Sag.

139 Front.

Length

14 mm

15 mm

16 mm

Age

32 days
10 hrs

34 days
12 hrs.

36 days
16 hrs.

Trunk of embryo

straight when
viewed from side.
Cephalic flexure
still pronounced.
Neckbend marked.
Pronounced ven-
tral band in tail at
level of posterior
limbs. Lateral cur-
vature pronounced,

Yolk elongated,
pear-shaped. Flat-
tened on dorsal sur-
face ; large abdo-
minal vein. Con-
siderable pigment
in trunk.

Body Form

Somites

Externally 31

to 32 myotomes.

In anterior

trunk region

myotomes much

elongated
dorso-ventrally,
extend below
level of noto-
chord. Muscle
plate Covers one

half distance
between noto-
chord and ecto-

derm. Cutis
plate recogniz-
able. Septawell
differentiated,
fibrillae fiU one
half of muscle
cell.

Shows 32—34
myotomes.

Trunk and tail
straight line. Neck
and cephalic flex-
ures less pronoun-
ced. Tail greatly

widened dorso-
ventrally at level
of posterior limbs.
Yolk mucli elong-
ated, ventral sur-
face convex, dorsal
slightly concave in
profile view. Man-
dibular arches
strongly devel-
oped, ventral ends
enlarged , not yet
united. Pigment
present in trunk
and dorsal portion
of head. Anterior

limb buds pro-
minent, posterior
shght elevations.

Horizontal
section shows
36-38 myo-
tomes. In
anterior trunk
region muscle
plate extended
ventrally to
level of pro-
nephric ducts.
Cutis plate
obscure.

Notochord

Nervous System

mesenchyma inter
vening.

Anterior end close

to hj'pophysis,
äome mesenchyma
intervening; poste-
rior reaches end of
spinal cord. An-
terior end slightly
enlarged. Yolkab-
sorbed in central

portion. Caudal
end still in contact
with neutral tube.
Sheath better de-
veloped, not seg-

mented. Hypo-
chorda not present.

Extends almost to
hypophysis, some
mesenchyma inter-
vening. Knobbed

at anterior end.
Greatest diameter
at level of anterior

margin of yolk.
Vacuolated
throughout except
near ends. In head
and trunk consider-
able mesenchyma
between notochord
and neural tube.
Sheath better de-
veloped. Mesen-
chymal thickenings
in sheath indicate
beginnings of
intervertebral
disks.

Eye

Extent as above. Epiphysis a small flattened
Anterior end al- jvesicle; cavity in stalk ob-
most in contact 'literated. Posterior commis-
with hypophysis, asure indicated. Lumen in
small tract of optic stalk very small. Dor-
sal wall of diencephalon a
Single layer of cells. Para-
physis and epiphysis both
surrounded bj' mesench^'ma.
Plica rhombomesencephalica
a deep invagination. Infun-
dibulum larger; ventral pro-

cess extending caudad,
posterior wall single laj'er
of cells, closely applied to
antero-ventral wall of me-
dulla. Cord oval in outline
in cross section, ventral half
narrower than dorsal. Layer
of fibers on outside ot ven-
tral half well defined. Yolk
granules have nearly dis-
appeared.

Velum transversum a single
layer of cells. Beginning
of choroid plexuses as two
invaginations, one in front
of paraphysis, other behind
it. Posterior and anterior
commissure appear. Infun^
dibulum extended laterally
Commissura habenularis
forming.

Walls of telencephalon dif-
ferentiated into three layers,
an outer fibrous layer, a
niiddle laj'er of loose cells,
and an inner layer of more
compact cells. Chiasmacon
tains few fibers. Paraphysis
widely open, pear-shaped,
some lateral diverticula. An-
terior and posterior choroid
plexuses formed. Posterior
larger and more convoluted.
Anterior and posterior com-
missures present. Anlage of

cummissura habenularis.
Recessus lateralis small ;
dorsal, lateral and median
longitudinal zones well de-
fined. Tuberculum |>o.sterius
formed; contains commis-
sure

Margins of optic
cup are in close
contact with ecto-
derm. Wall of re-
tina thicker at bot-
tom of cup, thinner
at margin. Pigment
layer thinner, con-
sisting of a single
layer of flat cells.
Optic stalks longer,
diameter smaller,
lumen still present.
Choroidal fissure
present. Inner wall
of lens thicker than
outer, projecting
into disk-like
cavity.

Margin of optic cup
more constricted.
Cavity of optic ve
siele still present in

margin of cup
Optic stalk smaller,
longer, communi-
cates with third
ventricle by very

narrow Channel.
Lens more com
pletely fills optic
cup ; outer wall a
Single layer of cells;
inner wall much
thickened. Mesen^
chyma increasing
between lens and
ectoderm. A few
scattering mesen
chyma cells in optic

cup. Choroidal

fissure nearly

closed.

Ear

Optic cup more
constricted at
margin coming in
contact with lens.
Retina much thick-
ened excepting at
margin where it is

abruptl}' tliinned
indicating ora ser-
rata. Pigment be-
ginning to be for-
med in retina.
Clearzone in retina
next to vitreous.
Indications of eye
muscles.

Vesicle further

flattened on
mesial surface
and elongated
antero-posteri-
orly. Ductus
elongated, nar-
rowed and more
constricted at
base; extends
well up on sides

of medulla.

External wall a

Single layer of

flattened cells;

mesial wall

thinner.

Beginnings of

lagenaandsemi-
circular canals.

Normal Plates of the Development of Nectunis mnculosus.

15

Nose

Hypo-
physis

Mouth

Digestive System, Liver
Pancreas, Spleen

Nasal tube
curvesdorso

caudally.

Nasal Organ

an elongated

oval. Beco

ming sepa-

rated from

superficial

ectoderm by

ingrowing

mesenchyma

Condensed

layer of

mesenchyma

around or-

gan indicates

beginning

of fibrous

capsule.

Nasal tube
deeper. Na

sal organ

elongated
oval. Con
densation of
mesenchyma
around peri-

phery of
organ niore

marked.

Entirely
free from

foregut.
Lies close

against

infundi-

bulum.
Surroun-

ded by

connec-
tive tissue

capsule.
Yolk ab-

sorbed.
No trace

of divi-
sion into
lobes. No

cavity.

Sharply

defined

groove

indicates

Position

of mouth.

Roof and

floor of

oral ca-

vitj'clear-

ly de-
fined but

cavity
liUedwith

yolk-

bearing

cells.

Dorsal pancreas further

evaginated. Anlage of

s])leen as a small mass of

mesenchymal cells in

dorsal mesentery of

stomach.

Walls of pliarynx consist
of one or two layers ot
flattened cells excepting
posteriorly where still co-
'umnar. Oesophagus open.
Stomach spindle-shaped,
its walls composed of long
columnar cells filled with
yolk granules ; surroun-
ded by two or three layers
of densely packed mesen-
chymal cells representing
the beginnings of its mus-
cular walls. Midgut small,
dorsal wall fairly well de-
fined, ventral wall irregu-
lär yolk cells. Cloaca a
Wide chamber,yolk nearly
absorbed in its dorsal wall.
Liver further extended
laterally, consists of 15 to
20 hepatic cords separated
by sinusoids. Cells heav-
ily laden with yolk. Gall
bladder small but well de-
fined. Cystic duct and he-
patic duct open in common
into the wide ductus cho-
ledochus and this opens
widely into the intestina.

Gills, Thyroid,

Thymus, Trachea,

Lung

Gill-bearing arches

less prominent
Gill bars better de-
veloped. Gill fila
ments recognizablc

as slight buds.

Third and fourth

clefts perforate.

Tracheal evagina-

tion deeper, distal

end dilated, becom

ing pear-shaped.

Wall a Single layer

of cells.

Posterior portion
of thyroid shows
beginning of divi-
sion into two parts.
Tracheal diverti-
culum pear-shaped

lying in mesen-
chyma in median
line below Oeso-
phagus ; cells co-
lumnar; yolk being
rapidly absorbed.
Just anterior to
tracheal diverti-
culum marked
thickening in ven-
tral wall of gut.

Gill bars longer.
Gill filaments be-
ginning. Second
cleft between

hyoid and first
branchial perforate,

third cleft per-
forate, fourth per
forate, fifth not per
forate. Anlage of
thymus as prolifer-
ations of epithelium
of dorsal portions
of gill arches. Tra-
cheal evagination
longer more dilate'3
at distal end. An-
lagen of lungs as la-
teral diverticula of
distal end of tra-
chea. Dorsal wall of

trachea thicker
than ventral.

Urino-

fenital
ystem

Heart and Blood Vessels

Proneph-

rostomic

openings

constric-

ted.

Pro-
nephric

tubuleslie
opposite

2" or 3"
somites.
Mesone-

phros be-

gins in 9"
Segment

from front
and ex-
tends to

17". Best
devel-

oped an-
teriorly.
Posteri-
orly not
meta-
meric.

Branchial arches all contain
blood vessels.

Partition separating auricles
nearly complete. Truncus
arteriosus larger. Primitive
aortae large. Hepatic vein
very large. Blood vessels
present in anterior limb
buds.

Auricle small and nearly
spherical; lies just dorso-ce-
phalad from ventricle. Ven-
tricle turned to the right. Con-
striction indicates valves be-
tween auricle and ventricle.
Sinus venosus verj' large ; it
receives ductus Cuvieri, pos-
terior cardinals and prone-
phric brauch ; also vein for-
med by internal and external
jugulars. Vitelline vein very
large; enters liver. Abdominal
vein large, passes through
liver, joins hepatic vein and
other veins to form hepatic
portal sj'stem , then enters
sinus venosus. Large vessel
on either side. Small vessels
in posterior limbs. Vessels
around nose and eye; also in
pia mater. Dorsal aorta
formed. Also subclavian
and brachial arteries.

Skin

Pigment
appear-
ing. An-
lage of
basement
mem-
brane.
Sense Or-
gans de-
veloping.

Skeleton

Skull shows an-
läge of trabe-

culae in Con-
densed mesen-
chyma.

Anlage of trabe
culae, Meckel's
cartilage palato
quadrate, basal

plate, hyoid
arch, l", 2" and

3" branchial
arches, first

basibranchial
and faint indi-

cations of se-
cond basibran-
chial, also of
occipital arches,
all in Condensed

mesenchyma.
Mandibular bars
separated from
each other ven-
trally also sepa-
rated from basi-

cranial plates.
Quadrate clo-
sely applied to
Meckel's carti-
lage.

Cartilage appe^
aring around

outer portion of
otic capsule.

Limbs

Anterior
limbs
roject
orsally.
Posterior
imbbuds
more pro-
minent.

doi

Anterior

limbs

better de-

veloped;

directed

dorsally.

Posterior

limb buds

slight ele

vations;

long axis

in hori

zontal

plane.

Stage

i6

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

Length

30

140 Trans.

144 Sag.

145 Front.

31

147 Trans.

156 Sag.

157 Front.

32

17 mm

18 mm

Age

Body Form

38 days

40 days
20 hrs.

159 Trans.

160 Sag.
162 Front.

19 mm

43 days

33

164 Trans.

173 Sag.

174 Front.

20 mm

Somites

Horizontal

section shows

40 — 42 myo-

tomes.

Trunk and tail
slightly concave in
profile. Cervical
flexure still präsent.

Cephalic flexure
less marked. Tail
very wide dorso-

ventrally. Yolk

more elongated,
convex on ventral

surface, slightly
concave on dorsal
margin. Pigmen-
tation more pro-
nounced. Mandi-
bular arches coa-
lesced. Boundaries
of other arches no
longer visible.

46 days
2 hrs.

Horizontal

section shows

44 — 46 myo-

tomes.

Notochord

Nervous System

Yolk not absorbed
in anterior end. Va-
cuolated through-
out. Mesenchyma
between anterior

end and hypo-
physis. Posteriorly
rests against neu-
ral tube. Not seg-
mented. Begin-
nings of neural
arches in carti-
lages.

Eye

Plexuses much less mar-
ked. Anterior end of
brain formed by hemi-|
spheres. Paraphysis well,
developed; plexus ex-
tends into lateral ventri-
cles and diencephalon.
Lamina terminalis thick.
Anterior commissure well
defined, also commissura:
habenularis. Lamina cere-

bellaris recognizable.
Ganglion of trigeminal
divided into two parts.
Spinal cord rounder ; canal .
shorter dorso-ventrally.
Ganglia very large ; nerve
roots well developed;
nerve fibers appearing in
ventral nerve roots. An-
lage of pia mater.

Ear

Horizontal

section shows

48 — 50 myo-

tomes.

Optic cup flattened
laterally, surrounded,
except on outer sur-
face, by Condensed
mesenchyma. Retina

divided into two
layers; contains some
pigment. Anlage of iris
present. Optic stalk
smaller , cavity very
small. Lens larger,
spherical , inner wall
fiUs cavitj- except nar-
row cleft. Anterior!
wall a Single layer of
cells. Lens fibers for-
ming.

Dorso-ventrally
compressed. Yolk
granules still pre-
sent in peripheral

portion. Neural
arches better de-
veloped anteriorly.

Ear more exten-
ded antero-pos-
teriorly. Utri-
culo-saccular
partition begin-
ning. Ductus
endolympha-
ticus extends
over lateral mar-
gins of meduUa
toward median
line; dilated at

distal end to
form Saccus. An-
lagen of lagena
and semicircu-
lar canals. Peri-
otic capsule for-
ming in Con-
densed mesen-
chyma.

Pigment increased in
posterior layer of optic

Spinal cord shows well

defined layer of fibers ^„.^i^...^. .„j^. -. -t--- -^^ » —

entirely around it. Layer cup. Retina in three appearonexter
is thicker in ventral half, ' r^_.:„ „^„ii. „_i . — »_„i „i^.

Periotic capsule
beginning to

thin on dorsal portion.
Transverse diameter of
cord greater than dorso-
ventral. Around central
canal a layer of cells

radiates from canal.

Nerve fibers numerous in

ventral roots of spinal

nerves.

Cephalic flexure
reduced. Axis of
tail coincides ex-
actly with axis of

trunk. Yolk re-
duced dorso - ven
trally, more elonga
ted, more pointed

at anterior end
Dorsal and ventral

surfaces convex
Pigment Ijetter de-
veloped.

Anterior end close

to hypophysis;

slightly knobbed.

Portion anterior to

heart much smaller

than remaining

portion; greatly

enlarged at level of

anterior margin of

yolk. Segmenta-

tion well marked

excepting in caudal

portion. Neural

arches in anterior

trunk region extend

dorsally to level of

middle of spinal

cord.

layers. Optic stalk
still presents minute
lumen; fibers bedn-
ning to be formed in
its walls. Lens spheri-
cal ; posterior wall fills
entire cavity; epithe-
lium a Single layer of
cuboidal cells

nai ventral side
of ear.

Three la}xrs well defined
in walls of fore brain
Epiphysis a large oval
vesicie with thin dorsal
wall ; communication into
third ventricie nearty cut
off. Walls of paraphysis
irregulär. Choroid plexus 1
extending into ventricles.
Lateral lobes of infundi-
bulum extended to level
of mid brain. Cerebral
peduncles formed in
ventro - lateral walls of
mesencephalon.

Horizontal

section shows

some 50—55

myotomes. In

anterior trunk

region muscle

plate wider,

extending ven-

trally over

dorso-lateral

margins of yolk.

Septa thicker.

Two thirds of

myoblast fibril

lated.

Optic cup flattened
laterally. Ora serrata
better defined. Begin-
nings of iris and ciliary
body. Fibers in optic
nerve better devel-
oped. Lens cells ar
ranged concentrically;
jfibers numerous ; mar-
ked chromatolysis in
central portion.

Periotic capsule
extends further
dorso-mesially.

At level of anterior
limbs notochord is
much larger than
spinal cord, at level
of posterior limbs
much smaller. Yolk
not quite absorbed
around periphery.
Neural arches m
anterior trunk re-
gion extend dorsally
to top of spinal
cord, not united;
beginning in poste-
rior trunk region ;
in anterior caudal
region indicated in
procartilage.

Olfactory nerve connec-
ted with fibrous areas in
hemispheres.

Layers of retina well
defined ; pigment more
dense. Lumen of optic
stalk obliterated near

brain wall; exceed-
ingly minute distally;
fibers more numerous.
In Center of lens nuclei

have nearly disap-
peared. Epithelium of
lens a layer of cubo-
idal cells. Fibers well
defined, more nume-
rous, concentricallj'
arranged. Eye mus-
cles better developed.

Utriculo-saccu-
lar partition ex-
tends well into
vesicie. Anterior

semicircular
canal better de-
veloped than the
others. Macula
acustica sacculi
well defined.
Periotic capsule
surrounds ear
except mesial
surface.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus.

17

Nose

Hypo-
physis

Mouth

Digestive System, Liver,
Pancreas, Spleen

Gill, Thyroid,

Thymus, Trachea,

Lung

Urino-

fenital
ystem

Heart

and

Blood

Vessels

Skin

Skeleton

Limbs

Stage

Nasal organ connec-
ted with surface
ectoderm by short
stalk. Clear zone in
cells much wider. Or-
gan nearly in contact
with cerebral hemi-
spheres , separated
only by a very thin

layer of mesen-
chyma. Fibrous cap-
sule denser. Tube
much longer; nar-
rowed along distal
half; stalk extends

dorso-caudally ;
body extends di-
rectly caudally. Ven
tral portion of wall

Vi thickness of
dorsal.

First indications of
olfactory nerve.

A solid
mass of
cells;
deta-
ched
from
ecto-
derm.

Mouth

not yet

broken

through.

Cavity

well de-

fined but

fiUedwith

yolk-

bearing

cells.

Organ further elon
gated caudally. De
pressions forming
around exterior in^
dicating beginning
of lobulation. Cap-
sule not so well de-
tined as in preceding
stage. Organ conne-
cted with anterior
end of foregut by a
solid cord of cells.
Pigment beginning
to grow around stalk.
Olfactory nerve in
connection with
brain.

Great-

elon-
gated
trans-
ver-
sely.

Mouth a

deep

trans-

verse

groove.

Cavity

still mied

with cells.

Oesophagus occluded. Liver lies for
most part on right side of body. Tu-
bules widely separated by sinusoids.
Spleen consists of two masses of cells
one lying on each .side of mescntery

Evaginations in wall of stomach indi
cate beginning of glands. Gall bladder
shows as well defined vesicie with
columnar epithelial walls.

Lumen of stomach sharply marked.
Epithelium long columnar cells, still
laden with yolk granules. Muscular
walls beginning to be formed. Yolk
nearly absorbed in posterior end of
cloacal walls. Liver further developed ;
contains larger number of tubules
more compactly arranged. Sinusoids
smaller. Gall bladder larger and better
defined. Cystic duct and ductus chole^
dochus formed. Dorsal pancreas
narrower, its lumen, where it enters
gut, constricted to form a duct. An
lagen of ventral pancreases appear
as dorso-lateral evaginations of ductus
choledochus.

Groove Boundary between stomach and intes-
deeper. tine sharply marked owing to greater

Anlage ofabsorption of yolk in epithelium of
teeth. stomach and formation of muscular

Anlage of wall of stomach. Intestine now much
tongue. coiled. Cloaca differentiated from in-
testine by greater absorption of yolk. j
Oesophagus occluded. Faint saccu-
lations indicate beginning of glands in
wall of stomach. Hepatic cords wi-
dely scattered, separated by large si-
nusoids. Cells filled with yolk granules.
Gall bladdersmall,lined with columnar
epithelium. Empties by cystic duct into
ductus choledochus. Dorsal pancreas
well differentiated; duct larger except
where it enters intestine. Ventral pan-
creases contain few tubules. Theirtwo
Short ducts j oin cystic duct as it emerges
from liver to enter ductus choledochus.

Gill filaments more
prominent. Division of
thyroid deepermaking
two lines of cells at di-
.stal portions. Anterior
thymus beginning to
be detached from gill
arches. Distal portion
of tracheal evagination
lying closely against
ventro-mesial portion
of anterior end of sto-
mach. Anlagen of right
and left lungs in form
of tubulär evaginations
lying in mesenchyma
below lateral margins
of Oesophagus. Tulses

extend caudally to
level of posterior por-
tion of heart.

Gill bars much elon-
gated. Gill filaments

better developed.
Lungs show now as
pair of lateral tubulär
diverticula ; epithelium
low columnar, nuclei
occupying peripheral
Position. Anlage of
pleura as layer of cu
boidal cells. Some
mesenchyma between
lungs and Oesophagus

Meso-

nephric

tubules

coiled.

Open into

pro-

nephric

duct.

Thyroid divided into

two portions which are

Seen in transverse

sections as small

groups of cells lying

just dorso-laterally
from the sterno-hj'oid
muscle. Lungs slightly
longer.

Gills longer; many
filaments. Tltymus,
first and second por-
tions detached from
gill arches, third still

connected. Lungs
longer, further evagi-
nated, lumina larger
Epithelium low colum-
nar, heaviljr laden with
yolk granules. Tips
reach nearly to level
of anterior margin of
liver.

Distal

ends me-

sonephric

tubules

have

walls

thinner

and in-

folded.

Ureters

very

small.

Prone-
phros be-
ginning
to de-
generate
Meso-
nephros
extends
over 8
Segments,

begin-
ning with
the 9".
Not seg-
mental ly
arranged.
iStubules.

Pro-
nephric
tubules
still open
into coe-
lom. An-
lage of
bladder
as slight
evagina-
tion of
ventral
wall of
cloaca.

Begin
nings of

trabe-

culae in

ven-

tricle.

Thick-

ened
to 4

layers
over
head.

Glands

and
Sense
cells
deve-
loped.
Few

Pig-
ment
cells
in

epi-
dermis.

Cells
of co-

rium
slight-
ly flat-
tened.

Auricles

begin
ning to

show

bilobed

con-

dition.

Walls
of ven-

tricle

very

thin ;

very

few tra-

beculae

Ear-

liest

skin

glands

in mid

dorsal

re-
gion.
Sense
Organs
deve-
loped.

Skin
glands

in
dorsal
regioii
well
deve-
loped.
Co-
rium
cells
flat-
tened.
Base-
ment
mem-
brane
for-
med.

Trabeculae extend for-
ward to optic nerve;
curved downward at
anterior end; caudally
are continuous with ba
sal plate; at level of
posterior margin of ear
they come together at
sides of notochord and
grow up on each side of
meduUa. Labial carti-
lages small, united in me'
dian line. Anlage ofse^
cond basibranchial. Ear-
liest tracesofossification
in base of skull. Layer of
Condensed mesenchyma
around nasal pits. Otic
capsule extending me
sially over dorsal and
ventral surface of ear.

Walls of otic capsule
chondrified except on

median and dorsal
sides. Neurapophyses
appearing in anterior

portion of trunk re-
gion. Pectoral girdle

chondrified ; narrow
scapular portion extend-
ing to level of noto-
chord ; larger ventral
portion (coracoid) ab-
out half as long as sca-
pular. Humerus chond
rified; radius and ulna
in procartilage.

Beginningdifferentiation
of hypohyal and cerato
hyal, also of first hypo-
branchial and cerato-
branchial. Second basi
branchial developed.
Antorbital process for-
med. Condensed me-
senchyma indicates po-
sition of inner nasal
plate. Anterior ends of
Meckel's cartilage uni
ted by procartilage; also
lateral margins ofposte
rior arches. Occipital
processes fused with
wall of otic capsule.

No cartilage in pelvic
girdle. Anlage ofneur-
apophysis throughout
trunk region, none in
tail. Neural arches in
anterior portion ex-
tend dorsallv to top of
spinal cord; not united.
Caudally neural arches
indicated in procarti-
lage. Ossification be-
ginning around extre-
mities of Meckel's
cartilage.

Ante-
rior
and
pos-
terior
limbs
short
stumps.

Ante-
rior
limbs
I mm
long;
pro-
ject
dorso-
cau-
dally.
Poste-
rior
limbs
.5 mm
long

Ante-
rior
limbs
pro-
ject
cau-
dally;

an-
läge of
digits
Poste-
rior
limb
buds
point-
ing
cau-
dally.

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere. XI.

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

Length

Age

34

175 Trans.

180 Sag.

181 Front.

35

182 Trans.

183 Sag.

184 Front.

36

21 mm

22 mm

49 days

Axis of head, trunk
and tail coincide with
line slightly arched up-
ward overyolk. Yolk
elongated, narrowed
dorso-ventrally; narro-
west portion anterior;
viewed from above
pear-shaped, narrow
end anterior. Tailvery
wide dorso-ventrally.
Irregulär band of pig-
ment along side of
body. Anterior limbs
project postero-ven-
trally three digits for-
med. Posterior limbs
]iroject caudad.

52 days

Body Form

Somites

Notochord

186 Trans.
188 Sag.
191 Front.

23 mm

55 days

Caudal portion filamentous
with slight knob at extreme
end ; still rests against neural
tube. Mesenchymal thicken-
ings in sheath present in
caudal portion.

Nervous System

Eye

Ear

Flexures less marked.
Hemispheres extendi
far in front of dien-
cephalon. Epiphysis
and paraplu'sis large.
Plica rhombomesen-'
cephalica well defined.

Lamina cerebellaris

Short; commissura
superior and posterior

and habenularis all
well developed. Spinal

ganglia very large.

Nerves well devel-
oped.

Anterior end of notochord
separated from hypophysis
by thinlayerof mesenchyma.
Surrounded by very dense
membrane. Slightlj' con-
stricted at level of mesen-
chymal condensations indi-
cating boundaries of verte-
brae. Indications of ossi-
fication in sheath. Anlage
of haemal arches in anterior
portion of tail.

Ganglionic layers
of retina marked
off from inner layer;
layer of rods and
cones indicated by
layer of elongated
celis. Pigment pro
miiient in iris. Epi-
thelium of lens flat
on outer surface,
cuboidal on inner,

Paraphysis shows few

lateral diverticula.
Ganglion habenulare
and tuberculum pos-
terius well defined.
Commissura cerebel-
laris formed, also
commissura anterior
and commissura pallii
anterior. Layer of
fibrous matter around
cord thicker. Band of
cells on dorsal border
of cord larger, dorsal
half of central canal
nearly closed. Pia
mater better defined.

Does not quite reach poste-
rior end of neural tube. Yolk
absorbed except at extreme
anterior end. Sheath strongly
developed. Constrictions
better marked. Neural
arches developed throughout
body; meet dorsally in trunk
region but not in tail. Ossi-
fication beginning in ante-
rior neural arches. Haemal
arches better defined in tail.
Where neural processes are
given off notochord is com-
pressed laterally giving it
a triangulär outline in cross
section.

Rods and cones
recognizable. Iris
more deeply pig
mented; lies close
against epithelium
oflens. Optic nerve
well differentiated ;

still contains
minute lumen near
eye. Anlage of
Cornea as single
layer of mesen-
chymal cells.

Utriculo-saccu-

lar partition
extends about
half way across
vesicle. Semi-
circular canals

partially en-
closed in carti-
lage. Periotic
capsule entirely
surrounds ear.

Rods and cones
better defined;
outer and inner
nuclear layers in
dicated ; ganglionic
layer well defined.
Pigment dense in

retina and iris;
some pigment in
choroid. Lens epi

thelium flatter.
Sclerotic indicated
band of dense
mesenchyma.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus.

19

Nose

Hypo-
pliysis

Organ

longer,

becoming

slightly

concave an

ventral sur-

face. Further

indications

of lobula-

tions.

Nasal duct

opens into

Pharynx on

one side.

Connective

tissue and

bloodvessels

extend into

ventral wall

giving it a

much lobul-

ated ap-

pearance;

dorsal

wall also

slightly

lobulated.

Nasal tubes

open into

Pharynx on

both sides.

Mouth Digestive System, Liver,
Pancreas, Spleen

Gills, Thyroid,

Thymus,
Trachea, Lung

Mouth

cavity still

closed.

Mouth
broken
through.

Posterior
median
portion of
cavity still
contains
yolk-bearing
cells. Papu-
lae of teeth
formed.

Glands better defined.
Nu dilTerentiation into

pyloric and cardiac
glands. Liver roughly
triangulär in section, has
extended cautially. Uall
bladder still small, lining
still a Single layer of co-
lumnar cells filled with
yolk granules. Hepatic
cords more definite owing
to absorption of yolk.
Dorsal pancreas lumen
and duct snialler. Se-
veral small tubulär eva-
ginations Coming off from
it. Ventral pancreas lo-
bules not distinct. Spleen
an elongated massot cells
compressed dorso • ven-
trally Ij'ing in mesentery
just above stomach.

Dorsal pancreas smaller,
tubules fewer. Yolk ab-
sorbed in cells. Pro
zymogen granules ab
undant.

Posterior portion of liver
has extended dorsally to
level of posterior portion
of stomach; contains few
bile ducts. Cells loaded
with 3'olk. Tubules much
more compact; sinusoids
narrower, changing to
capillaries. Gall bladder
larger, cells in wall low
columnar or cuboidal,
free from yolk. Dorsal

pancreas 6 — 8 tubules.
Ventral as above. Spleen

larger, more vascular.

Gills further devel-

oped showing

greater numl)er of

filaments. Gill

clefts open be-

tween hyoid and

first branchial

arches, between

first and second

archesand between

second and third

branchial arches

but fifth cleft not

open. Lumina of

lungs still larger.

Tips of lungs reach

anterior margin of

liver.

Trachea larger and

longer. Lungs
longer, caudal ends
behmd heart, over
anterior portion of
liver. Walls better
defined, epithelium

cuboidal. Yolk
nearly all absorbed.

Trachea smaller,
lining layer of cells
flat. Lungs much
farther distended
laterally, extending
to extreme lateral

margins of the
liver. Pleura con-
sist of layer of
closely apposed
cuboidal cells.

Urino-
genital
System

Glome-

ruli well

defined.

Tubules

very

much

coiled.

Pro-
nephric
tuljules
reduced

Heart and
Blood Vessels

Auricles further

developed.
Cavity of ven-

tricle large,
walls thin,many

trabeculae.
Walls oftruncus
much thicker
than those of
Conus. Valves
beginning to be
formed between
Conus and ven-
tricle ; also be-
tween Conus
and truncus.

Skin

Cells of
Stratum
germina-

tivum

flattened.

Glands and

sense organs

more

numerous.

Skeleton

Glands

larger; sunk

below level

of epider-

mis; contain

lumen. Cells

of Stratum

germina-

tivum
elongated
flattened.

Procartilage present in Anterior

pclvic girdle and in limbs
feniur. Ossification in project
side walls of brain case, caudo-
also in base. Anlage of vcntrally;
dentale as ossified plate digits
on external surface of plainly
Meckel's cartilage. Be- defined.
ginning of angulare as[ Posterior
thin plate of bone. Indi- limbbuds
cations of mento-mandi- project
bulare. Ossification be- caudad.
ginning in premaxilla and
in quadrate.

Limbs

Occipital arch growing up
from sides of notochora ;
below uniting posterior

ends of parachordals.
Parachordals fused with
basal plates. Traceoftra-
becular crest to which
process of quadrate is
attached. Short otic pro-
cess fused with otic cap-
sule. Coracoid process
extends nearly to ventral
margin of liver; scapular
extends to upper margin
of notochord. Humerus

larger; glenoid cavity
very deep. Ulna and ra-
dius chondrified. Anlage
of carpals and metacar-
pals. Pelvic girdle chon-
drified ; consists of dorsal
iliac portion and ventral
pubic portion. Femur
chondrified; anlagen of
tibia and fibula.

Floor of otic capsule
nearly complete. Ossifi-
cation beginning in para-
sphenoid also in parle
tals and frontajs. Anlage
of vomer. Neural arches

developed throughout
body; meet dorsal!}' in
trunk, not in tail. Haem-
apophyses appearing in
anterior portion of tail.
Ossification beginning in
neural arches. Bone well
developed around

Centers of vertebrae.
Traces of ossification in

scapula and humerus.

3*

20

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

Length

37

192 Trans.

196 Sag.

197 Front.

38

198 Trans.

199 Sag.

200 Front.

24 mm

Age

58 days

Body Form

25 mm

61 days

Somites

Notochord

Nervous System

Flexures as In anterior
above, yolk trunk region
elongated, dia-j myotomes
meter reduced wider occu-
dorso-ventrally pying four

Anterior end in con-
tact with parasphe-

noid but does not
reach level of hypo-
physis. Constrictions

opposite bases of
neural arches more

marked anteriorly.
Ossification well
marked around sheath.
Haemal arches appro-
ximating ventrally in
tail. Anlage of lateral
basal process in carti-
lage in anterior por-
tion of body.

Paraphysis with many

lateral diverticula; still

opens into third ventricle

Eminentia Pallii medialis

well defined, also corpus

striatum (?). Pallium and

subpallium differentiated

Septum ependymale

present. Beginning of

taenia fornicis.

and laterally.
Tail broader,
less pointed.
Surface more

fifths of
Space be-
tween noto-
chord and

deeply pigmen-skin; exten-
ted;bandsmore ded ven-
marked. Roth trally to

anterior and lower margin
posterior limbs of j'olk.

possess four Myoblasts in
digits. Pigment upper por-

bands more tion of myo-
sharply defined. tome com-
pletely filled
withfibrillae.

Eye

39

201 Trans.

204 Sag.

205 Front.

26 mm

64 days
4 hrs.

In anterior portion
much compressed late-

rall}', more com-
pressed at bases of
neural processes. At
level of anterior limbs

smaller than spinal
cord; in trunk region
and at level of pos
terior limbs large as

cord; in tail about
twice the diameter of
cord. Yolk all absor-
bed. Haemal arches
well developed, free
ends coalesced. Ossi-
fication very consider-
able in neural arches

and notochordal
sheath. Lateral basal
processes better de-
veloped throughout
trunk region.

Compressed dorso- All divisions of brain
ventrally in anterior clearly defined. Plexuses

Ear

Ductus endo-
lymphaticus
extends over
dorso-lateral
walls of me-
dulla;stalkvery
narrow but still
widelyopeninto
sacculus. Semi-
circular canals

better devel-
oped ; all parti-
ally enclosed in

cartilage.
Lagena a more
extended evagi-
nation. Anlagen
of pars neglecta
and macula
acustica neg-
lecta. Macula
acustica sacculi
two layers of
cells thick.

part of body, laterally
in posterior part.
Anterior end sur-
rounded by hone.

extending from hemi
spheres tomeduUa. Optic
nerves verj' small, hollow
near brain. Mid brain

Short, slightly arched.
Ganglia habenulae large,
symmetrical. Velum
transversum contains
numerous large blood
vessels. Infundibulum
wider than mid brain.

Cerebellum extremely
small. Spinal cord oval
in section. White matter
on outside thickest in
lateral portions. Dorsal
colunins large, broader
anteriorly. Central canal
very small nearh' circular
in section. Some yolk
granules still present in
cells of cord. Pia mater
well developed.

Eye not so much flattened
laterall}'. Retina shows
la\'er of rods and cones,
outer nuclear layer, outer
reticular layer, inner re-
ticular layer, ganglionic
layer. External limiting
membrane well defined.
Choroid better differen-
tiated; pigment layer
closely apposed to pig-
mented layer of retina.

Lens spherical, sur-
rounded by a capsule of a
isingle layer of flattened
cells. Fibers well devel-
joped. No nuclei in center.
Posterior Chamber con-
tains a few mesenchymal
cells. Corneal epithelium

in two layers. Eye
muscles weil developed.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus.

21

Nose

Hypo-
physis

Wall of

nasal

duct

consists

of two

layers of

cuboidal

cells.

Antero-

lateral

wall very

thin.
Lobula
tions pro-
minent.
Epithe-
lium of
dorsal
wall
ciliated.
Olfactory
nerve
clearly
defined,

Lies
against
floor of

skull

surroun-

ded by

a connec-

tive

tissue
capsule.

More
lobulated.

Blood
vessels
growing

into it.

Mouth

Entire
mouth
open.
Oeso-
phagus
open.
Teeth
pro-
jecting

slightly

into
mouth
cavity,

ossified.

Tongue
better
devel-
oped.

Glands in stomach well lormed.
In anterior half numerous, flask-
shaped ; in posterior half tu-
bulär. Both kinds unbranchedJ
Yolk absorbed in epithelial cells
of stomach also in hindgut;
midgut cells still heavily laden.
Oesophagus open. Liver ex-
tends further caudally and dor-
sally. Hepatic cords more
closely approximated. Yolk
partially absorbed. Both dorsal
and ventral pancreases larger,
showing greater number of
tubules. Spleen lies pressed
against dorsal wall of body
cavity; surrounded by thm
layer of connective tissue;
shows numerous dividing cells;
much connective tissue.

Enlarged

transver-

sely.

Divided
into two
portions

com-
posed of

cells of
different

staining
capacity,

anterior
partmore

deeply

stained.

Posterior

partmore

lobulated

and more

vascular.

Unicel
lular
glands in
epithe-
lium of
mouth

and

tongue.

Teeth

exten-

ding into

mouth

cavity.

Tongue

well
defined.

Digestive System, Liver,
Pancreas, Spleen

Gills, Thyroid,

Thymus, Trachea,

Lung

Urino-genital
System

Yolk nearly absorbed in liver.

Unicellular glands present m
mouth, pharynx, Oesophagus
and hindgut. Extreme anterior
portion of stomach contains no
glands. Pyloric glands much
branched. Intestine lies in
to 5 transversa coils. Cavity of
small intestine widely open
Muscular walls better develo
ped. Epithelium consists of
Single layer of long columnar

yolk-laden cells. Hindgut
larger; yolk absorbed; anterior
part shows evaginations (glands
of Lieberkühn?). Liver lies
closely in contact with dorsal
wall of coelomic cavity. Yolk
all absorbed. Gall bladder very
large, surrounded by a layer of
connective tissue, epithelium
flat. Dorsal pancreas hasgrown
caudally and containsso or more
tubules ; ventral contains about
12 tubules, is about Va size of
dorsal. Ducts of both lined with
cubical epithelium.

Trachea longer
reaching to caudal
region of heart be-

fore dividing.
Lungs longcr, walls
better defined, still
very thick. Caudal
ends detached from
intestinal wall ex-
cept for Short thin
mesentery. Epithe-
lium becoming
flattened. Mesen-
chyma less com-
pact. Lungs extend
over anterior two
thirds of liver later-

ally to dorso-
lateral margins of
liver. Posteriorly
attached by band
of mesenchyma to
lateral margins of
wall of stomach.

Gills more pro-
minent; filaments

much branched.
All clefts perforate

excepting fifth.
Lateral portion of

thyroid contains

small irregulär

vessels. Pleura
proximally layer of

flattened cells.
Some mesenchyma

between pleura

and epithelium of

lungs.

Pronephros

reduced in size.

Tubules cut off

from coelom ? Duct

(Ureter) opens into

cloaca. Meso-

nephric tubules

greatly convol-

uted ; extends from

g" to 17" somite.

Bladder comes off

from cloaca ncar

point where Ureters

enter. Sexual
cells, a Single row
of cells containing
large yolk granu-
les. Opposite 15"
Segment.

Thymus consists of
three spherical

epithelial patches
on each side. Two
lie close together
opposite posterior
portion of ear.

Anterior largest;
posterior much the
smallest. Trachea
much larger, walls
thinner, epithelium
flatter. Lungs much

larger, tapering
caudally to end at
level of posterior
limbs; are attached
to intestinal wall
and to liver by short

mesentery. Left

lung larger than

right and extends

further caudad.

Heart and
Blood
Vessels

Glands
appear-
ing in
ventral
region,
anteriorly
and
posteri-
orly;
numerous
in lateral
portion.
Sense
Organs
more
numer-
ous.

Skin

Skeleton

Limbs

Pronephros dege
nerating. Extends
from middle of 3"
Segment to middle
of 4", hanging down
into body cavity.
Duct very small. No
openings into body

cavity discern-
ible. Mesonephros
extends from 15" to
20" Segments.
Ducts open into
cloaca. Bladder
oval, thick-walled,
much folded, open-
ing into cloaca by
Short Urethra, sur-
rounded by connec-
tive tissue. Sexual
glands two rods
of large oval cells
extending from 13"
to 18" Segment,
just ventrad of
mesonephros.

Auricles

nearly same

size in trans-

verse

section.

Sinus

venosus

very large.

Truncus

arteriosus

divided lon-

gitudinally.

Trabeculae

appearing in

walls of

auricles.

Marked

constriction

between

sinus and

auricles.

Oval

cells
and sense
Organs
more
numer-
ous.
Sensory

hairs
evident.
Stratum
corneum
very flat

cells.

Stratum

germina-

tivum

two

layers.

Skin
glands
present
in ab-
dominal
region.
Stratum
corneum
a layer of

squam-
ous cells.
Basement
mem-
brane
dense.

Supra-scapula well

fornied in cartilage
extending dorsally to
level of spinal cord.
Tibia and tibula chon-
drified; no tarsals or
metatarsals. Ilium and
pubis larger. Mesen-
chyme around nasal
pits. Ossification be-
ginning around margin
of trabeculae. Para-
sphenoids forming as
long plates on lower
margin of basal plates
extending forward to
region of eye. Vomer
ossified. Frontal ossi-
fied at sides and poste
riorend. Neural spines
beginning to appear

anteriorly. Indica
tions of ossification in

femur. Ossification

beginning in neural

processes and in

haemal arches.

Basilar plate continu
ous with capsular floor
and trabeculae. Jugu-
lar foramen formed
elongated. Otic pro-
cess of quadrate united
with otic capsule.
Antorbital process
further developed.
Haemapophyses well
developed; not united
ventrally. Ossification
in phalanges of an-
terior limb, also in
iliac process.

Stage

37

Limbs
better

de-
fined;
ante-
rior
reach
ven-
trally

to
border

of
yolk.
Digits
better
de-
fined

in
both.

38

Internasal cartilage
connects trabeculae

anteriorly. Pubic
bones united in me-
dian line. Tarsals and
metatarsals chondri-
fied. Palatopterj'goid
and sphenoid ossified

in posterior portion.

39

22

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

Length

Age

Body Form

Somites

Notochord

Nervous System

Eye

Ear

40

206 Trans.

207 Sag.
209 Front.

27 mm

67 days

41

210 Trans.

211 Sag.

212 Front.

28 mm

70 days
4 hrs.

General coutour of
body much chan-
ged, owing to rapid
absorption of yolk.
Tail broader dorso-

ventrally. Con-
stricted at level of

posterior limbs.

Yolk very long
oval, flatter on ven-
tral surface. Pig-
mentation extend-

ing down over
one half of lateral

surface of yolk.

42

213 Trans.

214 Sag.
216 Front.

2g mm

74 days
12 hrs.

4.3

217 Trans.

218 Sag.

219 Front.

30 mm

78 days

In anterior
trunk region

myotomes
wider occupy-
ing nine tenths
of Space be-
tween noto-
chord and skin;

extend ven-
trally to median
line where they
coalesce.

Chorda more com-
pressed laterally at
points where neural
arches come in con
tact. In trunk region
and in region of pos-
terior limbs transverse
diameter equals that
of spinal cord; in tail
region diameter twice
as great as that of
cord. Beginning ossi
fication in haemal
arches.

Much constricted in
region where carti-
lages are in contact
with body of verte-;
brae. Thickenings of
sheath to form inter-,
vertebral disks betterj
marked. Cartilagesj
lie between layer of

bona and sheath.
Ossification beginning
in lateral basal pro-
cesses. Cartilaginous
ribs present.

Brain and cord nearly in
straight line. Groove pre-
sent between diencephalon
and mesencephalon. Deep
groove in front of cerebelluni
Plexuses large filling greater

portion 01 3'''^ ventricle
extending into lateral ven-
tricles and into 4'!' ventricle.
Distal end of paraphj'sis lies
on level with epiphj'sis. All
commissures better defined.
Brain fills brain case at an-
terior end, not posteriorly.
Spinal cord does not nearly
fill canal. Dorsal columns
of cord well defined; gray
commissure present between
them and gray matter of
cord. Central canal very
small, circular in section

Ear much extended
antero-posteriorly
compressed dorso-
ventrally. Ossification
beginning in external
portion ofotic capsule.

Endolvmphatic sac
wider; duct narrower.
Cristae acusticae of
canals formed. Macula

acustica sacculi a
thickened area of epi-
thelium three rows

deep. Semicircular

canals enclosed in
cartilage. Ossification

more extended on

lateral surface of peri-

otic capsule.

Nnrmal Platcs of the Development of Necturus maculosus.

23

Nose

Hypo-
physis

Moutli

Digestive System, Liver,
Pancreas, Spleen

Gills, Thyroid,

Thymus,
Trachea, Lung

Urino-genital
System

Hoart and Blood
Vessels

Skin

Skeleton

Limbs

Stage

Intestine crosses ab- Lungs reach to
dominalcavityö— 7time.s. level of caudal

Dorsal portion of liver

connected by narrow
band with ventral portion.
Hepatic cords closer to-

gether. Few hepatic
ducts. Dorsal and ven-
tral pancreases not in

contact )'et. Tubules
more numerous in dorsal.

Caudal portion of liver
occupies over one half of
coelomic cavity. Numer-
ous hepatic ducts. Dorsal
and ventral pancreases in
contact. Dorsal much the
larger. Spleen longer;
compressed dorso - ven
trally between intestine
and dorsal body wall
Connective tissue more
abundant.

end of liver.

Walls oftrachea
and lungs very

thin; surroun
ded by mass of

mesenchyma.
Lungs flattened

against
stomach. Epi
thelium thinner;
pleural cover-

ing very thin

Gills better
developed, pig'
mented. Fila-
ments greatly
increased in
number. Se-
cond, third and
fourth gill clefts
widely open to
exterior; first
and fifth imper-
forate.

Under lip

marked by a

very deep

transverse

groove. No

Upper lip.

Tongue

being cut off

on ventral

surface by

deep lateral

constric-

tion.

Extreme anterior end of

stomach contains no
glands except unicellular.
In anterior portion flask-
shaped glands are larger

and more numerous.
Middle and posterior por-
tion contains branched
tubulär glands. Intestinal

epithelium better de^
fined; still contains yolk
granules. Hindgut con-
tains branched glands

Long process of liver
extending posterior to
gall bladder; another in
median line extending
over dorsal wall of gut.

Right lung lies
against margin
of liver; caudal
end in contact
with spieen.

Pronephric ducts
smallbut still open

Mesonephros
begins 3 or 4 seg
ments behind pro-
nephros and ex-
tends over about 10
Segments. Bladder
epithelium short
columnar cells, en
closed in connec-
tive tissue. Walls

much folded.
Sexual glands ex
tend from 14" to
20" Segments. Yolk
granules present in
posterior portion.

Unicellu-
lar gland
and sense
Organs
very nu-
merous.
Sensory

hairs
project-
ing bey-

ond
surface.

Ossification be-

ginning in
haemal arches.

Ossification
well defined in
haemal arches.

Pericardium well defined,
very thin, detached from
muscular wall. Auricles
widely in communication
with each other. Blood
passes into ventricle by
Single opening on left
side. Valves present in
this opening. Semilunar
valves between ventricle
and Conus appear as ex-
tended proliferations of
wall. Valves also present
between conus and
truncus.

Mucous
glands
larger,
abundant,
none on
ventral
surface.
Unicellu-
lar glands
more nu-

40

Limbs

longer,

pigmen-

ted, both

pairs

func-

tional.

Four

digits

well

defined

on each.

All the carti
lages of carpus
andtarsusmeta

carpus and
metatarsus and

phalanges
formed. Middle

portion of
Meckel's carti-
lagesurrounded
by bone. Pre-
maxillae and
frontals well
ossified. Carti-
läge appearing

in center of

body of verte-

brae.

42

43

24

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

Length

Age

Body Form

Somites

44

220 Trans.

221 Sag.
223 Front.

45

224 Trans.

225 Sag.

226 Front.

31 mm

82 days
12 hrs.

32 mm

46

227 Trans.

229 Sag.

230 Front.

33 mm

87 days

92 days

Notochord

Nervous System

Eye

Ear

In caudal region
larger than spinal
cord. Moreconstricted
in Centers of verte-
brae. Intervertebral
cartilages more pro-
minent. Layer of
bona thicker.

47

231 Trans.

232 Sag.

34 mm

97 days

General form of body
resembles adult. Ventral
surface of head and trunk
nearly in straight line.
Anterior and posterior
limbs project far below
ventral surface of body.
Pigmentation bands more
precisely marked. Dorsal
median dark band, below
this a light band, then a
broad dark band.

Bone surrounding
anterior end thicker.

Ribs better devel-
oped ; extend one half
of distance to lateral

surface of body.

Neural arches at base

more completely

ossified.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus.

25

Nose

Hypophysis

Mouth

Digestive System, Liver,
Pancreas, Spleen

Gills, Thyroid, Thymus,
Trachea, Lung

Urino-genital
System

Heart

and
Blüod
Vessels

Skin

Skeleton

Limbs

Stage

Compressed
anteriorly

between in-

fundibulum

and floor

of skull;

broader

posteriorly.

Much lobul-
ated.

Liver still larger in
caudal portion occupying

Tip of lung at caudal
end of liver. Dorsal walls

'/j of body cavity. Has of lungs in region ante-
several hepatic ducts jrior to liver very much

entering cystic duct. Gall thinner than ventral wall

bladder removed some
distance from ventral
pancreas. Dorsal and

ventral pancreases have

united into a continuous
mass.

Lumen of intestine

larger; epithelium a

Single layer of poorly

defined cells. Muscular

wall very thin, a single

layer of cells. Few

hepatic ducts seen in

body of liver; a few

enter the cystic duct.

Dorsal pancreas tubules

compactly arranged.

Lungs very much larger,
owing to thinness of walls

very much collapsed.
Tips of lungs still show

embryonic condition
Cartilages formed in walls
of trachea. Epithelium of
lateral walls of trachea
much thicker than dorsal

and ventral walls.
Trachea in anterior por

tion shows columnar
cells; ciliated ? At level
of heart epithelium flat

Pronephros compres
sed dorso- ventrally;
extends over one seg
ment. Mesonephros
extends over about 10
Segments.

Posterior portion of liver

divided by transverse
fissure into smaller dorsal
and larger ventral portion.
Gall bladder very laige;

extends far caudal of
liver; lined with flattened
epithelium. Cystic duct
larger and longer. Pan-
creas large extending
around dorsal and lateral

portion of intestine.

Ducts open into cystic

duct; show numerous

branches with tubules

emptying into them.

Spleen larger, more

vascular.

Intestine forms 6 or 7
transverse folds. Intes-
tinal cavity very large
Muscular wall of midgut
consists of two or more
layers of cells. In hind-

gut unicellular glands
very numerous. Dorsal
and ventral pancreases
more intimately united ;
dorsal larger and contains

greater number of tu-
bules. Spleen lies just
to left of median line in
concavity in dorsal wall
ot stomach.

Sexual glands extend
far forward ; begin to
project down into
body cavity; more
distinctly separated
from mesonephros.

Trar.heal cartilages
better developed at |
anterior end. Lungs on
either side of stomach.
Walls irregularly folded.
Left lung still notably
shorter than right and
lying nearer mesial plane
of body.

Pronephros smaller;
lumina of many tubu-
les obliterated; duct
degenerating. Meso-
nephros extends from
9" or 10" Segment
over about 13 Seg-
ments. Müllerian duct
not formed yet.

Unicel-
lular
glands
extremely
numer-
ous.

44

45

46

Scapula flattened

laterally, broad
antero - posteriorly.
Coracoids meet in

mid-ventral line.

Ossification be-
ginning in pectoral
and pelvic girdles,
also in humerus and
femur. Sphenoid
ossified. Parietals
ossified in median
portion. Opistho-

ticum ossifying,
also occipital arch.

Limbs
much

longer.
Digits

longer.

47

Normentafeln zur EntwicklungsgehChichte der Wirbeltiere. XI.

26

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Stage

Series

233 Sag.

48 a

49

234 Trans.

236 Sag.

237 Front.

Lengtli

Age

Body Form

36 mm

38 mm

39 mm

110 days

126 days

Has practically
reached adult con-
dition except in color
ation. Same bands
prominent as in pre-
ceding stage. Lateral
band mottled.

Somites

Notochord

Anterior end at level
of hypophysis, some-

times beyond it.

Intervertebral carti-

lages thicker. Bodies

of vertebrae more

constricted. Layer of

bone around cord

thicker.

Nervous System

Ossification very

complete in neural

spines and basal pro-

cesses in ribs, and in

haemal arches; be

ginning in haemal

spines.

Eye

Ear

Eye nearly spherical,
slightly flattened later-
ally. Retina as in

26 mm excepting

ganglionic layer is
one cell thick. Othei
layers together with
external and internal

limiting membrane
sharply defined. Iris,
choroid, Cornea and
sclerotic as in 26 mm.

Lens capsule cells

much more elongated

tangentially.

1

I

i

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus.

27

Nose

Hypo-
physis

Mouth

Digestive System, Liver,
Pancreas, Spleen

Com-
pressed ;
extended
laterally.
Contains

many
tubules.

Epithelium of pharynx con
sists of 2 or 3 layers of flat
cells containing numerous
unicellular glands. Oesopha-
gus thrown into numerous
longitudinal folds; epithe-
lium columnar, ciliated, with
unicellular glands. Muscular
wall very thin. Liver very
large. Lies on right side.
In frontal section outline is
long triangle, in transversa
section an equilateral tri-
angle. Posterior end shows
several irregulär processes.
Pancreas elongated cephalo-
caudallj'. Anterior portion
flattened and closely ap-
plied to dorso-mesial wall of
mtestine. Posteriorly greatly
thickened and roughly tri-
angulär in shape. Posterior
end lies on right side.

Anterior wall of stomach
thin; circular band of inus
cular fibers very thin, in
creasing in thickness toward
pylorus. Epithelium colum-
nar. Submucosa developed.
Extreme anterior end free
from glands. Flask-shaped
glands confined to anterior
portion. Enlarged part of
glands consists of a Single
layer of very flat cells ;
duct, cuboidal or columnar.
Middle and posterior portion
of stomach contains bran-
ched tubulär glands. In
pyloric portion epithelium is
thrown into longitudinal
folds. Inner ends of cells
form a striated border which
extends into intestine. Liver

contains numerous bile

ducts. Hepatic cords well

defined. Highly vascular.

Gills. Thyroid,

Thymus, Trachea,

Lung

Urino-genital
System

Heart and Blood
Vessels

Teeth

project

far into

mouth

cavity.

Tongue

narrower

in front.

Taste
buds well
devel-
oped in
epithe-
lium of
tongue.

Intestine shows strong cir-
cular and longitudinal bands.
Walls thrown into longitu-
dinal folds. Lumen greatly
expanded at level of pos-
terior limbs forming rectum?
Epithelium columnar. Uni-
cellular glands more nu-
merous posteriorly. Gall
bladder large oval, extends
caudally beyond liver. Walls
formed of a single layer of
flat cells. Cystic duct large.
Pancreas composed of bran-
ched tubules. Dorsal portion
opens by a single duct just
caudally of stomach : ventral
portion smaller, opens by
two ducts. Spleen lies on
left side, in frontal or sagittal
section long, oval pointed in
front. Arrangement of cells
suggesting tubules.

Gills all developed. Se-
cond, third and fourth
arches perforate, first
and fifth not broken

through. Thyroid
small, halves widely
separated; consists of
20 — 30 large vesicles.
Lies close against first
epibranchial. Many
vesicles filled with
colloidal material.
Trachea at caudal end
much larger than Oeso-
phagus. Divides at
level of glenoid cavity.
Lungs much longer
extending some dis-
tance behind liver.
Right lung larger
than left and extends
further caudad. Epi-
thelium very thin
and flat.

Skin

Pronephros

degenerating.

Lumina of many

tubules obliter-

ated. Duct

degenerating.

Mesonephros

extends from 9'

or 10" Segment

over about

13 Segments.

Müllerian duct

not formed.
Bladder large,
wide transver-
sely, thin-wal-
led, extending

well forvvard

beyond pelvis

Sexual glands

nearly coexten-

sive with

mesonephros

Heart well developed.
Auricles well defined
folded over ventricle.
Imperfect ventricular
septum. Ventricle with
numerous muscular tra-
beculae. Truncus arte-
riosus thick walled : conus
thin. Branchial arteries
well developed. Pulmo-
nary arteries and veins
very small. Hepatic veins
very large; they unite to
form sinus venosus which
erapties into the right
auricle. Internal and
external jugulars present;

jugular sinus well

marked. Splenic, gastric

and mesenteric veins

formed. Caudal vein

gives off' branches to

form renal portal system.

Arteries and veins in

limbs complete.

Skeleton Limbs Stage

Internasal cartilage

well defined.
Lateral and dorsal
wall of brain Cap-
sula now a thin
layer of bone. Bone
in whole extent of
lower jaw. Nasal
capsule formed in

cartilage. Hypo-

hyal much larger.

Second hypobran-

chial still very

small. Cartilage
appearing around
orbit. Membrane

bones of skull
generally formed.
Tibia and fibula,
tarsals and meta-

tarsals ossified.

48

48 a

49

4*

2g Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Some Variations in External Structures.

Before the individual variations are considered in detail it should be stated that a given nest contains
but few eggs that are in precisely the same stage of development. The difFerences are inost obvious in the
early stages up to the closure of the neural fold. PVom the closure of the neural folds to the 39 mm larva
the variations are not so pronounced, yet there are innumerable minor variations.

In the following descriptions the principal variations observed in the external features are first
recorded, then those observed in the sections.

Cleavage.

In the cleavage stages, from the second on to late cleavage, there is so much Variation in the
Position, extent and rate of progress of the various grooves that it is impossible to record them. Some of
the variations have been described elsewhere (1904 b) by the senior author.

Gastrulation.

Some Variation is found in the position of the first line of invagination which forms the dorsal lip
of the blastopore. Its first appearance may be along a line equidistant from the equator and the vegetative
pole or it may form nearer the equator and again sometimes nearer the vegetative pole. The first line of
invagination may be nearly straight and again it may be decidedly crescentic. The maximal diameter of
the yolk plug may equal one half the diameter of the egg. The closure of the blastopore usually occurs
in about six days but it may close in five days.

Closure of neural folds.

Variations in the closure of the neural fold are frequently observed. The coalescence of the lateral
portions of the fold usually begins at the posterior end. Sometimes they first coalesce along the middle
portion of the embryo. Usually the transverse portion of the fold is continuous ; at other times it shows a
deep transverse groove which separates it into right and left halves. Cf. Figs. 18, 19, 20, 21. Wide variations
exist in depth, width and extent of the neural groove.

Appearance of optic vesicles.

The optic vesicles are usually present before the complete closure of the neural fold. Sometimes
tliey are present as disc-like depressions in the neural plate before the lateral portions of the fold have
begun to coalesce; again, but rarely, they are not visible until the folds have closed.

Neuromeres (?).

There are frequently observed in the cephalic region well marked serial elevations and depressions
along the inner margins of the lateral folds and across the neural plate. In other embryos there is not the
slightest trace of either.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus. 20

Somites.

In some embryos three myotomes are differentiated before the neural folds are closed, while in
others there are no traces of myotomes until the folds are closed. The number of myotomes early becomes
exceedingly variable in the tail. It is here impossible to count them accurately either in surface views or
in sections. In the trunk i. e. betvveen the limbs from the 15 — 16 mm larva up to the 39 mm they seem to
be fairly constant numbering 18—20. In the tail however they are variable, so that in larvae of identical
lengths there may be a Variation of 1—5 myotomes. It should be emphasized that the number in the tail
is determined with great difficulty since the most caudal are but slight thickenings in the mesoderm.

Lateral curvature of body.

In the embryos of 8 — 15 mm there is much Variation in the lateral curvature of the body. In some
rests as high as 80 7o of the embryos have the head and tail curved to the right. Other nests show a like
percentage in which the head and tail are curved to the left. Out of 328 eggs, taken from five nests, 174
had the concave side on the right and 154 on the left.

External gills.

In most embryos of 9 mm (Fig. 25) the fourth and fifth arches are a common mass with no indi>
cations of the line of division; in some the line of invagination is distinct. In the later stages (e. g. 25 mm)
there are usually five or six filaments on the middle gill bar, in others there are eight or nine. This
Variation is even more pronounced in the 26 — 39 mm larvae.

Limbs.

Some variations have been noted in the time of appearance of both the anterior and the posterior
limb buds. The anläge of the anterior limb is usually discernible in the 11 mm stage (Fig. 27), but
sometimes not until the larva measures 12 mm. The posterior limb buds are usually beginning in the 12 mm
stage, sometimes are not present until the larva measures 13 mm. In the formation of the digits variations
are found. Three are usually present on the anterior limbs in the 20—21 mm larva. In some three are
not present until the larva is 23 mm long. The same Variation is observed in the time of formation of the
fourth digit on the anterior limb. Similar variations are found in the time of formation of the posterior digits.

Pigmentation.

Although little Variation is observed in the position of the bands there is much Variation in the
degree of pigmentation. These differences are most pronounced in the larvae between 19—25 mm. In
some the chromatophores are densely aggregated while in others they are sparsely scattered. In some
(25 mm) they have extended over the dorsal portion of the yolk only, while in others they have extended
over one half of the lateral surface of the yolk.

-Q Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Variations in Internal Structures.

In the study of the variations of internal structures only tliose which are most obvious have been
recorded.

Notochord.

There is considerable Variation in the anterior extent of the notochord in nearly all stages. This
Variation is more obvious in the earlier than in the later stages. Usually a considerable tract of mesenchyma
lies between the anterior end of the chorda and the hypophysis. Frequently this tract is short and sotnetimes
only a narrow band.

Eye.

In sections the optic vesicles show the same variations which have been recorded under variations
in external features. The appearance of pigment in the retina and iris shows considerable Variation. In
the 17 mm embryo series 140, 141, 145 show considerable pigment in the retina and its first appearance in
the iris, while 146 shows the beginning of pigment in the retina and none in the iris. The time of first
appearance of pigment in the choroid is likewise variable. In the 18 mm embryo series 152, 155 show
considerable pigment, series 146, 151 show but little pigment, while in series 147, 149, 150 there is no
pigment in the choroid.

Ear.

In the 6 mm embryo, series loo, there is a cup-shaped invagination of the inner layer of the ectoderm
while in series loi there is a vesicle. In the 7 mm embryo, series 102, shows the otic vesicle just closed,
while in .series 103 it is not quite closed. In the 18 mm larva, series 146 and 147, the endolymphatic duct
extends over the medulla to about one half the distance to median line; in series 151 it extends over the
lateral margin of the medulla; in series 149 it does not extend over the lateral margin of the medulla.

Nose.

In the 9 mm stage series 106 shows the anläge of the nose as a shallow invagination of the ectoderm.
In series 107 there i.s no invagination. In 108 it is slightly cup-shaped. In series 109 thickened ectoderm,
in series iio thickened ectoderm.

Bpiphysis.

In the 9 mm stage series 106, 109, 108 show the epiphysis to be a slight cup-shaped evagination in
the dorsal wall of the fore-brain. In series 107, iio the evagination is deeper and somewhat pear-shaped.

Paraphysis.

In the II mm embryos, series Il6, the paraphysis is a very shallow evagination in tlie postero-dorsal
wall of the telencephalon. In 117 the paraphysis is a deep pit-like evagination.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus. ■il

Hypophysis.

In the 9 mm embryo, series lo6, 107, the anla<i^e of the hypophysis is two layers of cells thick, in
108 it is but a single layer, while in 109 it is three or four layers thick.

Liver.

In the 9 mm embryo, series 106, 107, 108, 110 tlie anläge of the liver is shown as a wide evagination
of the gut; while 109 shows two or three tubules.

Pancreas.

The dorsal pancreas seems to grow very slowly and to show much Variation. Series 118 and 119
show the dorsal pancreas as a slight evagination of the dorsal wall of the gut. In series 120 it is in
about the same stage. In series 125 the evagination is vesicular. In the 13 mm embryo series I2I,
there is a cup-shaped evagination. In 122, 124 the evagination is vesicular. In the 14 mm stage it varies
from cup-shaped evagination in series 127, 130 to vesicular in 129.

Spleen.

In the 15 mm embryo, series 131, 134 show the anläge of the spieen as a small mass of mesenchymal
cells in the dorsal mesentery of stomach. In series 132 there is no indication of spieen. In 133 there is a
well defined mass of mesenchymal cells.

Thymus.

In the 16 mm embryo, series 137, 138, 139 the thymus begins as a small mass of cells in close
proximity to the 3rd branchial cleft. In 136 the thymus anläge is not yet present.

Trachea — Lungs.

In the 10 mm embryo series lll, II2 show the beginning of the trachea as a short groove in the
ventral wall of the pharynx. Series I13 shows a deeper vesicular evagination.

~2 Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte dpv Wirbeltiere.

Bibliography.

The literature comprises the papers on those forms whicli belong to the Ichthyoidea (Claus) including
the Perennibranchiata (Proteus, Siren, Necturus) and those of the Caducibranchiata belonging to the family
Derotremata (Ampliiuma, Menopoma, Cryptobranclms).

It includes all (?) the papers on the embryology, nearly all those on the anatomy and histology.
Most of the systematic, zoological and paleontological papers are also given.

A. Alphabetical arrangement of titles according to authors.

1873 Abbott, Charles C, Our largest Salamander (Menopoma alleghaniensis). Science Gossip, 1873, p. 271 — 272.
1878 Albrbciit, Paul, Ueber einen Processus odontoideus des Atlas bei den urodelen Amphibien. Centralbl. f. d.

med. Wissensch., 1878, p. 578—579. Nachtrag, p. 705—706.
1903 Allis, E. P., On certain features of the cranial anatomy of Bdellostoma dombeyi. Anat. Anz., Bd. 23, 1903,

p. 259—281, 321—327.
1901 Ancbl, P., Etüde du developpement des glandes de la peau des Batraciens et en particulier de la Salamandre

terrestre. Arch. de Biol., T. 18, 1901, p. 257 — 289, 2 pl.
1892 Anderson, 0. A., Zur Kenntnis des sj-mpathischeu Nervensystems der urodelen Amphibien. Zool. Jahrb., Bd. 5,

1892, p. 184—210, 4 pl.
1896 Andres, Angblo, La Salamandra gigantescha del Giappone (Megalobatrachus niaximus Boul.). Atti. Soc. Ital.

Sc. nat., Vol. 35, 1896, p. 201—218, 1 fig.
1898 Andrews, E. A., Filose activity in metazoan eggs. Zool. Bull. Boston, Vol. 2, 1898, p. 1 — 13, 5 fig.
1898a Andrews, E. A., Seme activities of polar bodies. Ann. Mag. Nat. Eist., Vol. 1, 1898, p. 109—116, 5 fig.
1849 Baikd, Spencer F., Revision of the North American tailed batrachians with descriptions of new genera and

species. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., Ser. 2, Vol. 1, 1849, p. 281—294.

1826 Barnes, Daniel H., An arrangement of the genera of the Batrachian animals with a description of the more

remarkable species including a monograph of the doubtful reptiles. Amer. Journ. Sei. and Arts, Ser. 1,
Vol. 11, 1826, p. 268—297.

1827 Barnes, Daniel H., Note on the doubtful reptiles. Amer. Journ. Sei. and Arts, Ser. 1, Vol. 13, 1827, p. 66—70.

1807 Barton, Benj. Smith, (Scientific notes). Philad. Med. and Physical Journ., Suppl. 2, 1807.

1808 Barton, Benj. Smith, Notices of Siren lacertina and of another species of the same genus. Philadelphia 1808. 8".
1812 Barton, Benj. Smith, Some account of the Siren lacertina and otber species of the same genus of amphibious

animals. Philadelphia 1812. S".
1812a Barton, Benj. Smith, A memoir concerning an animal of the class of Reptilia or Amphibia, wbich is known in

the United States by the names of Alligator and Hellbender. Philadelphia 1812. 8". 1 pl.
1885 Bauk, G., Einige Bemerkungen über die Ossifikation der „langen" Knochen. Zool. Anz., Bd. 8, 1885, p. 580 — 581.

1888 Baur, G., Beiträge zur Morphologie des Carpus und Tarsus der Vertebraten. Teil 1. Batrachia. Jena 1888.

1889 Baur, G., On the morphology of the vertebrate skull. 1. The otic Clements. Journ. Morphol., Vol. 3, 1889,

p. 467—474.
1891 BAtiii, G, The pelvis of the Testudinata, with notes on the evolution of the pelvis in general. Journ. Morphol.,

Vol. 4, 1891, p. 345—359.
1894 Bawdrn, H. H., The nose and Jacobson's organ with especial reference to the Amphibia. Journ. Comp. Neurol.

and PsychoL Vol. 4, 1894, p. 117—152, 8 pl.
1878 Beale, Lionel S., The microscope in medicine. 4. ed. London 1878.
1799 Beauvoik, Memoir on a new species of Siren [operculata]. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, Vol. 4, 1799, p. 277—281.

1902 Becker, Victor, Untersuchungen an der Mundschleimhaut von Cryptobranchus japonicus. Diss. Phil., Berlin

1902, p. 60.

1903 Beddard, f. E., Normally unequal growth as a possible cause of death. Nature, Vol. 68, 1903, p. 497.

1904 Beddard, F. E., On some points in the anatomy chiefly of the heart and vas-system of tbe Japanese Salamander,

Megalobatrachus japonicus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. 2, 1904, p. 298—315, 7 fig.
1899 Beer, Th., Die Accommodation des Auges bei den Amphibien. Arch. Ges. Phys. Pflügbr, Bd. 73, 1899,
p. 501-534, 14 Fig.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus. 33

1835 Bell, Tuomas, Amphibia. In Tonn's Cyclopaedia of anatomy and physiology, Vol. 1, London 1835/1836, p. 90—107.
1907 Bender, Otto, Die Honiulogie des Spritzloches der 8elachier und der Paukenliülile der Amphibien, Sauropsiden

und Säugetiere auf Grund ihrer Innervation. Anat. Anz., Ergänzungsheft zu Bd. 30, 1907, p. 38 — 44.
1907a Bendbk, Otto, Die Schleimhautnerven des Facialis, Glossophar^-ngeus und Vagus. Studien zur Morphologie des

Mittelohres und der benachbarten Kopfregion der Wirbeltiere. Denkschr. Med.-naturw. Ges. Jena, Bd. 7,

19(77, p. 341—454.
1900 Bensley, R. R., The oesophageal glauds of Urodela. Biol. Bull., Vol. 2, 1900, p. 87 — 104, 8 Fig.

1898 Bekry, John M., A comparison of the phagocytic action of leucocytes in Amphibia and Mammalia. Trans. Amer.

Micr. Soc, Vol. 19, 1898, p. 93—116, 5 pl.
1860 Bettziech, Beta H., Der Riesensalamander von Japan (Megalobatrachus maximus). Natur, Bd. 9, 1860, p. 211 — 212.
1846 Bidder, f. H., Vergleichend-anatomische und histologische Untersuchungen über die männlichen Geschlechts- und

Harnwerkzeuge der nackten Amphibien. Dorpat 1846. p. 1 — 74.
1889 B.JELBTZKIJ, N. F., Phj'siologische Bemerkung über den Riesensalamander (Russian). Arb. d. Naturf. Ges. Charkow,

Bd. 15, 1889, p. 173—206.
1871 Blanchard, Emile, On a new gigantic Salamander (Sieboldia davidiana Blanch.) from Western China. Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, Vol. 8, 1871, p. 212 — 214.
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1907 Stejneger, Leonhard, Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Washington 1907. 8".
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Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus maculosus. ^7

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1837 ViATOK (?), On the Proteus anguineus. Chaulkswotii's Magaz. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, 1837, p. 625 630.

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1891 Wilder, H. H., A contribution to the anatomy of Siren lacertina. Zool. Jahrb., Bd. 4, 1891, p. 653 — 691.

1892 Wilder, H. H., Die Nasengegend von Menopoma alleghanieuse und Amphiuma tridactylum nebst Bemerkungen

über die Morphologie des Ramus ophthalmicus profundus trigemini. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat. u. Ontog.,
Bd. 5, 1892, p. 155—176, 2 Taf.
1896 Wilder, H. H., The amphibian larj-nx. Zool. Jahrb., Bd. 9, 1896, p. 273—318, 3 Taf., 4 Fig.

1903 Wilder, H. H., The skeletal System of Necturus maculatus Rafinesque. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 5,

1903, p. 387—439, 6 pl., 1 fig.
1909 Wilder, Inez W., The lateral nasal gland in Amphiuma. Journ. Morphol., Vol. 20, 1909, 1 pl., 7 fig.

1898 WiNSLOw, G. M., The chondrocranium of the Ichthyopsida. Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. 28, 1898, p. 87—140, 1 pl.

1904 WiNSLow, G. M., Three cases of abnormality in Urodeles. Tufts Coli. Stud., 1904, No. 8, p. 387—410, 2 pl.
1854 Wyman, Jeifriks, Structure of the heart and physiology of respiration in the Menobranchus and Batrachians.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Eist., Vol. 5, 1854, p. 51—52.

48

Normentafeln zur Entwicklunsisajeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

1888 Zbller, E., Ueber die Larve des Proteus anguineus. Zool. Anz., Bd. 11, 1888, p. 570 — 572.

1889 Zbllek, E., Ueber die Fortpflanzung von Proteus anguineus und seine Larve. Jahreshefte d. Vereins f. vaterl.

Naturk. in Württemberg, 1889.

1890 Zeller, E., Ueber die Befruchtung der Urodelen. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool, Bd. 49, 1890, p. 583—601, 3 Fig.
1895 ZüCKERKANDL, E., Zur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Arterien des Unterschenkels und des Fußes.

Anat. Hefte, Bd. 5, 1895, p. 207—291, 6 Taf.
1895a ZüCKERKANDL, E., Zur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Arterien des Vorderarmes. Anat. Hefte, Bd. 5,

1895, p. 157—205.
1897 Zwick, Wilh., Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Baues und der Entwicklung der Amphibiengliedmaßen, besonders von

Carpus und Tarsus. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., Bd. 63, 1897, p. 62 — 114, 4 Taf.

B. Alphabetical arrangement of authors under topics.

1. General Works.

a) Systematic.

Baird 49.

Barnes 26, 27.

Barton 07, 08, 12, 12a.

Beauvois 99.

Boulenger 82.

Camper 03.

Chapman 79, 93.

Cope 85, 86, 89, 89a.

Cuvier 00, 27, 31.

Eckel and Paulwire 02.

Erber 64.

Fitzinger 26, 50.

Freyer 46.

Garnier 88.

Gibbes 50, 53.

Gray 25, 57, 73.

Hallowell 56, 58.

Harlan 27, 35, 67c.

Karting 71.

Hay 92.

Van der Hoeven 38 b, 39, 66 a,

66 b.
Holbrook 36.
Kingsbury 04.
Kingsle}' 02.
Kneeland 56.
Lacepede 07, 07a.
Le Conte 26, 28.
Leuckart 40.
Merrem 20.
Rafinesque 19.
Rein 84.

Rein and von Roretz 76.
Schlegel 38.
Siebold 33.

Stejneger 92, 96, 07, 07a.
Strauch 70.

Temminck and Schlegel 38.
Tschudi 37, 38.
Wagler 30.
Waite 07.
Wied-Neuwied 65.

b) Zoological.

Abbott 73.

Andres 96.

Beale 78.

Beddard 03, 04.

Bell 35.

Bender 07.

Berry 98.

Bettziech 60.

Bjeletzkij 89.

Blanchard 71, 71a, 91.

Boie 26.

Bonaparte 32, 38, 39.

Bugnion 74.

Chiaje 40.

Claus 82.

Configliachi and Rusconi 21.

Cope 95.

Dalton 53.

Davison 94, 95, 96.

De Kay 42.

Dowler 59.

Dumeril et Bibron 84.

Ecker 59.

Ehrenberg 62, 67, 68, 70, 72,

Eigenmann 99.

Eismann 75.

Ellis 66.

Emerson 05.

Emery 97.

Erber 63, 77.

Eycleshymer 06.

Fischer, J. G. 64.

Fischer, Sigwart 00.

Frauenfeld 61.

Frear 82.

Fülleborn 94.

Gadow Ol.

Geerts 83, 84.

Gegenbaur 98.

Geyer 05.

Gmelin 06.

Grote 76, 76a.

Grube 66.

Guerne 96.

74.

Hargitt 92.

Harlan 23, 24, 24a, 26, 26a.

Hay 88.

Heidenhain 07.

Hertwig 06.

Van der Hoeven 38, 38a, 67, 67a, 67b.

Hoffmann 77.

Humboldt 05.

Hunter 66.

Huxley 74, 75.

Hyrtl 50, 65, 65a.

Ishikawa 00, 02, 04, 08.

James 23.

Kammerer 05, 05a

Kingsley 92.

Kneeland 58.

Kölliker 89.

Kornhuber 64.

Lankes 06.

Le Conte 49.

Leuckart 21.

Lewis 04.

Leydig 53.

Linnaeus 66.

Lloyd 66.

Marchesetti 75.

Marenzeller 78.

Marshall 93.

Mayer 35.

Pompe van Meerdervoort 59.

Mettenheimer 70.

Meuron 93.

Michahelles 29, 31.

Milde 62.

Milner 74.

Minot 92.

Mitchill 22, 24, 24a.

Moesch 87.

Montgomery 80.

Moodie 08.

Morgan 03.

Müller, J. C. 32.

Müller, K. 64.

NeiU, 28, 32.

Nobbe 64.

Normal Plates of the Development of Necturus raaculosus.

49

Nussbaum 07.

Oesterdam 89.

Oken 17, 36.

Oppel 9(1, 90.

Osawa 99, 02.

Osborn 84.

Owen 66.

PLisalix 97, 97a.

Rabl 89.

Reese 06.

Rejsek 97.

Rudolphi 17.

Ruscoui 27, 28, 37, 43, 43a.

Ryder 90.

Rusconi and Contigliachi 18.

Saski 87.

Schlegel 37.

Schmidl 60.

Schmidt, Goddard en Vau der Hoeven

64.
Schneider, J. G. 79.
Schneider, 0. 73.
Schneider, R. 90.
Schreibers Ol, 18, 20.
Siebold 28.
Smith, H. M. 98.
Smith, J. 32.
Smith, F. A. 28.
Spicer 69.
Stöhr 06.
Stricker 72.
Strube 88.
Tommasini 75.
Townsend 82.
Treviranus 20.
Vaillant 63, 63a.
Valentin 37.
Viator 37.
Wagler 28.
Wagner, F. 80.
Wagner, R. 37.
Weinzettl 81.

Weismann and Wiedersheim 78.
Whitman 85, 99.
Wiedersheim 77, 90, 09.
Wilder, B. G. 74, 83.
Wilder, H. H. 91.
Zeller, 88.

c) Embryological.

Broili 03.

Chauvin 83, 83a.

Cope 86.

Eycleshymer 02, 04, 04a.

Fülleborn 94.

Hay 88.

Kammerer 07.

Keibel Ol, 06.

Normentafeln zur Ent 'icklungsgeschichte

Kerbert 03, 04, 05.
Krainz 61.
Mc Gregor 96.
Morgan 97.
Platt 94, 96.
Rabl 98.
Schoenichen 04.
Schulze, F. E. 76.
Schulze, 0. 05.
Smith, B. G. 06.
Virchow 94.
Vir6 04.

Whitman 88, 88a.
Wiedersheim 77, 90.
Zeller 89, 90.

2. Earliest Stages.

Andrews 98, 98a.

Bussy 04, 05.

Camerano 83.

Eycleshymer 95, 02.

Ishikawa 03, 05.

Kerbert 03.

Lange 06, 07.

Schmidt 04.

Sobotta 97.

Whitman and Eycleshymer 96.

Zeller 90.

3. Skeleton.

Albrecht 78.

Baur 85, 88, 89, 91.

Buchs 02.

Carlson 86.

Cope 89.

Davison 97.

Duges 34.

Field 95.

Gadovv 95.

Gage 82.

Gaupp 04, 06.

Gegenbaur 62.

Göppert 95, 96.

Hay 89, 90.

Hepburn 07.

Van der Hoeven 66.

Houghton 03.

Howes and Davies 88.

Lucas 86.

Meyerhofer 09.

Mivart 70.

Murray 97.

Nussbaum 08.

Parker 68, 77, 96.

Peter 94, 98.

Platt 97.

Reynolds 97.

der Wirbeltiere. XI.

Ryder 79.
Schauinsland 06.
Sieglbauer 04.
Smallwood 08.
Sinith, F. 00.
Terry 04.

Van P^e 03, 03a, 04.
Walter 87.
Wliipple 06.
Wiedersheim 77, 92.
Wilder, H. H. 03.
Winslow 98.
Zwick 97.

4. Muscies.

Braus 07.
Davison 94.
Drüner 03.
Duges 34.

Eycleshymer 02a, 04.
Fürbringer 06.
Gage, S. P. 90.
Göppert 94.
Humphry 72.
Macallum 87a.
Maurer 06.
Mivart 69, 69a.
Platt 97.
Ribbing 07.
Schaper 02.

5. Blood and Vascular System.

Boas 81.

Claypole 93, 96.

Crisp 60.

Eisen 99.

Favaro 06.

Gage, S. H. 85a.

Gulliver 73.

Harting 58.

Hochstetter 06.

Van der Hoeven 41, 67a.

Joseph 05.

Kneeland 68.

Knoll 96.

Königstein 03.

Kunitomo 03.

Langerhans 73.

Macallum 92.

Mandl 39, 39a.

Marcinowski 06.

Miller 00a.

Minot 98, 00.

Owen 35, 42.

Romeisen 05.

Rooy 07.

Schmidt, H. D. 78.

Sobotta 02.

50

Vaillant 62.
Welikij 90.
Wyman 54.
Zuckerkandl 95, 9Ba.

6. Respiratory System.

Böttger 76.
Bridge 00.
Camerano 83a.
Clemens 95.
Drüner Ol.
Eycleshymer 06a.
Göppert 98.
Kneeland 56.
Königstein 03a.
Maurer 88, 88a.
Miller 00b, 02, 05.
Wiedersheim 77b.
Wilder, H. H. 96.
Wyman 54.

7. Digestive System.

Becker 02.
Bensley 00.
Blyer 74.
Bolau 99.
Broman 04.
Choronsbitzky 97, 00.
Gage-Gage 90.
Gage, S. H. 85.
Göppert 91, 06.
Green 96, 97.
Holmgren 04.
Kingsbury 94.
Leydig 98.
Macallum 87.
Mc Gill 08a.

Matbews 99.

Meckel 19.

Miller 06.

Monti 98.

Nemiloff 02.

Oppel 95.

Platt 96.

Prenant 04.

Reese 04b.

Richter 02.

Riddle 09.

Saint-Hilaire 03.

Schulz 00.

8. Nervous System.

Allis 03.
Anderson 92.
Bender 07a.
Brächet 07.
Bugnion 74.
Carl.son 06.

Normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere.

Deen 34.

Edinger 04.
Fischer, J. G. 43.
Galeotti 97.
Herrick 93, 94, 09.
Hirsch-Tabor 09.
Hoffmanu 02.
Humphry 72.
Jelliffe 97.

Johnston, J. B. 03, 06.
Kingsbury 95a.

Klaussner 83.

Kühne 86.

Kupffer 06.

Levi 97.

Lej'dig 76a.

Macallum 87.

McGill 08, 08a.

Mc Gregor 96.

Miller 00.

Blonti 99.

Nakagawa 91.

Nemiloff 02.

Neumayer 06.

Norris 05, 08, 09.

Osborn 83, 84, 86, 86a, 88.

Platt 96a.

Rubaschkin Ol, 03.

Rüge 97.

Smirnow 90.

Strong 92, 95.

Tuerckheim 03.
Vaillant 62.

Warren 05.

9. Sense Organs.

Bawden 94.

Beer 99.

Bugnion 73.

Dubois 90.

Eigenmann 00, 00a.

Eigenmann and Deuny 00, 00a.

Eycleshymer 93.

Fleissig 09.

Hess 89.

Howard 08.

Kingsbury 95, 95b, 03, 08.

Kingsley 00.

Kingsley and Ruddick 99.

Kohl 89, 91.

Kuhn 79.

Lauber 02.

Leydig 68, 76b.

Loeb 05.

Malbranc 75, 76.

Mall 93.

Mihalkovics 98.

Norris 94.
Okajima 06.
Okasima 06.
Rabl 98.
Reese 05a, 06a.
Rejsek 97a.
Retzius 81, 04, 05.
Schlamp 91, 92.
Schulze, F. E. 61, 70.
Seydel 95.
Studnicka 97.
Takahashi 09.
Terry 06.
Wilder, H. H. 92.
Wilder, J. W. 09.

10. Integument.

Ancel Ol.
Chauvin 84.
Eycleshymer 06b.
Grote 76.
Heidenhain 93.
Leydig 73, 76, 76a.
Merkel 80.
Niclogu 93.
Rabl 95.
Reese 04b, 05.
Schub er g 93.
Studer 74.

11. Genito-urinary Organs.

Bidder 46.
Broman Ol.
Drzewina 03.
Duvernoy 47.
Felix and Bühler 06.
Field 94.
Fürbringer 77.
Hall 04.
Heidenhain 00.
Johnston, C. 76.
Joseph 05a.
Kampen 03.
Kingsbury 95.
Knappe 86.
Mc Gregor 99.
Meyer 75.
Minot 98.
Piersol 89.
Rathke 25.
Reese 04, 04a.
Valentin 41.

12. Variations.

Bumpus 96.
Howes 93.
Waite 97.
Winslow 04.

Frommannsche liuchdruckerei (Hermann Pohle) in Jena. — 3Ö78

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Bd. I. Teil l, I. Hälfte: O. Hortwi?, Einleituns: und allgemeine Litcraturübersicht. Waldcjcr, Ceschleclitszellen. I{. Ilcrtnig:,
Eiieit'e, Befriichtunii umt KurcliiMigs|)rozelJ. 0. Hi'rtwijj, Lehre von den Keimblattern. O. Ucrtwii;, MitSbildungen und
Mehrfachbildungen. Mit 244 Abbildungen. Preis: 27 Mark, geb. 29 Mark 50 Pf.

Bd. I. Teil I, II. Hälfte und Teil 2; Kiickert und Mollior, Entstehung der Gefäße und des Blutes. Keibel, Aeußere Körperform.
Scliaiiinsland, Eihäute der Ke|)tilien und Vügel. Striilil, Enibryonalzellen der Säuger und die Hlaconta. Mit 886 Abbildungen.
Preis: 18 Mark, geb. 20 Mark 50 Pf.

15d. II. Teil l und 2: Göppert, Mund, Mundhöhle mit Drüsen und Zunge, Schwimmblase, Lunge und Kehlkopf. Maurer, Darm-
system. W. Krause, Haut und ihre Nebenorgane. Burckhardt, Verknöcherungen des Integuments und der Mundhöhle.
Fcter, Geruchsorgan und Jacobsonsches Organ, l'eter, .^^eußere Nase und Gaumen. II. Krause, Gehörorgan. Frorlep,
Auge. Mit 507 Abbildungen. Preis: 20 Mark, geb. 23 M;irk 50 Pf.

Bd. II. Teil 3: v. KiipH'er, Morphogenie des Zentralnervensystems, /ielion. Morphogenie des Zentralnervensystems der Säugetiere.
Neumayer, Histo genese und Morphogenese des peripheren Nervensystems, der Spinalganglien und des Nervus -sympathicus.
Mit 568 Abbildungen. Preis: 17 Mark, geb. 19 Mark 50 Pf.

Bd. m. Teil i: Maurer, Muskelsystem und elektrische Oigane. Felix und lliililcr, Hnrn- und Geschlechtsorgane. PoII, Neben-
nierensystenie. Mit 509 Abbildungen. Preis : 24 Mark, geb. 26 Mark 50 Pf.

Bd. III. Teil 2 und 3: Fleinniing:, Histogenese der Stützsubstanzen der Bindesubstanzgruppe. Ilochstelter, Blutgefäßsystem. Braus,
Extremitäten und E-i^tremitätenskelett- Scliauinslaiid, Wirbelsäule nebst Rippen und Brustbein. Uaupp, Kopfskelett.
Barrurtli, Regeneration der VVirbeltierembryonen. Kcibel, Entwickelungsgrad der Organe in den verschiedenen Stadien
der embryonalen Entwickelung. 0. llcrtwisr, Stellung der vergleichenden Entwickelungslehre zur vergleichenden Anatomie,
zur Systematik und Deszendenztheorie. Mit 522 Abbildungen. Preis: 29 Mark, geb. 31 Mark 50 Pf.

Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens.

Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905.

Herausgegeben von

Prof. W. Michaelseu und Dr. R. Hartmeyer.

Band 1, Lief. i. Reisebericht von Prof. W. Michaelsen, Hamburg und Dr. R. Hartmeyer, Berlin. 1907.
Preis: 4 Mark.

Lief. 2. Oligochaeta von Prof. W. Michaelsen, Hamburg. Mit 2 lithographischen Tafeln, i Karten-
skizze und 34 Abbildungen im Text. 1907. Preis: 5 Mark.

Ljgf. 3—5. Copeognatha von Dr. Günther Enderlein, Stettin. Mit 6 Abbildungen im Text.
Ophiuroidea par Prof. R. Koehler, Lyon. Avec 10 Figures dans le texte. Panorpata und Planlpennia
von Dr. H. W. van der Wcele, Leiden. Mit i Abbildung im Text. Preis: i Mark 50 Pf.
Lief. 6 — 7. Apidae vonJ.D. Alf tken, Bremen. Formlcidae von Prof. A Forcl , Chigny. Preis: 2 Mark 50 Pf.
Lief, s — 13. Dystlcldae, Hydrophllldae et Gyrinldae, von M. Regini hart Evreux. Lief. 9. Braconidae
und Ichneumonidae von Gy. .SzepHgeti, Budapest. Mit Figur i und 2 auf Tafel III und 2 Abbildungen
im Text. Tenebrlonldae von H u n s G e b i e n , Hamburg. Mit Figur 3-8 auf Tafel III und 4 Abbildungen
im Text Alleculldae von H. Borchmann, Hamburg. Mit Figur 9—14 auf Tafel III und 4 Abbildungen
im Text. Araneae, 1"^ partie, von Eugene Simon, Paris. Mit i Kartenskizze und 14 Abbildungen im
Text. Fossores von W. A. Schulz, Genf. Mit 3 Abbildungen im Text. 1908. Preis: 6 Mark 50 Pf.

Band II Lief. 1-4. Chrysomelidae und Coccinellidae von J. Weise, Berlin. Staphylinidae von Dr. Max Bern-
hauer, Grünburg 0.-( ). Trichoptera und Ephemeridae von Georg Ulm er, Hamburg. Mit 44 Ab-
bildungen im Text. Thysanura per F. Silvestri, Portici. Con Tab. I — X. 1907/08. Preis: 12 Mark.
Lief. 5—8. Dermaptera by Malcolm Burr, Eastry, Kent. Rotatoria, Tardigrada und andere Moos-
bewohner von Prof. F. Richters, Frankfurt a. M. Scorplones von Prof. Dr. K. Kraepelin, Hamburg.
Scolopendridae von Prof. Dr. K. Kraepelin, Harnburg. i\Iit 2 Tafeln und 3 Abbildungen. 1908.

Preis: 5 Mark.

Lief. 9-13. Blattldae by R. Shelford, Oxford. Copelata und Thallacea von 11. Lohmann, Kiel.

Marine Hydrachnidae und Halacaridae von II. Lohmann, Kiel. Araneae 2 me Partie, par Eugene
Simon, Paris. Ptinldae von M. Pic, Digoin. Mit 1 Tafel und 13 Abbildungen im Text. 1909.

Preis: 6 Mark.

Lief. 14—23. Curculionidae by Arthur M. Lea, Ilobart. Pisces; I. Teil: Syngnathidae von
Dr. Georg Duncker, Hamburg. Reptilia exkl. Geckonidae und Scincidac von Privatdozent
Dr. Franz Werner, Wien. Isoptera per F. Silvestrie, Portici. Onychophora par M. E.-L. Bou vier ,
Paris. Cephalopoda von Dr. Werner Th. Meyer, Hamburg. Homoptera von Pmf. Dr. Arnold Jacobi ,
Dresden. Tetraxonlda i. Teil von Dr. Ernst Hentschel, Hamburg. Turbeilarla, Rhabdocoelida
und Tricladida paludicola von Annie Weiss, cand. phil., Graz. Chelonethl von Alb. Tullgren,
Experimentalfältet. Mit 10 Tafeln und 68 Abbildungen im Text. 1909. Preis: 20 Mark.

Verlag von Gustav Fischer in Jena.

Die Süsswasserfauna Deutschlands.

Eine Exkursionsfauna

bearbeitet von
Prof Dr Böhm ig (Graz), Prof. Dr. Brauer (Berlin), Prof. Dr. Colli n (Berlin), Prof. Dr. Da hl (Berlin), van
Douwe (München), Prof. Dr. von Graff (Graz), Dr. Grünberg (Berlin), Dr. Hartmeyer (Berlin), Prof. Dr.
R u H. Heymons (Berlin), Prof. Dr. Jägerskiöld (Göteborg), Dr. Johansson (Göteborg), Dr. Keilhack
(Berlin) Prof. Dr. Klapälek (Karlin b. Prag), F. Könike (Bremen), Dr. Kuhlgatz (Danzigt, Dr. v. Linstow
(Göttingen), Dr. Luhe (Königsberg), Prof. Matschie (Berlin). Prof. Dr. Michaelsen (Hamburg), Dr. Neres-
heimer (Wien), Dr. Pappenheim (Berlin), Prof. Dr. Reichen ow (Berlin), E. Reitter (Paskau), Dr. Ris
(Rheinau) Dr. Thiele (Berlin), Prof. Dr. Tornier (Berlin), G. Ulmer (Hamburg), Dr. Vävra (Prag),

Prof. Dr. Weetner (Berlin)
und herausgetjeben von

Prof. Dr. Brauer (Berlin).

Einteilung:

*Heft II: Copepoda, Ostracoda, Malaeostraoa. Von C. van Douwe
Eugen Neresheimer, V. Vävra, Ludwig Keilhack. Mit

505 Fig. i. Text. 1909. Preis: 3 Marlv 50 Pf., geb. 4 Marli.
*Hefl 12: Araneae, Acarina und Tardisiada. Von Friedrich Dahl,

♦Heft i: Maniinalia, Ave.s, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces. Von
P. IWatschie, A. Relchenow, G. Tornier, P. Pappenheim.

Miti73Fig.i.Te,xt. 1909. Preis: 5 Mark, geb. 5 Mark 50 Pf.

Heft 2: Diptera.
*Heft3/4: Coleoptera. Von Edmund Reitter. Mit loi Figuren im
Text. 1909. Preis: 5 Mark, geb. 5 Mark 50 Pf.

*Heft5'6: Trielioptcra. Von Georg Ulmer. Mit 467 Figuren im
Text. 1909. Preis: 6 Mark 50 Pf., geb. 7 Mark 20 PI.

*Heft 7: C'olleiiibola, Neuroptera, Hjmenoptera, Rbjuchota.
Von R. u. H. Heymons und Th. Kuhlgatz. Mit in Figuren
im Text. 1909. Preis: 2 Mark 40 Pf., geb. 3 Mark.

*Heft 8: Epheraeridae, Plecoptera und Lepidoptera. Von Fr.
Klapälek, K. Grünberg. Mit 260 Figuren im Text. 1909.
Preis: 4 Mark, geb. 4 Mark 50 Pf.

*Heft 9: Odonata. Von F. Ris. Mit 79 Figuren im Text. 1909.
Preis: 2 Mark, geb. 2 Mark 50 Pf.

F. Koenike u. A. Brauer. Mit 280 Figuren im Text. 1909.
Preis: 4 Mark, geb. 4 Mark 50 Pf.
*Heft 13: Olisochaetauiid Hiitidinea. Von W. Michaelsen, L.Johans-
son. Mit 144 Figuren im Text. 1909. Preis: 1 Mark
60 Pf., geb. 2 Mark.
Heft 14: Rotatoria und Gastrolricha.

*Heit 15: Nematodes, Gorrtlldae und Slerinitbidae. Von L. A.
Jägerskiöld, von Linstow, R. Hartmeyer. Mit 155 Fig. im
Text. 1909. Preis: l Mark 80 l't., geb. 2 Mark 20 Pf.
Heft 16: Acanthocopbali.

*Heft 17: Parasitische Plattwünner I: Treniatodes. Von Max
Luhe. Mit 188 Fig. i. Text. Preis : 5 Mark, geb. 5 Mark 50 Pf.

*Heft 18: Parasitische Plattwürmer II : Cestodes. Von Max Luhe.
Mit 174 Fig. i. Text. Preis: 4 Mark, geb. 4 Mark 50 Pf.

*Heft 19: Mollusca, Nemertini, Brvozoa, Turbellaria, Tricladida,
Spong'illidae, Hjdrozoa. Von Joh. Thiele, R. Hartmeyer,
L.V. GrafT, L. Böhmig, W Weltner, A.Brauer. Mit 346 Figuren
im Text. 1909. Preis: 4 Mark, geb. 4 Mark 50 Pf.

*Heft 10: Phyllopoda. Von L Keilhack. Mit 265 Figuren im Text.
1909. Preis: 3 Mark, geb. 3 Mark 50 Pf.

Die „Süßwiisserfauiia Deutschlands" soll eine vollständige Exkursionsfauna der deutschen Binnengewässer darstellen. Um
die Benutzung zu erleichtern, wird das Werk in handlichen Heften ausgegeben, von denen jedes emzeln käuflich ist.

Die mit * bezeichneten Hefte sind erschienen ; die übrigen sind In Vorbereitung.

Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie

herausgegeben von
Dr. J. W. Spengel

Professor der Zoologie in Giessen.

Erster Band.

Inhalt des ersten Heftes: VALENTIN Haecker, Die Chromosomen als angenommene Vererbungsträger. Mit
43 Abbildungen. — Richard Heymons, Die verschiedenen Formen der Insectenmetamorphose und ihre Bedeutung im Vergleich
zur Metamorphose anderer Arthropoden. Mit 7 Abbildungen. — OTTO Maas, Die Scyphomedusen.

Inhalt des zweiten Heftes: H. F. Nierstrasz, Die Amphineuren. Mit 22 Abbildungen. — Ulrich Gerhardt,
Der gegenwärtige Stand der Kenntnisse von den Copulationsorganen der Wirbeltiere, insbesondere der Amnioten. Mit 16 Abbild.

Inhalt des dritten Heftes: Siegfried Becher, Die Stammesgeschichte der Seewalzen. Mit 12 Textfiguren. —
Max Rauther, Morphologie und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Nematoden und einiger ihnen nahegestellter Vermalien. A it
21 Textfiguren.

Zweiter Band.

Inhalt des ersten Heftes: J. B. Johnston, The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates. With 103 Figures.

Inhalt des zweiten Heftes: E. A. Minchin, Sponge-Spicules, A summary of present knowledge. With 26 Figures.
— Johannes Meisenheimer, Die Excretionsorgane der wirbellosen Tiere. I. Protonephridien und typische Segmentalori;ane. Mit
37 Figuren.

Inhalt des dritten Heftes: H. F. Nierstrasz, Die Amphineuren. Mit 32 Figuren. — Reinhard Demoll, Die
Physiologie des Facettenauges. Mit 22 Figuren.

Jährlich erscheint ein Band in zwanglosen Heften im Gesamtumfang von etw/a 40 Druckbogen.

Preis des Bandes: M. 20.

Unter dem Titel „Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie" ist hier eine periodische Publikation ins Leben
gerufen, deren Aufgabe darin bestehen soll, aus der Feder bewährter Fachmänner Berichte zu liefern, die in
zusammenhängender Darstellung ihren jeweiligen Gegenstand behandeln und von ihm eine dem gegenwärtigen
Stande der Forschung entsprechende Schilderung geben, die das Neue und für den Fortschritt der Erkenntnis
Bedeutsame hervortreten lässt und auch den Nicht-.Spezialisten sowie den Freunden der Zoologie zugänglich
macht. Hierbei soll keine Richtung der Forschung vor der anderen bevorzugt werden, sondern es wird für die
Gesamtheit der Berichte anzustreben sein, möglichst allen ihren Seiten gerecht zu werden. Die Aufsätze sollen
in keiner Weise den Charakter der üblichen Jahresberichte mit Wiedergabe des Inhalts der einzelnen Abhand-
lungen des verflossenen Jahres tragen, vielmehr über die Entwicklung und den Fortschritt der
Z oologie in größeren, je nach Umständen verschieden zu bemessen den Zeiträumen Rechen-
schaft geben, wobei der Verfasser nicht als nüchterner Referent, sondern als selbst urteilender Darsteller
seinen Stoff behandeln wird, erforderlichenfalls unterstützt durch Abbildungen in Gestalt von Textfiguren.

FromoQ&nQBcba Buchdrucksrel fHerm&im Pöble) La Jena.

lU::