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Ss. “8 DEPARTMENT ¢ OF ‘AGRICULTURE : BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY ag) ENR W. HENSHAW, Chief
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA,
oe No. 36.
[Actual date of publicati on, June 5, 1914]
“REVISION OF THE AMERICAN HARVEST MICE
(Genus we Een es
BY “ARTHUR EE. HOWELL=
ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY —
- c z WASHINGION ~ es & : ae GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFJOB © > Loe - - 1984
Peo DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
HENRY W. HENSHAW, Chief
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA
No. 386
[Actual date of publication, June 5, 1914]
REVISION OF THE AMERICAN HARVEST MICE
(Genus REITHRODONTOMYS)
BY
me Ee Es HOW EEL
ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
\ =
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914
Pehrek OF PRANSMITTAL.
UniTED States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BuREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, Washington, D. C., January 3, 1914.
Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as North American Fauna No. 36, the results of a study of the American harvest mice by Arthur H. Howell, assistant biologist, Biological Survey.
The American harvest mice occur abundantly in or near meadows and cultivated lands over a large part of the United States. Their exact economic relations are still little known, but they belong to a group of mammals many species of which are injurious to agriculture, and there is no doubt that they consume large quantities of forage and some grain.
Up to the present time the relationships and distribution of the many species have been imperfectly understood. The present report furnishes for the first time a complete systematic synopsis of the group, with maps showing the ranges of the species of most economic importance.
Respectfully, H.W. HEnsHaw, Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. Davin F. Hovuston, Secretary of Agriculture.
ea ie i
Hive
CONTENTS.
UpmRe OUR MeaRIPI oe A eo Nk cee wich ewe vate 2 ob we dioucieiene bance Peete aie material. 2. 22 Se ~ es - 55-5: - ieteitaye yas ce staat os oe Se DIS USENET ly 99 yey oo) oe had Sccaetera o ce bite nie oad
ee SMT IANS 52 so 5 on ane evAE Sones He nieie mon be es Sec sh Sipe SPE EIN Seles oP is Ly ate ies seeks peice a List of species and subspecies, with type localities..............-..------- Meme spesies ord subspecies. ..... ..- 2.22242 2h se seit whee eek ede SE RIOD OUI Seer seo A887 oo a he Salk 2 Diaries ice ein © seek SPE ERIE ELIOIL ES Sel aera Says Gre Alia ara cyanyne aya OL cee migew obo cies we PEM pe ALTMCASUTCIMONGS occa = - a ae sft et we Dans Se ena slew eetionse
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ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
Skulls (upper views) of Reithrodontomys h. humulis, R. h. merriami, R. a. albescens, R. a. griseus, R. montanus, R. m. megalotis, R. m. dychei, R. m. saturatus, R. m. zacatece, R. m. alticolus, R. r. raviveniris, R. 71. haliewtes. .. . 22223 na- ee eee
Skulls (upper views) of Reithrodontomys amenus, R. otus, R. a. australis, R. dorsalis, R. c. colime, R.r. luteolus, R. f. tenuis, R. f. dificilis, R. f. helvolus, K.f_.doliecus.._.0-< = oes ee eee
Skulls (upper views) of Reithrodontomys hirsutus, R. levipes, R. c. chrysopsis, R. m. mexicanus, R. m. cherru, R. m. goldmani, R. gracilis, R. t. aureus, R. m. microdon
errr ecececesezreeceeree ee sceeree ee ecec ce
. Skulls (lower views) of Reithrodontomys h. humulis, R. h. mer-
riami, R. a. albescens, R. a. griseus, R. montanus, R. m. mega- lotis, R. m. dychei, R. m. saturatus, R. m. zacatece, R. m. alti- colus, R. r. raviventris, R. r. halicetes
ere eee eee ee eee eee eee see eee ese
. Skulls (lower views) of Reithrodontomys amenus, R. otus, R. a.
australis, R. dorsalis, R. c. colime, R. r. luteolus, R. f. tenuis, RK. f. dificls, R. f. helootus; hf. oli
. Skulls (lower views) of Reithrodontomys hirsutus, R. levipes, R. c.
chrysopsis, R. m. mexicanus, R. m. cherrii, R. m. goldmani, R- gracilis, R. t. aureus, R.m. amicrodon..- == Molar teeth of Reithrodontomys m. megalotis, R. t. aureus, R. levipes, R. m. mexicanus, R. c. chrysopsis, R. h. merriami; skull of type of R. m. mexicanus
TEXT FIGURES.
Fie. 1. Distribution of Reithrodontomys humulis, R. albescens and subspecies... 2. Distribution of Reithrodontomys montanus, R. megalotis and subspecies. 3. Distribution of Reithrodontomys fulvescens and subspecies. .--.-.-------- 4. Distribution of Reithrodontomys rufescens, R. dorsalis, R. australis,
R. colimz, R. allent and subspecies .:....._.. 12222 aeeeeeeeee
5. Distribution of Reithrodontomys chrysopsis, R. perotensis, R. ips,
R. hirsutus and subspecies
6. Distribution of Reithrodontomys mexicanus, R. gracilis and subspecies. -
6
Page.
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
20 27 45
58
67 73
No, 36, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, June, 1914,
REVISION OF THE AMERICAN HARVEST MICE.
(Genus REITHRODONTOMYS.) By Artaur H. HoweEtt.
INTRODUCTION. HISTORY AND MATERIAL.
The mice of this genus have been known to naturalists since the days of Audubon and Bachman. At that time only a single species, the eastern harvest mouse, was known, it having been described by Bachman in 1841 under the name of Mus humulis from specimens collected near Charleston, 8. C. The following year (1842) the same authors redescribed this species as Mus leconti from a specimen collected by Maj. John Leconte in Liberty County, Ga.
Although the species was known from only a few localities (Geor- gia, South Carolina, and Virginia), and considered rare, its habits were quite fully described by Bachman in ‘‘Quadrupeds of North America,’’ published in 1851. The spelling of the name was there changed to “‘humilis.”” Even at that time Bachman appreciated the fact that this species was not closely related to true Mus, as is indicated by the following statement:
In examining the teeth of this species, we have found that the tuberculous sum- mits on the molars were less distinct than in those which legitimately belong to the genus Mus, and that there are angular ridges on the enamel by which it approaches the genus Arvicola; it is in fact an intermediate species, but in the aggregate of its characteristics perhaps approaches nearest to Mus, where we for the present have concluded to leave it.!
His keenness in noting the distinction between the molars of the harvest mouse and of Mus makes his failure to mention the groov- ing of the incisors all the more remarkable, but as pointed out by Osgood ? the rest of the description fits the species so well that there
1 Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., II, 1851, p. 106. £ Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XX, 1907, pp. 49-50.
8 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
can be no doubt of the applicability of the name humulis to the harvest mouse of the Atlantic coast.
In 1853 Leconte pointed out that ‘‘ Mus Lecontet of Bachman is a Reithrodon, and neither a Mus nor a Hesperomys.”’ }
In 1855 Baird described a second species in the genus, Reithrodon montanus, based on a single specimen collected on one of the Govern- ment exploring expeditions in the Rocky Mountains, the exact local- ity being unknown. This specimen remained unique in collections for over 50 years, and not until 1907 was a series of topotypes secured, making possible accurate characterization of the species. In his great work on the ‘‘Mammals of North America,” published in 1857, Prof. Baird recognized four valid species—humilis and montanus, already described, and megalotis and longicauda, proposed as new, the range of the genus being extended to the Mexican border and to the coast of California. <A fifth species, R. carolinensis (Aud. & Bach.), was provisionally recognized.
Baird realized that considerable differences existed between true Reithrodon of South America and the North American mice placed in the same genus, but as he had never seen either skins or skulls of the former, he found it impossible to indicate the discrepancies.
In 1860 De Saussure described a species from Vera Cruz, Mexico, as R. mexicanus and the next year another, R. swmichrasti, also from Mexico but without definite locality.
In 1874 Coues published a synopsis of the genus,” pointing out the characters which distinguish it from true Reithrodon and proposing the name Ochetodon for the North American species. Five species were recognized in this paper—humulis, longicauda, mexicanus, mon- tanus, and sumichrasti, the last two provisionally. &. megalotis was placed in synonymy under humilis. Using practically the same material, he published in 1877 a more detailed revision of the genus * in which he recognized only four species, having dropped O. sumi- chrastt even from synonymy.
The name Ochetodon quickly became current, American naturalists having overlooked the name Reithrodontomys proposed by Giglioli some monthsearlier than Ochetodon, and not until Merriam called atten- tion to this fact in 1892,* was the earlier name given precedence.
In 1893 Allen revived the names megalotis and montanus, placing them formally in the genus Reithrodontomys and naming a new form, R. aztecus, from New Mexico.°
In 1895 Allen published an extended revision of the genus ® in which he recognized 15 forms, 8 of which were there first described,
1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 410. . 2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, pp. 184-186.
8 Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, Rept. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., XI, 1877, pp. 120-130.
¢ Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, 1892, p. 26.
5 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, p. 79. 6 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, pp. 107-143.
1914.] INTRODUCTION. 9
and the range of the genus was shown to extend practically across the continent from the Carolinas to California and south to Costa Rica. Of the 15 forms recognized, three (nebrascensis, deserti, and pallidus) are considered synonyms by the present writer. Dr. Allen’s material consisted of 920 specimens, chiefly from the United States. The paucity of material from southern Mexico, where the genus reaches its highest development, of course accounts for the incompleteness of this revision in so far as the southern forms are concerned. Only 2 specimens from southern Mexico and 17 from Costa Rica were at that time available—only 19 specimens from a region where over 35 subspecies are now known.
As a result of increased activity in the collection and study of North American mammals, new species were discovered almost every year. In 1898 Thomas described RK. séderstrémi from Ecuador, thus extending the range of the genus into South America. In 1901 Merriam published a paper?’ giving descriptions of 23 new forms, based chiefly on the unexampled collections of Nelson and Goldman in Mexico and Guatemala. Since that date 9 additional species have been described, bringing the total number of named forms up to 67, of which 16 are at present regarded assynonyms. Fifty-eight . forms are recognized in the present revision, of which 7 are here described as new.
The material on which the present revision is based consists of 2,280 specimens contained in the collections of the United States National Museum, including that of the Biological Survey, and the Merriam Collection. This material has been supplemented by a con- siderable number of specimens borrowed from other American muse- ums, thus bringing the total number of specimens examined up to 2,583. All the existing types have been examined with the excep- tion of R. tenuis, BR. séderstrémi, and R. modestus, which are in the British Museum, and R. mexicanus and R. sumichrasti, which are in the Geneva Museum. Of the last two I have seen photographs of the type skulls, while of tenuis and modestus I have examined prac- tical topotypes. The National Museum collections contain repre- sentatives of all but 5 or 6 of the recognized forms and in most cases considerable series showing all ages and pelages.
In this connection I wish to acknowledge the kindness of the fol- lowing gentlemen, who have generously loaned from the collections under their charge such material as was needed to supplement the collections in the National Museum: Dr. J. A. Allen, of the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History; Mr. Outram Bangs, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology; Mr. F. J. V. Skiff, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Mr. Witmer Stone, of the Academy of Natural Sci-
1 Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IIT, 1901, pp. 547-558.
10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
ences of Philadelphia; and Mr. Joseph Grinnell, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal. I am indebted, also, to Mr. Ger- rit S. Miller, jr., and Mr. Ned Hollister for valuable criticism.
DISTRIBUTION,
The genus Reithrodontomys is clearly of Austral origin, being most abundant and highly developed in southern Mexico.
In western North America the typical subgenus ranges practi- cally throughout the Upper and Lower Austral Zones, the northern limits of its range being indicated by the following localities where specimens have been taken: Prescott, Wash.; Custer, Mont.; and Fort Clark, N. Dak. ast of the Mississippi River its range is more restricted, and so far as known the genus does not occur north of the Ohio and Potomac Valleys, the most northerly records being at Ceredo, W. Va., and Falls Church, Va. Southward the subgenus Reithrodontomys ranges through Mexico and Central America to Panama, but it is not known from South America.
The sabe genus Aporodon’ ranges from central Mexico (Jalisco and Vera Cruz) south throughout Central America and thence to Ecua- dor, its exact limits being very imperfectly known.
th the United States the genus is confined to the Austral Zones, but in Mexico and Central America ranges from the Tropical at or near sea level through all the zones to and including the Canadian at timber line.
HABITS AND ECONOMIC STATUS.
The harvest mice are preéminently field mice. Practically all the known species live in more or less open grassy situations and are partial to neglected fields overgrown with grasses or sedges and to weedy and grassy borders of cultivated tracts. Many species seem to prefer moist situations, and some (as R. ravwentris) live exclu- sively in wet marshes, either salt or fresh; others (notably #. albescens and 2. montanus) are found only in dry, sandy uplands. In the arid West in general harvest mice are most often taken along the grassy borders of sloughs, small streams, or irrigation ditches; but they may be found in almost any situation where there is sufficient cover of vegetation to hide them from their enemies.
Certain Mexican and Central American species ascend the moun- tains to timber line and live in grassy openings or among brush in the more open parts of the forest. R. séderstrémi, of South America, is described as living in gardens among climbing plants.
Some species, and perhaps all, construct substantial nests of grasses, often lined with soft materials and placed either on the
1 See page 63.
1914.] INTRODUCTION. Ti
ground or in vines, bushes, or low trees some distance above the ground. Deserted birds’ nests are sometimes used as a base for the nest of the mouse. Mr. H. P. Attwater has found their nests in old woodpecker holes in fence posts, and Mr. Howard Lacey, at Kerr- ville, Tex., has found them on cornstalks and made of cornsilk. The breeding season extends in northern latitudes from April to October and in tropical regions may cover the entire year. The number of young produced at a birth varies from three to seven. ; All the species live chiefly above ground, but burrows are also used, and cracks and openings in the ground are often occupied by the nests. ‘The mice sometimes travel in narrow beaten paths of their own, and also are caught in the runways of other mammals, particu- larly those of cotton rats (Sigmodon) and meadow mice (Microtus). They are both nocturnal and diurnal in habit and remain active
during the entire year. FOOD.
The food of harvest mice consists largely of seeds and grain, with considerable green vegetation and occasionally fruit. Our knowl- edge of their preferred habitat indicates that most of their food moust be obtained from wild plants of little or no value to man.
Bachman, who had studied the habits of the eastern harvest mouse rather closely, writes of it as follows:
We doubt whether this species is of much injury to the farmer. It consumes but little grain, is more fond of residing near grass fields, on the seeds of which it subsists, than among the wheat fields. We have observed in its nest small stores of grass seeds—the outer husks and other remains of the broom grass (Andropogon dissiti- florum)—also that of the crab grass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and small heaps of the seeds of several species of paspalum, poa, and panicum, especially those of panicum Ttalicum.*
Mr. H. P. Attwater, writing of Reithrodontomys intermedius, as observed in Bexar County, Tex., says:
These mice seem to be fond of peaches, eating the peach and leaving the stone hanging on the tree.”
Mr. E. A. Goldman, at Metlaltoyuca, Mexico, captured a specimen of R. mexicanus goldmani on a bunch of bananas hanging about 8 feet above the ground.
Only rarely is any damage to crops reported. Mr. C. W. Seeg- miller, of St. George, Utah, states that he has known harvest mice to do some damage by climbing grain stalks and cutting off the heads. He has found their nests built several feet from the ground in close-growing clusters of grain stalks. Prof. D. E. Lantz reports that in eastern Kansas Reithrodontomys dychei is often found in the fall under shocks of wheat and corn, and in such situations it may be expected to glean some of the grain.
1 Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., IT, 1851, p. 105. 2 Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 236.
12 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Although in most places harvest mice are only moderately numer- ous, in a few regions they occur in great abundance.
PELAGES.
The mice of this genus usually molt but once a year, normally in the late fall (at least in northern latitudes), but the changes produced in the pelage by wear and fading are so great that the summer pelage of adults differs markedly from their winter pelage. The young are usually less ochraceous and in some species darker than adults, but the difference between young and adults is less marked than in Peromyscus and other related genera. Of the forms examined, R. humulis merriami presents the greatest differences between young and adults.
Immature or subadult individuals taken in summer and fall always present a fresh, unworn appearance, the color usually being decidedly paler than in fresh winter pelage. Adults taken in midsummer or early fall are almost always in a more or less worn condition—often so much so as to appear ‘‘ragged’’—but occasionally one may be found in summer in fresh pelage. The fresh, full pelage is retained during most of the winter, and little evidence of wear is seen before March or April. As the tips of the hairs wear off, the pelage in most species becomes redder, and by midsummer the evidences of fading are often pronounced, individuals and local colonies, however, showing marked differences in the amount of wear and the date of its appearance. Excessively worn individuals of certain species QUE AI R. mega- lotis) often become very pale and gray.
Specimens showing clearly the process of molting are comparatively rare, and in the majority of cases the molt seems to progress insidi- ously, new hairs coming in simultaneously over all parts of the body. In a few cases, however, the line of demarcation is plainly evident, new pelage appearing first on the hinder back and along the sides, the fore part of the back being the last portion to be invested. ‘This is equally true of young and adults.
While the fall molt is doubtless normal in northern latitudes, occa- sional exceptions have been noted, indicating the occurrence (prob- ably abnormal, at least rare) of a spring or midsummer molt. A young adult male specimen of R. megalotis dyche, from Meadow, Wyo., taken June 28, 1909, has nearly completed a full molt, the new pelage covering the whole of the anterior portion of the body to the rump, where the old pelage, decidedly redder than the new, remains. A specimen of R. fulvescens aurantius (also a young adult male), from Sour Lake, Tex., taken July 18, 1902, shows a fresh, long
1 Specimens showing this molt are as follows: R. humulis merriami, 9 juv., Lexington, Ky., November 19. R. megalotis longicauda, f ad., Stanford University, Cal., November 7. R. megalotis aztecus, 9 subadult, Grand Junction, Colo., November 2. R. montanus, 9 ad., Medano Ranch, Colo., November 4.
1914.] GENUS REITHRODONTOMYS. 13
pelage covering the anterior half of the body. As in the previous instance, the new pelage is darker and more ochraceous (less reddish) than the old. In both examples it will be noticed that the progress of the molt is directly the reverse of the normal autumn molt, the rump being the last part of the body to be invested, instead of the first, as in the usual method.
The molting period of the species inhabiting Mexico and Guatemala is less strictly confined to the autumn, but as a general rule (with many exceptions) individuals taken from December to June show a fuller and fresher pelage than those taken in the other half of the year. In the entire collection from Mexico I have been able to find only two specimens showing a clearly marked molting lme. These are both adult males of R. megalotis alticolus, taken at La Parada, Oaxaca (in the lower edge of the Transition Zone), August 19, 1894. In these the molt is nearly completed, the new pelage covering the anterior portion of the body to the rump.
Genus REITHRODONTOMYS Giglioli.
Reithrodon Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, pp. 410, 413; Baird, Mamm. N. A., 1857, p. 447. (Not Retvthrodon Waterhouse. )
Reithrodontomys Giglioli, Ricerche intorno alla Distrib. Geog. Gener. <Boll. Soc. Geog. Ital., Roma, XI, May—July, 1874, p. 326. Author’s separates dated 1873 (probably dated from first part of paper in Vol. X), repaged, p. 160. (North American members of the genus Reithrodon; no species mentioned.) !
Ochetodon Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., December 15, 1874, p. 184 (no type selected; species included: O. humilis, O. longicauda, O. mexicanus, O. montanus, and O. sumichrastt). |
Aporodon Howell, postea, p. 63. Type, Retthrodontomys tenwirostris Merriam.
Remarks.—Since no species were mentioned by Giglioli when he named the genus feithrodontomys, the type must be fixed by subse- quent designation. Miller and Rehn? have selected Mus lecontu Aud. and Bach. [=R. humulis] as the type, but this is in violation of Opinion 46 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomencla- ture, which advises that the species first associated with the name be considered the type.* Allen, in 1893, was the first to use the generic name in connection with a specific name, his paper including three species—R. megalotis, R. aztecus, and R. montanus.* Since both megalotis and montanus were published prior to the naming of the genus, either may be selected as the type. I therefore designate Reithrodon megalotis Baird as the type of the genus Retthrodontomys.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Form murine; tail long, always more than one-third, often more than one-half total length, slender, scaly, thinly haired; ears promi-
1 Elliot in Pub. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser. III, 1903, p. 145, and several times subsequently, spolls this name ‘‘ Rhithrodontomys’’.
2 Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXX, 1901, p. 95.
3 Smiths. Inst., Pub. 2060, February, 1912, p. 104. 4Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, pp. 79-80.
14 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. |
nent, often large,.more or less hairy; soles of hind feet 6-tubercu- late; mamme, 6—P+, 12; no cheek pouches. Skull with smoothly rounded braincase, more or less inflated, without prominent ridges; zygomata slender; outer wall of anteorbital foramen a broad thin plate; anterior palatine foramina relatively large, forming long narrow slits separated by a thin septum, slightly narrower anteriorly, terminating about at the plane of anterior border of tooth row; posterior border of palate square, often with a slight median spine, terminating at plane of posterior border of tooth row; pterygoids nearly parallel; audital bull more or less inflated, longer than broad, and obliquely situated. Descending process of mandible a broad flattened plate, strongly deflected inward, the lower portion twisted into a nearly horizontal position and the inner margin raised, leaving a distinct depression in the ramus;* coronoid process short. Upper incisors with a deep longitudinal groove near the middle of the tooth. Molars brachyodont, tuberculate, the tubercles arranged in two longitudinal series; first upper molar with five principal tubercles, an anterior median one, and two pairs of lateral ones; m+ and m? with or without accessory tubercles or enamel loops in the principal angles; upper molars normally three-rooted, but in some species four-rooted; lower molars two-rooted.
List of Species and Subspecies, with Type Localities.
Subgenus REITHRODONTOMYS.
R. humulis group: Reithrodontomys humulis humulis (Bachman). .Charleston, S. ©.
ins pig pan Cee ne ee ee eee ee White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
humauls merriqii Alena ee) eee Alvin, Tex.
albescens albescens Cary .....-.----------- 18 miles northwest of Kennedy,
Nebr. albescens, griscusiealleyere pass eee ere San Antonio, Tex. R. megalotis group: Reithrodontomys montanus (Baird)......--..-- ‘“Rocky Mountains, latitude 38°”
[=San Luis Valley, Colo., near San Luis Lakes].
megalotis megalotis (Baird).............--- ‘‘Between Janos, Sonora [=Chi- huahua] and San Luis Spring” [New Mexico].
AEGUIOLIS AZLECUS AMVC neta ne ie eee La Plata, N. Mex.
megaotisdyche: Allen wu is 2002.25. 8 Lawrence, Kans.
megalotis nigrescens nobis.......--------- Payette, Idaho.
megalotis longicaudus (Baird). ..--..------ Petaluma, Cal.
megalotis peninsule Elliot..........----- San Quintin, Lower California.
megalotis cinereus Merriam.........------- Chalchicomula, Puebla.
1 Less importance is to be ascribed to this character in distinguishing Reithrodontomys from Peromyscus than the remarks of Baird (Mamm. N. Am., p. 447) and Coues (Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, p. 122) would indicate, for although typical Peromyscus differs noticeably on the average from Reithrodontomys in the shape of the descending process, yet certain species of the subgenus Haplomylomys show practically the Same condition as Reithrodoniomys.
1914.] LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 15
R. megalotis group—Continued. Reithrodontomys megalotis saturatus Allen &
Chapman: 22.2.2... biadeases 2-2 Las Vigas, Vera Cruz. megalotis alticolus lpetliane. Rwae ee weet ae Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca. megalotis arizonensis Allen...............-Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz. megalotis zacatece Merriam......------.--- Valparaiso Mountains, Zacatecas. TILES ASIC ELS Sa SMR SS Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro. Caran WNWObs 2 son ee. os os 2 1 eHanta, Catalina Island, Cal. raviveniris raviventris Decca cc Saban ee ee Redwood City, Cal. raviventris halictees Dixon...........-.--- Petaluma, Cal.
R. fulvescens group: Reithrodontomys fulvescens fulvescens Allen. ...Oposura, Sonora.
Wmineseens tenuis Allen... 222 2.22.-5.-- ++. Rosario, Sinaloa. JSulvescens intermedius Allen..........----- Brownsville, Tex. JSulvescens aurantius Allen..............-- Lafayette, La. JSulvescens difficilis Merriam ..........-.-.-- Orizaba, Vera Cruz. fulvescens ioltecus Merriam .............-- Tlalpam, D. F., Mexico. Sulvescens helvolus Merriam.........---.--- Oaxaca, Oaxaca. Jfulvescens chiapensis nobis........--------- Canjob, Chiapas. lnelmescens Nelsons NObIS- 2.222525. 22 25 2 - Colima, Colima. fulvescens mustelinus nobis......-....----- Llano Grande, Oaxaca. MMPS ENOL. --.-...--.--.-----+--.----Relorma, Oaxaca. MPENIOCEMAMT 0622.5. 52 c2 2. Le Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco.
R. rufescens group: Reithrodontomys rufescens rufescens Allen &
DinepiitWers = 22 e5 5525.2. - 282 2S Yo.) dalapa, Vera Cruz.
mpescens LULcOlUS NODIS: 2.0... fe Juquila, Oaxaca.
arta sees 6 he 2 ee NS RS Mountains near Ozolotepec, Oa- xaca.
conmeiconme Merriam. --.2 22.2 222. Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco; altitude, 12,000 feet.
Calne merterus Merriam: 222s... Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco; altitude, 6,500 feet.
ManreeMerriam)- oo) oe) obs cas Calel, Guatemala.
ausizains austrans Allen........2.2...--.2 Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica.
australis modesius Thomas. .-....-...:.-- Jinotega, Nicaragua.
Subgenus APORODON. R. levipes group: Reithrodontomys levipes Merriam........---.-..- San Sebastian, Jalisco. isis Merriam. 22222222. 3 28 2: . | Ameca. Jalisce: R. chrysopsis group: Reithrodontomys chrysopsis chrysopsis Merriam .. Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico.
chrysopsis toluce Merriam........-.--.---- Volcan Toluca, Mexico. chrysopsis orizabe Merriam......-.-....-- Mount Orizaba, Puebla. perotensis Merriam..........-...........-Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz.
R. mexicanus group: Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus (De Saus-
SOS ai OREN eae a ee Mountains of Vera Cruz. mexicanus goldmani Merriam.....-...---- Metilaltoyuca, Puebla. mexicanus cherria (Allen).....-....-...----San Jose, Costa Rica. ice licnh! 2) fey ys 2 oot Rees Munchique, Colombia. soderstromt Thomas.............-.2...+..-Quito, Ecuador.
gracilis Allen & Chapman.........-.....-- Chichen Itza, Yucatan.
16 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
R. tenutrostris group: Reithrodontomys tenwirostris tenuirostris Mer-
PLAID. 2 c fie AI Re PE Nii Oe Todos Santos, Guatemala. tenwirostris aureus Merriam.........---.-- Calel, Guatemala. ene per ame wees aie Mato hie Uae Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama. microdon microdon Merriam...........-..- Todos Santos, Guatemala. mucrodon albilabris Merriam............-- Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca.
Key to Species and Subspecies.! [Based on adults.]
a. Outer wall of anteorbital foramen decidedly broader than width of interpterygoid fossa; upper molars usually without subsidiary enamel loops.” 6. Tail length, 120 mm. or more.
c. Greatest length of skull more than 24mm................-.. hirsutus (p. 66). cc. Greatest length of skull less than 24 mm. d. Dorsal.area blackish... 0 -.'..-..... 2. Ae toltecus (p. 51). dd, Dorsaliarea not blackish... ..:..-.. 2. 2322222 eee otus (p. 55).
bb. Tail length less than 120 mm. c. Tail length more than 65 mm. d. Ears blackish brown, without ochraceous hairs. e. Underparts whitish. j. Tail length 100 mm. or more.
gi Hind foot;more than’ 20 mm: .2...|. 12. 23 see eee toluce (p. 68).
gg. Hind foot less than 20 mm. 2.2305 oe ee allent (p. 59). ff. Tail length less than 100 mm.
g. Upperparts mainly ochraceous........ ...-.---chiapensis (p. 53).
gg. Upperparts mainly blackish or proce h. Paler; sides light ochraceous-buff.
1. Larger; hind foot more than 18 mm-.-/_..-._.7.2 cinereus (p. 35). u. Smaller; hind foot less than 18 mm. 7. Sides of face pure buff (Arizona) .......---- arizonensis (p. 38).
4j. Sides of face ochraceous-buff or grayish. k. Tail length more than 80mm. (Lower California) peninsulz (p. 35). kk. Tail length less than 80 mm. l. Weet eray (Calitornia) ..2...-eeeeeeee longicaudus (p. 33). ll. Feet white :.:.....:02.22-22 4.3 nigrescens (p. 32). hh. Darker; sides dark ochraceous-buff or pinkish cinnamon. 2. Skull length less than 21.5 mm. j. Smaller; hind foot less than 17 mm............ amoles (p. 40). 4). Larger; hind foot more than 17 mm _.7 252/228 halicetes (p. 42). w. Skull length more than 21.5 mm, 4. Tail length more than 80 mm.
k. Breadth of braincase more than 11 mm...... toluce (p. 68). kk. Breadth of braincase less than 11 mm. l. Skull larger, with wider zygomata.-.-...- dorsalis (p. 61).
il. Skull smaller, with narrower zygomata. .saturatus (p. 36). 4j. Tail length less than 80 mm. k, Ear from notch more than 13 mm.....-...-. -alticolus (p. 37). kk, Ear from notch less than 13 mm........-.-. modestus (p. 63). ee. Underparts ochraceous-buff or pinkish cinnamon. f. Tail unicolor or nearly so.
gi Daily length more than 60 mm. ....- 2405.5 465 eee rufescens (p. 56).
gg. Tai lepeth lessithan,80)mm.,.,......2:)-1.5seeer eee raviventris (p. 41).
1 Color comparisons made with Ridgway’s “‘Color standards and color nomenclature” (1912), 2 Present in levipes, hirsutus, chrysopsis, tolucz, orizabz, aud perotensis.
1914.] KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 17
ff. Tail distinctly bicolor. g. Pelage long; upper molars always with subsidiary enamel loops (except in colimx); habitat above 9,000 feet altitude. hk. bramease flattened: moe tric sda cl tbed ee yt |... perotensis (p. 69). hh. Braincase globular. 1. Larger; tail length more than 95 mm.
4. Breadth of braincase more than 11 mm...... chrysopsis (p. 66). 4j. Breadth of braincase less than 11 mm.......-.- orizabx (p. 69). u#. Smaller; tail length less than 95 mm...........-. colime (p. 59)
gg. Pelage short; upper molars usually without subsidiary enamel loops; habitat below 9,000 feet altitude. he Skull length less thanc22,;mmy5.dicool eR ki. - zacatece (p. 39). hh. Skull length more than 22 mm. i. Larger; hind foot 20-21 mm. 4: Braincase flattened. (2c es SA ees anol lt luteolus (p. 57). qj Brainease rounded! 9345) so. (elsiee y halons ctv nerterus (p. 60). uw. Smaller; hind foot 18-20 mm. j. Nasals longer (8-9.7 mm.); black dorsal area well defined. k. Skull larger, with wider zygomata.......... dorsalis (p. 61). kk. Skull smaller, with narrower zygomata. . . .saturatus (p. 36). 4j. Nasals shorter (7.3-8.8 mm.); black dorsal area not well defined. k. ‘Tail longer (88-101 mm.); (Mexico).-...... difficulis (p. 50). kk. Tail shorter (82-92 mm.); (Costa Rica) ...... australvs (p. 62). dd. Ears light brown or drab, with ochraceous hairs. e. Underparts buffy or ochraceous. f. Skull length more than 22.5 mm.
g- Length of nasals more than 8.5 mm........-....:..-- toltecus (p. 51).
gg- Length of nasals less than 8.5 mm................-.- levipes (p. 64). ff. Skull length less than 22.5 mm.
ae Ma length OS mm. or moresai. wie Lodidy oaks mustelinus (p. 54).
gg. Tail length less than 105 mm. h. Upperparts strongly mixed with blackish.
1. Underparts strongly washed with buff ............ difficilis (p. 50).
w. Underparts faintly washed with buff.......... aurantius (p. 48). hh. Upperparts mainly ochraceous-buff.
Molarcer and paler... erp) ) rarer ert to baae tenuis (p. 45).
Hoesomaier and, brighter 204.2. ny €o wed) aeslidits nelsoni (p. 53).
ee. Underparts white. f. Tail length more than 104 mm. g. Larger; skull length 23 mm. or more..--.-......-..-. toltecus (p. 51).
gg. Smaller; skull length less than 23 mm.............. helvolus (p. 52). ff. Tail length less than 104 mm. Gaskill leneth less than.20 mm . 2 2. fide oe & amenus (p. 55).
gg- Skull length more than 20 mm. h. Tail length more than 80 mm. 1. Upperparts tawny-ochraceous, or cinnamon mixed with black. 7. Braincase flatter; nasals shorter.............. chiapensis (p. 53). 4). Braincase higher; nasals longer .............. aurantius (p. 48). uw. Upperparts ochraceous-buff or mixed with blackish. 4. Upperparts mainly ochraceous-buff. k. Sides deep ochraceous-buff............-.....-.tenwis (p. 45). kk. Sides pale ochraceous-buff, 28657°— 14-2
18 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
l. Paler; sides of face grayish. ............- fulvescens (p. 43). li. Darker; sides of face ochraceous-buff. .intermedius (p. 47). jj. Upperparts mainly blackish or brownish. k. Skull heavy; interpterygoid fossa broad. i. Paler (less ochraceous) 201i 2. intermedius (p. 47). ll. Darker (more ochraceous).............-.- aurantius (p. 48). kk. Skull light; interpterygoid fossa narrow... .catalinz (p. 40). hh. Tail length less than 80 mm. 1. Upperparts mainly deep ochraceous-buff. . ..longicaudus (p. 33). vw. Upperparts mainly light ochraceous-buff or brownish.
j. Skull length more than 21.5 mm............... aztecus (p. 30). 4). Skull length less than 21.5 mm. k. ‘Tail Jonger;. ear 12-13 ‘mimi, 322 megalotis (p. 26). kk. ‘Tail shorter; ear 10-11 mim: O)7 62 ee dychet (p. 30).
cc. Tail length less than 65 mm. d. Upperparts mainly grayish or light buff, mixed with black. e. Black dorsal stripe distinct; ears usually with blackish patches.
J. Paler; skull heawiersis2 0. 6600.22) ea albescens (p. 22). ff. Darker;. skull lighters. 370200 ole. Jase Sa See oe griseus (p. 23). ee. No distinct dorsal stripe; ears without blackish patches. jf. Darkeriand more ochraceous 2.225... 72 ee ee dychet (p. 30). ff. Paler and less ochraceous. g: Larger; skull ‘broader. 03.02.52 TSG eee ee anegaionis (uaa). gg. Smaller; skullnarroweri).f0 22 .o Sak Ws eee montanus (p. 24).
dd. Upperparts mainly blackish or dark brown. e. Upperparts Prout’s brown.
yo Har from, notch. 8-9 mmtiid.. S05 Le impiger (p. 20). if. War from notch 9-10 mini. [22 30.(.0. 220) 2 ee humulis (p. 19). ee. Upperparts sooty or with blackish stripe. .-.........---- merriamt (p. 21).
aa. Outer wall of anteorbital foramen usually narrower than width of interpterygoid fossa;! upper molars always with subsidiary enamel loops. 6. Skull length more than 25 mm. c. Upperparts tawny or ochraceous-tawny.
ad. Upperparts tawny. 210 $009 Jada oo l2 i eee tenuirostris (p. 78). dd. Upperparts ochraceous-tawmy 20100. 2 Uae ei eee aureus (p. 78). cc. Upperparts mummy-brown (Panama) .. - 22 Bee eee creper (p. 79).
bd. Skull length less than 25 mm. c. Rostrum long and slender; braincase inflated. d. Darker; underparts (in adult) pinkish cinnamon........-- microdon (p. 80). dd. Paler; underparts white.........-- 2.2 -se 2 salbilabris (p. 80). cc. Rostrum short and broad; braincase net inflated d. Upperparts tawny or Siemon pea
e. Colors darker; skull smaller. 2:22. 60-0220. 5. 20 2 eee mexicanus (p. 70). ee. Colors paler; skull larger. j.. Upperparts bright tawny dee. 100 100.) oie 0a cherrit (p. 73). Jf. Upperparts dull tawny or brownish. g. Smaller; underparts white.) 2- 2/5 66 3 millert (p. 74). gg. Larger; underparte bufty.\..2..020ei4 4) 24: séderstr6mi (p. 75). dd. Upperparts pinkish cinnamon. é. Skull length less than-23\mmmi. 23.9.2 14 sce ee gracilis (p. 76). eb) Skull length more than 23-mamw 21/1. Gyo!) og ae eee goldmant (p. 72).
1In gracilis of about equal width or slightly broader.
1914.] SUBGENUS REITHRODONTOMYS. 19
Subgenus REITHRODONTOMYS Giglioli.
Subgeneric characters.—Enamel pattern of upper molars simple, the first and second each with two outer reéntrant angles, usually without accessory tubercles.
REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS GROUP. REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS HUMULIS (Bachman).
EASTERN Harvest Mouse. (Pl. I, fig. 1; Pl. IV, fig. 1.) Mus humulis Aud. & Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1841, pp. 97-98. Mus lecontii Aud. & Bach., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, 1842, p. 307 (Georgia, taken by Major John Le Conte). Mus humilis Aud. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., IT, 1851, pp. 103-106, Plate LXV. Reithrodon lecontet Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1853, p. 413. Reithrodon humilis Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 448. Ochetodon humilis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 185 [part]. Reithrodontomys humilis Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 161. Reithrodontomys lecontii Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 116. Reithrodontomys humilis dickinsont Rhoads, Amer. Nat., X XIX, 1895, p. 590 (Willow Oak, Florida). Reithrodontomys humilis Rhoads and Young, Brce! Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 309. Reithrodontomys humulis Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XX, 1907, pp. "49-50 (name formally reinstated).
Type locality Charleston, 8S. C.
Disiribution.—Southeastern United States, east of the Alleghenies, from southern Virginia to central Florida.
Characters—Size small; color dark brown; skull narrow, with highly arched cranium and heavy rostrum.
Color.—General tone of upperparts about Prout’s brown, being a mixture of blackish brown and pinkish cinnamon, usually darkest along median line; underparts ashy, usually with a tinge of light pinkish cinnamon; tail bicolor, fuscous or hair-brown above, grayish white below; ears fuscous or fuscous-black; feet grayish white. Immature specimens are more fuscous above with slight admixture of brown.
Skull—Braincase narrow, highly arched; rostrum short and broad; nasals broad, ending nearly on a line with end of premaxille; zygo- mata parallel or slightly contracted anteriorly; palatal foramina broadest in the middle, ending posteriorly about on a line with plane of first molars; bulle ene small and elongated.
Measurements—Average of 5 adults from Georgia and South Caro- lina: Total length, 120 (114-124); tail vertebra, 57 (53-60); hind foot, 16 (15-17); ear, 9.5 (9-10). Average of 8 adults from Dismal Swamp, Va.: 122; 56; 16; (ear) 9.6. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This little species—the first member of the genus to be described—has a rather extensive range in the South Atlantic States, from southern Virginia to Florida. In Georgia, Alabama, and Florida
1 Small tubercles irregularly present in some species, particularly R. rufescens and R. dorsalis.
90 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. ~ ENo. 36.
the typical race shades insensibly into the subspecies merriami of the Mississippi Valley. Specimens from North Carolina and Virginia, as might be expected, exhibit the specific characters in their most pro- nounced form, the color of the upperparts being uniformly brownish. Specimens from Florida are intermediate but nearer on the whole to humulis. In a series of three from Kissimmee one is clearly humulis, while the others might without impropriety be referred to merriami. The skulls, however, are nearer to humulis. The type of “‘dickonsoni,”’ from Willow Oak, is a very dark specimen, but is in the uniform sooty pelage indicative of immaturity. Itis closely similar to numerous in- dividuals of merriami examined from Alabama and Louisiana. A single specimen from Tarpon Springs, however, can be exactly matched by specimens of humulis from the coast of Georgia. In the absence
g 7 ot ef 2S . Sie v x oar 3S WS e Notas ¥ eG, 1 ¢ f \\ SON ex 7 -_--—<- ~—- 7 -_—. ww 44a S s £ Faort™ c =
, -
R.A. HUMULIS R.H. PMPIGER SSS a b.merniam
M1 -. a. ALBESCEYS PA k.aariseus Te
Fig. 1.—Distribution of Reithrodontomys humulis, R. albescens, and subspecies.
of suitable material the west Florida form is provisionally referred to humulis, but a larger series may show it to be nearer merriamt. Specimens ecamined.—Total number, 96, from the following locali- ties: Virginia: Dismal Swamp, 17. North Carolina: Chapanoke, 1; Currituck, 4; Moran, 1; Raleigh, 53. South Carolina: Georgetown, 1. Georgia: Riceboro (Le Conte Plantation), 8. Florida: Enterprise, 1;1 Gainesville, 4;! Kissimmee, 3; Sawgrass Island, Polk County, 1; Tarpon Springs, 1;2 Willow Oak, Pasco County, 1.? REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS IMPIGER Bangs. SMALL-EARED Harvest Mouse. Reithrodontomys lecontit impiger Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XII, 1898, p. 167. Type locality White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. Distribution —Northern Virginia and mountains of West Virginia.
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1914.) REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS GROUP. 2 |
Characters—Closely similar in size and color to humulis; ears decidedly smaller.
Color—Not appreciably different from that of humulis.
Skull—Closely similar to that of humulis.
Measuremenis.—Average of 9 adults from type locality: Total length, 116 (114-122); tail vertebra, 53 (50-57); hind foot, 15.7 (15-16.5); ear from notch, 8.7 (8-9). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is a rather poorly marked race of humulis occupying the northern end of the range of the species. In the series from the type locality—White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.—I have been unable to see any color differences to distinguish it from humulis from the coast of the Carolinas. Three specimens from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., however, are considerably paler than the series of topotypes, with which they agree in having very small ears. These may represent an undescribed race, but it seems best not to name it until more material can be secured.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 12, from the following locali- ties:
West Virginia: White Sulphur Springs, 9. Virginia: Alexandria, 1; Falls Church, 1; Fort Myer, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS MERRIAMI Allen. Merriam Harvest Mouse. CELE he 2) Pls IV, fig. 25 Pl. Viils fic. 8) Reithrodontomys merriami Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 119.
Type locality — Austin Bayou, near Alvin, Tex.
Disiribution.—Coast region of east Texas and southern Louisiana north to northeastern Kentucky and West Virginia; east to Ala- bama; limits of range imperfectly known.
Characters —Similar to humulis, but upperparts blacker and grayer (less brownish); ears smaller and blacker.
Color—Adulis: Upperparts mixed blackish and light pinkish cin- namon, the black prevailing and forming usually a well-defined stripe in middle of back. Specimens in full, unworn pelage show an indis- tinct lateral stripe of light pinkish cinnamon. Ears blackish brown; tail fuscous above, grayish white below; underparts grayish, some- times with a distinct wash of light pinkish cinnamon. Some speci- mens in worn pelage have a broad median dorsal band of black and searcely any cinnamon on the sides. Young: Upperparts fuscous- black, practically without cinnamon hairs.
Skull——Practically identical in size and proportions with that of humulis, but rostrum slightly heavier.
Measurements.—Average of 7 adults from type locality: Total length, 113 (107-128); tail vertebre, 54 (51-60); hind foot, 16 (15.5-17). Skull (see table, p. 81).
99, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Remarks.—This subspecies is a slightly differentiated race of humulis, with which it is connected by a complete series of inter- grades. Indeed, occasional specimens of humulis from localities within the range of the typical race are difficult to distinguish from merrramt. The differences are perhaps most evident on comparing individuals of the two forms in worn pelage, merriami being in that condition decidedly sooty, while humulis is a warm brown. Three specimens from Lexington, Ky., seem referable to this subspecies, but one from Ceredo, in the extreme western corner of West Virginia, is intermediate in color between merriami and humulis.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 37, from the following locali- ties:
Texas: Austin Bayou near Alvin, 8; Richmond, 2. Louisiana: Hackley, 1; Lafayette, 3; Mermenton, 3.7 Alabama: Barachias, 5; Carlton, i; Dean, 1; Jackson, 2; York, 7.
Kentucky: Lexington, 3. West Virginia: Ceredo, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS ALBESCENS ALBESCENS Cary. Patup Harvest Mouse. (Pl. I, fig. 4; Pl. IV, fig. 4.)
Reithrodontomys albescens Cary, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVI, 1903, p. 53. Reithrodontomys montanus albescens Cary, N. Am. Fauna No. 33, 1911, p. 110.
Type locality Eighteen miles northwest of Kennedy, Nebr.
Distribution.—Sand-hill region of Nebraska and western South Dakota; west to Loveland, Colo. |
Characters.—Similar to R. montanus, but paler, with a more dis- tinct dorsal stripe; earssmaller; skull shorter and broader.
Color— Unworn winter pelage (November): Upperparts mixed blackish and light buff, darkest on the median line and shading to pure buff on the sides; ears buffy, usually with two rather large brown- ish or blackish patches; tail sharply bicolor, dark hair-brown above, white below; feet soiled whitish; underparts pure white. Worn summer pelage (October): Upperparts mixed ochraceous-buff and blackish, the buff prevailing, shading to light ochraceous-buff on sides. A gray phase occurs in which the upperparts are mixed blackish and pale mouse-gray, with very slight admixture of buff.
Skull—Shorter and relatively broader than that of montanus; rostrum short and heavy; zygomata heavy and widely expanded.
Measurements—Average of 6 adults from Nebraska: Total length, 125 (121-129); tail vertebrae, 53.4 (50-56); hind foot, 16.7 (16.5-17). Skull (see table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This handsome mouse is the palest member of the genus. According to Cary it occurs only in sand-hills or on sandy land. At
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS HUMULIS GROUP. 23
Kennedy and Neligh, Nebr., it has been taken in the same weed patches with R. megalotis dychei. It may be distinguished from the latter by its smaller size, paler and less ochraceous coloration, and small ears with distinct black spots.
Although closely resembling montanus in color, it differs consider- ably from it in cranial characters, and no evidence of intergradation between the two species has been obtained. In southern Nebraska it grades into the subspecies griseus.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 25, from the following locali- ties:
Nebraska: Kennedy, 1; 18 miles northwest of Kennedy, 4; Neligh, 8; Niobrara, 1; Niobrara River, 10 miles south of Cody, 2; Verdigris, 4.
South Dakota: Belle Fourche River (15 miles from mouth), 1. Colorado: Loveland, 4.1
REITHRODONTOMYS ALBESCENS GRISEUS Bailey. Lirtte Gray Harvest Mouvuse. (Rie fisra "Er TV, fig:’3:) Reithrodontomys dychei Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 67 (not of VII, 1895, p. 120). Reithrodontomys griseus Bailey, N. Am. Fauna No. 25, 1905, p. 106.
Type locality—San Antonio, Tex.
Disiribution.—Southern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, central and western Texas, and eastern New Mexico. Limits of range imper- fectly known.
Characters —Similar to albescens but colors darker and skull narrower; much paler and grayer than merriami.
Color.—Upper parts mixed black and light ochraceous-buff, the black predominating and usually forming an indistinct stripe along the median line; lateral line of buff very faintly indicated; buff on sides of head darker than in montanus; ears same color as back, usually with a large blackish patch on exterior surface; tail sharply bicolor, hair-brown above, grayish white below.
Skull—Similar to that of albescens, but zygomata weaker and less widely expanded and rostrum narrower. Compared with merriami: Braincase less elongated; rostrum slenderer; zygomata more widely expanded posteriorly; interpterygoid fossa averaging narrower; bullae less elongated. Compared with montanus: Braincase shorter and relatively broader, with shorter rostrum; zygomata more contracted anteriorly.
Measurements —Average of 9 specimens (mostly immature) from type locality: Total length, 115 (107-120); tail vertebrae, 54 (48-61); hind foot, 14.6 (14-16).2. Average of 2 adults from Clyde and San
1 Collection of G. S. Miller, jr.
2 The total length is probably less than in adult specimens and the foot measurements are apparently smaller in some cases than they should be.
QA NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 36.
Angelo, Tex.: 142; 60; 15. Average of 8 (subadult) from Alva, Okla.: 117; 51.5; 16. Skull: (See table, p. 81). | Remarks.—Although clearly belonging in the same group with fh. humulis merriami, this form appears not to intergrade with it. In both skin and skull characters it agrees closely with albescens and differs widely from merriami, its nearest relative geographically. Specimens from Kansas and Oklahoma and one from Santa Rosa, N. Mex., can not be distinguished from typical examples. Specimens examvned.—Total number, 82, from the following locali-
ties:
Nebraska: London, 2
Kansas: Onaga, 18; Pendennis, 5; Trego County, 10.
Oklahoma: Alva, 12.!
Texas: Clyde, 1; Gainesville, 1; Mason, 9; San Angelo, 1; San Antonio, 22.
New Mexico: Santa Rosa, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP.
REITHRODONTOMYS MONTANUS (Baird).
San Luis VALLEY Harvest Mouse. (Pl.d, fie. 5; Pl. LY sfiewb))
Reithrodon montanus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, 1855, p. 335; Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 449.
Ochetodon montanus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 186.
Reithrodontomys montanus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, p. 80; VII, 1895, p..123; Cary, N. Am. ane No. 33; 1911) joemitise
Type locality —‘‘Rocky Mountains, latitude 38°” [upper end San - Luis Valley, Colo., near San Luis Lakeet
Dist ition san Luis Valley, Colo.
Characters.—Size medium (smaller than R. m. megalotis, larger than Rf. a. griseus); ears small; color slightly paler and less ochra- ceous than in megalotis; skull similar to that of megalotis but smaller and narrower. Compared with R. a. albescens and R. a. griseus: No distinct blackish dorsal stripe; skull relatively longer and nar- rower; tail slightly longer.
Color—Fresh winter pelage (October and November): Light buff, clearest on sides and face, much mixed with blackish on dorsal sur- face; black hairs most pronounced on hinder back; no distinct median line of black; ears dark hair-brown, often clothed on inner surface with ochraceous-buff hairs (a little darker than body hairs), rarely with a distinct blackish area on lower outer margin; tail dis- tinctly bicolor, dark hair-brown above, white beneath; feet and underparts white. Compared with megalotis, the general tone is paler and less intensely ochraceous; the sides light buff instead of ochra- ceous-buff.
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. 25
Skull.—Similar in shape to that of BR. m. megalotis, but smaller and brainease relatively narrower; zygomata (in adults) with sides par- allel. Compared with R. a. griseus: Longer and relatively narrower, with longer rostrum.
Measurements—Average of 10 specimens (including adults and subadults) from Medano Ranch, near Mosca, Colo.: Total length, 126 (118-139) ; tail vertebrae, 58 (51-64); hind foot, 17 (16-17); ear from notch, 11.2 (11-12). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species, the second member of the genus to be recognized, was described by Baird in 1855 irom a single specimen, and until within the last few years has remained practically un- known. Efforts were made by the Biological Survey field party in 1904 to secure specimens from the San Luis Valley and a single immature individual was caught at Del Norte by Vernon Bailey. In the autumn of 1907, Merritt Cary trapped for about 10 days at Medano Ranch, 15 miles northeast of Mosca, and succeeded in se- curing a series of 20 specimens, including several adults, which for the first time made possible accurate comparison and characteriza- tion of the species. Most of the specimens taken by Cary were caught in a grassy weed-patch on a broad sand-ridge extending through the meadows and perhaps 6 feet above their level. None was taken in wet situations.
Dr. J. A. Allen has determined the approximate type locality of this species from a careful study of the records of Capt. Beckwith’s expedition, on which the type was secured.1 The type specimen (No. 13 of the expedition) was collected in August, 1853, in the upper end of the San Luis Valley, at some point between Fort Massa- chusetts and Sahwatch Creek. The route of the expedition was northward along the east side of the valley to a point a little north of 38° latitude, and thence westward across the valley not far from the present town of Saguache.? The second camp of the party, on the night of August 24, was on a small stream “‘nearly opposite to Roubideau’s or Mosca Pass,’”’ about 21 miles from Fort Massa- chusetts. The specimens collected by Cary in 1907 were taken along the very creek on which the Beckwith party camped, now called Medano Creek. The type may have been taken on this creek or at one of the other camping places a few miles farther north.
Even with a series of 20 topotypes, the relationships of this species are not entirely clear. This uncertainty is due in part to the fact that the topotype series includes only two adults, one of which has the skull broken, and in part to the failure to find in the series a single skull that agrees with that of the type. The latter, an adult with moderately worn teeth, is decidedly smaller and has a much
1See Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, pp. 124-125. 2 See Expl. & Surv. Pac. R. R., Il, pp. 41-45, and map accompanying Vol. XI.
26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
shorter rostrum than the two adults taken by Cary at Medano Ranch, thus closely agreeing with specimens of Ff. a. griseus from Texas. The rostrum of this specimen is deflected markedly to the right, indicating an injury during life, which may account for its small size and peculiar characters. The original description of the color accords perfectly with the series now in hand, so that there seems no alternative but to consider the type skull aberrant, and to con- tinue to use the name for the form represented by the modern series. _ The species, although combining in a remarkable degree the char- acters of the megalotis and albescens groups, seems not to be directly connected with either of them. It is perhaps best placed in the megalotis group, but seems not to intergrade with any member of it.!
Though but little smaller than &. m. megalotis, it is markedly smaller than aztecus—the form ranging through northern New Mexico, nearest to the home of montanus. It may be distinguished from both megalotis and aztecus by smaller size, particularly of the ears and tail, and by paler and less ochraceous coloration. Externally it much resembles R. a. albescens but is somewhat darker and has larger ears and feet. The nearest approach geographically of &. albescens griseus to the range of montanus is at Santa Rosa, N. Mex., and the single specimen taken there shows no departure from typical griseus.
Specimens examivned.—Total number, 21, from the following locali- ties:
Colorado: Del Norte, 1; Medano Ranch (15 miles northeast of Mosca), 20.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS MEGALOTIS (Baird). Desert Harvest Movse. (Pi.1, fie.6; Bl. DV, fics 6: Pl. VIL tes. tea
Reithrodon megalotis Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 451.
Reithrodontomys megalotis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., V, 1893, p. 79; VII, 1895, p. 125.
Reithrodontomys megalotis desertt Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 127 (Oasis Valley, Nev.).
Reithrodontomys megalotis sestinensis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1903, p. 602 (Rio Sestin, northwestern Durango).
Type locality —Between Janos, Chihuahua, and San Luis Springs, N. Mex.
Distribution—From northern Nevada and southern Idaho south to Zacatecas, Mexico; occupying the greater part of Nevada, Arizona, and Utah (except eastern part) ; southern New Mexico; western Texas (west of Pecos River); desert regions of southern and northeastern California, northeastern Lower California, and northern Sonora; and northern portion of Mexican table-land.
1Cary’s assignment of this species to the albescens group (N. Am. Fauna No. 33,1911, p. 108) was on the authority of the present writer, who, after more detailed study, has reached the conclusions set forthabove.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. 27
Characters.—Size medium (larger than R. montanus and smaller than R. f. fulvescens); general tone brownish buff above and white below; ears usually without dark markings. |
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10° 105° Fic. 2.—Distribution of Reithrodontomys montanus, R. megalotis, and subspecies.
Color.— Unworn winter pelage: Upperparts mixed blackish brown and light ochraceous-buff, darkest in middle of back, shading to nearly pure buff on sides; feet and underparts white; tail hair-brown above, whitish below; ears drab, usually with a tuft of ochraceous- buff hairs at base. Unworn summer pelage: Similar to the fresh
28 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. —
winter pelage, but colors less strongly contrasted and black variations of upperparts much reduced. Worn spring and summer pelage: Gen- eral tone browner and colors less contrasted than in the winter pelage, the buff on sides less pronounced and often lacking.
Skull.—Larger than that of montanus, with broader, flatter brain- case. Compared with fulvescens and tenuis: Slightly smaller, with
longer palatal foramina and narrower interpterygoid fossa. Measurements —Average of 6 adults from type region (Casas Grandes, Chihuahua; Mexican boundary, 50 to 100 miles west of HK] Paso; and Organ Mountains, N. Mex.): Total length, 140 (128- 145); tail vertebre, 71 (65-77); hind foot, 17.6 (17-18.5); ear from notch, 12.5 (12-13.2). Average of 12 adults from Lone Pine, Cal.: 139; 70; 17.5; of 10 adults from Oasis Valley, Nev. (measured to end of tail hairs): 1389; 72; 18.4. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies has the widest range of any of the forms of megalotis and is subject to considerable individual variation, both in color and in size of skull. It intergrades with aztecus in central New Mexico, with longicaudus in California, with nigrescens in south- ern Idaho, and with cinereus in central Mexico. The present writer is in accord with Dr. J. A. Allen, who revised the group in 1895, in his failure to find any constant color differences between the series from the deserts of Nevada and California and that from the type region (southern New Mexico and northern Chihuahua), individuals in comparable pelage from the two regions being practically indis- tinguishable. Specimens from the Death Valley region of southern California and Nevada have slightly larger skulls than those of the typical form from Chihuahua and southern New Mexico but smaller than those of aztecus. ‘These have been separated as a subspecies, “desertt”’ by Dr. Allen on the basis of an alleged difference in the rel- ative length of body and tail. A careful comparison of measurements of adult specimens from the two regions, however, fails to show any appreciable differences in proportion. The apparent differences shown in Dr. Allen’s published measurements probably are due in part to differences in methods of measurement and in part to the inclu- sion of a greater number of immature examples in the series from New Mexico and Utah. The cranial differences are considered too slight and inconstant to warrant recognition of the form by name.
A large series from the Colorado River, Sonora, at Monument No. 204, Mexican boundary, are practically typical megalotis. Two in- dividuals from Volcano Lake, head of Hardy River, Lower California, are very small, but no smaller than an individual in the series from Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, quite close to the type locality.
A large series from various places in northwestern Nevada and a small series from Salt Lake Valley, Utah, are fairly typical megalotis, having slightly smaller skulls than the Death Valley series and thus showing no approach to aztecus.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. 29
Intergradation with longicaudus is perfectly shown by a large series from the Mojave Desert in southern California. In color these specimens are intermediate between the two races, but rather nearer to megalotis, while in skull characters they most resemble longicaudus. Some individuals in the series much resemble mgrescens, but are generally more suffused with buff. A series from the south fork of Kern River, Cal., are nearly typical megalotis but slightly browner.
In New Mexico the typical form occurs only in the extreme south- ern part, near the Mexican boundary, a gradual increase in size of skull being observed as we proceed northward toward the range of aztecus. Southward over the Mexican table-land there is no percep- tible change in color as far as Zacatecas. Specimens from north- western Durango, described by Allen under the name “‘sestinensis,” do not differ appreciably from the typical form.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 415, from the following localities:
Idaho: American Falls, 2; Swan Lake, 1.
California: Amedee, 2; Argus Mountains, 1; Barstow, 12; Bishop Creek, 1; Cartago, Owens Lake, 10; Colorado River (opposite Parker, Ariz.), 4; Emi- grant Spring, 1; Fort Yuma, 1; Furnace Creek, Death Valley, 5; Grapevine Spring, 4; Keeler, 4; Lone Pine, 30; Long Valley (Lassen County), 4; Mojave, 3;1 Olanche, Owens Lake, 22; Owens Valley, 8; Onyx, south fork of Kern River, 19;1 Panamint Mountains, 7; Panamint Valley, 2; Pilot Knob, 8; Resting Spring, 3; Saratoga Spring, 3; Shepherd Canon, Argus Mountains, 1; Tehachapi, 20;1 Twelve Mile Spring, Inyo County, 1; Victorville, 1.1) 2
Nevada: Ash Meadows, 30; Carson Sink, 1; Fallon, 5; Gardnerville, 1; Grape- vine Mountains, 2; Oasis Valley, 16; Pahranagat Valley, 4; Pahrump Valley,
_ 11; Panaca, 1; Pine Forest Mountains, 7; Quinn River Crossing, 20; St. Thomas, 1; Smoky Creek, 1; Vegas Valley, 5; Verdi, 3; Virgin Valley, 1.3
Arizona: Colorado River at Monument No. 204, Mexican boundary, 27; Fair- bank, 2; Grand Canyon (Indian Gardens), 2; Lee’s ferry, 1; Parker, 5; St. Johns, 2; Winslow, 17; Zuni River, 1.
New Mexico: Animas Valley,1; Deming,3; Dry Creek, Socorro County, 3; Fair- view, 1; Gallo Canyon, 35 miles southeast of Corona, 1; Gila, Grant County, 1; Glenwood, 1; Jicarilla Mountains, 1; Kingston, 2; Las Cruces, 3; Las Palo- mas, 5; Mesa Jumanes, 2; Monument No. 15, Mexican boundary, 1; Monu- ment No. 40, Mexican boundary, 3; Organ Mountains, 3; Pleasanton, 1; Redrock, Grant County, 1; Roswell, 1; San Andreas Mountains, 2; San Mateo Mountains, Socorro County, 2; Silver City, 3; Tularosa, 5.
Texas: Alpine, 1; 25 miles west of Fort Stockton, 1; Franklin Mountains, 1; Guadalupe Mountains, 1; Pecos City, 1.
Lower California: Gardners Lagoon, 1; Seven Wells, 2.
Sonora: Cienega Well, 30 miles south of Monument No. 204, Mexican boundary, 1.
Chihuahua: Casas Grandes, 4; Chihuahua, 2.
Coahuila: Saltillo, 1; Sierra Guadalupe, 1.
Durango: Rio Sestin, 4.1
Zacatecas: Zacatecas, 2.
1 Approaching longicaudus. 8 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of Cal. 2 Received from Jos. Grinnell. 4Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
30 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. | [No. 36.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS AZTECUS Allen. Aztec Harvest Mouvss. Reithrodontomys aztecus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, p. 79.
Type locality —La Plata, N. Mex.
Distribution.—Northern New Mexico, northeastern Arizona, south- eastern Utah, and western Colorado, north to Grand Junction and Rifle.
Characters.—Similar to megalotis but with larger ears and skull.
Color.—Not appreciably different from that of megalotis; ears some- times with irregular dusky blotches.
Skull_—Decidedly larger than that of megalotis.
Measurements.—Average of 7 adults from La Plata and Aztec, N. Mex., and Noland Ranch, Utah: Total length, 144 (133-155); tail vertebree, 68 (62-73); hind foot, 18 (17-19); ear from notch, 13.8 (12-15.5). Skull (ee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies does not differ from megalotis in color, but its skull is so much larger that it seems desirable to recognize the race. The ears average larger, also, in the series from the type region. Dr. Allen provided the form with a provisional name many years ago, but later placed it in synonymy.
This race is connected with megalotis by a complete series of inter- grades from New Mexico and Arizona. The specimens from Datil and Manzano Mountains are too young to be satisfactorily identified, but are provisionally referred to aztecus.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 143, from the following locali- ties:
New Mexico: Aztec, 39; Espanola, 8; Farmington, 4; Fruitland, 6; Gallup, 1; Guadalupita, 1; La Plata, 32; Las Vegas, 2; Manzano Mountains, 1; Rinco- nada, 1; Rio Puerco, 4; Wingate, 2.
Arizona: Canyon de Chelly, 1.
Utah: Bluff City, San Juan River, 4; Noland Ranch, San Juan River, 5.
Colorado: Arboles, 1; Ashbaugh’s Ranch, Montezuma County, 2; Cortez, 1; Grand Junction, 26; Rifle, 2.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS DYCHETI Allen.
PRAIRIE Harvest Mouse. CPV) fe isk AV, toi)
Reithrodontomys dychet Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 120.
Reithrodontomys dychei nebrascensis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 122 (Kennedy, Nebr.).
Reithrodontomys griseus Ruthven & Wood, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., XIX, 1912, p. 204 (not of Bailey).!
Type locality Lawrence, Kans.
1 Misidentification of specimen by the present writer.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. | 31
Distribution.— Greater part of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and South Dakota; southern North Dakota; southeastern Montana; eastern Colorado and eastern Wyoming.
Characters.—Similar to megalotis, but black of upperparts more extensive and ochraceous shades more intense; ears slightly smaller; tail shorter.
Color.— Full winter pelage (topotypes): Upperparts mixed black and light ochraceous-buff; in some specimens the median dorsal area is noticeably darker, in oehers the color is nearly uniform over the whole back; sides clear buff, the lateral line sometimes, though not always, well-marked; ears hair-brown externally, thinly clothed with buffy hairs on inner surface, and with a tuft of ochraceous-buff hairs at anterior base; feet and underparts white; tail sharply bicolor, dark hair-brown above, white beneath.
Skull—About same size as that of megalotis (smaller than that of aztecus); rostrum shorter and broader.
Measurements.'—Type: Total length, 133; tail vertebra, 52; hind foot, 15.5. Average of 6 nearly adult specimens from eastern Nebraska (Neligh and Verdigris): Total length, 185 (130-142); tail vertebre, 61 (57-65); hind foot, 17.5 (16.5-18); ear from notch, 10. 5 (10.3-11.1). Average of 8 adults from Kennedy, Nebr.: 133; 63; 17.5; 10.8. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form clearly belongs in the megalotis group and apparently intergrades with aztecus, as indicated by specimens from central Colorado (Loveland, Greeley, and Canon City). These aver- age slightly paler and grayer than the typical form and their skulls are intermediate in size, with somewhat longer rostri than in typical dyche.
The series from Kennedy, Nebr., on which Dr. Allen based the sub- species ‘‘nebrascensis”’ seem to be indistinguishable from specimens of typical dychet in comparable pelage. At many localities in Nebraska and Kansas ff. albescens griseus occurs with the present species, and although occasional specimens are hard to distinguish by color alone, yet in size and cranial characters the species are distinct. Dr. Allen confused the two in his original description of dychet, the series listed from Onaga, Kans., and London, Nebr., being referable to griseus. The latter race may be distinguished from dychet by its smaller size, shorter tail, and smaller skull with short rostrum and short palatal foramina. In coloration dychei is more intensely ochra- ceous than griseus and often not conspicuously darkened on the dorsal area; griseus is distinctly grayer and the ochraceous-buff of the sides is paler and less extensive.
1 The great variation in the measurements of this species given by Dr. Allen in the original description indicates that probably many of the specimens were immature and the average therefore too small.
ao NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36,
Specumens examined.—Total number, 153, from the following locali- ties:
North Dakota: Ellendale, 2; Fort Clark, 4; Hankinson, 4; Ludden, 2; Oakes, 1.
South Dakota: Clay County, 2.
Montana: Billings, 5; Fort Custer, 4.
Wyoming: Arvada, 4; Casper, 1; Meadow, 1; Pole Creek, Laramie County, 1; Splitrock, 3; Sun, 3.
Colorado: Boulder, 1; Canon City, 5; Denver, 2; Golden, 2; Greeley, 1; Love- land, 14; Valmont, 1.
Kansas: Cloud County, 2;! Lawrence, 9;? Neosho Falls, 1; Onaga, 18; Pen- dennis, 5.
Nebraska: Alliance, 2; Beemer, 1; Callaway, 3; Cherry County, 1; 10 miles south of Cody, 1; Columbus, 3; Ewing, 1; Glen, Sioux County, 1; Haigler, 2;3 Kearney, 2; Kennedy, 12; 18 miles northwest of Kennedy, 5; Neligh, 9; Norfolk, 1; Two Mile Lake, Cherry County, 1; Valentine, 2; Verdigris, 2.
Iowa: Atlantic, 2; Hillsboro, 2; Palo Alto County, 1.+
Missouri: St. Louis, 1; Thayer, 2.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS NIGRESCENS subsp. nov. Dusky Harvest Mouse.
Type from Payette, Idaho. No. 201616, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biologi- cal Survey Collection, ¢ adult, June 9,1913; L.E. Wyman. Original No. 98.
Distribution.—Eastern Oregon and western Idaho; north to Pres- cott, Wash., south to Bieber, Cal.
Characters.—Similar to megalotis, but upperparts more blackish and less buffy; grayer and less ochraceous than longicaudus.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts mixed blackish and pale ochra- ceous-buff, the black predominating on dorsal area; lateral line of buff only faintly indicated; ears hair-brown, clothed with ochraceous hairs; tail blackish brown above, white below; feet and underparts white. Summer pelage (July): General tone of upperparts more brownish and less blackish than in winter pelage.
Skull.—Closely similar to that of megalotis, but with slightly longer nasals.
Measuremenis.—Average of 7 adults from Idaho: Total length, 144 (140-153); tail vertebrae, 68 (63-75); hind foot, 17 (146-18). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This race occupies the extreme northwestern part of the range of the species, chiefly in a region of old lava beds where the soil is richer and vegetation more abundant than in the more arid deserts to thesouthward. Itis most nearly related to megalotis, but probably intergrades also with longicaudus.
1 Collection Kansas Univ. Mus. fy 3 Collection Univ. of Nebraska. 2 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 Collection Univ. of Michigan.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. 33
Specimens examined.—Total number, 36, from the following locali- ties : Washington: Prescott, 7. Oregon: Narrows, Malheur County, 11; Vale, 1. California: Bieber, 1; Brownell, 4. Idaho: Nampa, 5; Payette, 5; Weiser, 2.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS LONGICAUDUS (Baird). CALIFORNIA Harvest Mouse.
Reithrodon longicauda Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 451.
Ochetodon longicauda Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 186; Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, p. 126.
Reithrodontomys pallidus Rhoads, Am. Nat., XX VII, 1893, p. 835 (Santa Ysabel, Cal.).
ee ini longicauda Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 129.
Reithrodontomys klamathensis Merriam, N. Am. Fauna No. 16, 1899, p. 93 (Shasta Valley, Cal.).
Reithrodontomys megalotis longicauda Grinnell, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1913, p. 303.
Type locality Petaluma, Cal.
Distribution.—Greater part of western California, east to the foot- hills of the Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Ranges; north to Grants Pass, Oreg., and south into northwestern Lower California to about latitude 32°.
Characters —Slightly smaller than megalotis; colors darker and more intense.
Color.— Fresh winter pelage: Upperparts mixed blackish and ochra- ceous-buff, the black predominating on dorsal area, shading to nearly pure ochraceous-buff on sides; lateral line of buff often well defined; ears same color as back, clothed with scattering ochraceous hairs; feet grayish white; tail sharply bicolor, hair-brown or fuscous above, grayish white below; underparts grayish white, usually with a tinge and often with a strong wash of ochraceous-buff. Fresh summer pelage: Similar to the winter pelage, but decidedly paler and lacking most of the black on the dorsal area.
Skull.—Similar to that of megalotis, but smaller.
Measurements.—Adult topotype: Total length, 152; tail vertebre, 75; hind foot, 17.5. Average of 13 specimens (mostly young adults) from vicinity of San Francisco Bay: 139 (130-146); 73 (68-79); 17 (16-18). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form has a wide range on the Pacific coast and inter- grades with megalotis at various points along the edge of the deserts. Intermediate specimens have been examined from Barstow, Mojave, Tehachapi, Santa Paula, Kern River, Bieber, etc. The form from Shasta Valley described under the name “klamathensis”’ is likewise intermediate between longicaudus and megalotis, specimens from there agreeing exactly in color with summer specimens of longicaudus from
28657°—14—_3
34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Petaluma, while their skulls can be matched very closely in the series of megalotis. The type of “klamathensis”’ is a very old individual and has a skull as large as that of &.m.aztecus. Skulls of topotypes, however, do not differ appreciably from skulls of megalotis from the Death Valley region. eithrodontomys “ pallidus’”’ of Rhoads is a pure synonym of longicaudus, neither the type nor topotypes being distin- guishable from typical specimens of this race. Color variation in this subspecies is considerable and the winter and summer pelages are strikingly different.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 555, from the following locali- ties:
Oregon: Grants Pass, 1.1
California: Adobe Station, 1;? Alton Junction, Humboldt County, 3; Aptos, 15; Armona, 1; Arroyo Seco, 10 miles south of Paraiso Springs, 4; Arroyo Seco Canyon, near Pasadena, 1;3 Ballena, San Diego County, 3; Banta, 8; Bear Valley, head of Carmel River, 2; Bear Valley, San Benito County, 1; Berg- man, Riverside County, 1; Berkeley, 31; Boulder Creek, 2; Briceland, 2; Burbank, 4; Calabasas, 1; Cameron’s Ranch, San Diego County, 1; Campo, San Diego County, 1; Carlsbad, San Diego County, 3; Carpenteria, 2; Chico, 6; Chinese Camp, 1; Church Ranch, 5 milesnorth of Tassajara Springs, 2; Dulzura, 1; El Nido, Jamul Creek, 9; Elsinore, 2; Eshom Valley, Tulare County, 1; Fairfield, 3; Fort Bragg, 1; (old) Fort Tejon, 1; Freestone, 2; Fremont Peak, Gabilan Range, 3; Fresno, 3; Fresno Flat, 4; Gaviota Pass, 5; Gilroy, 2; Glen Ellen, 10; Hueneme, 3; Humboldt Bay, 3; Jackson, 1; Jacumba, 8; James- burg, 5; Jolon, 4; King City, 1; Lagunitas, 1; Las Virgines Creek, 2; Layton- ville, 1; Lebec, 1; Leesville, 6; Lemoore, 2; Los Banos, 1; Los Olivos, 2; Lower Lake, 3; Lytle Creek, Los Angeles County, 2; Martinez, 1; Marysville, 6; Marys- ville Buttes, 12; Mendota, 2; Milpitas Ranch, south base Santa Lucia Peak, 3; Milquatay Valley, 1; Modesto, 1; Mono Flats, Santa Ynez River, 2; Montalvo, 3; Monterey, 16; Morro, 2; Mountain Spring, San Diego County, 3; Mount George, 2; Mount St. Helena, 2; Nelson, Butte County, 2; Nicasio, 5; Novato, 3; Oakland, 1; Oceanside, 1; Orosi, 2; Pacheco Pass, Santa Clara County, 1; Pacific Grove, 3; Pacific Ocean, near Mexican boundary, 6; Palo Alto, 1; Paraiso Springs, 8;? Paso Robles, 5; Petaluma, 6;! Petrolia, 9; Pine Valley, Monterey County, 1; Point Reyes, 19; Porterville, 1; Posts, 5; Pozo, 3;? Radec, Riverside County, 2; Riverside, 5; Rockport, 5; Salinas, 4; San Bernardino, 13;? San Bernardino Mountains (altitude 5,200 feet), 6; San Diego, 6; San Emigdio Canyon, 7; San Fernando, 7; San Jacinto, 1; San Luis Obispo, 5;? San Marcos, 1; San Mateo, 15; San Pasqual Valley, 1; San Pedro, 1; San Simeon, 5; Santa Barbara, 2; Santa Maria, 3; Santa, Monica, 4; Santa Paula, 17;? Santa Ynez Mission, 4; Santa Ysabel, 5; Santiago Springs, San Luis Obispo County, 1;? San Ygnacio Valley, San Diego County, 1; Shasta Valley, 7;? Soledad, 2;? Stanford University, 22; Strawberry Valley, San Jacinto Mountains, 3; Sur, 6; Sur River, 6; Tecate Valley, 3; Tecelote Canyon, 1; Tehama, 4; Tejon Canyon, 3; Temescal, 2; Three Rivers, 1; mouth Tia Juana River, 1; Tracy 10; Twin Oaks, 1; Ventura River, 2; Walnut Creek, 20; Warren’s Ranch, Riverside County, 1; Westport, 2.
Lower California: El Rayo, Hanson Laguna Mountains,1; La Huerta, Hanson Laguna Mountains, 1; Nachoguero Valley, 2; Rancho Viejo, 15 miles east of Alamos, 1; San Isidro Ranch, near monument No. 250, Mexican boundary, 5.
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 2A pproaching megalotis. 3 Collection of Joseph Grinnell.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. 30
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS PENINSUL& Elliot. PENINSULA Harvest Mouse.
Rhithrodontomys peninsule Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., IIi, 1903, p. 164.
Type locality San Quintin, Lower California.
Distribution.—West coast of Lower California, between latitude 30° and 31°; southern limit of range not definitely known.
Characters —Similar to longicaudus, but with larger ears and longer tail.
Oolor—Fresh pelage (October to January): Similar to corre- sponding pelage of longicaudus, but averaging richer and redder, and less brownish on the back; underparts white with a tinge of ochraceous- buff. Worn summer pelage: Specimens not appreciably different from longicaudus in same pelage.
Skull.Similar to those of megalotis and longicaudus.
Measurements.—Average of 11 specimens (adult and subadult) from type locality: Total length, 154 (140-170); tail vertebre, 84 (78-91); hind foot, 17.4 (16-18). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form has a rather restricted range on the Pacific coast of Lower California. It is closely related to longicaudus, with which it intergrades in the vicinity of San Telmo.
Specimens exramined.—Total number, 32, from the following locali- ties:
Lower California: Pozo Luciano (northwest slope San Pedro Martir Moun- tains), 1; Rosario, 20;! San Quintin, 8; San Telmo, 1; Socorro, 2.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS CINEREUS Merriam. AsHuy Harvest Mouse.
Reithrodontomys saturatus cinereus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 556.
Type locality.—Chalchicomula, Puebla, Mexico.
Distribuiion.—Southern portion of Mexican table-land in the States of Hidalgo, Puebla, and Tlaxcala.
Characters.—Slightly larger and darker than megalotis with much darker ears and tail; paler than saturatus.
Color.—Upperparts mixed black and light ochraceous-buff; darkest in the median line where the black sometimes appears as a broad band; sides light ochraceous-buff; underparts grayish white with a tinge of ochraceous-buff and scmetimes with one or more small blotches of the same color, chiefly in the pectoral region; ears fuscous, with a large blackish patch on the inferior inner margin and another on the superior outer margin; tail, fuscous, darker than in megalotis.
Skull.—Practically the same as that of saturatus, possibly a little shorter.
1 Including 9 from Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
36 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Measuremenis.—Average of 5 adults from type locality: Total length, 148 (142-151); tail vertebre, 74 (71-78); hind foot, 19 (18.5-19.5). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form is intermediate between megalotis and satu- ratus, being slightly larger externally than megalotis, with skull about the size of that of saturatus. One of the topotype series matches megalotis very closely in color, but the others are much darker; all have darker ears, tail, and underparts.
The range of cinereus is apparently not extensive and is nearly surrounded by that of saturatus, at least on the east, south, and west.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 11, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Puebla: Chalchicomula, 5; Mount Orizaba, 1.
Tlaxcala: Apixaco, 2; Huamantla, 1. Hidalgo: Real del Monte, 2.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS SATURATUS Allen & Chapman. Dusky Harvest Mouse. (Pld, fie-'8; Pl. WV, fie 58)
Reithrodontomys saturatus Allen and Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1X, 1897, p. 201.
Type localhty.—Las Vigas, Vera Cruz.
Distribution.—From Jalisco (Ocotlan), Hidalgo, and Vera Cruz south to Oaxaca; altitudinal range approximately from 6,000 to 10,000 feet.
Characters.—Larger and darker (blacker and more intensely ochraceous) than cinereus.
Color.—Upperparts mixed black and ochraceous-buff, the black predominating; sides with less black but without a distinet ochra- ceous line; underparts grayish white, often strongly suffused with ochraceous-buff; ears blackish, or fuscous with a large blackish patch on the inner posterior margin; tail sharply bicolor, fuscous-black above, whitish beneath; feet grayish white.
Skull.—Similar in proportions to that of megalotis but decidedly larger; zygomata parallel or slightly contracted anteriorly; closely similar to those of tenwis and difficilis, but averaging larger, with larger bulle and longer palatal foramina.
Measurements.—Average of 7 adults from type locality: Total length, 162 (158-169); tail vertebre, 87 (80-95); hind foot, 19 (18-19.5). Skull: Gee table, p. 81). .
Remarks.—This is the largest and darkest form in the megalotis group. It occupies the humid mountain slopes of southern Mexico, intergrading with cinereus along the edge of the table-land and with zacatece in Michoacan. Its range meets that of R. fulvescens
1914,] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. 37
dificilis in Vera Cruz, and the two may occur together in some localities. They are closely similar in general appearance, but saturatus may be distinguished by its blacker ears and back, whiter underparts, and larger skull. Specimens from Oaxaca City are redder than typical specimens, with less black on the dorsal area, but two from the mountains west of Oaxaca are typical. Specimens ecamined.—Total number, 68, from the following locali- ties in Mexico: Vera Cruz: Huauchinango, 1; Las Vigas, 11; Motint Orizaba, 2;! Perote, 6; Xuchil, 7.1 Hidalgo: Tulancingo, 1. Mexico: Salazar, 6; Toluca Valley, 2; Volcan Toluca, 1. Morelos: Huiitzilac, 3. Michoacan: Nahuaitzin, 9. Jalisco: Ocotlan, 3. Oaxaca: Mount Zempoaltepec, 4; mountains 15 miles west of Oaxaca, 2; moun- tains near Ozolotepec, 1; Oaxaca City, 6; Tamazulapam, 1; Tlapancingo, 2.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS ALTICOLUS Merriam. Cerro San Feuip—E Harvest Mouse. Celene 2 aE EV, fies 2.) Reithrodontomys megalotis alticolus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 556.
Type locahty.—Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude 10,000 feet).
Distribution.—Known only from vicinity of type locality.
Characters.—Similar to saturatus; tail shorter; skull with larger bullz and more inflated braincase.
Color.—Upperparts mixed black and ochraceous-buff, darkest on the dorsal area; ears fuscous, with a blackish patch on lower inner margin; feet buffy white; ankles with a dusky streak; tail hair- brown above, grayish white beneath.
Skull.Similar in size and proportions to that of saturatus; brain- case more inflated (subglobular); bulle larger and more inflated; nasals narrowed to a point posteriorly.
Measurements.—Type (3 ad.): Total length, 153; tail vertebre, 75; hind foot, 19. Average of two adults from La Parada, Oaxaca: 152; 78.5; 18.5. Skuil: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is a slightly differentiated form, very closely related to saturatus, from which it differs chiefly in shorter tail and in slight cranial characters. It seems to be confined to the Cerro San Felipe and its environs. Specimens from La Parada, at the base of the mountain, are not quite typical.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 3, from the following localities in Mexico:
Oaxaca: Cerro San Felipe, 1; La Parada, 2.
i Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
38 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS ARIZONENSIS Allen. CuiIrRIcAHUA Harvest Mouss.
Reithrodontomys arizonensis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 134.
Type locality —Rock Creek, Chiricahua Mountains, Ariz. (altitude about 8,000 feet).
Distribution Known. only from the type locality.
Characters —About the size of megalotis; tail averaging slightly longer; colors much darker and more ochraceous. Very similar to longicaudus, but a little redder on the head, ears blacker, and tail paler (hoary gray instead of brown).
Color—Upperparts ochraceous-buff, heavily mixed with black; front and sides of face nearly pure buff; ears dark hair-brown, with darker patches on both inner and outer margins; feet white; ankles dusky; underparts white, with an ochraceous patch on the breast between the fore legs; tail mouse-gray above, grayish white below, clothed all around with scattered whitish hairs.
Skull_—Closely similar to that of megalotis.
Measurements —Average of 4 adults from type locality: Total length, 149 (145-152); tail vertebrae, 78 (74-80); hind foot, 17 (16-18); ear, 13 (12.5-14). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies, as noted by the original describer, bears a surprising resemblance to Rk. megalotis longicaudus of Cali- fornia, but the ranges of the two forms are separated by an extensive area occupied by R. m. megalotis, and the present form is probably more Closely related to R. m. zacatecee of the mountains of western — Mexico, the range of which is known to extend north at least to southern Chihuahua. The latter differs from arizonensis chiefly in its more ochraceous underparts.
No intergrades between arizonensis and megalotis are known, but quite probably such will later be found. Likewise the present form is so close to zacatece that the two will probably be found to intergrade. Mr. W. W. Price, who collected the type series, thus describes its habitat:
Five specimens of this species were trapped on Rock Creek, in the Chiricahua Mountains, July 7-8, at an elevation of about 8,000 feet. Two were in rocks and
dry soil away from the bed of the creek, and the others were caught under logs and brush near the water.!
Specimens examined.—Your, from type locality.
1 Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 235. 2Two in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2 in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
1914.) REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. 39
REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS ZACATECA Merriam.
MountTAIN Harvest Mouse. (Ply Ts fig. 11 Pb gh, fie. 1.)
Reithrodontomys megalotis zacatece Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 557.
Reithrodontomys megalotis obscurus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 558 (Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua).
Reithrodontomys colimz Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXII, 1906, p. 249 (not of Merriam; specimens from Volcan de Fuego, Jalisco).
Type locality Valparaiso Mountains, Zacatecas, Mexico.
Distribution—Mountains of Western Mexico, from southern Chihuahua to Michoacan.
-Characters—Very similar to arizonensis, but with darker under- parts; smaller and paler than saturatus, with less black on upperparts.
Oolor.—Adults: Upperparts ochraceous-buff, heavily mixed with black, the ochraceous color most pronounced on head and sides; the black predominating on dorsal area but not forming a distinct band; underparts washed with ochraceous-buff, this color usually most intense between the fore legs; ears fuscous or dark hair-brown, usually with a blackish patch on lower inner margin; feet whitish or buffy white, ankles dusky; tail sharply bicolor, dark hair-brown above, grayish white beneath. Yowng: Paler and grayer on upper- parts; sides with a well-marked lateral line of light ochraceous-buff; underparts whiter.
Skull—Similar to that of megalotis but smaller; rostrum slenderer, narrowed at the tip; zygomata slightly narrower anteriorly; nasals narrowed to a point posteriorly, ending on a line with premaxille.
Measurements —Average of 3 adults from type locality: Total length, 154; tail vertebre, 84; hind foot, 18.5. Average of 3 adults from Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua: 160; 85; 18. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is a small, dark-colored race of megalotis inhabiting the mountains of western Mexico. No specimens have been seen indicating intergradation between megalotis and zacatece, but very likely such material may in the future be secured. Inter- eradation with saturatus is indicated by specimens from the State of Mexico (Salazar, Toluca Valley, etc.) which resemble saturatus in color but have smaller ears and skulls intermediate in size between the two forms. From Nahuatzin, Michoacan, specimens nearly typical of both forms are athand. Some are larger with larger, darker ears and large skulls (as in saturatus), but at least 2 adult individuals, by reason of small size, small skull, small ears, and ochraceous underparts, must be referred to zacatecze. Specimens from Patamban, Michoacan, average more intensely ochraceous, especially on the underparts, and have more black on the ears, but are otherwise typical. The
40 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. °
series from Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, forming the basis of ‘fobscurus’”’, is too slightly different to warrant recognition. The coloration of the two series is practically the same, and the skulls of ‘fobscurus’”’ average only slightly larger.
This subspecies bears a striking resemblance to longicaudus from California, but differs in having ochraceous underparts, slightly longer tail, and a little more ochraceous color on the head.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 27, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Chihuahua: Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 3. Durango: El Salto, 2. Zacatecas: Valparaiso Mountains, 14.
Michoacan: Nahuatzin, 2; Patamban, 4. Jalisco: Volcan de Fuego, 2.!
REITHRODONTOMYS AMOLES sp. nov.
QUERETARO Harvest Mouse.
Type from Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro, Mexico. No. 81234, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Collection, @ adult, September 20, 1896; E. W. Nelson and EK. A. Goldman. Original No. 10169.
Characters.—Similar in color to &. m. saturatus, but very much smaller.
Color.—Worn pelage: Upperparts mixed blackish and ochraceous- buff; underparts whitish, strongly tinged on pectoral region with ochraceous-buff; tail fuscous above, grayish white below; hind feet whitish; fore feet white with a pronounced dusky stripe on upper surface; ears dark brown (much mutilated, and size not known).
Skull—Similar to that of R. m. megalotis but much smaller; zygomata parallel; bulle smaller and rather flat.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 154; tail vertebrae, 83; hind foot 16.5. Skull: (See table, p. 81.)
Remarks.—On geographical grounds this form ought to be close to R. m. saturatus, but it differs markedly in size from that race. It is even smaller than R. m. zacatece of the Sierra Madre, which it some- what resembles in color.
Specumen examuned.—One, the type.
REITHRODONTOMYS CATALINA Elliot. CATALINA Harvest Mouse.
Rhithrodontomys cataling Elliot, Pub. Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser. III, 1903, p. 246. Reithrodontomys megalotis cataline Grinnell, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, 1913, p. 304.
Type locality.—Santa Catalina Island, Cal. Distribution.—Santa Catalina Island, Cal.
1 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEGALOTIS GROUP. Aj
Characters—Sumilar to longicaudus but larger and slightly paler.
Color.— Worn spring pelage:' Upperparts mixed light ochraceous- buff and blackish brown, darkest on back, but without a distinct dorsal stripe; underparts white, tinged with buff in pectoral region; tail dark hair-brown above, white beneath; ears hair-brown, clothed with ochraceous hairs.
Skull_—tLarger than that of R. m. longicaudus, but not otherwise different.
Measuremenis.—Average of 10 adults from type locality: Total length, 169 (165-175); tail vertebre, 94 (90-99); hind foot, 18.6 (18-19.5). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—So far as known this is the only insular species in the genus. Mr. C. P. Streator, who collected a series in 1892, found the mice abundant on the island in brush and cactus.
Specimens examined.—T wenty-eight, from type locality.
REITHRODONTOMYS RAVIVENTRIS RAVIVENTRIS Dixon. RED-BELLIED Harvest Mouse. (PINT fie 9° PY: TV, fie. 9.) Reithrodontomys raviventris Dixon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., X XI, 1908, p. 197.
Type locality Redwood City, Cal.
Distribution.—Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, Cal.
Characters —Similar to BR. megalotis longicaudus but upperparts darker and underparts reddish; skull larger; tail slightly shorter.
Color.—Upperparts mixed black and pinkish cinnamon, the black predominating on dorsal area; sides pale tawny in some individuals; underparts pinkish cinnamon (rarely with a small white spot on chin) ; ears black or fuscous on both surfaces, with a tuft of ochraceous hairs at anterior base; hind feet and tail usually very dark, varying from fuscous to clove-brown or sepia, the tail slightly paler beneath, but feet usually darker beneath; toes whitish; front feet sepia, often tinged with buffy white.
Skull—Decidedly larger than that of R. m. longicaudus; with rela- tively shorter rostrum; nasals and palatal foramina shorter; zygo- mata more widely expanded anteriorly.
Measurements.—Average of 21 from type locality: Total length, 130.7 (120-142); tail vertebre, 64.8 (56-74); hind foot, 16.6 (15-18). Average of 8 from Melrose Marsh, Alameda County: 137; 66; 17.7. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species is remarkable on account of its peculiar characters and limited distribution. It is the darkest form found in the United States and the only one having reddish underparts. In color it most nearly resembles R. australis of Costa Rica, but the underparts are even darker than in that species.
1 Fresh pelage not seen.
42, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
It is apparently confined to the salt marshes in the southern part of San Francisco Bay and although in many places its range abuts on that of longicaudus, no evidence of intergradation between them has been discovered. Two specimens—one from Palo Alto and one from Berkeley—have whitish underparts but in other respects are typi- cal ravwentris. Intergradation with halicwtes seems probable. The pelage of both of these marsh forms is longer and seemingly thicker than that of longicaudus.
Specumens ecamined.—Total number, 44, from the following locali- ties :
California: Berkeley, 2; Elmhurst, 1;1 Melrose Marsh, Alameda County, 13;} Palo Alto, 4;2 Redwood City, 24.}
REITHRODONTOMYS RAVIVENTRIS HALICGTES Dixon. PretatumMA Marsa Harvest Mousse. (Pl. I, fig. 10; Pl. IV, fig. 10.) Reithrodontomys halicetes Dixon, Univ. Cal. Pub. in Zool., V, 1909, p. 271.
Type locality.—Salt marsh 3 miles south of Petaluma, Cal.
Distribution.—Salt marshes of San Pablo Bay, Suisun Bay, and the lower San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers.
Characters.—Similar in color to raviventris but larger; underparts white; ears and feet paler; tail more distinctly bicolor. Compared with R. m. longicaudus: Decidedly larger and darker, with a large white patch on the throat; skull larger, with more widely spreading zygomata.
Color.—Fresh pelage: Upper parts ochraceous-buff, heavily mixed — on the back with black; sides ochraceous-buff without a well-defined lateral line; underparts white (the bases of hairs plumbeous), some- times irregularly blotched with ochraceous-buff; throat and sides of mouth pure white to base of hairs; sides of nose and eye ring blackish; ears and upper surface of tail fuscous or fuscous-black; underside of tail dull grayish white with a buffy tinge; feet white or buffy white. Worn pelage: Decidedly more ochraceous, the black tips of the hairs seemingly worn off.
Skull—sSimilar to that of raviventris; larger than that of A. m. longicaudus; zygomata usually (at least in adults, widely expanded anteriorly.
Measurements.—Average of 13 from type locality: Total length, 156 (149-64); tail vertebree, 82 (75-85); hind foot 17.7 (17-19). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form, although living only a short distance from raviventris and under seemingly identical conditions, is readily sep- arable from it. Nor is it in any sense a connecting form between
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of Cal. 2 Three from Collection Mus. Vert. Zool.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. 43
raviventris and longicaudus, being larger than either with upperparts fully as dark as raviventris. The underparts are whiter than in longicaudus, the latter usually being more or less tinged with pale ochraceous-buff. The close resemblance between halicetes and raw- ventris in skull characters and the fact that nearly half of the speci- mens of halicetes examined from Petaluma are more or less suffused beneath with ochraceous (though never so completely as in raviven- tris) leads to the belief that the two are subspecifically related. Specimens of halicetes in worn pelage are much redder (less blackish) than those in fresh pelage, thus rather closely resembling in color certain specimens of longicaudus.
Mr. Joseph Dixon, who collected the type series of this mouse, states:
This mouse seems to be restricted to the salt marsh, its range being coextensive with that of the ‘‘pickle grass” (Salicornia). Diligent search and trapping failed to reveal its presence outside the Salicornia and no specimens of R. longicauda could be caught in the Salicornia. The harvest mice use the runways of Microtus extensively.'
Specimens examined.—Total number, 56, from the following locali- ties: California: Brentwood, 1; Cordelia, Solano County, 6;? Grand Island (2 miles north of Knights Landing, Yolo County), 1;? Grizzly Island, Solano County, 27;? Petaluma, 21.”
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS FULVESCENS Allen.
Sonoran Harvest Mouse.
Reithrodontomys mexicanus fulvescens Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, p) o9. Reithrodontomys fulvescens Allen, Ibid., VII, 1895, p. 188.
Type locality —Oposura, Sonora, Mexico.
Mstribution.—Mountainous parts of southern Sonora, western Chi- huahua, and northern Durango.
Characters. —Size medium—a little larger than R. m. megalotis, with decidedly longer tail; prevailing color of upperparts ochraceous-buff with a pronounced lateral line.
Color.—Upperparts light ochraceous-buff, sparingly mixed with blackish brown; buff color most strongly marked on sides where it frequently forms a pronounced lateral line, unmixed with brown; front and sides of face tinged with grayish; underparts white, sometimes faintly tinged with pale buff; feet buffy white; ears hair-brown externally, clothed on inner surface with ochraceous-tawny hairs; tail hair-brown above, grayish white beneath.
Skull—Similar to that of R. m. megalotis but slightly larger; inter- pterygoid fossa broader.
1 Univ. of Cal. Pub. in Zool., V, 1909, p. 271. 2 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of Cal.
44 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. .
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 183; tail vertebra, 102; hind foot, 19. One specimen (subadult) from Providencia Mines, Sonora: 158.5; 84; 20.5. Average of 4 (adult and subadult) from Casas Grandes, Chihuahua: 165 (157-174); 93 (84-97); 20. Skull: (“ee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—The mice of this group may be distinguished from R. m. megalotis by their greater size, longer tails, and more intensely ochra- ceous coloration. The present form resembles megalotis more closely than do any of the other subspecies and certain specimens of the two forms are colored almost alike on the back. The sides of fulvescens, however, are more extensively buffy and less mixed with brown than those of megalotis. The skulls of fulvescens may usually be distin- guished from those of any member of the megalotis group by the ereater breadth of the interpterygoid fossa.1 The ranges of the two species meet along the eastern border of the Sierra Madre in Chi- huahua, but there is no indication of intergradation between them.
This subspecies was the first member of the group to be described and the third distinctively Mexican species to receive recognition. Although described in 1894, it is still imperfectly known, only a small number of specimens having been collected in the type region. Atthe time of naming this form Dr. Allen considered it a subspecies of mext- canus? and noted its close relationship to the Rio Grandeform. Later he accorded it specific rank. The abundant material now available from Mexico shows clearly that fulvescens, tenuis, and wntermedius are closely related subspecies, connected through central Mexico by a per- fect series of intergrades. The present form apparently intergrades, also, with toltecus, as indicated by a specimen from Inde, Durango, which agrees with fulvescens in color, but has a long tail like toltecus, and skull intermediate in size between the two forms. The series from Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, agrees with the type series in ex- ternal characters, except for a more pronounced grayish wash on the head and shoulders, but the single adult in the series has a some- what larger skull than any in the Oposura series. In this character it is matched by a specimen from Parral, Chihuahua.
Specuomens examined.—Total number, 12, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Sonora: Oposura, 3;? Providencia Mines, 2.4
Chihuahua: Casas Grandes, 5; Parral, 1. Durango: Inde, 1.°
1 Skulls of R£. m. saturatus are sometimes difficult to distinguish by this character from those of R&. f. tenuis. 2The name mczicanus at that time was applied to all the mice of this group from Texas and Mexico.
3 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
4 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
56 Approaching toltecus.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. 45
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS TENUIS Allen. Mexican Harvest Mouse. (CPE Tne SURI NG fe 72) Reithrodoniomys tenuis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, 1899, p. 15. of
Reithrodontomys griseoflasus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 558 (Ameca, Jalisco).
Type locality —Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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Fig. 3.—Distribution of Reithrodontomys fulvescens and subspecies.
Mstribution.—Greater part of Mexico, except extreme northern and southern portions; from southern Sonora, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Nuevo Leon, and central Tamaulipas, south to southern Jalisco, Michoacan, and the coast region of Vera Cruz.
Characters—Similar to fulvescens, but colors darker and more intensely ochraceous.
46 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Color.—Upperparts and sides rich ochraceous-buff; head and shoulders strongly ochraceous, without trace of grayish; back more heavily mixed with black than in fulvescens; ears slightly darker; underparts usually grayish white, sometimes faintly tinged with buff; tail hair-brown above, grayish white below.
Skull_—Closely similar to that of fulvescens.
Measurements.—Average of 3 adults from Mazatlan, Sinaloa: Total length, 169 (163-177); tail vertebre, 98 (96-102); hind foot, 20.8 (20.5-21). Average of 5 adults from Chacala, Durango: 177; 105; 21.3. Skull: Gee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This is the most widely distributed member of the fulvescens group and over its extensive range shows remarkably little variation. Specimens from opposite sides of the continent can not be distinguished by characters either of skin or skull. There is con-' siderable individual variation in both color and cranial characters, but none which is correlated with distribution.
The subspecies intergrades with fulvescens in southern Sonora, with intermedwus in Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, with dificilis in Vera Cruz and with ¢oltecus in Michoacan. Direct comparison with the type has not been possible, but specimens in the Biological Survey Collection from Mazatlan, forwarded to Mr. G. S. Miller, jr., while he was in London, were compared by him with the type in the British Museum and found to agree very closely with it. Mr. Miller states: “‘T should say there is no question of the identity of the Mazatlan specimens with tenuis.” In making comparisons these specimens have been chiefly used.
Specimens from Ameca, Jalisco, forming the basis of ‘‘griseoflavus,”’ show in comparison with tenuis a very slight cranial difference, con- sisting of a more inflated braincase. In this character they resemble ° helvolus, although on geographical grounds they should be approach- ing toltecus. In color and size they agree closely with tenuis. The type is decidedly more grayish on the back and less intensely buffy on the sides than is usual in this subspecies, but two topotypes agree perfectly with the Mazatlan specimens of tenuis. A series from Cha- cala, Durango, is a little darker and more richly colored, as well as slightly larger than the typical form. Specimens from the arid coast region of Vera Cruz (Carrizal, Santa Maria, and Catemaco) are clearly intermediate between tenuis and dificilis, the ears and tails being noticeably darker than in tenwis but the underparts and backs paler than in dtfficilis.
Specimens from as far north as Cerro de la Silla and Santa Catarina, Nuevo Leon, are referable to tenuis, though those from Santa Cata- rina might almost as well be considered intermedius. Specimens from Acambaro, Michoacan, are intermediate in size between tenuis and toltecus.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. 47
Specimens examined.—Total number, 127, from the following local- ities in Mexico:
Sinaloa: Sinaloa, 2; Altata, 1; Culiacan, 1; Mazatlan, 4; Rio Mazatlan, 1.
Sonora: Alamos, 6.!
Jalisco: Ameca, 3; Atemajac, 2; Estancia, 1;? Etzatlan, 6;? Lagos, 1; Las Canoas, 2;? Los Masos, 1;? Mascota, 1; Ocotlan, 2; Plantinar, 2; San Sebas- tian, 8;3 Talpa, 1; Zapotlan, 7.
Tepic: Tepic, 2.
Durango: Chacala, 8; Durango, 3.
Zacatecas: Berriozabal, 1; Valparaiso, 5.
San Luis Potosi: Hacienda La Parada, 3.
Queretaro: Jalpan, 2; Tequisquiapam, 2.
Michoacan: Acambaro, 2.
Morelos: Cuernavaca, 1.*
Guanajuato: Santa Rosa, 1; Silao, 2.
Vera Cruz: Carrizal, 4; Catemaco, 1; San Carlos, 2;> Santa Maria, 4.
Tamaulipas: Alta Mira, 11; Hidalgo, 9; Jaumave, 1; Victoria, 5.
Nuevo Leon: Cerro de la Silla, 3; Santa Catarina, 3.
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS INTERMEDIUS Allen. Rio GRANDE Harvest MOUSE.
Ochetodon mexicanus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. III, 1891, p. 223 (not Reith- rodon mexicanus Sauss.)
Reithrodoniomys mexicanus intermedius Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 186.
Reithrodontomys laceyi Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 235 (Watson’s Ranch, 15 miles south of San Antonio, Tex.).
Reithrodontomys intermedius Bailey, N. Am. Fauna No. 25, 1905, p. 104.
Type locality —Brownsville, Tex.
Distribution.—Southern Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico from Del Rio to Brownsville; east to Bexar and Bee Counties; north to Wichita Mountains, Okla.
Characters —Very similar to tenuis but averaging duller and less intensely ochraceous above, and sides paler. Compared with fulves- cens: Upper parts, particularly head and shoulders, deeper ochraceous.
Color— Winter pelage (February): Ground color of upperparts light ochraceous-buff, brightest on sides, strongly mixed with blackish brown on the back; ears hair-brown, usually tinged with ochraceous on inner surface; tail hair-brown above, grayish white beneath; feet white; underparts white, sometimes faintly tinged with buff. Sum- mer (worn) pelage: Decidedly redder on back and sides, some speci-
mens approaching dull orange-cinnamon. Young: Colors grayer and less ochraceous.
1 Approaching fulvescens.
2 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
3 Approaching nelsoni.
* This specimen seems best referable to this subspecies, although on geographical grounds it should beeither foltecus or helvolus.
5 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
48 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. _
Skull—Very similar to that of tenuis, but braincase averaging slightly larger. :
Measurements.—Average of 8 adults from Rio Grande Valley (Matamoras and Camargo, Tamaulipas): Total length, 169 (160-181); tail vertebrae, 98 (88-103); hind foot, 20.8 (20-21.5). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is most nearly related to tenuis, than which it has a much less extensive range. The differences between untermedius and tenuis are really very slight, consisting in a more intense suffusion of ochraceous-buff in éenuis, especially noticeable on the sides. Specimens from Bexar and Kerr Counties—the type region of “laceyt’’—average slightly grayer and less ochraceous than speci- mens from the mouth of the Rio Grande, but individuals in each series may be matched by those from the other and the differences seem too slight to warrant recognition of the form. If both inter- medius and ‘‘laceyi’’ were to be recognized, the former would be nothing more than a series of intermediates between fenwis on the one side and ‘‘aceyz”’ on the other.
Specomens examined.—Total number, 65, from the following locali- ties:
Oklahoma: Mount Scott, 9.
Texas: Brownsville, 26; Corpus Christi, 2; Del Rio, 2; Lacey’s Ranch, near Kerrville, 4; Padre Island, 1; Rio Grande City, 1; San Antonio, 3; San Diego, 5; Santo Tomas, 2.
Tamaulipas: Camargo, 4; Matamoros, 6.
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS AURANTIUS Allen.
GoLDEN Harvest Mouse.
Reithrodontomysmexicanus aurantius Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 137.
Reithrodontomys chrysotis Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., I, 1899, p. 281 (Dougherty, Okla.).
Reithrodontomys aurantius Bailey, N. Am. Fauna No. 25, 1905, p. 105.
Type locality.—Lafayette, La.
Disiribution.—Louisiana (west of the Mississippi River), southern and east-central Arkansas, eastern Texas, and eastern Oklahoma; north to southwestern Missouri (Carthage). Confined to Lower Austral Zone.
Characters.—Colors decidedly richer and darker than in interme- dws; skull slightly larger.
Color.—Adults in unworn pelage: Upperparts varying from pinkish cinnamon to ochraceous-tawny, usually heavily mixed with blackish brown; sides of head and body usually rich ochraceous or tawny but without a pronounced lateral line where the color of the sides meets that of the underparts; dark markings of back frequently forming a
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. 49
distinct median band; ears dull sepia, clothed on inner surface with tawny hairs; underparts grayish white, often with a distinct tinge of pale buff. Immature pelage: Decidedly more grayish, often lacking entirely the bright tawny shades. Variation: There is considerable variation in color in this subspecies, even among adult specimens. This consists both in the intensity of the ochraceous shades and in the amount of blackish suffusion on the back and sides. Some individ- uals have the whole back heavily sprinkled with blackish hairs, while others show only a rather narrow band down the median line. A specimen from Matagorda Island (March 31) is quite exceptional in being intensely tawny over the entire upperparts with only faint indications of black hairs on the back, thus closely resembling speci- mens of Peromyscus nuttalli. Other individuals from the same island are normal in color.
Skull_—_Very similar to that of intermedius, but braincase averag- ing a little broader.
Measurements.—Adult from Houma, La.: Total length, 176; tail vertebre, 100; hind foot, 20. Average of 5 adults from Velasco, Tex.: 170; 97; 21. Average of 9 young adults from Sour Lake, Tex.: 162 (154-170); 89 (83-94); 20 (19-21). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is a well-marked race, occupying the humid or Austroriparian division of the Lower Austral Zone, west of the Mississippi River. Although it shows considerable individual varia- tion and occasional specimens—chiefly immature ones—are hardly distinguishable from specimens of intermedius, the general intensity of coloration shown by any series of specimens makes identification possible at a glance. The type and topotypes of ‘‘chrysotis’”’ have’ been examined and found to agree perfectly with specimens of auran- tius from eastern Texas.
Specomens eramined.—Total number, 88, from the following local- ities:
Louisiana: Avery, 5; Belcher, 1; Foster (5 miles east of Shreveport) 1; Houma,
1; Iowa Station, 1; Lafayette, 2; Lecompte, 1 (skull); Mer Rouge, 4; Natchi- toches, 1.
Arkansas: Beebe, 2; Delight, 4.
Missouri: Carthage, 2.
Oklahoma: Dougherty, 3; Stilwell, 3.
Texas: Barnard Creek, west of Columbia, 6; East Caranchua Creek, Matagorda County, 2; Elliott, Matagorda County, 1; Hempstead, 8; Joaquin, 7; Mata- gorda, 5; Matagorda Island, 5; Nacogdoches, 2; Selkirk Island, Matagorda County, 1; Sour Lake, 10; Texarkana, 1; Velasco, 9.
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist, 28657 °—]4-4
50 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. -
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS DIFFICILIS Merriam. ORIZABA Harvest Mousse. GPL fer 8s rio las)
? ? Reithrodon sumichrasii De Saussure, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2d Ser., XIII, 1861, p. 3.1 Ochetodon mexicanus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 186; Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, pp. 128-130. (Not Reithrodon mexicanus Sauss.) Reithrodontomys mexicanus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 135; IX, 1897, p. 199 (not Retthrodon mexicanus Sauss). Reithrodontomys difficilis Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 556.
Type locality.—Orizaba, Vera Cruz.
Distribution.—Interior mountain slopes along the southern end of the Mexican table-land in the States of Vera Cruz and Puebla.
Characters.—Similar to tenuis, but colors decidedly darker; ears and tail blacker, and underparts more ochraceous.
Color.—Upperparts pinkish cinnamon mixed with blackish brown, in some specimens the brown prevailing, in others the cinnamon; sides of face and body usually clear pinkish cmnamon, though in certain worn or immature specimens this color is nearly absent; ears fuscous or sepia, usually with more or less tawny hairs on inner surface; tail fuscous above, grayish white below; underparts grayish, with a strong wash of light pinkish cinnamon, the latter color pre- vailing in the majority of the individuals; feet grayish white; ankles dusky.
Skull—Closely similar to that of tenwis; braincase averaging a trifle broader. Compared with R. megalotis saturatus: Skull shorter and relatively broader, with shorter nasals and broader interptery- goid fossa.
Measurements.—Average of 5 (subadult) from type locality: Total length, 170 (162-177); tail vertebre, 96.6 (88-101); hind foot, 19.5 (19-20). Adult from Maltrata, Vera Cruz: 172; 97; 21. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This is the darkest of the races of fulvescens. Although rather restricted in range, it is a well-marked form, easily distin- guished from tenuis by its darker colors, but intergradation is clearly shown by specimens from the coast region of Vera Cruz (Carrizal and Santa Maria). From R. megalotis saturatus, the range of which is. adjacent to that of dificilis in Vera’Cruz, it differs in more tawny coloration, ochraceous instead of grayish underparts, and smaller and. paler ears.
1 When the type of R. ‘‘sumichrasti” can be compared with modern material it may be possible to identify the species and use the name. I have seen photographs of the type skull, which clearly show it to belong in the typical subgenus, and the original description agrees best with the present form; but as no
definite type locality is assigned and the description is inadequate for subspecific determination, it seems best to let the name remain in synonymy.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. 51
Specimens examined.—Total number, 36, from the following local- ities in Mexico: Vera Cruz: Malirata, 1; Orizaba, 18; Mirador, 2; Jalapa, 14.1 Puebla: Tehuacan, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS TOLTECUS Merriam. TottEc Harvest Movusse. CPE he sO; Biey, fig. 10.)
Reithrodontomys levipes toltecus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 555. Rhithrodontomys inexspectatus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., III, 1903, p. 145 (Patzcuaro, Michoacan).
Type locality—Tlalpam, Federal District, Mexico.
Distribution.—Table-land region of southern Mexico, from southern San Luis Potosi to Michoacan and the Valley of Mexico.
Characters.—Similar to tenuis, but decidedly larger and slightly darker.
Color—Upperparts mixed black and rich ochraceous-buff, with a cinnamon tinge, the black usually showing a tendency to form a median band on the back from nose to tail; sides pure ochraceous-buff or sparingly mixed with black; underparts with a slight tinge of pale buff; tail fuscous or hair-brown above, grayish white below.
Skull—Similar in shape to that of tenuis but decidedly larger; braincase somewhat more inflated, and evenly rounded; rostrum long and relatively slender; zygomata nearly parallel to axis of skull.
Measuremenis.—Average of 2 adults from type locality: Total length, 193 (189-196); tail vertebrz, 106 (104-108); hind foot, 21.5 (21-22). One adult from Patzcuaro, Michoacan: 180; 105; 21. Average of 2 adults from Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi: 192; 110; 21.8. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This is a well-marked form of the fulvescens group, occupying the higher parts of the Mexican table-land. Itis poorly represented in the material at hand, and its characters and exact distribution are not well known. Skulls from the same or near-by localities show an unusual amount of variation in size.
Intergradation apparently takes place between toltecus and tenuis and between foltecus and helvolus, but the material at hand is too scanty to show this clearly. Specimens from Rio Verde, San Luis Potosi, and from Zamora and Los Reyes, Michoacan, are con- sidered intermediates between this form and tenuis, and specimens from Huajuapam, Oaxaca, and Chilpancingo, Guerrero, interme- diates between it and helvolus. The series from Los Reyes is very puzzling. In color the specimens are all exactly alike, being a little darker and redder than either tenuis or typical foltecus. One speci-
1 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist,
52 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
men, an adult male, equals toléecus in size and agrees perfectly with it in skull characters. Several other skulls in the series, however, equally old, are very much smaller—as small, indeed, as typical tenuis, while between the two extremes is a nearly perfect series of intergrades.
Two specimens from Patzcuaro, Michoacan, including the type of “inexspectatus,’’ do not differ appreciably from ¢oltecus. The topo- type has the underparts strongly suffused with ochraceous and has no white on the tail. This species differs widely in skull characters from levipes, with which it was originally associated as a subspecies.
Specumens exramined.—Total number, 30, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Mexico: Tlalpam, 3.
Hidalgo: Marques, 1 (skull); Zimapan, 1.
San Luis Potosi: Rio Verde, 6.
Michoacan: Los Reyes, 13; Patzcuaro, 2;1 Zamora, 4.
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS HELVOLUS Merriam. Oaxaca Harvest Mouss. CELe tig 9s" Pile Vi ceo) Reithrodontomys griseoflavus helvolus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 554.
Type locality Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Distribution.—Interior plateau of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla.
Characters—About the size of toltecus but differing in paler colors, larger ears, and smaller skull; very similar to tenuis, but color of back and sides more pinkish (less ochraceous) and belly whiter.
Color.—Upperparts light ochraceous-salmon, sparingly lined with black but without a distinct median band; underparts white, often with a slight yellowish tinge, but never (Gn type series) with any suffusion of ochraceous. Ears dark hair-brown, clothed on inner sur- face with ochraceous hairs; tail fuscous or hair-brown, soiled whitish below.
Skull—Smaller than that of toltecus and slightly larger than that of tenuis; braincase rounded and moderately inflated, narrowed pos- teriorly; rostrum rather short; interpterygoid fossa actually and relatively broader than in either foltecus or tenuis.
Measurements.—Average of 11 adults from type locality: Total length, 189 (181-200); tail vertebrae, 110 (104-116); hind foot, 20.5 (20-21); ear, 13.2 (12.5-13.7). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies agrees in size with foltecus, but most nearly approaches ¢enuwis in color and cranial characters. No inter- mediate specimens between helvolus and tenuis have been examined, however, and our present knowledge of the distribution indicates a
1 Including type of ‘‘inerspectatus”’ from Collection Field Mus, Nat. Hist,
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. 53
gap between the ranges of these two forms, but further collecting in Michoacan and Guerrero may show that they intergrade. From toltecus this form differs, as already pointed out, in having a decidedly smaller skull, larger ears, and whiter belly. A specimen from Hua- juapam, Oaxaca, is intermediate in characters between the two forms. Specimens examined.—Total number, 22, from the following locali-
ties in Mexico:
Oaxaca: Huajuapam, 1; Oaxaca, 18; Yalalag, 1.
Guerrero: Tlalixiaquilla, 1; Tlapa, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS CHIAPENSIS subsp. nov.
CHIAPAS HARVEST MOUSE.
Type from Canjob, Chiapas, Mexico. No. 132865, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Collection, ¢ adult, May 2, 1904; Nelson and Goldman. Original No. 16741.
Distribution.—Highlands of Chiapas.
Characters.—Sunilar to helvolus but darker and smaller, with smaller ears.
Color.—Upperparts ochraceous-salmon heavily lined on back with black hairs; lateral line of salmon moderately well defined; ears fus- cous; underparts grayish white; tail fuscous above, soiled whitish below; feet grayish; ankles fuscous.
Skull.—Not appreciably different from that of helvolus.
Measurements —Average of 8 adults from type locality: Total length, 169 (163-183); tail vertebre, 96 (92-102); hind foot, 20.1 (20-20.5); ear, 14. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This is a small dark form apparently most nearly related to helvolus. Insize and general color it resembles tenuis rather closely, butis darker, especially ontheheadand ears. Itisalmostasdarkabove as difficilis, but has whiter underparts. It closely resembles aurantius also, but the underparts are more nearly pure white (never tinged with buff), and the general tone of the upperparts is slightly paler. The skull of chiapensis averages a little broader with flatter braincase and shorter nasals than that of aurantius.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 17, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Chiapas: Canjob, 9; Comitan, 4; San Bartolome, 3; San Vicente, 1. REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS NELSONT subsp. nov.
NELSoN Harvest Mouse.
Type from Colima, Colima, Mexico. No. 33493, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Collection, ? adult, Mar. 9, 1892; E. W. Nelson. Original No. 2050.
Distribution.—Coast region of Colima (and Jalisco 2).
54 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Characters.—Smilar to tenuis, but smaller; colors brighter and more intensely ochraceous.
Color.—Adults: Upperparts varying from deep ochraceous-buff to pinkish cinnamon, mixed on top of head and back with black; under- parts suffused (sometimes heavily) with pinkish buff; ears dusky hair-brown; tail dark hair-brown or fuscous above, grayish white below; fore feet pale buff; hind feet soiled whitish. Young: Colors less intensely ochraceous; underparts whiter.
Skull——Similar to that of tenuis, but smaller; zygomata more contracted anteriorly.
Measurements —Type: Total length, 173; tail vertebrae, 95; hind foot, 19. Average of 5 from type locality: 166; 92; 19.2. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is a small, bright-colored form occupying the coast plain of Colima and perhaps of adjacent States. Specimens from San Sebastian and Etzatlan, Jalisco, are intermediate between this form and tenuis, but seem to be nearer to the latter. A single specimen from Acaponeta, Tepic, is very small, and clearly referable to nelsoni, although on geographical grounds it might be expected to be tenuis.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 8, from the following localities in Mexico:
Colima: Colima, 7. Tepic: Acaponeta, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS MUSTELINUS subsp. nov.
BUFF-BELLIED Harvest Mouse.
Type from Llano Grande, Oaxaca, Mexico. No. 71549, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Collection, @ adult, February 18, 1895; K. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 7483.
Distribution.—Coast region of Oaxaca and Guerrero.
Characters.—Similar to helvolus but colors darker and richer; un- derparts buffy.
Color.—Upperparts varying from ochraceous-salmon to rich pinkish cinnamon, heavily mixed on head and back with black; underparts strongly suffused with pinkish buff; ears hair-brown; tail fuscous above, whitish beneath; fore feet buffy white; hind feet grayish white.
Skull.—Similar in size and proportions to that of helvolus; nasals longer, narrowed to a point posteriorly; palatal foramina short, not reaching plane of molars; bulle small.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 184; tail vertebrz, 105; hind foot, 20. Adult from Chilpancingo, Guerrero: 198; 110; 20. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS FULVESCENS GROUP. 55
Remarks.—This subspecies is most nearly related to helvolus, dif- fering from it in much deeper coloration. It resemples A. levipes rather closely in external appearance, but differs widely from itin skull characters. A specimen from Chilpancingo, Guerrero, has a longer skull than the type, somewhat suggesting the skull of toltecus.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 4, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Oaxaca: Llano Grande, 2. Guerrero: Acapulco, 1; Chilpancingo, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS AMENUS Elliot. TEHUANTEPEC Harvest Movse. (BEAT fie iP lVetie 19 Rhithrodontomys amenus Elliot, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVIII, 1905, p. 234.
Type locality.— Reforma, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Size very small; tail moderate; similar in color to R. f. helvolus but upperparts deeper ochraceous.
Color.—Upperparts bright ochraceous-buff, becoming tawny-ochra- ceous on middle of the back, where indistinctly lined with black; underparts and feet white; tail hair-brown above, paler below.
Skull.—Small, with short heavy rostrum; braincase moderately flat and narrowed posteriorly; zygomata slightly contracted anteriorly; bullz small and flat; interpterygoid fossa very broad; palatal foramina long, reaching behind plane of molars.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 141; tail vertebre, 81; hind foot, 18.5. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species, known from only a single specimen, seems not to be closely related to any of the recognized forms. It most nearly resembles #. f. helvolus in color, but differs widely from it in size and cranial characters, being decidedly smaller than any other species in southern Mexico. It inhabits the low coast plain bor- dering the Gulf of Tehuantepec in southern Oaxaca.
Specumen examined.—One, the type.
REITHRODONTOMYS OTUS Merriam. BiG-EARED Harvest MOUSE. (Pla fics 2) PLAVa fie. 2 3) Reithrodontomys levipes otus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 555.
Type localitySierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (altitude 6,500 feet).
Distribution.— Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Similar to R. f. toltecus, but tail longer and ears larger; colors more ochraceous and less blackish.
56 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Color.—Upperparts pinkish cinnamon with an ochraceous tinge, mixed with brownish black; underparts heavily washed with light pinkish cinnamon; sides without a distinct lateral line of ochraceous; ears between fuscous and hair-brown with scattering ochraceous hairs on inner surface; front feet dull buffy white; hind feet grayish, with a tinge of buff; ankles dark hair-brown; tail hair-brown above, soiled whitish below.
Skull.—Similar in size and shape to that of #. f. toltecus but brain- case flatter and zygomata narrowed anteriorly; nasals and pre- maxille as in toltecus; audital bulle also similar (arger than in R. levipes); foramen magnum very large; molars with simple enamel pattern, as in the fulvescens group.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 202; tail vertebre, 120; hind foot, 22. Skull: (ee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This seems to be a well-marked species, but as only a single specimen is known its relationships are not clear. In skull characters it resembles R. f. toltecus rather closely and differs from R. levipes in having a longer, narrower skull, with larger bulle and no subsidiary enamel loops on the upper molars, being therefore in the typical subgenus. The ground color of the upperparts is similar to that of toltecus, but is a little duller and the blackish median band is lacking; the underparts are decidedly more ochraceous. There is no evidence to show that it intergrades with foltecus, so for the present it seems best to consider it a distinct species. The simple ename! pattern of the molars shows it to be not closely related to levipes, which is in the subgenus Aporodon.
Specimen examined.—One, the type.
REITHRODONTOMYS RUFESCENS GROUP. REITHRODONTOMYS RUFESCENS RUFESCENS Allen & Chapman. RUFESCENT Harvest MovwsE.
Reithrodontomys rufescens Allen & Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 1897, p. 199.
Type locality —Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Distribution.—Mountain slopes of eastern Mexico in the States of Queretaro, Hidalgo, Puebla, Vera Cruz, and Oaxaca.
Characters.—Larger than Rf. fulvescens difficilis and much darker; sides lacking the bright ochraceous line characteristic of the fulves- cens group; tail blackish, unicolor.
Color.—Fresh pelage (April specimens, Jalapa, Vera Cruz): Upper- parts tawny, strongly mixed with black over the entire dorsal area from nose to tail; sides nearly pure tawny; ears varying from fuscous to fuscous-black; feet buffy white washed with fuscous; tail fuscous, nearly unicolor, clothed with scattered grayish hairs; underparts
—— ee
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS RUFESCENS GROUP. 57
heavily washed with pinkish cmnamon. Worn pelage July specimens, Jico, Vera Cruz): Underparts somewhat paler; ears and tail blacker.
Skull—tLarger than that of &. fulvescens difficilis, with longer and relatively slenderer rostrum; braincase usually subglobular (occasion- ally moderately flattened) ; meds long and ceed posteriorly to a point, ending about on a line with premaxille; zygomata moderately contracted anteriorly; audital bulle relatively small; palatal foramina long, reaching to or beyond plane of first molars. Harnel pattern of upper molars in some specimens simple, in others showing incomplete subsidiary loops and small accessory tubercles.
Measurements.—Average of 10 adults from Jico and Jalapa, Vera Cruz: Total length, 176 (168-182); tail vertebree, 98 (93-104); hind foot, 20 (18-21). Skull: (ee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is one of the darkest forms in the genus. It has a rather limited range in the humid mountainous parts of eastern Mexico, intergrading with luteolus in Oaxaca and Guerrero. Its range overlaps slightly that of R. fulvescens difficilis (both species occurring at Jalapa, Vera Cruz), but it does not intergrade with any member of the fulvescens group. It is readily distinguished from them by its dark tawny coloration and unicolor tail.
In dental characters this species is quite inconstant, as pointed out above; it is considered an aberrant member of the subgenus Reithrodoniomys, bridging the gap between it and Aporodon in much the same way that levipes does.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 15, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Vera Cruz: Jalapa, 10;! Jico, 8. Puebla: Huauchinango, 3.
Queretaro: Pinal de Amoles, 1. Oaxaca: Reyes, 1
RETTHRODONTOMYS RUFESCENS LUTEOLUS subsp. nov. YELLOW Harvest Mowusz. CEE ie OP iV fie. 6.)
Type from Juquila, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude 5,000 feet). No. 71558, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Collection, ? adult, Feb. 28, 1895; EK. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original No. 7579.
Distribution.—Mountains of Oaxaca and Guerrero.
Characters.—Similar to rufescens but colors brighter and less blackish; ears larger and tail longer; skull with flattened braincase; molars without accessory cusps.
Color.—Upperparts and sides rich ochraceous-buff, varying to pinkish cinnamon, more or less darkened on the back with blackish
1 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
58 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
brown; underparts light pinkish cmmamon; tail usually bicolor, fuscous above, soiled whitish below; fore and hind feet whitish, tinged with buff; ankles dusky; ears fuscous on both surfaces.
Skull—Similar to that of rufescens but averaging broader; brain- case very flat; nasals decidedly narrow posteriorly, ending on a line with premaxille; audital bulle rather small (as in rufescens).
Measurements.—Average of 8 adults from type locality: Total length, 181 (169-199); tail vertebre, 103 (92-112); hind foot, 20.4 (20-21). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is a well-marked race of rufescens, occupying the mountains of the west coast of southern Mexico. It closely resembles #. colume nerterus in color, but differs from it
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Sy AEVTHRODONTOMVS PR. RUFESCENS cose: AGUA WK R. LUTEOLUS
DORSALIS
A. AUSTRALIS
A. MODESTUS
COLIMAE
ALLEM/
Fic. 4. Distribution of Reithrodontomys rufescens, R. dorsalis, F. australis, R. colime, #. dileni, and subspecies.
in skull characters. Additional material, however, may show that nerterus intergrades with the present form.
Specimens from Omilteme, Guerrero, are slightly darker than the type series and one of them has a unicolor tail, as in rufescens. These specimens, as also one from the mountains west of Oaxaca City, are considered intermediate between rufescens and luteolus. Speci- mens from the type locality of this form show no approach to the subgenus Aporodon, but in the series from Omilteme is one specimen having well-developed subsidiary tubercles, as is frequently seen in the subspecies rufescens.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 15, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Oaxaca: Juquila, 11; mountains 15 miles west of Oaxaca, 1. Guerrero: Omilteme, 3.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS RUFESCENS GROUP. 59
REITHRODONTOMYS ALLENI sp. nov.
ALLEN Harvest Mouse.
Type from mountains near Ozolotepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude 10,000 feet). No. 71563,U.8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Collection, ¢ adult, Mar. 27, 1895; E. W. Nelson and E.A.Goldman. Original number 7749.
Distribution —Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Externally similar to R. c. colime but back darker, underparts whiter, and tail longer; skull apparently nearest to that of R. rufescens uteoras.
Color —Upperparts mixed black and light pinkish cinnamon; darkest along the median line; sides without a lateral line, less richly colored than in colime and much less so than in luteolus; underparts white; ears pale fuscous; tail fuscous above, slightly paler beneath; front feet buffy white; hind feet grayish white, washed with hair-brown; ankles dusky.
Skulli—Apparently similar to that of luteolus, but smaller; bulle similar; rostrum short and broad; nasals longer than premaxill and narrowed to a point at posterior end; zygomata standing out rather squarely; molars without accessory enamel loops.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 182; tail vertebre, 100; hind foot, 19. Skull: (ee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species, although living at a high altitude and somewhat resembling in color one of the members of the chrysopsis group, nevertheless seems to be most nearly related to R. rufescens luteolus, which occupies the lower foothill country below the range of allen. The skull of allent resembles that of luteolus in having small bullz and long nasals narrowed posteriorly. Externally allen is paler than luteolus and has white underparts. Additional material may show it to be a subspecies of the latter. The species is named for Dr. J. A. Allen, in recognition of his extensive work on the genus.
Specumen examined.—One, the type.
REITHRODONTOMYS COLIMA COLIMA: Merriam.
Comma Votcano Harvest Mouse. (Plat fies 5: Pl. ‘Vi, fig. 5) Reithrodontomys colimx Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., IIT, 1901, p. 551.
Type locality Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (altitude, 12,000 feet).
Disiribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Externally similar to R.¢. chrysopsis, with long, woolly pelage, but smaller and paler; skull similar to that of BR. c. tolucz, but smaller and with simple enamel pattern.
1Type and only specimen badly broken; shape of braincase not known.
60 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Color.—Upperparts dull ochraceous-buff (slightly paler than in chrysopsis), sparingly mixed with black on the back, the median dorsal band only faintly indicated; sides paler but without lateral line of buff; ears fuscous; underparts pinkish buff; fore feet buffy white, washed with brownish; hind feet hair-brown, becoming white toward the toes; tail pale fuscous above, grayish white beneath.
Skull——Similar in shape to that of 2. c. toluce, but slightly smaller, with less inflated braincase; rostrum a little shorter and broader; zygomata standing out a little more squarely anteriorly; nasals long, ending on plane of premaxille; interpterygoid fossa rather wide (as in chrysopsis); bulle intermediate in size between those of chrysopsis and toluce; palatal foramina short and widely open; enamel pattern of upper molars simple, with only a trace of a sub- sidiary enamel loop.
Measurements.—Average of 2 specimens from type locality: Total leneth, 165.5; tail vertebrae, 90; hind foot, 20. Skull: (See table, DySl):
Remarks.—This species resembles externally the members of the chrysopsis group, but the absence of sudsidiary loops on the upper molars makes it necessary to place it in the rufescens group in the typical subgenus. It is apparently a connectant species between the two subgenera.
Specumens eramined.—Two, from type locality.
REITHRODONTOMYS COLIMA NERTERUS Merriam. Corma Harvest Mouse.
Reithrodontomys colimx nerterus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 551.
Type locality.—Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (altitude, 6,500 feet).
Disiribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Similar to colimx, but ochraceous color more intense, pelage shorter, and tail longer; skull slightly smaller.
Color.—Upperparts deep ochraceous-buff, nearly pure on sides, mixed with black on median dorsal area; underparts heavily washed with light ochraceous-buff; ears fuscous, shading to fuscous-black; tail indistinctly bicolor, pale fuscous above, dusky drab below; feet buffy white, shaded with dusky; ankles dark hair-brown.
Skull.—Slightly smaller than that of colume but of essentially similar shape; nasals considerably shorter; interpterygoid fossa relatively wide; enamel pattern of upper molars simple. Compared with luteolus: Braincase narrower and higher; rostrum slenderer; nasals broader at posterior end; bulle smaller but more inflated (rounder) ; palatal foramina shorter. Compared with R. r. rufescens: Braincase higher; rostrum and nasals shorter; bulle more inflated.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS RUFESCENS GROUP. 61
Measuremenis.—Type (@ ad.): Total length, 190; tail vertebrae, 110; hind foot, 20; ear from notch, 14.5; topotype (¢ ad.): 182; 99; 21. Skull: (See table, p. 81). |
Remarks.—This form closely resembles &. rufescens luteolus, both in color and in the character of the pelage, which is shorter and less wooly than in R. colume columx, which lives at higher altitudes. Compared with luteolus the present form is a slightly paler shade of ochraceous-buff. Its skull characters indicate close relationship to colime and necessitate its separation from luteolus, but additional material may serve to connect the two groups, making luteolus a sub- species of colume.
Specimens examined.—Two, from type locality.
REITHRODONTOMYS DORSALIS Merriam. BLACK-BACKED Harvest Movsz. CREOLE figs 4D 5 figs 4) Reithrodontomys dorsalis Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci, III, 1901, p. 557.
Type locality.—Calel, Guatemala.
Disiribution.—Highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala.
Characters—Smaller than &. rufescens luteolus, with blacker back and paler sides; skull with higher braincase.
Color.—Fresh pelage (January): Upperparts ochraceous-buff, mixed with black, with a well-defined median band or stripe of black; sides varying from ochraceous-buff to pinkish cinnamon, sometimes with a rather pronounced lateral line next to the belly; underparts washed with light ochraceous-buff; ears fuscous-black, darker than in luteolus; tail bicolor, fuscous above, grayish white beneath; hind feet grayish white; front feet buffy with a dusky stripe reaching half- way to the toes. Worn pelage: General tone redder (pinkish cinna- mon to pale tawny); black dorsal area much less clearly defined.
Skull.—Resembling that of R. r. rufescens in general shape, but averaging smaller, with larger bulle. Compared with R. r. luteolus: Smaller; braincase decidedly more inflated; interpterygoid fossa much narrower. Compared with saturatus: Larger, with heavier rostrum and more widely expanded zygomata. ‘The upper molars in a majority of the specimens examined have a simple enamel pat- tern, but some specimens show an incomplete subsidiary loop and well-developed accessory tubercles on the outer border, thus com- pletely bridging the gap between the two subgenera.
Measurements.—Average of 10 specimens (adult and subadult) from type locality: Total length,167.5 (160-175); tail vertebrz, 90 (82-96) ; hind foot, 19.3 (19-20). Skull: (ee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species, although clearly belonging to the rufescens group, seems not to intergrade with luteolus, its nearest neighbor on
62 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
the north. The low country on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec appar- ently is an effective barrier separating the ranges of these two moun- tain-loving species. | The species exhibits considerable individual and seasonal variation incolor. Specimens in worn pelage very much resemble similar speci- mens of rufescens, but the ears and tail are paler. Specomens examuned.—Total number, 154, from the following localities: Guatemala: Calel, 23; Hacienda Chancol, 29; Jacaltenango, 1; Todos Santos, 10; Volcan Santa Maria, 4; Zunil, 3. Chiapas: Canjob, 2; Comitan, 27; Pinabete, 8; San Cristobal, 5; Tenejapa, 3; Teopisca, 6; Tumbala, 33.
REITHRODONTOMYS AUSTRALIS AUSTRALIS Allen. Trazu Harvest Mouse. GEE TW es 3. Pl Vi aoa)
Reithrodontomys australis Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 328. Reithrodontomys australis vulcanius Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XX XIX, 1902, p. 38 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). Type locality.—Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica. Mstribution.—Mountains of Costa Rica and western Panama. Characters.—Similar to &. dorsalis, but slightly smaller, with smaller ears; tail less sharply bicolor; ochraceous colors slightly deeper and black dorsal band less clearly defined. Color.—Upperparts ochraceous-buff, varying to pale orange- cinnamon, rather heavily mixed on back with black; median dorsal band usually very indistinct; underparts washed with light pinkish cinnamon; ears pale fuscous to fuscous-black; tail fuscous above, grayish ate beneath; feet buffy white, shaded with hair-brown; wrists and ankles hei heoae. Shghtly smaller than that of dorsalis, with flatter brain- case; bulle rather flat, averaging smaller than in dorsalis; ascend- ing arms of premaxille projecting a little beyond end of nasals; upper molars simple, without accessory tubercles. Measuremenis.—Type: Total length, 169 (160-179); tail verte- bre, 84.5 (82-92); hind foot, 18.5 (18-19). Skull: (See table, p. 81). Remarks—This species belongs in the rufescens group, being apparently the most southerly ranging member of the group and of the subgenus. It closely resembles dorsalis both in color and cranial characters, and additional material from Central America may make it necessary to unite the two as a single species. The type of “‘vulcanius” from Panama has been examined and found to agree closely with topotypes of australis in the Biological Survey Collection.
1914.] SUBGENUS APORODON. 63
Specimens examined.—Total number, 18, from the following locali- ties: Costa Rica: Volcan de Irazu, 17. _ Panama: Volcan de-Chiriqui, 1.}
REITHRODONTOMYS AUSTRALIS MODESTUS Thomas. Nicaragua Harvest Mouss. Reithrodontomys modestus, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, XX, 1907, p. 163.
Type locality —Jinotega, Nicaragua.
Distribution.—Known only from vicinity of type locality.
Characters.—Closely similar to australis, but underparts whiter and tail darker.
Color.—Upperparts mixed black and dull ochraceous-buff, with a fairly well-defined median band of blackish; underparts grayish white, rarely with a faint tinge of light ochraceous-buff and a pectoral spot of the latter color; tail distinctly bicolor, except at the tip, fuscous above, soiled whitish below; ears fuscous; hind feet grayish white; ankles dusky; front feet buffy, with a dusky stripe.
Skull.Not seen. Apparently slightly smaller than that of aus- tralis, with smaller audital bulle.
Measurements.—Type: “‘Head and body, 59; tail, 70; hind foot (eu), 16.5; ear, 12.5.’ Skull: (Gee table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form appears to be very closely related to aus- tralis, but the material at hand is too scanty to show clearly its characters. The color description above is from specimens taken by Mr. William B. Richardson at San Rafael del Norte and kindly loaned by Dr. J. A. Allen of the American Museum of Natural His- tory. These differ from Thomas’s description of the type in having ochraceous instead of ‘‘drabby”’ sides and pectoral spot, and tail distinctly whiter beneath. The Richardson specimens are without complete skulls, so a study of the cranial characters has not been possible. Mr. W. H. Osgood, who compared the type specimen with material from the Biological Survey Collection, notes that its skull is slightly smaller than that of australis, the premaxille shorter, and the audital bullz somewhat smaller.
Specumens examined:
Nicaragua: San Rafael del Norte, 8.? Subgenus APORODON nobis.
Type.—Reithrodontumys tenuirostris Merriam.
Subgeneric characters —Upper molars with subsidiary enamel loops in the outer primary reéntrant angles, these loops in most species reaching the outer border of the tooth and appearing, when viewed
1 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool. 2 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
64 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 36.
in profile, as prominent accessory tubercles; in other species (chrys- opsis group) the enamel loops sometimes do not reach the outer border of the tooth and the accessory tubercles are often absent or much reduced.
Remarks.—The subgenus Aporodon, while nee shane set off from Reithrodontomys by any constant external characters, differs so widely in the molar pattern as described above that its segregation seems desirable.
It includes several well-marked groups, some of which possess striking characters, both cranial and external, while other species resemble the typical subgenus in all but the tooth characters.
The tenuirostris-microdon group (including also creper) and the mexicanus group (including milleri, séderstrémi, and gracilis) show the greatest amount of differentiation from typical Reithrodontomys. These agree in having the outer wall of the anteorbital foramen rela- tively narrow (usually much narrower than width of interpterygoid fossa), broad interpterygoid fossa, short palatal foramina, unicolor tail, and dense pelage (rather woolly in most species) of a uniform tawny or ochraceous color, without pronounced darker grizzling. In all species in these groups the subsidiary enamel loops of the upper molars are well-developed and in unworn specimens appear as promi- nent tubercles.
The chrysopsis group approaches the typical subgenus in having the outer wall of anteorbital foramen broader, interpterygoid fossa narrower and palatal foramina longer. The subsidiary enamel loops of the upper molars are always well developed, but are usually (except in perotensis) not continuous to the outer edge of the tooth and the accessory tubercles are absent or much reduced. ‘The pelage is long and full, and somewhat’more silky than in tenwirostris; the upper- parts are more or less varied with black, and the tail is bicolor.
R. levipes and R. hirsutus seem to be aberrant members of the subgenus, agreeing in the character of the pelage with the members of the typical subgenus, but having the subsidiary enamel loops of the upper molars well developed.
REITHRODONTOMYS LEVIPES GROUP. REITHRODONTOMYS LEVIPES Merriam. SAN SEBASTIAN Harvest Mouse. (PI. TIT Mig) 2: eRe tie! 2: PI Vil fesesmes) Reithrodontomys levipes Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 554.
Type locality.—San Sebastian, Jalisco, Mexico.
Distribution Known only from the type locality.
Characters —About the size of R. fulvescens toltecus; color more decidedly tawny than any members of the fulvescens group; skull relatively short and broad.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS LEVIPES GROUP. 65
Color.—Upperparts ochraceous-salmon, sparingly mixed on back with black; general tone of sides between ochraceous-salmon and ochraceous-orange; underparts strongly suffused with light pinkish cinnamon; fore and hind feet grayish white, sometimes tinged with the color of the sides; ears pale fuscous, with ochraceous hairs on inner surface; tail pale fuscous above, grayish white below. Com- pared with toltecus, the ochraceous color is more intense, there is much less darkening on the middle of the back, and the underparts are more intensely buffy.
Skull.—About the size of that of &. f. toltecus but shorter and broader; braincase rather flat; zygomata narrowed anteriorly; nasals short; ascending arms of premaxille extending about 1 mm. beyond end of nasals; audital bulle very small; interpterygoid fossa broad; palatal foramina short and widely open. First and second upper molars with accessory enamel loops in primary reéntrant angles.
Measurements.—Average of 3 adults from type locality: Total length, 190 (188-192); tail vertebre, 110.5 (110-111); hind foot, 20.8 (20.5-21). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species is remarkable not only for its peculiar characters but because of its (seemingly) restricted range. It resem- bles somewhat in color and character of pelage certain members of the fulvescens group, but its skull characters place it in the subgenus Aporodon. It seems to be most nearly related to the much larger hirsutus, known only from Ameca, Jalisco.
At the type locality of levipes occurs another much smaller species— R. fulvescens tenuis—a member of the typical subgenus. In the series referred to this species are three specimens which combine in a remarkable manner the characters of the two species. Externally they differ very little from lewipes except in being somewhat less intensely ochraceous, both above and below, and in having rather shorter tails (103 and104mm.). Theirskulls, however, are decidedly narrower than those of levipes and about intermediate in size between skulls of the latter and of tenuis. The upper molars have small acces- sory tubercles present in the principal angles, but the enamel pattern is practically the same as in tenuwas. Another much smaller (adult) skull in the series shows a strong tendency to develop the accessory enamel loop characteristic of the subgenus Aporodon. This skull (No. 88056, U. S. Nat. Mus.) is smaller than those of typical tenuis. Anomalous as this situation may be, there seems to be no other expla- nation than that these specimens are hybrids between levipes and tenuis.
Specumens examined.—Three, from type locality.
28657°—14—_
66 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
REITHRODONTOMYS HIRSUTUS Merriam. Giant Harvest Movs. (Plg i figs di yRiWV Gate, go) Reithrodontomys hirsutus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 553.
Type locality—Ameca, Jalisco, Mexico.
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Size very large; colors much as in KR. f. tenuis, paler than in £. levipes.
Color—Upperparts ochraceous-buff, brightest on sides, sparingly mixed on the back with blackish brown; underparts grayish white, usually with a distinct tinge of light buff; fore feet whitish, washed with light buff; hind feet grayish white, tinged with dusky; ankles fuscous; tail pale fuscous above, grayish white below; ears brownish drab.
Skull.—Large and robust with a well-defined supra-orbital bead which extends back to the parietals; braincase rather flat and some- what narrowed posteriorly; zygomata contracted anteriorly; rostrum and nasals short; ascending arms of premaxille extending back of end of nasals; audital bulle very small; palatal foramina short and wide; upper molars with subsidiary enamel loops.
Measuremenis.—Average of 5 adults from type locality: Total length, 211 (203-233); tail vertebree, 127 (122-143); hind foot, 21.8 (21-22). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species is one of the largest in the genus, being exceeded in size of skull only by R. tenuirostris, a widely different | species. So far as known, it has no near relative except dewpes, and from that it differs both in size and color. It agrees with it, how- ever, in every important cranial character—heavy rostrum, short and wide palatal foramina, broad interpterygoid fossa, and small bulle. |
In color, hirsutus bears a remarkable resemblance to &. f. tenuas, which inhabits the same region, but is hardly more than half the size of the present species.
Specimens examined.—Six, from type locality.
REITHRODONTOMYS CHRYSOPSIS GROUP. REITHRODONTOMYS CHRYSOPSIS CHRYSOPSIS Merriam. Voutcano Harvest Movwse.
(Pl. Ill, fig 3; BIS Vi fe: 35 PE Vil eso
Reithrodontomys chrysopsis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIII, 1900, p. 152. Type locality —Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico (altitude 11,500 feet).
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS CHRYSOPSIS GROUP. 67
Distribution.—High mountains around the valley of Mexico; Mount Patamban and Mount Tancitaro in Michoacan. Altitudinal range from 9,000 feet to 13,500 feet (timber line).
Characters —Size large (almost equaling &. hirsutus); tail long; pelage very long, soft, and silky; ears black or blackish; tail bicolor; skull with rounded and much inflated braincase; bulle large.
Color.—Upperparts a rich shade of ochraceous, between ochraceous- buff and orange-buff, rather heavily mixed on back with black, the latter color usually forming an indistinct median band; general tone of sides near pinkish cinnamon; ears fuscous-black; tail sharply bicolor, fuscous above, grayish white beneath; feet grayish white; ankles fuscous; underparts strongly suffused with light pinkish cin- namon.
Skull.—Of large size (considerably exceeding that of R. r. rufescens); braincase subglobular, usually much inflated, sometimes moderately
R‘C. CHRYSOPSIS f “@ TOLUCAE “<C. ORIZABAE “« PEROTENSIS “© LEVIPES
“ HIRSUTUS Fic. 5.—Distribution of Reithrodontomys chrysopsis, R. perotensis, R.levipes, R. hirsutus, and subspecies. flattened; zygomata slender, strongly contracted anteriorly; outer wall of anteorbital foramen broad; rostrum slender, narrowing gradually to the tip; audital bulls very large and moderately inflated; interpterygoid fossa relatively narrow (compared with R. levipes); palatal foramina long (as in rufescens); upper molars with sub- sidiary enamel loops in primary angles, but these usually not reaching outer border of tooth; accessory tubercles absent or much reduced.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 194; tail vertebre, 108; hind foot, 21. Average of 5 specimens from Ajusco, Salazar, and Huit- vilac: Total length, 185 (177-188); tail vertebre, 106 (98-111); hind foot, 20.8 (20-21). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This handsome and striking species is an inhabitant of the upper slopes of the mountains about the valley of Mexico and on more or less isolated mountains in western Michoacan. It is the first-described and best-known member of a subalpine group of species found on most of the higher mountains of southern Mexico
68 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. -
and is apparently the only form having an extensive range. Speci- mens from Mount Tancitaro and Patamban show no characters to distinguish them from the typical form. From R. f. toltecus, which occupies the valley of Mexico, chrysopsis differs in larger size, richer colors, longer pelage, and blacker ears, as well as in cranial char- acters.
On Mount Popocatepetl, Nelson and Goldman found this species occurring sparingly in grassy places in the open forest from the base of the mountain up to 12,000 feet. On Mount Patamban it was most numerous at about 11,000 feet in the upper part of the Canadian Zone, a few ranging to the extreme summit above 12,000 feet. In the upper part of its range it was found among grass and brush.
Specumens ecamined.—Total number, 25, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Mexico: Ajusco (11,000 feet), 3; Mount Iztaccihuatl (13,500 feet), 1; Mount Popocatepetl (11,500 feet), 3; Salazar (9,000 feet), 1.
Morelos: Huitzilac (10,000 feet), 1. Michoacan: Mount Tancitaro (10,000-12,000 feet), 7; Patamban (11,000 feet), 9.
REITHRODONTOMYS CHRYSOPSIS TOLUCH Merriam. ToLucaA Harvest Mousse. Reithrodontomys chrysopsis toluce Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 549.
Type locality.—North slope of Volean Toluca, Mexico (altitude, 11,500 feet).
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Similar to chrysopsis, but slightly smaller and much | less intensely ochraceous; skull slenderer.
Color—Worn pelage: Upperparts mixed black and ochraceous- tawny with a well-defined black median band, as in chrysopsis, but lacking almost entirely the bright golden color shown by the latter; ears fuscous; front feet buffy white, with a band of hair-brown reaching half way to the toes; hind feet soiled whitish, tinged with dusky; ankles fuscous; ring around eye blackish; underparts grayish with scarcely a trace of buff; tail hair-brown above, grayish white below.
Skull.—Slightly smaller than that of chrysopsis; braincase nar- rower; rostrum slenderer, much narrowed at the tip; bulle much smaller; subsidiary enamel loops of upper molars low and slightly developed; accessory tubercles absent.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 180; tail vertebrze, 98; hind foot, 21. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form, known from only a single specimen, has rather pronounced characters. On account of the worn condition of the type specimen, the colors can not be satisfactorily described. Specimens in fresh pelage will doubtless prove less different from
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS CHRYSOPSIS GROUP. 69
chrysopsis than is this worn individual, but the underparts apparently are distinctly whiter. Specumen examvned.—One, the type.
REITHRODONTOMYS CHRYSOPSIS ORIZABZ Merriam. Mount OrizABA Harvest Mouse. Reithrodontomys orizabe Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ITI, 1901, p. 550.
Type locality—Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico (altitude, 9,500 feet).
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters._-Externally the same as chrysopsis; skull narrower and bull smaller.
Color.—As in chrysopsis.
Skull.i—Apparently smaller than that of chrysopsis, but length of skull and shape of zygomata not known; braincase narrower, audital bullz decidly smaller; molar series and nasals shorter; subsidiary enamel loops of m? well developed, of m+ present but shorter. Com- pared with toluce: Braincase and bulle similar; rostrum broader.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 182; tail vertebrae, 105; hind foot, 20. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This form so closely resembles chrysopsis in color that it seems best to consider it a subspecies of the latter; in cranial characters it more nearly resembles toluce. Additional material is necessary to determine its true relationship.
Specumen examined.—One, the type.
REITHRODONTOMYS PEROTENSIS Merriam. PreroteE Harvest Mouse. Reithrodontomys perotensis Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 550.
Type locality.—Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, Mexico (altitude, 9,500 feet).
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Externally similar to chrysopsis, but color of upper- parts less intensely ochraceous; skull smaller with much smaller bullee.
Color.—Upperparts cinnamon with strong tinge of ochraceous, extensively mixed with black and with a distinct median band of the latter color; ears fuscous, somewhat paler than in chrysopsis; underparts strongly washed with light pinkish cinnamon; tail pale fuscous above, slightly whitened beneath.
Skull.—Smaller than that of R. c. chrysopsis, with flatter braincase and smaller bullae; zygomata squarely spreading anteriorly, nearly
1 The type and only known specimen is badly broken.
70 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. .
parallel to axis of skull; subsidiary enamel loops in upper molars well developed, reaching panes border of tooth.
Measuremenis.—Type: Total length, 176; tail vertebre, 119; hind foot, 19. Skull: (ee table, p. 81).
Remanka Dine species Aftes widely in cranial characters from the other members of the chrysopsis group. Indeed, its skull somewhat resembles that of ff. megalotis saturatus (which occupies the low country around the base of the Cofre de Perote), especially in the widely spreading zygomata and in the shape and size of the audital bulle. It differs from saturatus, however, in having a much broader and flatter braincase, longer a eign dees rostrum, buffy instead of white underparts, and in dental characters.
Specumen examuned.—One, the type.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS GROUP. REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (De Saussure). SaussuRE Harvest Movusz.
(PIOTIT, figs 45° Pl. V1, fig. 4; Pl Vil, ies. 45 9ssO ae) Reithrodon mexicanus De Saussure, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2d ser., XII, 1860, p. 109. Ochetodon mexicanus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 186. Reithrodontomys costaricensis jalape Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 552 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Reithrodontomys cherriet jalapx Miller, Bull. 79, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1912, p. 180.
Type locality Mountains of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Mstribution.—From Jalapa, Vera Cruz, south to Chiapas and Guatemala. |
Characters.—Size rather large (about like #. f. toltecus); tail long, concolor; color uniform tawny above, white below; hind feet, ears, and tail Fon skull short, broad, and flat.
Color. —Upperparts varying from tawny to pinkish cinnamon, spar- ingly darkened on the back with blackish hairs; general tone of back varying from cinnamon-brown to Prout’s brown; an indistinct black- ish ring around eye; tail nearly unicolor, fuscous or clove-brown to fuscous-black, in some specimens slightly paler beneath; upper sur- faces of both fore and hind feet dark hair-brown; toes usually buffy or grayish white; ears fuscous or fuscous-black; is of nose, upper lips, and litderparts white.
Skull.—Short and relatively broad, with very short, broad rostrum and short nasals; braincase squarish, rather flat, depressed poste- riorly; zygomata slender, contracted anteriorly; nasals ending behind rather squarely, on a line with ends of premaxille or slightly anterior to them; outer wall of anteorbital foramen narrow; interpterygoid fossa broad; palatal foramina short, ending at or slightly in front of plane of first molars; audital bulle small.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS GROUP. val
Measurements.—Adult male (Jalapa, Vera Cruz): Total length, 197; tail vertebre, 119; hind foot, 21. Average of 2 adults from Toton- tepec, Oaxaca: 193; 117; 21. Average of 3 adults from Jacalte- nango, Guatemala, and Tumbala, Chiapas: 194; 117; 20.2. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This species, although described over 50 years ago, is still imperfectly known, and the name mezicanus has been misapplied by all authors since De Saussure. Three distinct species of Reithro- dontomys occur in the mountains of Vera Cruz and a fourth (R. megalotis saturatus) not far away on the table-land. These (using the modern names) are Rf. rufescens rufescens, R. fulvescens difficilis, and R. “cherrva jalapex.’”*
The original description? is so complete and agrees so perfectly with the last of these that there appears to be not the slightest doubt that the species now known as “jalapx”’ should be referred to mexicanus. The combination of tawny upperparts, white belly, dark feet, and unicolor tail is possessed by no other species in this region.
Through the kindness of M. Maurice Bedot, director of the Geneva Museum, who has furnished the Biological Survey with photographs and measurements of the type skull, I am able to present additional evidence corroborative of the above decision. The photographs - clearly show the relatively narrow outer wall of the anteorbital fora- men and the broad interpterygoid fossa, characteristic of the sub- genus Aporodon, and the measurements agree closely with those of specimens of “‘jalapx’’ from Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
The type of &. mexicanus, with the skull inside the skin, was bor- rowed in 1890 from the Geneva Museum and examined in Washington by Drs. Allen, Merriam, and True. Comparison was made with a specimen ® (No. 7007a, U.S. Nat. Mus.) from Tehuacan, Puebla, at that time practically the only available specimen from southern Mexico. Dr. Allen in referring this specimen to mexicanus stated that it agreed with the type.* Dr. Merriam’s notes, however, taken at the same
time, indicate some important differences. These are as follows: No. £19. This specimen is the type of De Saussure’s description. Measure- ments.—Hind foot, 18.5. Ear from crown, 10; from anterior base, 13. The upper-
1 All of these have been taken at Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
2 Following is a translation of the pertinent portions:
“‘The size of this animal is nearly exacily that of the European field-mouse (Mus silvaticus), though its forms are somewhat more thick set. * * * Tail very long, its length exceeding that of the body and head. The color of the pelage is tawny brown, on the sides becoming absolutely tawny, or even orange- tawny. The tawny color becomes fainter toward the line where it comes in contact with the white of the belly. The lips, lower part of cheeks, chin, throat, and entire underparts are almost pure white, here and there slightly washed with a tawny tint, especially on the breast and throat. * * * The hairs are slate gray, the tips only passing into russet, or white. The ears are brown * * *. The fore feet are white, except above, as far as the root of the digits, where they aregray. The tail is blackish, scaly, unicolor, and covered with rather dark gray hairs; it is especially hairy toward the tip; at its base the hairs are scanty and very short; but they become longer toward the tip.”
8 Referred by the writer to R&. fulvescens difficilis.
4 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 1895, p. 136.
a2 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36. .
parts are so thoroughly suffused with fulvous that it can almost be called a ‘‘red mouse.’’ The upper surface of the hind foot is dark brown to base of toes. The toes are whitish. The skull has never been removed from the skin There is a skin of this species or a closely related subspecies in the United States National Museum (No. 7007a) collected at Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico, by Sumi- chrast. Upperparts rusty fulvous, but not quite so deep or bright as in the mounted specimen [the type]. The only departure of importance from the type is the color of the upper surface of the hind foot, which is soiled whitish instead of dark brown, and the color of the underside of the tail, which is whitish instead of being concolor with the upper surface.
These differences—whiter feet and bicolor tail—are sufficient to show that the Tehuacan specimen can not be referred to mexicanus. No mention is made, either by Allen or Merriam, of the color of the underparts, but taking into consideration the soiled and faded condi- tion of the Tehuacan specimen (and probably, also, of the type) this omission is not strange.
On the evidence of this determination the name mexicanus was used by Allen for the dark form of the fulvescens group later described from Orizaba by Merriam as R. diffictlis, but, as shown above, it prop- erly applies to the species now under consideration—a member of the subgenus Aporodon.
The species exhibits considerable individual variationin color. One specimen from Totontepec, Oaxaca, is fairly typical, while another from the same place is considerably darker, with darker ears and tail. A specimen from Jacaltenango, Guatemala, is considerably paler than Vera Cruz specimens, but agrees with them in other characters.
Intergradation with goldmani on the north and with cherrw in Central America seems fairly certain to be established.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 10, from the following locali- ties in Mexico and Guatemala:
Vera Cruz: Jalapa, 2.1
Oaxaca: Totontepec, 2.
Chiapas: Comitan, 1; Tenejapa, 1; Tumbala, 3. Guatemala: Jacaltenango, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS GOLDMANI Merriam. - GoLtpmMan Harvest Mouse. (PE Tete GPloV 1s fig.163) Reithrodontomys goldmani Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 552.
Type locality —Metlaltoyuca, Puebla, Mexico (altitude 800 feet). Distribution.—Known only from northern Puebla. Characters.—Similar to mexicanus, but smaller and paler. Color.—Upperparts pinkish cinnamon, faintly darkened on top of head and back with brownish hairs; general tone of back about snuff-brown; sides of nose, upper lips, and underparts white, the
1 One in Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS GROUP. 73
latter with a faint tinge of pale buff; ears dark hair-brown; tail fuscous, nearly unicolor or slightly paler beneath; fore and hind feet grayish white, tinged with dusky; ankles hair-brown.
Skull—tLonger and relatively narrower than that of mexicanus; braincase flattened, and narrowed posteriorly; rostrum and nasals longer, the latter narrowed to a point posteriorly; audital bull slightly larger; palatal foramina wide.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 190; tail vertebre, 109; hind foot, 21.5. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This subspecies is the most northerly ranging member of the group. It occupies the low, arid, coast region of northern Puebla and probably adjacent States. It is distinctly paler than mexicanus and the skull of the type shows pronounced characters,
NY
nee
4%,
oI
Livia 2,
M. MEXICANUS M. GOLDMANI M. CHERRI/ GRACILIS
FIG. 6.—Distribution of Reithrodontomys mexicanus, R. gracilis, and subspecies.
some of which, however, may not prove to be constant. Two speci- mens from Huauchinango, Puebla (altitude 5,000 feet) are inter- mediate between goldmani and mezicanus, the skulls being nearer to the latter form, the skins nearer goldmani. Specimens examined.—Total number, 3, from the following local- ities in Mexico: Puebla: Huauchinango, 2; Metlaltoyuca, 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS CHERRII (Allen). CENTRAL AMERICAN Harvest Mouse. GPIe TIT fie’ 5; PIS Viv fies) Hesperomys ( Vesperimus) cherrii Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, 1891, p. 211. Sitomys cherriet Allen, Ibid., V, 1893, p. 238.
Reithrodontomys costaricensis Allen, Ibid., VII, 1895, p. 139 (La Carpintera, Costa Rica). Reithrodontomys cherriei Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XX, 1907, p. 50 (type fixed).
14. WORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
Type locality.—San. Jose, Costa Rica.
Distribution.—Costa Rica and Chiriqui, Panama.
Characters.—Similar to mexicanus, but colors brighter (more tawny, less blackish); ears paler; skull larger.
Color.—Upperparts varying from bright tawny to hazel, more or less mixed with black on dorsal area; ears dusky hair-brown, scantily haired; underparts white (rarely washed with yellowish buff); tail fuscous, unicolor, clothed with short, bristly hairs; fore and hind feet pale sepia, broadly edged with whitish; toes buffy white.
Skull—Larger than that of mexicanus, with longer rostrum; brain- case more inflated.
Measuremenits.—Average of 7 adults from Costa Rica (San Pedro and La Carpintera): Total length, 191 (182-198); tail vertebra, 111 (103-123); hind foot, 20 (19.5-20.5). Average of 13 adults from Boquete, Chiriqui: Total length, 207 (192-227); tail vertebre, 126 (115-140); hind foot, 20 (19-22). Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—Through an unfortunate mixing of skulls this species was originally described as a Hesperomys |[=Peromyscus] and a few years later, before the mistake was discovered, redescribed as Reithrodontomys ‘ costaricensis,’’ by which name it has usually been known. Osgood has shown the pertinence of the original description to the present species and has selected a type specimen from the original series.+
The species is one of the larger members of the genus, though not so large as R.t. tenwirostris and R. hirsutus. Intergradation with mezi- canus seems probable, though not perfectly shown by the material at hand. A specimen from Jacaltenango, Guatemala, is somewhat intermediate in characters, but apparently nearest to meaxicanus. Specimens from Boquete, Chiriqui, have somewhat longer tails than the series from Costa Rica. A single specimen from Nicaragua is much less tawny than the type series, somewhat resembling the Gua- temala specimen.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 21, from the following locali- ties:
Costa Rica: La Carpintera, 3;? San Jose, 2;2 San Pedro, 3.? Panama: Boquete, Chiriqui, 13.3
REITHRODONTOMYS MILLERI Allen. CoLoMBIAN Harvest Mouse. Reithrodontomys millert Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XI, 1912, p. 77.
Type locality —Munchique, Cauca, Colombia (altitude, 8,325 feet). Distribution.—Known only from Colombia (altitude 6,000 to 10,300 feet).
1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XX, 1907, p. 50. 8 Eleven in Collection Mus. Comp. Zool. 2 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS GROUP. 15
Characters.—Paler and less tawny than R. m. cherrii; tail shorter.
Color.—Upperparts varying from light ochraceous-salmon, exten- sively mixed with brownish to nearly pure tawny, with slight admix- ture of brown; lateral line only faintly indicated; underparts white, sometimes with a faint tinge of light buff; ears and tail dark hair- brown, the latter almost unicolor, but slightly paler beneath; feet hair-brown, sometimes edged with grayish white.
Skull—vVery similar to that of R. m. cherrii, with short, heavy rostrum, broad frontals, and short palata! foramina.
Measurements.—Ten adults: Total length, 181 (169-190); tail vertebrae, 107 (98-116); hind foot, 19 (18-20). Skull: (ee table, p- 81).
Remarks.—This species is rather closely related to R. m. cherrn, from which it differs in browner, less tawny coloration and shorter tail. No intermediate specimens are known, but further collecting in Panama may result in securing such. 3
Specimens examined.—Total number, 7, from the following locali- ties :!
Colombia: Cocal, 1; El Roble (7,000 feet), 5; La Guneta, 1; Munchique, 5; San Augustin, Huila (10,300 feet), 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS SODERSTROMI Thomas. Ecuapor Harvest Movuss.
Reithrodontomys séderstr6mi Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, I, 1898, p. 451.
Type locality. Quito, Ecuador.
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality and from Valle de las Papas, southern Colombia.
Characters — Apparently in the cherrit group and closely related to miller; colors less tawny above and more buffy or fawn-colored below; hind foot, ear, and skull larger.
Color.—* Dull grayish fawn, not nearly so rufous as in costaricensis [cherrit]. Brighter lateral line little developed. Under surface not sharply defined, its color much less bright than in costaricensis, the tips of the hairs more or less buffy or fawn-colored. Hars thinly haired, brown, little darker than the general color. Hands and feet white, without darker markings on the metapodials. Tail pale brown above and below, the tip white.’’? A series of 4 specimens from Valle de las Papas, central Andes, Huila, Colombia, may be described as follows: Upperparts mixed blackish brown and ochraceous-salmon; ears clove-brown; tail dark mummy-brown; hind feet soiled whitish, with a broad band of mummy-brown reaching nearly to the toes;
1 All in Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Thomas, loc. cit.
® Compared by Dr. J. A. Alien and Mr. Oldfield Thomas with the type and 12 topotypes in the British Museum and said to agree perfectly with them.
76 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
front feet similar, but with less brown; underparts white, strongly tinged with pale ochraceous-salmon. With regard to the color of the hind feet in the typical series, Mr. Thomas writes me as follows:
Of 20 specimens, 12 have large metapodial patches [of brown], 7 have smaller ones down to quite minute ones (often not the same on both sides) and the type has prac- tically none at all—though even there a few hairs are dark on each foot, making a minute spot.
Skull.—Similar to that of miller, but larger. ‘‘Low, with a flat superior profile. Palatal foramina short, barely reaching backward to the level of thefront of m!.”’! More recently Mr. Thomas has com- pared the topotype series with specimens of R. m. cherrw and states :? “‘T can find no skull difference of any importance or constancy.”
Measurements.—Type (from dry skin): ‘‘ Head and body, 72; tail (tip doubtfully perfect), 83; hind foot (wet) without claws, 19; ear (wet), 14. Skull: Back of parietal to nasal tip, 21.1; greatest breadth, 11.5; nasals 8.9 x 2.6; interorbital breadth, 3.7; palate from hense- lion, 9.2; diastema, 5.9; palatal foramina, 4.1 x 1.6; upper molar series, 3.8.’% Skull of fully adult topotype (measured by Mr. Thomas): Greatest length 24.2; breadth of braincase, 11.5; length of nasals, 9.1; width of outer wall of anteorbital foramen, 1.9.
Remarks.—This species, so far as known, is the most southerly ranging member of the genus. I have not been able to examine the type series of 20 specimens in the British Museum, but I have seen a small series from southern Colombia, kindly loaned by Dr. Allen, and which both he and Mr. Thomas consider typical of this species. From an examination of this series it is clear that sdderstrémi is a member of the mexicanus group and rather closely related to miller, but whether it is connected with the latter by intermediate forms can not at present be determined.
Its habits are described by Mr. L. Séderstrém, the collector of the type series, as follows: “‘Feeds on flowers and seeds in the gardens. Comes out from among the climbing plants every evening at about py mae?
Specumens examined.—Four, from Valle de las Papas, Huila, Co- lombia (central Andes, altitude 10,000 feet).*
REITHRODONTOMYS GRACILIS Allen & Chapman. Yucatan Harvest Movuse. CPM tie: ofits Vil fig g7.3)
Reithrodontomys mezxicanus gracilis Allen and Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, 1897, p. 9.
Type locality.—Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico. Distribution.— Yucatan and Campeche.
1 Original description by Thomas. 3 Thomas, loc. cit. 2 In epistle, Oct. 21, 1913. 4 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1914.] REITHRODONTOMYS MEXICANUS GROUP. Tl
Characters.—Size small; similar in color to R. m. goldmam, but brighter; skull much smaller with narrow braincase.
Oolor.—Upperparts pinkish cinnamon, sparingly lined on dorsal surface with blackish brown; color brightest on sides next to the belly, sometimes forming an indistinct lateral line (as in the fulvescens group); ears dark hair-brown; tail fuscous, slightly paler beneath; fore feet buffy white; hind feet grayish white; ankles fuscous; underparts white, sometimes with a slight yellowish cast; less white on sides of nose than in mezicanus and goldmani.
Skull.—Decidedly smaller than that of either mexicanus or gold- mani; similar in size and general proportions to that of difficilis, but differing in the characters of the subgenus; rostrum short and broad; braincase narrow and moderately flat; nasals short; zygomata nearly parallel to axis of skull (much less contracted anteriorly than in mexicanus); palatal foramina very short; bulle rather small.
The outer wall of the anteorbital foramen, although much nar- rower than in skulls of R. fulvescens difficilis, is relatively broader than in the other members of the subgenus and may slightly exceed the width of the interpterygoid fossa. ‘The subsidiary enamel loops are present on the upper molars, but the accessory tubercles are rather low.
Measuremenits.—Type (immature): Total length, 165; tail verte- bre, 98; hind foot, 16. Average of 2 topotypes (immature): 169; 100; 18. A somewhat older (subadult) specimen from Yohaltun, Campeche: 191; 113; 20. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This is the smallest member of the mezxicanus group. Externally it bears a striking resemblance to R. fulvescens tenuis, differing chiefly in darker and more nearly unicolor tail and more uniform ochraceous color (less grizzled with black) on the upper- parts. In skull characters the two differ widely, gracilis clearly be- longing in the subgenus Aporodon.
From R. m. mexicanus, its nearest relative, it differs in much smaller size, paler coloration, and narrower skull. Judging from the very limited material at hand, it seems to be specifically distinct from the other members of the group. One specimen from Yohaltun, Campeche, differs from the type series in being somewhat darker, with blacker, more nearly unicolor tail.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 9, from the following locali- ties in Mexico:
Yucatan: Chichen Itza, 6;! Progreso, 1. Campeche: Apazote, 1; Yohaltun, 1.
1 Four in Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
73 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
REITHBODONTOMYS TENUIROSTRIS GROUP. REITHRODONTOMYS TENUIROSTRIS TENUIROSTRIS Merriam. Wooty Harvest Mouse.
Reithrodontomys tenuirostris Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 547.
Type locality—Todos Santos, Guatemala (altitude 10,000 feet).
Distribution —Known only from the type locality.
Characters Size very large (equaling Fk. hirsutus, except in length of tail); pelage long, soft, and wooly; color rich tawny; tail unicolor; skull with much swollen braincase and narrow rostrum.
Color —Adults: Upperparts deep tawny, darkest on the dorsal area where the color becomes hazel; an indistinct blackish ring around eye; underparts light pinkish cinnamon; ears and tailfuscous; ankles and hind feet clove-brown; tips of toes whitish; upper surface of fore feet hair-brown; toes buffy. Young: Upperparts Prout’s brown, with a tinge of tawny; underparts paler than in the adult; toes buffy white.
Skull——Braincase broad, much inflated, depressed posteriorly; anterior portion of frontals abruptly depressed, forming a shallow sulcus at posterior end of nasals; rostrum long and narrow; nasals narrowed to a point posteriorly, ending on a line with premaxille; zygomata slender, slightly contracted anteriorly; palatal foramina relatively short, not reaching plane of first molars; interpterygoid fossa broad (about as wide as outer wall of anteorbital foramen) ; bulle small and rather flat.
Measurements —Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 210; tail vertebre, 124; hind foot, 23. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This is one of the largest and most striking members of the genus. Resembling R. m. mexicanus in the color of the upper- parts, it is readily distinguished byits cinnamon belly. Its skull is so peculiar that it is placed in a different group from the latter.
Specimens examined.—Two, from type locality.
REITHRODONTOMYS TENUIROSTRIS AUREUS Merriam. CaLEL Harvest Mouse. (PI, 10s fig, 83 PliVi fie. 8: Ply VIL fea) Reithrodontomys tenuirostris aureus Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sei., III, 1901, p. 548.
Type locality —Calel, Guatemala (altitude 10,200 feet).
Distribution—Known only from the type locality.
Characters —Slightly smaller and paler than tenwirostris.
Oolor—Adulis: Upperparts ochraceous-tawny moderately dark- ened on dorsal area with black; underparts light ochraceous-bufi (a little yellower than in tenuirostris); ears fuscous-black; tail fus- cous, slightly paler beneath; fore feet dark hair-brown; hind feet clove-brown, both edged with white; toes whitish. Young: Upper-
1914.] | REITHRODONTOMYS TENUIROSTRIS GROUP. 79
parts Prout’s brown, faintly tinged with ochraceous; underparts white.
Skull—Slightly smaller than that of tenutrostris, with flatter brain- case and more inflated bull; palatal foramina longer and slightly broader, extending behind plane of first molars.
Measuremenis.—Adult female: Total length, 196; tail vertebree, 112 hind foot, 22.5. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
does zenuirosiris and only a short distance away. With the very
limited amount of material at hand, it is impossible to say whether
the characters distinguishing the two forms will prove to be constant. Specimens examined.—Two, from type locality.
REITHRODONTOMYS CREPER Bangs. Cuirieur Harvest Mouse. Reithrodontomys creper Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XX XIX, 1902, p. 39.
Type locality.— Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama (altitude, 11,000 feet).
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Size large; colors very dark (similar to R. a. australis above, but darker beneath); skull similar to that of R. t. tenuirostris, but Persie
Color..—Type: Upperparts mummy-brown, varying on sides to Mars brown; sides of face blackish; underparts russet; ears dark sepia; tail dusky—almost clove-brown—all around, except terminal fourth which is whitish; feet whitish, palest on toes.
Skull.—Similar in shape to that of R. ¢. tenwirostris, but smaller; braincase narrowed posteriorly; palatal foramina expanded in the middle, narrowing anteriorly; zygomata much contracted anteriorly. Compared with #. ¢. aureus: Skull slightly shorter and much nar- rower; bullz smaller.
Measurements.—Type (? ad.): Total length, 215; tail vertebre, 130; hind foot, 23. Skull: Gee table, p. 81).
Remarks! ies very distinct species is known only from a single specimen, “caught on the cold barren summit of the Volcan de Chiriqui’.? It seems to be nearest related to A. tenutrostris, from Guatemala.
Specumen examined.—One, the type.®
1Comparisons with Ridgway’s *‘ Nomenclature of Colors’’ (1886). 2 Bangs, loc. cit. 2 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
80 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36.
REITHRODONTOMYS MICRODON MICRODON Merriam.
SMALL-TOOTHED Harvest Mouse. (Pl. III, fig. 9; Pl. VI, fig. 9.)
Reithrodontomys microdon Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 548. Type locality—Todos Santos, Guatemala. Distribution.—Highlands of Guatemala; limits unknown. Characters.—Closely similar in color to R. t. tenuirostris, but very
much smaller.
Color.—Adults: Upperparts tawny, brighter on the sides next to the belly, darkened on back and head with black, where the tone becomes hazel; blackish ring around eye; underparts light pinkish cinnamon; ears and tail fuscous, the latter slightly paler beneath; hind feet dark hair-brown edged with whitish; toes white; fore feet buffy white with a patch of dusky. Subadults: Upperparts browner (about Prout’s brown) and less mixed with tawny; underparts white.
Skull_—Similar in general shape to that of R. t. tenuirostris, but very much smaller; braincase moderately inflated, narrowed and depressed posteriorly; zygomata slender, decidedly contracted ante- riorly; rostrum narrow; palatal foramina ending on plane of front molars; interpterygoid fossa very broad; bulle rather large and inflated; outer wall of anteorbital foramen very narrow.
Measuremenis.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 185; tail vertebre, 113; hind foot, 21. Topotype (¢ subadult): 180; 112; 21. Skull: (See table, p. 81).
Remarks.—This little species is in every way a miniature of the large yenutrostris, which lives in the same region.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 3, from the following locali- ties:
Guatemala: Todos Santos, 2; Volcan Santa Maria 1.
REITHRODONTOMYS MICRODON ALBILABRIS Merriam. WHITE-LIPPED Harvest Mouse.
Reithrodontomys microdon albilabris Merriam, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., III, 1901, p. 549.
Type locality—Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico (altitude, 10,000 feet).
Distribution.—Known only from the type locality.
Characters.—Similar to microdon, but paler; underparts white; closely similar in color to R. mexicanus goldmani.
Color.—Upperparts pinkish cinnamon, darkened on dorsal area with black, where the tone becomes snuff-brown; blackish ring around eye; ears, tail, and hind feet fuscous, the last edged with whitish; toes whitish; fore feet buffy, with a dusky patch; underparts white.
Skull_—Very similar to that of microdon; braincase slightly broader and more inflated; interpterygoid fossa narrower; bulle slightly smaller; nasals ending on a line with premaxille; zygomata decidedly
1914.]
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS.
31
contracted anteriorly; palatal foramina short, not reaching plane of
molars.
Measuremenis.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 187; tail vertebre, 117; hind foot, 20. Skull: (See table below). Remarks. ap his form is closely related to microdon, differing chiefly
in paler coloration.
Specimen examined.—One, the type.
Average cranial measurements of Reithrodontomys.
Species.
humulis humulis....------ humulisimpiger....------- humulis merriami....----- albescens albescens ..-..----- . albescens griseus ..-.------- SILGIEEILUIS al ses yee <2 . megalotis megalotis...------ . megalotis aztecus...-.------ . megalotis dychei....------- . megalotis nigrescens...----- . megalotis longicaudus .-.--- . megalotis peninsulz....-.- . megalotis Cinereus...-.----- . megalotis saturatus......-.- . megalotis aliicolus.....----- . megalotis arizonensis......- . megalotis zacatece....-.-.-
bay Pd Bo Ey Ed Ed EB by by By yb Bs DB
R. fulvescens toltccus.........- R. fulvescens helvolus.....--.- R. fulvescens chiapensis....... R. fulvescens nelsoni.........- R. fulvescens mustelinus.....- DIOS at eens esos cna
TUSESCENS TUSESCENS..-.----- rufescens luteolus.......--- ele eee ale te
pry RRA
RR. chrysopsis chrysopsis....-.- R. chrysopsis tolucz........-- F. chrysopsis orizabz.....--.- Pe ENOLETESES orae So ik Ss FR. mericanus mezicanus ..-.-. R. merxicanus goldmani.....-. R. mexicanus cherrii.......-.-
R. tenuirostris tenwuirostris..... R. tenuirostris aureus..-...-.- ik CIEE Re oe eee R. microdon microdon...-...-
R. microdon albilabris.........
Number averaged.
Localities.
Greatest length.
Breadth of brain- case.
Length of nasals,
of anteorbital for-
Width of outer wall amen,
i | | | |
North Carolina; South Carolina; Georgia. -.| 19.4
West Virginia: White Sulphur Springs ORS 19.4 Texas: Austin Bayou; Louisiana: Lafayette.) 19
Nebraska; South Dakar... Sue melas 19.5 Texas: San Antonio, San Angelo.......---- 19.3 Colorado: San Luis Valley TO AEL Te ae hn Relate IX 20
New Mexico (southern); Chihuahua. ....... 20. 7 New Mexico: La Plata, Aztec, Guadalupita.| 22.1 Kansas: Lawrence, Onaga...........-.----- | 20.6 Idaho: Payette, Weiser, Nampa.........-.- 20.8
California: Vic cinity of San Francisco Bay--| 20.2
Colimas; Colima fe pee oan ae Su eee
OaxacacsRielormiane eee so ie ee mune ae Jalisco: Sierra Nevada de Colima..........- Vera Cruz: Jalapa, Jico.........------------ Oaxacas Jug UUAs se hse eee a eee
Lower California: San Quintin, Rosario. .-.--- 20.7 PucplasChalehicomulassc: jess asec eee 21.6 Mera Cruz das ivicasan tes fbi cose ne ye a 22.5 Oaxaca: Cerro San’ Felipe: : 2.0622. 22 22. 4 Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains...........- 20. 4 Zacatecas: Valparaiso Mountains..........-. 20.5 Queretaro: Pinal de Amoles.............-..- 19.8 California: Catalina Island...............-.-- 21.9 California: San Francisco Bay.........-.-.- 21.2 California: Petaluma (marshes)............- 20. 8 Sonora: Oposura, Providencia Mines. -.-..-- 21.6 Sinaloa: Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Escuinapa..... 21.9 Texas: Brownsville; TPamawlipases Messe 21.9 Texas and Louisiana........--.---.----.--- 22.2 Mera CruzsOrizabas Jalapa- 28.25.5258: 21.8 Mexico: Tlalpam, TD) Dea ee SRR 23.4 OamacatO axa cael weakest vee ae tes Sees 22. 4 Chig nas: C any OD esse peer whens es ec 22.4
2
3
5
8
6
9
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Oaxaca: Mountains near Ozolotepec.....-.-|....--|.-.-.-.
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2, BE CURd ORO Wit OMe ncn gas acer eee eee 24. Yucatan: Chichen Itza; Campeche: Yohal- | 21. 5 5) o:
tun. Guatemala: Todos Santos. ....-...-5-....-- 2b: Guatemala Calel. jyevse sel! wey Sha ee 25: Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui..............- 2 vata: Todos Santos, Volcan Santa | 22.3 aria Oaxaca: Cerro Sam Melipesasa. 25 -s5-eene- 22.3
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reat 15
12.
PLATE If. [Twice natural size.]
Reithrodontomys humulis humulis. Raleigh, N. C. (No. 189304, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Merriam Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys humulis merriami. Austin Bayou, Tex. (No. 44849, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Retthrodontomys albescens griseus. Type, San Antonio, Tex. (No. 87852,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys albescens albescens. Type, Kennedy, Nebr. (No. 116358,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys montanus. Medano Ranch, Costilla County, Colo. (No.
150714, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis. Dry Creek, Socorro County, N. Mex.
(No. 158319, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys megalotis dychet. Onaga, Kans. (No. 147132, U. S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys megalotis saturatus. Las Vigas, Vera Cruz. (No. 54434,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys raviventris raviventris. Berkeley, Cal. (No. 93208, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys raviventris halicetes. Type, Petaluma, Cal. (No. 7146;
Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California. )
. Reithrodontomys megalotis zacatece. Valparaiso Mountains, Zacatecas. (No.
91912, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) Reithrodontomys megalotis alticolus. Type, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca. (No. 68392, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
82
North American Fauna No. 36, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
5 18s Den Gs > v
_R
.h. humulis.
. h. merriami.
. a. griseus.
. a. albescens,
SKULLS OF REITHRODONTOMYS.
. R. montanus. 6. R. m. megalotis. 7. R.m. dychei. 8. R.m. saturatus,
RR 5 dae R R
PLATE lI.
. Ir. raviventris. . vr. haliecetes .m. zacatece. . m. alticolus.,
Fig.
(7)
Or
10.
PLATE Te
[Twice natural size.]
. Reithrodontomys amenus. Type, Reforma, Oaxaca. (No. 14064, Field Mus.
Nat. Hist.)
. Reithrodontomys otus. Type, Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco. No. 45705,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys australis australis. Volcan Irazu, Costa Rica. (No. 116614,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys dorsalis. Type, Calel, Guatemala. (No. 77009, U. S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodoniomys colime colime. Type, Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco.
(No. 45706, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodoniomys rufescens luteolus. Type, Juquila, Oaxaca. (No. 71558,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys fulvescens tenuis. Mazatlan, Sinaloa. (No. 96713, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys fulvescens dificilis. Orizaba, Vera Cruz. (No. 58268, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys fulvescens helvolus. Type, Oaxaca, Oaxaca. (No. 68387,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) Reithrodontomys fulvescens toltecus. Type, Tlalpam, D. F., Mexico. (No. 50746, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) i
84
SKULLS OF REITHRODONTOMYS.
. i. difficilis. . f. helvolus. . ft. toltecus.
. R. ec. ecolime. R. r. luteolus. . f. tenuis.
. amocenus. . otus. 5B. . a. australis. 5 LR . dorsalis.
we ee Saran | ~ ¥ * hs
PLATE III.
[Twice natural size.]}
. 1. Reithrodontomys hirsutus. Type, Ameca, Jalisco. (No. 82200, U. 8S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) 2. Reithrodontomys levipes. Type, San Sebastian, Jalisco. (No. 88057, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) 3. Reithrodontomys chrysopsis chrysopsis. Type, Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico. (No. 52031, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) 4. Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus. Jalapa, Vera Cruz. (No. 108538, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) 5. Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherrii. La Carpintera, Costa Rica. (No. 7898, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) 6. Reithrodontomys mexicanus goldmani. Type, Metlaltoyuca, Puebla. (No. 93096, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) 7) Reithrodontomys gracilis. Chichen Itza, Yucatan. (No. 108143, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) | 8. Reithrodontomys tenuirostris aureus. Type, Calel, Guatemala. (No. 76939, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) 9. Reithrodontomys microdon microdon. Type, Todos Santos, Guatemala. (No. 76923, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
86
North American Fauna No, 36, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
SKULLS OF REITHRODONTOMYS,
1. R. hirsutus. 4. R. m. mexicanus, 7. R. gracilis. 2. R. levipe 5. R. m. cherrii. 8. R. t. aureus. 3. R. c. chry 31 6. R. m. goldmani. 9. R. m. microdon.
ns:
wey iaiaesba rete ; : AV. (ty He aty i j ars aren: :
Tat
be: bre 4 e > ; 7 S a 4 « AY A
Fig. 1.
PLATE IY.
[Twice natural size.]
Reithrodontomys humulis humulis. Raleigh, N. C. (No. 189304, U. S. Nat. Mus., Merriam Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys humulis merriami. Austin Bayou, Tex. (No. 44849, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys albescens griseus. Type, San Antonio, Tex. (No. 87852,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys albescens albescens. Type, Kennedy, Nebr. (No. 116358,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys montanus. Medano Ranch, Costilla County, Colo. (No.
150714, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys megalotis megalotis. Dry Creek, Socorro County, N. Mex.
(No. 158319, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei. Onaga, Kans. (No. 147132, U. S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Retthrodontomys megalotis saturatus. Las Vigas, Vera Cruz. (No. 54434,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys raviventris raviventris. Berkeley, Cal. (No. 93208, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys raviventris halicetes. Type, Petaluma, Cal. (No. 7146,
Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
. Reithrodontomys megalotis zacatece. Valparaiso Mountains, Zacatecas. (No.
91912, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys megalotis alticolus. Type, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca. (No.
68392, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
88
Biological Survey. PLATE IV.
North American Fauna No. 36, U. S. Dept. Agr.
OF REITHRODONTOMYS. 2. ©. raviventris. . Tr. hbaliecetes. v. M. Zacatece. 4. m. alticolus.
.h. humulis. ». R. montanus.
. h. merriami. 3. R. m. megalotis. 2. a. griseus. . R. m. dychei.
. a. albescens. . R. m. saturatus,
fre patsy ay >
.
Fig. 1.
10.
PLATE V. [Twice natural size.]
Reithrodontomys amenus. Type, Reforma, Oaxaca. (No. 14064, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.)
. Reithrodontomys otus. Type, Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco. (No. 45705,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys australis. Volcan Irazu, Costa Rica. (No. 116614, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys dorsalis. Type, Calel, Guatemala. (No. 77009, U. S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
; appears colimx colimx. Type, Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco.
(No. 45706, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys rufescens Theos Type, Juquila, Oaxaca. (No. 71558,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys fulvescens tenuis. Mazatlan, Sinaloa. (No. 96713, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys fulvescens difficilis. Orizaba, Vera Cruz. (No. 58268, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys fulvescens helvolus. Type, Oaxaca, Oaxaca. (No. 68387,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) Reithrodontomys fulvescens toltecus. Type, Tlalpam, D. F., Mexico. (No. 50746, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
90
North American Fauna No. 36, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE V
SKULLS OF REITHRODONTOMYS.
. amcenus, 5. R. ec. colime. . f. difficilis. . otus. 6. R.r. lutolus. . f. helvolus. . australis. 7. R. f. tenuis. . f. toltecus.
. dorsalis.
Fie. 1.
is PLATE VI. [Twice natural size.]
Reithrodoniomys hirsutus. Type, Ameca, Jalisco. (No. 82200, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys levipes. Type, San Sebastian, Jalisco. (No. 88057, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys chrysopsis chrysopsis. Type, Mount Popocatepetl, Mexico.
(No. 52031, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys mexicanus mexicanus. Jalapa, Vera Cruz. (No. 108538,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys mexicanus cherrvi. La Carpintera, Costa Rica. (No. 7898,
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
. Reithrodontomys mexicanus goldmani. Type, Metlaltoyuca, Puebla. (No.
93096, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys gracilis. Chichen Itza, Yucatan. (No. 108143, U.S. Nat.
Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys tenwirosiris aureus. Type, Calel, Guatemala. (No. 76939,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys microdon microdon. Type, Todos Santos, Guatemala. (No.
76923, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) 92
North American Fauna No. 36, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Biological Survey, PLATE VI.
SKULLS OF REITHRODONTOMYS. 1. R. hirsutus. 4. R. m. mexicanus. 7. R. gracilis. 2. R. levipes. 5. R. m. cherrii. 8. R. t. aureus. 3. R. ec. chrysopsis. 6. R. m. goldmani. 9, R. m. microdon.
Fies. 1, 7.
3,5.
4,9, 10, il.
PLATE VII. [Teeth about 10 times natural size; skulls twice natural size.] Reithrodoniomys (Reithrodontomys) megalotis megalotis. Fig. 1. Side view of upper molars. (No. 167353, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
Fig. 7. Worn crowns of upper molars. (No. 58090, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys (Aporodon) tenuirostris aureus. Side view of upper
molars. (No. 77008, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) Reithrodontomys (Aporodon) levipes. Fig. 3. Worn crowns of lower molars. (No. 88057, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) Fig. 5. Worn crowns of upper molars. (No. 88057, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.) Reithrodontomys (Aporodon) mexicanus mexicanus. Fig. 4. Worn crowns of upper molars. (No. 68684, U. S. Nat. Mus., — Biological Survey Coll.) Figs. 9,10, 11. Skull of type. (No. 253, Geneva Museum.)
. Reithrodontomys (Aporodon) chrysopsis chrysopsis. Worn crowns of upper
molars. (No. 125883, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
. Reithrodontomys (Reithrodontomys) humulis merriami. Worn crowns cf
upper molars. (No. 178261, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll.)
North American Fauna No. 36, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
PLATE VII.
MOLAR TEETH AND SKULLS OF REITHRODONTOMYS.
1. R. m. megalotis. 4, R.m. mexicanus. 7. R.m. megalotis. 2. R. t. aureus. 5. R. levipes. 8. R. h. merriami. 3. R. levipes. 6. R. ¢c. chrysopsis. 9, 10. 11. R. m. mexicanus.
INDEX.
[New names in bold=face type; synonyms in ifalics; pages containing the principal reference to a subject in bold-faee figures.]
A. E.
Acknowledgments, 9-10. Economic status, habits and, 10. albescens, Reithrodontomys albescens, 10, 22=23s
Reithrodontomys montanus, 22. FP. albilabris, Reithrodontomys microdon, 80-81. Food, 11. alleni, Reithrodontomys, 59. fulvescens, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 43-44. alticolus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 13, 37. Reithrodontomys mezicanus, 43. amoenus, Reithrodontomys, 55.
Fhithrodontomys, 55. G. amoles, Reithrodontomys, 40. Generic characters, 13. Aporodon, subgenus, 10, 13, 58, 63-64, 71, 72, 77. | Genus Reithrodontomys, 13.
subgenus, species, list of, 15. goldmani, Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 11, 72-73:
type localities, list of, 15. gracilis, Reithrodontomys, 64, 75-77.
arizonensis, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 38. Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 76. Arvicola, 7. griseoflavus, Reithrodoniomys, 45, 46. aurantius, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 12, 48-49. | griseus, Reiihrodontomys, 30.
Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 48. Reithrodontomys albescens, 23-24. aureus, Reithrodontomys tenuirostris, 78-79. Groups, genus Reithrodontomys, 14-16.
australis, Reithrodontomys australis, 62-63.
aztecus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 8, 13, 30. me
Habits and economic status, 10.
~: haliccetes, Reithrodontomys raviventris, 42-43. carolinensis, Reithrodon, 8. helvolus, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 52-53. cataline, Reithrodontomys, 40-41. Reithrodontomys griseofiavus, 52. Reithrodontomys megalotis, 40. Hesperomys, 8,74. Ehithrodontomys, 40. [Peromyscus], 74. Characters, generic, 13. ( Vesperimus) cherrti, 73, 74. cherriei, Reithrodontomys, 73. hirsutus, Reithrodontomys, 64, 66. Sitomys, 73. History and material, 7. cherrii, Hesperomys ( Vesperimus), 73, 74. humilis, Mus, 7, 19. Reithrodontomys mexicanus, 73-74. Ochetodon, 8, 13, 19. chiapensis, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 53. Reithrodon, 8, 19. chrysopsis, Reithrodontomys chrysopsis, 64, 66- Reithrodontomys, 19. 68. humulis, Mus, 7, 19. chrysotus, Reithrodontomys, 48, 49. Reithrodontomys humulis, 13, 19-20. cinereus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 35-36. I Reithrodontomys saturatus, 35. ; colimz, Reithrodontomys, 39. impiger, Reithrodontomys humulis, 20-21. Reithrodontomys colime, 59-60. Reithrodontomys lecontii, 20. costaricensis, Reithrodontomys, 73, 74. inerspectatus, Rhithrodontomys, 51, 52. Cranial measurements, table of, 81. intermedius, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 11, 47- creper, Reithrodontomys, 79. 48. D Reithrodontomys mezicanus, 47. deserti, Reithrodontomys, 9. ts Reithrodontomys megalotis, 26, 28. jalapx, Reithrodontomys cherriei, 70. dickinsoni, Reithrodontomys humilis, 19, 20. Reithrodontomys cherrii, 71. difficilis, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 50-51, 71. Reithrodontomys costaricensis, 70, 71. Distribution, 10. K dorsalis, Reithrodontomys, 61-62. ‘ dychei, Reithrodontomys, 23. Key to species and subspecies, 16. Reithrodontomys megalotis, 11, 12, 30-32. klamathensis, Reithrodontomys, 33, 34.
95
96 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 36
L. Reithrodon—Continued. lecontei, 19. longicauda, 8, 33. megalotis, 8, 13, 26. meticanus, 8, 47, 50, 70. montanus, 8, 24. sumichrasti, 8, 50. Reithrodontomys, genus, 8, 10, 13. genus, groups, 14-16. chrysopsis group, 15, 64, 66-70. fulvescens group, 15, 43-56. humulis group, 14, 19-24. levipes group, 15, 64-66. megalotis group, 14, 24-43.
laceyi, Reithrodontomys, 47, 48. lecontei, Mus, 8.
Reithrodon, 19. lecontii, Mus, 7, 13, 19.
Feithrodontomys, 19. levipes, Reithrodontomys, 64-65. longicauda, Ochetodon, 8, 13, 33.
Reithrodon, 8, 33.
Reithrodontomys, 33.
megalotis, 33.
longicaudus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 33-34. luteolus, Reithrodontomys rufescens, 57-58.
M. mexicanus group, 15, 64, 70-77. ; rufescens group, 15, 56-63. Measurements, table of cranial, 81. tenuirostris group, 16, 64, 78-81. megalotis, Reithrodon, 8, 13, 26. genus, key to species, 16. Reithrodontomys megalotis, 8, 12, 13, 26-29. species, list of, 14. merriami, Reithrodontomys humulis, 12, 21-22. type localities, list of, 14. mexicanus, Ochetodon, 8, 13, 47, 50, 70. subgenus, 10, 19, 64. Reithrodon, 8, 47, 50, 70. species, list of, 14. Reithrodontomys, 50. type localities, list of, 14. mexicanus, 9, 64, 70-72. Reithrodontomys albescens albescens, 10, 22-23. microdon, Reithrodontomys microdon, 64, 80. albescens griseus, 23-24. milleri, Reithrodontomys, 64, 74-75. alleni, 59. modestus, Reithrodontomys australis, 9, 63. amcenus, 55. montanus, Ochetodon, 8, 13, 24. amoles, 40. Reithrodon, 8, 24. australis australis, 62-63. Reithrodontomys, 8, 10, 13, 24-26. modestus, 9, 63. Mus, 7, 8. vulcanius, 62. humilis, 7, 19. cataline, 40-41. humulis, 7, 19. cherriei, 73. lecontei, 8. jalape, 70. lecontii, 7, 13, 19. cherrii jalape, 71. mustelinus, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 54-55. chrysopsis chrysopsis, 64, 66-68. N. orizabe, 69. tolucee, 68-69. nebrascensis, Reithrodontomys, 9. chrysotis, 48, 49. Reithrodontomys dychei, 30, 31. colime, 39. nelsoni, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 53-54. colime, 59-60. nerterus, Reithrodontomys colime, 60-61. nerterus, 60-61. nigrescens, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 32-33. costaricensis, 73, 74. O. jalapx, 70, 71. creper, 79- obscurus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 39, 40. dorsalis, 61-62. Ochetodon, 8, 13. deserti, 9. humilis, 8,13, 19. dychei, 23. longicauda, 8, 13, 33. nebrascensis, 30, 31. merxicanus, 8, 13, 47, 50, 70. fulvescens aurantius, 12, 48-49. montanus, 8, 13, 24. chiapensis, 53. sumichrasti, 8, 13. difficilis, 50-51, 71. orizabee, Reithrodontomys chrysopsis, 69. fulvescens, 43-44. otus, Reithrodontomys, 55-56. helvolus, 52-53. Reithrodontomys levipes, 55. intermedius, 11, 47-48. Pp. mustelinus, 54-55. nelsoni, 53-54. pallidus, Reithrodontomys, 9, 33, 34. tenuis, 9, 45-47. Pelages, 12. toltecus, 51-52. peninsule, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 35. gracilis, 64, 76-77. Fhithrodontomys, 35. griseoflavus, 45, 46. perotensis, Reithrodontomys, 64, 69-70. helvolus, 52. R. griseus, 30. hirsutus, 64, 66. raviventris, Reithrodontomys raviventris, 10, 41- humilis, 19. AZ. dickinsoni, 19, 20. keithrodon, 8, 13. humulis humulis, 13, 19-20. carolinensis, 8, impiger, 20-21.
humilis, 8 , 19. merriami, 12, 21-22.
1914.]
Reithrodontomys—Continued.
klamathensis, 33, 34. laceyi, 47, 48. lecontii, 19. impiger, 20. levipes, 64-65. otus, 55. toltecus, 51. longicauda, 33. megalotis alticolus, 13, 37. arizonensis, 38. aztecus, 8, 13, 3G. caialing, 40. cinereus, 35-36. deserti, 26, 28. dychei, 11, 12, 20-32. longicauda, 33. longicaudus, 33-24. megalotis, 8, 12, 138, 26-2. nigrescens, 32-33. obscurus, 32, 40. peninsule, 25. saturatus, 36-37, 71. sestinensis, 26, 29. zacatece, 39-40. mezicanus, 50. auranius, 48. cherrii, 73-74. Sulvescens, 43. goldmani, 11, 72-72. gracilis, 76. intermedius, 47. mexicanus, 9, 64, 70-72. microdon albilabris, 80-81. microdon, 64, 8O. mnilleri, 64, 74-75. montanus, 8, 10, 13, 24-26. albescens, 22. nebrascensis, 9. otus, 55-56. pallidus, $, 33, 34. perotensis, 64, GS-7. raviventris haliccetes, 42-43. Taviveniris, 10, 41-42.
28687°—14——-7
INDEX. 97
Reithrodontomys—Continued. rufescens luteclus, 57-58. rufescens, 56-57, 71. saturatus cinereus, 35. soderstromi, 9, 10, 64, 75-76. sumichrasti, 9. tenuirostris aureus, 78-79. tenuirostris, 13, 63, 64, 78- Ehithrodontomys, 13 (footnote). amenus, 55. cataline, 40. inexspectatus, 51, 52. peninsula, 35. rufescens, Reithrodontomys rufescens, 66-57, 71.
Ss.
saturatus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 36-37, 71. sestinensis, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 26, 29. Sitemys cherriei, 73. sdderstr6mi, Reithrodontomys, 9, 10, 64, 75-76. Species and subspecies, key to, 16.
list of, 14. Subgenus 4poredon, 63.
RKeithrodontomys, 19. sumichrasti, Ochetodon, 8, 13.
Reithrodon, 8, 50.
RKeithrodontomys, 9.
Ae
tenuirostris, Reithredontomys tenuirostris, 13, 63, 4, 78. tenuis, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 9, 45-47.
| toltecus, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, 61-62,
Reithrodontomys levipes, 51. toluce, Reithrodontomys chrysopsis, 68-69. Type localities, list of, 14.
Vi
( Vesperimus) Eesperomys cherrii, 73, 74. vulcanius, Reithrodontomys australis, 62.
Le zacatece, Reithrodontomys megalotis, 39-40.
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- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY HENRY W. HENSHAW, Chief
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA |
No: 37
[Actual date of publication, April 7, 1915]
REVISION OF THE AMERICAN MARMOTS
BY
ARTHUR H. HOWELL
ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
; WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE
1915
| Survey
Ica
Biolog
North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr.
[Omer ‘Wady ‘quoyy ‘oouor0,y ‘ayry wo] (VHYOHdOSON SINLNAAIAV14 VLOWHVI]) LOWYVI] GSTLNVI-N3q07105)
peo DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY HENRY W. HENSHAW, Chief
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA
INTO. & «
[Actual date of publication, April 7, 1915]
REVISION OF THE AMERICAN MARMOTS
BY
ARTHUR H. HOWELL
ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE
1915
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
ae ee
Unirep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or BIOLOGICAL SURVEY,
Washington, D. C., October 21, 1914. Sir: | have the honor to transmit herewith for publication as North American Fauna No. 37 a revision of the American marmots,
by Arthur H. Howell, assistant biologist of the Biological Survey. Although marmots are found over most of the United States and Canada, the relationships and ranges of the several species until now have been very imperfectly known. The present report furnishes descriptions of 26 forms and contains a series of maps showing their geographic distribution. In many localities marmots are a decided pest to agriculture, especially in the East, both because they are destructive to crops and because their burrows seriously interfere
with farming operations. Moreover, marmots are known to carry |
the germs of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other diseases. The animals are hence of considerable economic importance. Respecttully, Henry W. HEnsHaw, Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. Davin F. Houston,
Secretary of Agriculture. 2
CONTENTS.
Page Memeo IO WPI oe oi wo ss Sh oe dn See oe ee eee be sae ees oe 5 Pure te anoeMOUleNClALUTC - .. = 60s ed io ee ote be nck ei dee eens 5 Mena reMatpE aise ce eee ee et ek kk ee eB. di ele? ee See a Sa AS torte wie S's Ha ee Hae se ie as ch was 8 ESTEISCRIEL 2 6 Soc 6 A Ce RE Se et es rem inane ee ean ieee en 9 SUS CICTGR TICS 505.5 Ao = ee ee er a Para oy ee en ap ey er 10 TSG Gs 5 Js Soe Ode a See eRe ee peor ee ee eh i are 12 POO Ge occ serge ea SSC ee a at Haan a i pe eMC ret 12 EXGPEGTTPNYS (SNS eae Ra ee et Pe nm eee rea 13 ME eelOrssiearelers Of Ciscase... 2 0i.--220- 2220. 9. oot oe 14 SSE PSL UE CLIC PS ifs i ao, aaa ere ye ree re nee i EE 2S GING! TCL th 3 Gee CO ene er pe ate elie pen ae nate 16 Vie nist ate oe es Oe ae es a eo ae ee iu Material examined and acknowledgments.......-...........2..2..220--. iy Explanaior ot cranial measurements .....--..-------.....2--2ceceeeese 18 “PETG: LUGE TACIT: “oily: Sk Ae See pe one re Ae eey re eer iL SDE: oo oacd eco SSG BEGG Oe a eo See OO Ce Rete aeenn ersten es eas 18 List of American species and subspecies, with type localities.............. 19 Kexgia american species and subspecies.....-....------2------- 202-2222 20 Descriptions of American species and subspecies.............-...---..--. 21 ER GE GL ID ONEROUS oo alee Selene) eine seek Ac So ate nen lc aoe ae 21 (Ezbleiol cranial measurements-.. 2.02. yess 52 ee ee 35 EVOHEATOUMILOUIVERTTIS STOWP 2% ono cpa ce arse oes ea ieee a 36 (Pable.on cranial measurements.s2 <2. 2... 62 yee ne = 225i o- 55 HEC OVC LG OU STOMP pee Ss). Se. MS eo Gertie See ce ee 56 abiciou cramio’ measurements: 02.) ee ee 72 iPeaplamaulomots platesian 25.2 Soe. So Sees Se See 74 HSEEe Neen se eh Pee SES ee Ae cing ieid cee 2 SS Rie sisjm ee wisiclaye ones ss 79
PLATE I, UE
LLEUSTRATIONS:
PLATES. [Plate I, frontispiece; Plates II-XV, following page 77.]
Golden-mantled marmot ( Marmota flaviventris nosophora). Skins of Marmota olympus and M. fiaviventris obscura, showing molt.
III. Hind feet of American marmots, showing sole pads.
IV. Crania and mandiblesof Marmota flaviventris dacota, M.monaxmonaz, M. cali- gata oxytona, M. flaviventris sierrae, M. monax rufescens, and M. caligata caligata.
V. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota monax monax, M. monax rufescens, M. monax preblorum, and M. monax ignava.
VI. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota monazx canadensis, M. monax petrensis, M. monaz ochracea, and M. flaviventris warreni.
VII. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota flaviventris flaviventris, M. flaviventris parvula, M. flaviventris avara, and M. flaviventris engelhardti.
VIII. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota flaviventris nosophora, M. flaviventris luteola, M. flaviventris dacota, and M. flaviventris obscura.
IX. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota olympus, M. caligata oxytona, M. van-
couverensis, and M. caligata caligata.
X. Skulls (upper views) of Marmota caligaia cascadensis, M. caligata nivaria, M. caligata okanagana, and M. caligaia oxytona.
XI. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota monax monaz, M. monaz rufescens, M. monaxz preblorum, and M. monax canadensis.
XII. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota monax ignava, M. flaviveniris warreni, M. monax ochracea, and IM. caligata nivaria. XIII. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota flaviventris flaviventris, M. flaviveniris par- vula, M. flaviventris avara, and M. flaviventris engethardit. XIV. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota jflaviventris nosophora, M. flaviveniris dacota, M. flaviventris luteola, and M. flaviventris obscura. XV. Skulls (lower views) of Marmota olympus, M. vancouverensis, M. caligata caligata, and M. caligata ccscadensis. — TEXT FIGURES. Page. Hig. 1. Distribution of the Marmota monax group--......-2- 4252552 eee eee 28 2. Distribution of the Marmota flaviwventris group -- =. 22232222 eee 38 58
3. Distribution of the Marmota caligata sroup...-.---+~-22-2-==-- eee
4
No. 87, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, April, 1915,
REVISION OF THE AMERICAN MARMOTS.
——
By ArtHur H. Howe...
INTRODUCTION.
The American marmots, more often called woodchucks or ground hogs, are among the best known of our native wild mammals. They naturally divide into three distinct groups: (1) The woodchucks (Marmota monax group) of eastern United States and Canada; (2) the yellow-footed marmots (MV. flaviwentris group) of western United States and southern British Columbia; and (3) the hoary marmots (W. caligata group), chiefly restricted to the higher mountains of western North America. The present paper is a revision of the American species only, as it was not possible at this time to include a discussion of the Kurasian forms of the genus.
HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE.
Widely distributed, in many places abundant, diurnal in habit, and frequently destructive to crops, the eastern species (monaz) quickly attracted the attention of the early settlers, and through the medium of skins or captive animals sent to Europe soon became known to naturalists.
The first reference in literature to the American marmots dates from 1703, when Baron La Hontan published a very brief account of the woodchuck of eastern Canada, based on his observations in the region about Lake Champlain.1 The name “siffleur’’ which he ap- plied to the animal was carried by the French voyageurs throughout the northwestern fur countries and still is current among the French Canadians of the Hastern Provinces.
Catesby, in 1743, gave a brief description of the eastern woodchuck under the name of “The Monax,’” and a few years later, in 1747, Edwards published a more extended account with a very inaccurate figure of the animal under the title of “The Monax or Marmotte of America.’? Edwards’s description and figure were copied by many
e 5 ies 7 subsequent authors and furnished also the basis of the first technical SEI se ee Ee
1La Hontan, Baron de. Voyages dans l’Amerique, 1703, p. 81. os 2Catesby, Mark. Nat. Hist. of Carolina, etc., 1, 1743, App., D. XXvill. 8 Edwards, George. Nat. Hist. Uncommon Birds, II, 1747, p. 104, pl. civ.
6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
name applied to the species— Mus monaz Linnaeus. While the figure is wholly unrecognizable, the description is sufficiently clear to war- rant the use of the name bestowed by Linnaeus.
Erxleben, in 1777, named the Canadian woodchuck (now recog- nized as a subspecies of monaz) “‘Gls’’ canadensis,’ and Pallas in the following year renamed it “‘ Mus” empetra,? both descriptions being based on the ‘Quebec marmot” of Pennant.’ Blumenbach, in 1779, named the genus Marmota,® and Schreber the following year intro- duced the name Arctomys monaz on a plate evidently copied from Edwards’s figure of ‘The Monax.’’* Schreber’s generic name, though of later date than Blumenbach’s, received general acceptance and continued in common use for the marmots until the early years of the present century, when the name Marmota was restored as the proper appellation of the genus.” In 1788, Gmelin proposed the name Arctomys pruinosa,® based on the hoary marmot of Pennant, and this name was used for that animal until 1888, when Tyrrell showed that it had been incorrectly applied and proposed to use in its place Arctomys caligata Exschscholtz, first described in 1829.°
Sabine, in 1822, published an account of the American marmots, recognizing three species: monaz, empetra (=canadensis), and prui- nosa (=caligata).° His descriptions of monex and pruinosa were copied from previous authors, but that of empetra was drawn from a specimen in the British Museum, and furnished apparently the first correct description of any American marmot. The first accurate drawing of an American species is that of the Canadian woodchuck published by Richardson in the Fauna Boreali-Americana (1829).
In 1836 King, recognizing clearly that pruinosa of Gmelin was not applicable to the hoary marmot, but overlooking Eschscholtz’s name caligata, proposed the name Arctomys okanaganus for a marmot of this group obtained in southern British Columbia, and gave a very full and accurate description and a good figure of the animal, drawn from a living specimen which he sent to the Zoological Gardens in London." His name, however, was not accepted by zoologists, and pruinosa continued in use for many years. The specimen taken by King was seen by Audubon in London, and furnished the basis of his
1The use of the name ‘‘monax” by both Catesby and Edwards independently (Edwards states that he had never seen an account of the animal) indicates that it came from the vernacular—a theory which is strengthened by the fact that the animal is still called ‘‘moonack” in parts of southern Virginia.
2Erxleben, J.C. P. Syst. Anim., Mamm., 1777, p. 363.
3Pallas, P.S. Nov. Spec. Glir., 1778, p. 74.
4 Pennant, Thomas. Syn. Quad., 1771, p. 270, Plate 24, fig. 2.
5 Blumenbach, J. F. Handb. der Naturgesch., I, 1779, p. 79.
6Schreber, J.C. D. von. Siugthiere, pl. eeviii, 1780; text, IV, 1782, p. 737.
7Trouessart, E. L. Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 343.
- 8Gmelin, J. F. Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, p. 144. 9Tyrrell, J. B. Proc. Can. Inst.; 3d Ser., VI, 1888, p. 88.
10Sabine, Joseph. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, 1822, pp. 579-591. uKing, R. Narr. Journ. to Shores of Arctic Ocean, II, 1836, pp. 232-248.
1915.1 INTRODUCTION. 7
figure of the hoary marmot in the ‘‘Quadrupeds of North America,” but the illustration is colored much too brown to represent the animal correctly. In the work referred to’! the authors gave also an ex- tended account and a good drawing of the eastern woodchuck, and a shorter account, with a figure, of the yellow-bellied marmot of western North America, first described by them in 1841 under the name Arciomys flaviventer. This is the first appearance in literature of the widely distributed group of yellow-footed marmots, and the work of Audubon and Bachman was the first treatise in which all three groups of American species were recognized.
Little advance in knowledge of the genus was made for nearly half a century, and the three groups (monax, flaviveniris, and caligata) con- tinued to be known by only a single species in each. The Canadian woodchuck, so clearly described by Sabine and Richardson, was con- sidered by both Baird and Allen to be identical with monaz (of which it is, indeed, a subspecies) and the names based on it (canadensis Erxleben, empetra Pallas, melanopus Kuhl) were placed by them in synonymy, but were later revived by several authors.
In 1889 Merriam described dacota, a member of the flaviveniris group, from the Black Hills, S. Dak.; and in 1898, olympus, a member of the hoary marmot group, from the Olympic Mountains, Wash. In 1899 Bangs named ignava from Labrador and avara from southern British Columbia; in 1905 J. A. Allen described engelhardti from Utah; in 1909 Heller proposed vigilis for a hoary marmot from Alaska; in 1911 Swarth named ochracea from Alaska and vancowver- ensis from British Columbia; and in 1912 Hollister proposed the name sibila for a hoary marmot from the northern Rocky Mountains, but as this name was found to be preoccupied the species was renamed by him oxytona in 1914. The present writer, after making a prelimi- nary study of the group, added, in 1914, 10 new forms to the 13 cur- rently recognized.? Two additional new races are here described and one old name (okanagana) is revived, making a total of 26 forms rec- ognized in this revision.
VERNACULAR NAMES.
The marmots of the monaz group are known in the Northern States as woodchucks, and in the Southern States as ground hogs, the EKuro- pean name marmot being practically unknown in eastern North America. In eastern Canada, among the French Canadians, the name ‘‘siffieur”’ is current, and in central Canada the Cree Indian
1Audubon & Bachman. Quad. N. Am., I, 1841, pp. 16-24, pl. ii; III, 1854, pp. 17-20, pl. ciii; pp. 160-162, pl. exxxiv. 2Rhoads, 8. N., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 30; Allen, J. A., Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X,
1898, p. 456; Preble, E. A., N. Am. Fauna No. 22, 1902, p. 47; Ibid., No. 27, 1908, p. 159. 3Howell, A. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, pp. 13-18.
8 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. ENON 37.
name ‘‘wenusk”’ is generally used. In southern Virginia, as I am informed by Edward A. Preble, the woodchuck is locally known as “moonack,” which is probably a corruption of the original name ‘“monax’’ used by both Catesby and Edwards.
The yellow-footed marmots (flaviventris group) are commonly called woodchucks or rockchucks, more rarely ground hogs or marmots.
The hoary marmots (caligata group) are most often known as ground hogs, whistlers or “‘siffleurs,” sometimes as whistling “pigs,” whistling marmots, or ‘‘ badgers.”’
HABITS.
The eastern woodchucks live for the most part in pairs or family groups, the yellow-footed marmots in more or less scattered colonies, while the hoary marmots are more strongly gregarious. All the species live in burrows which they dig for themselves. In regions where rock piles, rock ledges, or stone walls occur the burrows are usually excavated underneath or among rocks, but natural openings in cliffs are often utilized for dens.
Eastern woodchucks (monaz group), while preferring rocky blufis or stone walls for a habitation, often live in meadows devoid of rocks and where the burrows are surrounded by an abundant growth of grass or clover.
Yellow-footed marmots (flaviventris group) usually live either on rocky hillsides, in the crevices of cliffs, or beneath rock piles in meadows. They frequently make their burrows beneath unoccupied buildings, but are never found far from hills, and are often abundant in the higher parts of mountains.
Hoary marmots (caligata group), when living at timber line in the mountains, as is their invariable habit in the southern part of their range, are always found in or about rock slides, but in Alaska and northern British Columbia, where they frequently descend to low altitudes, they often make their burrows in grassy flats or on open hillsides.
All the species are mainly terrestrial, but the eastern woodchucks occasionally climb into trees and bushes. They are not at home, however, in such situations, and as a rule may easily be dislodged. The tree-climbing habit appears to be more strongly marked in the woodchucks of the Mississippi Valley than in those inhabiting the Atlantic States. Charles Aldrich, of Webster City, Iowa, has re- corded an instance of a woodchuck ascending an oak tree to a height of 40 feet,1 and Dr. F. W. Langdon states that in Ohio he has seen one descend the perpendicular trunk of a large sugar maple, head jirst2 In Minnesota and Wisconsin, as I am informed by Vernon
1 Aldrich, Charles. Am. Naturalist, XV, 1881, p. 737. 2 Langdon, F. W. Journ. CincinnatiSoc. Nat. Hist., III, 1880, p. 305.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. 9
Bailey and H. H. T. Jackson, it is a common occurrence for wood- chucks to take to trees when pursued by dogs.
The eastern woodchuck is mainly diurnal, but occasionally is found abroad at night also, especially by moonlight. Merriam says of it:
In summer, throughout the farming districts, they commonly leave their burrows early in the morning, late in the afternoon, and during moonlight nights, but may sometimes be found abroad at all hours. As autumn approaches, and they become
more and more fat and sleepy, they usually appear only in fine weather, and then but for a few hours in the hottest part of the afternoon.
The yellow-footed and hoary marmots are fond of sunning them- selves on projecting points of rock where they are safe from attack and may overlook a wide stretch of country. During cloudy and stormy weather they are less active and spend a larger part of the time in their burrows.
All the American marmots when alarmed utter a loud, shrill whistle, a habit apparently most pronounced in the hoary marmot, whose notes are much stronger than those of the smaller species and capable of being heard at a distance of more than a mile. This habit has given the name ‘whistler’? to the hoary marmot and ‘‘siffeur’’ to the woodchuck of eastern Canada.
BURROWS.
Although originally living in the woods, the eastern woodchuck prefers clearings for its abode, and, as a result of an abundance of easily obtained food, is now probably much more numerous than in primitive times. Its burrows are commonly excavated in the face of a bluff, in a grassy meadow, or underneath a stone wall, a stump, or the roots of a tree.
Merriam states that the burrows are of two principal types—
* * * the first slopes at a moderate angle from the surface and has a mound of dirt near its entrance; the other is more or less vertical for several feet (often a metre or more) immediately below the surface, and no loose earth can be found in its neigh- borhood. * * * Asa rule they [the galleries| slant abruptly downward from the entrance to a depth of from three to four feet * * * , whence inclining slightly upward and usually curving to one side, they extend horizontally for a varying dis- tance (commonly from 10 to 25 feet) * * *. Two or more short lateral branches are generally given off from the main gallery, and lead, sloping upward and then downward, to the more or less circular chambers that contain the animals’ nests. It has been my invariable experience to find these chambers above the level of the bottom of the entrance incline, and I have seen one that was within a foot and a hali * * * of the surface. The nest itself is usually composed of dry grasses and leaves and rarely exceeds a foot in diameter. * * * ‘The main gallery or one of its branches commonly terminates in a slight excavation, which is found to contain the animal’s excrement.”
1 Merriam, C. H. Mamm. of the Adirondacks, Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., I, 1884, p. 146. 2Tbid., pp. 148-149.
10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
William Hubbell Fisher excavated and measured nine burrows of the woodchuck in Lewis County, N. Y., and has published a detailed description of them, with diagrams. The longest burrow which he examined measured (including side branches) 44 feet 94 inches; the shortest, 6 feet 84 inches; the deepest burrow was 49 inches below ~ the surface; the shallowest, 23 inches.*
No description of the burrows of the yellow-footed marmot has come to the writer’s notice, and the only known account of those of the hoary marmots is that given by William H. Wright in his work on the grizzly bear. Describing the manner in which a grizzly had opened up a den of these marmots, he says:
The den ran in under several layers of loose flat rocks, some of which were two or three feet long by half as many wide, and several inches thick. These he had ripped out easily and thrown down hill, and the dirt and small bowlders had been hurled out and now covered the snow ail about for a space of ten or twelve feet.
On the rocks and snow were large spots and blotches of blood, telling of the feast that had rewarded his labors, and that there had been more than one marmot was shown by the numerous tracks, These animals had burrowed down some six or seven feet into the side of the mountain, and under a large flat stone they had scooped. out a little cave, some three feet in diameter, where they had a soft bed of grasses that they had carried in. When the grizzly broke his way into their home there had been a great rush for freedom.
The marks in the snow indicated that all the marmots had been devoured by the bear.’
HIBERNATION.
All the species hibernate for periods varying from 4 to 6 months. Merriam states that in New York, along the western border of the Adirondacks, the woodchuck usually goes into winter quarters between the 18th and 25th of September and reappears the middle or latter part of March; in early springs following mild winters, he adds, ‘““woodchucks occasionaily appear in February, but reenter their burrows and again become dormant if the temperature falls.”’ 3 Bachman states that he once observed a woodchuck in New York State on October 23 sunning himself at the mouth of his burrow, and also in the same State saw one killed by a dog on March 1.4 Extreme dates of occurrence for this region are: February 22, Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., specimen in the Merriam collection; and Novem- ber 20, Fort Miller, N. Y., one seen by Dr. E. A. Mearns.> In the more southern States, hibernation covers a shorter period, as indicated by the occurrance of the animals at the base of Roan Mountain, N.C., as early as February 7 and as late as October 23. Other dates
1 Fisher, W. H. Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1893, pp. 105-123. 2 Wright, W. H. The Grizzly Bear, London, 1909, p. 82. 3 Merriam, C. H. Mamm. of the Adirondacks, Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., II, 1884, pp. 143-144.
4 Audubon & Bachman. Quad. N. Am. I, 1849, p. 20. 5 Mearns, E. A. Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 1898, p. 337.
1915.] - INTRODUCTION. iar
of late occurrence are as follows: October 6, Teslin Lake, Yukon; October 17, Dowagiac, Mich.; October 25, Johnson County, Iowa. Hahn states that in southern Indiana woodchucks usually retire about the middle of October and begin to clean out and enlarge their burrows during the last days of February.*
The yellow-footed marmots go into hibernation between the middle of August and the first of October, the date varying with the altitude and local conditions. Individuals living in the valleys retire earlier than those living higher up in the mountains. Warren states that m Gunnison County, Colo., this species dens up about the first of October, but individuals are sometimes seen much later.? Allan Brooks states (in epistle) that at Okanogan Landing, British Columbia, practically all these marmots disappear before the middle of August, but he has occasionally seen their tracks as late as early October. In the mountains of Montana and Wyoming this species usually enters hibernation during the last of August or the first of September; Biological Survey field parties have never found the animals later than the first week in September. In the Bitterroot Valley, Mont., the first one seen in the spring in 1910 was on March 24, and by April 1 they were numerous; in 1911 one was seen there by Bernard Bailey, on March 13. In western Oregon extreme dates of occurrence are: February 4 (Klamath Lake), and September 25 (Mount Hood).
The hibernating period of the hoary marmot begins the last of September or first of October. Near Tatletuey Lake, British Colum- bia, Edward A. Preble found the species still active a few hundred feet above timber line on September 23 and 25, but none was seen after the latter date. Like the yellow-footed species, the hoary marmots retire earlier in the valleys than in the mountains. Heller states that at Valdez Narrows, Alaska, the species went into hibernation about the middle of September.®
Bachman thus described his observations of a pair of hibernating marmots:
In the summer of 1814, in Rensselaer County, in the State of New York, we marked a burrow which was the resort of a pair of marmots. In the beginning of November the ground was slightly covered with snow, and the frost had penetrated to the depth of about an inch. We now had excavations made in a line along the burrow or gallery of the marmois, and at about twenty-five feet from the mouth of the hole; both of them were found lying close to each other in a nest of dried grass, which did not appear to have been any of it eaten or bitten by them. They were each rolled up, and looked somewhat like two misshapen balis of hair, and were perfectly dormant.
We removed them to a haystack, in which we made an excavation to save them from the cold. One of them did not survive the first severe weather of the winter, having,
1 Hahn, W.L. Mamm. of Indiana, 1909, pp. 481-482. 2 Warren, E.R. Mamm. of Colorado, 1910, p. 148. 8 Heller, Edmund. Univ. of California Pub. Zool., V, 1910, p. 339.
119 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
as we thought on examining them, been frozen to death. The other, the male, was now removed to a cellar, where he remained in a perfectly dormant state until the latter part of February, when he escaped before we were aware of his reanimation. We had handled him only two days previously, and could perceive no symptoms of returning vivacity.'
The following account of a yellow-footed marmot (Marmota flavi- ventris subsp.) found in midwinter in the Silver Mountain tunnel at Ophir, Colo., probably indicates a common method of hibernation in that species:
* * %* [Helhad packed in grass fora nest, and taken up his winter quarters. He was rolled up like a ball, with his forepaws over his eyes; we pulled his paws away, and his eyes were closed; all our efforts to awake him were futile; he would yawn like a
boy that had been disturbed when sleeping soundly, return his paws to his eyes, and curl himself up in his original position.?
BREEDING.
The eastern woodchuck usually produces from 4 to 6 young at a birth. Bachman states, however, that on two occasions he counted 7 and on another 8 young in a litter, and H. H. T. Jackson informs me that he once saw a litter of 9. In New York State, according to Merriam, this species brings forth its young the last of April or first of May. In the Southern States they are born somewhat earlier.
The yellow-footed marmots breed at about the same season as their eastern relatives and produce from 38 to 8 young ata birth. In the Bitterroot Valley, Montana, 5 females collected between April 8 and April 16 were pregnant, the number of embryos being in most cases 5 or 6 (in one case 3). Young marmots were out in numbers in that region on May 30. Warren states that an individual of this species collected at Sulphur Springs, Colo., on May 4, contained 8 embryos.”
The hoary marmots probably breed somewhat later than their smaller relatives, but little information on this point is available. <A female specimen of Marmota caligata mvaria, taken May 27, 1895, near St. Marys Lake, Mont., contained 5 embryos. Swarth states that in southern Alaska young individuals of MM. c. caligata were seen running about in the middle of June, but on Vancouver Island, dur- ing the first three weeks of July, no young ones [of J. vancouverensis] had yet emerged from the burrows.*
FOOD.
The principal food of the eastern woodchuck is clover, alfalfa, and grass, and-the animals do considerable damage to these crops both
1 Audubon & Bachman. Quad. N. Am., I, 1849, p. 22. 2Osborn, S. E. The Observer, III, 1892, p. 32.
3 Warren, E.R. Mamm. of Colorado, 1910, p. 148.
4Swarth, H.S. Univ. of California Pub. Zool., X, 1912, p. 90.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. 13
by consuming the forage and by trampling down much that they do not eat. Cultivated crops and orchard trees are occasionally injured by them, but the damage usually is not serious. HEyvermann and Clark state that in Indiana woodchucks—
* * * sometimes damage young corn plants and occasionally feed on the leaves
of pumpkin, squash, and bean vines. They sometimes visit the kitchen garden and do more or less damage to the cabbage heads and celery. !
Brooks, writing of the woodchuck in West Virginia, says:
* * * Feeds on corn in the roasting-ear, which it procures by breaking down the stalks; is also fond of pumpkins, young beans, grass and other cultivated crops. Fre- quently gnaws and scratches the bark of young fruit trees.”
Hahn mentions capturing a woodchuck in a sassafras tree and finding its stomach gorged with sassafras leaves.* Dr. Witmer Stone states that the woodchuck sometimes eats cantaloupes.
The food of yellow-footed marmots is similar to that of eastern woodchucks, but probably includes a larger proportion of wild plants and less grass and clover. Vernon Bailey found in the stomachs of the Black Hills marmot flowers, leaves, and green seeds of various plants, including Astragalus bisulcatus and Sedum douglasu. In dry excrement of marmots at Spokane Bridge, Wash., he found the seeds of Amelanchier alnifoha and Rubus nutkanus. Birdseye states that the marmots in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana, feed on timothy, clover, alfalfa, dandelions, and other native plants. THe says:
In hayfields they consume a very considerable amount of feed; and beans, carrots,
potato vines, cabbage, and other garden truck are almost sure to suffer whenever woodchucks have access to them.+
Little is known definitely concerning the food habits of hoary marmots, but they doubtless feed, like the other species, on grass and the tender leaves and stems of native plants.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
As already shown, the food habits of the American marmots make the animals a decided pest wherever they occur about culti- vated lands. In this respect the woodchucks of the Eastern States are the chief offenders, and the farmers of that region wage constant warfare on the animals, with indifferent success. Where the woodchucks occupy mowing lands they not only consume con- siderable grass and tread down much more which can not be cut by a mowing machine, but their burrows and mounds make it difficult and dangerous to operate a mower. Horses sometimes are injured by stepping into the holes made by woodchucks, and the knives of
1Evermann & Clark. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., XVII, 1911, p. 13. 2 Brooks, F. E. Report W. Va. Board Agr. for 1910 (1911), p. 15.
3 Hahn, W. L. Mamm. of Indiana, 1909, p. 482. 4 Birdseye, Clarence. Farmers’ Bul. 484, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., 1912, p. 28.
14 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 87. _
the machines are liable to be dulled or broken by running into piles of earth or rocks. Vernon Bailey states that he has seen an acre of oats on a hillside in New York State almost ruined by a family of woodchucks, their trails having broken down most of the grain which they had not cut to eat.
The fur of the American marmots is not at present used com- mercially, but the hides of hoary marmots are employed to some extent by the Indians of western Canada for making robes. The fur of this animal is fully as good as that of the European and of some of the Asiatic species, all of which figure extensively in the fur trade. Furthermore, the American animal is larger than most of the Eura- sian species, and the color pattern of its skin is such as to make a very handsome natural fur. Ii a sufficient number of these pelts could be secured in late autumn when they are in prime condition there would seem to be every reason for utilizing them in the fur trade. In parts of Alaska and northern British Columbia the animals are very abundant, and Indians of that region annually cap- ture large numbers both for fur and flesh. The yellow-footed marmots are considerably smaller than the hoary marmots, but their pelage is long, full, and silky, and could readily be made into a very attractive fur. The pelage of the eastern woodchuck is much coarser and thinner and has never been considered of much value for fur; the hides, however, are tough and durable and might be utilized for some kinds of leather. Farmers’ boys often tan the skins of the eastern woodchuck and make them into shoe strings, whip lashes, ball covers, or mit facings.
The flesh of marmots is said to be palatable and in certain regions of the Northwest furnishes an important food supply for the native Indians.
MARMOTS AS CARRIERS OF DISEASE.
For many years the opinion has generally prevailed that the mar- mots of central Asia are in some way concerned in the spread of the plague, and this theory was accepted even as late as 1911 by the members of the International Plague Conference held at Mukden in April of that year. Accounts have frequently been published in medical literature of the appearance of the disease among ‘‘tar- bagan’”’?? hunters under circumstances pointing strongly to the possibility of infection from handling the animals or consuming their flesh, but unfortunately none of these accounts shows bacteriological evidence of the existence of the plague among marmots, nor do they demonstrate conclusively that the disease is contracted in any way from the animals.”
1 This is the name applied in medical literature to the marmots of Asia. It is said to be of Mongolian
origin. The Russian name of the animal is ‘‘churok.”’ 2 See especially an article by Dr. Frank G. Clemow, Jour. Trop. Medicine, February, 1900, pp.169-174.
e
1915.1 INTRODUCTION. 15
The last great outbreak of pneumonic plague in Manchuria, during the winter of 1910-11, was supposed to have started among tar- bagan hunters in the town of Manchouli, a station on the Trans- Siberian Railway, whence it spread rapidly southward along the rail- way to Harbin and Mukden. Efforts were made during the progress of this epidemic to locate the disease among the native marmots,! and a number of individuals captured near Mukden were inoculated experimentally by Prof. Zabolotny and found susceptible to plague infection. One individual suffering from the disease was brought to him, this being the only known instance of the natural appearance of plague among marmots.? More recently a systematic effort has been made by the Chinese Government to discover the disease in nature, but the evidence obtained is wholly of a negative character.’
The experimental evidence just mentioned and the close relation- ship of marmots to ground squirrels, which are known to carry plague on the Pacific coast of North America, warrant looking upon these animals with suspicion whenever they occur in a plague-infested region.
One American species—the golden-mantled marmot (Marmoia flavi- veniris nosophora)—is known to assist in spreading the deadly spotted fever by serving as host for the fever tick (Dermacentor venustus), both inadult and nymphal stages. Over 200 ticks have been taken from a single wild marmot, and when in captivity the species has been shown to be susceptible to spotted fever.t Since this marmot is not utilized for fur there is relatively little danger of the spread of the disease to other regions through the medium of the animals, but every effort should be made to exterminate them where they occur about culti- vated lands or in the vicinity of dwellings. Suggestions for destroy- ing marmots are given in Farmers’ Bulletin 484, United States De- partment of Agriculture.
EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.
x
In the American marmots the body is thickset and clumsy; the head short and broad; the legs short and stout; and the tail rather short (about one-fifth to one-third of the total length), densely haired, and slightly flattened. The nose is broad and blunt, covered with hair to the edge of the nostrils, and the ears are short, broad, rounded, and well-haired. ‘Tufts of long black bristles grow from the side of the head, one directly behind the nose, another underneath and between the eye and ear, and a third shorter tuft over the eye; small scattered bristles also are found under the chin. The eyes are rather
1 The marmot of Manchuria, although generally referred to in plague literature as Arciomys bobac, is in
all probability Marmota sibirica, specimens of which, collected at Urga, Mongolia, are in the U.S, Na- tional Museum.
2Strong, R. P. Rept. Intern. Plague Conference held at Mukden, April, 1911. Manila, 1912,
3 Dr. Wu Lien Teh (G. L. Tuck). The Lancet, London, Aug. 23, 1913, pp. 529-535.
4 Birdseye, Clarence. Farmers’ Bul. 484, U.S. Dept. Agr., 1912, p. 28.
16 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
small and nearly or quite circular. The feet are robust, with stout, slightly curved fossorial claws, those on the fore feet somewhat heavier; the thumb of the front foot (in the American species) is rudimentary and often very small, but bears a broad, flat nail; the third digit is the longest, the second and fourth subequal, the fifth decidedly shorter; the palm is naked, bearing 3 pads at the bases of the digits and 2 larger posterior ones; on the hind foot the third digit is slightly longer than the subequal second and fourth, the fifth and first successively much shorter; the sole is naked except at the heel and bears 6 pads, 4 at the bases of the digits and 2 posterior to them. The mammae number 5 pairs, except in the monaz group, in which there are usually but 4 pairs. In M. monaz, according to Baird, ‘‘there is a short, shallow cavity between the muscles of the jaw and the cheek, attaining a depth perhaps of half an inch or less and occupying the place of the internal pouch of Tamas and Sper- mophilus [Citellus].’’ 3 PELAGE AND MOLT.
The pelage of the American marmots consists of hairs of two kinds— a dense, soft, and somewhat woolly underfur, confined chiefly to the back and sides; and longer, somewhat coarser hairs covering the whole body, intimately mixed on the back with the underfur and projecting beyond the tips of the latter. The underfur is of two colors, usually some shade of gray or dark brown tipped with a lighter color, generally a shade of gray, buff, cinnamon, or reddish brown. The long hairs are also of two colors, usually a shade of brown, hazel, or black, tipped with a lighter shade—buff or white. The tips of the underfur usually show through the long hairs, and form an important element in the general color tone of the pelage. The hairs on the head and feet are shorter than on the rest of the body, and are unicolor to the roots; those on the tail are long and coarse, their bases of a darker shade than the tips. The hair on the under- parts is shorter and sparser than on the back and is without underfur.
The pelage is renewed annually in summer, usually in August, sometimes in July or even June. Individuals taken in early spring, soon after emerging from hibernation, are usually in full, long pelage, but by midsummer the pelage often becomes very much worn and faded. There seems to be no uniform method of molting, the new pelage sometimes appearing in patches on various parts of the body. In a specimen of Marmota olympus, taken August 28, the new pelage was coming in in large patches, the molt being farthest advanced on the middle of the back, with streaks of new hair along the sides of the neck and body. (See Pl. II.) In another individual of the same species, taken August 18, new hair was coming in on the rump and
1 Baird, S. F. Mamm. N. Am., Rept. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., VIII, 1857, p. 340. The author has
had no opportunity to examine specimens of any of the groups in the flesh, so does not know whether this character is possessed by all.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. 17
hinder back, the old intimately mixed with the new. In animmature individual of M. caligata cascadensis, taken August 5, new pelage covered all of the body except the rump and tail. A somewhat similar condition is shown by an adult individual of M. monaz preb- lorum, taken July 11, the new pelage coming in over the entire upperparts, farther advanced on the fore back and shoulders. In aspecimen of I. flaviventris nosophora, taken June 7, the molt was just beginning in two patches on the hinder back. In a specimen of M. f. obscura, taken July 27, new pelage appears in the form of a band on the middle of the back reaching from the top of the head totherump. (See Pl. IT.)
MELANISM.
Melanism is most strongly developed in the subspecies Marmota caligata vigilis, occupying the region around Glacier Bay, Alaska. In this race some individuals are entirely black except for a few grayish hairs on the sides and neck, and small whitish patches on the under- parts and nose. No purely black specimens of Jf. monaz have been seen, but a melanistic phase is rather common in New York and New England. The darkest specimen seen (from Lake George, N. Y.) is dark blackish brown ali over, except the head and face, which are mixed mummy brown and benzo brown. Other specimens from New York State are dark chestnut-brown. Vernon Bailey states that he has seen a very few black individuals in Minnesota.
A dark phase occurs also in WU. flaviveniris luteola, but this can hardly be said to be melanistic (see description under that species). A curious specimen of WU. f. avara from Pullman, Wash., has the tips of the hairs of the head, fore back, and most of the underparts dark blackish brown, the hirider back being pale grayish mixed with dark
_ brown.
MATERIAL EXAMINED AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The present revision is based on a study of 1,051 specimens, 722 of which are contained in the U. S. National Museum, including the Biological Survey and the Merriam collections; the remainder (329 specimens) have been borrowed from other museums and from private collections. For the loan of this material I desire to extend my thanks to the following: Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museum of Natural History; Messrs. Samuel Henshaw and Outram Bangs, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology; Dr. Witmer Stone, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Dr. W. J. Holland and Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum; Dr. A. G. Ruthven, of the University of Michigan; Messrs. Charles B. Cory and W. H. Osgood, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Mr. C. D. Bunker, of the Kansas University Museum; Prof. C. C. Nutting, of the Uni- versity of Iowa; Mr. J. D. Figgins, of the Colorado Museum of Natural
69168°—15—2
18° NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. (No. 37.
History; Dr. Joseph Grinnell, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California; Mr. P. A. Taverner, of the Victoria Memorial Museum; Mr. Arthur H. Helme, of Miller Place, N. Y.; Mr. H. H. T. Jackson, of the Biological Survey; and Mr. Edward R. Warren, of Colorado Springs, Colo.
EXPLANATION OF CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS.
Measurements of skulls of marmots, in millimeters, have been taken as follows:
Condylo-basal length—From posterior border of condyle to most anterior point of premaxillae.
Palatal length—From posterior border of palate (disregarding median process) to most anterior point of premaxillae.
Postpalatal lengih—From posterior border of palate to inferior lip of foramen magnum. .
Length of nasals—From most anterior point to most posterior point.
Zygomatic breadth.—Greatest breadth across zygomata. |
Breadth across mastoids.—Greatest breadth across mastoid processes.
Least interorbital breadth—Shortest distance across frontals in front of postorbital processes.
Breadth of rostrum.—Greatest breadth of rostrum at most anterior points of maxillae.
Mazillary tooth row.—Alveolar length of maxillary molar-premolar tooth row.
Genus MARMOTA Blumenbach.
Glis Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., I, 1777, p. 358 (part). (Not Glis Brisson, 1762.)
Marmota Blumenbach, Handb. der Naturgesch., I, 1779, p. 79. Type, Marmota alpina [= Mus marmota Linnaeus].
Arctomys Schreber, Saéugthiere, 1780, Plate CCVIII. Type, Mus monaz Linnaeus.
GROUPS.
The American marmots embrace three very distinct groups as follows: (1) The monax group—all the eastern woodchucks, the Canada woodchuck, the British Columbia woodchuck and the ochra- ceous woodchuck of Alaska and northern British Columbia; (2) the flaviventris group—all the yellow-footed marmots; and (3) the cali- gata group—the hoary marmots, including the species caligata, olympus, and vancouverensis. ‘The characters of the various groups are given in connection with the technical descriptions of the species.
A detailed study of Old World forms was not possible in the present revision, but, so far as known, none of the American species has any very near relative in Eurasia.1 Several groups are represented there, some of the species resembling the caligata group in certain skull characters, others apparently being more nearly related to the monaz
1 The species living in eastern Siberia has not been seen.
1915.] LIST OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. 19
group. Marmcta marmota, the type of the genus, though widely differing from the American species in the greater depth and convex- ity of the cranium, resembles monazx in the characters of the basi- occipital, the shape of the postorbital processes, the relatively wide
interorbital region, and the nearly parallel maxillary tooth rows.
Most of the Asiatic species, however, apparently are more closely related to MM. caligata than to either of the other American groups. Theskulls of ali American species, contrasted with those of the Eura- sian species, show a marked flattening of the cranium, the dorsal outline of the skull being decidedly more convex in practically all Old World forms than in those of America. All the Eurasian species differ also in coloration from the American forms. All the American species possess a small rudimentary thumb bearing a flat nail—a character present in most of the Asiatic species, but absent in J. marmota of Europe.
List of American Species and Subspecies, with Type Localities.
Marmota monax group:
Marmota monax monaz (Linnaeus)..-... Maryland. monax rufescens Howell.......--..- Elk River, Minn. monax preblorum Howell. ......... Wilmington, Mass. monas wgnava (Bangs). .---+....-.--- Black Bay, Labrador. monax canadensis (Erxleben).....- ‘Canada et ad fretum Hudsonis”— fixed at Quebec, Quebec. mowae petrensis Nobis... -.-..--.-- Revelstoke, British Columbia. monaz ochracea Swarth.....-......- Head of Fortymile Creek, Alaska.
Marmota flaviventris group: Marmota flaviventris flaviventris (Audu-
emer hachmManm) 2.002.220. els ‘‘Mountains between Texas and Cali-
fornia ”’—fixed on Mount Hood, Oreg.
flaviventris avara (Bangs) ....-....- Okanogan, British Columbia.
flavwentris sierrae nobis ....-..-..-- Mount Whitney, Cal.
flaviventris parvula Howell ........ Jefferson, Toquima Range, Nev.
flaviventris engelhardtit Allen ....-.-.- Beaver Mountains, Utah.
flaviventris nosophora Howell. ...-..- Willow Creek, 7 miles east of Corvallis, Mont.
flaviventris dacota (Merriam) ....... Custer, S. Dak.
flaviventris luteola Howell ........-. Voods P. O., Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyo.
flaviventris warrent Howell ......-- Crested Butte, Colo.
flaviwentris obscura Howell .......-. Wheeler Peak, N. Mex.
Marmota caligata group: ; Marmota caligata caligata (Eschscholtz) . Bristol Bay, Alaska.
caligataargilis Heller... .2.--.--- Glacier Bay, Alaska. caligata sheldoni Howell.......-.--.- Montague Island, Alaska. caligata oxytona Hollister..........- Head of Smoky River, Alberta. caligata okanagana (King).......-- Gold Range, British Columbia. caligata nivaria Howell............- Mountains near St. Marys'Lake, Mont. caligata cascadensis Howell..-...-.--- Mount Rainier, Wash. Marmota olympus (Merriam).....-.----- Olympic Mountains, Wash. Marmota vancouverensis Swarth......-- Mount Douglas, Vancouver Island, Brit-
ish Columbia,
20 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. . [No. 37.
Key to American Species and Subspecies. [Based on typical adults.]
a. Upperparts mainly black and white (shaded with cinnamon-bufi on rump). b. Underparts mainly white. c. Size small; condylo-basal length of 2 skull less than 90 mm....sheldoni (p. 62). c’. Size large; condylo-basal length of 9 skull more than 90 mm. d. Skull shorter; condylo-basal length in 9 less than 98 mm...caligata (p. 59). d’, Skuil longer; condylo-basal length in 9 more than 98 mm. -nwaria (p. 66). b’. Underparts d was (blackish brown, soiled whitish, or clay color). c. Skull coe, short and broad; condyle barca length in ¢ less than 101 mm.; in 9 less than 98 mm. d. Nasals shorter, rarely extending back of posterior ends of premaxillae. okanagana (p. 64). d’. Nasals longer, always extending back of posterior ends of premaxillae. : vigilis (p. 61). ce’. Skull relatively long and narrow; condylo-basal length in § more than 101 mm.; in 2 more than 95 mm. d. Upperparts whiter; skull relatively broader (ratio of zygomatic breadth to
cond ylo-basal lensth 64-67)+.- 52:27 a2 cascadensis (p. 67). d’. Upperparts blacker; skull relatively narrower (ratio of zygomatic breadth to cond ylo-basal length: 62-64). - 2: -= =. S-2.2- = ee eee oxytona (p. 63).
a’. Upperparts mainly brownish, yellowish, drab, or buffy. 6b. Upperparits of solid colors (not grizzled). c. Upperparts brownish drab, buffy, or russet......-.-222-.-2-2 olympus (p. 69). c’. Upperparts dark vandyke brown, blackish brown, or black. a Posterior border of nasals deeply emarginate; color dark vandyke brown. vancouverensis (p. 70). d’. Posterior border of nasals not deeply emarginate; color blackish brown or
black <2 220s. cc. ss-ns Moa yes ee. i vigils (p. 61). 6’. Upperparts of mixed colors (grizzled).
c. Sides of neck with conspicuous buffy patches. d. Underparts distinctly reddish. es. Orowir chestnuts.) aes eee eee Ay ee warrent (p. 52). e’. Crown blackish brown. f. Long hairs on fore back with a subterminal band of black or brown.
nosophora (p. 46). J’. Long hairs on fore back without a subterminal band of black or brown.
dacota (p. 49). d’. Underparts not distinctly reddish.
e. Size smaller; condylo-basal length of ? skull 71-80 mm.; of ¢ skull
85-87 .1 jf. Fore back with a distinct buffy mantle. g. Underparts darker; size smaller. —- - 3222223325 parvula (p. 44). g’. Underparts paler; size larger......-. 5. <2 22e53=eeeee avara (p. 41). J’. Fore back without a distinct buffy mantle........-- engelhardtt (p. 45). e’. Size larger; condylo-basal length of 9 skull 77-90 mm.; of ¢ skull 84-97 mm. f. Face markings and neck patches reduced ........-..---- obscura (p. 53). jf’. Face markings and neck patches prominent. g. Hind feet darker (hazel or chestnut-brown)......----- luteola (p. 50).
g’. Hind feet lighter (tawny to light buff). h. Larger; condylo-basal length of ¢ skull more than 90 mm.; of 2
more thani$4 mm?) 1952. 5 sense tee eee eee flavientris (p. 39). h’. Smaller; condylo-basal length of ¢ skull less than 90 mm.; of 2 less than 84 mim: 24. S24 520 2a. eee sterrae (p. 43).
1 Adult male of parvula and engelhardti unknown.
1915.] MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. D1
ce’. Sides of neck without conspicuous buffy patches. 7S 0, COINPSE VER ST Va ges 2 ee ee ee ene ee ochracea (p. 34). d’, Tail dark brown or black. e. Colors pale (underfur on back light pinkish cinnamon to light gray at tips; belly not deep red). jf. Skull larger; condylo-basal length more than 90 mm...-.- monax (p. 22). f’. Skull smaller; condylo-basal length less than 90 mm.preblorum (p. 27). e’. Colors dark (underfur on back pinkish cinnamon to orange-cinnamon at tips; belly deep red). f. Size smaller; condylo-basal length of ¢ skull less than 82 mm. TOELe less than 80 mm......... .----canadensis oe 30). f’. Size larger; soncsiba lengthy of . dail more than 82 mm.; of 9 more than 80 mm. g. Nasals relatively short and wide; width at posterior end in males maGSEC Mpls Tee Pin eS Se te ignava (p. 29). g. Nasals relatively long and narrow; width at posterior end in males less than 11 mm. h. Size larger; nasals longer, extending considerably back of posterior
enevonpremiaxilaye: 200523. o.5.2 5252 22st St rufescens (p. 25). h’. Size smaller; nasals shorter, extending little, ii any, back of pos- feniomend ot premaxillae «5... 2.6. ose 5 petrensis (p. 33).
DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECiES.
Marmota monax Group.
[Characters under species.] MARMOTA MONAX (LINNAEUS).
[Synonymy under subspecies.]
External characters.—Size medium; tail relatively short (about 20 to 25 per cent of total length); ears large; posterior pad on sole of hind foot oval in shape and situated near middle of sole (see Pl. Ii, fig. 3); mammae—P. 2, A. 3, I. +=8; head without white markings (except around nose); sides of neck same color as upper- parts; feet black or dark brown; fore legs overlaid with deep reddish- colored hairs (hazel to burnt sienna); tail black, dark brown,or (in ochracea) pinkish cinnamon.
Cranial characters.—Skull with superior outline nearly straight, the occipital region slightly depressed and rostrum considerably pee not abruptly depressed from about posterior border of premaxillae; brain- case broad and noticeably flattened; interorbital region relatively broad; postorbital processes heavy, projecting nearly at right angles to axis of skull or slightly forward; width of nasals at posterior end usually decidedly greater than width of nasal branches of premaxillae; temporal ridges often not meeting in old age, or sometimes meeting but not united (rarely fused into a sagittal crest) ; floor of basi-occipital nearly flat, bordered on each side by low processes which converge posteriorly and sometimes meet near inferior lip of foramen magnum;
1Audubon and Bachman give the weight of one as 9 pounds 11 ounces; a writer in Forest and Stream, LV, p. 424, gives the average weight of 158 as 10 pounds; heaviest, 133 pounds.
99 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. | [No. 87.
palate abruptly truncated at posterior border; interpterygoid fossa relatively wide; palatal foramina contracted anteriorly; molar teeth heavy; maxillary tooth rows approximately parallel; anterior face of incisors yellowish white or ivory yellow to pale orange-yellow. Color.—General tone of upperparts grayish- or reddish-brown, or Gn ochracea) vinaceous-cinnamon, grizzled with white, light buff, or cinnamon-buff; underfur of upperparts at base dark mouse gray to blackish brown, succeeded by pallid neutral gray, light ochraceous- buff, pinkish-, vinaceous-, or orange-cinnamon; long hairs dark chestnut-brown, blackish brown, or (in ochracea) orange-cinnamon, tipped with light buff, pale ochraceous-buff, or white; top of head and face varying from dark hair-brown or benzo brown to vandyke- or clove-brown; sides of face ight buff, ochraceous-buff, or white, mixed with brown; borders of nose, lips, and chin, white or buffy white; underparts buffy white, light ochraceous-buff, pinkish cinnamon, tawny, hazel, or burnt sienna, more or less varied with brown, the bases of hairs often blackish brown or black; fore legs and feet black, blackish brown, dark chestnut-brown, fuscous, or hazel Gin ochracea), the legs and thighs (except in ochracea) overlaid with burnt sienna, Sanford’s brown, or tawny; hind legs and feet similar, but thighs often paler, sometimes overlaid with pinkish cinnamon; tail black or blackish brown, vandyke- or clove-brown, or (in ochracea) pinkish cinnamon, more or less grizzled with buffy white or cinnamon-buff; ears drab-gray on both surfaces, often clothed with fuscous hairs. Geographic distribution.—From eastern Alaska (Fortymile Creek), Great Slave Lake, York Factory (Hudson Bay), East Main and Hamilton Rivers, Quebec, south to northern Idaho in the Rocky Mountains, and east of the Great Plains to northern Arkansas, north- ern Alabama, and southern Virginia; west in the United States to eastern parts of North Dakota, Kansas, and Oklahoma. (See fig. 1.)
MARMOTA MONAX MONAX (LinnagEwvs). SOUTHERN WOODCHUCKE. (Pl. IV, fig..2; Pl. V, fig. 1: Plo xX fesse)
[ Mus] monaz Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, p. 60.
[Glis] monax Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 361.
Arctomys monaxz Schreber, Siugthiere, IV, 737, 1782; Plate CCVIITI, 1780. [ Marmota] monax Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.
Type locality — Maryland.
Distribution—Middle eastern United States from Pennsylvania, New Jersey(?), Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, south to the north- ern parts of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas; west to eastern Kansas.
Characters.—Size large; colors pale, the underfur grayish white; underparts little, if any, darker than upperparts; skull massive.
1915.) MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. 23
Color.—General tone grayish brown above, with a faint buffy tinge; underiur blackish brown at base succeeded by pallid neutral gray, faintly (rarely strongly) tinged with light ochraceous-buff, strongest on hinder back; long hairs blackish brown, broadly tipped with white
1 i Q by LY r am : é i ‘ , D i \ h Sy i | ty fv BA rn v7 Bi q y i f PAu | {) {| 5 jug HESS BILLY A Sitti l ~~. bet. > Ty pL aN | io rate 2 ti a BOERS rf ¥ y E (Sa a
) 1.M. monax ochracea p22? petrensis | pies” canadensis | | 4. ignava
Po”? tutescens 16.» preblorum |
Fic. 1.—Distribution of the Marmota monaz group. Unshaded areas within the range of the group indicate lack of definite knowledge as to the subspecies occurring there.
or buffy white; top of head and face varying from benzo brown to clove brown; sides of nose and borders of lips and chin buffy white; sides of face mixed brown and buffy whité; feet and legs black or blackish brown (rarely fuscous or dark chestnut-brown), the hairs on legs tipped with tawny or hazel; tail blackish brown, sparingly
24 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. | [No. 37.
grizzled with buffy white; underparts buffy white or light ochraceous- buff, the bases of hairs blackish brown.
Skull.—Largest of the group; relatively long and narrow; sagittal crest well developed (in adults) ; interorbital region broad; nasals long and broad, usually squarely truncated posteriorly; premaxillae nar- row; palate long, extending from 2 to 4 mm. behind plane of molars; palatal foramina rather narrow; interpterygoid fossa broad; audital bullae moderately inflated.
Measurements.—Adult male from Gunston, Va: Total length, 665; tail vertebrae, 153; hind foot, 88. Adult male from Sandy Spring, Md.: 573; 145; 82. Average of 4 adult females from District of Columbia and Virginia: 557; 139; 83. Skull: Adult male:! Condylo- basal length, 97.3-102.5 (average 97.8); palatal length, 55-59.5 (57.4); postpalatal length, 34.5-37.7 (86.2); length of nasals, 39.7—41.8 (40.8); zygomatic breadth, 63-69.2 (65.9); breadth across mastoids, 44.5-50.2 (46.9); least interorbital breadth, 25-29.2 (27.1); breadth of rostrum, 20.6-23.7 (21.7); maxillary tooth row, 21-21.9 (21.3). Adult female:? Condylo-basal length, 90.4-91.8 (91.2); palatal length 50.2-56 (53.1); postpalatal length, 33.7-36.3 (34.9); length of nasals, 36.8-40.6 (38.7); zygomatic breadth, 59.5-62 (61.2); breadth across mastoids, 44-45.8 (44.7); least interorbital breadth, 23.5-26.5 (24.9); breadth of rostrum, 19.7-21.3 (20.5); maxillary tooth row, 20.5-22.4 (2112).
Remarks.—The southern woodchuck is a rather large animal of massive skull and pale color. With a wide range in the Middle States, it grades into a smaller and darker form (rufescens) in the southern parts of New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Specimens from northern Illinois (Lake Forest and Willow Springs) and northern Indiana (Rose Lawn and Lake Maxinkuckee) are typical of monaz, but those from Delavan, Wis., and southwestern Michigan are inter- mediate between monax and rufescens. Specimens from Marble Cave, Mo., and from Johnson County, Iowa, are typical, but a small series from the vicinity of Lawrence, Kans., seems to indicate the presence there of a large form, skulls of females, especially, being much larger than those of females from Maryland and Virginia and equaling in size skulls of males from that region. The hind feet also average about 16 per cent longer in the Kansas animal (3 specimens). Addi- tional material from that region may require naming the form.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 75, as follows:
Alabama: Ardell, 3.
District of Columbia: Washington, 6. Georgia: Young Harris, 1.
1 Six specimens from Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. 2 Five specimens from Virginia, District of Columbia, and Pennsylvania.
1915.] MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. 95
Hlinois: Cook County, 1; Lake Forest, 1;! Ozark, 2;! West Northfield, 1; Willow Springs, 1.1
Indiana: Lake Maxinkuckee, 1; Marion County, 1;2 Rose Lawn, 1.
Iowa: Iowa City, 4;3 Johnson County, 4;3 Wall Lake, 1; no specific locality, 3.8
Kansas: Douglas County (near Lawrence), 6;* Lawrence, 3.4
Kentucky: Mammoth Cave, I.
Maryland: Plummer Island, 2; Sandy Spring, 1; Simpsonville, 1; near Wash- imeton, D. C., 1.
Michican: Cass County, 1;° Dowagiac, 1.°
Missouri: Marble Cave, 2.
Worth Carolina: Magnetic City (base of Roan Mountain), 7; Roan Mountain (altitude 3,000-4,000 feet), 5.
Ohio: Hicksville, 1.1
Pennsylvania: Beaver, 2;° Chester County, 3; Fair Oaks, 1;° Kennett Square, 1;7 Landenberg, 1;’7 Marpie, 1;7 Meadville, 1; Round Island, Clinton County, 2.’
Tennessee: Dover, Stewart County, 1; Duck River, 6 miles southwest of Waverly, 2; Highcliff, 1.
Virginia: Bluemont, 1; Clarke County, 1; Doswell, 1; Fairfax County (Potomac River), 3; Fincastle, 1; Fredericksburg, 2; Gunston, 1; Peaks of Otter, 1; Washington, 2.
West Vireinia: Franklin, 3; Jobs Knob, 1; North Mountain, Hardy County, 1; Rowleysburg, 1.
MARMOTA MONAX RUFESCENS Howe tt. RUFESCENT WOODCHUCK. CE oLVestiowo: bl Vite. 2sPlox fe?) Marmoita monaz rufescens Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p. 13.
Type locality. — Elk River, Minn.
Nsirvbution.—EKastern North Dakota, central and southern Minne- sota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, southern Ontario, greater part of New York (including Long Island), and higher parts of western Massa- chusetts.
Characters.—Similar to monaz but colors much redder, both above and below, the underfur on back pinkish cimnamon instead of light buff; similar in color to zgnava, but averaging paler; skull decidedly smaller than that of monaz, but much larger than that of canadensis.
Color.—Underfur of upperparts varying from fuscous-black to dark mouse gray at base, succeeded by a broad area of light pinkish cinna- mon shading to pinkish cinnamon on hinder back and to orange- cinnamon on hind legs; long hairs dark chestnut-brown subterminally, tipped with hght buff; top of head and face benzo brown to clove brown; sides of face light buff, more or less mixed with brown; fore legs black, overlaid with burnt sienna; hind legs similar but usually less intensely red; feet black or blackish brown; tail vandyke brown
1Collectiov Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 8 Collection Univ. of Michigan. 2 Coliection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hisé- 5 Collection Carnegie Museum. 3 Collection Univ. of Iowa. 7 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
4Collection Kansas Univ. Mus.
26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 37.
to clove brown or black; underparts varying from burnt sienna to Sanford’s brown, more or less mixed with tawny, ochraceous-buff, and black (general tone of under parts usually reddish but sometimes mixed brown and buff with little red); tail vandyke brown to clove brown or black. Variation: Specimen from Essex County, N. Y.: Very dark chestnut-brown above (the underfur pinkish cinnamon), moder- ately grizzled on fore back with buffy white; hinder back solid brown.
Skull.—Similar to that of monaz, but decidedly smaller and relatively broader across zygomata; much larger than that of cana- densis; slightly larger than that of wgnava, but narrower across orbits and with narrower nasals.
Measurements.—Adult male: Total length, 520-582 (average, 548); tail vertebrae, 135-155 (143); hind foot, 81-85 (83). Adult female:? Total length, 545-608 (571); tail vertebrae, 145-170 (156);
hind foot, 838-89 (85). Skull: Adult male:? Condylo-basal length, ' 81.3-94.4 (88.6); palatal length, 50.7-54.5 (51.8); postpalatal length, 32-36.4 (33.5); length of nasals, 33.9-39.8 (86.8); zygo- matic breadth, 53.4-64.7 (60.2); breadth across mastoids, 40.3-46 (43.2); least interorbital breadth, 21.7-25.4 (23.8); breadth of rostrum, 18-21.2 (19.4); maxillary tooth row, 18.7—21.8 (20.1). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 84-88.9 (85.8); palatal length, 49.1-52.4 (50.6); postpalatal length, 31.5-31.8 (31.6); length of nasals, 33.4—-39.1 (35.6); zygomatic breadth, 57.5-62 (59.9); breadth across mastoids, 40.6—48.8 (42.4); least interorbital breadth, 22.2-26.3 (23.6); breadth of rostrum, 18.2-20.4 (19); maxillary tooth row, Po 937):
Remarks.—The woodchucks of the Northern States, from Minne- — sota to New York, differ from typical monax of the Middle States in having smaller skulls and darker colors, the underfur especially being more strongly reddish. The race shows a strong tendency toward melanism, particularly in New York and southern Ontario. The New York series differs from the Minnesota series in somewhat longer and relatively narrower skulls, being, therefore, more like monaz, but the differences between the two extremes are too slight and inconstant to warrant recognition of another form. Specimens from the Catskill Mountains are fairly typical of rufescens, but those from the Hudson Valley and Lake George are clearly intermediate, the skulls being almost typical of monaz and the skins. of rufescens. These show no approach to the New England form (preblorum). Two skulls (without skins) from Easthampton, Mass., are fairly typical of rufescens, indicating that this race probably occupies the higher parts of western Massachusetts. A specimen from Lake of Bays, Ontario (east side of Georgian Bay), considered intermediate between rufescens and canadensis, is very deep red below—fully
1 Five specimens from Elk River and Fort Snelling, Minn. 3 Eleven specimens from Minnesota. 2 Five specimens from Fort Snelling, Minn. 4 Five specimens from Minnesota.
1915.] MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. 7.
as dark as ignava. The northern limit of the range of rufescens is assumed to be about the latitude of Ottawa, but no material is avallable from that part of Ontario, excepting the specimen men- tioned above.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 231, as follows:
Massachusetts: Easthampton, 2.
Michigan: Ann Arbor, 3;1 Au Sable River, Oscoda County, 1;1 Genesee, 1; Rush Lake, Huron County, 1; Sand Point, Huron County, 1.1
Minnesota: Elk River, 10; Fort Snelling, 17;? Princeten, 1.
New York: Adirondack Mountains, Essex County, 76 (skulls only); Ardsley, 1; Amber, 2; Brantingham, 1; Croton Lake, 1; Dutchess County, 1;? Elizabeth- town, 2; Essex County, 8; Halcotisville, 10;* Hastings, 1;° Highland Falls, 1; Lake George, 11; Leyden, 2; Locust Grove, 15; Lyons Falls, 5; Miller Place, 4;+ Orange County, 1; Owego, 1; Oyster Bay, 2; Peterboro, 4; Piseco, 1; Schroon,1; Schroon Lake, 4; Sing Sing, 4; Suffolk County, 2;%° Troy, 3; Tupper Lake, 1;° Wells, 3; no specific locality, 7.
North Dakota: Fargo, 3;7 Grafton, 1; Leonard, 1. §
Ontario: Lake of Bays, 1; Lorne Park, 7.
Wisconsin: Bridgeport, 1; Delavan, 2; Milton, 2;° Racine, 1.
MARMOTA MONAX PREBLORUM Howe tt. New ENGitaAND WooDcHUCKE. (Lelie OLD bss Stee 39 bo stools tcciers Se ol el es @] Geo sega) Marmota monax preblorum Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VIT, 1914, p. 14.
Type locality.— Wilmington, Mass. Distribution.—Southern New England, from Connecticut to central Vermont and New Hampshire and southern Maine. Characters.—Size medium (smaller than rufescens, larger than canadensis); colors pale (redder than monax, but red not so dark as in canadensis or rufescens); skull smaller and relatively narrower than that of rufescens. | Color.—Adult: Underfur on upperparts pinkish cimnamon to light pinkish cinnamon, the bases of hairs fuscous-black; long hairs blackish brown, extensively tipped with white or light buff; top of head and face dark hair-brown to clove brown; sides of face light buff; fore legs burnt sienna or Sanford’s brown, the bases of hairs often black; hind legs somewhat paler, shading to pinkish cinna- mon; feet black or blackish brown; tail clove brown to black, much mixed with cinnamon; underparts pinkish cinnamon or San- ford’s brown, varied with light buff. Young (specimen from Saun- 1 Collection Univ. of Michigan. 2 Three in collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.; five in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 Collection A. H. Helme, Miller Place, N. Y. 5 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 6 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool. 7 Two in coliection Fargo College; one in N. Dak. Agr. College.
8 Collection N. Dak. Agr. College. 9 Collection H. H. T. Jackson, Washington, D. C.
a
98 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 87.
derstown, R. I.): General tone, both above and below, pinkish buff (the hairs extensively tipped with that color and the bases of same shade), becoming pinkish cinnamon on hinder back; subterminal band of each ‘hair blackish brown; fore legs Sanford’s brown; hind legs tawny; top of head hair-brown.
Skull.—Similar to that of rufescens, but smaller and relatively narrower, especially the rostrum and interorbital region; bullae smaller; much larger than that of canadensis, with longer, slenderer rostrum and longer nasals.
Measurements.—Adult male: Total length, 418-608 (average 515); tail vertebrae, 105-149 (120); hind foot, 75-80 (77.7). Adult female:? 465-600 (547); 100-157 (141); 69-88 (77). Skull: Adult male:* Condylo-basal length, 84-89 (86.2); palatal length, 49.9-51.6 (50.7); postpalatal length, 31.2-33.4 (32); length of nasals, 34.3-37.7 (35.9); zygomatic breadth, 57.3-60.4 (58.7); breadth across mastoids, 41.38-44.3 (42.8); least interorbital breadth, 20.7-22.5 (22.1); breadth of rostrum, 17.2-18.6 (18.2); maxillary tooth row, 18.2- 20.2 (19.1). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 79.1-86.6 (83); palatal length, 47.7-51.6 (49.5); postpalatal length, 28-31.8 (30.1); length of nasals, 33.7-36.8 (85.6); zygomatic breadth 54-58 (56.6) ; breadth across mastoids, 37.7-42 (40.3); least interorbital breadth, 19.8-22.6 (21.6); breadth of rostrum, 16-19.5 (18); maxillary tooth row, 18-20.4 (19.3).
Remarks—The New England woodchuck is noticeably smaller and paler than rufescens, and larger and paler beneath than canaden- sis. In skull characters it most resembles rufescens and probably intergrades with it where their ranges meet, but no intermediate specimens have been examined. A specimen from Liberty Hill, Conn., has somewhat redder underparts than the Massachusetts series, its skull being fairly typical of preblorum. Specimens of rufescens from the Hudson Valley, however, approach monaz rather than preblorwm in skull characters. Intergradation with canadensis also undoubtedly occurs, but material from northern New England is needed to show where the two forms come together. Specimens from Rutland, Vt., agree in skull characters with preblorum, but one of the two skins examined is somewhat redder below than in Massa- chusetts examples.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 38, as follows:
Connecticut: East Wallingford, 1;° Liberty Hill, 1.° Maine: Eliot, 1; Norway, 1.6
1 Seven specimens from eastern Massachusetts.
2 Nine specimens from eastern Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire. 8 Five specimens from Wilmington and Wareham, Mass.
4 Four specimens from Wilmington and Lunenburg, Mass.
5 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
6 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
1915.] MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. 29
Massachusetts: Essex County, 1; Haverhill, 1;1 Lunenburg, 4; Newtonville, 2;1 Sherborn, 1; Springfield, 2;! Wareham, 2;1 Wayland, 1;1 Wilmington, 8; mebimn, iG
New Hampshire: Charlestown, 2; Gauipee. 2; Webster, 3.7
‘Rhode Island: Saunderstown, 1.
Vermont: Ruiland, 3.”
MARMOTA MONAX IGNAVA (Bangs). LABRADOR WOODCHUCK. @iye ae 4 Pl Mt fe 1)
Arctomys ignavus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Chib, 76 1899; p-3: [Arctomys monaz] ignavus Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Am., Field Columb. Mus., Zool.
pee, IT, 1901, p.105.
[ Marmota monaz] ignavus Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344. Marmota ignava Miller, Bul. 79, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1912, p. 292.
Type locality.— Black Bay, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador.
Nstribution.—Known only from vicinity of type locality; probably north to Hamilton Inlet.
Characters.—Size much larger than canadensis, nearly equaling rufescens; similar in color to rufescens (much darker than canadensis) ; skull short and broad with very broad nasals.
Coior—Underfur of upperparts blackish brown at base (a shade darker than in canadensis), succeeded by a broad area of orange- cinnamon; long hairs blackish brown subterminally, tipped with pale ochraceous-buff or buffy white; top of head and face vandyke brown or clove brown; sides of nose and borders of lips and chin buffy white; sides of face ight ochraceous-buff more or less mixed with brown; feet and legs black, or very dark brown, the legs and thighs overlaid with burnt sienna; tail blackish brown, usually with little or no white grizzling; underparts burnt sienna mixed with _black, varying to tawny and in some individuals more or less mixed with pinkish cinnamon or pale buff; in others, mixed blackish brown and buff below without any red.
Skull—similar to that of rufescens, but shorter and. relatively broader; nasals shorter and relatively ante posteriorly; premaxil- lae averaging narrower; bullae smaller and less inflated; sagittal crest more prominent; incisors with numerous shallow longitudinal grooves on outer face. Compared with preblorum: Skull about same length, but relatively broader; rostrum broader; nasals shorter and broader posteriorly; molars heavier. Compared with canadensis: Skull much larger, with ee heavier sagittal crest and less inflated bullae.
Measurements —Adult male:* Total length, 480-562 (average, 536); tail vertebrae, 111-155 (137); hind foot, 74-86 (80.8). Adult
1 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
2 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3 Seven specimens from vicinity of type locality.
30 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
female: 496-556 (528); 102-147 (126); 75-80 (78.6). Skull: Adult male: 1 Condylo-basal length, 82.5-87.4 (85.1); palatal length, 48.5-51.2 (50); postpalatal length, 30.6-33 (31.7); length of nasals, 31.5-35.6 (84.1); zygomatic breadth, 57.5-63.4 (60.5); breadth across mastoids, 40.6—-44 (41.7); least interorbital breadth, 24-26.8 (25); breadth of rostrum, 18—20.3 (19.2); maxillary tooth row, 19.9- 20.8 (20.4). Adult female: ! Condylo-basal length, 79.7-84.4 (82.2); palatal length, 47-49.4 (48.2); postpalatal length, 29.2-31.7 (80.6); length of nasals, 31.38-34.2 (82.6); zygomatic breadth, 55.4-58.7 (57.1); breadth across mastoids, 39-41.5 (40.6); least interorbital breadth, 22.5-25 (23.8); breadth of rostrum, 17.6-19.7 (18.7); max- illary tooth row, 19-20.4 (19.9).
Remarks.—The Labrador woodchuck is a strongly marked form of the monaz group, much larger and darker than canadensis, its nearest neighbor. Indeed, it might be considered a distinct species were it not practically certain that the ranges of zgnava and canadensis are contiguous and that more material from the region between Murray Bay and the Straits of Belle Isle would show intergradation. In color and size the present form more closely resembles rufescens than canadensis and the skull is more like that of preblorum than that of any other form, but zgnava is much darker than preblorum. The subspecies is reported to be common on the coast in the vicinity of Black Bay, and is said to be found about the head of Hamilton Inlet,? but the limits of its range are not known. Stearns reports woodchucks ‘‘common at Mingan, growing scarce toward Bonne Esperance.” ®
Specumens ecamined.—Total number, 15, as follows:
Labrador:* Ailik, Peter’s Cove, 1; Black Bay, 4; L’ Anse au Loup, 10.
MARMOTA MONAX CANADENSIS (ERxLeBeEy). CANADA WoopcHUCK. (PL Vi, fies 1; PL er fie 74)
[Glis] canadensis Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., 1777, p. 363.
Mus empetra Pallas, Nov. Spec. Quad., Gli. Ord., 1778, p. 75.
Arctomys sibila Wolf, Linne’s Natursyst., II, 1808, p. 481. (Name proposed to include Arctomys empetra Pallas and Arctemys pruinosa Gmelin, supposed to be the same).
Arctomys melanopus Kuhl, Beitrage, 1820, p. 64.
Arctomys marmota canadensis Kuhl, Beitrage, 1820, p. 64.
Arctomys empetra Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, 1822, p. 584; Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 1829, p. 147.
Arctomys monax melanopus hanes Brae! Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1S97, pa 30:
Arctomys monax canadensis Allen, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 1898, p. 456.
| Marmota monazx] canadensis isamiacns Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.
1 Six specimens from vicinity of type locality.
2Low,A.P. Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Canada, VIII, 1895 (1897), p. 320L. 3 Stearns, W.A. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p. 115.
4 All incollection Mus. Comp. Zool.
1915.] se MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. 311
Type locality —‘‘Canada et ad fretum Hudsonis”—here fixed at Quebec, Quebec.
Disiribution.—Greater part of interior of Canada, from Great Slave Lake and York Factory south to southern Alberta (Red Deer), cen- tral Saskatchewan (Cumberland House), northern Minnesota, north- ern Wisconsin, northern Michigan, central Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia; northern and eastern limits of range in Quebec unknown.
Characters.—Size small; sexes about same size; colors strongly ae dish, above and below; Jol small without pronounced sagittal crest.
Soe —Underfur on upperparts blackish brown at base, succeeded by pinkish cmnamon or light pinkish cinnamon; long hairs blackish brown subterminally, tipped with white or pinkish buff; top of head and face hair-brown, sometimes shading to clove brown; sides of face light buff; feet and legs black, blackish brown, or fuscous, the legs and thighs overlaid with burnt sienna; tail blackish brown, con- siderably grizzled with cinnamon-buff or light buff; underparts deep tawny or burnt sienna sometimes varied with buff and moderately mixed with black. Melanistic specimens are rarely found, but one from Aitkin, Minn., is glossy blackish brown all over.
Skull.—Smallest of any member of the group; shorter and rela- tively broader than that of preblorum, with short, broad rostrum; much smaller than that of ignava, with sagittal crest only slightly developed; nasals narrowed posteriorly; bullee relatively large, smoothly rounded, and considerably inflated.
Measurements.—Adult male: Total length, 510-515 (average 513); tail vertebrae, 108-109 (108.5); hind foot, 74-78 (76);1 average of three adult males from Mackenzie and Riperta: 500-124; 75s - Adult, female:? 508-560 (536); 131-140 (186); 69-76 (73). Skull: Adult male:* Condylo-basal length, 75—-80.8 (78.1); palatal length, 43.7—48.2 (45.7) ; postpalatal length, 27.5-29.6 (28.7); length of nasals, 29.9-32 (31.3); zygomatic breadth, 53-56.6 (54.1); breadth across mastoids, 36.4-39.4 (38); least interorbital breadth, 18.4-22.7 (20.7); breadth of rostrum, 15.1-18 (16.6); maxillary tooth row, 18.2-19.3 (18.8). Adult female: + Condylo-basal length, 77.4-80 (78.9); palatal length 45.6-47.2 (46.2); postpalatal length, 28.2-30.5 (29.3); length of nasals, 30.5-34.5 (32.6) ; zygomatic breadth, 52.8—58.2 (54.8) ; breadth across mastoids, 36.5-39.8 (37.8); least interorbital breadth, 19.8-22 (20.9); breadth of rostrum, 14.5-17.8 (16.3); maxillary tooth row, 18.1-19.2 (18.6).
Remarks.—The Canada woodchuck has the most extensive dis- tribution of any of the American forms and over the greater part of _ 1 Two specimens from Murray Bay, Quebec.
2 Three specimens from Quebec and Ontario.
3 Eight specimens from Mackenzie, Alberta, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and northern Wisconsin. 4 Seven specimens from Mackenzie, Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Quebec.
o2 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 87.
its range shows comparatively little variation. Although markedly smaller than rufescens it intergrades with that form wherever their ranges meet, intermediate examples having been examined from Tower and Two Harbors, Minn., and Lake of Bays, Ontario. Inter- gradation with ignava seems highly probable, though not shown by the materialin hand. Murray Bay specimens have very much smaller skulls than typical zgnava from the Labrador coast, and no specimens have been examined from the intervening region. Two specimens from Nova Scotia show slight approach to ignava, the skins being the same color except that the bases of the hairs on the back are browner. The skull of one of these specimens is typical of canadensis, the other is a little larger, with somewhat broader nasals and a well- marked sagittal crest.
A specimen from Porcupine Mountains, Mich., resembles cana- densis in general coloration, but is extensively mixed with black both above and below. Its skull is slightly longer than skulls of typical specimens from Quebec. A specimen from Mount Mansfield, Vt., and one from Columbia Falls, Me., (both without skulls), are pro- visionally referred to canadensis, the former agreeing in color with the typical form, the latter with the dark Nova Scotia form. Speci- mens from southern Mackenzie and northern Alberta are practically identical in coloration with the Quebec series, but their skulls average longer and narrower, thus showing approach to ochracea. A single young specimen in very worn pelage from near the head of Finlay River, British Columbia, seems referable to canadensis, but more ma- terial. from that region may necessitate its reference to ochracea. Wocdchucks of this group are reported by Edward A. Preble as occurring at Fort Grahame, on Finlay River, and at Hudson’s Hope.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 45, as follows:
Alberta: Athabaska River (near Fort McMurray), 1; McLeod River, 1; Peace River Landing, 2;1 Red Deer, 1; South Edmonton, 1.
British Columbia: Finlay River (near head), 1.
Mackenzie: Fort Liard, 1; Fort Simpson, 5; Little Buffalo River, 1.
Maine: Columbia Falls, 1.
Manitoba: Oxford House, 1; Trout Lake, 4; York Factory, 1.
Michigan: Porcupine Mountains, 1;? Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, 1.?
Minnesota: Aitkin, 1;? Tower, 1; Two Harbors, 1.
New Brunswick: Arthurette, 2;* Scotch Lake, 1.
Worth Dakota: Pembina, 1.
Nova Scotia: Newport, 2.4
Ontario: Devils Portage, Mattagami River, 1;> James Bay, 1; Moose River (near Hudson Bay) 2.4
Quebec: Murray Bay, 7.?
Vermont: Mount Mansfield, 1.
Wisconsin: Conover, 1.?
1 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus. 4 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 5 Collection Carnegie Mus. 3 Collection Univ. of Michigan.
1915.] MARMOTA MONAX GROUP. 30
MARMOTA MONAX PETRENSIS susspr. Nov. BrRitTIsH COLUMBIA WOODCHUCK. CBI Vas fie, 2.)
Type from Revelstoke, British Columbia. Adult 3, No. 203532, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Collected May 12, 1890, by W. Spreadborough; original number, 170.
- Distribution.—Interior ranges of southern British Columbia and adjacent parts of United States, from Barkerville, British Columbia, south to Thompson Pass, Idaho.
Characters.—Similar to canadensis, but skull larger and relatively longer.
Color.—Practically the same as canadensis.
Skull.—Similar to that of canadensis, but larger and relatively longer; nasals rather short, projecting but little back of posterior ends of premaxillae; bullae rather small. Compared with rufescens: Smaller with shorter nasals and smaller, rounder bullae.
Measurements.—Adult male (type): Total length, 540; tail verte- brae, 127; hind foot, 76; specimen from Barkerville, British Columbia: 460; 106; 72. Adult fernale (specimen from Barkerville, British Columbia): 505; 125; 68. Skull: Adult male (type): Condylo-basal length, 86; palatal length, 50.3; postpalatal length, 31.8; length of nasals, 32.5; zygomatic breadth, 57.4; breadth across mastoids, 42; least interorbital breadth, 23; breadth of rostrum, 18.6; maxillary tooth row, 20. Adult female (specimen from Barkerville, British Columbia): Condylo-basal length, 79; palatal length, 46.5; post- palatal length, 29.5; length of nasals, 32.4; zygomatic breadth, 53.2; breadth across mastoids, 36; least interorbital breadth, 19.4; breadth of rostrum, 17.6; maxillary tooth row, 18.8.
Remarks.—This is a slightly differentiated form of monaz, occu- pying an area somewhat segregated from the rest of the species. It is known at present from only a few specimens and the limits of its range can not definitely be determined. It probably occurs sparingly throughout the heavily timbered mountain sides of the northern Rocky Mountains in Montana, Idaho, and British Co- lumbia, but whether confined entirely to the west slope or not (as seems probable) has not yet been ascertained. This subspecies has no direct connection with monaz or rufescens, its range being separated from theirs by an extensive area of plains, but it undoubtedly inter- grades with ochracea on the north and possibly with canadensis through some of the passes of the mountains in southern British Columbia.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 6, as follows:
British Columbia: Barkerville, 2; Glacier, 2; Revelstoke, 1. Idaho: Thompson Pass, 1.
1 From dry skin. 69168°—15——3
34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37. .
MARMOTA MONAX OCHRACEA Swarts. OcHRACEOUS WoODCHUCKE. (PIV; fig. 3: Pll xt fievo.) Marmota ochracea Swarth, Univ. of California Pub. Zool., VII, 1911, p. 208.
Type locality.—Head of Fortymile Creek, Alaska.
Distribution.—Interior mountain ranges of Yukon and northern British Columbia, from Fortymile Creek south to the Babine Moun- tains (and Stuart Lake ?).
Characters.—Similar to canadensis, but paler below and hairs on back extensively tipped with ochraceous, the underfur more vina- ceous; tail pinkish cinnamon all around; skull longer and relatively narrower.
Color.—Underfur of upperparts dark mouse gray at base, suc- ceeded by a broad area of vinaceous-cinnamon, the latter shading toward the tips into orange-cinnamon, most intense on hinder back; long hairs orange-cinnamon, then blackish brown, broadly tipped on fore back with ochraceous-buff and on hinder back with light ochraceous-buff; top of head dark hair-brown; sides of nose and face hight ochraceous-buff; underparts tawny shading to hazel; legs hazel; feet fuscous or fuscous-black with scattering hazel hairs; tail pinkish cinnamon all around, the tip clove brown. Variation: Young speci- men from type locality: Darker below than adult, and feet more varied with hazel. Immature specimen from Pike River, British Columbia: Upperparts cinnamon (without plumbeous bases to the hairs), tipped with pinkish buff; underparts cinnamon-rufous.
Skull.'—Longer and relatively narrower than that of canadensis, with narrower rostrum and interorbital region; bullae broader.
Measurements. ?—Skull: Subadult (male?) from Babine Mountains, British Columbia: Condylo-basal length, 81.2; palatal length, 48; postpalatal length, 30; length of nasals, 33.4; zygomatic breadth, 52.7; breadth across mastoids, 39.8; least interorbital breadth, 19.8; breadth of rostrum, 17.2; maxillary tooth row, 20.
Remarks.—This subspecies is the most northerly ranging member of the group. It occurs west of the continental divide in Yukon and northern British Columbia, but the limits of its range are not known. Only six skins have been seen. A specimen from near Teslin Lake, southern Yukon, is slightly darker below than the type (being uniform kaiser brown); the fore back is darker ochraceous, and the head blackish brown. Another specimen from Pike River, British Columbia, is dark blackish brown all over. A series of skulls without skins from Stuart Lake, British Columbia, is provisionally referred to this race.
1 No skulls from the type region available; description based on subadult specimen from Babine
Mountains, British Columbia. 2 No external measurements available.
1915.] MARMOTA MONAX GROUP.
30
Specimens examined.—Total number, 15, as follows:
Alaska: Fortymile Creek (at head), 2.1
British Columbia: Babine Mountains, 1 (skull); Pike River, Atlin, 2;2 Stuart Lake, 8 (skulls); Tacla Lake, 1.
Yukon: Thirty Mile Mountains, near Teslin Lake, 1.8
Cranial Measurements of the Marmota monax Group.
| Pt oa hk) la : S| lela 8 ed Bale i 5 | |x my | & = | a S18 lel SS | 3 |€/2/2/5 jegiss| 2/8 No. Species and locality. 2)6¥lala|s i|8ei8s| 2/2] Remarks. % |2 Sas = oF a eB | SB IS(218/8is le lela Lule isleifieg lle = 3 Ba Ss & SJAla AINE BR 2S | ST rr a (ees ees a ee Ge Se ee eee Marmota monar monaz. | | | | | | get 114009 | Montgomery Co.,Md........--. G | 102. 5 59. 5/37. 7/41. 5)69. 2/50. 2)27.3/23.721.9) Old. 175010 | Plummers Island, Md. ---.-.-.-.-- of 97.556.7/37 |41.8/66 |46. 5/25.9/21.2/21.2) Aduit. 143962 | Peaks of Otter, Va.....--------- $ | 98.1/58.1/36 |40. 5/65. 7/47. 2/27. 2/20. 7,21. 2 Do. 58695 | Roan Mountain, N.C......-.--. S | 94 |57.3/32. 6/38. 7]... ./42.9|24. 4/19. 521.6 Do. 4 447 | Douglas County, Kans......--.- S | 98.7.58.8/36.5/43 |... ./45.7|27.2/19. 7/20. 6| Subadult 125331 | Bluemont, Va........-.- eee 2 | 93.756 35.3140. 6/61. 9145. 8/26. 5/19.9'21.2} Adult. gee) Washington, D.C_...-...------- Q | 90.458. 4/33. 7/38 [59.5 44. 3/23. 5[21. 3/20. 5 DOs aes bak epee County, Kans..-.-..--. é pepe ger ee Hag a eee oes ge Be. eR eee ae se eae? 5. 8/56. : .3/48.5 : P Oo. 616029 | Lake Forest, Ill..........------- Q | 92 |54 |34.2138. 662.746.4126 |22. 5121.6 Do. Marmota monaz rufescens. | | | | 186521 | Elk River, Minn.........------- | g | 87.2\50.9/32 ee eee 18.7/20.4| Adult; type. | 2 ee EEE |e ese oe 6 1780 G0--eeeceeceeeee| & | 94434 si3e:4lae lei.zi44’ 25. alai.i19 | Do. 191244 | Locust Grove, N. Y...-.--------| 3 90 |53. 2/32. 2/36. 5|64.5144 |25.5|21 |20. 6 Do. 7) | Adirondack Mountains, N.Y..... g¢ | 91.654. 2/33.7/38. 4/61. 4 44. 1/24. 4/19.8120.8) = Do. 191339 | Elk River, Minn......- seeeeez--) Q | 84.2/49.1)31. 5/34. 5]57. 5/40. 6 22. 5/18. 3 20 | Do. ee ee Moan =. ----- eae oe a0" | Ae 237) 7 ee Oo ee OSS oe Ae eee ae 2 50. 3/31. 5/33. 4/59. 2 : 6 O. 191250 | Locust Grove, N. Y......-.----- 2 | 86.3/51 32-337 3/60 42 Bs 17.5|20.2 Do. (8) | Adirondack Mountains, N.Y... Q | 86.851. 4/31.2/37. 1/59.8)/41.9)23. 5/19..2/20. 3 Do. 111091 | Peterboro, N. Y.......--------- Q | 85 HUI ES OBL 22. 8/19. 5/20. 3 Do. Marmota monaz preblorum. | | | | | | aes enuetany Mies a g 85.3)50. 5)32 [34. 8157. 4143. 7122. 8118. of18.2} Adult; type. 78354 |..... Cas. ee S$ | 86.1)51. 5/31. 2/36. 3/58. 2/42. 7/22. 5/17. 2/18.3) Adult. a ee es Ses 3 | 84 |49.9131. 2/36. 2/57.3/41.3/20. 7/18. 2 19.5) Do. gett Ossipce N. H........----------- S | 85.4)49. 7/31. 6/36 60. 4/43. 6|23 |19.5/18.9| Do. 69235 | Rutland, Vt_........----------- g | 85 (50.5/31 87.958 |42.2)23.5|18.5|20.5) Do. Ss eee GANG ee ge 78359 |... - Gere ee 2 22S =~-- = -- . 8/49. 9]31. 836. 8157. 8 6/18, 96083 | Lunenburg, Mass.....-...-.---- | 2 | 86.6)51.6)30. 7/36. 5/56. 7/42 |21.4/19.5/20.4) Do. 96142 }_.... LT SS ae ee eee | Q | 81.6/48.7/30 (35.3/58 |41.522.6/18.3)19.6) Do. j | : | Marmota monat ignava. | | | | shee L’Anse au Loup, Labrador ...-- | 3 eral ape Ober 63. 4/41. 7/26. 8 18. $100 5 paul. [al sae TS aie Aline a a ae 3 2.7/48.7/31 |33.2/59 41. 2/24. 3]18. 5/2 0. 98873 |..... io a | g | 86.5/51 32 |35.4/60. 5142) [24 20.3/20.7, Do. 98876 |_...- “Ce apa at ie ic aap | Q | 84.4)49. 1/31. 7:33. 6/58. 7/41.3/25 |19. 7/19 Do. 9 8875 |..--- (C3 a ee | Q | 84 |49.4:30. 6.34. 2/58. 6)41. 5)24. 3/18. 8)19. 6 Do. 27968 | Black Bay, Labrador..........-) Q | 80.6/47.7.29.731.5 55.840 [23 |17.6)19.5) Do. | H | Marmota monar canadensis. | | | | | $ 7607 | Murray Bay, Guepec vest: ee 77.3)44 29.6 30.5 56. 639. 4|22. 7/17. 4|19.1 Adult. Be ee ee ee) 25 307/28: 832 (55.26.21 Ate 18,7 0. 6 16209 | Newport, Nova Scotia........-. aac 76. 4/44. 5/28. 7 32 53 '38. 2120. 5|15. 8118.6 Subadult 191344 | Carberry, Manitoba............. | g | 79.2/46.3|27.5:31. 7)... -/36.5|20.5]15.1]19 | Adult. 177740 | Smith Portage, Mackenzie....... | go | 78.3 45.8|28.631 |53.3138 |20.5|17.2|18.3 Do. 57602 | Murray Bay, Quebec............ | Q | 77.6)/45.6/28.8 33.5\56.638 |22 |17.8|19 Do. 5 7608 |..-.. da eee pee yaa. ass | Q | 78.746 |29.632 |53.239 |20.4/17. 118.4) Subadult 110192 | Oxford House, Manitoba........, Q | 79.7/47 |28.433.3'54.737.2)21. 1/15. 9|18.7| Adult. 177378 | Little Buffalo River, Mackenzie.| Q | 80 pee eee 16.6|18.1| Do. 6 16208 | Newport, Nova Scotia .......... Q | 79.6/46 |30.3.33.3'59.2/39.8)22 |17.2|19.2) Do.
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California. 2Collection Provincial Mus., Victoria, B. C.
3 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
¢ Collection Kansas Univ. Mus.
® Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
6 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
7 Average of 10 adults, Merriam collection. & Average of 7 adults, Merriam collection. $ Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
36 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37. .
Cranial measurements of the Marmota monax group—Continued.
| 4 Baie id Sap |i lees | »| |¢|/8/8 fe | 8/2 | S| || S| ele deena | a |4/8/2/2ls.ig8/3/8 3 c ~ = tay | {t= nD Es} = ro) No. | Species and locality. BS) 2) | ae) eats |S See ol eedRemarks, 3/2/38) 2/8 lem ekla | 2 > IS/8/Sidis le |els 5 ue) Ts & mi ols 3 3 | oO (oe) [sj (=) oO a = fas} oD) Oo SPA PRIN IA IA ele a Marmota monax petrensis. | | | 203532 | Revelstoke, British Columbia....; ¢ 86 |50. 3/31. 8/32. sl 442 (23 |18.6/20 | Adult; type. 101295 | Barkerville, British Columbia--.| @ 79 146. 5/29. 5/32. sig 2)'36 |19. 4|17. 6/18. 8) Adult. Marmota monaz ochracea. | | 202785 | Babine Mountains, British Co- | | lumbia -..... = ale 2 eieleteie late ath .---| [2] | 81.2/48 (30 (33. 4/52. 7:39. 8/19. 8)17.2)/20 | Subadult 77143 | Stuart Lake, British Columbia..| ¢ 80. 6/47. 6/29. 5 30. 6/55. 6 38. 2/20. 6)18.8/19 | Adult. Uae ees COE, ero Seema i tea 80. 2/47. 3/30. 5 32. 4 ----/38 119. 8)17. 2|17.6 Do. CB aacoe GOs so 82555 Se ee ee a Q?]| 76.5/45 |28.932.4/52 |36.7/22 |16.8/18.6 Do. COW eseee MO nec eels ce sirelre eee eee | [Q2?] | 77.1/45. 4/29 Hee 4/51.3 36. 2/19. 6/17. 4)... Do.
Marmota flaviventris Group. [Characters under species. ]} MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS (Aupuson & BacuMan). [Synonymy under subspecies. ]
External characters.—Size variable (small to medium);! tail rela- tively long (about 25 to 30 per cent of total length); ears small; sole pads as in the monaz group (see PL. III, fig. 2); mammae: P. 2; A. 2; T.4=10; head usually with white markings between eyes (absent or reduced in obscura); sides of neck with conspicuous buffy patches; feet varying from light buff to hazel or dark brown (never black); tail mixed hazel and dark brown (fading to clay color).
Cramal characters—Skull similar in general outline to that of monax; interorbital region relatively narrower; postorbital processes longer and slenderer, projecting slightly back of a lme drawn across their bases at right angles to axis of skull; nasals decidedly narrowed posteriorly, where their width is equal to or less than that of nasal branches of premaxillae; temporal ridges usually united in old age to form a well-defined but rather low sagittal crest; floor of basi-occipital with a median subcircular depression, bounded laterally by two low processes which converge and unite into a ridge near the inferior lip of the foramen magnum; posterior border of palate beveled at an ob- tuse angle; interpterygoid fossa relatively narrow; palatal foramina usually contracted posteriorly or of equal width throughout; molar teeth light; maxillary tooth rows slightly divergent anteriorly; ante- rior face of incisors yellowish white to zinc orange.
1 Two adult male specimens of M. flaviventris nosophora weighed, respectively, 10 and 12 pounds; two adult males of M. flaviventris dacota, 8 and 17 pounds, the latter being very fat.
1915.} MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 37
Color.—General tone of upperparts vinaceous- or orange-cinnamon, hazel, chestnut-brown, or vandyke brown; underfur of upperparts at base mouse gray, fuscous, bister, clove brown, or blackish brown, succeeded by pinkish-, ochraceous-, or cinnamon-buff, pinkish-, vina- ceous-, or orange-cinnamon, cartridge- or tilleul-buff, buffy white, hazel, or pale russet; long hairs chestnut-brown, olive-brown, hazel, or black, tipped with light buff, ochraceous- or cinnamon-buff, or white; top of head and face-cinnamon-drab, chestnut, bay, chestnut-, vandyke-, or clove-brown, or black; sides of face chestnut-brown or blackish brown, more or less mixed with white or-buff; face usually more or less extensively marked with a band or patch of white or buff between the eyes (nearly obsolete in obscura); borders of nose, lips, and chin white or ochraceous-buff; sides of neck usually with conspicuous patches of ochraceous-buff or cinnamon-buff (nearly obsolete in obscura); underparts ochraceous-buff, ochraceous-tawny, hazel, chestnut-, kaiser-, or blackish-brown, often varied with russet, Sanford’s brown, tawny, or pale buff; fore legs ochraceous- buff, tawny, hazel, russet, or kaiser brown, the feet chestnut-brown, russet, auburn, pinkish cinnamon, or cinnamon-buff; hind legs ochraceous-buff, tawny, or hazel (rarely brownish), the feet vary- ing from light buff or pinkish cinnamon to russet, hazel, chestnut- brown, or blackish brown; tail above, hazel, tawny, chestnut-brown, blackish brown, or (in faded pelage) clay color; beneath, blackish brown or chestnut-brown; ears usually some shade of buff, bordered with dark brown.
Geographic distribution—From the interior valleys of southern British Columbia south in the Great Basin to the Toyabe Mountains, Nev., and Parawan Mountains, Utah; in the Cascade-Sierra system, from Mount Hood, Oreg., to vicinity of Owens Lake, Cal.; and in the Rocky Mountain system, from Flathead Lake, Mont., to the Pecos River Mountains, N. Mex.;' east to the Black Hills, S. Dak.; confined to mountains, foothills, and rocky canyons, not occurring on the plains proper. (See fig. 2.)
Remarks — Marmota flavwentris usually may be readily distin- guished from J. monax by the more ochraceous coloration, by the buffy, hazel, or tawny legs and feet (the latter usually black or black- ish brown in monazx), and by the presence of white or buffy face markings; occasional specimens of MM. flaviventris obscura and WM. flaviventris luteola rather closely resemble certain specimens of the monaz group, but always lack the deep reddish hairs on the fore legs.
1 Formerly to the Manzano and Datil Mountains (vicinity of Old Fort Tularosa).
Ye, oe ; S ‘D, =| - D f ee
2\ oF
7 a a Li tA : Ye} t a “a =e ES 2k A teael
i
au
44 (=
| 2. M. flaviventris flaviventris +9 Bierrae avara
Fig. 2.—Distribution of the Marmota flaviventris group. Unshaded areas within the range of the group indicate a lack of definite knowledge as to the subspecies occurring there.
1915.] MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 89 MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS FLAVIVENTRIS (Aupunon & BacuMay). YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOT.
(Pl. III, fig. 2; Pl. VII, fig. 1; Pl. XIII, fig. 1.)
Arctomys flaviventer Audubon & Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1841, p. 99; Quad. N. Am., III, 1853, p. 160, Pl. CKXXIV. [ Marmota] flaviventer Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. Suppl., 1904, p. 344.
Type locality—‘‘ Mountains between Texas and California’’— here fixed on Mount Hood, Oreg. (See remarks following, p. 40.)
Distribution —The Cascade Range in Oregon and the northern Sierra in California, south to Lake Tahoe.
Characters.—Size large; general tone of upperparts russet, grizzled with white, the fore back sometimes overlaid with a rather indistinct buffy mantle; underparts ochraceous-buff to hazel; feet ochraceous or hazel; skull massive.
Color—Underfur of upperparts deep mouse gray at base, suc- ceeded by a broad area of buffy white, the latter shading on hinder back to pinkish cinnamon (sometimes to hazel); long hairs chestnut- brown or clove brown subterminally, tipped on fore back with light buff, on hinder back with white; top of head and face chestnut- brown to blackish brown, sometimes varied with cinnamon-drab, with an indistinct band of buffy white or ochraceous-buff across face in front of eyes; sides of face mixed chestnut-brown and cinnamon-buff; sides of neck with large patches of light ochraceous-buff; fore legs and feet tawny to hazel; hind feet light ochraceous-buff more or less varied with light hazel; tail hazel (fading to clay color), the bases of the hairs and under surface natal brown, varying to chestnut-brown or blackish brown; underparts ochraceous-buff, varying to hazel, becoming light ochraceous-buff around base of tail, the bases of some of the hairs indistinctly chestnut-brown; sides of nose, lips, and chin white, often varied with ochraceous-tawny around nose and edged with hazel or kaiser brown on throat.
Skull—Largest of any member of the group; relatively long and narrow; nasals long, and narrow posteriorly; nasal branches of pre- maxillae broad; postorbital constriction broad; rostrum long and nar- row; palatal foramina narrow.
Measurements.—Adult male from Donner, Cal.: Total length, 700; tail vertebrae, 180; hind foot, 90. Adult female from Crater Lake, Oreg.: 640; 170; 80. Adult female from Donner, Cal.: 600; 170; 85. Skull: Adult male:! Condylo-basal length, 92.5-97.1 (average 94.5); palatal length, 52.3-55 (53.8); postpalatal length, 37.6-38.2 (37.9); length of nasals, 42.5-42.6; zygomatic breadth, 62.3; breadth across mastoids, 41.1-46.2 (43.9); least interorbital breadth, 21.2-23 (22.1); breadth of rostrum, 22.3-23 (22.8); maxillary tooth row, 19.5-
1 Three specimens from Mount Hood, Oreg., and Fort Crook and Donner, Cai.
AO NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No 3%; |
20.9 (20.1). Adult female:' Condylo-basal length, 82-87 (84.2); palatal length, 45.8-48.7 (47.6); postpalatal length, 30.6-34.5 (84.1); length of nasals, 34.5-37.2 (85.9); zygomatic breadth, 54.4-58.4 (55.9); breadth across mastoids, 38.5-40.7 (39.8); least interorbital breadth, 17.3-19.3 (18.5); breadth of rostrum, 17.8-21.4 (19.8); maxillary tooth row, 19.5-22.1 (20.5).
Remarks.—This species was described in 1841 and the name has been in use ever since in a broad sense for the marmots of the Sierra- Cascade range and, by most authors, for the Rocky Mountain forms as well. The original describers’ statement as to the source of the type specimen—‘‘mountains between Texas. and California’’—is not only too indefinite to be of use, but the evidence points to its being incorrect. The type specimen, as stated by Audubon and Bachman, was obtained by David Douglass and (the skin only) is still in a fair state of preservation in the British Museum, but unfortunately is unaccompanied by data to show where it was collected. Douglass’s journal has been published,? and from it we learn that he spent a considerable time at Fort Vancouver near the mouth of the Columbia River, whence he made journeys up the Co- lumbia- and Willamette Valleys and through eastern Washington and southern British Columbia. He spent some time, also, on the coast of California, below Monterey, but apparently never visited either the Sierra or the Cascades proper. His journal does not men- tion the capture of any marmots.? He might easily have secured the type specimen on his journey through eastern Washington, in which case it would be the form now known as avara, or he might have obtained it from Indians or travelers who had visited Mount Hood— a comparatively short distance from his headquarters—in which case it would be referable to the form which now bears the name flaw- veniris. In order to settle the question a specimen from Mount Hood and one from Okanogan, British Columbia, were submitted to Oldfield Thomas, who compared them with the type in the British Museum. He states as follows:
The underside of forearms [in the type] are about as rufous and its rump as brown and finely speckled as the Oregon specimen, but it has got distinctly the broadly buffy mantle on the fore back so marked in the British Columbia specimen. The type is a good adult skin which has borne remaking very well. The skull, unfortunately, is not in existence. ;
The buffy mantle of which Mr. Thomas speaks is not a diagnostic character, since it appears in both the British Columbia and Cascade forms. ‘The rufous color of the fore legs, however, is diagnostic,
1 Seven specimens from Crater Lake, Oreg., and northern parts of Sierra Nevada, Cal.
2 Hooker, W. J. Companion to Botanical Mag., II, 1836, pp. 79-182.
3 The statement [p. 92] that a curious species of Arctomys was secured and other references to ‘‘Arctomys brachyurus”’ [pp. 101-115] doubtless refer to species of either Citellus or A plodontia.
1915.} MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 4]
and, except for size and cranial characters, is the only sure distin- guishing characteristic of the two forms. It seems clear, therefore, that the name flaviventris must be applied to the darker of the two forms found in Oregon and Washington, and I have therefore selected Mount Hood, Oreg., as the type locality. The series available from the Cascades is small and contains only one adult male skulli—an old weathered specimen picked up on Mount Hood. Several adult fe- males in the collection from Crater Lake and the Klamath Lake region, however, agree essentially with specimens from Fort Crook and the northern Sierra of California. South of Lake Tahoe flaw- ventris grades imperceptibly into the subspecies sierrae, occupying the southern end of the Sierra Nevada, in the Mount Whitney region. Intergradation with avara occurs in the region east of Klamath Lake and probably all along the east base of the Cascades. Specumens examined.—Total number, 48, as follows: California: Donner, 17; Emerald Bay, 1; Fort Crook, 3; Glen Alpine Springs, El Dorado County, 2;! Hope Valley, Alpine County, 2; Lassen Creek, Warner Mountains, 1; Mount Lassen, 2; Pine Creek, Lassen County, 1. Nevada: Mount Siegel, Douglas County, 1; Winters Mine, Douglas County, 1.? Oregon: Crater Lake, 2; Fort Klamath, 3; Klamath Lake, 6; Linkville, 2; Mount Hood, 3; Summer Lake, 1.
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS AVARA (BaAnGs). PatitiIp YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOT. (Ee, Viilbw hic. 3-7 Plis OTT fo.)
Arctomys flaviventer avarus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, I, 1899, p. 68. [ Marmota flaviventer] avarus Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.
Type locality —Okanogan, British Columbia.
Mstribution.—Interior valleys and foothills of southern British Co- lumbia and eastern Washington and Oregen.
Characters —Simnilar to flaviventris, but smaller and colors paler, especially the underfur and fore legs; upperparts more extensively overlaid with buff. |
Color.—General tone of upperparts chestnut-brown, heavily griz- zled with buff; underfur at base deep mouse gray (varying to pale fuscous) succeeded by buffy white, the latter shading to light pinkish cinnamon on hinder back; long hairs blackish brown or clove brown subterminally, extensively tipped on fore back with warm buff and on hinder back with light buff; head and face blackish brown or dark chestnut-brown, with an indistinct narrow band of white or buff across face in front of eyes; sides of neck warm buff; fore legs and feet ochraceous-buff; hind legs, hind feet, and buttocks light ochra- ceous-buff, the feet varying to hazel; tail hazel, the hairs tipped
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California. 2 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
49, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
with warm buff, their bases chestnut-brown; underparts ochraceous- buff or light ochraceous-buff, the bases of the hairs on belly chestnut- brown; sides of nose, lips, and chin white, bordered on throat with hazel.
Skull.—Similar to that of flaviventris, but decidedly smaller; nasals shorter, ending but little back of posterior border of premaxillae.
Measuremenis.—Adult male: Total length, 495-660 (average 554); tail vertebrae, 149-178 (165); hind foot, 76-80 (78). Skull: Adult male: ? Condylo-basal length, 85.7-86.5 (86.1); palatal length, 47.9-48.8 (48.3); postpalatal length, 34-34.8 (84.4); length of nasals, 36.6-37.6 (37.1); zygomatic breadth, 55.6-56.7 (56.1); breadth across mastoids, 39.1-42.2 (40.6); least interorbital breadth, 17.8-19.5 (18.6); breadth of rostrum, 19.4-20 (19.7); maxillary tooth row, 19-19.3. Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 76.4-79.4 (77.9); palatal length, 42.6-44.6 (43.6); postpalatal length, 30.3-31 (80.7); length of nasals, 31.5-33.5 (32.8); zygomatic breadth, 52.4-52.7 (52.5); breadth across mastoids, 37.6-38.6 (38); least interorbital breadth, 17.1-18 (17.6); breadth of rostrum, 16.8-18.3 (17.3); max- illary tooth row, 17.8-19.1 (18.5).
Remarks.—This is a small, pale race of flaviventris living in the low foothills of eastern Oregon and Washington and southern British Columbia. It intergrades with flaviveniris along the eastern base of the Cascades, in Oregon; with nosophora in northwestern Montana; and probably with parvula in northern Nevada. Specimens from Spokane Bridge, Wash., are a little darker than the typical form, and one from Elgin, Oreg., has a slightly larger skull. Specimens from Rockland, Wash., are intermediate between avara and flavi- ventris. Melanistic individuals are rare in this race; one from Pull- man, Wash., has the fore back solid black, faintly grizzled with white, and the underfur pale gray; the hinder back is gray, the hairs being black subterminally and tipped with white; the belly and feet are black varied with buff; and the tail is black varied with tawny and white.
Specumens examrned.—Total number, 53, as follows:
British Columbia: Ashcroft, 8; Cascade, 6;* Midway, 9;*)5® Nicola Valley, 1;6 Okanogan, 9; Penticton, 1;4 Vernon, 1. Oregon: Elgin, 2; Harney, 2; Guano Creek, Lake County, 1.
Washington: Cheney, 1; Diamond, 1; Douglas, 1; Pullman (14 miles south- west), 1; Rockland, 4; Spokane Bridge, 5.
1 Four specimens from Okanogan, British Columbia; and Douglas, Wash. 2 Two specimens from Okanogan and Cascade, British Columbia.
3 Four specimens from southern British Columbia.
4 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
5 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
§ Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1915.] MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 43
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS SIERRAE sussp. nov. SouTHERN SreRRA MARMOT. (Pl. IV, fig. 4.)
Type from head of Kern River, Mount Whitney, Cal. (altitude, 9,300 feet). Adult ?, No. 39984, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Collected Sept. 3, 1891, by Vernon Bailey; original number, 3242.
Distribution.—Higher parts of the southern Sierra Nevada om upper Kern River north to vicinity of Mono Lake.
Characters —Similar to flavwentris, but colors redder and buffy mantle reduced or obsolete; skull smaller.
Color.—General tone of upperparts vinaceous-cinnamon to mikado brown, narrowly grizzled with white; underfur at base pale bister succeeded by pale pinkish buff, shading at tips into vinaceous- cinnamon and on hinder back to orange-cinnamon or mikado brown; long hairs chestnut-brown or blackish brown subterminally, tipped with white or buffy white; top of head and face dark cinnamon- drab to clove brown, with a rather large patch of white in front of eyes; sides of neck warm buff; fore legs and feet hazel varied with light ochraceous-buff; hind feet similar, or sometimes light buff, varied with brown; tail hazel, the bases of hairs light bister; underparts light ochraceous-buff, much mixed on sides and belly and bordered on throat with mikado brown.
Skull.—Similar to that of flaviventris, but decidedly smaller; very similar to that of avara but averaging slightly larger, and nasals longer.
Measurements—Adult male topotype: Total length, 600; tail vertebrae, 200; hind foot, 83. Adult male:' 600; 165; 80. Adult female:? 555-645 (average 593); 167-186 (176); 75-80 (77). Skull: Adult male:* Condylo-basal length, 79.1-85.5 (average 84.7); palatal length, 44-50.5 (47.7); postpalatal length, 30.8-35 (83); length of nasals, 32.6-39 (36.3); zygomatic breadth, 52-58.3 (55.8); breadth across mastoids, 37.5-43.6 (40.8); least interorbital breadth, 17-20.3 (18.1); breadth of rostrum, 17-20 (18.6); maxillary tooth row, 20.2-20.7 (20.4). Adult female: ? Condylo-basal length, 77.1- 83.2 (80.1); palatal length, 43.2—47.2 (45.5); postpalatal length, 28.7- 32.2 (30.5); length of nasals, 30.7-36.5 (34.2); zygomatic breadth, 51.4-55.4 (53.6); breadth across mastoids, 37-40 (38.4); least inter- orbital breadth, 15-18.7 (17.2); breadth of rostrum, 17.4—20.2 (18.4); maxillary tooth row, 19-20.2 (19.7).
Remarks.—By reason of the scarcity of specimens from the Cas- cades (the type region of flaviventris) it is impossible satisfactorily to
1 One specimen from East Fork Kaweah River, Cal.
2 Five specimens from southern Sierra Nevada, Cal. 3 Six specimens from southern Sierra Nevada, Cal.
44 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
characterize this southern race. The available specimens, however, show a decided reduction in size of skull southward, the small form apparently being confined to the high Sierra south of Mono Lake. Intergradation with flavwentris occurs in the region between Mono Lake and Lake Tahoe, and with parvula in the White Mountains, on the boundary between California and Nevada.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 47, as follows:
California: Big Meadows, Tulare County, 3; Bishop Creek (altitude, 8,000 feet), 2; Cannell Meadows, Tulare County, 2;! Cottonwood Lakes, Inyo County, 3;! Independence Lake, 1;! Kaweah River (East Fork), 3; Lake Tenaya, 1; Menache Meadows (near Olancha Peak), 1; Mount Lyell, 1; Mount Whitney, 9; Mulkey Meadows (15 miles south of Mount Whitney), 1; Owens River (near Mammoth Pass), 1; Round Valley (12 miles south of Mount Whitney), 2; San Joaquin River (near head), 4; Siberian Outpost, Tulare County, 1;! Tuolumne Meadows, 10; Whitney Creek, Tulare County, 1;1 Whitney Meadow, Tulare County, 1.!
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS PARVULA Howe t. NEVADA MARMOT. . (PI Vil; figs2; PP Xie foe 2)) Marmota flaviventer parvula Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 1914, p. 14.
Type locality.—Jefierson, Toquima Range, Nye County, Nev. (about 10 miles north of Belmont).
Distribution.—Toyabe and Toquima Ranges, Nev.; and White Mountains, Cal. (occurring from about 7,800 to 10,000 feet altitude); probably occupies also other desert ranges in central Nevada.
Characters.—Similar to avara, but smaller and colors darker; in color resembling sierrae, but upperparts less reddish and overlaid with a buffy mantle; skull smaller than that of avara, with narrower rostrum.
Color.—Underfur of upperparts slaty fuscous at base, succeeded by a broad area of cartridge buff on fore back and by light vinaceous- cinnamon on hinder back; long hairs dark brown subterminally, tipped on fore back with warm buff and on hinder back with white; top of head and face dark vandyke brown; a band of buff or buffy white across face in front of eyes; sides of nose and lips and a large patch on chin white varied with buff; sides of neck with a conspicu- ous patch of warm buff or cinnamon-buff; underparts ochraceous- tawny, shading to russet on abdomen and throat; fore legs tawny or russet, tipped with ochraceous-buff; fore and hind feet varying from light pinkish cinnamon to russet; tail above, dark chestnut-brown varied with tawny and grizzled with buff; beneath, blackish brown.
Skull.—Similar to that of avara, but decidediy smaller, with rostrum narrowed anteriorly.
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
1915.] MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 45
Measurements.—Adult female:1 Total length, 470-500 (average, 480); tail vertebrae, 130-150 (141); hind foot, 70. Skull: Adult female:? Condylo-basal length, 71.3-73 (72.2); palatal length, 39.441 (40.2); postpalatal length, 27-28.6 (27.8); length of nasals, 29.4-30.5 (30); zygomatic breadth, 48.6—-49 (48.8); breadth across mastoids, 34.2-34.3; least interorbital breadth, 15.5-15.6; breadth of rostrum, 17.2-17.4 (17.3); maxillary tooth row, 17.7-18.6 (18.2).
Remarks.—This is the smallest of the races of flaviventris. It most resembles typical flaviveniris in color, but is even smaller than avara. Its small size was noted in the field by Vernon Bailey, who collected the type series. The range of the subspecies is not definitely known but probably extends at least to the Ruby Mountains where, on top of one of the peaks, Mr. Bailey found evidences of the presence of marmots.
A small series in badly worn pelage from White Mountains, Cal., is provisionally referred to this race, the specimens being intermediate in size between parvula and sierrae, and agreeing fairly well in color with the former, except for a stronger suffusion of red. One adult female skull agrees with skulls of parvula while a subadult male agrees equally well with comparable specimens of sverrae.
Two very young specimens from Mountain City, northeastern Nevada, are also provisionally referred to this race.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 16, as follows:
_ Nevada: Arc Dome, Toyabe Range, 6; Jefferson, Toquima Range, 1; Mountain
City, 2. California: White Mountains (altitude 9,300-10,000 feet), 7.
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS ENGELHARDTI Atizen. ENGELHARDT Marmot. (Pl Vil, fig A; Pl. XII, fig.;4.) Marmota engelhardti Allen, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts & Sci., Sci. Bul., I, 1905, p. 120.
Type locality—Briggs [=Britt’s] Meadow, Beaver Range, Utah (altitude 10,000 feet).
Distribution.—Beaver and Parawan Mountains, southern Utah; also Midvale, Idaho; exact limits of range unknown.
Characters.—Similar to flaviventris but smaller; underparts and hind feet darker (redder); buffy patches on sides of neck less exten- sive; larger than parvula, with darker feet and underfur; skull sim- ilar to that of avara but bullae larger.
Color.—General tone of upperparts vandyke brown, grizzled with buffy white; underfur fuscous at base succeeded by pinkish buff or pinksh cinnamon, the latter shading on sides to Rood’s brown; long hairs blackish brown, tipped with light buff or buffy white; top of
1 Three specimens from Toyabe and Toquima Ranges, Nev. 2 Two specimens from same localities.
46 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
head and face blackish brown, with an irregular white patch in front of eyes; sides of head mixed brown and buffy white; sides of neck with a small area of ochraceous-buff; legs and feet hazel; tail above, dark clove brown, tipped with hazel; beneath, blackish brown; under- parts hazel or ochraceous-tawny, the bases of hairs blackish brown; sides of nose, lips, and chin, white.
Skull—Similar to that of avara but audital bullae averaging larger and more inflated. - _Measurements.—Adult female topotype: Total length, 525; tail vertebrae,110;? hind foot,75. Adult female from Parawan Mountains, Utah: 554; 154; 68. Immature female topotypes:* 485-535 (average 507); 189-163 (151); 71-77 (73). Skull: Adult female:* Condylo- basal length, 76.8-80 (78.4); palatal length, 43.5-46.1 (44.8); post- palatal length, 29.5-30.7 (30.1); length of nasals, 31-34.6 (32.8); zygomatic breadth, 52.3-54 (53); breadth across mastoids, 36.5-37.7 (37.2); least interorbital breadth, 16.3-18 (17.1); breadth of rostrum, 17.8-18 (17.9); maxillary tooth row, 18.8-19 (18.9).
Remarks.—This race is an intermediate form connecting flaviventris and nosophora, darker beneath than the former but not so reddish as the latter and lacking also its buffy mantle. It is about the size of avara with a somewhat shorter tail, but much darker in color. A specimen from Parawan Mountains, Utah, is paler beneath than the type and topotypes, the underparts (except throat) and hind feet being ochraceous-buff varied with brownish. An immature specimen from Midvale, Idaho, provisionally referred to this form, agrees with it in color, except that the underfur on the shoulders is paler (light buff), and in skull characters so far as they can be determined.
Specimens ecamined.—Total number, 12, as follows:
Idaho: Midvale, 1. Utah: Beaver Mountains, 6;° Parawan Mountains, 5.
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS NOSOPHORA HoweEtt. GOLDEN-MANTLED Marmot. (Pl. I; Pl. VIII, fig. 1; Pl. XIV, fig. 1.) Marmotaflaviventer nosophora Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p. 15.
Type locahty——Willow Creek, 7 miles east of Corvallis, Mont. (altitude 4,000 feet).
DistributionRocky Mountain region of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, from Flathead Lake, Mont., south to the Wasatch Moun- tains, Utah, and east to the Bighorn Mountains, Wyo.; altitudinal range from about 3,000 to 11,800 feet.
1 No adult males examined.
2 Apparently abnormally short.
8 Three specimens.
4 Three specimens from Beaver and Parawan Ranges, Utah. 5 Including type in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1915.] MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 47
Characters.—About the size of engelhardti, but with longer tail; colors much more ochraceous above and redder below, the fore part of back overlaid with a mantle of golden buff. Compared with dacota: Slightly smaller, with upperparts less extensively reddish and more mixed with black, and underfur decidedly paler; skull averaging smaller, with relatively slenderer rostrum and much smaller palatal foramina. |
Color—Underfur of upperparts at base blackish brown on fore part of body, becoming fuscous on hinder parts, succeeded by a broad area of whitish buff (tilleul buff of Ridgway) shading (on hinder back) to pinkish cinnamon or pale russet; long hairs black subterminally, broadly tipped on fore part of back with warm- or ochraceous-buff and on hinder part with white or buffy white; top and sides of head blackish brown, with a conspicuous band of white or buffy white across face in front of eyes; sides of face mixed with cinnamon or white; sides of nose, lips, and chin white or buffy white; sides of neck with ochraceous-buff patches behind ears; fore legs kaiser brown; hind legs and rump warm buff; hind feet hazel to russet; tail chestnut-brown or blackish brown, varied with hazel or cinnamon-buff (fading to dull cinnamon or clay color); underparts hazel shaded with kaiser brown, becoming bright chestnut on throat and sometimes on belly. Variation: A dark, brownish color-phase occurring rarely, and seemingly most frequent at high altitudes, may be described as follows: General tone of upperparts dark brown grizzled with white; underfur at base mouse gray (shading on hinder back to fuscous) succeeded by buffy white (shading on hinder back to ight pinkish cinnamon); long hairs blackish brown, tipped with white; top and sides of head blackish brown; underparts mixed blackish brown and pinkish buff in about equal proportions; throat shaded with russet; feet and tail blackish brown; legs brownish mixed with ochraceous-tawny. (Specimen from Lake Fork, Wind River Mountains, Wyo.; altitude 10,600 feet.)
Skull—FKemales averaging larger than those of engelhardti, with broader rostrum and interorbital region and smaller bullae. Com- pared with dacota: Smaller, with narrower rostrum and interorbital region, and much smaller palatal foramina.
Measurements—Adult male: Total length, 590-600 (average 595); tail vertebrae 159-170 (165); hind foot, 78-79 (78.5). Old male from Pryor Mountains, Mont.: 670; 165; 96. Adult female:? 534— 591 (565); 145-175 (165); 75-85 (78). Skull: Adult male:# Condylo- basal length, 86.7-94.2 (90.6); palatal length, 47.7-53 (50.7); post- palatal length, 34.2-37.2 (36.2); length of nasals, 35.1—-40.4 (87.8); zygomatic breadth, 55.7-63.7 (59); breadth across mastoids, 41.3-45
1 Two specimens from Bitterroot Valley, Mont.
2 Seven specimens from Bitterroot Valley, Mont. 3 Six specimens from Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming.
48 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
(43); least interorbital breadth, 17.8—22.2 (20.1); breadth of rostrum, 19-20.5 (19.8); maxillary tooth row, 19.3-20.8 (20). Adult female:! Condylo-basal length, 78.2-83.8 (80.4); palatal length, 44.1-47-(45.1); postpalatal length, 29.4~33.5 (381.2); length of nasals, 30.8-34.8 (82.4); zygomatic breadth, 53.2-54.5 (53.9); breadth across mastoids, 37.4— 41.6 (89); least interorbital breadth, 18.5-19.7 (19.1); breadth of ros- trum, 17-19.3 (18.3); maxillary tooth row, 19.7—20.5 (20.1).
Remarks.—This subspecies, one of the handsomest members of the flavweniris group, is abundant and generally distributed in the northern Rocky Mountain region of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Closely related to dacota of the Black Hills, it probably intergrades with that race in central Wyoming. Specimens from the northern limit of its range (Horse Plains and Weeksville, Mont.) are consider- ably paler than the typical form, showing approach to avara. The southern limits of the range of nosophora are not known, only a few specimens having been seen from the Wasatch Mountains, and none from the Uinta Mountains, Utah. Intergradation with engelhardti probably occurs where their ranges meet.
A brown phase of this subspecies, having the tips of the hairs white instead of cinnamon-buff and the underparts mixed brown and buff instead of red, occurs in some localities with the normal phase. Several immature specimens, varying somewhat in color, have been examined from near timberline in the Wind River Mountains, Wyo. An adult female in very worn pelage from timberline in the Bear- tooth Mountains, Mont., is similar to those from the Wind River Mountains, but the brown of the upperparts is paler, evidently faded, and the underparts are mixed chestnut and black, shaded with > tawny. Some specimens in this phase somewhat resemble ex- ternally the members of the monaz group but the skulls are typical of nosophora.
This marmot serves as a host for the Rocky Mountain fever tick (Dermacentor venustus) and thus aids in the dissemination of the deadly spotted fever, particularly along the western side of the Bitterroot Valley, Mont., where the disease occurs in its most virulent form.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 62, as follows:
Idaho: Bear Lake (east side), 1; Bridge, 1; Conant Creek (upper Snake River), 1; Grace, 2; Henry Fork of Snake River, 1; Irwin (20 miles northwest), 1; Island Park, Snake River, 1; Moody Creek (upper Snake River), 1; Preuss Mountains, 1; Sawtooth National Forest, 2; Teton Basin, 1.
Montana: Bass Creek (in mountains northwest of Stevensville), 3; Beartooth Mountains, 3; Bozeman, 1; Como Lake, 1; Florence, 2; Horse Plains, 4;
Jardine, 1; Pryor Mountains, 2; Ross Fork (15 miles above Darby), 2; Weeks- ville, 1; Willow Creek (in mountains east of Corvallis), 3.
1 Five specimens from Bitterroot Valley, Montana.
1915.] MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 49
Utah: Blacksmith’s Fork (near head), 1; Laketown, 1; Park City, Wasatch Mountains, 3.
Wyoming: Bighorn Mountains (Trapper’s Creek), 6; Fremont Peak, 2; Jackson, 2; Kendall (12 miles north), 1; Lake Fork, Wind River Mountains, 3; Little Sandy Creek, 3; Lost Cabin (15 miles northwest), 1; Pahaska, 1; Salt River Mountains (10 miles southeast of Afton), 1; Sheridan, 1.
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS DACOTA (MERRIAM). Brack Hints Marmot. (PI LV; fig: 1; Pl VIIE, fie. 3+ Pl. XIV; fie 2.)
Arctomys flaviventer Grinnell, Ludlow’s Black Hills of Dakota, 1875, p. 82. (Not of Audubon & Bachman).
Arctomys dacota Merriam, N. Am. Fauna No. 2, 1889, p. 8.
[ Marmota] dacota Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.
Type locality Custer, S. Dak.
Distribution —Black Hills, S. Dak., and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo., southwest to Bridger Pass, Wyo.
Characters.—Size large (equaling flaviventris); color similar to that of nosophora but underfur redder and less mixed with black; skull large, with broad rostrum and very large palatal foramina.
Color—General tone of upperparts orange-cinnamon overlaid with warm buff; underfur at base fuscous or dark mouse gray, succeeded by pinkish cinnamon or vinaceous-cinnamon on fore back and by orange-cinnamon on hinder back, darkening to kaiser brown on sides (sometimes vinaceous-cinnamon to roots on fore back); long hairs on fore back bright cinnamon-buff at tips with an indis- tinct subterminal band of hazel or chestnut-brown; on hinder back chestnut-brown or blackish brown, tipped with white; buttocks warm buff; top of head and nose blackish brown with a band of yellowish white across face in front of eyes; sides of nose, lips, and chin, white or yellowish white; fore legs kaiser brown, feet russet; hind feet hazel; tail above, hazel mixed with chestnut-brown; beneath, blackish brown; underparts kaiser brown shaded with ochraceous- buff.
Skull_—Similar to that of nosophora but larger, with broad rostrum and broad palatal foramina.
Measurements.—Adult male:' Total length, 610-680 (average 643); tail vertebrae, 178-200 (185); hind foot, 81-92 (85). Adult female: ? 525-627 (602); 130-188 (168); 79-84 (81). Skull: Adult male:? Condylo-basal length, 89.4-95.7 (92.5); palatal length, 50.8-52.2 (51.6); postpalatal length, 35-38.2 (36.6); length of nasals, 37.8-41.1 (39); zygomatic breadth, 59.5-61.4 (60.7); breadth across
1 Five specimens from Black Hills, S. Dak., and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo.
2 Five specimens from Black Hills, 8. Dak. 3 Three specimens from Black Hills, 8. Dak., and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo.
69168°—15——-4
50 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37. -
mastoids, 42.3-44.7 (43.3); least interorbital breadth, 21.8-23.2 (22.6); breadth of rostrum, 22-23.6 (23); maxillary tooth row, 21-21.7 (21.4). Adult female:' Condylo-basal length, 81.4-84.5 (83.1); palatal length, 45.4-47.7 (46.8); postpalatal length, 31.6-33 (32.4); length of nasals, 31.5-35.5 (33.9); zygomatic breadth, 54.2- 56.7 (55.5); breadth across mastoids, 39.4-42.3 (40.5); least inter- orbital breadth, 19.6—22.5 (20.6); breadth of rostrum, 20—-22.3 (20.9); maxillary tooth row, 20.1-20.5 (20.4).
Remarks.—This form is the brightest of all the races of the species, the red and yellow shades being most pronounced and the blacks and browns reduced to a minimum. It is abundant in the Black Hills and apparently ranges through eastern Wyoming to Bridger Pass, intergrating with luteola in the Laramie Mountains.
Specomens examined.—Total number, 19, as follows:
South Dakota: ‘‘Black Hills,’ 1; Custer, 8; Savoy, 5; Tigerville (near Hill
City). 1: Wyoming: Bear Lodge Mountains, 1; Bridger Pass, 3.
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS LUTEOLA Howett. Park MARMOT. GPl VILL fig. 25 (Pl XV ties)
Arctomys flaviventer Allen, Bul. Essex Inst., VI, 1874, p. 57. (Not of Audubon & Bachman.) :
Marmota flaviventer Warren, Colorado Coll. Pub., Sci. Ser., XI, No. 46, 1906, p. 243. (Not of Audubon & Bachman.)
Marmota engelhardti Cary, N. Am. Fauna No. 33, 1911, p. 98. (Not of Allen.)
Marmota flaviventer luteola Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p.15.
Type locality— Woods P. O., in Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyo. (altitude about 7,500 feet).
Distribution —Mountains of northern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, from Park County, Colo., (and probably Fremont County) north to the Laramie Mountains, Wyo.
Characters—About the size of dacota and similar in color to it and nosophora, but underparts yellowish instead of deep red, and fore back overlaid with white instead of warm buff; skull similar to that of nosophora, but averaging narrower.
Color—Normal phase: Underfur of upperparts dark mouse gray at base (shading on hinder back to deep dusky drab), succeeded on fore back by a broad area of warm buff and on hinder back by ochraceous-buff; long hairs blackish brown or dark chestnut-brown, tipped with light buff or buffy white; top of head and nose blackish brown, with a rather large patch of white or ochraceous-buff between eyes; sides of face mixed brown and buff; sides of nose, lips, and chin, white, yellowish white, or ochraceous-buff; sides of neck warm
1 Five specimens from Black Hills, S. Dak.
1915.] MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 51
buff (the underfur ochraceous-buff) ; feet hazel or tawny; tail above, mixed hazel and chestnut-brown; beneath, blackish brown; under- parts ochraceous-buff (bases of hairs brownish) varied with tawny along sides; rump and buttocks warm buff. Dark phase (specimen from Boulder County, Colo., altitude, 8,000 feet): Underfur cmnamon- buff becoming dark cinnamon on hinder back; entire body extensively mixed with dark chestnut-brown hairs, sparingly tipped on back with light buff; feet blackish brown shaded with tawny; light face- markings reduced.
Skull.—Very similar to that of nosophora, but averaging relatively narrower, especially rostrum and interorbital region; bullae smaller.
Measurements.—Adult male:+ Total length, 600-650 (average 623); tail vertebrae, 182-220 (200); hind foot, 86-90 (88). Adult female:? 552-618 (579); 1387-192 (171); 78-85 (81). Skull: Adult male:? Condylo-basal length, 86-92.5 (88.3); palatal length, 48.4— 51.1 (49.5); postpalatal length, 33.5-36.5 (35.2); length of nasals, 36-41 (38.4); zygomatic breadth, 55.7-60 (57.9); breadth across mastoids, 39-43.4 (41.5); least interorbita] breadth, 17.3-21.8 (19.2); breadth of rostrum, 18.9—20.8 (19.6); maxillary tooth row, 19.9-21.4 (20.5). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 78.3-85 (81.4); pal- atal length, 43.7-47.6 (45.7); postpalatal length, 30-33.3 (81.5); length of nasals, 32.5-35 (33.7); zygomatic breadth, 51.7-54.9 (53.3); breadth across mastoids, 37.5-40.5 (38.6); least interorbital breadth, 16.4-17.8 (16.9); breadth of rostrum, 17.3-18.3 (17.8); maxillary tooth row, 19.3-21:4 (20.2).
_Remarks.—In studying the marmots of this and related races in
Colorado several puzzling problems have been encountered, the ma- ' terial at present available being insufficient satisfactorily to work out the characters and exact relationships of the forms. The specimens exhibit considerable individual variation, and, in addition to the dark phase already described, a light phase, eharacterized by less yellow- ish underparts and white tips to the hairs above, occurs in the same localities with the normal phase. Specimens in this light phase are known from Meeker, North Park, and Boulder County (altitude 10,300 feet). They rather closely resemble engelhardit externally, except that the underfur and feet are paler; the skulls, however, are typical of luteola.
The series from Laramie Mountains, Wyo., is intermediate between luteola and dacota, the pelage averaging redder and the skulls relatively shorter and broader than in typical luteola. Most of this series have large ochraceous-buff face markings. The series from Sulphur Springs, Colo., shows intergradation with warreni, the
1 Three specimens from southern Wyoming and northern Colorado. 2 Six speeimens from northern Colorado.
3 Four specimens from Laramie and Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyo., and Mount Lincoln, Colo. 4 Five specimens from northern Colorado.
59 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37..
specimens being considerably redder than typical Juteola; the skulls, however, are typical. Specimens examined.—Total number, 42, as follows: Colorado: Boulder County (altitude 8,000-11,000 feet), 4;1 Coulter, 1; Elk- head Mountains, 1; Estes Park, 1; Lake John, 1;? Longs Peak, 1; Meeker, 2; Middle Park, 1; Mount Lincoln, 6; North Park, 1;* Pikes Peak, 1;? Sheephorn Pass, 4;7 Steamboat Springs (18 miles below), 2;? Sulphur Springs, 5.° Wyoming: Laramie Mountains, 7; Riverside, 2; Sherman, 1; Woods P. O., 1.
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS WARRENI Howe tt. WARREN’S Marmot. (PI-Vi, fic. 4° Pl eh fier) Marmota flaviventer warreni Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XVII, 1914, p. 16.
Type locality. Crested Butte, Colo.
Distribution.—Western Colorado, from Garfield County south to Saguache County; exact limits of range unknown.
Characters.—Size large (equaling dacota) ; colors deep red with little buff; skull similar to that of obscura, larger than that of dacota or luteola.
Color.—General tone of upperparts hazel, the underfur at base between mouse gray and fuscous, succeeded by pinkish cinnamon or cinnamon; long hairs hazel subterminally, tipped with a small area of buffy white; top and sides of head dark chestnut or bay; sides of neck cinnamon-buff; underparts hazel, varied with ochra- ceous-tawny, becoming chestnut on lower abdomen and Sanford’s brown on throat; lips soiled whitish, bordered with cream-buff or pinkish cinnamon; fore legs hazel, shading to auburn on feet; hind feet and toes hazel, varied with cinnamon; tail dark chestnut-brown at base, shading to hazel or tawny; under surface blackish chestnut- brown.. |
Skull—(Known only from females): Larger than that of dacota with longer, slenderer rostrum and narrower palatal foramina; very similar to that of obscura, but averaging longer and relatively narrower.
Measurements.—Adult female (type): Total length, 565; tail verte- brae, 131; hind foot, 82. Skull:® Adult female: Condylo-basal length, 83.3-89.3 (average 85.9); palatal length, 47—49.3 (47.9); post- palatal length, 33.6-36.9 (35.5) length of nasals, 36.8-39.2 (38.1); zygomatic breadth, 57-59 (57.7); breadth across mastoids, 42.9-
1 Two in collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
2 Collection E. R. Warren, Colorado Springs, Colo. 3 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
4 Collection Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist.
5 Three in collection E. R. Warren; one in collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. $ Three specimens from Crested Butte and Mud Springs, Colo.
“4915.1 MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP. 58
44.7 (43.7); least interorbital breadth, 19-21.2 (20.2); breadth of rostrum, 18.7-20.3 (19.6); maxillary tooth row, 14.9-20.5 (17.4).
Remarks.—This form most nearly resembles lJuteola in color, but is much redder (less yellowish). Its skull also is much larger, agree- ing rather with that of obscura. It is known from only a few speci- mens and its range has not been definitely determined. It probably will be found throughout west-central Colorado and adjacent parts of Utah. In both size and color it differs markedly from engelhardti, but additional material may show that the two forms intergrade. Intergradation with luteola is indicated by a series of specimens from Sulphur Springs (referred to luteola), and with obscura by a specimen from Florida, Colo. (referred to obscura).
Specimens examined.—Total number, 11, as follows:
Colorado: Crested Butte, 4;! Cochetopa Pass (9 miles south), 1; Mud Springs, ‘Garfield County, 5;? Sapinero, 1.
MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS OBSCURA Howe tt. Dusky Marmot. (PIO 1h, fig? 2-Pl Vill, fic. 4; Pl. XIV? fig. 4.) Marmota flaviventer obscura Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p. 16.
Type locality Wheeler Peak, 5 miles south of Twining, N. Mex. (altitude, 11,300 feet).
Distribution.—Upper slopes of high peaks in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, from Pecos Baldy, N. Mex., north to Sierra Blanea, vicinity of Fort Garland, and to San Juan Range near Osier, Colo. (formerly in the Manzano and Datil Mountains, N. Mex.); occurs in Hudsonian and upper Canadian Zones from about 9,600 feet alti- tude to the summits of the peaks (13,300-13,700 feet).
Characters.—Size large (exceeding dacota and equaling flaviventris) ; sexes about same size; taillong; colors dark brown mixed with white, with relatively little of the buff or tawny shades of other races; face usually without white markings; skull similar to those of warreni and dacota.
Color.—Adults: General tone of upperparts dark brown, grizzled with white, becoming cinnamon on hinder back in some individuals; underfur clove brown succeeded by pinkish buff, shading in some specimens to pinkish cinnamon on hinder back and rump; long hairs dark chestnut-brown, finely grizzled with white; head and face dark chestnut-brown or black, grizzled with white on sides of face, rarely with a whitish band across nose; sides of nose, lips, and chin, white or buffy white; feet dark chestnut-brown often extensively mixed with white or buffy hairs, or sometimes cinnamon-buff shaded with dark brown; tail chestnut-brown, shading to blackish brown beneath;
1 Three in collection E. R. Warren. 2 Four in collection E. R. Warren; one in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
54 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37. -
underparts mixed dark chestnut-brown or blackish brown and pale buff (tilleul buff of Ridgway) in varying proportions, buff usually most pronounced in the median line; chin, and sometimes throat, shaded with tawny or bay. Young (Osier, Colo.): General tone above, clove brown (becoming slightly more tawny on hinder back) sparingly grizzled with white; underparts mixed blackish brown and light buff; tail snuff brown above, pale clove brown below; hind feet same color as under side of tail, overlaid with light buff.
Skull.—Similar to that of dacota, males about the same size or slightly smaller, females larger; nasals (in females) averaging longer; palatal foramina narrower; interpterygoid fossa broader; postorbital constriction narrow; similar to that of warren. but averaging shorter and relatively broader with slightly broader premaxillae.
Measurements.—Adult male:! Total length,.645-664 (average 655) ; tail vertebrae, 180-220 (204); hind foot, 90-92 (90.7). Adult female:1 630-670 (646); 180-220 (190); 88-90 (89.3). Skull: Adult male:? Condylo-basal length, 88.3-90.8 (89.5); palatal length, 49.4-52.7 (51); postpalatal length, 34-35.2 (34.6); length of nasals, 36.4-38.4 (37.4); zygomatic breadth, 60.2-60.4 (60.3); breadth across mastoids, 41.5— 41.7 (41.6); least interorbital breadth, 21-21.1; breadth of rostrum, 21.9-23.3 (22.6); maxillary tooth row, 19-19.8 (19.4). Adult female: Condylo-basal length, 84.5-89.5 (87.7); palatal length, 48.4-50.3 (49.3); postpalatal length, 31.9-35.7 (34.2); length of nasals, 35.4-39 (37.5); zygomatic breadth, 59.4-60.6 (59.8); breadth across mas- toids, 41-43.8 (42.7); least interorbital breadth, 20.4-22.3 (21.1); breadth of rostrum, 22.3-22.4; maxillary tooth row, 20-21.
Remarks.—This is the darkest and one of the largest of the races of flaviventris. In its dark colors and the absence of light face mark- ings it somewhat resembles the monaz group. It is closely related to warreni and probably intergrades with it, but material from southern Colorado is too scanty to show clearly its relationships. A badly worn skin without skull from ‘Fort Massachusetts’ [=mountains near] has been in the National Museum collection for many years, but not until 1903 and 1904, when Vernon Bailey collected a fine series of adults in the Pecos River and Taos Mountains, N. Mex., was it possi- ble to determine the characters of the species.
In a series of 12 specimens from Osier, Colo., in the San Juan Range, about half of the individuals are considerably paler above than in the typical form, being uniformly pinkish cinnamon grizzled with white, without prominent brownish markings. A badly worn specimen from Florida, Colo., is decidedly redder above, particularly on the head and feet, indicating apparent intergradation with
1 Four specimens from New Mexico.
2 Two specimens from Wheeler Peak, N. Mex. 3 Three specimens from Wheeler Peak and Pecos Baldy, N. Mex.
1915.] MARMOTA FLAVIVENTRIS GROUP 55
warrent. Strangely, however, the skull of this specimen is not like that of either warren or obscura, but agrees well with that of luteola.
Several lower jaws and fragments of crania, found in a cave on the Manzano Mountains by Archibald Rea, and broken pieces of a skull secured by Dr. Walter Hough from a cave on the Tularosa River near Old Fort Tularosa (south slope of the Datil Range) indicate the former occurrence of this species in those ranges. The jaws from the Manzano Mountains agree essentially with recent material, but the fragment from the Tularosa River is not specifically identifiable.
Of the habits of this marmot, Vernon Bailey in his field notes says: *
They live entirely in or among rocks and prefer open country, either in parks or above timber line. They often burrow under large bowlders in the parks and mead-
ows, but more often live in fathomless piles of broken rock piled along the base of cliffs, or in seams and crevices of the cliffs themselves.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 24, as follows:
Colorado: Osier, San Juan Mountains (altitude, 9,625 feet), 12;1 Florida, La Plata County (altitude, 7,200 feet), 1;? ‘‘ Fort Massachusetts” [probably from Sierra Blanca Peak], 1
New Mexico: Pecos Baldy, 2; Truchas Peak, 2; Wheeler Peak, 4; Aqua Fria Peak, 2.
Cranial Measurements of the Marmota flaviventris Group.
| |
es i ial = | | | ia |S 5 | op d Pest =p ioe Beedle S | a 3p oo ba =} oO n fo) So moles (oat lesa Sale leech asl ss ; S |S123/14/8 |eaigs! $] 8 No. Species and locality. See | Sols ISS Sel etal | Remarks: 3 =| 3 3 ae ok ie ES > |SIZiSlais lj |sis iB Samii e bein 1. [eis ma }o |e /MIHIN|IE WH |Ala Marmota flaviventris flaviventris. : . 100532-i- Denner, Cal. ....2.:-...-.-.----5 roy 97.1 |55 38. 2/42. 6 62. 3/46. 2/23 |22.3)20.9) Adult. 4758" |; Fort Crook, Cal. ...-....--.----.- 3 | 94 (54 |37.6/42.5)..../44.4)21.2/23 |20 Do. 203080 | Mount Hood, Oreg2 see Se ee [oe2i 59255; 15223) 2225 --- -(41.1)22 |23 119.5 Do. 80360 | Crater Lake, ’Oreg ~soc5Sddoesscos 87 |48.7/33. 7137 _|58. 4/40. 7\19. 2}19. 6)20 Do. Poros Donner Calo i222. sec ss 5. - 25 86.2 |48. 7/34. 5/37. 2)... .)40. 4/17. 3/19. 4/21 Do. 311901 | Glen ees Springs, Cal......-.. Q | 84.1 148. 2/32.7/37 |57.6/39.2)19 (21. 2/20.5 Do. 23951 | Carson, Nev.........-..-- Eat Q 84.6 |48. 5/31. 8135. 455. 4/39. 6/18. 7/21. 4/22.1 Do. Marmota flaviventris avara. 99759 | Okanogan, British Columbia. . rol 85.7 |47.9/34. 8/37. 6)56. 7/42. 2)19.5}20 |19.3) Adult. 4917 | Cascade, British Columbia...... S | 86.5 |48.8/34 (36.6155. 6/39. 1/17. 8119. 4/19 Do. 94343 | Okanogan, British Columbia... 2 78 43.3)31 33. 2/52. 7/37. 6|18 16.817.8 Do. 178842 |..... 0 (02 Ae eR OBC See aera Le 76.4 42. 6/30. 3/31. 552.5 38. 6|17. 117. 3)19.1 Do. 41107 | Midway, British Columbia...... 79.4 |44. 6/30. 8/33. le ..-[37.8|17.4|17 |19 Do. Marmota flaviventris sierrae | 315157 pana Meadows, Tulare Coun- | Wavalee osu case tae. (ste seas [S?] | 85.5 |47.8)34.3 36. 6/57. 3/40. 7)18. 5/20 (20.2) Old. 315165 Whitney Creek, Tulare County, A ee te a ae Se Si 90.2 |50.5)35 (37 |58.3/43.6/20.3/20 |20.5| Adult. 42641 | Mount Whitney, Cal............ of 79.1 [44 |30.832.6)52 |37.5)17 |17.4/20.2; Subadult. 41108.j..... cr EI SE ee OE ae Se S | 84.5 |48 [82.439 [54.6/41.5/17.8)17 |20.2 Do. 42859 |_.... t CS Ga SSR SS ODE Oe abe ae aenaers Q 82.1 |46. 3/32. 237. 4/55. 2/39. 3)18.118.2/20 | Adult. 315163 | Whitney Meadow, Cal.......... Jee 77.3 |44.7/28.732 |52.7/37 |16.5)17.4/19 Old. 41950 | Head San Joaquin. River, Cal. . 81 46 131 (34. 41..--137.9|18. 7/18. 6119.5 Do.
1 Collection Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California. 2 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
56
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.
[No. 37.
Cranial measurements of the Marmota flaviventris group—Continued.
| : ale (ae be a) ..| S18 le yseiie & bp 4 Siig 21S sere! = | a DS ca yell ae lines BS |e|/2)/ 4/5 /Egiss| 3] 8 No. Species and locality. 3 PlalA|’o |Sslas = | ~ | Remarks. o) = 8 by 3 rie 25 q Be ‘ td 3 ~ ~ ic |e |$lelelir isigia He lslai es Bie lo [21s ) O;eH/A HINA AH [als Marmota flaviventris parvula. 93689 | Arc Dome, Toyabe Range, Nev.. g 73 {41 +128. 6/80. 5/48. 6/34. 3/15. 5/17. 2|17. 7| Adult. 93690 | Jefferson, Toquima Range, Nev. 71.3 |39.4/27 |29.4/49 |34.2/15.6/17. 4|18.6] Adult; type. Marmota flaviventris engelhardti. 157828 | Beaver Mountains, Utah........ [2?] | 80 |46.1/30.7/34.6/54 |37.5]17 |17.8]19 | Adult. 15 SO1 Sul ee eG a ae ae: das cients é 78.4 |44. 8/30. 2/33 |52.3/36.5/16.3/18 |19 Do. 158500 | Parawan Mountains, Utah. ..-. 76.8 |43.5|29.5/31 |52.8/37.7|18 |18 18.8 Do. Marmota flaviventris nosophora. 168493 | Ross Fork, Mont..............-. S | 86.7 |47. 7/34. 2/35. 1/55. 7/41. 3/17. 8/19. 5/20. 1] Young adult. 156924 | Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho rol 90 |50. 3/35. 5/38. 5/59. 5)43.1)19 |19.6/19.5| Adult. 191363 | Conant Creek, Idaho..........-- 3 | 92.2 |52. 5/35. 2/39. 1/57.3/42 |21 |20.5/20.8 Young adult. 66709 | Pryor Mountains, Monica sao So | 94.2 {53 |37. 2/40. 4/63. 7/45 |22.2/20 (20.4) Adult. 168473 | Bitterroot Valley, Mont......-.. 83.8 |46. 2133. 5/34. 8/54. 5/41. 6119. 5/19. 3/20. 2 Do. 168472 | ..... dO: oe aeweccisaicisen Se So 78.2 |42. 5/31. 8/30. 8/54 37. 6/19. 2/18. 7/20.3 Do. 168494 | ..... ra Re ERA tert a ESM te 79 =|45.5/80 |32.8/53.2/40 |19.7/17 {19.8} Adult; type. * Marmota flaviventris dacota. 186474 Custer, S. Dak ice. secu jee S | 89.4 |50.8)35 [388 |59.5/43 |21.8/22 |21.5) Subadult; type. 65920 | Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo...-| S& | 95.7 152. 2/38. 2/41. 1/61. 3/44. 7/23. 2/23. 3/21. 7; Adult. 25529 | Bridger Pass, Wyo..-..-..-..-.-..-- 90.5 |51 136. 2/38. 4/61. 7/41. 8]18. 2/20. 5/20. 9 Do. 191365 eustal; S. Dak Siverseic retina tte eiatctal ers 83.5 |47. 6/31. 8/34. 1/56. 7/40. 6/20. 7/20 |20.1 Do. TOTO GA OS ae ingens ie cis woe aeeer 81.8 |45. 4/32. 5/31. 5/55. 3/39. 5/20 |20.5|20.3 Do. 168884 paver, S eDake area meee erises 84.5 |47.7/33 |85 155. 7/40. 7/19. 6/20. 4/20. 5 Do. Marmota flaviventris luteola. 186520 | Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyo.} & | 87 |48.4/83.5)36 |55.7/40.6]17.3/19 |21.4 gir adult ype. 25523 | Laramie Mountains, Wyo...-... rol 87.8 |49.5)/35.5/37.3/60 |43. 4/20. 2/19. 6)19.9) Adult. 1175 | Mount Lincoln, Colo...........- [?] | 92.5 |51.1/36.5]41 |59.4/43 |21. 8/20. 8/21 Old. 2 2279 | Steamboat Springs, Colotessset 85 147. 6/33.3/34 }54.9/40. 5117. 4/17. 7/21. 4) Adult. 2/3998 | Lakevohn;'Colo2 ..- 22s. sees 81.3 |45.3/31. 7/33 [54 |39 |16.4/17.7/19.3 Do. 139082 | Coulter, Cole. isk Site ae 78.3 |43.7/30 |34 |52.3)/38. 5/16. 5/17. 3)19.5 Do. Marmota flaviventris warreni. 202937 cacsied Butte, Colo.:: ss 2c. 89.3 |49. 3/36. 1139. 2159 44. 7/21. 2/20. 3)16.7} Adult; type DBE Geos GOAN tive ee Gua teene sobinereee 83.3 |47. 4136. 9/36. 8157 |42.9)19 |19.9]14.9} Adult. 22512 | Mud Springs! Colossal eee 85.1 |47 |33.6/38.2/57 |48. 4/20. 3/18. 7/20. 5 Do. Marmota flaviventris obscura 135504 AU hedler Peak, .NAMexes soo 52 3 3S | 90.8 |52.7/34 138. 4/60. 4/41. 7/21 |23.3)19 | Adult. ASS50GUE 2. SAO SRS 28a SEs oe ae rol 88.3 |49. 4135. 2/36. 4/60. 2/41. 5/21. 1/21. 9/19. 8 Do. 128750 Bee Baldy, NoMex. Saocsee- 89.5 |50.3/85 89 {59. 4/43. 8/20. 4/22. 4/21 Do. 133505 | Wheeler Peak, N. Mex...-.-..-..- 84.5 |48. 4131. 9/35. 4159. 4/41 120. 5)22. 3/20 Do. 133507 |..... Ota ie Ope Sik con setae 88.1 |49. 3/35. 7/38. 2/60. 6/43. 3|22. 3/22. 3/20 Do.
1 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool. 2 Collection E. R. Warren, Colorado Springs, Colo.
Marmota caligata Group.
The caligata group includes three species: IM. caligata, M. olympus, and M. vancouverensis.
External characters.—Size large; tail long (about 27 to 33 per cent of total length); ears relatively small (actually smaller than those of
1 Weight of 6 specimens as follows: 9 lbs. (2 9, cascadensis); 11 lbs. (¢, cascadensis); 113 lbs. (2, olympus); 153 lbs. (3, orytona); 17 lbs. (old 9, cascadensis).
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 57
M. monaz); posterior pads on sole of hind foot subcircular and situ- ated near edges of sole (see Pl. III, fig. 1); mammae:! P. 2; A. 2;
=10; colors mainly black and white, shaded with cinnamon-buff on hinder parts, or upperparts of solid colors—brownish drab, russet, or vandyke brown.
Cranial characters.—Skull with superior outline nearly straight (as in the other American groups); interorbital region and postorbital processes much as in the flavwentris group;? nasals narrowed posteri- orly, usually about same width at posterior end as premaxillae or slightly narrower (wider in olympus); temporal ridges uniting in old age to form a pronounced sagittal crest; anterior portion of floor of basi-occipital nearly flat, bounded posteriorly by two low processes which unite at about middle of basi-occipital, continuing as a pro- nounced ridge to the foramen magnum; anterior portion often with two rather pronounced depressions on either side of the median ridge; palate beveled at posterior border (as in flavwentris group); interptery- goid fossa relatively narrow (compared with monaz); palatal foramina variable in shape; molar teeth similar to those of monaz; maxillary tooth rows divergent anteriorly; anterior face of incisors ivory yellow to orange-buff.
Geographic distribution.—From the Endicott Range, Alaska—the most northerly range in the Rocky Mountains—and the Alaska Peninsula south to the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier, Wash., and the Bitterroot and Salmon River Mountains in central Idaho; also on Vancouver Island. Confined entirely to mountain sides at and above timberline except in the north, where the animals live in open meadows and descend to tide water. (See fig. 3.)
Remarks.—The members of this group may readily be distinguished by their greater size and their peculiar coloraticn—either mixed black and white or solid brownish. All of the races of Marmota cali- gata are colored much alike, differing mainly in relative proportions of black and white and in skull characters. MM. olympus, isolated on the Olympic Peninsula, has developed a brownish drab coloration with relatively little black or white, and UM. vancouverensis, dwelling on Vancouver Island, has lost all of the black and white colors and attained a dark seal brown pelage.
MARMOTA CALIGATA (EscHscHOLTz). [Synonymy under subspecies.]
External characters.—(See under Marmota caligata group, excepting color. )
Cranial characters.—(See under Marriot caligata group. )
Color.—Fore part of back mixed black and white in varying pro- portions, sometimes with a buffy or brownish tinge; hinder back similar, but usually strongly suffused with cinnamon-buff or pinkish
1 Asin M. flaviventra. 2 Excepting M. olympus, which is relatively wider interorbitally.
58
Zz nai
M caligata 93 ae 39 9 9? 1% mJ
a 2. J. 4h. ire). 6. Lie ms 8. °° olympus 9
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.
4 ‘a 4 a,
i b PNY 4 | i p \ \ f]
LAs EO QOeX
caligata : fo; sheldom ZB " oxytona —:
okanagana nivaria cascadensis vigilis
"™ wvancouverensis
‘many places theoretica
[No. 37. :
Fic. 3.—Distribution of the Marmota caligata group. Boundaries of ranges of subspecies are in 1.
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 59
cinnamon, sometimes tinged with hazel or vandyke brown; under- fur dark hair-brown, bone brown, clove brown, bister, mouse gray, fuscous, or fuscous-black; sides of head and neck cinnamon, ochrace- ous-cinnamon, vandyke brown or blackish brown, more or less mixed with white or buffy white; borders of nose, lips, and chin soiled whit- ish; top of head and face black or blackish brown; face in front of and between eyes more or less extensively marked with white; legs usually same color as back; feet black or blackish brown, the front feet often with white markings, the hind feet mixed with cinnamon; tail above, cinnamon, pinkish cinnamon, cinnamon-buff, clay color, chestnut-brown, or bay, often mixed with hazel or vandyke brown; beneath, chestnut-brown, clove brown, blackish brown, or hessian brown, mixed with hazel, bay, or ochraceous-tawny; underparts white, grayish white, or clay celor, varied with cinnamon, cinnamon- buff, or blackish brown.
Geographic disiribution.—From the Endicott Range and the Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, south 1o Mount Rainier, Wash., and the Bitter- root and Salmon River Mountains, Idaho.
MARMOTA CALIGATA CALIGATA (EscuscHoLtz). NorTHERN Hoary Marmot. (Pl. EV, fig: 6; PI.-TX, fie: 4; Pl. XV, fig. 3.)
Arctomys pruinosa Richardson, Zool. Jour., III, 1828, p. 518. (Not of Gmelin.*)
Arctomys caligata Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Part II, 1829, p. 1, Plate VI.
Arctomys pruinosus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Amer., I, 1829, p. 150; Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 1857, p. 345; Allen, Mon. N. Am. Rodentia, 1877, p.924. (Not ofGmelin.
Arctomys caligatus Tyrrell, Proc. Canadian Inst., 3rd Ser., VI, 1888, p. 88.
Marmotta caligata Allen, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX, 1903, p. 539.
Marmota caligata MacFarlane, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, p. 751.
Type locality.—Bristol Bay, Alaska.
Disiribution.—Alaska and Yukon, from the Portland Canal north on the coast to Bristol Bay, and in the interior to the Endicott Range and the mountains lying westward of Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie.
Characters.—Size medium (for the group); colors moderately white; skull relatively short and broad.
Color.—General tone of upperparts white, moderately tipped with black, becoming cinnamon-buff on hinder back and rump; underfur at base fuscous or dark mouse gray (shading on hinder back to bister), succeeded on fore back by a-broad area of white which gradually shades to cinnamon-buff on hinder back (in some
1 Arctomys pruinosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, p. 144—based on the hoary marmot of Pennant. A
careful comparison of Pennant’s description with specimens of the several American species leads to the conclusion that this species is unidentifiable; the name pruinosa is therefore rejected.
60 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
specimens underfur between shoulders white to roots); top’ of head and face black, with a white patch in front of eyes often covering the whole face; black of crown usually extending from ear back over shoulders in the form of two divergent (more or less indistinct) stripes; sides of face mixed brown and white (often nearly white) ; fore legs white or buffy white, hind legs pale cinnamon-buff; fore and hind feet black or blackish brown; tail above, cinnamon-buff, tipped with blackish brown or bay, the bases of the hairs extensively dark chestnut-brown (or sometimes natal brown); beneath, blackish brown or chestnut-brown, sometimes tinged with hazel or ochra- ceous-tawny; underparts soiled whitish, sometimes mixed with black or blackish brown.
Skull.—Relatively short and broad with short, broad rostrum; zygomata broadly expanded posteriorly; nasals long, extending beyond ends of premaxillae; postorbital constriction rather broad.
Measurements.—Adult male: Total length, 710-715; tail verte- brae, 210-218; hind foot, 91-105. Adult female:? 675; 190; 95. Skull: Adult male:* Condylo-basal length, 96.5-100.6 (average98. 7); palatal length, 55.7-57.4 (56.4); postpalatal length, 36.5-38.2 (37.4); length of nasals, 38.4-42.3 (40.7); zygomatic breadth, 64.5-68 (66.3); breadth across mastoids, 44-46.2 (44.4); least interorbital breadth, 24.3-27.6 (25.8); breadth of rostrum, 23.7-26.1 (24.6); maxillary tooth row, 22-23.8 (22.6). Adult female:+ Condylo-basal length, 92.8-96.4 (94.2); palatal length, 53-54.8 (53.8); postpalatal length, 35-38 (36.3); length of nasals, 38-39.7 (38.8); zygomatic breadth, 61.6—64.1 (62.7); breadth across mastoids, 40—43.3 (41.9); least inter- orbital breadth, 23-25 (23.9); breadth of rostrum, 22.1-24.5 (23.2); maxillary tooth row, 20.6-22.5 (21.7).
Remarks.—This race has an extensive distribution in Alaska and Yukon and shows little variation over its whole range. In the southern part it is confined to the region near the coast but in the north it occupies the interior mountain ranges as far east as the main Rocky Mountains in northwestern Mackenzie. In specimens from the Kenai Peninsula the nasals average somewhat shorter than in typical specimens, rarely extending back of the posterior ends of the premaxillae, but the skulls show no other differences. Speci- mens from the southern coast of Alaska as far south as the Portland Canal (with the exception of the vigilis series from Glacier Bay) are typical, but intergradation with oxrytona occurs a short distance from the coast in northern British Columbia, the series from Cheonee Mountains being distinctly intermediate in character. The form occupying the northern Rockies in eastern Yukon and western
1 Two specimens from head of Coal Creek, Yukon. 2 One specimen from same locality.
3 Five specimens from Becharof Lake, Alaska. 4 Seven specimens: 6 from Alaska Peninsula, 1 from Coal Creek, Yukon.
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 61
Mackenzie is provisionally referred to this race, no skulls from this entire region being available. Specimens examined.—Total number, 102, as follows:
Alaska: Aleknagik Lake, 2; Becharof Lake, 12; Cape Elizabeth, 8; Charlie River (near head), 1; Chickamin River (Behm Canal), 2;! Cordova Bay, 3;} Disenchantment Bay, 1;! Fort Yukon, 1;? Hinchinbrook Island, 4; Juneau, 4; Kanatak, Portage Bay, 1; Kenai Mountains, 10;} Kenai Peninsula, 4; Mount McKinley, 1; Portage Bay, 5; Port Snettisham, 2;) Seldovia, 7;3 Toklat River (near head), 1; Valdez Narrows, 1;! White Pass, 4; Yakutat Bay, 2; no specific locality, 2.
British Columbia: Bennett, 2; Cheonee Mountains, 15.3
Mackenzie: Fort Good Hope (mountains west of), 1.
Yukon: Coal Creek (head) 4; Kalzas Creek, Pelly River, 2.
MARMOTA CALIGATA VIGILIS HeEtuer. GLaciER Marmot. Marmota vigilis Heller, Univ. of California Pub. Zool., V, 1909, p. 248.
Type locality—_ West shore of Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality.
Characters.—Similar in size and skull characters to caligata; variable in color, but constantly darker than caligata, with a strong tendency to run to blacks and browns; top of head and hind feet always brown (except in purely melanistic individuals); underparts darker.
Color.—Normal fresh pelage (June 12): Upperparts soiled whitish with a buffy tinge; underfur clove brown at roots, sparingly mixed with dull brown or black; hinder back shading to cinnamon-buff, darkest on rump and hind legs, extensively tipped with blackish brown; underparts dull clay color mixed with grayish white; nose, top of head, and feet blackish brown; sides of face mixed cinnamon- buff and blackish brown; tail above, mixed clay color and chestnut- brown; beneath, blackish chestnut-brown shading to hessian brown in anal region. Variation: The above description is based on the lightest and apparently most normally colored individual in the series of topotypes. Between this phase and the pure black phase are found numerous intermediate specimens, some as white beneath as caligata and as dark above as orytona, while others are solid black- ish brown very similar to M. vancouverensis, but slightly blacker; the hind feet and usually the tail are blackish brown; fore feet black or very dark brown.
Skull.—Not appreciably different from that of caligata.
Measurements—Adult male:4 Total length, 630-745 (average, 676); tail vertebrae, 197-210 (205); hind foot, 92-102 (97). Adult female: ® 620-680 (652); 170-212 (191); 90-95 (92). Skull: Adult male:* Con- dylo-basal length, 97.2-98.4 (97.6); palatal length, 54.7-55.8 (55.3);
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California. - 4 Five specimens from type locality.
2 Collection Mus. Comp, Zool. 5 Three specimens from type locality. 3 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist,
62 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
postpalatal length, 36.7-38 (87.5); length of nasals, 38.9-41.5 (40.6); zygomatic breadth, 62-67.7 (64.8); breadth across mastoids,43.2-44.6 (43.8); least interorbital breadth, 22.6-26 (24.3); breadth of rostrum, 21.1-23.5 (22.2); maxillary tooth row, 21.8-22.5 (22.2). Adult female: 1 Condylo-basal length, 93.7; palatal length, 51.6; postpalatal length, 37.7; length of nasals, 39.6; zygomatic breadth, 61.8; breadth across mastoids, 42.3; least interorbital breadth, 24.5; breadth of rostrum, 21.3; maxillary tooth row, 22.
Remarks.—This form is apparently an incipient species or race in which the characters have not as yet become fixed. It shows the same tendency to become brown that appears so strikingly in M. van- couverensis, and to a lesser degree in M. olympus. Its range is appar- ently limited to the region about Glacier Bay (since specimens from Yakutat Bay, White Pass, and Juneau are referable to calgata) but whether it is actually isolated is not known.
Specumens examined.—Ten, from type locality.?
MARMOTA CALIGATA SHELDONI Howe tt. MontacueE Is~tanp Marmor. Marmota caligata sheldoni Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p. 18.
Type localty.—Montague Island, Alaska.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality.
Characters.—Similar to caligata, but size smaller and nasals shorter.
Color.—-Upperparts mixed white and black, whitest on fore back, shading to cinnamon-buff on rump; underfur fuscous, shading on hinder back to natal brown; top of head black; a large white patch on face in front of eyes; sides of face mixed blackish brown and cinna- mon; tail deep cmnamon-buff or ochraceous-buff, mixed with black, the bases of hairs chestnut-brown; underparts white, tinged with cinnamon.
Skull.—Similar to that of caligata, but decidedly smaller; nasals shorter and broader posteriorly, terminating usually about on a line with ends of premaxillae; premaxillae narrower.
Measuremenis.—Adult male topotype: Total length, 670; tail ver- tebrae,-185; hind foot, 94. Adult female topotype: 640; 180; 90. Skull: Adult male: * Condylo-basal length, 89.5-96.6 (average, 93.6) ; palatal length, 51.2-55.4 (53.3); postpalatal length, 34.3-37 (35.5); length of nasals, 35-39 (37.3); zygomatic breadth, 61.5-63.4 (62.4); breadth across mastoids, 41.3-42.4 (41.9); least interorbital breadth, 22.5-23.8 (23.3); breadth of rostrum, 20.5-21.8 (21.2); maxillary tooth row, 22.2-23.1 (22.5). Adult female:1 Condylo-basal length, 88.7; palatal length, 50.2; postpalatal length, 34; length of nasals, 37; zygomatic breadth, 59.4; breadth across mastoids, 39.7; least
1 One specimen from type locality. 2 Four specimens from type locality. 2 Seven in collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California,
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 63
interorbital breadth, 22.2; breadth of rostrum, 20.5; maxillary tooth row, 21.8.
Remarks.—This race is a small form of caligata, confined to Mon- tague Island, and differing from the typical race in size and skull characters. On Hinchinbrook Island, separated from Montague Island by only a narrow channel, the typical form is found.
Specimens excamined.—Seven, from type locality.’
MARMOTA CALIGATA OXYTONA HOottister. Rosson Hoary Marmot, Gertie te Ie We hea PIO tip! 2: Pl XxX fig. 4.)
Marmota sibila Hollister, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 56, No. 35, 1912, p.l. (Not Arctomys sibila Wolf.)
Marmota oxytona Hollister, Science, N. S., XX XIX, No. 998, Feb. 18, 1914, p. 251 (new name for Marmota sibila Hollister).
Type locality—Head of Moose Pass branch of Smoky River, Alberta (altitude, 7,200 feet).
Distribution.—Interior of northern British Columbia, southwestern Mackenzie (?),and southern Yukon, from Teslin Lake and Liard River _ south to Barkerville, British Columbia, and the Mount Robson region, British Columbia and Alberta.
Characters.—Colors much blacker and tail darker than in caligata; skull larger and relatively narrower; males but little larger than females.
Color.—Upperparts as in caligata, but more extensively tipped with black, the underfur fuscous, shading to deep mouse gray or fussous- black; hinder back dark cinnamon-buff, tinged with hazel and heavily mixed with black; top of head black with rather small white patches; cheeks ochraceous-cinnamon, varying to buffy white; tail above, dark cinnamon-buff mixed with bay, the bases of the hairs chestnut-brown or blackish brown; beneath, blackish brown, tinged with bay; underparts soiled whitish mixed with dull cinnamon, the bases of the hairs blackish brown.
Skull.—Much longer and relatively narrower than that of caligata, with long rostrum; zygomata less widely expanded posteriorly; zygo- matic arch longer and distance from squamosal arm to tip of post- orbital process greater; nasals terminating on a line with ends of premaxillae or slightly posterior; interpterygoid fossa relatively narrower.
Measurements —Adult male: ? Total length, 720-775 (average, 747); tail vertebrae, 210-235 (221); hind foot, 100-110 (105.6). Adult female: * 720-740 (730); 210; 95-105 (100). Skull: Adult male:
1 Five in collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
2 Five specimens from British Columbia (Mount Robson to Thudade Lake).
3 Two specimens from Sustut Mountains, British Columbia; and head of Smoky River, Alberta. + Seven specimens from northern British Columbia.
64 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
Condylo-basal length, 101—107.4 (103.6); palatal length, 57-62.5 (58.9) ; postpalatal length, 38.3-41.7 (40.1); length of nasals, 41.5-45.3 (43.2); zygomatic breadth, 62.8-67.4 (65.8); breadth across mastoids, 44,2-48.3 (46.6); least interorbital breadth, 24-25.8 (25.3); breadth of rostrum, 22-24.8 (23.1); maxillary tooth row, 22-23.5 (22.8). Adult female:1 Condylo-basal length, 101.8-104.6 (1038.2); palatal length, 56.5-61.2 (58.9); postpalatal length, 36.4-41.1 (38.8); length of nasals, 41—-43.6 (42.3); zygomatic breadth, 65.3-66.2 (65.8); breadth across mastoids, 45.9-47.3 (46.6); least interorbital breadth, 25.4-26.7 (26); breadth of rostrum, 23-23.3; maxillary tooth row, 22.7.
Remarks.—This is the darkest and one of the largest of the races of cahgata. It intergrades with caligata in northern British Columbia and southern Yukon, and with okanagana in southern British Colum- bia, but the material at present available is not sufficient to show the exact limits of its range. Specimens from the Liard River (Fort Halkett and Fort Liard) are provisionally referred to this race, no skulls from this region being available and the skins being rather indeterminate in characters. Additional material from the northern Rockies may extend the known range of this form farther northward in the interior.
A series from near Teslin Lake, Yukon, is intermediate between caligata and oxytona; the skulls are smaller than those of typical oxytuna, some of them even smaller than those of caligata, but rel- atively narrower. The nasals, though actually longer than in cali- gata, do not extend so far back of the ends of the premaxillae, in this character agreeing with oxytona.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 63, as follows:
Alberta: Smoky River (near Moose Pass), 2.
British Columbia: Babine (mountains near), 3; Barkerville, 5; Finlay River (mountains near head), 1; Fort Halkett, 1;? Klappan River (mountains near), 3; Laurier Pass, 1; Level Mountain, 1;? McConnell Creek (near Sus- tut Mountains), 1; Moose Pass, 2; Moose River (north fork), 2; Sheslay River, 2;? Stuart Lake, 2; Sustut Mountains, 4; Thudade Lake, 2.
Mackenzie: Fort Liard, 2. Yukon: Teslin Lake (mountains near), 29.*
MARMOTA CALIGATA OKANAGANA (Krne). OKANAGAN Hoary MARMOT. (Pl. X, fig. 3.)
Arctomys okanaganus ® King, Narr. Journ. to Shores of Arctic Ocean, II, 1836, p. 236.
Arctomys pruinosus, Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. Am., III, 1854, p. 17, Plate CIII. (Not of Gmelin.)
[ Marmota] okanagana Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p. 17 (type locality fixed).
1 Two specimens from head of Smoky River, Alberta. 2 Collection Univ. of Michigan.
3 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
4 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.; approaching caligata. 5 “Arctomys okanaganii’’ on plate.
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 65
Type locality —Gold Range, British Columbia.
Distribution —Gold and Selkirk Ranges, British Columbia, and probably main range of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta from Banff to Henry House; exact limits unknown.
Characters —Similar in color to ozytona, but averaging a little whiter; skuil similar to that of caligata.
Color—Upperparts much as in ozytona, but averaging whiter (some specimens almost as pale as caligata, but tail darker); under- fur fuscous, shading to clove brown; fore back white, hinder back cinnamon-buff, more or less overlaid with black: sides of face cinna- mon mixed with white; feet blackish brown, the hind feet grizzled with cinnamon; tail above, deep cinnamon (sometimes mixed with hazel) bordered with blackish brown, the bases of the hairs light chestnut-brown; beneath, blackish brown or dark chestnut-brown; underparts soiled whitish mixed with dull cinnamon.
Skull—Similar to that of caligata, but averaging slightly larger, with narrower rostrum and postorbital constriction; nasals shorter, usually terminating little if any posterior to ends of premaxillae. Com- pared with oxytona: Decidedly shorter and relatively broader; brain- ease less elongated and distance from tip of postorbital process to squamosal arm of zygoma much less.
Measurements.—Adult male:* Total length, 670-754 (average, 694) ; tail vertebrae, 202-218 (212); hind foot, 91-106 (98). Adult female:? 659-735 (695); 202-224 (212); 93-103 (94). Skull: Adult male:? Condylo-basal length, 95-100 (97.7); palatal length, 53.4-57.4 (55.5); postpalatal length, 37-38.1 (37.8); length of nasals, 37-40.5 (38.9); zygomatic breadth, 64.8-67 (66.2); breadth across mastoids, 45.2-46 (45.6); least interorbital breadth, 24.9-27 (25.7); breadth of rostrum, 23—25.2 (24.2); maxillary tooth row, 21.9-22.7 (22.4). Adultfemale: 4 Condylo-basal length, 94.4-97.6 (96.4); palatal length, 53.5-55.3 (54.5); postpalatal length, 36-38.7 (37.3); length of nasals, 38—40.3 (39); zygomatic breadth, 62.2-66.3 (64.4); breadth across mastoids, 42.2-45.5 (43.7); least interorbital breadth, 21.9-24.9 (23.7); breadth of rostrum, 21—23.3 (21.9); maxillary tooth row, 21.4—22.4 (22).
Remarks.—This race apparently has a rather limited distribution, but its characters are well marked. Jt is not in any way inter- mediate between oxytona and nivaria, as might be expected from its geographic position, for, while it agrees with the former in color, its skull is much smaller than in either and more nearly resembles that of caligata. It is very much darker in color than nivaria, the differ- ences being especially noticeable in the young.
i Four specimens from Selkirk Range, British Columbia. 2 Six specimens from same localities. 3 Three specimens from Glacier and Nelson, British Columbia. 4 Five specimens from same localities. 69168°—15——5
66 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
King, in naming the species in 1836, gave an excellent description and figure of the animal, based on two living individuals which had been brought from the Okanogan region to Norway House, Canada. These were later presented by King to the Zoological Gardens in London, where they were seen by Audubon, and after the death of the animals the skins served as the basis of the figure of the hoary marmot in his “‘Quadrupeds of North America.” The type specimen, as | am informed by Oldfield Thomas, is still in the British Museum collection (No. 55.12.24.126) and agrees in every detail with the original description. The skull probably (not certainly) belonging to the skin is so diseased by menagerie life as to be of no use for com- parison.
The original description is so complete and agrees so well with the form occurring in the Selkirks that I have no hesitation in fixing the type locality in the Gold Range—the first range to the eastward of Shuswap Lake—where it is likely the type was secured.!
Specimens examined.—Total number, 18, as follows:
Alberta: Henry House (mountains 15 miles south), 2. British Columbia: Field, 2;? Glacier, 7; Spillimacheen River, 3;3 Toad Moun- tain (6 miles south of Nelson), 4.
MARMOTA CALIGATA NIVARIA Howe tn. Montana Hoary Marmot. (PISX, figs 2: Plo ol fies 4s) Marmota caligava nivaria Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p. 17.
Type locality—Mountains near Upper St. Marys Lake, Mont. (altitude, 6,100 feet).
Distribution.—Upper slopes (at and above timberline) of high mountains of northwestern Montana and of Bitterroot and Salmon River Mountains, Idaho (limits of range imperfectly known).
Characters—Whitest member of the group, being very much whiter than either okanagana or oxytona; similar in size and skull characters to oxytona.
Color.—Adults: Fore part of back (to middle) snowy white, spar- ingly grizzled with black, the underfur dark hair-brown; hinder back pinkish cinnamon or cinnamon-buff mixed with black and white, the underfur bone brown; top of head black, much mixed with white and with a large white patch across face in front of eyes; sides of face brownish, mixed with white and cinnamon-buff; fore feet black with ; 1 King defines the type region as follows: ‘‘In a small tract of country, on the borders of the Rocky Moun- tains, lying between the Columbia and Fraser Rivers, these animals are found in abundance, supplying with food and clothing the Okanagan Indians, whose territory is bounded to the north by the Seechwap Lake, and to the south by the Spokane River * * *,” (King, R. Narr. Journ. to Shores of Arctic Ocean, II, 1836, p. 241.)
2 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus. 3 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
arf
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 67
white patches; hind feet black, more or less mixed with cimnamon,; underparts white, sparingly mixed on abdomen with cinnamon-bufl; tail above, mixed pinkish cinnamon and chestnut-brown; beneath clove brown or blackish brown. Young (specimen from Elk Summit, Idaho): Nearly pure white above, shading to cinnamon-buff on hinder back; the underfur dark mouse gray; tail cinnamon-buff fringed at tip with blackish brown, the bases of hairs hair-brown; feet and top of head fuscous-black.
Skull— (Known only from females.) Closely similar to that of oxytona, possibly averaging a little shorter; much larger and relatively narrower than that of okanagana, with broader rostrum.
Measurements — Young adult male from type locality: Total length, 755; tail vertebrae, 250; hind foot, 110. Adult female:* 700-820 (average, 751); 200-245 (224); 95-113 (105). Skull: Adult female: Condylo-basal length, 99.5-106.5 (102); palatal length, 58-61.4 (59.4); postpalatal length, 37.5-39.6 (38.2); length of nasals, 40.6- 43.9 (42.2); zygomatic breadth, 64-66.6 (65.7); breadth across mastoids, 44.8-45.7 (45.5); least interorbital breadth, 23.3-27.2 (25.5); breadth of rostrum, 21.6-25 (23); maxillary tooth row, 22.2-24.4 (22.9).
Remarks.—This race widely differs in color from its nearest rela- tives, okanagana and oxytona, being even whiter than caligata. The characters are strikingly shown by young specimens which are almost pure white except on the hinder back and tail. Additional material is needed to determine the exact range of the form and the cranial characters of the males.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 14, as follows:
Idaho: Bitterroot Mountains (headwaters of Clearwater River), 3; Elk Summit,
Salmon River Mountains, 2. Montana: Upper St. Marys Lake (mountains near), 9.
MARMOTA CALIGATA CASCADENSIS Howe tn. CascaDE Hoary Marmot. (Pl. X, fig. 1; Pl. XV, fig. 4.) Marmota caligata cascadensis Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 1914, p. 17.
Type locality—Mount Rainier, Wash. (altitude, 6,000 feet).
Distribution Cascade Range (at and above timberline) from Mount Rainier, Wash., north to southern British Columbia.
Characters.—Size large (equaling olympus and ozytona; larger than caligata); color similar to that of caligata, but head and feet usually browner and underparts darker; skull similar to that of oxytona but relatively broader, much larger than that of either caligata or
_ okanagana.
1 Four specimens from type locality.
68 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
Color.—Fore part of back white or creamy white, sparingly tipped with vandyke brown, the bases of the hairs with a broad area of the latter color; hinder back more extensively shaded with brown and sometimes tinged with cinnamon-buff; head and face vandyke brown or blackish brown, often with a white patch in front of eyes; sides of face and neck brownish, tinged with cinnamon or buffy white; feet blackish brown, often mixed with cinnamon: tail cmnamon-buff mixed with vandyke brown, becoming (in some specimens) dark chestnut-brown below; underparts mixed grayish white and blackish brown in varying proportions, faintly tinged with pale cinnamon-buff.
Skull—Similar to that of orytona, but relatively broader across zygomata and interorbital region; decidedly larger than that of its nearest neighbor, okanagana, with broader postorbital constriction; compared with nwaria it is shorter, with the zygomata more widely expanded and the premaxillae narrower.
Measuremenis.—Adult male:1 Total length, 710-785 (average, — 749); tail vertebrae, 205-252 (232); hind foot, 98-112 (102). Adult female: ? 680-765 (714); 195-247 (219); 94-107 (99). Skull: Adult male: * Condylo-basal length, 106.2-107 (106.6); palatal length, 61.6-62.7 (62.2); postpalatal length, 39-40 (389.5); length of nasals, 42-44.5 (43.3); zygomatic breadth, 69.2-69.8 (69.5); breadth across mastoids, 48.5—49.2 (48.9); least interorbital breadth, 27.1-29 (28); breadth of rostrum, 24.5-24.7 (24.6); maxillary tooth row, 22.38-24.1 (23.2). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 95.4-102.5 (98.8); palatal length, 56.3-59 (57.7); postpalatal length, 34.6-39 (37.7); length of nasals, 37.8—44 (41.7); zygomatic breadth, 64.2-68.4 (65.8); breadth across mastoids, 44.9-49.4 (46.7); least interorbital breadth, 22.5-24.6 (23.8); breadth of rostrum, 19.3-22.7 (21.2); maxillary tooth row, 21-23.2 (22.1).
Remarks.—The Cascade hoary marmot differs from both okanagana and oxytona in whiter and browner (less black) coloration above; from nivaria in much more dusky colors, both above and below; and from caligata in much larger size and darker coloration. It is widely dif- ferent from olympus, both in color and cranial characters. It is appar- ently isolated from all the other forms of the group, and no absolute intergrades have been examined, but the characters separating it from the forms of caligata are so slight that it seems best to.regard it as a subspecies of the latter.
1 Four specimens from Mount Rainier and Cascade River, Wash. 4 Six specimens from same localities.
8 Two specimens from Cascade River, Wash., and Mount Baker Range, British Columbia. 4 Seven specimens from Cascade Range, Wash., and Mount Baker Range, British Columbia.
* 1915.) - MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 69
Specimens examined.—Total number, 50, as follows:
British Columbia: Chilliwack (mountains near), 1;! Hope, 1;? Howe Sound (near head), 3; Mount Baker Range (near United States boundary), 8;* Skagit River (mountains near head), 6; Spences Bridge, 1;+ Tammi Hy Mountain, 2.1
Washington: Camp Chiloweyuck, 2; Cascade River (near head), 8; Easton (mountains near), 1; Mount Rainier, 7; ‘‘Northwest boundary survey” (probably Mount Baker Range), 10.
MARMOTA OLYMPUS (Merriam). Oxtympic Marmot. CPln Tie hes 1. Pex fies 1) Pl. XV) fies 2b.)
Arctomys olympus Merriam, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1898, p. 352. [ Marmota] olympus Trouessart, Cat, Mamm., Suppl., 1904, p. 344.
Type locality—Head of Soleduck River, Olympic Mountains, Wash. (at timberline).
Distribution—Upper slopes of the Olympic Mountains, Wash., above timberline (from about 4,000 feet altitude to near summits of peaks).
Characters.—Size large (about equaling M. caligata cascadensis); color in fresh pelage brownish drab mixed with white; feet brown; skull with broad rostrum and interorbital region.
Color—Fresh pelage:* General tone brownish drab, more or less mixed with white hairs; underfur between hair-brown and benzo brown, becoming pale drab-gray at tips; long hairs glossy blackish brown mixed with more or less pure white ones; top and sides of head blackish brown, with a broad, white patch in front of eyes; sides of nose, lips, and chin white; legs brownish drab shading to blackish brown on the feet; tail clove brown, tipped with light pinkish cinnamon; underparts brownish drab mixed with white (or solid soiled whitish). Worn summer pelage: General tone of upper- parts pinkish buff, varied with russet, the bases of hairs bister; feet chestnut-brown; tail above, pinkish buff or cinnamon-buff, mixed with snuff brown; beneath, snuff brown to chestnut-brown. Yowng (half- erown August specimens): General tone of upperparts grayish brown, becoming cinnamon on rump; underfur hair-brown at base, tipped on fore back with white, and on hinder back and rump with cinnamon or cinnamon-bufi; top and sides of head and fore legs bister; feet dark clove brown; underparts light clove brown mixed with white or pale buff.
1 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
2Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
3 Including five in Mus. Comp. Zool.
4 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
5 No specimens in full winter pelage have been seen: description from August specimens just beginnings to acquire the fall pelage.
70 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. _[No. 87. -
Skull—Similar to that of cascadensis but relatively narrower across zygomata and broader between orbits and across rostrum; postorbital constriction narrower; nasal branches of premaxillae narrower than nasals at posterior end.
Measurements—Adult male:1 Total length, 720-750 (average, 740); tail vertebrae, 210-237 (219); hind foot, 100-110 (106). Adult female:? 670-690 (680); 180-192 (186); 91-100 (95.5). Skull: Adult male:* Condylo-basal length, 105-109.8 (106.1); palatal length, 60-63 (61.1); postpalatal length, 39.6-42 (40.6); length of nasals, 40.6-46 (43.7); zygomatic breadth, 64.8-67.1 (65.6); breadth across mastoids, 46.2-47.3 (47); least interorbital breadth, 27.5- 31.2 (29.8); breadth of rostrum, 24.5-27.7 (25.8); maxillary tooth row, 21.5-24.2 (23.1). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 99.5; palatal length, 58; postpalatal length, 37.5; length of nasals, 41.5; zygomatic breadth, 64.3; breadth across mastoids, 43.7; least inter- orbital breadth, 26.5; breadth of rostrum, 24.6; maxillary tooth row, 22.5.
Remarks—The Olympic marmot is one of the largest members of the caligata group, about equaling in external measurements casca- densis and oxytona. Its skull averages about the size of that of cascadensis, but the largest male skull of olympus is longer than any other American marmot skull examined. Im color the species is decidedly browner than any of the forms of caligata, though not nearly so brown as vancouverensis. The black colors of caligata have almost entirely disappeared, but some of the white hairs remain.
This species is confined to the high mountains of the Olympic Peninsula and is geographically isolated from its nearest relative, cascadensis.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 17, as follows:
Washington: Happy Lake, Olympic Mountains, 7;° Mount Ellinor, 3; Mount Steel, 4; Soleduck River (near head), Olympic Mountains, 3.
MARMOTA VANCOUVERENSIS Swarts. VANCOUVER ISLAND MaARMotT. (Pl. EX, fig.3: Pl. XV, fies Ze)
Marmota vancouverensis Swarth, Univ. of California Pub. Zool., VII, 1911, p. 201; X, 1912, p. 89.
Type locality—Mount Douglas, Vancouver Island, British Colum- bia (altitude, 4,200 feet).
1 Three specimens from Olympic Mountains, Wash.
2 Two specimens from same locality.
3 Five specimens from same locality.
4 One specimen from same locality. = 5 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. al
Distribution.—V ancouver Island, British Columbia; apparently not generally distributed, and known at present only from “the moun- tains at the head of China Creek, some 20 miles south of Alberni, in the Golden Eagle Basin, and King Solomon Basin, and on the sur- rounding slopes and ridges.”’ }
Characters.—Size of M. caligata cascadensis; color uniformly dark brown; skull relatively narrow with peculiarly shaped nasals.
Color.—Entire body, legs, and tail dark vandyke brown, , the underfur being of the same color, the long hairs more blackish and glossy; sides of nose and chin soiled whitish; underparts sometimes irregularly blotched with white, and back rarely with a few scat- tering white hairs; feet glossy blackish brown. In worn pelage the upperparts and tail fade to sayal brown or clay color.
Skull.—Similar to that of cascadensis, but smaller and relatively narrower; zygomata less widely expanded; premaxillae relatively wider; nasals deeply emarginate posteriorly, the frontals projecting forward and forming a V-shaped notch between nasals; incisors white or yellowish white.
feasurements.—Adult male:? Total length, 660-710 (average, 684); tail vertebrae, 200-300 (222); hind foot, 90-102 (98.4). Adult female: ? 680-720 (700); 210-240 (225); 100-105 (102.5). Skull: Adult male: Condylo-basal length, 98-103.2 (99.9); palatal length, 7-59.5 (57.8); postpalatal length, 36.5-39.5 (387.8); length of nasals, 40-42.7 (41.4); zygomatic breadth, 64.2-65.5 (64.7); breadth across mastoids, 45.7-47 (46.1); least interorbital breadth, 23.2-24.4 (24); breadth of rostrum, 22-24 (22.9); maxillary tooth row, 23.6-24.7 (24.1). Adult female:* Condylo-basal length, 93.7-96.6 (95.2); palatal length, 54—-54.3 (54.2); postpalatal length, 35.2-37.5 (36.3); length of nasals, 39-39.6 (39.3); zygomatic breadth, 61.6-62.6 (62.1); breadth across mastoids, 44; least interorbital breadth, 21.7-23 (22.3); breadth of rostrum, 21 521.6: maxillary tooth row, 23.1-23.7 (23.4).
Remarks.—This peculiar marmot, although clearly related to the mainland species (caligata) has, through isolation, developed striking characters, both external and cranial. The tendency of isolated coastal forms in this group to become brown (shown in a lesser degree by MM. calhigata vigilis and M. olympus) has reached the greatest extreme in this species, the black colors of the mainland forms being entirely lacking and the white reduced to scattering hairs.
1 Swarth, H.S. Loc. cit., X, 1912, p. 89. 2 Five specimens from vicinity of type locality.
3 Two specimens from vicinity of type locality. ¢ Four specimens from vicinity of type locality.
72 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 37.
After a season’s exploration of the southern part of Vancouver Island, Swarth came to the conclusion that the species is probably confined to a small area in the vicinity of Mount Douglas. He states:
We found them in the mountains at the head of China Creek, some 20 miles south of Alberni, in the Golden Eagle Basin, and King Solomon Basin, and on the sur- rounding slopes and ridges. They were most abundant on Mount Douglas, the peak to the west of King Solomon’s Basin. Wherever the ground was bare of timber, or but sparsely covered, as is the case over extensive areas at this point, the marmots had established themselves, burrowing under the rocks, and apparently never wander- ing very far from home. * * * ‘Their extreme wariness is correlated with con- spicuousness, for the dark brown pelage shows in marked contrast against either gray rocks or green grass. * * * They whistled but seldom, only one or two being heard during the three weeks we spent in their territory.
None was found in apparently suitable situations on Mount Arrow- smith, and certain timber cruisers who had explored the wilder parts of the island stated that they had never seen a marmot.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 11,’ as follows:*
British Columbia: Golden Eagle Basin, 1; King Solomon Basin, 3; Mount Douglas, 7.
Cranial Measurements of the Marmota caligata Group.
ie |
= tae ae age ~ = : ef aE acca ee] © & Bo | | Sy Omen li ates + q fas} oD |B m +, » So |S$(2/13)} 8 leuss1 aie No. Species and locality. 8 we) | a a S3.8| "|S | Remarks. Be |S) 2/3 | ss) joel Sips A ue! is is wi oils 3 a |‘ K g = D =| &) | o o ro) tal oO So S io) o mB |e u Ss 7) O JARIAIHIN IA WR |Aala Marmota caligata caligata. 131440/ Becharof Lake, Alaska .......-.. [$2] | 99 |56.8)36. 8/38. 4/68 |46. 2/27.6)26.1)22 | Adult. 131441)..... dO....------ +22 - +222 eee ee eee [S?] | 96. 5/55. 7/36. 5/41. 4/64. 7/44 |24.3]24 22.3 Do. 191449 ee Os een Aveiara eaten Me po stece ears [of ?] | 100. 6/57. 4/38. 2/42. 3/67.8/44 |25.8)24. 1123.8 Do. 98154) White Pass, Alaska......-...-.- S| 100 [57.7/37.8 43 |65. 2/44. 2/23. 4/23. 6/23. 4 Do. 131444] Becharof Lake, Alaska.......... [22] | 92.8/53 /35.8/38 163. 4/43. 2/24. 3/22. 9121.9 Do. 128069}..... GO laszece cent eae =P ssc ale be. 96. 4/53.9/38 |39.1/64.1/43 23. 9/24. 5122.5 Do. 98153] White Pass, Alaska.......-...-- 2 88.9/51 |33.5)40.5/57.540 |22.1/20 |22 Do. 135161| Head of Coal Creek, Yukon...... 2 94 |53.9)86 (88 |62.3/48.3)24 122.1/21.7 Do. Marmota caligata vigilis. 4418) Glacier Bay, Alaska...........-- $ | 97.2/55.8'36.738.9/62 |43.5)22. 6/21. 1/22.3 Do. BADE eae Ons ee seaeee: Sere sisarsters Sissel 3 97. 3|54. 7/37. 8/41. 4]64. 8/43. 2/24, 2/22 {21.8 Do. 97952)... - - dO....--2- +--+ +--+ 222-2 eee g 98.4/55.5,38 |41. 5/67. 7/44.6)26 |23. 5122. 5 Do. 97953)... GO. ooo 2 ee owe wie wel os 2 93. 7/51. 6:37. 7/39. 6161. 8/42. 3/24. 5/21. 3/22 Do. Marmota caligata sheldoni, | 137319} Montague Island, Alaska........ S | 89,5/51.2'34.3/35 61. 5/41, 3/22. 5/20. 5]22. 5 Do. 4962)... -- OM eee rie eetiein cette ee 3 96.6/55.4/36 |39 |63 |42.3/23.5/21.6/23.1 Do. 4961|..... GO eee case emastie mane [S?]| 96 [54.5137 |38. 8/63. 4/42. 4/23. 8121. 8/22. 4 Do. 4969|..... GOs acest cd civ oui ee et eaen [S?] | 92.3|52. 2/34. 8/36. 4/61. 5/41. 5/23. 2121 122.2 Do. 4960I..... GN ee ree eects Q 88. 7/50.2134 [37 159, 4139. 7/22. 2120, 5121.8 Do.
1Swarth, H,S. Univ. of California Publ. Zool., X, 1912, pp. 89-90.
2 Allin collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California,
3 All about 20 miles south of Alberni, British Columbia, within a radius of 10 miles. 4 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
1915.] MARMOTA CALIGATA GROUP. 13
Cranial measurements of the Marmota caligata group—Continued.
i: ie ls le a : s ah e | eile ele @ \e|2 © wmi4/el2 io | 8 | 2 = . oP s > |S o rl ~~ wri | Gio = ee BS Ss ee) a B22 =P S 5 . No. Species and locality. 3 BO Merl le Ie Be Helse, 3 += | Remarks. ¢{/2/5|/°} 8 ia" ae a|& We Ss) gle> lan |S Calebais Sp Oe is | Scie ra 0) Oils ee eae | Sauls a a ea i Marmota caligata oxyiona. | 175565| Moose Forks, British Columbia...) ¢ 101 157 |40 |41.5/62.8/44.2/25 23 |22 | Adult. 202789] Sustut Mountains, Brit. Col.....; ¢ 102 |58. 6139. 5/42. 7/66. 8/46. 5/25. 8/22. 2/23 Do. 202791; Lake Thudade, Brit. Co!.......- é 107. 4/62. 5|40. 2145. 3167. 4/48. 3/25. 7/23. 6/23. 3 Do 1 20766] Level Mountain, Brit. Col....... 3 105 159 {41 |42.3/66.5)47 125. 7|24. 8/22 Do 174503) Head of Smoky River, Alberta... 101. 8/56. 5}41. 1143, 6/65. 3)45. 9125. 4123 |22.7 Do 174502|..... LO a oe SOS ciate | 104. 6/61. 2/36. 4/41 (66. 2/47. 3126. 7/23. 3/22. 7 Do
67073| Glacier, British Columbia......- Peete 95 |53.4/37 (37 |66.8/45.5/24.9/23 (22.7 Do. G07G\222 22 GUO eae iu rol 100 (5%. 4)37.3/40.5/67 |46 |27 125.2)22.5 Do 66695| Nelson, British Columbia......- rol 98. 1/55. 7/38. 1/39. 3/64. 8/45. 2/25. 3/24. 4/21.9 Do. 67072| Glacier, British Columbia....... 96 154.4/87 140.3164 |43.7/23.5/21 |22.1 Do. C1074 eee (OU) a Si Ie 97. 6|55. 3/38. 7/38. 6/66. 3/45. 5/21. 9/21. 9 21. 4 Do. 67075|..... LOS ene ence patac sie Sane « | 94. 4/53.3)36 [38 (65 |42.9/24,6/23.3,22.3 Do Marmota caligata nivaria. | 72222| St. Marys Lake, Mont........-... | 106. 5/61. 4/39. 6/41. 2.66. 6/45. 7/27.2'25 |22.8 Do 12223 eee (SD) SEES Ae Neer ee 101 [58 |37. 8/43. 9:66. 3/45. 6/26. 1/23. 4 22.2 Do (2225\eeece COREE ei ryt terate Vale claiels eave ote LOL (59 (37.8/43 |65.8/44.8/25.4.21.624.4 Do (2B esos MORSE rae Na see ek. 99.5)59 137. 5/40.6.64 |45.7/23.3)22 (22.3 Do Marmota caligata cascadensis. | 6871) Washington - British Columbia é 107 |62.7/40 |44.5 69, 2/48. 5|27, 1124. 7/24. 1 De. boundary. 42793) Head of Cascade River, Wash...) g | 106.2/61.6)39 |42 |69.8/49.2/29 (24. sloo, 3 Do. 2 6840] Mount Baker Range, Brit. Col...| @ | 101 [59 (37. 7/43. 2 65. 6/47. 6/23. 3 21.8 21 Do. 42792} Head of Cascade River, Wash... 102.5)58.7,.39 44 /68. 4/49. 4/23. 1 22.7:23.2 Do, 90133} Mount Rainier, Wash.......-.... 98.5|56.3 38 41.666. 2/46. 7/24. 3 20. 7/22.1 Do. 90134|..... CORE aha Satintis eulsiste dis hte Q 95. 4/56. 3,38. 4/43. 9,66. 7/47. 8/22.5.21 |22.3 Do. Marmota olympus. | | 67611} Olympic Mountains, Wash...... ref 105 60. 2/40.2/44 |64.8)47. 3/27. 5 24. 6)22.9 Do. PAGS pte SAO se eases he oe 2 seins ge ete = S | 105.3/61.8/39.6)43 |65. 1/47. 3/31. 2 26. 3/21. 5 Do. 2'6230|--.- CGO) sees lel ea SEES ee Nota 3 109.8/63 |42 (46 |67.1/47.3/31.1 27. 7/23.7 Do. 67612)..... CO CS Ute ea BN nsec ea 2 | 99.5)58 137. 5)41. 5/64. 3/43. 7/26, 5 24. 6122.5 Do Marmota vancouverensis. 4 12099] Vancouver Island, Brit. Col..... 3 98 (57 137 (405/255-1447) 4o32. 124 123.7 Do. £12092)..... CORRE aes Cesena lear é 98. 2157. 2/36. 5/40 164. 2/45. 7128.2.22 (24.3 Do. #412090)... .- GO een tase eae Sa ee rol 100. 4)57. 7/38. 2/42. 4/64. 5/46 124.4 22. 6/23.6 Do. 412091)..... MOWER se este layne aitle ace cof 103. 2)59. 5/39. 5)42. 7/65. 5/45. 8/24. 3 23, 2/24. 7 Do. ROA RCL Olas nae tioeiee Sas cya eee So Su areas g 93.7)54 |85.2/39 |61.6)44 (21. 7/21. 5/23.7 Do. #12100)..... (DS UC Ale NL aS A 96. 6|54. 3:37. 5]39. 6/62. 6/44 ie re pay. U Do.
1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
2 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
3 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
4Collection Mus. Vert. Zooi., Univ. of California.
Fie. 1.
Bre.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE II. {Much reduced.]
Marmota olympus, & adult, Olympic Mountains, Wash., (altitude 5,000 feet), Aug. 28, 1897. (No. 92768, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota flaviventris obscura, § adult, Wheeler Peak, N. Mex. (altitude 12,400
feet), July 27, 1904. (No. 133506, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
PLATE III.
[Natural size.]
Marmota caligata oxytona. Klappan Mountain, British Columbia. (No. 170- 683, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota flaviventris flaviventris. Summer Lake, Oreg. (No. 89311, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota monax preblorum. Woburn, Mass. (No. 78358, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
PLATE IV.
[Three-fourths natural size.]
. Marmota flaviventris dacota, ¢ adult, Bridger Pass, Wyo. (No. 25529, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota monax monaz, S adult, Peaks of Otter, Va. (No. 143962, U. 8.
Nat. Mus.)
. Marmota caligata oxytona, 3 adult, Lake Thudade, British Columbia. (No.
202791, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota flaviventris sierrae, 2 adult, head of San Joaquin River, Cal. (No.
41950, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota monax rufescens, 3 adult, Lake George, N. Y. (No. 67695, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmoia caligata caligata, [% ?] adult, Becharof Lake, Alaska. (No. 131437 U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
b)
PLaTe V.
[Three-fourths natural size.)
. Marmota monax monax, 3g adult, Peaks of Otter, Va. (No. 143962, U. S.
Nat. Mus.)
. Marmota monax rufescens, 3 adult (type), Elk River, Minn. (No. 186521,
U.S. Nat Mus., Merriam collection.)
. Marmota monaz preblorum, 3 adult, Wilmington, Mass. (No. 78355, U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota monaz ignava, $ adult, L’ Anse au Loup, Labrador. (No. 8871, Mus. Comp. Zool.) 4
1915.]
Fic. 1.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
~~
or
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE VI.
[Three-fourths natural size.]
. Marmota monax canadensis, 3 adult, Murray Bay, Quebec. (No. 7603, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist.)
Marmota monaz petrensis, $ adult (type), Revelstoke, British Columbia. (No. 203532, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota monaz ochracea, [3 ?]subadult, Babine Mountains, British Columbiz. (No. 202785, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota flaviventris warreni, 2 adult (type), Crested Butte, Colo. (No. 202987, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Pruate VII. (Three-fourths natural size.]
Marmota flaviventris flaviventris, § adult, Donner, Cal. (No. 100532, U. &. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota flaviventris parvula, 2 adult (type), Jefferson, Nev. (No. 93690, U. & Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota flaviventris avara, 3 adult, Okanogan, British Columbia, (No. 9975, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota flaviventris engelhardti, Q adult, Beaver Mountains, Utah. (No.
158978, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection).
Prate VIII.
[Three-fourths natura! size.]
Marmota flaviveniris nosophora, & adult, Sawtooth National Forest, Idaha (No, 156924, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
- Marmota flaviventris luteola, [gf ?] adult, Mount Lincoln, Colo. (No. 175, Mus.
Comp. Zool.)
. Marmota flaviventris dacota, ¢ adult, Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo. (Ne.
65920, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota flaviventris obscura, f adult, Wheeler Peak, N. Mex. (No. 135504,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
PLATE IX. [Three-fourths natural size.]
Marmota olympus, 3 adult, Olympic Mountains, Wash. (No. 6325, Fieid Mus. Nat. Hist.)
Marmota caligata oxytona, 3 adult, Lake Thudade, British Columbia. (Ne 202791, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota vancouverensis, § adult, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (Ne.
12091, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.)
. Marmota caligata caligata, [3 ?] adult, near Portage Bay, Alaska. (Ne.
131440, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
76
Fia.
Fie.
Oo
pS
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 37. PLATE XxX
(Three-fourths natural size.)
Marmota caligata cascadensis, § adult, head of Cascade River, Wash. (No. 42793, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota caligata nivaria, 2 adult, St. Marys Lake, Mont. (No. 72222,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota caligata okanagana, 3 aduit, Glacier, British Columbia. (No. 67073,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota caligata oxyiona, 2 adult (type), Head of Smoky River, Alberta.
No. 174503,U. S. Nat. Mus.)
PLATE: 26h [fhree-fourths natural size.]
Marmota monax monaz, $ adult, Peaks of Otter, Va. (No. 143962, U. S Nat. Mus.)
Marmota monax rufescens, ¢ adult (type), Elk River, Minn. (No. 186521, U.S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection.)
. Marmota monax preblorum, 3 adult, Wilmington, Mass. (No. 78355, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota monaz canadensis, § adult, Murray Bay, Quebec. (No. 7603, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist.)
PLATE XII. {Three-fourths natural size.}
Marmota monaz ignava, adult, L’ Anse au Loup, Labrador. (No. 8871, Mus. Comp. Zool.)
Marmota flaviventris warrent, 2 adult (type), Crested Butte, Colo. (No. 202937, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota monaz ochracea, [3 ?|subadult, Babine Mountains, British Columbia. (No. 202785, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota caligata nivaria, Q adult, St. Marys Lake, Mont. (No. 72222,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
PLATE XIII. (Three-fourths natural size.)
Marmota flaviventris flaviventris, § adult, Donner, Cal. (No. 100532, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Marmota flaviventris parvula, 2 adult (type), Jefferson, Nev. (No. 93690, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota Maen avara, adult, Okanogan, British Columbia. (No. 99759,
U.S. Nat. Mus. Cpoigncal Survey colleetion.)
. Marmota Heer ee engelhardii, Q adult, Beaver Mountains, Utah. (No.
158978, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
1915.]
| 2 Cereal I
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE XIV. [Three-fourths natural size.} (No. 156924, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
65920, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmeta flaviventris luteola, [f ?] adult, Mount Lincoln, Colo.
Mus. Comp. Zool.)
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
PLATE XV.
[Three-fourths natura! size.]}
. Marmota flaviventris dacota, § adult, Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo.
77
. Marmota flaviveniris nosophora, ¢ adult, Sawtooth National Forest, idaho.
(No.
(No. 175,
. Marnota flaviventris obscura, 3 adult, Wheeler Peak, N.Mex. (No. 135504,
Marmoia olympus, $ adult, Olympic Mountains, Wash. (No. 6325, Fieid
Mus. Nat. Hist.)
Marmota vancouverensis, § adult, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
(No. 12091, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.) Marmota caligata caligaia, | 3 ?| adult, near Portage Bay, Alaska. U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Marmota caligata cascadensis, § adult, head of Cascade River,
42793, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
(No. 131440;
Jash.
(No.
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE II.
SKINS OF (1) MARMOTA OLYMPUS AND (2) M. FLAVIVENTRIS OBSCURA, SHOWING MOLT.
PEATE III
| Survey
iologica
B
Dept. Agr.
S
U
37,
ican Fauna No
North Amer
“UIM.IOL
oid xv
UOW BIOUNIVIY “E ‘“SIIJUOATALY SIJUDATARE BIOMIBIT *Z ‘vUOJAXO BIBSTLV
"SdVd 310§$ ONIMOHS ‘SLOWYVIA) NVOINSWY JO L334 GNI
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I
PLATE IV.
| Survey,
gica
Biolo
North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr.
BIBAT[BI VIBSI[BO ‘IA (9) ‘OVIIOIS SLUIJUOATABE “YL 'F “XBUOUL XBUOUL “J °G
SUdDSOJLI XBUOUT "J “CG ‘BUOJAXO VIBSI[BVO "PL “G “VIOOVP SITPUDATARY "JL “LE
VLOWHVI JO SAISIGNVI GNV VINVYO
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE V.
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. monax monax, 3, M. monax preblorum., 2. M. monax rufescens. 4, M. monax ignava.
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE VI;
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. monax canadensis. 3. M. monax ochracea. 2. M. monax petrensis. 4, M. flavyiventris warreni.
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE VII
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. flaviventris flaviventris. 3. M. flaviventris avara. 2. M. flaviventris parvula. 4, M. flaviventris engelhardati.
North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
PLATE VIII.
- ~3— Or bso
‘ 4 : ‘
esau
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
. faviventris nosophora.
1. M 3. M. flaviventris dacota. 2. M. flaviventris luteola.
4, M. flaviventris obscura.
North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PEATE De
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. olympus. 3. M. yancouverensis. 2. M. caligata oxytona. 4. M. caligata caligata.
North American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE X.
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. ealigata cascadensis. 3. M. caligata okanagana. 2. M. caligata nivaria. 4, M. caligata oxytona.
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. LATE XI.
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. monax monax. 3. M. monax preblorum. 2. M. monaxrufescens. 4. M. monax canadensis.
h American Fauna No. 37, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE XIl.
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
3. M. monax ochracea. 4, M. caligata nivaria.
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE XIII.
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. flaviventris flaviventris. 3. M. flaviventris avara. 2. M. flaviventris parvula. 4, M. flaviventris engelhardti.
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE XIV.
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
M. flaviventris nosophora. 38. M. flaviventris luteola. M. flaviventris dacota. 4. M. flaviventris obscura.
por
North American Fauna No. 37, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE XV.
SKULLS OF MARMOTA.
1. M. olympus. 3. M. caligata caligata. 2. M. yancouveren 4. M. caligata cascadensis.
INDEX.
(New names in bold=face type; synonyms in italics.)
A. alpina, Marmota, 18. Arctomys, genus, 18, avarus, 41. brachyurus, 40. caligata, 59. caligatus, 59. canadensis, 30. dacota, 49. empetra, 30. flaviventer, 39, 49, 50. ignavus, 29. melanopus, 30. mona, 22, okanaganii, 64. okanaganus, 64. olympus, 69. pruinosa, 59. pruinosus, 59, 64. sibila, 30. avara, Marmota flaviventris, 41-42. avarus, Arctomys flaviventer , 41.
B. brachyurus, Arctomys, 40.
Cc.
caligata, Arctomys, 59. Marmota, 57. Marmota caligata, 59-61. Marmotia, 59. caligatus, Arctomys, 59. canadensis, Arctomys, 30. Glis, 30. Marmota monax, 30-32. cascadensis, Marmota caligata, 67-69.
D.
dacota, Arctomys, 49. Marmota flaviventris, 49-50.
Distribution maps, caligata group, 68.
fiaviventris group, 38. monax group, 23.
E.
engelhardti, Marmota, 50. Marmota flaviventris, 45-46. empetra, Arctomys, 30. Mus, 30.
¥F.
flaviventer, Arctomys, 39, 49, 50. Marmota, 39, 50.
flaviventris, Marmota, 36. Marmota flaviventris, 39-41.
G. Glis, genus, 18.
I.
ignava, Marmota monax, 29-30. ignavus, Arctomys, 29. Was
luteola, Marmota flaviventris, 50-52.
M.
Marmot, Black Hills, 49-50. Cascade hoary, 67-69. dusky, 53-55. Engelhardt, 45-46. glacier, 61-62. golden-mantled, 46-49. Montague Island, 62-63. Montana hoary, 66-67. Nevada, 44. northern hoary, 59-61. Okanagan hoary, 64-66. Olympic, 69-70. pallid yellow-bellied, 41-42. park, 50-52.
Robson hoary, 63-64. southern Sierra, 43-44. Vancouver Island, 70-72. Warren’s, 52-53. yellow-bellied, 39-41,
Marmota, genus, 18. alpina, 18. avara, 41-42. caligata, 57, 59-61. canadensis, 30-32, cascadensis, 67-69. dacota, 49-50. engelhardti, 45-46, engelhardti, 50. flaviventer, 39, 50. fiaviventris, 36, 39-41. ignava, 29-30. luteola, 50-52. marmota, 19. monax, 21, 22-25. nivaria, 66-67. nosophora, 46-49. obscura, 53-55. ochracea, 34-35. okanagana, 64-66, olympus, 69-70. oxytona, 63-64. parvula, 4445. petrensis, 33. preblorum, 27-29. rufescens, 25-27.
79
80 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.
Marmota sheldoni, 62-63. P, sibila, 63. sierrae, 43-44. vancouverensis, 70-72. vigilis, 61-62. watreni, 52-53. Marmotta caligata, 59. Measurements, cranial, explanation of, 18. R. caligata group, 72. flaviventris group, 55.
parvula, Marmota flaviventris, 44-45, petrensis, Marmota monax, 33. preblorum, Marmota monax, 27-29, pruinosa, Arctomys, 59.
pruinosus, Arctomys, 59, 64.
rufescens, Marmota monax, 25-27.
monax group, 35. s melanopus, Arctomys, 30. : monarx, Arctomys, 22. sheldoni, Marmota caligata, 62-63. Glis, 22. sibila, Arctomys, 30. Marmota, 21. Marmota, 63. Marmota monax, 22-25. sierrae, Marmota flaviventris, 43-44, Mus, 18, 22. N. Vv.
vancouverensis, Marmota, 70-72.
nivaria, Marmoia caligata, 66-67. icilis. M ta caligata. 61-62 viguis, armota Ca. 1iga ay, Use
nosophora, Marmota. flaviventris, 46-49.
QO. Ww.
obscura, Marmota fiaviventris, 53-55. warreni, Marmota flaviventris, 52-53. ochracea, Marmota monax, 34-35. Woodchuck, British Columbia, 33. okanagana, Marmota caligata, 64-66. Canada, 30-32. okanaganii, Arctomys, 64. Labrador, 29-30. okanaganus, Arctomys, 64. New England, 27-29. olympus, Arctomys, 69. ochraceous, 34-35.
Marmota, 69-70. rufescent, 25-27. oxytona, Marmota caligata, 63-64. southern, 22-25.
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At se WOVEIO ET OA.
is
eee ges
__'U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE a - BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY ; +9 a HENRY W. HENSHAW, Chief
| NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA — | / No: 88
[Actual date of publication, September 30, 1915]
it ge ae | ig
=
A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN MOLES
BY
HARTLEY H. T. JACKSON
x _ ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
= -
be : : Qn ins
\ WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE ae 1915 -
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY HENRY W. HENSHAW, Chief
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA
No. 38
[Actual date of publication, September 30, 1915]
A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN MOLES
BY
HARTLEY H. T. JACKSON
ASSISTANT BIOLOGIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
aa eau he coo
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915
LETTER <OF TRANSMIT
Unirep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau oF BroLocicaL SURVEY, Washington, D. C., March 26, 1918.
Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as North American Fauna No. 38, a review of the American moles by Hartley H. T. Jackson, assistant biologist, Biological Survey. Widely distributed throughout a large part of North America and very numerous in many places, moles have in some localities proved "injurious to agriculture, though they are generally beneficial through their destruction of insects, which form much of their food. Their economic status has not yet been fully determined but is now being carefully investigated by this bureau, and for this work the present paper will serve as a basis.
Respectfully, Ernry W. HEnsHaw, Chief, Brological Survey.
Hon. Davi F. Hovston, ;
Secretary of Agriculture. 2
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OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT
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: CONTENTS.
Characteristics and development of the young........----.-.---.--.---.-- Petron ara MOLES Ee cs eis aso es Se. lawns oe eerie VATIALION. 2.3 tas Sa eee eee rk. ae eked Peng HOM tRVATIAbON. Seo ite ee er oe Sa eek oes eee Semualvariation.. 0.2.2... ee Ae Ee os Ae en ens SPM OM als ios eR ee een ne ol dele eke Sees Been. eae Mm ION cia) Satara Eugen ne ink ee hk ea ge 03 ieee ad beapiaeaenollet seria s 5! 1s Se SLE Jal SO kk SUN Re MicmorranecuG ackuowledoments: 22 0 uid eee eS a
Demarini ce ce tie ee Se aie ie See oe
SULLS TBST CES eee ae nr a A es ese Sees ee ire 2 Re Rare ee CNS See SG Sake ced hOlkig wee hd List of generic names that have been used for American moles........... Sele a MOnpAe ENCTA‘Ol MOLES. ois occ ese ns Voc oe oh eS ek ee eet List of American genera, species, and subspecies, with type localities ....
Bee BD ete 5 Sai oe Seesctiais a. Ree aes = kum dint 2 ok bee oe
iMevs ro spectes and subspeciese-s .< 122. esse Sed sete kee ee oss 3 Peserpiions ol species and subspecies 2.2.02 jist ss. 522s se ee eee ee
ee REE IS ee aegis) i else e eM. AIG ote Sees
Key to species and subspecies. ...--- GP pees. Wy. Nei carole a8 Wexzeraptious OL species and subspecies... .2. iste. 1-52 seks osl dee eke t
Dee RE PELOSI ODS ens Gola, sarees ici atte bin ss Se ee ate eee tL ae kee ets eet UNE sm Mane Nee ote eS Sse One ma te cele ae sacle oS aS CH OLICH Sea ae aoe le oe oe see hageie SEIS Se ok Haren io Geico
HaeN LOIS SPCCICS ee ceo. We cs oe ok eatin Measles or He see ie ee eeaew Deseriptions of species'and subspecies... ..... 4.2.2 220422... 22-22 ee:
[LLUSTRATIONS:
PLATES.
[Following page 98.]
PiatE I. Molting process of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus; young of S. a. howelit.
II. Skulls (dorsal view) of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus, S. a. howelli, S. a. australis, S. a. anastase, S. a. parvus, S. a. machrinus, S. a. machrinoides,
S. a. pulcher, S. a. caryt, S. a. texanus, S. inflatus, and S. xreus
TIT. Skulls (ventral and lateral views) of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus, S. a. howelli, S. a. australis, S.a. parvus, 8. a. texanus, S. inflatus, and S. xreus.
3
f
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Puate IV. Skulls (dorsal view) of Scapanus townsendit, S. orarius orarius, S.o0. schefferi, S. latimanus latimanus, 8. 1. occultus, S. 1. grinnelli, 8.1. sericatus, S. 1. minusculus, S. 1. dilatus, S. anthonyi, Parascalops breweri, and Condylura
Fia.
cristata.
V. Skulls (ventral and lateral views) of Scapanus townsendii, S. orarius orarius, S. latimanus latimanus, S. anthonyi, Parascalops breweri, and Condylura
cristata.
VI. Skulls (dorsal, ventral, and lateral views) of Netirotrichus gibbsii gibbsti and NV. g. hyacinthinus. Mandibles (lateral view) of Scalopus aquaticus
“IO OT BR GC bd Fe
co oO
. Skull of young of Scalopus aquaticus machrinoides . Geographic range of species and subspecies of the genus Scalopus.. .
. Tail of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus...._.2 32550 2 . Snout of Scalopus aquatieus aquaticus...-2.55..-5 2 ee . Fore foot of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus..-... 0... ee . Hind foot of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus_..22.22.2... . Geographic range of Scapanus townsendir, S. latimanus and subspecies,
aquaticus, S.a. howelli, S. a. australis, S. a. machrinus, S. a. texanus, S. inflatus, S. xreus, Scapanus townsendu, S. orarius orarius, S. 0. schefferi,
S. latimanus latimanus, S. 1. occultus, S.1. grinnelli, 8.1. sericatus, S. 1. minusculus, S. 1. dilatus, S. anthonyi, Parascalops breweri, Condylura
ertstata, Netirotrichus gibbsi gibbsu, and N. g. hyacinthinus.
TEXT FIGURES.
and 8. ANthONY toc. 55 sajeiste ore et ieee
. Tail-of Scapanus latimanus latimanus. 2222-22 22 en - Snout of Scapanus latumanus laiimanus... 5.2 ee 10. 11. Ae 13. 14. 15. 16. Ly 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
Fore foot of Scapanus latimanus latimanus?: 2.22.22 2 ee Hind foot of Scapanus latemanus latimanus.. icc eee eee Geographic range of Scapanus orarius and mubepeces Ee yas, oS tS Geographic range of Parascalops brewert../--- 2-2 = = =) ee Tail of Parascalops brewert.....22055022 2522) eee Snout of Parascalops brewert.......----- Bt yee Fore foot of Parascalops brewert..23 222552242422. 2 ee Hind foot of Parascalops brewert....22-+:-92.222.- 2 Geographic range of Condylura cristata:..252*_-.- = 2a Tail of Condylura cristata....0.055252 02-00) Snout of Condyluracristata...2-220 9-2) 0 2k Fore foot of Condylura, cristata.....:.12222 5212-2. eee Hind foot.of Condylura cristata’ =2 222 22 = eee eat ae Geographic range of Netirotrichus gibbsit and subspecies.....-.--.----- Tail of Netirotrichus.gibbsit hyacnthinus.. 2. 5-4-5. --- eee eee Snout of Neurotrichus gubbsi gibbsis. <2... 2-22. - eee Fore foot of Netirotrichus gibbsit hyacintlinus. .._-22222- 25 ssn eee Hind foot of Netirotrichus gibbsit hyacinthinus.......-----.-.---------
No, 88, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. Sept., 1915,
A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN MOLES.
By Hartiey H. T. JACKSON.
INTRODUCTION.
On account of their subterranean and secretive habits, American moles apparently were not observed by the earlier American ex- plorers. As the settlement of the United States progressed, however, these animals became well known, and in many cases proved injurious to agriculture. Moles occur rather generally in eastern North America along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Labrador to Florida and in northeastern Tamaulipas, Mexico, and range westward to Manitoba and northeastern Colorado. Within this area are found three genera, Scalopus, Parascalops, and Condylura. All three genera occur in some localities, but no one covers the entire region occupied by the group. West of the area mentioned no moles are found until the Pacific coast region is reached. There, two other genera, Scapa- nus and Neiirotrichus, occur, their ranges being confined mainly to the humid and semihumid region west of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, from southern British Columbia to northern Lower California.
In general, the several genera have the following distribution:
Scalopus, comprising the common naked-tailed moles of eastern United States, is the most widely distributed and best-known genus of the family. It ranges from southern Massachusetts, southern Ontario, central Minnesota, and northeastern Colorado south to the Gulf States and northeastern Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is confined almost entirely to the Upper and Lower Austral Zones.
Parascalops, comprising only a single species—Brewer’s, or the hairy-tailed mole—is much more restricted in range than Scalopus, occurring from southern New Brunswick to northeastern Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, and south along the Appalachian Moun- tains to North Carolina. Although living in the midst of the range of Scalopus, in reality the two occur together at comparatively few
5
6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38
places, since Parascalops is confined exclusively to the Transition and Canadian Zones, while Scalopus inhabits chiefly the Austral Zones.
Condylura, also comprising only a single species—the star-nosed mole—is widely distributed, but apparently not very abundant. It ranges from southern Labrador and southeastern Manitoba south to northern Illinois, along the Appalachian Mountains to western North Carolina, and on the Atlantic coast to Georgia. Apparently not lim- ited in its distribution by zones, it occurs from the Boreal to the Lower Austral.
Scapanus fills the place on the Pacific coast occupied by Scalopus on the Atlantic slope, being abundant and widely distributed from British Columbia south to northern -Lower California. It ranges through all the zones from Boreal to Lower Sonoran.
Neiirotrichus has a limited distribution on the Pacific coast west of the mountains from southwestern British Columbia south to Monterey County, California, occurring in the Boreal and Transition Zones.
HABITS AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF MOLES.
While all American moles have certain general habits in common, as, for example, spending most of their lives underground and feeding largely upon insects, their habits vary in details. The genera Sca- lopus, Scapanus, and Parascalops usually inhabit drier soils, burrow deeper, and confine themselves more to subterranean runways than do Condylura and Neiirotrichus. All moles prefer loamy or sandy soil where burrowing is easier, and consequently they are scarce or absent in heavy clay, stony, or gravelly soils. Insufficient food is often the cause of their scarcity in excessively sandy soils.
The common mole (Scalopus) is found in almost any area where soil.and food are suitable; it is most plentiful in meadows, gardens, and similar habitats, but is by no means confined to them, and fre- quently is found in open woodland, along the banks of streams, and in other environments. It dwells in a series of subterranean tunnels 10 to 18 inches beneath the surface, and from these it forces.to the outside small piles of earth, scarcely large enough to be worthy the name ‘‘molehills.’”’ A second series of tunnels is made just beneath the surface of the soil and appears as a series of small ridges, usually more or less branching and at times ramifying in all directions. This second series seems to be made chiefly during the animal’s hunt for food and may be occupied. but once; generally, however, the main surface tunnels are used for a considerable time. During dry weather the mole works deeper and practically deserts the surface ridges. Its change of habit is due in part to the increased hardness of the surface soil, but undoubtedly is more the result of its pursuing worms and
1915.) INTRODUCTION. 7
insects into moister regions. Essentially the same condition is pro- duced during winter, when the surface soil is frozen. The common mole seldom leaves its tunnels. Its nest is about 5 or 6 inches in diameter and usually 12 to 18 inches beneath the surface; most fre- quently it is placed under roots of shrubs or pasture grass and is made of grass and rootlets, but occasionally partly of leaves. In the northern half of its range the young are born during March or April; ‘in the southern part they appear earlier in spring. The number of young in a litter varies from two to five, the usual number being four; and there is probably only one litter produced each year.
The habits of Scapanus are much like those of Scalopus. The ridges formed by Scapanus upon the surface are usually more con- spicuous than those of Scalopus, and its ‘‘molehills,” thrown up at frequent intervals, much larger. The hills made by Scapanus often contain a half bushel or more of dirt and resemble those made by the pocket gopher. The mounds made by Scapanus, however, show no trace of an opening, while those of the pocket gopher do. The mounds of Scapanus in most cases are more nearly circular than those of the pocket gopher. So far as known, the breeding habits of sub- species of Scapanus latimanus do not differ essentially from those of Scalopus; the time of breeding and the number of young in a litter are about thesame. With Scapanus townsendu, however, the breed- ing time is later, the young usually being born during May or June. The number in a litter is less than with S. latimanus, there being usually only two or three, seldom four, and not infrequently only one.
The habits of Parascalops are not well known, but in general they appear to be much the same as those of Scalopus.
Star-nosed moles, genus Condylura, prefer to make their homes in wet meadows or marshes, though occasionally they: may choose the same habitat as Scalopus, or even occupy the same tunnels with them. The surface ridges made by Condylura are more irregular and broken than those of Scalopus and usually smaller and more crooked; the burrows seem to be deep for a short distance, then appear as surface ridges, shortly to disappear again. Besides the subterranean tunnels, the star-nosed mole uses surface runways under and through the grass in marshes and meadows. Unlike other moles, Condylura frequently leaves its tunnels in winter and burrows in the snow, or even runs on top of it. Little is known con- cerning the nesting and breeding habits of this genus. A family of five young about one-third grown, collected May 22, 1888, by Morris M. Green, and now in the Biological Survey collection, was found in a nest under a log on the flats of the Potomac River a short distance north of Georgetown, D.C. Two of the young from this family are slightly more developed than the others, but it is not known whether
8 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 88.
this is due to difference in time of birth or to subsequent conditions. Another nest, containing young, is described by Bishop as follows:
On May 22, 1890, while having some apple trees planted, I had the good luck to find a nest containing four young. :
The locality where the nest was found was two miles south of Kentville in Kings County, Nova Scotia. The land had been cleared of small forest trees several years before and had grown up with grass and was mowed every year.
The particular spot where the nest was found was a little hillock or cradlehill which. had been formed apparently by a tree having been blown down. When the roots had rotted away, a small dry mound of soft black sedimentary earth was formed, and in this the nest was built. This mound was high enough to be out of reach of storm water during wet weather.
The elevation containing the nest was ten inches below the surface, and was made in circular form, seven inches in diameter. The nest was built of old dry grass, and was very compact and neatly made. Although the mound contained a complete network of roadways, no earth was thrown to the surface within ten feet of the nest.!
The little. Netirotrichus prefers a damp habitat and is seldom found far from swamps, marshes, or streams. In the extreme southern part of its range it is most frequently found in swampy places overgrown with sedges or shrubs. Farther north its habitat is less confined, and it is found along streams or even in moist dense woods. Its tunnels are more like those of Condylura than other moles, and it seems to spend no small part of its time in surface runways or under logs. In fact, the tunnels are often open above for some distance, and in this respect resemble the tunnels of the eastern pine mouse (Pitymys pinetorum). The nesting and breeding habits of Netirotrichus are unknown.
The economic status of American moles has been the subject of much dispute, authorities differmg as to whether the animals are beneficial or harmful. The genera Parascalops, Condylura, and Netirotrichus are local in distribution, seldom abundant in any locality, and most frequently inhabit waste or uncultivated lands; they can not, therefore, have extensive economic importance. Such is not the case, however, with Scalopus and Scapanus, which are more generally distributed throughout their ranges, and usually abundant in lawns, fields, and gardens. The food of moles consists in large measure of insects, and in this they are beneficial. However, moles destroy large numbers of earthworms, make unsightly ridges in lawns, and dig tunnels which permit incursions of rodents injurious to roots, tubers, and planted seeds, and which frequently are directly responsible for the weathering away of humus deposits and super- soils on hillsides; in these activities moles are harmful. The economic status of the mole is being extensively investigated by Theodore H. Scheffer, under the direction of the Biological Survey; the results of his studies will be published later.
1 Bishop, W. L., Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., vol. 10. pp. 348-349, October 1, 1902.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. g CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG.
The young of Scalopus (Pl. I, fig. 3) are born hairless. Vibrissz very soon appear on the lips, but hair does not show until the animal is at least a week or ten days old. The fresh, first pelage remains short and grows little until the animal is nearly one-third grown; it is exceedingly fine and silky, and lies close to the body, giving the animal a smooth, sleek appearance. Two young, probably about a week old, from Jackson, N.C., have the general proportions of the body much as in adults. The feet, both fore and hind, have much the same shape as in adults, and are relatively about the same size, though, on account of the bones of the arm thickening rather than lengthening during growth, the A fore feet of the young, being relatively more projected from the body, appear at first glance to be relatively very large. The hind feet are rela- tively alittle wider than those of adults. The claws of the fore feet are soft and weak, though relatively thick and broad; those of the hind feet are very soft and only slightly developed. The external ear appears as a thickening of the dermis into a flat papilla 1.5 mm. in diameter. The center of this is penetrated by a minute auditory opening that i seems to be closed by the contact of its sides; as aes an auditory organ its function is probably exceed- ie. 1.—skutl of young of ingly limited. The rudimentary eye appears as a = S*#/opus aquaticus mach-
; Fi rinoides (X 3). [Recon- small pigmented spot covered by dermis; aminute, structed and drawn by imperfect opening passes through the dermis to the author from speci- the eye proper, and may be sufficiently penetrable Haak ike Nae for the animal to perceive light from darkness; it Tom Greenway, Ark.] seems improbable, however, that the eye is sufficiently developed for form perception, and it is probable that with advanced age the sense of light perception becomes less acute.
Skulls of young (fig. 1) a week or ten days old distinctly show the sutures between the principal cranial bones; the sutures between the frontals and parietals, however, are now nearly closed. In comparison with skulls of adults, the mastoid region is high and swollen and the zygomata are heavy. ‘The auditory meatus is distinct and more pronounced than in adults, the bulle small, but relatively high and rounded and not so much flattened. The nasals are short and broad, becoming wider posteriorly; the premaxille are triangular, adjoining the anterior two-fifths to one-half of the nasals. During the development of the skull the premaxille push forward
1 Alcoholic, No. 7250, U. S. Nat. Mus.
10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
and gradually enclose the nasals anteriorly. Most of the cranial bones are anastomosed and the sutures closed before permanent dentition is acquired. The suture betwe@én the interparietal and the parietals is the last to close and is the only one which may remain open and distinct in extreme old age. The sutures between the premaxille and the maxille and those between the nasals and the maxille usually remain indistinctly visible until permanent dentition is acquired.
The writer has examined no very young moles of genera other than Scalopus, but it would seem that the general relationships of characteristics of young to those of adults would be essentially the same in the different genera. Bishop, writing about Condylura, states: ‘‘The young were probably ten days old, the fur just beginning to start, which gave the skin a dark brown colour.” The most remarkable difference between young and adults of Condylura is in the snout. The character of that organ in the young has been well described by Ayres, as follows:
At birth the star-nosed mole is nearly destitute of visible hair and the tactile bristles of the facial region have not made their appearance at the surface. The snout of the young Condylura lacks all the distinctive characteristics of the adult, and the entire body resembles that of Talpa much more than it does its parent. On a close examination of the distal end of the snout of such a new-born animal one can distinguish a tract of skin which covers four-fifths of the circumference of the organ (the part not specially marked off is the median ventral fifth). This dermal tract extends for three millimeters toward the base of the snout and is marked off from the remaining surface by a series of furrows running parallel to the long axis of the body. A series of parallel ridges is thus formed, each ridge being bounded on either side by a furrow. At their anterior and posterior ends these ridges pass gradually into the neighboring smooth surface. By a gradual ingrowth of the bottoms of the furrows each groove is deepened and each ridge suffers a correspondingly increased definition of form, while at the same time the posterior end of each groove grows toward its neighbor on either side. When the grooves have all united there is formed by their union a common groove which nearly encircles the snout and separates the tactile. from the remaining surface of that organ.
Commencing at the posterior margin of the tactile surface and advancing toward the tip of the snout, the grooves deepen and grow toward each other in their bottom portions until they finally coalesce underneath the ridges. The result of this process is the production of free, finger-shaped processes composed exclusively of ectoderm, attached to the anterior end of the snout in the manner already described for the adult.?
The pelage of individuals of Scapanus, Parascalops, and Condylura, one-third grown, has much the same compact, sleek appearance as that of Scalopus, indicating a slow and probably entirely postnatal srowth.
1 Bishop, W. L., Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., vol. 10, p. 349, Oct. 1, 1902. 2 Ayres, H., Biol. Centralb., band 4, pp. 358-359, 1885.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. Ua
PELAGES AND MOLTS.
The hair of all American moles is fine and silky, producing a soft and velvetlike pelage. In Scalopus, Scapanus, and Parascalops the hairs are nearly equal in length and there is no distinct underfur. In Condylura some of the hairs are distinctly longer and coarser than the major portion, the latter forming an underfur, and the whole producing a pelage much less velvetlike than that of any other genus. In Netirotrichus the condition of the pelage is somewhat as in Condylura; the fur is shorter, however, and the underfur difficult to detect.
The basal pelage reveals a series of transverse vermiculations, most pronounced in Scalopus and Scapanus, least in Netirotrichus; in all genera these markings are more noticeable in the fur on the back, less on the ventral parts. Microscopic examination shows that these vermiculations are due to structural as well as chromatic differences. Each hair consists of normally pigmented, gray, cylindrical sections, 1 to 2 mm. long, alternated with finer flat sections, 0.2 to 0.5 mm. long and unpigmented, or with the pigment reduced to a small amount of yellow. Each one of these fine, flat sections acts as a hinge upon which the hair bends; this in part produces the velvetlike texture of the pelage and permits the hair to be rubbed either forward or back- ward with little friction—a distinct advantage to a subterranean mammal. The vermiculations usually show more clearly in worn pelage than in fresh. The young of Scalopus, Scapanus, and Para- scalops, in their first winter pelage, are more grayish than adults; of Condylura, paler and more brownish. Winter pelage of adults of all moles is usually darker than that of summer; worn pelage is faded and frequently more brownish than the fresh. The color of speci- mens retained in a cabinet or storage case for a few years usually fades, becoming more brownish than that of recently killed animals.
TIME OF MOLTING.
There are two molts annually in Scalopus, one in spring and the other in fall. Throughout most of the range of the genus the spring molt is usually completed by the last of May or the first of June; the fall molt, in the northern half of the range, by the first week in October; in the southern part of the range the fall molt naturally occurs later in the year, and the spring molt earlier than farther north. The winter pelage of breeding females becomes worn early in the season, but, as has been suggested by True,! the actual molting in such individuals may frequently be delayed. Examina- tion of a large series of specimens from Washington, D. C., shows that
1 True, F. W., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 37, 1896.
12 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
the spring molt in that region occurs usually during the months of April and May, though most of the animals are probably in full sum- mer pelage by the middle of May. A large series of specimens from the same locality, taken during October and the first part of Novem- ber, are all in full winter pelage; the fall molt seems to take place there during the latter part of August and the first half of September. Specimens of Scalopus aquaticus machrinus from northern Illinois show molting during the first half of May; one taken June 15, 1907, at Joliet, Hl., is in fresh summer pelage, except for a small place on the face; in a topotype of S. a. machrinus collected September 5, 1898, the ventral parts are in short, fresh, winter pelage, the dorsal parts in old, summer pelage. Specimens of S.a. pulcher, taken at Delight, Ark., the middle of September, are in nearly complete winter fur; an adult male taken April 30, 1910, at Lake City, Ark., is in fresh sum- mer pelage except on the nose; specimens taken at Sour Lake, Tex., the latter part of March and first of April, 1905, show the beginning of molt on the underparts. The spring molt of S. a. australis seems to occur from about the middle of March to the middle of April. A topotype of S. a. texanus, collected February 9, 1893, has fresh summer pelage on the abdomen.
The time of molting seems to be more irregular in Scapanus than in Scalopus, and the period of seasonal molt during which numbers of individuals may be found molting is more prolonged than with Scalopus; it is possible that this difference may be correlated with climatic differences. The spring molt in Scapanus latimanus lati- manus May commence any time from the middle of January to the last of April; specimens in which the spring molt has just begun were collected at Santa Cruz, Cal., January 14 and February 28, and at Red Bluff, Cal., April 24; one collected at Lower Lake, Cal., April 12, still retains the worn and faded winter pelage; a specimen collected March 18, at Santa Cruz, is in fresh summer pelage, and the majority of specimens show this condition by the middle of April. The autumnal molt of S. 1. lattimanus may begin from the middle of August to the last of November; in a male collected August 14, at Santa Cruz, the molt is well begun; a specimen taken November 30 at Fort Bragg, Cal., has fresh pelage on the head only, and another taken the same day at King City, Cal., has obtained about one-third of its new pelage; in most cases, however, the winter pelage is com- plete by the last of November. The autumnal molt in 8S. J. dilatus is usually completed a month earlier than in S. 1. latvmanus, though one specimen collected at Chico, Cal., December 20, has just started to molt. A female collected August 4, at Round Mountain, Cal., is about two-thirds covered with fresh pelage, and is probably in a delayed spring molt. The specimens of 8S. 7. occultus examined indi- cate that the spring molt in that form may begin as early as the first
1915.] INTRODUCTION. 13
of January or as late as the latter half of June; a specimen in which the molt is just begun was collected January 2 at Somerset, Cal., and a male in similar condition of molt was taken at Alhambra, near by, on June 21; spring molt in S. l. occultus is usually completed by the first of April and the autumnal molt about the first of December. The material available does not show many specimens of S. townsendit in process of spring molting; two collected April 7, 1914, at Puyallup, Wash., are in nearly complete summer pelage, while in three others the molt is fully complete. The majority of specimens show full summer pelage the latter part of April. The fall molt of S. townsendit occurs most frequently during October; specimens occasionally show molting later in the year, as, for example, one collected December 20, 1912, at Ferndale, Cal., which shows the last remnants of summer fur; on the other hand, the fall molt may begin as early as the latter part of August; several females collected during July and the first half of August, near Portland, Oreg., are in various stages of molting from the beginning to half complete, which may be a delayed spring molt. A specimen of S. orarius orarius collected March 11, 1913, at Ferndale, Cal., has begun to molt; one of S. o. schefferi collected at Lester, Wash., May 14, 1914, shows only a trace of old pelage on the back and underparts; others secured the middle of May are in full summer pelage. The change to winter pelage in S. o. orarius seems to occur mostly during October, though a male taken at Eureka, Cal., August 17, 1910, shows the beginning of the autumnal molt.
Material examined is insufficient for a satisfactory determination of the time of molting of Parascalops; in a male from Magnetic City, N. C., collected March 26, 1894, the ventral parts and the rump are in fresh summer pelage, the rest of the fur being worn winter pelage; other specimens in various stages of molt from the same locality were taken between April 24 and July 5. Many specimens collected at various localities durmg August and September show a much-worn pelage; it seems probable that winter fur appears during October and November; in fact a specimen collected October 12, 1910, in Wetzel County, W. Va., has traces of, a new pelage under the old on the breast. An adult male from Magnetic City, N. C., collected August 21, 1893, shows molting and has the entire ventral parts in fresh pelage; it is impossible to determine whether this is an early fall molt or a delayed spring molt.
The spring molt in moles of the genus Condylura occurs late, the molting process being at its height durmg June and the first half of July, though it is usually completed by the middle of the latter month; very rarely molting may begin during the last few days of May, and, equally as rarely, traces of winter pelage may remain well into August. The autumnal molt of Condylura takes place
te NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 88.
during October, though occasionally it begins the last of September; the full winter pelage is usually obtained before the last of October.
In a large series of Netirotrichus from Sumas, British Columbia, the spring molt appears to be at its height during the latter half of May and the first week of June, though one or two specimens indicate a beginning of the molt as early as the latter part of April; most individuals are in full summer pelage by the first of July; none of these specimens show autumnal molt. Farther south, in Washington, Oregon, and northern California, spring molt is earlier, and specimens taken there during the first part and middle of June are in summer pelage. The available material has been insufficient to determine the time of the fall molt, though apparently it occurs during October. A specimen from Goldbeach, Oreg., collected September 21, 1901, has a trace of new pelage under the old on the breast; two from Steilacoom, Wash., October 9 and 12, 1891, and one from Palo Alto, Cal., October 17, 1897, have the molt well advanced; a male taken October 18, 1891, at Tenino, Wash., is in nearly complete winter pelage. MANNER OF MOLTING.
Molting in Scalopus occurs more or less regularly in definite sequence on the different parts of the body, and the same order is followed in both the vernal and autumnal molts. The fresh pelage first appears on the breast and abdomen (PI. IJ, fig. 1) and gradually replaces the old until the entire underparts, except the chin and throat, have molted; at this stage there is a sharp lateral line of demarcation between the new and the old fur (PI. I, fig. 2); the fresh pelage gradually extends up over the back, generally encroaching upon the posterior part first and working forward toward the nose. The chin and throat in most individuals retain the old pelage for several days after all the rest of the molt is complete. There are, of course, exceptions to this general order of molting but most of these occur in animals which are molting either earlier or later than normally, and the writer is inclined to believe that these varia- tions are either due to retarded or stimulated physiological processes, or else result from injuries to the animal. Two specimens show distinctly that the molting process has been retarded on account of injuries; one? is in full winter pelage except a very small place on the throat and a small patch directly posterior to a flesh wound on the left side of the posterior part of the back; the other? is in complete winter pelage except a circular patch, about 20 mm. in diameter on the occiput, which is also mostly posterior to a flesh
1No. 180769, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; ¢ adult, collected at Washington, D.C.,
October 11, 1912. 2 No. 6190, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; 9 adult, collected at Audubon, N. J., October 28, 1908.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. 15
wound and partly encloses it; winter pelage surrounding the patches is in both specimens long and well ‘developed, in marked contrast with the short fur of delayed growth. A male’ from Connecticut, in somewhat premature molt, has the entire dorsal parts in fresh pelage except a patch about 30 mm. in diameter on the right shoul- der; the anterior three-fifths of the ventral parts are in old pelage, and this extends well up the sides. A postbreeding female, ? the molting of which has already been mentioned by True, ? is in retarded, much-worn winter pelage, except the posterior half of the back, anterior to the rump, and a very small portion of the abdomen, which are in rather incomplete spring pelage.
The sequence of molting in Scapanus is less definite than in Scalopus. ‘The differences of color, texture, and length of hair be- tween the old and new pelages of Scapanus are usually slight; often the line of demarcation separating the two pelages is scarcely dis- tinguishable, and seldom sharp as in Scalopus. The sequence of molting on the various parts of the body appears in a few cases to be not unlike that of Scalopus, the underparts molting first, followed consecutively by the sides and back. More frequently, however, the new pelage appears first on the head and throat, then works down over the nape and back, encroaching last upon the abdomen; or, as is shown most beautifully in a specimen‘ of Scapanus latimanus latimanus from Petrolia, Cal., the new pelage may appear simul- taneously in separate patches upon head, back, and rump.
The material has been inadequate to show anything definite re-
garding the method and sequence of molting in Parascalops, but the specimens examined seem to indicate that these processes are not unlike corresponding processes in Scalopus. . The new fur of Condylura generally appears first on the posterior part of the flanks, but the body sequence is inconstant;,the molt on the flanks usually spreads forward and ventrally, while at the same time on the back fresh pelage replaces the old, which sloughs off in irregular blotches. Probably in most cases the ventral parts are in fresh pelage before the major portion of the back has molted; a small posterior rump patch is almost invariably the last to molt. The contrast between new and old pelages during the spring molt is marked; the autumnal molt, however, is often difficult to detect.
In the genus Netirotrichus, new pelage ordinarily first replaces the old on top of the head; this is soon followed by the molting of the posterior part of the back almost simultaneously with the beginning
1 No. 4276, Mus. Comp. Zool., Bangs collection; ¢ adult, collected Februrary, 21, 1896, at Liberty Hill, Conn. 2 No. 22858, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; collected July 1, 1888, at Washington, D. C. 3 True, F. W., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 37, 1896. * No. 140706, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; f adult, collected Nov. 6, 1905.
v
16 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
of the molting of the ventral parts on the throat and breast; the molting areas on the back increase in size and finally enclose each other; the area on the breast works posteriorly, then dorsally; the flanks are the last to molt. The molting process in Neiirotrichus, once well begun, seems to be very rapid, and this may account for the sparsity of material of this genus showing molt.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION.
The maximum of geographic variation occurs in Scalopus and Scapa- nus. In Scalopus it consists in general of a decrease in size toward the south and an increase in pallor toward the west. The maximum size of individuals is found in the north-central part of the range of the genus; the size decreases gradually both to the east and west, and rather abruptly toward the south. The rostrum tends to shorten in the western and southwestern portions of the range. The palest members of the genus are found in the region of western Nebraska; the color darkens toward the east and south, becoming somewhat ochraceous in the southwestern part of the range.
The size of Scapanus (except in S. townsend and S. orarws orarius), like that of Scalopus, decreases toward the south. In the coast region the pallor increases toward the south, and reaches its maxi- mum in specimens of Scapanus latimanus occultus from San Diego County, Cal.; farther south, however, in the San Pedro Martir moun- tain region of Lower California, the color of Scapanus seems to be- come darker again. In the interior, more mountainous regions, the color of Scapanus becomes darker toward the south, the darkest specimens being from Yosemite Valley, Cal., while the palest are from Crater Lake, Oreg., and the Mount Shasta region, Cal.
Geographic variation in Netirotrichus manifests itself in a slight in- crease in size and a very slight darkening of color in the southern part of the range. A tendency appears also for the more pronounced development of an anterior cusplike process on the cingulum of the second upper premolar in specimens from the southern half of the range of the genus.
Geographic variation in Parascalops and Condylura is negligible, though a slightly decreasing size southward is noted in Condylura.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.
The general size, shape, and proportions of skulls of moles, con- specific and of corresponding maturity, from any given locality are usually constant, variation seldom exceeding more than 4 per cent. On the other hand, the shape of individual cranial bones is noticeably variable, especially that of the interparietal. In a series of specimens of Scalopus from a given locality the posterior border of the palate
1915.] INTRODUCTION. heey , LY
may be simple, spined, or notched; in Scapanus, simple, but usually notched; in Condylura usually simple, but sometimes spined; and in Parascalops and Neiirotrichus, almost invariably simple. There is a marked tendency in Scalopus and Scapanus toward abnormal denti- tion; this appears not only in the production of accessory cusplike processes on the cingula of the premolars, but also in the increase or reduction of the number of premolars ordinarily present. The tendency in Scalopus is toward extra premolars; in Scapanus:it is toward the suppression of premolars, though in each of at least seven skulls examined there is a supernumerary premolar.
The general color of specimens from a given locality is constant, except for seasonal variations. Individual abnormalities, however, occur frequently in Scalopus and Scapanus. The common type of chromatic variation in Scalopus is the occurrence of white, cream, orange, or ochraceous spots or blotches, appearing usually either on the face or on the ventral parts. Scheffer ' has remarked upon the prevalence of this form of variation in Scalopus at Manhattan, Kans., where he finds that certain regions of the body of a large majority of the moles taken are washed with a tinge of orange, or that on the head or abdomen are distinct patches of this color. Variations simi- lar to these, however, crop out in many localities. They are not confined to any particular species or subspecies, but appear most frequently in S.a.machrinus and S.a.machrinoides. Inmanyspecimens this form of variation is, apparently, partial albinism, the patches being nearly white and the slight creamy or brown tinge probably being due to glandular or other stains. Blotches in other specimens range from cream color to shades of buff, orange, and brown, and show clearly that they are due to mutations of color. A unique variation occurs in a specimen from Warsaw, Ill. (No. 5429, American Museum of Natural History). The entire underparts of this animal, except the vent and right hind foot, are a beautiful capucine buff, as are also the nose and right side of the face; a narrow band of this color extends for a short distance up the posterior part of each flank, and anteriorly another band passes over the shoulders and across the nape, forming a complete collar; the remaining dorsal parts are much as in normal specimens, but perhaps slightly more vinaceous. Another peculiar variation occurs in a specimen from Madison, Ind. (No. 112008, United States National Museum). ‘The entire dorsal parts of this individual are normally colored; the ventral parts are pale ochraceous-salmon to ochraceous-buff, irregularly spotted and blotched especially laterally with grayish fuscous, the whole effect reminding one in certain respects of the ventral parts of some of the spotted tiger-cats or ocelots.
1 Scheffer, T. H., Kansas State Agr. College Exp. Sta. Bul. 168, p. 4, 1910. 90549°—15——2
18 ; ; NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 88.
That these chromatic mutations are inherited in Mendelian ratio among the offspring is strongly suggested in the specimens examined from Point Pelee, Ontario. From the small and somewhat isolated colony of Scalopus inhabiting this locality 25 specimens collected between October 18, 1908, and June 2, 1913, have been examined. Of these specimens 18 have ochraceous patches on the face, while the remaining 7 are normally colored. On purely unsubstantiated evidence, it would appear that ‘‘lack of gray-producing pigment”’ is here a dominant character, and that the hereditary tendency is probably toward pattern development rather than toward the primi- tive mammalian monochromatic grayish coloration.
Mutations of color seem to occur less frequently in Scapanus than in Scalopus; they are most marked in specimens of Scapanus orarius scheffer. from Walla Walla and Wenatchee, Wash. Abnormalities in, color in the genera Parascalops, Condylura, and Netirotrichus, are confined to albinistic spots which occur only rarely and usually appear to have been caused by injuries.
The writer has seen no melanistic specimens of American moles.
SEXUAL VARIATION.
The only marked sexual variation in American Talpide is in size of individuals. This is very noticeable in Scalopus and Scapanus, in which genera males are considerably larger than females. The same condition probably holds in other genera; in the specimens exam- ined of Parascalops, Condylura, and Neiirotrichus there is no apparent sexual variation, but this may be due to incorrect determinations of sex.
AGE VARIATION.
The most characteristic change in American Talpide occurring with increasing maturity is a flattening of the skull and a broad- ening of the base of the rostrum. These tendencies prevail in all genera. Broadening of the base of the rostrum is due to lateral thickening of the maxille. In immature specimens the external roots of the molars are not infrequently exposed in places through the maxille. In all genera except Condylura the upper premolars tend to become less cuspidate with increasing age, due not alone to wear of the teeth, but apparently to absorption and physiological processes. :
The genus Condylura furnishes an anomalous and unique age vari- ation; old adults possess a distinct median longitudinal crest on the upper posterior half of the rostrum. Another peculiar variation accompanying age occurs in Parascalops in which the hair on the nose and tail frequently turns white in old adults.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. 19
SEASONAL VARIATION.
Winter pelage of most moles is slightly darker than that of summer. No other seasonal variations occur except in Condylura: The tail of Condylura during the summer months is narrow and elongate; during the winter months it becomes much thickened, abruptly constricted at the base, and tapered apically. Both males and females have _ been found with tails in both conditions. The variation probably is due to assimilation of fat. Enlargement of the tail may begin as early as August, but usually it does not begin until September, or possibly later; the maximum size is reached in most cases by the latter part of November and is retained until March or April, when the tail gradually diminishes to its minimum summer size by the last of May or the middle of June.
EXPLANATIONS. EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS.
External measurements of moles are in millimeters and, unless otherwise stated, are those made by the collector from the animal in the flesh. The following have been used:
Total length.—Tip of nose to end of terminal tail vertebra.
Tail vertebre.—Base of tail at upper surface to end of terminal tail vertebra.
Hind foot.—Heel to end of longest claw.
CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS.
Cranial measurements were made by the author with a vernier caliper. The following have been employed:
Greatest length—Antero-posterior diameter of skull from anterior median point between bases of first upper incisors to most posterior point of supraoccipital in median line.
Palatilar length.—Antero-posterior diameter of palate from poste- rior median point between bases of first incisors to posterior median border of palate.
Mastoidal breadth.—Lateral diameter of skull measured through mastoids. Greatest lateral diameter of skull.
Interorbital breadth.—Lateral diameter of cranium measured at coronal suture.
Maxillary tooth row.—Antero-posterior diameter of upper molar- premolar row measured at alveolar border. ;
Mandibular molar-premolar row.—Antero-posterior diameter of lower molar-premolar row measured at alveolar border.
The bone immediately anterior to the lambdoidal crest and just posterior to the parietals is here called the ‘‘interparietal.” This bone in moles has been considered by some writers part of the supra- occipital.
20 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38, COLORS.
The names of colors used throughout the text are those of Ridg- way.’ On account of iridescence and reflection of light from the fur the color of any single animal may appear to vary considerably when viewed from different angles. For this reason the following method of making comparisons and observations of colors was used consist- ently: Diffused daylight from a window was allowed to strike the animal at an angle of 30° to 45° posterior to a plane perpendicular to the median longitudinal line of the animal. The mole was then viewed from its anterior end at an angle of about 60° from the light rays and in the same plane with them. In spite of this care colors have sometimes been exceedingly difficult to determine and describe.
MATERIAL AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The present revision recognizes 28 forms of 10 species of Amer- ican moles and is based upon a study of 2100 specimens, mostly skins accompanied by skulls. Of this number, Scalopus comprised 945, Scapanus 604, Parascalops 129, Condylura 218, and Neiirotrichus 204. While type specimens or essential topotypes of all described forms have been examined, the material has been inadequate for an entirely satisfactory understanding of the group, and this is partic- ularly true of the genus Scapanus, and of Scalopus from some of the southern and western parts of its range. Unreliable determinations of sex also have been a serious handicap.
Although the study has been based primarily upon specimens in the Biological Survey and other collections in the United States National Museum, including the Merriam collection, it became evi- dent early in the investigation that this material would be insufficient for a proper elucidation of the group. Accordingly specimens were borrowed from various museums and private collections until nearly all that were available in the United States and Canada were exam- ined. For the loan of specimens and for various other courtesies I wish to express my appreciation to the following: Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museum of Natural History; Mr. Samuel Henshaw and Mr. Outram Bangs, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College; Dr. Joseph Grinnell, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California; Mr. Charles B. Cory and Mr. W. H. Osgood, of the Field Museum of Natural History; Dr. Wit- mer Stone, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr. W. J. Holland and Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum; Mr. H. L. Ward, of the Public Museum of the City of Mil- waukee; Dr. A. G. Ruthven, of the University of Michigan Museum
1 Ridgway, R., Color Standard. »3 d Color Nomenclature, 1912.
1915.] ‘THE FAMILY TALPIDA. 91
of Zoology; Mr. P. A. Taverner, of the Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Ontario; Mr. Stanley G. Jewett, of the Oregon State Game Commission; Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, of Stanford University; Mr. Myron H. Swenk, of the University of Nebraska; Mr. W. H. Over, of the University of South Dakota; Mr. H. E. Anthony, Mr. D. E. Kent, Mr. G. L. Kirk, Mr. W. E. Saunders, and Mr. Thaddeus Surber. The writer is also indebted to Mr. Gerritt S. Miller, jr., and Mr. N. Hollister, of the United States National Museum, and Dr. M. W. Lyon, of the George Washington University, for many courtesies and suggestions. The text drawings, with the exception of figure 1, are the work of Miss Ruth Gibson Collette.
THE FAMILY TALPIDZ.
The family Talpide, exclusive of fossil forms, is composed of thirteen genera peculiar to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.t Five of these (Scalopus, Scapanus, Parascalops, Oondylura, and Neiirotrichus) are indigenous to North America. Scapanus and Neiirotrichus are found only on the Pacific slope; Scalopus, Parascalops, and Condylura, only in the Atlantic drainage. The family is a rather heterogenous group which, in certain genera, has characters in common with other families of Insectivora. The characters taken in combination, however, are diagnostic. The nearest relationships of the family are with the Soricidz, which are approached most closely in the Thibetan genus Uropsilus. The American Talpide, however, are distinct from any of the American Soricidz and may be distinguished by the following characters:
AMERICAN TALPIDA (MOLES). AMERICAN SORICIDH (SHREWS). Ear-conch absent. Ear-conch present (small and incon- spicuous in Blarina and Cryptotis). Clavicle short and broad. Clavicle long and slender. Humerus short and broad (length less Humerus relatively long and slender than twice the width). (length more than twice the width). Pelvis relatively narrow (length more Pelvis relatively broad (length less than thrice the width). than thrice the width). Os falciforme present on the fore foot No os falciforme on the fore foot. (rudimentary and indistinct in Neitiro- trichus). Terminal phalanges of fore feet bifur- Terminal phalanges of fore feet simple, cate. not bifurcate. Zygomata present. Zygomata absent.
Audital bulle present, complete or in- Audital bulle absent. complete. Exterior pterygoid region rotund and Exterior pterygoid region angular and
much inflated. not inflated. First upper incisor flat, without elon- First upper incisor not flat, with very gated crown. elongated crown.
1 A closely related family, Chrysochlorida, is found in central and southern Africa.
ad
99 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 38,
SUBFAMILIES.
Several mammalogists have undertaken to divide the Talpidee into groups or subfamilies. The most recent classification of this sort is that of Thomas,’ who divides the family into five subfamilies, namely, Desmanine; Talpine, Scalopine, Condylurine, and Urop- siline. The American genera Scalopus, Scapanus, Parascalops, and Netiroirichus would fall in the subfamily Scalopine, according to this arrangement, while the Condylurine would be represented only in America by Condylura. Such a system of classification, however, is superficial and unnatural. The anatomical differences, other than dentition, between Parascalops or Neiirotrichus and each of the other genera of American moles are as great as those between Con- dylura and each of the other genera or even greater. In other words, in order to recognize fundamental and consistent subfamilies it would be necessary to raise nearly every genus to the rank of a sub- family. The convenience of such a classification is not apparent, and accordingly subfamilies have been disregarded here.
HISTORY.
No reference appears in literature to a mole inhabiting America until Seba,? in 1734, described and Abieineted two mammals which he called ‘ Tatne, Vien. mger’ and “Talpa, rubra, Americana.’’ Seba, apparently erroneously, gives ‘‘ America” as the habitat of each of these animals. His figure and description of Talpa virginianus niger clearly indicate that Talpa europzxa Linneus was the animal in mind. It is impossible definitely to determine the current species to which his name Talpa rubra americana refers; probably he had reference to a specimen of the African genus Chrysochloris, but it is possible that he based his account upon a verbal description of some species of the American genus Geomys. The essentials of his de- scription of Talpa rubra americana refer to the red color, the short, white, scantily haired tail, and the ‘‘tridactyle” fore feet. Never- theless, his account shows that the presence of moles in America probably was suspected at that time. The first definite knowledge of their accurrence seems to have been obtained by Kalm,’? who, October 28, 1748, saw burrows and runways of moles near Phila- delphia, Pa. He captured one of the animals, and remarked upon its strength and ferocity.
Linnzeus,* in 1758, described two American moles under the names Sorex aquaticus and Sorex cristatus, basing his accounts largely upon Kalm’s work. During the century following Linneus’s descriptions
1 Thomas, Oldfield, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., series 8, vol. 10, p. 397, October, 1912. 2 Seba, A., Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri, vol. 1, p. 51, pl. 32, 1734.
8 Kalm, P., Beschreibung der Reise nach dem noérdlichen America, vol. 1, pp. 190-191, 1769. 4 Linnseus, Systema Nature, ed. 10, p. 53, 1758.
1915.] THE FAMILY TALPIDZ. 23
of these two forms, many papers on the habits, anatomy, and taxonomy of American moles appeared—the result of an interest aroused largely by the odd habits, specialized anatomy, and unknown relationships of the group. To discuss here these almost innumer- able writings would be impracticable, and only the more important taxonomic revisions and synopses and the first usage of current generic names will be mentioned. All other generic, specific, and subspecific names will be discussed in their proper sequence.
The American Talpidse were confused by early zoologists with the genus Sorex and the Kuropean genus Talpa until the year 1811, when Illiger based the genus Condylura! upon Sorex cristatus Linneeus, and the genus Scalops* upon Sorex aquaticus Linneus. The generic name Scalops had been used previously by Cuvier * who, however, gave no description or type species. The name Scalops was generally used for the common mole of eastern United States until 1904, when Palmer* revived the accepted name, Scalopus Geoffroy,> which ap- parently had never been employed since proposed in 1803.
One of the first important treatments of a genus of American moles, other than accounts in books on general natural history, is given by Bachman,® who revised the genus Scalops, including therein the genera now recognized as Scalopus, Scapanus, and Parascalops. He remarked upon the morphology and distribution of Scalops aquaticus and Scalops townsend, and described two new species under the names Scalops brewert and Scalops latumanus. All of these species are recognized in the present revision.
The genus Scapanus was proposed by Pomel,’ in 1848, to include Bachman’s two species, Scalops townsendw and Scalops brewert. The type of the genus Scapanus automatically became Scalops townsendii Bachman when True,’ nearly fifty years after Pomel’s publication, described the genus Parascalops and designated ee brewerr Bachman as its type.
The genus Scalops was restored to the genus Tolga by Le Conte ® in 1854, but his classification was not adopted by zoologists. He divided Yalpa into three groups: under group i he included the European genus known to-day as Talpa; under group 2 the modern genera Scapanus and Parascalops; and under group 3 the genus now known as Scalopus. In his revision he described two new forms, one of which, Talpa reposta, is a synonym of Parascalops brewer
1 Tlliger, C., Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 125, 1811.
2 Tiliger, loc. cit., p. 126, 1811.
3 Cuvier, G., Lecons d’Anat. Comp., vol. 1, tab. 1, 1800.
4 Palmer, T. S., Index Generum Mamm., N. Am. Fauna No. 23, p. 620, Jan. 23 1904. 5 Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, E., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., p. 77, 1803.
6 Bachman, J., Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, pp. 26-35, January, 1842.
7 Pomel, A., Archiv. Sci. Phys. et Nat., vol. 9, p. 247, November, 1848.
8 True, F. W., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol.17, p. 242, April 26, 1894. 9 Le Conte, Joseph, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, pp. 326-327, 1854.
94 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
(Bachman); the other, Talpa teniata, is synonymous with Scapanus townsendii (Bachman).
The same year that Le Conte’s revision appeared, a mole related to the Japanese genus Urotrichus was collected by George Gibbs in the Cascade Mountains of western Washington. This specimen later became the type of Urotrichus gibbsic Baird,' a species which subse- quently became the type of the genus Netirotrichus Ginther.?
In 1875 Gill? presented a synopsis of the Insectivora, in which he classified families, subfamilies, and genera, dividing the family Talpide into two subfamilies, Talpinee and Myogaline. The Talpinze were further subdivided into three sections, Talpze, Condylure, and Scalopes; the Myogaline into the sections Mygale and Urotrichi. The American genus Condylura represented the section Condylure; Scalops and Scapanus (including also the form now known as Para- scalops) represented the section Scalopes; Urotrichus (including also the present Netirotrichus) and the shrewlike Uropsilus formed the section Urotrichi.
Two years after Gill’s synopsis was published there appeared a preliminary revision of the American Insectivora by Coues,* in which he listed six species of moles belonging to four genera.
Dobson,° in an extensive revision of the Insectivora published in 1883, gave detailed accounts of the taxonomic characters and anatomy of moles, recognizing five American species which he placed in four genera.
However, it was not until True’s monumental revision ® of the American moles, in 1896, that the distribution and taxonomic rela- tionships of the group in America began to be understood. ‘True recognized eleven forms, distributed among eight species of five genera, and described one new species, Scapanus orarwus.”
LIST OF GENERIC NAMES THAT HAVE BEEN USED FOR AMERICAN MOLES.
Astromycter Harris, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 9, p. 400, June, 1825 (from Machias, Me., ‘‘Star” [newspaper]). A synonym of Condylura Iliger. Based on an abnormally colored specimen of Condylura cristata with the tail in the enlarged winter condition.
Astromyctes Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 76, 1843. Misprint for Astro- mycter Harris (=Condylura Illiger).
Astromydes Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Mus., p. 87, 1863. Misprint or emenda- tion for Astromycter Harris (=Condylura Iliger).
1 Baird, S. F., Reports Explor. & Surv. Pacific Railroad, vol. 8, part 1, p. 76, 1857.
2 Ginther, A., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 441, October, 1880.
3 Gill, T., Bul. U.S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., no. 2, series 2, pp. 91-120, 1875.
4Coues, E., Bul. U. 8. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 631-653, May 15, 1877.
6 Dobson, G. E., Monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomical. Part 2, including the families Potamogalidxz, Chrysochloride, and Talpidez, 1883.
6 True, F. W., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, pp. 1-112, 1896.
7 True, F. W., loc. cit., p. 52.
&
1915.] THE FAMILY TALPID&. 25
Condylura Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 125, 1811. Earliest available name for the genus of which the type is Sorex cristatus Linneus. ‘‘ We owe the name Condylura to the faulty figure of the animal given by De La Faille, in which the tail is represented as constricted at intervals, the whole resembling astring of beads. From this Illiger was led to include in his diagnosis the expres- sion ‘cauda mediocris nodosa,’ and to bestow an inappropriate name.’’? Illiger includes two species under the genus: Sorex cristatus Linneus and Talpa longi- caudata Erxleben.
Condylurus Blainville, Ann. Francais et Etrangéres d’Anat. et de Physiol., vol. 2, p. 219, 1838. Emendation for Condylura, used subgenerically ad Talpa cristata.
Condylus Van Hyning, Science, n. s., vol. 38, p. 243, August 15, 1913. Misprint for Condylura.
Condytura Todd, Cyclopedia Anat. and Physiol., vol. 2, p. 994, 1839. Used erro- neously, but consistently, for Condylura Illiger.
Neourotrichus Rye, Zool. Record, vol. 17, index, p. 8, 1881. EZmendation for Netiro- trichus Giinther.
Neiirotrichus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 441, October, 1880. Har- liest name for the genus of which Urotrichus gibbsit Baird is the type. Some- times used without the dizresis (Neurotrichus Forbes, Zool. Record, vol. 17, Mammalia, p. 14, 1881).
Néurotrichus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, plate 42, October, 1880. Misprint for Netrotrichus.
Parascalops True, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 242, April 26, 1894. The first available name for the genus of which Scalops brewert Bachman is the type. Perascalops Beddard, Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol. 10, Mammalia, p. 518, 1902.
Misprint for Parascalops.
Rhinaster Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib., p. 14, 1830. Name proposed by Wagler to replace Condylura Illiger which he considered misleading. Under this he mentions two species: Sorex cristatus Linnezeus and Condylura prasinata Harris.
Scalops Cuvier, Lecons d’Anatomie Comparée, vol. 1, Premier Tableau Général des Classes des Animaux, 1800. Nomen nudum. The generic name Scalops later was based upon Sorex aquaticus Linnzeus by Iliger (Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 126, 1811), but is preoccupied by Scalopus Geoffroy.
Scalopus Geoffroy, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., p. 77, 1803. Earliest available name for the genus of which Sorex aquaticus Linneeus in the type.®
Scalpos Brooks, Rept. W. Va. State Board Agric., Quarter ending December 30, 1910, p. 28, 1911. Misprint for Scalops.
Scapanus Pomel, Archives Sci. Physiques et Nat., vol. 9, p. 247, November, 1848. Tenable name for the genus of which Scalops townsendii Bachman is the type. Pomel’s description ° is faulty in that it states that the nostrils are lateral, a condition which is not found in Scapanus townsendit.
1 True, F. W., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 78, 1896.
2 “Wie bekannt, ist der Schwanz dieses Thieres vollkommen eben.”” (Wagler, loc. cit.)
3 Type fixed by Palmer, T. S. (Index Gen. Mamm., N. Am. Fauna No. 23, p. 621, 1904). The original generic description reads: ‘‘Caract. nat. Deux incisives & la m&choire supérieure, quatre 4 l’inférieure, les intermédiaires fort petites; un boutoir, une queue assez longue; pieds pentadactyles, doigts des pAtes antérieures réunis jusqu’aux ongles seulement; ces ongles assez longs, plats, et dirigés un peu en arriére; corps couvert de poils.’”’ (Geoffroy, 1803, loc. cit.)
4 Type fixed by Elliot, D. G. (Field Columb. Mus., publ. 45, zool. series, vol. 2, p. 391, 1901).
5 “Je type, LEPTORHINIENS, trompe gréle aigué, narines ouvertes prés de l’extrémité.
“‘ Genres Hyporyssus?, Scalops, Scapanus.
““Nota.—Ce troisiéme genre différe des scalops par la position latérale et non supérieure del’ouverture des narines, et par la formule dentaire comprenant une intermédiaire supérieure et trois inférieures de plus. Les espéces sont: Scapanus Towsendii (sic) et Breweri(Scal. Towsendii(sic) et Breweri Bachm.).”’ (Pomel, A., 1848, loc. cit., p. 247).
26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
Scapasius Beddard, Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol. 10, Mammalia, p. 518, 1902. Mis. print for Scapanus.
Scaphanus Herrick, Mamm. Minnesota, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota, Bul. 7, p. 55, 1892. Misprint or emendation for Scapanus.
Sorex Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 53, 1758. The American moles Con- dylura cristata and Scalopus aquaticus were placed in the genus Sorex by Linneeus. Shaw (Gen. Zool., Mamm., vol. 1, p. 531, 1800) described Sorex radiatus (=Con- dylura cristata) from a description and faulty figure by De La Faille.
Talpa Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 52,1758. Type species: Talpa europea Linneus. A Palearctic genus with which some or all American moies were considered congeneric by certain early writers. Last used for American Talpide by Le Conte (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, p.326, 1854), who referred to it the genera now known as Scalopus, Scapanus, and Parascalops.
Talpasorex Schinz, Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 191, 1821. Substitution for Condylura Mliger.
Talpasorex Lesson, Manuel de Mammalogie, p. 124, 1827. Synonym of Scalopus Geoffroy. Based upon Scalops pennyslvanica Harlan (=Sorex aquaticus Linnzeus), in the original description of which the dental formula was erroneously stated. Nec Talpasorex Schinz, by which it is preoccupied.
Urotrichus Temminck, Van der Heeven’s Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. Physiol., vol. 5, p. 286, 1838-1839. A Japanese genus with which WNeiirotrichus was included until 1880.
Keys to the Genera of Moles. [Based on external characters. ] a. Length of tail vertebree less than one-fourth the total length; width of palm equal- ing or exceeding length of palm.
6.1 Tail naked or but scantily haired; nostrils superior. c!, Tail somewhat slender, essentially naked; fore toes webbed; geographic range
east of Rocky Mountains::..22 222125. 2) ee ee Scalopus (p. 27).
c?, Tailsomewhat fleshy, scantily haired; fore toes not webbed; geographic range west of Rocky Mountains 2. -2: 80522225 22 S32 eee ee Scapanus (p. 64).
b.2 Tail densely covered with hair; nostrils lateral........... Parascalops (p. 77).
a.2 Length of tail vertebre more than one-fourth the total length; width of palm less than length of palm. 6.1 Anterior end of snout surrounded by fringe of processes; nostrils circular to oval, anterior; geographic range east of Rocky Mountains . .. Condylura (p. 82). b?, Anterior end of snout not surrounded by fringe of processes; nostrils crescentic, lateral; geographic range west of Rocky Mountains: . .. Netrotrichus (p. 92). [Based on cranial and dental characters.]
a. Audital bulle complete; interior basal projection of upper molars narrow, simple.
b'. Mastoids relatively heavy; interparietal small; no functional lower canine;
lower incisors two; geographic range east of Rocky Mountains. Scalopus (p. 27).
b?, Mastoids relatively weak; interparietal large; lower canine present; lower
incisors three; geographic range west of Rocky Mountains. .-Scapanus (p. 54).
a?, Audital bulls incomplete; interior basal projection of upper molars relatively broad, lobed.
b'. Interior basal projection of first and second upper molars trilobed; premolars, 4.
c!, Braincase relatively broad and flat; anterior nares directed forward; first
upper incisors broad, directed downward, with an exterior basal acces-
BOTY: ;CUSD). teseis-arcisseais oe Sa ASE Ee ae ee eee Parascalops (p. 77).
1915.] GENUS SCALOPUS. 27
c?. Braincase relatively narrow and high; anterior nares directed obliquely upward; first upper incisors spatulate, directed somewhat forward, without
BISA ACCESSOFYPCUSP rast. .2 coke UE Condylura (p. 82). b?. Interior basal projection of first and second upper molars bilobed; premo- 1 LTTE, i ies i aI ces nl ge Netiroirichus (p. 92).
List of American Genera, Species, and Subspecies, with Type Localities. Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (Linnezus)... Philadelphia, Pa. (p. 32).
aquaticus howell: Jackson...........-- Autaugaville, Ala. (p. 36).
aquaticus australis (Chapman)..-..... Gainesville, Fla. (p. 38).
aquaticus anastase (Bangs)......-.-- Point Romo, Anastasia Island, Fla. (Pp. 39).
aquaticus parvus (Rhoads).........-.-- Tarpon Sees Hla W(peAl)e
aquaticus machrinus (Rafinesque).-.-- Lexington, Ky. (p. 42).
aquaticus machrinoides Jackson......- Manhattan, Kans. (p. 45).
aquaticus pulcher Jackson.........--- . Delight, Ark. (p. 46).
aquaticus caryi Jackson...........---- Neligh, Nebr. (p. 48).
aquaticus intermedius (Elliot). .....-- Alva, Okla. (p. 49).
aquaticus texanus (Allen).....-..-.-..- Rockport, Tex. (p. 50).
SEOEIIGS (I BT PEED cae Alpe ae Stilwell, Okla. (p. 52).
POU SIACKSOM 05 koh o2 ees 5 os 45 miles from Brownsville, Tex., in
Tamaulipas, Mexico (p. 53).
Scapanus townsendvi (Bachman).......-.-- Vicinity of Vancouver, Wash. (p. 58).
Oranies oranus Wruie. 2.20. 22 2. Shoalwater Bay, Wash. (p. 61).
orarius scheffert nobis.....-.-----.---- Walla Walla, Wash. (p. 63).
latimanus latumanus Caen re ee Santa Clara, Cal. (p. 64).
latimanus occultus Grinnell & Swarth. Santa Ana Canyon, Cal. (p. 68).
latimanus grinnelli Jackson........--- Independence, Cal. (p. 69).
latimanus sericatus Jackson.........-- Yosemite, Cal. (p. 71).
latimanus minusculus Bangs........ Fyffe, Cal. (p. 72).
lavimanus dilatus True. .2 5.0.22... - Fort Klamath, Oreg. (p. 72).
latimanus alpinus Merriam ........... Crater Lake, Oreg. (p. 75).
Oheraniewilen. 2. on eee eo ee San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California. (p. 75).
Parascalops brewert (Bachman).........-- Marthas Vineyard, Mass. (p. 79). Condylura cristata (Linneeus)........---- Eastern Pennsylvania (p. 86). Netirotrichus gibbsit gibbsit (Baird)........ White River Pass, Wash. (p. 94).
gibbsir hyacinthinus Bangs............ Nicasio, Cal. (p. 97).
Genus SCALOPUS Geoffroy.
Scalops Cuvier, Legons d’Anat. Comp., tome 1, tabl. 1, 1860. (Nomen nudum.)
Scalopus Geoffroy, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., p. 77, 1803.
Scalops Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 126, 1811.
Talpasorex Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 124, 1827. Based upon Scalops pennsyl- vanica Harlan. Nec Talpasorex Schinz.
Scalpos Brooks, Rept. W. Va. State Board Agric. for Quarter ending December 30 SIO. p: 28, 1911.
Type species.—Sorex aquaticus Linnzus. Geographic range.—Hastern and central Massachusetts, south-
eastern New York, southern Pennsylvania, extreme southern Ontario (Point Pelee), southern Michigan, northern Illinois, western
28 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
Wisconsin, central Minnesota, extreme southeastern South Dakota, northern Nebraska, extreme northeastern Colorado, south and east to northeastern Tamaulipas, Mexico (45 miles from Brownsville, Texas), to the Gulf of Mexico, and in Florida to Tampa Bay and Lemon City. (See fig. 2).
External characters.—Body robust, depressed; tail short, round, indistinctly annulated, very scantily haired (in appearance, essen-
B2008-103 Fic. 2.—Geographic range of the species and subspecies of Scalopus.
1. S. aquaticus aquaticus. 6. S.a. machrinus. 10. S. a. intermedius. 2. S.a. howelli. 7. S.a. machrinoides. ll. S.a. tezanus.
3. S. a. australis. 8. S.a. pulcher. 12. S. xereus.
4, S. a. anastase. 9. S.a. caryi. 13. S. inflatus.
5. S. a. parvus.
tially naked) (fig. 3). Head conoidal, depressed. Nose elongated into a distinct snout, apical portion naked to line of anterior edge of nasals; nostrils superior, crescentic, with concavities turned in later- ally (fig. 4). Eyes mimute, concealed in fur. Auricular orifice small. Legs short and stout. Feet large, fleshy, scantily haired above, naked below, without tubercles. Fore feet handlike, the palms
1916.]
GENUS SCALOPUS. 29
broader than long (fig. 5). Fore toes and hind toes webbed. Claws of fore feet broad, flat, and heavy; those of hind feet relatively short
B2009-103 Fie. 3.—Tail of Scalopus aquati-
cus aqguaticus .
(X14).No.203190; U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Sur- vey collection; from Woodside, Montgomery County, Md.
and weak (fig.6). Fur dense, soft, silky, the hairs nearly equal in length, producing a vel- vetlike pelage. Mamme 6: latero-pectoral, 1-1; any B2010-103 latero-abdominal, 1-1; Fre. 4.—Snout of S.a.aquaticus (X 13). In- inguinal, ae: dividual referred to in fig. 2. Skeletal characters.—Clavicle short and heavy, about two-thirds as broad as long, penetrated antero-posteri- orly through the center by a small circular foramen; humerus heavy, about three-fourths as broad as long. Pelvis narrow, bones of the opposite sides adjunct un- der acetabula; two osseous bridges connect sacral ver- tebree with ischium and produce four large foramina
HY Pi \,
or openings, one in each of the angles formed by median lines of acetabula and sacral vertebre. Superior surface of last sacral ver-
tebra with a very small, low, late- rally flattened, longitudinal proc- ess. Os falciforme long, reaching to proximal end of terminal phal- ange of first digit,
wider and rather ye B2011-103 ° sharply incurved FG. 5.—Forefoot of S. a. aquaticus (X14). Individual referred to in fig. 2. at base, narrower and gradually tapering distally.
Skull conoidal, flat, with relatively broad braincase, and consider-
ably constricted interorbitally. Mastoids
» NSA A A relatively heavy and prominent. Inter- PY Sa AAW ° ° 4, ¥ £2) parietal short ‘and narrow, somewhat ir- fZ rs! i e @
e # regular in outline, but usually narrower
anteriorly. Frontal region flat, not much sloping; frontal sinuses swollen. Rostrum relatively short; anterior ends of pre- 7 maxille much thickened and extending beyond nasals, forming an acute notch anterior to nasals. Anterior nares open-
—yYy Se ee ieee!
B2012-103
Fic. 6.—Hind foot of S. a. aquatius ing forward. Zygomata moderately long
(X14). Individual referred toin fig. 2.
and heavy, not much curved, descending
slightly and slanting inward anteriorly, the posterior end well back onsquamosal. Foramen magnum oval, of moderatesize. Infraorbital
30 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 88.
foramen relatively small, the plate forming its outer wall moder- ately broad (slightly narrower than diameter of foramen). Au- dital bullz complete, depressed (relatively higher than in Scapanus) ; auditory meatus short, scarcely developed. External pterygoid region much inflated posteriorly, slightly inflated anteriorly. Mes- opterygoid space broad, the sides gently concave. Palate mod- erately elongate, terminating at a distance posterior to last molar - about equal to diameter of that tooth; posterior border of pal- ate truncate, frequently with a median notch or spine. Anterior palatine foramina small, oval to elliptical; first (anterior) pair of posterior palatine foramina small (smaller than anterior palatine foramina), round to oval; second (posterior) pair minute. Hori- zontal ramus of mandible heavy, curved upward both at posterior and anterior ends; coronoid process moderately elongate, triangular, somewhat acute, directed shghtly posteriorly; angle of mandible rela- tively short, broad (broader than coronoid), and truncate; inferior mandibular notch moderate, subcircular, relatively narrow and deep.
Dental characters.—First upper incisor long and broad, convex in front, flat posteriorly; second and third upper incisors lateral, simple, conical, minute. Upper canine about two-thirds as large as first incisor, simple. Upper premolars indistinctly cuspidate, the second about twice the size of the first and about equal in size to canine (but broader), the third about half as large agam as the second. Upper molars W-shaped in transverse section, with an antero-internal V-shaped cusplike shelf (not lobed); first and second molars subequal, the third much smaller.
First lower incisor small, elongate, conical; second lower incisor about twice the size of the first, elongate, caninelike, with an infero- internal longitudinal groove; no persistent lower canine. Premolars successively increasing in size posteriorly, somewhat simple, with a slight tendency toward the development of a cingulum posteriorly. Lower molars M-shaped in transverse section, the antero-internal cusp bilobed; molars successively decreasing in size posteriorly. Func- tional dentition: 1. 3; c. 4; pm. 3; m. 3; total 36.1
Keys to Species and Subspecies of Scalopus.
I. KEY TO ADULT MALES.
a.! Geographic range east of Mississippi River. b.1 Total length more than 153 mm.; greatest length of skull more than 33 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids usually more than 17 mm. c.! Total length less than 190 mm.; length of hind foot less than 21.5 mm.; greatest length of skull less than 37 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids less than VO Wags 2.2.32 ogee en 2s se eee eee Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (p. 32).
1 The actual dentition of Scalopus is: i. 3; c. 4; pm. 3; m. $; total, 40. The third lower incisor and the lower canine are nonpersistent and disappear before the animal is mature.
1915.] GENUS SCALOPUS. ae
c.2 Total length more than 190 mm.; length of hind foot more than 21.5 mm.; greatest length of skull more than 37 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids more than 19 mm...................-Scalopus aquaticus machrinus (p. 42). 6.2 Total length less than 153 mm.; greatest length of skull less than 33 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids usually less than 17 mm. c.1 Length of hind foot usually less than 17 mm.; greatest length of skull 31.2 mm. or less; breadth of skull across mastoids less than 16 mm.,
Scalopus aquaticus parvus (p. 41). c.2 Length of hind foot usually more than 17 mm.; greatest length of skull more
than 31.2 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids more than 16 mm. d.1 Color golden sepia; face, chin, and wrists bright zinc orange; geographic range Anastasia Island, Fla........-- Scalopus aquaticus anastasx (p. 39).
d.? Color not golden sepia; face, chin, and wrists not bright zinc orange. e.! Color paler; greatest length of skull usually more than 32 mm.; geo- . graphic range North and South Carolina, northern and western Georgia, west to mouth of Mississippi River. ...Scalopus aquaticus howelli (p. 36). e.2 Color darker; greatest length of skull usually less than 32 mm.; geo- graphic range southeastern Georgia and eastern Florida, Scalopus aquaticus australis (p. 38). a.2 Geographic range west of Mississippi River. 6.1 Breadth of skull across mastoids 19.3 mm. or more.
c.1 Breadth of skull across mastoids more than 20 mm.; palatilar length more than
GMM «2... Br aeiatelaye ata) 8 at wale Siete cieisre 2 Scalopus. aquaticus machrinus (p. 42). c.2 Breadth of skull across mastoids less than 20 mm.; palatilar length less than MUGEN ee a8 ciaiciese'sia cles ais isin clole-w Scalopus aquaticus machrinoides (p. 45).
6.2 Breadth of skull across mastoids less than 19.3 mm. c.1 Greatest length of skull more than 33 mm.; interorbital constriction more than 7.3 mm. @ Ooler coppery snudl, DrOWD: 22.5... sce. vob bee seine: - Scalopus xreus (p. 52). d.2 Color not coppery snuff brown. . e.! Color dark; geographic range east of 95th meridian, Scalopus aquaticus pulcher (p. 46). e.2 Color pale; geographic range west of 95th meridian. f. Nose and ankles tinged with ochraceous, | Scalopus aquaticus intermedius (p. 49). Jf. Nose and ankles not tinged with ochraceous, but usually with ivory
eM OMise sodas crs seid: cee te a als Scalopus aquaticus cary? (p. 48).
c.2 Greatest length of skull less than 33 mm.; interorbital constriction less than 7.3 mm.
d.1 Prelachrymal region much inflated; rostrum broad and truncate; geo-
graphic range Tamaulipas, Mexico.............- Scalopus inflatus (p. 53).
d.? Prelachrymal region not much inflated; rostrum not broad and truncate;
geographic range Texas. ............... Scalopus aquaticus texanus (p. 50).
4 II. KEY TO ADULT FEMALES.
a.1 Geographic range east of Mississippi River. b.1 Total length usually more than 148 mm.; greatest length of skull more than 32 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids usually more than 16.5 mm.
c.1 Total length less than 173 mm.; length of hind foot less than 21 mm.; greatest length of skull less than 35.2 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids less than
Dey ee eh. ee Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (p. 32).
c.? Total length more than 173 mm.; length of hind foot more than 21 mm.; great-
est length of skull more than 35.2 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids
MMOre tial US. (MM oe ee. ws Scalopus aquaticus machrinus (p. 42).
32 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
6.2 Total length usually less than 148 mm.; greatest length of skull 32 mm. or less; breadth of skull across mastoids usually less than 16.5 mm. c.! Total length less than 130 mm.; length of tail less than 18 mm.; greatest length of skull’29'3 mm“ or less: 7232 s2ace see Scalopus aquaticus parvus (p. 41). c.2 Total length more than 130 mm.; length of tail more than 18 mm.; greatest length of skull more than 29.3 mm. d.' Color golden sepia; face, chin, and wrists bright zinc orange; geographic range Anastasia Island, Fla.......... Scalopus aquaticus anastasz (p. 39). d.? Color not golden sepia; face, chin, and wrists not bright zinc orange. e.! Color paler; greatest length of skull usually more than 31 mm.; geographic range North and South Carolina, northern and western Georgia, west to mouth of Mississippi River.-.......- Scalopus aquaticus howelli (p. 36). e.2 Color darker; greatest length of skull usually less than 31 mm.; geographic range southeastern Georgia and eastern Florida, Scalopus aquaticus australis (p. 38). a.? Geographic range west of Mississippi River. b.! Total length more than 160 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids more than
18.4 mm. c.! Breadth of skull across mastoids more than 19 mm.; palatilar length more than d Bao 06) 40 Pear bis Ae ae es MS Scalopus aquaticus machrinus (p. 42). c.2 Breadth of skull across mastoids less than 19 mm.; palatilar length less than BSS 000 00 REM e pa a OL i calaye Aaa Soa ba Scalopus aquaticus machrinotides (p. 45). b.? Total length less than 160 mm.; breadth of skull across mastoids less than 18.4 mm. c.! Greatest length of skull more than 32 mm.; interorbital constriction more than 7.2 mom. d* Color coppety snuli brown 222) ee Scalopus xreus (p. 52).
d.* Color not coppery snuff brown. e.' Color dark; geographic range east of 95th meridian, Scalopus aquaticus n (p. 46). e.” Color pale; geographic range west of 95th meridian. jf.) Nose and ankles tinged with ochraceous, Scalopus aquaticus intermedius (p. 49). J.? Nose and ankles not tinged with ochraceous, but usually with ivory
OVO We SU US UN eatin ae Scalopus aquaticus caryt (p. 48).
c.2 Greatest length of skull less than 32 mm.; interorbital constriction less than 7.2 Tom.
d.' Prelachrymal region much inflated; rostrum broad and truncate; geo-
graphic range Tamaulipas, Mexico............. Scalopus inflatus (p. 58).
d.? Prelachrymal region not much inflated; rostrum not broad and truncate;
geographic range Texas...........--.. Scalopus aquaticus texanus (p. 50).
Descriptions of Species and Subspecies of Scalopus. SCALOPUS AQUATICUS AQUATICUS (Linnzus). EASTERN MOLE. (Pl. I, figs. 1, 2; Pl. II, fig. 1; Pl. TU, figs. 1, 1a; Pl. Vi, fig. 32)
Sorex aquaticus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 53, 1758.
Talpa europexa flavescens Erxleben, Syst. Reg. Anim., p.118,1777. Based on ‘“‘yellow mole” of Pennant; type locality, New York(?).
Talpa Flava Zimmermann, Specimen Zool. Geog., p. 496, 1777. Based on ‘‘yellow mole” of Pennant; type locality, New York(?).
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS AQUATICUS. 33
Talpa fusca Zimmermann, Specimen Zool. Geog., p. 497, 1777. Based on ‘‘ Brown mole” of Pennant; type locality, New York(?).
[ Talpa} [europxa] flava Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed 13, p. 110, 1788.
Scalopus virginianus Geoffroy, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., p. 78, 1803. Type locality, Virginia(?).
Talpa cupreaia Rafinesque, Précis des découv. et travaux somiologiques, p. 14, 1814. Type locality, ‘‘Atlantic States’’ (see Atl. Journ. 1832, p. 61).
Scalops canadensis Desmarest, Mammalogie, 1'° partie, p. 155, 1820. New name for Sorex aquaticus Linneus.
Scalops pennsylvanica Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 33, 1825. Type locality unknown, probably Pennsylvania.
Talpasorex pensylvanica Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 124, 1827.
Sclalops| aquaticus Fischer, Synop. Mamm., p. 249, 1829.
Talpa virginiana Blainville (nec Talpa eee Breen), Annales Franc. et Etrang. d’Anat et de Physiol., tome 2, p. 219, 1838.
Talpa sorex pensylvanicus Blainville, Annales Frang. et Etrang. d’Anat. et de Physiol., tome 2, p. 219, 1838. (In synonymy.)
Talpa (Scalops) Virginiana Blainville (nec Talpa virginiana Brisson), Ostéographie, Atlas 1, table des planches, p. 4; Insectivores, pl. 5 (skull), pl. 9 (teeth), 1839- 1864.
T{alpa] aquatica Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854.
Scalops aquaticus aquaticus True, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, 1884, p. 606, 1885.
Scalopus aquaticus Oberholser, Mammals and Summer Birds of Western North Caro- lina (publ. by Biltmore Forest School, Biltmore, N. C.), p. 3, June 30, 1905.
Scalopus acquaticus (sic) Hahn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 32, p. 464, 1907.
Scalpos (sic) aquaticus Brooks, Rept. W. Va. Board Agric., 1910, p. 28, 1911.
Scalopus aquaticus aguaticus Miller, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bul. 79, p. 7, December 31, 1912.
Type locality.— Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Geographie range.—Eastern United States from eastern and south- ern Massachusetts, southeastern New York, and southeastern Penn- sylvania, south through Virginia, and in the Appalachian Mountains south through western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.
General characters.—Size medium; color dark; skull high, heavy, and angular; rostrum truncate; dentition moderate.
Color.—F resh winter pelage: Back fuscous, fuscous-black, or blackish brown, becoming paler (drab-gray) on nose and ankles; fur at base of hairs dark neutral gray; underparts slightly paler than back, usually showing more neutral gray of base of hairs and frequently tinged ventrally with mummy brown or fuscous. Summer pelage: Slightly paler than in winter, usually more brownish; back sepia, fuscous, or fuscous-black; underparts paler than back, more grayish and usually tinged on chest with mummy brown or sepia. Young: More grayish than adults and seldom, if ever, tinged ventrally with brown.
Skull.—Medium in size, angular, much constricted interorbitally and usually somewhat depressed postorbitally, slightly swollen supraorbitally; mastoids moderately heavy; interparietal narrow;
90549°—15—_3
34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, © [No. 38.
coronoid process and angle of mandible broad and heavy, the former usually with a small mammiform process on posterior border; teeth medium. : Measurements.—Average of 2 adult males from type locality: Total length, 182.5 (180-185); tail vertebree, 29.5 (28-31); hind foot, 21 (21-21). Average of 2 adult females from type locality: 154.5 (154-155); 23 (28-23); 19.5 (19-20). Average of 15 adult males from Washington, D.C.: 163.4 (154-175); 26.5 (22-29); 19.8 (18-21). Average of 8 adult females from Washington, D. C.: 152.6 (146-168); 26 (21-28); 19 (18-20). Average of 6 adult males from Wareham, Mass.: 159.8 (154-167); 26.3 (21.5-30); 19.9 (19.5-21). Skull: Average of 3 skulls of adult males from type locality: Greatest length, . 35.3 (34.6-35.7); palatilar length, 14.8 (14.7-15); mastoidal breadth, _ 18 (17.8-18.2); interorbital breadth, 7.4 (7.3-7.5); maxillary tooth row, 10.9 (10.9-11); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.7 (10.6- 10.8). Average of 21 skulls of adult males from Washington, D. C., and vicinity: Greatest length, 34.3 (33.2-35.6); palatilar length, 14.7 (14.3-15.2); mastoidal breadth, 17.7 (17-18.3); interorbital breadth, 7.4 (7.2-7.8); maxillary tooth row, 10.8 (10.4-11.3); man- dibular molar-premolar row, 10.4 (10.1-10.8). Average of 15 skulls of adult females from Washington, D. C., and vicinity: Greatest length, 32.9 (32.3-34.2); palatilar length, 13.9 (13.5-14.7); mastoidal breadth, 17.1 (16.3-17.5); interorbital breadth, 7.4 (7-7.6); maxil- lary tooth row, 10.4 (10.1-10.8); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.2 (9.8-10.4). Average of 5 skulls of adult males from Wareham, Mass.: Greatest length, 34.3 (83.8-34.8); palatilar length, 14.8 (14.5-15); mastoidal breadth, 18.1 (17.8-18.4); interorbital breadth, 7.7 (7.6-7.7); maxillary tooth row, 11 (10.8-11.2); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.7 (10.6-10.8). Average of 2 skulls of adult males from Dismal Swamp (Wallaceton), Va.: Greatest length, 35.2 (35.1-35.2); palatilar length, 14.8 (14.6-15); mastoidal breadth, 18.1 (18-18.2); interorbital breadth, 7.5 (7.4-7.6); maxillary tooth row, 11.1 (11-11.2); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.7 (10.6-10.7). Skull of adult male from Roan Mountain, N. C.: Greatest length, 36.1; palatilar length, 15.5; mastoidal breadth, 18.4; interorbital breadth, 7.8; maxillary tooth row, 11.38; mandibular molar-premolar row, 11. Remarks.—The first specific description of the common mole of eastern, United States is that under Sorex aquaticus Linneus;! Lin- neus places in its synonymy “ Talpa, Virgimanus, noger’ of Seba; but the description and figure? given by Seba seem to characterize the European rather than the American mole; the Linnean description, however, clearly refers to the common mole of eastern America; as an 1 Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 53, 1758. 2 Seba, A., Thesaurus, vol. 1, p. 51, pl. 32,1734. Seba’s description of Talpa virginianus niger became the
basis for Shaw’s diagnosis of Talpa purpurascens (Shaw, G., Gen. Zool., Mamm., vol1, p. 521, 1800), which is therefore a synonym of Talpa europza Linneus.
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS AQUATICUS. 35
authority for the habitat of the species, Linnzeus cites Kalm, who saw mole runways along the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia.
In 1771 Pennant‘ described two abnormally colored or faded specimens of this species under the names of “Yellow Mole” and “Brown Mole’’; the yellow mole became Talpa europea flavescens at the hands of Erxleben? in 1777, and the same year Zimmermann ® named the yellow species Talpa flava and the brown one Talpa fusca. Geoffroy * described Scalopus virgimianus in 1803, placing in synonymy under it Talpa virgunianus mger Seba and Sorex aquaticus Linneeus.
The description given by Rafinesque * of Talpa cupreata is unsatis- factory, but seems to apply to the subspecies S. a. aquaticus. The synonymy of this form was still further encumbered when Desmarest ® proposed the name Scalops canadensis in 1820, apparently basing the name upon “Le Scalope du Canada”’ of Cuvier and others. The last specific name added to the synonymy of this form is Scalops pennsyl-
vanica Harlan;’? Harlan believed the structure of the molars in the specimen he described to be different from that of S. aquaticus, but his description applies very accurately to S. aquaticus except as to the number of teeth, which he states to be forty; elsewhere, however, he writes that ‘‘this species corresponds in the number and arrangement of its teeth with the genus Scalops of F. Cuvier.”’ ®
Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus, the common mole of northeastern United States, in full winter pelage is the darkest of the genus. Itis subject to slight local variations in size and color, and even in cranial characters, which, were they constant over any considerable geo- graphic range, might be considered differential enough for subspecific recognition. Specimens from Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket Islands and from the mainland of southeastern Massachusetts aver- age very slightly paler and smaller than typical aquaticus, and their skulls are slightly shorter and relatively broader than those from the type locality. Specimens from Liberty Hill, Conn., average large; eastern New York specimens are much like those from the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pa., while those from Long Island are very slightly smaller and possibly more grayish. Toward the south aqua- ticus gradually decreases in size, intergrading with S. a. howella in northern and western North Carolina. A large series from the District of Columbia averages smaller than specimens from the type region, but in all essential characters except size they are
1 Pennant, T., Quadrupeds, 1771. The writer has not had access to this publication, but presumes the descriptions are about the same as those in Pennant’s History of Quadrupeds, ed. 3, vol. 2, pp. 230, 232, 1793.
2 Erxleben, J.C. P., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 118, 1777.
3 Zimmermann, E. A. W., Spec. Zool. Geog., pp. 496-497, 1777.
4 Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, E., Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., p. 78, 1803.
5 Rafinesque, C. S., Précis des découv. et trav. somiolog., p. 14, 1814.
6 Desmarest, A. G., Mammalogie, part 1, p. 155, 1820.
7 Harlan, R., Fauna Amer., p. 33, 1825. 8 Harlan, loc. cit., p. 34, 1825.
36 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
typical of aguaticus. Dismal Swamp, Va., produces a mole which is as large as the typical form and has a little more tendency toward a mummy brown shade con the back. Material from the Appa- lachian Mountain region is entirely too scarce to determine the exact relationship and area of intergradation of aquaticus with S. a. machri- nus; a specimen from Roan Mountain, N. C., shows a very slight approach toward machrinus in size. A skin without skull from Walden Ridge, Tenn., is here rather arbitrarily referred to aquaticus on account of its size and color. Specimens examined.—Total number, 322, as follows:
Connecticut: Cos Cob, 3; East Hartford, 2; Liberty Hill, 6.1
District of Columbia: Washington, 72.
Maryland: Anne Arundel County, 2; Baltimore, 2; Berwyn, 2; Branchville, 5; Cabin John, 1; Capitol View, 1; Chesapeake Beach, 1; Chevy Chase, 1; High- land, 1; Howard County, 1; Landover, 1; Laurel, 11; Mount Rainier, 1; Plummer’s Island, 1; Rockville, 2; Seven Locks, 1; Siiver Spring, 1; Wood- side, 5.
Massachusetts: Holyoke, 1;1 Middleboro, 1; Nantucket, 6;! Wareham, 32;! West Tisbury, 4.1
New Jersey: Afton, 1; Audubon, 6;? Englewood, 1;3 Fairhaven, 1;! Haddon- field, 3.?
New York: Brooklyn, 1; Cold Spring Harbor, 1;° Cypress Hills, 1;? Dobb’s Ferry, 1; Dunwoodie, 1;3 Hastings, Westchester County, 6;3)4 Lake Grove, 16; Locust Valley, 1;3 Long Island, 1; Mount Sinai, 2;3 New Rochelle, 1;3 New York City, 17;3+ Pelham Manor, 1;? Oyster Bay, 1; Piermont, 1;3 Rye, 1;} Sing Sing, 15; Southhampton, 1; Tarrytown Heights, 2.3
North Carolina: Asheville, 1;3 Buncombe County, 2;! Highlands, 1; Magnetic City, 1; Roan Mountain (altitude 2500 feet), 1; Weaverville, 8.354
Pennsylvania: Carlisle, 6; Collingdale, 2;? Delaware County, 1; Marple, 1;? Mechanicsville, 1;? Media, 2;? Mifflintown, 1; Philadelphia (type locality), 6.?
Tennessee: Blount County, 1; Walden Ridge (near Soddy), 1.
Virginia: Alexandria County, 3; Arlington, 3; Bristow, 2; Clark County, 1; Dismal Swamp, 9; Eastville, 1; Falls Church, 9; Fort Myer, 6; Springvale, 1.
West Virginia: Berkeley Springs, 1.
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS HOWELLI Jackson. Howe .v’s MOLe. (PL. 1, fig. 3;, PL. II, fie. 25° Pl: ITI, fies. 2, 2a; Pl Vibes
Scalopus aquaticus howelli Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 19, Feb- ruary 2, 1914.
Type locality.— Autaugaville, Autauga County, Alabama.
Type specimen.—No. 177931, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; ¢ adult, skm and skull; collected January 4, 1912, by L. S. Golsan.
Geographic range.—North Carolina (except in Appalachian Moun- tains), South Carolina, northern Georgia, thence southwest across
1 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College. 4 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 4 Collection Field Mus, Nat. Hist,
1915.) SCALOPUS AQUATICUS HOWELLI. a
central Alabama and southern Mississippi to Pensacola Bay and the Mississippi River.
General characters.—Intermediate in size between S. a. aquaticus and S. a. australis; usually paler than either aquaticus or australis; skull flat, less angular than in aquaticus; rostrum long and narrow.
Color.— Full winter pelage: Back dark drab, hair-brown, or fus- cous, becoming in most specimens bufiy brown on head; nose and wrists usually slightly suffused with ochraceous-tawny or cinna- mon; underparts more grayish than back, usually much tinged with Saccardo’s umber or tawny-olive. Fresh summer pelage: Back dark cinnamon-drab or drab, sometimes with a very slight coppery sheen, becoming cinnamon-bufi or ochraceous-tawny on face; underparts hair-brown to neutral gray, grading into sepia on— chest.
Skull.—Size medium (smaller than that of S. a. aquaticus, larger than that of S. a. australis) flat; rostrum long and narrow; man- dible weak; coronoid process and angle of mandible weak and very narrow, incurved toward condyle, making superior and inferior notches small and relatively deep; teeth small.
Measuremenis.—Type (adult male): Total length, 152; tail verte- bre, 20; hind foot, 18. Skull: Average of 5 skulls of adult males ee ae eeskt Greatest length, 32.3 (81.8-32.7); palatiler length, 13 (12.7-13.3); mastoidal breadth, 16.7 (16.3-17.1); inter- orbital breadth, 7.2 (7-7.4); maxillary tooth row, 10.1 (10-10.3); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.1 (9.9-10.2).
Remarks.—Howell’s mole differs from both S. a. aquaticus and S. a. australis in cranial characters and is not strictly intermediate between the two. It shows slight local variations which on account of scarcity of material are not fully understood. Skulls from Bay St. Louis and Washington, Miss., and from New Orleans and St. Tammany Parish, La., have braincases higher and narrower than typical specimens, and the rostra taper more gradually; none of the skulls, however, is from a fully adult animal, and it is possible that age might change this condition. Skulls from Biloxi, Cedar- bluff, and Kemper County, Miss., are slightly heavier and more angu- lar than those from the type region. In northern North Carolina S. a. howell, begins to approach aquaticus in size. A series of speci- mens from Young Harris, Ga., shows in color a tendency toward aquaticus and has skulls which in angularity and height of braincase are like those of aquaticus, but which in size and breadth of rostrum are hike those of howell. A skin without skull from Pensacola, Fla., is indeterminable, but is provisionally referred to howelli.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 106, as follows:
Alabama: Ardell, 1; Auburn, 1; Autaugaville (type locality), 15; Castleberry,
2; Cottondale, 1; Eutaw, 1; Greensboro, 3; Huntsville, 1; Sand Mountain (near Carpenter), 3.
38 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 28.
Florida: Pensacola, 1.1
Georgia: Columbus, 2; Crawfordsville, 1; Griffin, 1; Young Harris, 12.
Louisiana: New Orleans, 2; St. Francisville, 1; St. Tammany Parish, 1.?
Mississippi: Bay St. Louis, 3; Biloxi, 2; Cedarbluff, 1; Kemper County, 1; Washington, 1.
North Carolina: Apex, 1;* Bertie County, 1; Jackson, 2; Kinston, 3; Moran, Chowan County, 1; Raleigh, 23; Wilkesboro, 1.
South Carolina: Abbeville, 1;+ Beaufort County, 4; Calhoun Falls,1;* Catawba, 2;% Charleston, 1; Frogmore, 4; Georgetown, 1; Oakley, 2; Society Hill, 1.
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS AUSTRALIS (Chapman). Fiormwa Mote. (P1. II, fig. 3; Pl. TIL, fies. 3, 3a: PL VEL fezs
Scalops aquaticus australis Chapman, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 339, December 22, 1893.
Scalopus aquoticus australis Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 105, zool. series, vol. 6, p- 470, 1905.
Type locality—Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida.
Type specuomen.—No. 334%, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; young adult, sex unknown, skin and skull; collected May 4, 1891, by F. M. Chap- man.
Geographic range.—Southeastern Georgia and the eastern portion of peninsular Florida south to Lemon City.
General characters.—Size small (smaller than howelli); feet rela- tively large; tail relatively short; skull short and broad (relatively broader and higher than that of howell); teeth small.
Color—Full winter pelage: Back clove brown, mummy brown, or dark fuscous, paler on wrists, slightly tinged with ochraceous-buff on nose; underparts similar to back but showing more dark neutral gray at base of hairs. Worn winter pelage: Variable; back clove brown or mummy brown to vinaceous-buff, drab, or drab-gray with or without pinkish buff or ochraceous-buff on nose; beneath much as above, more grayish.
Skull.—Small, not angular, less constricted interorbitally than in S. a. aquaticus, and not much depressed postorbitally; mastoids not heavy; coronoid process and angle of mandible narrow and weak, the former generally without mammiform process on posterior border; horizontal ramus of mandible weak; teeth small.
Measurements.—Average of 6 adult males from type locality: Total length, 145 (141-150); tail vertebre, 24.9 (22-28); hind foot, 18 (17- 19). Average of 10 adult females from type locality: 138.8 (131-148); 22.6 (21-26); 17.3 (16-18). Skull: Average of 6 skulls of adult males from type locality: Greatest length, 31.7 (31.3-32); palatilar length, 12.9 (12.4-13.3); mastoidal breadth, 16.6 (16-16.8); interorbital
1 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College. 2 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 Collection Univ. Michigan Mus.
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS ANASTASA., 39
breadth, 7.2 (7.1-7.3); maxillary tooth row, 9.9 (9.6-10.3); mandib- ular molar-premolar row, 9.6 (9.4-9.8). Average of 11 skulls of adult females from type locality: Greatest length, 30.4 (29.5-30.8) ; palatilar length, 12.4 (12-12.7); mastoidal breadth, 16.1 (15.6—16.4); interorbital breadth, 7 (6.7-7.3); maxillary tooth row, 9.6 (9.4-9.7); mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.4 (9.29.6).
Remarks.—Thesmall size of S.a. australis, together with its relatively short, broad, and high skull, readily distinguish it from S. a. howell, its nearest relative toward the north. Its characters are retained very constantly throughout most of its geographic range. Skulls of speci- mens from St. Catherines Island, Ga., are actually and relatively longer than those of typical australis, and in this respect approach howellv; in other characters the skulls do not differ essentially from those of typical australis; in color these specimens are inseparable from aus- tralis. A similar though less marked tendency toward howelli is noticeable in specimens from Ossabaw Island and Barrington, Ga. South of the type locality australis decreases slightly in size; speci- mens from Oak Lodge and Lemon City, Fla., are of minimum size and average very slightly smaller and darker than those from the type region.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 115, as follows:
Florida: Canaveral, 1; East Micco, 2;1 Enterprise, 6;!)? Eustis, 1; Gaines- ville (type locality), 25; Georgiana, 1; Indian River, 1; Jacksonville, 3; Lake Harney, 3; Lake Worth, 1; Lemon City, 1; Lynne, 5; New Berlin, 6; 2) Micanopy, 2; Oak Lodge (East Peninsula opposite Micco), 21;3 Orange Ham- mock, Kissimmee River, 1; Saint Augustine, 1; Saint Charles Creek, 1;? West Jupiter, 1.? ;
Georgia: Barrington, 2; Cumberland Island, 2; Hursmans Lake, 10;3 Mont- gomery, 3;3 Nashville, 1; Ossabaw Island, 4;3 Pinetucky, 3;3 Saint Cath- . erines Island, 5;? Saint Simons Island, 1; Sterling, 1.3
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS ANASTAS (Bangs). ANASTASIA ISLAND MOLE. (Plt, hes 4.)
Scalops anastase Bangs, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 28, p. 212, 1898. Scalops anastasiz (sic) Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 45, zool. series, vol. 2, p. 391, 1901.
Scalopus anastase Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., publ. 153, zool. series, vol. 11, p. 438, June, 1912.
Type locality.—Point Romo, Anastasia Island, Florida.
Type specvmen.—No. 7192, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection; ¢ adult, skin and skull; collected February 16, 1897, by Outram Bangs.
Geographic range.—Anastasia Island, Fla.
1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 3 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
40 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
General characters.—Size of S. a. australis: Fore feetrelatively large, nails long and heavy; skull short, massive; mastoids, heavy; rostrum short.
Color.—Late winter pelage: Back golden sepia; face, chin, and wrists bright zine orange; underparts Sudan brown. Worn winter pelage: Paler than in late winter pelage with less golden and zinc orange, and showing more light neutral gray of base of hairs.
Skull.—Small, short, and heavy, narrow through mastoids; mas- toids heavy; rostrum short; mandible heavy; coronoid process and angle of mandible short ; ascending ramus wide; superior notch shallow.
Measurements.—Average of 2 adult males from type locality: Total length, 137.5 (134-141); tail vertebre, 21.8 (21-22.5); hind foot, 17.8 (17.5-18). Skull: Average of 2 skulls of adult males from type locality: Greatest length, 31.5 (31.4-31.6); palatilar length, 12.8 (12.6-12.9) ; mastoidal breadth, 16.5 (16.4-16.6); interorbital breadth, 7.1 (7-7.1); maxillary tooth row, 10 (9.9-10); mandibular molar- premolar row, 9.7 (9.6-9.8).
Remarks.—¥our of the eight moles ecarined from Anastasia Island are topotypes in the Bangs collection and were collected by Outram Bangs, February 12-16, 1895; the other four are in the Field Museum and were collected by Thaddeus Surber at Espanita, Anastasia Island, January 25-29, 1901. The two series are very unlike. The speci- mens collected at Espanita have no orange or golden suffusfons and can not be separated by skin characters from S. a. australis of the mainland; the skulls, however, are shorter than those of typical australis and have shorter rostra and slightly heavier mastoids, and in these characters are more like those of S. a. anastase. In a letter, in regard to these specimens, dated August 19, 1913, Surber states:
‘““Eispanita” was the home of a Mr. Middleton (a Georgian) located well toward the southern end of the island about 15 miles south of St. Augustine, on the Matanzas River side of island. Most of my work was done in the vicinity of his house, near which I was camped. * * * In the flesh I could never detect any difference between these island moles and those from the mainland. * * * There were no towns nor villages on the island during my visit in 1901, so that I was forced to use this designation (Espanita) for the locality. Mr. Bangs’s specimens came from the lower end of the island, I believe, but two or three miles from where these were secured.
Bangs, in a letter to the writer October 23, 1913, referring to the locality where Surber collected, states:
Tam quite sure * * * that that part of the island is quite different from where I was. He got Peromyscus floridanus where he was. In the parts of the island I worked I never saw it at all though I trapped hundreds of small mammals. In fact, there was no country suitable toit. Where I caught my moles they were not common. They were in the salt flats and low sandy stretches, where their long tunnels extended about in the white sand and through the flats. There was very little vegetation here except, of course, ‘‘sea oats.”’
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS PARVUS. 4]
All the specimens from Anastasia Island are here provisionally called anastase, although additional material may result in some change of decision. Were the specimens from Espanita older indi- viduals, their skulls might be inseparable from those from Point Romo. The topotype series was taken about two weeks later in the year than that from Espanita. Two weeks is a short time for changes in the pelage, yet such changes are apparently rapid in Scalopus, and it would not be entirely impossible for the full winter pelage of the mole at Espanita to develop before molting into a pelage similar to that of the topotype series.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 8, as follows:
Florida: Espanita, Anastasia Island, 4;! Point Romo (type locality), Anastasia Island, 4.?
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS PARVUS (Rhoads). LirrLte Mote. (Pl. II, fig. 5; Pl. III, figs. 4, 4a.)
Scalops parvus Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1894, p. 157, 1894. [Scalops] [aquaticus] parvus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 45, zool. series, vol. 2, p. 390, 1901.
Type locality.—Tarpon Springs, Hillsboro County, Florida.
Type specimen.—No. 8468, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (No. 1468, Rhoads collection); ? adult, skin and skull; collected December 24, 1893, by W. S. Dickinson.
Geographic range.—Region north of Tampa Bay, in Hillsboro and Pasco Counties, Fla.
General characters—Smallest of the genus; tail relatively short, shorter than that of S. a. australis; color much like australis; skull small, weak; rostrum very narrow (narrower than that of australis).
Color.—Full winter pelage: Much like corresponding pelage of S. a. australis; back sepia or dark sepia, becoming pinkish cinnamon or ochraceous-buff on nose; underparts slightly paler than back and showing dark neutral gray of base of hairs, sometimes tinged with cimnamon-brown.
Skuil.—Like that of S. a. australis but smaller, weaker, and with rostrum actually and relatively narrower; teeth small.
Measurements.—Average of 3 adult males from Port Tampa City, Fla.: Total length, 134.3 (131-136); tail vertebre, 19.7 (19-20.5); hind foot, 16.8 (16.5-17). Skull: Average of 3 skulls of adult males from Port Tampa City, Fla.: Greatest length, 30.6 (30.2-31.2); palatilar length, 12.7 (12.5-12.9); mastoidal breadth, 15.7 (15.5- 15.8); interorbital breadth, 7.1 (7.1-7.3); maxillary tooth tow, 9.8
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool, Harvard College.
49, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
(9.6-10); mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.7 (9.5-10). Skull of type (probably a female, though sexed ‘‘male’”’ by collector): Great- est length, 29.3; palatilar length, 11.9; mastoidal breadth, 15.1; inter- orbital breadth, 6.6; maxillary tooth row, 9.2; mandibular molar- premolar row, 9.2.
Remarks.—The original description of this form was based upon a single specimen which was unique in collections for several years. True,’ on account of insufficient material, placed parvus in question- able synonymy under S. a. australis, where it has since remained. The number of specimens now available from the type region is far from satisfactory, but they show characters sufficient to warrant their separation from australis. The type of S. a. parvus is in worn pelage; True ? was inclined to believe on account of the appearance of the skin and the peculiarly worn state of the teeth that the mole had been kept in confinement; there appears no reason for such a conclusion, however, the wear in the teeth and pelage of the type being nothing which might not occur in the normal habitat of the mole. Three males from Port Tampa City, Fla., while distinctly dif- ferent from australis, do not appear to be the extreme type of parvus; unfortunately, however, the only specimens from the immediate vicinity of the type locality, except the type, are young.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 9, as follows:
Florida: Belleair, 2; Port Richey, 1; Seven Oaks, 1; 4 Port Tampa City, 3;° Tarpon Springs (type locality), 2.8
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHRINUS (Rafinesque).
PRAIRIE MOLE. (BL. Ty eG PIS ie. 62)
Talpa machrina Rafinesque, Atlantic Journ., vol. 1, p. 61, 1832.
Talpa sericea Rafinesque, Atlantic Journ., vol. 1, p. 61, 1832. Type locality near Nicholasville and Harrodsburg, Ky.
Scalops argentatus Audubon & Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 8, p. 292, 1842. Type locality southern Michigan.
Talpa Pennantii Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854. Type locality unknown.
Scalops aquaticus argentatus Coues, Bul. U. 8. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., vol. 3, p. 633, 1877.
Scalops (aquaticus var.) argentatus Herrick, Mamm. of Minnesota, Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota. Bul. 7, p. 54, 1892.
Scalops aquaticus machrinus True, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 20, December 21, 1896.
Scalopus aquaticus machrinus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 105, zool. series, vol. 6, p. 470, 1905.
1 True, F. W., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 21, 1896. 4 Collection of Hartley H. T. Jackson. 2 True, loc. cit., p. 34, 1896. 5 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool, Harvard College. 3 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHRINUS. 43
Type locality — Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky.
Type specimen.—None known to exist.
Geographic range-——EKastern Iowa, and east of the Mississippi River west of the Appalachian Mountains from western Wisconsin, northern Illinois, southern Michigan, southwestern Ontario (Pomt Pelee), and northern Ohio, south to central Tennessee.
General characters.—Largest of the genus; tail relatively long; color paler than that of S. a. aquaticus and usually more reddish brown; skull flat, broad, heavy, and angular; rostrum massive; teeth very large.
Oolor.—Full winter pelage: Above, sepia, mummy brown, or hair- brown, occasionally showing pinkish buff or cinnamon-buff on nose; underparts more grayish than back and usually tinged with Prout’s brown or cinnamon-brown. Summer pelage: Slightly paler than winter pelage and usually more grayish.
Skull.—Large, broad, angular, and massive; mastoids very massive; rostrum large; coronoid process and angle of mandible heavy, the former frequently with a distinct secondary process on posterior margin; dentition very heavy.
Measuremenis.—Adult male from type locality: Total length, 208; tail vertebre, 38; hind foot, 24. Adult male from Midway, Ky.: 190; 29; 22.5. Adult female from Midway, Ky.,175;27;22. Average of 3 adult males from Warsaw, Ill., 199 (194-206), 35.7 (81-38). Skull: Adult male from Midway, Ky.: Greatest length, 39.1; palatilar length, 16.7; mastoidal breadth, 20.7; interorbital breadth, 8.2; maxillary tooth row, 12.2; mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.6. Skull of adult female from Midway, Ky.: Greatest length, 37.7; palatilar length, 16.2; mastoidal breadth, 19.2; interorbital breadth, 7.7; maxillary tooth row, 12.1; mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.7. Average of 5 skulls of adult males from Warsaw, IL: Greatest length, 39.2 (88.8-39.5); palatilar length, 16.8 (16.6-17); mastoidal breadth, 20.5 (20.3-20.7); interorbital breadth, 7.9 (7.7-8.1); maxillary tooth row, 12.4 (11.9-12.6); mandibular molar- premolar row, 12 (11.5-12.2).
Remarks.—The name Talpa machrina Rafinesque ! and the earliest description of this form were apparently lost to science from shortly after they were published until True? resurrected them in 1896; Rafinesque very accurately describes the form and distinctly indi- cates “‘near Lexington’’ as the locality where: the species occurred. In the same publication Rafinesque describes another mole, ‘‘found in woods near Nicholasville and Harrodsburg,” under the name Talpa sericea;* his second species is clearly the young of his Talpa machrina. Audubon and Bachman‘ described a mole from southern Michigan,
1 Rafinesque, C. S., Atlantic Journ., vol. 1, p. 61, 1832.
2 True, F. W., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 20, 1896.
3 Rafinesque, loc. cit., p. 62, 1832.
4 Audubon and Bachman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 8, p. 292, 1842.
44 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
in 1842, under the name Scalops argentatus; although Michigan speci- mens of Scalopus average slightly smaller than typical S. a. machrinus, and possibly also slightly paler, the difference is insufficient for sub- specific recognition. Le Conte! in 1854 described a mole under the name of Talpa pennantir which he seemed to believe was the yellow mole of Pennant; Pennant’s yellow mole, however, recetved Latin binomial designation as early as 1777? and is purely a synonym of S. a. aquaticus. Le Conte states in his description of T. pennantii that it ‘differs from S. aquaticus in being much larger (equal in size to Talpa europea) and in having much larger anterior feet.’”* It is evident, therefore, that the specimen he had in hand was probably S. a. machrinus.
This large mole retains its characters with remarkable regularity throughout its range. Specimens from the Mississippi Basin in western Wisconsin, as far north as Prescott, Pierce County, are as large as specimens from the type region, if not slightly larger; specimens from eastern lowa are indistinguishable from specimens from Kentucky. The color tends to become more grayish in northern and western Illinois and in western Wisconsin, possibly indicating an approach toward S. a. machrinoides. Moles from Big Sandy and Nashville, Tenn., have somewhat weaker dentition than typical machrinus but do not differ essentially in other respects.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 159, as follows:
Dlinois: Alton, 2; Belleville, 1; Calhoun, 3;* Chicago, 9;° Fremont, 1; Hamilton, 1; Joliet, 1;° Olive Branch, 1;° Olney, 5; Ozark, 1;° Parkersburg, 2; Ravens- wood, 1;® Richland County, 7; Riehl Station, 1; Rosiclare, 1;° ‘‘Southern Tilinois,’’ 3; Union County, 2; Warsaw, 18. Indiana: Denver, 2;+ Effner, Newton County, 1; Fort Wayne, 1; Lake Maxin- kuckee, 3; Madison, 1; New Lebanon, 1; Waterloo, 2; West Baden, 2; Wheat- land, 2. Iowa: Hillsboro, 1; Knoxville, 1.° Kentucky: Eubanks, 1; Lexington (type locality), 1; Midway, 3 Michigan: Ann Arbor, 2;+ Chelsea, 1;+ Denton, 2;* Flushing, 3;’ Greenfield, 1;8 Hoiland, 1;° Lansing, 1; Manchester, 1; Milan, 1;* Portage Lake, 11; Saline, 1. Ohio: Cleveland, 1; Fairfield County, 1; Madisonville, 3; Salem, 1. Ontario: Point Pelee, 25.%, ° Tennessee: Big Sandy, 1; Clarksville, 1; Nashville, 3;° Tennessee River, 1. Wisconsin: Camp Douglas, 2; Durand, 1; Fountain City, 4;° Maiden Rock, 3;°¢ Prescott, 1;° Wyalusing, ih 6 1 Le Conte, Joseph, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854. 2 Talpa européa flavescens Erxleben (Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 118 )and Talpa flava Zimmermann (Spec. Zool. Geog. p. 497). 3 Le Conte, loc. cit. 4 Collection Univ. Michigan Mus. 6 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 6 Collection Milwaukee Public Mus. 7 Collection of Hartley H. T. Jackson.
8 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus. 3 Collection of W. E. Saunders, London, Ontario.
15... SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHRINOIDES. A5
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHRINOIDES Jackson. Missourrt VALLEY Mote. GBIETT figs: 7.)
Scalopus aquaticus machrinoides Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 19, February 2, 1914.
Type locality —Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas.
Type specimen.—No. 169717, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; ¢ adult, skin and skull; collected June 1, 1910, by W. E. Berg.
Geographic renge.—West of the Mississippi River, except eastern Iowa, from central Minnesota, southeastern South Dakota, and the eastern border of Nebraska, south through northeastern Kansas to extreme northern Arkansas.
General characters.—Size large, exceeded only by S. a. machrinus; color more grayish than machrinus; skull heavy, angular, smaller than that of machrinus, with a shorter rostrum, and relatively smaller inferior mandibular notch.
Color.— Winier pelage: Upperparts ranging from bister to clove brown, becoming paler on face and wrists; underparts slightly paler than back, and usually showing more slate color of base of hairs, washed ventrally with raw umber or mummy brown. Summer pelage: Upperparts light drab, drab, or wood brown, paler on face, nose, and ankles; beneath slightly paler than back, more grayish.
Skull_—Most nearly like that of S. a. machrinus but smaller, with a relatively shorter rostrum; ascending ramus of mandible not so heavy as in machrinus, and inferior mandibular notch smaller; rostrum short and broad; molariform dentition very heavy.
Measurements.—Average of 3 adult males from Elk River, Minn.: Total length, 172 (168-178); tail vertebre, 30 (27-32); hind foot, 22.2 (22-22.5). Average of 3 adult females from Fort Leavenworth, Kans., Bismarck, Mo., and Council Blufis, Iowa: 181 (180-182); 32 (31-33); 22.3 (22-23). Skull: Average of 3 skulls of adult males from type locality: Greatest length, 37.1 (86.2-37.7); palatilar length, 15.3 (15.2-15.5); mastoidal breadth, 19.4 (19.3-19.5) ; interorbital breadth, 8 (7.9-8.1); maxillary tooth row, 12 (11.8-12.1); mandibular molar- premolar row, 11.8 (11.5-12).
Remarks.—The Mississippi River separates the range of S. a. machrinus from that of S. a. machrinoides except for a short distance _ where the former extends into lowa. Specimens from St. Louis, Mo., are somewhat intermediate between the two forms, being larger than typical machrinoides and having relatively longer rostra. Toward the north (Elk River, Minn.), machrinoides decreases slightly in size; along the western border of its range it intergrades with S. a. caryi,
46 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
specimens from Lincoln, Nebr., being smaller and paler than typical machrinoides, while those from Vermilion, 8. Dak., though large, are distinctly paler than the typical form and have higher, more rounded skulls. ‘Two specimens from Carthage, Mo., and one from Winslow, Ark., are smaller than specimens from the type region, and have smaller teeth and narrower rostra; the heavy mastoids and the massive skulls are much as in machrinoides. A series from Greenway, Ark., shows a very slight approach toward S. a. pulcher in color and width of rostrum, but is easily referable to machrinoides. Specimens examined.—Total number, 77, as follows: Arkansas: Greenway, 7;1 Winslow, 1. Iowa: Council Blufis, 1. Kansas: Burlington, 1; Fort Leavenworth, 4; Manhattan (type locality), 6; Neosho Falls, 2; Onaga, 2; Stillwater Creek, 1. Minnesota: Elk River, 4; Fort Snelling, 2. Missouri: Bismarck, 1; Carthage, 2;? Charleston, 1; Columbia, 11; Independ- ence, 1; Marble Hill, 1; St. Louis, 7; Stotesbury, 9.3 Nebraska: Everett, 1; Fort Crook, 2;* Lancaster County, 1;° Lincoln, 5;°
Perch, 1.+* South Dakota: Big Sioux River (at mouth), 1; Vermillion, 2.6
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS PULCHER Jackson. ARKANSAS MOLE. (Pl. TF, fie.(8:)
Scalopus aquaticus pulcher Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 19, Feb- ruary 2, 1914.
Type localhity.— Delight, Pike County, Arkansas.
Type specomen.—No. 170698, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; ¢ adult, skin and skull; coliected January 20, 1911, by W. G. Savage.
Geographic range—Humid lowland region of southern and eastern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, northwestern and central Louisi- ana, and eastern Texas.
General characters About the size of S. a. aquaticus; hind foot larger; skull larger than that of aquaticus, flatter, less swollen supra- orbitally, wider interorbitally; interparietal wider than in aquaticus; skull narrower through mastoids than that of S. a. machrinoides, with narrower rostrum and smaller teeth. Slightly larger than Scalo- pus ereus; skull relatively wider interorbitally, through mastoids and through rostrum, flatter and more angular.
Color.—Full winter pelage: Back dark fuscous with many hairs tipped with pearl gray, producing in places a slightly frosted appear- ance; top of head mummy brown; nose cinnamon-brown; underparts
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
2 Collection of Hartley H. T. Jackson. 5 Collection Univ. Nebraska. 3 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College. 6 Collection Univ. South Dakota.
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS PULCHER. 47
sepia, showing much blackish plumbeous of base of hairs. Worn winter pelage: Above fuscous or olive-brown, usually tinged on head with mummy brown or Saccardo’s umber; underparts dark neutral gray, becoming paler anteriorly, tinged with bister. Tresh summer pelage: Upperparts olive-brown shading into coppery seal brown on head and face; nose and wrists slightly tinged with ochra- ceous-orange; beneath, bright cinnamon, becoming grayish poste- riorly.
Skull—Somewhat similar to that of S. a. aquaticus, but slightly larger, less angular, with flatter braincase, and averaging wider inter- orbitally and through mastoids; postorbital region less depressed than in aquaticus, zygomata heavier posteriorly, and horizontal! ramus of mandible more arched ventrally; no distinct secondary process on posterior margin of coronoid process, though central portion of pos- terior border of ascending ramus is sometimes slightly expanded posteriorly.
Measuremenis.—Average of 6 adult males from type locality: Total length, 155.9 (153-170); tail vertebree, 25 (23-29); hind foot, 22 (21-23). Average of 3 adult females from type locality: 149.3 . (146-156); 23.3 (20-25);°21 (20-22). Skull: Average of 7 skulls of adult males from type locality: Greatest length, 35.6 (34.7-37.4); palatilar length, 14.7 (14.2-15.4); mastoidal breadth, 18.2 (17.6-19.2); interorbital breadth, 7.8 (7.5-8.2); maxillary tooth row, 11.3 (11-11.7); mandibular molar-premolar row, 11 (10.8-11.5). Aver- age of 3 skulls of adult females from type locality: Greatest length, 34.3 (34.1-34.6); palatilar length, 14.38 (14.2-14.4); mastoidal breadth, 18 (17.5-18.3); interorbital breadth, 7.7 (7.4-8); maxil- lary tooth row, 10.9 (10.7-11); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.7 (10.6-10.8).
Remarks.—Like other members of the genus, this beautiful mole is subject to slight local variations throughout its range. Specimens from Grand Coteau and Clarks, La., are somewhat smaller than the typical form; one from Clarks is unusually grayish for the form, but ‘the much-worn fur and the partial molt may account for the color. The very few not immature in a series from Mer Rouge, La., are much alike in color, but are not so richly colored as most specimens of S.a. pulcher; skulls of males, however, show the greatest individual variation observed in any series from a single locality; two skulls are indistinguishable from topotype skulls of pulcher; two others are long, narrow, high, and rotund, and have narrow rostra; another is short, broad, and flat, and has a broad rostrum; age may possibly account for some of the variation, and incorrect sex determinations may also be partly responsible. An old male from Lake City, Ark., is In some respects intermediate between pulcher and S. a. machri- nodes; the teeth are large; the mastoids almost as heavy as those
48 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, : [No. 38.
of machrvnowdes; and the rostrum is slightly heavier than that of typical pulcher, but in size and other characters it is very similar to skulls from the type locality. ‘The specimen is in very fresh spring pelage, a little of the winter fur remaining on nose and rump, and in color it seems to be more nearly like machrinoides than pulcher. A specimen from Fort Smith, Ark., and one from Wister, Okla., neither adult, are referable to pulcher. Specumens examined.—Total number, 67, as follows: Arkansas: Camden, 1; Delight (type locality), 15; Lake City, 1; Fort Smith, 1; Wilmot, 1. Louisiana: Clarks, 1; Columbia, 1;! Grand Coteau, 1; Mer Rouge, 23; Natchi- toches, 1; Shreveport, 3.
Oklahoma: Wister, 1. ? Texas: Joaquin, 1; Sour Lake, 16.
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS CARYI Jackson. NorTHERN Puatins MOLE. (Pl. II, fig. 9.)
Scalopus aquaticus caryi Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 20, Feb- ruary 2, 1914.
Type locality—Neligh, Antelope County, Nebraska.
Type specumen.—No. 116799, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey col- lection; ¢ young adult, skin and skull; collected September 18, 1901, by Merritt Cary.
Geographic range.—Arid and semiarid plains region of central and western Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and northwestern Kansas.
General characters.—Size medium; tail long; color palest of the genus; most nearly like S. a. intermedius but much paler and lacking ochraceous suffusions on nose and wrists; skull slightly shorter than that of antermedius and relatively broader interorbitally.
Color.—Autumn pelage: Back light drab slightly tending toward avellaneous, becoming paler on head and shading in some cases into ivory yellow on nose; underparts much the same color as back, more mixed with neutral gray and occasionally washed with Saccardo’s - umber or cinnamon-brown.
Skuill.—Size moderate, short, broad, and rotund; rostrum short; mandible heavy; dentition relatively heavy. Very similar to the skull of S. a. intermedius but slightly shorter and relatively broader interorbitally. Compared with the skull of S. a. pulcher that of _ S. a. cary? is shorter and higher, wider interorbitally, and has weaker mastoids, shorter, wider rostrum, and larger teeth; it is larger, much higher, and more massive than the skull of S. greus, and is much smaller, higher, and less angular than that of S. a. machrinoides,
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Carnegie Mus.
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS INTERMEDIUS. 49
though in extreme old age it tends to become angular and the brain- case flattens.
Measuremenits.—Average of 3 males from type locality: Total length, 159 (157-160); tail vertebrae, 32 (31.5-32.5); hind foot, 21.1 (20.3-22). Skull: Average of 3 skulls of males from type locality: Greatest length, 34.2 (33.1-34.8); palatilar length, 14.2 (14.1-14.4); mastoidal breadth, 17.8 (17-18.4); interorbital breadth, 8.1 (7.7-8.4) ; maxillary tooth row, 11.2 (11.1-11.3); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.9 (10.8-11).
Remarks.—This subspecies can be distinguished from all other moles by its pale color and lack of ochraceous suffusions. Its nearest relationships are with intermedius with which it probably intergrades in southern Kansas.
Specimens excamined.—Total number 16, as follows:
Colorado: Wray, 1.
Kansas: Long Island, 3.'
Nebraska: Kennedy, 1; Neligh (type locality), 4; Long Pine, 2;? Niobrara River, 1;3 ‘‘Sandhills,’’ 1; Warbonnet Canyon, Sioux County, 3.°
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS INTERMEDIUS (Elliot). SOUTHERN Puains Mote.
Scalops machrinus intermedius Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 37, zool. series, vol. 1, p. 280, 1899.
[Scalops| [aquaticus] intermedius Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. publ. 45, zool. series, vol. 2, p. 390, 1901.
Scalopus aquaticus intermedius Bailey, N. Am. Fauna No. 25, p. 207, October 24, 1905.
Type locality.— Alva, Woods County, Oklahoma.
Type specimen.—No. 6832, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.; ¢ adult, skin and skull; collected February 23, 1899, by Thaddeus Surber.‘
Geographic range.-—Central and western Oklahoma and adjacent parts of northern Texas.
General characters.—Size medium; tail relatively long; color pale with ochraceous on nose and wrists, darker and more ochraceous than caryi; skull relatively short, high and heavy, but not angular; rostrum short; teeth large.
Color.— Winter pelage: Back light drab to drab tinged with buff- pink; nose and wrists ochraceous-buff to zinc orange; underparts
1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
2 Collection Stanford Univ.
3 Collection Univ. Nebraska.
4Mr. C. B. Cory, in a letter dated March 20, 1914, advises the writer that the specimen labeled as the type of Scalops machrinus intermedius Elliot is No. 6829, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., collected at Alva, Okla., December 8, 1899, by Thaddeus Surber. In the original description Elliot designates no type specimen by number, but describes an adult male collected at Alva, Okla., February 23, 1899, by Thaddeus Surber. Since No. 6832, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. is the only specimen of the original series to which this description can apply, it is necessary to consider it the type of intermedius.
90549°—15 4
50 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
slightly paler than back, more silvery and showing less buff-pink; base of hairs deep neutral gray. Young: More plumbeous than adults, darker, less pink-buff tinge on back and little or no ochraceous- buff on nose and wrists.
Skull.—Resembles that of S. a. caryi in nearly every particular, but averages slightly larger, is usually slightly more depressed post- orbitally, and has relatively heavier molariform dentition.
Measurements.—Average of 4 adult males from type locality: Total length, 164.5 (160-169); tail vertebree, 28.8 (27-31); hind foot, 21.8 (21-22). Skull: Average of 4 skulls of adult males from type locality: Greatest length, 35 (34.5-35.6); palatilar length, 14.7 (14.5- 14.9); mastoidal breadth, 18.3 (17.8-18.5); interorbital breadth, 8.1 (7.8-8.3); maxillary tooth row, 11.4 (10.9-11.7); mandibular molar- premolar row, 11.1 (10.5-11.4).
Remarks.—The subspecies wntermedius can be distinguished from its nearest congener, S. a. caryi, by its slightly darker color, and, in | full adult pelage, by the ochraceous-buff or zinc orange on nose and wrists; the skull of «ntermedius is generally longer than that of caryi. Specimens from Mount Scott, Okla., are a little darker than typical intermedius, and the skulls are slightly longer. Intergradation between this subspecies and S. a. texanus apparently occurs in north- central Texas. It seems probable that intermedius intergrades also with S. a. pulcher in eastern Oklahoma, though specimens from Red Fork, Okla., show no approach to pulcher. An alcoholic specimen from Belknap, Tex., too young for positive identification, is provis- ionally referred to intermedius.
Specumens examrned.—Total number, 22, as follows:
Oklahoma: Alva (type locality), 6; Dougherty, 1;! Fort Reno, 1; Mount Scott, 5; Red Fork, 3. Texas: Belknap, 1; Lipscomb, 3; Mobeetie, 2.
SCALOPUS AQUATICUS TEXANUS (Allen). Texas Mouse. (PI. Il) fig. 10; Pl. LA, figs.;5,5a;; Pl. Vag hes)
Scalops argentatus texanus Allen, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 221, April 29, 1891. :
Scalops tecanus Allen, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 200, 1893.
Scalops aquaticus texanus True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 21, 1896.
[Scalops] [aquaticus] texensis (sic) Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 45, zool. series, vol. 2, p. 390, 1901.
Scalopus aquaticus tecanus Bailey, N. Am. Fauna No. 25, p. 206, October 24, 1905.
Scalopus aquaticus texensis (sic) Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 105, zool. series, vol. 6, p. 471, 1905.
1 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
1915.] SCALOPUS AQUATICUS TEXANUS. 51
Type locality—Rockport, Aransas County, Texas.
Type specimen.—No. 3438, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; sex unknown; skin and skull; collected September, 1887, by Wiliam Lloyd.
Geographic range.—Coast region of Texas from Matagorda Bay to Cameron County, north in the interior to central and east-central Texas.
General characters.—Size small; much smaller, darker, and more brownish than intermedius; back generally much tinged with bronze, and nose and wrists suffused with orange; skull small, flat, much depressed postorbitally, and swollen supraorbitally; rostrum short; teeth large. 3
Oolor.—Full winter pelage: Back Saccardo’s umber to mummy brown with bronze tinge; nose and wrists zinc orange to xanthine orange; underparts much like back, less bronze, occasionally tinged with amber-brown; base of hairs dark mouse gray dorsally, becom- ing slightly paler ventrally. Fresh summer pelage: Slightly paler than winter pelage, less brown, with less orange on nose and wrists; underparts distinctly more grayish than in winter pelage.
Skull.—Small, flat, constricted interorbitally, much depressed postorbitally, and swollen supraorbitally; rostrum short; mandible relatively heavy; teeth relatively large. The skull of S. a. texanus is very much smaller than that of S. a. ontermedius or S. a. pulcher; about the size of that of S. a. australis but differs from it in shape and in having much heavier mandibles and dentition.
Measurements.—Average of 8 adult males from type locality: Total length, 138.5 (128-152); tail vertebra, 23.8 (21-26); hind foot, 17.2 (15.5-18). Average of 4 adult females from type locality: 133.8 (130-137); 22.3 (20-24); 16.3 (15-17). Skull: Average of 9 skulls of adult males from type locality: Greatest length, 31 (30-82); palatilar length, 13 (12.7-13.7); mastoidal breadth, 16.6 (16.1-17); interorbital breadth, 6.8 (6.6-7.1); maxillary tooth row, 10.3 (10-10.6); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.1 (9.7-10.3). Aver- age of 4 skulls of adult females from type locality: Greatest length, 29.8 (29.3-30.2); palatilar length, 12.6 (12.3-12.8); mastoidal breadth, 16.2 (15.9-16.5); interorbital breadth, 6.9 (6.7-7.1); max- lary tooth row, 9.8 (9.7-9.9); mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.7 (9.5-9.9).
Remarks.—Local variation in the genus seems to reach its maxi- mum in S. a. texanus, there being no two localities from which speci- mens of this form have been examined but exhibit differences either in skin or cranial characters, or in both; there is, however, very little individual variation in a series from any one locality. Unfortunately, no considerable number of specimens are available except from Rock- port, Tex., and until extensive series of specimens and careful habitat
BY NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. . [No. 38.
studies are obtained from each of many localities it will be impossible to determine the extent and meaning of these variations. The large series from the type locality is remarkably uniform in characters except for seasonal color variations. Skulls from Corpus Christi are slightly larger, higher through the braincase, and broader through the rostrum than typical tezanus, as are also two believed to have been collected at Brownsville, Tex.; specimens from Padre Island are very slightly longer than those from Rockport; one from Santa Rosa is high and weak and has a rather short rostrum. The color of the Santa Rosa specimen is much paler than that of typical tezanus due probably to the peculiar condition of the pelage. Specimens from Mason have large skulls and pale color and in these respects seem to approach S. a. intermedius; the skulls, however, are flat and have narrow rostra. A skin without skull from Waco is inclined toward intermedius in color, but is much too small for that form and has been provisionally called texanus; another skin, in very soiled pelage, from Longpoint, Tex., does not differ from typical texanus in size or color. Specimens examrned.—Total number, 42, as follows: Texas: Brownsville, 2; Corpus Christi, 2; Longpoint, 1; Mason, 3; Padre Island, 3; Rockport (type locality), 25; San Antonio, 4; Santa Rosa, 1; Waco, 1.!
SCALOPUS AREUS (Bangs). CoprpERY MOLE. (PL. T1, fig. 12: Pl. IMM, fies.7,-72; Ble V Eos.)
Scalops texanus xreus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 10, p. 138, December 28, 1896.
[Scalops] xreus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 45, zool. series, vol. 2, p. 390, 1901.
Scalops aquaticus ereus Miller & Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 30, p. 250, December, 1901.
Scalopus xreus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 105, zool. series, vol. 6, p. 471, 1905.
Scalopus aquaticus xreus Miller, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bul. 79, p. 8, December 31, 1912.
Type locality.—Stilweli, Payne County, Oklahoma.
Type specomen.—No. 5475, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection; @ adult, skin and skull; collected August 13, 1896, by Thaddeus Surber.
Geographic range.—Known only from type locality.
General characters.—Size medium; differs from all other forms of Scalopus in its color, a rich coppery snuff brown; skull weak and narrow.
Color.—Type (female), in late summer pelage: Upperparts rich cop- pery snuff brown; underparts less coppery than above, more grayish.
1 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1915.] SCALOPUS INFLATUS. 58
Skull. Mauch smaller, weaker, and narrower than that of S. a. machrinoides, S. a. pulcher, or S. a. wntermedius; larger than that of S. a. texanus, relatively longer, less depressed postorbitally and less swollen supraorbitally, with longer, narrower rostrum; teeth small.
Measuremenis.—Type (adult female): Total length, 154; tail vertebra, 24; hind foot, 19. Skull (of type): Greatest length, 33.2; palatilar leneth, 14; mastoidal breadth, 17; iterorbital breadth, 7.5; maxillary tooth row, 10.6; mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.5.
Remarks.—The status and relationships of this form are unknown. The type and only specimen in collections was taken August 13, 1896; the rich coppery color may be due in part to a deadening of the summer fur preceding molt and if such proves to be the case the coppery color will not be of diagnostic value. The skull is weak, narrow, moderately high and rounded, and has a long, narrow rostrum; the teeth are much worn, the sutures closed, and from all appearances the animal was adult; it was sexed female by the collector.
Specumen examined.—One, the type.
SCALOPUS INFLATUS Jackson. TAMAULIPAS MOLE. (Pl. Il, fig. 11; P1.-111, figs. 6, 6a; Pl. VI, fig. 8.) Scalopus inflatus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 21, February 2, 1914.
Type locality.—State of Tamaulipas, Mexico (45 miles from Browns- ville, Texas).
Type specvmen.—No. 52709, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; young adult, sex unknown; skin and imperfect skull; col- lected in 1892 by F. B. Armstrong.
Geographic range—Known only from type locality.
General characters.—Size small, larger than S. a. teranus; skull broad, high, and arched, much inflated in prelachrymal region; rostrum broad, truncate; zygomata heavy.
Color.—Back between wood brown and drab, becoming ochraceous- buff on cheeks; general tone of underparts much as on back but more mixed with mouse gray.
Skull.—Size medium, high and arched; prelachrymal region much swollen; audital bulle high and well defined; zygomata heavy; posterior edge of lachrymal foramen meets zygoma at nearly right angle; rostrum broad; mandible heavy, horizontal ramus much arched ventrally; outer groove in third upper premolar pronounced; first lower premolar small and inconspicuous.
Measurements.—Type (from dry skin, foot relaxed): Tail vertebre, 18; hind foot, 16.5. Skull (of type): Palatilar length, 13.4; mastoidal breadth, 17; interorbital breadth, 7.1; maxillary tooth row, 11.1; mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.
54 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
Remarks.—The only-known specimen of this form is imperfect; it lacks complete data, the pelage is ragged and apparently faded, and the posterior portion of the braincase is broken away. Aside from its many other distinctive characters, Scalopus inflatus can easily be separated from all other members of the genus by the peculiarly
3
B2013-103
Fig. 7.—Geographic range of the species and subspe-
cies of Scapanus except S. orarius (see fig. 12).
1. S. townsendii. 6. S. 1. minusculus. 2. S. latimanus latimanus. 7. S. 1. dilatus.
3. S. 1. occuiltus. 8. S. 1. alpinus.
4. 8.1. grinnelli. 9. S. anthonyi.
5. S. 1. sericatus.
inflated prelachrymal region of theskull. It was at first thought that this inflation was due to parasites; but the bilateral sym- metry of the inflations, the fact that no apparent work of para- sites has been noticed in this re- gion of the skull in the many hundred specimens of Scalopus examined, and, further, the fact that a very slight and inconspic- uous tendency toward prelachry- mal inflation is present in all members of the genus, leads to the belief that the inflation in this species is an extreme accen- tuation of normal development.
Specimen ecamined.—One, the
type. Genus SCAPANUS Pomel.
Scapanus Pomel, Archives Sci. Phys- iques et Nat., tome 9, p. 247, Novem- ber, 1848.
Scaphanus Herrick, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv., Minnesota, Bul. 7, p. 55, 1892.
Scapasius Beddard, Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol. 10, p. 518, 1902.
Type species.—Scalops town- sendw Bachman.
Geographic range. — South- western British Columbia (Fraser Riverregion), western and south- ern Washington, western Ore- gon, extreme western Nevada,
California (except the southeastern desert region), south to San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California (figs. 7 and 12).
External characters —Body robust, depressed; tail short, round, thick and fleshy, tapering apically and slightly constricted proxi- mally, indistinctly annulated, scantily haired with coarse hairs
1915.] GENUS SCAPANUS. 55
(fig. 8). Head conoidal, depressed. Nose elongated into a snout (shorter and less truncate than in Scalopus), the apical portion naked to line of anterior edge of nasals; nostrils superior, .crescentic, with concavities turned in laterally (fig. 9). Eyes minute, concealed in fur. Auricular orifice small. Legs short and stout. Feet large, fleshy, scantily haired above, naked below. Fore feet handlike, the palms as broad as long (fig. 10). Soles of hind feet with one to three (usually two) distinct tubercles. Fore toes and hind toes not webbed. Claws of fore feet broad, flat, and heavy; those of hind feet relatively short and weak (fig. 11). Fur dense, soft, silky, the hairs nearly equal in length, producing a velvetlike pelage. Mamma, 8: latero- pectoral, 2-2; latero-abdominal, 1-1; mguinal, 1-1.
Skeletal characters.—Clavicle short and heavy, about three-fourths as broad as long, distinctly notched on the inferior border, not penetrated by a foramen. Humerus heavy, about three-fourths as broad as long. eee Pelvis narrow, bones of opposite sides scarcely touch- py¢. grail of Sew ing under acetabula; two osseous bridges, each bifur- —-2#¥s latimanus Tat-
é c : s imanus (X 14). No. cate posteriorly, connect sacral vertebre with ischium — jos958, U. 8. Nat. and produce six foramina or openings, alarge one in =‘Mus.; from Colma, each of the anterior angles formed by median lines of as Oe acetabula and sacral vertebre and two smaller ones in each of the posterior angles. Superior surface of last sacral vertebra without longitudinal process. Os falciforme relatively broad and long, reach- ing proximal end of terminal phalange of first digit, gently incurved, not much tapering distally.
Skull conoidal, flat, with relatively broad braincase, and slightly constricted interorbitally. Mas- toids moderately heavy, not prom- inent. Interpariectal large, some- what rectangular, breadth (antero- posterior diameter) about one- third the length, slightly convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly with a posterior median projection. Bate Frontal region flat, not much slop- Fig. 9.—Snout of 8.1. latimanus (X13). Individ- 1 2 Bt
ual referred to in fig. 8. ing; frontal sinuses somewhat swollen. Rostrum moderately long; anterior ends of premaxille slightly thickened and extending beyond nasals, forming a notch (acute to truncate) anterior to nasals. Anterior nares opening for- ward. Zygomata moderately long and heavy, rather sharply curved inward anteriorly, the posterior end attached about medially on squamosal. Foramen magnum oval,ofmoderatesize. Infraorbital
56 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
foramen relatively small (larger than in Scalopus), the plate forming its outer wall moderately broad. . Audital bullae complete, depressed; auditory meatus short (more developed than in Scalopus). External pterygoid region moderately inflated both posteriorly and anteriorly. Mesopterygoid space moderately broad and relatively long, the sides nearly straight and slightly converging posteriorly. Palate mod- erately elongate, termin- ating at a distance pos- terior to the last molar about equal to half the diameter of that tooth; posterior border of palate truncate or slightly emar- ginate, usually with a shght median notch. An- terior palatine foramina poie-io3. «Moderate, oval to ellip- Fic. 10.—Fore foot of 8.1. latimanus (X 14). Individual referred tical-oval; posterior pala- to in fig. 8. tine foramina small (the first pair larger than the second), round to oval. Horizontal ramus of mandible moderately heavy, somewhat curved upward at posterior end, nearly straight at anterior end; coronoid moderately elongate, quad- rate, truncate, directed almost perpendicular to median line of horizon- tal ramus; angle of mandible large and heavy (relatively longer than in Scalopus); inferior mandibular notch large, subcircular, relatively broad and deep. Dental characters —First upper incisor long and broad, convex anteriorly, flat pos- teriorly ; second and third upper incisors and upper canine simple, conical, of moderate size, subequal, about two-thirds as long as first incisor. First, second, and third upper premolars similar to second and third inci- sors, the third premolar usually with a small postero-basal cusp; fourth premolar much "iia ee ne larger than third, more cuspidate, with a ferred toin fig. 8. large posterior cusp, usually with an intero-basal cusplike process, and frequently with a more or less developed antero-basal cusplike process. Upper molars W-shaped in transverse section, with an antero-internal V-shaped cusplike shelf (not lobed); first and second molars subequal, the third much smaller. First seven lower teeth (incisors, canine, and first, second, and third premolars) small, conical, the first and third incisors smaller than the other teeth, which are subequal; premolars each with a
1915.] GENUS SCAPANUS® 57
slight cusplike process posteriorly; fourth premolar much larger, more cuspidate. Lower molars M-shaped in transverse section, the antero-internal cusp bilobed; first molar with a postero-internal basal accessory cusp; second molar with a postero- and an antero- internal basal accessory cusp; third molar with an antero-internal basal accessory cusp; first and second molars subequal, the third much smaller. Dentition: 1. 3; c.+; pm. 4;! m. 3; total 44.
Key to Species and Subspecies of Scapanus. [Based upon specimens of adult animals in fresh pelage.]
a!. Unicuspid teeth evenly spaced and not crowded; rostrum relatively long and nar- row; color dark, almost black (except in Scapanus orartus schefferi). b!. Total length more than 200 mm.; greatest length of skull more than 40 mm.; sublachrymal-maxillary ridge distinct.......... Scapanus townsendit (p. 58). b?, Total length less than 200 mm.; greatest length of skull less than 40 mm.; sub- lachrymal-maxillary ridge not much developed. c!, Color darker; rostrum narrow; interorbital breadth of skull 8.2 mm. or less, Scapanus orarius orartus (p. 61). e?. Color paler; rostrum relatively broad; interorbital breadth of skull 8.2 mm. TE EROS Sa ge thee pepe ee ror Scapanus orarius scheffert (p. 63). a?. Unicuspid teeth usually crowded and not evenly spaced; rostrum relatively short and broad; color usually brown or gray, seldom almost black. 61. Total length usually less than 165 mm.; greatest length of skull 33.5 mm. or less, c!, Greatest length of skull less than 31 mm.; premolars 3, Scapanus anthonyi (p. 75). c?, Greatest length of skull 31 mm. or more; premolars $. d'. Interorbital constriction more than 7.6 mm.; breadth of skull across mas- toids more than 16.2 mm............ Scapanus latimanus grinnelli (p. 69). d?. Interorbital constriction 7.6 mm. or less; breadth of skull across mastoids 16.2 mm. or less. e!. Inferior mandibular notch deep; geographic range south of latitude
S17 5a es Re a St ee Scapanus latimanus occultus (p. 68).
e?, Inferior mandibular notch shallow; geographic range north of latitude
RIN tec e cto. © : stan latimanus minusculus (p. 72).
b?. Total length Tene = more Siben 165. mm.; greatest length of skull more than 33.5 mm.
c!, Geographic range, California west of Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys,
including also Klamath Canyon...... Scapanus latimanus latimanus (p. 64).
c?. Geographic range, Oregon and California east of Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, except Klamath Canyon. d'. Color dark; interorbital constriction less than 7.6 mm., Scapanus latimanus sericatus (p.71). d?. Color pale; interorbital constriction more than 7.6 mm. e!. Greatest length of skull less than 36 mm., Scapanus latimanus dilatus (p. 72). e”. Greatest length of skull more than 36 mm., Scapanus latimanus alpinus (p. 75).
Pm. 3in the type and only specimen of Scapanus anthonyi.
58 NORPH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
Descriptions of Species and Subspecies of Scapanus.
SCAPANUS TOWNSENDII (Bachman). TOWNSEND’S MOLE. (PLAIV, fig. 1;.PlV jp figs a, la; Pl. Vile)
Scalops canadensis Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Amer., part 1, p. 9, 1829. (Not of Desmarest or Harlan.)
Scalops Townsendii Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 8, part 1, p. 58, 1839.
Scalops Townsendi Bachman, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 31, January, 1842.
Scapanus Towsendii (sic) Pomel. Archiv. Sci. Physiques et Nat., vol. 9, p. 247, 1848.
Scalops metallescens Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 242, 1854. (Nomen nudum.)
Scalops zneus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 299, 1854. Type locality, Oregon.
| Talpa] znea Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854.
Talpa Townsendii Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854.
Talpa teniata Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854. Type locality, banks of Columbia River.
Sclapanus] Townsendi Peters, Monatsber. Konig. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, 1863, p. 656, 1864.
Scapanus Townsendti True, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, p. 607, 1885.
Type locality—‘ Banks of the Columbia River.” Probably from’ the vicinity of Fort Vancouver, Clarke County, Washington, which it seems well to consider the type locality.
Type specumen.—Cotype, No. 449, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; collected May 9, 1835,1 by J. K. Townsend. ;
Geographic range.—Extreme northwestern California, Oregon, and Washington west of the Cascade. Mountains.
General characters—Size largest of the genus; color dark, almost black; skull large, mastoids relatively heavy, rostrum long; uni- cuspid teeth evenly spaced and not crowded. The young of S. townsendia in superficial skin characters often resemble adults of S. orarius, but are easily separated from the latter by their large fore feet, with thick, heavy claws.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts blackish brown, fuscous-black, ~ sooty black, to almost black, usually with a purplish sheen; under- parts very slightly paler than the back and frequently stained with brown. Summer pelage: Much like winter pelage, but very slightly paler, with purplish sheen more pronounced.
Skull—tLarge (greatest length of smallest skulls more than 40 mm.), flat, and angular; mastoids angular and rather heavy; inter- parietal relatively narrower antero-posteriorly than in S. latima- nus; slight but distinct sagittal crest between anterior portions
1 The date is not on the labels now attached to the specimen, but Bachman (loc. cit.) states it was col- lected May 9, 1835.
1915.] SCAPANUS TOWNSENDII. 59
of parietals in adults; zygomata heavy; rostrum long and rela- tively narrow; sublachrymal-maxillary ridge well developed; den- tition heavy; unicuspid teeth, both maxillary and mandibular, evenly spaced and not crowded asin latumanus; mandible relatively weaker than in latimanus.
Measurements.—Average of 3 young adult females from vicinity of Portland, Oreg.: Total length, 206 (195-222); tail vertebre, 48.3 (45-51); hind foot, 26.3 (24-28). Average of 7 adult males from Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal.: 224.1 (217-237); 41.1 (84-50); 26.7 (26-27). Average of 4 adult females from Ferndale, Cal.: 208 (202-210); 41.8 (87-46); 26.8 (26-27). Skull: Average of 10 skulls of adult males from Puyailup, Wash.: Greatest length, 43.6 (42.3- 44.6); palatilar length, 18.1 (17.4-18.8); mastoidal breadth, 20.8 (20.3-21.4); interorbital breadth, 9.2 (9.1-9.4); maxillary tooth row, 14.1 (13.7-14.4); mandibular molar-premolar row, 13.8 (13.5-14.4). Average of 10 skulls of adult females from Puyallup, Wash.: Greatest length, 42.3 (41.5-44.1); palatilar length, 17.6 (16.9-18.1); mastoidal breadth, 19.9 (19.3-20.4); interorbital breadth, 8.9 (8.4-9.2); maxil- lary tooth row, 13.9 (13.5-14.4); mandibular molar-premolar row, 13.6 (13.2-14). Average of 3 skulls of young adult females from the vicinity of Portland, Oreg.: Greatest length, 41.8 (41.2-42.1); pala- tilar length, 17.6 (17.3-18); mastoidal breadth, 19.8 (19.4-20); inter- orbital breadth, 9 (8.7-9.1); maxillary tooth row, 13.4 (13.3-13.5); mandibular molar-premolar row, 13.2 (13.1-13.3). Average of 7 skulls of adult males from Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal.: Great- est length, 42.9 (42.3-44.2); palatilar length, 18.3 (17.7-18.7); mas- toidal breadth, 20.9 (20-21.8); mterorbital breadth, 9 (8.7-9.5); maxillary tooth row, 13.9 (13.5-142); mandibular molar-premolar row, 13.7 (13.2-14.1). Average of 4 skulls of adult females from Ferndale, Cal.: Greatest length, 41.5 (41.2-41.9); palatilar length, 17.9 (17.8-18); mastoidal breadth, 20 (19.9-20.2); interorbital ~ breadth, 8.9 (8.7-9.1); maxillary tooth row, 13.7 (13.5-13.9); man- dibular molar-premolar row, 13.3 (13.2-13.5).
Remarks.—The presence of moles in the Pacific northwest was known. to some of the early explorers, but the first one described was by Richardson, who, though very accurately describing the animal now known as Scapanus townsendi, referred his specimens to the com- mon mole of eastern United States, then known as Scalops canadensis Desmarest. It was not until ten years later that the species was named, when Bachman? published his description based upon two specimens. One specimen was a normally colored individual re- ceived from Nuttall from a locality not stated; the other was col- lected by Townsend and according to Bachman (lec. cit.) was
1 Richardson, J., Fauna Boreali-Amer., part 1, pp. 9-12, 1829. 2 Bachman, J., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 8, part 1, pp. 58-60, 1839.
60 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 88. ”
labeled ‘‘Banks of the Columbia River, May 9, 1835.” The latter specimen is a partial albino, having a narrow, irregular white streak extending from chin to abdomen, and another from forehead to snout; this specimen (No. 449) is now in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where sometime in later years it was marked ‘‘Type of Scalops townsendu.” It is not the type, smce Bachman’s descrip- tion was based in part if not primarily on the specimen submitted by Nuttall; it may well be considered a cotype, however, since Bachman does not designate a type; that he considered the two specimens one and the same species is evident in his remark: ‘‘I subsequently received from Mr. Townsend another specimen, a little larger in size, which I presume to be a mere variety, although very singularly marked” (loc. cit., p. 58). This same abnormal specimen became, in 1854, the type of Talpa teniata Le Conte. Cassin ex- hibited and described a mole which he called “Scalops metallescens”’ before the Philadelphia Academy in 1853, but in the published account! of his talk and exhibition, which appeared the next year, the name “Scalops metallescens” occurs without any description. Subsequently, however, Cassin? described the animal under the name “Scalops xneus;” the type* is now in the United States National Museum. Cassin states: ‘‘In its dentition and otherwise it is a strict congener of Scalops townsend, but is much smaller and of a different color. Its black claws are especially remarkable, and dis- tinguish it from all other species of the genus” (loc. cit.). Unfor- tunately the skull has been lost, but the skin seems to show that it is of a rather young specimen of Scapanus townsendw which has been | shrunk and discolored by some chemical, possibly corrosive subli- mate. The general tone of coler of the back is between Brussels brown and Prout’s brown; the underparts are mostly buckthorn brown, and on chin and ankles is a suspicious tinge of sulphine yellow. The claws are heavy as in townsendw and do not indicate specific relationship with S. orarius; both claws and soles of the feet are black, which might readily be accounted for by the presence of mercuric sulphid from the combination of carbon bisulphid and corrosive sublimate used in preserving specimens.
Townsend’s mole, though showing considerable individual vari- ation in size and in proportions and shape of skull, is subject to very little geographic variation. In a large series of skulls from Puyallup, Wash., are four which have supernumerary premolars. Three of these have each an extra premolar between the second and third premolars of the right mandible; the other specimen has a super- numerary tooth between the second and third premolars of the left
1 Cassin, J., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 242, 1854.
2 Cassin, loc. cit., p. 299, 1854. 8 No. 3725 ,U. S. Nat. Mus., skin without skull; collected in Oregon, by ‘‘U. 8. Exploring Expedition.”
1915.] SCAPANUS ORARIUS ORARIUS. 61
mandible, and a minute extra tooth between the third and fourth
right lower premolars. This is interesting siace Scapanus normally
has the theoretically complete mammalian dentition of 44 teeth. Specimens examined.—Total number, 203, as follows:
California: Cresent City, 6; Ferndale, 11;' Smith River, 2.
Oregon: Beaverton, 3; Coquille, 1; Drain, 1; Goldbeach, 2; Grants Pass, 1; Netarts, 1;? Oregon City, 3; Portland, 24; 2,%.* Salem, 3; Seaton, 1; ‘‘U.S. Exploring Expedition,’”’ 1; Wells, 1.
Washington: Columbia River (type locality), 1;° Hot Springs Trail, Olympic Mountains, 1;° Lake Cushman, 2; La Push, 1; Puyallup, 108;7 Renton, 1;! Roy, 1; Sauk, 1; Seattle, 1; Skykomish, 1; South Bend, 5; Steilacoom, 3; Tacoma, 1;> Tenino, 3; Vanccuver, 11; Vancouver Barracks (probably exact type locality), 1.
SCAPANUS ORARIUS ORARIUS True. Coast MOLE. GRIN fies 2 PloNi fies. 2, 2a; Pl. Vi, nes 11.) Scapanus orarius True, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol 19, p. 52, December 21, 1896.
Type locality —Shoalwater Bay, Pacific County, Washington.
Type specimen.—No. 3383;, U. S. Nat. Mus.; 9 young adult, skin and skuli (posterior portion of braincase broken and incomplete); collected August 30, 1855, by J. G. Cooper.
Geographic range-——Humid coast region of northern California (north of Mendocino), Oregon, and Washington.
General characters.—Size medium; color dark. The subspecies orarivus is somewhat smaller than S.J. latimanus, with relatively smaller fore feet, and slenderer claws; darker than latimanus. Similar in color to S. townsend, but very much smaller, with actually and rela- tively smaller feet and claws. The skull of S. o. orarius can always be easily distinguished from that of townsendit by its much smaller size, without reference to any other characters; from that of latumanus it differs in its evenly spaced and uncrowded unicuspid teeth, its very narrow rostrum, undeveloped and indistinct sublachrymal-maxillary ridge, and very weak mandible; teeth, particularly the first incisors, smaller than in latimanus.
Color.—General. tone much the same as in S. townsendit. Winter pelage: Upperparts fuscous-black, chetura black, blackish brown, to nearly black; underparts slightly paler and more grayish. Summer pelage: Much like winter pelage but usually more brownish.
Skull—sSize medium (average greatest length of skulls of adult males about 34 to 35 mm.); mastoid region weak; sublachrymal- maxulary ridge only slightly developed; rostrum very narrow;
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California. 5 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 2 Collection Oregon State Game Comm. 6 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 3 Collection of H. E. Anthony, New York City. 7 One hundred, skulls only; two skeletons,
* Collection of 8, G. Jewett, Portland, Oreg.
62 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
horizontal ramus of mandible narrow and weak; teeth, especially first incisors, small.
Measurements.—Average of 3 adult males from HKureka, Humboldt County, Cal.: Total length, 167 (163-175); tail vertebree, 33.7 (31-35); hind foot, 20.7 (20-22). Skull: Average of 2 skulls of adult males from Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal.: Greatest length, 34.3 (33.5- 35); palatilar length, 13.5 (13.8-13.7); mastoidal breadth, 16.4 eR pS (16.3-16.4); interorbital breadth, 8.1 (8-8.1); maxillary tooth row, 10.7 (10.5-10.9); mandibular mo- lar-premolar row, 10.4 (10.3-10.5).
Remarks.—Judged by the speci- mens examined, Scapanus orarius (including the subspecies scheffert) has a more extensive geographic range than S. townsend; it occurs both farther north and _ farther south, as well as much farther east (fig. 12). The ecological relation- ship of the two forms is unknown; its solution would involve most valuable and interesting research for some student favorably sit- uated.
The few specimens of S. 0. ora- rus available from the region of \|sothe type locality are mostly of |
B2018-103 young animals or have imperfect
Fic, 12.—Geographic range of the subspecies of skulls. However, there seems to
OC ae be very little geographic variation,
either chromatic or cranial, in
specimens taken throughout the whole coastal strip extending from Juan de Fuca to Mendocino County, Cal.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 46, as follows:
California: Crescent City, 3; Cuddeback, 1;1 Eureka, 6;1 Ferndale, 2;! Mendo- cino, 1;? Orick, 1; Smith River, 1.
Oregon: Astoria, 1;? Myrtle Point, 1; Newport, 1; Portland, 3;4 Yaquina Bay, 4.
Washington: Chehalis County, 1; King County, 1;° La Push, 1; Neah Bay, 2;
Pacific County, 1;° Port Townsend, 1; Puyallup, 6; Shoalwater Bay (type locality), 2; South Bend, 5; Steilacoom, 1.
os = eT DD oe OR SSeS
—s os
1. S. 0. orarius. 2. S. 0. schefferi.
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California. 4 Collection of H. E. Anthony, New York City. 2Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 5 Collection Milwaukee Public Mus. 3 Collection Univ. Michigan Mus. 6 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1915.] SCAPANUS ORARIUS SCHEFFERI. : 68
SCAPANUS ORARIUS SCHEFFERI subsp. nov.! ScHEFFER’S MOLE. CPV, fie. 32) P1) ‘V1, fig: 12.)
Type locality —Walla Walla, Walla Walla County, Washington.
Type specimen.—No. 204997, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; ¢ adult, skin and skull; collected August 8, 1914, by Theodore H. Sees
Geographic range.—Extreme southwestern British Columbia, nor cde western Washington (east of Puget Sound and north of eeecdc 48° N.), central and southern Washington from the west slopes of the Cascade Mountains east to Walla Walla, and both slopes of the Cas- cade Mountains in northern and east-central Oregon.
General characters.—Similar to S. 0. orarius but much paler, slightly larger, with both hind and fore feet relatively larger, and claws heavier. Skull about the size of that of orarius, with relatively shorter and broader rostrum and greater interorbital breadth.
Color.—Fresh autumn pelage: Upperparts glossy deep mouse gray; underparts slightly paler and more grayish. Worn summer pelage: Upperparts hair-brown to pale fuscous; underparts mouse gray.
Skull—Compared with that of S. 0. orarius, the skull of scheffert is broader interorbitally and has a relatively and actually shorter and broader rostrum, more evident sublachrymal-maxillary ridge, heavier mandible, and oe dentition.
Measurements—Type (adult male): Total length, 170; tail verte- bre, 35; hind foot, 23. Average of 3 adult males @nondine type) ame ae feeatity 168.7 (165-171); 34.7 (84-35); 23 (23-23). Skull: Type (adult male): Greatest length, 34.7; palatilar length, 14.6; mastoidal breadth, 16.7; interorbital breadth, 8.4; maxillary tooth row, 11.2; mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.9. Average of 3 skulls of adult males Gncluding type) from the type locaiity: Greatest length, 34.4 (84.2-34.7); palatilar length, 14.4 (14.2-14.6); mastoidal breadth, 16.4 (16.2-16.7); interorbital breadth, 8.3 (8.2-8.4); maxillary tooth row, 11.1 (11-11.2); mandibular molar- premolar row, 10.8 (10.8-10.9). Average of 2 skulls of adult females from the type locality: Greatest length, 32.9 (32.8-39); palatilar length, 13.7 (13.6-13.8); mastoidal breadth, 15.9 (15.8-15.9); inter- orbital breadth, 8.2 (8.2-8.2); maxillary tooth row, 10.6 (10.6-10.6); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.4 (10.3-10.5).
Remarks.—Typical specimens of scheffert are easily distinguishable from S. o. orarius, its most closely allied form. The type specimen has fresh autumn pelage on the upperparts, the underparts still re- taining the worn summer pelage. On the face of the type specimen
1 Named for Theodore H. Scheffer in recognition of his careful investigations of the habits and ecology of American moles. :
64 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. "OT Ne. 38.
is a small spot of ochraceous-buff and a faint wash of the same color on the throat. Similar chromatic abnormalities crop out in several specimens from the type locality, and one specimen (No. 204998, U.S. Nat. Mus.) has as a dental abnormality a supernumerary left upper premolar.
Intergradation of this form with orarius is clearly indicated in specimens from the west slope of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington. Specimens from Vida, McKenzie Bridge, and Three Sisters, in Oregon, approach orarwus in color and in cranial characters, though distinctly referable to schefferi. Specimens from Mount Vernon, Wash., are slightly darker in color than specimens from Walla Walla, but the skulls are almost identical in essential characters with the type series. Specimens from Skykomish, Wash., are nearly as dark as typical orarius, but are referred to schefferi because of cranial characters which, although approaching orarius, are much nearer scheffert.
Specumens examrned.—Total number, 59, as follows:
British Columbia: Chilliwack Valley, 2; Chiloweyuck Depot, 2; Fraser River (near New Westminster), 1;1 Sumas, 6.
Oregon: McKenzie Bridge, 2; Three Sisters, 2; Vida, 4.
Washington: Easton, 4; Fort Walla Walia, 4; Lester, 4; Merritt, 5; Mount Ver- non, 2; North Yakima, 5; Skykomish, 6; Walla Walla (type locality), 5; Wenatchee, 5.
SCAPANUS LATIMANUS LATIMANUS (Bachman). CALIFORNIA MOLE. (Pl, IV,, fig..4; Pl. V,-figs..3, 3a; Pl. Vi; fies13%)
Scalops latimanus Bachman, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 34, 1842.
Scalops californicus Ayres, Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 54, 1856. Type locality, San Francisco, California.
Scapanus californicus True, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 52, December 21, 1896.
Scapanus latimanus Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 20, p. 52, April 18, 1907.
Scapanus latimanus latimanus Miller, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bul. 79, p. 9, December 31, 1912.
Type locality—Probably Santa Clara, Santa Clara County, Cali- fornia.’
Type specimen.—Mounted specimen, with imperfect skull, in the Berlin Museum; collected during October, 1834.
Geographic range.—Western California west of the San Jacinto and Sacramento Valleys, from Santa Maria River north to Cape Mendo- cino, thence northeasterly to Klamath Canyon, Siskiyou County.
General characters.—Size medium (length of adults usually about 170 to 180 mm.); color fuscous or drab to chetura black, most frequently chetura drab; skull flat, rather massive in the maxillary
1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Vide Osgood, W. H., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 20, p. 52, 1907,
1915 ] SCAPANUS LATIMANUS LATIMANUS. 65
region; rostrum short and relatively heavy; unicuspid teeth irregular and crowded.
Oolor.—Fresh winter pelage: Above, fuscous-black, chetura drab, or chetura black; old and faded specimens more brownish, fuscous to mummy brown; beneath, much as above but paler, usually slightly more grayish, and frequently stained with brown mid- ventrally. Summer pelage: Usually paler and shghtly more brown- ish than winter pelage, drab, hair-brown, or chetura drab, paler beneath. Young: Usually darker and more grayish than adults.
Skull._Size medium, flat; sublachrymal-maxillary ridge heavy and well defined; rostrum short and broad; unicuspid teeth irregular in size, and crowded; second lower incisor caninelike, larger, and longer than either the first or the third incisor. The skull of S. 1. latumanus is very-‘much smaller than that of S. townsend, the skulls of large adult males of latimanus being smaller than the skulls of small adult females of townsend; the rostrum of latimanus is rela- tively shorter and broader than that of townsendii, and the unicuspid teeth are more irregular in size and shape, and more crowded. Compared with S. o. orarius the skull of latimanus is wider and much | heavier, with less rounded and more truncate braincase, much shorter and broader rostrum, much heavier sublachrymal-maxillary ridges, larger teeth, and heavier horizontal rami of mandibles. The skull of typical latimanus is larger than that of any other subspecies of S. latimanus except S. 1. alpinus, from which it is indistinguishable.
Measurements —Adult male from Gilroy, Santa Clara County, Cal.: Total length, 173; tail vertebrz, 35; hind foot, 23. Average of 4 young adult males from Santa Cruz, Cal.: 175.8 (173-181); 33.3 (32-38) ; 20.8 (20-21). Average of 4 young adult females from Santa Cruz, Cal.: 171.5 (162-185); 32.5 (81-35); 20.8 (20-21). Skull: Adult male from Gilroy, Santa Clara County, Cal.: Greatest length, 36.2; palatilar length, 14.4; mastoidal breadth, 17.3; interorbital breadth, 7.8; maxillary tooth row, 11.2; mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.9. Average of 4 skulls of young adult males from Santa Cruz, Cal.: Greatest length, 36.1 (35.7-36.6); palatilar length, 14.2 (13.8-14.6); mastoidal breadth, 17 (16.9-17.3); interorbital breadth, 7.8 (7.5-8); maxillary tooth row, 11 (10.8-11.1); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.6 (10.5-10.8). Average of 7 skulls of adult males from Nicasio, Cal.: Greatest length, 37.1 (36.6-37.4); palatilar length, 14.5 (14.3-14.7); mastoidal breadth, 17.3 (17-178); interorbital breadth, 7.8 (7.5-7.9); maxillary tooth row, 11.3 (11.1-11.6); mandibular molar-premolar row, 11 (10.7-11.4). Aver- age of 4 skulls of young adult females from Santa Cruz, Cal.: Greatest length, 34.7 (34.4-35); palatilar length, 13.8 (13.4-14.1); mastoidal breadth, 16.8 (16.6-17); interorbital breadth, 7.8 (7.7-8); maxillary
90549°—15——5
66 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
tooth row, 10.7 (10.4-10.9); mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.3 (10.1-10.5). Average of 5 skulls of adult females fromeNicasio, Cal.: Greatest length, 36 (85.3-36.6); palatilar length, 14.1 (13.7-14.5); mastoidal breadth, 16.9 (16.7-17.2); interorbital breadth, 7.7 (7.4— 8.1); maxillary tooth row, 11.1 (10.8-11.4); mandibular molar- premolar row, 10.8 (10.3-11.1).
Remarks.—Bachman’s name latvmanus was placed in synonymy under Scapanus townsend by Peters! where it remained until Osgood showed that it did not apply to townsendu but to the mole of west-central California, then known as Scapanus califormcus (Ayres). Osgood writes:
As stated by Peters (loc. cit.), it [the type specimen] was transmitted by Deppe from Monterey, California. It was collected in October, 1834, at Santa Clara, not a Mexican locality,? as suggested by Peters, but doubtless the*town of that name in California not very distant from Monterey. Only one species of mole is known to’ occur at this locality, and the specimen is typicalof this species. The hind foot to end of claws measures 18.7 mm. The fragmentary skull, which Dr. Matschie caused to be removed from the mounted specimen, presents the following measurements, all decidedly smaller than S. townsendi: Length of upper tooth row from front of incisor
to back of last molar, 15.4; of lower tooth row, 13.7; outside width at second upper molar, 10.2.3
The measurements given by Osgood are somewhat less than those of skulls of adults from the vicinity of Santa Clara, Cal., but this may possibly be due to immaturity of the type specimen. The animal is certainly not townsendu, and it seems best to accept Osgood’s verdict and place californicus in synonymy under latumanus.
A skeleton * of this species in the United States National Museum | has been set aside as the type of Scalops californicus Ayres, and of it Lyon and Osgood state: ‘“‘This skeleton is one of Dr. Ayres’s original specimens, and probably the only one of them now in existence. It seems well to treat it as a type, although it was not so indicated by the original describer.” > However, there seems to be no good reason for designating this specimen as the type of californicus; it was entered in the museum catalogue February 14, 1857, but in the col- lection are two other specimens (alcoholic) which Lyon and Osgood apparently overlooked. One® of these, without the date of collec- tion, was entered in the catalogue May 4, 1857; the other,’ collected several weeks after Ayres had read his description before the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, was entered in the museum catalogue
1 Peters, W., Monatsber. Konig. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, 1863, p. 656, 1864. :
2 At the time the specimen was collected California was part of Mexico. Peters, however, states ‘in Sta. Clara (Sonora?) gesammelt worden.’’
2 Osgood, W. H., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 20, p. 52, 1907.
4No. 3111, U. 8. Nat. Mus., skeleton (lacking right manus and forearm, and left last upper molar); col- lected at San Francisco, Cal., by Dr. W. O. Ayres. °
5 Lyon, M. W., and Osgood, W. H., U.S. Nat. Mus., Bul. 62, p. 234, 1909.
6 No. 2673, U.S. Nat. Mus., alcoholic; collected at San Francisco, Cal., by Dr. W. O. Ayres.
7 No. 1288, U. S. Nat. Mus., alcoholic; collected at San Francisco, Cal., September, 1855, by Dr. W. O. Ayres.
1915.] SCAPANUS LATIMANUS LATIMANUS. 67
February 4, 1856. Nothing in the original description would indicate that Ayres had any one particular specimen in mind;"in the only place in his description where specimens are mentioned, he refers to the ‘‘color of fur, in the specimens seen.” + Furthermore if Ayres set aside any specimen as the type it was probably in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, since preceding his original descrip- tion the donation of five moles to the Academy was acknowledged and the following statement made concerning them: ‘‘In connection with these, Dr. Ayres presented the following description”’ (loc. cit.). It seems, therefore, that the specimens in the United States National Museum are not a part of Ayres’s original series.
Slight local variations in size and shape of skull of latwmanus might be worthy of subspecific recognition were they constant over any considerable geographic area. However, they are so slight and inconstant, and crop out so frequently, that to recognize them by subspecific appellation would only be confusing, and add nothing to the knowledge of the relationships of the group. Specimens from the coast rezion north of San Francisco Bay seem to average slightly larger and darker than typical specimens, but the difference is not sufficiently pronounced to warrant subspecific designation. Speci- mens examined from Klamath Canyon show little approach in color toward 8S. l. dilatus, but the skulls are shorter than in typical Jati- manus, showing in this respect intergradation with dilatus. Speci- mens from Lower Lake and Mount Sanhedrin are paler than typical latimanus, probably indicating an approach toward dilatus. Inter- gradation with S. 1. occultus occurs in the region between Santa Margarita, in San Luis Obispo County, and Santa Barbara; a speci- men from the former locality is clearly intermediate, but appears to be nearer latumanus.
Specumens excamined.—Total number, 171, as follows:
California: Aptos, 1; Bells Station, 1; Berkeley, 8; Berryessa, 1; Beswick, 2; Bodega, 1; Bolinas, 1; Boulder Creek, 1; Brentwood, 1; Briceland, 1; Cahto, 2; Carmel Point, 1;3 Cazadero, 1; Colma, 1; Cuddeback, 2;? Eldridge, 7; Fort Bragg, 2; Freestone, 3;? Gilroy, 1; Gualala, 1; Guerneville, 3; Haywards, 5; Hornbrook, 1; Inverness, 1; King City, 1; La Honda, 3;?,3 Lower Lake 2;+ Marin County, 1; Mendocino, 3;?»> Menlo Park, 8;? Monterey, 1;4 Mount Sanhedrin, 1;* Napa, 1;? Nicasio, 54; Oakland, 4;° Pacific Grove, 1; Palo Alto, 1;+ Petaluma, 2; Petrolia, 2; Piedmont, 1;? Point Arena, 1;2 Point Reyes, 1; Red Bluff, 2;? Rockport, 2; San Francisco, 10; San Leandro, 3;? Santa Cruz, 9; Santa Margarita, 1;? Santa Rosa, 1;° Scott River, Siskiyou
County, 1;? Snow Mountain, Colusa County, 1;* Stanford University, 1;? Stevens Creek, San Mateo County, 1;° Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County, 2.?
1 Ayres, W.O., Proc. California Acad. Sci., vol.1, p.54,1856. 4 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College. 2 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California. 5 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 3 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 6 Collection Milwaukee Public Mus.
68 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 88.
SCAPANUS LATIMANUS OCCULTUS Grinnell & Swarth. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MoLgE. (Pl. IV, fig. 5; Pl. VI, fig. 14.)
Scapanus latimanus occulius Grinnell & Swarth, Univ. California Publ. Zool., vol. 10, p. 131, April 13, 1912.
Type locality—Santa Ana Canyon, west slope of north end of Santa Ana Mountains, Orange County, California; altitude 400 feet.
Type specomen.—No. 2369, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California; 9 young adult, skin and skull; collected September 20, 1908, by H. S. Swarth. ©
Geographic range.—Southern California west of the deserts, from Olancha, at the south end of Owens Lake, in Inyo County; Sanger, in Fresno County; and Santa Barbara, in Santa Barbara County, south to the San Diegan region.
General characters.—Size small (length of adults usually about 145 to 160 mm.); color in winter pelage paler and shghtly more brownish than that of S. J. latumanus; color in summer pelage much like that of latimanus; skull small, weak; rostrum usually relatively longer and narrower than that of latumanus.
Color.— Winter pelage: In most specimens paler and more brown- ish than corresponding pelage of S. 1. latumanus; upperparts cheetura drab or fuscous, and occasionally, in much faded specimens, olive- brown or mummy brown; underparts somewhat paler and more grayish. Summer pelage: Very slightly paler than winter pelage; essentially like summer pelage of latumanus. :
Skull_—Very similar to that of S. 1. latumanus in general shape and proportions, but much smaller, and in most specimens with rela- tively longer and narrower rostrum.
Measurements.—Average of 13 young adult males from Compton, Los Angeles County, Cal.: Total length, 151.9 (140-165); tail vertebrae, 25.3 (22-29); hind foot (measured, from relaxed foot of dry skin, by the writer), 18.3 (17.5-19.5). Type (young adult female): 150; 33; 18. Two young adult females from Olancha, Owens Lake, Cal.: Total length, 148, 155; tail vertebra, 30, 36; hind foot, 18, 19. Skull: Average of 13 skulls of young adult males from Compton, Los Angeles County, Cal.: Greatest length, 31.6 (80.7-32.8); palatilar length, 12.3 (12.1-12.8); mastoidal breadth, 15.4 (15-16); imter- orbital breadth, 7.1 (6.9-7.4); maxillary tooth row, 10 (9.7—10.3); mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.5 (9.3-9.9). Average of 4 skulls of adult males from Witch Creek, Cal.: Greatest length, 32.9 (32.6- 33.5); palatilar length, 12.9 (12.7-13.2); mastoidal breadth, 15.8 (15.5-16.1); interorbital breadth, 7.3 (7.2-7.5); maxillary tooth row, 10.3 (10.1-10.5); mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.8 (9.6—10). Skull of type (young adult female): Greatest length, 31.5; palatilar
1915.1 SCAPANUS LATIMANUS GRINNELLI. 69
length, 12.2; mastoidal breadth, 15.6; interorbital breadth, 7.1; maxillary tooth row, 9.9; manidibular molar-premolar row, 9.4. Skulls of 2 young adult females from Olancha, Cal.: Greatest length, 31, 31.5; palatilar length, 12.2, 12.6; steenottell breadth, 15.1, 15.6; ii rorbital breadth, 7.2, 7.3; sane dl lore tooth row, 9.9, 10; snes li: ular molar-premolar row, 9. 4, 9.6.
Remarks.—The mole a ouiann California j is constant in charac- ters over its entire range. ‘The type of occultus is a young adult female; it has abnormal mandibular teeth; the right first lower premolar is absent, and the left first lower premolar is crowded back and inward, close to the second premolar and in the same enlarged socket with it. Specimens from Witch Creek are slightly larger than those from the type region. Toward the northern border of its range the subspecies shows a gradual increase in size until it intergrades with S./. laivmanus in the region north of Santa Barbara County. <A young adult male from Tehachapi and a specimen from Santa Barbara approach latumanus in size. A male from Porter- ville, Tulare County, is larger and slightly darker than typical specimens of occultus, and has a relatively narrower skull, probably showing in these respects a tendency towards S. l. sericatus. An imperfect skeleton, with broken skull, from Sanger, Fresno County, is provisionally referred to occultus; in dentition and in the size and proportions of the mandible it is indistinguishable from specimens from the type region. Two females from the south end of Owens Lake are almost indistinguishable from typical occultus, their only approach toward S. 1. grinnelli being in slightly higher braincase. The relationships of occultus with Scapanus anthonyi are not clear, but the differences in size and color alone are sufficient to separate the two forms, even though it should ultimately be proven that the dentition of the type of anthonyi is abnormal (p. 76).
Specimens examined.—Total number, 73, as follows:
California: Alhambra, 10; Canyada Laga, 4 miles north of Ventura, 1;! Comp- ton, 21; Julian, 2;? Los Angeles, 3; Olancha, 2; Pasadena, 2;? Porterville, 1; Riverside, 1; San Bernardino, 5; San Bernardino Peak, 1; San Diego County, 5; San Gabriela: Sanger, 1;? Sun Jacinto Mountains, 2;? Santa Ana Canyon one locality), 1;? Santa Bei 1; Sierra Madre, os Angeles County, 1;? Somerset, 4; Ten achapy 1; Ventura, 1: ? Warner Pass, San Diego County, 1:2 Witch Creek, 5.
SCAPANUS LATIMANUS GRINNELLI Jackson. GRINNELL’s Mote. (Pl. IV, fig. 6; Pl. VI, fig 15.) —Scapanus latimanus grinnelli Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 56, March 20, 1914.
Type locality. —Independence, Inyo County, California; altitude 3900 feet.
1 Collection Milwaukee Public Mus. 2 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.
70 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
Type specumen.—No. 17785, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California; ¢ adult, skin and skull; collected May 8, 1912, by H. A. Carr.
Geographic range.—Known only from type locality.
General characters.—Size small; very slightly larger than average specimens of S. l. occultus or S. l. minusculus; smaller than S. 1. sericatus; color darkest of the latumanus group; skull short and high, broad interorbitally and through mastoids; rostrum short and wide.
Color.—Type, in worn and somewhat faded winter pelage: Upper- parts between fuscous and fuscous-black; underparts more grayish, stained on the throat and chest with Dresden brown. Topotype, in fresh summer pelage: Upperparts fuscous-black; underparts dark mouse gray.
Skull.—Short and high, not much depressed postorbitally, broad interorbitally and through the mastoids; posterior base of zygoma with a smail inconspicuous process on outer lateral margin; rostrum short and wide; angle of mandible short and heavy. The skull of grinnelli is about the size of large skulls of S. 1. occulius, but differs from them, in its higher braincase, its shorter and much broader rostrum, and in being much wider interorbitally and through the mastoids. It is much smaller and relatively shorter and wider than the skull of either S. 7. latumanus or S. l. sericatus.
Measurements.—Type (adult male): Total length, 156; tail verte- bre, 31; hind foot, 21. ‘Topotype (adult female): Total length, 158; tail vertebre, 36; hind foot, 20.5 Skull: Type (adult male): Greatest length, 33; palatilar length, 13.1; mastoidal breadth, 17; interorbital breadth, 7.8; maxillary tooth row, 10.4; mandibular molar-premolar row, 10. Skull of topotype (adult female): Greatest length, 32.2; © palatilar length, 12.8; mastoidal breadth, 16.4; interorbital breadth, 7.8; maxillary tooth row, 10.3; mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.9.
Remarks.—This form is a well-marked subspecies which can be separated from S. l. occultus either by skin or skull characters. Inter- eradation with occultus probably occurs in the region north or west of Owens Lake; a very slight indication of such intergradation is noticeable in specimens of occultus from Olancha. The topotype . is peculiar in that the left upper tooth row contains a supernumerary premolar, apparently the one immediately posterior to the canine and probably derived from the anlage of the first premolar. As is the case in some specimens of S. townsend, previously mentioned, this is especially interesting, since it gives this individual one more tooth than the theoretically complete mammalian dentition of 44 teeth.
Specumens examined.—Iwo, from type locality.
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.
1915.] SCAPANUS LATIMANUS SERICATUS. U1
SCAPANUS LATIMANUS SERICATUS Jackson. ‘ Yosemite MOotLe. (Pl. IV, fig. 7; Pl. V1, fig. 16.)
Scapanus latimanus sericatus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 90, March 20, 1914.
Type locality.— Yosemite, Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, Cali- fornia. © .
Type specimen.—No. 109548, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; @ adult, skin and skull; collected August 20, 1901, by W. K. Fisher. ,
Geographic range.— Yosemite region, Mariposa County, Cal.
General characters.—Smaller than S. 1. latimanus, darker and more grayish in fresh pelage; larger and darker than S. l. occultus or S. l. minusculus; claws, especially of fore feet, longer and more slender than those of latimanus; skull relatively long, narrow, and flat.
Color.—Fresh summer pelage: Upperparts fuscous-black; under- parts more grayish, dark mouse gray. Worn summer pelage: Upper- parts glossy olive-brown, underparts slightly paler.
Skull—Relatively long, narrow, especially through mastoids; smaller than that of S. 1. latimanus; larger than that of S. 1. occultus, S. 1. minusculus, or S. 1. grinnelli; about equal im length to that of S. 1. dilatus, but much narrower, and not so high through the brain- case.
Measurements.—Two adult females, type and virtual topotype: Total length, 165, 171; tail vertebra, 36, 34; hind foot, 21, 22. Skull: Skulls of two adult females, type and virtual topotype: Greatest: length, 34.3, 34; palatilar length, 13.3, 13.7; mastoidal breadth, 16.2, 15.9; mterorbital breadth, 7.2, 7.5; maxillary tooth row, 11, 10.8; mandibular molar-premolar row, 10.4, 10.4.
Remarks.—The skulls of the type and topotype! of sericatus show minor differences, but in essential features they are remarkably alike. They are very unlike the skull of S. 1. minusculus, being distinctly larger, and with different proportions. The subspecies sericatus is intermediate in size between S. 1. lattmanus and S. 1. occultus, and in fresh pelage is darker than either. The type of sericatus is mostly in worn summer pelage, fresh pelage appearing on the abdomen and flanks; the topotype is in fresh summer pelage. An adult male from Bower Cave, Mariposa County, is not typical of the subspecies; it has a shorter tail than specimens from the Yosemite Valley, and the skull is flatter and wider through the braincase than that of typical servcatus.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 3, as follows:
California: Bower Cave, 1; Yosemite (type locality), 1; Yosemite Valley, 1.?
1 No. 12980, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California. 2 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.
42 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 38.
SCAPANUS LATIMANUS MINUSCULUS Bangs. SreRRA MOLE. (PITY, fie. 85 -Pl) Vij fice ag)
Scapanus californicus minusculus Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vol. 1, p. 70, July 31, 1899.
Scapanus latimanus minusculus Miller, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bul. 79, p. 10, December 31, 1912.
Type locality Fyffe, El Dorado County, California.
Type specimen.—No. 9189, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection; ? young adult, skin and skull; collected July 15, 1897, by W. W. Price and E. M. Nutting.
Geographic range.—Known only from type locality.
General characters.—Similar in size and color to S. l. occultus, pos- sibly very slightly larger; skull higher and narrower through brain- case than that of occultus; inferior mandibular notch very shallow, the angle of mandible being much shorter than in occultus.
Color.—Type, in summer pelage: Upperparts hair-brown:; under- parts deep mouse gray.
Skull.—Much like that of S. 1. occultus, but braincase narrower, higher, and more rotund; inferior mandibular notch very shallow, much shallower than in occulius; angle of mandible short and weak.
Measurements.—Type (young adult female): Total length, 160; tail vertebre, 31; hind foot, 21. Skull: Type (young adult female): Greatest length, 31.9; palatilar length, 12.6; mastoidal breadth, 15.3; interorbital breadth, 7.1; maxillary tooth row, 10; mandib- ular molar-premolar row, 9.7.
Remarks.—The type and only-known specimen of minusculus is a female, barely adult, the status of which can not be determined until more specimens are obtained from the type locality. The essential differences from S. 1. occultus are in the skull, which is relatively narrower and higher and with the inferior mandibular notch very shallow; the hind foot is longer than that of occultus. This form, however, seems to be isolated from occultus by the interception of sericatus. In color the type of minusculus is much like some speci- mens of S. l. dilatus.
Specimen examined.—One, the type.
.
SCAPANUS LATIMANUS DILATUS True. KiamMAtTH MOLE. (PL. IV, fig. 9; Pl. VI, fig. 18.)
Scapanus dilatus True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, p. 242, April 26, 1894.
Scapanus truei Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 102, April 26, 1897. Type locality, Lake City, Modoc County, California.
Scapanus fruti (sic) Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 105, zool. series, vol. 6, p. 469, 1905.
1915.] SCAPANUS LATIMANUS DILATUS. 78
Type locality—Fort Klamath, Klamath County, Oregon.
Type specimen.—No. 186628, U.S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection; adult, sex unknown, skeleton; collected in 1883 by Charles EK. Bendire.
Geographic range.—South-central Oregon and Upper Sonoran and Transition Zones of northeastern California and adjacent parts of Nevada.
General characters.—Similar to S. 1. latimanus, but much paler and averaging slightly smaller; skull shorter, higher, and more rotund than in latimanus.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts mouse gray, light drab, or drab, in some specimens becoming more brownish on the nose; underparts neutral gray, mouse gray, or smoke gray, sometimes tinged with light drab and occasionally stained in midventral line with Dresden brown.
Skull.—Smaller than that of S. 1. latumanus or S. l. alpinus, rela- tively shorter, higher through the braincase, and relatively wider through the mastoids. About equal in length to the skull of S. 1. sericatus, but relatively much wider and higher through the brain- case.
Measurements.—Two adult males from McCloud, Cal.: Total length, 178, 170; tail vertebre, 36, 42; hind foot, 21, 21. Skull: Type (sex unknown): Greatest length, 34.3; palatilar length, 13.6; mastoidal breadth, 16.8; interorbital breadth, 7.8; maxillary tooth row, 10.4;1 mandibular molar premolar row, 10.3. Skulls of two adult males from McCloud, Cal.: Greatest length, 34.7, 35.2; palatular length, 13.2, 13.7; mastoidal breadth, 17.3, 17.3; 1aterorbital breadth, 7.8, 7.9; maxillary tooth row, 9.8, 10.3; mandibular molar premolar row, 9. 5, 9.5.
Penarks. —True based his description of this fan entirely upon the cranial characters of a specimen with abnormal dentition, there being in the type only three maxillary premolars. Later he irae the name in synonymy? under Scapanus californicus (=8. l. lati- manus). The skull of the type, however, is relatively shorter and broader than that of typical latumanus. Unfortunately the exact color of the mole found at Fort Klamath, Oreg., is not known, there being no skins available from that locality; two alcoholics from the type locality, however, seem to indicate that the animal is pale, like the mole of northeastern California; from a geographic view point this is what one would anticipate; specimens from Ashland and Fremont, Oreg., are pale, like specimens from northeastern California, and those from Ashland have skulls inseparable from
the skull of the type of dilatus. The type of Scapanus truei Mer-
riam, which is now placed in synonymy under dilatus, is a rather
1 Upper tooth formula abnormal: i. 3, c. 1, pm. 3, m. 3. 2 True, F. W., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 52, 1896.
14 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
young adult collected at Lake City, Modoc County, Cal.; in the original description Merriam mentions the following cranial and dental characters:
Skull similar to that of S. californicus, but slightly smaller, with narrower palate
and decidedly narrower and more slender rostrum. Last upper premolar with a strongly developed, trenchant inner cusp, not present in californicus.}
The narrowness of the palate and rostrum is probably due in part to immaturity; the skull of a young adult female, which has been removed from an alcoholic specimen? from Fort Klamath, has the rostrum as narrow as that of the type of truer though it is slightly shorter. The presence of an inner cusp on the last upper premolar is not of diagnostic value. In any large series of Scapanus from a single locality this cusplike process may be present in various stages of development in about half the specimens; it appears more frequently in skulls of young individuals and seems to be absorbed with age. In the type of truei this accessory cusp has about reached its maximum development, yet in a specimen ® collected as nearby as Cedarville, Modoc County, there is a barely perceptible trace of a cusp.
Considerable local geographic variations are observed in this form, but to recognize them by subspecific names would only be con- fusing. With a large series of specimens available from each of many localities it would be possible to learn more of the extent and rela- tionships of these variations. Specimens from the upper Sacra- mento Valley show intergradation with S. l. latvmanus, the color darkening and the skulls becoming larger and more elongate. A specimen from Fremont, Oreg., has certain cranial characters which suggest that dilatus may possibly imtergrade with S. o. schefferi in central Oregon.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 44, as follows:
California: Auburn, 1;+ Baird, 1; Bald Mountain, 1; Cedarville, 1; ° Chico, 1; Fort Crook, 1; Hayden Hill, 1; Lake City, 1; McCloud, 2; McCloud River, 1; Millford, 2; Mosquito, El Dorado County, 1;° Mount Shasta, 1; Nevada City, 1; Parker Creek, Warner Mountains, 1;° Plumas County, 1;’ Pratt- ville, 1; Quincy, 4; Red Point, 1;* Round Mountain, Shasta County, 1; Sisson, 6;° Susanville, 4;+ Tower House, Shasta County, 1.°
Nevada: Holbrook, 1. Oregon: Ashland, 3; Fort Klamath (type locality), 3; Fremont, 1.
1 Merriam, C. H., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 102, 1897. 2 No. 186627, U. S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection.
3 No. 16723, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.
4 Collection Stanford Univ.
6 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.
6 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
7 Collection Carnegie Mus.
1915.] SCAPANUS ANTHONYI. 75
SCAPANUS LATIMANUS ALPINUS Merriam. Mount Mazama Mote.
Scapanus alpinus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 11, p. 102, April 26, 1897.
Type locality—Crater Lake, Mount Mazama, Klamath County, Oregon; altitude about 7000 feet.
Type specumen.—No. 79967, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; ¢ adult, skin and skull; collected August 18, 1896, by Vernon Bailey.
Geographic range—Known only from type locality.
General characters—About the size of large specimens of S. 1. lati- manus, but much paler; hind foot large; indistinguishable in color from S. 1. dilatus, but larger; skull like that of large specimens of latimanus, and much larger, flatter, and relatively longer and narrower than that of dilatus.
Color.— Worn summer pelage (type): Upperparts mouse gray; underparts (much worn) deep mouse gray; faded unworn pelage on throat and chest with a distinct buffy sheen.
Skull.—Similar to that of S. 2. datvmanus; indistinguishable from skulls of large adult males of latimanus.
Measurements.—Type (adult male): Total length, 188; tail verte- bre, 38; hind foot, 24.5 Skull: Type (adult male): Greatest length, 36.9; palatilar length, 14.6; mastoidal breadth, 17; interorbital breadth, 7.9; maxillary tooth row, 11.4; mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.3.
Remarks.—The subspecies alpinus is a poorly differentiated form having the color of S. 1. dilatus and the size and skull proportions of large specimens of S. 1. latimanus; it is not strictly intermediate between these two forms, however, since specimens of latimanus from southwest of Klamath Lake do not reach the maximum size. The type is a very old male with much-worn teeth; the skull is flat- tened by age and the cusps of the teeth are reduced through wear and absorption.
Specomen examined.—One, the type.
SCAPANUS ANTHONYT Allen. AnTHONY’S MOLE. (BL. EV, fig 10; Pl. V, figs. 4, 443° PIOVYE, fig: 19.) Scapanus anthonyi Allen, Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 200, August 18, 1893.
Type locality—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California; altitude 7000 feet.
Type specimen.—No. $313, ee Mus. Nat. High ¢ adult, skin and skull; collected May 8, 1893, by A. W. (nen
6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. id. 38. |
Geographic range-—Known only from type locality.
General characters.—Size, smallest of the genus; feet and hands small; in superficial appearance much like S. 1. occultus, but smaller and darker; skull smaller than that of occultus, flatter, and with relatively shorter rostrum; premolars 3.
Color—Type: Upperparts between fuscous and. fuscous-black; underparts hair-brown to fuscous.
Skull_—Smallest of the genus; in general appearance and propor- tions similar to that of S. Ll. occultus, but smaller, flatter, and with relatively shorter rostrum; each of the parietals of occultus has a small posterior projection, extending between the interparietal and the mastoid, which is not present on the parietals of the type of anthonyi; premolars, 3.
Measurements.—Type (adult male): Total length, 135; tail verte- bre, 26; hind foot (measured by the writer from relaxed foot of dry skin),17. Skull: Type (adult male): Greatest length, 30.1; palatilar length, 12; mastoidal breadth, 16.2; interorbital breadth, 7; maxil- lary tooth row, 9.3; mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.
Remarks.—As previous descriptions of the type and only-known specimen of anthonyi have been somewhat inaccurate, particular care has been taken in the present description and measurements. Allen! gave the breadth of the interorbital constriction as 7.6 mm., an error probably due to inaccurate measuring instruments. Allen (loc. cit.) claimed that the fourth premolar on one side was wanting and on the other was rudimentary; True? in a footnote states that he finds “‘only three premolars on either side,’ but elsewhere (loc. cit., p. 51) gives the premolar formula as 3. As a matter of — fact, the premolar formula is 3; True has correctly indicated this in his sketch (loc. cit., pl. 3, fig. 6) of the mandible. It is not the fourth premolar that is lacking, but either the first or second, probably the first. It seems possible that the dentition of the type is abnormal; however, the reduction of the premolars by one occurs uniformly in each tooth row. It will be impossible to know the exact status of the form until more specimens are available from the region of the type locality. Full specific rank is here given the form because of the absence of evidence showing intergradation with the nearest geo- graphic neighbor, S. 1. occultus. The type of anthonyi is a fully adult male, and if it represents an average specimen of the form, its size and color alone are sufficient characters by which to separate it from occultus.
Specumen examined.—One, the type.
1 Allen, J. A., Bul. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 200, 1893. 2True, F. W., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 53, 1896.
1915.] GENUS PARASCALOPS. fix Genus PARASCALOPS True.
Parascalops True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 242, April 26, 1894. Perascalops Beddard, Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol. 10, p. 518, 1902. .
Type species.—Scalops brewert Bachman.
Geographic range.—Southeastern Canada and northeastern United States from southern New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and eastern Ontario, south to northeastern Ohio and southern Pennsylvania, and in the Appalachian Mountains to western North Carolina (fig. 13).
External characters —Body robust, not much depressed; tail short (relatively longer than in Scalopus), round, thick, and fleshy, slightly constricted at bas¢) TEES ee annulated, densely | covered with rather long, coarse hairs (fig. 14). Head co- noidal, depressed. Nose developed into a conical snout (shorter than in Sca- lopus or Scapanus), with a superior lon- gitudinal median groove extending the anterior half of its length; nostrils lateral, crescentic, with concavities up- ward (fig.15). Eyes minute, concealed in fur. Auricular ori- fices relatively large. , 3 | Beem og. Neel So Bo large, fleshy, sparse- Fic. 13.—Geographic range of the species Parascalops breweri. _ly haired above, naked below. Fore feet handlike, the palms as broad as long (fig. 16). Soles of hind feet each with two tubercles and a distinct heel-pad (fig. 17). Toes not webbed. Claws of fore feet broad, flat, and heavy; those of hind feet relatively short and slender. Fur dense, soft, and silky (coarser than in Scalopus or Scapanus), the hairs nearly equal in length, producing a velvetlike pelage. Mamma, 8: latero-pectoral, 2-2; latero-abdominal, 1-1; inguinal, 1-1.
Skeletal characters.—Clavicle relatively longer and weaker than in Scalopus or Scapanus, length about equal to breadth, penetrated antero-posteriorly by a foramen near the inferior border. Humerus
SS
0
p
78 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 38.
heavy, about two-thirds as broad as long. Pelvis narrow, bones of opposite sides not touching under acetabula; no osseous bridges con- necting sacral vertebre with ischium. Superior surface of last sacral vertebra with a small, cuneate, longitudinal process. Os falciforme short, reaching proximal end of first metacarpal; broad and triangular at base, abruptly tapering into a narrow apical process.
Skull conoidal (less so than in Scalopus), flat (less so than in Scalopus or Scapanus), somewhat elongate, with moderately broad braincase, slightly constricted inter- orbitally. Mastoids moderately heavy. Interparietal moderately large (smaller than m Scapanus, larger than in Scalopus), somewhat rectangular, breadth about one- third the length, emarginate posteriorly and usually anteriorly also, with a posterior median projection. Frontal region depressed; frontal smuses moderately swollen. Rostrum moderately long; anterior ends of premaxille shghtly thickened and extending beyond nasals, forming a truncate notch anterior to nasals. Anterior nares opening forward. Zygomata moder- ately long, relatively heavy, considerably out-curved,
Hi) ! MKT Halh yyleh Bhs! y INF yk i 4 y } riot Siti A ir 0 b Ht Ma /
B2020-103
Fie. 14—Tail of Parascalops brew- eri (X14). No. 186618, U. S. Nat.
the posterior end attached about medially on squamosal. Foramen magnum oval, of moderate size. Infraorbital foramen relatively small (about as in Scapanus), the plate formmg its outer wall moderately broad (rela-
Mus Merman tively broader than in Scalopus or Scapanus). Audital collection; irom 2 . Locust Grove, bulle mcomplete; no auditory meatus. External
N.Y. pterygoid region moderately mflated (less so than
in Scapanus) both posteriorly and anteriorly. Mesopterygoid space relatively long and narrow, the sides nearly straight and slightly converging posteriorly. Palate moderately elongate, relatively nar- row, terminating opposite posterior edge of last molar; posterior border of palate emar- ginate, with- out spine or notch. An- terior pala- tine fora- mina mod- erate (relatively larger than in Scapanus), oval; first pair of poste- rior palatine foramina moderate, oval to elliptical; second parr, minute or obsolete. Horizontalramus of mandible moderately heavy, curved upward at posterior end and downward at anterior end; coro- noid elongate, quadrate, truncate, directed slightly forward; angle of
B2021-103 Individual referred to in fig. 14.
Fira. 15.—Snout of P. breweri (X14).
1915.1 PARASCALOPS BREWERI. fi
mandible relatively weak (about size of coronoid); inferior mandibu- lar notch broad and shallow.
Dental characters.—First upper incisor short, broad, and flat, with a distinct small external accessory cusp; Eecond a third upper incisors, upper canine, and first, second, and third upper premolars simple, conical, of Hodesats s1ze, subeqtial (except canine which is larger), about half as high as first incisor; fourth premolar much larger than third, with anterior cusp, and with narrow interior basal ledge slichtly bilobed. Upper molars W-shaped in transverse sec- tion, with an internal basal shelf distinctly trilobed in first and sec- ond premolars and indistinctly bilobed in the third; second molar slightly smaller than first, the third much smaller than second.
First lower incisor small, simple, slightly flattened; second lower incisor larger than first, conical, somewhat caninelike; third lower
B2022-103 B2023-103
Fic. 16.—Fore foot of P. breweri (X14). Individual referred Fig. 17.—Hind foot of P. breweri to in fig. 14. (X14). Individual referred to in fig. 14.
incisor small (about size of first), conical. Lower canine, and first, second, and third lower premolars essentially similar to third incisor. Fourth premolar about one-third larger than third, the posterior base with a small cusplike shelf or heel. Lower molars M-shaped in trans- verse section, both antero- and postero-internal cusps bilobed; first and second molars each with a postero-internal basai accessory cusp; second and third molars each with an antero-internal basal accessory cusp; first and second molars subequal, the third much smaller. Dentition: i. 3; c.+; pm. 4; m. 3; total 44.
PARASCALOPS BREWKRI (Bachman). Harry-TarLtep MoLe. (RE TY, fie. 11: PL. V; fies: 5, da; Plo VE, fie: 20:)
Talpa Europxa Harlan (nec Talpa europea Linneus, 1758), Fauna Amer., p. 48, 1825.
Talpa americana Harlan (Bartram ms.) (misidentified with Talpa europxa Linnzus, 1758), Fauna Amer., p. 43, 1825.
Scalops Breweri Bachman, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 32, 1842.
80 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38. -
[Scapanus] breweri Pomel, Archiv. Sci. Physiques et Nat., tome 9, p. 247, 1848.
T\alpa] reposta Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854. Type locality unknown.
T\alpa] Breweri Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 6, 1853, p. 327, 1854.
Scapanus americanus Coues (based erroneously on Talpa americana Harlan [Bartram ms.], 1825, qui Talpa europxa Linnzus, 1758), Amer. Nat., vol. 13, p. 190, 1879.
Scaphanus (sic) brewert Herrick, Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota, Bul. 7, p. 55, 1892.
Parascalops brewert True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17, p. 242, April 26, 1894.
Type locality—Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts.
Type specymen.—None known to exist.
Geographic range.—That of the genus (see p. 77).
General characters—Size medium (length averaging about 155 mm.); nostrils lateral, crescentic, with concavity upward; tail short, thick, densely covered with hair; color dark; usually fuscous-black or chetura black; skull flat; audital bulle incomplete; rostrum slender; first upper incisors with a distinct external accessory cusp.
Color.—General tone, fuscous-black, chetura black, or chetura drab, slightly paler and more grayish on underparts; hairs on feet, and usually on nose and tail, more brownish, often becoming white in old adults; throat and underparts sometimes stained with Dresden brown or Saccardo’s umber. The color in study skins soon fades and becomes slightly brownish.
Skull_—Size medium (length about 32 mm.), flat, depressed post- orbitally, especially in adults, slightly constricted interorbitally; zygomata moderately heavy; pterygoids small; audital bulle incom- plete; auditory meatus absent; rostrum narrow; dentition moderate; first upper incisor with distinct outer secondary cusp; internal edge of second upper molar trilobed.
Measurements.—Average of 8 adult males from Magnetic City, N. C.: Total length, 149.5 (139-152); tail vertebra, 30 (23-36); hind foot, 19.5 (18-20). Average of 2 adult females from Lunen- burg, Mass.:°153 (153-153); 29.5 (27-32); 18.5 (18-19). Skull: Average of 10 skulls of adult males from Magnetic City, N. C.: Great- est length, 32.4 (31-33.8); palatilar length, 12.6 (12.1-13.1); mas- toidal breadth, 14.5 (13.9-15); interorbital breadth, 7.3 (7.1-7.5); maxillary tooth row, 9.9 (9.2-10.2); mandibular molar-premolar row, 9.5 (8.9-9.8). Skull of adult female from Lunenburg, Mass.: Greatest length, 31.2; palatilar length, 12.2; mastoidal breadth, 14.3; imter- orbital breadth, 7.2; maxillary tooth row, 9.6; mandibular molar- premolar row, 9.3.
Remarks.—Bartram was apparently the first to recognize this form, to which he gave the manuscript name Talpa americana. Harlan? placed Yalpa americana (Bartram ms.) in synonymy under Talpa europea Linneus, apparently failing to distinguish the two forms
1 Harlan, R., Fauna Amer., p. 43, 1825.
1915.] PARASCALOPS BREWERI. Sl
even with the Bartram manuscriptin hand. Bachman‘ described the species in 1842 under the name Scalops breweri, basing his description upon a specimen ‘“‘found by Dr. L. M. Yale, at Martha’s Vineyard, an Island on the coast of New Engiand.”’ Coues,? however, in 1879 ap- plied the name Scapanus americanus to this species on the ground that Harlan’s description was ‘‘applicable neither to Scalops [=Scalopus] nor to Talpa” and that “he [i. e. Harlan] really had in view an American mole, which he recognized as distinct, both generically and specifically, from our common Scalops aquaticus.” The name Talpa americana Harlan (Bartram ms.), however, is untenable for several reasons: Harlan placed it in synonymy under Talpa europea Lin- neus (loc. cit.); Harlan actually misidentified the American animal with Talpa europea Linneus, as is evident from his mentioning in his introduction a species of mole as common to both continents,? and, by process of eliminating those species which he distinctly refers in his descriptions to an American distribution, it becomes evident that the animal he meant was Talpa europea Linneus; furthermore, Harlan’s description, as has been shown by True,‘ is a translation, word for word (with a very few omissions) of Desmarest’s * descrip- tion of Talpa europea Linneeus.
The description of Talpa reposta Le Conte is based upon a specimen from an unknown locality and seems to refer to a specimen of Para- scalops brewert with slightly abnormal teeth.
The hairy-tailed mole shows remarkably little geographic varia- tion, and such as does occur is obliterated by individual variation. This variation is manifest mostly in size, and, in adults, size variation may reach about 5 per cent below or above the average at a given locality. White spots and blotches on the ventral parts of a few specimens of young, as well as of adults, indicate an occasional tend- ency toward partial albinism. In extreme old age the skull flattens and becomes much depressed postorbitally. A most peculiar change associated with old age is that, im many specimens examined, the hair on the nose and tail is white; in other specimens, somewhat younger but distinctly adult, some of the hairs on the nose and tail are normally colored, others are white. This peculiar senile variation is not confined to any particular region, but seems to be more preva- lent north of Pennsylvania.
The hairy-tailed mole is rather rare and local in distribution, and difficult to trap. It is, therefore, quite probable that in the course of time its known geographic range may be extended considerably.
1 Bachman, J., Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 32, 1842. 2 Coues, E., Amer. Nat., vol. 13, pp. 189-190, 1879. 3 Harlan, R., Fauna Amer., p. vili, 1825.
4 True, F. W., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 19, p. 76, 1896. 5 Desmarest, A. G., Mammalogie, Ire partie, p. 160, 1820.
90549°—15——6
82 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
Bachman * lists it from Georgia but does not mention any speci-- men or definite locality. The writer has seen only three specimens from Canada: One from Quebec, Quebec, is in the United States National Museum; another, a flat skin without skull, was collected at Meaches Lake, Quebec, and is in the Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa; the third is a skeleton collected at Saint Catharines, Ontario, and is in the exhibition cases of the United States National Museum. Chamberlain? records seemg a specimen from Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Specimens have been collected in Ontario, “near Ottawa,’’? and at Guelph‘ and Acton.’ Nash ® records speci- mens from several counties in Ontario, but mentions no specific localities. Specumens examined.—Total number, 129, as follows:
Connecticut: West Winsted, 1.
Maine: Lake Umbagog, 1.
Massachusetts: Harvard, 1;’ Lunenburg, 3.
New Hampshire: Dublin, 1; Ossipee, 1; Webster, 2.8
New York: Elizabethtown, 1;* Lake George, 7; Lansing, 3;% !° Locust Grove, 16; Oswego, 1;1° Plateau Mountain, Catskills, 1; Peterboro, 3; Waterville, 1.
North Carolina: Magnetic City, foot of Roan Mountain, 31; Roan Mountain (altitude 3000 feet), 1.
Ohio: Cleveland, 1; EUsworth, 2; Ravenna, 3.1°
Ontario: St. Catherines, 1.
Pennsylvania: Allegheny County, 1; Brownsburg, 1;11 Carnot, 1;12 Erie, 1;1° Leasuresville, 9; New Lexington, 1;}? Ohiopyle, 1;!* Pittsburgh, 4;!2 Warren, 1.12
Quebec: Meaches Lake, Wright County, 1;'* Quebec, 1.
Vermont: East Wallingford, 5.
Virginia: Mountain Lake, 1; Mount Rogers, 1.
West Virginia: Cranberry Glades, 1; Franklin, 1; Traveller’s Repose, 1; Wet- zel County, 1; White Sulphur Springs, 15.8) 9 19 12
Genus CONDYLURA Illiger.
Condylura Tliger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 125, 1811.
Talpasorex Schinz, Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol.1, p.191, 1821. Nec Talpasorex Lesson, 1827.
Astromycter Harris, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 9, p. 400, June, 1825 (from Machias, Me., “Star’’ [newspaper]).
Rhinaster Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphib., p. 14, 1830.
Condytura Todd, Cyclopedia Anat. and Physiol., vol. 2, p. 994, 1839.
1In White, G., Statistics of the State of Georgia, Fauna and Flora, p. 4, 1849. 2 Chamberlain, M., Bul. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, no. 3, p. 39, 1884.
2 Whiteaves, J. F., Ann. Rept. Dept. Interior Canada for 1888, part 3 (Geol. Surv.), p. 36, 1889. 4 Goldie, A., Ontario Nat. Sci. Bul., No. 3, p. 40, 1907.
5 Moore, T. J., Ontario Nat. Sci. Bul., No. 3, p. 41, 1907.
6 Nash, C. W., Check List of Vertebrates of Ontario, p. 26, 1906.
7 Collection of Hartley H. T. Jackson.
8 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College.
® Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
10 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
11 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
12 Collection Carnegie Mus.
18 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
14 Collection of D. E. Kent, Rutland, Vermont.
1915.] GENUS CONDYLURA. 83
Astromycies Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 76, 1843. Astromydes Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Mus., p. 87, 1863. Condylus Van Hyning, Science, n. 8., vol. 38, p. 243, August 15, 1913. Type species.—Sorex cristatus Linneus. Geographic range.—Southeastern Canada and northeastern United States, from southern Labrador, central Quebec and Ontario, and
Fra. 18.—Geographic range of the species Condylura cristata. southeastern Manitoba, south to northeastern Illinois and northern Indiana and Ohio; in the Atlantic coast region south to Virginia (Dismal Swamp) and Georgia (Marlow) ; and in the Appalachian Moun- tains to western North Carolina (fig. 18).
External characters.—Body semirobust, not much depressed. Tail relatively long (about equal in length to body without head),
84 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 38. °
distinctly annulated, scaled, and covered with coarse blackish hairs; in summer the tail is slender, slightly depressed, gradually tapering apically, and slightly constricted proximally; in winter it is greatly veae thick and fleshy, gradually tapering apically, and abruptly much constricted at the base (fig. 19). Head narrow, not much depressed. Snout moderately elongate, ter- minating in a naked disk surrounded on its margin by a fringe of twenty-two nasal processes symmetrically arranged, eleven on each side of a median line (fig. 20). Nostrils nearly circular, situated in anterior surface of nasal disk. Kyes small (relatively large for Talpide; larger than in Scalopus, Scapanus, or Parascalops), con- cealed in fur. Auricular orifice large. Legs short; weaker than in Scalopus, Scapanus, or Parascalops. Feet large, not especially fleshy, scaled, scarcely haired above, naked below. Fore feet handlike, the palms as broad as long, toes relatively long; first, second, third, and fourth toes each with three flat, triangular pro- cesses on outer inferior edge, the basal process on the first toe being small and inconspicuous. Fore claws relatively long, broad (but narrower than in Scalopus, Scapanus, or Parascalops), depressed, the superior sur- face turned obliquely outward (fig. 21). Hind feet rel- atively long and narrow, broader apically than basally; a large depressed triangular plantar tubercle lies near the base of the first digit, and distally and inwardly on the sole are five small tubercles. Hind claws relatively — long, laterally compressed, the outer surface turned obliquely upward (fig. 22). Toes not webbed. Fur dense, long, and silky (relatively coarser than in Scalo- pus, Scapanus, or Parascalops) ; some of the hairs longer and coarser than the major portion, which forms a dis- B2025-103 tinct underfur. Mamme, 8: latero-pectoral, 2-2; Fa. 19—Tail of Latero-abdominal, 1-1; inguinal, 1-1. Condylura crista- Skeletal characters.—Clavicle relatively long and nar- i 1D Aw vow (for Talpide), length about twice the breadth, umnal enlarge- . : : mentscarcely bee Slightly concave superiorly and convex inferiorly, not For he iw’ penetrated by a foramen. Humerus about two-thirds from Egelston aS broad as long, much weaker medially than in Para- township, Mus- gcglops. Pelvis narrow, bones of opposite sides not ae en touching under acetabula; no osseous bridges connect- 1906. ing sacral vertebree with ischium. Superior surface of last sacral vertebra with a distinct, flat, deltoid, longitudinal process. Os falciforme small but distinct, short, reaching proximal end of first metacarpal; moderately broad, not much tapering distally. Skull long and narrow, not much flattened, with relatively high and narrow braincase, not constricted interorbitally, tapering
RS ae Ss SS > e = bee 3 & = 2 ae = teh Soe oe
1915.] GENUS CONDYLURA. 85
distally. Mastoidsweak. Interparietal large, broad, irregularly cres- centic, anteriorly deeply emarginate medially, posteriorly broadly
B2026-103 Fic. 20.—Snout of C. cristata (X 13). Individual referred to in fig. 19.
emarginate with a posterior median projection. Frontal region slop- ing ventrally anteriorly; frontal sinuses scarcely swollen. Rostrum long and narrow, in adults with a distinct basal supero-median erest; infero-anterior ends of premaxille ex- tending much beyond nasals; supero-anterior ends of premaxille bare- ly reaching beyond na- sals; nasals in adults Sasa terminating anteriorly in Fig. 21.—Fore foot of C. cristata (X 13). Individual referred to in an acute median point. He 10: Anterior nares opening obliquely upward. Zygomata short, narrow, straight, directed obliquely downward anteriorly, the posterior end well forward on squamosal. Fora- men magnum elliptical, large. In- fraorbital foramen very large, the plate forming its outer wall rela- tively very narrow. Audital bulle incomplete; no auditory meatus. External pterygoid region scarcely inflated. Mesopterygoid space long and broad, the sides converging pos- teriorly (pterygoids, however, slight- ly diverging). Palate elongate, very i narrow, terminating opposite an- eee Bae terior border of last molar; posterior vidual referred to in fig. 19. border of palate deeply emargi- nate, frequently with a median spine. Anterior palatine foramina ‘minute; posterior palatine foramina very large and conspicuous,
86 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
the first pair! reniform or elliptical-oval and about twice as large as the second pair which are usually elliptical. Horizontal ramus of mandible weak, curved upward posteriorly, straight anteriorly; coro- noid moderately long, somewhat broad, but relatively weak, erect, slightly acute; angle of mandible very long and slender (much longer and narrower than coronoid), the inferior edge turned inward; in- ferior mandibular notch large and angular.
Denial characters ——F¥irst upper incisor large, semiovate, curved inward and directed anteriorly; second upper incisor linear, minute, lying close under base of first incisor; third upper incisor lateral, large, elongate, caninelike, with a small postero-basal tubercle dis- appearing with age. Upper canine short and slender (less than half dimensions of third incisor), conical. First, second, and third upper premolars small, laterally compressed, successively increasing in size posteriorly, each with an anterior and a posterior basal tubercle; fourth upper premolar similar to third, much larger, with an interior basal cusplike process. Upper molars W-shaped in transverse sec- tion, with an interior basal shelf having an indistinctly tricuspidate edge; first and second molars nearly subequal, the third much smaller.
First lower incisor moderate in size, spatulate, flat, directed ante- riorly; second incisor close and superior to first, similar in shape, much smaller (about half as large), directed anteriorly; third upper incisor minute, slightly flattened apically, curved downward, directed anteriorly. Lower canine long, slender, curved posteriorly, with a rather large posterior basal accessory cusp and a very small anterior one. Lower premolars small (successively slightly increasing in size posteriorly), compressed laterally, each with a well-developed poste- rior cusphike heel and a small cusplike development (minute in the first premolar) of anterior portion of cingulum. Lower molars M- shaped in transverse section, laterally compressed; interior shelf narrow, tricuspidate, the median cusp indistinctly bifid; first and third molars subequal, the second slightly larger. Dentition: i. 3; c.+; pm. 4; m. 3; total 44.
CONDYLURA CRISTATA (Linneeus). Star-Nosep Mote. (PE IV; fig. 12; PIV V, fies.6, 6a;. PIV ties 2)
Sorex cristatus Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 53, 1758.
Talpa longicaudata Erxleben, Reg. Anim., p. 118, 1777. Based on Pennant’s long- tailed mole; type locality, North America.
Talpa Cristata Zimmermann, Specimen Zool. Geog., p. 496, 1777.
1Jt may be that these large palatine vacuities are not functional foramina. They have the position, however, of the first pair of posterior palatine foramina, and, whatever their function, they are of consid- erable generic diagnostic importance.
1915.] CONDYLURA CRISTATA. 87
Talpa Caudata Zimmermann (nec Talpa caudata of Linneeus and others), Specimen _ Zool. Geog., p. 497, 1777. Based on Pennant’s long-tailed mole; type locality,
North America.
?Talpa canadensis De La Faille, Naturgesch. des Maulwurtes, t. 1, p. 3, 1778. [Not seen. |
Talpa radiata Shaw, Gen. Zool., Mamm., vol. 1, p. 523, 1800. New name for Sorex cristatus Linnzeus.
Sorex radiatus Shaw, Gen. Zool., Mamm., vol. 1, p. 531, 1800. Based upon a igure and description of De La Faille. Tne eer aiee. (nde.
Scalopus cristatus Geoffroy, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., p. 77, 1803.
Scalops cristatus Fischer, Zoognosia, vol. 3, p. 156, 1814.
Condylura cristata Desmarest, Journ. de Physique, de Chimie, d’Hist. Nat. et des Arts, vol. 89, p. 230, September 1819.
Condylura longicaudata Desmarest, Journ. de Physique, de Chimie, d’Hist. Nat. et des Arts, vol. 89, p. 232, September, 1819.
Tal{pasorex] cristata Schinz, Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 191, 1821.
Condylura fissipes Schinz, Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 191, 1821. (In synonymy.)
Talpa flava Schinz (nec Talpa flava Zimmermann), Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 191, 1821. (In synonymy.)
| Talpa] purpurascens Shinz(nec Talpa purpurascens Shaw qui Talpa europxa Linneus), Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 191, 1821. (In synonymy.)
Condylura macroura Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 39,1825. Type locality, New Jersey.
Astromycter prasinatus Harris, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 9, p. 400, June, 1825 (from Machias, Me., “Star’’ [newspaper]). Type locality, Maine.
Condylura prasinata Harris, Boston Journ. Philos, and Arts, vol. 2, p. 582, July, 1825.
Talpasor[ex] longicaudata Schinz, Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol. 4, p. 312, 1825.
?Talpasorer fissipes Minding, Geog. Vertheilung der Sidugethiere, p. 64, 1829. (Nomen nudum.)
astromycler prarinatus (sic) Rafinesque, Atlantic Journ. and Friend of Knowledge, vol. 1, p. 61, Summer 1832.
Condytura cristata Todd, Cyclopedia Anat. and Physiol., vol. 2, p. 996, 1839.
Rh{inaster] cristatus Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Saiugethiere, vol. 2, p. 114, 1841.
Rh{inaster] macrurus Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Saiugethiere, vol. 2. p. 115, 1841.
Rh{inaster] longicaudatus Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Siugethiere, vol. 2, p. 115, 1841.
Rh{inaster] macroura Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Saiugethiere, vol. 2, p. 117, 1841.
Talpa (Condylurus) cristata Blainville, Osteographie, Atlas 1, tables des planches, p. 4; fasc. 6, Insectivores, pl. 1 (skeleton), pl. 5 (skull), pl. 9 (teeth), 1839-1864.
Astromydes (sic) cristatus Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Asiat. Soc. Mus., p. 87, 1863.
Condylus (sic) cristata Van Hyning, Science, n. s., vol. 38, p. 243, August 15, 1913.
Type locality.—EKastern Pennsylvania.
Geographic range.—That of the genus (see p. 83).
General characters.—Size medium; color dark, blackish; tail long, about equal in length to body (without head), in autumn and winter much enlarged, slightly shortened, but constricted at base, scaly, haired; nostrils anterior, in nasal disk surrounded by twenty-two fleshy processes; skull relatively long and narrow; audital bulle incom- plete; premaxillee much extended beyond nasals anteriorly; first upper incisors large, incurved, and projecting anteriorly.
Color.—Fresh pelage: Upperparts blackish brown to nearly black; underparts paler and more brownish, fuscous to fuscous-black; tail
88 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
similar to back, sometimes indistinctly bicolored. Worn pelage: Paler and more brownish than fresh pelage; upperparts fuscous to fuscous-black; underparts fuscous to hair-brown; wrists frequently with a narrow ring varying from pinkish buff to clay color. Nasal disk and processes in live animals rose color. Young usually paler and more brownish than adults.
Skull.—Size medium (length about 34 mm.), elongate, narrow (breadth across mastoids about 13 mm.), not depressed postorbit- ally ; braincase moderately high and arched; interparietal wide antero- posteriorly; audital bulle incomplete; premaxille much extended beyond nasals anteriorly; adults with distinct crest between posterior halves of nasals; zygomata short, narrow, straight, directed obliquely downward anteriorly; palate narrow; dentition weak; first upper incisor broad, incurved, projecting anteriorly; second upper incisor minute; third upper incisor long, narrow, caninelike, in young with a small postero-lateral basal tubercle; upper molars with indistinctly trilobed inner basal ledge.
Measurements.—Average of 10 adult males from Digby, Nova Scotia: Total length, 202.2 (189-211); tail vertebrae (summer), 78.4 (71-83.5); hind foot, 28.1 (26-30). Average of 2 adult males from Washington, D. C.: Total length, 184 (183-185); tail vertebree (win- ter), 65.5 (65-66); hind foot, 28 (28-28). Skull: Adult (male ?) from Holmesburg, Pa.: Greatest length, 34.1; palatilar length, 12.9; mastoidal breadth, 13.1; interorbital breadth, 7; maxillary tooth row, 11; mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.3. Average of 3 skulls of adult males from Locust Grove, N. Y.: Greatest length, 34.6 (34.1-35.2); palatilar length, 13.2 (18-13.3); mastoidal breadth, 13.6 (13.5-13.7) ; interorbital breadth, 7.2 (7.1-7.2); maxillary tooth row, 11.5 (11.4-11.5); mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.6 (11.5-11.7). Skull of adult female from Locust Grove, N. Y.: Greatest length, 35; palatilar length, 13.3; mastoidal breadth, 13.4; interorbital breadth, 7.3; maxillary tooth row, 11.5; mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.9. Average of 10 skulls of adult males from Digby, Nova Scotia: Greatest length, 33.9 (83.1-35) ; palatilar length, 13 (12.9-13.6) ; mas- toidal breadth, 13.4 (13-14); interorbital breadth, 7.2 (7-7.4); maxillary tooth row, 11.1 (10.6-11.5); mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.3 (11-11.9). Average of 2 skulls of adult males from Wash- ington, D. C.: Greatest length, 33.8 (83.6-33.9) ; palatilar length, 13.1 (12.7-13.5) ; mastoidal breadth, 12.7 (12.6-12.8) ; interorbital breadth, 6.8 (6.7-6.8); maxillary tooth row, 11.2 (11.1-11.2); mandibular molar-premolar row, 11.2 (11.1-11.3).
Remarks.—Linneus’s description, in 1758, of the star-nosed mole under the name Sorex cristatus, appears to be its first mention in literature; on the authority of Kalm, Pennsylvania is given as its
1915.] CONDYLURA ORISTATA, 89
habitat. Pennant,1! in 1771, described two moles under the names ‘““Radiated Mole” and ‘‘Long-tailed Mole’’; the former he correctly considered to be the Sorex cristatus of Linnseus; his long-tailed species must also be referred to Condylura cristata since he describes it as a mole with a radiated nose and a tail two inches long, a description which applies to no other mammal. Pennant’s description of the long-tailed mole was probably based upon either a young or a summer specimen in which the diameter of the tail was minimum; as early as 1777 this became the basis for two Latin binomials, Talpa caudata Zimmermann? and Talpa longicaudata Erxleben.*’ The writer has been unable to verify the name Talpa canadensis of De La Faille. Shaw * renamed Sorex cristatus Linneus, calling it Talpa radiata; he also recognized Talpa longicaudata, but in his remarks under Talpa radiata states: ‘It is, perhaps, in reality no other than a variety of the former species (1. e. T. longicaudata), or a sexual difference.” > Shaw ® again renamed the species when he confused a figure and description of it, given by De La Faille, with the genus Sorex, and called it Sorex radiatus. That Shaw should thus have been misled is strange, since he writes:
One would be inclined to think that the remarkable moniliform appearance of the tail in this animal, as exhibited in M. de la Faille’s figure, may be partly owing to the contraction of the interstices of the joints in drying.
It is evidently allied to the radiated Mole, but if the figure given by M. de la Faille be accurate, must surely be a very distinct species.’
Schinz,® when substituting the generic name Talpasorex for Con- dylura, used the name Condylura jfissipes in synonymy under Talpa- sorez cristatus; it seems probable that the name fissipes had been used in literature previous to this, but the present writer has been unable to find an earlier usage. Schinz (loc. cit.) also placed the names Talpa flava and Talpa purpurascens in synonymy under Talpasorex cristatus; this was probably purely an error on his part, since there is nothing in the original descriptions of Talpa flava Zimmermann and Talpa purpurascens Shaw, nor in subsequent descriptions of these forms, which would lead one to confuse either with Condylura Illiger; the former name is a synonym of Scalopus a. aquaticus (Linneus), the latter of Talpa europea Linneus. In 1825, two other names were proposed which apply to the star-nosed mole—
1 Pennant, T., Quadrupeds, 1771. The present writer has not seen this work but presumes the descrip- tions are essentially the same as those in Pennani’s History of Quadrupeds, ed. 3, vol. 2, p. 232, pl. 90, 1793.
2Zimmermann, E. A. W., Spec. Zool. Geog., p. 497, 1777.
8 Erxleben, J. C. P., Syst. Reg. Anim., p. 118, 1777.
4 Shaw, George, Gen. Zool., Mamm., vol. 1, p. 523, 1800.
6 Shaw, loc. cit., p. 524.
6 Shaw, loc. cit., p. 531.
7 Shaw, loc. cit., p. 532. 8 Schinz, H. R., Cuvier’s Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 191, 1821.
90 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
Condylura macroura Harlan: and Astromycter prasinaius Harris.? Both Harlan and Harris based their descriptions upon animals whose tails were in the enlarged winter condition. Harris was further deceived by his specimen being discolored with a shade of green, and proposed the new genus Asiromycter to include this animal, though later ? he returned it to the genus Condylura.
It is to be remarked that Condylura cristata has comparatively little geographic variation over a wide zonal range; specimens from the Lower Austral Zone, in Georgia and Virginia, are subspecifically inseparable from those from the Boreal Zone in Quebec and Labra- dor. A very slight increase in size is noticeable toward the northern part of the range of the species, but it is inconstant, and insufficient for subspecific recognition. Occasional local variations appear, but when a large series is examined from any one locality these prove inconstant, or else crop out in remote localities. Thus, in a series from Digby, Nova Scotia, the skulls have on the average very slightly higher braincases and more abruptly sloping frontals, but the differ- ence is not constant and can be matched perfectly by specimens from New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland; the same is true of a small postpalatal process present in the majority of skulls in the series from Digby. A specimen from Marlow, Georgia, is an alcoholic from which the broken and imperfect skull has been re- moved for study; it offers no characters by which it can be separated from typical specimens from Pennsylvania. Possibly when larger series of adult specimens are available differences of diagnostic value not now discernible will become apparent.
The limits of the geographic range of Condylura are not satisfac- torily known. Many published records of the star-nosed mole have certainly been based upon erroneous identifications. For example, the species is included among the mammals supposed to occur in Oklahoma, and Townsend® lists it from ‘the Territory of the Oregon.”
Richardson © describes a specimen said to have been taken by Douglas on the “‘banks of the Columbia.”’” Richardson’s description clearly indicates that the animal he had in hand. was Condylura cristata, but it is almost certain that it was not collected near the banks of the Columbia River. The most westerly known point of the range of the species is in Manitoba, where, according to Seton,’
1 Harlan. R., Fauna Amer., p. 39, 1825. 2 Harr, T. W., Amer. Journ. Sci. and Aris, vol. 9, p. 400, June, 1825,
8 Harris, T. W., Boston Journ. Philos. and Arts, vol. 2, p. 582, July, 1825.
4 Woodhouse, S. W., Report of an Expedition Down the Zuniand Colorado Rivers, by Capt. L. Sitgreaves; Mammals, p. 43, 1854.
5 Under the names Condylura longicaudata and Condylura macroura. Townsend, J. K., Narrative of Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River, p. 313, 1839.
6 Under the name Condylura macroura. Richardson, J., Fauna Boreali-Amer., vol. 1, p. 284, 1829. 7 Seton, Ernest Thompson, Life-Histories of Northern Animals, vol. 2, p. 1137, 1909.
1915.] CONDYLURA CRISTATA, 91
specimens have been brought to the taxidermist shop of W. R. Hine in Winnipeg. Cory! records a specimen from Warsaw, IU., and Professor Frank Smith, of the University of Ilinois, found a dead specimen in the vicinity of Urbana in the same State.’
Specimens examined.—Total number 218, as follows:
Connecticut: East Hartford, 1; Liberty Hill, 1;? Norfolk, 1.
District of Columbia: Washington, 10.
Georgia: Marlow, 1.
Labrador: Black Bay, 1;* Hamilton Inlet, 2; Paradise, 2; Saint Michael de 1; Sandwich Bay, 2.
Maine: Eastport, 1; Freeport, 1; Oakland, 1; Penobscot River (Hast Branch), 2; Small Point, 2.
Maryland: Brookeville, 1; Cabin John, 1; Chevy Chase, 1; College Park, 2; Glendale, 1; Laurel, 2; Marshall Hall, 1; Prince Georges County, 1; Williams- port, 1; Woodside, 2.
Massachusetts: Belmont, 4;? Gardner, 1; Lunenburg, 4; Medway, 1; ? Middle- boro, 2; New Bedford, 1; Newburyport, 2; Seehonk, 1;* Watertown, 2;3 metic own, ip Watrineton: 4,
Michigan: Ann hon 8;° Chelsea, 1;° Douglas Lake, 1;5 Geddes, 1;° Goge- bie 1; © Hancock, 1; ° Ralantareo County, 1;° iinaheear Connie 1; Por- cupine Mountains, 2;° Portage Lake, 6. °
Minnesota: Elk River, 1; Fort Ripley, 1; Margie, 1.
New Brunswick: Arthurette, i;’ Hampton, 1.
New Hampshire: Ossipee, 4; Webster.?
New Jersey: Lake Hopatcong, 5; * Tuckahoe, 1.4
New York: Cross River, 1; Essex County, 1; Geneva, 2; Highland Falls, 2;7 Ithaca, 1;°® Lake George, 2; Lansing, 2; ° Lockport, 1; Locust Grove, 11; Lyons Falls, 1; New York, 2; Nichols, 1; Oswego, 1; Pelham, 1; Peterboro, 5; Rockland, 1;7 Saint Lawrence County, 1; Sing Sing, 3
~North Carolina: Magnetic City, 2; Weaverville, 1.3
Nova Scotia: Barrington Passage, 1; !° Digby, 18; Halifax, 7; James River, 1 Newport, 2.’
Ohio: Cleveland, 1; Ellsworth, 1; Garrettsville, 3.
Ontario: Landsowne, 1;7 Middlesex County, 1;!° Moose Factory, 1; Muskoka, 1;7 Ottawa, 4.
Pennsylvania: Carlisle, 1; Lake Leigh, 1;4 Meadville, 2; New Lexington, 2;4," Philadelphia, 1;* Radnor, 1.4
Quebec: East Main River, 1; Godbout, 3; Lake Edward, 1;? Montreal, 1.
Vermont: East Wallingford, 4; 12 Mount Mansfield, 2; Rutland, 1.8
Virginia: Dismal Swamp, 4.
Wisconsin: Colby, 1; Medford, 2; ® Merrill, 1; ® Newald, Forest County, 1.°
’
1 Cory, C. B., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., publ. 153, zool. series 11, p. 444, 1912. In apersonal letter dated March 20, 1914, Mr. Cory writes in regard to this specimen: “On a number of occasions Mr. Charles K. Worthen sent me boxes of birds and mammals, from which I could select specimens TI desired and send back the others. One lot contained a specimen of Condylura cristata simply labeled ‘ Warsaw’ (in pencil) with no other data. Thespecimen was returned to him.’’
2 Wood, F. E., Bul. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 588, 1910.
3 Collection Mus. Cemp. Zool., Harvard College.
4 Collection Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 9 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
5 Collection Univ. Michigan Mus. -10 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus.
6 Collection Milwaukee Public Mus. . 11 Collection Carnegie Mus.
7 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 12 Collection of D. E. Kent, Rutland, Vt.
8 Collection of Hartley H. T. Jackson. 13 Collection of G. L. Kirk, Rutland, V+.
99° NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. ENo. 38.
Genus NEUROTRICHUS Giinther.
Netirotrichus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, p. 441, October, 1880. Néurotrichus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, plate 42, October, 1880. Neurotrichus Forbes, Zool. Record, vol. 17, Mammalia, p. 14, 1881. Neourotrichus Rye, Zool. Record, vol. 17, Index, p. 8, 1881.
Type species.— Urotrichus gibbsit Baird.
Geographic range.—Pacific coast region of North America west of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, from southwestern British Columbia
oy osnaesctaers 5 Skene Te , (fraser River region) south to Fremont Peak, Monterey County, California (fig. 23).
External characters.—Smallest of the American Talpide; body some- what robust, not much depressed. Tail moderate in length (about half as long as head and body), moder- ately fleshy, constricted at base, scaled, very distinctly annulated, sparsely covered with coarse hairs (fig. 24). Head conoidal, relatively long, not much depressed. Snout elongate, terminating in a naked disk or pad, apical superior surface naked to line of anterior edge of nasals; nostrils lateral in terminal pad, slightly crescentic, with an- terior end of crescent enlarged and its concavity upward (fig.25). Eyes minute (relatively about asin Con- — dylura), concealed in the fur. Au- ricular opening large. Legs short, eee) weak (relatively as in Condylura).
B2029-103 Heetlarge, notfleshy, scaled, sparse- Fig. 23.— Geographic range ‘of the subspecies of “1— haired above, iakedtselwe more
eine ie ae Te fot hardly handlike, the palms longer than broad, toes relatively long. Fore claws relatively long, not broad, not depressed (fig. 26). Hind feet long and narrow, broader distally than proximally; six tubercles (varying slightly in position) on each hind foot, usually located one at base of third digit, one interdigital between the third and fourth digits, one between the fourth and fifth digits, one postero- interdigital between the second and third digits, and two near the center of the sole. Hind claws moderately long and slender, slightly compressed laterally, acute (fig. 27). Toes not webbed. Pelage similar in general to that of Condylura, but shorter, finer, and with
1915.] GENUS NEUROTRICHUS. 93
underfur less clossly defined. Mamme, 8: latero-pectoral, 2-2; latero-abdominal, 1-1; inguinal, 1-1.
Skeletal ee Cleicle relatively long and narrow (for the Talpide), length about twice the breadth; concave supeonys infe- rior surface with a flat process projecting ogee ae ally; not penetrated by a foramen. Humerus about three-fifths as broad as long, weaker medially (as in Condylura). Pelvis narrow, bones of opposite sides sep- arated by considerable space (about 2 mm.) under aceta- bula; no osseous bridges connecting sacral vertebree with ischium. Superior surface of last sacral vertebra with- out process. Os falciforme rudimentary and scarcely perceptible.
Skull conoidal, moderately depressed, without promi- nent processes and ridges, with moderately broad brain- case, Be eealy constricted interorbitally. Mastoids weak. Interparietal large, broad, irregularly semicircular, ante- riorly deeply emarginate medially, posteriorly slightly emarginate and usually without a posterior median pro- jection. Frontal region scarcely sloping ventro-anteri- A orly; frontal sinuses very slightly swollen. Rostrum ri. 24—rail of moderately elongate; anterior ends of premanillze Ot) epee de Pt much thickened, extending beyond nasals, forming a — jnus(x1!). No. somewhat truncate notch anterior to the sane TaN eee ewes Se
- : Nat. Mus., Bi- rior nares opening forward. Zygomata short, narrow, ological survey slightly out-curved, directed slightly downward anteri- “ollection; from
- ss Aptos, Cal. orly, the posterior end forward on squamosal (less so
than in Condylura). Foramen magnum elliptical, relatively large. Infraorbital foramen large, the plate forming its outer wall relatively broad and heavy. Audital bulle incomplete; no auditory meatus. External pterygoid region scarcely inflated (relatively more than in Condylura). Mesopterygoid space moder- ately long and broad, the sides usually gent- ly concave. Palate moderately elongate, po relatively narrow, terminating opposite pos-
p2031-103 terior border of last molar; posterior border
Fic. 25—Snout of Neiirotrichus of palate slightly emarginate, without spine
gibbsit gibbsii (X13). No. 83468, é 3 c
U. §. Nat. Mus.: from British Ornotch. Anterior palatine foramina mod-
Columbia. erate, oval; first pair of posterior palatine foramina moderate, oval to elliptical-oval; second pairminute. Hor- izontal ramus of mandible slender, nearly straight; coronoid rela- tively long, erect proximally, curving posteriorly distally into an acute process; angle of mandible relatively short and narrow (smaller than coronoid) ; inferior mandibular notch relatively shallow and broad.
94 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38. °
Dental characters.—First upper incisors very short, relatively broad; second and third small (about half as large as first incisor), somewhat laterally compressed. Upper canine larger than third incisor, trian- gular, compressed, two-rooted, with a small postero-basal accessory cusp. First upper premolar similar to canine, slightly smaller; second upper premolar large, triangular, with a postero-basal cusp, a pos- tero-internal basal cusplike heel, and some- times with an anterior cusplike process on the cingulum, which tends to disappear with age.
et nlate Upper molars W-shaped in transverse section,
eee Nn ied with an interior basal shelf having a distinctly
(X13). Individual referredtoin bicuspidate edge; first and second molars sub- Heo equal, the third much smaller.
First lower incisor small, spatulate, directed slightly antero- interiorly; second and third lower incisors and lower canine similar to first incisor, smaller, successively decreasing in size posteriorly, directed obliquely anteriorly, the canine with a smaller posterior basal tubercle. Lower premolars triangular, each with a posterior cusplike heel and an indistinct posterior median sulcus, the second about twice as large as first and with a small antero-basal tubercle. Lower molars M- shaped in transverse section, shghtly com- pressed laterally (less so than in Condylura) ; interior shelf low and narrow, tricuspidate, the median cusp not bifid; first molar with
je B2033-103
; : Fic. 27.—Hind foot of NV. g. gibbsii minute basal tubercle between posterior and — (x 13). Individual referred to in
median interior cusps; first and second mo-_ 48-4. lars subequal, the third smaller. Dentition: 1. 3; c. +; pm. 3; m. 3; total 36.
Key to Subspecies of Netirotrichus.
a.! Size smaller; color paler; length of skull less than 23.2 mm., Neiirotrichus gibbsit gibbstvi (p. 94). a.* Size larger; color darker; length of skull more than 23.2 mm., Neiirotrichus gibbst hyacinthinus (p. 97).
Descriptions of species and subspecies of Netirotrichus.
NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSII GIBBSII (Baird). GiBBs’s MOLE. CEL VI, figs tas dio 225)
Urotrichus gibbsit Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey, vol. 8, part 1, Mammals, p. 76, 1857.
Urotrichus Gibsii Lord, Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia, p. 338, 1866.
———————
1915.] NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSII GIBBSII. 95
Néurotrichus (sic) gibbsit Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, pl. 42, October, 1880.
Neiirotrichus gibbsti True, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 7, p. 607, 1885.
Neurotrichus gibbsit Bryant, Zoe, vol. 1, p. 359, February, 1891.
Neurotrichus gibbsi Merriam, Mazama, vol. 1, p. 228, 1897.
Neurotrichus gibbsi major Merriam, N. Am. Fauna No. 16, p. 88, October 28, 1899. Type locality, Carberry Ranch, altitude 4100 feet, between Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen, Shasta County, California.
Neiirotrichus gibbsit gibbsii Miller, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bul. 79, p. 11, December 31, 1912.
Netirotrichus gibbsti major Miller, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Bul. 79, p. 11, December 31, 1912.
Type locality—White River Pass, north of Mount Rainier, Pierce County, Washington.
Type specimen.—No. 3882;, U. 5. Nat. Mus.; immature, sex un- known; poorly made skin and fragmentary skull; collected July 15, 1854, by George Gibbs.
Geographic range.—Extreme southwestern British Columbia, west- ern Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains, south in the coast region to Eureka, Humboldt County, Cal., and in the inte- rior, west of the Sierra Nevada, to South Yolla Bolly Mountain, Cal.
General characters.—Size small (total length averaging less than 120 mm.); color dark, usually dark mouse gray; tail medium in size (about one-third of total length), scaled in transverse annular rows, covered with a few blackish, coarse hairs; skull small (greatest leneth usually less than 23 mm.), flat, and not angular.
Color.—General tone dark mouse gray to blackish mouse gray, occasionally dusky neutral gray; upperparts and underparts essen- tially the same color, the underparts rarely shghtly paler than the back; the longer hairs in full pelage frequently tipped with whitish, producing a frosted appearance; recently killed animals and speci- mens little handled generally show purplish and greenish iridescence. The worn pelage is paler and more brownish than the fresh.
Skull—Small (greatest length usually less than 23 mm.), smooth, flat, not much depressed postorbitally, not much constricted inter- orbitally; frontal sinuses slightly swollen; zygomata short, weak; pterygoids short, weak, laterally flattened; audital bulle incomplete; rostrum moderate in length and width; dentition moderate; first upper incisors flat and rodentlike; upper canine (third lateral tooth) flattened laterally, much like first upper premolar; anterior portion of cingulum of second upper premolar not usually developed into a superior cusplike process.
Measurements.—Average of 9 adult males from Sumas, British Columbia: Total length, 113 (107-117); tail vertebra, 37.1 (34-39); hind foot, 16.6 (15.7-17). Average of 5 adult females from Sumas, British Columbia: 116.6 (111-120); 36.4 (83-40); 17 (17-17). Av- erage of 3 males from Carberry Ranch (type locality of N. g. major), Shasta County, Cal.: 119.7 (118-121); 40.3 (89-42); 17 (17-17). Skull: Average of 10 skulls of adult males from Sumas, British Co- lumbia: Greatest length, 22.5 (22.1-23); palatilar length, 9.4 (9.1-9.6);
96 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, - [No. 38. °
mastoidal breadth, 10.3 (10.1-10.5); interorbital breadth, 5.3 (5.2-5.4); maxillary tooth row, 7.1 (7-7.2); mandibular molar- premolar row, 7.3 (7.1-7.5). Average of 6 skulls of adult females from Sumas, British Columbia: Greatest length, 22.4 (21.5-23); palatilar length, 9.4 (9.2-9.5); mastoidal breadth, 10.2 (9.6-10.5); interorbital breadth, 5.3 (5.1-5.5); maxillary tooth row, 7.1 (6.9-7.2); mandibular molar-premolar row, 7.2 (7-7.3). Average of 2 skulls of males from Carberry Ranch (type locality of major), Shasta County, Cal.: Greatest length, 22.7 (22.4-23); palatilar length, 9.3 (9.3-9.3); mastoidal breadth, 10.6 (10.5-10.7) ; interorbital breadth, 5.4 (5.45.4); maxillary tooth row, 7 (6.9-7); mandibular molar-premolar row, 7 (6.9-7.1).
Remarks.—This little mole, the most shrewlike of the American members of the family, shows comparatively little geographic varia- tion throughout its rather extensive range; in fact, the local almost obscures the geographic variation. Southward a tendency appears toward an increase in size and toward the development of a cusplike process upon the anterior portion of the cingulum of the second upper premolar; this reaches the climax in JN. g. hyacinthinus. The presence of this cusplike process on the second upper premolar, however, is not strictly diagnostic since it occasionally crops out, slightly developed, in specimens taken near the northern limit of the range of N.g. gibbsw, or may be absent in specimens of hyacinthinus taken near the southern border of itsrange. Thus, it occurs, weakly developed, in a few specimens from Sumas, British Columbia; it is absent in two specimens from Crescent City, Cal., but is present in | five young adults from Eureka, Cal., and in one from Goldbeach, Oreg.; some specimens of hyacinthinus from Cuddeback and Aptos, Cal., have the process, while others lack it.
The form Neurotrichus gibbst major Merriam? is here placed in synonymy under WN. g. gibbsu. The type of major was collected at Carberry Ranch, altitude 4100 feet, between Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen, Shasta County, Cal.; a careful comparison of the type, topotypes, and other specimens from the Shasta region, with a large | number of specimens from Washington and British Columbia fails to show any differences between major and gibbsw worthy of subspecific recognition; specimens of major average very slightly larger than gibbsii and in some other respects appear to be intermediate in © characters between gibbsit and hyacinthinus, but in size and general proportions of skull they are much nearer gibbsw. The presence of an anterior ‘‘cusp” on the cingulum of the second upper premolar in major is not of diagnostic value, as has been shown in the preceding
1 Merriam, C. Hart, N. Am. Fauna No. 16, p. 88, 1899,
1915. ] NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSII HYACINTHINUS. 97
paragraph, and at best can be considered only an approach toward hyacinthinus; nor does the second lower premolar differ essentially from that of gibbsii, since it can be matched almost perfectly in any large series of the genus Netrotrichus from any locality.
Five specimens examined from Eureka, Cal., are hardly adult, but are provisionally referred to gibbsti on account of color and size of skull; when a larger series of specimens, with more adults, is available from this region, a change of decision may be necessary.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 146, as follows:
British Columbia: Chilliwack Valley, 6; Douglas, 1; Howe Sound, 3; Lang- ley, 1; Sumas, 72; Tammi Hy Creek (Chilliwack Valley), 1;' Thurstons, 2.
California: Arcata, 1;? Beswick, 1; Carberry Ranch, Shasta County, 3; Crescent City, 2; Eureka, 5;3 Hoopa Valley, 1; Mount Shasta, 4; Salmon Mountains (near Eina Mills), 1; South Yolia Bolly Mountain, 1;2 Tower House, Shasta County, 2;? Trinidad, 3.?
Oregon: Anna Creek, Mount Mazama, 1; Astoria, 1; Crater Lake, 1; Elk Head, 1; Eugene, 1; Fort Klamath, 4; Goldbeach, 1;3 McKenzie Bridge, 1; Mulinomah Falls, 1; Salem, 1;* Seaside, 1; Siskiyou, 1; Vida, 2; Yaquina Bay, 3.
Washington: Kirkland, 1; Lake Cushman, 4; Mount Rainier, 2; Mount Vernon, 3; Neah Bay, 1; Seattle, 1; Steilacoom, 2; Tenino, 1; White River, Cascade Mountains (type locality), 1.
NEUROTRICHUS GIBBSII HYACINTHINUS Bangs. SouTtTHERN GiBBsS’s Mole. (PE VE, fies. 2, 2a, 2b,-23.)
Netiroirichus gibbsi hyacinthinus Bangs, Amer. Nat., vol. 31, p. 240, March, 1897. Neurotrichus gibbsii hyacinthinus Miller & Rehn, Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
30, p. 254, December, 1901. : Neurotrichus gibbsi hyacinthinus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., publ. 105, zool. series,
vol. 6, p. 467, 1905.
Neiirotrichus gibbsit hyacinthinus Miller, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bul. 79, p. 11, December 31, 1912.
Type locality.—Nicasio, Marin County, California.
Type specimen.—No. 1240, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection; @ adult, skin and skull; collected March 10, 1894, by C. A. Allen.
Geographic range-—Coast region of California from Cuddeback, Humboldt County, south to Fremont Peak, Monterey County.
General characters.—Larger than N. g. gibbsii; color usually slightly darker; skull larger, relatively wider through braincase and rostrum, with more angular mastoid region.
Color.—Much like that of N. g. gibbsii but averaging darker; usually blackish mouse gray or dusky neutral gray; often almost black, especially in fresh pelage; in full unworn pelage sometimes
1 Collection Victoria Mem. Mus. 8 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 3 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California. 4 Coliection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
90349°—15——7
98 e NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 38.
distinctly overcast with hoary, due to whitish tips of the longer hair; worn pelage paler and more brownish; purplish and greenish irides- cence shows in fresh specimens, as in gibbsii.
Skull.—Similar to that of N. g. gibbsii but larger (greatest length usually over 23.6 mm.) and relatively wider through braincase, interorbitally, and through rostrum; mastoid region usually heavier and more angular than in gibbsvi; anterior portion of cingulum of second upper premolar usually developed into a superior cusplike process. ;
Measurements.—Average of 6 males from Aptos, Santa Cruz County, Cal.: Total length, 121.5 (118-126); tail vertebre, 38.3 (37-39); hind foot, 16.9 (16.5-17). Skull: Young adult male from type locality: Greatest length, 24.2; palatilar length, 9.8; mastoidal breadth, 11; interorbital breadth, 5.7; maxillary tooth row, 7.4; mandibular molar-premolar row, 7.3. Skull of young adult female from type locatity: Greatest length, 23.5; palatilar length, 9.6; mastoidal breadth, 10.6; interorbital breadth, 5.4; maxillary tooth row, 7.3; mandibular molar-premolar row, 7.3. Average of 6 skulls of males from Aptos, Santa Cruz County, Cal.: Greatest length, 23.8 (23-24); palatilar length, 9.9 (9.6-10); mastoidal breadth, 10.9 (10.7-11.1); mterorbital breadth, 5.6 (5.5-5.7); maxillary tooth row 7.6 (7.4-7.8); mandibular molar-premolar row, 7.6 (7.5—7.7).
Remarks.—The southern-coast form of Gibbs’s mole, NV. g. hyacin- thinus, differs from the typical northern form, JN. g. gibbsii, chiefly in its larger size and darker color, though frequently specimens are no darker than typical gibbsu. Specimens from the south of San Francisco Bay are not quite so intensely colored as those from the type region, and, on the average, seem to have slightly shorter rostra, but the differences are too trivial for subspecific designation.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 58, as follows:
California: Aplae, 10; Burlingame, 1; Cazadero, 1;! Cuddeback, 7;! Fairfax, 1; ' Freestone, 1;' Fremont Peak, 1; Gualala, 9; Guerneville, 3;* Inverness, 4;?
Mendocino, ot t Nicasio (type locality), 6; Palo Alto, 1;? Pent Arena, 4;1 San Gerouing, 1;! Santa Cruz, 7.
PLATE TI. [Natural size.]
Fie. 1. Early stage in molting process of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (Linneeus); ? adult; Fort Myer, Va., April 15, 1897. (No. 83686, U. S. Nat. Mus.) 2. Middle stage in molting process of Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (Linnzus); ? adult; Falls Church, Va.,. May 26,1907. (No. 144453, U. S. Nat. Mus.) 3. Nestling young of Scalopus aquaticus howelli Jackson; Jackson, N.C. (No. 7250, U. S. Nat. Mus.)
1 Collection Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California. ? Collection Field Mus, Nat. Hist.
North American Fauna No. 38, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE |.
B2001-103
MOLTING AND YOUNG OF SCALOPUS.
1, 2. Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus. 3. Scalopus aquaticus howelli,
90549 °—15—_8
Hrge le
10.
dls
PLATE II. [Natural size. ]
Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (Linnzeus); essentially a topotype; ¢ adult; near Media, Pa. (No. 9845, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; 2845, Rhoads collection. )
. Sealopus aquaticus howelli Jackson; type; ¢ adult; Autaugaville, Ala. (No.
177931, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. )
. Scalopus aquaticus australis (Chapman); topotype; ¢ adult; Gainesville, Fla.
(No. 7783, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.)
. Scalopus aquaticus anastasx (Bangs); topotype; 3 adult; Point Romo, Anas-
tasia Island, Fla. (No. 7193, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection. )
. Scalopus aquaticus parvus (Rhoads); ¢ adult; Port Tampa City, Fla. (No.
7202, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus machrinus (Rafinesque); ¢ adult; Oakwoods Cemetery,
Chicago, Ill. (No. 8155, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.)
. Scalopus aquaticus machrinoides Jackson; type; ¢ adult; Manhattan, ‘Kans.
(No. 169717, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus pulcher Jackson; type; % adult; Delight, Ark. (No.
170698, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus caryt Jackson; type; ¢ young adult; Neligh, Nebr. (No.
116799, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Scalopus aquaticus texanus (Allen); topotype; 3 adult; Rockport, Tex. (No. 51885, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Scalopus inflatus Jackson; type; young adult, sex unknown; State of Tamau- lipas, Mexico (45 miles from Brownsville, Tex.). (No. 52709, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus xreus (Bangs); type; @ adult; Stilwell, Okla. (No. 5475, Mus.
Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection. )
North American Fauna No. 38, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
PLATE Il.
B2002-103
SKULLS OF SCALOPUS AQUATICUS (SUBSPP.), S. INFLATUS, AND S. AREUS.
S. a. aquaticus. S. a. howelli.
. S. a. australis. S. a. anastasee.
. S. a. parvus. . S.a. machrinus.
S. a. machrinoides.,
. S. a. pulcher.
9. S. a. Caryl. 10. S. a. texanus. 11. S. inflatus.
. ereus.
Fies. 1, 1a:
PLATE III. [Natural size. ]
Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (Linnezeus); essentially a topotype; ¢ adult; near Media, Pa. (No. 9845, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; 2845, Rhoads coliection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus howelli Jackson; type; ¢ adult; Autaugaville, Ala.
(No. 177931, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus australis (Chapman); topotype; ¢ adult; Gainesville,
Fla. (No. 7783, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.)
a. Scalopus aquaticus parvus (Rhoads); 3 adult; Port Tampa City, Fla.
(No. 7202, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.)
a. Scalopus aquaticus texanus (Allen); topotype; ¢ adult; Rockport, Tex.
(No. 51385, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
a. Scalopus inflatus Jackson; type; young adult, sex unknown; State of
Tamaulipas, Mexico (45 miles from Brownsville, Tex.). (No. 52709, | U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus xreus (Bangs); type; Q adult; Stilwell, Okla. (No. 5475, Mus.
Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.)
North American Fauna No. 38, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE III.
SKULLS OF SCALOPUS AQUATICUS (SUBSPP.), S. INFLATUS, AND S. AEREUS.
1, la. S. a. aquaticus. 3, 3a. S. a. australis. 6, 6a. S. inflatus. dg é
2, 2a. S. a. howelli. 4, 4a. S. a. parvus. a. §. sereus.
5, da. S. a. texanus.
12 Cetera bs
10.
dle
PLATE IV. [Natural size. ]
Scapanus townsend (Bachman); 3 adult; Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal. (No. 19141, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
. Scapanus orarius orarius True; % adult; Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal.
(No. 19111, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
. Scapanus orarius schefferi nobis; type; 3% adult; Walla Walla, Wash. (No.
204997, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scapanus latimanus latimanus (Bachman); ¢ adult; Menlo Park, San Mateo
County, Cal. (No. 18779, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
. Scapanus latimanus occultus Grinnell & Swarth; ¢ adult; San Gabriel, Cal.
(No. 30310, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scapanus latimanus grinnelli Jackson; type; ¢ young adult; Independence,
Cal. (No. 17785, Mus. Vert. Zool.; Univ. California.)
. Scapanus latimanus sericatus Jackson; type; @ adult; Yosemite, Cal. (No.
(109548, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scapanus latimanus minusculus Bangs; type; 2 young adult; Fyffe, Cal.
(No. 9189, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.)
. Scapanus latimanus dilatus True; type; young adult, sex unknown, prob-
ably ¢; Fort Klamath; Oreg. (No. 186628, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection.)
Scapanus anthonyi Allen; type; ¢ adult; San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. (No. 4947, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
Parascalops brewer 1(Bachman); ¢ young adult; Leasuresville, Pa. (No. 603, Carnegie Mus.)
. Condylura cristata (Linneus); ¢ adult; Lunenburg, Mass. (No. 96075, U.S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
North American Fauna No. 38, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE IV.
B2004-103
SKULLS OF SCAPANUS, PARASCALOPS, AND CONDYLURA.
. S. townsendii. 5. S. 1. occultus. 9. 8.1, dilatus. S. 0. orarius, 6. S. 1. grinnelli. 10. S. anthonyi. 5. oO. schefferi. . S. 1. sericatus. 11. P. breweri. 5. 1. latimanus. . S. 1. minusculus. 12. C. cristata.
PLATE V% [Natural size.]
Fies. 1, la. Scapanus townsendii (Bachman); $ adult; Ferndale, Humboldt County
Cal. (No. 19141, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
2, 2a. Scapanus orarius orarius True; ¢ adult; Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal. (No. 19111, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
3, 3a. Scapanus latimanus latimanus (Bachman); ¢ adult; Menlo Park, San Mateo County, Cal. (No. 18779, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
4, 4a. Scapanus anthonyi Allen; type; ¢ adult; San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. (No. 4947, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
5, 5a. Parascalops brewert (Bachman); ¢ young adult; Leasuresville, Pa. (No. 603, Carnegie Mus.)
6, 6a. Condyiura cristata (Linneus); ¢ adult; Lunenburg, Mass. (No. 96075, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
North American Fauna No. 38, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
B2005-103
SKULLS OF SCAPANUS, PARASCALOPS, AND CONDYLURA.
S. townsendii. 3, 3a. S. 1. latimanus. 5, 5a. P. breweri. . 8. 0. orarius. 4, 4a. S. anthonyi. 6, 6a. C. cristata.
Fic.
20.
21.
PEALE: vale [Natural size.]
la, 1b, 22. Netirotrichus gibbsu gibbsi (Baird); g adult; Sumas, British Columbia. (No. 62952, U.S. Nat. Mus.)
, 2a, 2b, 23. Netirotrichus gibbswi hyacinthinus Bangs; $ young adult; Aptos,
Cal. (No. 160900, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus (Linnzeus); essentially a topotype; 3 adult;
near Media, Pa. (No. 9845, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; 2845, Rhoads collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus howelli Jackson; type; ¢ adult; Autaugaville, Ala. (No.
177931, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus australis (Chapman); topotype; 3 adult; Gainesville, Fla.,
(No. 7081, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.)
. Scalopus aquaticus machrinus (Rafinesque); ¢ adult; Oakwoods Cemetery,
Chicago, Ill.. (No. 8155, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.)
. Scalopus aquaticus texanus (Allen); topotype; ¢ adult; Rockport, Tex. (No.
51885, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus inflatus Jackson; type; young adult, sex unknown; State of Tamau-
lipas, Mexico (45 miles from Brownsville, Tex.). (No. 52709, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scalopus xreus (Bangs); type; 2 adult; Stilwell, Okla. (No. 5475, Mus.
Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.)
. Scapanus townsendw (Bachman); ¢ adult; Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal.
(No. 19141, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
. Scapanus orarius orarius True; & adult; Ferndale, Humboldt County, Cal.
(No. 19111, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
2. Scapanus orarius scheffert nobis; type; ¢ adult; Walla Walla, Wash. (No.
204997, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
. Scapanus latimanus latimanus (Bachman); ¢ adult; Menlo Park, San Mateo ©
County, Cal. (No. 18779, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
. Scapanus latimanus occultus Grinnell & Swarth; g adult; Alhambra, Cal.
(No. 30299, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
5. Scapanus latimanus grinnelli Jackson; type; ¢ young adult; Independence,
Cal. (No. 17785, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California.)
. Scapanus latimanus sericatus Jackson; type; Q adult; Yosemite, Cal. (No.
109548, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
- Scapanus latimanus minusculus Bangs; type; 2 young adult; Fyffe, Cal.
(No. 9189, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.)
. Scapanus latimanus dilatus True; type; young adult, sex unknown, proba-
bly g; Fort Klamath, Oreg. (No. 186628, -U. S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection.)
. Scapanus anthonyi Allen; type; ¢ adult; San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California. (No. 4947, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.)
Parascalops breweri (Bachman); ¢ young adult; Leasuresville, Pa. (No. 603, Carnegie Mus.)
Condylura cristata (Linnzeus); ¢ adult; Lunenburg, Mass. (No. 96075, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
North American Fauna No. 38, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Biological Survey.
PLATE VI.
B2006-103 SKULLS OF NEUROTRICHUS, AND MANDIBLES OF AMERICAN TALPIDA.
1, la, 1b, 22. N. g. gibbsii. 8. Scalopus inflatus.
2, 2a, 2b, 23. N. g. hyacinthinus. . Scalopus ereus.
3. Scalopus a. aquaticus. 4. Scalopus a. howelli.
5. Scalopus a. australis.
). Scalopus a. machrinus. . Scalopus a. texanus.
15. Scapanus l. grinnelli. 16. Scapanus 1. sericatus. J. Scapanus townsendii. 17. Scapanus 1. minusculus. . Scapanus o. orarius. 18. Scapanus 1, dilatus. 2. Scapanus o. schefferi. 19. Scapanus anthonyi. 3. Scapanus |. latimanus. 20. Parascalops breweri. . Scapanus 1. cecultus. 21. Condylura cristata.
IN Dae
[New names in bold=face type; synonyms in italics.
acquaticus, Scalopus, 33. znea, Talpa, 58.
zneus, Scalops, 58. zreus, Scalops, 82.
Scalopus, 52-53. alpinus, Scapanus, 75. americana, Talpa, 79. americanus, Scapanus, 80. anastas#, Scalops, 39.
Scalopus, 39-41. anastasi%, Scalops, 39. anthonyi, Scapanus, 75-76. aquatica, Talpa, 33. aquaticus, Scalops, 33.
Scalopus, 32-36.
Scalpos, 33.
Sorez, 32. argentatus, Scalops, 42. Astromycter, 82.
prarinatus, 87.
prasinatus, 87. Astromyctes, 83. Astromydes, 83.
cristatus, 87. australis, Scalops, 38.
Scalopus, 38-39.
breweri, Parascalops, 79-82.
Scalops, 79. Scapanus, 80. Scaphanus, 80. Talpa, 80.
californicus, Scalops, 64. Scapanus, 64.
canadensis, Scalops, 33, 58. Talpa, 87.
caryi, Scalopus, 48-49.
caudata, Talpa, 87.
Condylura, 82-86. cristata, 86-91. fissipes, 87. longicaudata, 87. macroura, 87. prasinata, 87.
Condylus. 83. cristata, 87.
Condytura, 82. cristata, 87.
cristata, Condylura, 86-91. Condylus, 87. Condytura, 87. Talpa, 86, 87. Talpasorez, 87.
cristatus, A stromydes, 87. Rhinaster, 87. Scalops, 87. Scalopus, 87. Sorer, 86.
cupreata, Talpa, 33.
dilatus, Scapanus, 72-75. europea, Talpa, 79.
fissipes, Condylura, 87. Talpasorer, 87. flava, Talpa, 32, 33, 87. flavescens, Talpa, 32.
fusca, Talpa, 33.
gibbsi, Neurotrichus, 95.
gibbsii, Neurotrichus, 95. Netirotrichus, 94-97. Néurotrichus, 95. Urotrichus, 94.
gibsii, Urotrichus, 94.
grinnelli, Scapanus, 69-70.
howelli, Scalopus, 36-38. hyacinthinus, Neurotrichus, 97. Netirotrichus, 97-98.
inflatus, Scalopus, 53-54. intermedius, Scalops, 49. Scalopus, 49-50.
latimanus, Scalops, 64. Scapanus, 64-67. longicaudata, Condylura, 87. Talpa, 86. Talpasorez, 87. longicaudatus, Rhinaster, 87.
machrina, Talpa, 42.
machrinoides, Scalopus, 45-46.
machrinus, Scalops, 42. Scalopus, 42-44.
macroura, Condylura, 87 Rhinaster, 87.
macrurus, Rhinaster, 87.
major, Neurotrichus, 95. Neitirotrichus, 95.
metallescens, Scalops, 58.
| minusculus, Scapanus, 72.
Neourotrichus, 92. Neurotrichus, 92. gibbsi, 95. gibbsii, 95. hyacinthinus, 97. major, 95. Néurotrichus, 92. gibbsii, 95. Netirotrichus, 92-94. gibbsii, 94-97. hyacinthinus, 97-98 major, 95. occultus, Scapanus, 68-69. orarius, Scapanus, 61-62.
Parascalops, 77-79. breweri, 79-82.
99
100
parvus, Scalops, 41. Scalopus, 41-42. pennantti, Talpa, 42. pennsylvanica, Scalops, 33. pensylvanica, Talpasorex, 33. pensylvanicus, Talpa, 33. Perascalops, 77. prarinatus, Astromycter, 87. prasinata, Condylura, 87. prasinatus, A stromycter, 87. pulcher, Scalopus, 46-48. purpurascens, Talpa, 87.
radiata, Talpa, 87. radiatus, Sorex, 87. reposta, Talpa, 80. Rhinaster, 82. cristatus, 87. longicaudatus, 87. macroura, 87. macrurus, 87.
Scalops, 27. eneus, 58. xreus, 52. anastas#, 39. anastasiz, 39. aquaticus, 33. argentatus, 42. australis, 38. breweri, 79. californicus, 64. canadensis, 33, 58. cristatus, 87. intermedius, 49. latimanus, 64. machrinus, 42. metallescens, 58. parvus, 41. pennsylvanica, 33. texanus, 50. texensis, 50. townsendi, 58. townsendii, 58. Scalopus, 27-30. acquaticus, 33. ereus, 52-53. anastase, 39-41. aquaticus, 32-36. australis, 38-39. caryi, 48-49. cristatus, 87. howelli, 36-38. inflatus, 53-54. intermedius, 49-50. machrinoides, 45-46. machrinus, 42-44. parvus, 41-42. pulcher, 46-48. texanus, 50-52. tcexensis, 50. virginianus, 33. Scalpos, 27. aquaticus, 33. Scapanus, 54-57. alpinus, 75. americanus, 80. anthonyi, 75-76. breweri, 80.
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.
Scapanus californicus, 64. dilatus, 72-75. grinnelli, 69-70. latimanus, 64-67. minusculus, 72. occultus, 68-69. orarius, 61-62. schefferi, 63-64. sericatus, 71. townsendi, 58. townsendii, 58-61. towsendii, 58. truei, 72. truii, 72.
Scapasius, 54.
Scaphanus, 54. breweri, 80.
schefferi, Scapanus, 63-64.
sericatus, Scapanus, 71.
sericea, Talpa, 42.
Sorex aquaticus, 32. cristatus, 86. radiatus, 87.
teniata, Talpa, 58. Talpa xnea, 58. americana, 79. aquatica, 33. breweri, 80. canadensis, 87. caudata, 87. cristata, 86, 87. cupreata, 33. europea, 79. flava, 32, 33, 87. flavescens, 32. Jusca, 33. longicaudata, 86. machrina, 42. pennantii, 42. pensylvanicus, 33. purpurascens, 8%. radiata, 87. reposta 80. sericea, 42. teniata, 58. townsendii, 58. virginiana, 33. Talpasorex, 27, 82. cristata, 87. fissipes, 87. longicaudata, S87. pensylvanica, 33. teranus, Scalops, 50. Scalopus, 50-52. terensis, Scalops, 50. Scalopus, 50. townsendi, Scalops, 58. Scapanus, 58. townsendii, Scalops, 58. Scapanus, 58-61. Talpa, 58. towsendii, Scapanus, 58. truei, Scapanus, 72. truii, Scapanus, 72.
Urotrichus gibbsii, 94. gibsii, 94.
virginiana, Talpa, 33.
virginianus, Scalopus, 33.
C)
[No. 38,
'S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ~ BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY | | Ai 2 HENRY WwW. HENSHAW, Chief - 3 awe
; { ; =
[ORTH AMERICAN FAUNA —
[Actual date of publication, November 15, 1915]
3 EVISION OF THE POCKET GOPHERS OF — _ * THE GENUS THOMOMYS — |
j BY - CHIEF FIELD NATURALIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. # that te eae WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ros LG 2 1g16 : bee eee
Biological Survey. PLATE I.
North American Fauna No, 39, U. S. Dept. Agr.
W6LE
“Uo0jog *F, ysourg Aq ‘eqoyrueyy ‘Arioqiey utoIy Weeds B JO SUIMeLIP Po10[OD WIOI, ‘ozIs [eRanyeU SPIIY}-OM} JnoGy
(‘SNSOSSANY SAGIOd1V.L SANOWOH |) YSHdOH) LEMO0d ZIMIVYd
bes PEPAREMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
HENRY W. HENSHAW, Chief
or eee ere tt
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA INSo.. 39
[Actual date of publication, November 15, 1915]
REVISION OF THE POCKET GOPHERS OF THE GENUS THOMOMYS
BY VERNON BAILEY
CHIEF FIELD NATURALIST, BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
WASHINGTON _ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAYT:
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BurEAv OF BIoLoGicaL SURVEY, Washington, D. C., April 29, 1915.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for DAL ation as North American Fauna No. 39, a revision of the pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys, by “Tenner Bailey, chief field naturalist of the Biological Survey.
Pocket gophers are burrowing rodents which in pursuit of food and in running tunnels often damage crops, young trees, and irriga- tion ditches. Moreover, the heaps of earth ejected from the tunnels not only cover more vegetation than the animals eat, but also obstruct the operation of mowing machines. Gopher burrows frequently penetrate and cut through irrigation-ditch banks, and the escaping water becomes a menace to agriculture and sometimes to human life. The animals are thus of considerable economic importance.
The present paper completes the technical revision of the pocket |
gophers (family Geomyidee), the first part of which was prepared by Dr. C. Hart Merriam and published in 1895 as North American Fauna No. 8. The revision will supply definite information regarding the status and geographic distribution of the several forms, which is important in connection with attempts to control or exterminate
them. Respectiully, — | Henry W. HENsHaw, Chief, Brological Survey. Hon. Davin F. Houston,
Secretary of Agriculture. 2
ee
CONTENTS:
LEEDS eee {H@) CLROY OS ea hs Paes ene “Tur iDAN@e Le] OFS Sa es Oa aN ee ice ae ng ea ee Pree Ee IPM ARNE eee een Ae ees ke) ee ee AL WOSMMOM Gc ke ee a ee af poe eae eam aekemeopiersas 1000 - .. 22-3 ee ee ee eee bees eles ee PeMULE MIRCHI CTMCs ae eo Nees eS et tee 8s LE ee Pa Sea cs ee MecancinOlsOr POCKEL COPNCIS: 2.2222... =. 0-5-2 oi Seen ete See SELES, GIRS ONS NRS al R FPSE eg e e MaomictleehiaraCters.......-.. 2) 222.522 ee ST GRD IOS AAR IN ee Rea! Mine ee ee ee ck oe
melkmowledements.-:-.2.2-- 2.2... soe pe. ig tee en Pp aa he,
SELES LEDUC CPS ok a he a ee a a
Bae Mem AChCIS hae ee ep aie lat ete ke ie eee tyes Gromp relationships. ........-... ..: Pcs Re ELT, as SRE tes aS TANNA PORE LE GEST TRESS TELL: 0) OS ee a P= er eT SLC TG vB TCS AAT AG ea 0109 0s ae eee gg ra a List of species and subspecies, with type localities................-.----- HexaLomrouporor related species. .-..: =... 32 - sees Dees bee es iMewaoriecics amd SUDSPECClES <0... 5... 5252 levee eo ee al se dk ele Description and distribution of species and subspecies. .:....-----.------ A oMOUtY SHOE OIVOTUSIOTOUD s6e2 623 ssa sok se ood ee oe. Bn SR MP OMOULUSLOWUMSCIGL STOMP 2.5 5 Nasa ete er on Del est ee ee INO MUS TUOULE CL OUP RES: rr 52 2 tie Sepa. ta ae BS eee. ME AMIOIIUSIAL PINUS PTOUDS)- <2: 22. es ei Plo apna Se Der PAlldUs CTOUPs 2. 2-202 Seed 2s Sen ee bes eke eee eS EO TELOTELIS. J RUMBLES Ser ROT ane et el ace as ok, oye ee AOU S AEMUTULUSIOTOUP 22 oe oe oe Me Bet ee WGIIO NISC! DOLGCS OTOUD a. 22 ie. ea ee, ea as DRDO NUSHOSSOMOTOU Ps 8 aos Sat eee cent eee We ci eee ay Ehomomys douglast croup... -2:--------.-- Pai ya ae saa eee ae ERO S OR LICOLO STOMP: <2 eS et er ee Sak Seger te es a ea
Renee Sater er 2 er iE NE ES Se ee Be ee SE eS
PuATE I. TI.
Il.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Fre. 1.
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES.
[Plate I, frontispiece; Plates II-VIII, following nage 132.]
Prairie pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides rufescens).
Skulls (ventral views) of Thomomys bulbivorus, T. townsend: townsendi, T. bottx botix, T. perpallidus aureus, T. talpoides rufescens, T. t. clusius, T. idahoensis, T.fossor, T. monticola monticola (and lateral view of monti- cola), T. douglasi douglasi, T. bottx leucodon, T. ocius, and T. umbrinus umobrinus.
Skulls (dorsal views) of Thomomys bulbivorus, T. townsendi townsend, T. t. nevadensis, T. boits botte, T. b. leucodon, T. b. laticeps, T. b. anguluris, T. b. pallescens, and T. altivallis.
. Skulls (dorsal views) of Thomomys bottx pascalis, T. b. minor, T. 6. navus,
T. fulvus texensis, T. f. pervagus, T. perpallidus apache, P. sinalox, T. b. alticolus, and T’. b. russeolus.
. Skulls (dorsal views) of Thomomys perpallidus albatus, T. p. perpallidus,
T. p. perpes, T. operarius, T. p. aureus, T. p. canus, T. latirostris, T. caba- zone, T. alpinus awahnee, T. bottze mewa, T. b. anitx, T. magdalenx, T. a. alpinus, T. jacinteus, T. neglectus, and T. 6. nigricans.
Skulls (dorsal views) of Thomomys fulvus fuluus, T. cervinus, T. f. toltecus, T. mearnsi, T. f. ntermedius, T. f. desertorum, T. baileyi, T. lachuguilla, T. perditus, T. goldmani, T. nelsoni, T. sheldoni, T. umbrinus umbrinus, T. u. peregrinus, T. u. orizabe, and T. atrovarius.
Skulls (dorsal views) of Thomomys talpoides rufescens, T. t. bullatus, T. t. nebulosus, T. t. agrestis, T. t. clusius, T. t. caryi, T. t. pryort, T. quadratus quadratus, T. ocius, T. idahoensis, T. pygmxus, T. columbianus, T. fossor, T. winta, T. bridgeri, and T. quadratus fishert.
Skulls (dorsal views) of Thomomys monticola monticola, T. m. mazama, T. m. pinetorum, T. m. nasicus, T. douglasi douglast, T. d. melanops, T. niger, T. d. oregonus, T. fuscus loringi, T. hesperus, T. d. yelmensis, T. limosus, T. f. fuscus (male and female), T. f. myops, and T. f. saturatus.
TEXT FIGURES.
Map showing distribution of the genus Thomomys...............-.--- 9
. Skins of adult females of Thomomys, showing number and position of
mamme in different groups and species: 1, Thomomys wmbrinus umbrinus; 2, T. bottx bottx; 3, T. fossor; 4, T. talpoides rufescens. . . 12
. Skins of Thomomys, showing waves of pelage during molt: 1, Thomo-
mys talpoides rufescens; 2, 4, T. quadratus fisheri; 3, T. t. clusius... - 19
. Skins of Thomomys showing abnormal pelage conditions, due to tick
bites, mange, or skin disease: 1, Yhomomys fossor; 2, T. fuscus ST LS SLES se Ee I ee et Sa a geo ee 21
. Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomo-
mys: 1, fuscus; 2, loringi; 3, saturatus; 4, myops; 5, columbianus; 6, bridgeri; 7, winta; 8, quadratus; 9, townsendi; 10 nevadensis; 11, canus; 12, monticola; 13, pinetorum; 14, mazama; 15, nasicus; 16, helleri; 17, bulbivorus; 18, hesperus; 19, niga 20, oregonus; 21, yelmensis; 22, melanops; 23, Timosue: ZA SNUG ET Ae eae Se tis en) erie a eee 23
6 ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page. Fic. 6. Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomo- mys: 1, bottx; 2, minor; 3, laticeps; 4, leucodon; 5, navus; 6, mewa; 7, pascalis; 8, angularis; 9, diaboli; 10, infrapallidus; 11, pallescens; 12, alpinus; 13, awahnee; 14, neglectus; 15, altivallis; 16, jacinteus; 17, cabezonx; 18, puertx; 19, perpallidus; 20, albatus; 21, perpes; 22, operarvus; 23, fisher... - 2.23345 -404 2422s eee 24 7. Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomo- mys: 1, apache; 2, fulvus; 3, toltecus; 4, desertorum, 5, texensis; 6, baileyi; 7, mearnsi; 8, lachuguilla; 9, cervinus; 10, sinalox; 11, chrysonotus; 12, nigricans; 13, martirensis; 14, russeolus; 15, magdalenex; 16, anitx; 17, alticolus: ifiesiel ot. ee ee 25 8. Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomo- mys: 1, fossor; 2, agrestis; 3, pervagus; 4, desertorum; 5, aureus; 6, latirostris; 7, chrysonotus; 8, cervinus; 9, intermedius..........-.--.- 26 9. Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomo- mys: 1, umbrinus; 2, orizabe; 3, peregrinus; 4, atrovarius; 5, sheldoni; 6, nelsoni; 7, goldmani, 8, perdituss: =. 22a) es ee 2 10. Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomo- mys: 1, talpoides; 2, rufescens; 3, bullatus; 4, nebulosus; 5, clusius; 6, caryi; 7, pryori; 8, idahoensis; 9, pygmexus; 10, ocius...-.-.--------- 28
No. 39, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. Nov, 15, 1915,
REVISION OF THE POCKET GOPHERS OF THE GENUS THOMOMYS.
By VERNON BAILey.
INTRODUCTION.
Pocket gophers, a group of rodents peculiar to North and Middle America, belong to the family Geomyide, which includes the genera Thomomys, Geomys, Pappogeomys, Cratogeomys, Platygeomys, Ortho- geomys, Heterogeomys, Macrogeomys, and Zygogeomys. The present revision deals only with the genus Thomomys,' which is distinguished from the others by the practically ungrooved surface of the upper incisors. The large fur-lined external cheek-pouches are a family character shared by all genera and species, as are the general habits of living in underground burrows and throwing up heaps of earth along their lines of tunnels. The genus Thomomys includes 88 recognizable forms of 40 species. These vary in size from that of a small mole to that of a large rat, and in color from light buff to yellow and gray, and from many shades of brown and rusty to dusky and even black. All are short-legged, robust, sturdy little animals, with small ears and eyes, and short, smooth hair.
~ Gophers of the genus Thomomys are abundant over almost the entire western half of the United States, in a great area of southwestern Canada, and over much of Mexico (see fig. 1), covering considerably more territory than all the other members of the family together. The various forms do not overlap in range to any great extent, but in the area occupied they are present in almost every locality, and are especially abundant in fertile and valuable agricultural lands. Their burrows are a constant menace to agricultural operations, irri- gation ditches, and reservoirs. Their food is entirely of vegetable matter, and of this roots, bulbs, and cultivated crops are preferred. In destroying crops and fruit trees’they cause a heavy loss to western
1JIn 1895 Dr. C. Hart Merriam monographed the family Geomyide, exclusive of the genus Thomomys (N. Am. Fauna No. 8), and also included a chapter on the anatomy and relationships of Thomomys and a map of the genus without reference to its specife and subspeciic divisions. It was my privilege to assist
him in working over the material for his monographic revision and later I was assigned the task of com- pleting the revision of the genus Thomomys. 7
red NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. NO. 39.
farmers each year, and it is necessary in farming areas to use every possible means of restraining their increase and checking their depre- dations. In wild land, on the other hand, their presence is highly beneficial, not only because they stir the soil and enrich it by burying vegetation under their mounds, but also because they form a net- work of underground channels which aid materially in retaining water and carrying it deeper into the ground. Such of their beneficial habits as have operated for ages in enriching the western soils are far overbalanced in agricultural lands by their destructive habits. On lands newly brought under cultivation it is often necessary to wage an active campaign against gophers, in order to render the crops fairly safe. (See footnote, p. 14.)
The present paper describes the recognizable species and sub- species and defines their geographic distribution so far as at present known.
GENERAL HABITS.
BURROWS.
Pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys are burrowing animals which spend most of their lives underground. The several species have practically the same habits except as modified by environment. They are sturdy little miners, drifting their tunnels on and on in search of food, throwing out little heaps of earth along the lines of excavation, and then quickly closing the doorway. The tunnels vary from about 6 inches to a foot below the surface, and from about 14 to 3 inches in diameter, according to the size of the gopher. The length of the tunnels is practically interminable and their course ~ varies from a winding network to long direct lines.
The character of the burrows is determined by the food supply. A row of potatoes may be followed across a field, or the spreading roots of an apple tree may hold the attention of the gopher for some time. If food is scarce the rows of mounds reach in direct lines for long distances, but when it is abundant they wind back and forth within a limited area. While the males move about more freely at the beginning of the breeding season and there are indications of rare migrations, pocket gophers are evidently the most restricted in their habitat of any of our native mammals. Even moles, which live more completely underground, burrow more rapidly and travel more widely. The whole summer’s line of hills of one gopher can often be seen at a glance. The animals rarely leave an alfalfa or potato field, but hurry across waste places. Under ordinary circumstances, however, a gopher often spends a year on a-single acre, and perhaps the next year on an adjoining one.. Most gophers probably never vet 40 rods from where they were born, but where environment is less favorable and the gopher is more active, he may extend his tunnels for half a mile or possibly a mile during his career.
INTRODUCTION. y to 15 feet apart, mark the lines of the
B2042-122
‘ rear? os
nas DUS : > 4 ty Qe x \. . / b eee N ‘ r e feral ate a { FON Sp ew bh p yj b
' | x Auras bd 2 2 wie een iy A y ane any A oP Se ’ as Ne \ 7 le ») ‘ | Bone ieee Vey mesure ule'| y1 ce
io! \) . pala Bi Bene ) ey ° iy Y
+ he
~ ee (
aligns, \\ inl? Ny
~e
v
, the openings are securely
1915. ]
Little mounds of earth, thrown out as the burrows are excavated,
-and varying in bulk normally from a quart to a bushel and in dis-
tance from a close proximit
Fic. 1.—Map showing the distribution of the genus Thomomys (shaded area).
burrows.
After the loose soil is pushed out
packed with earth and closed from within as a fortification against
enemies.
The entrances are often closed so securely that even the
experienced trapper has difficulty in locating the burrow beneath.
10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39.
Usually, however, the opening may be found by the depression where the last load of earth was left, and the direction of its slope downward determined by the position from which the mound of earth was pushed out. This also serves to distinguish a gopher — _ lull from a molehill, as the mole pushes up the earth from below without making an opening to the daylight. Often the opening is near some plant, as the gopher evidently recognizes a choice species by the root and, following it to the surface, devours or carries it away. : |
These mounds or “gopher hills,’ frequently cover low vegetation; on wild land this serves to enrich the soil, but in fields and meadows they often cover and destroy the growing grain and forage, and also interfere with mowing and harvesting.
FOOD HABITS.
- Gophers of all species of Thomomys are strict vegetarians. Their food consists for the most part of roots, bulbs, tubers, and the most edible and nutritious underground parts of plants, but it includes also much green vegetation from aboveground. As they extend their tunnels gophers find wild onions, liliaceous bulbs, wild potatoes, underground beans, grass tubers, and an endless number of edible roots. These are cut in sections or, if of convenient shape and size, tucked in the pockets whole, and when the pockets are well filled are carried to the diming room -to be eaten at leisure or deposited in the storeroom for future use. When gophers are trapped their pockets usually contain articles of food, sometimes SO much that they stand out on both sides of the head.
The list of plants found in the pockets is long and vanes Sarne of the fleshy desert plants, as cactuses, yuccas, agaves, and sotol are entered from below and the juicy centers eaten out. Wild clovers and a great_many leguminous plants are favorite foods, while grass stems and blades are eaten to some extent. Very small bushes are sometimes cut down near the burrows and the pars eaten, but trees are rarely injured aboveground.
Gophers apparently A not require tae and it is doubtful if. they drink at all. Many desert species uccine for long periods, sometimes a year or more, where they can not get water, but green food and juicy roots evidently supply all the moisture they need.
DAMAGE TO CROPS.
Pocket gophers show a keen appreciation of man’s efforts in agri- culture.and horticulture by resorting to cultivated areas. They revel in potato fields, and one gopher will destroy a long row of the tubers, taking one hill after another from the time they first appear until they are harvested. They quickly attack newly planted areas,
1915.] INTRODUCTION. ifi
and where potatoes are stored in the field they often enter the pits to eat the tubers or carry them away. All kinds of garden vegetables and also most field crops are eagerly eaten, either below or above the surface of the ground. Gophers sometimes burrow up into pumpkins or squashes and eat out the insides without the mischief being detected until the empty shells dry up. They will work all summer in gram fields, cutting and eating the leaves, stems, and erain heads and covering with their hills of earth even more grain than they eat. In alfalfa and clover fields and in grass meadows they destroy both roots and tops and pile their mounds over much of the crop, and in addition, by leaving their mounds full of small stones, they dull and break the knives of mowing machines. Their mischief is perhaps most exasperating in orchards and nurseries, as they often injure or kill choice fruit trees by their underground operations. They are very fond of the roots of apple, pear, and fig trees.
In irrigation areas gophers have an annoying habit of burrowimg through the ditch banks and letting the water cut its way cut, of filling up the smaller ditches with their mounds, and of interfering generally with the most efficient use of water. It is reported that in the spring of 1915 their burrows caused two reservoir dams on the Little Colorado River, near St. Johns, Ariz., to give way, causing the death of eight persons by drowning, and damage to crops to the extent of half a million dollars.
WINTER HABITS.
Apparently none of the pocket gophers hibernate, and in spring, as the deep snows melt, their old burrow-molds are seen snakelike over the surface of the ground as evidence of winter activity. They work below the frost and instead of throwing out mounds they tunnel under the snow along the surface of the ground, probably gathering some green plants as they go, and then fill these snow tunnels with earth from their burrows. This earth freezes and hardens and often remains all summer as earth casts of gopher burrows in the snow. The long safe winter under protection of the snow has probably done much to conserve the species and facil- itate their wide dispersal and abundance in high mountains and
northern areas. BREEDING HABITS.
The little known of the breeding habits of Thomomys barely suffices for a few general conclusions. In northern and more elevated portions of the country female gophers usually contain small embryos in June, and early in that month a male and female are occasionally caught in the same burrow. This rarely happens later in summer, and it is evident that only one litter of young is regularly raised in a year. In warmer climates the young are
1G NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. - ENO. 39.
born earlier, and in some regions two litters may be raised. Though I have collected many specimens, I have never seen one younger than the nearly half-grown stage, when they begin to move about, nor have I found specimens of young in any of the museum collec- tions. During July and August many half-grown gophers are
B2043-122 — Fig. 2.—Skins of adult females of Thomomys, showing number and position of mamme in different groups and species. (Exact location of nipple indicated by black dot. Relative position of posterior
pairs often distorted by method of sewing up skin.) 1, Thomomys uwmbrinus umbrinus; 2, T. bottzx bott2; 3, T. fossor; 4, T. talpoides rufescens..
caught im traps, but then they are working in the parent burrow or starting new lines for themselves. A little later old and young are in independent burrows. Eee
The number of young in a litter varies in the different species, as might be expected from the variation in the number of mamme
1915. ‘INTRODUCTION. 13
in the females (fig. 2). In the uwmbrinus group from Mexico, with 3 pairs of mamme, the number of embryos has been recorded as 2 and 3. In other species, with 4 pairs of mamme, the number of embryos has been recorded as 4 and 5, while in the clusius and ocvus groups, with 6 and 7 pairs of mamme, 6 and 7 embryos seem to be the rule. Judging from nearly matured fetuses the young are born helpless and naked, and must remain for some time in the nest while cared for by the mother. Apparently nothing is known of their nests or breeding quarters.
DISPOSITION.
Like all of the family, gophers of the genus Thomomys are pug- nacious and fight man or dog as quickly as they would an animal | of their own size. To the gopher everything that moves is an enemy and is attacked with vicious wheezing and savage bites. The toe of a boot or a stick is seized, and the heavy incisors make deep cuts into wood or quickly cut through leather. The weasel is probably the gophers only enemy of its own size that successfully attacks and masters it in its burrows. The gopher’s vision is extremely limited, and it seems not to see an object until very close, when its instinct of self-preservation suggests prompt attack.
POCKET GOPHERS AS FOOD.
These gophers are not only strict vegetarians, but are in every way cleanly and exemplary in their food habits. Their flesh is tender and well flavored, and were the animals large enough they might be made a valuable adjunct to our meat supply. They have furnished me with many a palatable meal in the mountains when other food was not available, and would have been of great value to early explorers, who suffered from starvation, had a few gopher traps been carried across the mountains and deserts. Two or three gophers broiled over the coals of the camp fire furnish a fairly sub- _ stantial and palatable meal, especially if accompanied by a stew of wild onions and bulbs of the camas. Gophers are hardly large enough to be worth catching for the market, however, but where large numbers must be destroyed to protect crops, some may be utilized for the table. The meat is rather dark and fine-grained, tender, and in flavor not unlike that of the squirrel. Sometimes it is rather strongly flavored with wild onions, but to some this is not unpleasant.
NATURAL ENEMIES.
~ While the underground life of pocket gophers would seem to render them safe from attacks of enemies, yet they are preyed upon by a great variety of animals. Hawks and owls pick up so many of them at their doorways that gopher bones are among the most abundant
14 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
in the pellets of these birds. Coyotes, foxes, and bobcats pounce upon them as they push out their loads of earth, and badgers occa- sionally dig them out. Weasels are probably their greatest enemies, and when one gets into a gopher burrow there is no escape for the occupant. Snakes also prey upon them to such an extent that one common species is known as the gopher snake. The protection of such natural enemies of the gopher as prove least harmful in other ways, notably hawks, owls, weasels, and badgers, is of the utmost importance as an adjunct in the control of what is proving in many
sections one of the worst of our rodent pests.
DESTRUCTION OF POCKET GOPHERS.
Pocket gophers are easily trapped and poisoned, and on limited areas may be reduced to harmless numbers by systematic, intelligent effort. In extensive fields and meadows and along systems of irrigation ditches or reservoirs their control often presents problems of considerable magnitude. The Biological Survey has made special study of the many conditions: under which injuries from gophers occur and of the most economical and efficient means of their control. The results have appeared in several publications of the United States Department of Agriculture. '
GENERAL CHARACTERS.
The short legs, strong frame, and powerful muscles of pocket gophers peculiarly fit them for subterranean life. The long front claws vary considerably in size with the different species, being largest in 7. talpoides and T’. rufescens, which are medium-sized species, and relatively smallest in 7’. bulbivorus, the largest of the genus; but in all they are well adapted to rapid digging. The stout hind feet, with wholly naked, plantigrade soles and stout nails are well adapted to pushing, while the delicate naked soles of all the feet are doubtless of great advantage as a substitute for eyes in an animal which spends most of its life in utter darkness. . Fringes of stiff bristles bordering the fingers and palms evidently assist in holding together the loose earth as it is pushed out of the burrow. The very small eyes and ears are keen at close range, but are of little use in the burrow where most of the animal’s life is spent. The stubby and seemingly rather useless tail is slightly tapering, thinly haired, and often naked near the tip. It probably serves as a substitute for eyes in the animal’s rapid backward progress through its burrow, as has been shown
1 Pocket Gophers of the United States, by Vernon Bailey. Bul. No. 5, Division Ornithology and Mam- matlogy, 1895.
Directions for Destroying Pocket Gophers, by David E. Lantz. Circular No. 52, Biological Survey, 1908.
Harmful and Beneficial Mammals of the Arid Interior, by Vernon Bailey. Farmers’ Bulletin 335, 1908,
Pocket Gophers as Enemies of Trees, by David E. Lantz. Yearbook Separates No. 506, 1909.
4915.1 INTRODUCTION. 15
¢
by Dr. Merriam to be the case witk the very similar and closely related genus Geomys.' The vibrisse are of just sufficient length to span the diameter of the burrow and doubtless serve as a further substitute for eyes.
The general pelage is fine and silky, becoming long, full, and soft in winter in cold climates and again becoming thin and harsh in summer. In the southern tropical or subtropical species the fur, if it may be called fur, seems not to attain the full soft winter coat. The pelage consists of a fine all-plumbeous underfur through which rises a longer, coarser coat with plumbeous base and colored tips which give the dominant shade characterizing the species. This usually varies considerably with the season, in some species becoming much darker in winter, in others much paler. The covering on the underparts is usually much thinner, often allowing the skin to show through. The tail, ears, and tops of feet are but thinly clothed with short, stiff hairs. The small nose-pad is naked. :
The construction of the mouth is such that both upper and lower in- cisors protrude from fur-incased mandibles, allowing perfect freedom for cutting roots, digging in hard earth, or prying out stones without danger of the earth entering the real mouth, which opens vertically well back of the incisors and closes automatically as the incisors are spread wide apart. The fur-bordered lips close in a vertical slit in front of the real mouth or draw back and expose an ample cavity and a thick, fleshy tongue.
The pockets, which give the animal unusual interest, have been the cause of much speculation and misapprehension. Some of the speci- mens first seen by naturalists were stuffed with the pockets wrong side
out, Say’s genus Pseudostoma being based on such a specimen, while -Kuhl’s Saccophorus was based on a specimen showing the pockets in their real position. The use of the pockets is still often misunderstood. They are external invaginated folds of skin, fur lined, and opening along each cheek parallel with the mouth and extending approximately 14 to 2 inches back under the skin of the shoulder. They are very elastic and when empty might pass unnoticed, but when filled they more than double the apparent size of the animal’s head. | have often thrust two fingers half their length into the two pockets of a small-sized gopher, reaching back almost to the middle of the animal’s body. In large species the thumb fits nicely in the empty pocket. In removing a gopher’s skin a thin band of muscle is discovered attached to the apex of each pocket and by it they are drawn back and kept in place. The pockets can not be fully everted without greatly stretching or possibly breaking this muscular attachment, but they can be drawn out so that a large fold of the lining will hang out of the pocket when the animal’s muscles are relaxed. It is a common belief that the pockets are used
1N. Am. Fauna No. §, 16, 1895.
16 - NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. ; [NO. 39.
in carrying earth from the burrows, but such is not the case as, in pre- paring many hundreds of specimens, I have never found earth in the pockets, except for minute particles from roots and bulbs. Other naturalists have given the same negative evidence. On the other hand, the pockets are commonly stuffed full of vegetation. I have often watched the gopher come to the surface, opening a new doorway as he came, and begin to draw down one plant after another, cuttmg and tucking away the sections in his pockets as he drew them down. His motions are quick as a flash, and that the hands are used in filling the pockets is about all one can be sure of. Dr. Merriam found by watch- ‘ing a captive specimen of Geomys that the hands were used for both fillmg and emptying the pockets.1
CRANIAL CHARACTERS.
In Dr. Merriam’s very full discussion of the morphology of the skull in his Monographic Revision of the Geomyidx? numerous figures and illustrations of the genus Thomomys are included. In the present work it is therefore necessary only to mention some of the variations and general characters useful in the separation of the various forms.
In all, the cranium is wide and low, with spreading zygomatic arches for the accommodation of powerful muscles. ‘The mandibles are heavy and irregular, and the incisors above and below are long, curved, deeply embedded tools of labor and weapons of defense. The relative length and breadth of the skull vary greatly in different species: shortening of the total length generally implies a relatively wider skull; elongation a relatively narrower. In some species, however, the rostrum alone is elongated or shortened, in others the braincase varies in length and breadth. The generally wedge-shaped nasals are extremely variable in length and form, especially in form of termination at posterior tips. The premaxillee in some terminate even with the posterior line of the nasals, in others they extend well back into the frontals with pointed, 3 beveled or truncate tips.
The fiitonpenic a furnishes a convenient character for the recogni- tion of many forms, varying from a minute oval to a large quadrate bone covering nearly half the basal width of the skull. In some species, however, it is obscured in old age until completely obliterated in a high sagittal crest, in others advanced age produces no appre- ciable change. The various forms of the line of junction between the base of the zygomatic processes of the maxillze and the premaxille and frontal and lachrymal bones furnish excellent specific as well as group characters. In the umbrinus group the bases of these bones are forked or concave; in most others convex, straight, or doubly curved. There are often good characters in the symphysis of the zygomatic process
1N. Am. Fauna No. 8, 18, 1895. 2Tbid., 33 and 198, 1895.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. 17
of the maxilla and the jugal, but this changes considerably with age and is not much used in diagnoses. The pterygoids have a wide range of variation and furnish excellent characters in many species. The large and concave pterygoids of 7. bulbworus have been used as the main basis for a subgenus ( Megascapheus),! but while unique they certainly do not carry more than specific distinction. The general variation is in elevation or depression of the wings of the pterygoids, wide or narrow, and sharply V-shaped or widely U-shaped fossa. The audital bulle vary greatly in relative size and form, the largest being smoothly rounded and globose, the smaller more elongated and angular. The basioccipital varies greatly in relative length and width, generally becoming narrower as the bulle increase in size and crowd upon its margins. Many slight detailed differences can also be used to advantage as characters. Many excellent characters in the lower mandibles are not generally used in diagnoses, as in most forms there are others more convenient.
DENTITION.
The dental armature of Thomomys is included and fully discussed with the other genera in Dr. Merriam’s revision of the Geomyide. Throughout the genus Thomomys there is surprising uniformity of tooth form and enamel pattern in the molariform teeth; while many minute variations furnish distinctive specific characters, the necessity of studying them with a lens renders them inconvenient for general use, and they rarely serve to separate closely related forms. On the contrary, the incisors furnish conspicuous group as well as specific characters. The angle of the upper incisors to the axis of the skull varies from the very protruding incisors of T. bulbwworus, T. leucodon, and T. umbrinus to the abruptly incurved incisors of T. pygmexus, T. idahoensis, and 7. ocius. A narrow groove near the inner edge of each upper incisor is deepest and most conspicuous in the monticola group, but so slight and obscure in other groups as to be detected only by critical examination with a lens; it is usually most obscure in species with projecting upper incisors. In some species the incisors are rather slender, and in others relatively stout.
SEXUAL VARIATION.
The male in most species is considerably larger than the female and its skull is heavier, more angular, and more heavily ridged in old age. This sexual difference is greatest in the bottz group and apparently least in the monticoia and fuscus groups, but is noticeable in all.
The functional mamme vary in fully adult females of different species from 3 to 7 pairs, usually arranged in 2 pairs of inguinal, 2 or
1 @lliot, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser. III, 190, 1903. Type, Diplostoma bulbivorum Richardson. 2N. Am. Fauna No. 8, 69-108, 1895.
9812 1°—15——2
18 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, ‘ING. 39. -
~ none of abdominal, and 1, 2, or 3 of pectoral. The usual number of embryos ranges from 3 to 7. MOLT. _ e
In the genus Thomomys there seem to be normally two complete changes of pelage during the year, from the winter to the summer coat during spring or early summer, and from the summer to the winter coat in fall. The time of these changes varies in different species and often in the same species with different climatic conditions, and apparently also with the varying physical condition of individuals, as age and bodily vigor. In the northern and more elevated areas © the molt is more pronounced and its progress more rapid, owing to greater extremes of climate; while in the equable climate of the west-coast areas and in the Tropics of western Mexico very gradual and slight change of pelage occurs. The progress of the molt 1s nor- mally from the nose over the head and body to the base of the tail along a crescentic line, a little faster on the back than on the sides. On the belly the molt lags behind and is less reguiar. :
The spring molt is most conspicuous, as each succeeding wave of hair is shorter than that displaced and leaves a dark line of plumbeous basal color exposed on the old hair. The change is a‘creeping process. New hair displaces old on the nose, apparently pushing out the old and worn and taking its place along the line of advance backward and downward. The line is normally a semicircle, but it often becomes distorted by one part progressing more rapidly than another. In some cases the change is complete as it progresses, all the old hair being replaced, but in others the molt is only partial, a thinning or filling-up process, but always progressing along the line in the same way. In spring the first molt wave and often those up to the fifth are but slight changes, a thinning. like the removal of one winter shirt after another, but the final, perhaps fifth or sixth, change to the thinnest summer clothing is a complete change as it progresses. The number of molt waves is not easily determined from specimens, as they often overtake and run into each other. The long winter coat is retained on the rump often until late summer, and the successive molt waves strike against this until the short summer coat pushes ‘it off at the base of the tail just before, or sometimes, in high or north- ern localities, not until, the next winter coat has begun to make its appearance on the nose. There are at least five waves in the spring — molt, as this number appears on many specimens taken in May or June. Those taken later in summer usually show a less number of coats but with more deeply marked division lines due to the combi- nation of several waves into one or more.
The fall molt is different. The winter coat is put on more rapidly with the appearance of really cold weather, and apparently the full change is accomplished in two molt waves that begin at the nose and
1915.) INTRODUCTION. 19
progress over the animal along a semicircular line. The line is not so conspicuous, however, as the longer hair overlaps the short summer coat which it is crowding out, and does not exhibit the plumbeous color along its margin. Often before the first coat has reached the
| B2014-122
Fic. 3.—Skins of Thomomys (U.S. Nat. Mus. specimens) showing waves of pelage during molt.
1. Thomomys talpoides rufescens, male adult, No. 180486, Valley City, N. Dak., May 17, 1912, showing five waves of pelage during spring molt.
2. Thomomys quadratus fisheri, male adult, No. 94411, Ruby Valley, Nev., June 23, 1898, showing four waves of pelage during spring molt.
3. Thomomys talpoides clusius, female adult, No. 160396, Shirley Mountains, Wyo. (8,800 feet altitude) Aug. 21, 1909, showing three waves of spring molt, with coat of previous winter on rump and two waves of fall molt coming in on head: two winter coats at one time.
4. Thomomys quadratus fisheri, male adult, No. 80721, Cottonwood Range, Nev., Sept. 17, 1896, show-
| ing first wave of fall molt back to rump, second wave back to ears.
) base of the tail the second has begun on the nose and is following the
|. first (fig. 3). This seems not to replace the first but to fill up and thicken the coat, while both may increase in length as the weather becomes more severe.
20 - NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39. -
Climatic conditions control the time and nature of 1nolt, but not its general plan. Species from high in the mountains and from well north wear heavy winter coats for a longer time: T. talpoides from October to April; 7. fossor and T.fuscus from October to May; while those from low hot valleys—T. perpallidus, T. albatus, and T. chryso- notus—wear thinner winter coats from about the first of December to the first of March. Species from the California coast show the usual molts, but with slight contrast between summer and winter, and with considerable individual variation in dates of change. The one fully tropical species, 7. atrovarius, from western Mexico, is repre- sented by specimens taken from April 5 to August 3, in most of which one molt line appears across the back, and none shows more than one, while there are several without any trace of molt. This condition is rarely found in any other species in summer pelage and is probably due to the tropical chmate. Specimens showing a molt line seem to be changing from one thin, harsh pelage to another exactly like it, and whether there is any change to a winter pelage in this species remains to be shown by winter specimens.
When the young, which are evidently born naked, are old enough to begin moving about, they have a fine, short coat of silky hair, which a little later becomes longer and more lax as well as finer and softer than in adults, and when they are about half grown the molt begins on the nose and progresses slowly as in adults, with but one molt to adult summer pelage. This change is not completed until the animal is almost grown, and while it resembles the faded and old worn pelage of adults, it can be recognized by its finer, softer texture.
The number and sequence of molt waves can be satisfactorily deter- mined only by a study of living animals as a supplement to the large series of specimens available.
ABNORMAL PELAGE CONDITIONS. ALBINISM.
Albinism is rare in the genus Thomomys, but a number of spec- imens examined are fully albinistic and others partially so. One albino of 7. bottx from San Francisco is in the U.S. National Museum collection, and Townsend speaks of a ‘‘perfect albino’’ presented to him at San Diego.’ Two specimens of T. fuscus in the Biologi- cal Survey collection from Shuswap, British Columbia, are pure white all over. A pure white specimen lacking all of the skull except the front teeth was given me at Scottsburg, Oreg., but the species was not identifiable; it was probably T. niger, a species otherwise known only from pure black specimens. Specimensof T.awahnee from the Yosem-
1 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. X, 177, 1887.
1915.] INTRODUCTION. ol
ite, T. mewa from Fresno Flat, Cal., and 7. pascalis from Fresno, Cal., show large white patches on backs, arms, and breasts, and one of T. yelmensis from Tenino, Wash., shows white patches on one side. The white patches below, on chin, breast, or belly, are often constant and furnish good specific or subspecific characters. Two specimens of T. aureus from Shiprock, N. Mex., are light gray all over from a pre- dominance of white or light gray hairs. One of 7. nevadensis from Battle Mountain, Nev., is hoary over the head and back from a gén- erous sprinkling of white hairs. A specimen of 7. fossor from the Cochetopa Forest, Colo., is also gray over the head and back in the same manner, but this may belong to another series of abnormal color variation, caused by ticks or skin disease (fig. 4).
B2045-122
Fic. 4.—Skins of Thomomys (U.S. Nat. Mus. specimens), showing abnormal pelage conditions. 1. Thomomys fossor, No. 137661, female adult, Arapahoe Pass, Colo., July 5, 1905. The abnormal white specking is probably due to tick bites. 2. Thomomys fuscus fuscus, No. 72949, female adult, Tobacco Plains, Mont., July 8, 1895. The white on head may be due to ticks, mange, or skin disease.
' MELANISM.
~ Melanism is much more common than albinism, as one species, 7’. mger, is known only from pure black individuals, and six other spe- cies are more or less melanistic. In 7. townsendi, from southern Idaho, there are 5 black specimens and 12 of the normal gray. The Biological Survey series contains 36 normal yellow-gray, 18 black, and 10 dark gray individuals. In 7. orizabx, of southern Mexico, 14 out of 16 specimens from the type locality on Mount Orizaba are black. Of 8 specimens of. 7. wmbrinus from Boca del Monte 4 are almost black and 4 are dark brown. In aseries of 11 specimens of 7. atrovarvus, 3 are almost black. One specimen of 7’. peregrinus is fully melanistic, but dichromatism may be rare in the species, as speci- mens from many other localities are normal. In a large series of specimens of 7. alticolus from southern Lower California 4 are so dark
99 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. .
as to be considered partially melanistic. There are two black skins of T.talpoides from Red Deer, Alberta; one of T. rufescens from Fish Lake, in the Turtle Mountains, N. Dak.; one of TJ. fulvus from Trumbull Mountains, Ariz.; one of 7. toltecus from Fairbanks, Ariz.; and several specimens of 7. botte from widely separated localities in California. This is by no means an exhaustive list of melanistic specimens, but merely serves to show how common and widely represented is this variant phase.
Abnormal marking of another type is undoubtedly caused by -tick bites. In many specimens of 7’. fossor from the mountains of Colo- rado, Wyoming, and New Mexico small white specks occur scattered irregularly over the top of head and shoulders, giving the animal a speckled appearance similar to that of tick-bitten Texas horses. The fact that these occur only on the parts of the gophers’ bodies not to be reached by their teeth strongly suggests as their origin the pres- ence of small ticks which engorge and remain attached to the skin long enough to produce sores, which when healed are covered with white instead of normal hair. Gophers with speckled heads are represented from Colorado by specimens from 3 and 7 miles east of Cochetopa Pass, from Hahns Peak, Rabbit Ear Mountains, Elk Head Mountains, Longs Peak, Estes Park, Baxter Pass, and Pearl; from Wyoming, by a specimen from Bridger Peak; from Utah, by speci- mens from the Beaver Mountains; and from New Mexico, by specimens from Costilla Pass, Costilla River (near source), Red River (near source), Taos Mountains, and Twining.
A somewhat similar abnormal condition is found in a few speci- mens of 7. fuscus from northwestern Montana. The top of the head and shoulders becomes gray from a considerable mixture of white hairs. The hair has a thin and unnatural appearance, the result, it has been suggested, of mange or a similar skin disease.
VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION.
The great variety of slight characters and lack of more trenchant characters over a wide range, the abundance and almost continuous dispersal of the genus in this range, and the evident uniform vigor of the whole group indicate that the genus is at the height of its development. It has pushed out from the other perhaps older, more widely differentiated genera of the Geomyide and covered more ter- ritory and produced more species and subspecies than all the rest of the family. In 1895.Dr. Merriam recognized in the Geomyide, ex- clusive of Thomomys, 8 genera embracing 37 species. The genus Thomomys, without even a valid subgenus,! contains at least 88 recognizable forms of 40 species, and occupies about twice the area of the rest of the family. (See figs. 5 to 10.)
1 See first footnote, p. 17.
1915.} INTRODUCTION. 23
Thomomys shows its vigor and adaptability by occupying the terri- tory not inhabited by other more robust members of the family, which
a
al 5 (o)9 Vesti ); : Sy) Nai y
Aca
| B 2046-122 Fic. 5.—Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomomys, and .ocalities at which specimens were collected.
1. fuscus. | 6. bridgeri. 11. canus. | 16. helleri. 21. yelmensis 2. loringi. 7. uinta. 12. monticola. 17. bulbivorus. 22. melanops 3. saturatus. 8. quadratus. 13. pinetorum. 18. hesperus. 23. limosus. 4. myops. 9. townsendi. 14. mazama. 19. douglasi. 24. niger.
5. columbianus. 10. nevadensis. 15. nasicus. | 20. oregonensis.
hold the milder, more luxuriant valleys. It lives in almost every desert valley and rugged desert range of mountains. as well as on the
94 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. : [No. 39.°
semiarid plains and stony slopes of the great mountain ranges, and even up through the mountain forests to timber line and often far
— = = =
hi \
Wi Hye:
i (((( Me \
: AQF Zits
iS)
=
Dee Sy ere ic
B2047-122
Fic. 6.—Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomomys, and localities at which specimens were collected.
1.. bottx. 6. mewa. 11. pallescens. 16. jacinteus. | 21. perpes. 2. minor. 7. pascalis. 12. alpinus. 17. cabezonz. 22. operarius. 3. laticeps. 8. angularis. 13. awahnee. 18. puertz. 23. fisheri.
4. leucodon. 9. diaboli. 14. neglectus. 19. perpallidus.
5. navus. 10. infrapallidus. 15. altivallis. 20. albatus.
above on the peaks and crests of high ranges. That these gophers however, prefer comfortable conditions and thrive on mellow
1915.1 INTRODUCTION. 25
soul and an abundant food supply is shown by the development of more robust species under such favorable environment. All the larger species inhabit rich valley bottoms. The smaller are mainly
ave San aca, | B2048-122 Fic. 7.—Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomomys, and localities at which specimens were collected.
1. apache. 6. baileyi. 10. sinaloz. | 14. russeolus. 2. fulvus. 7. mearnsi. 11. chrysonotus. | 15. magdalenz. 3. desertorum. 8. lachuguilla. 12. nigricans. 16. anitz.
4. toltecus. 9. cervinus. 13. martirensis. 17. alticolus. 5. texensis.
from deserts where food is scarce and conditions for underground life hard and unfavorable.
For unknown reasons there is practically no overlapping in range of either genera or species in the family. This may be due to the
26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. ,
ferocious dispositions of all members of thefamily.. For about 2,000 miles the ranges of Geomys and Thomomys meet across the Middle West from Pembina, N. Dak., to the lower Rio Grande, apparently without actual overlapping. The same conditions occur along the ranges of large and small species of Thomomys, as at Fort Bridger,
Fic. 8.—Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of T’homomys, and localities at which specimens were collected.
1. fossor. 4. desertorum. 7. chrysonotus. 2. agrestis. 5. aureus. 8. cervinus. 3. pervagus. 6. latirostris. 9. intermedius.
Wyo., where 7’. bridgerz is abundant in meadows and the little 7. ocius in sagebrush only a few rods away; at Bear River, Wyo., where T. pygmeus holds the same relation to T. bridgeri; in western Nevada, where the small T. fisheri evidently keeps out in the sagebrush to avoid the big T. nevadensis; and in Idaho, where T. townsend holds the rich bottoms and the little 7. cdahoensis the dry sagebrush borders. Where
4915.) _ INTRODUCTION. D7
T.monticola meets the various forms of the bott# group along the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, and other species along the east slope of the range, the line of demarcation seems to be sharp, without actual overlapping of the species, although one form may lap well past the
GUS af
= oe b> Ut eeeP aS ee Ps . sO 70 5 : ~ Sree
2, ° o D
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d b
f
B2050-122 Fic. 9.—Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomomys, and localities at which specimens were collected.
1. umbrinus. 4. atrovarius. | 7. goldmani. 2. orizabz. 5. sheldoni. | 8. perditus. 3. peregrinus. 6. nelsoni.
other in close juxtaposition, showing an apparent but not real over- lapping of range. The two forms generally occupy different life zones, or different types of ground, or else divide the territory on
28 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
sonie other logical basis. This peculiarity of distribution is exempli- fied by many species and seems to be universal between the slender-
B 2051-122
Frc. 10.—Map showing distribution of certain species and subspecies of Thomomys, and localities at which specimens were collected.
1. talpoides. | 5. clusius. 9. pygmeus. 2. rufescens. 6. caryi. 10. ocius.
3. bullatus. 7. pryori.
4. nebulosus. 8. idahoensis.
and deep-rostrum groups. Further and more carefulstudy, however, is needed to determine its cause.
1915. } INTRODUCTION. | 29
The more nearly related forms generally intergrade or coalesce where their ranges join, some gradually, others abruptly, according to the change of physiographic or climatic conditions.
In Dr. Merriam’s phylogenetic tree of the Geomyidex,! Thomomys is given as one of the lower branches. The great numbers of genera - and species of the family represented in southern Mexico and Central America are spoken of as of the utmost interest in view of the time and place of origin of the family to which they belong.’ If, as seems
probable, the family originated in tropical Mexico and Central Amer- ica, Thomomys has pushed out to the greatest distance of any genus in the family and now reaches from Boca del Monte (near Orizaba), Vera Cruz, Mexico, north to Edmonton, Alberta, and from eastern North Dakota to the Pacific coast.
Over this vast region the species occupy every life zone from the Tropical to the Arctic Alpine, and the greatest extremes of heat and cold, dryness and humidity, light and shade to which the area is sub- ject. Although living underground and being partially nocturnal in habits, the animals respond perfectly to environmental conditions and vary in color according to light and shade, in claws and incisor teeth according to soil texture, in length of fur according to temperature, and in size and form of ears in accordance with length of fur. Thus the great number of recognizable forms is a direct result of the wide distribution and adaptation of a plastic group. Tae temptation to theorize beyond the limits of actual knowledge in treating such a group is difficult to resist.
The boundaries of ranges of the recognized forms follow closely the border lines of known physiographic or climatic areas. Many forms occupy definite divisions of a life zone, or, in some Cases, as on a mountain slope or on several different mountain slopes, extend regularly through a section of two or rarely three life zones, maintaining their boundary lnes with surprising accuracy. On some steep and narrow mountain peaks or ranges, however, a valley species will extend up and down the sides through several climatic zones without undergoing noteworthy change.
Permanent residence in a given region seems necessary for notice- able change of characters, and even very restricted but very strongly characterized areas have developed well-marked forms. Species with the widest range are T. talpoides and T. rufescens of the great plains and prairies of the Saskatchewan and Dakota regions, or T. fuscus and T. fossor of the Canadian Zone areas of the Rocky Mountais. Some interior valley forms also have extensive ranges, but to the south and west, as the country becomes more broken and irregular, the recognizable forms of Thomomys become more numerous and local. California leads in the number of species, partly from its size and
IN. Am. Fauna No. 8, 24, 1895. 2 Tbid., 28.
30 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39.
great diversity of climatic and physical features and partly from the fact that it has been the most thoroughly studied of the Western States. The magnificent series of specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California has not only added to the number of species known in the State, but has greatly helped in defining the ranges of local species and correlating them with the distribution areas.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.
In the present study of the genus Thomomys over 7,300 specimens have been examined. Of these, 4,166 are in the Biological Survey collection and 475 in the other collections of the National Museum. Of the remaining specimens examined, 1,755 are in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 276 in the American Museum of Natural His- tory, 234 in the Field Museum of Natural History, 177 in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 131 in the Stanford University collection, 90 in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia collection, and smaller numbers from the Victoria Memorial Museum, the Pro- vincial Museum of British Columbia, the Kansas University collection, the Oregon Fish and Game Commission collection at Reed College, the California Academy of Sciences collection, the North Dakota Agricultural College Museum collection, and private collections of Mr. E. R. Warren, Mr. Stanley G. Jewett, Mr. W. D. Hollister, Dr. William Bebb, and Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton. |
For the use of this material, which has in every case been most cordially loaned, my appreciation is elsewhere expressed.
All of the types now in America (83 in number) have been ex- amined, and through the courtesy of Mr. Oldfield Thomas a good photograph of the skull of the type of T. umbrinus has been pro- vided and also notes on the old types in the British Museum. Of the eight types not examined, five (7. talpoides, T. umbrinus, T. atrovarwus, T. alticola, and T. anit) are in the collection of the British Museum. Good series of topotypes of all of these have been available for study, and also topotypes of T. bulbivorus and T. douglast, the types of which appear to be no longer in existence. Unfortu- nately the type of T. talpoides is imperfect, lacking most of the skull, but a good series of virtual topotypes have been available for study.
The type of T. botte in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, at Paris, has not been seen, but large series of specimens from the type region have been examined.
The study of this material shows many localities where a few speci- mens would throw much light on the zonal distribution and relation- ships of species, and brings up many problems that can be settled only by careful field study and the collection of specimens at many
1915.1] INTRODUCTION. 31
localities. The distribution maps show many wide areas in which no gophers have been collected and in which the resident species is still unidentified.
The character of the specimens has generally been such as to render the study most profitable. Well-made skins with cleaned skulls, in series sufficient to show variation due to sex, age, and abnormalities, have greatly simplified the task of classification. The skulls of a few specimens collected on early expeditions have been removed and cleaned and for the first time studied in relation to ample material. In this way errors in the former use of names have been corrected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The greater part of the present revision was completed through a study of specimens in the Biological Survey collection, but without the additional material in other museums and private collections the results would have been very imperfect. The friendly assistance and cordial cooperation of the leading museums in the United States and Canada and of private collectors have done much toward making possible the results thus far obtained.
It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. Joseph Grinnell, director of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California; Mr. Gerrit 5. Miller, jr., curator of mam- mals, United States National Museum; Dr. J. A. Allen, curator of mammals and birds, American Museum of Natural History; Mr. Charles B. Cory, curator of the Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History; Mr. Samuel Henshaw, curator of mammals, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Dr. Witmer Stone, curator of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and Prof. J. C. Branner, in charge of the biological collections at Stanford Univer- sity; not only for the use of the large collections under their care, but for courtesies and assistance in working on the collections at these respective museums. For the use of specimens borrowed I am indebted to Mr. Francis Kermode, curator of the Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia; Mr. P. A. Taverner, of the Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Ontario; Prof. C. D. Bunker, in charge of the collection of the Kansas University Museum; Prof. William B. Bell, of the North Dakota Agricultural College; Dr. B. W. Evermann, director of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences; Mr. William L. Finley, of the Oregon Fish and Game Commission; and Prof. John F. Bovard, in charge of the University of Oregon Museum. To private collectors my thanks are especially due to Mr. E. R. Warren, Mr. Stanley G. Jewett, Dr. William Bebb, Mr. W. D. Hollister, and Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton.
32, NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39. .
Genus THOMOMYS Wied.
Thomomys Wied, Nova Acta Acad. Ces. Leop.-Carol., XIX, pt. 1, 378, 1839. Type, Thomomys rufescens Wied. .
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Upper and lower molars with both anterior and posterior enamel plate always present. Upper incisors with plain, slightly rounded ante- rior surface, a minute groove near inner edge of each. Insome species, notably T. bulbivorus, T.lewcodon, and T. umbrinus, the groove is very obscure and can be detected only with a lens; im others, especially the monticola group, it is relatively deep, well defined, and readily seen with thenaked eye. Inspecies where the nner groove is obscure there is often a trace of a median line of depression along the front of the incisor, but it is a mere trace, difficult to detect and not sufficiently constant to serve as a diagnostic character. Fore feet relatively much slenderer and claws lighter than in other genera of the family, but claws long and well adapted to burrowing.
GROUP RELATIONSHIPS.
In the present paper the species are arranged so far as possible in accordance with their relationships. There are no superspecific divi- sions of sufficient value to be accorded subgeneric rank, but related species have characters in common which distmguish them as a group from other groups.
The lower outline of the rostrum is the strongest division character, and this, though slight, seems clearly to separate two great groups. In one group the rostrum is deep and heavy in side view, and its lower outline slopes rather evenly from the anterior base of the upper molars to near the base of the incisors. This group includes 7’. bulb- worus, T. townsendi, T. botte, T. alpinus, T. perpallidus, T. fulvus, T. umbrinus, and related species. In the other group the rostrum is relatively slender in side view and its lower outline is abruptly arched in front of the upper molars. This group includes T. talpoides, T. fossor, T. douglas, T. monticola, T. fuscus, and related species. In the text this division falls on page 96, the slender-rostrum group beginning with T. talpoides and continuing to the end. The species of these two groups seem not to intergrade.
HEAVY ROSTRUM GROUPS.
In the heavy rostrum groups are seven divisions, not all of equal distinctness.
Thomomys bulbivorus stands by itself because of its concave ptery- goids, small claws, and peculiar fur; but it is not very distant from the bottz group with which it agrees in arrangement of mamme in 4 pairs.
1915.] | GENUS THOMOMYS. 33
The townsendi group also stands close to the botte group, as shown by the number and arrangement of mamme; projecting, obscurely grooved incisors; and short, wide skull. °
The bottx group is large, variable, and not sharply separated from the perpallidus and fulvus groups; all of them agree in number and arrangement of mamme, short ears, and many other characters. All the forms except T. magdalenx and T..b.russeolus are dark or light ochra- ceous, and it is doubtful whether these two pale forms may not really belong to the perpallidus group, with which they agree in distinctly erooved incisors.
The alpinus group includes long, narrow-skulled, dark-colored, rather large-eared forms from high up in separate mountain ranges. The mamme are as in the bottz group. The incisors are abruptly decurved and distinctly grooved.
The perpallidus group includes mainly pale desert forms with very small ears, but has no very distinctive group characters. The incisors are abruptly decurved and distinctly grooved.
The fulvus group includes several mountain forms of rather bright tawny shades, and paler tawny valley forms in the surrounding country. Some strongly resemble forms of the wmbrinus group, but all have the mamme in 4 pairs (2 of inguinal and 2 of pectoral). The incisors are slightly projecting in some species. All are distinctly orooved.
The umbrinus group is characterized by 3 pairs of mamme (2 of inguinal and 1 of pectoral); by relatively short, wide skulls; by pro- jecting, obscurely grooved incisors; and, in most species, by indented or straight anterior base of zygomata.
SLENDER ROSTRUM GROUPS.
In the slender rostrum groups are five subdivisions, none very strongly marked, but all with distinctly grooved incisors.
The talpoides group is best characterized by 6 pairs of mamme (2 of inguinal, 2 of abdominal, and 2 of pectoral), by medium-sized ears, and by general gray coloration.
The fossor group is distinguished by 5 pairs of mamme (2 pairs of inguinal and 3 of pectoral) and by generally brownish coloration. _ In the three mountain forms the ears are rather large, but in the two _ valley forms (7. quadratus and T. fisheri) the ears are very small.
The douglasi group and the two following are distinguished by 4 pairs of mamme (2 of inguinal and 2 of pectoral).
The monticola group is very similar to the douglasi group, but has shghtly larger and more pointed ears and generally more slender skulls.
The fuscus group is distinguished by very small, pe ears and light brown color.
98121°—15——_3
84 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39.-
List of Species and Subspecies, with Type Localities. .
Thomomys bulbivorus group (pp. 40-42):
Thomomys bulbivorus (Richardson)... . . Portland, Oreg. Thomomys townsendi group (pp. 42-45):
Thomomys townsend: townsendi (Bach-
MAID) oto ene ae eae ems Canes oe Nampa, Idaho (?). townsendi nevadensis Merriam....... Austin, Nev.
Thomomys bottxe group (pp. 45-63):
Thomomys bottx# botte (Eydoux & Ger-
Wials))=.2 2 bi atpeta ye ee hee ee ee ‘‘Coast of California.”’ bottzlaticeps Baird. 2a) ese Humboldt Bay, Cal. botte leucodon Merriam........---- Grants Pass, Oreg. botize navus Memranmt.- 509.20 ee Red Bluff. Cal. botte mewa Merriam.....-.....---- Raymond, Cal. boliz minor Bailey 24. - wae eee Fort Bragg, Cal. boitz diabola Grinnell... --:-2.:2--- Diablo Range, Cal. bottx angularis Merriam........-.--- Los Banos, Cal. bottxe pascalis Merriam..........--- Fresno, Cal. bottx pallescens Rhoads. .....-....-- Grapeland, Cal. bottx infrapallidus Grinnell......... Carrizo Plain, Cal. botte nigricans Rhoads........-.---- Witch Creek, Cal. botts puerte Grinnellae 255-24 La Puerta, Cal. botix-antia Adlens- poses see nore Santa Anita, Lower California. botte aliicolussAVlen= 2) : Sierra Laguna, Lower California. bottse russeolus Nelson & Goldman.. San Angel, Lower California. magdalenxe Nelson & Goldman... .. Magdalena Island, Lower California. . aliwallis Rhoadse=26- eee eee San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. Thomomys alpinus group (pp. 63-68): Thomomys alpinus alpinus Merriam..... Mount Whitney, Cal. alpinus awahnee Merriam......-...- Yosemite Valley, Cal. MEGUECLUS DAllOVe a - eae ee . San Gabriel Mountains, Cal. jacinteus Grinnell & Swarth........ Round Valley, San Jacinto items. Cal. WATT CENSUS AU OMe sane ae eee ee etree San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.
Thomomys perpallidus group (pp. 68-80): Thomomys perpallidus perpallidus Mer-
THAT 24 6 BS 5 PAS A eo es Na Palm Springs, Cal. perpallidus albatus Grinnell....--.- Near Pilot Knob, Cal. perpallidus chrysonotus Grinnell.... Ehrenburg, Ariz. perpallidus perpes Merriam.....---- Lone Pine, Cal. perpallidus canus Bailey....------- Deep Hole, Nev. perpallidus aureus Allen. ...------- Bluff, Utah. perpallidus apache Bailey. .-..-.----.- Lake La Jara, N. Mex. cqbezone#, Mermam..25-24-t osen ase Cabezon, Cal. OperariusMieniam. = eee ere Keeler, Cal. latirosinis;) Mera: 225 =) eae ene Tanners Crossing of Little Colorado
: River, Ariz. cerdinus Alien: sit ai. hie: Melee Phoenix, Ariz.
sinalow Merriam:253: 522 aaeek == Altata, Sinaloa, Mexico.
1915.] GENUS THOMOMYS. 35
Thomomys fulvus group (pp. 80-89): Thomomys fulvus fuluus (Woodhouse)... San Francisco Mountains, Ariz.
fulvus pervagus Merriam....---.... Espanola, N. Mex. fulvus desertorum Merriam........-- Mud Spring, Detrital Valley, Ariz. fulvus intermedius Mearns.....--.-- Huachuca Mountains, Ariz. Weious texensis Bailey 25.22.22 5-.-- Davis Mountains, Tex. muiusetoliccus Allen... . 222.22... Colonia Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. MICOGNS IAW 0 a2 ee Nee 8 Tee Animas Valley, N. Mex. GarleuveMierrmiany. ~. 2.025. 222222. -22 Sierra Blanca, Tex. facimoutiian Batley 2.0.25. 2: El Paso, Tex.
Thomomys umbrinus group (pp. 89-96): |
Thomomys umbrinus winbrinus (Rich-
FICISOIN) oyccc gs a ae ae ae eee Boca del Monte, Vera Cruz, Mexico (?). umbrinus orizabe Merriam.........- Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico. umbrinus peregrinus Merriam....-- Salazar, Mexico, Mexico. melsonaMleriam:. ..2......- 2.222: Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico. SHEGONEMODIS.. 3202 a8. 26 2s bet Santa Teresa, Tepic, Mexico. goldmanit Merriam......-......--- Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. perditus Merriam........-.......-- Lampazos, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. GrovariisvNilen nisl Soo s ee 2 Tatemales, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Thomomys talpoides group (pp. 96-110): Thomomys talpoides talpoides (Rich-
FUISCI ic. 3-5) eg ee ee Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, Canada. talpoides rufescens Wied.......-.-- Fort Clark, N. Dak. talpoides. clusius Coues: 2. 2---.-- Bridgers Pass, Wyo. talpoides bullatus Bailey......---- Powderville, Mont. talpoides nebulosus Bailey....-...- Sand Creek (Black Hills), Wyo. nalpondes cary? Bailey... .....--- - Big Horn Mountains, Wyo. taupoides pryort Bailey :.-..2. 2. : - Pryor Mountains, Mont. talpordes agrestis Merriam... .----- Medano Ranch, San Luis Valley, Colo. coummoianus Bailey... ........---. Touchet, Wash.
OCS NG sain Fort Bridger, Wyo. idanoensis Merriam. ...........-.- Birch Creek, Idaho. ugiiecis Merriam... 2... .--- Montpelier Creek, Idaho. Thomomys fossor group (pp. 111-116): ihomomys jossor Allen.......22..2.-2: Florida, Colo. buidecn Mermam:-....5.........- Fort Bridger, Wyo. | MugnieNentlaml. sh. ee. Uinta Mountains, Utah. | quadratus quadratus Merriam. ...-- The Dalles, Oreg. | quadratus fishert Merriam. .......- Beckwith, Cal. |
Thomomys douglasi group (pp. 116-121): Thomomys douglasi eougias (Rich-
2 IPG SION) Sy Sas a ea a ae Fort Vancouver, Wash. ) ian, oregonus Mierriam= 1.42 Oregon City, Oreg. douglasi yelmensis Merriam. ...... Tenino, Wash. douglast melanops Merriam. ...... Olympic Mountains, Wash. y mosis Memiam.:. 2.0... 2....--- White Salmon, Wash. Mmcr MeTmtam 6k Sk Seaton, Oreg.
Thomomys monticola group (pp. 121-126): Thomomys monticola monticola Allen.. Mount Tailac, Cal.
monticola mazama Merriam........ Anna Creek, near Crater Lake, Oreg. monticola pinetorum Merriam. . . - - Sisson, Cal. monticola nasicus Merriam. ...-. - - Farewell Bend, Deschutes River, Oreg.
monticola hellert Elliot........---. Goldbeach, Oreg.
386 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Thomomys fuscus group (pp. 126-131):
Thomomys fuscus fuscus Merriam... -- - Head of Big Lost River, Idaho. fuscus saturatus Bailey-...------- Silver (near Saltese), Mont. juscus loringiisaileyeaiee «see. South Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. fuscus myops Merriam. .....---.-- Conconully, Wash. hesperus Merriam ues. hee a. ao Tillamook, Oreg.
Key to Groups of Related Species.
a1, Rostrum deep and evenly sloping in front of upper molars. b1. Pterygoids concave on inner surface and convex on outer; mamme in 4 pairs,
bulbivorus group (p. 40). b?. Pterygoids flat and straight.
cl, Mamme in 3 pairs (inguinal, 2-2; pectoral, 1-1)...... umbrinus group (p. 89). c?, Mamme in 4 pairs (inguinal, 2-2; pectoral, 2-2). d'. Skull short and wide; color mainly dark or light ochraceous,
botteze group (p. 45). d?. Skull not conspicuously short and wide.
e!, Skull long and marrow color dark222325--545442eeee alpinus group (p. 63). e?. Skull not conspicuously long and narrow; color mainly pale. jf. Color pale buffy yellowish, or gray and black. g'. Color buffy or yellowish (except apache)... perpallidus group (p. 68). g?. Colorgray:and black=: 2 433.22 ee eee townsendi group (p. 42). j?. Color tawny (light or dark tawny): 525: 5222-45" fulvus group (p. 80). a2. Rostrum slender, abruptly arched in front of upper molars. b1. Mamme in 6 pairs or more (inguinal, 2-2; abdominal, 2-2; pectoral, 2-2), } talpoides group (p. 96). b?, Mamme in 4 or 5 pairs.
cl. Mammee in 5 pairs (inguinal, 2-2; pectoral, 3-3)....-...- fossor group (p. 111). c?, Mammee in 4 pairs (inguinal, 2—2; pectoral, 2-2). d!, Ears rather large and rounded at tips...........-.- douglasi group (p. 116). d?, Fars large or small and pointed at tips. e!. Ears relatively large and pointed...........--- monticola group (p. 121). e*, Ears relatively small and pointed..............-..- fuscus group (p. 126).
-—Key to Species and Subspecies of Thomomys. [Measurements in millimeters.]
a}, Size large; hind foot of ¢ 38 or more. b1. Color uniformly dark sooty brown above and below; hind foot of ¢ 40 or more, bulbivorus (p. 40). 6?. Color gray or black (dichromatic); hind foot of ¢ 38, of Q 35. c!. Color in gray phase dark buily gray (23-52 5. oe eae eee townsendi (p. 42). c?. Color in gray phase light buffy gray .......-..-...- 2 eae nevadensis (p. 44). a?, Size medium or small. b1. Size very small, hind foot of ¢ averaging 26 or less; color buffy gray or brown. ce}. Color buffy gray.
d'. ‘Hind foot of o averaging 262). 2. . 222) 22ers ocius (p. 107),
a2. Hind foot, of 6 averaging.23-. 32-4422 54 5 ee idahoensis (p. 108). c?. Color light brown.
d', Hind foot of jf averaging 25-22-2222 -2- see myops (p. 130).
d?, Hind foot of g averaging 22 (smallest of the genus).-.--- pygmeeus (p. 109).
1915.1 GENUS THOMOMYS. 837
6?. Size medium, hind foot of ¢ averaging over 26 and under 36. e!. Color brown, mainly cinnamon-hazel, chestnut,.or russet. — d'. Color dark and rich browns. el. No conspicuous black on nose and face; hind foot of ¢ about 30,
limosus (p. 120). e?. Much blackish on nose and face.
Ge prze smaller. hind foot of ¢ about27uai.2..l<S ee) - hesperus (p. 131). f?. Size larger, hind foot of ¢ about 29. g:. Skull with very small oval interparietal........-- melanops (p. 119). g?. Skull with large triangular interparietal.............. helleri (p. 126).
d?. Color light, or bright or dull browns. e!. Ears small but pointed and well formed. ae aoe light brown; hind foot of ¢ about 27. Eesuohtiy paler: molars dishter.. 05:2 ist sees! ...-.fuscus (p. 126). 2y slightly darker; molars heavier. ii2..-2.:2:..- --loringi (p. 129). if: "Color duller and devin: shades of browne size ees g. Skull very long and narrow; hind foot of ¢ about 29.saturatus (p. 128). g?. Skull relatively short and wide. hi. Incisors projecting beyond tip of nasals; hind foot of ¢ 29,
id pryori (p. 104). h?. Incisors not projecting beyond tip of nasals.
i, Nasals truncate at posterior tip; hind foot of ¢ 27 quadratus (p. 114). 7. Nasals emarginate at posterior tip; hind foot of ¢ 28,
: caryi (p. 104). e?. Ears relatively long and pointed.
f?. Color dull brown.
g:. Size larger, hind foot of ¢ averagirz 33_.......-.-.- bridgeri (p. 112). g?. Size smaller, hind foot of ¢ under 33. i}. Bulle large; posterior tip of nasals rounded........ fossor (p. 111).
k?. Bullze smaller; posterior tip of nasals emarginate..-.-uinta (p. 113). f?. Color bright, warm browns. g'. Size larger, hind foot of male averaging about 30. hM, Skull relatively short and wide; interparietal triangular, oregonus (p. 117). h?, Skull long and narrow; interparietal small and oval.
. Zygomatic arches widest anteriorly...-..-- ...-douglasi (p. 116). ' @. Zygomatic arches widest posteriorly. ......-- yelmensis (p. 118). g?. Size smaller, hind foot of ¢ about 28 or less. h+. Color russet; bulle full and rounded..........--- mazama (p. 123). h?. Color hazel; bull relatively small and angular. . Color dull hazel; braincase very narrow....--- monticola (p. 121).
72. Color more yellowish hazel; braincase wider. 7. Nasals longer and conspicuously widened anteriorly, nasicus (p. 125). 7. Nasals shorter and merely cuneate ...--..- pinetorum (p. 124). c. Color not distinctly brown, but of various shades of ochraceous, tawny, buff, gray, umber, or black. d. eect strongly ochraceous. . Incisors projecting conspicuously beyond tip of nasals. uy 1. Color dark ochraceous, clouded with dusky in winter.
g'. Size large, hind foot of 3 averaging 33......-.-.------ bottze (p. 45). g’?. Size smaller, hind foot of ¢ not over 30. ee olor darker than. iV ea. 5 os fais eee sae minor (p. 51). fColor behter than Ut. ote - tanta et 3 a diaboli (p. 51).
38 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. fa AL NOS 39.
f?. Color light, bright, or rusty ochraceous. g'. Color light or bright ochraceous. h}. Color bright ochraceous; skull heavy and angular, angularis (p. 53). h?. Color pale ochraceous; skull not heavy and angular,
; infrapallidus (p. 55). g’. Color rusty ochraceous.
h!. Incisors heavy and not greatly projecting. ......-. laticeps (p. 46). h?. Incisors slender and greatly projecting. a. Hind footer g30' to s3e oe. es ee leucodon (p. 47). 7. Hind foot of ¢ 27 to:30!32 3 20.) eee navus (p. 49).
e’. Incisors not projecting conspicuously beyond tip of nasals. jf}. Color light ochraceous. g'. Size large, hind foot of 3 averaging about 32.
M, Bulle large; skull short and wide...-.-.......-... pascalis (p. 54). h?. Bulle small; skull long and narrow..........-- pallescens (p. 55). g?. Size smaller, hind foot of ¢ averaging 30 or less. h*. Underparts butfy or whitish 92.2 3 eee cabezone (p. 76). }?, Underparts light ochraceous: 2222222) seas puertz (p. 58). jf?. Color dark ochraceous, or ochraceous heavily clouded with black. g'. Size large, hind foot averaging 34...................altivallis (p. 62).
g’. Size medium or small. h. Size small, hind foot of ¢ about 27. =a) Skull narrow. :. 22.0 22 ee ee awahnee (p. 64). ?. Skull wide. 22.22) 4..2.. ae mewa (p. 50). h?. Size medium, hind foot of 3 averaging 30-32. “, Dorsal outline of skull arched, rostrum decurved. 7. Interpterygoid fossa wide, not sharply V-shaped,
apache (p. 75). 7. Interpterygoid fossa narrow, sharply V-shaped.
ki, Throat usually white, interparietal large and quadrate, alpinus (p. 63). k?, Throat rarely white, interparietal small and often triangular.
it. “Premaxille wide... 5.22202 ee alticolus (p. 60). ??, Premaxille narrow. m!. Skull very long and narrow. ....-- martirensis (p. 67). m*. Skull not very long and narrow. ..... nigricans (p. 56).
#?, Dorsal outline of skull straight, rostrum not decurved.
7. Zygomatic arches widest posterior to middle; nasals emarginate,
neglectus (p. 65).
j.2 Gygomatic arches widest anterior to middle; nasals usually
trumcate.. 2.22 se. chest 2c) eee eee eee Le US (0-0):
d.? Color not strongly ochraceous. : e.1 Color tawny, varying from dark to bright and pale tawny. jf. Size large, hind foot of 3 averaging 31 or more. g'. Color bright tawny.
ht, Pail, feet, and belly well haired -<\!.723-= 2 =eeee pervagus (p. 82). h?. Tail, feet, and belly very thinly haired. 7'. Skull short and wide. -...-..22-2-2--- == sinaloz (p. 80). 7. Skull long and relatively narrow--2--- 2-1 oes anitze (p. 59). g’. Color dull tawny, bordering on buffy and fawn. hi. Hind foot of g averaging 34 or more: _- 2.222.522: cervinus (p. 79). h?, Hind foot of 3 averaging about 31 or less. e. Color dull tawny. 33/57 s.c2 eee ee ee toltecus (p. 86).
7: Color yellowish tawily esc see eee es pa baileyi (p. 87).
1915. ] GENUS THOMOMYS.
f?. Size smaller, hind foot averaging 30 or less. g'. Color dark tawny, clouded with black in winter pelage.
Ue THITICRaOtOl Ge ADOU L022 5)s251 5 <--biesiee Soh s fe 2 - fulvus (p.
h?. Hind foot of ¢ about 27. u. Color dark, bordering on umber ...........-. intermedius (p. ?. Color brighter with less black on back.......... texensis (p.
g?. Color bright or pale tawny. h'. Color very bright tawny. v'. Incisors not conspicuously protruding beyond nasals,
desertorum (p.
7. Incisors conspicuously protruding beyond nasals.
Giese belly palortawiyee 222 aie i ei eed Oe nelsoni (p.
j?. Belly white or yellow. ch Belly white 322-22 .2 4: Bh ey seg Le goldmani (p. hee Belly -yellows<sa-5 -4- sae 1s de: BEE ae mearnsi (p.
h?. Color pale tawny. u. Color brighter, more buffy tawny............ lachuguilla (p. i. Color duller, more grayish tawny......-......-- perditus (p. e?. Color not tawny. j*. Color buff or orange, varying from light buff to rich orange-buff. g'. Color bright orange-buff or buffy yellow.
h’. Size large, hind foot of type (¢ ad.) 36........ magdalene (p.
h?. Size smaller, hind foot not over 33. u'. Zygomatic arches abruptly constricted posteriorly,
operarius (p. ’
?. Zygomatic arches not abruptly constricted posteriorly.
fe SrOStrull Mery Wroad 2. Se Lele latirostris (p. Byes rostrum less broad. .-2 22-222. so2--41-.-- See aureus (p. g°. Color buff or grayish buff. h'. Color grayish buff. fomoize Jaree. hind. foot of g. about 33....---..--.:-- canus (p. #. Size smaller, hind foot of ¢ about 30.............- perpes (p. h?. Color clear yellowish buff. u. Size large, hind foot of ¢ averaging 34.......--. albatus (p. '
?. Size smaller, hind foot of ¢ about 30.
7. Nasals conspicuously truncate posteriorly. ..-russeolus (p.
7, Nasals usually slightly emarginate posteriorly.
cola marrow.and slender. =. 2 202 - perpallidus (p. (eS Skalltshort and wide: +4222 7.22222: chrysonotus (p.
f?. Color not buff or orange. g'. Color gray, varying from light to dark brownish gray. h’. Color dark brownish gray; claws stout; ears larger. H, Audital bulle long but not full and rounded. 7), Skull not heavily ridged in old ¢, hind foot about 30,
talpoides (p.
72, Skull heavily ridged in old ¢&, hind foot about 31,
rufescens (p.
7, Audital bulle full and rounded.
39
96).
98).
7 Color telter, pullee largers---ss2s---ces-- = - bullatus (p. 102). 42, Color darker, bulle smaller._.............. nebulosus (p. 103). h2. Color light brownish gray or pale gray; claws slender; ears smaller.
2. Audital bulle large and globose.
em@oloryery pale:perayecness. sa s2 ot 3 ee = agrestis (p. 105). fa COLT ROL SO Pale eTay= so. .+ see so eee clusius (p. 100).
40 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39. °
#, Audital bulle relatively narrower. j'. Size larger, hind foot of ¢ about 28... .columbianus (p. 106). 7, Size smaller, hind foot of ¢ about 26 ..._..... fisheri (p. 115). g’?. Color not gray, but dark or light umber or black. ' h}, Incisors abruptly decurved, inner groove conspicuous; color always black.22f) 2.22) oo) Ae eee 3 eae niger (p. 121). h?, Incisors conspicuously projecting beyond nasals, inner groove very obscure; color not always black. : v. Color generally black (dark umber in a few individuals), orizabe (p. 90). #, Color dark or light umber (black in a few individuals). 7. Color dark umber. ki. Feet, tail, and belly almost naked... ....atrovarius (p. 95). k?. Feet, tail, and belly with normal covering of hair. 1+. Skull very short and wide; color very dark, umbrinus (p. 89). 22. Skull less short and wide; color bright. -peregrinus (p. 91). 9g, Colorlight umber"s 2 2 eee sheldoni (p. 93).
Description and Distribution of Species and Subspecies. Thomomys bulbivorus Group. THOMOMYS BULBIVORUS (RicHarpson).
Camas Pocket GOPHER (Camas Rat of Richardson). (Pl. II, fig. 1; Pl. II, fig. 1.)
Diplostoma bulbivorum Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 206, 1829.
Geomys bulbivorus Richardson, Ann. Rept. Brit. Assn. for 1836, VI, 150, 1837.
Ascomys bulbivorus Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 388, 1843.
Pseudostoma bulbivorum Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am., IIT, 337, 1854.
Geomys (Thomomys) bulbivorus Giebel, Siug. 530, 1855.
Thomomys bulbivorus Brandt, Beit. Kennt. Saug. Russl., 188, 1855.—Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 56, April 28, 1893.—Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 113, Aug. 6, 1893.
Thomomys [sub-genus Megascapheus| bulbivorus Elliot, Field Columbian Mus., zool. ser. IIT, 190, May, 1903.
Type.—Collected on ‘‘Banks of the Columbia River, Oregon,” probably Portland, the only place near the Columbia River where it has since been taken. The type is said to have been in the Hudson Bay Museum, but Oldfield Thomas writes (Mar. 15, 1915) that it is not now in the British Museum collection.
Mstribution.—Willamette Valley, Oreg., from Portland and Forest Grove south to Eugene; west to Grand Ronde (fig. 5).
Characters.—Largest known species of the genus; hind foot of adult male 40-43 mm.; front claws small and weak; external ear merely a thickened rim; tail almost naked; winter coat long and furry; summer coat short and harsh; color dark brown or sooty, nearly concolor above and below; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2, with 4 separate mammary glands.
$$ ae
1915.} THOMOMYS BULBIVORUS GROUP. 4]
Color— Winter pelage: Dark sooty brown, the plumbeous basal color showing through on belly; ears and nose blackish; chin and throat and usually small anal patch white; feet usually streaked or mottled with white. Summer pelage: Washed with rusty brown above and below. Young: Like summer adults but very thinly haired, the skin showing through on belly. | _ Skull—Short and wide with zygomatic arches usually widest posteriorly; rostrum, slender; nasals short, falling considerably short of premaxille at both ends; pterygoids convexly inflated and divided by narrow fossa; bulle rather small and narrow but auditory meatus unusually open or dilated. Dentition rather light; incisors slender, greatly protruding, and usually white tipped; groove on inner edge of upper incisors very obscure.
Measurements.—Average of 5 adult males from Salem and Beaver- ton, Oreg.: Total length, 300; tail vertebre, 90; hind foot, 42. Largest male: 302, 99, 43. Average of 4 adult females: 271, 81, 39. Skull (¢ ad.):1 Basal length, 52; greatest length over incisors, 57; nasals, 19; zygomatic breadth, 36.5; mastoid breadth, 30.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 10.
Remarks.—This is the most aberrant form of the genus, marking either an ancestral type or more probably a highly specialized de- velopment of adaptive characters. Widely separated geographically from the bottz group, with which it shows the closest affinities, it is entirely isolated in the humid, rich-soiled valley of the Willamette.
The object of the projecting incisors becomes evident when these gophers are trapped. During the dry season the soil of the Willam- ette Valley becomes baked and so hard that digging open gopher holes with a small shovel, knife, or sharp stick is difficult, and but for a granular cleavage would be almost impossible. The adobe earth breaks out somewhat as the segments of a pomegranate, but in coarser granules. Evidently the little irregular clay balls mak- ing up the gopher hills are pried out with the projecting incisors, which by long use have become perfect miners’ picks. The upper incisors project actually beyond the tip of the gopher’s nose and at a convenient angle for prying out the earth balls. The lower incisors project equally far but from farther back. The fur-lined lips close behind the incisors, so that no earth can get into the mouth. The short bristly fur surrounding the base of the incisors protects the lips, and leaves the ‘‘pick and shovel’’ teeth free. That the teeth are regularly used for digging is evidenced by the much-worn tips and edges. The white tips are shown by the lens to be due to the wearing away of the yellow enamel surface. The slight inner groove is usually worn entirely away before it reaches the tip of the incisor. It seems
1No. 57322, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Salem, Oreg.
49, | NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 29.
highly probable that the unusually weak front claws of this gopher result from their disuse in heavier kinds of digging.
The subgeneric characters ascribed to this species consist of little more than the convex wings of the pterygoids. While this character is unique in the genus it involves only the form of a weak and variable bone and seems too superficial for more than specific value. As there are no other divisions of subgeneric rank in the genus this one seems of doubtful value.
The large mounds of these gophers have been observed in Oregon at Albany, Cottage Grove, Harris, Lyons, and almost continuously along the roads from Salem to a little south and 12 miles east of Kugene. |
Specimens examined.—Total number, 62, as follows:
Oregon: Beaverton, 12; Corvallis, 1; Eugene, 8; Gaston, 2; Grand Ronde, 3; McCoy, 6; Mulino, 6; Portland, 5; Salem, 20; Sheridan, 2.
Thomomys townsendi Group.
THOMOMYS TOWNSENDI TOWNSENDI (Bacuman). TOWNSEND Pocket GOPHER. (PL. I, fig. 2; Pl. III, fig. 2.)
Geomys townsend Bachman (from Richardson’s MS.), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia, VIII, pt. 1, 105, 1839. Thomomys nevadensis atrogriseus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XVII, 118,
July 10, 1914. Type locality, Nampa, Idaho.
Type.—T ype locality erroneously given as ‘‘Columbia River,” but probably southern Idaho and very probably near Nampa, where — Townsend’s party camped to trade with Indians, August 22, 1834. Type specimen in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
Distribution.—Valley of Snake River in southern Idaho, from American Falls to Weiser (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size very large; ears small but pointed; claws medium; mamme 4 pairs, inguinal, 2-2, pectoral 2-2; color dichromatic, a— dark gray phase and a black phase; skull relatively wide and angular.
Color.—In gray phase: Upperparts dark buffy gray or sooty gray; nose and face blackish; ear patch black; feet and tail soiled gray; underparts washed with rich buff; cheek pouches lined with black and white; chin white. In black phase: Dull, slaty black all over except white patch on chin and toes and usually on lower part of feet. There seems to be little seasonal variation except for a general darkening with wear as the buff tips disappear from the hairs. Two specimens from Caldwell, Idaho, collected May 30 and June 3, are clearer, richer buff than any others and much darker and richer even than any specimens of the subspecies nevadensis. This may be a normal but rare pelage.
1915.] THOMOMYS TOWNSENDI GROUP. 43
Skull_—tLarge and wide with spreading zygomatic arches, narrow nasals and rostrum, and short, wide braincase; sagittal and occipital crests well developed in old males; audital bulle large but depressed to level of basioccipital, rather angular; basioccipital thick and narrow; pterygoids high but short and thickened at margins. Dentition heavy; incisors long and slightly projecting; inner groove obscure.
Measurements.—-Aduit male: Total length, 305; tail vertebra, 100; hind foot, 38. Adult female: 276, 75, 35. These are about average measurements. Skull (3 ad.): ibaa length, 49; nasals, 18; zygo- matic breadth, 35; mastoid breath, 29; inieoronbital Broadus 8; alveolar length of upper molar series, 10.
Remarks.—The type of Bachman’s Geomys townsendi which evi- dently was labeled, not by the collector but after it came into -the possession of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ‘‘ Rocky Mts., J. K. Townsend,” is fortunately still extant. Bachman pub- lished Richardson’s manuscript description of the species in 1839, and stated that it came from the Columbia River. It was a mounted specimen with the skull inside, and its identity has caused much speculation. Through the kindness of Dr. Witmer Stone, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, the type is now before me and the
skull has been removed and cleaned. The type is an immature female
and much faded, but the skull serves to identify the species at once as one which I recently described under the name atrogriseus from southern Idaho. I take pleasure in yielding my recent name in favor of one which for 76 years has been misapplied. In 1834, J. K. Townsend made his journey to the coast of Oregon through southern Idaho, and very probably secured the type of the species named for him near the present town of Nampa, where his party camped August 22 to trade with the Indians.!. The type locality of Thomomys townsendi may therefore be fixed as the vicinity of Nampa, where these large gophers still abound and from which place we have a fine series of specimens.
My atrogriseus was described as a subspecies of nevadensis, but now nevadensis becomes a subspecies of townsend: since the latter is the earlier name. The nearest relationships are with the botte and perpallidus groups, but there is uoivelyyy no direct connection with either at the present time.
Speciumens examvned.—Total number, 63, as follows:
Idaho: American, Falls, 10; Caldwell, 2; Nampa, 19; Payette, 14; Weiser, 4. Oregon: Ontario, 2; Owyhee, 6; Vale, 6.
1Townsend, J. K., Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River, 136, 1839.
44 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
THOMOMYS TOWNSENDI NEVADENSIS Merriam. NEVADA PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. III, fig. 3.)
Thomomys nevadensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 213, 1897.
Type.—Collected at Austin, Nevada (exact locality, bottom of valley about 5 miles west of the town in moist soil near Reese River) by Vernon Bailey, November 11, 1890. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Valleys of central and northern Nevada and south- eastern Oregon, from Austin and Lovelocks, Nev., north to Alvord Lake, Oreg. (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size large; hind foot 35-40 mm.; skull heavily ridged and angular with projecting incisors; colors dichromatic, buffy gray, or black; in the gray phase more buffy and in the black phase more plumbeous than in townsendi; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—In gray phase: Light buffy gray, slightly paler on belly, feet, and tail; nose and cheeks plumbeous; throat white. In black phase: Bluish black or plumbeous all over except white throat and usually white feet. There is often a small white spot on top of head and the white throat patch extends to breast on some speci- mens. Intermediate specimens are bluish gray or mixed gray and plumbeous. “sgh
Skull.—Heavy and angular with long nasals and rostrum; lateral ridges joined in sagittal crest in old males; zygomatic arches wide spreading with sight median constriction; bulle large but depressed to plane of basioccipital and with sharp anterior points; basi- occipital narrowed between bulle; pterygoids high, thin, and arched. Dentition heavy; incisors slightly projecting; inner groove obscure.
Measurements.—Type (& ad.): Total length, 275; tail vertebre, 90; hind foot, 38. Topotype (@ ad.): 255, 82, 35. Skull (of type): Basal length, 44; nasals, 15.5; zygomatic breadth, 31; mastoid breadth, 26; alveolar length of upper molar series, 9.
Remarks.—None of the type series are in the black phase, but in a series of 15 from Battle Mountain 7 are black, 5 are gray, and 3 are intermediate. Other melanistic specimens come from Halleck, Argenta, Winnemucca, and McDermitt, Nev., and Lake Alvord, Oreg. Like townsendi, this gopher inhabits moist fertile valley bottoms and not the surrounding dry sagebrush land. Its range therefore is along stream valleys, and while its close relationship with townsendi indi- cates only subspecific rank, its range is apparently at present not continuous with that form. On the west it is cut off from its next nearest relative—griseus—by the Sink of the Humboldt and its desert margins.
1915.] THOMOMYS BOTTZ GROUP. 45
Specimens examined.—Total number, 93, as follows:
Nevada: Argenta, 1; Austin, 9; Battle Mountain, 15; Big Creek, 3; Halleck, 5; Independence Valley, 1; Lovelocks, 10; McDermitt, 2; Paradise, 8; Quinn River Crossing, 14; Winnemucca, 7.
Oregon: Alvord, 1; Alvord Lake, 10; Tumtum Lake, 7.
Thomomys potte Group. THOMOMYS BOTTA BOTTH (Eypoux & GERVaIs). CALIFORNIA PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. II, fig. 3; Pl. III, fig. 4; text fig. 2.)
Oryctomys (Saccophorus) botte Eydoux & Gervais, Mag. de Zool., VI, 23-24, pl. 21,
fic. 4, 1836.
Thomomys botte Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 335, 1855. Thomomys bulbivorus Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 389, 1857. Not Diplostoma bulbivorum
Richardson.
Type.—Collected on ‘‘coast of California,’ probably at Monterey or San Francisco. Type in “Collection de la Faculté des Sciences,” Paris.
Distribution. Coast region of California, from Sonoma County (Freestone) south to San Diego (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size large, males much larger than females; average of hind foot in males, 33 mm., in females, 28 mm; ears short, a mere thickened rim; color dull, dark yellowish brown, nearly unicolor; skull well arched, heavily ridged, and angular, with slightly project- ing incisors; grooves on inner edge of incisors very small; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color— Winter pelage: Upperparts dark ochraceous, heavily clouded with black-tipped hairs; underparts lightly washed with dull ochra- ceous over the plumbeous underfur, often almost as dark as upper- parts; ear patch, nose, and cheeks blackish; lips and lining of pockets white; tail usually dusky or brownish gray; feet usually white. Sum- mer pelage: Very similar, but slightly brighter, clearer ochraceous.
Skull.—Adult male: Heavy and angular with long, decurved ros- trum; lateral ridges occasionally meeting in very old age in sagittal crest; nasals long, cuneate or slightly spatulate, narrow, and gener- ally emarginate posteriorly; auditory meatus large and slightly inflated; bulla rather depressed and angular; upper incisors project- ing slightly beyond -tip of nasals. Adult female: Much smaller, slenderer, and less ridged than in males, but with the same arched outline, slender rostrum, and projecting incisors.
Measurements.—Average of 5 adult males from near Monterey: Total length, 267; tail vertebrae, 81; hind foot, 33. Average of 5 females: 219, 69, 28. Skull (é ad.):1 Basal length, 45; nasals, 16.5; zygo-
¢
1No. 107856, U. S. Nat. Mus., from near Monterey, Cal.
46 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
matic breadth, 29; mastoid breadth, 24; alveolar length of upper molar series, 9. Skull of adult female (from same locality): 36, 13, 24, 19, 8.7.
Remarks.—In addition to the unusual discrepancy in size of males and females of botte there is a great range of local variation in specimens from widely separated localities. To the south this sub- species passes into pallescens; to the north it intergrades with minor and apparently with leucodon; to the east it grades into the larger bright-colored angularis -of the San Joaquin Valley; and along the eastern side of the valley it runs into the paler pascalis. But in the coast region it is fairly typical from Bodega on the north to San Diego on the south. :
Specimens examined.—Total number, 713, as follows:
California (western): Alameda, 1; Alhambra, 4; Arroyo Seco (Monterey County), 7; Banta, 7; Bear Valley (head of Carmel River), 2; Berkeley, 18; Big Pine Mountains, 2; Bodega, 11; Carmel River, 1; Carmel Valley, 5; Carpenteria, 2; Colma, 1; Cone Peak, 1; Cuyama Valley (Schoolhouse Canyon), 6; Drum Barracks (Los Angeles County), 2; Freestone, 12; Gaviota Pass, 3; Glendora; 6; Half Moon Bay, 1; Haywards, 14; Hernandez (San Benito County), 1, Hueneme, 5; Inverness, 28; Jamesburg, 13; Jolon, 10; Laguna Ranch, 6; La- gunitas, 1; La Honda, 5; Las Virgines Creek, 6; Little Pine Canyon, 1; Los Angeles, 14; Los Gatos, 1; Mansfield, 5; Matilija (Ventura County), 9; Mil- pitas Ranch (south base Santa Lucia Peak), 1; Mono Flats, 9; Monrovia, 1; Monterey (Pacific Grove and Point Pinos), 34; Morro, 2; Mount Tamalpais, 1; Mountain View (Santa Clara County), 1; Nicasio, 84; Oakland, 1; Olema, 1; Pacific Grove, 1; Palo Alto, 44; Palos Colorados Canyon, 2; Pasadena and vicinity, 22; Pescadero, 7; Pine Creek (Bailey’s Ranch), 2; Pine Valley (Monterey County), 7; Petaluma, 6; Pleyto, 6; Point Reyes, 18; Point Sur, 6; Portolo (San Mateo County), 8; Posts, 11; Pozo, 2; Priest Valley, 9; Red- wood City, 27; Salinas Valley, 4; San Diego, 8; San Francisco (Golden Gate), 9; San Jose, 2; San Lorenzo, 1; San Mateo, 2; San Simeon, 2; Santa Ana Can- yon, 4; Santa Barbara, 1; Santa Clara County, 6; Santa Cruz, 6; Santa Cruz Mountains, 1; Santa Inez, 2; Santa Margarita (San Luis Obispo County), 1; Santa Monica, 3; Santa Paula, 1; Soquel (Santa Cruz County), 2; Stanford, 48; Stanford University, 7; Stony Creek (Monterey County), 1; Sur River, 1; Tassajara Spring (Contra Costa County), 2; Tomales, 18; Tracy and vicinity, 25; Twin Oaks, 13; Union Island, 1; Ventura, 5; Walnut Creek, 16.
THOMOMYS BOTTA LATICEPS Barrp.
HumpBoupt Bay Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. II, fig. 6.)
Thomomys laticeps Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 335, Apr., 1855. Type.—Collected at Humboldt Bay, California, by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, February 21, 1855. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus. Distribution.—Coast region of northwestern California, from Smith River south to Eel River (fig. 6). Characters.—Size and general appearance of bottz, but color warmer and brighter and less clouded with black-tipped hairs; skull averaging slightly wider, and nasals especially wider; mamme in 4 pairs.
1915.] THOMOMYS BOTT GROUP. . 47
Color—Upperparts uniform clear rusty ochraceous or almost snuff brown, brighter than in bott# and with less black; underparts light buffy ochraceous, in strong contrast with upperparts; feet and distal half of tail and usually lips and chin whitish. Summer and winter pelage identical in all specimens examined.
Skull—Similar to that of botte, but slightly wider in proportion to length; middle of malar arch more indented; auditory meatus less inflated; lateral ridges not meeting in old males; nasals wide and not sharply emarginate posteriorly. Dentition about the same as in botte or slightly heavier.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 264; tail vertebre, 88; hind foot, 33. Average of 5 topotypes — (2 ad.): 226, 77,30. Skull (of topotype, ¢ ad.):1 Basal length, 43; nasals, 16; zygomatic breadth, 30; mastoid breadth, 23; alveolar length of upper molar series, 9.
Remarks.—The subspecies laticeps is closely related to bottx, but seems not to intergrade directly with it, as a smaller form of bottz comes between. It can stand, however, as a well-marked subspecies. Specimens from the region of Humboldt Bay only are typical, while those from Crescent City are slightly paler. Two from Rio Dell may be grading toward leucodon and a small female from Alton Junction is doubtfully referred to laticeps. Specimens from Cuddeback and Hoopa are clearly intermediate between laticeps and leucodon, but are referred to the latter.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 90, as follows:
California (coast region of Humboldt and Del Norte Counties): Alton Junction,
1; Arcata (on Humboldt eps 49; Crescent City, 10; Eureka, 1; Requa, 6; Rio Dell, 2; Smith River, 2: Table Bluff (on Eimmbold? Bay), 16; Tsenidadd ay
THOMOMYS BOTTA LEUCODON MeErRrR1aAM.
WuitE-TooTHED PocKET GOPHER. (PL. II, fig. 11; Pl. II, fig. 5.) Thomomys leucodon Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XT, 215, July 15, 1897.
Type.—Collected at Grants Pass, Rogue River Valley, Oregon, by Clark P. Streator, December 17, 1891. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Portions of northern California and southwestern Oregon, from Grants Pass, Oreg., south to Fairfield and Placerville, Cal. (fig. 6).
Characters—Smaller, lighter, and brighter colored than bottz; in winter pelage, very similar in color and markings to laticeps, much brighter in summer pelage; skull short and wide, with slender, pro- jecting incisors, which are generally white or white tipped and with obscure inner grooves; mamme in 4 pairs.
INo. 58452, U. S. Nat. Mus.
48 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts uniform dark rusty ochraceous or snuff brown; nose dusky; underparts light buffy ochraceous; feet, chin, and often cheeks and spots on belly white. Summer pelage: Upperparts dark cinnamon; underparts clear bright cinnamon.
Skull.—Low and wide with short, wide braincase, wide-spreading zygomatic arches, widest posteriorly, and wide, quadrate, or trian- gular interparietal; nasals short, deeply emarginate; bulle small; pterygoids narrowly V-shaped. Dentition very light; incisors slender, mainly white or white tipped and projecting far beyond nasals and premaxille.
Measurements.—Type (young 3): Total length, 221; tail verte- bree, 68; hind foot, 29. Topotype (old ¢): 246, 72, 32. Average of 4 topotypes (females): 188, 60, 28. Skull (of type): Basal length, 36; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 26; mastoid breadth, 19; inter- orbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. Skull of topotype (old 3): 41, 15.8, 29, 23.5, 6, 8.
Remarks.—Typical leucodon differs widely from typical bottz, but as the gap is largely bridged by the somewhat divergent characters of navus, and the chain of intergradation between the two extremes is complete, there is ample ground for grouping not only leucodon but navus and mewa as subspecies under botte. Only specimens from the Rogue River Valley can be considered typical of leucodon, but in spite of much variation specimens occurring over a wide range of rough mountain, valley, and foothill country south to Fairfield, Cal., can better be referred to leucodon than to any other form. Skins of Fairfield specimens are indistinguishable from topotypes of leucodon, but the skulls are close to navus. The principal variation — over this range is in a reversion toward the cranial characters of bottze to the southward and a brightening of color in the less humid interior. These brighter-colored specimens are externally very simi- lar to typical fulvus of the San Francisco Mountain plateau region of Arizona, but comparison of skulls shows that the resemblance is only superficial. Specimens from Hoopa Valley and Cuddeback are clearly intermediate between lewcodon and laticeps but are listed under leucodon. 'Those from Cuddeback also strongly suggest butte but are rather small and in this approach mznor.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 313, as follows: |
California: Baird, 3; Battle Creek, 2; Big Valley Mountains, 12; Bartlett Moun- tain, 5; Berger Creek (Mendocino County), 1; Blue Canyon, 1; Briceland, 6; Burney, 5; Cahto, 1; Calistoga, 2; Cassel, 1; Cuddeback, 9; Dana, 4; Downie- ville, 1; Dutch Flat, 2; Edgewood (Shasta Valley), 2; Eel River (head of, near South Yolla Bolly Mountain), 1; Fairfield, 6; Fair Oaks, 13; Fall River Mills, 2; Fort Jones, 1; Fyffe, 5; Gazelle, 6; Genesee, 3; Glen Ellen, 2; Gold Run, 6; Goosenest Mountain (Shasta Valley), 1; Greenville,1; Hayden Hill, 1; - Helena, 26; Hoopa Valley, 7; Hornbrook, 10; Indian Valley (Lassen County), 2; Lakeport, 1; Laytonville, 1; Lower Lake, 12; Mad River, near Kunz (Trinity County), 6; Mountain House (Butte County), 8; Mount George, 1; Mount
1915.] THOMOMYS BOTTE GROUP. 49
St. Helena, 3; Mount Sanhedrin (3 miles west of summit), 8; Mount Veeder, 2; Novato, 6; Old Fort Crook, 20; Petaluma, 3; Picard, 9; Placerville, 2; Post Creek, 2; Prattville, 1; Quincy, 6; Rumsey, 6; Slippery Ford, 4; Snow Mountain (Colusa County), 3; Susanville, 3; Tower House, 5; Ukiah, 7; Vaca- ville (8 miles west), 7.
Oregon: Ashland, 2; Ferren, 3; Grants Pass, 27; Grizzly Peak (west slope), 5.
THOMOMYS BOTTA NAVUS Merriam.
RED PockET GOPHER. (Pl. IV, fig. 3.) Thomomys leucodon navus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 112, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected.at Red Bluff, California, by Clark P. Streator, - December 26, 1893. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Peale stion.
Distribution. Sacramento Valley, Cal., froin Battle Creek, Tehama - County, south to Tracy Lake, San J anes Valley (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size much smaller than bottx; color lighter; skull relatively shorter and wider, with more projecting incisors, interme- diate to some extent between. botie and leucodon; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts light rusty ochraceous, darker on back, face, and nose; ears blackish; underparts pale buffy or ochraceous; feet whitish. Summer pelage (as shown in one July specimen from Marysville Buttes): Slightly brighter and more fulvous above and below than in winter.
Skull.Short and wide with zygomatic arches widest posteriorly; nasals short, cuneate, emarginate posteriorly; bulle not large but smoothly rounded. From the skull of leucodon it differs in smaller size, narrower interorbital constriction, orange coloration and rela- tively heavier incisors. Dentition light; incisors slender, protruding, and bright orange except the white tips.
Measurements.—Average of 4 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 203; tail vertebre, 67; hind foot, 27.5. Average of 4 topotypes (@ ad.): 189, 61, 26.5. Skull (of type, ¢ ad.): Basal length, 35; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth posteriorly, 25; mastoid breadth, 20; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—By treating leucodon as a subspecies of bottx, 1t becomes necessary to place navus under bottz, with which it connects at one angle as it does with leucodon at another. While typical Sacramento Valley specimens of navus are strongly marked, others would go with one form as well as with another. Fairfield specimens may with equal propriety be placed with bottz, navus, or leucodon. Again, on the east side of the Sacramento Valley, the gradation northward is toward leucodon, and southward toward mewa. Wheatland and Jack- son specimens, though having typical navus skulls, are dark and rich in color, approaching leucodon.
98121°—]5——__4
50 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, ENO. 39.
Specimens ecamined.—Total number, 178, as follows:
California (Sacramento Valley): Carbondale, 23; Chico, 19; Colusa, 3; Davis, 1; Grafton (Knights Landing), 7; Jackson, 4; Leesville (5 miles west), 2; Marys- ville Buttes, 38; Mokelumne Hill, 2; Nelson, 1; Oroville (6 miles east), 2; Payne, 1; Red Bluff, 42; Sacramento, 1; St. John, 1; Sites, 8; Tehama, 6; Tracy Lake (San Joaquin Valley), 9; Wheatland, 4; Willows, 1; Winslow, 8.
THOMOMYS BOTTA MEWA Merriam. DiacEeR Pine POCKET GOPHER. (Pl. V, fig. 10.) Thomomys mewa Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XI, 146, June 9, 1908.
Type.—Collected at Raymond, Madero County, Callfornia, by N. Hollister, June 28, 1904. Type specimen in U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. ;
Distribution.—Foothill country on east side of San Joaquin Valley, Cal.,,from Kernville north to Chinese (fig. 6).
Characters.—Smaller than bottx, blacker in winter pelage, more intensely ochraceous-tawny in summer; skull relatively shorter and wider with more rounded bulle; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.— Winter pelage: Whole upperparts dull ochraceous-tawny, heavily clouded with glossy black; underparts bright ochraceous; feet whitish; tip of tail whitish or gray. Summer pelage: Upperparts rich ochraceous-tawny, darkening to blackish on forehead and around nose and ears; underparts lighter and brighter; nose rufous; feet and tip of tail whitish.
Skull.—Smaller than in botte and relatively shorter and wider, with fuller, shorter, more rounded bullae. Size of navus, but with less — protruding incisors and with zygomatic arches not so conspicuously widened posteriorly; incisors with well-defined inner groove.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 225; tail vertebre, 60; hind foot, 27. Topotype (¢ ad.): 196, 53,25. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37.4; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 24.7; mastoid breadth, 20; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—This little, richly colored gopher occupies the Upper Sonoran foothill country from Kernville north to Chinese but farther north grades into navus, as shown by Wheatland and Jackson speci- mens. Others from Merced approach pascalis in color but have more nearly the cranial characters of mewa. Four females from Kernville are peculiar in abruptly decurved incisors and very rich color. A series of 13 December specimens from Salt Springs are in the fresh black winter pelage with an iridescent purple gloss.
Specuomens ecamined.—Total number, 117, as follows:
California (east side of San Joaquin Valley): Bower Cave (near Mariposa), 3; Camp Badger (Fresno County), 1; Chinese, 2; Coarse Gold, 6; Coulterville,
2; Fresno Flat, 5; Kernville, 4; Merced, 6; Merced Falls, 8; Porterville (8 miles east), 3; Raymond, 58; Salt Springs, 13; Three Rivers, 3; Wawona, 3.
1915.] | THOMOMYS BOTTA GROUP. D1
THOMOMYS BOTTA MINOR Barey. MENDOCINO PocKET GOPHER. (PL. IV, fig. 2.) Thomomys bottz minor Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, XXVII, 116, July 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected at Fort Bragg, Mendocino County, California, by James H. Gaut, November 30, 1905. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Coast region of California, from Cape Mendocino south to Cazadero (fig. 6).
Oharacters.—Size smaller than botte#; color hohe darker; skull narrower and slenderer, with especially slender rostrum, and deeply emarginate posterior tip of nasals; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—In November pelage, upperparts dark, rich ochraceous or cinnamon-brown, heavily obscured with black, and in most specimens becoming almost black on nose, face, and around ears; feet white; tail grayish; underparts ochraceous-buff; lips and lining of cheek pouches usually white. Summer pelage but little lighter or brighter.
Skull.—Very slender and rather narrow, with very narrow and deeply emarginate nasals, slender zygomata, rather large and quad- rate interparietal, very small and short audital bulle. Dentition: Incisors slender, ight colored, and projecting about as in botte.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 226; tail vertebre,
73; hind foot, 29. Average of 3 adult males: 219, 73,29. Topotype (2 young ad.): 187, 58, 24. Skull (of type): Basal length, 35; nasals, 13.4; zygomatic breadth, 23; mastoid breadth, 19; interor- bital breadth, 4.7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5. - Remarks.—This little, dark, narrow-skulled gopher of the rugged coast strip south of Humboldt Bay can not be included with bottz or leucodon, and it is still more distinct from the big, wide-skulled laticeps. It closely resembles nigricans, but can be distinguished at a glance by its slender, protruding incisors.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 56, as follows:
California: Cape Mendocino, 2; Cazadero (7 miles west), 3; Ferndale, 11; Fort Bragg, 4; Gualala, 9; Gurneyville (1 mile west), 1; Mendocino City, 12; Petrolia, 4; Punta Arena, 7;* Rockport, 2; Westport, 1.
THOMOMYS BOTTA DIABOLI Grinne tt. D1aBLo PocKkEeT GOPHER. | Thomomys diaboli Grinnell, Univ. of Cal., Publ. Zool. XII, 313, Nov. 21, 1914. Type.—Collected in Diablo Range, Merced County, California, at Sweeney’s ranch, 22 miles south of Los Banos, by C. H. Richardson
and H. A. Carr, April 2, 1911.. Type specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
59 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Distrrbution.—Inner ridge of the Coast Ranges along west side of the San Joaquin Valley, Cal. (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size small, about as in navus; color bright yellowish brown, much as in angularis, brighter than summer pelage of bottx; skull a miniature of the bottz skull, with short, wide braincase and projecting incisors. |
Color.—Summer pelage (March and October specimens): Upper- parts bright sayal brown, with but slight darkening of black-tipped hairs; ears and ear patches black; nose dusky; underparts clear, bright ochraceous-tawny; lips and lining of cheek pouches white; tail buffy; feet whitish. Winter pelage (as shown in-a few not fully typical October specimens from Pacheco Pass and Pacheco Peak): Much darker than in summer, but apparently not so black as in botte.
Skull.—Similar to that of botte but smaller and slenderer, with especially slender rostrum and zygomatic arches. Dentition: Teeth very light, incisors slender and projecting well beyond tip of nasals, pale yellow or whitish.
Measurements—Type (@ young ad.): Total length, 180; tail vertebree, 60; hind foot, 25. Female topotype: 193, 65, 26.1 Aver- age adult male from Pacheco: 218, 65, 30; female: 201, 57, 28. Skull (of type, @ ad.): Basal length, 31; nasals, 10.3; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 17.9; interorbital breadth, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.2. Skull of topotype (¢ ad.): 34, 12, 24, 19.3, 6, 7.2. Skull of old male from Pacheco Pass:? 37, 12, 25, 20.7, 5.5, 7.0. skull of old female: 32, 10; 22) 10 Morar
Remarks.—This depauperate form of bottz seems to be a product — of the hot and arid Upper Sonoran inner ridge of the Coast Ranges along the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, in what Dr. Grinnell calls the “hillside juniper association.” It needs no comparison with the robust and massive-skulled angularis of the valley along its eastern border, but could easily be confused with intermediates between lewcodon and navus from similar arid ridges north of San Francisco Bay. The skull, however, is more nearly of the true botte type.
Specumens exammned.—Total number, 19, as follows:
California: McKittrick, divide west of (Kern County, 3,000 feet altitude), 1; Pacheco Pass (Santa Clara County), 6; Pacheco Peak (Santa Clara County), 6; Sweeney’s Ranch (Diablo Range, Merced County), 6.
—
1 Foot measured dry. 2 No. 150799, Biological Survey collection.
1915.] THOMOMYS BOTTA GROUP. 58
THOMOMYS BOTTA ANGULARIS Merreram.
Los Banos PockET GOPHER (PI. III, fig. 7.) | Thomomys angularis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 214, July 15, 1897.
Type.—Collected at Los Banos, Merced County, California, by J. Ellis McLellan, January 1, 1894. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus.. Biological Survey collection:
. Distribution.—West side of San Joaquin Valley, Cal., from sie south to Santiago Spring; also Santa Clara, San Treen, and Salinas Valleys (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size large, hind foot in males averaging 33; ears short and thick; color lighter and brighter than in bottx,; skull short, wide, angular, and heavily ridged; mamme in 4 pairs. inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Summer pelage: Rich ochraceous-buff, shghtly darkened above with black-tipped hairs; ear patch pleck nose and cheeks dusky or brownish; lining of pockets, lips, and sometimes chin, white; feet white; tip of tail nearly or quite naked. Winter pelage: Considerably darkened above by excess of black-tipped hairs; slightly paler below—not quite so black as bottex.
Skull_—Males: Relatively shorter, wider, more angular, and more heavily ridged than in bottx, with high sagittal crest in adults; nasals short and widely spatulate; incisors projecting about as in bott2. Kemales: Much smaller, not ridged or angular; short and - wide with arched outline.
Measurements.—Average of 6 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 258; tail vertebre, 80; hind foot, 33. Average of 4 topotypes (@ ad.): 209, 66, 28.5. Skull (of type, small ¢ ad.): Basal length, 43; nasals, 15.7; zygomatic breadth, 28; mastoid breadth, 24; alveo- lar length of upper molar series, 8.5. Skull (of topotype, larger g ad.):! 45, 15, 31, 25, 9
Remarks.—Specimens from the type locality of angularis show strongly marked characters, and considered alone these would indi- cate that this is a distinct species not closely related to bottx; others, however, from the Santa Clara, San Juan, and Salinas Valleys, while nearest to angularis, show a tendency toward botte in both external and cranial characters, and suggest the probability of intergradation along the sides of these valleys with the smaller, darker, slenderer- skulled bottz.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 101, as follows:
California: Bitterwater, 17; Coalinga, 2; Del Monte (7 miles southeast, in Salinas Valley), 5; Kings City, 1; Los Banos, 54; Palo Alto, 2; Paraiso Spring, 1; Paso Robles, 4; Salinas, 2; San Benito, 3; San Miguelito, 1; Santiago Spring, 2; Tracy (8 miles south), 7.
No. 93787, U. S. Nat. Mus.
54 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
THOMOMYS BOTTA PASCALIS Merriam.
FRESNO PockET GOPHER. (Pl. IV, fig. 1.) Thomomys angularis pascalis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 11, July 19, 1901,
Type.—Collected at Fresno, San Joaquin Valley, California, by Clark P. Streator, March 4, 1892. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus.. Biological Survey spllacidon.
Distribution.—East side of San Joaquin Valley, Cal., from Stockton south to San Emigdio Canyon and Cuyama Valley Ge 6).
Characters.—Size approximately as in botte; hind foot averaging 32 mm. in adult males and 28 mm. in females; ear short; color dull ochraceous; skull with broad base and swollen bulle; mamme in 4 pairs; inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts dull ochraceous, slightly dark- ened on nose and face; ear patch inconspicuous; underparts paler ochraceous; feet white; irregular white spots in many specimens on legs, throat, and belly. Summer pelage: Brighter, more fulvous above and below than in winter pelage. The summer pelage is shghtly paler than in angularis and the winter pelage instead of being darker than the summer, as in angularis and botte, is still paler.
Skull_—Shorter and wider, with larger bulle and more swollen auditory meatus than in bottz; smaller than in angularis, less ridged, with much larger, more rounded bulle and with narrower angular process of lower jaw, and rarely with sagittal crest, even in old males.
Measurements.—Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 219; tail vertebra, 73; hind foot, 32. Average of 4 females from type locality: 195, 63, 28. Skull (of type, ¢ ad.): Basal length, 41; nasals, 16; zygomatic breadth, 28; mastoid breadth, 23; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.6.
Remarks.—Specimens from Tehachapi, Old Fort Tejon, and San Emigdio Canyon and Mount Pinos, at the south end of the San Joaquin Valley, vary from typical pascalis in smaller bulle and larger auditory meatus, showing probable intergradation with botte of the adjoining chaparral-covered ranges. Specimens from Cuyama Valley about equally approach pascalis, bottz, and pallescens. On the north, three specimens from Stockton might almost as well be referred to angularis.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 169, as follows:
California (San Joaquin Valley): Alila, 5; Bakersfield, 2; Bakersfield (8 miles northeast), 2; Bodfish, 11; Bodfish (12 miles below), 2; Buena Vista Lake, 6; Buena Vista Slough, 1; Buttonwillow, 12; Cuddy Canyon (near Frazer Moun- tain), 1; Cuyama Valley, 4; Delano, 1; Earlmart, 2; Fresno, 16; Lane Bridge, 29; Lemoore, 7; Modesto, 5; Mount Pinos (5,500-8,500 feet altitude), 6; Oakdale, 4; Old Fort Tejon, 10; San Emigdio Canyon, 7; Stockton, 3; Tehachapi, 10; Tejon Pass (8 miles west), 3; Tipton, 9; Tulare, 1; Walker Basin, 10.
1915.] THOMOMYS BOTT GROUP. 55
THOMOMYS BOTTA PALLESCENS Ruoaps.
GRAPELAND Pocker GorHer. (Pl. III, fig. 8.) . Thomomys boitz pallescens Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1895, 36, Feb. 21, 1895. ;
Type.—Collected at Grapeland, San Bernardino Valley, California, by R. B. Herron, March 22, 1894. Type specimen in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
Distribution.—San Bernardino Valley, Cal., north to San Fernando (fig. 6):
Characters.—Size of botte, but paler, and with buffy or whitish belly and less ridged skull; mamme in four pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts dull ochraceous, darker along line of back and around nose; ear patch blackish; underparts pale buffy or soiled whitish. Winter pelage: Upperparts heavily clouded with blackish; underparts clear pale buff in sharp contrast.
Skull—Long and narrow, with narrower braincase and less spread- ing zygomatic arches than in bottx; lateral ridges parallel, never meet- ing in old males; incisors decurved more nearly at right angles to axis of skull.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 268; tail vertebre, 84; hind foot, 32.3. Average of 5 females from type locality: 207, 64, 28.- Skull (of topotype, ¢ ad.):' Basal length, 43; nasals, 16; zygomatic breadth, 27; mastoid breadth, 22; alveolar length of upper molar series, 9.5.
Remarks.—The subspecies pallescens is a large pale form of the botte group, differmg from both pascalis and altwallis in cranial and external characters, but combining some of the characteristics of both with those of bottz. The only typical specimens examined are from the great dry San Bernardino Valley. Those from San Fernando are darker colored and almost as near to botte#, while Santa Paula, Mono Flats, and Little Pine Valley specimens might with almost equal propriety be referred to pallescens or botte.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 68, as follows (fig. 6):
California: Beaumont, 1; Cajon Pass (west slope), 1; Cajon Wash (near San Ber- nardino), 10; Cold Water Canyon, 1; El Casco, 4; Glendora, 4; Grapeland, 18; Jumpa Mountains, 2; Lytle Creek, 3; Réche Canyon (4 miles southeast of San Bernardino), 3; San Bernardino, 17; San Fernando, 3; West Riverside, 2.
THOMOMYS BOTTA INFRAPALLIDUS Grinne t. Carrizo Pian PocKET GOPHER. Thomomys infrapallidus Grinnell, Univ. of Cal. Publ. Zool.; XII, 314, Nov. 21, 1914. Type.—Collected on Carrizo Plain (Pimento Ranch, 7 miles south
of Simmler) San Luis Obispo County, California, by H. S. Swarth, May 25,1911. Typespecimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
1No. 94013, U. S. Nat. Mus.
56 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. | [No. 39.
IMstribution.—Carrizo Plain, Cal. (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size large, set: as in bottx; color pale, belly buff or whitish; skull similar to that of bottse, but with smaller molars.
ie — Saco pelage (May specimens): Upperparts dull ochra- ceous-buff, paler than in angularis or pascalis; nose brownish; ears blackish; underparts pale buffy or whitish (one specimen with almost pure white belly); feet and tail white.
Skull.—Very similar to that of botte but with conspicuously smaller molar crowns and smaller bulle. The narrow skull and pro- jecting incisors readily separate this race from angularis or pascalis, while the projecting incisors and shorter braincase distinguish it from pallescens.
Measurements.—Type (& ad.): Total length, 248; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot, 34. Female topotype: 205, 70, 29. Skull (of type): Basal length, 40; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 29; mastoid breadth, 23; interorbital breadth, 6.7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—This is evidently a rather local form of the botiz group occupying the hot, arid, alkaline desert valley known as Carrizo Plain. It is paler and more strongly differentiated than is the Cuyama Valley form, in which some of the same characters are less emphasized. These specimens it seems better to identify with pas- calis. Dr. Grinnell says of the Carrizo Plain, ‘ Faunally and zonally it may be considered very arid, high Lower Sonoran. A sparse prairie. vegetation grows on ground that is more or less strongly alkaline over most of the area.’’!
Specimens excamrned.—Total number, 9, as follows:
California (Carrizo Plain): Painted Rock (5 miles north),3; Simmler (7 miles south), 6.
THOMOMYS BOTTA NIGRICANS Ruoaps.
STEPHENS PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. V, fig. 16.)
Thomomys fulvus nigricans Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1895, 36, Apr i2Z 1895.
Thomomys aphrastus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser., III, 219, June, 1903. Type from Santo Tomas, Lower California, 18 miles south of Ensenada at 50-100 feet altitude. Type collected by E. Heller; type specimen in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Type.—Collected at Witch Creek, 2,753 feet altitude (7 miles west of Julian), San Diego County, California, by F. Stephens, December 22, 1893. Type specimen in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
Distribution. —Southwestern California and northern Lower Cali- fornia, from the San Jacinto Mountains, Cal., south to Ubar, Lower California (fig. 7).
1 Univ. of Cal., Publ. Zool., XII, 314, 1914.
1915.] THOMOMYS BOTTH GROUP. 57
Characters.—Size smaller than bottz, with the same small ears and very similar colors in both winter and summer pelage; skull slenderer, with shorter bulle and less projecting incisors; mammee in 4 pairs, meuinal 2—2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts dark ochraceous-tawny, dark- ened above by black-tipped hairs; nose, cheeks, and ear patches blackish; underparts lightly washed with rich ochraceous; tip of -tail, hind feet, and lining of cheek pouches usually whitish. Swmmer pelage: Lighter and suffused with tawny above and below. Young, paler, more buffy above and whitish below.
Skull.—Relatively narrower, slenderer, and less arched than that of bottz; bulle shorter, more rounded; interparietal more quadrate; external auditory meatus with less expanded rim. Dentition lighter; incisors less projecting and more distinctly grooved. It differs from fulvus, with which it was originally compared, in less spreading zygomatic arches, slenderer rostrum, and relatively narrower brain- case.
Measurements.—Topotype (¢ ad.):' Total length, 231; tail, 74; hind foot, 30. Average of 5 typical males from San Jacinto Mountains: 232, 77, 30.2. Average of 5 females: 199, 65, 27.4. Skull (of topo- type, ¢ ad.):? Basal length, 34.5; nasals, 13.5; zygomatic breadth, 23; mastoid breadth, 18; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—From botix, nigricans differs in lighter, slenderer skull; more abruptly decurved and more distinctly grooved incisors; lighter dentition; and numerous details of cranial and external characters; but scarcely if at all in color. It is much smaller and darker than pallescens with which it intergrades at Elsinore and Wildomar, while Twin Oak specimens are clearly intermediate between nigricans and botte.
In a series of 18 specimens from Santo Tomas, Lower California, I find no characters by which to recognize Thomomys aphrastus as even subspecifically different from nigricans. <A series of 32 specimens of alticolus from the Victoria Mountains, farther south on the peninsula, are scarcely distinguishable from nigricans in external characters, but in cranial characters tend toward anite.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 401, as follows:
California (southern): Ballena, 1; Campo (San Diego County, at 2,500 feet alti- tude), 8; Cuyamaca Mountains, 16; Dulzura, 14; Escondido, 3; Foster, 5; Fullers Mill, 1; Grapevine Spring, 1; Hemet Valley, 5; Jacumba, 11; Jamul Creek, 3; Julian, 15; Kenworthy, 2; La Puerta, 24; Mvuuntain Spring, 1;
3 Pine Mountains, 1; Poway, 1; Rose Canyon, 1; San Jacinto Mountains (south
end at 5,000 to 8,000 feet), 21; Santa Rosa Peak, 1; Santa Ysabel, 15; Schains Ranch, 4; Strawberry Valley (in central part of San Jacinto range at 6,000 feet), 24; Thomas Mountain, 1; Tia Juana, 2; Tia Juana River (mouth), 1 Warners Pass, 7; Witch Creek (San Diego County at 2,750 feet), 53.
1No.. 148685, U.S. Nat. Mus. 2No. 148688, U.S. Nat. Mus.
58 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Lower California: Aguaji de las Fresas, 2; Ensenada, 6; Ensenada (canyon 20 miles east), 1; Fresnal, 1; Hanson Laguna, 11; La Grulla (at 7,000 feet alti- tude), 13; La Huerta (Hanson Laguna Mountains), 1; Mattomi, 1; Milquatay Valley, 2; Nachoguero Valley, 4; Parral, 5; Pinon (west slope San Pedro Martir Mountains), 3; Rancho la Progresa, 5; Rancho Santo Tomas (12 miles south of La Grulla), 3; Rancho Viejo (15 miles south of Alamos), 5; Rosarito, 2; San Antonio, 3; San Francisquito, 2; San Pedro Martir Mountains, 11; San Quintin, 14; San Telmo, 18; San Ysidro Ranch, 4; Santa Eulalia, 7; Santa Rosa, 1; Santo Tomas, 18; Socorro, 2; Tecate Valley, 2; Trinidad ~ Valley (northwest base San Pedro Martir Mountains), 2; Vallecitos, 6; Yubay, 4 (not typical).
THOMOMYS BOTTA PUERT GrinneELL. LA Puerta Pocket GOPHER.
Thomomys nigricans puertxe Grinnell, Univ. of Cal., Publ. Zool., XII, 315, Nov. 21, 1914.
Type.—Collected at La Puerta (Mason’s Ranch, 5 miles west of Val- lecitos, at the lower end of La Puerta Valley), San Diego County, Cali- fornia, by F. Stephens, May 31, 1909. Type specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
Distribution.—La Puerta and San Felipe Valleys, Cal. (fig. 6).
Characters.—In size, proportions, and cranial characters, very similar to nigricans, but much paler in both summer and winter pelage; considerably brighter than cabezone.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts pale ochraceous-tawny, be- coming darker along median line of back; ears and postauricular spot black; nose and face brownish or dusky; underparts pale or bright cinnamon; feet and tail buffy or soiled whitish. Winter pelage: Duller and more grayish, fading to pinkish- or vinaceous-salmon in bright-colored individuals.
Skull.—N ot readily distinguishable from that of nigricans from the surrounding chaparral slopes.
Measurements.—Type (3 young ad.): Totallength, 203; tail verte- bre, 80; hind foot, 28. Skull (of type): Basal length, 32; nasals, 12; zygomatic breadth, 21.2; mastoid breadth, 18; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—The series of 43 specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology labeled La Puerta were collected by F. Stephens, and Grinnell says, ‘‘According to his field notebook, the majority were caught in cultivated land on Mason’s Ranch, which is located at-the lower end of La Puerta Valley. Others, however, were taken on surrounding hill- sides.”’! The 43 specimens divide readily into 21 of the present pale form and 22 of the typical dark-colored mgricans. These I assume represent a pale desert form from the valley bottom where creosote bush, mesquite, and cactus indicate extreme arid Lower Sonoran conditions; and typical nigricans from the Upper Sonoran chaparral-
1 Univ. of Cal. Pub. Zool., XII, 315, Nov. 21, 1914.
1915.] THOMOMYS BOTT GROUP. 59
covered slopes along the sides of the valley. In a valley so narrow the two forms undoubtedly intermingle to some extent along the boundaries of their respective habitats, but most of the specimens show no intermediate characters. Specimens examined.—Total number, 23, as follows: California: La Puerta, 21; San Felipe Valley, 2.
‘THOMOMYS BOTT ANITA Aten.
Cape SAN Lucas Pocket GopHeER. (PL. V, fig. 11.) Thomomys fulvus anitz Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 146-147, 1898.
Type.—Collected at Santa Anita, Lower California, by Dane Coolidge, May 28, 1896. Type specimen in British Museum.
Distribution.—Southern part of Lower California from Santana south to Cape San Lucas (fig. 7).
Characters.—Slightly smaller than botte; larger than nigricans; thin haired, bright tawny all over at all seasons, but little darker above than below; skull heavy, with abruptly decurved incisors; mamme in 4 pairs. :
Color.—For most of the year bright tawny, nearly concolor; under- parts slightly lighter because thinly haired; feet and tail half naked. In new autumn pelage, apparently from September to December, slightly duller, more grayish. Young, slightly paler, with whitish belly. puede
— Skull.—Relatively heavier than in botts or nigricans, with short, heavy rostrum, abruptly decurved incisors, short thick pterygoids, and full rounded bulle.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length,
- 243; tail vertebre, 78; hind foot, 32.8. Average of 5 topotypes
(? ad.): 208, 67, 30. Skull (of topotype, ¢ ad.):' Basal length, 40; nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 25.5; mastoid breadth, 21; inter-
- orbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.8.
Remarks.—EKvidently intergradation is complete through local forms up the peninsula through nigricans to bottz. The subspecies anite strikingly resembles fulvus, however, and but for its direct connection with bottx [should not change Dr. Allen’s original arrange- ment, making it a subspecies of fulvus. The bottxe and fulvus groups are widely separated geographically. Externally anit is not easily distinguishable from sinalox, just across the gulf, but the skulls are different.
Specimens examrned.—Total number, 99, as follows:
Lower California: Cape San Liicas, 11; La Paz, 12; Las Palmas, 1; Matancita,
6; Miraflores, 5; Rosarito, 20; San Jorge, 5; San Jose del Cabo, 10; Santana, 8; Santa Anita, 16; Tres Pachitas, 1; Triunfo, 4.
1 No. 146831, U. S. Nat. Mus.
60 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. INO. 39.
THOMOMYS BOTTA ALTICOLUS Auten. SreRRA Lacuna Pocket GOPHER. (BIS L VE fies s5) ~ Thomomys fulvus alticolus Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, 13, Apr. 4, 1899.
Type.—Collected at Sierra Laguna, Lower California, Mexico (altitude 7,000 feet), by Dane Coolidge, July 10, 1896. Type specimen in British Museum.
Distribution.—Victoria Mountains, southern Lower California (fig. 7).
Characters.—Size and proportions of anite or slightly smaller; well furred and dark colored; skull shghtly slenderer than in anite, but very similar; mamme in 4 pairs. |
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts dark ochraceous or snuff brown, heavily clouded with dusky, usually darkest along median line of back; nose, ear patch, and cheeks blackish; underparts washed with bright ochraceous-tawny; lining of cheek pouches, feet, and tip of tail usually whitish. Swmmer pelage: Clear ochraceous, scarcely darker above than below, or varying to almost black in specimens with a strong tendency toward dichromatism.
Skull.—Slightly slenderer than that of anitex, less slender than in typical nigricans, and with larger bulle, wider occiput, and wide premaxille.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 225; tail vertebree, 72; hind foot, 30. Average of 5 topotypes ( ? ad.): 203, 67,28. Skull (of topotype, ¢ ad.): Basai length, 38; nasals, 13.5; zygomatic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth, 20; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.5.
Remarks.—This is a dark, mountain form of anitz from the higher zone of nut pines and oaks. The two forms are so closely related that the skulls are practically indistinguishable, but the skins greatly differ in color. Compared with nigricans, the skins are scarcely dis- tinguishable, but the skulls are strikingly different.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 52, as follows:
Lower California (southern): La Laguna, 20; Victoria Mountains, 32.
THOMOMYS BOTTA RUSSEOLUS Netson & GOLDMAN. San ANGEL Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. IV, fig. 9.)
Thomomys bottx russeolus Nelson & Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XII, 25, Mar. 10, 1909.
Type.—Collected at San Angel, Lower California, at 100 feet above sea level, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, October 15, 1905. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
1 No. 146836, U.S. Nat. Mus.
1915.1] THOMOMYS BOTTZ GROUP. 61
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 7).
Characters —Smaller than anit# or nigricans, with tiny ears, slender skull, thin hair, and pale buffy coloration.
Color.—About as in perpallidus, or shghtly brighter. October specimens: Upperparts varying from pale to bright buffy; nose grayish; small ear patch dusky; underparts pale buffy, becoming whitish on throat; feet and tail thinly clothed with whitish hairs.
Skull.—Light and slender, with narrow braincase, short narrow posteriorly truncate nasals, wide premaxille, slender pterygoids, full rounded bull, and narrowly constricted shaft of basioccipital. Dentition: Incisors abruptly decurved at right angles to axis of skull.
Measurements.—Type (3 young ad.): Total length, 208; tail vertebre, 73; hind foot (dry), 30. Topotype (¢ young ad.): 225, 82, 27 (dry). Topotype (2 im.): 88, 60, 27 (dry). Skull (of type): Basal length, 35.5; nasals, 12.7; zygomatic breadth, approximately 24; mastoid breadth, 19; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—While in color practically identical with magdalene and very similar to perpallidus, this desert form differs in cranial charac- ters from magdalene and anitz in light slender skull, slender ptery- goids, large rounded bulle, and narrow basioccipital; and from perpallidus in narrow braincase, wider premaxille, and uniformly truncate nasals. The characters strongly suggest a little slender- skulled form of perpallidus. The type specimens are from an oasis in a sandy desert where they were apparently isolated, but speci- mens from Rosarito on the north and San Jorge on the south appa- rently intergrade with anite.
One specimen from San Jorge and two from Rosarito might be’ thrown with russeolus (though the majority from the same places are nearer anitx), and on this account this form was made a sub- species of bottz rather than of perpallidus.
Specimens examined.—Four, from type locality.
THOMOMYS MAGDALENE Netson & GoLpMAN. MaGDALENA PocKET GOPHER. (PL. V, fig. 12.) Thomomys magdalene Nelson & Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXII, 24, Mar. 10, 1909. :
Type.—Collected at Magdalena Island, near west coast of Lower California, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, December 3, 1905. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Magdalena Island, Lower California (fig. 7).
Characters.—Larger than anitz, with heavy, angular skull; color paler; hair thin.
62 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Color.—Type (collected December 3): Upperparts bright buffy orange; underparts, feet, and tail pale buffy or whitish; a scarcely naneasit he dusky ear spot.
Skull.—Old male: Very heavy and angular, with narrow brain- case, short heavy rostrum, abruptly decurved incisors, angular and an- teriorly spreading ome arches, deep lateral pits of palate, promi- nent and revolutely margined pterygoids.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 255; tail vertebre, 87; hind foot, 36. Skull: Basal length, 41.5; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 29; mastoid breadth, 23; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 9.
Remarks.—The type and only specimen of magdalene is a fine old male from this barren, sandy island off the coast of Lower California. While having strongly marked affinities with anitx of the mainland, the single specimen is so different as to indicate a well-marked insular species. ‘The general characters are those of anite greatly accentu- ated. It evidently belongs in the botte group and is not more different from that species than is angularis, just over the ridge from the type region of botte.
Specumen examined.—One, the type.
THOMOMYS ALTIVALLIS Raoaps.
SAN BERNARDINO MounTAIN PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. III, fig. 9.)
Thomomys altivallis Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1895, 34, Feb. 21, 1895.
Type.—Collected on San Bernardino Mountains, California, (altitude 5,000 feet), by R. B. Herron, August 10, 1894. Type specimen in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.
Distribution.—San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size large, hind foot in males averaging 34, in females 30; ears short; color dull and dark; skull long, well ridged, with heavy dentition and sloping posterior base of zygoma; mammee in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2 (one individual with 2 pairs of abdominal also).
Color.—Paler than in botte, slightly duller and darker than in pal- lescens; upperparts dull ochraceous with trace of darker dorsal stripe; ear patch, nose, and cheeks blackish; underparts, feet, and most of tail buffy or soiled whitish. Pelage apparently brighter ochraceous in summer than in winter, but only traces of much-worn winter pelage are shown in the specimens examined.
Skull—tLonger and less spreading than in botte, less sharply ridged, with less inflated auditory meatus, and heavier rostrum; larger than in pallescens, with heavier rostrum and less sharply constricted posterior base of zygomatic arch.
1915. ] THOMOMYS ALPINUS GROUP. 63
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 269; tail vertebre, 78; hind foot, 34. Average of 5 topotypes (9 ad.): 224, 64, 30. Skull (of topotype, old ¢):*' Basal length, 46; nasals, 17; zygomatic breadth, 30; mastoid breadth, 24; alveolar length of upper molar series, 10.
Remarks.—Thomomys altivallis apparently has its nearest relative in pallescens, which stands intermediate in characters and geographic position between it and botte. It is probably arobust, mountain form of the botte group occupying the higher levels of the San Bernardino Mountains. The exact type locality is unknown other than as 5,000 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains. Herron, who col- lected it, is no longer living, and S. N. Rhoads, who described the species, has no further information as to its location. The type speci- men, however, is of the large, high-mountain form, agreeing with the large series from Bluff Lake and vicinity.
Specomens ecamined.—Total number, 155, as follows:
California (at various altitudes from 2,700 to 9,200 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains): Bear Lake, Bear Valley, Bluff Lake, Doble, Dry Lake, Fish Creek, Santa Ana River, Seven Oaks, Sugarloaf, Waterman Canyon, and Fawnskin Park.
Thomomys alpinus Group. THOMOMYS ALPINUS ALPINUS Merriam.
Mount WuitNEyY Pocket GOPHER. (P1. V, fig. 13.)
Thomomys alpinus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 216, 1897.
Type.—Collected on Big Cottonwood Meadows (8 miles southeast of Mount Whitney), at 10,000 feet altitude in the Sierra Nevada, California, by B. H. Dutcher, August 6, 1891. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. |
Distribution.—Southern part of the Sierra Nevada, Cal., at alti- tudes between 6,000 and 11,000 feet, from Mount Whitney south to Siretta Meadows (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size large; hind foot about 30 mm. in both males and females; sexes very similar; ears large and conspicuous; colors dull and dark; skull not ridged or angular; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color—Summer pelage: Dull dark ochraceous (much as in bottz), becoming blackish along middle of back, paler on belly; nose blackish; throat white; feet and distal two-thirds of tail whitish. One immature specimen is paler, more ochraceous above and buffy below. Winter pelage (long and faded on rump and sides in July specimens): Dull dark clay color.
1 No. 89968, U. S. Nat. Mus.
64 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Skull——Compared with that of botte the skull is light and slender, without conspicuous ridges or angles in old age; the incisors are decurved; interorbital region wide and flat; interparietal quadrate; auditory meatus smaller; zygomatic arches less spreading; and nasals conspicuously widened anteriorly. From that of fulvus the skull differs less in size and proportions, but has relatively heavier dentition ; smaller bull; narrower basioccipital; larger, more quadrate inter- parietal; and narrower posterior part of nasals.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 222; tail vertebre, 61; hind foot, 30.3. Average of 5 topotypes (2 ad.): 222; 63, 30. Skull’ (of. type, :¢.ad.): Basal@leneth, 36; nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 25; mastoid breadth, 19; interorbital breadth, 6.6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—Typical alpinus seems not readily to fall into any of the larger groups of species. From fulvus it differs more than from botte, and from the little slender-skulled monticola still more widely, except in the large ears. From the perpallidus group it differs in long, narrow skull, large molars, and in so many other details as to in- dicate no close connection. From nigricans it differs less in -either color or cranial characters than from bott2 but shows larger molars, more spreading nasals, greatest width of zygomata posterior instead of anterior to middle, and other distinctions. For the present it may well be retained as the center of a group to which awahnee and neglectus belong, and possibly also jacunteus and martirensis.
Specimens examined.— Total number, 158, as follows:
California (southern High Sierra): Bie Cottonwood Meadows (10,000 feet alti- tude), 30; Cottonwood Creek (9,500 feet), 2; Cottonwood Lakes (11,000 feet), 25; Jackass Meadows (7,000 feet), 12; Jordan Hot Springs (6,700 feet), 8; Menache Meadows (8,000 feet), 17; Olanche Peak (9,000-9,750 feet), 6;
Ramshaw Meadows, 3; Red Rock Meadows (9,000 feet), 2; Siretta Meadows (9,000 feet), 1; Trout Creek (6,000 feet), 19; Whitney Meadows (9,000 feet), 33.
THOMOMYS ALPINUS AWAHNEE Merriam.
YOSEMITE PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. V, fig. 9.) Thomomys alpinus awahnee Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XI, 146, June 9, 1908.
Type.—Collected in Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California, (at 4,000 feet altitude in bottom of valley, near the Sentinel Hotel), by N. Hollister, June 14, 1904. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey polleeeiant
Distribution.—Western slopes of the Sierra Newman Cal., from Sequoia, Tuolumne County, south to Tehachapi Peak ae 6).
Characters.—Size small; colors dull and dark; skull slender and nar- row, with short rostrum and abruptly decumneds incisors; Mammee in 4 pairs.
1915.] THOMOMYS ALPINUS GROUP. 65
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts dull dark ochraceous; under- parts varying from pale buffy to ochraceous; belly irregularly marked and spotted with white in all Yosemite specimens; feet and distal half of tail whitish. Winter pelage: Darker, more dusky ochraceous.
Skull—But little arched; not ridged or angular; rostrum short and incisors abruptly decurved; interorbital region wide and flat; interparietal usually short and wide; bullz small and well rounded.
Measurements —Topotype (¢ ad.): Total length, 220; tail verte- bre, 75; hind foot, 27. Type (@ ad.): 194, 54, 26. Skull (of type): Basal length, 32; nasals, 12; zygomatic breadth, 21; mastoid breadth, 17; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. Skull of male from Merced River: 34, 12.4, 22, 18.5, 7.5.
Remarks.—This form is not represented by a good series of adult male specimens from any one locality, but specimens from scattered localities throughout the Transition Zone, from Crockers (north of the Yosemite Valley) south to the vicinity of Mineral King, show the same general characters. Those from near Mineral King are some- what darker than specimens from the Yosemite Valley and suggest an approach to alpinus, while those in the Yosemite are paler and have uregular white markings. Others from Kern River Lakes and Piute Mountain and one from Tehachapi Peak are also referred to it, but they show considerable variation.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 116, as follows:
California (southern and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada): Alta Mead- ows (Giant National Forest), 2; Connell Meadow (Tulare County, 7,500 feet altitude), 11; Halstead Meadows (in Sequoia National Park, 7,000 feet), 5; Horse Corral Meadows (in Sequoia National Park, 8,000 feet), 2; Huckleberry (near Giant National Forest), i; Kaweah River (east fork, 5,600 and 8,900 feet), 2; Kern River Lakes, 2; Mineral King, 8; Piute Mountain (5,000 feet?), 31; Sequoia (Crockers), 6; South Fork Merced River (4,000 feet), 1; Taylor Meadow (Tulare County, 7,000 feet), 25; Tehachapi Peak, 1; Wawona, 2; Yosemite Valley, 17.
THOMOMYS NEGLECTUS Batrey.
SAN GABRIEL POCKET GOPHER. (P1. V, fig. 15.)
Thomomys neglectus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XVII, 117, July 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected on San Antonio Peak (Bear Flat Meadows at 6,400 feet altitude) in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, by James H. Gaut, July 23, 1905. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size medium; colors grizzled with a dark mixture of ochraceous and black; skull long and narrow, with almost straight dorsal outline; mammez: in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
98121°—15——5
66 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Color.—July pelage, in which 3 molts are shown: Upperparts dark eray produced by a heavy mixture of black-tipped hairs over dull ochraceous; nose, face, and ear patch blackish; tail gray; feet whitish; underparts dull buffy.
Skull.—Adult males: Long and narrow, with narrow braincase; nasals and rostrum long and straight; zygomatic arches slender; bullz small and especially short and rounded; interparietal small and triangular.
Measurements.—Type (3 ad.): Total length, 229; tail vertebre, 77; hind foot, 32 (measured dry). Topotype (¢ ad.): 206, 64, 31. Female topotype: 211, 65, 31. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37; nasals, 14.5; zygomatic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth, 19.5; inter- orbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—Externally this species differs very little from altivallis of the San Bernardino Mountains, but the skulls show such striking differences that the two forms can not be considered closely related. Neither does the present form show any characters of pallescens on the south or of perpes on the north slopes of its range, but appears to approach alpinus and awahnee of the southern Sierra Nevada. Its actual range and real relationship present an -interesting problem still to be worked out.
Specumens examined.—Three, from type locality.
THOMOMYS JACINTEUS GRrRInNNELL & SWARTH.
San Jacinto PockET GOPHER. (Pl. V, fig. 14.) Thomomys jacinteus Grinnell & Swarth, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., IV, 153-160, Dec. 30, 1914.
Type.—Collected on San Jacinto Mountains (Round Valley, at 9,000 feet altitude), California, by H. S. Swarth, September 15, 1914. Type specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
Distribution.—Upper slopes of San Jacinto Mountains, Cal. (fig. 6):
Characters.—Size medium, slightly larger than nigricans, much smaller than altivallis, and about the size of martirensis and neglectus; colors dark; skull long and narrow with relatively straight dorsal outhne; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts dark rich ochraceous, darkened with black-tipped hairs, darkest along median line of back; nose dusky; ears and ear patches black; underparts brighter ochraceous without black-tipped hairs; lining of cheek pouches and usually lips white; base of tail brownish; tip of tail and feet whitish. Winter pelage: More clouded by black above.
Skull.—Long, low, and narrow, with especially long narrow brain- case; zygomatic arches widest at anterior angle and narrowed pos- teriorly with the narrowing of the braincase; nasals truncate poste- riorly, generally long and narrowly cuneate, but in the type rather
1915.] THOMOMYS ALPINUS GROUP. 67
wide and spatulate; interparietal rather small, quadrate, narrowing with age; pterygoids long and low and nearly parallel; interpterygoid fossa not narrowly V-shaped. Dentition relatively heavy; incisors curved abruptly downward and not extending much beyond tip of nasals and premaxille.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 240; tail vertebre, 82; hind foot, 32. Topotype (¢ ad.): 234, 80, 31.5. Topotype (2 ad.): 232, 76,29. Skull (of type): Basal length, 40; nasals, 14.5; zygomatic breadth, 24.7; mastoid breadth, 20; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.8.
Remarks.—At first I was reluctant to separate this high-mountain form from nigricans by skull characters alone, as the skins are indis- tinguishable, but the series of specimens recently collected in Round Valley in the San Jacinto Mountains (at 9,000 feet altitude) by H.S. Swarth show that the skull characters are well marked and constant. The series of 8 males and 5 females from the type locality, now before me, have the long, low, narrow, straight skulls of cabezone with the same peculiar pterygoids. They differ from cabezone in larger size, heavier dentition, and much darker color, but show a decided rela- tionship with that species. The resemblance to nigricans may be entirely superficial just as it is with fulvus, the three forms being very similar in coloration while evidently quite distinct. A close rela- tionship with neglectus is indicated by the general type of skull, but that form is much more extreme in its characters. From martirensis the present form differs in a rather straight instead of well-arched outline of skull. The two other high-mountain species with which comparison is suggested are altivallis and alpynus from similar alti- tudes in the San Bernardino Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. Of these, altwallis is at once eliminated on account of its larger size and its broad, well-arched, and massive skull, protruding incisors, and narrowly contracted pterygoids. Thomomys alpinus, while so similar in general size and appearance as strongly to suggest relationship, has a very different type of skull; shorter, wider, and more arched zygomata (widest posteriorly); and too many detailed differences to admit of close relationship with the present form.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 25, as follows:
California (higher levels of San Jacinto Mountains): Round Valley (9,000 feet alti- tude) 8; San Jacinto Peak (10,200 feet), 1; Tahquitz Valley (8,000 feet), 13; Tamarack Valley (9,400 feet), 2; uncertain locality along the trail (8,500 feet), 1.
THOMOMYS MARTIRENSIS Aten. San PepRo Martir Pocket GOPHER. Thomomys fulvus martirensis Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 147, 1898.
Type.—Collected on San Pedro Martir Mountains (at 8,200 feet altitude), Lower California, by A. W. Anthony and E. C. Thurber, in May, 1893. Type specimen in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
68 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [ NO. 39.
Distribution.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California (fig. 7).
Characters.—Size considerably larger than mgricans; skull longer; colors grayer in both winter and summer pelage.
Color.— Winter pelage: Very long and dark gray, not so black as in ngricans; underparts buffy gray; tail and feet grayish; lining of cheek pouches white; no white on chin and throat. Summer pelage: Dull fulvous, not so intense as in nigricans or fulvus.
Skull.—Adult males: Very long and narrow, with especially nar- row zygomatic arches and long, narrow braincase, in these characters apparently exceeding neglectus and jacinteus; dorsal outline arched, and rostrum depressed about as in nigricans.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 248; tail vertebra, 67; hind foot (measured dry), 31. The tail measurement of type is short; other specimens have longer tails, 8 females averaging 70. Skull: Basal length, 41.6; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 25; mas- toid breadth, 21; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—This is evidently a very local form occupying some high valley or the crest of the range, since other series from not far distant in the same range and only a little lower down, as at Vallecitos at 8,000 feet altitude, La Grulla at 7,000 feet, and Santo Tomas at 6,000 feet, are typical of mgricans. In December, 1914, A. W. Anthony wrote me that the type series of specimens was collected at La Grulla Meadows at 8,200 feet altitude in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, but the series of specimens collected by Nelson and Goldman at La Grulla (7,000 feet) are nigricans.
As the mountains rise to 10,200 feet, this may be a mountain-top form of considerable range. The true relationship of these high- mountain forms from alpinus to martirensis is not very clear and will not be until definite field study shows whether they merge into lower forms or are distinct and isolated.
Specumens examaned.—Fourteen, from type locality.
Thomomys perpallidus Group. THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS PERPALLIDUS Merriam.
PaLM SPRINGS PocKET GOPHER. (P1. V, fig. 2.) Thomomys talpoides perpallidus Merriam, Science, VIII, 588, Dec. 24, 1886. Type.—Collected at Palm Springs (Agua Caliente) Riverside County, California (at sea level on the edge of the Colorado Desert, 6 miles south of Palm Springs Station), by F. Stephens, March or April, 1886.1 Type specimens in U.S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection.
1 Tn the original description no type was designated by number, but Dr. Merriam refers to several skins collected by F. Stephens in March and April on the Colorado Desert. In the Merriam collection are 4 skins and skulls labeled in accord with this statement, Nos. 22389, 22129, 33289, and 22219. Of these No. 2218 is the only fully adult male and should have been made the type.
1915.4 THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS GROUP. 69
Distribution.—Colorado Desert, southern California, from White- water south to Salton Sea (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot 31 mm: in adult male topo- type; tail long; ears small; color pale buffy gray or whitish; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color—Summer pelage: Upperparts buffy or cream color; ear patches dusky; nose and cheeks grayish brown; underparts, feet, and tail whitish, thinly haired. Winter pelage: Paler than in summer, upperparts creamy or whitish. Young, buffy gray.
Skull.—Rather light and slender, without conspicuous ridges or angles; zygomatic arches slender and parallel; nasals rather short, cuneate, truncate, or slightly emarginate at posterior tips; inter- parietal small and irregularly triangular, oval, or quadrate; bulle short but full and rounded. Dentition rather light; incisors abruptly decurved.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes( ¢ ad.): Total length, 241; tail vertebre, 84; hind foot, 31.5. Average of 4 topotypes ( ? ad.): 215, 78, 30. Skull (of topotype, ¢ ad.): Basal length, 37; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 26; mastoid breadth, 21; interorbital breadth, 6.4; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.7.
Remarks.—This very pale, desert species occupies the scattered moist oases in the hottest and driest of our deserts. Apparently its range is not continuous, as no gopher hills are to be found over wide areas of bare hot desert. The numerous colonies are to some extent isolated, and differences too slight for even subspecific recognition mark the specimens from almost every locality, but the main char- -acters hold true over a wide area. Specimens from Carrizo Creek srade toward the more robust form albatus of the Colorado River bottoms on the California side, west of Yuma. A small series from Salt Creek, north of the Salton Sea, seem to go better with perpallidus than with any of the other three forms to which they might almost as well be referred. Direct intergradation is shown with perpes and through it with griseus and aureus.
The aureus group as heretofore considered now becomes the perpalliidus group and includes perpallidus, albatus, chrysonotus, perpes, canus, aureus, apache, cabezonx, operarius, and probably also latirostris, cervinus, and sinalox.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 68, as follows:
California: Agua Dulce, 1; Baregas Spring (8 miles east), 5; Colorado Desert
(no specific locality), 5; Fish Spring, 2; Mission Creek, 1; Palm Springs, 35; Salt Creek (Riverside County), 8; Salton Sea (west side), 1; Whitewater, 10.
70 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS ALBATUS GRrRINNELL.
Wuitrt Pocket GOPHER. (P1..V, fig. 1.)
Thomomys albatus Grinnell, Univ. of Cal., Publ. Zool., X, 172, 1912.
Type.—Collected on west side of Colorado River at old Hanlon Ranch near Pilot Knob, Imperial County, California, by J. Dixon, May 7,1910. Type specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
Distribution.—Southeastern California and northeastern Lower California fiom Carrizo Creek south to Gardner’s Lagoon, Salton River (fig. 6).
Characters —Size considerably larger than perpallidus; color lighter; ears small; tail long; feet stout; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage (May and June): Upperparts pale buff or cream color; nose and ears grayish brown; underparts white or creamy with little or no plumbeous base to fur; feet and tail almost naked but with scattered short white hairs. Winter pelage: Prac- tically as in summer, but with more evident plumbeous base to fur on belly. Young: Less buffy, more grayish white. :
Skull—tIn old males rather heavy, ridged, and angular, widest at anterior angle of zygomata; rostrum short and heavy; incisors not so abruptly decurved as in perpallidus; bulle full and rounded; occiput rather sloping, not. so abruptly truncate as in aureus and per pes.
Measurements.—Type(¢& ad.): Total length, 272; tail vertebre, 100; hind foot, 35. Topotype (¢ ad.): 264, 91, 34. Topotype (¢ ad.): 229, 79,34. Skull (of type): Basal length, 41.5; nasals, 15; zygomatic : breadth, 28; mastoid breadth, 22; interorbital breadth, 6.8, alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.5. Skull of old female: 38, 13.5, 25, DiiGeoysnen:
Remarks.—This is a robust gopher very close to perpallidus in color, but in size and skull characters close to aureus. It occupies the moist, white, river sand of the flats where there is an abundant food supply. Specimens from Carrizo Creek are not typical but nearer albatus than perpallidus. Others from Baregas Spring and west of the Salton Sea are nearer perpallidus.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 72, as follows:
California: Carrizo Creek, 18; Colorado River bottoms opposite Yuma, 37; Salt
Creek (Imperial County), 11; Salton Sea (Imperial County), 6. Lower California: Salton River (Gardners Lagoon), 1.
1915.] THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS GROUP. 71
THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS CHRYSONOTUS GEINNELL. YELLOW-BACKED PocKET GOPHER.
Thomomys chrysonotus Grinnell, Univ. of Cal:, Publ. Zool., X, 174, 1912.
Type.—Collected at Ehrenburg, Arizona, (on dry mesa back from river bottoms), by F. Stephens, March 27, 1910. Type specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
Distribution.—Southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, from Ehrenberg south to near mouth of Colorado River, and east to Quitobaquiio (figs. 7 and 8).
Characters.—Size smaller than perpallidus; ears minute; skull shorter, and bulle more globose; color about the same; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts bright to pale buff; ears brown or dusky at tips; postauricular patch generally inconspicuous; nose brownish; underparts and well up on sides whitish with pale plumbeous base of hair; feet and tail thinly clothed with short white hairs. Winter pelage: More grayish, fading to very pale buff in early spring.
Skull._-Short and wide; rostrum relatively shorter and wider than in perpallidus; bulle fuller and more rounded; upper incisors more abruptly decurved; premaxille in type ending approximately even with posterior tip of nasals, but in the majority of specimens extend- ing well back of nasals; interparietal small and nearly triangular; pterygoids short, thick, low, and wide apart..-
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 217; tail vertebra, 73; bind foot, 30. Adult female from Yuma, Ariz.: 203, 65, 27. Skull (of type): Basal length, 33.5; nasals, 13.5; zygomatic breadth, 23; mastoid breadth, 19; interorbital breadth, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—This seems to be a dry-mesa form more nearly agreeing with typical perpallidus than with the more robust albatus of the moist bottoms just across the Colorado River. Originally I identified the type for Dr. Grinnell as perpallidus, but since that time he has collected a fine series of topotypes of perpallidus at Palm Springs, which show better diagnostic characters than do the series in the National Museum collection, and fully warrant the separation of the form ranging in the dry hot desert east of the Colorado River in southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 25, as follows:
Arizona: Ehrenburg, 1; Monument No. 204, east side of Colorado River, 1; Quitobaquito, 2; Tacna, 1; Tule Wells (in Tule Mountains near Sonora line), 5; Yuma, 12.
Sonora: Cienega Well, 2; Mesa on east side of Colorado River, 20 miles below the Arizona line, 1.
792 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39.
THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS PERPES Merriam.
Lone Pine Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. V, fig. 3.)
Thomomys aureus perpes Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 111, July 19, 1901:
Thomomys scapterus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser. III, 248, 1903. Type collected by E. Heller, in Hanopee Canyon, Panamint Mountains, California. Type specimen in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Type.—Collected at Lone Pine, Owens Vailey, Inyo County, Cali- fornia, by E. W. Nelson, December 23, 1890. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. .
Distribution.—Upper Sonoran desert valleys and mountain slopes of eastern California, from near head of Owens Valley south to Hes- peria and Morongo Valley, into the valley of Kern River, and east to the Providence Mountains, Cal., and the Grapevine Mountains, Nev. (fig. 6).
Characters.—About the size of perpallidus or slightly smaller, with shorter tail, larger ears, slenderer skull, and brighter, stronger color; smaller and grayer than aureus; mamme in 4 pairs. d
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts bright buffy ochraceous; nose grayish brown; ear patch dusky; underparts buffy or creamy white; throat often pure white; feet and tail thinly covered with short silvery hairs. Winter pelage: Upperparts duller, darker, and more grayish buff. Young, very similar to adults.
Skull.—Slender and light with rarely a trace of lateral ridges; well arched; narrower and slenderer than in perpallidus, with especially slenderer rostrum; palate slightly more arched than in perpallidus, much less arched than in aureus; interparietal generally quadrate; bulle full and rounded; nasals slightly emarginate or occasionally truncate. Dentition rather ight; upper incisors decurved at right angles to axis of skull.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 215; tail vertebre, 66; hind foot, 28.7. Average of 5 topotypes (¢@ ad.): 210, 67, 28.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 33; nasals, 12.3; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 18.6; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—This small gray form of the perpallidus group occupies Upper Sonoran desert valleys and slopes of eastern California. In parts of the Mohave Desert where it extends down ‘nto Lower Sonoran valleys it becomes slightly larger and paler than normal and might almost as well be placed with aureus; while in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, San Gabriel, and San Bernardino Mountains it becomes slightly darker than the typical form and may grade into awahnee. It does not occur in Death Valley or Panamint Valley,
1915.1 THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS GROUP. le
and gives place to operarius in the bottom of Owens Valley, and to aureus in Ash Meadows and the Amargosa Valley. Its connection with perpallidus on the south has been fully established by recent collections, so that both perpes and aureus must stand as subspecies of this earliest-described form of the desert group. Thomomys scap- terus of Elliot proves to be typical of perpes.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 344, as follows:
California: Ash Creek (west of Owens Lake), 1; Barstow, 16; Benton Station, 4; Bishop, 1; Cactus Flat, 1; Carroll Creek, 1; Copper City, 1; Coso, 19; Cushen- bury Spring, 2; Daggett, 2; Fairmont, 1; Granite Spring, 1; Grapevine Ranch, 3; Haway Meadows (south of Owens Lake), 2; Hesperia, 1; Independence, 13; Independence Creek, 2; Inyo Mountains, 1; Isabelle, 6; Kern River (South Fork, near Onyx), 17; Lone Pine, 64; Lone Willow Spring, 7; Ludlow, 2; Maturango Spring, 1; Mohave River, 4; Morongo Pass, 1; Mount Waterman (north slope in San Gabriel Mountains), 1; New York Mountain (in Provi- dence Range), 1; Orogrande, 16; Panamint Mountains (Johnson Canyon, Perognathus Flat, Coal Kilns, Hanopee Canyon, head of Willow Creek, and Cottonwood Creek), 23; Resting Spring, 24; Tuttle Creek, 5; Twelve Mile Spring, 1; Victorville, 26; Walker Pass, 28; Warrens Ranch (in Morongo Valley), 1; Warrens Well (east of Morongo Valley), 2; Weldon, 37; White Mountains (pass between Deep Spring and Owens Valley), 1.
Nevada: Grapevine Mountains, 3; Thorps Mill, 1.
THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS CANUS Batzey.
Gray Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. V, fig. 6.) Thomomys canus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XIII, 79, May 4, 1910.
Type.—Collected at Deep Hole, at north end of Smoke Creek Desert, Nevada, by Clark P. Streator, May 14, 1896. Type specimen m U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Valleys of western and central Nevada, from Flow- ing Springs, western Humboldt County, south to Cloverdale and Monitor Valley, west to Honey Lake, Cal. (fig. 5).
Characters —Considerably larger than perpallidus, with larger ears and shorter tail; size of aureus or a little larger; hind foot 30-33 mm.; colors buffy gray; skull wide, palate flat, not arched between molar series; Mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2—2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Upperparts pale buffy gray with dusky ear patch and brownish nose; underparts, feet, and tail whitish. The remnant of a more yellowish pelage on the rump of a topotype collected May 16 would indicate a darker winter pelage, while an old female collected at Amadee July 24 is coming into a still more ashen gray pelage.
Skull.Much heavier and wider than that of perpallidus; like that of aureus but lower and wider with flat instead of arched palate; interparietal larger and more quadrate; bulle slightly larger; anterior points of frontals less acute; lateral pits of palate deeper.
1A. NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [NO. 39.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 242; tail vertebre, 64; hind foot, 33. Average of 3 topotypes (2 ad.): 216, 66, 30.3. Skull (of type): Basal length, 41; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 28; mastoid breadth, 23; alveolar length of upper molar series, 9.
Remarks. closely resembles the gray phase of its near neighbor nevadensis, but shows no relationship with it in cranial characters, while it does agree closely with the perpallidus group. It inhabits moist fertile soil of alkaline valleys, with many interruptions in range and some variation in characters. Specimens from Clover- dale, Peavine, and Monitor Valley, Nev., gous almost as well be waleeantadl to aureus.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 43, as follows:
California: Amedee (Lassen County), 1; Fort Sage, 1.
Nevada: Carson River (Ragtown), 2; Carson Sink, 2; Cloverdale, 7; Deep Hole, 5; Fallon, 3; Flowing Spring, 1; Granite Creek, 2; Monitor Valley, 1; Pea- vine, 4; Pyramid Lake (south end), 9; Smoke Creek. 4; Wadsworth, 1.
THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS AUREUS Atten.
YELLOW PocKET GOPHER. (BI, fig--4seRIWeotio- oe) Thomomys aureus Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V. 49, Apr. 28, 1893.
Type.—Collected at Bluff, San Juan County, Utah, by Charles P. Rowley, May 12, 1892. Type specimen in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Distribution.—Desert region of southern Nevada, southern Utah, western Colorado, central and northwestern New Mexico, and north- ern and western Arizona (fig. 8).
Characters.—Size rather large; hind foot 29-32 mm.; ear relatively small; color golden buff; skull heavy, long, high, and narrow, with palate greatly arched between the molar series; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts beautiful orange-buff, varying to paler and darker shades and sometimes with a wash of dusky along the back; ear patch and nose blackish in the darker and slightly dusky in the lghter individuals; underparts, feet, and tail creamy white. Summer pelage: Shghtly darker. Young, more grayish.
Skull.—Long and narrow, with light lateral ridges parallel or some- times nearly meeting in a sagittal crest in extreme old age; outline of palate strongly arched; bulle full and rounded; interpterygoid fossa normally U-shaped with a central point or spicule extending from median ridge of palate; nasals cuneate and usually truncate pos- teriorly. Dentition heavy; upper incisors abruptly decurved at right angles to skull. |
Measurements.—Average of 5 old male topotypes: Total length, 240; tail vertebre, 73; hind foot, 31. Average of 5 old females: 294, 78, 30. Skull (of topotype, ¢ ad.):' Basal length, 42; nasals,
1No. 57162, U.S. Nat. Mus.
1915.] THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS GROUP. 15
17; zygomatic breadth, 27; mastoid breadth, 22; interorbital breadth, ie Bitola length of upper molar series, 9.
Remarks. iyi, subspecies aureus is an Upper and Lower Sonoran desert form occupying the bottoms of open sandy valleys, many of which are separated by mountainous or rough country in which the subspecies does not occur. In almost every valley shght variations of characters can be detected, but in none do they become so marked as to require recognition by name. In eastern California this form grades into the smaller perpes, which is mainly Upper Sonoran in range, while aureus occupies the Lower Sonoran valleys. On the south it evidently grades into albatus along the Colorado River bot- toms, and thence into perpallidus of the Colorado Desert. Two speci- mens from Wickenburg, Ariz., are referred with some hesitation to aureus. Series of specimens from Manti and the Pine Valley Moun- tains, Utah, are by no means typical but may be called aureus rather than perpes. In New Mexico the subspecies reappears in the Rio Grande Valley from Bernalillo to San Marcial, and while growing darker to the southward is perfectly typical of aureus at Albuquerque.
Specumens ecamined.—Total number, 306, as follows:
Arizona: Chin Lee, 2; Jacobs Pool, 4; Keams Canyon, 6; Parker, 16; Wicken- burg, 2
California: Amargosa River (near Nevada line), 3
Colorado: Ashbaugh Ranch, 1; Coventry, 8; Grand Junction, 1; Los Pinos, 1; Mesa Verde, 1.
Nevada: Ash Meadows, 51; Charleston Mountains (east base), 4; Colorado River (head of Black Canyon), 1; Oasis Valley, 3; Pahranagat Valley, 1; Pahrump Valley, 23; St. Thomas, 5; Vegas Valley, 10.
New Mexico: Acoma, 2; Albuquerque, 4; Bear Spring Mountains, 6; Belen, 6; Bernalillo, 4; Chusca Mountains (west slope), 1; El Vado (Chama River Valley), 1; Fruitland, 4; Gallina (Chama River Valley), 1; Gallup, 2; Juan Tofoya, 2; Laguna, 4; Riley, 4; San Augustine Plain (12 miles north- west of Monica Spring), 6; San Marcial, 5; Shiprock, 2; Socorro, 13; Win- gate, 1.
Utah: Bluff (San Juan County), 48; Hanksville, 6; Hebron, 1; Henry Moun- tains, 3; Kanab, 4; Manti, 13; Mountain Meadows, 2; Pine Valley, 4; Pine Valley Mountains, 7; St. George, 5; Santa Clara, 2
THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS APACHE Batey.
JICARILLA POCKET GOPHER. CBIR fst 65)
Thomomys apache Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIII, 79, May 4, 1910.
Type.—Collected at Lake La Jara (7,500 feet altitude) on the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, N. Mex., by James H. Gaut, September 19, 1904. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Transition Zone in northeastern Arizona, north- western New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado (fig. 7).
Characters.—Size large, hind foot 33-34 mm.; color dark; hind feet and tip of tail conspicuously white; mamme in 4 pairs.
76 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. — LNO. 39.
Color.—Upper and under parts nearly uniform dull sooty gray shehtly washed with dull ochraceous; back with an ill-defined stripe of blackish from tip of nose to base of tail; basal half to three-quar- ters of tail brownish or blackish, the rest abruptly white; hind feet white; lips usually and chin rarely white. Young: One half-grown individual is hghter, more buffy, with white belly. st
Skull.—Sumilar in form and general characters to that of aureus; bullz full and rounded; pterygoids U-shaped, with spicule point of palatal ridge; nasals normally shghtly emarginate with’ doubly rounded posterior tips, instead of normally truncate as in-aureus, or widely emarginate as in fulvus. Dentition: Upper incisors white- tipped and decurved at nearly right angles to axis of skull.
Measurements.—Type (¢& ad.): Total length, 229; tail vertebree, 74; hind foot, 34. Topotype (¢ ad.): 229, 74, 33. Skull (of type): Basal length, 41; nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 28; mastoid breadth, 23; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.5.
Remarks.—This is a large, dark form of the perpallidus group with conspicuous markings, but with cranial characters close to those of aureus. It seems to be a dark local Transition Zone form of the yellow aureus of the surrounding valleys.
Specomens ecamined.—Total number, 36, as follows:
Arizona: Canyon de Chelly (7 miles above mouth), 1; Fort Defiance (sawmill 12 miles northwest), 2.
Colorado: Arboles, 1; Bayfield, 1.
New Mexico: Boulder Lake, 4;1 Chama River (near Gallina), 1 (not typical); Chusca Mountains (around lakes at top of range, 8,000—9,000 feet altitude), 13; Lake La Jara, 2;! Stinking Lakes, 11.!
THOMOMYS CABEZONZ MeErrRIaAm.
CABEZON POCKET GOPHER. (PL. V, fig. 8.) Thomomys cabezone Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 110, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Cabezon, San Gorgonio Pass, California, by Clark P. Streator, June 3, 1893. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
DPistribution.—San Gorgonio Pass, southern California, south to Cabezon (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot 30 mm.; ears rather large; color dull ochraceous; skull long and narrow.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts dull ochraceous, varying from buffy ochraceous to dull brownish; ear patch black; nose and lips dusky or plumbeous; underparts creamy white to buffy or salmon. In 8 of 10 topotypes collected in June, a paler, more buffy gray pelage (probably winter) is disappearing on the rump.
1On the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation in northern New Mexico.
1915.] THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS GROUP. 14
Skull—tLong, narrow, and slender, with nearly parallel lateral ridges;. zygomata parallel or slightly wider anteriorly; nasals long and narrow; interparietal rectangular or oval, wider than long in immature skulls; pterygoids long, low, and thin, with rounded symphysis.
Measurements.—Average of 7 male topotypes: Total length, 221; tail vertebre, 79; hind foot, 30. Average of 3 female topotypes: 208, 71, 28.7. Skull (of type): Basal length, 35; nasals, 14.5; zygo- matic breadth, 23; mastoid breadth, 18; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.— Thomomys cabezone seems to be a local form not closely connected with surrounding species. From perpallidus, its nearest neighbor on the east, and pallescens on the west, it is sharply differen- tiated. In genera: appearance it most nearly resembles perpes, from which it differs strikingly in large ears and in many cranial characters. Two specimens from Whitewater show an overlapping of range with perpallidus, but Gaut reports cabezone in irrigated fields, and perpallidus in the sagebrush. A single specimen of nigrescens from 2,500 feet altitude near Banning, and 7 specimens of cabezone, show a meeting or overlapping of ranges along the edge of the valley. The narrow braincase suggests relationship with j7acinteus, and with neglectus of which it may be a pale valley form.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 55, as follows:
California (southern): Banning, 12; Cabezon, 27; Schains Ranch (4,500 feet altitude), 4; Snow Creek (near Whitewater), 2; Whitewater, 10.
THOMOMYS OPERARIUS Merriam. OwENS LAKE PocKkET GOPHER. (Pl. V, fig. 4.)
Thomomys operarius Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 215, July 15, 1897.
Type.—Collected at Keeler, California, on east side of Owens Lake, at 3,600 feet altitude, by E. W. Nelson, November 29, 1890. Type specimen in U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 6).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot 30 mm.; color rich buff; skull short and wide; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—Upperparts rich buff or pale ochraceous; ear patch gray or plumbeous; underparts, feet, and tail creamy white. Young, more grayish.
Skull.—Short and wide with short, heavy rostrum; zygomata abruptly spreading; upper incisors sharply decurved or slightly incurved; maxillaries short and heavy.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 223; tail vertebre, 69; hind foot, 30.6. Average of 5 females: 217, 66, 29.6. Skull (of type): Basal length, 38; nasals, 13.5; zygomatic
78 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
breadth, 26.7; mastoid breadth, 21.5; interorbital breadth, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.5. |
Remarks.—Thomomys operarvus seems to be a very local form, quite distinct from perpes, by which its range is closely surrounded, but more nearly resembling albatus in short rostrum and heavy skull, and aureus in color. While clearly of the perpallidus group, it seems not to have direct connection with any of the forms and may well stand as described, a full species. It is confined to the sandy alkaline soil along the east side of Owens Lake.
Specvmens examined.—Seventy-nine, from type locality.
THOMOMYS LATIROSTRIS Merriam.
PaInTED DESERT PocKET GOPHER. (PL. V, fig. 7.) Thomomys latirostris Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 107, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Little Colorado River, Painted Desert, Arizona (at Tanners Crossing, northeast of San Francisco Mountain), by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey, September 22, 1899. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Painted Desert, Ariz. (fig. 8).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot 33 mm.; skull flattened; rostrum short and broad; ears very small; color orange-buff, much as In aureus.
Color.—Upperparts bright buffy yellow or pale orange-buff, without trace of black-tipped hairs; ears dusky; nose grayish brown; under- parts, feet, and tail white, with a tinge of sulphur yellow stain on belly of type. Young, slightly less yellow, more buffy.
Skull.—N arrow and flat, with wide, flat rostrum; nasals narrow in the middle, spreading anteriorly; premaxille unusually wide at base of rostrum; incisors abruptly decurved at right angles to axis of skull; interparietal broadly pentagonal; bullze small, about as in fulvus; basioccipital wide, flat, and keeled.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 232; tail vertebre, 79; hind foot, 33. Skull (of type): Basal length, 39; nasals, 14;. zygomatic breadth, 26; mastoid breadth, 21; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—While unique in characters, latirostris can best be placed in the group with aureus (perpallidus), with which it agrees in abruptly decurved incisors and U-shaped pterygoids. It is evidently an isolated form of restricted range. The type specimen was caught in the sand dunes in the Painted Desert along the Little Colorado River at Tanners Crossing, between Black Tank and Moencopie. It is a very old male in thin summer pelage, a worn and faded por- tion of which is disappearing over the posterior half of the body,
1915.1 THOMOMYS PERPALLIDUS GROUP. 719
while a new, bright coat is replacing it over the anterior half. An immature female taken at Tuba, August 16, 1909, by Clarence Birds- eye, is the only other known specimen. The distinguishing charac- ters of the species are maintained in this young specimen, which disproves the idea that the type was abnormal. Twoskulls of imma- ture females without skins, from Winslow, do not possess char- acters sufficiently well marked for satisfactory determination, but are provisionally referred to latirostris. Apparently this is a Painted Desert form somewhat related to aureus. Specumens examined.—Total number, 4, as follows: Arizona: Painted Desert. 1; Tuba, 1; Winslow, 2.
THOMOMYS GERVINUS Axten. PHa@NIxX PocKET GOPHER; FAWN-COLORED POCKET GOPHER. (PL. VI, fig. 2.) Thomomys cervinus Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VII, 203, June 29, 1895.
Type.—Collected at Phoenix, Arizona, by J. Diefenbach, October 20, 1894. Type specimen in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Distribution.—Upper Gila Valley, Ariz. (figs. 7 and 8).
Characters.—Size large, hind foot 33-36 mm.; color pale fawn; skull heavy, ridged, and angular; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2. :
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts pale fawn, with conspicu- ously blackish ear patch; nose and cheeks brown or blackish; under- parts, feet, and tail a still paler shade of fawn; lining of cheek pouches white. Young, with whitish bellies.
Skull.—Long and narrow, as in aureus; palate only slightly arched; bulle large and truncate instead of smoothly rounded anteriorly; pterygoids variable, narrowly constricted or wide apart, with thick- ened margins, and often inclosing a postpalatal spicule.
Measurements.—Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 253; tail vertebrae, 84; hind foot, 34.6. Average of 5 topotypes ( 9 ad.): 245, 77, 34. Skull (of topotype, ¢ ad.):! Basal length, 42; nasals, 15.5; zygomatic breadth, 28; mastoid breadth, 20.5; inter- orbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—This is evidently a large form of the perpallidus group, occupying the Gila Valley. From albatus of the Colorado River valley it differs in darker color and longer, slenderer skull and ros- trum. It also suggests relationship with the fulvus group through toltecus of the valleys farther east.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 19, as follows:
Arizona: Phoenix, 16; Sacaton, 1; Tempe, 2.
1No. 23707, U. S. Nat. Mus.
80 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
THOMOMYS SINALOZ Merriam.
SINALOA POCKET GOPHER. (Pl. IV, fig. 7.)
Thomomys sinaloe Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XTV, 108, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Altata, Sinaloa, Mexico (altitude 10 feet above sea level), by E. A. Goldman, March 28, 1899. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution. Ae A Sonora and Sinaloa, from Hermosillo south to Albata (fig. 7).
Characters.—Size rather large, hind foot 30-32 mm.; tail long; pelage thin; color bright tawny; skull heavy, wide, and angular; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Upperparts bright tawny or dull chestnut with a trace of dusky along back; underparts plain hght tawny; nose grayish brown; feet and tail half-naked, half-covered with buffy hairs. Young, paler, more buffy. Summer and winter colors not very different.
Skull.Heavy, wide, and angular; rostrum wide; nasals short and normally truncate posteriorly; zygomata abruptly spreading; bulle full and rounded; basioccipital narrow between bulle. Dentition heavy; incisors sbarotLe decurved.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 233; tail mitted 73; hind foot, 31. Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad. ): DAS. FO, 18 eo: Average of 3 adult females: 214, 73, 31.3. Skull (of type): Basal length, 39.5; nasals, 14.5; zygomatic breadth, 28.3; mastoid breadth, 22; interorbital breadth, 6.2; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.2.
Remarks.—Despite fulvous coloration the closest affinities of this form appear to be with the perpallidus group. From its nearest relative, cervinus, it differs in thin pelage, darker coloration, and short wide skull. Two small females from Magdalena, Sonora, are not typical and can only provisionally be referred to this species.
Specimens ecamined.—Total number, 22; as follows:
Sinaloa: Altata, 6. Sonora: Camogz, 11; Hermosillo, 2; Magdalena, 2; Ortiz, 1
Thomomys fulvus Group. THOMOMYS FULVUS FULVUS (WoopHoUSE). Futvous Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 1.) Geomys fuluus Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, VI, 201, 1852. Thomomys fuluus Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 402, 1857. Type.—Collected on San Francisco Mountain, Arizona, by Dr. 5S. W. Woodhouse, October, 1851. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus. Distribution.—Transition Zone in northern and central Arizona from the Trumbull Mountains to the White Mountains; east in New
1915.] THOMOMYS FULVUS GROUP. 81
Mexico to Sierra Grande, and the White and Guadalupe Mountains; north to Fisher Peak, southeastern Colorado (fig. 7).
Characters. color dark tawny or dull chestnut; ears and claws peau mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2—2, pectoral 2-9.
Color—Summer pelage: Upperparts clear dark tawny or light chestnut, often dusky or blackish along back; ear patch, nose, and cheeks dusky or blackish; underparts lighter; chin, lining of eheale pouches, and feet usually white or whitish; tail tawny or dusky above, grayish below. Winter pelage: Duller darker tawny, more uniformly dusky above. Young very similar to adults.
Skull.—Heavier and relatively wider than in the fuscus or fossor groups; lighter and slenderer than in perpallidus or aureus. Lateral ridges slightly developed and approximately parallel at all ages; nasals broadly emarginate posteriorly; bulle medium; basioccipital broadly triangular; pterygoid fossa normally V-shaped. Dentition: Incisors not projecting beyond tip of nasals; distinctly grooved.
Measurements.—Old male topotype: Total length, 231; tail verte- bre, 74; hind foot, 30. Average of 5 male topotypes: 219, 70, 30. Average of 5 female topotypes: 209, 66, 29.2. Skull (of topo- type, ¢ ad.):* Basal length, 36; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth, 19; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—The typical subspecies of Thomomys fulvus seems to occur only in the Transition Zone, above which it rarely extends and below which it extends mainly in modified forms, several of which have been separated. The name fulvus stands not only for a species with its six subspecies, but for the center of a widely distributed group, including mearnsi, baileyi, and lachuquilla. Its relationship with the botte group of the west coast is genetically close but geographically the two are widely separated. If connected with the perpallidus group it is through toltecus and cervinus, but this con- nection seems doubtful and by no means close.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 305, as follows:
Arizona: Aubrey (10 miles south of Pine Spring, 6,000 feet altitude), 2; Beaver Creek (near Fort Verde), 1; Bill Williams Mountain, 2; Blue (Greenlee County, 6,000 feet), 2; Bradshaw City, 17; Flagstaff, 2; Fort Verde, 5; Fort. Whipple, 2; Fossil Creek, 3; Grand Canyon (Canyon Spring), 1; Little Spring (18 miles northwest of Flagstaff), 1; Pine Spring (5 miles north, 7,000 feet), 1; Prescott, 7; Prieto Plateau (south end Blue Range, Greenlee County, 7,000-9,000 feet), 6, San Francisco Mountain, 20; Springerville (7,000 feet), 29; Trumbull Mountains, 3; White Mountains, 3.
~ Colorado: Fisher Peak, 1.
@ 1No. 24506, U. S. Nat. Mus. 98121°—15——-6 >
89 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. . [No. 39.
New Mexico: Burro Mountains, 2; Capitan Mountains, 36; Chloride (10 miles east), 1; Cliff, 1; Cloudcroft, 7; Cloudcroft (10 miles north), 1; Coppermines, 1; Copperton, 6; Corona, 6; Carasal (Bernalillo County), 3; Datil Mountains, 7; Fairview, 1; Folsom, 2; Fort Wingate, 2; Gallina Mountains, 1; Gila, 5; Glenwood, 1; Guadalupe Mountains, 6; Halls Peak, 7; Head of Mimbres, 2; Hoskins Ranch (Colfax County), 2; Jicarilla Mountains, 5; Kingston (about 4 miles west, 9,500 feet altitude), 2; Long Canyon (3 miles north of Catskill), 1; Luna, 3; Luna (6 miles southwest, 7,000 feet), 5; Magdalena Mountains (Copper Canyon, 8,200 feet), 1; Magdalena Mountains (Water Canyon, 6,500 feet), 1; Manzano Mountains, 12; Mimbres River, 1; Mogollon Mountains, 7; Mora (10 miles south), 4; Mount Capitan (east base), il Pecos, 2; Pleasanton, 3; Quemado (10 miles eutuhireahy: 2; Raton Range (teas Folder); 3; Rio Ala- mosa (15 miles north of Ojo alent 6,900 feet), 1; Ruidosa, 7; San Andres Mountains, 6; San Mateo Mountains (Monica conem 8,000 eae 2; San Pedro, 2; Sierra Grande, 4; Silver City, 12; Fort Stanton, 3; Fort Union, 1; Zuni Mountains, 5; Zuni River, 1.
THOMOMYS FULVUS PERVAGUS Merriam. EspaNoLta PockreT GOPHER, (Pl. IV, fig. 5.)
Thomomys aureus pervagus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 110, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Espanola, New Mexico, by J. Alden Loring, January 4, 1894. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Upper Rio Grande and San Luis Valleys in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado (fig. 8).
Characters.—Size large, hind foot 31-33 mm.; color lighter than in fulvus; skull longer and heavier; mamme in 4 ae
Color.—Summer pelage: Dppenene plain bright oe nose, cheeks, and ear patch blackish; underparts paler tawny; feet whit- ish; tail dusky above, usually to tip. Winter pelage: Shghtly duller above and below.
Skull.—As in fulvus, but longer, narrower, and with less-spreading zygomatic arches, and slightly larger audital bulle; differmg from aureus in less arched palate, emarginate nasals, and V-shaped pterygoids.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 244; tail vertebrae, 76; hind foot, 31. Average of 4 topotypes (¢ ad.): 239, 73, 32.3. Average of 5 females: 224, 68, 31.4. Skull (of type): Basal length, 42; nasals, 15.5; zygomatic breadth, 27; mastoid breadth, 21; alve- olar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—In characters pervagus stands so nearly between fulvus and aureus as to suggest that it forms a connecting link between the two groups, but in a large number of specimens, collected since the species was described, the affinities are uniformly with fulvus instead of aureus. It is evidently a paler, more robust, Upper Sonoran val- ley form of fulvus inhabiting the upper Rio Grande and San Luis Valleys.
1915.] THOMOMYS FULVUS GROUP. 83
Specimens examined.—Total number, 50, as follows:
Colorado: Antonito, 8; Conejos River (6 miles west of Antonito), 2; Gardiner, 2; Salida, 9.
New Mexico: Abiquiu, 1; Arroyo Hondo, 4; Chama River Canyon (above Abiquiu), 1; Espanola, 8; Fort Burgwyn, 5; Questa, 4; Rinconada, 2; Santa Clara Canyon, 2; Santa Fe, 1; Santa Fe (10 miles north), 1.
THOMOMYS FULVUS DESERTORUM Merriam. DeESERT PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 6.)
Thomomys desertorum Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 114, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Mud Spring (10 miles southwest of Mineral Park, southern end of .Detrital Valley), Arizona, at about 3,400 feet altitude in Lower Sonoran Zone, by Vernon Bailey, February 21, 1889. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection.
Distribution.—Detrital and Big Sandy Valleys, northwestern Arizona; east in the Grand Canyon to Prospect Valley (figs. 7 and 8).
Characters.—Size small, hind foot 26 mm.; color bright tawny; skull small, light, and smooth, with abruptly decurved incisors; sexes very similar; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts rich orange-tawny, or orange- cinnamon, lighter and brighter than in fulvus; ear patch, nose, and cheeks dusky; underparts creamy white to light cinnamon; feet and tail soiled whitish or buffy. Wnter pelage: Duller and more yellow- ish; upperparts bright cinnamon; underparts whitish to buffy ochra- ceous.
Skull.—Small and light, smoothly rounded, not ridged or angular; bullz small, but full and rounded, not flattened and angular as in ful- vus, nor large and prominent, as in aureus; basioccipital, as in fulvus, wide with sharp keel. Dentition: Incisors bent downward at right angles to axis of skull. ;
Measurements—Type (3 ad.): Total length, 200; tail vertebre, 68; hind foot, 26. Average of 5 male topotypes: 195, 63,26. Aver- age of 4 female topotypes: 190,60,25.5 Skull (of type): Basal length, 33; nasals, 12; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 17.5; alve- olar length of upper molar series, 6.5.
Remarks.—The color of this little gopher in summer pelage suggests relationship to fulvus, but its cranial characters are so strongly marked that it was originally described as a species. It may, how- ever, probably be considered a depauperate Lower Sonoran desert
1Jn the mammal collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia is a mounted skin with- out skull (No. 145) of a typical Thomomys pervagus. It is labeled ‘‘Columbia River,’’ but the label has been copied from the catalogue where originally no locality was indicated, and the locality of the pre- ceding specimen has been given to it. This is evidently the specimen referred to (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p. 53, Pl. LXIV) as Geomys rufescens, donated by Col. Geo. A. McCall. McCall’s specimens apparently were not labeled, but this collection of 70 mammals and bird skins was said to be from California and Oregon. As pervagus is neither a California nor an Oregon form, the specimen in question probably came from Santa Fe, N. Mex., where McCall was previously stationed.
84 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. - TNO. 39.
form of the fulvus group, with a range corresponding to that of the creosote bush in the Detrital and Big Sandy Valleys, and extending well up into the Grand Canyon.
Specumens ecamined.—Total number, 34, as follows:
Arizona: Big Sandy Creek (at 2,000 feet altitude), 7; Dolans Spring, 7; Grand Canyon (at 4,500 feet in lower end of Prospect Valley on Hualpai Indian Reservation), 4; Little Meadows (in Sacramento Valley), 2; Mineral Park, 3;1 Mud Spring,:8;1 Willow Spring, 3.!
THOMOMYS FULVUS INTERMEDIUS Mearns.
MountTAin-Torp Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 5.)
Thomomys fulvus intermedius Mearns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, 719, July 30, 1897.
Type.—Collected on summit of Huachuca Mountains (9,000 feet altitude) southern Arizona, by F. X. Holzner, September 6, 1893. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus.
Iistribution.—Upper slopes of mountains in southeastern Arizona and extreme southwestern New Mexico (fig. 8).
Characters—Smaller than fulvus, with conspicuous black back and bright brown sides; skull small and slender; ears and claws medium; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Upperparts dark tawny shading into black along the back from nose to tail, in some specimens forming a broad and clear black band and in others indistinct and brownish black; underparts pale tawny; tail brown, with whitish tip; feet soiled whitish. May, August, and September specimens show practically the same coloration. :
Skull.—Small and slender; zygomata very slender and strictly parallel; nasals narrow, deeply emarginate; bulle small and flattened; basioccipital triangular; pterygoids thickened at base and with narrow fossa; interparietal small and generally triangular. Denti- tion light.
Measurements—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 200; tail vertebree, 66; hind foot, 26. Adult male from Fort Huachuca: 200, 59, 27. Adult female from Fort Huachuca: 198, 62, 25. Skull (of type): Basal length, 34; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 18; interorbital breadth, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6.5.
Remarks.—This small, black-backed form of the fulvus group has a wide and scattered range with considerable variation on the different mountains. On top of the Chiricahua Mountains it is a little larger than typical; on the crest of Animas Peak, a little smaller; on the
1In Detrital Valley.
1915. 1 THOMOMYS FULVUS GROUP. 85
Santa Catalina Mountains, slightly larger and darker. Variation in size corresponds somewhat with the extent of high mountain areas which the animals inhabit, the smallest specimens bemg from the very restricted summit of the Animas Mountains. The difference between those from the tops of the Animas and the Huachuca Mountains is slight, however, compared with that between specimens of intermedius from the summit and toltecus from the base of either range. Specimens examined.—Total number, 63, as follows:
Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, 22; Fly Park (at 9,000 feet altitude), 1; Graham Mountains (8,500 to 9,200 feet), 8; head of Rucker Canyon, 2; Huachuca Mountains (up to 9,000 feet), 19; Mount Graham, 3; Santa Catalina Moun- tains (8,000 feet), 6.
New Mexico: Animas Mountains (7,000 feet), 2.
THOMOMYS FULVUS TEXENSIS Battey.
Davis Mountain Pocket GOPHER. (P1. IV, fig. 4.) Thomomys fulvus texensis Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 119, 1902.
Type.—Collected on Davis Mountains, Texas (head of Limpia Creek, at 5,500 feet altitude, in edge of Transition Zone), by Vernon Bailey, January 7, 1890. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 7).
Characters.—Similar to fulvus, but smaller; hind foot 24-27 mm.; skull relatively narrower; color shghtly hghter; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts tawny-gray ; underparts brighter clearer tawny; ear patch, nose, and cheeks blackish; feet and lips gray; liming of pouches white. Winter pelage: Slightly duller and darker than in summer.
Skull—tlLight and slender, distinguished from that of fulvus by high narrow braincase, shallower lateral pits of palate, and shorter pterygoids.
_Measurements—Type (éad.): Total length, 204; tail vertebre, 63; hind foot, 26. Average of 5 topotypes (¢ad.): 208, 65, 26.6. Average of 5 females: 187, 61, 25.8. Skull (of type): Basal length, 34.5; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 18; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—This is evidently a small local race of fulvus, as shown by similarity of skull characters and also by color and general char- acters. It is evidently isolated in the Transition Zone area of the Davis Mountains, but not widely separated from more nearly typical fulvus of the Guadalupe Mountains. |
Specumens examined.—Twenty, from type locality.
86 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, tNo. 39.
THOMOMYS FULVUS TOLTECUS Aten. Tottec Pocket GoPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 3.) Thomomys toltecus Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 52, Apr. 28, 1893.
Type.—Collected at Colonia Juarez, Mexico (on the Casas Grandes River at about 4,500 feet altitude in northwestern Chihuahua), by F’. Robinette, 1890. Labeled ‘Juarez, N. Sonora.’’ Type specimen in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Distribution.—Lower Sonoran valleys and deserts of southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and adjacent parts of Chihuahua and Sonora, south to Colonia Juarez, Chihuahua (fig. 7).
Characters.—Size about as in fulvus or slightly larger; colors paler and grayer; ears and claws medium; mamme in 4 pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage (June specimens from Casas Grandes): Upperparts dull ochraceous-tawny; nose brownish; ear patch black; underparts lighter ochraceous-tawny; tail buffy gray; feet whitish. Winter pelage: Upperparts dark gray with a tawny suffusion over sides, and usually an indistinct dusky median line along back; nose and ear patch dusky; underparts light fawn or pinkish buff.
Skull.—Very lke that of fulvus but more angular, less arched, with wider nasals, larger bulle, and about the same dentition.
Measurements.—Adult male from Casas Grandes: Total length, 221; tail vertebrae, 72; hind foot, 31.5. Adult female from same locality: 205, 66, 29. Skull (of male): Basal length, 37; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 25; mastoid breadth, 20.5; interorbital breadth, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.8. Skull (of type): 41, 14, 26, lil 18: 3 |
Remarks.—This is a light-colored valley form of the fulvus group occupying the upper edge of Lower Sonoran deserts of southern New Mexico and Arizona and northern Chihuahua. It is readily distinguishable from the smaller and grayer lachuguilla of the Rio Grande Valley, which occurs also at Casas Grandes and seems to be distinct. In Arizona it may grade into cervinus of the Gila Valley and in Sonora possibly into sinaloz.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 175, as follows:
Arizona: Calabasas, 5; Chiricahua Mountains, 4; Dos Cabesas, 1; Fairbank, 24; Fort Bowie, 6; Fort Grant, 4; Fort Huachuca, 5; Fort Lowell, 12; Graham Mountains (Ash Creek, at 6,100 feet altitude), 3; Huachuca Mountains, 9; La Osa, 11; Mammoth, 1; Oracle, 2; Safford, 9; San Bernardino Ranch (Mexican boundary), 33; San Xavier, 1; Tucson, 2; Wilcox, 2.
Chihuahua: Casas Grandes, 2; Colonia Diaz, 3; Colonia Juarez, 6; Espia, 1.
New Mexico: Adobe Ranch (north base Animas Mountains), 1; Cuchillo, 1; Deming, 3; Garfield, 2; Hachita, 3; Lake Valley, 2; Las Palomas, 2; Mimbres River, 1; Monument No. 40, Mexican boundary, (upper corner, 100 miles west of El Paso), 3; Red Rock, 3.
Sonora: Santa Cruz River, 8.
1 The original label bears the name F. Robinette, but in the original description A. D: Meed was given as the collector.
1915.4 THOMOMYS FULVUS GROUP. 87 THOMOMYS MEARNSI Barey. MEARNS Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 4.) Thomomys mearnsi Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 117, July 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected at Gray’s Ranch in Animas Valley, southwest corner of New Mexico (about 20 miles north of the Mexican line), by E. A. Goldman, August 10, 1908. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 7).
Characters.—Slightly smaller than fulvus; less dusky in color; skull short and wide with very slender, projecting incisors; ears medium; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color—Summer pelage: Upperparts dull cinnamon or light tawny, with blackish nose and ear patches; underparts pale cinnamon; tail buffy gray; feet whitish. Winter pelage: Evidently more grayish as indicated by some worn patches of old long fur.
Skull—Short and wide, with arched zygomata, short braincase, short rostrum, and protruding upper incisors; bulle very short and round; pterygoids V-shaped; nasals short and truncate or slightly emarginate; anterior base of zygoma convex against frontal and premaxille. Dentition: Incisors very slender, pale, and protruding far beyond nasals; distinctly grooved.
Measurements—Type: Total length, 220; tail vertebrae, 67; hind foot, 31. Topotype (¢ ad.): 201, 65, 29. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37; nasals, 12.4; zygomatic breadth, 26; mastoid breadth, 21.5; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—This seems to be a local form in the bottom of the Animas Valley, somewhat resembling nelsoni but not of the umbrinus group. The four pairs of mamme place it in the fulvus group, but it seems to be distinct from the surrounding toltecus. Specimens were taken around the moist edges of a large marsh on the Gray Ranch and the moist, alkaline soil may be the environmental factor that has produced a local form in the midst of wide deserts. It is quite probable that the form occupies similar situations all along the Animas and San Simon Valleys.
Specumens examuned.—Your, from type locality.
THOMOMYS BAILEYI Merriam. SIERRA Bianca POCKET GOPHER. (PL. VI, fig. 7.) Thomomys bailey: Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 109, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Sierra Blanca, El Paso County, Texas, by Vernon Bailey, December 28,1889. The type and topotypes were caught all around the railway station where the Texas Pacific joins
the Southern Pacific. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
88 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. _
Mstribution.—Sierra Blanca, western Texas, north to Tularosa, N. Mex. (fig. 7).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot 29-32 mm.; color, dull ochra- ceous-tawny; skull short and wide with projecting incisors; mammsz in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Fresh winter pelage: Upperparts dull ochraceous-tawny or buffy fulvous, with dusky ear patch and nose; underparts pale salmon or creamy white; tail buffy to the tip; feet soiled whitish. Summer pelage: Not represented.
Skull—sShort and wide, with greatly protruding incisors; basi- occipital wide between the narrow bulle; premaxille extending but slightly back of nasals; interparietal quadrate; anterior base of zygoma convex; coronoid process of mandible curved, and post- coronoid notch widely circular.
Measurements.—Topotype (3 ad.): Total length, 215; tail ver- tebree, 64; hind foot, 31. Average of five females: 212, 69,29. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37; nasals, 17.7; zygomatic breadth, 26.5; mastoid breadth, 19; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—In wide skull and projecting incisors baileyi suggests the umbrinus group, but as no other detailed characters of the group appear the resemblance is evidently accidental. Nine specimens from Tularosa, N. Mex., average larger and darker colored than those of the type series, but show the prominent cranial characters. There is nothing to indicate that the species has a continuous range between these localities, but it is not improbable that it follows along the west base of the Sacramento Mountains in the Upper | Sonoran or the upper edge of the Lower Sonoran Zone. The Tularosa specimens suggest a distant connection with the fulvus group.
Specomens examined.—Total number, 15, as follows:
New Mexico: Tularosa, 9. Texas: Sierra Blanca, 6.
THOMOMYS LACHUGUILLA Batrey.
LACHUGUILLA PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 8.) Thomomys aureus lachuguilla Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XV, 120, June 2, 02
Type.—Collected at El Paso, Texas (in a dry wash in the mountains a mile northeast of the town), by Vernon Bailey, September 24, 1901. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Arid Lower Sonoran mesas in extreme western Texas and southern New Mexico, south to Casas Grandes, Chihuahua (fig. 7).
Characters.—Size small, hind foot 27-29 mm.; color, dull ochra- ceous-tawny; skull narrow with abruptly decurved incisors; mamm<ze in 4 pairs, Inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
1915.1 THOMOMYS UMBRINUS GROUP. 89
Color.—Upperparts dull ochraceous- -tawny or erayish buff; nose and ear patch dusky; underparts pale cinnamon to soiled “Erin: feet whitish.
Skull.—Resembling that of aureus in general form, with full roundéd bull, narrow basioccipital, and slightly arched pains but differ- ing in its smaller size, slenderer form, and less-ridged surface; inter- parietal normally quadrate; slender points of premaxille extending far back of truncate or slightly emarginate tip of nasals.
Measurements.—Type (3 ad.): Total length, 215; tail vertebre,
65; hind foot, 29. Average of five topotypes (¢ ad.): 202, 61, 27. Average of three females: 195, 62,26. Skull (of type): Basal length, 35; nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 19; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. - Remarks.—This form needs no comparison with barleyz on the east or perditus on the south. It was originally, but probably erro- neously, considered a small, dull-colored desert form of aureus. It occupies the arid Lower Sonoran mesas, but apparently does not occur in moist and fertile bottom lands as do the more robust aureus and toltecus. Specimens from Presidio County and the Great Bend region are not typical, but they vary so much with each locality that to avoid making more subspecies I have referred them to this, the nearest form. It seems probable that the great variation in the gophers of this region is due to the scarcity of individuals and the isolation of colonies.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 33, as follows:
Chihuahua: Casas Grandes, 2
New Mexico: Organ, 2; Oran Mountains, 2.
Texas: Alpine, 1; inert Tine, 2; El Paso, 12; Franklin Mountain (10 miles north of El Paso, 4; al 15 miles sineith 2), 6; Marathon (15 miles south), 1; Paisano, ie Buosalte (panty (35 miles south of Marfa), 4
Thomomys umbrinus Group.
THOMOMYS UMBRINUS UMBRINUS (RicHarpson). SOUTHERN POCKET Goruer. (Pl. I, fig. 13; Pl. VI, fig. 13; text fig. 2.) Geomys umbrinus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 202, 1829. Thomomys umbrinus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XTX, 3, Jan. 29, 1906.
Type.—In British Museum, said to have come from “ Cadadaguios, a town in southwestern Louisiana,” but no such town has ever been located, except the Kadhoadacho Indian settlements on the Red River, in western Louisiana, where Thomomys does not occur. The type locality is now restricted to Boca del Monte, Vera Cruz. Type identified with specimens from Vera Cruz.
1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIX, 3, Jan. 29, 1906.
90 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. fo. 39.”
Distribution.—Known only from Boca del Monte and Xuchil, Vera Cruz (fig. 9).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot 27-28 mm.; color dichromatic, dull umber, brown, or black; skull short and wide with emarginate anterior base of zygoma and strongly projecting incisors; groove on inner margin of incisors very obscure; ears small; claws very slender; mamme in 3 pairs, inguinal 2—2, pectoral 1-1.
Color.—Upperparts in brown phase varying from dull burnt umber, or Prout’s brown, to nearly black; underparts lightly washed with pale buff or whitish; chin, feet, and tip of tail white. In black phase, slaty black all over except white chin, feet, and tip of tail.
Skull—Light and smooth, not ridged or angular, short and wide, with very short rostrum and greatly projecting incisors; anterior base of zygoma emarginate or concave in outline where it joins the frontal; lachrymal long and attached for all or most of its length to zygoma; premaxille widening posteriorly and terminating approxi- mately even with nasals; palate flat, not arched between molar series; lateral pits deep; base of pterygoids constricted. Dentition light; incisors slender, projecting, pale or whitish, with indistinct or obsolete inner groove; anterior lower incisor with anterior enamel plate minute or often entirely wanting.
Mcasurements.—Average of 4 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 193; tail vertebrae, 58; hind foot, 27.2. Average of 3 adult females: 195, 57, 27. Skull (4 ad.):! Basal length, 33.7; nasals, 12.4; zygo- matic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth, 17.6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.3.
Remarks.—It would be useless to list the various species of Tho- momys to which authors have applied the name wmbrinus. For over half a century the name was shifted about to one and another species, and proved a stumbling block to every naturalist working on the genus. Fortunately the type is still extant and has been identified with a sufficiently restricted species to give it a definite location. The species thus becomes the type of a well-defined group, including umbrinus, orizabe, peregrinus, nelsoni, sheldoni, goldmam, perdatus, and atrovarius. 7
Specomens examined.—Total number, 15, as follows:
Vera Cruz: Boca del Monte, 8; Xuchil, 7. THOMOMYS UMBRINUS ORIZABA Merriam. OrizABA POCKET GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 15.) Thomomys orizabxe Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 145, Dec. 29, 1893.
Type.—Collected on Mount Orizaba (9,500 feet altitude), Puebla, Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, April 25, 1903. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
1No. 66091, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Boca del Monte, Vera Cruz.
1915.] THOMOMYS UMBRINUS GROUP. O]
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 9).
Characters.—Considerably larger than wmbrinus or peregrinus; hind foot 27-31 mm.; skull heavier; colors dichromatic, usually black, rarely bright umber; ears small; claws slender; mammez in 3 pairs.
Color.—In 14 of 16 topotypes: Glossy iridescent black all over except white on tip of tail, toes, and usually chin and inside of pockets. Two topotypes in brown phase: Upperparts bright burnt umber in the adult, darker in the immature specimen; underparts washed with paler shade of the same or ochraceous-buff; tip of tail, toes, and inside of pockets white.
Skull.—Relatively more elongated, angular, and ridged than in umbrinus or peregrinus; base of zygoma deeply concave, or emargi- nate; lachrymal long and borne mainly on zygoma; premaxille widening posteriorly and terminating approximately even with nasals; palate flat between molars, but with deep lateral pits and constricted base of pterygoids. Dentition heavy; incisors less pro- jecting than in peregrinus, and plain orange, rarely with white tips; anterior enamel plate of front lower incisor small.
Measurements.—Average of 4 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 219; tail vertebre, 69; hind foot, 29.3. Average of 5 females: 132, 66, 29. Skull (of type, @ ad.): Basal length, 35; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 25; mastoid breadth, 19; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.7. One topotype (¢ ad.):1 38.5, 14, 25, 19.5, 8.
Specimens examined.—Sixteen, from type locality.
THOMOMYS UMBRINUS PEREGRINUS MErgziam.
Mexican Pocket GOPHER. (P1. VI, fig. 14.)
Thomomys peregrinus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 146, Dec. 29, 1893. Type.—Collected at Salazar, Federal District of Mexico, Mexico, at 10,300 feet altitude, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, October 24, 1892. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Distribution.—Mountain slopes in the Federal District of Mexico, east to San Martin, Puebla, and north to El Chico, Hildago (fig. 9).
Characters.—Size medium, slightly larger than umbrinus; hind foot 27-29 mm.; color dark rich umber; skull with projecting incisors and concave base of zygoma; mamme in 3 pairs.
Color.—Upperparts dark rich burnt umber, becoming blackish along the back in many specimens; underparts washed with ochra- ceous-buff; feet, tip of tail, and sometimes chin, whitish. A fully melanistic specimen from Santa Rosa, Guanajuato, suggests partial dichromatism.
1No. 53611, U. S. Nat. Mus.
99 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Skull.—Less markedly short and wide than in umbrinus and with slightly less projecting incisors; base of zygomaslightly concave; palate flat between molar series, and unique in having shallow lateral pits and wide base of pterygoids. Dentition light; incisors bright orange with white tips; anterior enamel plate on front lower incisors small but distinct and constant. ,
Measurements.—Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 208; tail vertebre, 61; hind foot, 28. Average of 5 females: 189, 59, 27.3. Skull (of type, ? ad.): Basal length, 34; nasals, 12; zygo- matic breadth, 23; mastoid breadth, 18; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. Skull of topotype (4 ad.):1! 34, 12.3, 24, 19, 7.
Specimens excamined.—Total number, 43, as follows:
Hidalgo: El Chico (Sierra de Pachuca), 3; Real del Monte, 3; Tulancingo, 1.
Mexico: Popocatepetl, 1, Salazar, 17; Toluca Valley, 1; Volcan Toluca (north slope), 15.
Puebla: San Martin, 2.
THOMOMYS NELSONT MERRIAM.
NELSON POCKET GOPHER. (P1. VI, fig. 11.) Thomomys nelsoni Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 109, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico, at 6,000 feet alti- tude, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, September 18,1898. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Central Chihuahua, from Gallego south to Parral (fig. 9).
Characters.—Size small, hind foot 28 mm.; color bright tawny; skull short and wide, with projecting incisors.
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts light russet or bright tawny, darker along back and on face; nose and ear patch blackish; ankle and base of tail brownish, lower part of feet and terminal part of tail white; belly pale tawny. Summer pelage: A shade brighter above and below.
Skull.—Short and wide with abruptly spreading zygomata and strongly projecting, lightly grooved, white-tipped incisors; nasals narrow, cuneate, slightly notched, and terminating a little short of the wide posterior tips of premaxille; basioccipital wide and flat; frontals wide, crowding slightly into base of zygomata; lachrymal -mainly adnate to zygoma.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.):* Total length, 196; tail vertebre, 60; hind foot, 28. Topotype (¢ ad.): 207, 59, 28.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth,
1No. 50122, U. S. Nat. Mus. 2The type of nelsoni was marked “ ?’’ on the original label and referred to in original description as female. It is, however, a fine old male with prominent sex marks showing in the skin and with the skull
characters of the male.
1915.] THOMOMYS UMBRINUS GROUP. 93
21; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. Skull of male topotype: 34, 12, 24, 19.5, 7.
Remarks.—The short, wide skull, projecting incisors, and white slip- pers and tip of tail reveal relationship with the wmbrinus group, although in the specimens collected there are no females to show the arrangement of mammez. However, nelsoni is evidently a northern form of the group.
Specimens exramined.—Total number, 3, as follows:
Chihuahua: Gallego, 1; Parral, 2.
THOMOMYS SHELDONI.! sp. Nov. SHELDON POCKET GoPHER.
(Pl. VI, fig. 12.)
Type from Santa Teresa (6,800 feet altitude), Tepic, Mexico. Adult ¢, No. 90819, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Collected August 10, 1897, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman; col- lectors’ number, 11443.
Distribution. Er neition Zone on the Sierra Madre, Mexico, from northern Chihuahua south to Guanajuato (fig. 9).
Characters.—In size slightly larger than umbrinus or peregrinus, and more brightly colored than either; ears small; claws slender; skull relatively long, with long nasals and not very protruding incisors; mamme in 3 pairs. : |
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts light umber, or russet-brown, darker along median line of back, on nose, and about ears; under- parts lighter, more tawny; lower half of feet and tip of tail usually white; rarely any white on chin or throat in typical series; white Se of cheek pouches scarcely showing. Young duller and. fade
Skull—Relatively longer than in other members of the group, with longer, narrower nasails and slender rostrum; interorbital region wide and flat; interparietal triangular; nasals slightly emarginate, usually fallme short of posterior tips of premaxille; anterior base of zygoma nearly straight, in some slightly concave and in others slightly convex; lachrymal adnate to zygoma for over half its length. Dentition: Incisors moderately projecting, dark orange, with small but distinct grooves along inner margins.
Measurements—Type (& ad.): Total length, 210; tail vertebra, 64; hind foot, 29. Average of 4 topotypes (¢ ad.): 200, 62, 28.8. Average of 4 adult females: 191, 61, 28.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37; nasals, 14.5; zygomatic breadth, 25; mastoid breadth, 19; interorbital breadth, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8._
Remarks.—This is a northern form of the wmbrinus group, occupy-_ ing the Transition Zone of the main Sierra Madre of Mexico, and
1Named for Charles Sheldon in recognition of his interest in mammals, large and small, and his many contributions of specimens and of notes on their habits.
94 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39.
probably separated by lower country from the range of peregrinus, its nearest relative. There is considerable variation in its extension northward to northern Chihuahua but no indication of its intergra- dation with intermedius, which is very similar in general appearance but which with its 4 pairs of mamme and narrow, slender skull, belongs to the fulvus group.
Specuomens examined.—Total number, 117, as follows:
Chihuahua: Chuichupa, 1; Colonia Garcia (6,400 feet altitude), 13; near Guad- elupe y Calvo (at 7,000 feet), 6; Pacheco, 11; Sierra Madre (65 miles east of Batopilas at 7,000 feet), 5.
Durango: Chacala (3,000 feet), 1, immature; Coyotes, 3; El Salto (8,400 feet), 10; La Boca, 1; Rio Sestin, 1.
Guanajuato: Santa Rosa (8,500 feet), 9.
San Luis Potosi: La Tinaja (6,000 feet), 8; San Luis Potosi, 1.
Sinaloa: Sierra de Choix (50 miles northeast of Choix at 5,000 feet), 3.
Sonora: Alamos (1,200 feet), 5.
Tepic: Santa Teresa (6,800 feet), 10.
Zacatecas: Berriozabal (6,600 feet), 10; Plateado, 4; Sierra Madre (8,500 feet), 5; Valparaiso Mountains (8.700 feet), 10.
THOMOMYS GOLDMANI Merriam. GOLDMAN POCKET GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 10.)
Thomomys goldmani Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 108, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Mapimi, Durango, Mexico, by E. A. Goldman, December 15, 1893. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey aolllectara.
Distribution.—EKastern Durango, from Mapimi south to aranaa City (fig. 9).
Characters.—Size small, hind foot 27-30 mm.; color bright tawny above, white below; ears minute; skull short and wide, with project- ing incisors; Mamme in 3 pairs, Sheil Di. Perot ial
Color.—Upperparts bright tawny, darkening on head and becoming dusky around nose and ears; underparts, tip of tail, and lower part of feet, white.
Skull—sShort and wide with very short nasals and projectmg in- cisors; zygomatic arches slender, nearly parallel, abruptly con- stricted at posterior base; basioccipital wide and flat; nasals nearly truncate, falling slightly short of posterior tips of premaxille; front- als wide, pushing slightly into base of zygomata; lachrymal lyimg mainly against base of zygoma, as In wmbrinus.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 208; tail vertebre, 68; hind foot, 30. Female topotype: 190, 60, 27. Skull (of type): Basal length, 33; nasals, 12; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 18; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—The specimens from Mapimi exhibit the extreme differ- entiation of the form. Those from Durango are darker, more nearly
1915.] THOMOMYS UMBRINUS GROUP. 95
like peregrinus, through which goldmani evidently connects with the umbrinus group.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 9, as follows:
Durango: Durango, 6; Mapimi, 2; San Gabriel, 1. THOMOMYS PERDITUS Merriam. Lirrte Gray PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 9.) Thomonys perditus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 108, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Lampazos, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, by Clark P. Streator, January 22, 1891. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Mstribution.— Eastern Coahuila and western Nuevo Leon, north to Rock Springs and Castle Mountains, western Texas (fig. 9).
Characters.—Size small, hind foot 25 mm.; color buffy gray or pale tawny; skull short and narrow, with shane: projecting incisors; mamme in 3 pairs, inguinal 2~—2, pectoral 1-1.
Color.—Upperparts dark buffy gray or pale duil tawny, darkest along back; sides brighter; belly and feet pale buffy or creamy white; ear patch, nose, and lips dusky; inside of pouches white.
Skull.—sShort, with smooth, rounded braincase and rectangular zygomatic arches; incisors projecting slightly beyond nasals; nasals sharply notched posteriorly and terminating on a plane with short premaxillze; interparietal normally quadrate, wider than long; ante- rior base of zygoma strongly convex in outline, unlike most species of the wmbrinus group.
Measurements —Type (é ad.): Total length, 195; tail vertebre, 59; hind foot, 26.5. Average of 2 topotypes (¢ ad.): 192, 58, 26.8. Average of 2 females: 180, 54, 24.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 33; nasals, 12; zygomatic breadth, 21; mastoid breadth, 18; alveo- lar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—The relationships of this species, as exhibited by the cranial characters, seem not to be very close with any of the surround- ing forms, but the number and arrangement of mamme place it in the umbrinus group.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 24, as follows:
Coahuila: Carneros, 5; Jaral, 1; Sierra Encarnacion, 1; Sierra Guadalupe, 4. Nuevo Leon: Lampazos, 5; Villadama, 2.
Texas: Castle Mountains, 1; Comstock, 2; Devils River, 1; Rock Springs (35 miles east), 1; Samuels, 1
THOMOMYS ATROVARIUS ALLEN. BLACK-AND-BROWN POCKET GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 16.) Thomomys atrovarius Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, 148, 1898.
Type.—Collected at Tatemales (near Rosario), Sinaloa, Mexico, by P. O. Simons, May 15, 1897. Type specimen in the British Museum.
96 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39.
Disiribution.—Coastal Plain of southern Sinaloa and Tepic, from Mazatlan south to Colomo (fig. 9).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot 30 mm.; pelage thin and harsh; color dark brown or blackish; skull short and wide, with pro- jecting incisors; ears small; claws slender; mamme in 3 pairs.
Color.—Dark umber, brown, or brownish black; underparts brown- ish or plumbeous; ears, feet, and tail nearly naked, but lower part of feet and tip of tail usually white when there is hair enough to show color.
Skull.Sheghtly heavier and longer than in umbrinus, but of the same general characters, with short nasals and less-projecting incisors; base of zygoma slightly indented and the greater part of lachrymal adnate to it; posterior tips of premaxille narrowed and extending slightly back of truncate tip of nasals; pterygoids wide apart. Dentition slightly heavier than in wmbrinus; incisors dark orange and very lightly grooved.
Measurements.—Average of 3 females from Rosario: Total length, 196; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 29. Adult male from Mazatlan: 208, 66, 31. Skull (of adult male from Mazatlan): Basal length, 36; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 25; mastoid breadth, 20; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—Thomomys atrovarwus is a well-marked, thin-haired, nearly concolor, tropical species in which the skull characters show close affinities with the wmbrinus group.
Specomens examined.—Total number, 14, as fellows:
Sinaloa: Mazatlan, 2; Plomosas, 2; Rosario, 5; Tatemales, 1. Tepic: Colomo, 1; Navarete, 2; Pedro Pablo, 1.
Thomomys talpoides Group. THOMOMYS TALPOIDES TALPOIDES (RicHarpson). SASKATCHEWAN POCKET GOPHER.
Cricetus talpoides Richardson, Zool. Journ., III, 518, 1828.
Geomys talpoides Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 204, 1829.
S{accophorus| talpoides Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium, 588 (‘‘388”), 1830. Taken from Richardson.
Geomys borealis Richardson,! Sixth Ann. Bees Brit. Assn. for PS3b52V—. 150, lob, 1837. Renaming of talpordes.
1 Geomys borealis of Enenerdeen has been generally considered a nomen nudum and the name dated from Bachman, two years later, based on a different species. Richardson first used the name (loc. cit., 150) as ““Geomys borealis, Rich. nov. sp.”? On page 156 he states that “‘Geomys borealis inhabits the Plains of the Saskatchewan,’’ and on page 157 he gives good descriptive characters in comparison with several other species. He says ‘‘borealis and talpoides have a very fine groove close to the inner margin of each upper incisor,’’? but evidently failed to detect the much finer grooves on the incisors of bulbivorus and umbrinus with which he was making the comparison. As Dr. Allen has pointed out (Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 61, 1893) Richardson was evidently renaming his talpoides, of which he here (p. 156) very strangely changes the habitat to Florida. It therefore seems necessary to consider borealis a synonym of talpoides. Bachman’s borealis (1839), of which the type is extant and perfectly CISTI, is tine same as clusius of Coues (1875).
Since writing the foregoing I have received a letter (Mar. 15, 1915) from Mr. Oldfield Thomas, Gs the British Museum, expressing his opinion that borealis of Bachardsdn is not a nomen nudum.
1915.] THOMOMYS TALPOIDES GROUP. 97
Ascomys borealis Wagner, Suppl. Schreber Saug., III, 391, 1843. Taken from Richardson. Geomys unisulcatus Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., 149, 1843. Nomen nudum. Saccophorus borealis Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., 149, 1843. From Richardson. Ascomys talpoides Wagner, Suppl. Schreber Saug., III, 390, 1843. From Richardson. Ascomys borealis Wagner, Suppl. Schreber Saug., III, 391, 1843. From Richardson. Pseudostoma talpoides Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am., III, 43-45, 1854; de- scribed and figured from type specimen in collection Zool. Soc., London. | Geomys (Thomomys) talpoides Giebel, Saiug., 530, 1855. Compiled from Richardson. Thomomys talpoides Baird, Mamm. N. Am., 403, 1857.
Type.'—Type locality fixed at near Fort Carlton (Carlton House) on the Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan. ‘Type specimen in British Museum, a stuffed skin and anterior part of skull, which was removed from the skin in 1893.
Distribution.—Plains of Saskatchewan and Alberta; south in Montana to Great Falls and the Big Snowy Mountains (fig. 10).
Characters.—Size medium, between that of rufescens and clusius; ears prominent and pointed; claws slender; color dull and dark gray; skull not heavily ridged and with shght temporal ridges often converging anteriorly or in the middle; nasals emarginate posteriorly; rostrum slender; mammze normally in 6 pairs, inguinal 2-2, abdominal 2—2, pectoral 2-2.
OColor.—Summer pelage: Upperparts dull grayish brown with plumbeous nose and blackish ear patch; underparts buffy or soiled whitish gray; chin, and often throat and breast, pure white; feet whitish; tail white tipped or sometimes all white. Winter pelage: Upperparts dull dark gray, with little brownish; ear patch black; underparts washed with whitish.
Skull—Rather short and wide, with anteriorly converging tem- poral ridges in all but very old individuals; nasals emarginate at posterior tips or rarely truncate; interparietal triangular; audital bull full and wide but low, with anterior arm of basioccipital narrow between them. VDentition noticeably lighter than in rufescens; upper incisors abruptly decurved and distinctly grooved.
Measurements.—Largest male from Borden, Saskatchewan: Total length, 214; tail vertebra, 60; hind foot, 28. Largest female from same place: 210,60, 29. Skull (¢ ad. from Borden, Saskatchewan): Basal length, 34.5; nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 23; mastoid breadth, 19; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. |
1 The type of talpoides, a stuffed skin with part of Sicall, Hoag pincaredit > mt PeaaneaieS panonaon dealer, and was recorded from ‘Hudson Bay.’”’ This evidently meant the country of the Hudson’s Bay Co., or western Canada.. There are no gophers known nearer the shores of Hudson Bay than on the Saskatchewan, where, as Dr. Allen has pointed out, Richardson refers to them in his original description. Carlton House or Fort Carlton, where Richardson remained for some time, and apparently the highest point he reached on the Saskatchewan River, is near the easternmost point at which these gophers are
known to occur along the river. As other species are found farther west on the Saskatchewan, it is neces- Sary to restrict the type locality of talpoides still further to the vicinity of Carlton House.
98121°—15 7
98 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [ NO. 39.
Remarks.—The name talpoides has long been applied to the gophers of North Dakota and Manitoba on the supposition that they were the same as those from the Saskatchewan. A series of specimens recently collected at Borden, Saskatchewan, the lowest point at which they could be found along the North Saskatchewan River, and only about 40 miles above the site of old Fort Carlton, prove to be separable from the Dakota animal, which therefore takes the name rufescens. The fact that Richardson did not get specimens or even see the gopher which he described is probably due to their absence from the immediate vicinity of Fort Carlton where he records them in an indefinite way. He may have seen their molelike mounds on a short trip up the river or may only have heard of them from trappers and other explorers in that region, possibly from Drum- mond or Douglas. It, therefore, seems safe to assume that speci- mens from Borden are typical of talpoides of Richardson.
Loring reports gopher hills 20 miles, and Preble 40 miles, north of Edmonton.
Specurmens examined.—Total number, 98, as follows:
Alberta: Blindman River, 4; Buffalo Lake, 2; Calgary, 2; Didsbury, 2: Ed- monton, 22; Irwin Lake, 1; Red Deer, 23; St. Albert, 2; Waghorn, 1. Montana: Bearpaw Mountains, 1; Big Snowy Mountains, 2; Blackfoot, 12;
Highwood, 3; Zortman, 1. Saskatchewan: Borden, 16; Indian Head, 4.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES RUFESCENS Wien. PRarIRIE PockEeET GOPHER; DAKOTA POCKET GOPHER. (PING PI, figeos Ril Ville ners texbeissee2io)
Thomomys rufescens Wied, Nova. Acta. Phys. Med. Acad. Ces. Leop.-Carol, XIX, pt. 1, 378, 1839.
Type.—Collected at ‘‘The Minnetaree Village,’ now Old Fort Clark, Oliver County, North Dakota (about 6 miles south of Stanton), on the west side of the Missouri River, by Maximilian, Prince of Wiedin. 1833. Type specimen in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Distribution.—Greater part of North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, and southwestern Manitoba (fig. 10).
Oharacters.—Size large; feet large and claws stout; ears prominent and pointed, not a mere thickened rim as in some western species; color dull and dark gray; skull heavy, with parallel temporal ridges and wide basioccipital; rostrum slender; incisors abruptly decurved, distinctly grooved; mamme in 6 pairs, inguinal 2-2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Thin summer pelage ane and August): Upperparts dull brownish gray; ear and surrounding fur black; underparts buffy gray with more or less pure white on chin, throat, aan breast; feet whitish; tail whitish or gray at base. Early winter pelage (October): Dark buffy gray above, almost as dark as in summer. full winter pelage
1915. ] THOMOMYS TALPOIDES GROUP. 99
(November to May): Bright buffy gray above, fading to paler buffy in spring. Young: Upperparts duller, more plumbeous, fading to buffy when half grown, changing to dark fall pelage in October. [See section on molt (p. 18); also five molts shown on one animal in mee, No. 1.]
Skull—Long and straight, with shallow rostrum and strongly developed and approximately parallel temporal ridges; nasals long and truncate or rounded at posterior tip; bullz long and rather narrow (becoming very narrow in specimens from the eastern part of the range), basioccipital with wide, heavy shaft between bulle; auditory meatus slender. Dentition: Molars heavy; incisors decurved at right
angle to axis of skull.
— _Measurements.—Adult male from near Fort Clark, N. Dak.: Total length, 240; tail vertebre, 70; hind foot, 31. Adult female from same locality: 230, 70, 31. Skull (of adult male from near Fort Clark): Basal length, 40; nasals, 15.5; zygomatic breadth, 25; mastoid breadth, 22; interorbital breadth, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8. :
Remarks.—There is now ample material from the type locality and its general region to show the characters of rufescens, which proves to be the large, dark-colored gopher occupying the greater part of North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, and southwestern Manitoba. Specimens from. the type region in early winter fur (November or December) are still needed to complete our knowledge of seasonal variation in pelage, but this pelage will probably be found to agree, as do most other characters, with specimens from the eastern part of the State.
The type, a mounted specimen with skull inside, much faded but otherwise in good condition, is in the American Museum of Natural History. It has been removed from the base, and the old label, once tacked on the base, is now attached to the foot. It bears the legend “Thomomys rufescens Wied. Machtohpka indigen”’ and also ‘‘Mas Missouri,” not very legible. It hardly seemed necessary to remove the skull from so old and fragile a specimen, as there are good topo- types, and the general size and large claws are good characters. The hind foot measures 30 mm., dry. It is marked “3” on the museum label, which also is attached to the foot. :
Specumens examined.—Total number, 159, as follows:
Manitoba: Aweme, 4; Carberry, 11; Selkirk Settlement, 1.
North Dakota: Bismarck, 4; Bottineau, 1; Braddock, 1; Cannonball River, 6; Devils Lake, 1; Dickinson, 2; Fish Lake (in Turtle Mountains), 8; Fort Clark, 5; Fort Rice, 1; Glen Ullin, 1; Grafton, 3; Hensler, 6; Jamestown, 6; Lari- more, 7; Mandan, 10; Minnewauken, 3; Minot, 1; Oakdale, 8; Pembina, 25; Portland, 1; Sherbrooke, 6; Souris River, 2; Steel 1; Streeter, 2; Stump Lake, 1; Valley City, 9; Wade, 2; Walhalla, 2; Washburn, 3.
South Dakota: Aberdeen, 2; Armour, 3; Fort Randall, 2; Fort Sisseton; 3; Highmore, 1; Pierre, 3; White Lake, 1.
100 — NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 39.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES CLUSIUS Covzs.
Cours PockEtT GOPHER. (PI. II, fig. 6; Pl. VII, fig. 5; text fig. 3.)
Geomys borealis Bachman,! Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII, pt. 1, 103, 1839. Type locality said to be the ‘‘Columbia River,’’ probably in Colorado near the southeast corner of Wyoming. (Not of Richardson.)
Pseudostoma borealis Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am., IIT, 198, pl. 142, 1853. (Not Geomys borealis of Richardson.)
Thomomys clusius Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1875, 138, June 15, 1875.
Type.—Collected at Bridgers Pass, Carbon County, Wyoming, (18 miles southwest of Rawlins), by Dr. W. A. Hammond, July 28, 1857. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus.
Distribution.—Central and southeastern Wyoming (north to Park- man, Sheridan County), and eastern Colorado south to Colorado Springs (fig. 10).
Characters.—Considerably smaller than talpoides, with slenderer claws; color slightly more rufescent; skull with the same shallow rostrum,-but differing in having smaller size, large rounded bulle, and lighter dentition; mamme in 6 or 7 pairs, inguinal 2-2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral 2-2, or sometimes 3-3; embryos 5 to 7.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts light buffy- or hazel-gray, brightest on crown, paler along sides; cheeks clear gray; ear patch blackish; underparts whitish or buffy; chin sometimes white; feet and tip of tail whitish. Autumn pelage (September): Upperparts duller and darker; crown and back dull hazel darkened with black- tipped hairs that apparently fade or wear off and leave a grayish or » buffy brown in winter; black ear patch conspicuous. Young paler, more buffy gray.
Skull—Light and slender, not angular or heavily ridged; temporal ridges parallel in fully adult specimens; audital bullze much larger
1 Bachman’s description of Geomys borealis, which he credits to Richardson, was based mainly on a specimen collected by Townsend, of which he says, “Mr. Townsend’s specimens were prccured on the
Columbia River.’’? The very full description of borealis, including measurements, agrees perfectly with
one (No. 146) of the three specimens brought back by Townsend and now before me through the kindness
of Dr. Witmer Stone, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I have had the skulls removed from these three mounted specimens, and for the first time it is possible to identify them. The old labels which were formerly tacked on the stands are now attached to these specimens, and Dr. Stone thinks they are in the handwriting of Le Conte, who published on them in 1852, 18 years after they were collected.
(Le Conte also described a Geomys bursarius as Geomys oregonensis from aspecimen labeled ‘Columbia
River, J. k.Townsend.’’) Itis probable that the specimens came into the collection without labels, and
were supposed to have come from the Columbia River, but none of the three of Thomomys were collected
anywhere near the Columbia. No. 147 is Bachman’s type of townsendi and No. 144 is an adult specimen of pygmzxus which Bachman considered a young of borealis. Bachman’s type of borealis proves to be identical with clusius of Coues. Townsend in his Narrative (p. 59) mentions a pocket gopher which he picked up near Scott’s Bluff, Nebr., at a point near the southeastern corner of what isnow Wyoming. As this specimen was preserved and is the only specimen mentioned in the narrative, it may well be the type of Bachman’s borealis. As Richardson two years earlier applied the name borealis to another species (¢al- poides), Bachman’s name has no standing in this connection. The fact that Richardson had identified
this specimen as his borealis, and on it had drawn up a full description which was used by Bachman, does not make available the name which was already a synonym of talpoides,
1915.1 THOMOMYS TALPOIDES GROUP. 101
and more rounded than in talpoides; anterior arm of basioccipital very narrow; nasals slenderer, especially at posterior tips, which are variously rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate in the topotype series; interparietal small and triangular. Dentition conspicuously lighter than in talpoides.
Measurements.—Topotype (éad.): Total length, 205; tail verte-
bre, 66; hind foot, 28.5. Average of 7 female topotypes: 204, 60, 27. Skull (topotype, gad.):' Basal length, 33.4; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 19.5; interorbital breadth, 11.5: alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. : _ Remarks.—In general appearance clusius is nearer talpoides than is the larger and paler bullatus, which separates their ranges and evi- dently grades into one on the north and the other on the south. It is not improbable, however, that clusius and talpoides meet in a narrow Transition Zone strip along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains above the Upper Sonoran limits of bullaius. At the type locality and over most of its range clusiws is found in Transition Zone sage-brush country.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 106, as follows:
Colorado: Avalo, 5; Boulder, 1; Canadian Creek (North Park), 6; Colorado Springs, 7; Estes Park, 1; Flagler, 7; Gold Hill, 1; Limon, 1; Pawnee Buttes, 1; Siebert (8 miles south), 1.
Wyoming: Bear Creek (3 miles southwest of Laramie Peak, at 7,500 feet alti- tude), 1; Beaver, 1; Bridgers Pass, 14; Casper (40 miles southwest), 4; Chey- enne, 7; Dayton, 1; Douglas, 2; Ferris Mountains (7,800 to 9,400 feet), 4; Fetterman, 1; Fort Russell, 1; Fort Steele, 3; Green Mountains (8,000 feet), 2; Islay, 2; Laramie Mountains (east of Laramie, at 8,500 and 9,000 feet), 3; Little Bear Creek (20 miles southeast of Chugwater), 1; Miners Delight, 1; Myersville, 2; Myersville (22 miles southeast), 1; Pass (now Parkman), 2; Pine Bluffs, 2; Rattlesnake Mountains (north base), 3; Rawhide Butte (5,400 feet), 1; Red Bank, 1; Rock Creek, 1; Sherman, 2; Shirley Mountains (7,600 to 8,800 feet), 4; Springhill (12 miles north of Laramie Peak), 2; Sun, 3; Wheatland (15 miles southwest, at 5,200 feet), 1; Woods, 2.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES BULLATUS Baitey. SAGE PockET GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 2.) Thomomys talpoides bullatus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 115, July 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected at Powderville, Custer County, Montana, by Dr. A. K. Fisher, July 21, 1893. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Disiribution.—Plains of eastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, and western South Dakota; north to Medicine Hat, Alberta (fig. 10).
Characters.—Size of talpoides, but with larger audital bulle, lighter dentition, and brighter colors; mamme usually in 6 pairs; young, 5 to 7.
1 No. 25534, U. S. Nat. Mus.
102 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Color..—Summer pelage: Practically the same as in clusius, with less gray on cheeks; upperparts light buffy- or hazel-gray, brightest on crown; ear patch blackish; underparts buffy, sometimes with white on chin; feet and tail whitish. Winter pelage (November specimen, from Fort Custer): Upperparts much paler, light buffy eray; underparts creamy white.
Skull.—Size and general form nearly as in talpoides, but less mdeed and with smaller molars, much larger and more rounded bulle, and narrower anterior shaft of basioccipital.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 238; tail vertebre, 72; hind foot, 30. Male topotype: 242, 76, 30; female topotype: 225, 78, 29. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37.6; nasals, 15.5; zygo- matic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth, 20.3; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—This is a pale Upper Sonoran form, not entirely inter- mediate between talpoides and clusius, both of which are Transition Zone forms (one of the humid grass-prairies, the other of arid sage- brush). To some extent bullatus combines the characters of both, but is not quite intermediate and has a well-defined range. The beautiful series of specimens from Medicine Hat, Alberta, mainly immature females, are in the light gray, early winter coat. They are provisionally placed with this form until better characters can be observed from skulls of adult males and from summer skins.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 82, as follows:
Alberta: Medicine Hat, 10 (not typical).
Montana: Alzada, 1; Cedar Creek (15 miles north of Terry), 3; Darnalls (on south bank Missouri River south of Glasgow), 1; Fort Assiniboine, 4; Fort Custer, 6; Fort Thorne, 1; Johnson Lake, 2; Piney Buttes, 2; Powderville, 4; Red Lodge, 1; Terry, 1.
North Dakota: Buford, 4; Yellowstone River (mouth), 1
South Dakota: Buffalo Gap, 3; Corral Draw (Pine Ridge Indian Reservation), 4; Crow Buttes (Harding County), 1; Elk Mountain, 10; Fort Meade, 1; Rapid City, 2; Smithville, 2
Wyoming: Clearmont, 1; Devils Tower, 1; Ishawooa Creek, 4; Moorcroft, 3; Newcastle, 5; Powder River crossing, 2; Sage Creek (west of Fort Washakie), . 1; Wind River (north of Washakie), 1
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES NEBULOSUS Batey.
Biack Hitts Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VIL, fig. 3.) Thomomys talpoides nebulosus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XX VII, 116, J uly 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected in Sand Creek Canyon, Black Hills, Wyoming (at Jack Boyden’s ranch, 5 miles above mouth of Canyon, at 3,750 feet altitude), by Vernon Bailey, August 25, 1913. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
1915.3 THOMOMYS TALPOIDES GROUP. 103
Distribution.—Black Hills, S. Dak., and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo. (fig. 10). :
Characters.—Size of talpoides; color more brownish gray; skull slender, lightly ridged; dentition light; bullse well rounded; not very different externally from fossor, but mamme in 6 pairs, inguinal 2-2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color—Summer pelage (July and August): Upperparts dull gray- ish brown; nose plumbeous or dusky; ear patch blackish; underparts buffy, generally with white on chin and sometimes on breast; feet and tail whitish gray or buffy. Wunter pelage (held over in April specimens from Redfern, 8. Dak.): Dark buffy gray, darker than in similar coat of talpoides, not so rufescent as in fossor; underparts light buff. Young (balf-grown July specimen from Custer, S. Dak.): Dull and dark, as in talpordes.
Skull.Larger and more heavily ridged than in talpoides but less heavily ridged than in rufescens; temporal ridges parallel in adults, and interparictal triangular; audital bulle full and well rounded but not so large as in bullatus; basioccipital slender. Dentition conspicu- ously light. Compared with fossor, the skull is larger, relatively wider, and more robust. i
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 230; tail vertebre, 66; hind foot, approximately 32 (27 without toenails). Average of 4 female topotypes: 226, 65, 31.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 37.7; nasals, 14.3; zygomatic breadth, 24.3; mastoid breadth, 20; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.7.
Remarks.—This is a well-marked form of talpoides, occupying the higher parts of the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains, and coming down in wooded canyons to the base of both ranges in the Canadian and Transition Zones. In the Bear Lodge Mountains it is less strongly differentiated from talpoides and shows a tendency to- ward bullatus, but can best be placed with the Black Hills form.
Specumens ecamined.—Total number, 27, as follows:
South Dakota: Beaver Creek, 1; Custer, 4; Redfern, 4; Spring Creek, 1; Ti- gerville, 2.
Wyoming: Bear Lodge Mountains (at 6,000 and 6,200 feet altitude), 6; Rattle- snake Creek (head, at 6,000 feet in the Black Hills), 2; Sand Creek Canyon, 5; Sundance (in canyon at base of Bear Lodge Mountains), 2.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES CARYI Battry. BigHORN PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. VII, fig. 6.)
Thomomys talpoides caryi Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XVII, p. 115, July 10, 1914. Lype.—Collected at head of Trapper Creek, at 9,500 feet altitude,
in the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, by Merritt Cary, July 10, 1910.
Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
104 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39.
Distribution.—Canadian Zone on Bighorn Mountains, Wyo. (fig. 10).
Characters.—Size about the same as clusius or slightly smaller; color darker, more rufescent, without gray cheeks and sides; skull with smaller bullae and wider interparietal; mamme in 6 pairs.
Color.—Summer pelage (September): Upperparts warm grayish brown, with plumbeous nose and black ear patch; underparts rich buffy with white on chin and sometimes on breast; feet soiled whitish; tail gray or buffy with whitish tip. Wznter pelage (on rump of type, June 10): Dark buffy gray, underparts creamy.
Skull—General form similar to that of clusius but with shorter, wider interparietal, slightly smaller bullae, and generally wider and more emarginate nasals.
Measurements.—Type (2 young ad.): Total length, 196; tail ver- tebree, 54; hind foot, 26. Topotype (? more fully ad.): 203, 58, 28. Skull (of er Basal length, 32.5; nasals, 12; zygomatic breadth, 20.5; mastoid breadth, 18; ere nal becadell 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6.2.
Remarks.—This form is poorly represented, but shows characters that exclude it from any of the neighboring forms. Externally it most closely resembles the Black Hills gopher, but in cranial charac- ters stands nearest to clusius, of which it may be considered a dark- colored mountain race. <A good series of specimens including adult males from the high central area of the Bighorn Mountaims will doubtless show more pronounced characters. The details of the distribution of the form remain to be worked out. The specimens examined are all females and from the Canadian Zone.
Specumens exanvned.—Total number, 4, as follows:
Wyoming: Bighorn Mountains (9,000 and 9,500 feet altitude, in central part), 2; Bighorn Mountains (8,400 and 9,000 feet, in southern part), 2.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES PRYORI Batrey.
Pryor Mountain Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VII, fig. 7.)
Thomomys pryorit Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XVII, 116, July 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected on Pryor Mountains, Montana, at head of Sage Creek (6,000 feet altitude), by Vernon Bailey, July 16, 1894. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Pryor Mountains, Mont., east to the Bighorn River, near Fort Custer (fig. 10).
Characters.—Size of clusius, but darker colored and with shorter nasals and more projecting incisors; mamme in 6 pairs, inguinal 2-2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color. eae pelage: Upperparts dull walnut-brown, about as in fossor; nose plumbeous; cheeks dark gray; ear patch black;
1915.} THOMOMYS TALPOIDES GROUP. 105
underparts dark buff with no trace of white in topotype series; feet and tail soiled whitish or buffy. Woanter pelage (as shown in long fur retained on rump of type and one topotype): More grayish brown.
Skull_—Low and wide, with very short and posteriorly pointed nasals; temporal ridges parallel; interparietal triangular; audital bullz rather small; basioccipital wide between bull; interpterygoid fossa narrow and sharp. Dentition light; upper incisors strongly projecting; inner grooves not so distinct as in talpoides.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 210; tail vertebra, 60; hind foot, 29. Average of 2 female topotypes: 201, 53, 28.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 34; nasals, 12.5; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 18.5; interorbital breadth, 5.7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—This seems to be a very local form of the higher slopes of the Pryor Mountains, and undoubtedly grades into some of the > other forms below. It seems to be distinct from caryi, the gopher on the Bighorn Range, from which it is separated by the deep canyon of the Bighorn River, and also from bullatus, from which it is sepa- rated at Fort Custer by the river. The shallow, slender rostrum and arrangement of mamme place it in the talpoides group, but the pecu- liar nasals and projecting incisors are not found in any of the other forms.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 7, as follows:
Montana: Bighorn River (west side, near Fort Custer), 2; Pryor Mountains (cold slopes, edge of Canadian Zone), 5.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES AGRESTIS Merriam. San Luts Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VI, fig. 4.) Thomomys talpoides agrestis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XI, 144, June 9, 1908.
Type.—Collected at Medano Ranch (15 miles northeast of Mosca), San Luis Valley, Colorado, by Merritt Cary, October 29, 1907. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—San Luis Valley, Colo. (fig. 8).
Characters.—Decidedly larger and paler than typical clusius; skull heavier and more conspicuously ridged; more nearly resembling bullatus, but with relatively narrower skull, and larger, more pointed nasals.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts buffy or brownish gray,
richest along median line of back; ear patch blackish; nose gray;
underparts buffy; chin white in two specimens; a white spot on breast in one; feet and tail whitish or buffy gray. Winter pelage: Upperparts lighter, more grayish; underparts whitish or creamy.
106 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. .
Skull—tLong and narrow, with uniformly arched outline; temporal ridges prominent and parallel in old age; nasals long and narrow, and pointed at posterior tip, with a slight expansion back of middle; interparietal triangular; auditory meatus slender; bullae medium; not so full and rounded as in bullatus. Dentition medium; incisors bent at right angles to axis of skull.
Measurements.—Type (2 ad.): Total length, 220; tail vertebre, 57; hind foot, 30. .Topotype (¢ not fully ad.): 205, 50, 30. Skull (of type): Basal length, 38; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 23.5; mastoid breadth, 19.7; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8. 7
Remarks.—This is a well-marked local form of the talpoides group occupying the great arid San Luis Valley, in open sage brush of the Transition Zone. At present it may be isolated from other forms of the group except fossor, by which it is surrounded in the timbered mountains and from which it may have been derived. More prob- ably, however, it is a more recent derivative of clusvus which has entered the valley through one of the passes.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 18, as follows:
Colorado: Blanco, 1; Creston, 1; Fort Garland, 2; Medano Ranch, 5; Saguache (12 miles northwest), 1; San Acacia, 8.
THOMOMYS COLUMBIANUS Battey.
CoLtuMBIA POCKET GOPHER. (PL. VIL, fig. 12.) Thomomys fuscus columbianus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XVII, 117, | July 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected at Touchet, Walla Walla County, Washington, by Clark P. Streator, September 10, 1890. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. |
Distribution.—Plains of southeastern Washington and northern Oregon (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size slightly smaller than talpoides, shghtly larger than quadratus, colors paler than either, about as in fisheri; skull heavier than in quadratus; claws moderately stout; mamme in 6 pairs, inguinal 2—2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts light wood brown or buffy gray; sides and belly pale buffy gray; ear and postauricular patch black; nose slaty; tail gray with white tip; feet whitish. Woanter pelage slightly grayer. Young very gray.
Skull.—Smaller than that of talpoides, with shorter, wider nasals; larger and longer than that of guadratus, rather heavy and angular; lateral ridges well developed in adults, approximately parallel; bull
1915.] THOMOMYS TALPOIDES GROUP. LOZ
large and rounded, widening base of skull and narrowing shaft of basioccipital; interparietal more or less triangular.
Measurements.—Type (3 ad.): Total length, 209; tail vertebre, 60; hind foot, 28. Topotype (¢@ ad.): 208, 68, 27. Skull (of type): Basal length, 34; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 22.7; mastoid breadth, 18.7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—The relationships of this form are doubtful. In many respects it resembles the talpoides group, especially in arrangement of mamme and in general skull characters. In small ears and rather square-built skull it seems close to qguadratus, and there is some ques- tion whether along the borders of its range it does not interbreed with both quadratus and fuscus. ‘Two young females from Asotin, Wash., are probably typical of columbianus, but are too young to afford reliable — characters. An old male from Willows Junction, Oreg., is very small, but is provisionally referred to columbianus.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 37, as follows:
Oregon: Pendleton, 4; Umatilla, 9; Willows Junction, 1. Washington: Asotin, 2; Baird, 9; Fort Walla Walla, 3; Prescott, 4; Touchet, 4; Wallula, 1. THOMOMYS OCIUS Merriam.
GREEN River Pocket GoPHER. (PI. I, fig. 12; Pl. VIL, fig. 9.) Thomomys clusius ocius Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 114, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected near Old Fort Bridger, Wyoming (exact locality, dry sagebrush mesas at Harvey’s Ranch, on Smiths Fork, 6 miles southwest of Fort Bridger), by Vernon Bailey, May 24, 1890. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming, north- western Colorado, and northeastern Utah (fig. 10).
Characters.—Size small; color very pale; skull slender, with very large and rounded audital buile and sharply incurved upper INCISOTs ; ears very small but pointed; mamme normally 1 in 7 pairs, snenit el 2—2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral 3-3.
Cater —Summer ae Upperparts light buffy gray, more strongly buffy or tinged with brownish on crown and back; sides clear gray; cheeks darker gray; ear patch blackish but small; underparts, feet, and tail soiled whitish or creamy. Winter pelage: Upperparts lighter buffy gray; nose and cheeks clearer gray; underparts whitish or creamy.
Skull——Rather narrow, with slightly arched dorsal outline; inter- parietal short and wide; temporal ridges slightly converging ante- riorly; posterior tips of nasals rounded; audital bullz very large and
108 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. -
smoothly rounded, with anterior arm of basioccipital slender and narrow between them. Dentition: Upper incisors sharply incurved so that the cranium can be readily suspended by them, and lower incisors also curved very abruptly upward.
Measurements.—Type (a large old male): Total length, 204; tail vertebrae, 60; hind foot, 26. Topotype (¢ ad.): 188, 51, 24. Aver- age of 6 topotypes (2 ad.): 194, 58, 24.6. Har: From crown, meas- ured in flesh, 5. . Skull (of type): Basal length, 33; nasals,12; zygo- matic breadth, 20; mastoid breadth, 17; interorbital breadth, 5.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—This is a little, pale, desert species of the Green River Basin, mainly in the Upper Sonoran Zone. It occupies the dry, sage- brush mesas, while bridgert occupies the fertile valleys close by. Fort Bridger seems to be the extreme upper limit of ocius, and here its range meets that of the much larger bridgeri and almost or quite meets that of the smaller, darker-colored pygmzus. On the east it meets the range of cluswus, but I find no signs of intergradation, and the skull characters are so strongly marked that it seems best to treat ocius as a full species. Its nearest relatives are idahoensis of southern Idaho, and more remotely the little pygmeus, along its western border in the Transition Zone. ‘These three forms are the only members of the genus in which the crania can be readily sus- pended by hooking the upper incisors over a wire or string. The ears of ocius are very small, measuring uniformly 5 mm. from pos- terior base to tip in fresh specimens, while in bridgeri from the same locality they measure 8mm. The females have normally 14 mamme and contained 7 fetuses, contrasted with 10 mamme and _ 5 fetuses in bridgeri, collected at the same time and place.
Specimens ecamined.—Total number, 38, as follows:
Colorado: Douglas Spring, 1; Ladore, 2; Lay, 1; Lily, 2; Rangely, 2; Snake River (20 miles west of Baggs), 2. Utah: Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, 2. Wyoming: Bitter Creek, 2; Eden, 1; Fontenelle, 1; Fort Bridger, 9; Green River (junction of New Fork), 3; Henrys Fork, 1; Maxon (5 miles south- west), 8; Opal, 1. THOMOMYS IDAHOENSIS Merriam. IpaHo PockET GOPHER. (PL. I, fig. 7; Pl. VII, fig. 10.) Thomomys idahoensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 114, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Birch Creek (10 miles south of Nicholia, at about 6,400 feet altitude), Fremont County, Idaho, by Clark P. Streator, August 8, 1890. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Sur- vey collection.
Distribution.—Snake River Plains, southeastern Idaho (fig. 10).
1915.] THOMOMYS TALPOIDES GROUP. 109
Characters.—Size very small; color pale yellowish gray; ears small; skull light and smooth, with very large and globose bulls and incurved upper incisors; Mamme in 6 pairs, inguinal 2-2, abdominal 2-2, pec- toral 2-2.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts pale dull olive-buff or buffy eray; ear with only a trace of dusky patch; nose yellowish; under- parts pale buff or soiled whitish, occasionally with white chin; fect and tail very hairy, pale buffy or whitish. Young, more ashy gray. Winter pelage unknown. ‘The summer pelage is decidedly paler than the corresponding pelage of ocius, hence the winter pelage is probably lighter colored than in any other northern species of the genus.
Skull.—Of much the same general form as in ocius, but conspicu-
ously smaller and smoother with smaller, more oval interparictal; nasals minutely notched at posterior tip and ending approximately even with premaxille; audital bull very large and globose, sometimes actually meeting over narrow shaft of basioccipital. While the ex- ternal ear is very small, the auditory meatus and audital bulle are unusually developed, the bullze being relatively the largest of any species of the genus.
Measurements.—Type (é ad.): Total length, 179; tail vertebre, 47; hind foot, 23. Average of 10 male topotypes: 179, 50, 22.5. Average of 9 female topotypes: 166, 49, 22.4. Har, from base, meas- ured in flesh, 4.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 29.5; nasals, 11.5; zygomatic breadth, 18; mastoid breadth, 16; interorbital breadth, 4.7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 5.5.
Remarks.—The type locality is at the extreme upper edge of the Upper Sonoran Zone and the upper limit of the range of the species. This gopher is a small, pale, desert species of the Snake River Plains. There is no indication of its intergradation with any of the surround- ing forms, and its nearest relative is ocius of the upper Green River Basin in Wyoming. The boundary of its range remains to be worked out, and winter or early spring specimens are greatly needed to show the winter pelage.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 42, as follows:
Idaho: Big Butte, 2; Big Lost River (near Sink), 3; Birch Creek (10 miles south of Nicholia, 6,400 feet altitude), 21; Blackfoot, 11; Dubois, 1; Idaho Falls, 1; Sink of Birch Creek (5,100 feet), 3.
THOMOMYS PYGMAUS Merriam. Pyeamy Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VII, fig. 11.) Thomomys pygmxus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 115, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Montpelier Creek (exact locality about 10 miles northeast of Montpelier, at 6,600 feet altitude, in open sagebrush of
110 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. -
Transition Zone), Bear County, Idaho, by Vernon Bailey, July 29, 1893. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Southwestern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho (Transition Zone) (fig. 10).
Characters.—Size smallest of the genus; color rich hazel-brown; skull very slender and delicate with not very large audital bulle; upper incisors incurved, distinctly grooved; ears small; mamme in 6 pairs, inguinal 2-2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral ‘2-2.
Color.-—Summer pelage: Upperparts rich hazel-brown, very uni- formly distributed; dusky earpatches inconspicuous; nose plumbeous; underparts dull ochraceous, rarely with any white markings; tail usu- ally entirely buffy gray; feet whitish or buffy. Winter pelage: Paler, more buffy brown. Young: Duller, more grayish and mare eae colored belly.
Skull.—Very small, slender, and thin, the slight trace of temporal ridges converging anteriorly; interparietal wide and oval; nasais notched or emarginate at posterior tip; bullz rather small; auditory meatus slender; interpterygoid fossa narrow and acute angled; basioc- cipital narrow. Dentition very light; upper incisors incurved to a slightly less degree than in ocius and idahoensis.
Measurements.—Type (3 ad.): Total length, 177; tail vertebre, 46; hind foot, 22. Topotype (¢ ad.): 165, 40, 20. Specimen from Bear River (¢ ad.): 168, 50, 23. Skull (of type): Basal length, 28.4; nasals, 10.4; zygomatic breath, 16.5; mastoid breadth, 14.5; interor- bital breadth, 5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6. .
Remarks.—This, the smallest of all known pocket gophers, seems — not to be closely related to any of the neighboring forms nor to inter- srade with them. It has some of the skull characters of fuscus, but seems to be more nearly related to idahoensis and ocius, from which, however, it is quite distinct. It occurs in the same localities but apparently not on the same ground with the much larger bridgeri and uinta, occupying the Transition Zone sagebrush ridges and mesas, while they are restricted to the mellow soil and more fertile bottoms of the stream valleys. A specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (No. 144), collected by J. K. Townsend in 1834, probably came from the Bear River region, but was later labeled “Columbia River.”
Specimens examined.—Total number, 23, as follows:
Idaho: Montpelier Creek (12 miles northeast of Montpelier at 6,700 feet alti- tude), 2
Fe Bear River and Bear River Divide (14 miles north of Evanston at 6,600—7,500 feet), 12; Big Piney (6,400 feet), 1; Big Sandy, 1; Fossil (6,600 feet), 1; Lone Tree (5 miles west, on Henry Fork, 7,400 feet), 2; Merna (on Horse Creek, 7,800-8,000 feet), 3; Surveyors Park (12 miles northeast of Pinedale, 8,000 feet), 1, .
1915.) TILOMOMYS FOSSOR GROUP. 141
Thomomys fossor Group. THOMOMYS FOSSOR ALLEN.
CoLORADO POCKET GOPHER. (P1. I, fig. 8; Pl. VII, fig. 13; text fig. 4.)
Thomomys fossor Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. V, 51, April 28, 1893.
Type.—Collected at Florida, La Plata County, Colorado, altitude 7,200 feet, by Charles P. Rowley, June 25, 1892. Type specimen in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Distribution.—Mountains of western Colorado, extreme southern Wyoming, northern New Mexico, eastern and some ase and northwestern Arizona (fig. 8).
Characters.—Size medium, hind foot averaging about 29 mm.; color dull and dark brown; ears large; skull long, low, and narrow, with rostrum especially slender in profile, as in the talpoides group; mamme in 5 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 3-3.
Color—Summer pelage: Upperparts dull dark brown with some- times a rich chestnut tone; ear and postauricular patch black; nose and face dusky; underparts buffy or ochraceous; part of feet and tip of tail usually whitish; chin usually, and spot on breast sometimes, white. Winter pelage: Duller, more grayish or drab. Young: In summer paler and more buffy than adults.
Skull.—Long and slender, with long rostrum, and anteriorally con- verging temporal ridges; nasals narrow, with generally rounded pos- terior tips; interparietal triangular; bulle large and full, basi- occipital narrowed between them. Dentition very light. —
Measurements.—Average of 4 female topotypes: Total length, 221; tail vertebre, 63; hind foot, 29. A large male measures 220, 68, 32. Skull (of type, ¢ ad.): Basal length, 37; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 20; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5. Skull of adult male from Lake City, Colo.:1 34, 13.5, 21, 18.7, 7.
Remarks.—Vhis is a wide-ranging boreal species with long, soft fur, which even in midsummer does not become so short and harsh as in low-country species. At high altitudes the long coat seems not to be entirely lost during the brief summer.
As might be expected there is some slight variation in specimens _ from different mountain ranges, some of which are entirely isolated by low country, but nowhere is there enough variation to warrant further subdivision. In such a variable group it is a great satisfac- tion to find an occasional species that holds its distinctive characters Over a wide area.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 183, as follows:
Arizona: Bright Angel Spring eibab Plateau), 3; DeMotte Park (Kaibab Plateau), 3.
No. 48190, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Pr? NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. ”
Colorado: Arapahoe Pass (Rabbit Ear Mountains), 5; Black Hawk, 2; Baxter Pass (Book Plateau), 2; Boulder (5 miles west, at 5,600 feet altitude), 7; Cascade, 1; Cochetope Pass (3 miles east), 5; Colorado City, 1; Colorado Springs (23 miles north, at 6,000 feet), 1; Colorado Springs (east of Palmer Park), 1; Como, 1; Coulter, 3; Crested Butte, 4; Culebra Canyon (Costilla County), 1; Elk Head Mountains, 2; Elkhorn, 1; Estes Park, 6; Florida, 5; Golden, 2; Hahns Peak, 2; Hayden, 1; Lake City, 2; Longs Peak, 3; Meeker, 3; Montgomery, 3; Nederland, 4; Pagosa Springs, 3; Pagosa Peak, 1; Pearl, 1; Saguache (23 miles northwest), 1; Sapinero, 2; Silverton, 2; Uncom- pahgre Plateau, 2; Teller County Divide, 1; White River Plateau, 1.
New Mexico: Chusca Mountains, 3; Costilla Pass, 5; Costilla River, 3; Gallinas Mountains (Rio Arriba County), 7; Halls Peak, 1; Hondo Canyon, 1; Hope- well, 6; Horse Lake, 6; Jemez Mountains (head of Santa Clara Creek), 5; Moreno Valley, 2; Mount Taylor, 1; Pecos Baldy, 4; Red River (Taos County), 4; Taos Mountains, 4; Tres Piedras, 1; Tusas River, 1; Twining, 12; Whites Peak, 1; Willis, 4.
Utah: Beaver Mountains, 9; Buckskin Valley, 1; Fish Lake, 4; La Sal Moun- tains, 1; Panguich Lake, 1; Parawan Mountains, 4.
Wyoming: Bridgers Peak (8,800 feet altitude), 3; Medicine Bow Mountains (10,200 feet), 1.
THOMOMYS BRIDGERI Merriam.
Fort BrimGerR PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. VIL, fig. 15.) Thomomys bridgeri Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 113, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Fort Bridger, Wyoming (exact locality, Har- vey’s Ranch on Smiths Fork, 6 miles southwest of Old Fort Bridger), by Vernon Bailey, May 27, 1890. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection. ,
Distribution.—Southwestern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho (Transition Zone) (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size large; ears large and prominent; color dull dark brown; skull heavily ridged and angular, with deeply emarginate nasals; mammee in 5 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 3-3.
Color—Summer pelage: Upperparts rich warm brown, nearest to cinnamon-brown of Ridgway; nose and face dusky brown; large ear patch black; underparts dark buffy or dull ochraceous, occa- sionally with white patch on chin; feet partly gray or mottled with gray; toes whitish; tail brownish gray, paler below and occasionally with white tips. Winter pelage: Upperparts duller and darker, more nearly Prout’s brown of Ridgway; nose plumbeous, ear patch black; underparts washed with buffy over hght plumbeous, with almost a lavender effect. Young more grayish.
Skull.—Large, angular, and heavily ridged in adults; nasals long and deeply emarginate at posterior tips; temporal ridges parallel or shghtly converging in middle; interparietal triangular; audital bullz long, narrow, and wide apart, with wide shaft of basioccipital
1915. ] THOMOMYS FOSSOR GROUP. 113
between; auditory meatus moderately large. Dentition relatively light; incisors very long and slightly protruding.
Measurements—Type (6 ad.): Total length, 237; tail vertebre, 71; hind foot, 34. Topotype (9 ad.): 227, 68, 31. Average of 10 adult males: 244, 72, 33.2. Average of 10 adult females: 233, 71, 31.5. Har: From crown, 8. Skull (of type): Basal length, 39; nasals, 16; zygomatic brondal 24.5; mastoid breadth, 22; interor- bital pad, 7; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks. ae big gopher is abundant in Pale valleys in the Transition Zone, but does not inhabit the arid upland. It is a strongly marked, outlying form of the fossor group, and its nearest relative is winta. It has a lower zonal range, however, and seems to be entirely distinct. More thorough collecting may show that it grades into winta higher up the streams, but at present the two are best treated as distinct species.
At the type locality females were found normally to have 10 mamme and 5 embryos, as contrasted with the 14 mamme and 7 embryos in the little ocius of the dry sagebrush mesas close by.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 74, as follows:
Idaho: Montpelier, 18; Montpelier Creek (6,000 feet altitude), 1
Wyoming: Bear River (14 miles north of Evanston, 6,600-6,800 feet altitude), 5; Border, 1; Cokeville (6,400 feet), 8; Fort Bridger, 24; Henry’s Fork (5 miles west of Lonetree), 1; Lonetree (7,400 feet), 3; Lonetree (4 miles south), 2; Mountain View, 11.
THOMOMYS UINTA Merriam. Uinta Pocket GOPHER. (P1. VIL, fig. 14.) 3 Thomomys uinta Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 112, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected in Uinta Mountains (10,000 feet altitude, north base of Gilbert Peak), Summit County, Utah, by Vernon Bailey, June 6, 1890. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, and northern Utah (fig. 5).
Characters.—About the size of fossor and practically indistinguish- able in external characters; skull shorter and wider, with shorter rostrum and heavier dentition; mamme in 5 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 3-3.
Color.—Summer pelage: eee dull dark brown, with dusky nose and face and blackish ear and ear patch; mdlewuntts buffy or ochraceous, with occasionally a white patch on chin; feet and tip of tail usually whitish. Late fall and winter pelage: Duller and more grayish. Young, paler, more buffy than adults.
98121°—15——8
114 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [ No. 39.
Skull—Heavier and wider than in fossor, with heavier dentition, smaller bulle, a more nearly five-angled interparietal, and wider nasals with deeply emarginate instead of rounded posterior tips.
Measurements.—Average of type and topotype (¢ ad.): Total length, 226; tail vertebre, 70; hind foot, 31. Topotype (¢ ad.): 211, 64, 28. Skull (of type): Basal length, 35; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 23; mastoid breadth, 21; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—While very similar to its nearest relative, fossor, in external characters, winta has such pronounced skull characters and is so widely separated that it is best treated as a full species. It also has the same boreal, mountain habitat and practically the same environment and habits as fossor. Specimens from the mountains of western Wyoming show some local variation but not sufficient to be recognized as a subspecies. There seems to be no evidence of intergradation with the smaller and smaller-eared fuscus group, although they come close together in the region south of Jackson Hole, Wyo.
Specimens examined.—Total number 110, as follows:
Idaho: Albion, 5; Blackfoot (hills east of town), 1; Bridge, 1; Inkom, 12; Irwin (10 miles southeast), 7; Malade, 6; Pocatello, 4; Preuss Mountains, 5; Shelley, 3; Swan Lake, 4.
Utah: Kelton, (mountains 7 miles north), 3; Ogden, 6; Park City, 3; Parley Canyon, 1; Uinta Mountains (9,000-10, 000 feet alintde) 6.
Wyoming: ion 7; Afton (10 miles southeast, in Salt River Mountains), 6; Afton (10 miles north on Salt River), 7; Black Rock Creek (head, in Shoshone Mountains), 5; Kendall (12 miles north), 6; Merna, 6; Needle Mountain (10,000 feet altitude), 4; Stanley (3 miles west), 1; Thayne, 1. |
THOMOMYS QUADRATUS QUADRATUS Merriam.
DatLtEs Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VIL, fig. 8.)
Thomomys quadratus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 214, July 15, 1897.
Type.—Collected at The Dalles, Oregon, by Clark P. Streator, November 2, 1893. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Plains of eastern and central Oregon, northeastern California, and northwestern Nevada (fig. 5).
Charatan —Smaller than winta; rather brighter colored; ears small; skull relatively short and wide, with wide, truncate, posterior tip a nasals; mamme in 5 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 3-3.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts light russet; ear patch black; nose dark plumbeous; underparts washed with dark buff; tail brownish above, except at tip; feet whitish. Winter pelage: Duller and grayer. Young, dull and rather dark.
1915.] THOMOMYS FOSSOR GROUP. 115
Skull——Relatively short and rectangular, with parallel lateral ridges, and rectangular zygomatic arches; nasals short and _ pos- teriorly truncate; pterygoids V-shaped; interparietal small, rounded, triangular, or cordate; bulle rather small.
Measurements.—Average of 3 male topotypes: Total length, 210;
tail vertebree, 64; hind foot, 27. Average of 5 female topotypes:
195, 62, 26.4. Skull (of type): Basal length, 36; nasals, 13.5; zygo- matic breadth, 24; mastoid breadth, 19; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—This is a wide-ranging, variable form of the fossor sroup, occupying the Upper Sonoran plains of eastern and central Oregon, northeastern California, and northern Nevada, and extending higher up in some of the narrow desert ranges.
Specimens exanvned.—Total number, 159, as follows:
California: Bieber, 7; Brownell, 1; Dry Creek (at 4,450 feet altitude), 1; Eagle Lake, 2; Goose Lake, 1; Goose Lake Meadows (4,800 feet), 2; Lake City, 1; Lassen Creek, 7; Madeline Divide, 1; Madeline Plains, 6; Pete’s Valley, 1; Secret Valley, 1; Sugar Hill (Modoc County, 5,000 feet), 1; Susanville (4 miles south), 2; Warner Mountains (head of Parker Creek, 7,300 feet), 16; Warner Mountains (Parker Creek, 5,500 feet), 13; Warner Peak (east slope, 8,700 feet), 3.
Nevada: Badger, 1.
Oregon: Adel, 4; Crooked River, 3; Fremont, 4; Harney, 2; Ironside (4,000 feet altitude), 11; Lake Alvord, 1; Lakeview, 4; Matoleus River, 2; Merrill, 2; Mount Warner, 1; Shirk, 17; Silver Lake, 6; The Dalles, 21; Tumtum Lake, 1; Wapinitia, 1.
Washington: Rockland, 12.
THOMOMYS QUADRATUS FISHER! Merriam.
FisHer Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VII, fig. 16; text fig. 3.)
Thomomys fuscus fisher’ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 111, July 19,
no Oris
Type.—Collected at Beckwith, Sierra Valley, Plumas County, California, by W. K. Fisher, August 3,1900. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Northern, central, and western Nevada; west in California to Sierra Valley and Mono Lake (fig. 6).
Characters—Shehtly smaller than quadratus, shorter-tailed, and paler; smaller than clusius, about the same color but with narrower skull and smaller bulle; much larger than idahoensis with relatively smaller bull; claws moderately stout; mamme in 5 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 3-3.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts buffy gray, lightly washed with dull russet over back; ear patch blackish; nose plumbeous; underparts buffy; chin white; feet whitish; tail whitish below, gray
116 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No.39. -
above usually to the tip. Winter pelage: Slightly grayer. Young, more buffy.
Skull.—More like that of quadratus than of fuscus or monticola; lateral ridges parallel in adults; nasals truncate posteriorly; inter- parietal broadly triangular. Dentition lighter, and incisors less abruptly decurved than in quadratus, fuscus, or monticola.
Measurements.—Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 191; tail vertebrae, 58; hind foot, 25.3. Average of 3 adult females: 194, 58, 25. Skull (of type, ¢ ad.): Basal length, 31; nasals, 11; zygomatic breadth, 20; mastoid breadth, 17.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6.
Remarks.—The subspecies fishert 1s typical only along the western part of its range. In central Nevada it is darker and perhaps grades into wnta. In northwestern Nevada it grades imperceptibly into quadratus, the only form with which it seems to be closely connected. It is quite distinct from monticola, with which it occurs at the type locality, and from which it differs in much smaller ears and paler color. 3
Specimens excamined.—Total number, 97, as follows:
California: Beckwith, 1; Casa Diablo, 6; Mono Lake, 8; Sierra Valley, 8.
Nevada: Arc Dome, 2; Big Creek 6; Bull Run, 2; Cottonwood Range, 14; Eureka, 3; Monitor Mountains, 2; Mount Siegel, 2; Mount Sugar, 6; Pine Forest Range, 4; Reese River Valley (50 miles south of Austin), 9; Reno, 6; Ruby Lake, 3; Ruby Mountains, 2; Silver Creek (north of Austin), 5; Sum- mit Lake, 3; Verdi, 3; Wells, 2.
Thomomys douglasi Group. THOMOMYS DOUGLASI DOUGLASI (Ricuarpsoy).
Dovuaias PockEeT GoPHER; CoLUMBIA SAND Rar. (Pl. II, fig. 10; Pl. VIII, fig. 5.) Geomys douglasit Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 200, 1829.
Geomys fuliginosus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., II, 136, 1845. ‘“‘Habitat ad fluvium
Columbia.’”’ Thomomys douglasii Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 66, April 28, 1893.
Type.—Collected ‘‘near the mouth of the Columbia,” at Fort Vancouver, Washington, by David Douglas, probably m 1825. Mr. Oldfield Thomas writes that it is not now in the British Museum collection.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size medium; claws stout; ears medium with rounded tips; color nearly uniform dull hazel without dark ear patch; skull long and slender and flat on top; incisors abruptly decurved and distinctly grooved; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2—2, pectoral 2-2.
Oolor.—(June specimens from type locality): Upperparts uniform dull hazel, slightly paler on sides; underparts more ochraceous, with
1915.} THOMOMYS DOUGLASI GROUP. 1 Ba bee
a white spot on breast in all of the topotypes; nose gray; feet and tail soiled whitish. Winter and young pelages not seen.
Skull.—Long and narrow, somewhat of the monticola type, but with heavier rostrum, wider interorbital constriction, and with zygomatic arches conspicuously widest at anterior angle; inter- parietal very small and transversely oval; bulle small and narrow; basioccipital triangular; pterygoids low and U-shaped. )
Measurements.—Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 215; tail vertebre, 64; hind foot, 30. Average of 4 females: 200, 58, 28.6. Skull (of topotype, 3 ad.):1 Basal length, 36; nasals, 14; zygo- matic breadth, 22.5; interorbital breadth, 7; mastoid breath, 19; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.6. |
Remarks.—The well-developed ears, number and position of mamme, general tone of coloration, and long narrow skull at first suggest douglasi as the type of the monticola group, but the heavier claws, more rounded ear tips, heavier rostrum, and wider interorbital region seem to be group characters shared only by douglasi, oregonus, yelmensis, melanops, limosus, and niger. This group of isolated forms may somewhere connect with mazama, which seems to be its nearest relative and neighbor, but for convenience it may be termed the douglasi group. With the smaller-eared, slenderer-clawed fuscus group, it seems less closely connected. From quadratus and columbianus it differs widely in external as well as cranial characters.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 7, as follows:
‘Washington: Vancouver (6 or 7 miles northeast, at Fourth Plain), 7.?
THOMOMYS DOUGLASI OREGONUS Merriam. OREGON POCKET GOPHER. (P1. VIII, fig. 8.)
Thomomys douglasi oregonus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XTV, 115, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Ely, near Oregon City, Oregon (exact locality in Ely’s orchard), by Clark P. Streator, October 24, 1893. Type speci- men in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Known only from type locality (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size about as in douglasi; ears smaller, but of the same rounded form; color brighter hazel; skull relatively shorter and wider, with distinctly triangular interparietal; mammz in 4 pairs, inguinal 2—2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—October specimens in thin summer pelage: Upperparts clear bright hazel, with dusky nose and cheeks and blackish ear patch;
1 No. 65929, U. S. Nat. Mus. 2Collected by Clark P. Streator, June 15-16, 1894.
118 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. _ [No. 39. -
underparts paler, more ochraceous; feet and tail soiled whitish. Young of the year, paler, more yellowish. A trace of long, rough fur on the rumps of several breeding females is duller and darker, more like the June pelage of douglasv.
Skull.—Relatively shorter and wider than in douglasi, with more- spreading and more nearly parallel zygomatic arches, triangular inter- parietal, larger bullz, V-shaped instead of U-shaped interpterygoid fossa, and heavier molars; nasals narrow, with generally double rounded posterior tips.
Measurements.—Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 216; tail vertebra, 67; hind foot, 29.5. Type (¢ ad.): 220, 70, 30. Average of 5 adult females: 210, 66, 28.2. Skull (of type): Basal length, 36; nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 23.7; interorbital breadth, 6.5; mastoid breadth, 19.4; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.6.
Remarks.—The relationship between douglasi and oregonus is not very close and the question of continuity of range has not been worked out. The Columbia River probably separates their ranges, but they are near enough in characters to allow subspecific rank to show their relationship.
Specumens examiuned.—Twenty-eight, from type locality.
THOMOMYS DOUGLASI YELMENSIS Mergiam.
YELM PockEeT GOPHER. (Pl. VIII, fig. 11.) Thomomys douglasi yelmensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 21, Jan. al L399:
Type.—Collected at Tenino, Yelm Prairie, Thurston County, Washington, by Clark P. Streator, October 24, 1891. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Prairies around south end of Puget Sound, Wash. (Cie 5))s
Characters.—Very similar to douglasi, but with more-pointed ears, duller and darker coloration, and conspicuous black ear patches; zygomatic arches not widest at anterior angle.
Color.—In faded October pelage: Upperparts dull hazel; nose and sides of face dusky; ears and large ear patches blackish; underparts buffy with irregular white patches; two specimens with white spots on breast and one with white spots on side; feet and tail white or soiled whitish. Winter pelage (just appearing on heads in October specimens) dark umber on crown.
Skull.—Long and low like that of douglasi; slightly concave inter- orbitally; zygomatic arches parallel or widest posteriorly; inter- pterygoid fossa more nearly V-shaped; nasals narrower and more deeply emarginate at posterior tips.
1915. ] THOMOMYS DOUGLASI GROUP. 119
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 222; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 32. Skull (of type): Basal length, 35.5; nasals, 15; zygomatic breadth, 22.7; interorbital breadth, 6.6; mastoid breadth, 18; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.7.
Remarks.—This is a well-marked form of the douglasi group probably not occurring beyond the margins of the Puget Sound prairies. The heavily timbered areas of western Washington and Oregon seem to exclude pocket gophers, but the scattered colonies of related forms strongly suggest a time when the valley prairies were more extensive in area, and the range of the gophers more or less continuous from Puget Sound to the Umpqua Valley. Isolated colonies have become more or less differentiated in characters. Even those from Roy, Spanway, and Steilacoom, Wash., differ to some extent from the type series from Tenino, but not sufficiently for sep- aration.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 44, as follows:
Washington: Roy, 19; Spanway, 6: Steilacoom, 16; Tenino, 3.
THOMOMYS DOUGLASI MELANOPS Merriam. BiLacK-HEADED POCKET GOPHER. (Pl. VIII, fig. 6.) Thomomys melanops Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIII, 21, Jan. 31, 1899.
Type.—Collected at timberline at head of Soleduck River, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Washington, by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey, August 28, 1897. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Mstribution.—Olympic Mountains, Wash. (fig. 5).
Characters.—About the size and color of yelmensis, but with more black on nose and head; ears small and pointed; skull long, with upper outline more arched than in yelmensis or douglasi; pterygoids small and wide apart.
Color—August pelage: Upperparts dark russet, with dusky ‘nose and face, and large black ear patches; underparts paler, more ochra- ceous, usually with white chin, wrists, and lining of cheek pouches; fore feet pure white; hind feet and tip of tail whitish.
Skull—bLong and well arched; lower outline of rostrum con- stricted; nasals long and deeply emarginate; premaxille wide; inter- parietal very small and oval or circular; bullae narrow, and basioc- cipital wide between them; pterygoids high and wide apart.
Measurements —Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 206; tail vertebre, 63; hind foot, 27. Topotype (@ ad.): 202, 58, 27. There are no adult males from the type locality and those from Happy Lake, Wash., are not correctly measured. Skull (of type): Basal length, 33; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 20; mastoid breadth, 16; interorbital breadth,
120 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39. °
6.4; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.3. Skull of adult male from Happy Lake: 34.6; 14.3; 22; 17; 6.3; 7.
Remarks.—Only females and one young male of this form have been examined from the type locality, and in these the cranial characters are not perfectly shown. Specimens of adult male and female from Happy Lake, near the type locality, in the collection of the Field Museum, indicate a closer relationship with yelmensis and douglas than was formerly supposed. ‘The relationship of the form seems best indicated by considering it a subspecies of douglasi, although at present direct geographic connection is improbable.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 14, as follows:
Washington (Olympic Mountains): Happy Lake, 9; Soleduck River (head), 5.3
THOMOMYS LIMOSUS Merriam. WHITE SALMON PocKET GOPHER. (PI. VIII, fig. 12.)
Thomomys limosus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 116, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at White Salmon, gorge of the Columbia, Klick- itat County, Washington, by J. Alden Loring, June 26, 1897. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Known. only from type locality (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size and proportions of douglasi, but darker colored and with blackish ear patch; skull shorter and wider.
Color.—June pelage: Upperparts dull chestnut, with plumbeous nose and blackish ear patches; underparts slightly paler, more ochraceous; in about half the specimens a white spot on breast; feet — and tail soiled whitish. Young: Half-grown specimens very similar to adults, but shghtly paler, and belly more buffy.
Skull.—Relatively short and wide with more arched dorsal outline and wide-spreading zvygomata; nasals with emarginate, spreading, posterior tips, terminating approximately even with tips of pre- maxille; bullae low and narrow, and anterior shaft of basioccipital correspondingly wide between them; pterygoids small, with narrow. fossa.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 224; tail vertebre, 68; hind foot, 30. Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad.): 224, 69, 29.3. Topotype (¢ ad.): 216, 66, 27. Skull (of type): Basal length, 34.5; nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 23.5; mastoid breadth, 20; interorbital breadth, 6.2; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—While so strikingly different from douglasi as to require specific rank, this form is included in the douglasi group because of its prominent, rounded ear, heavy claws, and general skull characters
1 Two adult and two immature females, and one immature male.
1915.] THOMOMYS MONTICOLA GROUP. 121
It is in all probability an isolated form but evidently of ancestral connection with douglasi.
Specimens examined.—Six skins and seven skulls, from type locality. THOMOMYS NIGER Merriam.
Brack Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VIII, fig. 7.) Thomomys niger Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 117, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Seaton, near mouth of Umpqua River, Douglas County, Oregon, by J. Ellis McLellan, October 6, 1894. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Coast region of west-central Oregon (fig. 5). 3
Characters.—About the size of douglas, to which it shows nearest relationship in its heavy claws and rounded ear; skull heavier, shorter; rostrum depressed; upper incisors curved inward; color black; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Upperparts uniform glossy black with purple and green iridescence; underparts duller and more plumbeous; feet and distal portion of tail white. Young, sooty black.
Skull.—Shorter, wider, and heavier than in douglasi, with heavier rostrum; nasals posteriorly sulcate, with the anterior half abruptly widened, and the posterior tips sharply emarginate; imterparietal small; bull fuller and more rounded than in douglasi; pterygoids thick and wide apart. Dentition heavier.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 225; tail vertebre, 81; hind foot, 30. Female topotype: 214, 71, 30. Skull (of type): Basal length, 33.5, nasals, 14; zygomatic breadth, 22.5; mastoid breadth, 18; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—This is probably a dichromatic species of which as yet only specimens of the black phase have been secured. The cranial characters place it with douglasi in a group of related but not eel connected forms.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 22, as follows:
Oregon: Mapleton, 8; Mercer, 7; Scottsburg (2 miles east), 1 (albino);? Seaton, 6.
Thomomys monticola Group. THOMOMYS MONTICOLA MONTICOLA ALLEN CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN POCKET GOPHER. (PIII, figs. 9, 9’; Pl. VIII, fig. 1.) Thomomys monticolus Allen, Bul. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 48, Apr. 28, 1893.
Type.—Collected on-Mount Tallac, California, at 7,500 feet altitude, by W.W. Price, August 8, 1892. Typespecimen in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1Collected June 26, 1897, by J. Alden Loring. Two are half-grown, the others adults. 2 Without skull and not certainly identified. EB:
122 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39. -
Mstributeon.—Sierra Nevada of California and Nevada, from Lassen Peak south to Mammoth Pass (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size small; feet and claws very slender; ears large, thin, well formed, and pointed; skull long and slender, with anteriorly converging lateral ridges; colors dull hazel above, buffy below; mam- mee in 4 pairs, inguinal 2—2, pectoral 2-2. ;
Color.— Winter pelage: Upperparts dull hazel with blackish ear patch and plumbeous nose; underparts and feet dull buffy; tail whit- ish throughout or dusky above at base. Summer pelage: Slightly clearer, brighter tawny. Young, somewhat paler, more yellowish than adults.
Skull.—Long, slender, and low; rostrum slender, especially in pro- file, abruptly arched anterior to molars; zygomata very slender ; inter- parietal usually transversely oval, wider than long; nasals long, slen- der, and slightly emarginate or doubly rounded at posterior tips, reaching near tips of premaxille; bulle very small; lateral pits of palate deep. Dentition light; upper incisors abruptly decurved at right angles to axis of skull, not protruding beyond tip of nasals, and distinctly grooved. | |
Measurements.—Average of 5 adult males from Emerald Bay, near type locality: Total length, 212; tail vertebre, 70; hind foot, 27.4. Average of 5 adult females: 209, 67, 26.4. Skull (of type, from original description): Basilar length, 34; greatest breadth, 22; interorbital breadth, 6; nasals, 14. Skull (of topotype, ¢ad.):! Basal length, 32; nasals, 12.5; zygomatic breadth, 20; mastoid breadth, 17; interor- bital breadth, 6.2; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7. |
Remarks.—While most nearly related to the fuscus and fossor groups, monticola and the other subspecies, mazama, pinetorum, nasicus, and helleri, form a well-defined group. The typical subspecies appears to overlap the range of fisheri in Sierra Valley and actually to meet the ranges of other surrounding forms. It is mainly a Canadian Zone species, but locally extends into the Hudsonian and to a lesser extent down into the Transition Zone.
Specimens excamined.—Total number, 360, as follows:
California: American River (head of South Fork), 2; Aspen Meadows, 2; Big Trees, 3; Bloods, 1; Blue Canyon, 8; Blue Lake, 3; Buck’s Ranch, 2; Burney (12 miles west), 1; Calaveras Big Trees, 3; Carberry Ranch, 8; Cisco (Placer County), 25; Clouds Rest (near, meadow above Little Yosemite), 2; Donner, 21; Donner Lake, 3; Echo, 16; Emerald Bay, 24; Fallen Leaf Lake, 9; Gard- ners, 1; Gates Creek, 1; Greenville (8 miles west), 2; Hat Creek (head), 1; Heather Lake (Eldorado County), 1; Hermit Valley, 2; Hope Valley, 7; Inde- pendence Lake, 18; Independence Lake (pass west of), 1; Lassen Peak (north slope), 9; Lincoln Creek (Sierra County), 1; Little Yosemite, 2; Long Valley (Willow Ranch), 1; McCloud (12 miles northeast), 1; McKinneys, 13; Marklee- ville, 11; Milford, 4; Mill Creek (Mount Lassen), 2: Mokelumne River (head), 2: Mono Pass, 3; Mount Conness, 4; Mount Dana, 8; Mount Lyell, 1; Mount
1No. 100274, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Camp Agassiz, on Mount Tallac.
1915. ] THOMOMYS MONTICOLA GROUP. Ae
Shasta, 26; Mount Tallac, 36; Mount Unicorn, 3; Pacific Creek, 1; Pine City
(or Mammoth), 3; Pine Creek, 1; Pyramid Peak, 1; Robbins Creek (Lassen
County), 1; San Joaquin River (head), 1; Sierra Valley, 9; Silver Lake, 8;
Slippery Ford, 1; Sonora Pass, 4; Tallac, 1; Tenaya Lake, 2; Tuolumne
Meadows, 20; Warner Creek (Mount Lassen), 1; West Walker River, 2. Nevada: Carson, 1; Glenbrook, 7; Sugar Loaf (Douglas County), 2.
THOMOMYS MONTICOLA MAZAMA Merriam. MazaMA PocKET GOPHER. (P1. VIII, fig. 2.) Thomomys mazama Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 214, July 15, 1897.
Type.—Collected at Anna Creek (near Crater Lake), Mount Mazama, Klamath County, Oregon, at 6,000 feet altitude, by Edward A. Preble, September 3, 1896. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Mstribution.—Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains, Oreg., south in California to the Trinity Mountains (fig. 5).
Characters—About the size of monticola, but darker and richer colored; ears nearly as large, and bulle larger and more rounded; rostrum shorter, with less slender nasals; zygomatic arches more abruptly spreading; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color—Summer pelage: Upperparts bright russet-brown; ear patch blackish; nose plumbeous; underparts rich buff or ochraceous; feet and tail whitish, tail usually gray above at base. Winter pelage unknown. Young slightly paler than adults. ~ Skull—Not so long and slender as in monticola; nasals sharply emarginate posteriorly and more spreading anteriorly; antérior base of zygoma thin and prolonged against premaxilla. Dentition slightly heavier than in monticola.
Measurements —Average of 4 topotypes (gad.): Total. length, 209; tail vertebra, 66; hind foot, 28. Average of 4 adult females: 202, 66, 28.7. Skull (of type, gad.): Basal length, 35; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 21; mastoid breadth, 17; interorbital breadth, 6.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—From monticola and pinetorum, mazama is readily dis- tinguished by its shorter, wider, emarginate nasals and larger bull; from the douglasi group, by smaller size, slenderer skull, lighter den- tition, V-shaped instead of U-shaped pterygoids, and deeper lateral pits of palate; from quadratus, by larger ears, slenderer skull, and emarginate nasals. It occupies the Canadian Zone and to some ~ extent the Transition also.
Specumens examined.—Total number, 294, as follows:
California: Bear Creek (head of, Trinity County, at 6,400 feet altitude), 62; Bes- wick (6 miles southwest, 6,000 feet), 1; Castle Lake (Siskiyou County, 5,400 feet), 8; Coffee Creek (north fork, Trinity County, 4,500 feet), 15; Grizzly Creek (Trinity County, 6,000 feet), 2; Jackson Lake (Siskiyou County), 13; Picard (Elgin Ranch), 1; Rush Creek (head of, Siskiyou County,
124 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39. -
6,400 feet), 63; Salmon Creek Divide (Siskiyou County), 4; Salmon River (south fork, 5,000 feet), 5; Scott River (6 miles northwest of Callahans), 8; Siskiyou Mountains (6,000-7,000 feet on White Mountain and Craggy Peak and in Studhorse Canyon), 22; Taylor Fork of Salmon River (5,000 feet), 2; Trinity Mountains (west end, 5,700 feet), 5.
Oregon: Anna Creek (Mount Mazama), 3; Ashland Peak, 2; Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), 5; Diamond Lake, 7; Fort Klamath, 13; Grizzly Peak (near Ash- land), 1; McKenzie Bridge, 19; Mount Hood (west slope, 6,000 feet), 5; Mount Hood (Summit House at southern base), 5; Prospect, 1; Siskiyou Mountains, 2; Sisters (north base), 3; Three Sisters (town), 17.
THOMOMYS MONTICOLA PINETORUM Merriam. YELLOW PINE PocKEeT GOPHER. (P1. VII, fig. 3.)
Thomomys monticola pinetorum Merriam, N. Am. Fauna No. 16, 97, Oct. 28, 1899. Thomomys monticola premaxillaris Grinnell, Univ. of Cal., Pub. Zool., XII, 312, Nov.
21, 1914. Collected on South Yolla Bolly Mountain, at 7,500 feet altitude, by
G. Ferris, Aug. 6, 1913. Type specimen in Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. of California.
Type.—Collected at Sisson, west base of Mount Shasta, California, by R. T. Fisher, September 4, 1898. Type specimen in U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Mstribution.—Mountains along west side of Sacramento Valley, Cal., from Sisson south to South Yolla Bolly Mountain (fig. 5).
Characters.—Very similar to monticola, but upperparts brighter, more golden brown; nose and cheeks conspicuously gray.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts yellow-hazel, such as is seen in yellow-pine bark, but never in color keys; ear patch blackish; nose andecheeks conspicuously plumbeous or grayish, often extend-. ing back to or beyond ears; underparts buffy; tail and feet gray or whitish. Winter pelage: Shghtly duller than in summer. Young, paler than adults. :
Skull.—Similar to that of monticola, but with nasals more con- spicuously emarginate at posterior tips, and falling 1 to 2 mm. short of tips of premaxille; interparietal smaller and more rounded, and lateral ridges more nearly parallel in adults.
Measurements.—Type (gad.): Total length, 210; tail vertebra, 76; hind foot, 28. Average of 5 topotypes (¢ ad.): 200, 73, 27.6. Skull (of type, ¢ ad.): Basal length, 33; nasals, 13; zygomatic breadth, 20; mastoid breadth, 18; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—In series of specimens from South Yolla Bolly Moun- tain ! and from the head of Grindstone Creek, still farther south, the
1 Thomomys monticola premaxillaris Grinnell differs from pinetorum in a slight accentuation of the same characters that separate that form from monticola. The premaxille extend 2 mm. back of the nasals in the type of pinetorum, 24 mm. in the type of premazillaris, while in monticola they are approximately even with it. The nasals in premazillaris are decidedly narrower and more deeply emarginate than in monticola but very slightly more so than in pinetorum. The types of premazillaris and pinetorum are indistinguish- able in coloration. To recognize premazillaris would seem to me to be splitting one rather poor subspecies in two.
1915.] THOMOMYS MONTICOLA GROUP. 125
characters of pinetorum are slightly accentuated, but not sufficiently for further subdivision. Specimens from Wagon Camp are to some extent intermediate between pinetorum and monticola, while from higher up Mount Shasta they are typical of monticola. Others from half a mile west of Sisson distinctly approach mazama. Apparently pinetorum is a Transition Zone form extending from Sisson south through the mountains along the west side of the Sacramento Valley.
Specomens examined. =Total number, 54, as follows: California: Grindstone Creek (head), 5; Sisson, 9; South Yolla Bolly Mountain, 40.
THOMOMYS MONTICOLA NASICUS Merriam.
DESCHUTES POCKET GOPHER. (PL. VILL, fig. 4.) Thomomys nasicus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI, 216, July 16, 1897.
Type.—Collected at Farewell Bend, Deschutes River, Crook County, Oregon (west of Prineville), by Edward A. Preble, August 4, 1896. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collec- tion.
_ Distribution.—West-central Oregon (east of the Cascades), from Farewell Bend, Deschutes River, south to the Yamsey Mountains (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size and proportions of monticola; ears large and con- spicuous; color slightly lighter and brighter; skull long and narrow, with long spreading nasals.
Color—Summer pelage: Upperparts bright yellowish hazel with plumbeous nose and ear patches; underparts rich buff; feet, most of tail and chin usually whitish. Winter pelage: Duller hazel. Young, paler and duller colored.
Skull.—Long, with narrow braincase and long rostrum; nasals long and conspicuously widened anteriorly, almost spoon-shaped in some individuals, sharply emarginate at posterior tip; interparietal small and transversely oval; bulle rather small.
Measurements.—Type (& ad.): Total length, 214; tail vertebre, 69; hind foot, 27. Skull (of type): Basal length, 34.7; nasals, 15.4; zygomatic breadth, 21.5; mastoid breadth, 16.8; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—The subspecies nasicus seems to be a well-marked form of the monticola group, with skull characters placing it nearer monti- cola (from which it is widely separated geographically), than to its nearest neighbor, mazama, while in color it is very close to pinetorum, with which it also agrees in a Transition Zone range. Its relationship can best be shown by placing it as a subspecies of monticola.
Specvmens examined.—Total number, 49, as follows:
Oregon: Bend, 12; Deschutes River (Fareweli Bend), 2; Deschutes River (mouth of Davis Creek), 8; Fort Klamath, 1; Lapine, 12; Little Meadows, 1; Paulina Lake, 6; Pengra, 2. Yamsey Mountains, 9.
126 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [NO. 39. .
THOMOMYS MONTICOLA HELLERI Ex niort. HELLER PocKET GOPHER.
Thomomys helleri Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., zool. ser. III, 165, 1903.
Type.—Collected at Goldbeach, mouth of Rogue River, Oregon, by E. Heller, in 1901. No type designated. Type series in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Distribution.—Coast region of southwestern Oregon (fig. 5).
Characters.—About the size of mazama, but with darker richer color- — ation and slenderer skull. eae
Color.—October pelage: Upperparts dull chestnut or mars brown; sides and underparts becoming ochraceous; ear patches intense black; nose and face blackish, rarely a trace of white on lips; feet mottled or whitish; tip of tail usually white. Young of the year, duller colored.
Skull.—Similar to that of mazama but with narrower rostrum and nasals, smaller bulls, and shorter pterygoids, with wider intervening fossa. :
Measurements.—Average of 4 male topotypes: Total length, 203; tail vertebrae, 55; hind foot, 29. Average of 4 female typotypes: 195, 57, 27.2. Skull (of topotype ¢ ad.):* Basal length, 34; nasals, 14.3; zygomatic breadth, 22; mastoid breadth, 18.6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—These gophers are abundant on the flats on both sides of the mouth of Rogue River but are not generally distributed on the coast nor back in the timbered interior. They form a partially iso- lated colony with their nearest relatives mazama on the open moun- tain ridges of the Coast Ranges and Cascades. Their group relation-— ship is so clearly with mazama and monticola that it seems best to place them as a subspecies of monticola.
Specimens ecamined.—Total number, 19, as follows:
Oregon: Goldbeach, 11; Wedderburn (north side of river), 8.
Thomomys fuscus Group. THOMOMYS FUSCUS FUSCUS Merriam.
Brown PocKET GOPHER. (P1. VIII, figs. 13, 14; text fig. 4.)
Thomomys clusius fuscus Merriam, N. Am. Fauna No. 5, 69, July, 30, 1891. Type.—Collected on mountains at head of Big Lost River, Idaho, at about 8,000 feet altitude, by B. H. Dutcher, September 23, 1890. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Distribution.—Southeastern British Columbia, greater part of northern and central Idaho and western Montana, northwestern Wyoming, and parts of eastern Washington and Oregon (fig. 5).
1No. 166949, U. S. Nat. Mus.
1915.] THOMOMYS FUSCUS GROUP. 1a
Characters.—Size rather small; feet slender; ears small and pointed; color light brown; skull slender, with large bulle; dentition light; mamme in 4 pairs, inguinal 2-2, pectoral 2-2.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts light brownish or dull walnut- brown, not so dark as in fossor nor so bright as in monticola or mazama; ear patch black or blackish; nose plumbeous; underparts buffy; feet and tail soiled whitish or. buffy; tail usually gray above at base. Winter pelage: Slightly duller than summer. Young, paler than adults.
Skull—tLight and slender with short rostrum and anteriorly con- verging lateral ridges; interparietal wide and oval; nasals short and truncate posteriorly, reaching nearly to tips of premaxille; bulle full and rounded; pterygoids long and narrowly V-shaped; skulls of males and females very similar. Dentition light; upper incisors abruptly decurved and distinctly grooved.
Measurements.—Average of 3 topotypes (¢ ad): Total length, 203; tail vertebre, 70; hind foot, 27. Average of 5 adult females: 205, 70, 27. Skull (of type, 2 ad.): Basal length, 33; nasals, 12.4; zygomatic breadth, 20; mastoid breadth, 17; mterorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—This form is fairly typical in central Idaho, western Montana, and in the Blue Mountain region of Oregon. In northern Idaho, eastern Washington, and southern British Columbia it becomes noticeably darker, but retains more nearly the skull characters of fuscus. West of the Columbia River it varies greatly with almost every locality, but these local forms can be placed under fuscus better than with quadratus or myops, both of which they suggest.
Specumens examined.—Votal number, 373, as follows:
British Columbia: Ashcroft, 1; Cascade, 6; Ducks, 5; Glacier, 1; Kamloops, 2;
Midway, 6; Monashee Ridge (Gold Range, at 4,000 feet altitude, 5; at 3,620
feet, 4), 9; Myers Creek, 1; Nelson, 9; Okanogan, 10; Pend Oreille River,
11; Salmon River, 2; Shuswap, 20; Skagit Valley, 1; Trail, 1; Wards
Ferry, 1.
Idaho: Ashton, 2; Big Lost River (head), 2; Blackfoot (west of river), 1; Blue Lake, 12; Coeur d’Alene, 4; Freedom (near mouth of South Fork Salmon River), 1; Hoodoo Valley, 1; Lemhi Indian Agency, 2; Lerdo, 1; Lost River Mountains, 5; Midvale, 7; Mission, 1; Mount Carlton, 3; New Meadows, 3;
}
Salmon River Mountains, 11; Sawtooth Lake, 3; Seven Devils Mountains, 2; South Fork Ranch, 1; Teton Canyon, 1; Van Wyck, 1.
Montana: Beartooth Mountains, 3; Benton (west of), 1; Corvallis, 2; Flathead Lake, 4; Fort Ellis, 2; Little Bitterroot Creek, 1; Lo Lo, 1; Midvale, 2; Ross Fork, 1; St. Marys Lake, 3; Stevensville, 2; Summit (west of Blackfoot Station), 6; Thompson Falls, 8; Tobacco Plains, 10.
Oregon: Antelope, 2; Anthony, 14; Bingham Prairie, 1; Blue Mountains (10 miles north of Harney), 1; Elgin, 1; Huntington, 1; Wallowa Mountains, 8.
128 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 39.
Washington: Blue Creek (13 miles east of Walla Walla), 3; Chelan, 2; Cheney, 1; Colfax, 1; Columbia County (25 miles southeast of Dayton and Humpeg Falls), 2; Colville, 6; Davenport, 1; Douglas, 2; Easton, 9; Fort Spokane, 1; Garfield, 1; Loon Lake, 2; Mabton, 3; Marcus, 5; Marshall, 11; Natches River, 1; North Yakima, 22; Orondo, 1; Pullman, 11; Rock Lake, 2; Spo- kane Bridge, 3; Spokane Falls, 15; Waterville, 1; Wenatchee, 8.
Wyoming: Black Mountains, 4; Moran, 4; Pahaska, 4; Pahaska Tepee. 12; Teton Mountains, 6; Teton Pass, 4; Yellowstone Lake, 1.
THOMOMYS FUSCUS SATURATUS Batrey,
Ca@urR D’ALENE POCKET GOPHER. (P1. VIII, fig. 16.)
Thomomys fuscus saturatus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVII, 117, July 10, 1914. ;
Type.—Collected at Silver (near Saltese) in the western corner of Missoula County, Montana, at 4,300 feet altitude, in the Coeur d’ Alene Mountains, by Clark P. Streator, June 20, 1891. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Higher parts of the Coeur d’Alene Mountains in Idaho and Montana (fig. 5).
Characters.—Considerably larger than fuscus, with darker, richer coloration and less tendency to white markings below; skull long and high, with relatively narrower braincase and wider nasals.
Color.—Summer pelage: Upperparts dark rich hazel, becoming yel- lowish on sides, and this shading into a buffy wash on underparts; ear patches black; nose plumbeous; feet and tail buffy gray; rarely a trace of white on chin or throat. Only June and August specimens seen. The young are a shade paler than adults. |
Skull.—Long and narrow with high, truncate occiput; lateral ridges prominent and nearly parallel; nasals widened anteriorly and emarginate posteriorly; premaxille very narrow posteriorly; bulle wide and flattened; basioccipital relatively wide between bulle.
Measurements.—Type (8 ad.): Total length, 225; tail vertebre, 77; hind foot, 30. Average of 3 adult males: 216, 72, 29. Average of 5 females: 211, 75, 28.7. Skull (of type): Basal length, 33.2; nasals, 13.7; zygomatic breadth, 21.4; mastoid breadth, 17; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.
Remarks.—This seems to be a well-marked but rather local form of the fuscus group occupying the higher hemlock-covered part of the Cour d’Alene Mountains. Specimens from Prospect Creek, lower down on the east slope, show intermediate characters approaching fuscus while others from Thompson Falls, at the east base of the mountains are almost typical of fuscus.
Specumens excamined.—Total number, 26, as follows:
Idaho: Mullan, 3. Montana: Prospect Creek, 6; Silver, 16; Thompson Pass, 1.
1915.] THOMOMYS FUSCUS GROUP. 129
THOMOMYS FUSCUS LORINGI Battey.
ALBERTA PocKET GOPHER. (PL. VIII, fig. 9.) Thomomys fuscus loringi Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, X XVII, 118, July 10, 1914.
Type.—Collected at South Edmonton, Alberta (exact locality not given), by J. Alden Loring, September 23, 1894. Type specimen in U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Known only from Edmonton and Moose Mountain, Alberta (fig. 5).
Characters.—Similar to fuscus, but shghtly larger and duller colored, with relatively heavier dentition, and small, circular interparietal; ears small and pointed.
Color.— Winter pelage (September 23): Upperparts dull russet- brown, becoming rich buff on sides; nose slaty gray; small ear patch black; underparts rich buffy over plumbeous; chin and small spot on breast white; feet soiled whitish; tail pale buffy. Swmmer pelage (in two July 2 specimens from Moose Mountains): Similar but slightly brighter russet.
Skull.—Long and slender, with narrow braincase and small, nearly quadrate zygomatic arches, and almost circular interparietal; incisors
less abruptly decurved than in fuscus; molars heavier; bulle about the
same; basioccipital somewhat triangular; nasals narrow and trun- cate at posterior tips.
Measurements.—Type (¢ ad.): Total length, 199; tail vertebre, 47; hind foot, 26.5. Skull (of type): Basal length, 34; nasals, 12.8; zygomatic breadth, 20.5; mastoid breadth, 18; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 8.
Remarks.—Although represented by only one specimen from the type locality, which is well out on the plains, this is evidently a form of the mountain species fuscus from farther south and west. Two skins in the Victoria Memorial Museum from Moose Mountain are apparently the same, while specimens from St. Marys Lake, Glacier Park, Mont., show a slight tendency toward the characters represented by this form, but are much nearer typical fuscus. Specimens from Shuswap, British Columbia, much farther west, show none of the characters of this form. There are no specimens of gophers available from the mountains of western Alberta, between Moose Mountain and the Montana line, but in this strip of country no collections have been made, and probably gophers occur along the eastern slope of the mountains from the United States boundary north to the Edmonton region.
Loring collected specimens of talpoides about Edmonton, but these large, dark-colored, large-footed gophers are quite distinct from the
98121°—15—_9
130 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. ENO. 39,
present little brown form. There were no notes to indicate whether the two species occupy the same or separate areas.
In the type specimen the upper molars are abnormally close to- gether at the anterior base, but this is probably not characteristic of the species. Unfortunately there are no skulls for the Moose Moun- tain specimens, but the skins match the type in color. They are both breeding females collected July 2 by W. Spreadborough and are particularly interesting in showing fully developed sets of 12 mamme each; inguinal 2—2, abdominal 2-2, pectoral 2-2. This is the formula for the talpoides and not for the fuscus group. The status of the form is at present very uncertain and will be until more collecting is done in the type region.
Specumens ecamined.—Total number, 3, as follows: |
Alberta: South Edmonton, 1; Moose Mountain, 2 (skins only).
THOMOMYS FUSCUS MYOPS Merriam LirrLE-HEADED PocKET GOPHER. (Pl. VIII, fig. 15.) .
Thomomys myops Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 112, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Conconully, Okanogan County, Washington, by J. Alden Loring, September 11, 1897. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distributton.—Known only from type locality (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size smaller than fuscus but with very similar colora- tion and the same minute ears; skull small; tips of premaxille even with posterior tips of nasals.
Color.—September pelage: Upperparts light brownish or dull ad nti brown; ear patch blackish; nose plumbeous; underparts and base of tail batty ; feet and tip of onl whitish; chin usually white. Young, paler, more grayish.
Skull.—Smali, but of about the form and proportions of that of fuscus; nasals and premaxille terminating posteriorly on an approxi- mately even line; interparictal transversely elongated; bulle small; anterior shaft of basioccipital relatively wide; pterygoids wide apart, with edges flattened at base.
Measurements.—Average of 2 topotypes (¢ ad.): Total length, 182; tail vertebre, 57; hind foot, 25. Average of 5 females: 186, 59, 24.4. Skull (of type, @ ad.): Basal length, 31.8; nasals, 12.5; zygo- matic breadth, 20; mastoid breadth, 17.5; alveolar length of upper molar series, 7.5.
Remarks.—Specimens from the type locality, Conconully, on Con- conully Creek, a western affluent of the Okanogan River, are very uni- form in characters and so peculiar that they were originally described with full specific rank. They evidently belong to the fuscus group,
1915.] THOMOMYS FUSCUS GROUP. 3H
however, which shows great variation in that general region, and probably mark only a local valley form partly cut off from the general range of the species.
Specimens examined.—Seven, from type locality.
THOMOMYS HESPERUS Merriam. West Coast Pocket GOPHER. (Pl. VIII, fig. 10.) Thomomys hesperus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIV, 116, July 19, 1901.
Type.—Collected at Tillamook, Tillamook County, Oregon, by J. Ellis McLellan, November 9, 1894. Type specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.
Distribution.—Coast region of northwestern Oregon (fig. 5).
Characters.—Size very small, with the small, pointed ears of the fuscus group; color dark rich auburn; skull small, short, and rounded.
Color.—Upperparts bright rich auburn, brighter than in helleri or melanops, darker and richer than in mazama; nose and cheeks dusky; large ear patch black; underparts lighter, more ochraceous; lining of cheek pouches white; feet and tip of tail whitish.
Skull.—Short; brainease rather wide; rostrum short and wide; posterior tip of nasals emarginate; bullae very small, short, and rounded; basioccipital short and wide; pterygoids low and wide apart; molars very small but app ey of about the same propor- tions as those of fuscus.
Measurements.—Type (¢@ ad.): Total length, 175; tail vertebrae, 54; hind foot, 24. Old male from Chintimini Moaneaine: 210, 60, 27. Shull (of oe Basal length, 27.3; nasals, 10.7; zygomatic breadth, 18; mastoid breadth, 15; interorbital breadth, 6; alveolar length of upper molar series, 6. Skull of old male from Chintimini Moun- tains: 30, 12.4, 20, 16.5, 6, 7.
Remarks.—This is evidently a little, dark form of the fuscus group, which seems to be isolated below the mouth of the Columbia River. In color it strongly resembles melanops of the Olympic Mountains and hellera from farther south, but the tiny ears and general skull char- acters seem to place it in the fuscus group. Until a good series of specimens of adult males is obtained its true position can not be fully determined. An old male from the top of Chintimini Mountains (near Corvallis) seems to be the same, but may not be wholly typical.
Specomens examined.—Total number, 6, as follows:
Oregon: Chintimini Mountains (at 4,000 feet altitude), 1 old male; Tillamook, 5 (no adult males).
Fie:
PuaTeE II. [Natural size; allfrom U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]
Thomomys bulbworus, 3, Beaverton, Oreg. (No. 57337.)
Thomomys townsend townsendi, 3, Nampa, Idaho. (No. 181196.)
Thomomys bottx botte, 3, Point Reyes, Cal. (No. 134989.)
Thomomys perpallidus aureus, 3, topotype, Bluff, Utah. (No. 57166.)
Thomomys talpoides rufescens, &, near Ft. Clark, N. Dak. (No. 161381.)
Thomomys talpoides clusius, 8, topotype, Bridger Pass, Wyo. (No. 25534.)
Thomomys idahoensis, 3, type, Birch Creek, Idaho. (No. 30900.)
Thomomys fossor, &, Lake City, Colo. (No. 48190.)
Thomomys monticola monticola, 3, topotype, Tallac, Cal. (No. 100660.) Dorsal and lateral view.
Thomomys douglasi douglasi, 3, topotype, Vancouver, Wash. (No. 65928.)
. Thomomys bottx leucodon, 3, Ashland, Oreg. (No. 203671.) Lateral view. . Thomomys ocius, 3, type, Fort Bridger, Wyo. (No. 25586.)
Thomomys umbrinus umbrinus, 3, Boca del Monte, Vera Cruz. (No. 64093.) 122 .
North American Fauna No. 39, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE Il.
B2035-122
SKULLS OF THOMOMYS.
. bulbivorus. . T. t. rufescens. . T. d. douglasi. . t. townsendi. . T. t. clusius. . T. b. leucodon. . b. botte. . T. idahoensis. 2. T. ocius. . p. aureus. . T. fossor. 3. T. u. umbrinus. ; h and 91, T. m. monticola. Se 110)
Fic.
COON nmoark WwW
PratE IT: [Natural size; all from U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]
Thomomys bulbivorus, ¢, Salem, Oreg. (No. 57328.)
Thomomys townsend: townsendi, 3, type, Nampa, Idaho. (No. 181196.) Thomomys townsend: nevadensis, 3, type, Austin, Nev. (No. 32413.) Thomomys bottx bottz2, ¢, Point Reyes, Cal. (No. 134989.)
Thomomys bottx leucodon, 3. Ashland, Oreg. (No. 203671.)
Thomomys bottx laticeps, 3, topotype, Arcata, Cal. (No. 58454.)
Thomomys botte angularis, 3, type, Los Banos, Cal. (No. 58123.) Thomomys bottx pallescens, 3, topotype, Grapeland, Cal. (No. 94013.) Thomomysaltivallis, 3 , topotype, San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. (No. 89954.)
an Fauna No. 39, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biologi rvey. PLATE Ill.
B2036-122 SKULLS OF THOMOMYS. . bulbivorus. 4, T. b. botte. 7. T. b. angularis.
1p AR 2. T. t. townsendi. 5. T. b. leucodon. 8. T. b. pallescens. 3. T. t. nevadensis. 6. T. b. laticeps. . T. altivallis.
Fic.
PLATE<TV. [Natural size; allfrom U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]
Thomomys bottx pascalis, 8 , type, Fresno, Cal. (No. 44702.)
Thomomys botte minor, 3, type, Fort Bragg, Cal. (No. 146463.)
Thomomys botte navus, &, type, Red Bluff, Cal. (No. 57791.)
Thomomys fulvus texensis, & , type, Davis Mountains, Tex. (No. 31408.)
Thomomys fulvus pervagus, 3, type, Espanola, N. Mex. (No. 58293.)
Thomomys perpallidus apache, 3, type, La Jara Lake, N. Mex. (No. 135366.)
Thomomys sinalox, 3, type, Altata, Sinaloa. (No. 96745.)
Thomomys bottex alticolus, 3, topotype, Victoria Mountains, Lower California. (No. 74208. )
Thomomys bottx russeolus, 3 , type, San Angel, Lower California. (No. 139920.)
North American Fauna No. 39, U.S. Dept. Agr.
Biological Survey. PLATE IV.
B2037-122 SKULLS OF THOMOMYS.
4. T. f. texensis. T. sinaloee. 5. T. f. pervagus,
T. b. alticolus. 6. T. p. apache. T. b. russeolus.
- pascalis. . Toinor. . navus,
Q
| Oo eel
PLATE? Vi [Natural size; all from U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection, except fig. 2.]
Thomomys perpallidus albatus, 3, topotype, Fort Yuma, Cal. (No. 99528.)
Thomomys perpallidus perpallidus, 3, topotype, Palm Springs, Cal. (No. 4, collection of Dr. William Bebb.)
Thomomys perpallidus perpes, 3, type, Lone Pine, Cal. (No. 32503.)
Thomomys operarius, &, type, Keeler, Cal. (No. 32466.)
Thomomys perpallidus aureus, 3, topotype, Bluff, Utah. (No. 57155.)
Thomomys perpallidus canus, &, type, Deep Hole, Nev. (No. 78365.)
. Thomomys latirostris, 3, type, Painted Desert, Ariz. (No. 24914.)
Thomomys cabezone, 3, type, Cabezon, Cal. (No. 53989.)
. Thomomys alpinus awahnee, 2, type, Yosemite Valley, Cal. (No. 133076.) . Thomomys botte mewa, 3, type, Raymond, Cal. (No. 133183.) . Thomomys botte anitxe, 3, topotype, Santa Anita, Lower California. (No.
146831.)
2. Thomomys magdalenx, 3, type, Magdalena Island, Lower California. (No.
146832.)
3. Thomomys alpinus alpinus, 3, type, Mount Whitney, Cal. (No. 42512.) . Thomomys jacinteus, 3, San Jacinto Mountains (Tahquitz Valley), Cal. (No.
126469. )
5. Thomomys neglectus, 3, type, San Antonio Mountains, Cal. (No. 137869.) . Thomomys bottxe nigricans, 3, topotype, Witch Creek, Cal. (No. 148685.)
North American Fauna No. 39, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE V.
\ es "]
ene:
eBqt) (oe
/
el f
a oy
pee7gh/
SKULLS OF THOMOMYS.
. T. p. albatus. 6. T. p. canus. 2. T. magdalene. . T. p. perpallidus. T. latirostris. 3. T. a. alpinus. 3. T. p. perpes. 8. T. cabezone. . T. jacinteus. . T. p. operarius. T. a. awahnee. 5. T. neglectus. . T. p. aureus. T. b. mewa. 3. T. b. nigricans. T. b. anite.
Fic.
PA Vile {Natural size; all from U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]
Thomomys fulous fulvus, 3, Flagstaff, Ariz. (No. 169603.)
Thomomys cervinus, &, topotype, Phoenix, Ariz. (No. 23707.)
Thomomys fulvus toltecus, 8, typical, Colonia Diaz, Chihuahua. (No. 132468.) Thomomys mearnsi, 3, type, Animas Valley, N. Mex. (No. 157008.) Thomomys fulvus intermedius, 3, Fort Huachuca, Ariz. (No. 46334.) Thomomys fulvus desertorum, 3, type, Mud Spring, Ariz. (No. 6082.) Thomomys baileyi, 3, type, Sierra Blanca, Tex. (No. 25159.)
Thomomys lachuguilla, 3, type, El Paso, Tex. (No. 110336.)
Thomomys perditus, 3, type, Lampazos, Nuevo Leon. (No. 32998.) Thomomys goldmani, 8, type, Mapimi, Durango. (No. 58075.)
. Thomomys nelsoni, 3, type, Parral, Chihuahua. (No. 96451.)
2. Thomomys sheldomi, 3, type, Santa Teresa, Tepic. (No. 90819.) | . Thomomys umbrinus umbrinus, &, Boca Del Monte, Vera Cruz. (No. 64093.) . Thomomys umbrinus peregrinus, 2, type, Salazar, Mexico. (No. 50130.)
5. Thomomys umbrinus orizabe, 2, type, Mount Orizaba, Puebla. (No. 53616.) . Thomomys atrovarius, 3, typical, Mazatlan, Sinaloa. (No. 96750.)
North American Fauna No. 39, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Biological Survey. PLATE VI.
SKULLS OF THOMOMYS.
. T: f. fulvus. 2. T. cervinus. . T. f. toltecus. . T. mearnsi. 5. T. f. intermedius.
. f. desertorum. . baileyi.
. lachuguilla.
. perditus.
. goldmani.
. nelsoni.
. Sheldoni.
'. u. umbrinus. . u. peregrinus. .u. orizabe.
‘. atrovarius.
Fig. 1.
eo
Pruate VII. {Natural size; a!l from U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]
Thomomys talpoides rufescens, 3, near Fort Clark, N. Dak. (No. 161381.) Thomomys talpoides bullatus, 3, type, Powderville, Mont. (No. 55159.) Thomomys talpoides nebulosus, &, type, Sand Creek Canyon, Wyo. (No. 202495.) Thomomys talpoides agrestis, 2 , type, Medano Ranch, Colo. (No. 150725.) Thomomys talpordes clusius, &, topotype, Bridgers Pass, Wyo. (No. 25534.) Thomomys talpoides caryi, 2 , type, Bighorn Mountains, Wyo. (No. 168946.) Thomomys talpoides pryori, 3, type, Pryor Mountains, Mont. (No. 66469.) Thomomys quadratus quadratus, 3, type, The Dalles, Oreg. (No. 31117.) Thomomys ocius, 3, type, Fort Bridger, Wyo. (No. 25586.) Thomomys idahoensis, 3, type, Birch Creek, Idaho. (No. 30900.)
. Thomomys pygmxus, 3, type, Montpelier Creek, Idaho. (No. 55271.) 2. Thomomys columbianus, 3, type, Touchet, Wash. (No. 57134.)
3. Thomomys fossor, 3, Lake City, Colo. (No. 48190.)
. Thomomys uinta, 3, type, Uinta Mountains, Utah. (No. 30051.)
5. Thomomys bridgeri, 3, type, Fort Bridger, Wyo. (No. 25592.)
16.
Thomomys quadratus fisheri, 3, type, Sierra Valley, Cal. (No. 101238.)
North American Fauna No. 39, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE VII.
B2040-122
SKULLS OF THOMOMYS.
T. t. caryi. . T. columbianus. T. t. pryori. 3. T.fossor. T. q. quadratus. . T. uinta.
. ocius. . T. bridgeri.
. idahoensis. . TL. q. fisheri.
. pygmeeus.
T. t. rufescens. . T. t. bullatus. . T. t. nebulosus. . T. t. agrestis. yD. te clusius:
er Sonne
Fic.
Puate VIII. {Natural size; all from U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.]
Thomomys monticola monticola, 3, topotype, Tallac, Cal. (No. 100660.)
Thomomys monticola mazama, 3, type, Anna Creek, Oreg. (No. 80502.)
Thomomys monticola pinetorum, &, type, Sisson, Cal. (No. 95152.)
Thomomys monticola nasicus, 3, type, Farewell Bend, Deschutes River, Oreg. (No. 79815.)
Thomomys douglasi douglasi, 3 , topotype, Vancouver, Wash. (No. 65928.)
Thomomys douglast melanops, 2, type, Olympic Mountains, Wash. (No. 90630.)
Thomomys niger, 3, type, Seaton, Oreg. (No. 69407.)
Thomomys douglasi oregonus, 3, type, Oregon City, Oreg. (No. 56939.)
Thomomys fuscus loringi, &, type, Edmonton, Alberta. (No. 68746.)
Thomomys hesperus, immature ° , type. Tillamook, Oreg. (No. 69825.)
. Thomomys douglasi yelmensis, 3, type, Tenino, Wash. (No. 43777.)
. Thomomys limosus, 3, type, White Salmon, Wash. (No. 89724.)
. Thomomys fuscus fuscus, &, Lemhi, Idaho. (No. 31219.)
. Thomomys fuscus fuscus, 2, type, head of Big Lost River, Idaho. (No.
31671.)
. Thomomys fuscus myops, 2, type, Conconully, Wash. (No. 91066.) . Thomomys fuscus saturatus, 3, type, Silver, Mont. (No. 40885.)
North American Fauna No. 39, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE VIII.
B2041-122
SKULLS OF THOMOMYS.
. T. m. monticola. 6. T. d. melanops. 12. T.limosus. . T. m. mazama. ie een ger: 13a Dore tuUSCUus soy 3. T.m. pinetorum. 8. T. d. oregonus. 14. T.f.fuscus, @. . T.m. nasicus. 9. T. f. loringi. 15. T. f. myops. . T. d. douglasi. 10. T. hesperus. 16. T. f. saturatus. 11. T. d. yelmensis.
ieee te}
ke
5s
sap"
TNE EX.
[New names in bold=face type; synonyms in italics.]}
ING
Abnormai pelage conditions, 20. Acknowledgments, 31. agrestis, Thomomys talpoides, 105-105. albatus, Thomomys perpallidus, 70. Albinism, 20. alpinus, Thomomys alpinus, 63-64. alticolus, Thomomys botte, 60. altivallis, Thomomys, 62-63. angularis, Thomomys botte, 53. anitze, Thomomys botte, 59. apache, Thomomys perpallidus, 75-76. aphrastus, Thomomys, 56. Ascomys borealis, 97.
bulbivorus, 40.
talpoides, 97. atrogriseus, Thomomys nevadensis, 42. atrovarius, Thomomys, 95-96. aureus, Thomomys perpallidus, 74-75. awahnee, Thomomys alpinus, 64-65.
B.
baileyi, Thomomys, 87-88. borealis, Ascomys, 97. Geomys, 96, 100. Pseudostoma, 100. Saccophorus, 97. bottz, Oryctomys (Saccophorus), 45. Thomomys botte, 45-46. Breeding habits, 11. bridgeri, Thomomys, 112-113. bulbivorum, Diplostoma, 40, 45. Pseudosioma, 40.
bulbivorus, Ascomys, 40.
Geomys, 40.
Thomomys, 40-42.
Thomomys, 45. é bullatus, Thomomys talpoides, 101-102.
Burrows, 8. Cc.
cabezonz, Thomomys, 76-77.
Camas rat, 40-42.
canus, Thomomys perpallidus, 73-74. caryi, Thomomys talpoides, 103-104. cervinus, Thomomys, 79.
Characters, cranial, 16.
general, 14.
generic, 32. chrysonotus, Thomomys perpallidus, 71. clusius, Thomomys talpoides, 100-101. columbianus, Thomomys, 106-107. Cranial characters, 16. Cratogeomys, 7. Cricetus talpoides, 96. -
98121°—15——1]1
‘D.
Damage by pocket gophets, 10. Dentition, 17. : desertorum, Thomomys fulvus, 83-84. Destruction of pocket gophers, 14. diaboli, Thomomys botte, 51-52. Diplostoma bulbivorum, 40, 45. Disposition of pocket gophers, 13. Distribution of pocket gophers, 7, 22. douglasi, Thomomys douglasi, 116-117. douglasii, Geomys, 116.
Thomomys, 116.
E.
Enemies of pocket gophers, 13. EH:
fisheri, Thomomys quadratus, 115-116. Food of pocket gophers, 10.
pocket gophers as, 13. fossor, Thomomys, 111-112. fuliginosus, Geomys, 116. jfulvus, Geomys, 80.
Thomomys fulvus, 80-82. fuscus, Thomomys fuscus, 126-128.
G.
General characters, 14. Generic characters, 32. Geomys, 7.
borealis, 96, 100.
bulbivorus, 40.
bursarius, 100.
douglasii, 116.
fuliginosus, 116.
fulvus, 80.
oregonensis, 100.
talpoides, 96.
(Thomomys) talpoides, 97.
townsendii, 42, 43.
umbrinus, 89.
unisulcatus, 97. goldmani, Thomomys, 94-95. Gopher. See Pocket gopher. Group relationships, 32.
18k
Habits, breeding, 11.
food, 10.
general, 8.
winter, 11. Heavy rostrum groups, 32. helleri, Thomomys monticola, 126. hesperus, Thomomys, 131. Heterogeomys, 7.
133
134 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.
Ile
idahoensis, Thomomys, 108-109. infrapallidus, Thomomys bottz, 55-56. intermedius, Thomomys fulvus, 84-85.
J. jacinteus, Thomomys, 66-67.
K. Key to species, 36-40. L.
lachuguilla, Thomomys, 88-89. laticeps, Thomomys botte, 46-47. latirostris, Thomomys, 78-79. leucodon, Thomomys botte, 47-49. limosus, Thomomys, 120-121.
List of species, 34-36.
loringi, Thomomys fuscus, 129-130.
M. Macrogeomys, 7. magdalenze, Thomomys, 61-62. Map (genus), 9. Maps (species) 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. martirensis, Thomomys, 67-68. Material examined, 30. mazama, Thomomys monticola, 123-124. mearnsi, Thomomys, 87. Megascapheus (subgenus), 40. Melanism, 21. melanops, Thomomys douglasi, 119-120. mewa, Thomomys botte, 50. minor, Thomomys botte, 51. Molt, 18. monticola, Thomomys monticola, 121-123. monticolus, Thomomys, 121. myops, Thomomys fuscus, 130-131.
N.
nasicus, Thomomys monticola, 125. Natural enemies of pocket gophers, 13. navus, Thomomys botte, 49-50. nebulosus, Thomomys talpoides, 102-103. neglectus, Thomomys, 65-66.
nelsoni, Thomomys, 92-93. “ nevadensis, Thomomys townsendi, 44-45. niger, Thomomys, 121.
nigricans, Thomomys bottz, 56-58.
oO.
ocius, Thomomys, 107-108.
operarius, Thomomys, 77-78.
oregonus, Thomomys douglasi, 117-118. orizabe, Thomomys umbrinus, 90-91. Orthogeomys, 7.
Oryctomys (Saccophorus) bottx, 45.
1.
pallescens, Thomomys botte, 55. Pappogeomys, 7. pascalis, Thomomys botte, 54. Pelage, 15.
conditions, abnormal, 20. perditus, Thomomys, 95. peregrinus, Thomomys umbrinus, 91-92. perpallidus, Thomomys perpallidus, 68-69. perpes, Thomomys perpallidus, 72-73.
pervagus, Thomomys fulvus, 82-83.
pinetorum, Thomomys monticola, 124-125.
Platygeomys, 7.
Pocket gopher. Sce also Thomomys. Alberta, 129-130. Bighorn, 103-104. black, 121. black-and-brown, 95-96. black-headed, 119-120. Black Hills, 102-103. brown, 126-128. Cabezon, 76-77. California, 45-46. California Mountain, 121-123. camas, 40-42.
Cape San Lucas, 59. Carrizo Plain, 55-56. Coeur d’ Alene, 128. Colorado, 111-112. Columbia, 106-107. Coues, 100-101. Dakota, 98-99. Dalles, 114-115. Davis Mcuntain, 85. Deschutes, 125. desert, 83-84. Diablo, 51-52. digger pine, 50. Douglas, 116-117. Espanola, 82-83. fawn-colored, 79. Fisher, 115-116. Fort Bridger, 112-113. Fresno, 54. fulvous, 80-82. Goldman, 94-95. . Grapeland, 55. gray, 73-74. Green River, 107-108. Heller, 126. Humboldt Bay, 46-47. Idaho, 108-109. Jicarilla, 75-76. Lachuguilla, 88-89. La Puerta, 58-59. little gray, 95. little-headed, 130-131. Lone Pine, 72-73. Los Banos, 53. Magdalena, 61-62. Mazama, 123-124. Mearns, 87. Mendocino, 51. Mexican, 91-92. mountain-top, 84-85. -Mount Whitney, 63-64. Nelson, 92-93. Nevada, 44-45. Oregon, 117-118. Orizaba, 90-91. Owens Lake, 77-78. Painted Desert, 78-79. Palm Springs, 68-69. ~ Phoenix, 79. prairie, 98-99. Pryor Mountain, 104-105. pygmy, 109-110. red, 49-50.
{ NO. 39.
1915.1
Pocket gopher, sage, 101-102. San Angel, 60-61. San Bernardino Mountain, 62-63. San Gabriel, 65-66. San Jacinto, 66-67. San Luis, 105-106. San Pedro’ Martir, 67-68. Saskatchewan, 96-98. Sheldon, 93-94. Sierra Blanca, 87-88. Sierra Laguna, 60. Sinaloa, 80. Southern, 89-90. Stephens, 56-58. Toltec, 86. Townsend, 42-43. Uinta, 113-114. West Coast, 131. white, 70. White Salmon, 120-121. white-toothed, 47-49. yellow, 74-75. yellew-backed, 71. yellow pine, 124-125. Yelm, 118-119. Yosemite, 64-65. Pockets, 15. premarillaris, Thomomys monticola, 124. pryori, Thomomys talpoides, 104-105. Pseudostoma borealis, 100. bulbivorum, 40. talpoides, 97. puerte, Thomomys botte, 58-59. pygmeus, Thomomys, 109-110.
Q.
quadratus, Thomomys quadratus, 114-115.
R.
rufescens, Thomomys, 98-99. russeolus, Thomomys bottz, 60-61.
Ss.
Saccophorus (subgenus), 45.
borealis, 97.
bottz, 45.
talpoides, 96. Sand rat, Columbia, 116-117. saturatus, Thomomys fuscus, 128. scapterus, Thomomys, 72. Sexual variation, 17. sheldoni, Thomomys, 93-94. sinaloe, Thomomys, 80. Slender rostrum groups, 33. Species, list, 34-36.
maps, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28.
T. talpoides, Ascomys, 97.
Cricetus, 96.
Geomys, 96, 97.
Pseudostoma, 97.
Saccophorus, 96.
Thomomys talpoides, 96-98. texensis, Thomomys fulvus, 85. ~ Thomomys, 32. See also Pocket gopher.
agrestis, 105-106.
INDEX.
Thomomys albatus, 70.
alpinus, 63-64. alticolus, 69. altivallis, 62-63. angularis, 53. anite, 59. apache, 75-76. aphrastus, 56. atrogriseus, 42. atrovarius, 95-96. aureus, 74-75. awahnee, 64-65. baileyi, 87-88. bottz, 45-46. bridgeri, 112-113. bulbivorus, 40-42. bulbivorus, 45. bullatus, 101-102. cabezone, 76-77. canus, 73-74. caryi, 103-104. cervinus, 79. chrysonotus, 71. clusius, 100-101.
columbianus, 106-107.
desertorum, 83-84. diaboli, 51-52. douglasi, 116-117. fisheri, 115-116. fossor, 111-112. fulvus, 80-82. fuscus, 126-128. goldmani, 94-95. helleri, 126. hesperus, 131. idahoensis, 108-109. infrapallidus, 55-56. intermedius, 84-85. jacinteus, 66-67. lachuguilla, 88-89. laticeps, 46-47. latirostris, 78-79. leucodon, 47-49. limosus, 120-121. loringi, 129-130. magdalene, 61-62. martirensis, 67-68. mazama, 123-124. mearnsi, 87. melanops, 119-120. mewa, 50.
minor, 51. monticola, 121-123. moniicolus, 121. myops, 130-131. nasicus, 125. navus, 49-50. nebulosus, 102-103. neglectus, 65-66. nelsoni, 92-93. nevadensis, 44-45. niger, 121. nigricans, 56-58. ocius, 107-108. operarius, 77-78. oregonus, 117-118. orizabee, 90-91.
135
136
Thomomys pallescens, 55.
pascalis, 54. perditus, 95. peregrinus, 91-92. perpallidus, 68-69. perpes, 72-73. pervagus, 82-83.
pinetorum, 124-125.
premaxillaris, 124. pryori, 104-105. puerte, 58-59. pygmeeus, 109-110.
quadratus, 114-115.
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.
Thomomys umbrinus, 89-90. yelmensis, 118-119. toltecus, Thomomys fulvus, 86.
townsendi, Thomomys townsendi, 42-43.
townsendii, Geomys, 42, 43. Type localities, list, 34-36.
U.
uinta, Thomomys, 113-114.
umbrinus, Geomys, 89. Thomomys umbrinus, 89-90.
unisulcatus, Geomys, 97.
rufescens, 98-99. V.. russeolus, 60-61. Variation, 22.
saturatus, 128. sexual, 17.
scapterus, 72. Ww. sheldont/3-9%: Winter habits, 11.
sinaloz, 80. -
talpoides, 96-98. texensis, 85. toltecus, 86. townsendi, 42-43. uinta, 113-114.
yelmensis, Thomomys douglasi, 118-119.
Ze Zygogeomys, 7.
[NO. 39. *
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MERICAN FAUNA — No 40. 3. oe a8
= : = [Actual date of publication, June 20, 1916] ae
‘A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OFTHE o. PRAIRIE-DOGS oe
BY
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s _ ASSISTANT CURATOR OF MAMMALS, UNITED STATES © Poe ae a - s
“NATIONAL MUSEUM : SEES ee fr es), fa —? On - cy rP-g i SB S :
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bes DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
HENRY W. HENSHAW, Chief —
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA No. 40
[Actual date of publication, June 20, 1916]
A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE PRAIRIE-DOGS
BY
N. HOLLISTER
ASSISTANT CURATOR OF MAMMATS, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916
LEITER’ OF TRANS ia
U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BurREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY, Washington, D. C., November 16, 1915.
Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication as North American Fauna No. 40, a systematic account of the prairie- dogs of North America, by Mr. N. Hollister, Assistant Curator of Mammals, of the United States National Museum. This review of the group is based largely upon material in the collection of the Biological Survey. Prairie-dogs are distributed over a large part of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions. Their colonies often number thousands of individuals, and their destruction of grasses and other forage plants makes them of considerable economic im- portance. Drastic measures are frequently necessary to prevent their destroying crops of grain and hay. The Biological Survey is engaged in exterminating these rodents in national forests and on the public domain. The definite information in this report in regard to the several species and their distribution, as indicated by maps, will materially aid in efforts, National or State, to control or exter- minate them.
Respectfully, Henry W. HEnsHAwW, Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. Davin F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. 2
CONTENTS.
LE Eis css aR ee a Ae eg Oat ae ee Memiouion. habits,and economic status...-..........5.0. 020.2202 0....- emmMmme aa, Somer a8 ee ae oh Le ee la SE ee er ee oe Pe Le ee es ee GUITAR ee rs. OS at ae fel ec Uk oh Pee ees. ema FeNoOwledOMments. ... 52 2 Lie eee ee ee Se ete eee
Seen rnre cers Ss OO ee So ek oe bw ase ek List of species and subspecies with type localities. .............---------
SPE EM UUCOCLOSSHMOMNYR 2 30.55 .'. Se PS S 2 eS seeds een Dummer momeMar aMMECITeTIT S's) 700) es) se oe oo Se
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ILLUSTRAZIONG
PLATES. [Following page 36.]
Puats I. Skulls (dorsal views) of Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus, C. 1. arizonensis, and C. mexicanus, and (posterior views) of C. 1. ludovicianus and C. 1. arizonensis.
II. Skulls (ventral views) of Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus, C. l. ari- zonensis, and C. mexicanus, and mandibles of C. 1. ludovicianus and C. mexicanus.
III. Skulls (dorsal views) of Cynomys leucurus, C. parvidens, C. gunnisoni gunnisoni, and C. g. zuniensis.
IV. Skulls (ventral views) of Cynomys leucurus, C. parvidens, C. gunnisoni
gunnisoni, and C. g. zuniensis.
V. Skulls (lateral views) of Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus, C. 1. arizo- nensis, C. mexicanus, C. parvidens, C. gunnisoni gunnisoni, and C. g. zuniensis.
VI. Skulls (dorsal and ventral views) of two individuals of Cynomys ludo- vicianus ludovicianus from the same locality. ,
VII. Skulls (various views) of Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus, C. mexicanus, C. gunnisoni gunnisoni, C. parvidens, and C. leucurus.
TEXT FIGURES.
Page. Fig. 1. Distribution of subgenus Cynomys (Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus, C. l. arizonensis, and C. mexicanus).:...2. 222s eee ee 13 2. Distribution of subgenus Leucocrossuromys (Cynomys leucurus, C. par- videns, C. gunnisoni gunnisont, and C. g. zuniensis)-_ 22-225 --246---- 24 2
No, 40. NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, June, 1916,
A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE PRAIRIE-DOGS.
By N. HouuisteEr.
INTRODUCTION
The prairie-dog is a true ground squirrel, or spermophile, and its common designation ‘‘dog”’ is most unfortunate from the standpoint of exact science. The name is now so generally used, however, that any attempt to substitute one more appropriate would be futile. The animals may be conveniently divided into two general classes— the black-tailed prairie-dogs (subgenus Cynomys, three forms of two species) and the white-tailed prairie-dogs (subgenus Lewco- crossuromys, four forms of three species).
DISTRIBUTION, HABITS, AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS.
Early explorers of the Western States were much impressed by the peculiar habits of the prairie-dog, one of the most abundant and conspicuous mammals over much of what was then ‘‘Louisiana”’ and the region of the upper Missouri River. Their journals and narratives contain numerous references to this spermophile under such names as prairie-dog, petit chien, wishtonwish, barking squirrel, and prairie squirrel, together with long accounts of the ‘‘ dog-towns”’ and the social habits and notes of alarm of the animals. As usual in the case of a new and interesting animal, these accounts are partly true and partly erroneous, having been drawn from actual obser- vation supplemented by stories of travelers, settlers, and Indians.
Prairie-dogs are distributed over a large part of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of the United States and southward into northern Mexico. This actual area is relatively small, however; the animals are found in no other region. Though the several forms are constantly extending their ranges into new valleys and pushing out into new pastures on the plains, the animal has penetrated into only a small area of the Great Basin, and seems sharply restricted by its specialized nature from occupying any great part of the humid eastern plains, the northern prairies of Canada, the Tropics, or the immense stretches beyond the Rockies.
5
6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40. .
The habits of the black-tailed species and, to a slightly less degree, those of the more mountain-loving white-tailed forms, are decidedly social, The great size of the ‘‘dog-towns”’ on the plains has indeed been one of the principal subjects of comment by early travelers. The villages sometimes extend for many miles and the number of individuals inhabiting a big town is enormous. While in certain localities the white-tailed species are almost as, gregarious as the black-tailed forms, in others their dens are much more scattered and the animals live in solitary families. These differences in habit are due mainly to variations in local habitat. In certain parts of the mountainous ranges of Cynomys gunnisoni and of C. leucurus, the country is broken and otherwise unsuited to sustain large num- bers of the animals, and the creatures necessarily live much as do certain rock squirrels of the genus Citellus, in isolated pairs or widely separated families.
The prairie-dog is not strictly a hibernating animal except at high altitudes or in the more northern regions where the great depth of snow and the extreme severity of winter make hibernation a virtual necessity. In the more southerly parts of the Great Plains there is actually no period of hibernation. In the central Plains States hibernation is partial and irregular, and even in the extreme north the animals are not infrequently seen out on fine winter days, though they hibernate for long periods during severe weather. In the higher mountainous habitat of the white-tailed forms the villages are often covered for many weeks with a great depth of snow, and activity on the part of the prairie-dogs is, therefore, out of the question. In such regions the animals are rarely seen after November or they may retire even by middle October. In the higher parts of the New Mexican range prairie-dogs cease to appear above ground by approximately the first of December, although, if conditions are favorable, they are out on fine days throughout the winter. In the Green River Basin, Wyoming, Vernon Bailey saw Cynomys leucurus eating sage-brush tips on snow a foot deep in zero (Fahrenheit) weather, and also after a night when the temperature had fallen to 22° below zero.
The burrows vary greatly according to local necessities. In some regions the mounds heaped up around entrances to dens are enormous, while in others they are smaller or almost wanting. Much rainfall necessitates high mounds, constant care, and incessant work by the industrious animals until the safety of the home is insured. The mounds in such cases are often especially well made and the earth is very hard packed. Each double armful of wet dirt which is pushed into position by the animal is rammed and packed into a firm condition by repeated drives with the nose; the body, in curved
1916.] INTRODUCTION. 7
position, with shoulders bent, acts as a powerful machine to drive the hammerlike muzzle into the earth.
While at times virtually omnivorous, the prairie-dog finds its principal food in grasses and other green plants. Roots and stems are eaten as well as the tender leaves. In times of scant vegetation, or during a drought, the villages are almost destitute of plant life, so closely is every living bit cropped.
Prairie-dogs are unquestionably responsible for great annual damage to crops and pasturage. In certain areas the destruction amounts to virtually the entire forage. Crops of grain and culti- vated hay are often entirely ruined unless drastic preventive measures are taken. In other out-of-the-way places the animals do not inter- fere in the least with the operations of man.
In captivity prairie-dogs eat almost any food, and are especially fond of cakes and fruit; watermelon also is relished.
NATURAL ENEMIES.
Among the principal natural enemies of the prairie-dog are the badger, coyote, black-footed ferret, eagle, rough-legged hawk, and raven. Prairie-dog meat furnishes much of the food of individuals of these species that live in close proximity to the villages. Many absurd stories of the joint occupation of dens by prairie-dogs, rattle- snakes, and burrowing owls have been written, but careful observers have found that whatever the relation between these denizens of the plain may be—and the creatures are often found together in the villages—it is anything but advantageous to the prairie-dog, and large numbers of its young are destroyed by the unwelcome visitors.
NOMENCLATURE.
Several systematic mammalogists early bestowed technical names on the prairie-dog, in some cases basing both names and descrip- tions wholly upon published accounts in explorers’ narratives. The resulting confusion in both zoology and nomenclature was con- siderable. Systematists supposed the newly discovered prairie-dog to be a species of marmot, and the first technical name properly pro- posed for it, Arctomys ludovicianus, the Louisiana marmot, was given by George Ord in the second American edition of Guthrie’s Geogra- phy, 1815. Ord’s description was drawn from a stuffed specimen of the prairie-dog in Peale’s Museum, and his account of the habits of the animal was taken chiefly from the history of Lewis and Clark’s expedition, with supplemental observations from the narratives of Pike and Brackenridge. The specimen examined by Ord in Peale’s Museum was certainly the skin collected by Lewis and Clark, and
8 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
later, 1823, more fully described by Say.t' This was doubtless the first specimen of the prairie-dog to reach any museum, and Lewis and Clark are probably entitled to the credit for the actual discovery of the species.
Rafinesque, in 1817, proposed the new genus Cynomys for the ‘“barking squirrel’’ of Lewis and Clark, calling the species Cynomys socials. At the same time he provisionally named the ‘‘petit chien”’ of these authors Cynomys grisea, not knowing that it too was a ‘‘bark- ing squirrel.’”’ Warden, in his Historical Account of the United States, 1819, named the species Monax missouriensis, basing his de- scription on information obtained in the narratives of late explorers, particularly Maj. Pike; and Harlan, 1825, based still another name, Arctomys latrans, on the barking squirrel of Lewis and Clark. These names have now been fixed in the synonymy of one species, but there was considerable confusion regarding the nominal species and their nomenclature up to the time of publication of Baird’s Mammals of North America, 1857. In this work two’ species of Cynomys were recognized, one black-tailed and one white-tailed. Baird, who in 1855 had first described his Spermophilus gunmisona, a species of the white- tailed group of prairie-dogs, from Colorado, still, in 1857, entertained considerable doubt as to whether his new species was distinct from a still more recently discovered white-tailed prairie-dog from Wyoming. To this latter form he thought the older name Arctomys columbianus of Ord, based on the ‘‘burrowing squirrel”’ of Lewis and Clark, might be applied, should further investigation establish its validity.
The next authoritative work on the group was Allen’s Monograph of the Sciuride, 1877. In this work, as in his previous list of Ameri- can Sciuride,? Dr. Allen recognized two species of prairie-dogs, the ludovicianus of Ord and a white-tailed species to which he applied the name Cynomys columbianus (Ord), treating gunnisons of Baird as a synonym. As later pointed out by Dr. Merriam,’ the name colum- bianus really belongs to a spermophile of the genus Cutellus, and Baird’s name gunnisoni is the earliest valid name for any member of the group of white-tailed prairie-dogs. Dr. Merriam had been able the previous year to substantiate Baird’s suspicions of many years before regarding the existence of two distinct species of white-tailed prairie-dogs, and had named the Wyoming form Cynomys leucurus. The same year Dr. Mearns described a southwestern form of the ludovicianus type as Cynomys arizonensis, and mn 1892 Merriam added @. mexicanus to the list of known species of the genus. The Sevier River valley white-tailed prairie-dog remained unknown, so far as systematists were concerned, until it was described and named by Dr. J. A. Allen in 1905.
1 Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., I, pp. 451-452, 1823. 3 North Amer. Fauna No. 5, pp. 39-42, 1891. 2 Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 294, 1874. '
1916.] INTRODUCTION. 9
In the present paper two subgenera of Cynomys are recognized. These are equivalent to the black-tailed and the white-tailed groups. One new subspecies is described and one currently recognized name is placed in synonymy, leaving the number of recognized forms at seven, the same as in the last (1912) general list of North American mammals.!
PELAGES AND MOLTS.
In all prairie-dogs, except Cynomys mexicanus, there are two well- marked annual molts over the entire animal, except on the tail, where there is only a single renewal each year. The two coats are the harsh, thin, summer pelage and the soft, heavily underfurred winter pelage. In southern States, where the spring molt takes place much earlier than in the North, the two renewals are conspicuous. Farther north and at greater altitudes, where the season is shorter, the summer coat is so little worn and the fall renewal so subtle that the autumnal change 1s difficult to detect.
In general, the spring molt begins on the pectoral region and axil- le, and the entire underparts from front to back are completely renewed before any real molt is visible above. On the upperparts, the head and shoulders, with occasional irregular areas on the back, renew first, and the renewal progresses posteriorly. Considerable wear is apparent over the anterior half of the back before the tail is in fresh coat. It is quite common to find museum specimens in full summer coat except for the tail, which retains the old pelage of the previous winter. In late summer or early autumn, at about the time when the tail is at last in full fresh pelage, the winter coat begins to appear on the extreme posterior parts of the body. The renewal of the underfur progresses anteriorly in a regular definite area, and the fresh, soft winter coat gradually covers the whole body. The autumnal renewal thus exactly reverses the order of progression in spring. The whole process is much as if there was a continuous summer change of hair which started at the nose in spring, worked backward-to the tail, reversed, and in fall traveled forward to the nose again. The tail, midway in the route of this process, receives only one coat annually.
There is, naturally, a considerable variation in the season of renewal according to latitude or altitude. Breeding females are always slow to acquire the fresh coat, renewal being greatly retarded by lack of excess vitality. Young animals of the first year do not molt or renew at the same dates as do adult males and nonbreeding females which have lived over one winter. The molt of Cynomys Mexicanus appears to be much more complex than in the more north- ern forms and is almost continuous. Some individuals of this spe- cies show parts of three distinct pelages.
1 Miller, G. S., jr., Bull. 79, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. 294-295, 19i2.
10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40. | MATERIAL AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
This revision of the prairie-dogs is based upon a study of 876 speci- mens, almost all of which are well-prepared skins and skulls.1. A few skeletons and odd skulls also have been examined. ‘The liberal policy of American museums has made it possible to assemble practically all the study material of the group preserved in American collections, including the types and type series. Thanks for these courtesies are especially due Dr. J. A. Allen, American Museum of Natural History; Mr. Samuel Henshaw and Mr. Outram Bangs, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Mr. Edward R. Warren, Colorado Springs, Colo.; and Mr. Charles B. Cory and Mr. W. H. Osgood, Field Museum of Natural History. Mr. Warren’s private collection of Colorado specimens of Cynomys leucurus and C. gunnisoni has been of especial value and help. In the lists of specimens examined the source is indicated of all material from localities not represented in the United States Na- tional Museum collections.
This review is published as a North American Fauna with the per- mission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Genus CYNOMYS Rafinesque.
1817. Cynomys Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., II, p. 45.
1819. Monax Warden, Stat., Pol., and Hist. Acc. U.S., I, p. 226. Type, Monax missouriensis Warden es Poni ludovicianus).
1827. Cynomis Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 244 (pro Cynomys Rafinesque).
1894. Cynomomus Omar, Science, XXIII, p. 103 (pro Cynomys Rafinesque).
1899. Mamcynomiscus Herrera, Sin. Vulg. Cient. Vert. Mexicanus, p. 22. (pro Cynomys Rafinesque).
Type species.—Cynomys socialis Rafinesque (=Arctomys ludo- viciana Ord).
Diagnosis.—Like Citellus, but with cheek teeth relatively much larger; maxillary tooth rows strongly convergent posteriorly; molari- form teeth with protocone much more hypsodont; and crown of last upper molar with well-developed mesostyle and accompanying additional transverse ridge.
General characters.—Size as in larger species of Citellus or gres ter; form stout; tail short, rarely more than one-fourth the total length; ears short, not extending beyond fur of winter pelage; cheek pouches moderate. Wrist and heel heavily furred; a tuft of hair in center of
1 The material examined has been assembled from collections as follows:
U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey collection... 2... < <22 a2 csijain- ome = eee ee eerie let 465 U.S. National Museum propeti.cis 2s 6. socio cone wiciciernin elm ww 2 micleye wn eset ae ee ete a 221 American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y....-.--.------.--- ad cRatG a CS EE, 81 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.2. .... 5/0... 6-2 -4+ - 252 4 eee eee = 47 Collection of E. R.. Warren; Colorado Springs, Colo...----.-.2 =. <)- 222 ese - ene eln = = ie ee eee ole 44 Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Tb. 02.21.02 2a. .02 22 at wc e eee on cle ee eee eee etal 18
Total number of'specimens:.'.. . 02. es as os eas oe ae oo ad oe ae nate eee ao eters 876
1916.] GENUS CYNOMYS. dial
- palm of foot usually extending forward to phalangeal tubercles; manus with five distinct claws, the claw of pollex well developed, subequal to claw of outer (fifth) toe. Mamme 8 to 12. Skull rather broad and heavily built; sinciput high and rounded; squamosal arm of zygoma widely spreading; occipital crest well developed; sagittal crest moderate anteriorly, but well developed posteriorly in old adults; antorbital foramen subtriangular, with strongly devel- oped tubercular process. Molar series strongly convergent posteri- orly; teeth very large and greatly expanded laterally; first premolar large, sometimes nearly equal to second; crown pattern of molars essentially as in true Citellus, but teeth with higher crowns and deeper grooves; molars and premolars with protocone much more hypsodont; m? with additional transverse ridge extending (from mesostyle) across outer half of center of crown; upper incisors some- times with very indistinct groove along inner face.
Color pattern.—Simple; body unmarked, not sharply bicolor. _ Upperparts reddish brown, buffy, or grayish, finely lined with darker or lighter hair-tips; underparts paler, clear buff or pale cinnamon. | More or less well-marked dark areas above and below eye; tail con- spicuously tipped with black or white.
Geographic distributionn—Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions of the United States and northern Mexico. From the Milk River near the Canadian boundary in northern Montana south to northern San Luis Potosi, Mexico; east to the Missouri River in North Dakota and to about the ninety-seventh meridian in Nebraska and Oklahoma; west to the Rocky Mountains in Montana, to the valleys of central Utah, and to the border of the Grand Canyon on the Hualpai Indian Reservation, Arizona (figs. 1 and 2).
Remarks.—The prairie-dog is a true ground squirrel, orspermophile; - there is no real evidence of the frequently suggested close relationship between Cynomys and Marmota.
In an article by Prof. K. A. Satunin in the Mitteilungen des Kaukasischen Museums, volume IV, pages 175 to 193, 1909, the con- clusion is reached that Colobotis Brandt, currently recognized as a subgenus of Citellus, is a synonym of Cynomys.. Through the kind- ness of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, I have been able to examine, from the collection of the British Museum, skulls of the type species of Colo- botis—Citellus fulvus (Lichtenstein). It is at once apparent that Cynomys is even less closely related to Colobotis than to Citellus proper, and that it is unquestionably an error to use the generic name Cyno- mys for any of the Old World spermophiles. Colobotis is exceedingly like true Citellus and differs generically from Cynomys in the same characteristics, especially in the less complicated last upper molar, lack of the striking internal hypsodontism of the molariform teeth, and in the nearly parallel-sided palate.
12 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
List of Species and Subspecies with Type Localities. Subgenus CYNOMYS.
Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord)........-.---- Upper Missouri River. ludovicianus arizonensis Mearns. ........--..-.----- Point of Mountain, Arizona. menicanus Meriamis: 220). 025. je. b50ase Se eee La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico.
Subgenus LEUCOCROSSUROMYS.
Cynomys leucurus Mermamys.2 2225255 28o= = So gees Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Darwiden’s AAWCW SSS ace en < te ne nee a ee ee Buckskin Valley, Utah. gunanisoni guunisont (Baird)_ 22.23.25. 22 eI. - Cochetopa Pass, Colorado. QUAmISON? ZuNniensis NObIS..:...228h2s- s52- Eee ee Wingate, New Mexico.
Key to Species and Subspecies.
a.! Tail tipped with black; jugal bone heavy, thickened, the outer face at angle of ascending branch presenting a broad triangular surface (Cynomys). 6.1 Black on tail covering most of distal half; tail longer; audital bulle large and greatly inflated; posterior border of inflected angle of mandible nearly atright angle 'toaxis of Jaw. siisets songee eet woss es eee C. mexicanus (p. 21). 6.2 Black on tail confined to distal third; tail shorter; audital bulle smaller and less inflated; posterior border of inflected angle of mandible at angle of about 45° to axis of jaw. : c.1 Coloration above in fresh summer pelage dark pinkish cinnamon; audital bulle smaller; anterior face of maxillary root of zygoma deeply emerginate, C.1. ludovicianus (p. 14). c.2 Coloration above in fresh summer pelage more vinaceous-cinnamon; audital bulle larger; superior surface of maxillary root of zygoma very broad, not deeply emarginate anteriorly...............----- C. 1. arizonensis (p. 19). a.2 Tail tipped and bordered with white; jugal bone weak, thin, and flat, the outer surface at angle of ascending branch only very slightly thickened, the margin rounded, not distinctly triangular (Leucocrossuromys). 6.1 Terminal half of tail white, without dark center. c.1 Size larger; coloration in summer buffy or grayish (not reddish or rich cinna-
mon); skull with less interorbital breadth............-. C. leucurus (p. 24). c.2 Size smaller; coloration in summer reddish or rich cinnamon (not buffy or grayish); skull with greater interorbital breadth. ..... C. parvidens (p. 27).
6.2 Terminal half of tail with gray center, bordered and tipped with white. c.1 Size smaller, with smaller hind foot; coloration more buffy and blackish, less
pinkish cinnamon and ochraceous................- C. g. gunnisoni (p. 29). c.2 Size larger, with larger hind foot; coloration more pinkish cinnamon and ochraceous, less buffy and blackish..............-- C. g. zuniensis (p. 32),
Subgenus CYNOMYS Rafinesque.
Characters.—Size large; tail comparatively long, averaging more than one-fifth the total length, and tipped with black; mamme 8. Skull: Angular and massive; general shape of occipital region, viewed from behind, oval; jugal bone heavy, thickened, the outer surface at angle of ascending branch very broad, triangular, with inferior vertex produced far downward; maxillary root of zygoma corre- spondingly strengthened, the shelf and suprajugal arm much thick- ened. Teeth larger, more expanded laterally, than in species of the white-tailed group.
1916.] SUBGENUS CYNOMYS. 13
~S & ai CF a iit ae ae
B2119-129
Fic. 1.—Distribution of subgenus Cynomys: 1, Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus; 2, C. 1. arizonensis 8, C. mexicanus.
14 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS (Orp).
(Synonymy under subspecies.]
Characters.—Differs from Cynomys mexicanus in more reddish col- oration and shorter tail; black area on terminal portion of tail much more restricted; skull with smaller audital bulle and less developed triangular plate of jugal; teeth larger.
Subspecies—Two subspecies of Cynomys ludovicianus are here recognized, the typical form, occupying a large part of the Great Piains region from Montana to Texas; and C. l. arizonensis, the more arid southwest, in New Mexico, Arizona, and adjacent portions of Mexico and southwestern Texas.
CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS (Orp). BuackK-TAILeD Prartrie-Doa. (Pl. I, figs. 1, 4; Pl. II, figs. 1, 4; Pl. V, fig. 1; Pl. VI; Pl. VII, figs. 1, 7, 8.)
1815. Arctomys ludoviciana Ord, Guthrie’s Geogr., 2d Amer. ed., II, pp. 292, 302.
1817. Cynomys socialis Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., II, p. 45, November. (Plains of the Missouri.)
1817. Cynomys ? grisea Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag., II, p.45, November. (“On the Missouri.’’)
1819. Monax missouriensis Warden, Stat., Pol., and Hist. Acc. U.S8., 1, p. 226. (‘‘The Missouri country.’’ Based largely on the account of ‘‘Major Pike, in his expedi- tion through Louisiana.’’)
1822. Arctomys missourtensis Desmarest, Mammalogie, pt. 2, p. 329.
1825. Arctomys ludoviciani Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 305.
1825. Arctomys latrans Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 306. (Plains of. the Missouri.)
1827. Spermophilus ludovicianus Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 244.
1827. Cynomis socialis Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 244 (syn.).
1827. Spermophilus griseus Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 245.
1827. Cynomis griseus Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 245 (syn.).
1827. Cynomys griseus Lesson, Manuel de Mamm., p. 260.
1829. Arctomys ludovicianus Cuvier, Régne Animal, I, p. 197.
1829. Alrctomys] missuriensis Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 345.
1829. A[rctomys] griseus Fischer, Syn. Mamm., p. 345.
1829. Arctomys (Spermophilus? ) ludovicianus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Amer., pt. 1, p. 154.
1829. C[ynomys] cinereus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Amer., pt. 1, p. 155 (pro grisea Rafinesque, 1817).
1845. Cynomys cinereus Schinz, Syn. Mamm., IT, p. 64 (syn.).
1855. Monax missuriensis Giebel, Die Saugethiere, p. 630 (syn.).
1857. Cynomys ludovicianus Baird, Gen. Rep. North Amer. Mamm., pp. xxv, 331.
1905. Cynomys pyrrotrichus Elliot, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVIII, p. 139, April 18. (White Horse Spring, Woods County, Oklahoma; type in Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago.)
Type locality—Upper Missouri River (‘‘vicinity of the Missouri, and throughout the greater part of Louisiana’’).
Geographic distribution.—Great Plains region of western United States, south from near the Canadian border in Montana to west-
1916.] CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS. 15
central Texas (Mason County to eastern Pecos Valley); east to about the ninety-seventh meridian in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma; west to the Rocky Mountains in central Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, and in extreme eastern New Mexico. Chiefly Upper Sonoran, but also ranging into Transition and Lower Sonoran Zones. Introduced colonies exist, or have been reported as formerly existing, in Sac County and at Burlington, Iowa; near Monroe, Louisiana; at Seneca, South Carolina; and on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. '
* Characters.—Skull with superior surface of maxillary root of zygoma bordering premaxillary and frontal bones narrow, sharply emarginate anteriorly; audital bulle comparatively small. Colora- tion in fresh summer coat less vinaceous-cinnamon than in Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis.
Color.—Adult in full fresh summer pelage: Upperparts from nose to between eyes, between ears, nape, and over entire body above, dark pinkish cinnamon, finely lined with black and buff. Individual hairs black at base, followed by buffy white, then cinnamon, with sub- terminal band of buff, and, in unworn condition, narrow tip of blackish. Mixed with these are numerous wholly black and half- black hairs, rather longer than the ordinary pelage, the chief cause of black streaking. Upper lip, sides of nose, and eye ring buff or buffy white; whiskers black; cheeks and sides:of head buffy or vinaceous-cinnamon, with numerous blackish hairs; arms above, sides of body, and legs above pale ochraceous-cinnamon; feet buffy. Tail above for about two-thirds its length like back, below paler vinaceous-cinnamon; terminal third chiefly black or blackish brown above and below, with extreme tip of lighter blackish brown. Under- parts of body from chin to near tail whitish or buffy white. Nails blackish, tipped with lighthorn. Irishazel. Adult in full fresh winter pelage: Peldge much thicker, softer, and longer than in the summer coat; less ochraceous or pinkish cinnamon, more buff and gray. Upperparts grayish cinnamon (mixed pale cinnamon, whitish, and black). Individual hairs intense black at bases, then pale buff, with subterminal band of cinnamon and tip of almost pure white. Mixed throughout this pelage, as in the summer coat, are numerous long overlying hairs of black. Forehead with considerable blackish; tail asinsummer. Underparts dark buff or pale cinnamon, the hairs black at bases, whitish midway, and broadly tipped with pale cinnamon- buff. Juvenile pelage: Upperparts clear ochraceous-cinnamon, with admixture of a few white and blackish hairs; underparts whitish or pale buffy yellow; tail clear ochraceous-cinnamon, broadly penciled with black; bases of many of the black pencil hairs pure white.
Both the summer and the winter coats rapidly fade and wear, and the resulting variations in color are considerable. Specimens are frequently greatly affected by the color of the soil, and numerous
16 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. | [No. 40.
examples are considerably reddened or darkened by stain, either on the upper and lower body or uniformly throughout the pelage. Specimens in complete fresh summer coat are rather uncommon as the vernal molt is so slow that the forward parts, renewed first, are already considerably worn before the tail, last to renew, is in full fresh coat.
Molt.—The spring molt and renewal are very conspicuous but the fall molt, especially in northern localities, is often obscure. There is considerable variation in the dates of renewal but the followifig schedule is about the average for northern and central Great Plains States: Late March and early Aprilskins are worn, pale, and faded, but already show some signs of molt and renewal on the underparts, where the first new hair appears on the pectoral region and axille. May specimens have completely renewed below and the renewal has com- menced on the head, shoulders, and in irregular patches on the back. June specimens are almost completely in fresh coat, but still show, as a rule, some of the old pelage on the rump and tail. July and early August skins are usually completely renewed, except for a few in which the tails above are still in the winter coat. The hair of the body is short and harsh, and rapidly becomes broken, worn, and faded. Late August adults show considerable progress in the fall renewal; the winter underfur and long soft hair is appearing on the lower back, and the animal looks generally lighter colored. The tails are fully renewed. November specimens are in complete new fur, and the hair on the tails still appears fresh and unworn after its single annual renewal; all traces of the summer coat have dis- appeared. In December skins, the coat has thickened, grown longer, and appears considerably lighter in color. This is in part due to fading, but is also caused by the general effect of — long white underfur showing through the reddish hair tips.
Skull and teeth.—The skull of Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus differs from that of C. 1. arizonensis in its distinctly smaller audital bullz and narrow, deeply emarginate anterior face of maxillary root of zygoma. It may readily be distinguished from skulls of C. leucurus (whose range meets that of C. ludovicianus in parts of Wyoming) by its shghtly larger size, smaller bulle, more notched anterior face of maxillary root of zygoma, less flattened zygoma (muscle attachment reaching farther forward, nearly or quite to plane of first tooth), gen- erally heavier mandible, ighter postorbital processes, and small audi- tory meatus. The incisors vary in color from white ‘to deep yellow in specimens from one locality. The variation in size and shape of skull among specimens of the same sex and age from one locality is remark- able (see Pl. VI).
- Measurements.—Averages of 13 adult males from South Dakota: Total length, 388 (360-415); tail vertebrae, 86 (75-98); hind foot,
1916.] CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS. ye
62 (61-83). Skull: Condylobasal length, 59.8 (57.2-62.6); zygomatic breadth, 45 (42.9-48.1); mastoid breadth, 28.5 (27.5-31); length of nasals, 23.8 (22-25); length of mandible, 45.9 (43-49.4); maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 16.6 (16-17.5). Females average very slightly -smaller than males, but the difference in size is, as a rule, barely per- ceptible. For detailed measurements of specimens, see page 34.
Weight.—The weights of adult examples of C. l. ludovicianus are recorded in collectors’ field catalogues as follows: Alma, Nebraska, October 21, 3, 3 lbs., 9, 2 lbs. 4 oz.; Tilyou’s Ranch, Montana, October 1, ?, 2 lbs. 3 oz.
Type specumen.—Ord’s description of this prairie-dog was drawn from a stuffed skin in Peale’s Museum, Philadelphia, supple- mented by notes from the narrative of Lewis and Clark. This specimen was without doubt the identical skin which later on was more fully described by Say.! It has long since been lost sight of.
Remarks.—As explained in the account of the pelage changes, there is considerable seasonal color variation in the common prairie-dog, but a comparison of specimens in exactly the same state of pelage from all parts of the animal’s range proves the absence of any con- stant geographical differences. There is likewise a remarkable uniformity in size, the averages and extremes of long series from northern States being virtually identical with measurements of specimens from Texas. The alleged form from Oklahoma, described by Dr. Elliot as Cynomys pyrrotrichus, is not subspecifically distin- guishable from C. l. ludovicianus. Specimens from this region are commonly stained by the red soil, and sometimes so naturally as almost to defy detection as a stain. Numerous examples, however, show the telltale red soil on the toes and feet, and a careful micro- scopic examination of the hairs often shows the particles composing the stain, which can be perceptibly lightened by a moment’s washing with alcohol or benzine. There are, furthermore, absolutely nor- mally colored specimens from various parts of the area included in the distribution of the ‘‘red-haired’’ prairie-dogs, and all the young specimens are indistinguishable from juvenile examples from the Dakotas and other parts of the range of the species. Reddish skins, in all respects like the specimens of ‘‘pyrrotrichus’’ from Oklahoma, are not infrequently found in other parts of the prairie-dog’s range where soil conditions are favorable for producing such a stain.
On the basis of skull characters the subspecies ludovicianus is typ- ical over the northern parts of its general distribution, in Montana, the Dakotas, and Wyoming. The ‘‘area of intergradation”’ with C. 1,
1 See Guthrie’s Geog., 2d Amer. ed., p. 303, under ‘“‘Columbia Marmot,’’ where Ord states that ‘‘A stuffed
skin of the Louisiana Marmot is in the Museum of Mr. Peale.’’ Also, Say, in Long’s Exped.-to Rocky Mis., I, p. 452, 1823.
20651°—16——2
18 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
arizonensis is large, and skulls from Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas are sometimes difficult to distinguish. As here mapped the range of (. 1. ludovicianus includes the entire area where typical examples most frequently occur. The characters separating ari- zonensis are slight and are only average. For example, in an exami- nation of 120 adult skulls from Montana, the Dakotas, Arizona, and Chihuahua, about 80 per cent can readily be placed with their proper form; comparing 115 skulls from Wyoming, *Nebraska, and New Mexico, about 75 per cent are easily determinable; 31 skulls from Colorado and extreme western Texas (west of Pecos River) still show about 75 per cent readily distinguishable; while of 56 skulls from Kansas and Texas east of the Pecos, there are just about 50 per cent which can be differentiated, and the characters are relatively hard to distinguish satisfactorily.
An albinistic specimen, entirely white, from the Central Park Menagerie, New York, has been examined in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 290, as follows:
Colorado: Boulder County, 1; Colorado Springs, 1;! Denver, 1; Don Carlos, 1; Fremont County, 1;? Larimer County, 4;3 Loveland, 3; Monon (Baca County), 2;1 Olney (Otero County), 4; Pueblo, 1; Rockvale, 2;? Soda Springs, 2;4 Springfield, 2.1
Kansas: Arkansas River, 1; Banner, 8; Cairo, 2; Coyote Station, 1;* Fort Hays, 8;4 Garden City, 2;? Garden Plain, 1; Hoxie, 1; Long Island, 3;3 Pendennis (Lane County), 1; Republican River, 1; Trego County, 6.
Massachusetts: Nantucket, 2 (introduced).
Montana: Billings, 1; Boxelder Creek, 1; Calf Creek, 1;3 Craig (10 miles northwest of), 1; Darnall’s Ranch, 1; Fort Assinniboine, 5; Fort Custer, 3; Glendive, 6; Great Falls, 2; Milk River (near mouth), 2; Newland, 2; Pom- pey’s Pillar, Yellowstone River, 1; Shelby Junction, 4; Teton River, 2; Tilyou’s Ranch, 1.
Nebraska: Alma, 2; Birdwood Creek, 3; Columbus (Platte County), 1; Ken- nedy, 3; Platte River, 4.
New Mexico: Chico Springs, 1; Koehler Junction, 2; Pecos, 1; Tompkin’s Lake, 2.
North Dakota: Glenullin, 2; Little Missouri River, 1; Medora, 7.
Oklahoma: Beaver River, 4;?,:3 Chattanooga, 1; Mount Scott post office, 3; Neutral Strip, 5;?> Ponca Agency, 2; White Horse Spring, 5 (including type of ‘‘pyrrotrichus”’).?
South Dakota: Armour, 1; Buffalo Gap, 8; Cheyenne River (Custer County), 2;3 Corral Draw, 3;3 Edgemont, 2; Fort Pierre, 6; Fort Pierre to Badlands, 15 (skulls); Fort Randall, 11; Phinney (Cheyenne River), 1; Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, 1;2 Rapid City, 10; Upper Missouri River, 3 (skulls and skeletons).
Texas: Brazos River, 1; Colorado, 1; Fort Chadbourne, 1;* Henrietta, 4; Lips- comb, 1; Llano Estacado, 1; Mason, 9; Monahans, 1; Red River, 2; Stanton, 2; Texline, 1; Vernon, 11; Wichita Falls, 3.
1 Collection E. R. Warren. 8 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
| ) |
1916.] CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS ARIZONENSIS. 19 J
Wyoming: Arvada (Powder River Valley), 2; Camp Carling (=Fort Russell, near Cheyenne), 2; Cheyenne, 6; Deer Creek, 1; Douglas, 4; Fort Fetterman, 2; Ishawooa, 4; Newcastle, 4; Pine Bluff, 2; Pole Creek, 7; Sage Creek, 11.1
CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS ARIZONENSIS Mzarns. ARIZONA PRAIRIE-Doa. (Pl. I, figs. 2, 5; Pl. Il, fig. 2; Pl. V, fig. 2.)
1890. Cynomys arizonensis Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, no. 4, p. 305, February 21.
1892. Clynomys] ludovicianus arizonensis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 158, July.
Type locality—Point of Mountain, near Willcox, Cochise County, Arizona.
Geographic distribution.—Southeastern Arizona, southern and central New Mexico, southwestern Texas, and adjacent portions of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. North to San Pedro and Santa Rosa, New Mexico; east to the Pecos Valley; west to Huachuca, Arizona; south to San Diego and Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, and to Presidio County, Texas.
Characters —Like Cynomys ludovicianus ludomcianus but averaging very slightly larger, and brighter colored; skull with larger audital bullz, and with superior surface of maxillary root of zygoma bordering premaxillary and frontal bones very broad, not deeply emarginate, the zygoma as viewed from above not branching at sharp angle from rostrum.
Color —AlImost precisely as in the typical subspecies, but averaging slightly brighter vinaceous-cinnamon in fresh summer pelage.
There is a single wholly melanistic specimen from south of the Guadalupe Mountains, in Texas, in the National Museum collection.
Molt.—Specimens showing excessive molt are more common than in the northern subspecies, and molting examples frequently exhibit strange patterns of coloration. There are frequent mixtures of the faded, left-over winter coat and the fresh reddish summer coat. Excessive wear before any renewal sometimes leaves large parts of the animal entirely black, the hair having been worn away com- pletely except for the black underfur.. Specimens in the much-worn pelage of iate summer, before any evidence of fall renewal, frequently present a curious appearance: the color is pale ochraceous or yel- lowish buff and the hairs appear brittle and dead, often matted and twisted as if scorched by excessive heat.
January and February skins are in the long, soft, faded winter pelage. In the lower levels the spring molt occurs earlier than in the more northern race, and the animals are usually in fuil fresh summer coat, except for the tail, between the first part and middle of May. The short, stiff, summer coat rapidly wears and is much changed
1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
20 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
before the hair of the tail has renewed. At higher altitudes the pelage is not completely renewed until the middle of July. When the summer pelage is acquired this late the animals have molted again and renewed into full fall pelage by the first of October, while specimens from the lower levels, which acquired the summer pelage much earlier, are sometimes as late as November in attaining the same condition. |
Skull and teeth—The skull of C.l. arizonensis differs from that of C. 1. ludovicianus in the very broad surface of the superior maxillary arm of the zygoma, bordering the ascending branch of the premaxilla and the frontal bone, which in the typical examples is nearly twice as wide as in C. 1. ludovicianus, less sharply emarginate anteriorly, and rather more convex on the outer surface along the jugal. As a result the maxillary arm of the zygoma appears to leave the rostrum at a much less sharp angle than in the northern form. The audital bulle average considerably larger than in typical ludovicianus. Teeth essentially as in the northern race.
Measurements.—Averages of 19 adult males from southeastern Arizona: Total length, 388 (350-412); tail vertebra, 89 (78-100); hind foot, 62 (57-65). Skull: Condylobasal length, 60 (56.6-64); zygomatic breadth, 44 (41-47.2); mastoid breadth, 27.3 (26.1—-29.5); length of nasals, 24 (22.3-25.4); length of mandible, 45.2 (42.8- 47.2); maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 16.2 (15.5-17). Females average slightly smaller. For detailed measurements of specimens, see page 35.
Weight.—Three male specimens from Altuda, Texas, July 30, have the following weights recorded in collector’s field catalogue: 2 lbs. » 2 oz., 2 Ibs. 6 oz., and 2 lbs. 8 oz.
Type specimens.—There are two cotypes, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York: Skin (No. 2509, ? ad.), from Point of Mountain, near Willcox, Arizona, April 9, 1885; and skin and skull (No. 2183, g ad., teeth considerably worn), from Dragoon Summit, Arizona, May 3, 1885; both collected by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns. Dr. Mearns later! restricted the type locality to Point of Mountain, and listed No. 12162 as the type specimen. Two female specimens collected on the same date bear this skin number of the American Museum. One has a skull numbered 12162, but the other, without a skull number, bears a red type label, like No. 2185 from Dragoon Summit.
Remarks.—This is a slightly characterized form, barely recogniza- ble except for average skull characters. Remarkable as it may seem, there are specimens from near the type region which can be matched in every particular with examples of typical ludovicianus from Mon- tana. Nevertheless, as mentioned under the preceding form, about
1 Mearns, E. A., Bull. 56, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 239, 1907.
————————— ll —
1916.] CYNOMYS MEXICANUS. 21
80 per cent of the skulls examined from the two extremes are readily determinable. The very slight average increase in size and the slightly more vinaceous summer coat are of such trivial degree that alone they would be valueless as characters for subspecific separa- tion. Throughout southeastern Arizona and over most of the New Mexican range of the form the skull characters are well marked, but in western Texas such a strong tendency toward C. l. ludovicianus appears as to make identification of single specimens or unsatisfac- tory series virtually impossible. I have therefore considered the range of the form restricted to the region from the Pecos Valley south and west, where 75 per cent or more of the skulls are deter- minable. The area of intergradation with the subspecies ludovi- cianus is so extensive (from Texas to Nebraska) that it is really larger than the range of either subspecies in its typical form. Specimens examined.—Total number, 184, as follows:
Arizona: Bonita, 1; Dos Cabesos, 1; Dragoon Summit, 1 (cotype);! Fort Hua- chuca, 10; Huachuca Plains, 4; 2» Point of Mountain, 4 (including cotype);! San Pedro River, Mexican Boundary Line, 20; * Sulphur Spring Valley, 2; 1 Willcox, 13.
Chihuahua: Colonia Juarez, 5; Juarez, 2; 13 Sierra en Media, 1.
New Mexico: Animas Valley (Grant County), 14; Cactus Flat (20 miles north of Cliff), 4; Capitan Mountains, 3; Cliff, 1; Cloverdale, 3; Dog Spring (Grant County), 9; Faywood, 2; Gila (Grant County), 1; Hachita, 2; Jornada del Muerto, 1; Lake Valley, 3; Lone Mountain, 1; Manzano Mountains (east foot- hills), 2; Organ City, 1; Playas Valley, 1; Queen, 3; Roswell, 2; San Luis Springs (=Lang’s ranch, Grant County), 26 (including 17 odd skulls); San Pedro, 3; Santa Rosa, 7; Silver City, 5.
Texas: Alpine, 1; Altuda, 3; Belen (El Paso County), 4; El Paso, 4; Fort Davis, 1; Guadalupe Mountains (near), 1; Limpia Mountains (=Davis Moun- tains), 1; Pecos River, 1; Presidio County, 2; Sheffield, 3; Sierra Blanca, 5
CYNOMYS MEXICANUS Merriam. MEXICAN PrarriE-Doe. (ie ness Pet ties, 53° Pl. V; fig. 3;-Pl: VI, fig*2.) 1892. Cynomys mexicarus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, VII, p. 157, July. Type locality. La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico. Geographic distribution.—Southeastern Coahuila and northern San Luis Potosi, Mexico. North to Saltillo; south to Vanegas. Characters.—Size of Cynomys ludovicianus, but with longer tail; coloration above in summer coat less reddish, more grayish and vinaceous-buff, and much more heavily lined with black; coloration in winter still more hoary; black on terminal portion of tail much more extensive; teeth smaller. 1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool. 3 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
4 Dr. Mearns tells me that a few of these specimens were actually collected on the Mexican side of the boundary line, in Sonora.
22 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
Color.—Adult in fresh summer pelage: Upperparts as in @. ludo- vicianus, but less reddish and much more grayish and vinaceous-buff; entirely black hairs more numerous, giving a much more grizzled general effect. Cinnamon areas less intense, more vinaceous. Tail above like rump for half its length; terminal half chiefly intense black, the black. extending forward on sides of tail, leaving a lighter area _ midway; hairs of sides of pencil tipped with whitish, bases of all the pencil hairs almost pure white. Adult in fresh winter pelage: General appearance decidedly hoary or vinaceous-buff, the hairs with broad subterminal bands of whitish, which mix in the general effect with the narrow black tips and cinnamon undercolor. Indi- vidual hairs narrowly black at base, then broadly white and nar- rowly cinnamon, with subterminal band of buff and tip of blackish. The general effect is a glossy marbled vinaceous-buff, making the coat of this species by far the handsomest of all the prairie-dogs. Juvemle specimens are much paler than those of the corresponding age in C. ludovicianus, and rapidly change into a pelage like the fresh autumnal coat of adults. |
Molt.—The molt of C. mexicanus is almost continuous and ex- ceedingly complex, and without series of specimens collected in all the summer months it can not be worked out satisfactorily. With only March, April, July, and August skins before me I am inclined to believe that there are three complete renewals of the pelage of the body annually. Specimens collected in March have all renewed below, but are chiefly in the worn winter coat above, except in small areas forward, or even over the greater part of the head, shoulders,
and withers, where renewal into a pelage much like the fresh winter —
coat has commenced. April skins from Saltillo are in a much-worn condition. The real summer pelage is certainly retained only a short time, as specimens collected at La Ventura from July 19 to August 5 exhibit every condition from what appears to be a worn, faded, left-over winter coat; through renewal into a short, stiff sum- mer coat, without underfur; and the progress of the heavy winter pelage with a dense underfur over the posterior half of the back. Several specimens show all three of these pelages in definite areas on the body. Breeding females, as usual, are slow to renew, and the extreme state of wear is common until after the nursing season is over.
Skull and teeth.—Skull broad and angular, with wide-spreading zygomatic arches and sharply defined processes; in general effect more like skulls of C. 1. ludovicianus from Montana and the Dakotas than like those of C. 1. arizonensis; upper maxillary root of zygoma narrow along contact with ascending premaxillary bones and along ascending arm of jugal; face of upper incisors bright yellow. Differs from skulls of both ludovicianus and arizonensis in its much larger,
1916.] SUBGENUS LEUCOCROSSUROMYS. 03
greatly inflated audital bulle; teeth smaller; nasals broad and trun- cate posteriorly; triangular plate of jugal especially well developed and greatly produced at downward point; posterior border of in- flected angle of mandible nearly at right angle with axis of jaw (in ludovicianus at an angle of about 45° with axis); the indistinct grooves along inner half of face of upper incisors usually more noticeable than in other forms.
Measurements.—Averages of 8 adult males from La Ventura, Coahuila: Total length, 416 (390-430); tail vertebra, 102 (89-115); hind foot, 63 (59-68.5). Skull: Condylobasal ieee 59.3 (58.4- 60.5); zygomatic breadth, 44.6 (43-45.6); mastoid breadth, 28.6 (27.9-29.5) ; length of nasals, 23 (22.3-23.8) ; length of mandible, 43.8 (41.5-45.8) ; maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 15.9 (15.4-16.3). Females average slightly smaller. For detailed measurements of specimens, see page 30.
Type specimen.—No. 28433 U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey collection. pee male, skin and skull (teeth moderately worn). Collected March 24, 1891, by C. P. Streator; original number 625. Except for the underparts, head, nape, and shoulders, which are in process of renewal, the specimen is in the worn, left-over winter pelage.
Remarks.—This is a well-marked species, easily distinguishable ex- ternally and by skull characters from the other forms of the genus. It is no more closely related to Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis than to typical ludovicianus, and the southern subspecies arizonensis can not be considered as intermediate in the true sense between it and ludovicianus. In the excessive size of the audital bulle, mezicanus is the extreme of the arizonensis type, but in other characteristics it more closely resembles Judovicianus, and is separated from both by a number of constant differences. It is completely isolated in its distribution from other forms of Cynomys and occupies only a limited range.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 42, as follows:
Coahuila: La Ventura, 37 (including type); Saltillo, 5.}
Subgenus LEUCOCROSSUROMYS nov.
Characters.—Size slightly smaller than in the subgenus Cynomys, general appearance more spermophile-like; tail short, averaging less than one-fifth the total length, and tipped with white; mamme normally 10, rarely 12. Skull: General shape of occipital region, viewed from behind, elliptical-oval; jugal bone weak, thin, and flat, the outer surface at angle of ascending branch only very slightly thickened, the margin rounded, not triangular; maxillary root
1 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
94 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
of zygoma correspondingly weak, the shelf and suprajugal arm not especially thickened. Teeth smaller than in the subgenus Cynomys, not so much expanded laterally.
Type species. —Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird).
Remarks.—The mountain-inhabiting group of prairie-dogs com- monly known as the “white-tailed” species form a compact group clearly separated from the typical subgenus. It includes three well-
B2120—129
¥iG. 2.—Distribution of subgenus Leucocrossuromys-: 1, Cynomys leucurus; 2, C. parvidens; 3, C. gunnisoni gunnisoni; 4, C.g. zuniensis.
marked species, leucurus, parvidens, and gunnisont. In habits these are distinctly spermophile-like and in coloration they are peculiar. All have sharply marked areas of color above the eye and on the cheek, and have the tail tipped or bordered with white.
CYNOMYS LEUCURUS Merriam. WHITE-TAILED PRatIRiz-Dog. (PLAIII, fig. 1; PL TV, figs ds Pa Vi tise om)
1874. Cynomys columbianus Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 294 (part; not Arctomys columbianus Ord, 1815).
1890. Cynomys leucurus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 3, p. 59, September 11; North Amer. Fauna No. 4, p. 33, October 8.
1916.] CYNOMYS LEUCURUS. 25
1898. Cynomys lewisii Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, p. 456, November 10 (not Arctomys lewisii Audubon and Bachman, 1854). 1904. Cynomys lewist Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., suppl., p. 342.
Type locality —F ort Bridger, Sweetwater County, Wyoming.
Geographic distribution.—Irregular areas in the mountainous parts of Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. South from the Bighorn Basin, in southern Montana, across central and southwestern Wy- oming into western Colorado and northeastern Utah; east to the Lara- mie Mountains, Wyoming, and into North Park, Colorado; south into the lower Gunnison Valley; west a few miles across the Bear River Divide into extreme northern Utah and, farther south, into the Green River valley. Chiefly Transition Zone.
Characters.—Size, largest of the subgenus, only slightly smaller than in Cynomys ludovicianus, but tail much shorter; general coloration less reddish, more grayish buff than in C. parvidens; differs from C. gunnisom in having terminal half of tail entirely white; supraorbital spot and cheek dark brown.
Color.— Adult in fresh summer pelage: General color of upper parts yellowish buff, streaked with blackish. Nose yellowish buff, un- marked; spot above eye and large area on cheek dark blackish brown; ears pale cmnamon. Top of head to center of tail uniformly mixed pale cmnamon-buff or yellowish buff and blackish; the individual hairs black at bases, then hight gray, then pale cinnamon, with sub- terminal band of buff and, in unworn condition, tip of blackish. Limbs, feet, and underparts clear buffy; nails blackish, tipped with light horn. ‘Tail white, the hairs of proximal half above with bands of blackish, below pale cinnamon; distal half clear white. Adult in fresh winter pelage: Decidedly darker than in summer; more blackish above, especially posteriorly; the buff tints richer in tone and the dark areas on head considerably spread out, less sharply defined. There is a heavy underfur of grayish white, but the bases of all the . hairs are clear black; sides of nose, chin, and throat white; nape and flanks lighter, more grayish, than back and rump. Juvenile pelage: Above grayish brown; below paler grayish; supraorbital spot of brownish black sharply marked. Postjuvenile pelage: Specimens in first fresh autumnal coat darker than adults, more reddish, and hairs of upperparts more heavily tipped with blackish.
Adults in the faded, left-over winter coat are often very yellowish above, with little or no black streaking from the hair tips. Many specimens in various stages of molt and renewal present strange com- binations of color. Examples deeply stained by color from the soil are frequently noted.
Molt.—The two annual molts are greatly affected by altitude, with a consequent variation of a month or more in near-by localities. In Wyoming the molt is approximately as follows: Specimens taken
26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40. .
before May 10 are still in the old winter coat, with little evidence of molt. Skins collected from May 20 to June 1 have renewed over most of the underparts and somewhat on the head and shoulders. Numerous examples taken from June 1 to 10 are all in fresh coat except on the lower rump and tail. Skins collected July 15 to 30 are in full summer coat. By August 10 there is much evidence of wear over the forward half of body, and by early September the fall renewal has commenced. As in the case of C. ludovicianus, this progresses forward, and by September 25 to October 1 is complete.
Skull—tLarger than in C. parvidens or C. gunnisoni; otherwise much like skull of parvidens but with narrower interorbital region. Differs further from skull of gunnisoni in the less broadly spreading maxillary arm of zygoma, large and flat mastoids, larger audital bulle, and less rounded inferior rim of angle of ascending branch of jugal; occiput viewed from behind broader and flatter. 7
Measurements.—Averages of 13 adult males from Wyoming: Total length, 358 (340-370) ; tail vertebrae, 57 (44-60) ; hind foot, 62 (60-65). Skull: Condylobasal length, 58.7 (56-61.3); zygomatic breadth, 43.8 (41.7-45.4); mastoid breadth, 29 (27.4-30); length of nasals, 22 (20.7-23.1); length of mandible, 43.1 (41.6-44.9); maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 15.7 (15.1-16). For detailed measurements of speci- mens see page 35.
Type specumen.—No. 186472, U. S. National Museum. Adult female, skin and skull (teeth moderately worn). Collected Septem- ber 15, 1888, by Vernon Bailey; original number 224 (Merriam collection, skin 4668, skull 5319). In worn summer coat anteriorly and in fresh winter coat posteriorly. |
Remarks.—In 1898, Dr. J. A. Allen! proposed that the name Arctomys lewisii of Audubon and Bachman be revived for this species. The specimen on which Arctomys lewisit was founded was recorded as _ No. 461 of the Zoological Society of London collection. In reply to my inquiry as to the possible existence of this type specimen in the British Museum, Mr. Oldfield Thomas wrote, under date of January 6, 1915, that the specimen is still preserved, is numbered 55.12.24.144 of the Museum register, but that it is a species of Marmota, and not of Cynomys as supposed by Dr. Allen.
The ranges of Cynomys leucurus and C. gunnisoni are not known actually to meet, but the ranges of C. lewcurus and C. ludovicianus do meet, and for a short distance overlap, at several points in Montana and Wyoming. Both species are constantly enlarging their ranges, pushing out into new valleys, and consequently frequently find themselves in close proximity. Individuals of one species sometimes wander into villages of the other. In the Bighorn Basin, in Montana, Bailey found the species living in close proximity but always apart,
1 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X, p. 456, 1898.
1916] - ; CYNOMYS PARVIDENS. 97
although there was no natural barrier. Cary found them intermin- gling in colonies near Ishawooa, Wyoming, and Bailey captured a specimen of leucurus in a “‘town”’ of ludovicianus in Clark’s Fork valley, Montana.
Except for what appears to be a slight average increase in size in the extreme southern portions of its range, the specimens of C. _leucurus that have been assembled present a remarkably uniform appearance, both in coloration and in skull characters. There has been considerable misunderstanding in times past as to the western limit of distribution of this species. Many writers believed that its range extended to the Plains of the Columbia, and this mistake is one of the principal reasons for past confusion in nomenclature. As a matter of fact the animal is entirely unknown in Idaho, and crosses the Bear River Divide to the Wyoming-Utah boundary at only one place, so far as known. Regarding this western limit of distribution, Dr. Merriam has given me an interesting note. He tells of tracing the species, in 1913 and 1914, across the Utah-Wyoming boundary not far from Evanston, westward into Utah for a distance of six or seven miles where it stops abruptly.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 107, as follows:
Colorado: Beaver Creek to bridge over White River (Rio Blanco County), 2;!,2 Big Beaver Creek, 2;1 Buford, 1; Canadian Creek, 2; Coyote Basin, 1;! Craig to Kelly’s (Moffat County), 4;1 Crawford, 1;1 Douglas Spring, 1;! Escalante Hills, 1; Grand Junction, 17; Hayden, 1; Hebron, 1; Hell Creek (Jackson County), 1;! Meeker, 4; North Park, 1; Sand Creek to Snake River, 21,2
Montana: Clark’s Fork, 1; Sage Creek, 2.
Utah: Uinta Mountains, 1;3 Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, 3.?
Wyoming: Bear Creek, 1; Bighorn Basin, 1; Big Piney, 1; Big Sandy, 1; Brid- ger’s Pass, 1; Cheyenne (west of), 2; Cumberland, 2; Deer Creek, 2; Dubois, 1; Fontenelle, 1; Fort Bridger, 10 (including type); Fort Steele, 2; Fossil, 1; Garrett, 2; Green River, 2; Independent Rock (25 miles southwest of), 1; Ishawooa, 1; Lander, 3; Laramie Mountains, 2; Lost Cabin, 1; Medicine Bow Mountains, 4; New Fork of Green River, 6; Otto, 1;2 Pole Creek, 1; Shirley Mountains, 1; Spring Creek, 1; Sweetwater, 1; Woods Post Office, 5.
CYNOMYS PARVIDENS Aten. Utan PrarrikE-Doe. (PI ibe tic, 2-:Pl, IV, fie. 2; Pl. V, fig. 4; Pl. VII, fig: 4:) 1905. Cynomys parvidens Allen, Science Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci.,
I, no, 5, p. 119; March 31.
Type locality — Buckskin Valley, Iron County, Utah. Geographic distribution.—Mountain valleys of central Utah in the Sevier River region; south from Nephi to Iron and Garfield Counties.
1Collection E.R. Warren. ?Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. %Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
28 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 40.
Characters.—In general like Cynomys leucurus but smaller and with color of upperparts in summer and winter decidedly reddish or rich cinnamon, less buffy or grayish; tail with terminal half white, as in deucurus. Skull as in leucurus, but smaller, with greater in- terorbital breadth.
Color.—Adult in late summer: Entire upperparts of head and body cinnamon or dark buffy cmnamon, with very little admixture of buff or blackish hairs; the individual hairs blackish at bases, then narrowly pale buff, broadly cinnamon, and tipped with dark brown. Spot of black above eye very sharply marked; cheek patch of brown distinct; sides of nose pale buff; eye ring, ears, and limbs cinnamon; feet dark buff; lips and chin whitish; underparts buffy or cinnamon. ‘Tail for half its length above concolor with rump; below cinnamon; terminal half all around white, without markings. Adult in early winter pelage: In general like summer coat but with dense underfur which is black at base, then light buff; upperparts rich cinnamon, the long hairs with broad bands of black and buff; sides of body yellowish buff, distinctly marked from color of back, and streaked by the bands of black on the longer overlying hairs. _
Molt. —Owing to lack of Lapnacel collected at certain seasons, the molt of C. parvidens is not well known. A single skin collected ; in the Sevier National Forest, May 19, is still entirely in the old winter coat. Specimens collected in late August and early September are mostly in rather worn summer coat, with little indication of molt. The tails are in freshly renewed pelage. Some specimens, taken the first week in September, are well advanced in renewal of winter pelage, — with full underfur and long, fresh coat. Evidently the transition from summer to winter coat is gradual and obscure, without a distinct molt, much as in the animals of the northern part of the ranges of C. ludovicianus and C. leucurus. <A series of skins collected in the Sevier National Forest, October 27 to November 3, are in full win- ter coat. )
Skull and teeth.—Skull much hike that of C. leucurus, but smaller and with greater interorbital breadth; postorbital processes less ab- ruptly projecting. The teeth are not noticeably smaller.
Measurements.—Averages of 8 adult males from Utah: Total length, 338 (305-360); tail vertebra, 43 (80-57); hind foot, 59 (55-61). Skull: Condylobasal length, 55.9 (53-57.9); zygomatic breadth, 42.2 (38.3-44.5); mastoid breadth, 28.6 (26.7-29.8); length of nasals, 21.8 (20.5-22.4); length of mandible, 42.3 (40.3-43.7); maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 15 (14.8-15.4). For detailed measurements of specimens see page 35.
Type specimen.—No. 28738, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Adult not sexed, but probably a male; skin and skull
1916.] CYNOMYS GUNNISONI GUNNISONI. 29
(teeth moderately worn). Collected August 25, 1904, by George P. Engelhardt, on the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences expedi- tion of 1904 (Museum of Brooklyn Institute No. 437). Skin in good condition, but not made up into a modern study specimen. It is in worn summer pelage, but with freshly renewed coat on the tail.
Remarks.—The relationship of this distinct species with Oynomys leucurus rather than with C. gunnisoni is clear. No evidence of inter- gradation with leucurus is found in the material of each form which I have examined, and every specimen of C. parvidens can instantly be distinguished by its marked reddish coloration. The superficial re- semblance to certain specimens of (. g. zuniensis is striking, but the color of the tail and general skull characters are diagnostic. Specimens of this prairie-dog from many parts of its range and collected at all seasons, particularly early summer and late fall, are much needed.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 46, as follows:
Utah: Buckskin Valley, 18 (including the type! and paratype); Sevier National Forest, 28.
CYNOMYS GUNNISONIT (Barrp).
[Synonymy under subspecies. ]
Characters.—Smaller than Cynomys leucurus; larger than C. parvi- dens; general coloration darker; tail gray, with white tip and white border on the terminal half (in leucurus and parvidens the terminal half of tail is entirely white). Skull smaller than in leucurus, larger than in parvidens; differs from both in more broadly spreading maxil- lary arm of zygoma; mastoids smaller and more obliquely placed, rather than in general occipital plane; audital bulle smailer; occiput viewed from behind higher and less broadened; inferior rim of angle of ascending branch of jugal averaging less pointed, more rounded, with little trace of special lateral flattened surface.
Subs pecies.—T wo subspecies of Cynomys gunnisoni are here recog- nized. The typical race is confined to parts of Colorado and northern New Mexico, while a paler desert form, C. g. zwniensis, ranges from central New Mexico and southwestern Colorado to the San Francisco Mountain region and to the Hualpai Indian Reservation, Arizona.
CYNOMYS GUNNISONI GUNNISONI (Barrp). GUNNISON PRAtIrRIE-Doc.
(Pl. III, fic. 3; Pl. IV, fig. 3; Pl. V, fig. 5; Pl. VIL, figs. 3, 6.)
1855. Spermophilus gunnisoni Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIT, p. 334, April. il
1857. Cynomys gunnisoni Baird, Gen. Rep. North Amer. Mamm., pp. XXV, 335.
1877. Cynomys gunnisoni Allen, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, p. 294 (syn.).
1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
380 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 40.
Type locality.—Cochetopa Pass, Saguache County, Colorado.
Geographic distribution.—Rocky Mountain region of central and central-southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. North into South Park, Colorado; east to El Paso, Fremont, and Huerfano Counties, Colorado; south into the Sangre de Cristo and Jemez Moun- tains, New Mexico; west to western Gunnison and Hinsdale Coun- ties, Colorado, and to western Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Chiefly Transition Zone, but also in Cie Sonoran and lower parts of Canadian Zone.
Characters.—Shightly smaller than Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis, with smaller hind foot; coloration more buffy and blackish, less pink- ish cinnamon and ochraceous. General coloration much as in C. leucurus, but averaging darker, and with only tip and border of ter- minal half of tail white.
Color.—Adult wn Fresh summer pelage: General coloration, except for tail, very much as in C. leucurus, but darker; averaging more drab, less yellowish, and the cheeks less sharply marked by dark patch. Tail for proximal half above concolor with back; distal half dark gray, bordered and tipped with white, and with subterminal band of blackish; underside of tail pale cinnamon, blending into white at tip, and edged with white. The fresh spring coat, which is glossy and much intermixed with blackish, rapidly turns a dull brown, the jet black hair tips having worn away or faded. Winter pelage, except for the tail, much like that of leucurus.
Molt.—There is a variation of about six weeks in the time of molt, according to altitude, but the average dates in Colorado are about as follows: Spring specimens are in the left-over winter coat or in various — degrees of molt up to June 10 or July 1, when the pelage, with the exception of the tail, is entirely renewed. A fews pecimens have com- pletely renewed the pelage on the tail as early as July 15, but numer- ous examples collected as late as August 10, still have the tail clothed in the old winter hair. The fresh coat rapidly loses its luster, and during the latter half of August the pelage becomes much worn over the anterior half of the body while the posterior half shows consider- able influx of new hair. The molt is usually complete and the animal in full fresh coat again by September 15. Mid-October skins are. in full long coat, with a dense underfur.
Skull.—Averaging smaller and of less robust build than skull of C.g. zuniensis. Readily distinguishable from skulls of C. leucurus by its considerably smaller size (see also specific skull characters, page 29).
Measurements.—Averages of 12 adult males from Saguache County and Fort Garland, Colorado: Total length, 340 (809-365); tail verte- bree, 53 (39-65); hind foot, 56 (52-59). Skull: Condylobasal length,
1916.] CYNOMYS GUNNISONI GUNNISONI, 31
54.8 (52.4-56.5); zygomatic breadth, 42.5 (40.7-44.2); mastoid breadth, 27 (25.7-28.2); length of nasals, 20.5 (18.9-22.3); length of mandible, 41.9 (40.9-43.3); maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 14.5 (14-15). Females average slightly smaller. For detailed measurements of specimens see page 35.
Weight.—An adult male collected September 6 in the Jemez Moun- tains, New Mexico, weighed 14 pounds. * Type specimen.—No. 1636, U.S. National Museum. Skull of young adult, not sexed (teeth little worn). Collected in September, 1853, by F. Kreutzfeldt; original number 22. The museum catalogue shows that the skin (No. 501) was formerly preserved in the collec- tion, but it has been lost for many years.
Remarks.—So far as known the ranges of Cynomys gunnisoni and O. leucurus do not actually meet at any point, although, as stated by Cary,? they are separated by only a very narrow strip in the Cimarron region. Though so much alike in general characters the two species seem perfectly distinct, with no evidence of intergradation. While chiefly a Transition Zone form, gunnisoni is common and at home in the Upper Sonoran valleys within its range, as throughout suitable places in the upper Rio Grande and San Luis Valleys, Colorado. The range of gunnisoni nearly if not quite meets that of the black- tailed prairie-dog at several points in the eastern foothill region of Colorado. Prof. Lantz noted a colony of gunnisoni in South Park, Colorado, in which black and partly black individuals were common, a dozen or more melanistic specimens being seen.
This dark form of C. gunnisoni intergrades directly with the paler race, next described, of the more arid parts of New Mexico and Ari- zona, but the two subspecies are well marked and the area of intergra- dation is small.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 111, as follows:
Colorado: Antonito, 2; Cascade, 1; Castrel’s Ranch (Park County), 2;3 Cochetopa Pass, 30 (including type skull); Colorado City (northwest of), 3; Colorado Springs (west of), 1; Divide (Teller County), 2;* Florissant, 2;+ Fort Garland, 20 (including some older skins labeled ‘‘Fort Massachusetts”); Fremont County, 2;> Head of Rio Grande, 1;° Pike’s Peak, 3; Poncha Pass, 2;* Querida, 2;* Saguache, 4; Salida, 5;* ® Southfork, 2; Tarryall Creek (Park County), 1;+ Twin Creek, 1;3 Twin Lakes, 1; Wagon Wheel Gap, 12.%: +6
New Mexico: Costilla Pass, 3; Coyote Creek, 2; Gallinas Mountains, 1; Jemez Mountains, 1; La Jara Lake, 1; Moreno Valley, 2; Tres Piedras, 2.
1 See Lyon and Osgood, Bull. 62, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. 161-162, 1909. 2 North Amer. Fauna No. 33, p. 95, 1911.
3 Collection Mus. Comp. Zool.
4 Collection E. R. Warren.
5 Collection Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
6 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
32 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 40.
CYNOMYS GUNNISONI ZUNIENSIS sussp. nov. ZuNi Prarrie-Doe. (Pl. IIT, fig. 4; Pl. IV, fig. 4; Pl. V, fig. 6.)
Type locality Wingate, McKinley County, New Mexico.
Geographic distribution.—Southwestern Colorado, extreme south- eastern Utah, northwestern and west-central New Mexico, and north- central Arizona. North in western Colorado to Montrose County;’ northeast in New Mexico in the Rio Grande Valley to Espanola and east to Pecos and the Manzano Mountains; south on the west side of the Rio Grande Valley to Sierra and Socorro Counties, New Mexico; west in central Arizona to Prescott and the Hualpai Indian Reserva- tion. Chiefly Upper Sonoran, but also in Transition Zone.
Characters.—Slightly larger than Cynomys gunnisont gunnisoni, with larger hind foot and heavier skull. Coloration less buff and blackish, more pinkish cinnamon and ochraceous. |
Color.—Adult wm fresh summer pelage: General color of upper- parts pale cinnamon, heavily streaked with lighter cinnamon-buff and blackish; individual hairs blackish at bases, then narrowly buff, then broadly cinnamon, with subterminal band of buff, and tip of blackish. Nose, lips, eye ring, and ears, buff; between eyes, between ears, and over nape darker brown, mixed with blackish; large area of blackish brown on cheek, and a smaller, sharply marked, blackish brown spot above eye; feet, limbs, and underparts pale cinnamon-buff. Basal half of tail above concolor with back; distal half mixed gray and white, bordered and tipped with clear white. The black tips to the hairs of the back rapidly wear away and the pelage becomes a uniform dull cinnamon, mixed with light buff. The distinctive markings of the head become more obscure. Adult in fresh full winter pelage: General color more grayish and buff, less cinnamon, than in summer, with greater admixture of blackish hairs on head and more of white and gray on body. General color of upperparts dark cream- buff, heavily mixed with pale buff and blackish, giving a decided grizzled appearance; underfur narrowly black, then broadly whitish; the long hairs with bands of black, pale cinnamon, and white, and narrow tips of black. Top of head and cheeks heavily intermixed with blackish, the spot over eye sometimes intense black; sides of nose, eye ring, ears, limbs, and sides of body rich cream-buff; lips and throat paler; underparts pale cinnamon. Tail above mixed gray and white, with a narrow sub-border of dark gray and border of clear white; below clear pale cinnamon, terminal half with faint sub-border of grayish brown and border and tip of creamy white. Young examples in the fresh postjuvenile pelage are more vinaceous or pinkish cin- namon than the corresponding pelage of C. g. gunnisoni.
1916.] CYNOMYS GUNNISONI ZUNIENSIS. 33
Molt.—The molt of C. g. zwniensis is much more conspicuous than in the northern subspecies. May specimens are frequently in a very ragged state, with very little indication of renewal. Speci- mens in complete summer coat, including the tail, are rarely taken before July 1. The summer coat frequently is so rapidly worn and bleached as to change the entire appearance of the animal before there are any traces of the fall pelage. The new pelage of autumn first appears in adults over the posterior half of the body about September 1. No specimens in full winter coat have been seen which were killed earlier than November 1.
Skull—As in C. g. gunnison but averaging larger and more heavily built.
Measurements.—Type specimen: Total length, 363; tail vertebre, 53; hind foot, 60. Skull: Condylobasal length, 57.9; zygomatic breadth, 43.8; mastoid breadth, 29.1; length of nasals, 22.4; length of mandible, 43; maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 15.6. Averages of 9 specimens from Arizona: Total length, 355 (330-373); tail verte- bre, 62 (54-68); hind foot, 60 (57.5-62.5). Skull: Condylobasal length, 55.8 (51.9-57.8); zygomatic breadth, 43.5 (39.7-45.5); mas- toid- breadth, 27.4 (25.7-28.6); length of nasals, 21.9 (20.6—-23.5); length of mandible, 42.7 (40.3-44.2); maxillary tooth row, alveoli, 14.5 (14.2-14.8). For detailed measurements of specimens see page 35.
Weight—An adult male collected at Acoma, New Mexico, Sep- tember 28, weighed 2 pounds.
Type specuomen.—No. 137555, U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey collection. Adult male, skin and skull (teeth considerably worn). Collected at Wingate, New Mexico, June 26, 1905, by N. Hollister; original number 2374. Except on the tail the skin is in fresh summer pelage.
Remarks.—This well-marked-color subspecies of Cynomys gun- nisoni occupies the arid southwestern part of the range of the species and is the common prairie-dog of large parts of New Mexico and Ari- zona. Material from southwestern Colorado is not plentiful, but the specimens examined indicate that the range of the pate form extends into that portion of the State. Specimens are wanting from the near-by section of Utah, where this form undoubtedly occurs. Specimens from Flagstaff, Arizona, and the vicinity of San Francisco Mountain in general are slightly darker, more drab, than skins from eastern Arizona and western and central New Mexico, but on the whole the form is very uniform in coloration throughout its range. While in the main an Upper Sonoran form, this prairie-dog is gener- ally distributed in the Transition Zone parks of numerous mountain
20651°—16——3
34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 40.
ranges. In the Bear Spring Mountains, New Mexico, in 1905, I saw
one nearly pure-white animal of this species. Bailey reports finding
a mixed colony of individuals of this form and of C. ludovicianus
near Pecos, New Mexico, and he captured specimens of each form
at San Pedro, but the ranges of the two species rarely overlap. Specomens ecamined.—Total number, 96, as follows:
Arizona: Agua Fria, 4;' Aubrey Valley, 1; Clarks Valley, Mogollon Mountains, 2;1 Flagstaff, 7; Keams Canyon, 1; Kendrick Park, 4; Little Spring, 6; Mormon Lake, 5; San Francisco Mountain, 7; Spaulding’s Ranch, Agua Fria Valley, 1;! Springerville, 18, Winslow, 2.
Colorado: Bedrock, 2;? Cortez, 1;1 Coventry, 1.?
New Mexico: Acoma, 1; Albuquerque, 7; Chusca Mountains, 2; Espanola, 2; Fairview, 2; Fruitland, 1; Liberty, 1; Magdalena, 3; Manzano Mountains, 1; Ojo Caliente, 2; Pecos, 3; Rio Alamosa, 3; San Augustine Plain, 2; San Mateo Mountains (Socorro County), 1; San Pedro, 1; San Rafael, 1; Thoreau, 2; Wingate, 3; Zuni Mountains, 1.
TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
Adult male specimens of Cynomys.
: Skin. Skull. z pe lalé q |2 me eae Species and locality. a | Be eo] Bailes ea salen on aalar qd.) 2 | | 2 |2h) 8s) saiee o ra P [og [oe Peel ce alee = oH a an Ores = = C. ludovicianus ludovicianus. Montana: Shelby Junction.......-..- 66690 | 375 72 55 | 59.1 | 44.7 | 45.5 | 16.2 | Moderately worn. ’ WD) OF eee stare Soca . 66691 374 85 60 | 59.0 | 44.4 | 45.3 | 15.9 Do. Darnall’s Ranch.........-- 169447 410 95 65 | 62.5 | 46.6 | 47.7 | 16.9 Do. North Dakota: Medora....-.... 161314 | 405 96 64 | 61.4 | 45.5 | 45.9 | 16.9 | Much worn. South Dakota: HOT ERICEeLe ase cee eee eee 191426 373 76 62 | 61.0 | 45.2 | 45.8 ; 16.8 | Considerably worn. ButialovGapesece. oo. eee 191428 384 90 63 | 60.8 | 43.8 | 46.4 | 16.8 | Moderately worn. IB) Opes ars eres 191429 360 84 61 | 59.5 | 42.9 | 45.0 | 16.6 Do. Wyoming: Ishawooa......-..-2.---- -..| 169493 396 93 64 | 60.6 | 45.2 | 45.8 | 17.0 Do. INieWeAaStleS. 22.55 se5ssceese 65894 | 390 79 62 | 60.9 | 44.2 | 46.7 | 16.8 Do. Nebraska: Keennediysseease sen seen | 191427 392 78 57 | 61.4 | 44.8 | 46.1 | 16.8 Do. ND) Oe et oe sey eons 18678 390 92 63 | 59.2 | 45.7 | 44.8 | 16.5 Do. PATIN Bee see ca ncis ee oe ee 110770 409 89 65 |} 62.1 |.47.0 | 48.1 | 17.2 Do. Colorado: Woveland.. 2242.2. tascus. o~ 69521 370 82 62 | 60.2 | 45.5 | 46.0 | 17.1 | Considerably worn. OMGY 2 5225 sos comes scarce 69952 379 83 61 | 59.6 | 44.1 | 45.5 | 17.0 | Moderately worn. DD ORs ee eee -.| 70020 355 82 61 | 57.2 | 43.1 | 43.9 | 16.9 Do. Kansas: Pendennis. ....... eel eS 762ml Sil 81 62 | 60.3 | 47.2 | 46.2 | 16.9 | Considerably worn. Oklahoma: IMO UMTS COlbeeee nese os seer 132440 | 375] 115 63 | 61.5 | 44.2 | 47.2 | 17.3 } Moderately worn. ID) Oe Ne eae oe ee ee | 132441 376 104 63 | 59.6 | 44.8 | 45.9 | 17.0 Do. Texas WiGETI OTS ey sents eee te ee 64783 | 365 82 61 | 60.6 | 44.4 | 46.4 | 16.8 | Considerably worn. 1D) ORE, Sees pee eee ye | 64784 413 | 93 60 | 63.6 | 48.1] 47.3 | 16.6 Do. Henrietta........:. -.! 64780! 386! 87 66 | 62.0 | 45.3 | 48.4! 17.0 | Moderately worn.
1 Collection Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2 Collection E. R. Warren.
1916.] TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS. 35
Adult male specimens of Cynomys—Continued.
: Skin. Skull. 5 2 eee % lz Slige er Species and locality. = to | 2 es re . | ae | Condition of molar a = S 2g = © Ho teeth. & © a } St | 8c Wat Sy 3 ras 2 = Sceito. sae = lire o oS ue ue} omy) ope iS wo 3 Ss 4 R=! =| = a seo = = ~ joo et) N a le C. ludovicianus arizonensis. Texas IMIG Uda seine es a. le 23183 | 398 | 96] 64] 61.5 | 45.0] 46.0 | 16.7 | Moderately worn. OSS6 Doon eGo eee 23184 400 92 62 | 60.8 | 46.2 | 47.5 | 16.7 Do. IDO. Cakeensee eee 23396 404 89 67 | 61.7 | 46.4 | 47.4 | 16.8 | Much worn. New Mexico: Siliverd@ityiee ss asces as. - 51279 | 380 79 61 | 60.9 | 47.0 | 45.0 | 16.1 Do. DogiSprings S52. 2:2...- 20380 412 94 66 | 62.2 | 44.3 | 45.7 | 16.9 Do. Animas Valleys. is--2<2.-: 58920 | 395 83 64 | 59.9 | 44.5 | 44.2 | 16.0 Do. Chihuahua: Sierra en Media...! 99362 | 400 80 65 | 62.9 | 45.0 | 46.0 | 16.6 Do. Arizona: Honteluachucass: +... 34029 | 412 97 60 | 61.8 | 45.2 | 46.8 | 16.6 | Considerably worn ID) OM tee ee. ee 34030 | 410} 100 64 | 62.8 | 45.0 | 44.9 | 16.1 | Much worn, ID) Oa Pte eae ee siecocsic cit 34031 400 93 62 | 62.3 | 44.1 | 45.9 | 16.5 Do. C. mexicanus. Coahuila: MaaVienturass hens s 1 26423 419 107 63 | 59.2 | 45.6 | 43.9 | 16.3 Moderately worn. ID) OMe cee 26426 430 106 64 | 59.9 | 45.0 | 48.9 | 15.5 Do. DOM eee Se 26428 | 415 | 103 61 | 59.5 | 44.7 | 44.0 | 15.9 Do. ID) OP ees i See 26429 415 102 59 | 58.5 | 43.0 2.8 | 1528 Do. MIB) Co Fapae Napa ee a 79546 415 115 64 | 58.7 | 44.4 | 45.8 | 15.4 Do. C. leucurus. Wyoming: SH AW0 Oa ee see 169336 370 60 60 | 60.3 | 45.4 | 44.3 | 15.6 | Much worn. Spring Creek... 22.2.2. ..- 56002 | 363 60 60 | 58.7 | 43.6 | 43.0 | 15.4 | Moderately worn. iHontenellerss es -2--.. /.- 147187 | 370 48 62 | 61.3 | 45.0 | 44.9 | 16.0 | Much worn. Cuamiberlandes 22-22) 22.2 179515 | 368 60 63 | 59.9 | 44.4 | 44.6 |] 15.9 Do. HOLS teeleme cs le 171457 367 52 61 | 59.2 | 44.9 | 44.1} 15.3 Do. Colorado: Escalante Hills...-......:. 148145 | 382 65 67 | 59.4 | 44.8 | 45.8 | 16.1 | Moderately worn. Grand Junction... 5... f- 54111 | 361 55 64 | 59.9 | 44.7 | 44.0 | 15.6 | Considerably worn. C. parvidens. Utah: Pucslin Walleye... io. 158985 | 337 57 60 | 54.5 | 40.7 | 42.2 | 14.9 | Moderately worn. eC B UE ee 158992 326 57 59 | 54.1 | 40.7 | 41.8 | 14.8 ; Do. Peers eee fice Sse 158993 305 52 57 | 53.0 | 38.3 | 40.3 | 14.8 | Little worn. Sevier National Forest 206323 | 335 31 55 | 57.9 | 43.9 | 42.2 | 15.0 » Moderately worn. Ose acco uae 206337 354 49 60) 1-57.16 21-4352) |) 42-91) 1522 Do. C. gunnisoni gunnisoni. Colorado: pockeons TEES. ae eee 35845 | 343 52 53 | 53.8 | 40.7 | 41.1 | 14.7 | Moderately worn. Smee ye sin coo 35849 | 323 Al 52 | 52.4 | 41.5 | 40.9 | 14.0 | Considerably worn. Do Scant 35854 | 330 45 56 | 54.9 | 42.6 | 42.5 | 14.7 | Moderately worn. 13) One 35855 | 332 45 56. 1-54.29 | 42:5 | 42.5) 14:6 Do HTD) Oar ea 1 35856 331 2 55 | 54.4 |. 42.7] 41.4 | 15.0 | C onsiderably worn. Mew Mexico: La Jara Lake....| 134908 | 328 68 54 | 53.4 | 41.3 | 40.0 | 14.8 Do. C. gunnisoni zuniensis. New Mexico: MN ONGAUM ES: a 221055 cece aces 160752 | 340 60 57 | 53.8 | 41.1 | 41.6 | 14.5 | Considerably worn. WWalnt Pate cate eee fe. 1137555 | 363 53 60 | 57.9 | 43.8 | 43.0 | 15.6 | Much worn. PAICOMMA see eee sa: 148290 | 360 60 62 | 55.9 | 48.5 | 44.5 | 15.4 | Moderately worn. Mao d alen ase ore a. 167574 | 350 60 61 | 54.7 | 43.7 | 42.0 | 15.0 | Much worn. Ojowaltentes.= =. 0222 4-.--. 167021 | 350 49 60 | 57.6 | 43.0 | 42.2 | 15.1 | Considerably worn. Arizona: j Springervalleses. 3. 5 h..52 5. 24653 | 355 63 60 | 55.2 | 48.4 | 42.8 | 14.7 | Moderately worn. WW ORE ee ee eee 24654 357 7 60 | 55.0 | 48.2 | 41.7] 14.€ Do. IRAE S Catlepere eye nae ae 201638 | 356 64 59 | 56.4 | 44.0 | 42.7 | 14.3 ; Much worn. Kendrick Park... .-.--.... 202942 373 68 60 | 57.8 | 44.5 | 44.2 | 14.8 0. MALLE SDE Ge s 5. Shee cL 202556 | 363 54 58 | 55.9 | 45.0 | 42.9 | 14.4 | Considerably worn.
3 6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, [No. 40. Averages of adult male specimens of Cynomys. aie Skin, Skull. Ets! = - a . xe Lom ° ko) Pp ; Se eee Eesti aus Species and locality. i Be 2 = Bales) ecs Bai Sas Hun | o 6 | Sho | so ec é Taya Re Sais S st ||| Ss cleave! coaa| seca coal eral ayes ae] is OS |Oo ! om x | 3 tS | tah Lame emer eSecie = | 2 |e toe 7, = a eS N =) Z Sp ty C. ludovicianus ludovicianus. IMOn tana terce asec nce ee necro ee 6 | 383 84 61 | 60.4 } 45.1 | 28.0 | 22.8 | 45.8} 16.4 INOTGheD Akola ce s..o eee see ce eerie ee 1 405 96 64 | 61.4 | 45.5 | 28.1 | 23.1 | 45.9] 16.9 South Dakotase-sess- ee oe eee 131388 86 62 | 59.8 | 45.0 | 28.5 | 23.8 | 45.9] 16.6 Way ONIN SS 258 5< cretion Sat nercceeke 4 | 393 86 63 | 60.7 | 45.3 | 28.3 | 24.0 | 46.2] 16.8 ING DEAS Kans: Bnctacee eee ers ere 3 397 86 62 | 60.9 | 45.8 | 28.9 | 23.4 | 46.3 16.8 ColoradO nes ae seee eee eee acne 4] 364 82 62 | 58.9 | 44.1 | 27.8 | 23.1 | 45.1 16.9 KANSAS a aoce nse tee ek soar oie meee 10 380 88 624-597 | 4457 20S p23 |k45..5 16.5 Okishomawk es ..-.42 Sceeeeee case eee 2 376 110 63 | 60.6 | 44.5 | 28.3 | 23.5 | 46.6 W574 MOXAS Ait oe cence so eeecinee ne nee Sosa T2\=°392 88 62 | 61.5 | 45.5 | 29.0 | 24.5 | 46.9] 16.7 C. ludovicianus arizonensis. MORAGH ee aamcje ele see oie Boece nee eee 7 | +395 88 64 | 60.3 | 44.7 | 27.7 | 24.3 | 46.5] 16.6 INOW MGXICOl 2. acces Saee eele Sate eee Ls 381 84 62 | 60.1 | 44.3 | 28.0 | 23.8 | 45.0 16.2 IATIZ ONAEe aot estes ee eee cere see ser 19 388 89 62 | 60.0 | 44.0 | 27.3 | 24.0 | 45.2 16.2 Chihviahwaec cas semecer ete eae sceneries 1 | 400 80 65 | 62.9 | 45.0 | 29.1 | 23.5 | 46.0 | 16.6 C. mexicanus. Coahttilaces..chie sscstee see cc ae cee 8} 416} 102 63 | 59.3-| 44.6 ; 28.6 | 23.0 | 43.8 | 15.9 C. leucurus. WyOMlin eo ).6: cece ona tose ee 13.| 358 | — 57 | 62 | 58.7 (4328 | Qos o2NO RA Stel e527 Colorad Oss seen sree ore ee ee eee ee 6 | 368 56 63 | 60.0 | 44.6 | 29.8 | 22.6 | 45.0} 15.6 C. parvidens. Gee era ee es ey ee 8 338 43 59 | 55.9 | 42.2 | 28.6 | 21.8 | 42.3 15.0 C. gunnisoni gunnisoni. COlOrad Dee ae eee nee ae eee 12 340 53 56 | 54.8 | 42.5 | 27.0 | 29.5 | 41.9 14.5 INewANhlexiCO asso. ce sects = coce seems i 328 68 54 | 53.4 | 41.3 | 25.8 | 21.5 | 40.0 14.8 C. gunnisoni zuniensis. New Mexico and eastern Arizona.....--- 17 | 344 60 58). 55.00], 41.9: | 2764) a2 on |e425.3 14.8 Arizona: San Francisco Mountain....... 8) 355 62 60> |) 55./8 4355 de27e 4s QI OAS Ay 14S PLrArE- 1,
Figs. land 4. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord).
(No. 191411, U. S. Nat. Mus.)
Figs. 2 and 5. Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis Mearns.
(No. 35873, U..S.-Nat: Mus.)
Arizona.
(About natural size.)
Fig. 3. Cynomys mexicanus Merriam. 79550, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
3 ad.
La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico.
g ad. Glendive, Montana.
g ad. San Pedro River,
(No.
North American Fauna No. 40, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
PLATE Il.
B2112—129 SKULLS OF CYNOMYS.
1, 4. C. 1. ludovicianus, 2, 5. C. 1. arizonensis. &. C. mexicanus,
Piate II, (About natural size.)
Fig. 1. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord). ¢& ad. Glendive, Montana. (No. 191411, U. S. Nat. Mus.)
Fig. 2. Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis Mearns. og ad. San Pedro River, Arizona. (No. 35873, U. 8. Nat. Mus.)
Fig. 3. Cynomys mexicanus Merriam. ¢ ad. La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico. (No. 79550, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 4. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord). @ ad. Glendive, Montana. (No. 191407, U. S. Nat. Mus.) : .
Fig. 5. Cynomys mexicanus Merriam. @ ad. La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico. (No. 79554, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
North American Fauna No. 40, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
B2113—129
SKULLS OF CYNOMYS.
1, 4. C. 1. ludovicianus. 2. C. 1. arizonensis. 3, 5. C. mexicanus,
Puate IIT.
(About natural size.)
Fig. 1. Cynomys leucurus Merriam. $ ad. Cumberland, Wyoming. (No. 179515, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 2. Cynomys parvidens Allen. 9 ad. Buckskin Valley, Utah. (No. 158994, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 3. Cynomys gunnisoni gunnisoni (Baird). & ad. Saguache, Colorado. (No. 176695, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 4. Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis Hollister. ¢ ad. Wingate, New Mexico. (Type, No. 187555, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
North American Fauna No. 40, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey.
PLATE Ill.
a q
B2114—129 SKULLS OF CYNOMYS.
1. C. leucurus,. . guNnNisoni. 2. C. parvidens,
3 g 4. C. g. zuniensis.
PLATE LY.
(About natural size.)
Fig. 1. Cynomys leucurus Merriam. § ad. Cumberland, Wyoming. (No. 179515, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 2. Cynomys parvidens Allen. @ ad. Buckskin Valley, Utah. (No. 158994, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 3. Cynomys gunnisoni gunnisoni (Baird). ¢ ad. Saguache, Colorado. (No. 176695, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biologicait Survey collection.)
Fig. 4. Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis Hollister. g ad. Wingate, New Mexico. (Type, No. 187555, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
North American Fauna No. 40, U.S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE IV.
B2115—129
SKULLS OF CYNOMYS.
1. C. leucurus. 3. C. g. gunnisoni. 2. C. parvidens, 4. C. g. zuniensis.
PLATE V. (About natural size.)
Fig 1. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord). ¢ ad. Glendive, Montana. (No. 191411, U. 8. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection, original number, 4454.)
Fig. 2. Cynomys ludovicianus arizonensis Mearns. ad. San Pedro River, Arizona. (No. 35873, U.S. Nat. Mus.)
Fig. 3. Cynomys mexicanus Merriam. ¢ ad. La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico. No. 79550, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 4. Cynomys parvidens Allen. @ ad. Buckskin Valley, Utah. (No. 158994, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 5. Cynomys gunnisont gunnisoni (Baird). ¢& ad. Saguache, Colorado. (No. 176695, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 6. Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis Hollister. g ad. Wingate, New Mexico. (Type, No. 1387555, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Suvery collection.)
PLATE V.
Biological Survey.
North American Fauna No. 40, U. S. Dept. Agr.
"SISTOLUNZ
6t1-91ItE
i Fs)
Toh ty
TUOSTUUNS
3 °O
‘suoprAred *O ‘fF "SAWONAQ 4O STINUS
‘BSNUBOTXOUL *(—) “§
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Iv
I
-
\
7
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‘SNUBIDIAOPHE “TO
|
PLATE -VI. (About natural size.)
Figs. 1 and 2. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord). & ad. Mason, Texas. (No. 191388, U. S. Nat. Mus.)
Figs. 3 and 4. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord). & ad. Mason, Texas. (No. 191389, U. S. Nat. Mus.) Selected skulls of same sex and age from one locality; to show the great individual
variation frequently noted in skulls of Cynomys.
North American Fauna No. 40, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey. PLATE VI.
SKULLS OF CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS LUDOVICIANUS.
PLATE Ville (About natural size.)
Fig. 1. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord), left mandibular ramus. 9? ad. Glendive, Montana. (No. 191407, U.S. Nat. Mus.) Fig. 2. Cynomys mexicanus Merriam, left mandibular ramus. @ ad. La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico. (No. 79554, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) Fig. 3. Cynomys gunnisoni gunnisoni (Baird), left mandibularramus. gad. Sagua- che, Colorado. (No. 176695, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 4. Cynomys parvidens Allen. @ ad. Buckskin Valley, Utah. (No. 158994, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Fig. 5. Cynomys leucurus Merriam. ¢ ad. Cumberland, Wyoming. (No. 179515, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) .
Fig. 6. Cynomys gunnisoni gunnisoni (Baird). ¢ ad. Saguache, Colorado. (No. 176695, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
Figs. 7 and 8. Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord). @ juv., showing milk pre- molars and unworn crowns of molars. Ishawooa, Wyoming. (No. 169674, U.S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.)
North American Fauna No. 40, U. S. Dept. Agr. Biological Survey PLATE VII.
B2118-129 SKULLS OF CYNOMYS.
C. parvidens. C. leucurus.
1, 7, 8. C. 1. ludovicianus, 4, 2. C. mexicanus. De 3, 6. C. g. gunnisoni,
20651°—16——-4
LANG
ax
{New names in bold=face type; synonyms in italics.]
Acknowledgments, 10. Arctomys latrans, 8, 14. columbianus, 8.
griseus, 14.
lewisii, 26.
ludoviciana, 10, 14.
ludoviciani, 14.
ludovicianus, 7, 14.
missouriensis, 14.
missuriensis, 14. arizonensis, Cynomys, 8, 19-21.
cinereus, Cynomys, 14. Citellus, 8, 10, 11. fulvus, 11. Colobotis, 11. columbianus, Arctomys, 8. Cynomys, 8, 24. Cynomis, 10. griseus, 14. socialis, 14. Cynomomus, 10. Cynomys (genus), 5, 8, 10, 11. (subgenus), 12-23. Cynomys arizonensis, 8, 19-21. cinereus, 14. columbianus, 8, 24. grisea, 8, 14. griseus, 14, gunnisoni, 6, 10, 24, 29-31. gunnisonii, 29. leucurus, 6, 8, 10, 24-27. lewisi, 25. lewisii, 25 ludovicianus, 8, 10, 14-19. mexicanus, 8, 21-23. parvidens, 27-29. pyrrotrichus, 14, 17, 18. socialis, 8, 10, 14. zuniensis, 32-34.
Distribution, 5.
Food, 7. grisea, Cynomys, 8, 14. griseus, Arctomys, 14. Cynomis, 14. Cynomys, 14. Spermophilus, 14. gunnisoni, Cynomys, 6, 10, 24, 29. Cynomys gunnisoni, 29-31. Spermophilus, 8, 29. gunnisonii, Cynomys, 29.
Habits, 6.
©
latrans, Arctomys, 8, 14.
lewisi, Cynomys, 25.
lewisti, Arctomys, 26. Cynomys, 25.
Leucocrossuromys (subgenus), 5, 23-34.
leucurus, Cynomys, 6, 8, 10, 24-27.
ludoviciana, Arctomys, 10, 14. ludoviciani, Arctomys, 14. ludovicianus, Arctomys, 7, 14. Cynomys, 8, 10, 14. Cynomys ludovicianus, 14-19. Spermophilus, 14.
Mamcynomiscus, 10.
Marmot, Columbia, 17. Louisiana, 7, 17.
Marmota, 11.
Measurements, tables of, 34-36.
mexicanus, Cynomys, 8, 21-23.
missouriensis, Arctomys, 14. Monaz, 8, 10, 14.
missuriensis, Arctomys, 14. Monaz, 14.
Molt, 9.
Monar, 10. missouriensis, 8, 10, 14. missuriensis, 14.
Natural enemies, 7. Nomenclature, 7-9.
parvidens, Cynomys, 27-29. Pelage, 9.
Petit chien, 5, 8. Prairie-dog, Arizona, 19-21. black-tailed, 14-19.
Gunnison, 29-31. Mexican, 21-23. Utah, 27-29. white-tailed, 24-27. Zuni, 32-34. pyrrotrichus, Cynomys, 14, 17, 18.
socialis, Cynomis, 14. Cynomys, 8, 10, 14. Specimens examined, 10. Spermophilus griseus, 14. gunnisoni, 8, 29. ludovicianus, 14. Squirrel, barking, 5, 8. burrowing, 8. prairie, 5. Subgenera, 9.
Tables of measurements, 34-36.
Wishtonwish, 5.
zuniensis, Cynomys gunnisoni, 32-34.
37
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