ete Pel alata t A sil ably Wi Saosin, — an te Ee Srsmaet ae Shee THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY LO1F Gite Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/northamericancesOOcoop_ 0 Ae the oe Shee Bites... NORTH AMERICAN CESTODES OF THE ORDER PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA PARASITIC IN MARINE AND FRESH WATER FISHES ARTHUR REUBEN COOPER A. B. University of Toronto, 1910 A. M. University of Toronto, 1911 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE ONIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1917 BM iy ‘i th t a ‘ Ny M | dino } ‘ ; i ' % 10 vt i ae ae an! , G7 ) PULLEY : qodUnes nae gat to ef AC ¥ oe sp ‘ SHO AT AW a | Ya i tae ; \ 4 ANIOOD waqvas AIATHA | _ OFCE oiadwT io uve af A | a SET yernoioT io iesvinU MA | tie | elesHT ’? ’ a7 nomsaisps SH silt to tesenllnbs?l teint ak Sortione to sams, YRIC@O LH 80. AOTOOR | re rade! be i Ts Fo \'( (< UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL May ET, cso! I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPER- PUCION BY...» «. feeuroneuben Cooper = yt ENTITLED ......... North American Cestodes of the Order Pseudo- hyllidea Parasitic in Marine and Fresh Water Fishes. wee nn nnn ghre seen Qf on nenennnncnpecenesannewnsnuscnelerasssacsnsenensaseessanennsnnsneannatassusrsesstsssnssssusnnsseeastuccesesenecaseneneon ss: ntssenssenenransraensetasnnsncataanssnsetannsassaurecsseranesssacetaterarctssstencesnrscnsenesseesacssensenses nee BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy Committee on Final Examination* *Required for doctor’s degree but not for master’s. pony aT dae a (HO654 -¥ AAAVY CAAATANT AZT THY TANG AVAMIODES 7 yohs0 oft to xehotae) ma: adsl ddsots. doe 2TVUAMTMIUOSE ART IO THAT AInT OVI é Cat ver as 4. aa af i * Borer *roijsnimaxl teatd | Gaqeod aetane “asi he AR, aes coset gtenT bas outa wt) abides *“é¢4e oe *eenaeer ‘| * *eeevee @ “ean eeee | 2 @ee @erae@f@@geedet#ets © eoeewee»ereenr #eeese eres ° eemwmevwweewewaeee if e<«e | . e .* *“* fr @eee ee eae® | , e *G@e#e@eseeepe eee He eee i . ” @#eeeneeueee ' *e* @€ts*e 4 Mm 4 e248 & Aipl re Cf ES soda ol lin MotB « 2 SUreorteus ij 4 tcalivd dele abana ; ws ° ay ate n* (ys K} 4 bod r cf ¥ ~ : ~" aH TRE CeO RAO ee ee tee aa | on ' a ie 04. Ree ee e t - Lb Pade Cea be vk OE orl Wee; TERE REY, oe , 7 Petr wor.) er. ae de) “OPP ve! ~ 266, 9434 ¢-+ 2795 x par} n cep © 0 oo wee ee > ‘ ~ 7 mer , - ah © pd ~ * ‘7 i a er é etek “ an y wet } : ’ r? ‘ ~ : 4 4 a >: - * . 7’ { +, ’ J *tere De oo mA — a , 7. . 7 ter a A’! f { i a aah ai ¥ = ci28007 Le 4S! th 22 F%- or — to ———. t Nh bees bs wal c ‘3 ely 1 Genus, Bothriocephalus s.str.......... eign als Wed 1 Species, B. scorpii (Mueller). ..ccceeees Baan BapGlAViCORe LGGOEO Mada ccdceecvscsccsces 3 : GUSPIGORESURD EO Yairitie sc cccceccccesveees i HMERUBETCOPMESU(HAINGFOH )\0i0sceesedwcoccees Gee veng Betieemtalss (Linton) sii. sesec sles secce MM GUGRBODOLIEIUM cece ccc cede ccccccccvccesccese Glestobeturium crassiceps (Rudolphi)..ccccosccacseees Mem Y VAMP HICOTYGINA . oo cc ccccctcecvccesevccccceves TORUS RHO ENPIUM ccc c ccc we cc reser decesnerescccacceces deopeeies, Abothrium rugosum (Batsch)..cccsecscccosce 2 Species, Abothrium crassum (Bloch)..cccssccccsceese Explanation of Plates. Plates I~X. Vita. vee a ae . Adam Ceveced eee deds «amie edorn osteo 4 ee Loscagece (0 aihe ae ocean St amie at 28 eeeeeen (nota Seaneamiaaatioas 48 5 | civeceons (ROUTE) game Ve; Lesetcusbedecdene fe) ymEEOGES ‘ he's 6 de if cfeone eet PAG obal) Specie umes: er | oe @* bie #eoewueeeen vanes . Toit TITOQOIEES a vt i iW. ee at liebe) ofa © ae f y f tr bs i ceovess(Mpndad) ngauyum Aoi dtodAs 2sR9 *j4 \ e ¢ _ ’ ‘te Ps ie é! oud i) UM ES S26 eu i LES WE es 9 zB INTRODUCTION Soon after commencing the study of Haplobothrium globuli- | forme Cooper (1914 a and b) the writer saw that, apart from the early and somewhat brief reports and descriptions by Leidy and the later, but yet pioneer work of Linton on both marine and fresh- Water species, very little had been done on the members of the or- der in America. Consequently the desire for an opportunity to | work up other species which had in the meantime been collected at the Canadian Lake Biological Station on GeorgianBay, located at Go-Home-Bay, Muskoka District, Ontario, and at the Marine Biologi- cal Station at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, grew with the feeling that something of a comprehensive nature ought to be undertaken in order not only to ascertain to what extent European species are to be found in this continent but also to properly locate in the Classification at least some of the new forms formerly described especially by Linton. Altho the material then at hand was inves- tigated to a certain extent at the University of Toronto, it was not until the writer came to the University of Illinois that it was | studied at all thoroughly with the aid of other material from the collection of the University of Illinois, under the care of Professor Henry B. Ward, for comparison. Supplementary material, which in many cases was all that wags available, was obtained by Dr. Ward from the United States _ National Museum and the Bureau of Animal Industry, but apart from afew vials no European specimens could be procured owing to the - present international conflict. On account of the lack of the latter most of the determinations have been made with the aid of sae Se Se i Pere i Dt en. re oeeh Bras eecoqen Tettd: ¢anee oF hi De sins dod 20 “Toei ae Scie tougok£g 9 u ee va es ' c= . 7a ae as * 7 oe. ae By sedmes ¢ oo sacl agegemit eles §L yee -~ < : - _ s ’ is. a . ‘ -. ° hh dy ‘ebae das: ova ed tes exet | Me ae rf rs) the literature only, a fact which the writer feels may necessitate future changes in connnection with a few species which have been more or less tentatively regarded to be the same as those in Europe. In all cases, however, the specific details of the American forms have been emphasized so that if changes have to be made later, the bSsis for such will be at hand. The writer ae ae out in this connection the comparative lack from a systematic standpoint of adequate descriptions of many of the European species which have been known for many years. It was this fact which in the absence of the original material for comparison made the present work one attended with not a little difficulty. ‘In the main the classification of the order adopted by the writer is that proposed by Luehe in 1902 in his "Revision meines | Bothriocephalidensystemes" and later (1910) retained in "Die Siss- wasserfauna Deutschlands" with only a few modifications. The family of the Caryophyllaeidae is, however, not included, so that the order is considered to be rather that of Carus (1863), with, Of course, Luehe's later conceptions of the other families. One of the latter has now again got to be modified considerably owing to the present study of two quite aberrant species, viz., Haplobo- thrium globuliforme Cooper and Marsipometra hastata (Linton) which have been found by the writer to be very disturbing to the classi- fication, the former, in fact, possessing a scalex which bears strong resemblance to that of the order Trypanorhyncha. The writer wishes to here tender his thanks in the first Place to the Biological Board of Canada for placing means and facilities at his disposal in connection with his earlier collect- ing at the above mentioned Canadian Biological Stations; to the ad of babzege -teyiimemen ebtatab ofhtosge edi ene oval egnnado S2tadt oa bot keg :luwipd? yibgad te. sd C00 tea 4 -/ eve &£ GOtd Boge eviveteqnudd. ent 9, to% ' can. , mi] Loi sessoryS edt tetra to enol! ¢ixoeeh ie A \ ‘ 7a 7m v vid? ear S] /ptssy Yous so? Tee baw dor tveqaoo: +07 Lek ta feo telty, odé =e ‘ «8 _ Fixit iB si2ztil 2 ten ide iw beak ote nay to .sdi Te. se beeoltttecele eft niae ods ally ‘td nt OOCL at etend.yd bee 0 13% nite : . azi* . coxntudet (OfGL) 16tet bee "“semetedvens EEED % ae ©) 2 Luge a 0 ag fed o ~s «. Va 2 Ny Q -elvslog?s fom. teavewed .a2 echtosllydquy7sd ottd vue 29 tads toditext 9 ot bsreitangs ab bes CT at & . ia ao wd hi dor y ‘ be Mte? be Single Ce AP ese Th aw &€00 48 ) mow von & of Gif ‘ wightace het taihos ed.cd bs olsee wort eq Site 4 EV, Ho OR Cea Se eg tie “ond To yhate FARe ste ci ; . uld) sfaieee ereeie Bae ae Buss feqnee OL Lim a ir by it oF gotdsnbe sh waa7 ade gh anise ¥ sca) a apeey 3 ; vist olay 2aieee ss ski seeeeog, dont we cist tm A A eee Te hep ai ta: teat ot nana tang J c42t ed. 22 gui aie ty) aged ‘ot petiate: bahia: Lan gesen ppm ie ie nia % wreso8 Len t30K08 (oo seldtey etd aa aahepeaice 4 are seoqn 2 of. (es niagP teorsoteit & Shee, 0h ot be re = ae : ‘i - ‘4 i \ . ee a a University of Illinois for the opportunity of collecting further material at the Maine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, and at the Harpswell Laboratory, South Harpswell, Maine, during the summer of 1916, and to the staffs of these institutions as well as to that of the Maine Laboratory of the United States Bureau of Fisheries at Woods Hole for assistance and direction in connection with the same; to the Smithsonian Institute and the Bureau of Animal Industry, from whom valuable material was obtained fer Comparison, in the latter case thru the kind offices of “tf Dr. C. W. Siles of the Hygienic Laboratory, Washington; and to the fOllowing investigators for alcoholic specimens: Professor 0. Fuhrman, University of Netchatel, Professor Edwin Linton, Washing- tion and Jefferson College, Professor E. M. Walker, University of meronsbo, Dr. H. J. Van Cleave, University of Illinois, Mr. H. R. mere and Mr. R. P. Wodehouse. Finally to Professor H. B. Ward the writer wishes to ex- press his sincere indebtedness not only for the use of his exten- Sive private library and collections and for his procuring rare Daoks and specimens, but for his constant and stimulative interest in and valuable criticism of the work which has resulted in the following paper. ; | t us foaliee Yo" 42 fi: anh Pes id 208 + tometer SoG j -wecek 0Lom Sipot tm vrod et clad feo tsecone si M eatt # : | weg Wteee ‘eeotseoa ‘Bheweqrek es ‘tock send? to ot iave ait: oF Rete eter * eotedrs beFin’d ede 26 erste total Beipa edt Lot . (ib See womast fees TOL: of6H' aogt t2 eo ee . 10 bre ee tae pa tnoadt? : ss alld ot (embe. Bilt | faltntam elcaakav mticakin word Ae eobal leat. - to agolttd. bapdtad? wid ene tes tal -si7 a) Vee ++ Soa (notgridual (etbéieritel Steerer ead T6 wale a rye - 4 sememionge otlodeala at eros an lyeee aiden? csedadld oie xcoepetort (Labedoiel Yo xf torswee ¢ferevint? (“fot Lew i. gf roseeTor® ,esel160 . acetate oe : eat a efor ire a vrte* = tau ovae ID nV cu ait aaucdebot . 7%, Noe | Lae ba oS) gage ie: sas Tee oe poe a fpteeiort ot vii uf 3 coins pit th eau GOP yeno G6h eeeebssadial gise ve 7 sioy. pAlooty eat Sem aime cero ten [oor bas alah | tweangit oy idwheie fhe bay ied B he deve od Ot dad ,enumte . ‘edd ot Set taree: aa ijiy Wrow ant Be SS * HISTORICAL DATA Apart from Gmwelin's (1790) collecting together the data: given by the older writers such as Linnaeus, Pallas, Mueller, Goeze, Bloch, Fabricius, Batsch, Schrank, and Abildgaard and Zeder's (1880 and 1803) treatises, the first most imoortant work | on the bothriocephalid cestodes was the "Entozoorum Historia Naturalis" by Rudolphi (1808-1810). In this he reviewed the Carlier literature, making valuable comments on the same, and described species of Ligula, Triaenophorus and Bothri eaepha lua: tne latter name being used for the first time. While Lamarck (1816) dealt with only the more common species, Rudolphi in his second work of major importance, the "Entozoorum Synopsis" (1819), made some corrections of his earlier publication and further con- tributions in the way of a few new species. Leuckart (1819), who did not receive Rudolphi'ts "Entozoorum" until after his work was in print, dealt only with species of the genus Bothriocephalus as conceived by Rudolphi, which then contained members not only of the Pseudophyllidea but also of the Tetraphyllidea and the Trypanorhyn- cha. Nitzsch (1824) briefly defined the species of the same genus, while later in the same publication Creplin (1839) dealt with them more in detail and erected the new genus Schistocephalus. Drummond (1838) was one of the first to report bothriocephalids from the British Isles, while Bellingham (1844) and Thompson (1844) made further contributions, all three dealing with forms from Ireland. | Eschricht (1841) published some of the earliest data on the internal anatomy of the group, and Koelliker (1843) made a study of the development of the eggs of a few species. The next and perhaps STAG SABTADTEIS .) « See ; . i Sen a . f36a99 wantioef [6s CORE). espa ao2% ae R) @ellag oes fil 2 Here xed ern. zhi oe 5S es reine “Ca p Pee , droves cfigu tof ato eea ae ‘com toxkt ei? om Minox? (goer heal oeotwl" ody sem sheds bt LadQeogl ‘ fi greives ed ehif af “(oie sved) Bi ‘fobust | , ae sz perk : e are od 4 Sivoo oe Hiss BY" eri riz Ge 4 start ez at 4 ‘ i” > - a 4 } én oh Mel A t S2n.04 bidd 7 vs oe ate a 2. ~o nn Pope Se = Pam ath rag . i wall é a . E ' 4 Liz a fe he SS £eG , 7 , + = / “4 - + wea tr ~ } temteget ..d6ideds wea-wel 8 to yaw si? age, BO . ta 4 nthe iiep "mexoosatat® alia wfobot sy 1908 1 (2b 9 Seas Ch, eee at Yo were age dt ibe cine tlseh in | an» died. Spates ano mast do haw , ot alo tings we : ¥ a. wbdinttydqerte rate fo Gela oaal oot y eStrece pat tminsees yerne bay (neezy sok ddiw L255. (@0Br) we end ‘stonbae bach quws of ae 3 o oa 7 en Lasts hart we Lhe a be oa add, Hetpe79” oe isabel b i? woul ait imsagod Soe ou tae Hex Oo inet “AF ae a he: (2.0L) aoegnodt dae { (pss Ieamiegd roe elit £ T sox? carte? ita saat aad a conten ae es ean ) | most important work was that by Dujardin (1845) who, while follow- ing Rudolphi in the main, made many valuable additions from origin- al observations. Van Beneden (1849 and 1850) first essayed to erect a more comprehensive classification than had hitherto been used, and Diesing (1850) went much farther in his Subtribe I, Gymnebothria, of Tribe IV, Bothriocephalidea, of Suborder I, Aprocta, of Order IV Cephalocotylea. Baird (1853) reverted to Rudolphi's brief system in listing forms from the British Museum. Wagener in two papers (1854 and 1857) gave studies on the develop- ment which even today are models of careful work and excellent illustrating. Leidy (1855 and 1856) was the first to report forms from America, while Weiniand (1858) in his "Essay" made a few references to bothriocephalids. Then,until Diesing (1863) revised his classification nothing of systematic importance was published. Olsson (1867) was one of the first to report species from the Scandinavian countries; later (1876 and 1893) he made further con- tributions from the same source. After Willemoes-suhm's (1869) studies on the development of Sch. dimorphus, came Duchamp's (1876) and Donnadiew's (1877) classical experiments on the life-histories of the Ligttes. In his Compendium Lingtow (1878) brought together in @ list the forms known up to that time. A few years later Fraipont (1880, 1881) published studies on the excretory system of &@ number of species which even to-day are perhaps the most impor- tant contributions in that direction. The nerv ous system was made the object of special inquiry by Lang (1881), while later it was dealt with more at length by Niemiec (1888) and Cohn (1898). After @ period in which such works as Moniez's (1881) "Memoire", Zschokke's (1884) researches, and Schaumsland's (1885) studies of oc # Z. 7 TOW =. ps ee — Wo O? the embryonal development are prominent, we arrive at the second reports of species from America, namely, those contained in Linton's (1889) first paper. This was followed by a second (1890), containing extensions of the first, and much later by others (1891, 1897, 1901 and 1901la) dealing with a variety of forms from marine and fresh-water fishes. Further anatomical studies by Loennberg (1891), Kraemer (1892), Matz (1892) and Zernecke (1895) lead us on to Monticelli's (1893) classification, which was the most important since the time of Diesing, altho Perrier (1878) had in the meantime published his ideas along that line. The next in order is Ariola(s (1896) division of the family "Bothriocephalidae", in which incidentally were yet to be found errors regarding the position of the bothria. Beginning with 1894 and con chimes 1900 there was in progress the publication of Braun's "Cestodes" in Bronn's "Thierreich", which is by far the most important work on the group since it brings together in a comprehensive manner the substance of the most important of the earlier works on the morpho- logy as well as the system of the group. One of the first papers by the late Dr. Luehe, who was the leading authority on the group was that (1896) in which he dealt with the nervious system of Ligula. Further study led him to publish a few years later (1899) his first classification, which was adopted by Braun (1894-1900). In the meantime Loennberg (1897) made important contributions to the knowledge of the phylogeny of the parasitic flatworms; while Gamble (1896) in the "Cambridge Natural History" and Perrier (1897) had erected systems of classification which, however, do not have nearly as much in their favor for general acceptance as does that 204 ‘+ 2a ovitee enw te Bai S128 tnomeote ns a v Loaieggace bocdt .y Lend gbotsead wos stom} el ee ee aie git, togaq text {0 iho ves an ‘ol Bae. grees Bay 0 cnoteanta ‘ | trav « ¢tw pReee Tae has erty | ccinotaqs saitaAe ‘eothe vetow=te oxren tne (9065) stow taper) toward .(5@88] YOf) geésted adtle .pdteelf® to seee ea’ sortie Fee ‘ sf eg Ae ee ma rf «ili tad? psaolie ehebé wie acilday e@ cic = Lbs % iw . 5 ; mm J B) : {yr eet? c oF t¢y tye her t i el ate tes laud steatod) ed a'muexe to dottaatidog edt weet»sote as ; 7eC oc: La ¥o EF dol ¥ . "HO fetts i? m * ott Me Leu sy erlons dezqago # vib we i$ yo? @uat sd tt son. ba | ‘ mt og+ oo eieow réifeae ett t6 3 Saad pgm? teoms ont ted i ttt gl to ek” “.qvoek ai te weteys edt ae tie ‘ > fo tricot gard Ae tsi 3 Onm a nee tov mtite pe ‘ id 6 Poked 4 t 4 hed s 4 w e+ 5 Aan > a & > ies THA i gd ed? [ Antoos BBP ga ttas¢ bust sat -@nDat fa1d ni) ei 62 ,Tabtaieog nit ox tecewe eat hoa | 2 ; HAY we Sey Sax eu thraget e¢ J tnxeeosial "Arosord’ Ste "stag g argcel™ 1% eet fit ee exeit ammeh 2, Wisner 188 gaol gil? te sasteak B otter He audeay . Has Pee Das Ter tasvoe3a& ioe Ss aed ee ap ate venke, Cay nein Reh of i @ = Bd 7 o os gt ose tremedaaaran ae Yo. pemeurato. toe jae or4 coltaleaaber Te. vot: Saas: as oat xe Order PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA Carus 1863, nec Luehe 1910, e.p. Polyzootic, Cestodes with mostly unarmed, seldom armed, sc@lew without rostellum, or proboscis formation, excepting in the Haplobothtiinae where the primary scalex is provided with four protusible proboscides resembling those of the Trypanorhyncha; usually with two weakly developed sucking grooves, which in indi- vidual cases are modified by the strong development of their walls or by more or less extensive fusion of their edges, sothat they may appear funnel-shaped or tubular, which may also unite with each other more or less completely to form an unpaired terminal adhesive organ, become rudimentary or entirely absent, in which latter case they are likewise replaced by a termainal functional organ of attachment. Furthermore the development of a pseudo- segalex takes place occasionally. Head stalk absent. External segmentation more or less pronounced, only seldom completely ab- sent. Genitalia in each segment usually single, seldom double. Their development proceeds from ahead backwards and does not con- tinue to a degeneration of the reproductive glands, but the major- ity of the proglottides, being at the same stage of development, bring their sexual products to maturity at the same time, so that in all of them new eges are formed continuously and of the whole animal are at the same stage of embryonic development. A surficial opening of the uterus is always present. Testes numerous, vas deferens strongly coiled without a true seminal vesicle. Ovary near the posterior end of the pro- glottis, mostly median in the case of single genitalia, seldom approaching the margin of the strobila bearing the genital opening 4A , a Peas ra te : PY AZCTATT HOS | foe ,Doatage 1. tee He weber end corg ia 020 1a 7 y i aly evitssGer > vets te -mody ALS Bee ais yet 4 Be nit 2 gixted ; i [a wt 3a. et.tieves-oe ahs ' i ma Yaw {race padi 2 BU . ; 2 y gcovige te egete ‘ene ali ge Ss Cte ae ei : ; itive ageeta we wants ti best iG “ a! 4 iw Beltop eigagma, “pe sehr! ‘eny «Mr ai oa. c “ ve . fad? To hae! si teitetiy mee caste rteve inion : | Y woking atletias a +. Egnite bi fei aie ws } rege Ls | EY al titoate Mi (that of the cirrus and vagina). Vitelline follicles very numerous, mostly in the cortical, seldom in the medullary paren- chyna. Uterus, a more or less winding canal, the individual coils of which converge somewhat towards the centre of the proglottis to form the so-called rosette; but in other forms it enlarges to &@ capacious cavity, the uterus sac, from which the duct-like be- ginning of the uterus is sharply separated. Eggs operculate or non-operculate, developing mostly only after being laid, but in other cases within the uterus. The above diagnosis of the order is that of Luehe (1910: 11-12) minus the family Caryophyllaeidae and partly emended to t accommodate the subfamily Haplobothiinae in which what the writer considers (vide infra) to be the true (or primary) scolex is de- prived of bothria but provided with four eversible proboscides quite comparable in structure to those of the order Trypanorhyncha. As to the phylogenetic significance of these organs which are quite unique for bothriocephalids, the writer is not yet in a position to make any definite statements, since the earliest stages in their development have not been observed. It is evident that we can not now consider what was formerly (Cooper, 1914 a and 1914 b) called the scalex of Haplobothrium to be a true scalex but only the fore- most segment of the adult or secondary strobila, which was indeed foreshadowed by the writer by his emphasis of its resemblance in- ternally as well as externally to the segments immediately following Whether or not a pair of bothria were originally present or are present in the very earliest stages, whether such bothria have be- come modified into the proboscides, or whether the latter have a. 4 ‘er bk av = . oy hee i ieee ins. ante" 4 ae. -ceffySem add al moifes faetesas old ch. tteo & - ! t nr : ? y i . | BE) SESS) ae) ae ary Bi t LSe is RI 4», HATS an Lore ShHL T SFOs we x, 6 7 i “ nee 4 +4 , ee Usew< $ ?SAG [ ¢ j = | i . oa Pa 6 t : 2 ra a5 ih 3a reag ; - ese 2 é Fe! 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Fur- thermore, as to the formation of segments we have in Haplobothrium not only conditions quite similar to those in Bothriocephalus S.str. and other genera in which there is no neck but segmentation begins immediately behind the scalex, but those reminding us of the proliferation of sca@lices in echinococcus. In the former case we shall see below where the process is described more in detail (p. ), that a primary segment divides up into secondary segments, these into tertiary segments, and soon until there may be eventually Se Or more genital segments corresponding to one primary segment formed immediately behind the scolex. strobila divides up into primary segments, these subdivide into secondary segments, the definitive joints of the ordinary strobila met with, which in turn may subdivided again and evidently inde- finitely to form new chains. The chief difference between these two wases is one of degree of regularity in the subdividion. Whereas in Bothriocephalus the whole enterior region of the worm is affected, evidently no division taking place after the rudiments of the reproductive organs have become separated from the common rudiment, and the subsegments remain attached to one another, in Haplobothrium not only do the primary segments separate. as secon- dary strobilas, but in the latter only a limited region is in- volved in further subdivision. On the other hand there is some- what of a resemblance between this manner of subddivision in || Haplobothrium and that of the larval Echinococcifer in that the ad - rks = ve oe al “ae © A =i < 2h 4 i. fv) Sexedon e game speaies xia a eats — a? ab dnad ong ad:e7 (GA eet abate’ ok bea bli es ay. 201] Leanwti: wre. Say bins Rae ‘ 7 t coe ‘92a bes TA abradn o% ody: ott Ae ety fe, Uae Se ee slatted wri hPL : 5: j . a £- bs () Sota os 2 7 Pa! ; a ‘ i v m 25J05 n J kK rs | Lad. i BO ree w PT : Df a e of ay vA ‘i “I F ‘ 7 ra Moh eB a . + he n : 7% . us * o Ske al a oe he a a» at #yfapin ‘2 ag? sep coea? Lhipqastsue “eT Peta [tc bey it vi -telome ue Ey Zal4 any = f we as. a ee ih'= Fa ; - [he 4 wr : allied , At ais ay ran ba f = ; me Nag ¥ ze jh beh i ut - E i * bRaSN % ~ pei ‘ Ee : 7 CEN ) err ld te PO a4 Tr: Ba bade ab a ; x : Libviitie eott cl ye tesiogse to caryed ae 5 2 " ; j 2 20Tg5k. sO tern $2088, te) Bei me toe 1S} id cu H y rae, he Fam i age f “> it rakes h Fe ? { oct Agiaceies: 2tooth ere eney To. 62 "+ ® ‘ ; \ A tute. of botaadte e bealag adn ged yoy bani Y .] Mitegha: sey ware cxantp wl eb Ciao dons oe wth ot ap bge%, Set tage £ yine’ seated elt aud sh ant - fe ac oo, et ota baal recto pal 0G, ‘ese bas “— at molesy ribeire Td, seamed wate yomming yt » he strobilas are developed from an original "nurse". That is, we might look upon the primary strobila of the former as a nurse from which are developed segments, comparable to the daughter-cysts of an echinococcus, which in turn produce (secondary) scolices and eventually strobilas. In other words we might recognize at first Sight a sort of alternation of generations in the case of Haplo- bothrium. But this comparison is only a superficial one, for as will be shown below (under Haplobothriinae) the secondary scelex cannot be considered to be a true scalex nor the secondary strobila a true strobila; but the primary strobila with its four proboscides must be regarded as such. Finally, this peculiar method of segmentation reminds one of the asexual budding of some of the oligochaete worms, particularly as regards the prolifera- tion of subsegments in the anterior region of the first formed divisions; but further than this the comparison can scarcely be carried. Family I. DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE, Luehe 1910, char. emend. Polyzootic Pseudophyllidea with unarmed or (seldom) armed scalex. Surficial bothia variously developed; they may be modi- fied to form sucking tubes, each with an anterior and a posterior opening, thru the growth together of their free edges, while an unpaired terminal organ of attachment can serve as a funcational substitute for the rudimentary bothia or result from the more or less complete fusion of both bothia. The whole scalex may be re- placed in sexually mature specimens by a pseudoscalex; or it may ‘be (Haplobothriinae) provided with four protrusible proboscides. + ow .! agl .eende! Leathe tee ae meted ete yo ~nediyainl sat of > (de tagmot: sesanmgoe aa at at ten Asfees sid 9G of Besebtenge og)9 i eft Atte ai loonde--ypeuieg edd dud eksdonbe! ona me bo goibbiyd ladxees ef ho” sad. SS LaeR 2 ht asnearee ab loeodotng * Ldteurcong. a0, ahty peatvora, (ia 0.01 8 -*e TeRNet edt 20 ee cranes pdt & ottgeas ey cuheoe se) scuberg, maint nb do heiwy sas og ogorgn Rh eheiyom wiht 9. ‘ eee et a ato Hargiagy to Sor?nmees one Calo linens 9 fies 2 oe brargion: bias rm addy ( sc biqdtedehge agbou y) noleds * tiwong adds ovileei. ~dlews £6, hobttnges of ae: ats fe pt asF4 ad Yireleo iT¢ ce | , aAa oe at $302 I: Sl) sa oo sotgen to frets nuts il otcse_eeda oy ied coaltaneoegt) eft asd? sedtiet tardy 8 tio. (Oia vegiad dicraien acerca i (~obice) so Seminit. aie Be bitreshebuous oitog “tt t su ede wee eqolev ad cleyptger bidted co i aes robveo hae ‘Be. it Sy roer) beds! out tober ae atl ale ong? gheds,' te i eaattnae? ‘dswom it nat Joc) 6 es erten aa tonucigag he to OHIO | St et oft MOx? 2igegs ce seated yastaehtia: sat: er d yan xelgom Sfodw eam "abbice stod tou sae 4 a4 cs By ‘43 th. <9 ;xo Lagu@buseg & « sheaogaa a PSP We nie tl aad cea pre enema Neck present or absent. External segmentation Ellon ti ctiNieuitis seldom absent. Genital organs numerous, mostly single in each proglottis, seldom double. Cirrus unarmed, excepting in Haplobothrium, with cleft cuticula. Opening of cirrus and vagina surficial or marginal, in the first case always on the same surface as the uterus opening and ahead of this as well as always in the median dine.of the genital complex, also in the median line of the pro- glottis in the case of single genitalia. Both surfaces of the chain of proglottides, apart from the genital openings, similarly Shaped. Receptaculum seminis formed by a local enlargement of the vagina near its inner end, which as a rule is sharply separated from the spermi-duct (terminal portion of the vagina). Uterus, @ long more or less winding canal, usually in the form of a rosette, arising from almost transversely directed coils crossing the median line. It may be locally more or less enlarged, but seidom forms an undivided uterus-sac distinct from the uterine duct, as in the Ptychobothriidae. Eggs thick shelled, with oper- cula, excepting in the Marsipometrinae; their formation is carried on continuously in fully-developed proglottides; embryonal develop- ment usually after liberation, seldom in the uterus, in which, however, one finds all stages side by side. Parasites of vertebrates. Luehe's (1910: 16-17) diagnosis is here emended to in- clude the new subfamilies Haplobothriinae and Marsipometrinae. In the former not only is the scalex radically different from that of any other member of the family, but the cirrus is armed with minute spines and there is a distinct uterus-sac separate from ae ‘ i ‘ ' ey 7 a fa ; y = “A 4 jm. eserorms a he Set i rod ‘ uh OD ay es Sad é » ba pene, A, “4 bed: as ie : i ‘ ae “sy et ee ae tb bp £ ni ye * -LBe6 5 b St vhqo aa: oor “ oe tt feet is - oe EP Rts sr 4 Lier Pe) st ; the uterine duct as in the Ptychobothriidae; while in the latter there is likewise a uterus-sac and the eggs are not provided with Opercula. The scalex of Haplobothrium is discussed above under the order and more at length below under the species so that no further mention of it is necessary at this point. The cirrus, however, would seem to exclude the genus from the family Ptycho- bothriidae as well as from the Diphyllobothriidae, since it is not "unbestachelt, mit zerklufteter cuticula", but provided with minute yet distinct cuticular spines bearing some resemblance to those of the Acanthophallidae (= Amphitretidae) as pointed out elsewhere by the writer (1914 a: 3). But H. globuliforme is otherwise so nearly related to D. latum that it does not seem wise to remove it from the family on this account, especially Since these spines are so minute and since the evidence points to their being probably of little, if any, functional importance. regards the uterus, on the other hand, we have something which is quite different from that of any of the members of this family in that it is distinctly divided into uterine duct and uterus-sac as in the Ptychobothriidae. It is true that in the genus Scyphocephalus one or two of the coils of the uterine rosette be- comes much enlarged when the organ is filled with eggs, while in Bothridium, as stated by Luehe (1899 : 49),"Der Uterus bildet keine Rosettenform, lasst jedoch Uteringang and Uterus s.str. deutlich unterscheiden; letzterer stellt gewissenmassen eine zweitheilige Uterushohle dar, indem zwei hinter einander gelegene grosse Hohlraume durch einen kurgen und diinnen Canal miteinander in Verbindung stehen"; but in neither case is there a single ottal ett eh stiew Se to ot en “ ery log tomepivre ene Seater ie: ed weet Cf e248 esata sivis svode hereune 2h ef ne + i. ee monk. e4 tLe rt 2 pa). p8 ‘Luo Ste ae ePR Eines: : + ben al Rel VSEaT sige, Saiesdveamkye’ tes trve tonite | sios ea (eal ii onvt, Signs 2) seat La poatientid wiStitioty Bee Aine hcgt) tod Law “a hee Worth eat eet nid agg ek yi. ot Dereler elie . eee et Gidy no “rts? nae Hot Iz ov4 ge — yal lege lights quite TP. yokt@ at YW “fdedorq ft Shote VSR: en bast mics SGP MO .evIetih om a} nti ap exe ins oid Ic we Pe tad? mos tere ae Sol entrada otek hebiwes wettoces eth hy BueD. aol? (a. gua ‘out et ai -oabitiacibode eiteaot sazteta eae te altou ont tee ot xe emt As Wy . om o S20 Geet we aay ea? syaciy Comagae & rant? eerie as0” tae is Naina odoud xg “a : suet? Din eye eer Saptao bb, doubt wns J9eRaiowe Leap Relat: . ee « ology tohnewle: sabe ty i : etd ab tanmitedtm, Lace apetnity batt issn esgate # sie ae wahatee if + uterus-sac, distinct and separate from the uterine duct or | | beginning of the uterus but only a modified rosette formation. | Rohoz (1882 : 282) in describing the development of the uterus of Bothridivum pithonis said that: "In dieser Weise ist er natur- lich nur in jiingeren Gliedern entwickelt, wahrend er dort, wo die Befruchtung schon beendet ist, in Folge der immer stirkeren An- sammlung von den mit chitinoser Hulle umgebener Eiern immer grosser wird und sich schliesslich zu einem die gange Mittelschicht ausfullienden Sack ausbreitet." It wovld thus seem to be comparable to that of the Ptychobothriidae in that its functional sac is developed by a distal enlargement of the original duct, which gradually encroaches upon the medulla (vide infra), but évidently there is no separation of the organ into two distinct | | | | | | | | parts at any stage as there is in Haplobothrium. And, as emphasized elsewhere by the writer (1914a : 2-3), this separation is present at all stages in the development of the organ, which as a matter of fact proceeds in quite the same manner as that of Bothriocephalus. In Marsipometra, on the other hand, even tho the sac is formed in the same way, it is never very sharply 4 separated from the uterine duct, altho such appears to be the case N in the adult. Reference to the specific description below will elucidate this latter point which seems somewhat paradoxical. Finally, as regards the fact that its eggs are not provided with PY opercula, Marsipometra stands alone. This character would place it at once in the Ptychobothriidae, but it is otherwise so closely related to the subfamily Triaenophorinae, that the writer here emends the family to accommodate it. Thus we see that these two = om fi * ‘ od toud wed setw dul? 0: eh ishane bass nti 262 sh Peess. baht er a {ino: bud % thenyas ¢.t 6he gig sh at: * ¢ oe iS iT? = Feat Diae si? Yo Pak 8 ee=e - a ¥ ~ Li - = = im « + teas sty) @licien ent, cogp seiecoxcuce YX ~ ‘ he Ceres ave rts: ae jtad ‘dabapod cae ie. — A :° Gegmd: akin Peedatt tito” + Lae LFS fo kteendldae ifote bain void bis 72.) ieetes eae ae gt gai tinasodateyt® eid - to eit he G2,26 tare avaieios Leteeto nef boners Atasd ud? Lo 26Btaiagee' od ets fuleasodeigsd af at éxee? o4 epste. eal / eX™ reSeo! pds - ny Frcs: wo Revel al. - > - Pyles ra *) ra? + y ‘ od - ire ri 4 44 ai 12k é rae « 2 sTHBe th Meth, Of do toed en inedy ens Le rola. SU geoeeh get tougqe ont ee sostareted: : t ite sade Sm me ite sd Patoy vetting | eg Som Wie See éie- Sagat toe wat 7 Lupe wet eavidy o2et 2aghe poser ir op selwsedeg Oh OF Suita cod ‘oltre: ad? Oma 4 vs < eeoay tad? ood: OW. ang?” ee ae mbeet) cotta add yd orsdveatonl te tempo tsreb: pat ft topess. [f4 ie sinie add -ot Ey ebsouerg foal te? isven.ws vy Var Sage ad nf bes 16 isolated genera have such a disturbing influence on our conceptions of the two families that the latter now seem to be much more closely related than was formerly thought to be the case. Subfamily 1. Ligulinae, Luehe 1899 Secalex unarmed, very short, almost triangular, with anterior end, more or less drawn out into a point according to the state of contraction, passing directly into the chain of pro- glottides or the similarly shaped unjointed body; surficial bottria small, weakly developed. Neck absent. Formation of proglottides complete, confined to the anterior end or (in young animals) absent. Posterior end rounded. Nerv.ous system distinguished by a large number of plexus forming longitudinal nerves near both chief strands. Genital organs in sexually mature individuals com- pletely developed close behind the scalex. Genital openings sur- Tieiai, ventral, lying behind or near oneanother, near the median line. Testes in a simple dorsal layer in the lateral fields of the medullary parenchyma, for the most part lateral to the nerve strands. Ovary and shell-gland median, the former ventral, the datter dorsal. Vitelline follicles in the form of a mantle in the lateral fields of the cortical parenchyma. Vas defereness enlarged to a muscular bulb before entering the cirrus-sac. Re- ceptaculum seminis large, sharply separated from the short and narrow spermiduct. Sexually mature in the intestines of water birds; present as larvae in the body-cavities of teleosts where they grow quite large and form the rudiments of the reproductive organs; occasion- _ ee | a jt p~ et TUG spasu ties pa tiaie th & tous fi bos : 4rd, : ivi E ’ cote ad of arace ron ced ted edt vant) on i ; 9480 28) od’ oF ditipradtt yi Comoe 7% © i ghgoad , select Diet a vi taut ‘ Uerwls? COCA, ,ORRe TRer bemiaas zee ant .b tatey 2 @iatt dup werd seel- x0 ocOe Ge : ‘ pF / he ro: Bae: if otal vitosifs srisséq .cohGeaaae ” [ ho : < Win: f . M fe om? . ° _ ue fy cg \ ? in - . > £0 li getss -¢ueeda aseot. .bscolereh ¥x mov ab) ac bae ver it of bea lige axitam w ean , red gcsmea Yeon © Sitded pail tem 31 tagstel oft &£é teval ie ap- eigmia « al estas ov: Pavatald rag sede od eK. ices ll it a | voekg? elt ,cedbes Sbaly-siede bas rao | a 5 te mood vit af s lq bile “wart. oe 2V ’ on eh we¥ Pac: rh fepitse0 sere to eden ; tassentq seit sd setae 26 onan toe wor er ‘8 vide wa -a~hezoce (enee ov tbouber ally also observed free in the water which they reach evidently by the rupture of the greatly distended bodywall of the interme- diate host. Type genus: Ligula Blach. In the above diagnosis of the subfamily by Luehe (1910: 17-18) the statement that the testes are "in einfacher dorsaler Schicht den Seitenfeldern des markparenchyms grossentheils lateralwarts von den Markstrangen" is somewhat confusing, for it is strictly correct only when the whole number of testes is taken into consideration. In transections of both Ligula and Schisto- cephalus the nerve strand was actually found by the writer to be more than halfway from the median line to the margin of the medulla, but the testes were much more closely crowded in the lateral por- tion of the field, hence making their total number there more than in the median ficld. But the differences between the two fields On each side in this regard were seen in confirmatory frontal sections to be much greater in Ligula than in Schistocephalus. Genus 1 tLigula Bloch, 1782. Taenia (part. ) Auctorum Fasciola (part. ) Linnaeus, 1758. Fasciola (part.) Linnacus, 1767. Ligula Bleck, 1782. Fasciola (part.) Goeze, 1782. Bothriocephalus (part.) Witzsch, 1824. Ligula Creplin, 1839. Dikothrium (part.) Donnadieu, 1877. See eee a Se ftoeLive depat ged? do tdw sede nat ee 4 sen - Pee. i ‘ At Yo Sbewbod hecaaamne nines wit 3 y e 4 ) tomie alvgid reunsy - ‘ ie ‘) adel yw yfiosiépe si SO eeeree evede ae yi ls me Re a s a (oo? wit ded) tnescereee ~—_ : i 3 : y hal # « t WFropeo loner eb aed le laet 2a , Ee a. eae Lee e " ~~, i "aapmteitseeia® ool aoe ae % 7 q iP ree! - 2 e+. tJ - atc ~ [ = te - - 23 4 a? xd vi Lees Gt ife evi s i 10 ALTA é Oo eis ig LVS 7 ' ect af Retweae yieeoie atom coun stot sun iatot teat gildem souer , bie ST Gee ‘ot psonstelz te adf to8 ..biett rfiteo af sage etew Dowget wide AL One z » : f : ee a2 went sigoid’ st seteste dove od oe angi ae nr 4 i _% [ adie efoees.. € Simi: tm autepewhe; ys he eeg) | i ers nine rn ( fag) sah tieq) « 18 Generic diagnosis: Bothria as well as external segmentation completely absent from the larvae, both develop simultaneously with the maturation of the sex-organs in the definitive host, and then the external segmentation, which does not correspond with the '/ internal, is confined to the anterior end. Longitudinal and } transverse muscles irregularly interwoven in the anterior end, posteriorly separated into an inner transverse and an outer longi- tudinal layer. ou Lengethe ga lion aq peer vitae quites: «ode Soil oat sea) 9 toon ewby ind let. oat eR. bencnioal an “oem separ tno foo eogy ce bit qth femsd «have ee eo sat ot ‘ie Git af ipevows heh ether ge th O88 terevenss? ‘sigiek im wae = \ g) k eo feerai beta ds See iiese (¥ lad baa) At f . ors i —_—* ie { i Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus,1758) (Figs. I = 6.) Larval stage: 1713 1740 1758 1767 1781 1782 1782 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1793 1802 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 Taenia Taenia capitata Fasciola intestinalis — Fasciola intestinalis Taenia cingulum Ligula piscium Fasciola abdominalis Ligula abdominalis Ligula a, cobitidis Ligula aycyprinorum Ligula avjalburni Ligula a. bramae Ligula a. carassii Ligula a, gobionis Ligula a, leuscisci Ligula a. trincae Ligula a. vimbae Ligula petromyzontis Ligula salvelini Ligula simplicissima Ligula alburni Ligula bramae Ligula carassii Ligula cobitidis Ligula colymbi — Geoifroy Frisch Linnaeus Linnaeus Pallas Bloch Goeze Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Gmelin Schrank Schrank Rudolphi zeder zeder zeder zedaer Zeder 1713 1740 1758 1767 1781 1782 1782 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1790 1793 1802 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 co tJ 3. 260. 3s 262-5, + 266. 3: 266 ———T te tie a aire OR es bel Me (GENL, aus ents) —~pinotdog is eluate’? C808: Gat! oliead | > dead " _ a hieed i i oy i ie sat 223 siicntae ve ye 4 @ as 7, oe “ dmkweto tigate. . == - nai 5 eae Se at Ee See : , in the larva,two very shailow parallel grooves near the median line on the dorsal surface in the adult. Cuticula 5 - 2On in thickness,sub cuticuia 70 -100. Nerve strands 50 in daameter,. Eacretory vessels numerous in two lay- ers,one close beneath the vitelline glands(cortical) another a- mong the main body muscles, Genitalia from 0.10 to 0.2Omm.apart. Genital cloaca a nar- row transverse slit,0.18-0.20 x 0.02 - 0.03mm. into which open separately the cirrus,uterus and vagina,the latter constantly be- tween the other two which alternate irregularly from side to,side, Testes in single dorsal layer in the medulla,interrupted only medially,35 to 40 in transection,115 x 85 x 45p in dimensions. Vas deferens up to 30min diameter,loosely coiled above the cirrus sac. Seminal vesicle small,close above the latter,65 - 80 x 40 - i ide Cirrus-sac somewhat leteral,ovoid,with thin walls,185-200 x 150-145 x 150-155, Cirrus proper within cirrus-sac,long and coiled,Z5, in diameter. Vagina 15 to SO, in diameter,receptaculum seminis 75K. Spermiduct short,25 x 12u. Ovary 1.5mm. in diameter; wing great ly depressed,isthmus prominené and not in the median lime but ale ternating irregularly from side to side opposite the cirrus-sac; ova in same 15 x 15. Oocapt 18-20in diameter,oviduct 15-20w. Viteiline reservoir ellipsoidal in shape,50-60 x 50,in a layer close beneath the subcuticula and broken only ventrally. Shelle gland composed of much elongated cells with enlarged bodies and narrow necks connecting with the oviduct for SOn of its length. Uterus a.. mass of coils in the median line,O.5-0,6mm.im diameter, that of the tube being 60, } tect, ~2 = o +e he ty tsem aevoutm [olieveg Beliane < 13 ay aL : A a _ ivie oe a2 eoorrr. gas 7 i hale G ries 2O0he Gh sivelsvs dus, 2RenHortss ‘at yOR = & - - GUOESMER SL eS eR¥ vroterom’ Tes omash als \ - hyo tn (Levtwrowlenmecy eiTieti¢ ens dyeensd on nr vetoaum cod stem ols Latived. tee. meee, of Of,.0 nor? eflasl 4 —- A — ;* .. ae jul ,uam2.9 - SO.0 K O8.0481.0,2118 Soaie : ie - ’ s2too teats. sil gaiaev Ban avitely,.avrviie eae (+ teiJee rit etentedta AOlAwW ows endo Gm lanmechph of “oe 2 G6 x Cli,worsoesiati , . ga 28 ,yEEMe Sh - 7 srtrio off evode Belles eleeool, O58 af m ij AME al HL adv ‘Lanime®, . sS-cfl alter ais aeieg. btem, [otetel ian (HMO & ,aa-cuIThe ieee “purty ) Yequ%y gertrly . 400lL-O00L x aa tssensdb al 428 ; Y Cis 22 wilwoatge OF, te dpaa lh ah yO aa as vatah Sr is ;19s0mmelb Os ,amd.t eoswd-*: . Bl a 68, Starke ou = iY bit aaiion saad ni Jon Soe enontnorq sina Sa a ¢ u, wilco sit stleog@s @hte 63 phe a's 4 ‘ylaalugerri “— Juiiive , tesoth Bh 4 CBW Sr 0000 o40l & os ‘snee o ti, WOR 2 COHOSyeemeie m2 Aagpibagssie ee yi =liede |, yLiengitew giao ianacsl bea oasis eneaale oid stfa ‘oibod Deytelae Agiw wht peanuts flolves to bea Cue ~igerel eit To 406 OT Youd sig dati ani seaceoe } Pe a aa: | , tetomealrs ¢l,amb70-8. Deen saddam ont hag ; eo Cn ‘eas " fyi be brane - pad : “ed ee a, ee: , i. . A; Yi Ae v ? » bh whe = rm, mtr "tw thy Eges, 49-65 x 31-42y . Habitat : As larvae in the body-cavities of teleosts; adults in the intestines of wading and diving birds. Host Locality Coilector Authority Leuciscus vulgaris Pallas Diesing 1850:581. rutilis Hubner " Zschokke Zschokke 18843;26, Rossitten Muehling Muehling 1898:33. Orlja=See,Pe- Birulja Linstow 1905:285. trograd. Geze-bartlank, Maximovic AStrabad Bay, Caspian Sae,. leuciscus Luehe 1910:19. erytbro- Diesing 1850:581, phthalmus pulchellus Leidy 1855:444, phoxinus L.Storsjon, Olsson Olsson 1893315. Jemtland,and BSnan,Sweden, Abramis blicca Goeze Diesing 1850:581. Rudolphi Bremser M.Siebold, 18535:95, Coll.Brit. Museum, L.Finjasjon, Olsson Olsson 1893:15. Scania,Sweden, Zschokke 2schokke 1896:775, East Prussia Schauinsland Muehling 1898:33. Ladoga-See Firlei Liastow 1905:285. Astrachan Baer Petre hm one eS apiid .Atvee nae system 10 oom = = S 7 ' i s ro dl tocar Low Vibe eed, ® *Teriiis 509 bOrk 3 sinorioas ¥ > ie . ’ " ‘ . i] na” , i goatldege aniistou 16). PRSn , hy goante c tioawlia =o. Gea cA 34) bs ~ se Saves ) nen tA , » ~—liee Siveomixnes (anal ita soe is a{Se SeGaTIs, © ‘eo a = P . e { Qa Haiqe¢y -. A - a ny ‘5 w, i. 5 iate LO Us on at tae a me oo ee & oe. oe ee ee 2 ee ou0 aoe am 46020662. atiaelg T9gahe ta See tedetateiatiadad : ef of Tz inf ried : ae a « . ’ . shed * * ‘ AML *. * — ay if - «' or 5 s*y SOL6L . bOL:0L65 | TOE astetnd ‘tS Die an gaye noah a vi ed al oo Lk i i > Shup ts ae ne oe el bane i res Tenia weseMis agicusd edegs anieald iviqhe Quan - Gh e-@ PSs, og fost vf +d oe eo oe oe ---=- Houle O#'10% hoo. aitgesv i tuas ira ONY Gsy)) Teamete —vonsagne tine Adq Lotus 9 4 jaorios ori - git titoane Liasvonaxed . ideo hurd guise id ee = ee @ mH oO 4 . iy 7 4 7 dinaein | eden es SpJh CA eee TR , “4 - - é HIRATA: ' oot x ‘> Zr oS 4 ‘ra a, Si ee aera ee 6telt-eragid << mae a me ee + eee oe re i 1 ee ee ee Cres ee abined ee ee ee uieil etspauae Tes £ oloen wil aqeT lave 4 ee ~002-0m! TI botonevos re ew er Soe ee oe = ieezed seeds avon oh - mbwedhe =~ =e «ate ae = ‘ eee ively, =e : “oe . ¥6 Fetes x, SO ei = em ae see tyes ¢ i eats, : e& esd de ale, f pil > , ; Dy setae - oe an i‘ int il a a 2s " - (hl i yD Bloch L782:2.. Schrank 1850:581. et Mus.Vienna " " Sweden Olsson Olsson 1895:15. Perea fluviatilis --* Mus.Vienna Diesing 1850:581. ed S L.Storsjon, Olsson Qlsson 18935:15. Jemtland,and Bonan,Sveden Mus Vienna Diesing 1850:581. lucioperca Luehe 1910319. Phoca vitulina Berlin Rudolphi Rudolphi 1819:155. Morrhua americana ochafrirt Leidy 18553444, Squalius cephalus zaschokke zschokke 1884:26. y turcicus Tschaldyr-gol Brandt Linstow 19053285. See,Armenia Alburnus lucidus zZschokke Zschokke 1884:26. Jedwabno Braun Muehling 1898:353. Langviken Bay, Levander Schneider 1902a:13. Finland. alburnus Luehe L9LOs29. Atherina mocho Parona and Par .&«wiazz.19003233. oo Mazza Blicca bjorkna Linstow Linstow 1901:629. Catostomus ardens Yell.Nat.Park D.S.Jordan Linton 1891:65. Chondrostoma nas= Basel Zschokke Zschokke 1896:775, ee T:) Catostomus lati- Gila RK. and E.Palmer Linton 1897 3358. pinnis Salt K.,Ari- zona Osmerus mordax Potomac h., C.E.Riden- Hagerstown,Md. our ows mile $ic " +i a - o . AS Th) Si a As cA .o¢e@l mat J 4, ‘ ae : i foul * & Ted 4 uy. fath pata 78! Coie SAAVDROAS ees #QO 73M iu 7623) sunorioaes sAGEL wo dLeteaa te ha BRAOL k oreud (O0O1 , s24hk.. tae 2 f0e wovantd extstonioas no got? L nO Sri Wool dnetiek any , . anaoely., aome iV. eu fin ilohon os ashi auotoas Jiaaaa *iijonhoes pues TV horsy sl ea HANG HE, BEA bw woitauts rab, 8.0 exdornas ie tamled, 2. iy oo” ~~ n “ur = ae. > _eres- er bag, tiialivel HNober! nang es i@g-1yhl sdsat ~ sliver, oe eee tod tygaad Saree, tam, List ee ee em te see aS 4 > : nie : a eee van - | ~- |. mabere . 7 EERE en Mbbenars,< eM hs ee = eS a eS ee Ss ~~ } et a ibd LOG e+ er ee ee ondeabet aint? ee ‘Pte ilgad + ente @ er e's *\ feud. pm seep ot i ek ae 27 q Meenas NUCHSLIB q-<<<----- = = s--~-r--= a Linton 18973458. | Notropis cornutus Fourth L., F.Mather " " " Free on Shore Turtle L.,Mich. H.K.Hill 3: Adirondacks, . New York | | Schizopygopsis Tan-la-Gebirge, Przevalskij Linstow 1903:285 7 kozlovi Tibet | Nemachilus strau- Issyk-kul-See, P.Schmidt id WJ ae ' epi Bai Karasu ona " " PrzZevalskij eS " " " " | a = Bai,Aral Sea = Z 2 ) | Tinea vulgaris = 9 -9++------ m0 Serer et eree Neveu- | — Lemaire 1802 :88. | Gobio gobio renner nen e reer nee nn-e Luehe 1910 :19. / | Seardinius ery= = ---- =< = 9 seer een Hd by | - throphthalmus | Ameiurus sp. Charlevoix, H?B Ward Cooper . Michigan (the present paper) | | Alosa ohiensis Keokuk, lowa . ad | Perca fluviatiiis Walnut L.,Mich. " " | flavescens Go-Home Bay,Mus- Cooper " koka District, | Ontario, Catostomus commer= Walnut L.,Mich, H.B.Ward ut ) : ‘8 Purtie Lo Mich, ‘H.RYHill . | otropis cornutus Go-Home Bay Cooper " | ” cayuga Turtle Lake Feige ges ed i B " | Micropterus dato- Go-Home Bay Cooper : | mieu : | Ambloplites rupes- ™ we af 8 / tris i 1 Gasterosteus bispi- Chamcook L,New " “ | nosus atkins Brunswick | al} | | 1, et YG Os cO3nin wo 2M tuts\ " a ee ee es soli au, 2 Mee lat eid 3 bi im (Soe, 4 " 2,5: Saal 56 dt peat ated le ee eee = tS e, 0% uM ¢* 18goCc0 biteW.. 2 | A { th. AVA Teggey [ee s-0) ia ee TOGebA — ,66B4ud-xy a1 fol, a tortawW == cM .2e8. amoh=-o0d ~enltiaid axoi tSiK, 1 SunteW = temg99, «toda, .d old tuT ad , Me ee: . i) aes wee eee ; ite. ; o Seow bio TL Oh egtidai-si-ueT =(fisieveirt Hed. Lets, LHe rs = «+ ee ee a Se ae 2 ee ee ee eo) “8 SHEH-50 oy 1 oe BE Meet | NteY . wok = tad i? eed faa ~ ‘bbowel waito ~ fe—ia9 Lm Awol, sae A OL T6300 | a yad sek ov OL SL sil Adult stage: Falco chrysaetos braun Diesing 1850:580. Bremser ‘i Mus.Vienna Rudolphi 1819:1535. Creplin Creplin 1859:296. Braun Rudolphi 1810:12., Hildebrandt Diesing 1850:586. Luehe 19103182 i" Hildebrandt Rudolphi 1810:16. Mus.Vienna z 1819321353. M.C.V. Diesing 1850:580. nycticorax ba ¥ Sp. Desertus Kir- Slovcov Linstow 1905 :284, i] Totanus glottus M.C.V. Diesing 1850:580. : chloropus wus,Vienna Kudolphi 1819 :1505. Colymbus arcticus 4 * . m . 8104, Mehlis Diesing 1850 ;:581l. auritus Hubner Hudolphi 1810:15. e Bloch Bloch 178234, cristatus Rudolphi Stiles & Hassall 19123266. , Mus.Vienna Rudolphi 18193;154, griseigena Luehe 1910:18, rubricoilis Nitzseh. Nitzsch 1824398, septentrionalis Mus.Vienna Rudolphi 1819 :134, Diesing 1850:581. Luehe 1898 :286 PS . = eesi r , S64 .aue > Vows s02 Cael " -Gist " . . ew Po "s+ * . af * SG rs Bi) * | . aa * Litgea © CaBNi POL Uli sGitOLl@s Be: bvet O61: C£LSL «£09: 06-84 pecs eaol yrteeic Lrigiobuii abiqes). ify LO Dart anitze ti . Sede % itie Lapis gniaeid iiciviwe # srt aoe idelo bia finot G * 2eellsed iigecek tite Lobel, . gtleuJ perry ay hei Lo Bush goleeid eiteud auetTa Tosmete ‘mure kV, oye “tiger sired tonaetdebila = fetta ee = - 6 ee oes Shaostdebi tii Smear. ci V0.5 woovolc a ere eanel 7. au w ht ae 7 siidem 13 Pap eam & eee "ronda Ge a Sec aint ioo0lLS ee Pawnee gig LQODuy ; ta naa . ase em —— ti 4 > . ante ol yop is ee = ae ual cnet eens ? eer eee ee ; Pct i'd i -Aeee gee < Aah ee eee us ¥ : dl _ a ahA ¥ i : exiok¥ aul as en sh ee Se é . ; ee . - ; : ; Gilet 96 WBagegesane i a a ree oh — aware = ee, ae ; Lag 4 .y : -cntebeciiaiimsimdaaa — =: 5 ame ll Sey = Sac i a Aor, vo oi . y i ‘ \ Rr + aS5 25575 Sere i rind f= : a ~.% mS Oe le eee ea ee, : é eee ee —e= —_ @- «=| _-— = = te ---— « &¢ 4 «= = & See ee Se Fe ere eS Ce ee A ee i ed ="ik acdteneG gwtogls eee op ee = a ea ie inor Sse Ireland Koenigsberg Pillau Trieste Venice Varese Monfalcone nigricollis Trieste rubricollis Anas boschas fera Larus arzentatus Ganus melanoceph-= (alus parasiticus Trieste Gryphswald Kainsk,Enissej Mus .Vienna Bloch Hubner Dujardin M.C.V. M.Siebold, Coll.Br.Mus, Bellingham Braun Muehling Stossich Wolffhugel Linstow Stossich Parona Stossich " M.C.V. Stossich Mus .Vienna Schilling Rudolphi Diesing Dujardin Diesing Baird Belling- ham mMuehli ng Stossich 18193154. 1850:581, 1845 :629. 1850: 580. 1855:96. 1844:;165. 1898:52. 1898:1ls. Wolffhigel1900:62. Linstow Parona 8 Stossich " Diesing Stossich Rudolphi Luehe Diesing Middendorff Linstow Bremser Parona Bremser Mus .Vienna Rudolphi Parona Rudolphi ” 1901:629. 1902.27.. 1850:580. 1898:118. 1819:154. 1910:18. 1854:;19. 1905320, 1810:135. 190237. 1810315, 18193155. ~eulse@lal tiglobud sibt:06s. pabeskd “ “ " slieeind arrive lt Atiae ile ‘ i 6& ~ all . 4 ¢evous — - eit 7 wt CO ait I Li Js ‘ ’ " aoglasete ents hoo sh J ei #04 ath fi - Cy scseute ag ” wl Leey Miseule ; a ‘ sUGe: anteeit wi: ;Sgel (nb asara PCL Gil. indgloiaa 5 ae i ecul 286L aniges¢ ; Keil aod et kal. ‘big LoRwR wrote? tng lobudi ~1rAe «04 £481 hss 8S6l r mider¥. ual Mora Tend 0k @bpregwd | »¥, m . bLodele cn nam. TE, L169 aedgaliied Legads1iee fet arnid dyiweodd Anere't doienpo oe " s 0 Oe Dick fiviqeog? ennelV. dud << ee 6 ee Sxlibinos’, Vite Baeble amnolY. aye, 4 4¢, 7 i A = OOP rare yp rs eo a Ae ae i a Pee Pe POA he Pheer a Stee eee wee ; ne = ——- wokest conned Ratu Gs ind ee fnalext atedayinecs edesart ee ee eendieiele “Spinev Sa g7eV Shiolainen esreinT eddstytt ee =P © ee re 7" wis te ee eee ee & bie Reng ett - » in ae nl aan aaa ote . , oT , id “eg i) 1, ie) Larus pelecanus --<-------- Mus.Vienna Rudolphi 1L819:133. carbonis " " " " ” Larus pygmaei ---------- ae ; ‘ eimundMe ea --=--- = Bremser " 1810:13. Muehling Muehling 18983353. ” tridactylus werner eee ewe Hubner Rudolphi LB iO? LS Sterna hirundo ----------- Mus .Vienna ” 18193133. w nigra Se ee it " w 1] " : Mergus albellus = ------+---+-- Bloch Bloch 178234. 8 WO een ee - WoG.V. Diesing 1850:581. 26 Merganser ----+------ = Nitzsch Rudolphi 1619:153. n a = Bloch Bloch 178234, - ” Belgium Beneden Diesing L865.225 1, " SS EE 2 eee Linstov Linstow 19013629, MinutuS = e-s-s299528& 9 emer eee Gmelin 1790:3042, . serrator = ----+------- M.C.V. Diesing 1850;:581. " SS ie ee wuehling wMuehling 1898355; id “ Gulf of Finland Schneider Schneider 1902a:15. Si@iGcerax ep. ~-~--------- - Mus.Vienna Rudolphi 1819:135. e) uvyeticorax ere eee ee wee eee eee Luehe 1910:18. Graculus carbo --------+=5- M.Siebold, Baird 1853 :96 Coll.Br.Mus, Fuligula clangula Jemtland Olsson Olsson LEOSe1 5. Xema minutum Trieste Stossich Stossich 1898:118. “ridibundum ----------- Wolffhugel Wolffhigel 1900:63. Urinator arcticus ------9---= 9 ere -HeH- Luehe 1900:18. ® stellatus --------+2-000 ---------- Rissa tridactyla ----------- 0000 terror ” " 1" Stercorarius parae ---------- a ae ey eae ra " " " sitica yl f \ Ff a! thie CACS 4 7. 5 + bl | > 4 q ‘ . --* “ ‘ { = 4 ' « a J - < ' - ’ = - rm . = ‘ . . \ re. es * | } ? 4 f ’ ‘ . - ne ) 2 - a ,* ma <« we * + . - ra . ah & Noe . » a” * - -~ —_ : Ti * PPD os - " . ~ ee pitches PY. eink Samos Bhisdau - ani Es pus ‘ Gia. lig fo bir send Mi anal V.. 30M 7 oe " =Hoel® fsoid BUFFALO . ews bite bia! Heaag2ti dehened Sf wodant. _ —Sa = & + ! S & Ge 4 - ‘ o 44 hom gt A LOI t6bLorbie wSHicnrmoc fry bo aia envol Vem wie ,bledeiail om, 78., fieo wovzeLo tintagoee finteaga2: ie, litt Lew, Lepleit iow ees)" «+ we cs ¢ é Nha > } 7 " See ae we onl RS aw ee ee oe . in oy, be tye hh a . SEEN wy 0% =e eK eee =e a Sallie ical 7 7 / 7 a a ioe) ors: x : Co bed Maur eer | = rama babe n ee Re eee " Wg er, Ay ie Gir oer (ame . pull gl : A y ~ - P| \ : * oo \ a =f i} > ~ 4 eS a Gs Livery 4 A tase > 7 hae a?) has i 7 J pradniy to "Tio nae 4:, ia 4 f 5 ae Fe ee eee < » > .. ee i H i “ aise oe ee = \ A ae er at Petr ee eon Se we Fee wee ee SS ee mm me mate = © ee ew ee we +- =e" = = SH Se = + = oe Sa oe 46 ee = SS ee ee = = Befnsseot , eee 2 ae ; ‘ =e ee ee + me” f ‘ t Ae re > yi i le chetiaenhed ——= Cooper (the present paper) Ad w 1 offem sea oe © = = == +8 “oe © ~— 40 "=< - a = slondI DI stied aa - q os ' «Se : : Me ap mem “ ae ’ ie r ae =2e ee eee _— ny ag A eklp deem eee 3 i, Fig Se ee ee et ~ = Oe ewe eo eee & —— RK ah “4 £ i e a ? y ‘ - he - i: ‘ * As indicated in the above synonymy the greatest confusion existed in connection with this species even from the time of Linnaeus, all of the older writers recognizing at least two species, “the larval and the adult, and many, several species under each of “these. Rudolphi (1810), for instance, accepted four species of )the former, "“ovariis occultatis", and the same number of the latter, “parasitic in the intestines of birds, "ovariis distinctis". In his Entozoorum Synopsis (1819) he reduced the number of larval /speocies to two, but retained the same four adult forms as before. "The next important move in a systematic direction was by Creplin (1839) who divided Rudolphi's L. simplicissima into two larval species, viz., L. monogramma and L. digramma, corresponding re- | spectively to the previously known L. uniserialis and L. interrupta | (or alternans), which plan was followed by Diesing (1850, 1854, | and 1863) while Dujardin (1845) and Baird (1853) followed Rudolphi. _*Diesing (1850 : 581) erected a third species, L. reptans, to accom- - modate numerous forms found encysted in the muscles and connective tissues of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; but, as pointed ' out by Janicki (1906 : 519-520) several larval species were probably included under this heading. Those from avian hosts (l1.c.: 583) are not given above since they were found only among the muscles and under the Skin, where L. intestinalis has never been found in birds, so far as the available records indicate. Luehe (1910 : 18) did not include them in his list of hosts for thdadult staze of Fis species. . Next in order of importance came Donnadieu's (13877) Classical experiments in which,after completely reviewing the ry 6 tonhesty adtyeyc re treen wilt 82 Bodies tt e147 gerd neva «9 eeie acl raew no a et be ierovee- gee Bee iuba | tome. Spe Batvenes otatenh eg (orez) Man « it ag “ettstfugse & iégwiteth o: >:evo , 9 hese Ie geniteeres : { Sy Fecmur eds Secubey ak ea 1) erect 4 OWS OURL, Aeiieie si gmta .7e' fietomer heh SS) ek Wap onog od ig ‘is eeititenten .¢ oend yfenodvery sag if) sages we Fevatlos wav neta ao tif feb (E02) felee Lae (880) akbanted St ,Aperees. i bbedieeene bade? es Botos1s (Lae udnot fee ei toegm . wait. 22 baduvsinn Brunt earot Sut tetenbes bas its aca ,eneld sicees fwerel Larever (oeteite _ BOEL) annie TALve mort? eri, ae agri baad eid, d? onetea gine Devot pew volt’ fonte oto, Live? wees tevan eed atten olveatat “a pxed # stout ig feo that bt hd eidattevs ede on: emote tick i tol stood to rots ar tt nod ‘ebuion ZS Geral Mi hag wt (FTAr) oe that i “const ssigtt’ to were nt ta i giktes t Sete Toa Peart, cuaidh at i a= literature up. to date, he conclusively proved that the form found in the body cavities of various bony fishes is the larval stage of that present in the intestines of birds. As a result of his work he combined the two forms under a new name, Dibothrium ligula, ‘intestinalis. The life-history of the species was later studied by Riehm (1882) by feeding methods. Moniez (1881: 37, 81) was the i first writer to study the histology of the species, while Kiessling (1882) gave us the first description of its general anatomy. As - emphasized, however, by Linstow (1901), Kiessling's work is not very specific, since he almost constantly disposed of L. intes- tinalis by saying that in it conditions were the same as in Sch. / Solidus. While, apart from Donnadiew and the earlier writers, 1 Willemoes-Suhm (1870 : 94) was the first to study the development "of the embryo with attention to detail. Schauinsland (1885 : 550) enlarged upon his observations and gave a more or less complete description of the process up to the time of the escape of the ciliated larva. Niemiec (1838 : 2 ) described the nervious system, and Cohn (1898 : 134) pointed out its resemblances to Sch. solidus in this regard. JZernecke (1895) in the meantime dealt in his well | known work on the finer structure of cestodes with the parenchyma and the nerv:.ous and muscular systems in particular, since when little has been done in that connection. The question of segmenta- tion was studied by Luehe (1898); and later the same writer (1899: 62) placed the species in his first classification, stating his “belief that there is only one species of Liguia, viz., L. intes- tinalis (L.). The latter conclusion was also arrived at by ret adi ? pees ~ “ 4 2 ds PaeY Oo! = — = 2m ae SS wig RF ey ’ rt a st 4 tak = pe = t} if y ptaivett tay ae aneteve, | cca bam eve a nettesag: wat sno shana: att. ri. ena sit vetet bua. AGB) adend need neiteg ES tee wip serdt ‘eit at cetosae otter , &2e 00? Dee an Ma 0G Hest trsqe 2h iaedew . Lieto of me ttdetie atten so #t0h ws vey Eos apottsviegdoce id i® Bbedsroned ( Bi: ABBE) oa tmoth . te LORERSS age gus betsityg (pet xt a. yaw shenent to -wolbeds) anise she ud #2 levisys. cafe ass pa tecipanse Toth ooht eS pave: a Fi ie ci ed stab, ef os OL \nod saititet: So mpi kea ‘i \ehekd to: Roatteed at act hy sean wo o te eeto® owh edty Z ak Saw Gus Ulog Lie BSE gS SAMOS Shét omss 9 jioeqw ond to Vrote tig Elo oaeG ebay igheaden or tbee? ve = oferta: fd wd huts" Lo sole qieoseh, jex2t? oats ‘ A aby i) wera Yo é L699 a “OhoD Peomle on, somleg aie sit ace gouttitags th al ted? sere te Of Feeds. ade ae ee. ovag) att Lo emit adt-ob, ap exsedagq ed I * vs. 4 $nitoews eft of (REL) etoagzos: , eaboduer TB eruteurte Leek? ets Linstow (1901 : 638), altho he attributed the specific name “Goeze; while in his latest classification Luehe (1910) maintained the same view. Consequently, taking for granted in the absence of Euro- pean material for comparison, that the latter has been established me a fact for the European forms, it is for the present writer to Sekternine whether we have here in America the same species. And BO far as the majority of specific characters are concerned, we have to rely on the descriptions of Kiessling and Linstow (1901) “who seem to have been the only writers to attend to the details of the reproductive system, and, as mentioned above, Kiessling's is quite inadequate in this connection. The only American reports of the species are of larval forms : L. monogramma by Leidy (1855 : | 444) and Dibothrium ligula by Linton (1897 : 438), the former | having also listed (1856 : 46) the doubtful L. reptans. Luehe (1910 : 18) gave the dimensions of the species as ) 100-400mm. (occasionally 1 metre) in length by from 5 to 15mm. in | breadth, not distinguishing, however, between the larva and the adult in this regard. Linstow (1901 : 629) reported a larva from ' Blisca bjorkna 200mm. long, 9 broad and 3.5 thick, adults from Podiceps cristatus and Mergasser merganser being 160mm. long, 4 broad and 1.5 thick; and concerning these differences said that: ‘Wenn man die Geschlechtsform aus Végeln oft kleiner findet als die Larve aus Fischen, so mag das seinen Grund darin haben, dass die ‘letztere sich in der Grosse ihren Wirth anpasst; die grossen Larven in grossen Fischen kénnen aber nicht von kleineren Vdgeln ver- Schlungen werden." The largest larval specimen at hand was one * vehe eee Koo cee ed adele ‘(ese ‘rtew (OfGa) ameua “ae Peete wt a: “oaeee ‘ott iat Sot nergy: 4ePi gatiad wet = 1a oud nated ody adit, . hon trecnon t tn <0 S0P 242 cr. sumo nAsqoToOs. i} eres ental as esod eved ay x5 Wl tojimic oh Desaw RO ytitotan eat Mas pnitees lt ls emesegtabesk oid!) , uceiuw yheo ea? ned: ov. A ne ein. weet PACE Be. DUP AEC ELE ey. 296 eta ries ost Kino ef Jnokedbanes ets we ota ol L) Me : d XO PORT ROOD it + MOT caved to oye “a . aorasd ys mlamnt michn ¢ ecetebs 22 twtwealey ead (8— F-S¥L) betes rege; Sy 2e 6d rs creme? “A? 'SVER (8L\% OfCL).4 eel |e c mort YS ei yael me torewe 4 citer teacee we | avr at ad ‘powered rodaned githde toncitte ab + aves! @lertoges (086 7 rote) Wotan! ‘rayon aoxt «tioka ,@eiet-ee Bok baord, &. yeaot Saami Ba « eG §p a0 pennants Lenopprel Sov Zk st a at Lise Mees oA Dh eres oo brrgepog: bre so nsy? at wie Fabel? agile lo aLoyhie ewe msotee coe Towed | eet , nodal obuih tevin aang: “ead, yom ow 46 _ by oI sseeotg eLh (tesagem axle neath see 8=0 eb, . sv alogeV osteniel apy peeks 002 toni aie [10 saw Baad ge é aembboqs teviat sett oat fat ae ou ee - from Catostomus commersonii which measured 425mm. in length by 15 in maximum breadth, but the largest adult from Merganser gp. was only 142mm. by 7.5. In the larva the anterior end is some- ibs bluntly rounded (Fig. 1) the bothria being visible as very | short grooves passing over the tip, while in the adult they are more elongated and distinct, the end of the strobila being some- what protruded, as shown in Fig. 8. On each surface of the larva there is a deep, median, longitudinal furrow, which, however, “becomes obliterated in the adult, excepting anteriorly,by the Besewth of the reproductive organs, the ducts of which are con- » fined to the median line of the strobila. When these are developed the strobila is characterized dorsally by a low median ridge | bounded on each side by a quite shallow groove, and ventrally by » @ greater thickening of the median line, not separated, however, _ by any grooves from the lateral regions. The whole strobila \ gradually tapers from a short distance behind the anterior end, where the maximum breadth is located, to the posterior end. io reag in the larva it is quite thick, in the adult it is thin ami ieaf-like, the margins usually appearing, especially posterior- ly, wavy in alcoholic specimens. A pseudosegmentation is present btn the anterior end of the strobila, but as has been known, espe- @ially since Luehe (1898) emphasized the fact, this division of the strobila into segments does not correspond with the internal dividon into true proglottides. Gemmill (1909 : 11) counted about 50 of them in the anterior third of the worm, the writer 38 or 39 for a distance of 13mm. from the tip of one adult speci- men (Fig. 2) and 36 for lOmm. in another. They vary considerably of tlt Secve som aoe sei AN Gee Dsivhe seogra eae dud « Le tolLTePie acf2 avnwl eat at ve.8 bas sisiede. paved ricvated ed® ts pet) i Lie. Gale? ate skid ait edt, amy Gate edt to tee 4 ott, .tongte Ce Vium doee nt . ot als ih ghode oh Si PL Lan tbuttanol dapban took ae OL 02 Mh Goitqvoxe ,tiahs ade ak Beg red . ; — 99 ote 30 Gtonl off .efeare eritoebdngegam =r oe deadty ose ~ ete batded sono? eth ttede, a moat: £26 bay. rofgedteom -nds:.og ‘intend Gi ctheerd muigt Hime Ode ad lotdtneptepe ae $2 2vzal, im, (ite foages. .paltaajas iteuew eclgtam edt @ £h et nod aharaugseobueng A saeptoe ge oALodoe 1 you ,womd aged eat! ea tod. bb idoade mit te bag) 2 int fv ib geet Poey eas Los teagan {888L) st tat odd ee hapgan120%: Ao week Sfarages ‘otnk J . betacoo (LE + @Q8.) LL domed Whip sso inh zat de ec eee ite to dade tgkeegan ext 2 at 0°98, Tivds.ene 2a, hy “ad? (most + sf ‘le sacra i" viterebietea vihevy vault Pig nw 4 a ciel cot) ain length and are often incomplete medially. From the anterior “region showing external segmentation to the posterior end both larvae and adults, but particularly the latter, are crossed by “very numerous irregular grooves which give the worm its charac- | teristic appearance, apart from the general shape, as contraeted, for instance, with the closely related Schistocephalus solidus (vide erin): The smallest larva met with was one from a small specimen of Micropterus dolomieu, 47mm. in length. It gave the following measurements: length, 4.9mm.; maximum width,0.54; width /one third the length from the enterior end, 0.54, two-thirds, 0.37; length of bothrial groove, ? 0.07mm. All sizes from this to the largest mentioned above were at hand. | The enticula was found to have a thickness of from 5 to 10%, compared with 16-184 by Kiessling and 2.1 (3) by Linstow. I It was seen to be homogeneous in the sections made rather than divisible into the three layers described by the former, with some tendency, however, for the outer one-quarter to one-sixth to take the stain much less than the remainder of the tissue, which | outer clearer area is often bounded by a very delicate pseudo- Ciliated layer. There was found to be as much variation not only in the thickness of the enticula but also in its structure, that nothing more will be said excepting that these remarks apply to the larva as well as to the adult. The subcuticula varies from 70 to 904 , — 33-494 according to Kiessling and 114 ~ to Linstow. Calcarcous bodies in the characteristically fine paren- _ chyma., described by Moniz and Zernecke, and given dimensions of a3 x 7.8m by Linstow, were not observed to the writer's satisfac- tion. eee ae re van Lo iGinedwoy at ot cos steSnpee I cecoue aie wera ad cent 290 2 see we ov ty teide g€¥eorg cio oe Aeterte) Diemnes oe niga oclite spledae Sdiastes borelyt ¢lewety oie mort sho eae Oe Weal sieiee! a oat § aS sp bho Sob” gi se. Ont Si, muti Poem ye; os yitarel: Pe oirean tit-omt (25.0 yhae 2oc7Tee eee gies crt tt wrt gctta A! .iO.0 t yevoory Ensadog a Atad 24 Stew Svods beactd sem 2 se ao1livia soon Otis 2 saved oc hustigs nace SLiobd : tentd 4 Cf) 4h.8 Ram pabtewaim yea seve itew 5 iol! Tedds? Siew sholtoed! Galt az edo yom og Ps , Fees of ial qd. Red, sin 9ob sreyel somnt edt eke ibd Di me lhew stom abe : Wi ae ee e @ sealed sel of the reproductive organs and the pressure exerted by the large uterus in the median line. Whereas the wing has a maximum dorso- ventral diameter of about 607 , the isthmus is about 95. in depth and roughly ellipsoidal in shape, protruding in sections from the dorsal region of the junction of the wing (Fig. 3). Ova from the isthmus were found to be oval in shape and 15 x 13pm in size (13-16), Linstow). The oocapt is directed horizontally away from the side of the isthmus and from the median line. Its dia- meter is 18-20, , with which compare the dimensions of 88 x 66 aw given by Linstow (vide supra). The oviduct has a diameter of from 15 to 2c0n . Taking a general dorsal course after being joined by the spermiduct, it soonfreceives the common vitelline duct (Fig. 4) which has only a limited enlargement from a previous dia- meter of 10-20» to 30 w to form the vitelline reservoir which is located close to the oviduct with a length of 40». The vitelline foilicles are situated in a layer close beneath the subcuticula and are continuous, excepting in the median ventral line. The individual follicles, very irregular in shape, are 50-60 p in depth and 30 in width, Linstow's measurements being 65 x 47 w and Kiessling's SK in the larva. Concerning the shell-gland Lin- stow said: "Die Schalendruse ist ein 0.088-0.105mm. grosses Organ, das dorsal von der Mitte des einen Keimstockfllgels an der Ent- Sprechenden Aussenwand der Uterus liegt; die Zellen, deren kleiner Kern sich intexiv farbt, sind 0.0039mm. gross." In the sections made by the siessoa it was found to be a quite irregular structure, “composed of greatly elongated club-shaped cells with necks of different lengths which unite with the oviduct ina region only HO go tpen ia and toub tv | _ = - - a y » “ni ane ha ‘ cur ©. MOLD VIMO aug Raa wage ts aie - . fel f gad “tie sty epee sec kt Rei ote a . a » = Pee fass.0 Li a 7. 4 49 GO USS Ss ty ‘ } eal sy veka at sand tosall ie yA iW eit te andgeguiio ee? to oo bpesree : 7 # - ~ * - «= Y ee ’ i L973 2a¢@ bo igvos -0°On Of P _ > 7 Pe c os Joo Ga. . | WoTemiu e . £ Sak i Sirs bik Bilt ia m = o> Be . ag |) belt ¥ 3 } bow a re ye Aa - ) ¥ i % Ca ~ batts > 4 be a la oat va! rey ~ oe { eae i 4. S a iw r, a i. = wae 4 a ~ 2 f LV As AG Mix ot } \ = ‘ : ~ a c ee Bg Sos. tod. sae lo 4 ey towl fi beds ta “a © EST) make ds ot’ ae gait (29xe . BK on tS 1 orm. wee Se) Hakertetnz V4EV US catenedl ) .icometveaen »¥ reeset Ga fa (ivhiw 034068 sf ie Ay seared -erevee aul si. ¢- 4. a si Mee OL 2 DH. bn, ‘ted eit: Lather dad 7%, wagon £ sabtd dontembay noite ‘wath are Side hy hk Oe »49 1 GR osdb iene Wrroey, web Paettiebni 8 et. eegeg | ante Meise del nit gee a al | ad ie gl feo haem } about 30u in length and situated just beyond the point of recep- tion of the common vitelline duct (Fig. 4). These cells are so loosely arranged and their proximal attenuated portions of such a filiform nature that they are very easily overlooked, especially Since they are scattered thruout the whole of the dorsoventral diameter of the medulla of the region and are interwoven among the Oviduct, the receptaculum, the vitelline duct and the beginning of the uterus. They form by no means such 2 compact organ &s Linstow's description and figure would indicate. The distal ends of the cells are about 15 x LO ph in size, while their nuclei are about 44 in diameter. Kiessling described the sheil gland as similar to that of Sch. solidus and as follows: "Die Schalendruse pesteht aus Drisenzellen, welche an feinen Stielchen befindliche Bl&schen an der Oberflache einer Halbkugel angeordnet sind and ihre Stielchen als Radien nach dem Mittelpunkte der Kugel senden"; and his figures of such a compact region are likewise quite different from conditions described here. The uterus forms a mass of coils, 0.5-0.6mm. in diameter in the median line, from which a straight portion passes ventrally thru the musculature and cortex to the opening which is about 20% in diameter (35 , Linstow). The diameter of the duct is 60 in the median frontal plane but only half that amount as it passes thru the longitudinal muscles. The | measurement of the eggs are according to Kiessling and Linstow, respectively, 49 x 34. and 65 x 42 : they were found by the writer to be 52-54 x 31-33» in sections. Our knowledge of the life-history of the species is con- fined chiefly to the works of Duchamp (1876 ), Donnadien (1877) — Ay ore efleo AeeaT . (4 oo ht) Coe ‘settberty a me “oo eto kFcog but, mrpd te Coa ated hee ‘23 toe ton ets “lo lel, Sey Fy head Derwitrow pilaniged ail Boe touh stl eee Sek” eee ad aly t lo. Slew ‘eae hazed yess os ge .bauooltsye yi fats’ yaeurael “weds Pads 2 Dts eee Seles bi ‘ceeeaaae tego foected 6 dou? dagen Gy eet Yast om . =e Tre. = an — — , re a ; eas yi », 27 RS cat eed rr Cr: (ae LAS Bole ¥ G29 <3 r : " bd iD -) ae > . > m hen =i as od = ey tod? eliny .anie af Ol & 86 eheie Sree i P ~~“, “on += a tse ait 7 fe ae we mF ei # : Fi » 4 Ptr ee. i of * ' . oe i . i . f = ' COLedbs. ©£2" ewe soL se hae avi ioe ack ees ne CE atryee 3 we he fe ae oo he ae sia, £ Gale tye Bayan oS mite leit meth? qe odpiew= pat ivedeaey SSO oy fageveim Sit he ete al Pt eo eh . u % Ite pi F 7 a te! ae bP asareE We Sah ry sal fist fy 5 taki oN b toe : ~ a “oS EP onicr Beagrie We LP ih Sees xt! yee ei ‘teh sss: iti airb" ontw Niadi eap Sike ale al we av os ot kp) oa egal Ex - as + nelteat Pequot . Apes 16% ey Gham @ paeot auceitey Sat |) seer hadtsogeh ite 2 eee met, ote nekbae ase: ‘me xo eos. ord cote. hie 9 ptatueedm ‘Age may ¥ tiestwew esena@ 7 ~ a yeard ¢ Bepoea sma eb doh 408 tocieha 9 Bam it «0a Dee Saeed nuit arn adnan ot gate nti See Ro oe oF gust ticd gia agRe wr 4 pits Hb oie et 4 OPAtt x Petal uf acite7n- ode to er saith ) acthwanad® of 1 ana Riehm (1882) who firmly established the well known fact that the larva present in the abdominal cavities of various species of teleosts develops rapidly in the intestines of fish-eating birds. The production of eggs begins after about 36 hours, while the adults live for from three to four days only in the definitive hosts. But apart from these and other closely related details which were brought out by Donnadieu by means of well conducted and controlled experiments, nothing is known, so far as the writer is aware, of the development of the oncosphere in the intermediate host up to the time when they become distinguishable as small larvae. The measurements of the smaliest larva found by the writer have been given above; Figs. 5 and 6 are of two slightly darger specimens, the latter being 6.1mm. in length by 1.34mm. maximum breadth. Alitho the above description shows many discrepancies be- tween the species as here dealt with and the European form, the writer does not feel justified in separating the two specifically, @€specially in the absence of Furopean material for comparison. The thickness of the cuticula, and subcuticula, the dimensions of the testes, seminal vesicle and cirrus-sac and the diameter of the vagina show the greatest differences, apart from the probable confusion by Linstow of the oocapt and receptaculum seminis, while the measurements of the eggs as here given are somewhat inter- mediate between those by Kiessling and Linstow. But the fact that the data given by the latter are apparently the only adequate ones for the adult and that there are not a few discrepancies be- tween Kiessling's and Linstow's accounts restrains the writer from 7 = & 3, a oo Pt; oa i 7 - * } »¥ r) { ’ ‘ «A ‘ I H WOM s vaee 4 aw , a & 5 ~ ~* » £U ‘ of + m4 > t i - —_ 4 * a i re ay S$ 7 a s ~ ie 4 lees yexn! « bet ie be FI x = % i = . wf ‘ - } + t \ 6 7 = ed Las is a ite 4, F “ @ > bz, a oe . 2 - s © raf a ] ’ ry Du = * Oe ‘ 5 ; - peck ty te Se i at a0 ; $8 was Bip ay 4 ia We 3 7 “ft L- : ~ ee ae . rs A Sta ir — - ‘t . . b= ) « » alr ars te i> Gat LISD) Py "a3 - , I & fel t Sa FS ARES 7 ' : 7 ae . ‘ ¥ aes PACS “oO es fonag “1 hae, ; 8 ee ire Re be § * co pibide’ -? Ui. Diyas eblyo ds am ihe cent a MS que oan Satya & 394 ‘te. va hee of eexitt sot 16% Chota au ad? | 7 itis, sorh-s% s r a i . or. nm inal - he f. P ME us Sbkewod 2 ive ?iQ.0mm i en = s u > u wens 62 ork F tren. 2ocen Fs . 7 rn - os } ri ; - id ? pe w: €2 ty is oe 209 oS 3 ' , Ae Sy) een ~ te ete ae ay J : ——s * @ ¥, c2voce A é % - 7. 2 # pid mao te! ~ 29 ~ tt oe . me Bod ce . nad BYCOns Bak’ 4 4% Le SF GOs PA eg hyp ch any ay iy rt ~ pam Liv paweee? SIS BZ =. . ¥ - Pe eee | feveqes ot i he wade nda ; att Deak: f ade tq. ane , t die geet we +eey -Lartweu 4 odin Juntanrg : ae. nea wea’ edt | looking upon this, tthe American form, as new. In dealing with this question of identity we must also remember that not only does the species vary so much that, as pointed out above, a great deal of confusion exists in the earlier literature but that the number of host species of the larva as well as of the adult is very large as compared to other species of bothriocephalids, hence introducing greater factors for variation; and above all that the geographical distribution of the wading and diving birds harboring the mature worms is such that here in America we have many of the same species as well as the same genera that occur in Europe. As the above record of hosts indicates, the species certainly ranges widely over Europe and Northern Asia, so that it would be quite surprising if it did not occur here in North America, with the probable region of transition in Iceland and Greenland on the east and Northeastern Siberia and Yukon on the west. However, apart from Leidy's and Linton's records it has apparently not been re- ported up to the present. The material studied by the writer consisted of the foilow- ing lot of larvae: Nos. 4706 and 4708 of the Collection of the United States National Museum; Ch 18a, 16.411, 16.413, 16.414, 16.419, 17.31 and 17.32 of the Collection of the University of iljinois, under the care of Professor H. B. Ward; Nos. II, III, IV, and V from the Collection of Mr. H. R. Hill made at Turtle Lake, Michigan; and Nos. 47, 54, 150, 158, 159, 160, 189, and 190 of the writer's collection; and the adults contained in Nos. La- 156, 17.184, and 17.185, ¢. U. Ill. respectively from the intes- tines of Merganser sp., Podilymbus podiceps and Colymbus Rolboellii. i ee ee ee eee ee ee eee coe - « ape 7 itor Aa: vat. eutin | glu. Som wR Yodgecey oakgl $eugn ke vt staph ~~ ele ov a “ - c a * ~ rion ade: dive he 120g 8° CRE foo .of “yey nates : “ . * a 7, ; 2 ; _ = wt ont J cal Stisieast sl Tellope eee a2 ete tee ae ii tlobe 903 Net qa BO qe aes So estan . f bait - % » h Tt * + r na & Bima a kit os +o ah 4 ‘ a _ aw ry 7 ree ‘ fe 7 ee en a > fbn? M Sy PVR , : i ‘ “16 Sane - 0 - ) i \ ad whe 4 ‘ / “ se q{ i= eo yp M ¥ ~* * tO “ ws i <6 — : { + > » > o é 3 j * ae i Mes 5 Bi i? rol RS: ‘ . es * le . - € " 3 the is . . ‘ee # i “pa ee ee . § { fi ‘ eS > rd é me wt 4 . J toh e* > Fae Me i » - as ‘ . # 4 ESE. ‘ Fad ): ‘Sy fh it Sal Sie ws £3 . vi ¢ > sme as ¢ D ioe ae. > ave SAS hes ~ a fl _ b ' = ‘ tie £ re lA? 4 t vi é fe 5 + ¥ 7 rit ae eo) ee r 1 fer Hot te 24.5) a ; Saw os ; Pas i fie, oft ed “Doadduta Lets to BOTW Re OO9b: {ack af).80, OGk SF .2ae ee Bs i% j sae Lang Halt: watch notte ihe acs PGE OTL eae: ak d LY we jiseF 8.8 Tt oat | es 100) ‘eee _ mobak | Caaf? apne DAS ee aie Bede Coo oi nae tne .C8L (OSE, (CGI) GURENORI VM Mh Seem bin Kot hee Lanes pute cult foi hinds he PP ¢ ™ ? id as) mot? Genus 2. Schistocephalus Creplin,1829, Taenia (part.) Auctorum, Hirudo (part.) Linnaeus ,1745. Fasciola (part.) Linnaeus ,1767. Rhytis (part.) Zeder,1800, Halysis (part.) Zeder, 1800, Bothriocephalus (part.)Rudolphi, 1808. Schistocephalus(part.) Creplin,1829. Generic diagnosis: Bothria and external segmentation al- Beadsevelaped in the larva. The tip of the scolex retractile. Segmentation complete and corresponding to the internal structure of the animal. Longitudinal and transverse muscles arranged in several alternating aayers (three transverse layers enclosing two longitudinal layers). Type (and only) species: Sch. solidus (O.F.Muellerh, Schistocephalus solidus (0.F.iiueller,1776). (Figs. 7 - 9.) Larval stage: 1734 Taenia ‘_Pritsch 1745 Hirudo depressa alba Linnaeus 1758 Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus 1761 Taenia Jata Pallas 1767 Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus 1776 Taenia solida Mueller 1780 Ta@nia gasterostei Mueller 1780 Taenia gasterostei Fabricius 1781 Taenia acutissima Pallas Ditvouysar -zeL098/ BAR So ie eR evel os ie aq ek Sakai ayers piatiion << -suronsina ‘Mes =) a Ts ie wan 6, ft aba ‘aiid bi Oe eae il : O0RL -rehest car a - OO8L, TobsRy be —_ «8082 Aig Lobe Ama) a abs BL adioeds tse) sual (o L. ded pease Lomreins. es. mini oad: —T «4! = wets VOTER Sid Ou aa boegeederes big 04 same } yrew 1s Wake agi tg toe tate eve dsdLauti a eieolans. i nee BETS ¥ eo eit nents } eye 2] ese 3% e ae , > zi 2 = 3 Tf ia . ‘+ x —— } . 2 = a ae i seve l lesan 1.0) PHO LOS. aGGs. ‘selogge”( ciate Bates ha ih .teLieun,F, v) aubLsog:s i od = “7 yt) z0Gs..% eR L O14 2 LB .thOL- OBL visaabl fdks » G83 O68! 1HEbas Va’ ¢ OLS) ine Sohue | «|. hi nn t @iey Jigiebgh “Beiitlos a: cdreep ieee wks Sigh JtexoUeE 2uGELos. cladies 5 Vlad getala- swe ih eb. Pek. 3 GBB faiod ; hype Loe vag 206.5 @Grl wrtisech .« Siviige 803 @eBE , Sdeot 02 gpbttoe . ijove + - Pa i 4. . YO 3830 Bothriocephalus nodosus Rudolphi 1810 : 54, 1819 Bothriocephalus nodosus Rudolphi LBLO is 248, 1819 Bothriocephalus nodosus Leuckart 1819.3: 58. 1824 Bothriocephalus nodosus Nitzsch 1824 ; 97. 1829 Schistocephalus dimor- Creplin 1829 : 96. phus 1859 Schistoc. dimorphus Creplin 1859 : 296. 1845 Schistoc. dimorphus Dujardin 1845 :~622. 1850 Schistoc. dimorphus Diesing 1850 ; 584. 1853 Schistoc. dimorphus Baird LB'53...3. 92. 1854 Schistoc. dimorphus Diesing 1854, :..19) 1858 Schistoc. solidus R.Leuckart 1858 : 129. 1859 schistoc. solidus Steenstrup 1BS9.«s 47.9 1863 schistoc. dodmorphus Diesing 1865.3. 232. 1869 Schistoc. dimorphus Willemoes- 1869 : 469. Suhm 1877 Dibothrium ligula Donnadieu l877:: 495. 1881 Schistoc. dimorphus Monniez 38L 3 LPS. 1882 Schistoc. dimorphus Kiessling 1882 1889 Schistoc. solidus Loennberg 1889 ; 40. 1890 Schistoc. dimorphus Loennberg Leeo 2 LB. 1893 Schistoc. dimorphus Duisson Laos OP "iS: 1896 Schistoc. dimorphus Ariola 1896 ; 280. 1896 Bothriocephalus Fuhrmenn 1896. zschokkei 1898 Schistoc. zschokkei Fuhrmann Leas 144. 1898 Schistoc. so lLidus MuehLing 1898 : So. 1899 Schistoc. nodosms Luehe 1899 : 52. 1900 Schistoc. dimorphus Ariola 1900 :426 if 4 7 ah BO f Sag, ee oT PL — | SPOUTS Gs ak Sari iO ae | 1910 Schistoc. gasterostei Luehe 3910 e7 the. 1911 Schistoc. dimorphus Solowiow 1911 ; 1235, Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. Me- Gium sized worms,length 50 to 300mm.,breadth 3 to 9. First seg- ment or"scolex" 0.4 to 0.8mm.in length and 1.0 to 1.3 in width. Strobila ovate-lanceolate and depressed,maximum breadth anterior to the middle; hindermost segments narrower and flatter, 0.25 to 1.0 mm. in length by 1 to 5 mm. in width, forming an appendage up to 10mm. in length; medium segments 0.1 to 0.5mm. long,posterior bor- ders prominent. Shallow median groove on the ventral surface, Cuticula 15 to os Jomhive, tes nee Lh pnd " ob oF 86 3q 8060 ee av. . er , P i« ry ew & £ » b ‘ a M Pes por si LiatTes ia asctocrdai pe = a ‘ + ° a ~ i * oa oy e ° Ais a e. Fs uy e re =o {OU) SAGtS LL8mnS To? galtgecse ..ylidaglbes bas eae = ; ™ Lz es ee A P Sire P4 \ t ix i (a7 vats f . £ SS. ory. 4 Tq7o7r Seats 4 = i | ). Ul Seg lla boetly-ifede- ,telenath ni yOs=0f> say SOR . m3 fi 38 TelemalDd al ycth-oo> qirrery -0oll nei STINE VUSTIOD hesvetipD naolJ tog = s7@g i wet ~izS Vid WeitJeniaevel 144226 810 -m@esiod edly. te yaigegD veh 3 | aritvineeto 2 TO eaigirr edd ad Demwt ait =i hate oi gliacolesooqo bra. aotsiv écsy hed bx ag moveel aA Mactiesinuk ad ot) g@igga- :eate, 7 mie to: og d2002a. om, Be ; . Fe eM S aetvbs bas i é BO: O06 i 3 toetd ean aSe eens pa 2 fixe (SC 0b Vlanisclded exturada | é <_ Mentiigant i } 33 AD os — ' sec sOL01 Sein ionea 1 eet S12 8191 ” . ? pungitius i] Cottus scorpio . poecilopus -~ » pbairdii Salmo salar Totanus calidrus Fulica atra Phoca vitulina Rhynchichthys gon gronovii Rana esculenta Gasterosteus bispi- nosus atkinsii Uranidea formosa Adult stage: Corvus corax " cornix Recurvirostra avocetta Bracciano,Italy Parona Rome Loch Loriston, H.C.William- Cove,sScotland L.Storsjon, Sweden Swan R,,Nont. Gryphswald Chamcook L., New Brunswick Port Credit, Ontario, Vinciguerra son Frisch Baer Creplin Zoega Olsson Everman Mueller Rudolphi zZschokke Creplin Rudolphi Weinland ‘Schilling Braun Schilling Diesing ul Parona Scott Diesing ” ‘ Rudolphi Olsson Linton Rudolphi 1] Zschokke Diesing “ Rudolphi Diesing Luehe Cooper 1850;584, 189938. 1909:80. 1850:584. 1810:58. 1895315. 1897 3427, 1810:58. 1819:140 1896 :776 1850:584 gonna 1819:140 1850:585 1910319 (the present paper) Diesing 1850: 584 Muehling 1898:354 Diesing 1850:584 weOS 3: OGG ut donk ‘bad Ee ebeddetel eno rTret "5 parawaloaly <= get enon = ; : rioo®y mal iliwv.ais noe Bet ee eee ne ee ee i = Li df 4 2 te a ortw oer ea e+ ow = Leal Lido ¢ Live SHB o 7s" = ~« = : tO 2a1Q me2esig ehGLevave.i 1Sbe We : fet tdielosuh xe iLeuh monte me a etd : ifglohuk SLawvatty yao : Tse" AAQTSAN sxidorioed 10 Swk > eid Bits Se LG urigeto tee elites arr i ty Leth Ligioiusd a Bd awed (4D sRes id airteat]e fared ant Paes ied Oia eee ~4---= a nega es 1 Waents ‘404 vehiedil. Feu. " » .' ya ‘Fides geod sr ; perro { tsonqd 26%] Oa) on ree eked 7 poe OCSSl satest® asi lfewl pei stinga hE: Beas pater | iGal gubgeld BULLI EMDR: peed wwe we t co : ree . 6 Lf ‘ *y f fi ‘Pie — fe 2 al hprermy te . " Toy gerne = ah ey I aT nea . ie eae, oe steliaris Giconia nigra 3 alba : ciconia Sterna hirundo ae BPética nigra Iacroura mMinuta c cristatus Gryphswald glacilis Pillau Firenze,ltaly ? Pillau rubricollis nigricollis Bracciano, Braun Abildgaard Fuhrmann Schilling Rudolphi Schilling Mus.Zool. Gryphswald Rudolphi Creplin wuehling Condoreili Rhudolphi Abildgaard " Schilling Rudolphi Muehiing Nitzsch Parona Solowiow Diesing Rudolphi Fuhrmann Diesing Muehling Luehe Rudolphi Diesing Rudolphi Diesing Nuehling Parona 1850; 584 1810:54 1896 ;546 18503584 1898334 1900:19 1819:140 1850:585 1819:140 1850:585 1898335 189938 Rudolphils1919:140 Diesing Rudolphi " Diesing Luehe Dissing Muehling Nitzsch Parona Solowiow 1850:585 1810:54 1850:585 L910:19 1850:585 1898 354 1824398 189938 1911:123 ra | ae" : vb ess ; - i > ie er \ ‘ i esuvel y4 t a2 iil snicerd ifiwje Ohad BEE ed a ust toe ia” wPigein eee OD Fle fia ingoas rimet¢ is a * Onl Loew Snore y ~ 1G +o Ri wi. sell ily Lotiit palassrG olemy grit BEL whl Je pae anote”d wo I woloe® pve ve Oteagol ida La aarutis ahd LiLAGS - (irene aa V' bs CO Bi avusres eee wm brig Lobait atiesd atiineul | Lisetobao® ing lobua bramy bl ics urtir pio? . . j oe ee { tate darian es ee ‘ ares ee ee | Chamaiqy Ce ee ee as @ a a el ee elk ss “Obl wanest’ | DI awesigy se ‘Deda aalathen FF Oe a ee ee aa le le ate ee 2s tens pees | iy ly Sp te ag Nee mine iy ever. -- oo oe rs =r. = Pi — a “nies ae ‘ s = ——— oOo | Larus canistranus -9----------- Schilling Diesing 18503585 ® ridibundus ----------- Siebold,Coll. Baird 1853:92 Brit.Mus, > : Rossitten Muehling Muehling 1898:34 " arinus Pillau id * : : " @reentatus <----9-"-"=- 0 9 sent err--ee Luehe 1910:19 " nm Siebold Moniez k@81:175 Anas elacialis al aaa = Creplin Diesing 18503585 Mergus albellus ----------- Bloch 4 : Ly - NO ween ne eee- Schilling : " . : merganser <---------- = Bloch 4d e " " 0 OO Schilling " " " " " Pillau wwuehling Muehling 1898:33 " od Abildgaard Rhudolphi 1810:54 " NO weer ecn=- Creplin Diesing 1850:585 " 4 ? Glasvaer, Loennberg Loennberg 1890:18 Norway . 7 L.Storsjon, Olsson Olsson 1893315 Jemtland,Sweden . : ? Pillau Muehling Muehling 1898:34 wos = = =------+---- Abilagaard Diesing 1850:585 “ gerylle oo ----------- - Schilling " tt " Alcea pica eS eee " " " " = orda Leipzig C.W.Stiles Stiles and Hassall 1894 :35223 Totanus calidrus Jaederen,Nor- Loennberg Loennberg 1890:18 way Harelda glacialis Pillau Muehling Muehling 1898354 Fuligula marila ° " . ree i n " " i" Haematopus ostrea- afeeus - . ; irted anizel@ ra * hat £98 net Srewu ' “arebh Drle phy — i ve | | iJ c i é ~ b\ « 4 if + Mee enit72 eelkee. 8.0 iis2aens “l pteduneol a geildevi “ ¥ ow bOMea i Ie ee aE ee ei nok 24 GO Oc ts BSBi riat ava om is - nye basta, tS ‘ , ? > “etl L tases Pay r be mpold LA Ps gn fi tLase Bt ied . ‘ " hep Oa ail. sells oie DiMap sic. iq cligei1., (8 a tscpnreod gsoeclD seiG UTAGELOLIGA bal — ‘ of } ei had ki sou " * ad ESO . : fod lz, ait Liter: Hessleeod gelity ‘ Ce eo el en a a i ee a Bet. LS, =_e es + Se © oe om oF oe teBvaelw = 3 oe ew T hb bare22, rehewrs, hosivast 4 ‘ ; wells] ¥ ee — a ear es ae me et eee te Fulica atra Portofrerrajo, Damiani Id.Elba Puffints kuhli ‘i iF " Stel tatus --~------- See = Mupeeorerius pAra- <<-~=------ at Siticus Reeeee Gerla ©. serene a ala " eee = See me Lophodytes cucul- Lincoln,Nebr. H.B.Wara iatus Parona 189937 " " " Luehe 1910:19 | " w " " i | " it i " " “ i] " " Coover (the present paper) oF “ ed OSI: smo nn am , " a = aS ee Ste ee Oe te « 5 oo oe eee ry ‘ “ > ogi & etacee a wa a ese teen BT oo. = i ¢ ’ + i a ~~ . . ) ee we em ee | Ma v ws Sd wat emis Geen aa od cokes il eal 1 il ial Misee.4.n - .deh pg@enil . te 3 ‘ As indicated in the above synonymythis species was known for almost a century, at first as the larval form only and then as both larval and adult forms, before it was discovered that the two species recognized from the time of Bloch (1783) were one and the same. Abildgaard (1790), who called the work T. gasterostei, seems to have been the first to consider the larval form found chiefly in stickle-backs to be the same as that found in fish-eating birds, since on feeding stickle-backs infected with the larvae to geese he obtained the adult form from the intestines of the latter. Yet Rudolphi (1810) did not agree with his conclusions but still considered that there were two distinct species, namely, Bothrio- cephalus nodosus (adult) and B. solidus (larva). And this con- tinued until Creplin (1829) united both in one species under a new genus, Schistocephalus dimorphus. Diesing (1863: 233) made a new species out of the Schistocephalus found by Weinlend (1859) in the Island of Hayti in Rhychichthys grenovii, but later writers have considered that in all probability it was only the well know larval form of this species. Willemoes-Suhm (1869) was evidently the first to study the development of the fertilized ovum which was later gone into more thoroughly by Schauinsland (1885 : 555). Donnadiex (1877) to whom all go back in their comsiderations of the larval development of Ligula, unfortunately fell into the error of considering Schistocephalus and Ligula to be not only the same specifically but generically. The anatomy was first studied by Moniez (1881 : 175), more thoroughly by Kiessling (1882) and still later by Fuhrmann (1896) ( under B. z@chokkei sp.nov.) and Solowiow (1911). Linton (1897 : 427) is the only one, apart from ' a , oo » [ Ja Pe i ee a ie ed » eX i . d , wif + ge Ax. cow eegoiee eter vayacda ven ohn Qe ocd? tas hte wot favial eis om santh v# are : , at Jud? Bepevooets ‘san 98 on ea eae fate er re | wt? 6d? ort Ser re saan gas (O88) Ain Lol Bey obeeae st eet hak ae erik: ead eo Tc lt a “garet-rect ee, dae oud ag oo ean tate iz iw 3 alu 32 PedodiNs ite nathaes , i ihtectad eat Hon? set Pubs sd vd aaehéglonod nil Cae ieles sed BED ose pean) inege teaitakt. owe “erev : if Cavnel) gubiies .¢ tne’ (tiusa) Sas «4 .oege ORY: gh Nr Bod tae (665) (ste 18885) pelea '- Veusigtomih “oucaduseneal od: (ERA t | Tae? YO RET ear bata Las ve fdoe | eit tos i oustisy voted tue .diemastyeyde do bioeda at a ag wort, Liqgw qt ¥Eno er re ve kittie rg thas at rade itebivs ew 0g oe ndit-wconet hi bate mee stale ‘tee at wave wa ltlésrey okt td teem lowed eat Ybueg : : €661) Gaiag sgl ya etiung tomy otom ofet lod) cunt teane. aamae adh Handi of ‘fs mode of mits ioxte. off ofee fies eee jit see alinged te ee: non ef? Yleo @é oe ae Sine hos Bute LEG EOS ase t Doladte Peket age ootena wet lie pi anagy td bao, (G88L) patigegay “ecules “ordte 4 (ete | Wabrolog) bre (. von. as deviodons 6 sagas » aida a " mort ttaqe- eno Land an ss) (Fa i ) ebdane | Weinland's record which the writer was not able to locate, who has reported the species from America. : “As regards the correct name of the species it should be noted that, altho Luehe (1899 : 52) called the "typical and only species" of the genue Sch. nodosus (Rud.) and the larval stage Sch. solidus (0. F. Mueller), he reverted in 1910 to "Schist. | gasterostei (Fabr.) ( = Sch. dimorphus Crepl.)" without, however, @iscussing the change. But according to the Rules of Nomenclature, Art. 27 (b), the earliest name of the larval stage must hold, so that, since Luehe himself considered this to be Sch. solidus (O. F. Mueller), the writer makes use of the latter in the present paper. According to Luehe (1910 : 19)Sch. solidus ranges in length from 30 to 300mm. while the maximum breadth varies from about 3 to 9mm. and is located ahead of the middle of the strobila. As shown in the table below the largest and only sexually mature specimen of the six studied by the writer (vide infra) was only 29mm. in length by 6mm. in breadth. The scelex (Fig.7) is, as indicated in the above diagnosis of the subfamily, not separated from the first segment into which it runs insensibly, the whole "head" being thus triangular in shape. The bothria are merely short median grooves which unit at the very tip not only with each other but with a frontal median groove which passes laterally into slight emarginations of the edges of the segments. While these emarginations were seen by the writer to be present in the anterior segments, gradually disappearing towards the middle of the worm, no such "flat leaflike flaps (bothria) on the lateral margins, io $k detoage oft To ance Po weRbe dt loo agg 2d Nedtes aaae beet) nsin tan ol eat hae ( ema! na GBs suneg 8 te D898". of MIGT fe Sette ee nee beets 0 Ode ee “Cree aus Baty Se nen dad , r ie de ihe tit og Le hoe abet ?ya. oe, va Tse agera Layvael edl-.tc saSa- Ser ee 4 heh Eee et oY 6% ef42 betedLecon % a emis as tide & si} aso te Eal eit to ecy aetes terice sdd <4 BET Pe Pies peat! fi Ones) tian ¢ guns as 3 cvitev these aumktas en) ti + meOOL og 0 ~ i?) Eth io: ait te er bev epoi.od Saw aati isunee vette Seta Ye apenit oft telat oldad odea i co ae (eviad ody) aeteds ede wd So lidie Zhu adt te es wh €% mel peless nee 4 dtkew rd 2) ieee 8 sigan ya ier Gre sar 30 eteoagest OTT ont 6: Locke sh gheR a neue wate dA Mode Stace dnoaRy6 toes x tg etaldod Sy a . beatae bok Kel ingnn fed eyntt” i's pled fen gtk ore sete Wego ad Be aovagay elt isl eeeeadq Hobde Cres i tegen bes aor} * a c22 elu’ .Jiaeehpen “eitd ye ‘negto adit to emo aty =r mle 20. 8b piconet pt ie Senet ect ae Colndae) aaa Sag be /” me KS / ° F = o k mf vay 1 a Js rind 1 vm a w er rt onion WINDS lads sii a Tew, er separated from each other on flat surface by a broad, shallow sulcus," as described by Linton (1897 : 428) and shown in his Fig. 4, Pl. XXVIII, for the first segment were met with, but the posterior border was quite entire, altho, as seen in Fig. 7, not Very prominent in the vicinity of the median line in adults as well as in larvae. The bothria of the mature specimen (H}%: of the table below) were not present, but the region where they would otherwise be was seen to be quite smooth, only a shallow, median frontal groove appearing. The whole strobila is ovate-laceelate, considerably depressed and provided in the adult with a very shallow median groove on the dorsal surface (Fig. 9) which seems to be due to the slight protrusion of the median reproductive Organs, chiefly the cirrus-sacs and seminal vesicles, towards the ventral surface (Fig. 8) and the consequent dragging downward of the dorsal median tissves. Concerning this matter Linton said that "S. dimorphus is described as having in the larval state a longitudinal median furrow on each face. These specimens do not exhibit this character; neither do they have anything that can be properly called a costa dividing the two bothria." While in the specimens studied the dorsal groove was present not only in the adult but (not so well marked) in the larva, a similar ventral groove was also noticed in sections of the anterior end of one of the latter. Both grooves, however, are in any case so shallow as to be easily overlooked in alcoholic specimens; they seem to be of only secondary importance since they are apparently quite vari- able in their nature. While the segments in the anterior region of the strobila are very broad and comparatively thick, short, and voi fade, Mote a vd. ep atone tlt ao 2egte- eli mi JS eas CES: a TIL) ime Be” yd ‘i CEW Aaa Brew tirnayse! deed entt tO% | Et ht Teese ee Lontte Rae st Lup) oo SE atiogs ites ott) Sig eho Re geirae ii) tenteagys egetten ott te sisdeed oat Bi 5 is TotW oo Bet eae. cud Sef FOr Stew | = hot (Wolisde “s ving: , Stoo atinp s@ of asee Loccnl-ethyovsl aefigerte «lee eff ooeeeien { Par on . ‘ « ~ - re 2 ; F ? 7 fide tinbe of? nd Bebivoty Day Senne wer Ao biw €2 (928) seciawe Learel «ff ce sooty, dee ev ivouheiges saében eft te nottorios@ tigife ont q co! .setstes¥: Sbakuesd SS BHO AgTTR bs sean! a rotrwob solved Seeepsegay 4c¢ Bag t6 *Ztt) 06 hea aie | twtraw aLay gelnrsontd: .waneets aaghoan ievigi oft a gn ived oa bedttoged ef eusctge ob enteuloege, cunt Oe uw? joes mo Sorte eathom | od ate tact geieigvger eter teas of predtiean ixetomnanoy 3 ws. ot ba 4‘ eieeiod awe dt Sorhivee &i309 #& Belt Ef oft of Vino Jom saseetg ea avoagig taeroh ent tottuds fevimev naibete 6 .aviel edie (bsatz on chew owl 0a} i 0 To bmg qogvenin eet to, enoktnee a trotted 96.08 woilede ce @ha0 (ee ne o%2 rieeioe _narvonsg ated at oe es of of mote Vedy Seleeieees see aie ) K yY ofiig visuewedee Pg see SO yp seks! zou ¢ tulyex seiveteas ddd ae ataeenae odd whic hos .Pvode (ytd ier + acre exer) 6 aa 57 from 0.1 to 0.5mm. in length, posteriorly the strobila is consider- ably smaller and flatter, especially in mature individuals, but even in larvae the segments being much more irregular in outline and as much as lmm. long (0.75 in the only ripe specimen studied). The segmented condition of the strobila, in contrast with that of Ligula, is rendered more apparent by the prominent posterior bor- ders of the anterior and middle proglottides which at the margins _/ produce the characteristic saw-tooth effect. The following table gives the measurements of two specimens with those by Linton for comparison: | Number 73 Bok 4727, U.S.N.M. | Length 17mm . 29mm . 32mm . | Max. breadth 5.5 6 6 | Length of "Cauda" 1.64 10 ? Breadth of same Li 2-3 2.5 Med. segs., length 0.16 0.27-0.46 0.325 Peet. *sece.; " 0.25-0.40 0.40-0.75 — i | First seg., " 0.46 0.46 0.80 Breadth anteriorly 0.48 0.46 Q.80 | f posteriorly ee. ad ed ae | Length of bothrium 0.074 Absent ? Condition Larval Adult Larval Since the essential features of the internal anatomy of the striking similarities and differences to and from the data | this species have been worked out by the Furopean workers, only given in particular by Kiessling, Fuhrmann and Solowiow will here be dealth with in support of the writer's contention, in the ab- fo: ef SLivgize. en id . o Lory Sire ony se Per eters evan (200 2atgd: efismgee « sagiive aé Te Auyest P= . « 8 be vy ta «2 ees : ww Oe GO ZEW. £ cm ont el coi 2a git to bie sopshosen OFF to Wiaeees = | ; yo ie ely, ahi yee ver fault wh HO) gaol. (haat etom HET +OLS OF" oS Om kee his 208) ‘cetle Nyoot-wre atta ieotene cm fae he. 2 *ebreo? . * vai ‘ . | ’ , ‘i bid - 7 ge faves oS sepiis i ; , ete > Wee 4 f / fi : ea eo YMoteke Lagtetat 6 (ito (enedtew asoqoted PEP eel. Fu: 23eh of? port bax: ot sied ie woliwoloe bas -Ce edt al ott aednos od i fists >.< URoteeeg | Eg ‘fot ORAR le th SAO, GRE aimed >a a Ohsedhge 35 “it 0 ; uO: 0 Sed. Efzods | ee 7, ao | on & tai bien Ss ed eww Paki ‘ge ; Lgl Biter 7 ae ae Lire % ‘er los ‘ ‘i i - ve My " sence of Furopean material for comparison, that here in America we have the same species as: that found in Europe. And it will be considered that, as brought out by Luehe in his three contro- versial references (1897b and 1899a : 715) and by Cohn (1898 : 126, footnote), S. zschokkei Fuhrmann 1898 is synonymous with S. solidus, since many of the data given below will be seen to compare more favorably with those published by Fuhrmann than with those by either Kiessling or Solowiow. According to Kiessling thecuticula is from 15 to 18m in thickness and divisible into two layers, of which the inner and lighter is from 8 to 9m thick, while the outer is striated or granular. Fuhrmann described a cuticula only ays in thickness and divided into two layers, and Solowiow gave the thickness of the "homogeneous cuticula" as eSy, but Minckert (1905a : 402) said that the comidian or pseudociliated layer, present in many bothriocephalids, was quite evident in S. nodosus but absent on the posterior borders of the proglottides. Here the cuticula was found to be 15» in thickness, excepting on the posterior borders where it was only 5» , and to be divisible into two layers, the outer of which, a little thinner than the inner, was much lighter, Beh wiele® in consistency or somewhat striated with, however, a more or less uniform external boundary. It seems to be easily separated from the inner stratum, the bounding line, in reality the innermost portion of the external layer, being in most places very light. In fact the brightness of this inner layer of the outer stratum indicates the degree of separation of the two layers in the process of sloughing off the outer, which can be easily shies oY eae 4 oe tt “fe OF - in : na 10 rian Pe®lemel) thw -“aeydegss ak T4907 OWED Wedel oie wWeeedas ants , SROrk sites Toate For ets YOR? Sot . st nds baa? rf “2 i Vlas, Oe Se Shere th ane at bata toatl I Kei Aon ed? badied OLS Tao PT, i: , oda pate aie Te oe A eer -etionge’ tevias ate ¥ io é £4 i toseere ace ot Hocker 2 tede to 6 i t efgis ik but Todaagag Sao) mot). meee; ee ve ) WS? 6 . eto telguse AIL. nay Ht ofen, yeas “EV a if rijgev fare agrtte net; ola *f at ao Ounng | at ) ot inp aemabh seme tine veictinad neey ad indeaggee sof 4-5 JuGthe Dov meade eS mua lnap's. ein roouoty ran : <3 et of cedtt he fig 2th Ramya ! r iu - : May ” bed fi, Z Py oe ae re ee 62 80 of Fuhrmann. Its walls are very muscular, about 254 in greatest thickness and covered both internally and externally with numerous nuclei which are respectively epithelial and parenchyma- tour or myoblastic in their nature. Within the cirrus-sac the was Geferens is much coiled but not enlarged to form any secondary WYesicle nor sharply separated into an ejaculatory duct and cirrus proper. The sac itself is oval in shape, the ventral end being the smaller, and the proximal end somewhat invaginated by the seminal vesicle. Its size is shown in the following table: Kiessling Huhrmann Solowiow The writer Depth 0.347mm. Q0O.25mm. O.204mm. 0.185-0.203mm. Width 0.192 " G@.12°" 0.174" 0.203-0.212-" Length 0.166-0.185 " Its wall, about equal in thickness to that of the seminal vesicle, is, however, more open in texture, the ityoblastic nuclei of the Obliquely arranged muscle fibres being scattered thruout its dia- meter (Fig. 9). It is, furthermore, not sharply separated either externally or internally from the surrounding parenchyma and the numerous stout retractor muscles of the cirrus, respectively. The latter, in fact, constitute practically the whole of the contents of the sac apart from the duct itself. The only protruded cirrus seen had a length of 70m, as compared with the 0.3945mm. given by Solowiow. The vagina, the opening of which is usually situated about 50 from that of the cirrus at the bottom of the shallow genital cloaca, above mentioned, has a diameter of from 45 to SOIR ‘HHee Takin yoo Gee eion Gee ‘gia We Ellenistal ited Bex syoo bow : ~¢ tanh, bg Bieae + Low Lema ep eb O23%29 2at. git se wuts sede aie ll = Lg ae, - by OS OF Legrclow Jon tug) tet ioe ieee SUL Yieteluoese oe ote boheesaeer ee -a7i Tee oom .erede AR Lacs ef ILsedt o@e) i SManipay of Cegeebamd- Lee’ ten bio: | 60) tra ‘ uawollis i 22 white et Beto ett Woz 1 04 tard oe, S tieewt ‘es ar £ vo i BA c 4 = fips | A 5 z ; , . Ps u ( ‘ar ae oe Tea) OF ooeate it. af Ceitoe- gine CAITR, Bt eiyessn att meh saat ube ?al 20; 6 elon ost yy oc hang: Past'beenpe toh uP CLs rahoym S14 (BES uf ode stom ‘Scat Sees ated soaert PL Com phe neyontie [es YAQi oe Sper etom wap <8 0-8F (Og We : exiddo edd? 15 88LupAlm sotnsteed (tag sd¥ ) Uae feud. eels anes sepne 4 eet ay hess eP. i Vise | Aitgou bia h Pikes clinmew@e a le eae eee aud: aackgane Lo mbd ood bist ita. diate SAE cto biti “aed ty ce eal vat PeRevhnea, : tog bes i! v at the first bend in its course within the medullary parenchyma. Soon after it enters the latter it becomes thin-walled,as pointed out by Fuhrmann, owing to the thinning out of the cuticula and the substitution of the proximal nucleated epithelium for the same, altho more peripherally much flattened nuclei are to be seen be- Neath the cuticula and crowded close to the basement membrane. In other words the gradual replacement from within outwards of the cuticula for the original epithelium may be followed very easily in the walls of the vagina. The duct gradualiy enlarges to form a much elongated receptaculum seminis (Fig. 8) with a diameter of 92-1044 . (9-31, according to gibsedines) and sharply separated from the spermiduct, which, however, was not found in the sections made to unite with the oviduct close to the dorsal transverse musculature as stated by Fuhrmann, but close to the ventral wall of the medulla. The ovary consists of two large wings (Fig. 8), composed of closely crowded tubules, lying immediately upon the ventral transverse muscles and united by a much smaller isthmus, the whole having the width of 0.64mm, as compared with the 0.28mm. of Solowiow. The average length and depth of the wings are, respectively, 105 and SO W- Ova from the isthmus and more median portions of the wings of the ovary were found with a diameter of 13 @ while their nuclei were 5y. The respective measurements by Kiessling and Solowiow were 9 and 6@ and 13.9-23.3 and 1.5-3p. Fuhrmann stated that one of the most important differences between of an oocapt, but Luehe (1899a : 717) claimed that this structure was in all probability overlooked by Kiessling. It arises from the = Ye we res Mae ‘ine! heed P =¥ oy Yeetgeies hiwhctot wdiveda sith Leutt te e fentzico oie * stete We eT . We ely Fentgow edd to: a » Te dets. eh SEs wiwetqenns 34) duit yay eid L Tt Ce oc og an throes ae | en SE Ce .£ paws’ SO 427 : weve | sotas Be ob Lage nett £aetoh oat er esele touliire edt tle ofl yeole tae chump ved Eeveta ad ‘an a civ £ecal ot Ae atetesso, ytavecedt “spe fa uN ii-deme gates behead saleacto ylesoke | oO sz sous e ¥d Sec fariak ee los em oe teven + te Deipeaneg' be nee te Meee ete pate, ols wetht Gatt) be witeed fee vagiat Cyaiseve sit 4 © 5 fae aumites 48o gotta Gy Se hae GOL 14 i vi ff # cite Sass eter vane eds. Te wane ode he erm ortigeguet eft. me firm Le Loy ziodsi .f bas €.06-9306 Baw 40°Rie €. rrr) wo woLeg ban 3 PlOnUISTI2D Peshesgel tae mil Xe tao tag? berate ¥: edt «2 sononemg adg conf sub its eek as GtOas: woeuste ofd’ tadd pomrets iSceee eres ue b nity, wit wedbme dd patent a io .f posterior aspect of the isthmus almost in the median line with a diameter of from 35 to 40. The oviduct, according to Kiessling BP esa san eat ee . has a diameter of 13~ or to Solowiow of 2327p ; here it was found to be from 25 to 30» between the entrance of the vagina and that of the common vitelline duct, which two points are close together as in L. intestinalis. The common vitelline duct was found enlarged some little distance from its opening into the oviduct to form a vitelline reservoir having a diameter of 30h (23m, Kiessling). The vitelline follicles are extremely numerous and closely crowded together in a layer with a maximum thickness of 85p situated be- tween the inner longitudinal and middle transverse muscles (Tiga 6) | They are continuous at the margins of the proglottis, as they are | from joint to joint, and broken only in limited elliptical areas | above and below the reproductive ducts in the median line, as stated | by Fuhrmann. The size of the individual follicles is according | to Kiessling 56-107 x Sop and to Solowiow 18 x 37p; here they were found to be 58-87 x 18-25» , the larger dimensions being the dorsoventral diameters. Just beyond the entrance of the common vitelline duct the oviduct enlarges to form the ootype with a diameter of 16» (20 m, Kiessling) and surrounded by the shell- gland which is situated just above the median frontal plane and ' somewhat lateral. Thruout its course the oviduct is lined with an epithelium in which prominent nuclei but no dictinct cell boundar- ies were seen and from which numerous cilia protrude into the lumen. In the ootype these cilia are much more noticeable. From the oo- type the oviduct passes ventrally with a few coils then across the median line close above the receptaculum seminis as the beginning Minow eo? ot tqowtawaebee 2 jie Oi 0) SRGREE clo ubive Sy aos tile 45 Glico on 4B Laker ifouh eniite Oa ROLE OSES Led te pepe eit! - BRE VO cal? Watogaitinegs, ot F non? Jeon : P ASST uo OF Gooeeieetn.s se ivad) ole! is | SGhls. Lager ee Cra seLoiltes wot! te epeadha wtaiives « Adin raya lig b> nes COTERR OAS WERNER Dae Leg kbet4 ite oi OLS cay if G2tghuse cf? Lagbiv tint ad? ‘to en te: i (to m BL qelNeloR\ oF Kae 48® & TOLeaey t8OLL geyal offt $0S-85 w TREE. ad oii) -© ¢onaitae ed? Bas Kae fet -Qpotometh f , 6-43 Be WOO Say ‘ave oo uepte toe trative oat tour ae ty << Sh Ye eRpupo tae tang (eit teagan. am Qe) 480 E : [oxt AahSec.- oft syose thew, Detev? ie be a ‘S. of foubies ege tei itis a2? dwokrd? areet J wow Lise teqiiteth Ca salt dexoe ton btory do tw od. vi? otal shutdene apie esdteaue do ide nort bee aes 9 St" ys elo sey Lon ered beat ae 22520 sands ogi esorog and! ellee week 4, HF Le vikert as no cea doutyel mifped off aé ediriiep aLuoRtqoown it 4 at: V cate of the uterus. The latter gradually enlarges as it passes forward While crossing the median line several times, until at about the middle of its course it has a diameter of 85 to 135wu. As re- gards the terminal portion of the tube the writer found that, as Puhrmann observed: "Der Endtheil der Uterus verengert sich and verlauft von der Dorsalfldche (the median frontal plane in which the last transverse coil is situated) direkt ventral, um regel- -m&ssig abwechselnd links oder rechts neben der Vagina ausztimunden" (vide supra). Sections show that the actual opening is formed by the rupture of the bottom of a cup-like invagination of the cuticula from the ventral surface, which meets the end of the duct with a diameter of from 25 to 40 . As Fuhrmann stated, "Dieser Aus- fuhrgang der Uterus ist von der Stelle an, wo er ins Rindenparen- chym tritt, wie die Vagina und der Cirrusbdeutel, von zahlreichen - Parenthymmuskeln umhillt und von einer der K3rperccuticula Ahnlich- €n membran ausgekleidet," but the cuticula was found as such only near the opening, simce only halfway back along this dorsoventral limb of the organ flattened nuclei could be distinctly seen. In other words the flattened epithelium of the uterus, which showing only a few scattered nuclei was described by Kiessling as a "fine, structureless but elastic membrane" passes insensibly into the cuticula near the opening, no distinct line of junction between the two being discernible, which latter is also applicable to the Similar structure of the vagina. The dimensions of the ellipsoidal eggs in the sctions of the uterus were found to be 62-65 x 33-35. Kiessling gave them Slo deg Seas Bf pen Ct cmahangeed tab ‘1 2 MEG Yieeeb+ ten ees ie sbe MSE CP Sb lo se tome a sed 9 oe: aif LP eeetty eed alck aetete ao lfaog J Ta: beoie4tae aise! 25k Lredbig-ateathla sine Sey Daeowt geatew ‘aged okt caaaet ur ,derbpey ater { behing? br al kheos Vv Ts. feted #? Hiset réhe intl Sates i bear toes eiteeed Dee ade fod? wode da “~~ rr: ~ - ci bard Vectgevnt Gitiaesa.4 te wots eet ss 8 Fath, odd te See 4a? etose doin, eee ?trte: Tete ZG", Sedep anettivvd? a/ ‘ “~~ ot ae sup ty ett Ds of yee [heh SND bv. ta arene ov Letuedeeee lS woh how slget ath aie Tungrts wh tate obv bow Pectin che lusts: ete el aeeb tut eit out Jebtersege tin (Of #tar quale wea: yew ikea yim. womte 302 a see yitunigeda ¥€ wLatin heh uty bewttel? an gtoe “cou deliv «awl? 4a DolRteds tee tenet eett sae - gotheest® of ibedtucedt eur deloua pecersapeds _ to) (iddowwents cqiieg * seiGtbe eiteale 3a aire \ wad eolvgned te eake sopatets on sn LndQe Gat I if of si¢eotiqge Gale wk Shik aie “ito 2a, weet | a0) eth) a * ae Late so te utostte ( to enodtos ed? af egge Lebtowghtin ent to. emo seit ‘s i sold evap goilenetz ie 18088 ne oni | i " y i ° 5 Py) : a as 7 « & o : _ a a ae Sm lay dies srimiaa Matiaeinin ej, em wee my as 49 x 37p and Fuhrmann as 70 x 29m, but in discussing the latter Luehe (1899a : 718) remarked that not only did he find variations from 38 x 33 to 56 x 8p in the size of the eggs in Material of B. Zschokkei sent to him by Fuhrmann, but that in | general even greater variations than these are to be found in Other species:according to the various writers. Our knowledge of the life-history of this species dates from the time of Abildgaard (1790) who, was mentioned above, was the first to experiment with the larval individuals found in fishes. Creplin (1829) united the two forms which were considered to be two separate species into one species, evidently on the basis of the previous work, especially Abildgaard's (cf. Donnadiem, 1877f : $40-341), while Donnadiew in his elaborate experiments on the life history of Ligula unfortunately did not differentiate between it and Schistocephalus. The development of the fertilized embryo into the encosphere was first studied by Willemoes-Suhm (1869) and later more in detail by Schaumsland (1835 : 555), since when nothing of special importance has been added so far as the writer is aware. Hence up to the present we know no details of the development of the oncosphere into the larva in the intermediate host, as is the case with most of the bothriocephalids. As regards the identity of the material studied with the European species it will be seen from the above comparisons that, while there are many discrepancies among the data given by Kiess- ling, Fuhrmann and Solowiow, those by the latter departing the farthest in many respects, the resemblances so outweigh the dif- ferences as to make the erection of a new species unjustifiable. 11D add detewtuo oe seonelommees, wit; deel el tu a ee dt Ee eade wilt. ot eR x 8 ot as ~€ oa Rirsesiet) yo wha, of tn06 te £01 od GB ote oeltt code ene beeyt 7 Lian cooley ont oy pathsog ist De wrote ti-st FI ait i euksi Sythe Baie omy (OOS f) Staeghitda Fe hat i= rvites feveal ect «tly 2aemitegaas feo an Colde tire: » one oh? Sota Fg: sit Te Wetpaous . °HGEe GAS. OF q BS b¢ onal : bY ge [ienket: |; Fat) a ara, soa .# ah OS _ wes je ‘id gd ge bhorcoi ek 2 ‘eitdevsralh ave Set yietamts wines, eee roi:c Daw Ste+ gt add Go Mihdgitewed edt Geet hee eich ape a $ he 2h:< ufdeaht eee etede a Oy ste. AG z + PRBS) ) haylesivs Yo? . ve Deesenst ad oe te ob -bebtt decd ead eohatre jd’ Yo abietad st mona’ ae dise57q OAs 2 uw , loo etetiemredas aay al nus ak wild otal a! ey, Lohstatqnqagases ett BO’ i* ke Jin Dbede tebssdine ast ig qe aioebt edt eonenent + sa0e egneo evega satvintg 3 ores oe. iiie #228 ‘td sovtp eoab, ene Stiga, Snbeinaysttie kt Yoam p i? gattsaqgeh dedtat nd & oad mos ha oLc stant tur eotosge won. a Jo pelifeste sits Regard aa > stars cya nest ree > geet : a" 5 “ om 9 5 go - ats to ae oe a eo | The thickness of the cuticula, the diamter of the excretory vessels, the dimensions of the seminal vesicle, the ovary and the eggs, which constitute the majority of the differences, might easily be explained by differences in age of the material studied, but the | number of testes (100) as given by Fuhrmann can scarcely be recon- ciled with that as given by the writer (300+), altho his dimen- Sions of the organs agree with those given here perhaps better than do those by Kiessling or Solowiow. On the other hand we must bear in mind other facts which doubtless in the long run are more im- portant then a comparison of the details of tha anatomy of this €vidently highly variable species, namely, the geographical distri- bution of the hosts. Altho we cannot place so much emphais on Fabricius’ finding 7. gasteroster in the type larval host as long agaio as 1780 in Greenland, we must remember that here in America there are, as in the case of L. intestinalis not only a number of the same genera but also of the same species of the larval as well as the adult host as in Europe, so that from this alone we would be justified in expecting to find the same species of Schistocephalus, especially since it infests such a number of different host species. But, on the other hand, it is a very surprising fact that apart from Linton's report of the larva from Montana evidently no one has up to the present found the form in any of the numerous fish-eating birds of the continent. This evident a Aare occurrence of the species is illus- ’ trated by the fact that the material used for study by the writer | consisted of only four lots: Nos. 61b and 72 from the body cavities |} Of Uranidea formosa, taken from the stomach of Lota maculosa, and ofmae an tnss odd Yo" a9: ‘Agee @apperethes «dv Ge U7 tnojea oud 4 bo flute, halredem act Fo: s0-a2 asosero%®, ; 68 Heo ansirde? 4 adhe we COGE ae J Ee oe i } | die . S30) todiew eff 2 ey y ae te fe *, (Se WIS vakee os 1 td itv 7138 esegte rT. f -s ee, ‘iy ha’ BO * Tere zilteee ‘ 7s Lae ices a2 ‘ o4 i F : ey aye +e weg; : ; ‘s = ‘as i, h ch PF >5, aT as au bike , i as oJ i mop: > > s } 5 ‘ ; : 1 m: 7 - bd - 4 s - 42s & P dae’ oy i a\ % F = eSd b ine ae ‘ j e ; i¥ wi ‘ 1 44 Bo ‘i. aatGne - togi 08 egede tepred ew offs eta sft ' fof. 8 NTRS BN? Saf 4 ‘ Pega apt ee r s - - a . P + » 1G . ni, SLL PORTE. ost Be 4p #A¢ 2) Oe no. fevitie!l sav the ¢fteasen ome sh? 26 osie oad a. ategy a ad a nl 3 sae y Www A inh te sedodge emt a fell od ptieoegxe) Gee a We (hib-to tedmun « doa etedtes tf sonia bs of " ¢€ de tin Sagres AGar 4 et ri . apieteb eeV .enhl oa thea add ine Saayao isd | aniveres vroted sletge Laigsednat aad iil the cirrus-sac. Cirrus armed with minute spines. Receptaculum seminis medium sized, sharply separated from the spermiduct. 1 Uterus divided into a much coiled proximal uterine duct and a large | uterus-sac, as in the Ptychobothriidae. Type genus: Haplobothrium Cooper Altho we know as yet comparatively little about the life- | histories of the bothriocephalids, the definitive scolex and Strobila develop directly from the larval stage, known as the plenocercoid, present in the intermediate host. This is certainly the case with Ligula, Schistocephalus, Diphyllobothrium latum, Cyathocephalus truncatus and Friaenophorus. As a matter offact mm all of these the scolex is already more or less well formed. before thdlarva reaches the final host, while the plemMcercoid continues to crow and soon shows the beginnings of segmentation which marks the young strobila. Consequently the writer feels that we must look upon what is called here the primary strobila of Haplobothrium as the true strobila, homologous with the young strobila of other bothriocephalids, altho what was formerly con- sidered to be the strobila is quite similar, apart from the absence | of external segmentation in its posteriorzegion, to that of other | members of the order. Even tho it is provided with a very aber- rant scolex region, --— and we must remember that the scolex is no | more sharply set off from the rest of the larva in other especies, such as D. latum, -- the young and as yet unsegmented primary i strobila may be considered to be a typical plerocercoid. The nerv’.ous system consists of two chief strands united botiow eba@sivte Dede) owt to -¢tetanee potexe a pluoet eaoed WARES of Ga Es a a ‘: ules) int few ogre eiieypennec ‘ .efidoxée arwey 1) off geetettegs saueete oe hep st At deeds» cat st oi CORR gate Denttzong shddein ual adn Cah Looe ED ott | vot) salad ototgal cen Svace @£Lot ki Qlevitauecuos dad Ge nee out Live “sii — Ne tt»). § Otind ne @ r q = a ed a Shi- <@ yal sae 1600 + fF 0d vs * we ro : “3 Ou . band B ne oh oe Ge »>tag & on eo — She = my e , re | ED j oz | taon ofel2ihaimatal es} of tane® s ANE ES By a a! olive Ad yes yy & = trie A Re — aled ae eee ncee tie ine. tne Pe tonvae imte wl ra nee ah o tecAeiiue BA ‘pupodcosesind hich “eat po nes 3 agnl to 0M Yheanis wf Reiobs ante b Otic ame ic eae nf tiie «Fao a art2? eft exérned ts iritecmes,. ty epetinived) ene- aah te @uns. One wong -Ligonge temste odd stet. bo bige, 2 cade nog tool: ‘save 8th TN eere Lone cal ree ee ee ae v4 (Liearto? San Falls) o€2 La Te i ea TAGIOR i id pr teuy Qe gms Pyoxrods otawe) ener ny ‘okey viay tte pykiveta bt, te etka said Obes. ote R ei -olots Gah tag? 7 chatty reuse ar pee am, oe ‘oes asic mt ene pao he Rew wee eet rio Foe 3 Yiemlig retgongeda jn: be ‘Bae: gexioy edt won -bicoiscotele Looks a ated eset tenon a 7) he: oa ! ri ur 1 i * 7 = a eB == ake, r - abomiac og a a | 7 ; anteriorly by a commissure, which is doubtless relatively larger than in other forms on account of the neighboring proboscides to | which it sends large branches, as in the larvae of Licula and | Schistocephalus, for instance. Its excretory system is likewise ‘built on the typical plan, the posterior connections with the ex- Gerior being, in fact, quite like those of B. scorpii. On the other hand, it can be seen from the description of the development given below that the terminations of the nervous and excretory system in thesecondary strobila, both anterior and posterior, support the view that the latter is not homologous with the strobila of other bothriocephalids. For what was formerly descrided as the ring Commissure must now be considered as merely a secondary development @ue to the fusion of the severed ends of the chief strands, which statement is also applicable to the terminal vesicle of the excre- tory system. And this in spite of the fact that the secondary Sseoiex is quite similar to the true scolex of other species in that it is supplied with two sets of muscles which are not found in the foremost segments but are peculiar to the scolex. Since there is eonsiderable evidence in the literture of cestodes to show that the prominent posterior borders of the foremost segments of many Species are developed as accessory organs of attachment or for locomotion (cf. Spengel, 1905 : 281), we might well ask ourselves whether external segmentation in Haplobothrium, particularly since it is confined to the anterior region of the secondary strobila, B is palingenetic or coenogenetic in its nature. The facts that no Such appendages are present in the primary strobila and that the | posterior end of the secondary one is non-segmented apart from - y ay Y- a eS Se ae SRG bef sat aezreqg te ' ]. 7 OCP eaddett 1 foupooe ne asai ce’ Citv ed > iJ. ae 3 aadphead sled « b rc : o72 ,eonesgaat tot. bd doh oenmon wineteag Oe teh: test > ee . Pi tf ° Z ‘ : 2 F * o ARE suc? sa2l sting ,toet) eam 4 — . i a % _ ’ ; Lc moe? ee LOM aL iy ve rivec! BC | 8 ] > o “ } ~ re poe @ a ae "a B So ; te 4 tas i ad wher 9 ues de “ab Ue eg aa? poe i,” BO fa so t 2 2 : > im i 3 * ‘ a a im gah 2} ee i» ae ee t f wt a i . e pa ~* ve € wi y } q o ; : ah re ay ne BiehiG «) hs J &< a A 7) / * i Alp La S e oe 2 le = * 4 >» + & ‘ La ire so v aN 2 & i - ra” i oo & —— ’ ah ? AP bCrae@ Dare a? of re eee 7s 7 £ - *¢ a Ur? op cI sae . DM £0 Gee. O87: & Bi “ , % ‘ - P . zd .xtlone edd o) tabloeeng ota tug octane i OS 4 ofueo to atudesb dl odd at potting tvs A. Te INSVaT wat? 1” pi eirzed": toa et agy te nmi at Fe IO pAbyto, Ke0eR bees we bsqoLowbh ine Siew Cagis ey i} Lap 3 ROW 4): pate met pei . (pelue 2) saq@ lis adobical tt Ac tte? asiisse ie cidente wanbemeie ei Nee aimnais Zotsehiss oid, wt : ante. 6b: OF , cetatan os ak estecnaggee 4193 act eit aes aligeuts. i ect, ak et Yay pevapenee teat soa she sets of reproductive organs, would seem to point to the Ortginal condition being one in which external sepmentation was absent as in Ligula or Eriaensphorus. Since, however, in the middle region of the secondary strobila there is an actual corres- _ pondance between the external and the internal segments, it is | Guite probable that the external segmentation is much older than | Might at first appear, while the ligulate condition of the poster- ior end may have developed secondarily. Andie must remember, too, in this connection that, according to Luehe (1898 : 285) ie gula has descended from fully segmented bothriocephalids. As regards the remaining characters of the subfamily the Writer met with not a few difficulties on account of the fact that Mp to the present there is only one genus and one species known. Those given are consequently based on a comparison of the species With the neighboring subfamilies and in particular with the Diphyl- depothnriinae to which it is most closely related. It differs from the Diphyllobothriinae, however, in that the genital organs are simple in each proglottis; the vitelline follicles are medullary; the tests are within the nerve trunks; the seminallvesicle is not strongly muscular; the cirrus is armed with minute spines; the receptaculum seminis is medium sized; while the uterus is divided into uterine duct and uterus-sac as in the Ptychobothriidae. wee (oven Some. . sumone tet ree cb ooc@ eitcotha webaneed Sieg lie stumte wa fy beara @f. saaeto edt : 2BLle ita inne & [Cen lite: 20¢ inveunt evter ed? aldtiw oman j ‘ % ik » - - - surety oft ohh :degke eu tMertigt' 614 tase iladrocetoes + St? at eb ode artery foe $oub? coi) OF felirooe tad) nollespaae PCRS he Bees Lie adt trh CO) a TOA rit Sate uo hig, ae Poe ev tbtnaides ce troddgee co Nite? euls fee ry eats ‘4 efetgdgoty in a 44) " besu we COD RTO 5¥ ; . hein etee ite tte eee yo bed ne bye \ yi ‘ fengetnl.adt bee Taretile ont a w ap éFas vernon bf Tom: otss off" ¢pttice : c2oq Wilwetz zis al ine” , Sepia ? a - : ‘ ; ' wile Sibpratasesas hoecoleveh os obi too Lecredees tifwt mort Soba ee ST FOSTAts wrt Nese oat seltangae oy | * int sigrsg boo Yino ef ered? Poaeeie z “geo. a Te hoard LTusimaeeage ae a fefles gies ale goom oh’ tld to idw o8% te i ee 3 RG? fag ‘8 i &vewus ,Padg Pesdtie * Us : al t 2 E cre v be 7 ‘ a iy i § _ Fe i Wir | " ‘ sine fd ¢ fs By 1 Ai 7 a 11 A - is Ta fl 7) rs 3 db : Pi ee ae we ij ; j ' i ‘ ; Ae Ew. o7 Cae 72 Genus l. Haplobothrium Cooper 1914 e.p. Haplobothrium Cooper 1914b : 1-3 Haplobothrium Cooper 1914b : 115 Borders of the terminal dise of the secondary scolex and ©f the posterior auricular appendages of both the scolex and anterior segments provided with minute spines which disappear with the appendaces farther back. Nervous system consists of two chief strands situated in the medullary parenchyma outside of the vitel- dine follicles, uniting inthe anterior end of the secondary strobila tO form &@ secondary nerve ring, and eight collateral strands, four @rranged around each main tract, the latter in the jointed portion ®t the strobila only, but in the true scolex to form an irregular transverse commissure situated among the proboscides. Excretory system composed of one large median and slightly dorsal vessel and two smaller lateral and ventral, all uniting ra the secondary scolex Behind the nerve ring to form a vesicle. No genital cloaca, opening of vagina close behind that of cirrus, towards the anterior end of the proglottis, that of the uterus much farther back. Sphincter Vaginae present. Vitelline glands in numerous follicles arranged cylindrically around the testes, both continuous from joint to Joint, leaving clear areas opposite the central genital ducts; large vitelline reservoir. Vas deferens provided with a sperm-reservoir at its posterior end near the middle of the proglottis; whole course of the duct dorsal to the uterus-sac. Uterus-sac when gra- vid occupies the whole of the middle of the proglottis. Type species: H. globuliforme Cooper —— ‘ | . . 4 Bat be pe evoyvnet! «toad eaten = Po 307° 2 one Ue CF faa 37 3 c cl. S¥1AZ vu ii i f ; c , ? eVa atte noe le Si it6e Lonoenl ea Pi re ‘ual wy eae ww bad iv ge raed f L SSD e08Y = Bee) OF GI ‘ ar? » Jett 2 : : ie Fx (yy te de 4 be mr al sheets e@tiitnt tt Pe thor whed ,wetemn! e4¢ dnudxecy Lat yah hathtes ord sdtboqige- users ~eots quire if iw ted went Pe: te tak ear ~ Roney etre tolwe nr ee deg eat 144n fa cotsetea F roy -eapertl . nawieed y eet; a? San 200 todt rt ; -etttoLpoty eit bela cates! nlf Yo oLodw. oth ‘ i 4 The characters here given are in reality those of major | importance in the species left after what are considered by the | Writer to be subfamily characters are removed. The difficultics in defining the genus are great owing to the facts that it stands alone in the subfamily, contains only one species and is, further- more, g8@ aberrant in many respects. Haplobothrium globuliforme Cooper 1914. eget O "1". 1914 Haplobothrium globuliforme Cooper 191l4a : 2 1914 Haplobothrium globuliforme Cooper 1914b : 115. Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. small worms, primary strobila up to 70mm. in length, secondary to 110mm., with respective maximum breadths of 0.3 and 0.6mm. Primary scolex 0.35mm. in diameter, indefinite in length, bulbs 0.40-0.45 x 0.06 x 0.07mm.; secondary scolex, 0.4-0.5 x 0.25-0.4mm. Auricular appendages disappear at about the 25th segment in normal secondary strobilas. Foremost secondary segments tetragonal, middle and posterior much elongated and considerably depressed. Cuticula 3-4y in thickness, subcuticula 25p. Chief | nerve strands 18m in diameter, narrowing intersegmentally. Minal excretory vesicle 20-40q in diameter. Genital organs begin at about the 15th proglottis. Open- ings of cirrus and vagina 0.02-0.07mm. apart. Testes spherical to ellipsoidal in shape, 70-115 je in maximum length; 80 in each segment. . Vas deferens median, elonga- ted, only slightly coiled, 10-55q in diameter. Vesicula seminalis | broadly spindle-shaped, 140 x 904. Cirrus 20-30 in diameter; ; . ;s otved wire hes ond as Pa a: re “1 “4S oo aouh eeoies: at ett cong. exed ane: soeteie. § >. Oa PShIaKhy Sm 10338 thet ge toaye: 9 | itty elle DOT ORAL wt avnd pombe tide dire a TKO PE ie ot +) fanny eT sustoas 6 tans vo; ek a ea: ‘ - om J eb wut ‘ oman ee —— f : : 7% j = : t * . +p. Tee" hii: —" oa we 40 diye, re ts y ; ox $ 3 P - _ ond bven a No Minglh i ee ae & a ‘ . - ' é pt pe & i ‘ ay j , a a a r) ay i vir tS é i * ‘ ul » po a ‘ af 4 Pree sa ti oh A 1, c sad . . a ~ . B. Mi .* ‘v is a Sy , jaf + 2 - L — one‘ O ee b : Tis a4 & ase s 5 ceogeorsaqgom. ae O elonks bia sh it ty ROCRAG soit m2 aj PT “ehueaa anode 4s, fee k aa lwess at exinie tee df ot a ae; “ae oth om Paneth ‘tee ag Se Oe olb base wats ig ‘20 ddd ie sd MT tie.5 du stand wiieaeer Se r Sha ines o facta’ tad | HOt, eps mt tart »; oie ) cirrue-sac, 0.16-0.21 x 0.14-0.16 x 0.18-0.20mn. Vagina 20-30% in diameter at its opening, 56m in its | enlarged distal portion. Receptaculum seminis 350-45, in diameter, spermiduct 5-10, and very muscular. Ovary hipporepi form, the dimbs being directed posteriorly and often fused with each other, _ the isthmus narrow. Ova from latter 10-124 in diameter, their mucleu, 7p. Oocapt 15 to 25 in diameter, oviduct 8-15». Two wameiaine ducts, cach 6p in diameter; vitelline reservoir 35 to 55y ; follicles spherical to ellipsoidal in shape 8-50 in diame- ter, very numerous and closely crowded. Ootype 20» in diameter; shell-glend irregular in shape, poorly developed. Uterine duct enlarged proximally with few coils, smaller distally and more Coiled, median, 25 to 55» in diameter; uterus-sac clongated, filling most of the medulla when granid; uterus opening a small | median elongated slit, situated near the posterior end of the sac. Habitat: In the intestine of the host. Host Locality Collector Authority Amia calva Go-Home Bay Cooper Cooper, 1914b : 81 (type host) Muskoka, Ontario x x Havana, Illinois Bi. Cooper (the present paper) ‘ " Fairport, Iowa x Type specimen: No. 33.1 in the writer's collection. Co-types : Nos. 33.2 and 33.3 of the same, and in the Coli. Univ. .T11.. Pe ere) Ao ie ‘ 2 “me ean =e ha Pratt yen ee ze a a I { = eae 0-6 «See o ae nl a4 8 wyiimedS ari fa 232 Ag ait we 06a gba, wha: hoes ‘aerkae oat: sation «Os 2s min T4OVO. relies Yiey neaiy fate Baga actte ee chmmhased beet efimekiva? 40-05 2a a #0 , i toutavo .ootaaeth al a(R ae een bovagess eallletir Gicteneke 3 45 ASSS ie | n+ § °4 wi) ; Cis £0iCia & -Beap es & - In a preliminary paper on the systematic position of this species the writer (1914a: 1) described the scolex as " ... un- | armed, although the edges of the terminal disc and auricular appen- | dages of both scolex and anterior proglottides are provided with very minute spines. Bothria, two shallow depressions on the dorsal , and ventral surfaces, very simple in structure," and in the | detailed description which followed (1914b) the organ was dealt | with (p. 82) as follows: "The scolex is quite small, simple exter- "mally and’with the unaided eye can scarcely be distinguished from the first joints. It is shaped roughly like a rectangular solid, hollowed out laterally to form simple depressions and dorsoven- ' trally the shallow bothria or organ of attachment. The summit is | somewhat prolonged as a low pyramidally-shaped disc, quite com- parable to that ("Scheitelplatte") found in the members of the | subfamily Triaenophorinae Luehe 1899 ... The opposite end of scolex is modified to form two pairs of auricular appendages closely resembling internally as well as externally those of the _ foremost joints." Furthermore in both papers it was emphasized | that the scolex differs little in structure apart from the nervous | and excretory systems from the first segments and that the simple | bothria, whence the generic name, seem of little functional impor- 1 tance as compared to those of other species, while the auricular | appendages of both scolex and foremost joints with their borders of | minute cuticular spines probably act as accessory organs of attach- }} ment. Since then the latter view has been rendered still more ao eho aeod, svad.emo ancl Saitex Aas te ré a » am ee Ss ef = i f ‘ : 3 -* . ho, [lisa 6, RAkdos vit boi Pee ape sooth ; ‘+ eliaw seevage Log" 6 Re teods ote totam mo ¢ go, ee Cae , ahd uy 7 iF : "ss a = 7 oi ay oi ORMan ste: odd TR coe ne zk ma Seth Loo teinh ede Ye eeebe gad 8g a eeritroti ore t08teRie bas xoroge ; . , ees i up 49 OL heite Lae ed sonl¢g Hy 7 289 o WY SP 2OL: sf ulyrls -ten (estate | i (ee lees foe do lw. oles ' . a“ - 4 \ P r Ly ? # q Pla | % ) \ As i - ’ rr ° c a oa e re f ni A ‘¢ a - a4. SHY : ee me i mye . - Ss 2 tk: —— bi * v4 = - a Y. } ’ rt ( ¥ aT 4 ; p J% \ > = >” * ~ frees ; re ~ : i SoM whe * =" = Pins > La ey ryt . f r 4 “ i ‘ “ y oy a, ade eT" yb 1 oe L4 #* 7 .* er % be he PPR 4 © * of 4 ar) ries r ‘ fie), Stetaacc ioe rn eet Let Po p + se otnemyty teat? she mort emote te, re tw’ ofed By Se seve ‘oO ottades s tin etatet: teousie® ‘Bre stooe AST: we 2 yhogestda Ze ie xtador ‘pactigy a a , a aN ; ¢ q — > seo ahaet need exd ve de lt odd i sar i | the living worms in their relation to the wall of the host's intes-_ | tine, by the discovery that the so-called scolex (Fies. 13 and 14) } is not in reality the scolex but only a slightly modified anterior 1 segment, while the functional scolex is something quite different from anything present in the whole order, so far as the writer is || aware. As shown in Figs. 10, 11 and 12, the scolex consists of the Slightly enlarged anterior end of the original plerocercoid or larva from which protrude four proboscides, the whole somewhat Pesembling a hydra or reminding one of the frypanorhyncha. And, as will be presently seen, the latter comparison is a very apt one. | Bach proboscis consists of a permanently protruded base or stump, indicated in Fig. 11, about 85m in length and 45-55» in diameter, somewhat conical in shape and thickly set with minute backwardly | directed cuticular spines which pass on to the neighboring portions of the end of the larva for a short distance, thru which passes the proboscis proper with about the same diameter. The whole forms at first sight a continuous tentacle gradually diminishing in size to the pointed end. These tentacles attain a length of 0.35mm., in- Cluding the base, when fully evaginated atid are directed almost at | Tight angles to the longitudinal axis of the larva, their wses being | however, turned slichtly forward (Fig. 11). Within the scolex the | tentacles are accommodated in elongated cylindrical muscular sacs, / Quite comparable in structure to the bulbs of.the Trypanorhyncha. 1 These lie freely in the loose parenchymatous tissue in the diagonal | diameters of the region. When the proboscides are invaginated, | they have a length of 0.45mm: -with a diameter of 0.07, or 0.40 x ‘reo a Thier sit Re sted Aah L i egy eious bel fog -oe ae pat \ 8088! vsti them widgets « . a 4 roHT OS fi apeets rela al ot cnn Lees aq . a (Gale. bt iatup ef. na’ 6? toa tale td ai z ma Pa o6 4 ert ed net @ Dt oaT0ves a % TO SNCS Vee oes . vi: wiemecdeote 449 xO 4 Sears hire fd ue. wear iso fee aleve? to 48ya8 : i? sta pao ect timutds ellaminiots iiew ae apMiicrs ite 2tandsoad’ esed (oid8 ofGe dans GQ say uk c od 499 Shen Gine edt Id aay. tos stegg b elowodety siz eieda enstvosg fa ind? Loe Lede ldy dose Tike Debwore, (leedts aa oe Lagin mols of sioealgug edt2o DA t8ARRy ar. ,wwLlon ¢etude tr). OF téereal) ods ate bie rchc ae oeubed (92 cet¥) eoefoseketi va? eteitectsee 3 ‘ a? sa9¢qge @fopodede ant ae gtd edt ‘te alworsom 's 12eene cisteeo 4°86 ssblanchhan Loe ‘Ie “fin bie siteet? case UOReIA: naoed) So thuome nt feng od? offal prieeo ate tp that ciegel Whi Pele sate “ately tweds to? dlud ade “4 oil etiee alssatad mibey apt gaided at Pree % at rode ets (8k, athe bad trages od ot wdled * BT tired cree ern? stedgoet "ghana sarurouszy end of the organ (vide infra). Evagination of the proboscides is obviously brought: about | by the contraction of the muscles in the walls of the bulbs, but | the body wall in the vicinity of the latter probably greatly I) assists, since its muscolature is well developed. Some distance behind the SP eicbkes ends of the bulbs the latter consists of a ring-like layer of loosely arranged main longitudinal fibres Occupying the middle one-third of the radius of the nearly circular cross-section, no transverse fibres, but comparatively strong Cuticular muscles, of which the inner longitudinal layer is the more pronounced. Farther forward this main longitudinal group gradually gives off small fibres towards the cuticula as they themselves diminish in number and size, until at the level of the hinder ends Of the bulbs only a few of the latter fibres are left just beneath the subcuticula, while the outer series has formed a compact layer situated close to the longitudinal cuticular fibres (and hence outside of the subcuticular nuclei) but separated from them by a thin stratum of circular fibres. And this continues to the tip of the scolex, most of the remaining inner longitudinal muscles being located at the ends of the transverse and dorsoventral diameters of the transection. av In region of the bulbs the body wall is thus quite muscular, and in all probability assists the bulbs in evaginating the proboscides by compressing the whole of the paren- chyma surrounding them. Between the bulbs and right beneath the tipof the scolex a few transverse and sagittal fibres are to be | found, while just beneath the bases of the stumps of the proboscides | the outer longitudinal muscles unite with the longitudinal cuticular Pek ef Ce a a Vea pa Ae Get.% 454 ag “A 7a pee oe oan staxial pie) a¢ faut tity «a2 dhe ‘s eodouty biaad ba) anole: ve os e@ig @ ites edt to ~~ es : tettel att Ree Leto ty. ede als val. Clow gS gilte Soop Seen aes 2 + sdludy sat tees nik S0ncon ak , r ; water a eT Y. | f ta ‘ 4 ve « sc & wae . rd i, 2& SOL hh yo Sutd?-ome eLDEie ; E13 . * ne \ ~ ~_- - a - 4 a 343 i, ; t > 4 + 4 , - - . . (ire Ga & - 4 ©.4 i die eo Tz pg ; & = Lats 4 ~ 4 S «a a go's & ‘ oe A £2 i ae hh Wa Pisa 0 ls ,-—, } 4 ‘tL teleotiue Lantte?taccl: en7 j _ ahs -_ Pp »~ f » a RS tu” tseotoun calwotigogw at '’ 4 - H Fa ; Cth $astgit talport ‘ 1 A a i . PT is « ; a iii he , ih Limits? low k soak ae aot, Te Pee Bh an ’ 4 ‘ [ tcevea TOD: bx ial 3 varus? rdf oe goute silts, ay- et aie 3 ty paar. a am fonts i~ f . , 4 cle A otatewe (0 ll bavoae pie! iit iw ous ines a “ i des ured 0 Yo slode eme jirtepe anny Ww lta bie ob ie ioG Jduit. ORR) age: ctr auatnaa | oe ue ed of eva eogd tt Sab $ ty ai boterutiene wares 2 doug 4adt, to 5 qmuct a pat xe boned gh, aA ali. »itvo Lemtind Saco bosde a ane Lae b ist ha Ny 7 it a vy ry it | a ~ oo 79 fibres in formog -~ -shaped loops surrounding the diagonal quadrants of the scolex which accommodate the bulbs. These loops are evi- dently for the control of the direction of the proboscis stumps. In working up the original description of this species the | writer was at a loss to see how the formation of proglottides could take place continuously since there was considerable evidence to show that only a limited and more or less definite number of segments were present. Concerning the anterior and externally segmented region of the strobila he said: "In many chains this region of the strobila is subject to considerable variation. It was observed that now and then one of the longest proglottides was provided with one or two additional pairs of appendages, generally abortive and situated anteriorly some distance apart. In a few cases staining and clearing brought out a distinct divi- sion of the parenchyma, especially posteriorly, in to what secms to be the beginnings of a division of the longer proglo$étis into several smaller ones. Furthermore in one strobila an undivided region was intercalated between two jointed regions, the second of which was followed by the normal posterior end. Young scolices are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. (In this connection note evidence given below under the excretory system that the latter are incom- plete). Although the foregoing facts point to possibly occasional augmentation in the number of proglottides in this region in adult worms, the usual appearances are as described below." And further it was noted that not only do the auricular appendages of the posterior ends of the proglottides disappear at about the same place, namely at about the 23rd or 24th segment, but that "there is — Cee s — a a ar = a ll el J eiacwSsup (omnes gee "oot ree = aout 2 devotes i 20,5 se nett , otlea€ 2 “a etohoanon *: a donde x Mass ‘opodeta uit te aettoot eh vs to lopntage s po SOIPQLIOn= © Laigeze sah ae gotta Ns FS asic it wor, aoe’ oF coor a4 a ~y - a. t i i | av 7 , Pa s Fi L ‘ ; P e - = m) fe ome x - L a ‘ + a3 F » b * > ‘ a - r v - i LTE _- ; x & . bean sca wa Pe P| Pw 4 ‘ is ane | Lote fatooagn , serydoget _- ie" \ Pu cr & teu ~ * x‘ aat i+ “- $ “rer & | eae, SS 40% 8G + ‘en E P wy ER “ + ~ - 5 - » he: "J SOOT | . BIONTEGI TA FR! j Saal z - a | atin ot rt mee . ’ 7] a _ = oe a au soe aE aot t£iz oy ag ony 4 waxy © 4% 1a kod ste o¢ Lantod end vd benoliovw ; ' ad al towisns. hon t) Sehinkt agitate cag L. ee Fat a3 6 6 Tiabesnke 2 tobi be ob: ; (idbeeeq 62. tad0e etn on pit foxes6% ot a rs ' 6idt ak o4 bee te kebay “0 techmun at gh g tae noted Boe ema oer eth: Sétihasaenes bat sid 2o «epabesede ears fio oat, Ob ‘thie ton aay a il ; * | om edt toots fe tasqges eb anbittnigctd. ot nbne| xe ; ; ua” Jade dua ‘taomnce cad te bags, ost oe Bi , i | I 7 ce: i ; Fy : | | ° wr a he e 4 7 2 a more or less definite point in the strobila, at or about the 15th proglottis, ahead of which the genital organs do not seem to develop and behind which in older strobilas they appear very quickly." Both of these facts pointed in the opinion of the | writer to a more or less definite and predetermined number of seg- ments. Now the matter is cleared up considerably by the discovery that segmentation in this species is carried on after an entirely novel plan, involving the formation not only of new segments but whole chains of them or, in fact, strobilas from the original darval or primary strobila, as the writer will cali it. The original larva (Fig. 10), quite comparable to the bothriocephalid Pierecercoid, excepting for the perculiar scolex, gradually elongates with growth, until between a length of 4 and comm. the first traces of segmentation aprear in the hinder ends of cleared specimens as feeble aggregations of nuclei forming faint dark lines at regular intervals. In one specimen 4.8mm. in length five of these could be made out by close scrutiny, the second last of whi cilwas 0.37mm. in length by 0.20 in diameter, the last one being slightly larger and rounded posteriorly. These primary segments elongate with the crowth of the strobila while the constrictions between them gradually deepen as their anterior @nd posterior ends enlarge slightly, the former relatively faster than the latter. When a total length of strobila of about 10mm. is reached the hindermost segment, itself now about 1.5mm. in | length, begins to show faint transverse lines in its anterior end, decreasing in intensity from ahead backwards. These are the earliest traces of the divisions of the primary segments into the sit duoc meres Bi itows Ae. eee at fehog s . tece tan Of ei@ako Latineg ditt ees seed Cov Taeage YF casados 2 tebe ak do feie1 netmnds def teon tay apoa? “eset . isdege Dnata rSitate Dan eee reeeeer Toe va - QU iaued feaog ay Swieols af centage B % tA "#9 Do TOES oO Fietetse dog tosge. etait’ ae eee ues - We To Vite Cae mietems: jis. peer . | ; : -utigitg *82 mer cob Ripire .faak a2. 20! sete tL ton. Lite Settee off cf ~eiidorte vee of sidesaqane eta 6tGh 14! wend loptgeag O60 tabivneg @a% neh pesigqeons .. Stoo tee io Bo grei # weewied: Livae .diworr dtls were nes q fn 640 EL Deane Neo ltstirsgyoet 26 SRoery ' - bad) AMiort 73.00 to-edsbtagerane ates? es Boa, Tt , Wipe OpEinSge) site HT qetavesgat Trelayes: ois Ya Lhe SS gneia ya tne alae od Mvos Seeds 204 you < 22-OnR0" ya eee | pay) entero etalic :dw 20 /) rT 7. (anol edyaiy Debate: nb cepa pita ein (idw-siicwete ithe dipteks ue Shey eM ans La 8 ‘ns tint? 64, 2eqgaey ucceongia' att teat eet ie olen temceT bf ist tgetae ayieics: sslobiae OL teodn to addtonte: Xe tote! Sato Ss ae 82. Toc We edad tating hot coltetas, otf ah memes petineladna’ : eats’ wate rar pe oned? Meee dens ieee “e , dna, secondary seements or definitive joints of the anterior ends of the adult strobilas. In other words the original or primary larva, we pLerocercoid or strobila divides up into secondary strobilas which 6ventually separate from each other and grow into the adult chains as described for the species. But long before separation takes Place the entire development of the anterior segments with their Characteristic posterior auricular appendages and the formation in Particular of the first segment can be followed with a considerable degree of satisfaction in these primary strobilas (Fig. 12). Whereas the writer originally (1914b : 32, figs. 5 and 6, Pl. V) drew attention to young scolices with only 5 to 8 segments, he found in connection with the present study that the latter number, about 8 in external view or 16 or 17 in cleared specimens, is that developed by the secondary strobilas before detachment from the Original chain. The smaller strobilas are now looked upon as having been prematurely and accidentally separated from the posterior end of the original or primary strobila. The attachment soon becomes very slight owing to the rapid deepening of the construction ahead of the first segment, and some time before the auricular appendages of the latter are fully delimited posteriorly, very little manipula- tion of even alcoholic specimens, let alone cleaned ones, suffices tO break up the chain. The writer, however, succeeded in finding in the material at hand one primary strobila, 88mm. in length, showing twenty secondary strobilas including the undifferentiated anterior segments from which they are developed. Furthremore, the last two of these, 10.4 and 11.5mm. in leneth, showed in their posterior un- segmented portions the earliest traces of the rudiments of the re- productive organs. As has been already o~ rtatvantelt fiay- one pittgitent éniteerin 12, stomata -Aiiget aes vee yess, nee ri me 3k “1 1 ree AS > 28 ‘ | ‘ au aio? : bad os l¥Qo we. hax Lt a aide of a sy a a ee y ote Sy ey aisdothe mF ~» Gt tee? inte dos yaitihe Pose: ca7y sien , es sles ae i tu: yestoeqe: ody ire PeLe tee Uae ‘agree AS seneeeye Sal ies ee wiseeoge =! q r ae z lat of ace (paniew Fea kt eae % . cate BA a vi y , iM we O2¢ is ; bt ‘ * - hy 4 = < = ‘in a j eer. F vs or fi ; ce (ee ‘ iy pete ie = +e *y é = Pa é aa 4 as ti j v4 “4 : AY, ¥4 3 t f a A) TA: : a -) sit b | ake fi ns 7 r my = 2g is 5 Abe? Hs 1s ont . abigeste ¢tepisg ey i ; $ a «itt e8t goebet en a mde ‘aie rt hie. ‘e rasy el rer arenas bid Lariat eae: td +h ay" i afo. dnote ent gtRales + ar ivieh ote Lypaenige, , Tere ted hee edt te68. oat oh. OCOB.. ~ aLaygr te az ik aaa Devwial rfene ME genace GageeEs at. Dip be: : es etnamitae “ass. +o ne heres 1s > &a oA ey 4 « aa : pe intimated, the anterior segments form within the secondary or definitive strobilas by a gradual demarcation from ahead backwards, first internally in the parenchyma, actually as transverse layers of nuclei (Fig. 12) which will eventually form the posterior auri- Gudate appendages, and then externally as shown in the figure. A continued search for evidence in connection with the question of whether or not there is a definite number of segments, external and genital combined, brought out further interesting facts. The number was counted in several young strobilas evi- | dently not long separated from the primary strobila with the eilowing results in the case of four typical specimens: (1) Length, 19mm., number of segments, 45; (2) 37mm., 39 or 30; (3) 26.5mm., 30 (the posterior ones here ripe as in the next specimen); | (4) 4imm., 32 segments. It would seem from these data that there ig @ more or less definite number of segments, which might be con- sidered to be about 30). But in No. 3, segments 9, 10, and 11 were much elongated and show the earliest traces of further sub- ) division; while in No. 4 segments 10, 11 and 12 are likewise elong- ated and show not only simiiar traces of subdivision but particu- larly in the llth early stages in the same formation of secondary strobilas as described above for the primary strobila in its 1 posterior end! Similar elongated segments in other strobilas show this condition near their middles instead of posteriorly; so that here we have a tertiary subdivision which must be considered as by no means as regular as the secondary subdivision of the Original primary segments. These facts explain, then, the aberrant } nature of the strobila in this region, noted formerly by the writer nf es rf ; (OOS SEF atti te rel ethomt | she Bot) oo lo tn caek tani fa 2 ape oitecmes a2 eoyebivs ict dotass haga din oF {nha #2 étedt Jon: 26 “See to. tee ttgunrd .tectdmeo Lat Tale a8 gtucvy Leeette mi hetnvos sev T9Uaie - e t ‘ [aN SOOTS . 1 a is o2o eb 4 fy ios ) fe ' ‘ id |? pe % ~ ¥e ~ ya , (Ae (Gd oo 2.57 HRONBVE 10 TOCOVA was 243 #E we ogit, axvad seao tOlrééneg 8h 7 APH OE : , enady Gost mtde Livew 7] Afnegges ~- F ; > Wii ei niwee-to tacmes stintted saat : of iwoueer .© -of ef sue ,O8 tuota. ad giouxr? festitas pet. "ose. bre Hsing Se UL btw £0 .OL edasadget 430K af ett * as ae node ty tidus $4 eeodet anPels yhac toa, ‘eo geodh ent ames ent at edoate Ui tee Were 4 { ieee EMAL digs ‘of trode hed Sone The tite’ oe emneayse Dean wants oa( tag: oa oa ot steoq Te headend want eke ‘that, teen nobg thao & + ad fem io toe sean av tetas, ciekin on * ven te nota ty ig cxetoaa: Jad, Ys ‘eelusix oa Oe ,vedtt. thakgse areas guest ata aoe y wee ae ‘ } cd ¢ixeatod beton ynedgez" eiat at ert ’ a ag gy. e Se ee eee ee | (vide supra), and the presence in material of chaims showing | anteriorly very young segments similar to those formed in the | Oldest attached secondary strobilas but posteriorly much older segments with well developed auricles and farther back the typical Mature proglottides of the ordinary strobila. Conseauently we Must consider that there is not a definite number of segments formed but that further, irregular and evidently indefinite sub- division, resulting in the formation of an inconstant number, takes place chiefly in the middle portion of the anterior segmen- ted region of what now must be called the secondary strobila. As to where all of this development takes place the | writer has not come to any definite conelusions, knowing as yet practically nothing of the life-history of the species, for, | altho all stages may be found in the intestines of Amia calva, some of it may take place in the intermediate host. In a few cas- | €s primary strobilas showing three or more well developed secondary strobilas were found tightly coiled and surrounded by material Which may have been from the intermediate host, whatever that is. At any rate it was of too firm a consistency to be merely coagulated | mucQus from the host's intestine. On the other hand, this method of segmentation will now i) explain some facts in connection with the nervous and excretory i) systems that were previously considered very unique,to say the 1 least. In primary strobilas, even the youngest (Fig. 10) the i] excretory system consists, as in the adult, of a larger median | vessel and two lateral vessels which run backward and unite in Sacwtg etets, te terete a2 pemessuy eat ‘ei! 41 Booege Been oJ takiage etneugse gas. x tehic, Hea vhiosegteon Hae! selidgnte garhseo> ‘uae Sade si fe esic tye teqoleved £ eeeat BLRESTI © vtaiiias: eat To'4 = o tami £9 oak bub £ Jot at ered? ere ent Eliapitge tne welupartt ious att! tratiesnd ge Ve aetaard?, oft 2. ele irvtine 527 to gorizoy eihbia edt ai tee L = « Stehey' ooo hapmye [we ai p Sele LO [a ep witen Va LMQTS bie wls mL MN eet KBE Og sande .vs Lopges edt do rose di eas ed to ety 608 9 stot te eotleéetag ao¢ ai bet adi yas — ay - 6 Od at atboanitre. ois DL palig stabil — Vine: Liot atom. 't0 es sae sii.kvode eat testes La “— ¥G-betavet ive baa be te oy vitug ie Dewoy _. orady gtwed) statbemrabat edema desde Mo ae Ronee tngian 2 wetd wot Xo oow i. | anthyodat a'eaad ot le oe bhetosgem Ty. bose eit « brad sattto% (DUS CUO TOR ET aE LM Apstoriagoe hy aetaee ot! ek OF Suplam. Ctey byteh fave, ‘a leuagrera: Set { Pa Sal ‘ 1 ote (OL .yit) Pesgamng lise, mets DD cerned soliem igual € 26 fiighe ont ates: andes eek ONE: 9 at etlaw tue Subvdaud ous ifo-taw cata | the posterior end to form a plexus from which very many small vessels pass to the exterior by prominent foramina secondaria piercing the cuticula, much as described by Fraipont (1881 : 11, , Fig. 7, Pl. II) for Bothriocephalus scorpii. In the youngest darva, that shown in Fig. 10, only the median vessel, which be- @omes greatly reduced in diameter about twice the length of the Dulbs from the anterior end, is present in the scolex. It forms a Simple plexus among the bulbs anteriorly. In primary strobilas, however, in which segmentation has gotten well under way, all three | vessels are quite prominent even in good toto preparations, and pass close to each other as well as to the chief nerve strands, through the constrictions between the developing secondary strobi- las, where the median vessel is somewhat enlarged. As they near the anterior end of the worm they give off numerous branches of their | own calibre, and when they meet the large ganglionic masses, described below, diverge as four vessels (two on each side) and continue lateral to the bulbs to the tip of the scolex. Here, after forming an open plexus among the anterior ends of the former, they unite in a single median frontal loop. As the constrictions between the secondary strobilas deepen all three vessels likewise | become gradually constricted until eventually they are cut off, | and the adult conditions are subsequently developed by a process of turning in of both severed ends. And since the median vessel was considerably enlarged at the region of constriction, it remains \ thus in the hinder end of the adult strobila, as well as in the | first segment (former scolex) as described and figured elsewhere | by the writer (1914b : 93-95, Figs. 12, 37), while in the latter = ke Sek a 29a ° > 5 ca [lems whew Yeay dolce ost egeelg £ az0F ‘ot Bh st-< coset B@eGeret fhontaote gel totretxedt of : (00) atoaphet® co tec troen enidoume (ot ud 0. Biggs -sacanoatested ae 5 #6) Solee dvode. Sedenort as _peoobeue : . % oi 3 M2 PGsert4g 22 .Jue rolteteey ; oond ey FADO Cet a ae ge Gt ‘de = fi > vs L g ite - ; ~ ty 0 t TRA c 7 OGH af os Pawntact : TO! ren cF 4 oe GF él So PRLCOLSE nl Soe ivan Sho Bto=7 ev, ai Mal L.o-7 lent ef. 2eggisiinh davivemoe 22 leeatv extiest oy -6 eniggsgid potest Thé svia, ven? msct stt toe p . = 4 - 3 ~~ - ~' Pe kd ifaa o¢ a Y + © tT bola & sa et Ge « OF BESO 2 vowilt? qikivesg ehupttqe _ oe j : : afYE +5 AM EAs ise I ee! ee is “nos ‘OTtge =e? a ii oY a c , ‘ —_— : J 4 ’ ad a ries ‘ me ne 4; - ’ ~~ “ ee wee ae 4 f = + 4 - + Aw be . wie a ST ee — ms ‘ % i H vs e 2 , PI - 7 vy | tien . - ad « a = te %* “ ‘ ae 3 —& e 4 ~ és h, - s s f f = 2 Pr a % 4 * r 7 —_ . } ss ‘ue ~ 5 < é . 7 bal P . , - 2. 4 a E ee 4 b Pir é 7 ¢ y r , “ Po 4 4 2 7 e ee 2 oe & +~ wii a al‘ '— S24 J ~ a 3 » t+— * ae + r « 4 ‘ 7 j i “uf sa | = ‘ Cn TOL “Ss iy *sihi tv 2 670i a : Ye - A s ee & E 2 PM Lu Su i ee ER ee 5! ‘4 j ere . ‘ ‘ 4 “ . 4 ~— i . yy “ ‘ ‘ a. | ‘E x 7 «4 | t + 5 * Ley kw 4S ee epee, bay Ny Se) AS nt 2 x ae Wwe j — aan 2 — Oats | 2A4 | ‘ 3 - ane #? Pita Saha, vee Bhat ry! sQ c aes “het SEO OF dative l- baw somes Petel &-Gh . = i“ a —' * 4 - ‘ # 7 é faour viceteation£ oJ ihn dete 2eeuee Lambs sale ls a 7 i . : ne ‘ > u : - a . ‘ —- . he * a I 7 i, ivi Cid oete ia ape? Leyes Oe 70. 4 BE ar 2 " coy > ty _ 2, Le aoth cut Bo! eee Sh et See’ Laietare: eat sete in uats solvate ee le ay Legentau’ LO aes , FB ks a » &. OLR ee ee Se SS ee ee, a | | of bulbs. Imbedded in the commissure were seen numerous nuclei | which, on account of their larger size than the neighboring paren- | Ghymatous nuclei, were interpreted as ganglionic or nervous in their nature. Numerous among the posterior ends of the bulbs and | extending far from 0.8 to 0.9mm. backward beyond them (Fig. 11) Mere is present a large mass of large nucleated celis which in transverse sections (Fig. 16) are seen to occupy the whole of the meduglla(and about the whole of the section) excepting for the ex- cretory vessels. These cells are roughly spherical in shape and have a maximum diameter of 25, their nuclei being 5p. On account of their finely granular consistency and their taking the orange-§. counterstain quite as does the anterior nerve commissure they were interpreted as being pede waned cells. And this view Was supported on closer study by the discovery that they are not Only united laterally with the chief nerve strands (Fig. 16), | which can scarcely be distinguished from them at various levels, but with each other thru a complicated plexus of fine longitudinal strands which pass forward towards the bulbs and form around their | bases an almost solid mass of fibrils (Fig. 11). From this mass large strands from 10 to oe in diameter pass into the bases of the bulbs, one for each, and are distributed among the retractor | muscles of the proboscis which they evidently supply. In the youngest primary strobilas, but not in the older ones, this mass | of fibrils at the bases of the bulbs evidently connects forwards by a few strands with the commissure. Just as the definitive form of the anterior and posterior ends of the excretory system is explained by the separation of the Aad Am «& “ae 401050 | [EO Mecg 206 F ’ Sd> tee $69 od? Re tenthl- aleds pea , aft .ViGH %¢ odfotlece, se Betesgrehel sxee atee fy i+. 30. ghis s¢fLteteo, ot? graeme sions ve \ . wa wl? foeced bear stocd soul. of 6704 aa) iS Del cectorn es ot io rae by siya 4s tne ato A ¥ Ars vt 3 a 0 ee etz te 4 . nz Tt) yscws: r) -- icf Sad¢gepxe (oc ktees ede to sfody eds Jonge it 2 ¥ acts 2 ee H Sari < — 4 s > & aa > Mb 43 Lagat eo A wl Bre a. : > r vee ; - ois * pr feb gw = wat oP as Ce xn +: > + t: Arete fe gate. Slt, “OO 4 ew att: DL 8 Tee Be a4 ,O£495 6 sHCLig02% Bp ls : $8 Setoxqgred bay ‘ere ROG Pe? Ox | wd Youre Tanto ae be ba ) qh Sa Saga’ be ade ed? dite Visarees } joitay te wads werd Meee teenteurs sd “read * i agit te gueotg fee oO t ispnac a vue ‘ $Oa7o fe as Shea Boel te debhad Lieawr3o? aung, Hom SE orbit ye! al bo sp sis bi lon ied be J ett oft ahae ced) pveat ne yee eo. Of 093 | - oft geome. Seta ind iy Spe ate “(Meee ret ce ' ar Vidaebive) eae idetay btowotoany aad a ald? Geno. Sehioc ect ad tod fast, epi ddosts, _atagtag evxot. etoegnop ehsomp bee, Shon weit Sd sped mt | A ( bruien tanto, ad | ut ee ioitedeog tng tolsegam eae Ye aro} Jang Reed Bs io noid erage ede ¥d sei si8 io | 4 | a: - r *@ z secondary strobilas and the subsequent healing over of the cut ends, so is that of the nervious system, particularly anteriorly. In the original description the writer (1914b : 93) said that: "The nervoous system consists of a nerve-ring situated immediately | beneath the tip of the scolex and covering the median excretory vesicle like a cap, and the two chief nerve strands passing back from it through the whole of the sttrobila. The former is a com- paratively weakly developed structure (Fig. 11), elliptical in transverse section, with diameters of 60 and 40» ." As was shown in Fig. 11, the nerve-ring is drawn out forward into a point ¥ is directly opposite a small conical pit in the tip of the "scolex", facts which formerly seemed rather strange to the writer in com- parison with conditions in other bothriocephalids. Now they, as well as the relatively small size of the nerve-ring, are explained by the contraction of the free end of the "scolex" after separation and the growing together of the ends of the nerve strands with subsequent differentiation into the nerve-ring. The close associa- tion of the nerve-ring aA the terminal excretory vesicle is also guite comprehensible in the light of this method of development, for, since the nerve strands are situated close outside the lateral excretory vessels at the constrictions, they simply turn in towards the median line and unite immediately ahead of the junction of the | latter with the median vessel. As will be gathered from the foregoing description there is a most remarkable resemblance between the scolex of H. globuli- forme and that of the Trypanorhyncha not only in the structure of the proboscides but also in the presence of the large mass of - t » i. Py . rN ab eh is. SAO policed +e a ad Be £ ialunstsc: oc teKe Se edd Sor » (82 2 .. tot fae ene NOLs y L129 Shs \ Lats iy tle. xi ee ‘i SG StBkande eotete A ‘orynd SAR eogd ote - ‘nai; aries totd owpetteSas eee atidotse sf¢ So siedw ence & Ze «i 5 rs 8 uroutte beagtaveb’y wt ’ Az» iefeue D3 iW nos 7 : ort Be > adie pines Aleme.4 of Leoqage a i “e.0T enuresis Tacteas. betese yi taRter ae 7, ee oe * +, ‘ 4! . ay 4 ; So i = og si @Nwau- Gries . "h. Os ; 7 a% ree rLevic atest : J Ny na? 2 109 os yea 1 fo LI as . VPLSik of 4 HD OE 1S y es ‘© 72.8 etre =) Ag qf a? .gmii-avied st oval sotteticers 33S Lsevetoxs Lentated? ed? bee golt-0' eee rab to Bodden: on ite Sioid ede al old Lese dens 2 ab] tox onols betuue te a's gisnite eveen adh) : uf r he yous ieooltem panne dt +a 9 Lemar ' wohional #69 Yo faeetia vigtesheume’ oF tat beeapatt ; - 3 \ fieepev Cm Spee ONS AF. it aolie ivpeed, 94 rogerod eaty 0 9 bedadeag ed [ftw oh utols .h te aelope ane aestded ‘So puiiatas of San tot data «ft ah vigowos sito mytneatadyet alt, at to seem ogtal edt Mokeadednta eat ad osigiay his } ag" IN 7 : ,™ | e va ats 7 ‘ fon ganglion cells associated with them posteriorly. Fach proboscis ' Consists of three parts: (1) a hollow tentacle, capable of evagina- 1 tion, (2) a short, permanently protruded stump, armed with thickly | set minute cuticular spines, and (3) a comparatively elongated bulb; _ of which (1) and (3) may be comp@red respectively with the proboscis and the bulb of Tetrarhy,chus or Rhynchobothrius. The proboscis, altho not provided with any kind of armature, is nevertheless Supplied with a group of well developed retractor muscles which is 6vidently analogous in function to the single retractor muscle of the Trypanorhyncha. The bulb is not only provided with a muscula- ture arranged so as to dminish on contraction the volume of the i Organ but is also lined with an epithelium tiie layer comparable to | that of the members of the latter group. But since the bulb extends to the point of exit of the proboscis, there is no part strictly | analogous to the proboscis -- sheath of Tetrarhynchus, altho the stump would at first sight seem to be such. Furthermore, the cells forming the large mass behind the bulbs in Haplobothrium, which are Mere interpreted as ganglionic celis, bear not a little resemblance to those described by Braun (1896 : 1294) after Pintner (1880), |] Lang (1881) and Niemiec (1888.) as associated with the bulbs of | Tetrarhynchus longicollis (v. Ben) (= Dibothriorhy,chus ruficollis | Monticelli) and considered by some to be anplion cells and by || others myoblasts. The distribution of the large nerve trunks | arising from the nerve commissure is also somewhat suggestive of | conditions in a few of the tetrarhynchids (cf. Braun; 1896 : 1293- }| 94). While the writer is not prepared to go further into this 28 « OSes a ——) a a we aay a 2 t Tens tuy > ud LIE Sieouzun fedweaoe co Lay ei phdhs diel : te) voted > sie To wet 4 at os oe veroteri ibe wt ‘hore’ be! :o2t%aq aay: ey ytemedomsse trode | een tge: ate od (em ee + willed @ ee) Sisto cp ay ¥ J itis \ ae Bouo esi Vo tL , Wik eMT IG 2 “io dt ow beee aA f a 2 “ ¢ *] - k 4 4% - : be — . No f [ pe! ; + . ae ; 4 re] ‘ono i> sb ie nee 4 an 3 Lo. ay £ ih f Stee TAIL 4 fia of) i> SAVel Sin ee Plas ma ey Banil Ol sain Poe WwOTy teeeal eft-y atedbet ra is a: { b Met ‘, < 3 . » 4 ‘xs eis DE tae, Se dhbades -- sory eft Ss ierpsht tare fjue 60 o¢“mees tdnts seslt te Si ogeiees te adivd et halide? cedm darat s ns 7 i : * - Lie ki ST Sod .ei.8 ome Ligne 64 n ih A, PES oY esOsaee es *) Lond - Fs pariloo Panos * > _ a oo _ eileo soitgmieg ed oF sage “0 fetesbiscoec Bap’ * ovten epral odd. Go ae tout bine ie siT ot vse edt 4 | — iJ wd Cs a i vot al mi : - - " > ae 4 as Ss Ture i ig 8 op a i = gt Teg i oe pee ae re a ss comparison he would like to emphasize the significance of the layers composing the walls of the bulbs in H. globuliforme in eonnection with the possible origin, of these most aberrant struc- tures. In discussing the homologies of the proboscides of the Trypanorhyncha Benham in Lankester's "Treatise on Zodlogy" (p. 137) said that, "It appears more probable (Pintner) that each proboscis Has been developed by the deepening and modification of an ‘'acces- sory sucker’ of some Tetraphyllidean, as its relation to the bothridia, and its mode of development, closely agree with these Sexuctwures. Functionally, too, it is a perfection of the armature plus the accessory sucker of three forms [Acanthocephala, Nemertini and Taenioids]; whilst there is no doubt that the 'phyllidea' of tae two orders are identical." The fact that here the walls of the bulb, since they are composed of an outer layer of longitudinal Muscles, a middle layer of circular fibres and an inner cuticular layer, are not only quite comparable but directly continuous with the cuticula and cuticular muscles of the body wall and in the reverse order, would seem to lend support fe Wi akner fe view. For simple invagination of the external layers of the body wall in development would account for these structures, while the proboscis with its retractor muscles might well be formed by the modification Of the external layers of an "accessory sucker". The writer has, however, no facts to support this theory since in the earliest primary strobilas or plerocercoids met with the proboscides were already well developed. ~ um —< ge = Bi a4 L toot seeds Jo wfgine sigzaeog oat -SE0G0 He Yo os ‘geipaot ant . 8 en ened Aer a'rohpeiigadl ab af; J ae (+ ( Coe ' - io 242 ST ke .faow’ aed) Yegnol rok besrady ee ; . . ; s a: ir “sb 10 Taiienupno at tw Seeod eel to Seem eee ra 7 “a oF \ = oo gee foep ot saowee Tetined »¢meeGeeiag 9 carts oe Befhga¥ . nladOom Doty ee a ae mos, ear of taelieis fas neteewo elem 34% aw rs 4 re =~ fon ba =~ t tS. if ee | ? ’ ‘ = “ib aS a ie ivgarnl gientesie-t¢ud .aror Sat to soe Dee ee : $ ' r me 2" 2 S2F GO Geaircmoe LAs Soridcie ‘and (Heo ~euUt sty 4 odd tw fi ‘2 4 ale tt to eentteeta: od? qi tiotse 4i fee isivaat eiecigeowgsyS iauaeg ¢ aie i . Gleengeih (82 : CNL) efedend gf sveds ; 4 a 7 net Dag time 62" TS hbettant "ote ,beliavessre eae * * : : M > a “ol genie ,tovotiiqn (ating edt ddiw age . - ee he? vew) suudounes. dose of wofeds 2 eee: 78S ,eedegel wphedgepodter..: .....-stel came - SEN oe . cers eALEAd > _ (ateg) ae 77 s + e@er ga C "i ; ite: ; (tea). 5S : ob6L pateetdge: 2 ) ; joe I 1- 6681 16 feeok a ° oH a f =a Githocephalus Monehothriun Acrobothriun Olsson Cyathocephalus Zschokke x | Loennberg 2 Kraemer = Olsson : Luehe Braun Luehe Luehe Lgre -* Generic diagnosis: Scolex a single, undivided terminal Sucking organ, which in its form and structure no longer shows an Origin from two fused surficial bothria. External segmentation | Only slightly indicated. Sphincter surrounding the female genital Gloaca apparently little developed. Occurrence: In Teleosts. Type species: Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781) Cyathocephalus americanus sp.nov. (Figs. 18 —272,) ? 1897 Cyathocephalus truncatus Linton, 1897 : 428-29. Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. small cestodes, up to a length of at least llmm. with a maximum | Breadth of 1.lmm. Scolex funnel-shaped, 0.3-0.5mm. long and 0.5- | 0.7? broad, with revolute efges. Neck 1.0-1.8mm. in length. Seg- || ments twice as broad as long, terminal one rounded. ee tee ala : a ‘ T : “£7ay ine Ped a ; 8 ® me + 7 at BE mokbes 4 ve | : POT L Si fokoan a | ‘ (CGE siedoored Pes Temes, ; 2, Oe tot) Peel i $ r ‘tae 2 A et ‘f - iat | en > |e apsl Le 2 of gu WEN Le 7 . fan tp 2 an Looe pu Sboupe th 2 ig 2o—nSt pe! Spall, bag exot Ott af do lav a oVelisnae® J neal mehsacoad. (ale Frigé, beais’ . 0? 1.5087 O07 BE SOPERE Setpetagt bet et that | Degoleveb shee tl vote yas eine? at :egaery (*O°. . QP), eae ee Gres sel oho osnhtieerd ivelooge: J i. 2 snl ae Gia, Heggeanccand © aa aeeamnted, nd. 90 ota token on teed Ome sieve sem alse es Pai ie 48) to salah baits Dare anne. ee ca dgemos ‘ f iis t a ar* a a oP a ; = noe . 7 : ; *. > Jen) an - _ ci 7 4. ae : P or “a —_" =" - — —_ nal - ; ; . Me Rgabee a Sidr niece wmay cer >> Host Locality Collector Authority Coregonus clupeiformis Outer Id., J. W. Milner Linton, 1897b : L Superior 429. Off Giant's Cooper Cooper, (the Tomb Id., present paper}. Georgian Bay meme oepeeimen’: No. l65A, C. A: R. C. Co-nype Peho y165B, °C. UsiTll. Type locality : Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, off Giant's Tomb Island. Altho the species described here is closely related to C. truncatus of Europe and evidently the same form was reported as such by Linton (1897 : 428) from the same host in which it was found by the writer, it presents so many differences, even barring gome probable errors by Kraemer (1893), from that species that it is here considered to be new. As shown in the appended table where the largest specimens at hand are dealt with, this species is considerably smaller than the European species which ranges from 6 to 40mm. in length by 1.5-4 in width. Linton gave these measurements as 7 and 1.2mm. The general shape of the body, however, is the same as are the proportions of the scolex and proglottides. The border of the infundilobiform scolex (Fig. 18) is thickened and almost constantly rolled backward somewhat as in the figures given by Zschokke (1884a, Fig. 9) and Kraemer (1893, Fig. 5), the funnel being about }]} 0.22um. in depth and usually filled with a plug of mucous membrane from the host's alimentary tract. The posterior limits of the scolex are difficult to define since the organ gradually narrows . a :- eae -00 a 400 Pa be » a. # er . + tn hg i seal VER AOLRITOtY 2 vi ffsneks , .¥ a A 7 , ' = i - } ae BT eG 3 aw “ Roo S aAg } if e) xa us (Oa) z * a Tots a lé ‘ , (282 raeety- <0 9 t01re oa Mat 47 ot hereh IG pal Sahe ota elvat fe bite 196 edt o2 owolel me YS sae Lfe coo et esto uge eitd >, a9 fw tasby a - AL. OORe ge mont ecbnes coiue ee fonds of ‘Le Vm eget ceeea oe «ut #8} gotall: . sass b bi ° wit3 at etewpwed Ybot Stig te ae Sb Leng atte ag te sefcod oat sneh ES otpony Jame ah ices ahd to won ote Ses. bemady sit et. Qe any eT omms =“ e= e @stes eonuye oh Ok Be testine wig , 4 ated Lscnyh add (8. 3 t, S285) abalmen nk ai | ouertnge puteus Bp gible as ey Rea Utkin, isa 000 akg by i to etintl =eretaeg ame tae wats hou 5 > Fs hes 4 7 ; a a at aan a ye nm: , ¢ ¥ ‘9OtTRR (LisuneTy ASE yep _feate, aatitn ane i Fe! a i mie s 4 y, cee? a4 oo i ee a wre : f ae down and then as gradually enlarges again to form the neck. The } datter was considered to include that portion of the anterior end A Se ee ee ee ae of the worm between the narrowest region behind the scolex and the first vitelline follicles which are situated some distances ahead of the first cirrus-sac. The maximum breadth of the strobila is Se the posterior end of either the first third or one half. The Segments are, as described by various writers for C. truncatus, about twice as broad as long, the last one, however, being rounded posteriorly and provided with a notch in the middle which accommo- @ates the exij}t of the excretory vesicle. They are, furthermore, closely united, as pointed out by Linton (1897 : 4289) when he Said that, "The bodies of these specimens appear to be unsegmented, Or, at least, with only very faint indication of division into segments." As a matter of fact numerous transverse wrinkles pre- sent in most specimens make it almost impossible without the external evidences of the inner genitalia tofiistinguish the limits of the proglottides. And in this respect they agree with Go truncatus, since Zschokke (1984 : 38) said concerning the segments: "Tlg sont solidement fixés les uns aux autres, leurs limites sont G@iitficilement visibles." The following table gives the measure- ments of four of the largest specimens: Se 2. kr ic aot of alone erptaiae ql isebaty pes . ' i 4 2h ete he ragd ir ‘= tp see eolo Lifed ae 4a 7e2i 260 i ot beord ’ 2° Fates eceottaga tse: te tTehtes 2a a [oteecanl #eontgs 721 e¥aq egouiondE eIu Sesh Sue. Oe oe ghar tires hliioas ae can iat ¥ * - ¥ : Ana - ea, iy Sn td? soc todd ee 62 it Beate’ ativet *eeeetdan ad} as hs gi a eo be wh 7 oh ent : . 086 ~sF ‘ a Jo death otf adits We baeoeele cs fire egodcey vd bedesoneb ee % « o = bi 9 ¢ , pans T¢ aif fs ic Has , ‘af 4 . he * 4 4 ie ne Y ° é 4 : j ma & TEA wig Of%e8 ee .5 wl ue © 29 L550¢ «iT? : : ral in tO Mihaela -tolel: yes lee Af ieces ‘tenn a ‘od welled ing :-tere) edé.to eockeal ke = ais, ee var? gasaeor esi ob tea .Sebitea WP. te =< cre aie . hut (az % i. ab Py ex no ‘Set sonte i [oat aor Let go * eeldtete reAuAKdy ee Svinsel ad? $6 \% 4 7 we Length : - iimm. Maximum breadth mA it eas ._ Length of neck : Me » base uy Breadth scolex, tip “s a os 0 0 Length of scolex Number of sets genitalia First cirrus from ant. end ; 3 di BcOL Remarks Sectioned The cuticula is 5 ft in thickness over the scolex as well as on the segments and divided into two layers, the outer of which is about one-half as thick as the inner and more or less irregular in structure. In most places, in fact, it was found partially or wholly separated from the inner and more homogeneous layer and in such a manner as to present a distinctly wavy appearance. However, no such chitinous hooks as described by Kraemer (1892 10) for thejcuticula of the lateral borders were seen, but the whole tissue is freely pierced with numerous foramina secundaria of the excretory system which in C. truncatus Kraemer considered to be the points of entrance of nutriment. The thickness of the cuti- cula, according to the same author, is 19 p » @n outer irregular layer being Sp and showing a sort of ecdysis ("Hantungsprocess"). This, however, may be simply the separation of the outer layer of | the cuticula from the inner as mentioned here, since Hevaid "Diese Auffassung wird dadurch erhartet, dass sich an einigen Stellen . rag in se Tes ah | aah toc ald Pt byl ‘2 \S Pedtipews es vtood auont?t & douse iv alge dicomie oes atlmend? euitagmn oo beoietg vieest ‘ LoreS feyeor ‘nee eatdn tuted oa OP 0 25% not aN | sebati ddd wT de ras de da te sonarteecte yOl of eodtun Suite: odd ob gerbe tool") » fipbos vate bios s paivoce danas Yo ao btaTageb “od? eigeats ad Te ary “Wi sodke \sked beagesien. ox “tent ida if JO @89 Tag | dieser Belag nicht findet, dafur eine jyunge homogene Cuticula," the latter being then the inner homogeneous layer. At any rate it is quite evident that the cuticula of C. truncatus is a much thicker tissue than that of the form described here, -- and no one else than Kraemer seems to have described it. The subcuticula varies in thickness from 25 to 4O0p , being | thus quite comparable to that of C. truncatus in which it is 384. | The elongated, quite columnar cells of the same were found to be Sh in diameter, as were their comparatively large nuclei, the respective measurements by Kraemer being 19 and Ou . On account of the fact that the material studied was not as well fixed as the writer would like to have had it, the paren- echyma and likewise the calcareous bodies were quite unsatisfactory from an anatomical standpoint. The spaces which were considered to have accommodated the latter, before they were dissolved out during fixation, -- and in some of them the nuclei of the bodies were still visible, -- were in general ellipsoidal to almost a spherical in shape and from 13 to B54. in length by 7-18 in width. According to Linton they are 10-20 w long, while Zschokke gave them as from 8-10» , and Kraemer, 30 x 18a. In general the musculature is as described by Kraemer, but ail the groups are comparatively weakly developed (Fig. 19), the longitudinal layer, for instance, being only 20» in thickness in the median line posteriorly and about 60. in the neck region (764% in C. truncatus) where the dorsoventral and transverse fibres are also much stronger than elsewhere. In the.anterior! part: of the neck, particularly immediately behind the scolex, the fibres a a arete =e , = ve stl ey Nap rt 7 a ’ = st g0RH1) OATiTY sta auteb (debt > dota f . ts © Z >» ; Sovemei7 vthges &: 1. jonah that edt wend” fhe .Q tc lew hums tadd ee ? oh fediveosl act sdi-36 tedé mee 222 S3eterssh cred of) amen reagan | fie, efee soiled svotretiae 2a’ Se aot oe eee A) a r = ot? ephagtn ts: &1 wattsy aio lege fil Sjteotemt .) te tadt of sigeide iv 20 uffee tanmuloo of fae ceivetean «dt dds 05). ed% To Jnwesomin = ‘iy etoeqeisd? .tefodbasgte Lanlac ; ; : : —<—Zz a pun Sit mend Toxeome al has -- noth figte! Ad gee ost | nf agat bas bqada: at at se Lom ~ ani é a @- ol wa yad?r riot at of + ve - QO x O82 Thema ‘bos , qOl-$ | vlereb yidewr larttins Tacs, eam ad La | Seis oe. ae > \ 4 «ofc otce sat al Y sp esvonte: sdf eteloog wads, batted, ye er ha v : 2 DY ie A eae of the two latter series are much ptiingss; altho less numerous 1 than farther back. As they pass the posterior end of the funnel they become circularly disposed, longitudinally as well as trans- versely, and from there on to the tip of the scolex gradually more numerous close around the funnel of the organ, for the control of 1 which they obviously act as dohetit ctor a: Antagonizing these are numerous weaker radial fibres, arranged as in C. catenatus Riggenbach (= Diplocotyle Rudolphii Mont. -- Luehe 1902a : 320) where they were considered (Riggenbach, 1898 : 629) to be derived from the longitudinal muscles with which they are continuous at the base of the scolex. Altho they mingle freely, yet quite separately, among the latter, the writer is inclined to the same view regarding their homologies in 6G. andr Head) since it is quite evident that the dorsoventral and transverse fibres, which might otherwise be considered to give rise to them become modified to form the circular muscles of the scolex. And this view i$ further supported by the fact that only a very few of the longitudinal muscles of the neck pass for a short distance beyond the bottom of the funnel, but most of them are inserted in the latter, thus functioning with the radial fibres in enlarging the organ of adhe- sion. As pointed out by Riggenbach these radial muscles are apparently absent from C. truncatus ; they were not described by Kraemer,but the enlargement of the funnel was considered to be accomplished by the contraction of the dorsoventral fibres (cf. his wes). The outermost layer of circular and longitudinal muscles || in the scolex, which are merely extensions of the cuticular muscles | of the neck region, are not nearly so strongly developed here as in ocGee 2a°-4 ae & sit ‘OF Ro 9 reste: an ee > on ee dis .1oR0Cose GRR ere selves t a a rodeo) unit \ome@e Mesa ind » toad a os Cea tive isook Bede & crete 2° ¢fayte sd? lo tonty ede “Bee = “ .apeo*ociwmense. ex tob-pigee ] S3Sb «2 AL e@ hOpAatta . esa it Lesa . -_ é 4 * : 3 SSA Ss pee * Syl horton geh yi to eal Pawo: afd we Lata ratupe: Ye aéyat nooniiaeay denen bah vat i? ae 0g. taped aoh, al | se fi a an to) ey > eh : z ey , Ss ° : - : = ene reat) A : ee Cem *, 1 G. truncatus, so far as the writer can gather from a comparison of the material studied with Kraemer's description. There is, however, am. the neck region, particularly in its anterior portion, a series of outer longitudinal muscles which, while situated in transections among the outer clear ends of the subcuticular celis and very close 1 to the longitudinal cuticular fibres, are nevertheless quite dis- tinct from the latter. At the vase of the scolex they pass in- Wardly between the cells of the subcuticula and continue farther | towards the anterior border of the funnel than do the inner longi- tudinal fibres. Posteriorly they diminish considerably in number but may readily be seen in the mature proglottides. The nerv.ous system is arranged in general as in C. trunca- tus, but the longitudinal trunks are only 26m thick by 13 wide (0.345mm. according to Kraemer). They are scaszcely enlarged anteriorly to form ganglia, as shown in Kraemer's Fig. 5, but are Gach divided into two distinct dorsoventral halves which gradually diverge as they pass on into the walls of the funnel to form four large nerves. No single transverse commissure connecting the main trunks behind the cavity of the scolex was seen but rather a number of fiwe cross-connections which were not made out satisfactorily. On account of the poor preservation of the parenchymatous 1 ground tissue of the material studied the excretory system was not } brought out in sections to the writer's satisfaction. All that can | be said in this connection is that there is an inconstant number of iongitudinal vessels in transection, evidently more than the six | of C. truncatus, which didnot occupy definite positions but an asto- mose freely with each other especially in the lateral portions of tee eqoleseegn btrapthne DEE AREA. fot “a0 Tehantap ef! nt. Pheetoe te eee as ; ii at @O™MAie ehhiv . tose eotonui | : we fueflims 2b os 20. elite “ee kt } fac Lace? Sed) ots ceesery 2 aye te (Pao ts Ear a 620 peed ode 2a tote " t a &Leeiesoia ts aA LO wi? si fu “4 ’ YD ode “iah rod hi: Pe) bad: ROMO: He bgt een?. Ylagitesan4 agate nahin et cee : e athe ras : ; Ree i Pe it ale hay ae Geum eer nih fi ‘peop eer: at inst fe: 2 vSES aps ve Bet ti yao a Aaok Pst es fan. i ” \e 4 ls = “v & “wee meets F “a »>s q u = | a f - Ae « f i * 7 1.2 ian af ad no tvrewnstins bo. alee Ife’ d Ein eho) hate aiferio ett? « onopit jaagee, &>fendge oad oo no: evade id . De oF? dois Lice ay Xo -‘betiee .4 @¢26nmee Ot stot be bese rin a ets adhe sascind te ihe: sont: * heedtoae gaa Hh ee lal Ream: us. natal bid; Ro. veiiaie, Ti herman pawl % née he fer croatian ste Vv -egutts, ga9 hi etuqut! put barony teay 3 o abt eve ad spas? e200 quant ~~. -* ’ Di 7 6 Le ol VA ld v a oy at ae ee 7 Ne aoe Ors ales SS a =o “ naires riba te the normal, as were observed. The genital openings were found to vary from 75 to 115uU apart, but, as pointed out by Kraemer, these data are of very little gapecific value. The vagina and uterus open in a common "genital senus or cloaca, but unlike conditions in the Buropean Digpecies the vagina opens constantly behind the uterus and slightly tO one side and not ahead of it. Furthermore, neither papillae ; Mer sphinoter muscles were found around either or both genital Openings in this species. The female genital cloaca, usually ' situated at the bottom of a depression and often on a low papilla, ranges from 30 to 6O0u¥ in depth. In frontal sections it is seen to be in the form of a transverse slit about 60u in length, into the ends of which the vagina and uterus empty; that is, the vagina opens diagonally behind the uterus and usually to the right of it. ' It is lined by a direct continuation of the cuticula from the sur- face of the segment. The general habit of the reproductive organs is shown in Fig. 21 of a frontal section of a mature proglottis. The testes are situated in the meducllary parenchyma in two fields lateral to the cirrus-sac, or more strictly speaking, in the lateral portions of the region between the cirrus-sac and the ovary of the proglottis ahead, since they extend forward to the latter and backward to the anterior ends of the wings of the ovary of the segment to which they belong. They are noteworthy on account of their clear appearance (Fig. 19), as in C. truncatus, very little contents having been seen in all of the sections made. While their a shape is usually spherical or somewhat flattened enteroposteriorly “according to the condition of contraction of the segment, their ie ae Ve ' cs 4 t . ’ . ~ ec ,obaa anole one ake NG hia. ae eo 98 cout ptecyoietns benedeete athonse, = staan 9 i? ,fepapges off. 36 Be sii | ie mit Utes. of hneod Stay: aaoresid $6. 88hb onde toe ee tin copateg . digneineta tse sage OLS i? OD) gan kas tive eed 40801054 . eo Ai GS ROS ete) 2oco -eaego aes SGT tt Zo hese +cetia 4 | Y fop Ota aves ‘ogee elena oe A i «PL SUG? gi -s0l00g¢. RAGE . = ! i sii iS £ = Gil adds ri j é io r ie a of ml a VE Tinie fe uf Sn C2 -s Ne aah 7 tec?’ {Vig gebeta ide sinitedy ed Ao Lona mo Ci kewee Bas vesors whe totded elke | 7b D Le | iL or avert we? ae auth 6% 20. 32¢ad<£ a Ley pits a soakeaual Sifaet £2 39 costo tahoe) Ato 16 att, uA" pret Labia, asl as fetus gu na ester y (i/o Cote wom te

og A « MOS arsied a, oh re 0 Jeremak? of .weOt, Greig ‘eu \ & Sei eee’. » Ge tage ant tow Of ,Oen-errric «ay wredae ee m 22., iaicts) «~~ .astoote etht mia J ‘ Pro t22V, Lantos © Oto? Ga wd } q oF 20 diav Ge? esota!] ( z ee pe etre ety & eioty ect ef toe - q Pa 7h “Tentei! ¢o, sed fvoaed ne fhe oh Tae Se lietenidly -e-euct oe: -eltarete Ta" Se eepie ,Maotiose x) ancud.tgeiot pe Sed pee a eat To bas Dae 20 407 30 Evreseen * Stas ta- yom oT * wot 22 tue shaw nwoljces edt é Pxenom we 22 ohne Vidadoty need ‘itede «f doite ABI sav ae ‘ould JT ctr? Pian 6c, etre ti 32 euite port w Si mest Ww Bop tte fas bas er te) eq tice wid ‘Yo ‘pom at beturdong SP = ie at Posten 6 bed eaten fot? eit Pr tiie ae welt te — (iveinyerag s& bonenewon’ ewes « vax aot ; ie ow» vias f account of its size, results in the eversion of almost the whole | of the contents of the sac. The length of the cirrus within the | sac is at least 1854, -- it is usually bent once in its proximal portion, -- while its diameter varies considerably. The layer of parenchymatous and myoblastic nuclei surrounding the cirrus within the sack is about 10a jin thickness as compared with Sp in C. truncatus. In sections of the extended cirrus most of these "muclei appear in the tip of the organ surrounding a good deal of | the cuticula which still remains invaginated; but they are in all | probability myoblastic as are others farther back along the course | of the retractor fibres. In frontal sections the cirrus-sac is Circular in outline (Fig. 31) with a maximum diameter of 175 , While in transverse and longitudinal sections the depth ranges from 200 to 230" .» the whole structure being somewhat ovoid in shape F With its slightly smaller end directed outwardly. Its wall is comparatively thin, ill defined and composed of a somewhat loose network of muscular fibres running irregularly obliguely in €@l1l1 directions, so that sections cut in any plane show them almost circularly arranged. With emission of the cirrus the wall is fairly difficult to locate, since its innermost fibres are not easily differentiated from the retractors of the cirrus proper ’ Which bulk: largely in the contents of the sac and since it is not provided with any dorsal retractors connecting it with the dorsal body wall as described by Kraemer for CG. truncatus. Forming a sort of gland closely applied to the wall of that part of the | cirrus-sac within the medulla there is to be seen, even in toto preparations, a comparatively large mass of large darkly pigmented a Se HOMER tO aoteq- i a kines - SctPie SSF Lo diyank “lt Om 482 Ty : &f egay. ¢acd ifeoud @8 Sh. =- a {S8r- (Eris ehubenn " [.aW Seoemesh atts oh? wad beara Peary A« foi ‘bitealdoym't ‘id te Swscwmse oF beeps | tif “pe. OL" re ashe t if he . ~ roy : Az ‘ sy, 2 - Snt¢ ieoos:g i =a) “SG " aa = Loe 54 Lt ii . 2 A i? oo Tk ee t ~ 7 Oe aa it et gic 12) BlGdp wie. ep stiratame MU Sti SIO, wae a + naVLUs= 1 ot sRies LE spas dete a7 ie. j au >. ‘eatious eS ad? ago loses. lex ES) SysOL Lande te Sg JMRYGOoe an iec + iu t © 220c% alt ens (Dn Sy tse petonrs! ee tod Lome eer: tO benovnnds 4: hap lied (i2 «ata ighise Yixrakugers pita i.eweed ti 18 ivonmml a hate ‘papttons tad? 96 .eagke ~~ t- “s - r? » r oe r &L j be vib. id ti. fr 4 fua aPiF 4 LO GaRs = Of: seoMtens!. v2 i ennee Welaoos ow: ‘timed a = (a0 @f2< Tdi Ait Sus 2% x eh. ee Lotasd ie xe, oag. add Dev aad ee ene ak ciogel | ras ‘ce o2 giveto rng “oxte aietan centers BS Sates get oe gah. “vga vs bedtxonnd » + aut to atalt eae, ah Set Sgign ciate 2 Srp .0ee (ae, ct ay Pope altutpn Aat.. “its eb egtal to én, eee Uv EtanamOD i : oe4) 104 "polygonal cells (Fig. 21). In frontal sections they lie on each "side of the sac, not extending much beyond its anterior and pos- terior edges, the whole structure being thus shaped somewhat like a saddle. Fach cell is elongate in shape, provided with a well @efined wall, prominent tho not éspecially large nucleus, and very granular and highly pigmented cytoplasm, the color of the pigment being dark brown. Altho they are very closely arranged around the wall of the cirrus-pouch and most of them are quite pointed towards | the same, their function is pretty much a matter of conjecture, | unless perhaps they are the much modified myoblasts of the muscles | Of the walls of the pouch, which is suggested by the relations of | the inner attenuated ends of some of them with the letter. Wo such cells have been described for the European species, so far as tne writer is aware; but here it must be emphasized that they are | very conspicuous. ie From its opening which has been dealt. with above the vagina proceeds dorsally almost at right angles to the surface of the proglottis, and then within the medulla turns backward with a few coils to expand into a comparatively enormous receptaculum My = » seminis which on account of its size, can scarcely be distinguished | from one of the coils of the uterus unless it is traced out. At | the turn in its course it has a diameter of about 154 and is lined | with @ continuation of the cuticula of the female genital cloaca, 5p in thickness and surrounded by a layer of circular muscles. As it passes above the ovarian isthmus its cuticular lining gradu- ; ally diminishes in thickness so that the seminal receptacle is | provided with a very thin layer only. While the latter may have a diameter of 75u slightly behind the isthmus of the ovary, it wae sebtal adé at iy “xfao aoyar utd?” ie ue a a Sti or ‘ ae (ah abolioce Lasa0ge Beene ae » in OLtetna att baoved seu Wilavess som SOs seep oni? cated niente aiade beta wer =. 4eene af Te Luatous wgvak Uihefosgee ade Bee ee 47 26 iG.0" On? {Spabeeas ft 2 yates rat ad 2 2 j ~ Ti ebwet eee Ste. yeid corse = fog eu? to) PeGe bam deci 4 (evade te 2 Pon po él iL we Gg Sh5 gk ; t - 2 . i 4 we 9? &. at? #24 ef! 205 (0 @fc8 beveunpege Ee So7qoiie e465. 207% bedLacest: readrey, | ‘4. S*Sseiiege oc( tone eh ered: aud (_vtaesis «f = +o f at } 34 7 60 was sit esigeqso atih 2: a iS Janes Oe teomlesviisesob af et ee : iy a wh at 5 i ha its asdt asta 4B . f woe whevls stacsork ‘x Bey d lira: ) “Aiooe Ga »ee de of f tol ¢aetorcss aes » » bap % eh 22° eeokate Gute et Abs to ofiosa ete i .ba sos" Foe Fe

e wad ?t eerie wee. iss » sleast ay 4) oi apie ol? Lo no ttuueh Ti aes se si? neal @ 2G Sietuganis al olf celyottmmiads imate fet ane dt isatqeonx Cen tuperegttl page Oe SPE TERS) + on he Cv eK wh i ,¢tave edt 26 aunitteg ‘ad? baling, Biers sel | Se —~ loads wee ou a Syn y ory ee: = PRT ; ee narrows down very abruptly to a very small spermiduct, Si in dia- meter and about 254. in length before joining the oviduct. In ‘distinct contract with C. truncatus there is no "connective tissue @nd muscular sac" surrounding the beginning of the vagina as de- - geribed by Kraemer, but only the usual mass of nucleu most of which | are subcuticular in their nature. The ovary (Figs. 19, 21) isa tubulolobular organ, the limbs of which extend fanwise laterally and dorsally from the ventral isthmus anteriorly as far as the ) cirrus-sac and dorsally thruout the whole of the medulla, thus | Surrounding the central connections of the genital ducts and the Coils of the uterus (Fig. 21). The wings in whose irregularly ) Shaped tubules young ova in various stages of development are to be seen, connect with the rounded isthmus by narrow portions quite as | described and fisured by Kraemer, altho he evidently erroneously | called the isthmus the "oottyp." The latter in Gs uatiedene has a width of 0.18mm. by a length of 0.10 as compared with the Similar measurements of 0.19 and 0.07mm. in the cases of C. trun- | catus. Ova from the isthmus measured from 13 to 15% in diameter, their nuclei 7-8 and their nucleioli 4, those of the latter species | being 9-12 according to Grimm (1871) and 15. according to | Kraemer who gave the diameter of their nuclei as Sp. The oviduct “begins with a rather short oocapt (Fig. 22), 26 in diameter, and | proceeds for only a comparatively short distance, with a diameter | of from 15 to 204% , before being joined by the spermiduct. A . little farther dorsally it is met by the vitelline duct which comes from the ventral portion of the medulla just ahead of the | isthmus where it is formed by the union of a right and left duct as r at tou himage ict yore ot! Mande ie ‘Sivo ad) ahiato, sroTed WaaRes me: wan ev. 7. crmag™ Aged opaS eanhiindiws oO atte i Code eS EO Sit Ften te od ott gedbiuers Sects” ce Me aa Lowen Mit lao Sag hg ey) epee apt 6 utan. thou? nied EAL 4 AF. a ifc SY 16 oan £. -@i? ff Ny — be m VitiLreta PAje2 .oseoeavy oa8 awe * 4 ¥ ee ¥ WN y Bey Os ips: es i291 of: 4 = bs J ob ® 3 ee, iS J 4424) BT . « Peet okt + 4 : » « ' =, 4 if ; \ 6 Wotan Af¢ ae c ‘ i t ; eit mTef 7 - 5 ~ | ° i * » 7 & s . = JRORIOLSYOS 2 G2yee 8 #1 v + 240 a2gyoy he iL f er & b &mes = aa Hy} ~ te Sash Meh moo ige OS > Ser de past £ a : amet, 0. © eaeny ) od; | ae. hae ©L.0 to e¢ceae oe OF wd pvr -fig’ ere algite. odd.s04}-a i? Lo amd sd tok deat ca tede, bine Bl a lize oe Wat baa ,ENpL) wetgD- oe un thronelea “qs | heloum tied? To ied mana kD oe coe cote sb ed as at) es iw ,9aneted® eseda Oe ad 2 Mtge. fo0) fyaete ds ae iiss fy sated whoted: » hades iv tour watt Codey ot 4d. ber artes vileoral LO Dawls Pau alsubert Mi? Ye goktaoy twat ate eae e. ital toe eh aL eee Yea a% A a aed Lip 0) yl (5a te oa a a Peter ye » a Pet ee es . hy Cage ES SE a en an in ¢. truncatus. Thruout its dorsoventral course it is expanded With a vitelline reservoir which may reach a diameter of 404, lepecially ventrally. Immediately outside of the longitudinal “Muscles the vitelline follicles form a compact layer about 70p ‘in thickness (1538p in C. truncatus), continuous from proglottis to “proglottis and broken only immediately around the reproductive Openings. In frontal sections where they are cut tranversely their greatest diameters being at right angles to the surface of the pro- glottis, they range from 30 to 854. since they are usually some- What flattened anteroposteriorly. Their number in transverse sec- tions baries from 29 to 35, 45 being given oy Kraemer. From its "point of origin. to a short distance beyond the entrance of the | vitelline duct, the ovident is lined with epithelial celle with D prominent nuclei but indistinct boundaries, so that the whole is of the nature of a syncitium. But soon this epithelium becomes modified so that, as the duct continues with a few coils to the meepposite side of the proglottis, its walls are quite thin yet Clearly nucleate. Then as it further enlarges dorsally it becomes : Surrounded with the voluminous shell-gland which follows the tube thru a number of its coils (Figs. 19 and 31) even on to the begin- Ming of the uterus, for in frontal sections about one half of the posterior half of the uterine rosette is surrounded by them (Fig. | @1). The cells composing the gland are comparatively short, stout Band well defined, their nuclei large with the nucleoplasm quite | clear like the aeecaawak. No shell-gland such as described by |} Kraemer was found in this species. Beyond this elongated ootype | the duct continues as the uterus proper which has its largest coils, sure wl 4 Sess tai novomngae #2 tours eh ameae #, inner yal {606m aowiseet on ct MOL G2 2d: abfes uc cLefadienet a’ te Soemice & «tot Sebeetley 7 +t’? yah bBse A gu aetna ea Qats i i #62 eyet eee J : ia iret Lys y Gig ae ae x ; 7 ris yese WEVEP asst i BOW ‘pes ’ b igst ac Y buGchkea ¢inl: te “rteg 534 cS ee say Par 4 e £ ? aor outa : | cee shea?) .% pwkie rie rotate Sena A. XC. ey ty Bites F) .&F Gt Oy noid =r) is v bate GY &Ge3 Se & of 25 Lefiadigge Ci lq)tecrl oh anebive ould : id O8 \Sostmbasos sgootiaita? ous tate be 2 : “weds cei 163 sme Iaaee = nO eitoo wet 4 A228 eebertsroc teqb add ge tithe oily sce nitay 67 f- es °Volporg ots te i (ALentoe gegreine youda “Poe and? aay wre l igh de dle obaa ls <0 tes aman eDuny Sp y ong ats i oF e | deer (ke hie 49 ant afios ets oe a inode brett} od La rant ag ten POTS T fe ve odount to age? in on eieme de cotisw edd aay 32) opie ‘eT! 12 Te tasers yah acy ‘2 agate (Let DZ Lora eo feo Hes oat a ade sant? here | io foe’ A a eFeop. fame: site ot oes it : teat of een ss sage mid: 2 fl 2 ul (tte dren, seceeat oak “pedn Be var aa sool ta, , |. 02 aoeemD Ajit abdnsiedaoe wf “COl> 4, ovedam oxiwt nt. kaso? eis, souks oe ex ey eareg sdf cebdelad eteros toaugie munoneeg tp een oS jhsit ie oe ny wal aie a j 108 In the above description it has been shown that this species ‘differs from the well known C. truncatus of Europe in a great many points, but in none so radically as the following: The absence of chitinous hooks on the cuticulas of the lateral borders; the “presence of radial muscles in the Wallis of the scolex and of a aunibe r of fine nérve commissures connecting the chief nerve strands ‘anteriorly instead of a single one; the vagina opening behind the “uterus opening; the absence of papillae and sphincter muscles sur- rounding the genital openings; no enlargement of the vas deferene:: to form a seminal vesicle just before entering the cirrus-pouch; no connective tissue sac surrounding the whole of the coiled vas deferens; the absence of dorsal retractor muscles of the cirrus-sac, and the presence of the peculiar glands closely surrounding the / game; no "connective tissue and muscular sac" surrounding the be- ginning ef the vagina; the very different central connections of the genital ducts as regards the ovarian isthmus ("ootyp" of Kraemer); Rand, lastly, the absence of any such "shell-gland" as described by Ethe game author. Consequently the writer considers this the American form to be specifically different from the European form and proposes the name Cyathocephalus americanus sp.nov. a The material studied consisted of v0 lots, Nos. 43 and 165 of the writer's collection from the stomachs of several specimens of Coregonus Clupeiformis (Mitchell) from GeorgianBay, Lake Huron, | as listed above. hg “a ae an Me aes. ond +2 ageiatrose) evods th eQGRbS te suit voce oy moot. tier ipnteoLsat «c) aa CSR RS “Og, og Feveted edd. >< a ast 2076 Looe tet JO .s!icie. ost \as eoLoeuin Saas iT iio tf) Sa Sipe ties 64 swe hieitiog 6vVI6s oar GAs ain me ia 2hec eta f a 196 ee j i? fd +3 j aT F.4? Lee, if & V440 ve ‘a4 = =f # é C S50 " }? ss clinovet<4 ue *sa8. cae | me . eine LF evitoam feo faq ase d retest Lb (703 sat: teatoey cies acitelted peters odf eh teen ba oe Shewety Lt fe” Behe yas. 20. schesda ante Y 4S) SERCH ted E55 ses (Fosup oRgo it mast foere>' “Bs LheodDtoege ad. pe Hin oii sites rane upindgeved’ sxe ams only i ,@?ank owe. 2o hod ntknon fa tiwie Seteete | ered 2c adpamose ogy atest “eb tos Leoeaea eth Eh ae Benen, nox ti Boca shea teat _ we ( P y . ba an] . i ‘ ie f z i ’) “ 5 4 : 4 Je ‘ A _ > 7 ; r) c i : 7 ; / - > ar a 7 ny f ‘ bh eras cal i a: Z *5 . : a ey ua a ei ey 2 1 —_ - ie 109 Subfamily 4, MARSIPOMETRINAE subfam.nov. Scolex with two typical and fairly deep bothria and a terminal disc. External segmentation very distinct and regular. ‘Opening of cirrus and vagina marginal, irregularly alternating; “uterus-opening surficial, ventral, on the same level with the genital cloaca or very slightly behind it. Only one set of geni- a in each proglottis. Testes in medulla between the nerve strands. Muscular vesicula seminalis outside of the cirrus-sac absent. eeesteisalun seminis large, sharply separated from the Bpermiduct. Ovary not exactly in the median line but slightly “approzching the margin bearing the genital cloaca, ventral, as is | the shell-giand. Uterus in the form of a sac developed by the | enlargement inwardly of that portion of the duct passing thru the orti cal parenchyma. Eggs without opercula. Type genus : Marsipometra Cooper. The above characterization of the subfamily is the result | of a comparison of M. hastata with the existing subfamilies of the ‘Diphyllobothriidae in none of which it could be located. As re- egerds the general form of the scolex and the facts that the genital Bicaca is marginal and that a vesicula seminalis is absent, it comes closest to the Triaenophorinae; otherwise, however, it is related to other subfamilies. External segmentation is distinct and very ‘regular, @ neck being present as in Diphyllobothrium and Bothridium of the Diphyllobothriinae. The uterus-opening is on the same level with the genital cloaca, and not ahead of it as in the Triaeno- fon isn din ae wo Rt of A aatg ag, Sait ntnat re ore « Pehshs ' rE s 2 { 3 4, * s ve sheer od (pos Sen 47 Da - ie nt 5 : ‘ “+ WW : + Ja pi ¢ » eV Seog pesos: ba , mus mm & E a» t tha ; vn (ei: ¥eEcv bledines © nLish teev.e t atts ine Seating ede tyalea kL eb. dopobag sted iam ‘et iaaqomnxumbe st sgt: sent Ea dtadone f-%o- be edie POR bas fe) Ee ee anmmear we on oar se i) > RY aN tet “oe ¥ vite Verte. Dee par ent day wo fo ataemges Langa * tipelvaewel . = Roh oy antl oay. bas” plLbts rS¢ toro ag witegste Tie? reas) aah 4 fod ‘Tollc i v "a » de Mase P 7 Se 16 £66" + sae Mit aman: I 5a ; Tee OG a * i ) aalrwetl Prres By La nee sa 1G OE _s to bien of sabia a eur a sidaonsa tos nue hs ret co a. “ns rL0 ‘phorinae. As in most of the subfamilies there is only one set of genitalia in each proglottis. The testes are situated in the medulla between the nerve strands as in the Haplobothriinae. Un- | like the structure in the Triaenophorinae, the receptaculum seminis Pais large and sharply separated from its continuation, the spermi- G@uct, which also obtains for the Ligulinae, Haplobothriinae, Diphyllobothriinae and Cyathtocephalus. The ovary is comparable E ito that of Triaenophorus, Anchistrocephalus and Anonchocephalus D(cf. tuehe, 19022 : 325) in that it is not exactly in the mediaa F tine but towards the margin bearing the genital cloaca. As in the | Triaenophorinae, however, the uterus "nie die sogenannte Rosetten- form bildend, vor seiner Miindung meist etwas erweitert, ohne dass indessen dicse Erweiterung verhaltnissmassig so betrachtlich ist, | Wie die sogenannte UterushShle der meisten Ptychobothriiden." This B iatter difference is further emphasized by the fact that at no ) Stage in its development is the beginning of the uterus, which ’ Might be considered at first sight to be a true uterine duct, sharply separated from the enlarged portion as in the Ptychobothri- Ras. which has been discussed above. The outstanding feature that | the eggs are nonoperculate has been noted under the remarks on the | family. Genus Marsipometra gen. nov. Generic diagnosis: Scolex unarmed, sagittate. Neck pre- gent, strobila flat, ribbon-shaped; proglottides almost rectangular, posterior borders only slightly projecting. Nerve strands far } towards the margins, dorsal to the cirrus-sac and vagina. Testes gaat oet deomts ‘s soba a aaa ye Ae , =. F ‘ce oto Vigo Saeeeene ect tnatepe wiitako vom ‘ sit ni Dbetmag@ae e5n eecqed eae (aatitelsorg a ; eee eer et eee a ee oer eit at & tm tists kyGarests a6 hetesaqee. G al itt ode eg = eee edd ‘eet earatdo™ sulatycraisnons kas Eee ogaerie iiiak eine aa ‘fours 20m O82 Fr madd wt <4 i } te AF J MrlTs i MIS ae A 67 TS ty ein” ep ay «te mio ,ts2Tenta goers led pack sealed i reo Us s leeds ai ° lien ov" ar rts & ag te Tr odotoyls netelem teh efdétenrett evar ' fond Spel quad qo betioadque aadirad af 65 ¢ SESS ug? Ye Bisitn fyee ft ef tnoegotevell tM. Shee eee 2 od of tty ts foul? ta bored it of eS aottiog hedralhe aah moat. Bed Apt weaye at? evoda bg ste lh teed a2 jiemoe a@? webet Gatos i ax dc cestustvgonelit wet A” solids nek 2q Jo00 abadhigas Aedfiacy. aakeee eee ay: isl abastte eviell -pattgubetr yitdgite | obrod.% iy “i RSs nS ae ip eT > &Q laev “ae oes ~aurante bad ot tases io ade rs ; pas Par i Am two lateral fields united ahead of and behind the uterus-sac @ndad central genital ducts. Vas deferens much coiled proximally, only weakly so close to the cirrus-sac. Receptaculum seminis very long. Ovary reniform, wings tubulolobular, isthmus thick. Shell Biiand not in the middle of the genital complex but towards the @loaca, ahead of the ovary. Vitelline follicles numerous not in _ two dateral ficlds but continuous from side to side in the anterior and posterior regions of the proglottis, situated among the body Muscles. Uterus-sac pouched, accupying the whole of the medulla Sdorsoventrally but not transversely. Uterus opening towards the margin bearing the genital cloaca. -- APT EIT ov , a little "pouch; pyc pr » the uterus. Type species : Marsipometra hastata (Linton). On account of the fact that there is only one species known, the above generic characters have been arrived at by the | writer much as in thelcase of Haplobothrium, with, of course, shict attention insa comparative way to those of the genera of the Tri- Mtovhorinac. The writer would like to call attention at this Ppoint to the great similarity between Marsipometra and Haplobo- -thrium in that each is found in an isolated genus of fishes, re- spectively Polyodon and Amia which in turn are relegatel to iso- dated families and orders. As suggested previously by the writer (1914a : 4) in dealing with Haplobothrium, the unique and general- ized nature of these two genera is doubtless due to the great age of their respective hosts. On account of the fact that it has a ‘typical bothriocephalid scolex Marsipometra would seem to be the ae ity Qt iebded Pas TAs ideale : ory SeEeMe Hour ecoee ted eat pea at wrigeereErngt .cat -surate edt ath . she cummitel , True oloteded ayo r .:avod feed we lasog Lad ines dey Ba Loh Ee el F comet #8 fed Gat elt tals ty Vike aif? 4 cl sbhte oD ete a6@® e280 fini Pod Ge ai ie ™ a yon Lotevé ie pei toe: ed? To eco hye : L hal : Sater ,cedazc o> bh 7 ‘p i ool, 4 i) sue [ TT.2°R UR y 1, ae A iter), 4ay Ooi) stern ey seaes Pasay *: 5 go ylas' etfs SS ?a82. ?ose2Y eds to Jove . hevitrs ceed evar grade #renio oftoenes -¢ %O ddan ated ocodgnl 2a i ed ai Svaney) ahd Wo veods OP (ew ew lsu sgson om es 85: ) Je oc tagetes Diese we TS: biwine tod Lew ea? « (joe lt 2. e seed averted ie tap ttate tong’ .solell te ¢iiae Be paces, sis mt Senie?, a! doxe’ ‘ oRelen ate bene oh pie eink baw adits Les | ‘iW sé? yo Siae oly stg bed vowsin wa rece bse gl cs : he euptna ed? aia oa die at and Ba = ott -off Aud onaitdyed, # acing. ont pe: aes “61 teat tonh de Ye Phaneooe ae “aac sapeqne ot at Of mage Bivem ed smog test xelpce, Bin ‘gael a ae Beate cya ”* 7 a am ¢ > ry : ae. ye? in?) oe ba A : elas aid ise A . ae ro So ea rato eta a 3 - a ah RES ve { younger of the two, for evidently a longer period of time must have been required for the development of the peculiar trypanorhynchous scolex and method of segmentation of Haplobothrium, if, indeed, ) both are not due to extreme degeneration, comparatively speaking. Marsipometra hastata (Linton dec: 223 = 30.) 1897 Dikothrium hastatum Linton 1897 : 431-33. 1900 Bothriotaenia hastata Ariola 1900 : 440. Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. | Medium sized cestodes up to a length of i110mm.with a maximum | breadth of 3mm. at the middle. Scolex with terminal disc, deep bofhria and prominent posterior borders, 1.5-2.8mm. in length, | 0.5-1.8mm. in width anteriorly and 1.3-2.0 posteriorly. Subdcyl- indrical neck, 0.8-1.5mm. wide. First segments very short and wide, middle much broader than long and rectangular in outline, posterior ones quadrate to slightly larger than broad. Whole strobila much depressed. } Cuticula Spin thickness, sudcuticula 40-50. Calcareous bodies 18 x 13. Longitudinal musculature weakly developed, | that of scolex strong. Nerve strands 15 to 254 in diameter. Four | Main excretory vessels in the sttobila. Genital cloaca 40-GOp in depth, at the middle of the Margin of the proglttis; irregularly alternating; hermaphroditic duct present, also sphincter cloacae. Vagina opens immediately 1 ahead of the cirrus. Testes ellipsoidal, 60-90, in diameter, 80 to 120 in ~ 8% Ye Seteg-cegrel 6 iRaRRere Oke YA: f i. Tz Dieteehiel cz? a ‘remgolevet edd scsi. th ye vosetgal) te nohtetnemper ‘ tied labses . ec syat emettany : 4, ; i ' ATG) gedeal 21+ smog tena leg oo fe th eget) 2 =fep > ORY aeeeiens me stene ORGS. . pg site arecemiih lt beiw ongell os ret £ i ai entotesgilm aviv *2ipo2 esbate Gil Bd oh AI siatieg aia OTe tos. Le listaes thee biode ey hetang 0.80.22 fee ylipiretae ACRE a 2 Jiede yxew efeeanée Par et> | ebiw met. Oa oT uo Wh .éfegasteet. hrs sist: wad? roieord dou | y «epi get? tegtalv eltind fc of esexbacp % . - hese ytqged: ole .OD=08 whe sends opoaste tas obiag af bom ob Vlsiaun 0 = ent BL shoe site Centhet tnd af ath he uyes oF $2 eimeie iol! Pguorte’ teal a rer at #Leqeby i? Yo qihtin ort de. ieee ‘at 4 2b-09 ae ides eat anor heey ciSedarger eet i, c(letetbomml egege nin ssaoeots sutontdas « nt CSL oF 68 aeiebeie Fakto 2: ‘ number, arranged in a single layer in the medulla and interrupted | only centrally. Vas deferens a circular mass of coils, 0.25 to ©0.30mm. in diameter dorsal to the uterus-sac, or to one side of it. | Seminal vesicle within the cirrus-sac, 50 to SO in diameter; Cirrus proper slender, 0.20mm. in length, 8-15¢ in diameter. | Cirrus-sac elongate, flask-shaped, 0.35mm. in length, 110y in maximum diameter. | Vagina 15 to 20 in diameter, passes to median line ven- trally then dorsal to the uterus. Receptaculum seminis median, 90 in diameter. Ovary reniform tubulolobular, 0.45um. wide and 0.18 long; isthmus thick, ventral. Oocapt 40» long and 18 in || diameter. Two ventral vitelline ducts; common vitelline duct 20 in diameter. Vitelline follicles irregular in shape and size, } among the transverse and longitudinal muscles, forming a continuous | layer around the progittis excepting for median circular areas dorsally and ventrally. Shell-gland small, compact, ventral, 115 x (S5p. Uterine duct with only a few dorsoventral coils near the | meaaem line. Uterus-sac circular in outline, 1.0mm. in diameter, } divided by deep incisions into 5 to 8 pouches, filling up the whole | medulla dorsoventrally but not laterlally; openings opposite the | genital cloaca or slightly behind its level, in young segments to- Wards the margin bearing the genital cloaca, in granmid ones almost il | in the median line. Fegs, 45 x 36 pp » non-operculate. Habitat: Intestine of host. xia! Sap etelee Sci. a2 srt hints ea ..¢ ,offot FG, €eea tofseris #adenohed ie ans 200 02 20 yekeonuist a Oe of Leezob. mr ar shee gets or G8 1 Sho tho musts wih af @0l<-6 Mook n2 VOR, VS ar ened ey eee 72 hooedeea lt sh mc ., 6 te Ludet ardent’ wee 9 a2 eye) Tsai = ; é 7 ai bes moot: 4) 08. 7a! dae eew 6ed). aunt 1 4 Loe iY AGmgOD, iste aah oleg ty daeieev ae | a sitnlogets. Bosesilo? entiiarets — uae E cea & _ eitwact ¢, #eibeint £24 liPlntoly Ane. SeTee 12 talugrlo aelbem 16t gobicdecxe cititgurg, aida tondmon 4 Llane hasty eines etic: ison @liow EBeatnevessat out & Yiow dt in-goub: oclh of .mpOsE ,settdwe ne $4 lop t$o oaa-aarcee D> | au. sabrig® dee a! oe)e otek emote tone ¥ ah ot inaqgo eartased amet’ teetes dn tad lio ge r namees aamee aes vt yves ott beatin Cltdghsa xo onc bimesh a2 .a6eo080 tapes ea satan Host Locality Collector Authority hee sohgeen spathula Ohio R., Washing- £&. Linton Linton 1897 : 431. “(type host) ton, Pa. | ih .. T1l1.R., Beards- H.J. Van- Cooper (the pre- y town, Ill. cleave sent eager) ie ks Ms L. des Allemands, H. B. Ward x | Georgia : Miss. R., Keokuk, Iowa Miss. R., Fairport, Iowa Type specimen : No. 4724, U.S.N.M. Coll. Type locality : Ohio River, Washington, Pennsylvania. This species was originally described by Linton but with 30 little attention to the internal anatomy that up to the present Pat has remained pretty much a species inquirenda et incerta sedis, Has pointed out by Luehe (1899c : 40; 1900a : 106); altho Ariola - (1900 : 440-441) placed it in the now obsokte genus Bothriotaenia | Railliet. | bianton described the color of the living Worms as " ... | at first lemon-yellow; after lying inwater for a few minutes the | bodies become colorless or faintly bluish translucent, while the M@isds. remained yellowish." Regarding their method of attachment he said: "Two pits were found excavated in the mucous and sub- | mucous layers of the pylorus near the spinal valve, in which the , 4 | heads of a number of Dikothria were inserted." The length of the | worm was recorded by the same writer as from 25 to 78mm. while the |} Maximum breadth was 3.7mm. As shown in the table below the largest Lt olladw . mut oo Om ames 03, xattem pe “st we 77 > 1° See | a. i Set . + ow dcrds atincec ¥ a re ow wee . =! ’ ¥ in a q ~~ a ma bd ¢ ; if : } ie A . wy Ts. ity yt isoddon soF oe ( tod | WES aotmhe motehl ar” eldo rae ee -s bane aT Fé - - ¢ . * if avanlo ever bie? .f ht - ,ebasael ta éab ose we igtosa) ‘en F r * edgteet ..2 aolt = : ano] iw " le oe = ey ‘i : 6; ; re = aw & £ C ‘ : ae Ve ~ 7 Ose : viv aatoaltzos? . teu8 a0: tt ee tis i F oo ie , * - 7 q St? wee ‘ e ha . i. Pam . itty tod sotaid. Yo, Secrtsees YiLenipiqc, sae) Ge koeae " . on of + ( , on A a =~ Cod * a - “ a -<% WG ihe . aaa ao nts Lan Leg ras and Ov softs - \ elolza ottttin (COOL 7 sQ0@l gk? GReBr) stem ve » ~ ; ‘ 5) ap ky. tod aghey etoedo woav-sadt at 12 beoata (8 me | rr | cas -.. 1 of enrol gIdWES et Jo: toLae Mae. bed froewh a a: sofuate web oOE eadennt ‘gece “uA het iwot Leu te n , *obos ean’ le farco’ hain xo usolrgieo ot Dae at te Yo beditem cbedy prvtatongal a rwol tens “ore ie euok ot ot: bes eveenb “bawpt vr om ots 0 rnre % — " oltw’ at veka ‘Lad tots ‘pits san nina : pee ci = afi ere dtedel att , nedageme ovtw egg) ov tC ‘ h iat odt woled| oleae age ua note eh i el ety oe _— é "examined by the writer was one 110mm. in length with a maximum ) breadth of Smm., which, however, showed the characteristic opaque white uterus-sac filled with eggs in only the last eight proglot- tides. The scolex (Figs. 23, 24, 29 and 30) and strobila are, as @eéscribed by Linton, " ... sagittate (when at rest and contracted), ) terminated anteriorly with a button shaped tip (the terminal disc] which is bluntly rounded in front and marked off from the remainder » Or the head by a slight constriction, in life angled posteriorly; Spits (bothria) variable in life but usually elliptical, often with anterior margin acuminate and sometimes with posterior margin in- distinct. The head is angled posteriorly both laterally (sur- | ficially] and marginally, presenting a quite characteristic appear- } ance in the living worm. Neck subcylindrical, narrower than the head. The segments begin some distance (6 or 8mm.) back of the head, as faint transverse lines. The first distinct segments are closely crowded much broader than long, median segments squarish {but still much broader than long), posterior segments usually a mdittle longer than broad, rectangular, apparently separating | rather easily. --- Posterior angles of the- segments slightly | projecting. --.- Ontline of most of the strobilas nearly linear ' and about the same breadth as the head. All the segments were re- mMarkably regular in outline, no irregularities being observed. ‘While this regularity in the form of the proglottides and in their | gradual increase in size anteriorly and change of shape posteriorly is especially noteworthy in this species, the writer met with a few Gases of intercalated triangular and aberrantly subdivided segments in the material studied. It should be emphasized, too, that the ey mae Sn, BaF soo baw 9 Terwanme a? Sevode caerdnod we law) ay: ie Bead ess Vigo tex! oka: tte Seils a iveaoe Dns. (6B ane €h~, 55-8 + 9Be8). 3 ya Oak oe cea stutd tps 38 Aoi = | LS Degeee Saree athe erie, = gi a ‘ %- ie itn 7 + 4A 4 me Met TA Li fe. oka *?eaco. tdotise 2 j , dette I ay EP wi i a? TiHS= ‘ , ‘ Iga Gf i > ei fen rewo: tac fac isbkulierdse teok. .orpew privils . tee to 8) var a ROe' LAGS6 ay 1082 ied ® ‘ f A ‘ ‘me i - POhLIOIh daa sl Og)... Sbalt se .evecete eae “ - 5 wer , Tit ‘ re oe z at , ’ o cuthen ,iacok ted? t{eheodd coum Be Pe » + a i ~ = ” Castnd ned? tohedte desea Mids +4 Lay Saa3s oF at 2® 1 8 ‘ =~ = ms Cf ‘ ce ‘) gd. * * * f ad 4 a ~ c*~ re = ? Ht asd ols ¥0 8,0 faiwe ts ted Am: ye a cal owt to. etd lnaes qitansdezig, at Py vel ste viie Lete sola owe fe rpligeont TIVO Ma nod tom. ,teqn stan final” yeronlg yom ot Sto) ot! fo net?rog Troms ote echt Bo btw adowd ad, fo Suede Yhto. pak haat hess aoa | as thick on the outside of the scolex.and still thinner on the in- side of the bothria, it was not found to be modified into minute Spanes on the edges of the terminal dise nor hinder end of the | scolex where they might be expected. Their absence also on the : posterior borders of the proglottides (cf. Haplobothrium globuli- | forne) igs not surprising since these protrude only very slightly. The subcuticula varies from 40 to 50p in thickness and is made up | Of narrow elongated cylindrical cells with small nuclei, the outer @nds of which are dendritic and quite separate from each other as are the bodies themselves. The meshes of the parenchyma are very loose and open, the spaces being large and the strands of the | Cytaplasmic framework considerably narower than the small nuclei j Which are located as usual at the intersections but surrounded by » Only & limited amount of protoplasm. Linton stated that, "The | segments contain numerous calcareous bodies, which exhibit a con- | eentric structure." In the sections made thdwriter found them fairly plentiful in all parts of the medulla and cortex and even | among the subcuticular cells, elliptical or oval in outline, the | largest having dimensions of 18 x 13». The musculature of this species, excepting for that of the - gcolex Which is well developed, is comparatively weak, no one series | not even the longitudinal, being especially strong, altho all . groups are prominent in that they consist of more or less isolated | fibres quite diagrammatically arranged. Their conspicuousness is, | in fact, amplified by the fine texture of the parenchyma. The } frontal or transverse series do not form a compact layer closely |) applied to the inside of the longitudinal muscles but, as shown in a. coepil Biive tea ne lope Wei eb Sat Sgbbhbéw ae or saved ee poe Cd ake co low sede coghoied Comberreil aie aie -c eis Goneede They .letoage od itdgter Luegateal Wi) ealersonyeny ang ‘40% ) ccav ¥feo sieges aascs conte ghia tty al bas eedenfesa? o2 yOT OF Oh wort eobrav .fcicvg i4eme afin Giles lao inbatiyo bee » . , . a at * _ Es . Ps Fie B iay = 9 * bys sD, Sts s “5 ange Ly wetaen ait sevissnent = i hax ie £tin Spe. Btisd gseoage sail ae i r u be 7 n B 4 , > = . > i OUR ALG Ch eis Tergsen vldazred leaned Z a : tive (wd eagoffeestefal eff je Lever “aa Reta T% tei? betes natail .seelaototy Yé-tavams al eet 76 age BS sadencs ‘inde, aiid xt snsctmony tictvss doidw ,€sibed avoezeaolas evoteiin milage ' i 9 a. re fd nl, « Pa * i mm“ , I | v 4 LITO 7 Peet fy mpi, Si Bs) BAC I a € ens $i . ot . Ae. bag silyfem sAt) to atieq fle al fu, : Ries + ox Lit Lou TOO line at dave to: feetigtifve etten na tuo? wed re BL to encoldgemsth ae gaoin algae apite bt ouch aL vogue: ,idew YLov sp apeqmag: e2 cDegelevol flow FT tla ,oiteite eiieies (eB ated Leathet HOE Tevous Lgewes s lon? ‘beanie ethac 19 tS 7 °. vdeanetag eld be auermed Sart ect. ye by cols toyal tosgmes a mrat/ ted Sit yssese “uae awa 6s ,.¢yt- eee conte Rett oft to. 4, ‘ = vi os “a i a J é / i ee 7 i - Ve Oe ee aie = Me fe —— aa ee ee | ES Et =) 253 > i a 5 i ‘ Bs \ Gg » \ " Y q ’ Pig. 25, a stratum of varying thickness; owing to the degree of separation of the fibres, especially laterally. The myoblastic mucléi of many of them can be easily seen. The sagittal series are, however, quite prominent, equally distributed from border to border @f the strobila and show their myoblastic nuclew and surrounding Gytoplasm very clearly, reminding one of the dorsoventral muscles Or Abothrium rugosum (vide infra). While the fibres of both these series are only slightly more numerous opposite the posterior bor- @ers of the proglottides, where they form more or less distinct Septa, they are very well developed in the neck and anterior seg- Ments. The longitudinal muscles form only a single layer of loosely @rranged fascicles of irregular size in the middle and posterior | sepments, but in the neck they form a much thicker stratum, showing le | no distinct bundles and occupying the whole of the space between { q the transverse muscles and the subcuticular nuclei. Altho, as above | mentioned, the posterior borders of the proglottides are not very f 5 prominent, there is a representative series of outer longitudinal Muscles, best seen in the middle segments where they are situated elose to the longitudinal cuticular fibres with which they are Casily confused. Concerning the latter all that need be said is that they are well developed and consist of isolated fibres which q 7 » ie 5 render the two layers all the more visible. The musculature of the scolex is, as might be judged from its size and its shape, very powerful. While the longitudinal muscles of the neck merely enter the base of the scolex, the trans- verse and sagittal fibres are directly continuous with the circular | and radial fibres, respectively, of the latter. Here, however, the | q i uy ar ,Tevewesd , Ste “iL fetta Mrs 3 lo terest edt) eae ccocte tie gabean 36) ge GOym ge wlievetel tifsteeneniatad Lad? Loam yt eae totes 23 nite o of Tebvom ont Sekabingc 26 Vi leapt, fo Syn dykes etteaidewp Lradte wos (2o anvee@ ee) Gh Be a48 Bertie ime? setnleg <0 eset sah Eee aster obey) eee teoq ed? athens Stemuewion virdahigs 6a5. 30 S20@ WIG?) fed? -Biadce sebltto --i 9734 aOS 28 Of) of, Geooeisesd fie Knee (2. G@igice & ono suo07 aeinepe lanth ft.060g She @ihhie afd ne sale cedansesd O ; . + ae Leis Setatds hou 2 aro? yey dese eddie ae i* = qe ec? 7o sledw ed SAL YIWODO hae oo fbeaa » 4 ,CO°CA _Lefowr tktdiithodin Auit boa esing sat 1 9% esbiivolsoeryg ade dfexabesd 27 lt steow er) Peers teloo t¢ asfteu 6 bfuiinse once @ sf st ds ‘to ot todd evedw Gtanwgsttetihhie exit. mt PCr) eta vod¢. donee eongt? natee tebe teutttu? tgaoe ike 3d See Guage Lhe ersat sah peteetpo too «29 LY Sutaloat To teteaye asl Merge tay ob Ls ‘eld Selby yon nite fis ese yait ve czbu, of Nipta es) .en do Looe aa fed ie Ls thot inags qt, ofa pisiteowor ote 4 oc? zealous efec%e mind: odd webae yLox eet: as a tin sd? deie aout ttor vetoenly exe) radial fibres are quite separate from the dorsoventral fibres "with which they sare considered to be homologous, especially ‘laterally where they pass from the cuticula lining the bothria to ' the sides of the scolex as in other bothriocephalids with prominent bothrial walls. Farther forward the sagittal muscles proper j Passing between the bothria are scarce, their function being taken | Over by the very mumerous and closely arranged radial fibres which Bere quite as plentiful in the median line as laterally. In the termina disc both transverse and dorsoventral fibres are again prominent, while the radial ones are absent. Posteriorly the latter "pass down along the sharp edges of the beginning of the neck. | Frontal sections demonstrate the presence in theledge of the terminal dise as well as in the posterior borders of the scolex of two series of longitudinal arewate or radial fibres arranged for the control of these prominent ridges. These are perhaps modified | portions of the outer longitudinal muscles which are very mumerous in the scolex and converge in the anterior portions of the edges | of the walls of the bothria to become attached to the edge of the terminal disc at the four respective points. The chief nerve strands, from 15 to aoe in dorsoventral diameter and from 15 to eOp in lateral diameter, are situated far towards the edges of the medulla and in the median frontal plane or somewhat dorsally (Fig. 25). They pass dorsal to the junction be- ' tween the lateral and middle thirds of the cirrus-sac and conse- quently dorsal to the vagina. In the neck they are located in the very borders of the medullary parenchyma, but as they pass into the base of the scolex they approach the median line somewhat. As Bs ofnt esag ved? se soo fy lioliaieed |. Yeecdé ete waco. Sather ott 2:00 087 Jorgatieige? ogt.to-conie: rede. aA? o* off 2) cpeees wt sopenate cd? otert eedmeh slg “~t 10 Belepe edd 26, atedtod to lesece ante ohhed Gt Hogdesis. 6srdz) LebSex 10. ehagere Lextbog : Sock. acesyed ites 90.247. -eepbes tredilnotg onom “min (I0¥ Ofe do jt ee Loge Tanta tonot tore 2 32 af? to eHobtzep tefietus pat ak egrevace bea) ic aybs: edtney) Reda? ba aod o? aiiusod att 209. .etatoe evitosasit tao! edt far is 1 ‘TOD af spee of OL ord ohabate cries ‘ecto. tle ola «tefemel5 ighotes ak 508 or al “) 22008) gh Bhem abe at) $ox ws Laren edt. Xe-% colton, edt oe Eaemobe mala vou: ne. gator <0 haw oie emt sit Bey wBactiy efhbin baw J Le tL Letacol ora gene 40ga, BaP at - otgee fit i ict = @ ea . tedwosos, oats AA PORare porsche 120 they pass on with a varying diameter towards the tip of the scolex, they givenoff a number of branches to the walls of the bothria and "finally enlarge in the terminal disc to two ganglia, each with a diameter of about 50%, which giveoff in turn numerous large [branches to the immediate neighborhood. Fach of these ganglia is PGivided into two large trunks which, however, continue only a very short distance farther forward before they are joined by two com- ) @issures.to their fellows of the opposite side of the scolex in such Sa way that the two branches of the ganglia on each surface of the » sxolex are connected. In frontal sections each of these commissures is seen to be bowed slightly forward into the tip of the terminal } dise and to give off further forward on each side a large branch | which passes farther into the latter. The exeretory system consists of a varying number of » vessels of which four pursue a more or less constant course thruout the medulla of the strobila. These are found at all levels in transections and are separated from each other in the transverse @irection by different distances. The outermost two, however, are 'slightly larger and have thinner walls than the innermost pair. They give off numerous large branches and are connected by various anastomoses with each other and the more peripheral vessels. In _the neck they cannot be followed as well, while close to thescolex ) they lose their identity and break up into a plexus of very small ) vessles which ramifies forward thruout the latter. In the posterior _ border of the scolex, however, a small branch on each side takes a | ‘ ; cy. ) ) i straight course just within the nerve strand for a short distance. Flame-cells are quite numerous and readily discernible especially ~~ - » =e m5, an _ 7 7 | loos ode io qa Mi Riteret S5rgme ited op Tei add of ‘elgttia 4 co age jog of seh fartorad edt d Ven gig ai tone thy debte “998 eo cay emia Sie teal Sontsedtaten aaaiaaal am sh 47 GOO , TENE deine eumeny | isgtal.¢ Wis ¢ btale, ere ged? sacted arate cathe 7 val -Oon 287 Io siie GRR aa Do owobiene > soeltiae dose 20 eigen ade 36. galbperd owty eaea2 550 ot ee eieoew z Snare’ ‘1. ~bezon a. " , . v a 2 2 oA 4 i: 7h; wnik Dees aU 4a bale 2c6 bawods ) S272. 4.610 BOSS cio fee ies mitt i tin se sSertei wile atm sok S tedaian paiviayve Ss te eve Lanou Ml aye . (eos ae » > ¢addedse seel. 2p > xm & @uesys set : os £LLA @a Eavod eae se ost Pi2teste oft / vecwt? edb mh auite dows moc betereqey ota 4 Vowod owt Peguitetus oat daanandedh fomxnet LOb tn omrtenst ea genie bilan senckett ovad han 31a (ft Sotgenneo eta Mes sedosad, eprat oo ete vv Jatedipited eto sb bos: ‘eautite do as OF SeyIelne ereTOTER Sey sayy ~ {10 ests wOS of) OF gost %o 1etson ib 2 tie’ el 32 do ldw aoe? TOR edz foledt ba itp antonaig Ti ode tele. sed wete! ae 88 elt}: Belo nb ek meet Bese bogies edit ssl 200 APyaelt Abs etl ete qakoade atl ts phat atotevy ° lamtaorg stl al Siete ‘hte Luecten bk teat vO ,otedvor ,dignel are ba toad. Ot di 00M ote~ertto edt sonst ihe plevre Julyan & Stlw esptoewrese Deadte | a to gael @ hae Oke an 4a 124 0.35mm. The neck of the organ usually shows a couple of dorso- | ventral curves, while about cOp of its distal end protrudes into the hermaphroditic duct. Its walls are comparatively thin and ) composed of an inner layer of circular muscles and an outer weaker and much less compact layer of longitudinal fibres. Apart from the seminal vesicle which occupies almost the whole of the proximal = - enlarged portion and the narrow cirrus the contents consist of only a limited amount of parenchymatous tissue and a very few feeble retractor muscles. The whole structure of the cirrus-sac is in fact such as to suggest that the function is that of an organ for the expulsion of spermatozoa rather than for the emission of a ‘capulatory orgen; altho a few muscles passing from the body wall i eround the cloaca to the anterior part of the neck of the sac |) (Figs. 27, 28) would seem to indicate that a small portion at least of the cirrus is protruded, perhaps during self-—fertilization. Altho the vagina opens into the hermaphroditic duct directly ahead of the cirrus, it almost immediately curves around the distal portion of the cirrus-sac to the anteroventral side of the latter which it follows closely towards the median line. Close to the wall of the inner end of the cirrus-sac, however, it crosses the } Gistal coils of the ves deferens towards the dorsal surface and skirts the uterus-sac. When it reaches the median line above the sack it turns sharply downward and backward. The vagina has a diameter of from 15 to 20p~ opposite the middle of the cirrus-sac and is lined with only a comparatively thin layer of cuticula. It | very gradually expands after crossing the inner end of the cirrus- sac to form a much elongated and very spacious receptaculum seminis Ty SS a —— Se ee era i. inoe mulupadqeted isto eer bege ot nm HOO & Bete Yi foe "peered to Ba ee fepath svt To. 4Om sygde otic i 6teqme: 1:2 oifem efi-' idoud obhes ¥ bis ef loeom. ralvoz to) 2 gamed rotated / wee ee Wahi £ dal btw & ay a tsyel 7osqMo . ’ =2/e Gt FOOLS: i s Peyen 50 delde ee 1 i] . 3 if eptite worsen eff Bas meee ' . ; 1 ’ LY. erod amy “4 ‘ rh, a ° 2 ~ ' ioe! * e - shy wii. Tac : ‘ . 7 ~ J = + ‘ — - . aie ot g -~ a oe ‘ } * : ive 2 1 ite is “4 ' ~~ ort A 6 £ Jets efeoilbiz of » ‘ > i ; * f } & & a | fa Ae ytd ~Plbe 3) 4 ee ee LOLs eovine yLotabbomsz TE oul tt aurrctes af 2u Sile Levzaevoist nated? che a“ wT to Fada fe ae) ‘ one .wnll nelibem Sith eb: awet (Leeds awoid st: o Ff ,tevowed, jhe = eit 49, wt 6 bas ecthd tut Leevot ac3 ef sainof enoreteb easy ett $0. oF wil ga thee, . of enti te aiate ose Wsrewth ri is aijev, aif beawiiead. fia nies “oe “s 110 9d¢ to eLbb hn) eadipetedgge af OS ac hdl a (as, we ifuo. to sevedt mty bac hirineene oh ere a Witte. edt. ore: memes “eat ai wt acer - ad 7 f a ‘Z an hed 4 ’ , : co i . a AA a ee ee o the diameter of which close to its inner end may be as much as 90h. This is usually filled in sections with spermatozoa, a stream of _ which canbften be seen passing on into the spermiduct. The ; beginning of the duct is surrounded by a poorly developed layer of ) Circular muscles which are almost absent from the inner expanded portion. The receptaculum is sharply separated from the spermi- duet which has a diameter of only 15 to cOy» and a length of 0.18 | mam. The latter is an almost straight tube passing in the median dine from the more dorsally situated receptaculum to its point of | Union with the oviduct close to the ventral wall of the medulla (Fig. 25). It shows best in transections where its walls are seen tO be composed of an epithelium of cubical cells lying on a dis- ' tinct basement membrane, and to be surrounded with a thick layer of nuclei and extremely few, if any, muscle fibres. The ovary (Figs. 25, 26) is a somewhat kidney shaped tubulolobular organ Situated in the posterior half of the proglottis behind the devel- | oping uterus-sac with its concavity directed forward and not ex- | actly in the median line but slight approaching the cloaca. It | averages 0.45mm. in width by 0.18 in length. The isthmus,which is | almost as long and about one half as thick as the wings, is located | only slightly below the median frontal plane of the medulla. ave from the same have a diameter of from 320 to 25. In gramid pro- glottides where the uterus is filled with eggs only a small portion of the degenerating ovary remains and this is accommodated between j the two hindermost pouches of the uterus-sac. The oviduct com- mences in the median line anteroventral to the ovarian isthmus as | &@ somewhat cylindrical oocapt 40m in length by 18 in diameter and «60 Mailing. cag ae woke dnd r staateinten: itis cations ae ba ski toubsitionge vc? ol Oca aeee os jforeh Yligeat yi Mintee ak thet 14 a? met’ Fuucs. Pe0wee a fon | a : OL? Get epee eben: af withys teste to) dfaasl, 4S SER. CORE eine > od cen dblan ni . . soe. 3 ee Coed ‘ ee See at ; t Sei Muay lé Yicoago sit. d en Lee eas. at @asle-tarbied iy , of * ay ’ "7 , * al ty ) i = Wee Yay LO Gale te cog BF “j i has 3 fo = ‘ > 2 GOlNs aitao. Leotopreto: mtitoet lage na Toe ia + o ftw dbbavowi an, of to Bee - eeaca £70 2¢ seid? olteum .4an 12... 76% vinoon de ig bo Lethe Lacan vant Dx Ale nine: eel ¢ rae Hoel eitsolaoig ed? So Thad xotes feod a ra Be aetets bo9oee tb vt dveneas a?i dab ee 280 (BRIS OTL Dye eer tS) oa hl on thea em eS ae ph th Rb te we At bie mb ot al. ~ ety €y fe tas ii ties sie Toda tug iwios eff 3s @efade Leaeiet 3 os ba ant woking ¢ oli Of oe Sts wou}, pe pethpi ke a weed . om 2 UN eee soil Am pedis ad yitieter; off a gt is cobs OOO B.A a Cis wr; Wages ‘thaye ‘Bh f of: Soubivre lot Sneha anil to a naleitoy 8 2e suauite) nebiayo bed ody Hihrabitnesiie: ‘tumplh. of Bf ag ibe i it ASK tebe not sharply separated from the rest of the duct (Fig. 25). It “passes ventrally with a diameter of cOw for about 5SOp~ before | Déing joined by the spermiduct, and then for only a short distance farther anterolaterally along the ventral transverse musculature | before meeting the common vitelline duct. The latter is formed by » the union in the usual manner of two vitelline ducts coming from Seeme Lateral regions of the proglottis along the ventral wall of the | medulla. It is quite short, however, and contains in sections only | @ limited amount of yolk, its diameter being at the most only 20p. j The vitelline follicles (Fig. 25) are irregularly ellipsoidal in Baap, and situated either just within the transverse muscles, be- | tween them and the longitudinal muscles, among the latter or even Besuigotly outside of the longitudinal muscles. While they vary con- Biderably in size and, not being very numerous, are widely spaced, | their average maximum diameter is about 50m. They form a contin- | uous band completely surrounding the medulla, excepting for irre- gularly circular areas above and below the central ducts and organs, in the median line, but are not continuous from joint to joint. On the whole they remind one of the vitellariaof A. crassum. The ; union of their (efferent ductlets can be easily traced, especially er frontal sections of younger proglottides, since they are com- paratively large and hence quite distinct. In grawid proglottides | they have, like the ovary, all but disappeared, their function having been almost completely performed. The shell-gland is a | smal compact organ, about 115p in width by 55@ in length, sur- rounding the oviduct just beyond the entrance of the vitelline duct, | or to be more exact, just beyond the first turn taken by the latter cot AOS Pde eet wos Te soit b .7 stn ‘b+ @ oie “bao 20h ‘gg i fosters ecm lle teu OmEIVESETE Lease nev aus wots vit J % ted tal ae) ost oath Amey. og ‘ es pa » ‘ * ~ \ as ty ? mes £f ' f ‘ £07 § Ay hy 7 ee Shee bi; oy ia “ N . bn rsa" oY apdets & it'ts 20 ; ath £1 Pete hy J ms WAGAS he ay f L 2 » EAE . eran © ext ps r Fe ip ie fy Lael O72 Bag ah Lhe 8 Dan rile celia i EOD” We Qc. ey 0 f xt S37 age eh oun Ata Si fid-—apome. ,@ihber sat: Rit Ones. ti6 iat 5 Le siobh Lamiges ed). nhigd me avedal boetR ais), ams) O44 ET a POG POG Wie iN. 2 onté. A SO paged blot iv. ecit: Xe HG) Raking ws eee » LOOw SEY. Y hig as 06 (oaety a? iat PES se. a (Od), SEED oA ies ee Tier tt exp hap L | kre Oty ale eh ean ws gir ie al i) DAPOS. Ret lel ae Fidel 2 i 4 TTEVR, Beare okt . welp-L inde eet » bebeeh ams Abdi cahel, ty ee 2 om QR ech th a ane ier et sail iatiy, sop de etnenttin: At honed bil S ae v0) a $i ae é¢ vd ondet, acue toney he ated jana \ ‘s as } a 4 - . — i- it , - a“) : i i ; A” ‘ “4 al) eee rh 7 fost . ) oor nan var Paces % xiPetes ' F co NC ee ee a in its return to the median line after passing laterally, as above stated. It is thus situated ventrally and a short distance from the uterine duct which makes only a few dorsoventral coils nea the median line before emptying into the uterus-sac. The latter ) is formed in development by the gradual enlargement dorsally of | that portion of the duct which traverses the cortical parenchyma on the ventral surface of the proglottis. Just before eggs appear : an the sac this part of the tube can be seen in transections as a Spindle-shaped dilatation, whose nucleated epithelial wall is sur- | rounded by a thick layer of nuclei, the whole being, however, not ) distinctly separated from the proximal portion of the tube (the uterine duct of older stages) at a constriction just within the transverse musculature. In proglottides farther ahead this con- - gtriction is outside of the transversemuscles in the cortex, so | that we must look upon the uterus-sac, then, as being formed by a ' gradual enlargement of the distal end of the uterus as it becomes filled with eggs and not as a sack separated in the rudiments from the proximal uterine tract as in the Ptychohothriidae. In one Case where only 5 or 6 eggs appeared in the lumen the uterus-sac had a diameter in frontal sections of 80» ; in the next segment { following it was enlarged in all directions, somewhat elliptical | in outline, with a diameter of 240p 3 in the next still larger; and in the fourth somewhat pointed anteriorly. From then on it quickly enlarged until finally it is a capacious sac, as much as 1.0mm. in diameter occupying the whole of the dorsoventral diameter of the medulla and almost all of the longitudinal and transverse | * 7" | ay Sha i ee ' 7a a } \ . > 1 $liteb se 40th Sol amie Seren « Sau 45. lige SEE Ls betentte old Soper “ad Pach ery omg, bea oxo6s “a bog Sethe eeesknct aot « Vie evien ; . Cag ary an), 2 2 getergns erohe 9 Trhmepeniice Ls oe OTL? WE Susman $ ad wh BED Oe. BOE } = : [ \ ‘ rs ys » - j 7H 2. 28 Dee phay) Mayo. cue aes fale 30 < ita . P p ' , oy Sn aad me “Bey COS ORIP NS 4 5 (aegis ehie ee aS ita . ' ix Ve ay. i Fi a. aa La he Re 4 ; ‘ia i). ephopyaagiays > ee) -3¢6 shlistyvas EB le 23 Be , ot apart oe ed? cogy soakee - » Aira i | Lc suTetined Yo. bes tebede and 29 $e megs Gf ef. Matoteans cna 4: ¢h- fea" bas race oie STR eMOL eS) ach! : Ga Tomnt state a Qf aa. aft al ax dogipe wage * i¢9% 8 riots. @@2) gd : Oe 1a: pa Li pug ( Letaos > oid te LP MEOR” . gee bey { 2 v's pt Pe re Lte gang. oft Ab! i phe ay tne inet h & te. moe laa petaes padvonny $b cit eng tpaqee a ‘ak ft, Ah bases: sedge _ * (cnyoaved Ave oa) vei ay ‘diameters in gravid proglottides. While as seen in transverse “sections it is almost entire in outline, in frontal sections it is "a@ivided into from 5 to 8 large irregularly shaped lobes or diver- tioule, the hindermost two of which enclose the remainder of the ovary and the central connections of the reproductive ducts, as above mentioned. Ventrally the sack is funnel-shaped towards the gmal1 opening which only appears when the proglottis becomes quite gravid. Since the uterus-sacs, even the most gravid ones are not Situated exactly in the median line but towards the margins bearing i Bee genital cloacae, the openings form " ...a zig-zag line of Minute pores (which] traverses the median region of one of the | broad faces of the strobila, each pore being near the middle of its segment." Linton correctly considered them to be : @scape of the eggs. Anteriorly where the uterus-sacs do not yet contain €gegs these pores, -- in reality the ventral funnel-shaped portions of thesacs, -- are located about 0.18mm. on each side of the median line, but posteriorly they are relatively much closer together, infact almost exactly in the median line. Furthzemore, q they are directly opposite or slightly behind the level of the | genital cloaca. The opening is formed only when the proglottides | become quite gravid by the rupture of the body wall in a very j email and limited area, but not of a preformed membrane as in the : Ptychobothriinae. Concerning theeges Linton (p.433) said: "The ova are nearly spherical, with thin shells. They are about 0.04mm. in | the greatest diameter." Those from the material preserved in formalin were found by the writer to be sometimes spherical in - 4 ey Fr, oe My . ley ie 7 ‘ ; Ht . 4 ; , se ; _a we ir? roa | % ’ 7s a i -‘cok, Latged? af .eclhitaeeee wet Ane: oh Palais). Ofte fi, oe EE grok B otng KL SES Cit SGO, ean aD coe te ore te sy £toehsaner ai). te urea Heceeaoy! | ’ ) Ne eee 9 | o? Spyete «foetal 2 Game £47) ¥ reenees Od) 24 we tle BES veer OTP aes Lae ay BY BOP Vaneh-aurvotao wil 26 < £ | i yo «4 ve.~ § 4 £ Eg. Hd ¢ PEAT aw ~~ . “f ay? wy wet ttle & gonad i¢ 02 Johate tt A aor ae 83 ay 36 4% - oe pat tga had by : sit Bas : ‘ o> e508 x in bile cS om J | 2 4 ae ) = eed mee a rae Bia egkae Lah é vevads, wt 27 TGS Me. Tas 7 ISS OEE E See: MebOSes su eee oe be , Aditae? Bae ig: a1) bake mtnn 9 SYvah so #0 AST OE os | tee pte luognqe ay Ast foe eaten Wee vd eotwal bas beditapal ] ow Gal Ovyots tt aodicest aiid ‘S10Ts¢, ; €¢ leek ia? 26 y ipa taton tee ad? 6 hevemee aa arnoe oY 0 Bie Wy Oe, | gale Lewston ot tS 4 SOE PIO Lanew ‘ed may’ OE pene” ‘ea eae ; eon, i teeth Ge: edie vias Ru SAY oe ee tate ‘ern Llanrpg ad ‘ny 2 Foals aptly ye k Pr Of (€b24, 18) seats a? mont Tare _ ; smite <6 Syeg eat: a eon te Lots big at Li vise. ni ie totandg'adt ye Ciekr te ma rah! ‘Be Dus os NON etiaay E ere pes onto eins if eo ae eee - ras ifs Dats Se) ee Subfamily 5, TRIAENOPHORINAE Luehe, 1899. Scolex armed or unarmed, always with two typical and not hicy déep bothria, ahead of which the flattened terminsation of the | soolex projects more or less prominently in the form of a ring. “External segmentation present or absent, in the former case an / Bijcintea neck being absent. Opening of cirrus and vagina Bemerginal, irregularly alternating; uterus opening surficiah, ven- ira, ahead of the marginal genital aperture. Genital apparatus S@lways single in each proglottis. No muscular bulb (Eschricht's body) On the inner end of the cirrus-sac. Receptaculum seminis Comparatively small, not always sharply separated from the narrow q inner end of the vagina. Uterus a much coiled canal, which while | never forming a rosette is usually somewhat enlarged before its | opening. : Sexually mature in the intestines of fishes and marine j turtles; larval conditions mostly unknown. Typ@ genus: Triaenophorus Rudolphi, 1793. Genus 1 MTriaenophorus Rudolphi, 1793, | Vesicaria, Cysticercus et Auctorum. Taenia (omn.part.) Triaenophorus vel Tricuspidaria Rudolphi { Tricuspidaria Triaenophorus Rhytelminthue (part.) | 1800 | Rh tis (part.) 1803 : 291 a ae : . ; a us bap biggdl gia 4 te" ovale Suen ‘ CnLytob deste: ait ae ie em i o 9, S230 eS as #52 te ote. sdet ate ; - * " + ® Get et! st | [oe ue treet antigs ia se.4, *: SiO — ss atrpets: co, > é a ‘ a) t,t ' S ‘ bas re aia te ¢! = . ' ™ = Sa a as we S ‘ ye | Pe Lat oe eS & = iJ ic a x > it A. 4 = 3 Ge > ie et ae & eae i G - | 4 pEeraa & r pa aS ’ re toe 4 fon tele: 3 Ron Yi (ave ae) 6 fi ba ty Je een td oid St -aetd Ad exichan ‘i ‘ Tovar Bead BOM GEO cae ule. ef { 4 tial Per it ae ioe ls ad i - The iz LONE. MiG socen Sap iubehem ery ud < . g fd etet SIA se Sie ss ~ b; Pra. eh) ay = Fee a a ‘ ; < CONE rdqthpyee 7 Span bey , ra ? A bi j | | \ at The het oo t . it jt ra ; te os 2 y : wy 4 es ; i fs e 7’ mye) ae 4 WBS BORE, a @, pwAerns iy a! 4 "oe yf - 9 i & 131 ticuspidaria Rudolphi 1802 : 99-103 " " : 1809 : 7, 25-26 ijaenophorus : eel a aoe cuspidaria " 1810 : 32 ' Lamarck 1816 : 169 - nophorus Rudolphi | 1619 : 135, 467, | Creplin LBSe + et Dujardin 1845 : 625 Diesing 1850 : 504 Baird LESS): 9S Molin 1858 : 134 7 186le: 236 Diesing 1863 : 246 Olsson 1867 : 56 Loennberg 1889 : 41 Olsson 1893 : 20 Luehe 1899 : 37-38 " 1899a: 712 Braun 1900 : 1694 ora Luehe 19004: 98 Tricuspidaria Stiles and Hassell 1902 : 32-24 Triaenophorus ‘ Luehe EGLO: aS Generic diagnosis: Scolex armed with four three-pointed hooks, never replaced by a pseudoscolex. External segmentation upletely absent. Longitudinal nerves dorsal to the cirrus-sac /and vagina, close to the lateral borders. Testes bétween the oo a ae eee aS == s ; | | > oe > 2 tay (sveal ty hd ie signe, acre strands only, filling up the whole medullary parenchyma, so far as this is not occupied by other organs; a testis free middle field is quite as infrequently present aga pronounced dorsal layer of the testes. Coiling of the vas deferens in its proximal, almost "medially Sitcwated part, that portion passing distad to the cirrus- gac Wery slightly coiled. Vitelline follicles form a continuous Beatie between the subcuticula and the longitudinal musculature, S which is broken only at the places where the genital ducts open. “ovary, approaching the lateral border bearing the genital openings, | dies on the ventral transverse musculature, yet individual ovarian | tubules extend partly thruout the whole medulla. Shell-gland just Bes infrequently median as the ovary, lying behind it, also usually @pproaching the dorsal surface somewhat. First portion of the uter- Hus only a weakly coiled canal (uterine duct) which passes thru the | proglottis transversely and leads into a large single caity (uterus-sac) which lies not exceptionally ahead of, but yet partly Mear the ovary, and usually not median but away from the hargin Dearing the genital openings. The latter also applies naturally to the uterus-opening which breaks thru later. Eggs thick-shelled, | operculate. Type species: T. nodulosa (Pallas, 1781) Rud., 1793, Altho, as indicated in the above synonymy and as contended "by Stiles and Hassall (1902d : 23-24), Rudolphi should not have | changed the name of the genus in 1819 from Tricuspidaria to | | ‘Triaenophorus again, after having used it in connection with the | specific description in 1810, the change has become so firmly es- ay leis dace “fin Steivdiets + ate ud b& feguverd rh a b dacmadeeony ak wl Tp Qieibedater: be td , aft Ye ariel ‘oS goteman soldcer Wee ical fot aeiebivat agees ++ i9 ted ton Mah som Lei? liek SaioBae 264° Shcedeeeee i Y s-L peo € ‘ Sek : MH olhe Tas Ell ale z sal : ee. oy aS S440 f t LeTeL MAA ai i +2 4 bine Wagers, * wel e ad ‘hid Gl poitad: we dt “A. ie tngté SI eas bucE): Lt pweati “ Light caus t apes ‘pe ae ware bas te oo ki oeanen Aes bay. pecwea a0tte - fiw ts f ssoca Gan fail ite. aS ns Amite f +4 » : r - er, . HA ea a Well 4 ey! An ‘ane es we justi- known Triaenophorus sp.larv. (Figs. oe 37.) Since all of the material at hand was larval, not even the earliest traces of the reproductive rudiments showing in toto eSarations of the largest specimens, it was, of course, impossible | to determine the species with certainty. Two types of scolices were present, however, and these ‘ey i : f f é f agreed with the descriptions of the organ given byWarious authors for T. nodulosus (Pallas) and by Olsson (1893 : 20-21) and Fuhrmann m{1910 : 88-89) in particular, for T. robustus Olsson. It will be geen also in the table below that these two forms were found re- | spectively encysted in the liver, on the visceral organs or in the { Wall of the stomach, and free in-the intestine of the hosts, -- or so firmly attached to the wall as to be deeply imbedded, the q mucosa forming @ protruding collar around the worm, -- the only fF exception being those from the intestines of Esox masquinongy and | Stizostedion vitreum (vide infra). Olsson pointed out that these | two species can be readily differentiated from each other on account ) of the situations in which they undergo their development. Whereas the larvae of T. nodulosus asefound generally within cysts in the liver of the intermediate hosts, as recorded by a number of writers, those of qT. robustus are constantly encysted in large numbers in | the flesh, -- Olsson having found them in Coregonus albula and ¢. * 4 Ny @2tse orc. la? éobeieeee 0, 0 ghia eR | Teetyolupa YS (rote Chee, a ’ - ype 4 or -e J A Pi : ul , ~ J - ae NL Sh RP! Te ' a ,=- > a ,.% ° eS a ~~ Cte « nt) iy af 16.860 Le : et) Wiliams bo et 2% S ‘ my % cL ; >t 4 * : ‘ : ‘ ‘ . ERY . av Edi 22 ee ¢ f y I i Di 9g ‘ & 1s ‘ a i € He ws) mi J i a j one ad

+, - ion Ae ‘. man ' 4a spear neta aa Mevaretus, Luther (1909 : 58) in CG. albula, and Fuhrmann in the pracket" (? Esox lucius). The scolex of the robustus type, shown in Figs. 31 and 32 is, @e aemeori bed by Olsson, in the form of a truncated rectangular siderably constricted and more nearly ellipticel in transverse “section. As stated by Fuhrmann, "La limite posterieure du scolex de 7. robustus est nettement marquée et les deux bothrias, l'un dorsal l'autre neutral, son trés profonds ... " This delimita- tion of the scolex is emphasized by the fact that immediately be- _~+hind the posterior border of the bothria the dorsal and ventral gurfaces of the body of the larva are distinctly concave as are | @iso the lateral surfaces, quite diagrammatically,in fact,as shown Fin the figures. These concavities extend farther back for a few millimeters and then gradually flatten out and pass insensibly in- | to bike convexities which togdher form the elliptical outline of the cross-section of the middle of the larva. And the writer would | like to emphasize here that this was found to be a constant feature per &lil the material studied and not simply due to any possible local collapsing during dehydration. Altho, as shown in the table _ the measurements of the whole scolex are much smaller than those | given by Fuhrmann, as might be expected, it is chiefly the structure ) and size of the trident of hooks that led the writer to consider thie type of larva to belong to T. robustus. Fig. 33 of one of | these compares very favorably with those shown in Olsson's Figs. E51 and 32 and Fuhrmann's Fig. 3, while the measurements (see table) | quite agree with those given by the latter. The base of the trident ‘T ¢'nopad® ah aweg mae. Oo 2 x igroen? ba fy, nd ‘ 5 _ ; 3 : i. . Par eee AD Rone |. 8 Se a ae , - 7 <« FE, Pe (el ay 3 wh Hz tees gv ed : oe Pls Bi. ‘ a) ——= os? 22a eret ed at Om wLO “id Ap yh imiaes ‘tenia aad ne ‘Lio btgdi be vienas eoom Bae Begeee eel Se ornsciot Re bene j ? ‘ 5 ‘na 4 ~ eG : ad 7a@ 4 » ‘ ‘ ; sy afod 4 ns : oa = ar i os 4 ; " sah Gy yi vs J nS ( Te ¥i - ¢ a ay. ‘ 34! 1 Lie Beogi% iy be i ; ae 27 vary wera] — ‘ eA ce ft fi - ; Ya ubals as srr ‘ rai ec? m7 ‘esory toldwy eos :¥ Led aT a HY Gal Bs Ay z .' 40 G2: Sasol genie id? ade aed oy ted art. pul. witiwte Soy bla Pa those iatseouall oh OY ~ORPLA Ainge Sra Uy Ehitve am ' at ee Ba PaaS. MI EE tP.008 i htutet an? he sha me : aS iN -e lhe el ef . ae hee ol on te ar a» it a¥; a EF hrwiedd Del sage bag i tanbbre cai mh by " i ght “ai eos 2 ee ae (aaa? ia TORS Tie me ast? ete Sireet via iy $3 Wert oped-odt sgtsag, pal ansiy ig comparatively long or deep (in the sagittal direction), hence ) the specific name according to Olsson, while not only the full deneth of the larger hooks but also a good deal of the median ones project thru the cuticula as the functional tips; in Fig. 33 which ; is from an alcoholic specimen these are seen to be darker than the Paced piece. The following measurements are given for comparison With Fuhrmann's of adult specimens, which are placed alongside, the data in parentheses being of the opposite trident on the same sur- ' face of the scolex in question: After 163.1 163.2 15.47 360.1 Fuhrmann Length 147 .5mm. 133.O0mm. 95mm... 79mm. 310-370mm. | Breadth 1.07 Geta. Pea ae Length of scolex 0.98 0396 1.07, (O.288 | Breadth of term. disc. 0.77 0.83 0.68 0.74 Breadth scolex post- eriorly ks Q8 Or doll. Aa oad, Width trident Gwe (On50) 0:290(0+20) 0.26. .0.25 0.29-0.38 Length, mediad 0.25 (0.84)0.23(0.23) 0.22 0.23 0.24-0.28 foume exvernally ©. 16(0.18),,0.16(0«18) 0.18 .0.18,0.18-0.2 | Measured in O.W. O.W. Tote Alcohol | Olsson spoke of the larva of T. robustus being provided with a | narrower cylindrical "cauda" as in certain Tetrarhynchus larvae, and gave the length of one as 120mm., while the anterior portion was approximately 60mm. long. In only a few oe tne larger larvae at | hand were the remains of such a structure seen posteriorly, while in lot No.36 (vide infra) many pan appendages of varying lengths and degrees of distinction from the fore-body, a medium large one, [wee pis: "h , are ue @ St ‘ ta ae " itp «ese teee BAG. OT? sd fi gat te grok #6 ny . p AS ef- fom Olle 20 ahaa Batteooos ‘amen ro 8 ) NM 2. with Gden & ate toe: odode 295t “t OL jeyed Cee ds: oc? NR es Atco Sry ‘in 30 OF ChC@ Wty oho” Mee ropge orbs 102. meet) at eteemgepavn oh wolighy " r 7 vi ‘ yt he eee rea 5S Henne? ~Biveget os. > fF vhs So y 2 . =. ee | 5 Ln Cae 4 ae - a * mill 9 y fee ; ( ) « \ ‘ a ( “ a4 *-\ m9 ' - Gah [ 2.9) eG (al Oral. 2 (RS, Oar. e us Sante 1x i gles oe Se ~ ‘i bivety Boh PLeeowas .> tek AUCRL att 4% cat i ee ee stictee odd Oh hie ome 5 ah one ty dt gnet t2f oht tp wet Ea vhey at AGL: «eae (tu “a tioteoy. 4688 ations te £ pbs Sa me est) ae heaves eg fal vant ost alow « ‘choke hese! wot ‘wb ite , Fc 6 hs Aa eae cs = ae Sh eae ee j i ee ple bol a ' ‘ust QV AWS ele fet 4 Wabikee? bag dee 136 for instance, having these measurements: Length of anterior portion, 46mm., of cauda 24, of scolex, 1.16; width of fore-body, 0.66, of menuda, 0.37 (3 : 1, -- Olsson). On the other hand, the other type of larva which was con- sidered by the writer to belong to T. nodulosus, is characterized By @ much shorter, narrower body smaller at irregular intervals, OWing to differences of contraction, into nodules, whence the Specific name, and by a quite different scolex provided with the well known form of trident (Figs. 34 to 37). While the latter and the scolex as seen in surficial view agree in eneentials with the descriptions and figures given by various authors, e.g., Rud@olphi (1810: 32-37, Tab. IX, Figs. 6-11), Wagener (1854 : 26-37, Tab. 3, Figs. 17-21), Olsson (1893 : 20-21, Figs. 28-32) and Fuhrmann (1910 : 36-89, Fig. 1), it cannot be said of the material at hand iaec, as stated by the last writer, " ... chez T. nodulosus on ne peut voir encune limite entre le scolex et le cou du Bothrioce- phale ... " For injlateral view (Fig. 35) the bothria are dis- Ginctly separated from the beginning of the body, altho this is, as just mentioned, not nearly so apparent in surficial view. As shown in Fig. 34, the middle hook of the trident does not protrude thru the cuticula, since it is the root for muscular attachment, the upper median hook (cf. Wagener) which does protrude in the f adult, being evidently not yet developed (Figs. 36 and 37). Fora | short distance behind the scolex the body is somewhat rectangular in cross-section, the sides of the rectangle being, however, slight- ly convex and not concave as in the robustus type, and hence not go very different from the cross-section of the body and farther co (Tt en fa og tt] “bevels ved +0. i sight a toe 20GB ooo , (00 Oi te Ashla eee se ixelone ey aes | cues) fo res Lowe whad soweeanae ah be ‘ a = Baa va? (el wiror 323i. OO.) 6 Aetna eee er bs ‘ s i c 4 ( ~ a oa: 5 4 t } E 2 2 Cem! 7 $2 4 aa ? 7 Ue es IPLIS £ a ie YORGGIVG BI SEee: eo aael ed De ‘ ah .~ a e bus ‘ - ’ i i ih = eens? a > eee o£ ¥ OL ee rf i : rH, ef - 2G. .T Beee , bea FRE FEHR, 20s « ¢ ‘aa ; J. i 9 téon* caine ev ig@l bisa (t9 »: ee wie baiea & ar s@% (tla «ho as opr fakes 1 oy iF. S2oe% betas ja | f \ ‘ ; : a ‘ato par re iii Ry ee cf 7h tein 200 gut ag + , t fe ee Her A i c ; ne y i ond a) b ou, an? BE o . ivz LLG Gh TOL: 24 ahs a ad tt. sete allie tte it ontpre- beek | Lae (seep (Tu) ok - Fi 5 Sotrgets of Se | nae aS dive ‘wd baited eveved ,yated ocsued oie sat’; ta ashes ets i i has pups gudor: eh An ph arabaee ie 3 A es baa yoo add! Ro caniers A r BOs Laie ? are ed | A aa : a ‘sre ‘il a. : a ij Sak tee tien erence Ta S Lom ) back. But the material contained in lot No. 53 from the intestine : Otherwise the specimens are distinctly of the nodulosus type. It should be mentioned, too, that one of this lot showed a very short | put distinct caudal piece, which with the general stout appearance j of all of them may be accounted for by the possibility that they have reached the intestine of one of their final hosts, -- altho no other specimens were taken from the Maskinonge, -- and contin- q wed their development. Likewise a few of the specimens of lots Wos. 10213 and N.B. 28a (vide infra) were provided with short Caudal appendages. The smallest example of this type and the material, for that matter, at hend was No. 188 of the a panying table. Altho it is only a little over two and a millimeters in length, its posterior end shows that a portion, per- haps a caudal piece, has been torn away. The following table gives | measurements of a number of specimens of the nodulosus type, similar to those given above for the robustus type, with Fuhrmann's data for comparison: After Fuhrmann | Length i - 120-180 | Breadth at Middle - : 2.5-4 Length of scolex weet, rs Onan | Width term, disc. .37-0.47 " scol. post'ly. : sy .57-0.6 trident ; : » Leo " medially p ; -O73 4 ° externally : 062 |} Measured in act MAUR fel nt Aegina 25 0 RA oe 1 Seen f<.2 Weemog xlfitsitn @f ay ee | | ' RSteceb spies sels %o (iineiteege dha : Ya Sewell oO. OP 36 eR satire eed 9 a, La is tee ile a % aay? re r if 2% Z ei < COs 1584, z — 5 a S \ Vee er Sis ae qa 40% teocdenedoe ed ae. ¥ hades aan! Ti wae . weathe me! Solat Gaia aM y - * , * + ied c { \ ccuneylt mn degys Heli ape ot tel eteds $2 dt = f gee : e7o57, “hye! Ooglh xX. ¢ Ge .4 ry» & Pte NB) >’ Rane ae iv 4 sto), Np Aa aoa 2 j ¥ ie i 7 ahi 6-9 ae af mn ; \ {4 “ as ” ine ; wee ry ow) i. MeO, ESO Rl M M CS ee a t It will be noticed that in spite of the fact that all of )the measurements of the tridents are larger than those given by -. ‘Furhmann, they are considerably smaller than those of the other type. | Finally, altho no specimens of either type of larva so young that the hooke had not yet developed, were met with, those of lot No. 40 from’ the intestine of Stizoatedian vitreum were | provided with only very small tridents of the nodulosus form, the | bases of which were not yet well developed, while the whole sco- dices were a sort of compromise between the two tyres in shape but | of the nodulosus type as regards size, as shown in the following | measurements: Length, lamm.; width at middle, 0.64; length of ) Beolex, 0.87; width of terminal disc 0.64, same of scolex pos- | teriorly, 0.80; width of trident, 0.14, length medially, 0.07, | externally 0.05. ites these speciemsn would seem to represent @m intermediate stage between the two types of scolex, so far as | the general shape is concerned, the writer was inclined to consider - them as belonging to the nodulosus type, yet it must be said that | Sueewer seolices, €.g@. No. 151 of the table, have considerably | larger hooks. On the whole, then, the bulk of the evidence given here tosus and T. robustus which have been clearly distinguished by Puhrmann (1910) and also recognized by Luehe (1910 : 33). However, F Gon seetel ang ea wa? 4 i+ So BBURES Rads | oy Coane Ten ghinaoe | | he AS eee Sukts * atten dale, ora * . SOR PICY (QU. Ae Sey gas tat 6xe¢ PTY obo Stag EFE LG dental ed? SVBGLUEDS ‘od? Yo etnsdia’ |: tee geiag eRe a a ; ; ae i bb | .s , a 3s = 7 , mow" ey * of « ~ ‘ é 2 re as > é “Jy e " n éT7 r ‘ r eg | i ” » » af a Pes ’ ; eo. , SEG PLS. > RL) gt for "i * b Fee me Larirore 10 7 « 4, : ip iw nO Fi, i a . e., ‘ Drty oO Py sLOOW 6 wage of 40* nepesed aged me Gifagl pew rer ise mts herweoorn et agate ey ara . oo J Lh £3 sinolufes tac 2% Br as =f Ys ‘ ee Kua? ky st x Oe ‘ms # OND See. ayatt Ye iepe pe comets eda cn Vi@sderd ove, ov a piven Al mp eet), S ett 9 ee eae ‘phasis don 2 ut bit stn i yo $e Th oes migets wea Moan 2% ? OL60) wd Gtk “Whine Sajooe ete | eb ner. sige ie cik ale sae Lot Host ‘ype robustus: a | Esox lucius 7 me, 7 a. " t Lota maculosa rT eg "Lake Herring" ‘Type nodulosus: ae .72 Perca-flavescens mee tol Micropterus ae dolomieu Ben188 Micropterus | dolomien _ 195 Catostomus ie commersonii Eh2b Notrovis delicatus 10213 "White Bass" _ W.S.28a Stizostedion 4 , canadense 40 §. vitreum 53 Esox masqui- nongy Location Intestine ? 1 t Intestine ins lever On viscera "! 7 ? Liver Locality Flat-Rock L. Muskoka,Ont. Go-Home R., Muskoka ,Ont. Go-Home Bay Off Giant's Tomb Id., Geor- gian Bay, Lake Huron. Lake Superior St. Lawrence R., Iroquois, Ont. Go-Home Bay — i Georgian Bay Charlevoix,Mich. ? Stomach wall New Baltimore, Mich. In intestine Flat-Rock L. " aa Go-Home R. 139 The material studied is here listed as a host record also: Collector Cooper H .B.Ward Cooper . = . - 4s a4 ~ = ~-4t- = -—- ‘s + " * i > . Se 7 s é et " rd " . . . os " ‘ - é tg “ ie pt Aaa, Mae rar te didhe ;. fae ei) “ ais ». tho ; of ¥ _ * 4. 7 ae 4 _ i s oe -aeIT . inbtabdet TE REMI Sy SS ~ Meow joie! y ioe 4 hm ete 3 SE : ? Vv ral my rot oa Ps x | io 4 wt 2 o 4 ve 7 - oF 0 san re i ; ‘ we’ Ff weds . : ka P ra : i ca Day tab oes @ 4 poe % rt a Pt el ele oe, ae i, we ofa a rf. * eranee 4 2 » Audis OV RS. Taz ' «i w ‘hb ; +Roaw a ; < . i ¥ ‘ . ’ + “4 we eiteS “* = I + il bs ki re tat ep tos ext: wig) e ; . on A 7 sy * i. 7 vee } YL SCR om at sae ire Loe ees 4 | ' { ; | be i) bl eae nidh gies a >. ¥ ra ts fe. ‘ adored yay’ +i : x n° at ees Ber o ae Sage o% 46 a tn ; m2 t Dae OT tak pedisiode fe Ki ngiSH ony Family 6, PTYCHOBOTHRIIDAE Luehe, 1902, Scolex unarmed, with two separate and more or less strongly leveloped bothria or exceptionally replaced by a pseudoscolex. Week absent. External segmentation never absent, but frequently incomplete or obliterated thru secondary foldings. Genital organs ' humerous, but only single in each proglottis. Both surfaces of - the chain of proglottides, apart from the genital openings similar. “Cirrus unarmed, with cleft cuticula. Opening of cirrus and vagina meenind the uterus opening, surficial or marginal, in the first case On the opposite surface to the uterus-opening and almost median. | No Muscular bulb at the inner end of the cirrus-sac. Receptaculum i Beeinia, when present, has the form of a small bind sack situated | at the inner end of the vagina. Ovary and shell-glad median. ‘Testes in two lateral fields. Uterus never taking the rosette | ghape, but usually forming a capacious undivided uterus-sac. Eggs thin-shelled, without opercula; embryonic development in the uterus and in consequence of exhaustic production of eggs (but dependent on the time of year in the case of many species) all the eggs of the whole tapeworm are at the same stage of development. Sexually mature in the intestine of fishes; larval condition | unknown. In his first diagnosis of the family Luehe (1902a : 326- i 327) emphasized the similarity of both surfaces of the strobila | (on contradistinction to conditions in the Acanthophallidae), the | unarmed cirrus with cleft cuticula, :the. peculiar coecal recepta- 341-16 1S)» 6. 4 . ' | a . ° a | ’ 7 ipl aetiate e-¢ AT t fe ¢032 46 CGR La toerag és olurene ts - Steely vi Leno hgeniag ae . iq Canes vu 0 ‘aviepes aide ty. . , ! cies» BeDS4 oa a : . Loos ain te oe pa > ' ~ i Lora i e 4 e ‘ : Mi ( = 1 & ' i] ~ - © ‘ r . ‘ f° oy ites f a6 re I a é Pxss ae ! ; Ly Sec eee S Vas Rw & ¢ 4 ee ee | , ; ee sy7c de “7 VT eas u £ ae | one heee hb I anv, G nh als , ea! .. i bai ai mf ~« > josstaoad vie + 23° aov vat 1 9 Lot + x oe a i in perro: ¥ | a + s =~ ee oulum seminis and the absence of opercular in theeges, but de- jeribed the uterus as follows: "Uterus nie die sogenannte Rosetten- form annehmend, wohl aber in der Regel eine gerkumige Uterushthle Mbildend, welche die ibricen Genitalorgane, ohne dass freilich deren * ‘Rilokbi 1dung eintritt, buchstablich an die Wand drangen kann, indem “die ganze Progiottis in reifen Proglottiden vielfach als ein ein- aiger sackférmiger Fibeh4lter mit verhAiltnism&ssig sehr diinnen “Wandungen erscheint." On account of the fact that the uterus of Heplobothrium was found to answer this description in that it is ‘divided into @ uterus-sac and uterine duct, while the remaining ‘reproductive organs are distinctly diphylliebothriidian in their nature, the writer pointed out the difficulties in this connection by ‘saying (16145: 3) : "As a matter of fact the whole question of "the division of the uterus into distinct regions is one concerning | which we cannot come to any definite conclusions since, to my knowledge, there is no adequate description of the developmental MPictionships between the uterine tube and the uterine sac in those genera in which they appear." The conditions in Haplobothrium and Marsipometra have already been discussed above. Here will be | given the observations on the development of the uterus to which reference wacnade . % In Bothriocephalus scorpii the lumen of the uterus-sac appears suddenly and with a diameter of 90m, the rudiment ahead Pahowing as yet no signs of forming a cavity. This enlargement is _ situated at first, however, inthe cortical parenchyma and among the | longitudinal muscles, only the inner tip of the structure in trans- | sections going into the medulla. Just within the inner transverse a ee ‘aa 7 ya > e oi « apiprint Bo’ Teo TI qe We “sonaede oti in iMSiayGge, 4 Re Bik rieqy” ikea tia Me vue : } og leisy tate fo 0h <8) At Sa 36 a Aniic \ Offa 14 lat 29 roy lade 6 - be Aik baat hs aa dct ye SASUG teen f “24212057 Moore J oleesh patie: af wigan $ gktei-n hei tiehe Gin ee titsed st ee = ' ' ev, " + +4 + ‘ st é z Sid =9 a2 my aa oi ve ul £ e-eoTery ae j HfL fe 4 i } ia LO , a 4 rs “3 F : } a Le E a ; P 4 é f E ot . fiz Theor ee 4 ats r 2 é So Lect 2 tar Teh Vee & ; a 4a nol Tiiestes ad aop shal ot J 2 emits ’ Sos. an Fif-ec? oO OUT a2 ate ct thee eit. -¥ sade n G éagufow tf ania - ‘qed “is dves at} toi edt To Setomgogey eh ait 40 saottevi sate . . dan a an . -* : é z - 2 _,. ne ¢ : a, 8 , | af 2o ogc! of) - thetoen) eal #56 SIE ae eCSE2 . WA BEIRSD irr 5 4 ttur of) , 0h Te cerenele & esha bow _ ire bhom cs eT btm alee tia 5 a pity te! buy nee 0ok6 Sta cagip ae tag bes thoes -octhat ceeoo tnt mwitound eves Vigiees Tein eas eta soett inns & tt Weed pains” és Ss Wis r : De : ft ; ct Le 7’, ye i - be 9 ie a canal 6 oh se a *, ? rr. ; Set t,o — tres py rae ‘ F's bs pts 7 cs Ahi Maer ee . 1438 em@uscles this inner portion of the sac is joined by the uterine duct which with a diameter of S0f# elsewhere is here only 8 in dia- meter. Furthermore in the genital rudiment of the next proglottis there is a distinct demarcation between the aggregation of Eivpie: that will form the sac and the axial rudiment of the uterine duct. The same separation of sac and duct with the narrowing of tg he latter just before entering the former is present in the follow- Bite segments even where the first eggs are to be seen in the lumen. fins. the eggs must have passed this narrowed region which is a sereat deal smaller than their diameters. Still farhter back where the lumen is about 165” in diameter there can be secn not only the situation of the sac in the cortex and among the longitudinal muscles, projecting as yet only a short distance into the medulla, 2 eitho here the bundles of muscles are deflected peripherally, -- but also the separation of the two parts by a narrow neck only 10, Hin diameter. B. cuspidatus shows the same distinct separation of the uterine duct and uterus-sac in the proglottides where there ‘are already a few eggs in the latter. In Clestobothrium crassiceps ry “condi tions were found to be quite the same. When the lumen of the | sec attains dimensions of about 60 x 35 jw and is lined with an “epithelium which takes the conterstain more like a cuticula but _ shows distinct nuclei on its surface towards the lumen, the uterine “uct opens into it with a distinct reduction in diameter. The “epithelie of the two are, however, quite similar and continuous, ene nuclei being located in a similar manner in both. Proghttides ahead show that the sac is formed by an enlargement of the end of the duct, which takes place first in that region passing thru the ta i} eget 9 2 Cuan? vad ater (id gael ed 526i sq fe aQOE 30: to? ol oe fasatiart i sit Ese ‘euis nt a aid averted soit angaanalh ein? oti haracios Lane! 6dd ficule Vung cats woh! er ar a Tous me] ‘pas ie malas 0996 ‘ bl 19810). saeetme er0%s6 + w & ) SY af ce) =ii2 oy Gea r é = c a He IVa ode ef,’ ie $ rd { wh Geek cf . = as + L269 DstoeLisd eth eelonua to ae finpd oft ig A WOTTSA F uc etteg oF) ede? Yo 19.23.93 8568 i : ms: as Seine LUISE AB Ye 3! a ohittolgocs eftink das-s wraty bea tout a tee eee ra! chy Ab, Ogge WS, ‘el Ps -minag eet OP Lats pa Ot Races? sam Sad wl he abel ae fale tp wdotdomeDe Oo 2 sll eau asagered age ear 64443 -db | asl thd shaewath & “af Wisse, adh ae toca a Tomatl of get? vail Fonsi me ite ose ota ca Tal ba, «Albay qaereved. ae Ont ane tot 02 sonpanh aa eaia ‘at Botacgh ~~ JacGewtaloo tae qo daerot 6. ee, “ee she] eoluox tacit, Ad: dart? sie 143 cortex quite as in Bothriocephalus. 7" Thus we see that the uterus sac of this family is quite different from the functional enlargement of the uterus of the Diphyliobothriidse, with the exception of that of Haplobothriu, ‘since at all stages in its development it is sharply separated from the uterine duct. But as it was not so much this exact separ- ation of the two portions as thé constant presence of a "Uterus- nhie" in this family and its absance in the other, where the "Rosettenform" is more common, that was emphasized by Luehe, and "since the structure in Haplobothrium is distinctly ptychobothrii- Mian in character, the functional enlargement of the uterus can not Baon be considered to be of such systematic importance as was ‘formerly believed to be the eage. Subfamily 1. PTYCHOBOTHRIINAE Luehe, 1899, Scolex with two surficial sucking grooves, which may be Modified by considerable growth together of their free edges. | Genital Openings surficial, those of the cirrus and vagina dorsal, Dinat of the uterus ventral and ahead of the other two. Vas deferens | Strongly coiled, dorsal. Ovary ventral; shell gland dorsal. | Witelline follicles usually in two lateral fields in the cortical or medullary parenchyma. Testes completely filling the medulla, | mostly Marginal to the longitudinal nerves which are well towards | Fie median line. | a | | | Occurrence : Exclusively in fishes. Type genus : Bothriocephalus (Rud.) Luehe. ie4*> wid to pewita bat Latfued aes stent f ‘buft) subsdsiotatsid rat lc fade to 7 yaad a A 4 re ; One. eer OR) oe @eeives a : > ee &% 4 £ cigs ae ip eee me) 4 7 pe aN Met) mn ; A — a4 ae | 4 ‘ * ee [£2242 qaroty gage af Le MF 26) teen 61 shemiilens fi 6e & a pkenibly GeE Bis ot jon cer oeraed "_ eouh, ie ° | - 29 ae ee el i Genus 1. Bothriocenhalus Rud.1808,e.p.Luehe 1899, 2 oe ee Taenia (part) Khyteiminthes Auctorum, (part.) Zeder, 1800. Alyselminthus (part.) Zeder,1800. Rhytis (part. ) Zeder, 1803. Bothriocephalus (part.)Rudolphi, 1809. Bothriocephalus(part.) Rudolphi, 1819. Dibothrius (part.) Rudolphi, 1919. Bothriocephalus(part.} Leuckart, 1819. Bothriocephalus(part.) Babothrium (part.) Bothriocephalus(part.) Dibothrium (part.) Dibothrium (part.) Bothriocephalus (part. ) Bothriocephalus(part.) Bothrioce phalus(part.) Bothriocephalus s.str. Bothriocephalus (part. | obhriocephalus s.str. Bothriocephalus s.str. Generic diagnosis: developed sucking grooves. Neck absent. Dujardin, 1845. Diesing, 1850. Baird, 1853. MOlin,. 1861. Diesing, 1866. Carus, 1885. 1891. 1896. Matz, Ariola, Luehe, 1899. Ariola, 1900 ». Braun, 1900. Luehe, 1910. Scolex elongated, with two only weakly External segmentation well developed; between two consecutive genital segments there is always present a saw-tooth notching of the lateral border, yet a corresponding transverse furrow on both surfaces iS sometimes lacking. uous from proglottis to proglottis, as are the testes, Vitelline follicles in the cortical parenchyma, contin- Recepta- beng! =: gee culum seminis absent. (uterus-sac or uterus s.str.). dian, as is the dorsal genital opening. Type species: Bothriocephalus sc Species 1, Bothriocephalus scor (Figs. 38 - 49.) / L7c2 Vermis muitimembris ! rhombi L776 Taenia scorpii | 1780 Taenia scorpii | 1780 Taenia scorpii (part.) | 1786 Taenia scorpii 4 1788 Taenia scorpii | 1788 Taenia scorpii | 1790 Taenia scorpii | 1799 Taenia scorpii 1800 Alyselminthus bipuncta- tus 1802 Taenia »punctata | 1802 Taenia scorpii | 1803 Rhytis bipunctata | 1810 Bothriocephalus puncta- ; tus ' 1839 Bothrioc. punctatus 1819 Bothrioc. punctatus 1844 Bothrioc. punctatus 1845 Bothrioc. punctatus | 1850 Bothrioc. punctatus Leeuwenhoek 1722 Mueller Mueller Fabricius Batsch Mueller Schrank Gmelin Ratke zeder Rudolphi Bose zeaer Rudolphi Rudolphi Leuckart Bellingham Dujardin Beneden 1776 1780 1780 1786 1788 1788 1790 1799 1800 1802 1802 1805 i810 1819 1819 1844 1845 1850 orpii (Mueller), ee 146 Beginning of the uterus a winding canal (¥terine duct) which opens into a large nearly spherical cavity Uterus-opening approximately me- pii (Mueller,1776) 402. 219. es 319, 235. 5-6. 48. 5078. 68. 256. 109-110. 507. 296. 50. 158. 40, 254. 617. L160: » t | ¢ ' * ‘ ' “5 a . O= - ‘a * Sd ‘ ‘ * Po oo 2 ' avG@d j a > sPOu at ed 7 4 . uey a - ictle # @ypreJy e1) Jo aning cw de = eA. | 7 A isiige navn outa «Gene anago dotde (dp z! 2 ong “> f0eL S08L OLB, CLL Clas bbat o$ad gitneqo-arisad | Cada oe autres ti | SRS, SL ne sete uM) Licgoo bebedida ced isi .. ser9 eerigntt ied ” } 5 a? 21 a br sai lcegs bP bse ieenot anf sah = o fe - s — , (GB = 88 est) : SO MINORS a bE-sdpom 2 i Reet | ismomy 7 1824 80m ’ bh O9 af cs Veh OLY, SAS IPSS. aoa extolndal- (.treq) hiegeos sigemmn ioelei * | ilnioor ., Sileum | S28 3998 3; iqew4eS Linio93 allend Aintoos, 8 ea mw a cxien As. Ligtons, uuneet rebad ~etsaiahd ea a atatows singel a 20085 2 ia | tebeS ia be 4 Lie kok, rraysud ata 1850 Dibothrium punctatum Diesing 1850 ; 593. oe Bothrioc. punctatus Baird L655 + 68, Dibothrium punctatum Leicy Dibothrium punctatum Leidy 1856 : 46. Bothrioc. punctatus Dibothrium punctatum Molin 1858 ;: 1354, Dibothrium punctatum Molin 1861 3; 235, Cobbold Diesing Dibothrium punctatum Bothriovw. punctatus Olsson 1867 : 14,55. Linstow Bothrioc. punctatus Bothrioc. punctatus Carus 1889 Bothrioc. punctatus Loennberg 1889 3: 32. forma bubalidis Dibothrium punctatum Linton L890 21,73. Bothrioc. punctatus punctatus Matz 1g92 3: 105. Loennberg Bothrioc. 1895 Bothrioc. punctatus Loennberg 1893 3 13. forna motellae Bothrioc. punctatus Olsson 1895 : 16. Dibothrium punctatum Linton L897 22, °430% Bothrioc. Bothrioc, bipunctatus Luehe 1899 ; 43. punctatus Ariola 1900 : 594, 1900 Bothrioc. bipunctatus Braun 1900 : 1691 Bothrioc. bipunctatus FPuhrmann 1902 : 446, Bothrioc. punctatus Schneider 1902a: 14, forma punctatus vel typica Bothrioc. punctatus Schneider 190Ze: 15. forma rhombi Bothrioc. punctatus Schneider 1905 3: 75-76. forma cotti-quadri- cornis mihi a OnE eae M ~ . s ip “ pes) fi . - E88 : Oy ieeé - - os Chl Su -O* > GCL ybied. . BOBS bioddod . 2° e@tlo} F ; L5ei : wifomM aay SRS tanta el 2: Boel Blo ow >. SAG. i { « ae Ps = oz i¢ vi < art rrice 2 TeL ohh ate Chee . ' . i in SOL ¢ 4 fam . ¢ “ ss 3 OO jtedcnegd Qh 3 GB m02616 moOso td, @rteis] SIOlTA feng crap Tiny aehiemdad — Borers at a ag tcoho lms mus au Telogog SUT BIDGtig .op! ob) aged 720 Jari a SAI 20U0 —. 9o.bsi si Bids Satu ese | Aah suse ution Wis 2d eri SA1S TS as JA 333) Sitio a ne 33 a ia | "fae Spl 9098 oak od ie SFi+2 39g) _ apis) Pia go toi9 7 PUB e Berlad ss 4 usa ‘| »* ving auitedoqure 4 Bui sit ort costae weaaienas ast 9 Bothrioc. bipunctatus Luehe el O. Seb 2 Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. Large cestodes, up tp 950mm. long by 6mm. wide. Scolex,large,elongate, with prominent terminal disc, widest anteriorly; length 1.0-3.5mm., breadth 0.5-0.5. Bothria long and narrow, shallow posterior x. First segments subcuneate with weakly prominent posterior borders, longer than broad. Middle and posterior segments much depressed, former very short and broad, latter relatively less so and grouped in twos or threes; lateral borders crenulate. Ripe progiottides 2-4mm., wide by 0.2-0.8 long. Strobila usually incomplete poster= forly. Cuticula 5p in thickness. Calcareous bodies 13, in diameter, Inner») longitudinal muscles in fascicles. Six chief longitudinal excretory vessels. Opening of the genital cloaca at the bottom of a dorsai medi= an longitudinal depression ruuning thmuout mature segments, ona low papilla in each proglottis and half way betweah the anterior and posterior borders. Vaginal opening immediately behind that of cirrus. Distinct ductus hermaphroditicus present. Testes subspherical, 35-70« in diameter and 50 tO 60 in nun- ber for each segment. Vas deferns a compact mass lateral to cir- rus-sac and opposite the uterine tube, 0.18 x 0.10mm. Cirrus-sac at right angles to dorsal surface, 115 x 120 x 75-80 , extending only a short distance into the medulla; thick layer of nuclei within its wall. Cirrus proper,notprotruded, 65 x 15y. Ovary compact, tubulolobular, O.35mm. wide by 0.15 long where uterus-sac is not greatly distended. Isthmus onlyventral. OOcapt S5y in diameter. Viteiline folligles in two lateral weak- “bR-A > >. gwd: OEY ibe oh Y ia ' s¥ ; Wat prose we a “ee 640 VS aotoarsdo a palaongald @ is,vatatyzeon® .sbiw>.tn6 Wignet, .anoge “a . "SC.0-O.l AYerel :yirtoltedrageebie £LE <,eglsfoead ni wel Sede Leul bl kg ae = 7 ae 2Lesaey | ects : . sk 3 ip 10g 20D 8 30 BOS TOL ord te secrets +a7 i ney oiig V0 gate ; a's j SI1QbESs Sauter syounns ay Leowslt adiessigeb Lleol bud Fig F stcing eis deewted yaw Blan hug 8itiélgo%wq forge at ailiqas ; : a ; : bh 7 7 i DAN Liled> efetel Sime) elisa inane s&rehtod' tol ie sees Tg sy whe Lbontigtanyed awatowh iontiera ig - i 05 09:06 bas tedeeels, ay wjoruge cphsinihiiia th setae . ‘i l#istal atam Joaqaos idl a treingea doko z-auy75ld ,mOLle & BLO mers qeckap dy eels ov hnonta) nw [ Aniineixe , @6-8¥ #081 = ols one ae Od: 8 | foun Io weyel agina na cue aiid esa somata ee . ¥oDux Be . boburyorg dor Teqgong oprTkO | ool 24.0 yd btw james. ataozoia ogg fe -arareeylao sumiJet -bebnes ath. ba i ad bage me “(nee lensgas OW)nt apivstsoy) 1 enchied i ts Nit a . 2 ha taite 4 7 1 @ ly umited fields on each surface, 350 to 540 in number, 35-55% in diameter; vitelline reservoir small. Shelle-gland large, 115p~ wide by 0.85 deep, median, close behind cirrus-sac. Uterine duct vdbu- minous on both sides of the median line, closely applied to ovary behind. Uterusesac spherical to flattened anteroposteriorly, Oc- cupies one-sixth of transverse diamter of proglottis, alternating irregularly from side to side, or often quite median. Opening in middle of sac, ventral and well forward, formed by. the rupture of a distinct membrane. Eggs, 66-80 in length by 45-45 in diameter, without opercu- la, forming dark brown maculations in ripe progiottides as they show thru the walls of the uteruse-sacs, Habitat: In the intestine of the host, Host Locality Collector Authority Cottus scorpius Denmark Mueller Mueller 1784:6 Gry phswald hudolphi Rudolphi 1819:159 Kais.-konig.- Leuckart 1819:40 nat*l kab, Ireland Bellingham Bellingham 18443254 "Oresund e Olsson Olsson 1867 :55 Berg,Sweden Norway Loennberg Loennberg1&890:22 Sweden «i ° 3891:51 Grafverna and Olsson Olsson 1895 :16 Naset,Sea of Bahusia Arctis Ocean Linstow 1901:281 Gulf of Fin= Schneider Schneider 1902:15 iand ich eghaed § ,caa-anrtis Dintstoth ‘paolo inl bem siteltetscqotsina bedetraelt o2 Lnotiatlga oee= Lio eA poszetind / CiLisood 4 ». nadgatiied serigaities ~ “pasjexl —* a mo2zelo nogelO 0 -® brunet” f be rs Aebewe .greG ; ; “ , e axsdaneod gtednaeol 4 gree OU Sait -a& ,Todsuyret OFC 03 ORE saute sen no | ; en @| "ote! basela~-iiere lene Mbirue se en tite ik | * a e2 Geliqgs yiseulos ,enll nelbee arid %o seble $6 fouis , 170 Laetd T¢ TSImakS soneremsins tc Aah -noibes siigp negto to .chte of ébie word. , ' P ‘ ae VSMTO J DiswWIOS ii GW DAS Le@iiney ,oRmam 7 : : S Pachaniecs) Seerdry » jon € 3 P. As . e TS Juma! 5 rs Grae EG bikes nl 408-99 8 ' 4 JZOLRC a7 .8Cit az PHO 4 I BLO aAwotd ix8bd ami al sf20n ad Oo Ontdasini Bi al. | tesa ~ - iles T8,i¢oN + ~— ¥Yeamnel ile Lobuli liqiobyaA “ Blawetay sa ya L8s0 wed +, Bigod= ata « lie, Oi : ae Gaal *lan : no seo no2ag.0 3 ons sarevterwd i Wodanig | enon anna) ae tebLeaio® roby: fe oat} ) | | Cottus scorpius Murman-Kuste h " " Wite Sea “ x North Sea " ‘ Firth of Clyde, Millport,Scot- land. iy bubalis England 4 4 Norway " " Sweden. " 5 Grafverna and Naset ss s "Oresund e Berg" ¥ North Sea " quadricornis Pleuronectes bos- Naples cius Pleuron. flesus z aximus Denmark e sd Gryphswald " . Ariminus " ae so. . ° Ireland " sg Langrunne, Rennes "Turbot” Belgium Pleuron. rhombus Naples . sf Ireland ~ ~ Coll.Zool.Mus, K.Akad.Wiss, Petrograd. Danilevskij Nicoll Cobbold Loennberg Nicoil Gulf of Finland Schneider Rudolphi "Oresund e Berg” Olsson Mueller Rudolphi Kais.-konig.- nat'lkab. Beliingham Dujardin Beneden Rudolphi Drumnand 150 Linstow 1905:19 ‘9 “ " Nicoll 1907:70 7 19103355 Cobbold 1858:157 Loennberg1l890:22 id 1891:51 Olsson 1893 316 Ariola L900:396 Nicoll 1907 3:71 schneiderl905: 75 Rudolphi Ariola Mueller Rudolphi 6 Leuckart Belling- ham Dujardin Beneden Rudolphi Belling=- ham 18193139 1900:396 1784: 6 1819:139 "a i) 1819340 18443254 18453618 1850:161 1819:159 L884:254 oo: S86] vos undd Ohl. tooS.ife0 Liools Evi r ? Parr n It*aaA oe ~Ait 14188) ee! Ti Owstied nibdbencd ifigiok -aniiled ciast *,ginod>. ahaa vBeiW. besaA.d -Latgotied Lizaevoitneg [loath . bledded a lt8qnmeou noeaiO See antertedd 36 4h . s beurcer0™ "o78d ; 1.023 Hf aes darctou Wehissiioe HesiniF to tiwh seigai Liglobua “20d MeeiO "yrds © bmigetO" some tol Loum Itance liiglobua blovedayrd ba aebet nn oe eee wWesl Jen %. metignt ii o& bivehent - , ae nobexieg Leg Lotus haters ite Kais.*konig.=- Leuckart Meeereds GOLER <=~~----- - nat’ ikab Torpedo narce Naples Rudolphi " gcellata My ’ : culata See see Volz Gadus aeglifinus Arctic Ocean -----~----- "minutus Naples Rudolphi ArnoglBSEus boscii " : pegosa Ariminus " " solea ---------- Mus,Vienn. Trigla adriatica ---------- Cy. s J Hafnia Eschricht lineata Ireland Drummond Psetta maxima England Siebold,Coll. Brit.Mus, Platessa plana Pennsylvania Leidy sd flesus Germany rere " passer Trieste = 9 ses--e---= Rhombus maximus _—Italy Molin P : Patavia " Md "Oresund e Berg" Olsson - 4 Trieste Stossich " 2 Venice Ninni " " Warnemunde --------- - wv i Rossitten, = = ---------- a = Cranz,Memel . ° Trieste = = ----+------ " ss G@nOva Parona and Ariola 7 fe Trieste Stossich " " Gulf of Fin= Schneider land Ariola Rudolphi Volz Linstow Rudolphi Ariola Rudolphi 1] " Diesing Diesing Baird Leidy Luehe Stossich Molin " Olsson Carus Stossich Matz Muehling Stossich Ariola Stossich 151 1819340 1900:5 96 18193159 1900:55 19013281 1819:139 19003396 18193159 18503594 1850:594 1855:89 18553444 1910325 1898 3:116 18583154 1861 3235 1867 =; 395 1885 3120 1890:7 1892 3105 1898 356 3898 :116 1900:395 1901:97 Schneider 1902:15 phe @uid> i apes . : i oe, oo ae ‘ va sts wa = gy htoli=-. ol an Were acs d#A1 ‘Jac ’ 520004 eielta iagqiobus -Y eelgan el Jy vo pst , man ad | I 4i0v sloV Senge seks eubenta ocak a+ tte dikes 39! tc ui tig lobun wpa . i S fr ° * i q owl . SLOT. 1H9LY,30u ee Se Fa sTva.0 Ret whe ae ial ae ee 26iC tdoLutoal § baled a galeeid Lrormrrc Hosieri si “ix8 .l fod, blodeté basfant ett SIE : i ysted Vole Sinevi penned sOL0L Siieu:. See hae Amt we yaanred i:0861 dolagesG © =«-- an it mer ti ia aaa Whi iGel Hete—sose dotqeose 9) etaprat Ci3800i tebfonrive rebtenioe waby, Yo Sin 152 | | Rhombus maximus North Sea Nicoll Nicoll 1907 372 q " ee Volz Volz 1900:55 .| " laevis "Oresund e Blsson Olsson 1867 355 | , . Berg" | _ | " " Grafverna and . 4 1893 :16 | : Naset 2 z 1 maeoticus Odessa Nordmann Lins tow L961L3284 Lophopsetta macu- Martha’s Vine- Linton Linton 18903732 lata yard,Mass, Bothus maculatus Woods Hole Linton Ariola 1900:396 ® . " ” id Linton 1897 3430 Hemitripterus ere en §=§©6 Volz Volz 1900:55 us Scorpaena porcus ---------- By " " iT] i" Paralichthys ob= Woods Hole Linton Linton 1901:484 longus Lota vulgaris Dvina-Fluss Danilevskij Linstow 1905319 Baja clavata Black Sea Pilat Pilat 1906 :191 Anguilla vulgaris River Dee,Scot=- Scott Scott 1909379 land Ac G sVUl 6: Yoes ~< sGu —. {iLooln Lfloote 808 som sioV ziov PEA +09 43 aoegelO rocel@ . e oi mae . : ae vos enti. riteeb tom doin! 3 actatt Ba Sh a - ‘ g Stel , rey oirs rostalJ @iok eBoov wee. A " " w — »4,0.! 460 Se ae > Serie SE. » Gi 5, +s i ° ’ oa, £58, 6ga80 4 ” 6ich ahooW SinivaA ,.208,78A. L109 HAA een ,asW soynid M00 delt,3.0 cae xoolé ” amaliliWw = -- eloHshooW coset’ motaiZ : *. 4.8 656 bie fmoseio < e bruseett* *st0d) - © - wo eV rgARIGO+ ieaen on deed. ' . Arora, S¥eseD ad AOD IV, LOB. ee eee es zd 7 ie + Sapiens nosed nopitt ~ "Lot ebyul woJ auld iLdevedr Load asutt-acibe jal 24a salt 960 tonte E soe #008 “4008, ved seve » m ———— pata?" : PPPS sate hee ge a { , } ee "bed ‘ ~ S at ve ; or re i ems Decapterus puncta- Woods Hole Reg- ---------- Sumner,Osburn and tus ion Cole 1913 :586 Hippoglossus hippo- “"~ — menna---=+ glossus Myoxocephalus aeneus " -« sa-+------ decithspinosusocto- age Wein Gecimspinosus ‘A i é Palinurichthys perci- He eee ene s formi Paralichthys dentatus $$" 9 ---------=-- Pseudopleuronectes gee americanus Scomber scombrus Trachurops crumeno- phthaimus : Urophycis chuss wrecenn--H-- Hemitripterus america- Passama- Cooper Cooper mus quoddy Bay, (the present paper) New Brunswick Brandy Cove, Stc iow pyramid, comparable internally (vide infra) as well as extern- | ally with the terminal disc of the Triaenophorinae. Its base is | deeply indented dorsoventrally, that is opposite to bothria, but founded Jaterally. The whole scolex is broadest at about its »middle and narrowest at its posterior end, a portion of which is q here considered to ‘ee of the first segment on account of its being in all the material at hand set off from the rest of the scolex ahead by a more or less definite groove. The bothrium is in the form of an elongated V, being ordinarily widest and } Geepest just behind the terminal disc and much narower and shallow- er posteriorly where it is not bounded by a definite wall but | spreads out on the base of the scolex. In many specimens, however, the scolex is so contracted and the walls of the bothria so pro- | truded that the latter shows its greatest depth at the middle of | the scolex. In lateral view (Fig. 39) the scolex is more oval E in outline and a little wider towards the base. From this fact it | is conceivable that Mueller's (17842) Fig. 7 showing a more teat A @ ae io * : re —_— yeti if a5 > Bi os A. mn 5 2 ie Pen e2ieU Bey by 8? tom te ee 7 cf Cd) @P52 AXgoel mi) Beg ae: Rs. rT » Chto trstes: tape Sea eY > oo TE. hata ede, Be ase a oa eres oa 0" 1 32) .8 20% EOS ORT Ie ‘ebOES 4S ee oh sas) sq Lora, a eal oe eve ~ woken: S HG) SOLtS7H0R ake Be baowoed s : ; } > A ur oft te age: sised,a¢ a beg re +s Lervege adt {fe at ge T ,©TowTy, of LUbtoh deaf ap leeon es uo” avs s* Ya lion 16'S ian. ted i¥ Sts Muse Ze. AA Te 2: ,TRPULAS Bo aL 0 Ef’ ealely? , tei? nodded oo latveb 2 yl sehityiod ‘Ron af ry 07 pa ag tah 1s ‘Yuan af eedods ae te read itd, Cre inod eet 3 a bbam oie bees Laitieatage! ba et3 hia ott ta ddQe5 tent nica eke. ewide ett com Oh ke loie; mult (ee et} wale bane tog ay wrt. osm ene cbt an at: feb aw) for 2 ct 2 galtode F nem ie opal stag touae eit, Dv be = eal i ‘% 155 “orbicular" scolex in B. scorpii in lateral view may be explained (‘by Supposing that he was dealing with a much contracted specimen, ‘altho in justice to the other side of the question, it must be seid that the first segments in his figure are by no means con- tracted. It will be noticed that the figures of the scolex given here agree very closely with that of Scott (19029 : Fig. 3, Pl. V), altho from the fact that he records B. scorpii as having been a in Anguilla vulgaris, it is quite possible that he had in eblity B. claviceps (Goeze) which has been found only in eels up "to the present, so far as the writer is aware. ¥ segmentation begins immediately behind the scolex, so that "there is no true neck, altho the base of the scolex has the "appearance of a very short neck region from which the foremost Reeuenta are cut off as soon as they form such in fact being con- sidered To be the case. The anterior part of the strobila, however, "serves the purpose of a neck in that it shows a division into sub- segments in a menner to be presently described. As regards the “habit of the whole strobila and the general shape of the segments, | Rudolphi's (1810 : 51-52) description of the species is so appli- cable to this form that it is given verbatim: a "Collum nullum. Corpus planum, margine crenato. Articuli capiti-proximi plerumque long- issimi, augustissimi, subcaueati, margine postico Semen parum exstante, saepe tamen, praesertim post mortem, contracti, ut reliquis vix longiores apparent. Articuli insequentes anticis breviores et sensim latiores; postici subsequales, fere [AS Re Sy Ce _. eae betunigies gous = eee ane Bendaew ie S$aye aestonn ade te! Oyen edt wt of CaN 6. piwysy ate ct -wibeieeen! 2: f % eo prens gene eo wd. Ae tecty’ ae Pet gtevoteay ds aaa W@ eheosty) ait paute toatl Bs ty Cnet CPkep- et Ul (ebpesie & ¥ “ y = a 5 rs if : ts G ) Gs »9tHes wc tee }ie dtd an’ 24 ) Gj te | # ‘ ” * - * wT, 7 om oe =~. t} ADT 34 ? 5 Pee war he ben: rns: % sf'@ ‘ . y « we td) te Ae mel! eeRyRy hemks Oca y eth: ae voat al Seah: Book» yoy ea doen wa Tio paee lidorte of Yo Peep eerie oa? Veep SHE ASSV EP £ aybee 2 + aise af Moen 2 To #see a, Chispet’ en ~weO STOGRE yitopeent MS OF. three uy {fo saute Lprétew olf One elieoire a lage 7 zy lo oye seit nota” bopewh (GF-14 t Bist) | fe tahrerey sete? wh 2 a2 tage nerey @ ohguie muvbatg euppioth AE ts el sot supa ce: tmtumite abe kobe Pinygsae4 on Liedy) SR yea (hbenatatine’ 4 bashed naga * : Lon OAT! CORE, be ost sibnideas haan eetotapdt civ Givpktan, Wie pi bwed ns) ie eAsolyez8 nintind-eokinmpoeny iti ty sti * ‘edet + Seagal Svinte tate ae ‘ar bic y “ ett nm g i Fe : "i < pm i ter ror © Bae f 7 qQuadrati, utplurimum latiores quam longi, interdum quasi ex duobus tribresve confusis compositi, satis magni, margine obtusiusculo hine inde inciso. Ar- ticulus ultimus obtusus. Lines utrinque longitudinalis articulos majores Percurrit. Inter utramque faeturae apparatus." Leidy (1855 ; 444) described the strobila of the B. scorpii oe "which he found in Platesa plana as follows:"Neck none. Anterior segments caveate or triangular; posterior ones quadrate; each with an Meee arance of three subdivisions, with the subsegments having a pair of generative apertures, in the course of a longi- tudinally depressed dark colored line, passing the length of the body,"; which Cabbold (1858 : 157) said of individuals from | Cottbus, bubalis: "Toward the lower part of the so-called neck, the | joints exhibited at the lateral margins indications of division, ) which became gradually more defined towards the tail." In the same connection Krabbe (1865 : 37) said that, according to Esch- | richt, "Pendant leur développement ultérieur, l'augmentation du | nombre des articles n'est pas toujours exclusivement due, comme chez les Taenias, ‘a la formation de nouveaux articles engendrés par la téte, mais chez quelques espéces, telles que les B. dubius, | Wariabilis et fasciatus (here B. punctatus also) elle est encore produite par la division transversale qui s'opére dans les articles déja formés." Olsson (1867 : 55) also referred to multiplication of segments by transverse division of older ones. Loennberg ' (1891 : 52) denied this statement of Olsson's, but as pointed out | below the negation is applicable to the posterior mature segments at i" J . Ne my: } Vit ORS Batip. @ oan " Me tet, Sh poases 624.508 wawee tae eutoubho® h “gh. oie ier tJ one otvoasdteutde. aay: re atu wen oe ae) ‘ tea « thewitie Saoot oMpReT oer a8 co entire Sapperay send st to ef i®ethy’ ee hed ieee CBee | weet fom" :oeollat ea saste ee eeney Gee = 4 . wa VOGSLATS “0 37) : ~ 2 Upiw. ff oa ox oat i $ er ; Te i . Ae ene eee ar ooh plato are bai i aA Te til As meer ¢ \ aes 158 “part of the primaryjsegment or of its major subdivisions, i.e., ‘gecondary or tertiary, than in its posterior part, -- sometimes, ; however, the reverse being the case. Thus in general there is a , sort ©f dominance of the anterior end of the segment, which one a might Call a zooid in the sense in which Child uses the word, over BM posterior end as regards metamerism. While this method of Bias tion Of segments is further obscured by the fact that often one seems intercalated among primary segments, showing these )features well, others which seem to lag behind in division and are hence younger, and that in much elongated strobilas it is Wetill more difficult to dintinguish between primary and secondary transverse furrows, owing to their being quite smoothed out es- | pecially medially, the whole plan is sufficiently clear to warrant “ite being described with the definiteness here given. Figs. 40, P41 and 46 will give a better idea perhaps of the whole method of segmentation than this description. While in Fig. 40 the primary segments are indicated by asterisks, in Figs. 41 and 42 the whole | drawine is ineach case that of a primary segment. Under the | heading of the reproductive system below it will be seen that in the mature portion of the strobila the most prominent transverse furrows are described as coming approximately every eighth or six- teenth genital segment. This is due to the fact that the secondary ) and tertiary furrows, respectively those dividing the primary seg- ments into two then four parts,become quite as pronounced as the | Primary ones, thus making it impossible to follow this system of | segmentation beyond the region of differentiation of the genital |} rudiments. - ; fo ¢ q f Tacayao veel qt 16 ted eden dpa abe a a cater . a a ti awe S + bs 4 ‘? 2 ts * vai - ¥oSG a Behe (s igo, 4 te Loo eRe. oi) 16a ; : -i 1 86 Dole ie | a fey re eae ah ts WunggS ms abiene- ce 4 5 mar ¥! ro; 6S Eee soeqas at erage , ' ’ i , oh Vieeety sreee botalanee + & _—?. , é na rei ys cin CHa; = a 4 a ; Ro 4 ; 7 : on « » &F OF , ais; } a r : “ es J Pe Be ‘ c 4 he - e 6é& Y oae, Le ' + _- i i , ré Bebb a & e6aT | 1.2 Fe ~ ari? i 4 L, t a sras vo - Sr > s Ps TOL aote iH ev lvcubowdes hed Tleot; SeCe wit eh tde tier sas to. vo tir oeee I od P iay A . is w ls t ay aa 4 ys a) a i] S } L2GVS Muay Mie Le) REMAND ] uly Othe ieh- : ah P30; ads Sd. RE ae sume all ui? wi hb sv tly: mode ‘Sibidane errr VEvONO a) ae oF 2 pace ati ne re es rm) 7 42 allt worttel6t hE hee but ecodd, » ear et hte neo | -_ ; SS: See ree beans nevie a, bb haty a . Aa 5 oF. eo o~ 159 i At least three prominent longitudinal grooves run thruout the median and posterior portions of the strobila on each surface, _ cutting thru the posterior borders in many places, but their 7 Surse is not regular; they are accompanied by numerous other “shorter end »more irregular grooves; all of which, however, do not “scem to be due simply to lateral contraction of the segments. The following table gives a list of measurements of representative “specimens in alcohol from the material at hand. Mumber of specimen 196.1 196.2 196.3 196.4 197 198.1* 198.2* Total length 234 103 Shu: SR? | Length of scolex 1.20 GuS2s 234d. ws “Breadth of terminal dise 0.30 0.26 0.33 0.28 "Breadth at middle Bas oarG5Ss' 02500. 0.580 0-32 Breadth: at. base 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.35 0.26 “Length of Seg. I @elda 20% 0.09 0.18 0.33 | Length of Post. Seg. 0.85 0.357 0.57 Breadth of same 1.83 <1Be 06837. On92 1 Maximum breadth of a strobila Sooo -2seo -1.05 12.57 *Stretched during fixation. a Since Loennberg (1891 : 52) described the cuticula of the species there hag been no mention of this tissue in the literature 80 far as the writer is aware. In sections it was found to be 5u Bin thickness and composed of two layers, the outer of which is | about two-fifths of the whole thickness and is made up of rather stout, closely set "cirri" which stain much more readily than does 77 e J CC ick Ww ee 4 ete @aigi kestius donbe valde le ba fs io whitenee tdi a cantatas Osta gine ot a eee TORseitog ect , 3 aa YC fs Rosqaos Se, iinin i say tie ois (oe Tehinpors2 Siu ays? _Beastel.ot “clanites SF ODy SERED TS eel a pavig Son §'s Leabtetae ed?.acet [cdoad v¥e { £Os ’ Ne he & ry 4 ‘ i ‘ ta Ziv - Lan ’ wu ¥ i . SE { ' s way tei o 7 8" hae, Os 23 reo fes iP .2 GB.0 gee i) 6G 0 780.9. CL BAe iS De. hee at). hos’ Oh. & eahadete! Pai il ext 7 ga iy? besos rit Ledt owen (28 i tee. he eanatiall ons tt odt of idee weer $B ba we coed Bad | Saved same Ae masta oF. Wednw ett sites at ctde Yo dade #ae Siege to mee ek to GW ebame 62 bata ohense net stout poe et a en nt [Lehr son dca shite de it: orig Fy set | Ya eet) te . il ¥, i ee | LATE | ay i 4) te Ay 2 . —— stern ial eal os - o » a 7 the inner more homogeneous and lighter layer. These cirri seem “to lie on a distinct membrane since their proximal (central) ends @re all even and distinguishable in some places as dark granules. In sections stained more deeply than those which show the inner “layer as a single homogeneous stratum, the latter is divided into ) two layers, the outer of which is less deeply stained than the / inner and about one-half as thick or one-fifth of the thickness of the whole cuticula. The wavy nature of the cuticula and the base- “ment membrane were found to be as described by Loennberg, but in | many places’ the membrane is.separated from the cuticular muscula- - ture by a very thin clear space barely panama opeahie with high | powers. The cuticula covering the scolex was found to be about f 4 2 thick, the difference between it and that over the proglottides | being due to a thinner homogeneous stratum. The outer layer of | the cuticula is not modified to form spinelets on the posterior | borders of the proglottides, as in C. crassiceps (vide infra), nor | on the edges of the terminal disc, but the pseudocilia are somewhat | longer and relatively stouter on the scolex and anterior segments | than elsewhere. The sudcuticula, from 25 to 50 in thickness, has the | nuclei of its spindle-shaped cells arranged at various levels so that the space between the cuticula and the vitelline follicles is, | excepting for its outer one-third, well filled with them (Fig. 43). The chalk-bodies,described by Loennberg were not studied — » in living material, but spherical spaces which were occupied by | them before they were dissolved out by the acetic acid of the fixing agent, were found to be more numerous, as Loennberg stated, in the ‘ ™ | " ; en seo? mate igen wane 2 to. et) ee leicebays aos yak eead aé dekde ne i= rit-ono cot. Sens Seaman cH ty sea Gree ae ¢ by +f 40 Bi Oi 7 eee fy °e .§ : 1d etd SUE ‘ ba pie LaVo Je Se Ti: arbeted sousterage ( 2 O07 .@g2aTle awoersgeod te reece ane a5 me AGG FELT PRGa 7 OL: Chom 's wrth at, is ; eae testo .t oF es: , eet lisolguny t# d ‘ " ‘ DD es SO OOBOCR 250 gud 4 gets dtr Sara. 5 coe te @ zt f Bie «SLoce wtf ho “vetpote opamic te: me! cate) ae ee ost alyse nee i ewstkavi de bu Raat ar yetag i gusts 8 Di ok (o> vent fami aes Pini eee chy Agenstits a aad? as by Lattet cae ade lbs poluw “ft 3 Tor oper Bsa an soc tiovbbl an tte di ne |e do Law aoe Drench cient ert o th ied: wil i tide Denson sip. ¥ vetste | evodanems, es cals dis a tot oth | * ee re ‘ [ aha by ee a a * il aca ie re i ra Ay yy OR Oy > { mee aoe. a te Ms PO ay, vf Ke Fe tk LOL eortical than in the medullary parenchyma. In the scolex they are somewhat more numerous than in the strobila, in both of which Biepations they attain a diameter of lap. gi... Loennberg (1891 : 53) gave a good description of the mus- Gulature of the spcies, while luehe (1897a : 747) referred to that of the posterior border of the proglottis in the discussion of the | arrangement of the muscles of the whole order. In addition to E corroborating the findings of these avthors it was noticed that the fibres of the transverse series are mostly confined to the very » short regions between the sets of reproductive organs and are most Mumerous just ahead of the prominent segmental furrows mentioned ‘above, this applying to both the inner and outer lots. Towards ; the median line ach layer of longitudinal muscles is about 55 fk . in thickness and composed of bundles of various sizes in which the ‘fibres are very closely arranged. The outer longitudinal muscles, the extension of which into the posterior borders of the segments ) immediately behind the scolex are only weakly developed, are con- | fined in the scolex almost completely to very thin bands situated | close to the cuticular musculature in the edges of the bothria, as | described elsewhere by the writer (1914b : 92) for H. globuliforme. | There is also a weak series of longitudinally arcuate fibres ar- Tanged around the edges of the terminal disc as in the latter. q Loennberg (1891 : 54-56) described the nervous system so } Well that little needs to be added. It waa noticed that the fore- most four large branches from the brainoomplex were not relatively as large as those shown in Loennberg's Fig. la, and that the com- | missure appeared to be divided into two not distinctly separated tk, me Veo 2 MS, PT) Aldo Veet ea ae, J yettéesre 3) dias ty NEE is ‘ied goat 2 at ‘ > hettryocey so0g) a evay Hehe frosty | (+ e¥Ser) sme behite: (ote at vi bk ~gt wltt sfabeg ae stasis ou ae feo ks c . S@ht0 @igae any Te. ath ia walt aT Of & ty 4% Yo Baers 2 _ . ‘ 5 . rf e is ny c : 4 ies 5 = ’ ri fr) nh © ¥ Jj. Pe ‘ . , a é eG tala ee ALS SP aes ote 6 Lore | te Lacan r ‘ 6 A ¢ * — id s Dev i jv ‘ avin matdn: - te wiee dW : j bs . ae : i ted cir 5 +4 , oz nHs ‘RYEE fy ‘ +o 4 2 be - : Sa0 Le Ruoftav 16 aelbred too tec onkot. Bam f 4 i Lon BO. a Puc neT ; for isi as tG@eoks at) STOLC5 Thksas ee * oS? otul toltr Ww +e ;, oLleyveah visser iis an celens. edt) be aed . vec Hid? y2et).oF Let atauos taomta seater if to. ¢egbe cas. ad erutsLueses cu to witin: A toy (RCs a ces) cut eee ig? ed acnsvoedl Gi. etsuetva Vila at Had degli +a atiier Lae’ a ‘el oct AL Oh Go ek hantacet aati té me pi oll ‘eye’ toys One nasties (earns ‘3 Teeny gee Py. “- p oo bee liver pee ats Bois we ‘et ober: otk 2 & i Lae i ion aia ws Ligtge ma barad adh oat? ponte mand ct taal thao, mle gam of gradionied 4: ste tae oH i reee Vi dee eee toe Be ta 4 * yr "haa Rs 7 y ts a Hs ‘AA [oy ; & . an mer oan ree , ca . ire iq e se) ms bas , rt eal anal Chie A i ihc ry | A= in } frontal strands, the whole depth of which, including the space H between them, was not as much as that shown in his Pigs “lies In “the strobila the chief nerve strands, each from 15 to e54 in - diameter, were found to be situated towards the ventral side of the )tiedulla and at the junctions of the lateral and median quarters of “the latter, as sbown in Fig. 43. eH * : The excretory system of B. scorpii was described in detail S by Fraipont (1881 : 8-12), while Loennberg (1891 :53-54) added some | further notes on its structure, the former, however, working on g "ss > 7. ¢ 7 a2 living material in which the canals are much more readily seen. In good toto preparations the "canaux descendants" may be easily | geen in segments showing the reproductive rudiments as well as mB tarther forward. Owing to a mere accident, temporary preparations | were made with more or less constant success, showing the details | of the reticulum of descending canals in great detail. When some picces of a strobila were being transferred from synthetic oil of Wintergreen to a slide for the preparation of toto mounts by the further addition of xylol-damar, they suddenly became opaque white and remained so for some time after the damar and cover-glass had ! been added. This opacity was found to be due to air having been : drawn into the excretory canals not only turu their cut ends but thru the foramina secundaria. But since the superficial reticulum a )end all the finer canals were filled with air, nothing of the ar- | rangement of the larger canals could be made out until a short time \ 1 had elapsed or until the preparation had been heated slightly. e Then the air in the smaller canals became replaced by the xylol- | damar or become dissolved in the latter, and the larger-canals we 24 vat teodly Hae 0 ddan x. S00 = ne i Ns i ¥ ‘ | t a ; & 33 sat ‘ait i Wo 4 a is fe | & ea Cue, * oF et SiS Syeapez* | G er tt ve cong ] é me i rout oe ~o 2 4) : ha | nit es ba iy (i S S70 2°os Baty ms Son0s sini int pe ie eoap nl elende gotinepeal. to. gig ort rystsner® vir: = cia al te ‘onte ae ésitisae ofo pes heprene ne nt ae? AY | of 4 (+ Suntec yineshon yeah comebeiolee Se meeee <4 OO) te a | qicg Ds Mis PaoOe Oo Oe vol tid Gf ulead, oF tae ‘aie Ve) LGBiD git? 4 i Yieds wise Cine Soe liad Mrtareaes be Lele ST tigiie gall eect. dual waste, alge -Regtalae ee 2 putes Shag ae Bl eae eet giving, ssa J tte 0g Teka ae .sfioed batadhey roguat ie ife beteen ried ae eu 08 MERI, aan asain its ek, hi sepes ecnaias AOL a Ah | Lopnas > ecg Be bape (pei at ARO Ly) . 163 ; stood out as very distinct silver threads. This sort of pre- wparation is unfortunetely not permanent, since after a few minutes Natt of the canals disappear, excepting the largest which can still Be followed as in ordinary toto mounts. The results of this some- f \ ee ‘what uncertain method of demonstrating theexcretory canals are a shown in Fig. 44, a camera lucida drawing made while the canals /were quickly disappearing from view. Three of Fraipont's large "canaux descendants" can be seen together with much of the anas- ) tomes among them and at least two branches to foramina secundaria. q The largest and most median canal was found to have a diameter of 5Op . But contrary to what was stated by Fraipont (1881 : 9,:11) Only six of these main channels were found close to the ventral dayer of longitudinal muscles in the meduallary parenchyma and not , six for each face. Loennberg stated, correctly it seems to the | Writer, that their number is very variable as is their size and | course, the whole forming a complicated reticulum showing the | typical "island formation". As regards the termination of the ex- fh ecretory vessels at the posterior end of the strobila the writer was | able to confirm Fraipont's 1881 : 10-11) statement that: "Chez un 4 sujet qui a déjd perdu des proglottis, les gros canaux longi tudi- naux sont rompus au niveau du bord libre postérieur du dernier | Segment. Les uns communiquent directement avec l'extérieur, les | autres ne sont renfermés et se terminent en cul-de-sac," but no j cases were met with in the material at hand in which it could be j considered that no segments had been lost. Towards the scolex the } 91x vessels gradually come closer and closer together until in the first segments they may appear for short distances in two sets of Gb 4 ' a7 (} 0g: GEN0 -, “lob anvd vale tev Oude . 7 oh! pale. , i es . — é‘ i ae , ® » i m re Tar ." a * . : ote 08 Oe ah Pee Niehegy on [dit Fé wgial ssty ind aotl wey ad eh A eet vt? et ote! ome witewso oe o yxot SomeeeS 7 oath ie Sou ob | bay get eae eDacil eeaiiee « rr a ‘gt watl” gost Baht a6 curse oe ii s4<¥epo8 node ea aee Pn dees - J > ig + § ? - : 4 , J ‘ i « paty ‘ ¥ . 5-4 ¢ wee ee i 2448 2 + ; eZ : Fete 7 ’ d ‘ f : 7 + cg ‘- 1? enol: hue’ . Yb, earrtemniee | J ’ 6aaya 4 4 aw et he am-2.4ag fies? _ Ris). a4 > ae ; Fae — a 7 oe 2f Visnegand / deteste pietvnaegs’ ), soa : , Pot be Pa Pay i s ea? ff 84. 81onIsaAy- erey. ol asda vise avine iden, betas ites 4 salgtot Loge yy ivan iay sh a? alveset iad wold enro*. Bak éL.tg< PGe - 79 de: Fopedbpe eft: ta ag tebe, (LLL 7 a & JHhoscs “t int nee Ry WoL att, oes Sok ey ey i sie tshodoa btu i eek ish Hares i gee pave i thre invebes es 6 -cbe Loo ge tiie sar bbe a4 $e. onboas ahiy 4 ib tie “ad hea ag ela ate a at agent ce ebrawar tmade eed, Hed eset Rees: Ut ego? THROES ae apap pitas if. enn rage ee Mer anda te i # } Rudolphi (1810 : 50) described them in these words: three each, dorsoventrally situated, but soon again become lost in their anastomases. Entering the scolex four, three, or two “main Canals may be seen, but here they cannot be followed as such / thru many sections since they soon break up into the recitulum mentioned by Fraipont as ramifying thruout the scolex. | Of the generative organs the earliest writers were able to discern only the external openings ("oscula" and the uteri — | which, showing their contained dark brown eggs thru the body wall | as & longitudinal series of dark punctations, gave origin to the | specific mames of Zeder (1800) and Rudolphi (1802 and 1910). Con- Cerming these characters Mueller (1788 : 5) wrote as follows: "Margines corporis depressi intersectione -articulorum crenati apparent; oscula in anterior- ibus articulis nulla adsunt, in posterioribus vera altera in pagina pori in macula albida nigricantes, in altera papilla alba subelevata, punctaque seu globuli utringque dispalati, qui ovula. Oscula seu pori non seriem rectam in corpore. Taeniae sed hine et illine divergentem constituunt, alterum in centre articuli, alterum in intersectione constitu- um. Articuli postici reliquis latiores punctis utrinque dispersis medio autem coacervatis papillu- lamque exhibentibus repleti sunt; herum coacervatio oculo nudo punctum centri nigrum offert, armatus vero ovula seu globulos e membrana ovata pellucida punctulis nigricantibus impleta constantes discernit". BO ‘atdy an vas : ascii: 7.08 if. 7ccowsae ga ty Nal, = Aneay » Ae ea rate riateneseem r § . "| setae: fanctixe ais a ; So t28n ¢ efiio theta - WLU AVE oo : - ROE : 7 : é ted , “ i Z i \ _ ip ¢ : & ; 3 SOL st im cf SLive> fo Gstacrwe islets aide Sto. Gol 246 2 Ase BE sa ie hS' BELA stig tj ,eer BP LGLA A tin: as fu Digg Eg tz 4 a ‘ 7 fs gters Ag eda ase, ; AiR ‘Aleve ents Fete if ei} ft ae 30 Sh SORT a SIS on Al wero es Ceeee aoe th mol 6a kw Opie Aiea ede’ 280 ont hit fey © 4 Ly oneo. oie ky pedin tts gt masnd ce vb leelhre. | aiidagq easeiied etugtlys Rosie Og bs vistas lity t@ayaeteas mre ebiew era wige 2? ooh eVIGLROG, eT ie Dalen silaen 2 witete ts EaiRG mii’ y Be pabeeh Sait Kae ohve } shicw iat Agee ae Honorees cg cate 8 "2 2a%eQ6 fh eornerearen a (aah Babine. "Singuli enim articuli in superficie dorsali nodulum orbicularem, simplicem yel dupli- cem, subelevatum, vel albidum vel fuscescentem ant nigrescentem exhibent; in superficie autem ven- trali nodulus simplex vel duplex, pariter, sed Minus, exstans, quasi perforatus videtur; corpor- eque pellucido nodulis illis linea corporis media, plerumque tamen irregularis oritur. WNoduli aperti Ovaria sistunt, oviagque ellipticis mediocribus re- ferti sunt, haec etiam saepe circa eosdem effusa sunt." From these descriptions it is to be seen, incidentally, that While Mueller made correct observations concerning the rela- tions between the positions of the genital openings and the trans- “verse furrows mentioned above, Rudolphi considered the ventral | surface to be that on which the openings of the or and vagina | are situated and the dorsal that on which the uterus opens to the Betaxior. Van Beneden (1850) scems to have been the first writer | to describe the anatomy, with, however, some errors of interpreta- tion as pointed out by Loennberg (189le). After Loennberg's the | best and practically the only description of the scenitalia was } Siven by Matz (1892 : 105-108), ariola (1900 : 394-7) and Luehe (1910 : 25) obviously copying in part at least from him. q The earliest traces of the reproductive rudiments appear in toto mounts of this form about 35 to 40mm. from the tip of the | scolex, From this region backwards they increase in size, but | 80 slowly that in large strobilas there may be an intervening '* Badetowoon vt Dey wart Gia ne wires l “f —y. wehe sic eee taeeiad: tetivcoes ‘ay Ceetqok| fee ene eofube - (futebly sat gage Botts Wandéue ; +69) 74 tt wette ¢ Rviton ob teuth ‘ 13, ue sitar] i of* RLS FIZ ve | Eo eur Fs 9 ei oy © Sis & +6404 s aw 5 aa? 6 Bowen e al, i oe A | ‘ ay we ts 1 L « & | Los ie c ob. 4 7° ye ~ & z © ae Lye & e z - a eo ~ 4 o~ i. a) é @a ‘4 p 4 ' a “o ws =. P . eo a Buse meee f ‘ih . Pee F We Sed soe ges SiG 4% 20 Qholvinew she i X ’ rm: 2 bt a: "4 > ~ ¥ 84% ’ . wk “7 7 a7 OF Eee lous t =F caw Rego: ‘oem Leip AGS 10.2 sper taetis end ae hte ae hadi ne 9 i) Leeteh sng nie be . ebort ape) oS wide (unl )cee babel : a {ai Yo Geert Beet owawed ate. « (OR AES ity | Joao 40294 | of eeete)) gadeieinen A ee m $igeowm et ‘le adzt cane ste ‘oar (rien $f. COOL) mA OAD athe § eeer) Pa mont itenel, earns ie aha ERO IEO ther cr ssnatotgie aah AG suse? pork liam a if adtotet tae 8 as 1 edg watot ha emt: tb POE ERD yede Cee rs iota bite louvrne “id, dee be os) ca saath ~ ~t 4 Tins wa m perv erie scien r¥ et _ a, fae Si) — es Stretch of at least 225mm. before the genital sinus appears. “Then the rudiments differentiate very quickly, the first eggs appearing in the uterus-sac about 2mm. farther on in one toto )mMount made. In the largest strobila at hand (no. 197 above) the first génital sinuses were seen, when the wormwas examined in - alcohol, about 575mm. from the tip of the scolex and the first traces of eggs showing thru the ventral body wall about 30mm. "farther on. Van Beneden (1850 : 162) seems to have ben the first to mention the relations between the external segments and the sets of reproductive organs. He said: "Dans chaque anneau, ilya deux on trois appareils males et femelles complets ; je pense que ' @@s anneaux se divisent encore plus tard, de mayiere & n'avoir plus qu’ un appareil dans chaque animal," -- (the "animal" is Cvidently a misprint for "“anneau"), -- and further in his footnote referring to the superscript after "complets": "J'ai vu des anneaux G@uijen contenaient jusqu'a Six." In his Fig. 4, Pl. XXI, he ahowad four parts of the strobila containing evidently three or four sets of reproductive organs in each segment, with the latter subdividing so that two sets appeared in each subsegment in the fourth part of the figure. lLeidy (vide supra) described the pos- / terior segments of B. scorpii as " ... quadrate; each with an appearance of three subdivisions, with the subsegments having a pair of generative apertures, in the course of a longitudinally depressed, dark colored line, passing the length of the body." Linton (1890 : 733) referred to "the phenomenon which the posterior segments present of being welded together in groups of three or 9) ee iy el * * 2 ae na . SUITOR: Abs ties 000 ae oe Sno SS: Tet “y ndatheedstt ss 6d setts © . . in roo §. met Vie Bee oeore ti oth , ; oc) Jp? 2° 2 fade deuyrat ats ots acy «3% ,onw (eee Stee a eee ; os «> ee vr dot’ —T coer age waed saptwode bu : ) . ae _ ~~ 9 ‘ : i] “ e " =f sits i 3 ’ i - es . 4 's ‘ i ; J 4 q r r) | 4, ‘ J ~~ s 4 A rf t ? - ° : — s £ Pe 4 wr | 4 4 o7 a eelt, sORie. 2 ‘ J A z - iy a 4 my Tere. c Se pri Ve ln I 4 te sesew silt oF Seat reds av 2 ame r , . °F le dagoel ear ipiaeng (emee Berolos ina a a fone ona” ot sarlshduant (esti y ge O sidvoua td orth sage Nation wie 2 4 - « ~ ! oa ae 4 . | e 7% i i , "hh ‘ ee Aes — 4 ) , i. ae > on a oes ¥ 167 four, an appearance which is quite characteristic of the posterior gments and which has been alluded to in various descriptions of Ethe species," while further, in connection the apertures of the Meeproductive organs: "In the middle of the strobila there sometimes appear to be as many as four or more papillae to a single segment," fanad with reference to the specimens from Leaphopsetta maculata: Bie 2. toward the posterior end of the body the adult segments are arranged in groups of from four to six simple segments, as if the “latter Were partially fused together, which is another characteris- Dic of this species." From these statement and the further fact )that the posterior proglottides have been described as trapezoidal (Stossich), quadrate (Rudolphi, Linton), subquadrate (Diesing), or Hat most, broader than long (Rudolphi), -- actually about twice as broad as long from Linton's (1890 : 732, 734) description, -- it is evident that the groups of four sets of reproductive organs (much less frequently three, five or six) shown here in Figs. 42, 45 and 46, and separated from each other by grooves which in alcoho- | lic material appear to be complete, have been considered to consti- | tute the ripe proglottides. But, as pointed out by Loennberg, Bins lesser transverse furrows are only "greater wrinkles or foldings of the surface" and do not cut in deep enough to cause the parts | immediately ahead to stand out distinctly like the posterior borders | of the proglottides of other species, e.g., 0. crassiceps. Such | posterior borders, with their accompanying "complete" transverse q furrows, do occur, however, but only at considerable intervals. | One case is shown in Fig. 47, where it will be noticed there is no | such distinct separation of the proglottis from the next one ahead. ' j } pr a hot | Mane 4G rie — — ¥ ; : r 7 "iva ~? Sflila. ; 9 toil ag eee Se ae EY WETes mos a EROL AUD it tors . b- P , .. I sn So far as the writer is aware, this has been pointed out only by Suuene (1910: 25) when he said: "... in reifen Gliederstrecken ; “a y . Siaegen zwischen zwei vollig durchgehenden, aber auch nur wenig Hervortretenden oberfluchlichen Querfurchen in der Regel 16 sehr - Zackenbildungen des Seitenrandes gescheiden sind." In this con- nection it should also be noted that in his description of | Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas), a taenioid from various water Hbirds, Wolffhiigel (1900 : 94) remarked that it is comparable to B. scorpii in that fine bis ins aussergewohnliche gestiegerte In a considerable length of one toto mount of this form | there were found ahead of and including the region of differentia- tion of the reproductive rudiments the following consecutive number | (from behind forwards) of zenital segments between the most » nounced transverse furrows, that is in the primary segments in | question: 67, 82, 101, 107, 80, 111, 116, -- using as the criterion of a genital segment, especially ahead of the region of differen- ) tiation, the aggregation of nuclei in the median line which will | go to form the central organs and ducts of the system. But there fF i8 much difficulty in making these counts on account of rudimentary | or intercalated groups of nuclei which, judging from conditions to | be Been in theregion of differentiation, may or may not form complete | sets of cenitalia, and above all of the further subdivision of many of these rudiments, which otherwise proceeds in quite the same manner (Fig. 42) as that of the external segments in the anterior || part of the strobila. Furthermore, there may often be seen either = jaa — bal 4 i 4) Sue ae Wi nee ie PLS Oneuee WE at ‘ite SOON Eee Meeres &) wit treat 5 ihe ie cae estore phttie dewit L Cae Nk ote lion cose Lge Mt Sy ww “¢2austaace 4% ae ath %, “ef ERAe aelhtaisogg neeeried toa 4 , jit uh Sect? Pees eS on te fy aa 4 Le Siey BSG hicdovad MeRiLat a etatod Toes g i? 2 er] 8 Tam ie ” © cet} Ie $;z lay ee 1 Shy 7 of in ‘fal e £°9 k Joma? Of > ApWe se aigaxs a a Bae P% el? St pe ina ie. Fe aia tt IGt oMeabe go inehhot aity ecu. rhyme) ov itsuhe: om Heoreias erawyges L20.indn Feulal reno : Yi oaizs gh Bp 2 Bs ad hig =n at al ‘ itt we gn leg =~» ,Bif i ber oe ahd lon S88 ye 1 ge 643° to Beodhiwel late cage (Fadmpee | te rw 2007 Sees OAd ia ain aa) Pott age agua, | 610 28 @icot bg. exe p%0 bat sree. io dtaidoral * mares peels pertatem wa ened haroc Jsogt> 3a Ain ‘Me bas Jotgye: peal eworg J jot Ya 26 yaw ap steatnon a2 2B oni sletvihdve sadder? as Yo hie: aidan wert 4 f Jlup ol ebseosame- on sein acid dp tite + aba sil? at edodsitges Lanz nex ody a a a oc dt 2OUgnm whee swiosredeayt a a —— 169 in the anterior part of the region of differentiation or much farther ahead (Fig. 42) a lateral doubling of the developing genitalia. But since no case was met with of two sets of repro- ductive Organs in a ripe genital segment, it was concluded, es- pecially because of the great infrequency of this duplication, that one or the other rudiment eventually gets the upper hand and ‘develops at the expense of the other. This is borne out by the )fact that in half the cases one rudiment was much larger than the other. The above mentioned groups of rudiments were found to be ‘divided and subdivided by less and less pronounced transverse _ furrows in the following manner: B4419 10+14 14421 18413416 16414412412 20412415 | This continued until eventually the groups of four (or five, rerely | six) sets of genitalia of the anthora could be made out. But | these were seen to be divided into two groups of two sets each, so p that each lateral crenulation corresponded to two (or three) of q these, i.e., to the 1-32nd division described above (Fig. 33). In _ ripe segments this arrangement may obtain or the segment may divide | again peripherally, so that each crenulation then corresponds with ‘ One set of genitalia (Figs. 45 and 46). The latter holies show | that "complete" transverse furrows are present between every 8 or | 9 (sometimes 7, or apparently even 3, 4, 5 or 6!) genital segments. | However, other more relaxed strobilas in alcohol showed complete | furrows only every 16 ot 17 sets of genital segments, these often .- te J EIR Tih to aoduda aud ip ¢ 3 OF. MS xativooh Tete See ii CN TO ls Jom ep Sg RRGa ye: dam pet Jccoys eee nglt a obs Oy Se yi coopeel désreheee = Swe ee Lee sts bSteer i fog ex AGL AGRE a cate so works yea? ogee Pi changes ot hepsi ee Py wees! oe ee | “ellaks?taniorceada <4 OF ob ee ang ox Sag et hie CO-Bye . i ay 24 irregularly to the right or left of the uterine duct or slightly ‘behind the sac and immediately alongside the cirrus-sac, as shown an Fig. 48. The ductus ejaculatorius portion of the vas deferens Within the cirrus-sac, that is, that part occupying the lowermost one-third of the latter, has a diameter of 4 to Sp - The middle stretch of the duct often expands to 13%, while the distal part, the cirrus proper, has a maximum length of 65») with a width of Ll4p . Matz gave the dimensions of the organ (7? the cirrus-sac) i Nae 100 x 50%. The cuticula lining the cirrus is pseudociliated ‘on its inner (functionally outer) surface, somewhat as is that on Phe external surface of the worm. The cirrus-sac is located at eight angles to the dorsal surface (Fig. 47) and extends only a F short distance into the medulla, as compared to other species. It | Bis Ovoid in shape, with the narrower end towards the cloaca, and | 115-1204 in length by 75-80 in diameter. Its wall is composed of Seem immer thick layer of circular muscle fibres and a very thin fF Outer layer, the fibres of which are directed somewhat obliquely, the whole being 8p in thickness, As pointed out by Loennberg and shown in Fig. 47, the organ is peculiar in that its wall is coated | both externally and internally with a thick layer of nuclet which are doubtless mostly myoblastic in their nature. An aggregation of muclei at the lower pole of thejsac, surrounding the vas deferens } and continuous with the layer of nuclei on the outside of the | | pouch, seem to be too numerous to be considered ag myoblastic ) nuclei only. . They do not seem to be mentioned either by Loennberg or Matz. Their arrangement would indicate that they are possibly ' prostatic in their nature, the whole structure having the appearance yy" por) Size cit Ye bee 3 Th tig ty “et ode est? 2f te arc la ‘feteltbabet J Se 13 30 80850, cr igote legge Bptaus 7 SO eune fase 3 lt eh -tadh Bog eg . ato OP OY te Sei swiele e Ba ae -o SP ii mists 2 eae . = WAS ne FEtia cP sai! on ie { ’ , = Laws OS - = = <6 4 y 4 ~ pL sd Lea Po a ! . % ? io ' * ‘ ; i® A & Aa Ay ( Lids = i .@ D2 oft : etLctgg wh ee Fore) Bf ° g@s i, Pee Gh BA ieee of huts an? Th i. chy we Ott a dots CAigarains bae — Crates sheds iss ‘ae ne boyy 4 eof: > Sateen fy cena ty alug awa +i Le*nd fF Bp dstoun Yo awk dnd fan ts (a Be Lach tna gd opt RtoEatien ex) “et CM ig boro ti aan ae wi wor dos OF yOxT ay at gate nag tha iedsierw faciener te Cwal onutbirute ‘eteud, cut ews fi aus 4 Ve ae a ied oS La 7 = hig hey = 25s ve rent an Freed 2 Me 4 ia ain 172 of & gland. Retractor muscles of the cirrus proper are scarce. This fact taken in conjunction with the further fact that the wall of the sac is quite thick and powerful and that Loennberg saw a short thick cirrus when protruded, would lend support to the haw that the latter is quite small and not very important fronla functional standpoint. Concerning copulation in this species ‘Loennberg said: "Es ist daher wahrscheinlich, dass die normale Befruchtung so vor sich geht, dass das Sperma in den Sinus genitalis hineusgepresst Wird, und davon entweder passiv durch die Kontrak- tion der Sinus genitalis oder aktiv durch eigene Bewegung in die Vagina gelangt. So wohl die eine als die andere Weise scheint “recht moglich zu sein, weil die Mindung der Vagina ganz neben der- “jenigen dés Penis -gelegen ist." The vagina opens into the ductus hermaphroditicus close | behind the cirrus, and from that point passes close along the cirrus | sac to its lower end, and then turns back to pass over the ovarian P isthmus and into the generative space. ts diameter is 13pm; while its wall is composed of a cuticula 5yin thickness and a thin layer | | Of circular muscles. Its cuticula is retained until the point of | ) union with the oviduct is reached, where the lumen narrows down | } suddenly to one half the former diameter (Fig. 49). The ovary is | | somewhat irregularly "biscuit-shaped" (Fig. 48) situated close to Bh the posterior border of the segment or protruding slightly into the segment behind. It is composed of short tubular lobules of varying } size and has a width of 0.35mm. and a length of 0.15mm. In trans- | sections it is seen to be "concave towards the surface bearing the | genital openings" owing to the fact that the ventrally situated Se ae Os Pee, itt Le eh ine kg bar eit “ee at oe BRS . ty a Sie abison i er ni eae ed tug abs “athe eat Guridd ee iia ot od hi it cede fies sole. aber aetay mesic ‘ber ee: Set t. ota, £5 ahhos. el fh £ feat oT Pe ere = ao 4s ’ i.e le tov ‘ oe we z : s ae s c eit £2 eo 7:\ f ec Ba rh 420: A e Case. vai? bors b ows corny. ited? ; I = Soe : t pies Be dr eake Kida Spe: Adlets ’ ifaw’ betes ty ie aye fi iz 0 aft) a »ftn ee é Omrl edt eras Sede sex bs. doutier ota T SBE) aieees by wateo? af}. blag anes PP ous 2 (Bi att) > Piet beg 5 a glint | - % — co At pi debs BALA TOE “agegene oe! Tes snbned x6 Ba joe Pa ‘eget eaepn at FP “ta ; as net. 2?) ere { j . i 'O. 2 Gea f - mJ 4 Peaks ° ‘ ? eisrety: Any “ cy J ‘Ie? iateloel esta vie 4 i 5 oe ‘ f oa & rf : SOM LOVAS SY Beit cla Leake Ney sate Imei tt. 4 2B nates? cae bits! Paseo er ctor ae e) Woe eee 2d, seltony® ame ny Oven .ake _—— a Sey wil Te £1! Lis- Bak ioe = ira rf x Bxteo. wer Pa lubel | u = , > ats oh. ™ i 7 | : re 4 i- ab ] “ a LS : ‘ ee Py zs f ~ Ez ig f > S “4 iF . ° | £ ahs re ey , | * 7 : ; ‘ y ‘ ws By ory ed ft ; pe ef " : tye 3s 1G ra ty | Siti 3 fi “i came tz v4 uP eured 4 Gusm wagooa z inf bs weed bit Raf, HALiow LS fn a, ig] } OBERT OD eas 74) ea 2G oa y t ONO. 20° See ebieoe en t one 183 nf i as, ~ 4) AO) a =€ pa | Ve a wr ~ ‘ ih a7 ays my reid & 7 . ® ; m7 ; : ; “i ah7) ur dd: hheg' wret Gade Page tae xf : } v2.0). Sgge Bw cigh witht ORias Tew oasate wetodt a : i +l id 2). odug he 0 began ebitoyge ae - spond y a, | wet. rm bade LOR eb Stan eoae-uitinte adie ie T's ; ° ad 71 " 7 , 4 d 7 ‘ - ‘\., ‘ 7 7* - : : \.7, Ly 6 : 7 ap . 7 + wre ! : : ~ z = - 7 : ao) a P id . * Lenckart (1819 : 41), et al. as arranged in a single row, ina double row, or alternating thruout the strobila. Here they were @ikewise found to alternate irregularly from side to side (Fig. 46) 5 Lae €.g., 2, ier fe top heel el ey Mi ete.) or to be more medially reer er.. We, ley is Me, Bey M., be, Ms, T., Le, mM, ; ene, M., m., etc.) but never in two rows, excepting in a very ‘few inmature genital segments (Fig. 42), unless the alternating cond tion in much contracted strobilas is considered as such. While the sac has a diameter of about 0.18mm. when the first eggs appear in its lumen, it may reach a length of 0.35mm. and a trans- Bétee Giameter of 0.32mm. or about one-sixth of that of the pro- glottis. The combined uterus-sac and uterine duct may in many cases Occupy more than one-third of the width of the segment. The ) hindermost segments, in which the uterus-sacs may be gorged with eges to a diameter of 0.65mm., separate from the chain evidently in pairs, the lines of division taking place at the furrows between ) the larger crenulations mentioned above. No detached proglottides were found, however, free in the intestine of the host, altho Olsson (1867 : 55) recorded having found such, while Weinland | (1858 : §) said that, according to Eschricht, the species "which lives in the scalpin of the Baltic (Cottus scorpins) throws off its whole chain of joints every year, and then sends out a new one from "the neck, Like that of the distal portion of the uterine duct the D wa12 of the sac is composed of a much attenuated epithelium from "the basement membrane of which the nuclei, separated by wide in- | tervals, project into the luman-like bosses. The uterus-opening is ) Situated ventrally in the middle of the uterus-sac, and with regard ie ee | de a - meh ~oBe-~sipody eat, aid sata oc} ayaa L286 Mi Seats ge ca re) fan me rel icer >. Fuad pdinnnahene . Pee sJO% cate oe 2 aharts 04 te ot £ (a a wk ie ¥ a ee! > are ae Pi ne - f: rut (nee ee ¥ a d a 4 ag é eat B, S aéxievredn firs 52. RO ot | 3 ? Fett OL ih GE Diy henlededt 7 Yow Fi te Ih hinodaa wen oT OF1N phe -Siel y els adele Ae :ornhegg za 5 ly MOXY. aire sR. (A MESS 0 Ow seheg ee de 1 2h vbtiq Beblad/ sotete iy Yo sea “ i? “ .-, 4 3otia henkvnem aa sn luneeeae 2 “4 wu My 5S & ie yD Gg ts 4 ‘evawor, * = / u fy eh | ; ei 2: at “tf Egenx? Tere) i Heo ‘ay ( sie > i TAaodtdoje Ob yibisetee sede Olay sel gets augied) F ¢? Lett ous lp, od gipos a +, eed) Blea (tae yrbte efa2o tg ae 2% 9 30 "ReR $1 oe Sc acalhan ae? 76 ers oSit oly eo eisceres ite Ue 2! zi) Setingede: wa OER. ferereqep . et ‘oul ost Rbide! = sinters dk: vis ode cee ‘Sit daa obat te wi 4 is F 1 ae 5 7 ¥; 7 1 ao . i . . . ai 7 Dia 5 Y , 4 a | wn d to the external segmentation cither in the middle of the larger (double) segment or in the groove separating it from the next ahead : lr behind. Circular in outline and 50» in diameter, it is sur- rounded by an area of radiating nuclei, thought by Loennberg to be Mpeeeibly of the nature of a gland for the secretion of a material i of use in the passage of the eggs to the exterior. The actual “opening is formed by the rupture of a membrane guarding the outlet, “which has a thickness of from 15 to 30p. (Cf. C. crassiceps). ¥ é _ The fresh ese is ellipsoidal in shape, dark brown in color, and measures from 36 to S0# in length by 43 to 45 pore bee Ddiemeter. The shell was observed to be »bout 9p thick in living ‘material and not provided with an operculun. No mature eggs show- ing #he six hooks of the oncosphere were met with in fresh material in the field. Nothing was discovered regarding the life-history of this | form, not even possible intermediate hosts in the way of food 3 Gontents, for the stomachs and intestines of the few sea-ravens | €xamined were all found to be empty. Linton (1890 : 732) gave as | the food of Lophopsetta maculata and Limanda ferrugivea, from which » he recorded Dibothrium punctatum Rud., "several species of Annelids, | fragments of Sguilla, and several specimens of a species of | Margarita." No specimens smaller than about 25mm. in length were ) obtained, so that the appearance of the youngest strobila was not ' Observed. According to Udinsky's abstract, Pilat (1906 : 191), | working on B. scorpii from Raja clavata of the Black Sea (the only 4 | case of the species having been found in a selachian fish, so far | as the writer ig aware) established the fact "dass séine Larven in | f ate Yo eGbiihe nas sett ae nae ROSE IS p xf! av aes eroded aig eh) pba) 2d age ‘ne eagi@e, a § 2A tpt : PERM SL Ye Jayco! he Lot Sle Se i . § to 0 96 dt 20%: Ree ia ae colvetne Wit. of ea Se b snes bier Aan Pani & VO Mipeeius cay we ws . Gh cot Giveo we UBL led & ge t. re “ bend?» es" =P 4 jRin ae asi 3 re i saabtened iG: é: mots tA en Ve 22 Si fou Bd ; ovoca’ Ga j Ger 3 TAS Coa bey SE9 Li) YOOd, . be ten aeton hg Lsoret xen. bee. ; SMG4105 AA BROT vet oe 77 @fL47 €E- nna Q bias Pa vad to ebse Ho on! Syeetvese ot tesa Mole’ Hevia elceg ot a? 20. dgoe ah bdingitie Spee ie ies angi e207 Yf ora @ . toe e2 equct a9 Doe MS: 202 15, LOL .apt adel So eae taone: tgtigse Bebb ‘: of? O71 noice step, Cipbaen alt Yo vast ar “8 «£290; Sn? Ser TE ‘Gon duadidieagsial ao WoL? soltoel lop Samaras’ ty a4; hs Pale, Say fod a ae beet ‘ g f : , Ss = Fo A ae Species 2. Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) (Figs. 50 = 55.) 1722 Vermis mailtimembris Leeuwenhoek vec 3 490 anguillae Taenia anguillae (part.) Mueller Taenia 1786 Taenia claviceps Batsch £786 ¢ 211 faenia Taenia 1790 Taenia claviceps Schrank 1790 : 46 claviceps Goeze 1782 3; 414 anguillae Batsch L786 3° 253 anguillae Gmelin 1790 3: 3078 Rhytelminthus anguillae Zeder 1800, 2 215 Taenia claviceps Rudolphi Taenia anguiilae Bosc iBOZ : 307 Rhytis claviceps zZeder 1805 <: 2935 Rudolphi 18slO : $7 Bothriocephalus clavi- ceps Bothrioc. 1819 Bothrioc. clavicenps Rudolphi 1819 : 156,472 claviceps Lamarck 1816 : 583 1819 Bothrioc. claviceps Leuckart 1819 : 49 ~ 1824 Bothrioc. claviceps Nitzsch 1824 ;: 97 1844 Bothrioc. claviceps Bellingham 1844 ; 251 1845 Bothrioc. claviceps Dujardin 1845 : 618 Bothrioc. claviceps Siebold Dibothrium claviceps Bothrioc. claviceps Baird 1855 : 89 Diesing Dibothrium claviceps Diesing Dibothrium claviceps Polonio 1859 3 225 Dibothrium claviceps Molin 1859 ° 8 Dibothrium claviceps Diesing Bothrioc, clavicess Olsson 1867 3; 56 ele 4 YOS : Ve. OGL ¢ Ye 3 (SSL, sasq0) Sc SOL VELA, Savi 9eNl SBN i OG J deorinerucad tolleut : seoU” dsesed _ Mtoatel” nilena Prt ts top TeD8a fig lebur S20g ‘TSip 4 fig lobuy HOt ere! fdeLloiutt Stadoued dtass iy Marty old Dost LD 16 {0G blodete Sriteetd bri oa antasic oinesor if i aciaetd Bothrioc. clavicepp Carus 1885 ; 120 Bothrioc. claviceps Matz 1892 3: 108 Bothrioc. claviceps Olsson L895 : 16-17 Bothrioc. claviceps Ariola 1896 : 280 Bothrioc. claviceps Luehe 1899 : 45 Bothrioc. Glaviceps Ariola 1900 : 395 Bothrioc. claviceps Fuhrmann 1902 ;: 441,447 Bothrioc. claviceps Luehe LGio ¢ 25 Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. Large cestodes up tp 540mm. long by 2-5 wide. Scolex small,elongate, but usually found contracted to an almost spherical shape; 0,6-1.5 mm. long by 0.5-0.5 wide at the middle. Prominent terminal disc. First segments thick. short and crowded; middle,oblong; posterior, or ripe proglottides,usually 2mm. broad by 0.5-0.7 long, often qua drate. arranged in groups of two, between which the transverse furrow is not prominent, Other transverse furrows well marked. Cuticula 1-24 thick, Calcareous bodies very scarce, Main longitudinal muscles not in bundles. 4-6 chief longitudinal ex- cretory vessels. No genital papilla; genital cloaca funnel-shaped, midway be- tween anterior and posterior borders of the progiottis. Vagina opens immediately behind the cirrus-sac; no separation bettween common cloaca and hermaphroditic duct. Testes large, subsSpherical, averaging 584 long, 644 wide and 60 deep; 50 to 60 for each proglottis. Coils of vas deferens loose, close behind uterus-sac, 0.55mm. wide by 0.07 long. Cirrus pouch ellipsoidal, 127-145 deep oy 81-104 in diameter,thin-walled. Ovarycompact, 0.45-0.55mm. in width, 0.055 in length by 0.ks OS! ¢ Gees Cirsal Boi 3: BeBl SJ ak Vie0l, « GGBg . *poealt Df", : 6Gar ALG tA obs ROBE ariel CoG. 3. @ge@d CLoswh ,o OP 5 See TAP UyEt G2. = Gidd . 6am :SHN04 4S lo etesoeunds oy ivi vatechaa fe? i Hers 6 iiaha gafless oat ie Se Owed. aod verdes 4d, . 2 eq i#>)$tertge duokle ne of Se vomidgosy bruel. | n2ié , shieres ieeaivae® 6,0bin of) te shiv ea. v i ##OI00,0L5bim ;bebwore Ge soe mabe . rs eben or dh. of dhan tes ! ce Miel , igh oe . Lait ea gou aaa iteaiag acetnus el btelas? 7 188 Since the earlier writers dealt merely with the external features of the species, their descriptions are of little com- parative value when the finer distinctions are at stake. In late years Ariola (1896 : 280; 1900 : 393), Luehe (1899 : 43), Braun » (1900 ; 1676) and Fuhrmann (1902 : 441, 447) dealt with it from a Systematic standpoint, and finally Luehe (19810 : 25) gave a short Gieenosis, in placing it in his latest classification of the group; ® but all referred back to the original and evidently only adequate deseription of the internally anatomy, namely, that by Matz (1892 108-110). Here will be given only the most important specific data of value for a comparison of the form studied with the de- seription by the latter writer, since the accompanying figures itlustrate many of the details sufficiently. In the material from Eupomotis gibbosus all of the anterior progiottides were found to be much broader than long, on account of the contraction of the strobilas, while those in detached pieces were from four to five times as broad as long, as shown in Fig. 54. Apart from Matz, Olsson (1893 : 16) and Luehe (1910 : 25) have “noted secondary division of segments, while Dujardin (1845) ori- ginally said that "On remarque en outre que souvent les articles sont tellement unis deux & deux, que chaque couple parait n'enffaire qu'un seul avec une ride transverse et deux appareils céni taux 1 tunlde vant l'autre." This pairing of the ripe proglottides (Fig. 54) is due to the manner of segmentation which was found to be like that described for B. scorpii, only quite regular since the reproductive rudiments appear relatively farther forward in the strobila and seem to be more stable in development. Concerning d oa 1 wa Caricne ¢ Lone Soh Sid 4 rt ‘i 0 he wad ga* St \oeggekoe eee peta» Se Ore wav l cH gSh Seka ene Tors A a. O2t ij D Stents bas tate “ Rreoti tools (eal «At gadipadaa yee ets ce typ be tee «Ah Be one Bhi eieee va en a Fiddle | ms ee c = ¥e Bg tbe a i a . & peonn " ‘ tv. istisl Pa o, a "" - i S A ha 'as ‘ res e2e *? far / : y “’¥ j . rary : * aha. Ss eb, - a sn, f Let Care oF " - : * wy & . . ‘pe ‘ + ‘ ¢ y, < ane sad, a. ive ole : hh SG Ov -2.ft70)} = tan Lav etaotioee 6 Wpote ty 1h (rahae Fee Sa Shoe 40 Neewieer BO" add, Shee ey un i esgyer opado, map. nell z mireh brig ioe . & i, SVJ RA i> 6 aint sete anced cova” UF Sst Sega wns TO aes y fait ol at re —_ | io td no arenas "Petar ont of oul ihe ay) Dey si adénat ekevabarar pater + smagthes ' Ain tho ‘if ai noche = Fp sida Par bakit ” 4 >. ay ~~ 5 << 3S the arrangement of segments for this species Luehe (1910 : 25) said that, "Zwei aufeinanderfolgende Genitalsegmente Busserlich haufig nur vollkommen geschieden, indessen fehlen durchgehende — auf den Fl&chen nie auf so weite strecken wie bei | - punctatus. ") On account of the great degree of contraction of a. Strobila at hand, provided with scolices, the primary ségments ow ere not followed with entire satisfaction very far beyond the scolex, but the first two were seen to be divided into four sub- segments each, -- the first one, shown in Fig. 50, including the four scgments to the (*) at the side of the figure, -- with some Bandication of the next division which would result in eight seg- | ments to the primary segment; the third into eight, and so on. There were indications posteriorly, however, that the primary | segment consists of at least 32 genital segments or proglottides, | but as in B. scorpii the furrows separating sets of 16, 8, and 4 | a become almost as prominent as those between the groups of $2, while even those separating pairs are not as faint as Olsson (883 : 16) stated and showed in his Fig. 1, Tab. II. At all | events it should be emphasized that the furrows are more distinct a | pend consequently the proglottides better defined, at least external- a oy, than in B. scorpii. The following table gives the measurements of three of the ] largest specimens studied: = > = - —~ = e aa af & ae 4 2 ° . i a . a 2 pate ae nel 8 Sal be See elot 207 otersamgd Be = #2 siege Lee Pgt0 stnoa toto am a Weide cove shel todo tide ay.” vellgente of fon of: bys six peneey te eeiand Yai — an a ee se ee 185 i vision into an external common cloaca and an hermaphroditic duct B55). The important data concerning the rest of the reproduc- , rgans are contained in the following table, where only those * ap parative value are given: 2 oe 7 jot és: boot gio Q ; Pe ey 1 i he Q Lin wie k a) La ) O05 aes aly Bia aowoks ap ia) 3 iM ls Yaa aught i hiaseegy SOARW AGES BP pier as ot 2 = . ' . ‘ p 4 ' i ‘ i 7 i 1 ' vy ee © i] “ AY i‘ P: * \ y 4 ' 1 A f ) har! ob ST ey ee a b oe A \™ 2 ie Ry r, err a “va il 7 a 7 34 i ae eS - aie ik sug Vie a vi 2 5! % j 4 ‘ f fh a | ri a ees © 1) oe a a 6 F d ' p ss oe be - eS on Ae | é et ; Fe sie : 4 - o 4 = : 6 7 by = it 1& 4 ‘pardons = ae ee pS ms a | S2s a eI [: , i cf eri Ale Laer (tad ti SAA: BES BO ge ee Tos os “— ' _ ay * : ~ Bie. Ria > 4 : 4, . - By s @ he ri y : a . toebado, od. 29 £9 Pe RR OES LL. ett ke “ a i Ys ~ - viene 40 4 ee a Bl a) boda eo: t¢ oOnm eqs 7 ‘curing “Ce LOd ae og iptetiaa :: Stee shin. ee x — ve oN , | a eel ments subcuneate and circular in transection, with prominent sosterior borders; middle gradually broaden until much wider than } posterior two to four and.a half times wider than long or -2. 7mm. in width by 0.8 a length. Posterior end of strobila uajly rounded, even when segments have already become detached. | Cuticula 5.5 thick, subcuticula 5S . No calcareous bodies. "Longitudinal muscles not in bundles. Four main longitu- al excretory vessels. Genital cloaca median, halfway between anterior and posterior srders of proglottis, deep and funnel-shaped. Vaginal opening - behind that of cirrus; hermphroditic duct-obscure. | Testes on each side separated into two ficlds by nerve _ inner much narrowed than outer; 50 to 60 in each proglottis; 0, 60 and 80m in maximum width, length and depth, respectively. We 8 deferens a large compact mass of coils, elongate and laterial 0 fee ae-pouch, QO.22mm. long by 0.16 in width, alternates irre- . larly from right to left. Cirrus-sac very large and thin-walled, “0.28 mm. in length (depth) by about 0.20 in diameter. Cirrus pro- truded, 135p long by 85 in diameter. q Ovary compact, with limbs often turned forward, 0.60mm. Wide, 0.10 long and 0.13 thick; isthmus thick. Oocapt 25-304 in } diameter. Vitelline follicles 800 to 1000; 70,50 and 45m in maximum depth, width and length, respectively; occupying almost the whole of the cortex, strongly united dorsally and ventrally. - Common Vitelline duct long and narrow. Uterine duct confined to one | tae of the median line, opposite the cirrus-sac, alternating irre- | | gularly from side to side. Uterus-sac spherical, occupying one- r= y PASS : > = cae $2 A a atoeccatt €e igs in ton C24 ni noLagud — Le tay ye oa 4 et HORY gable erysd Lat a mine Oe . o\ »{ band ie Birt Mey Beste ts Li nt r My ) . es iy ei2egay, rs O65 a Sa. Assv ing Sawa tas oa Chae note. * VY, bevace-—-Tesnt ting yesh ented Osetra Wis art to 26 vat hoteragee. Shite dose) ae / ‘ « : Be at Ge > LTOIGO. SHAT -Dapos teu HOD, 4 = fl ’ it. ao’ | -. ee of g's iy gums “ee get o BV rahole «sitne teu. ia Josamos S340 4. q petits - el ia gr er. aC ai 7! . wey, 0 if ie wetak (toby eee erendd , 9 2el of tig dt /eaertelh wt 6.8 Tagg qo {avash) gi ee dha th xf 86 Ud grok 0 teamted, tigress decenleguinins av .teagmog (Ke i Vo-g {o00 « . BOL vat a tie dt a O ban yack 4 Sy Ge naa-08, OF BORGES oes ops sul libor ao sone cule talyabeds inlet hroediey: bh ate “ . ikers aoe Bae vite 0 150" hen hae “ hinoe tok vegtreey wiovtad bai gl ies | iT eeLO? he OBO—R URED re her oe a ‘t¥avaoe , tao besdan ei Unt iiceh: sh ihe ie mi mas a a hod i ; Ae af x ore, <= 3 anny —s ae ana iarat ee 7 190 third of the diameter of the proglottis; opening me dian, close to he antewior edge of the latter. ‘ ' Eggs ellipsoidal 62-66" long by 42-45 wide, oncospheres éloped within uteri. Meeetbabitat) Casca ahd intéstine of the host. . a | % Host Locality Collector Authority ¥ 1 izostedion vitreun Flat Rock L., Cooper Cooper /“{type host) Muskoka Dt., Ont. (the present 7 paper) Giant's Tomb Id., Georgian Bay 4 : Sandusky, Ohio. H.J .VanCleave Pp New Baltimore, Mich. H.B.Ward Port Clinton, Ohio Ls “ Put=-in Bay, Ohio : Stizostedion canadense New Baltimore, Mich. " m ce Kansas City, Mo. H.M.Benedict aS ar i’ Hiodon tergisus Havana, Ill. H.J.VanCleave ; alosoides . Keokuk, Iowa H.B.Ward o7 ¥ ; Type specimen : No. 174.2 of the writer's collection. | gota’ Co-type : No. 174.3 of the same collection, deposited im the Collection of the University of Illinois under the directim of Professor Henry B. Ward. | > ‘Type locality : Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, off Giant's Tomb J Ado ef ad 4 " (Div 2)-.o ye po SU-o5 Bepaeeee , 4 , 22sg ‘phe ».! ot? be sa eeeeF hae 208adr i ‘ y ; 7: < Ae oe ‘ t = peta 9 7 i a { - 1. q | é f , } 4 ry ‘ of e so Sif. .vromte fad 2ensh a rei aéates : YT A Soy guol .dadowt | i ue wy 7 o 3 : t + 5 * 5 : Py | 2 =’ ¢«) as © nt « oF 2 has LO Sqgey ho Aue gat he SOT 40m i Speeees “ (ea gel is Ud Lenay fa Hay tS noreak nae 1 etme , ote eval ‘eagantanois a ettaoot® iy ves 6 , 4 rn j q 7 ’ wea.. f 7 7“. ee eee ‘ a fi ¢ - 1 i eo 7 . ' PP _ = Se ee > ee awe See Sn So far as the writer has been able to ascertain a descrip- dion of this species has not yet been published, nor have any pothriscephalid cestodes been cenerked from the hosts listed above. % Specific name cuspidatus, here chosen, has reference to the peculiar shape of the scolex as seen from the side : cuspis, an Beyeeshcad. is ce The first segments of this species show subdivision eording to the same plan as that described for B. scorpii. Each ‘primary segment Was seen to be divided into two: segments of the eeand order (Fig. 56) and farther back these again into segments )the third order, and so on, until, when the rudiments of the mproductive organs appear, the primary segment, whose boundaries can be recognized by carefully following along backwards from the ieolex, contains 33 of them. This plan can be followed well into “the region of differantiation. There is not nearly so much irre- gularity, introduced by intercalated segments and the subdivision | of Others, as in B. scorpii, altho the same sort of dominance of the “anterior ends of the major divisions over their posterior ends is seen not only in the size of the subdivisions and that of the re- Baresuett re rudiments but, in the beginning of the region of differ- entiation, in the rate of differentiation of the common rudiment | into the different proximal organs of reproduction. The latter is Be aticated in good toto preparations 2s well as in sections. As |} soon, however, as the lumina of the uterus sacs appear the plan | becomes obscured by the gradual enlargement of the posterior borders |} of the Bubsegments even to those of the fifth order; so that in |) turn we can see defined, as we... follow them posteriorly, groups of oud TSo00g" €0fea “ape oti esi Res about na? oe, “ w igs $aca edt to Yasin gd tr Sth wey) sat ” a4, j ‘ . be. O-f (0 ER ore ture ae Foun as toog® Gar empo ern ingge ee te oti ft¢o ob Pas — wel) onee w, 628. bo die Bb WwW Of tee €8e Be BE <2 et bee a 1 or? 4 ‘ i 3 eka a > 9M ict. eis aecw {ifvaw.. 02 2 vee) This) - ' : ee te S ‘ - r- J - al { “legs _¢ 1 ie he ie. \ ioiNe 738 ti SF - f , od iif! 2 MESWALAS SOCLA Slwal! a ' hee FOL ROD VG ’ , 1 ns ane amy int ak " oh D420 oY fo Adgig “al es B42 é ’ a “ arr yy) 8 Vitzend for al (eat) . LORS aL? ARSE EE athe ) ores i rye att B- S.eotaevn £ Yo Ceovbe 2 + ric fies wo Geile £igv Ip ~~ es >. ~ as =s¢ v¥ o fe be ly i =O, A +a a bua es0ye S69 to onde edt eh we OCage2 Sit Tp Gwiiged oa? ng ytud etpombbeee EOD, it, oe pedi Nnht Be ett ab tO etary ont pie to Sto rb. ew 30 haagre ieminote teaver | Stose of we Lbee a4 SPE REGS otwt boos ti . a ys ree — rr 2% {SpMoe AeTtt edé doseage pe jeening Bhi Bet: sLiolvgigod ment meLtan La eae S26 ai Bg +r P pe seaaiial i. 32, 16, 8, 4, 2 sets of genitalia (Fig. 60). And eventually at the posterior end of medium sized strobilas and for considerable stretches of the largest, these pairs become separated, and the MEMES Gontatnas only’ one sé6t of genitalia. eae: No statements can be made by the writer concerning the intermediate stages of the life history of this species. It may ‘be said, however, that many of the earliest formed segments are lost long before they become sexually mature, since most of the youngest strobilas are found lacking the end proglottis. Constric- Pieris at about the middle were present in many of them, as if the length of segments behind that region might be thrown off as a whole; but, since this was not a constant feature, it was considered | to be due rather to the fixation of a wave of contraction: passing | over the strobila, such as may be seen in living individuals as | well as in plerocercoids of other species of cestodes, e.g. Scolex mess 2 The material studied consisted of 24 lots from the collec- | tions of the University of Illinois (Professor H. B. Ward), of | Dri. J. Van Cleave and of the writer, from the hosts as above } Moted. Pa ce wees, & tor aft) attat£atg 20 a eee ; - ois hah ewemea! Yee eo toy aaae emu sae oiled took Vga 6 tre 7 tvs ont XC oii ie) a tteneae Yr0te Mi ist at lo texan *. a4 ) ~ a SL teclités 6&0 3e? emiee “Caite (4 * 3 it ‘e] eo tea | Vr eee eel? MWe C4F Sh PASSE Bove te etl? F | — re & iy al = 2 5 4 ‘, Am ct itéegteg CLD Se SEO ae : P ; ; » Vi O° Mar Pez .¢?> ald 4 s . * 4 ; (‘Yel ai “eee er Yar we Kone i" i> botatence Delivte tahcehee -5 yh SOeOO 1079) Olan Ll ht 26 yhlerhe BaD 6 trek & e rr ; oe . 4 ined dS DOoe te ive one PS fae er aele 4 7 - u oe 7 Jie a ee *s . ie . Y o oa ? A) uf ' : a hy gt : ; ny; : a - ‘ : away ae fae Cn, oe = - ; * 7 fan = . a - 7 . f Species 4. Bothriocephalus manubriformis (Linton, 1889) (Figs. 64-70) Dibothrium manubriforme Linton Divothrium manubriforme ; Dibothrium manubriforme , Bothriocephalus manubriformis Ariola Bothriocephalus manubriformis Porona Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. Large cestodes up to 320mm. in length by Smm. in maximum breadth. scolex large, elongate, with prominent terminal disc deeply notched ‘laterally as well as surficially, constricted posteriorly; length a-5.5mm., depth at middle, 1.0, breadth of disc, 1.0. Bothria long and very narrow posteriorly where the walls are quite thick. First segments cuneate with salient posterior borders which are distinctly emarginate; middle, broadly cuneate, less emarcinate; posterior or mature many times broader than long and closely crowded 5 xX O.amm.; gravid proglottides, 2 x 0.4mm. Posterior half to two-thirds of the strobila provided with a median line (the com- bined uterus-sacs). Cuticula 4.5 thick. Calcareous bodies large, 18-26 x 1l-15p . Longitudinal muscles well developed, in bundles. An- teriorly 4 chief excretory vessels. Genital cloaca median or slightly displaced towards either side, deep and narrow, separated from the hermaphroditie duct by &@ narrow muscular velum, half way between anterior and posterior r. ’ mem 3 > f ‘7 - a7) 7 t Bib: OR alors pee mu tasgenal 2 Boe ~~ \aminod 8 foro tusiethtaae satatoaoe va i oft: 0 erator iade ede gdiae - ial vincnaes of mele co. sera tives at cod ys Atgaod nt. cee of. que w. ; Sqr otk, Ladcterret fuebiier¢ itiw otennole: ail rl thao trveteo betc biriieatn, wi Lede fisun’ es [Lem iol,» .O.f .oekB Re debeerd. 6.7 eo fihin te | elit «2 fan-sta eu Lam ef? e1adw yitolretnog rersaer Patos solrevaosd femeAL be aviv et nent re -etentsnam seat" oetawaie ' i } p _ Ay ” 4 Ay S.A0" IGS SelNOse ast ee, aks e184 ‘ ; af : 4 ey. ~) BOS one , Teoma te. (mimes. © aad , Otte. zi ree Ge i} (ag obutowbawre ’ @ Dhedinitesd. ef mange d § TRAC: «o> TOT tad ve hhy-olvoisin Besides tw. btasmgenis edt go enti owt omg E eetorcegh Jone 0) oe pi a3 al ae... eee ap Pe ane ai HES . cou 4 nis dey Bae Bee tenes Ge has 2D: RD BIT L.17 ont 5 eeot batpalteb That aoeeny ( ‘Lyuctio lo’ ylteom beugqmoa ite lr, i a): 20 Ghietyua pathhetxe fom fe hth TASS sePontins aypdiud ai i Gov Cine somsve} rob tw”. mtb, gd eile (femetens estodldol salflev tt .450m ts Love seen eal ties iv s Sodas af) be eyb's wided-wo a a acleyv ei oatue: di ee Anemuter + @hanyo endo « mr f °° @ . i ia ‘. ? , , 7 ; i oa .. re ‘ap Sh? So Onbdeetal 7% j I ‘ ae Nat & 6 A “+ y - : i . a an | t 4 ® ¢ ( T ae Pa, | a) ; es i os 4 ” le ou wae Host Locality Collector Authority Tetrapterus albidus Linton Linton, 1889 : 458 ~~“ type host ane Woods Hole,Mass. Histiophorus gladius Newport, R.I. . 1890 : 731 _iIstiophorus nigricans WoodsHole be : 1901 : 448 (= oe gladius Tetrapterus imperator . e 4 " 3 447 (= T. albidus Tetrapterus belone Portoferrajo,Id. Damiani Parona 1902 : 7 Elba Type specimen ; No. 4711, Coll. U.S.Nat.Mus. Seo-stype >: No. °16.461, Coll. Univ, Ill. Type locality : "Penekese?" As regards the segments of this species Linton (1889 456) stated that, "Immediately back of the head the segments are very narrow, and for a greater or less distance, depending on the state of contraction, maintain about the same width as the base of the head. In some individuals the small anterior segments con- tinue much farther back from the head than in the one figured. The segments are alternately short and long. This characteristic is guite plainly marked in those segments which immediately follow the head, is still noticeaWe on the median segments and also on the posterior ones, but is not so plainly marked on the latter as on the two former." This is due to the plan of subdivision of the segments, which is quite like that described for the preceeding species. It can be followed with certainty, however, only in the “anterior" and "median" portions of the strobila and not pos- teriorly where the segments are very short and crowded close toge- * F g 9 . f %% ft " VE. 48 ; Fas t eae arse “, t 24400 ~-LIN2 oF + coed 2 4 On) ,£68;9L ott ” i oe we ge : Seioege anit Fo spree sit ebram . ; " oa , ne aed od? to toed. ¢lste themed oct ie : , ' a2 Piola. wether opel 29 se¢saty £.s01 “62, of Cindy tase ed? tuode atetirtag 50 22 Omg x Ma i ey Pir tt Sa oer ag ands hess Sas orl toed teats : oy hetoe Llama ode albyhav bint sa08, oT ty ‘9 Lr oFeeralts oct Gans boa * 20m eimtaaes atte 4 -s 13.0. Sete few “etnenia acute at beds tem ae BAS he oA Seats oe i iia ane re” Od Ngo 4p: Litt ut ‘SE: Bf? Ga Be eet tiheely ot, ton $2 dud. wenortol t cdvihdue to malar edd ae bark at vasr ba sees ost ede 2on bed ruomgh vba HaBL oP kup o8 cold vino \% avewoit «taint ate ccd Aewitse od. | 2 bis si tdette ode, 10" ‘Sra gaoy agtbant va, = tof se0fo Sebyors Bas tiode vie ste thas ses ther longitudinally even tho the latter may not show the rudiments of the reproductive organs. Fig. 66 is of a primary segment (the fifth from the scolex in this case) to show this method of segmen- tation. Here there is a marked dominance of the anterior over the posterior half of the segment as regards the rate of division; and this is seen to be also quite applicable to the subsegments even to those of the fourth order. "In one specimen examined," to con- tinue guoting from Linton, "the first six segments did not show this alternation in size. In the next fourteen segments, however, the alternation was quite evident." This indicates that he was well acquainted with the division of the segments into subsegments, but did not hit upon thexact hanner- in which it is earried out. As regards internal segmentation the writer found that, a- part from the sets of genitalia, the musculature in general, -- and for that matter the arrangement of the vitelline and the testes, == bear out Linton's (1890 : 731) conclusion that, "So far as any internal characters go, the body is practically continuous." Nothing is known of the life-history of this species. The material studied consisted of two lots: No. 4711, U.S. N.M., from the rectum of Tetrapterus sp. from "Penekese?" deter- mined by Linton, and No. 16.461, Coll. Univ. Ill. (H. B. Ward) from the intestine of Histiophorus gladius, obtained from Professor Linton and evidently the actual specimen described by him in 1896. The species was determined and the above diagnosis prepared from confirmatory sections of the latter. Sd ogee yam totsal ed? odd ees a ie VER A to et ae 320 eaayto 33 : ew lo SOPaR SE? wide ct a! Hi seine nitetie Sd to sou AEROS hedzam, #8) vi®, TO oft su7 shusgee ane ot Gis reeeuie «at e¢f eld a stip owl (SaniMeke neotoors on6 ate -18Bi0 “dts ‘ Lae. siGormses. x ig tent sug” .cotaht ae t Seek OE ‘ pT MU 4 f i Log ani fd * Lary La re aes rhhe SNFHOLH) vidt . "“\shebive oti see f ony = r ce an, “4 a “~ & s >? » A : > we & ae oa og OPE ab -) LA to pi 4S T eid papery ae lw a seane 62 Fi dohiw of «cenaes toaxdout neq thie@ sfub* tetizw od? modiataemges teaietst aires 92595 a2 wsa}aluonsa od? , 22 Les toes to vdsg 5g Pap .satifetiv ede) te tragdeniests..edt tothem t. oh” ,2ce noteskenes (ity : O801) a 'notaty CM LR ION Yil eo ffaesg v ‘Sebsesth oad .0% statog 7 a Slag 30 quotes stags? to" twoot gfe rr oe. i rsrol. ces te Saba dbfol he Bbits Letrotes aif toseddaee® mott . a SurRedaiet et to autooy est .& BY tie ae tee Bt o8 hate cote 1o1% mest Bastesdo dbate Sirdedotte 1 he oa os uid yf Bed ixoned mento amy taut en ede eee bezaqeng 6 febngalb evots: ith’ tds a: asi yo itea att ‘to ailing Lz a f x Sty ws 1 » does ie . ya 'Y 4 : Pag uy 5 } tT 1s ay a ee oe | STS ime ay 2 TiSTSsrs a. oh ee eee re, * A Dibothrium laciniatum Linton Linton (1897 : 485) established this species on the basis of the material contained in lot No. 4741 of the collection of the United States National Museum from Tarpon atlanticus, the Tarpum, and again reported it from the same host species in 1901 (p. 437). Luehe (1899 : 43) in his list of the species of the genus Bothriocephalus s.str. remarked that "Von weniger cut bekannten Arten gehtren anscheinend noch hierher Bothriocephalus laciniatus {Lint.) und occidentalis (Lint.)"; while Ariola (1900 : 414) also placed it in the same genus as he conceived it to be constituted. During the study of B. manubriformis the writer was im- pressed with the great resemblance between D. laciniatum and it, in all but a few details the two being, infact, identical. The mea- surements for length and maximum breadth, as shown in the compara- tive table below, agree, while those of the scolex and anterior segments are as near as can be expected from cestode material which is found in various degrees of contraction and relaxation. All of the conditions represented in Linton's (1897) Figs. 7-12, Pl. XXX, were observed in the material of B. manubriformis studied, -- when such obvious errors as, "Fossettes marginal as to head, correspond- “ing to the flat surface of body," are taken into consideration, -- while the description of the external features, excepting that of the posterior segments, applied indetail. But later lot No. 4741, U.S.N.M., was obtained by Professor Ward, and the writer learned that his suspicions were well founded; for D. laciniatum proved to be identical with B. manubriformis. The posterior segments "with Toe P| a 2? oO. She a tat sokcdaga (268): 052) a ,)28700e: eft To Lovh .glh tee ak ba akutioe, ebb SPeite ogre) most oe 2 a8 Sirs wi moty. 22) id "he Wetton at eee ; ‘pie. s=3 | 9467 Gextenwas ‘ r’ MNO GieIhi “a ana os ’ - Gs a ~ cA e ‘ aa 4 | oo ~ tpt 4 a 7 * — ¥9! geo"f t ahs cs G, oJ} yl a “4 f . 4 ~ . es 4 dd as « = J * 4 , a ~ & Ye 4 > J ~ aw . > ae ! : , * | “ — ¢ 6 ; @ ont. Ww sg? aveda t ,Athenrt mesteaw baw din Pi bam, « 4 as ee “are - > ‘ oo aa se THA PY t a? 4 he uid 3 & sie'? ¢ i 8 “3.6 , FOL é 5 “ _ i" ' c~} eee (oer) lh eva st fotaveoiger eno tt - > O17 2. SRT OR ET Tats eo “6 tebintan wig me hove sod of ba Ladin raw Be rtengen” jade aAgrTe ai ‘ Leneo o¢feit asda) sae. “chee % BOR Sige, $aii2 joo qeote) eerie Lanaptne ipelt be wm ttqiibes! Lot tol xetet que | shdmdelind! ‘be Rage wagons <7 coef sedize odt Gee Pea scott w tontatdo § ” '¢ Gutalttoal 0 act ies ees cubes ole sai a : 4 - 4 ut nemgne TOL Tete Ot oat 198 breadth one and a half times the length" had different proportions from those observed in mature material of the latter species, be- cause they were, altho gravid, of quite younger strobilas. The material of No. 4741 is, in fact, intermediate between No. 4741 of B. manubriformis and the 16.461 of the same species studied by the writer, not so much in size, since it does not show the regions so well, as in degree of maturity. The fact that "the segments are not uniform; one segment with a salient posterior border followed by about two with less salient borders is due to the irre- gular manner in which the primary segment divides into subsegments (vide supra). The dimensions of theeggs correspond, while the measurements of the cirrus-bulb, vaginal sphincter, and calcareous bodies are the same in the two species: Linton stated that in D. laciniatum "The reproductive cloacae lie along the median line of one of the flat surfaces of the body. The external openings of the uterus lie along the median line of the opposite surface." While the former was found to be the case, the latter was not, for the openings of the uteri lie irregularly on either side of the median line as in B. manubriformis. Furthermore the cirrus-—bulb was not found to have "its inner end deflected to the right (left, when we take into consideration the fact that the common genital cloaca of D. laciniatum was considered to open on the ventral in- stead of the dorsal suface) where it communicates with the vas de- ferens, which lies in numerous folds in front and to the right of the cirrus-bulb," but to alternate irregularly from side to side according as the uterus-sac and distal end of the uterine duct Occupy the other side of the proglottis, while the gas deferens is 4 Gawt.«.. oa ~*~ 480 7 Pek i a |} ; ae | anttrojety teed ‘arated oft ety, Moda {8 SaSrah ete Yo fe tere esse iat gree Cig teRGuoy xf Aug te, Dave ar) Sete, P a 42 ‘e 20 Yo BAe AL ale igs \ “ad bcos th @hle , oats a Pome ton) edt “sO peiee ee es s & ree - ‘9 mv Ku, x a ss (° LLG & Se eee se sor t ; ~\n ‘ 4 Pa “ 7 ; re * i . , O24 m Tu teeg eFrQol dizw owe Sy me 4 .) ~< } é Ione ’ ‘i cotdw ak > cs 4 4 * '" PuROeCd. io siozanemth ent a r , ‘ ig F - * Ou “ais Ge en} — > * ).J- j 74 ~~ Dice Lp AS he: SMEs i‘ + - - C4 - ° LS. i ec a PY ia] ata) s . . 4 ’ 7 - = OU» G4, VU Seca si r » q *» é "Zbnece 6 ? Bnictexlbew * Ps. : é = = % my wi Sy Me - i . Be ,o&20° 44 ee Ot meu 6LyV « ‘ - % : j ——_ . =) e . j nee x . y'? - . . - ‘ i? a hate Pe Oil iAsy : * = - - eo i ary. ia » rai fi 2 - Rt eee! eee _ emee — *?@ x. & i Letosila® te..2enad aa any svai .of a: comic: tle ele diel age abd peeb teane Dame: oii feitaav ed? ao weno Lena iigtas ede MUTA Sea ct div setpotadmion oy gist {onhue son it o¢, hig: tageh as wood oR Fra re: ew oe 199 as given above. Altho the vaginal bulb was found to be a little Jarger in the material of D. laciniatum, its structure and position were also quite as in B. manubriformis. On the other hand no muscle fibres completely encircling both genital apertures, such as Shown in Linton's Fig. 5, Pl. XXXI,were seen, but what might easily be taken for such were formed by the crossing of much curved and spread longitudinal and transverse fibres of the body wall, in such & manner that the portions intersecting at the four corners run in almost circular directions and concentrically parallel to each other so as to give the appearance of the whole forming a complete ring in each case. The genital cloaca was found to be shallower than in the material from Histiophorus gladius, which is evidently aque to the fact that the proglottides were younger and not yet gravid as in those from the latter host. The uterus-oepening was not found to be "lined with cilia" but with irregular rugged pro- cesses which are evidently only portions of the lining of the developing funnel and the external duct of the same. Finally the position and structure of the ovary, of the vitelline reservoir and of the various layers of the body exactly correspond in the two forms. Consequently the writer feels that there can be no doubt whatever concerning the identity of D. laciniatum with B. manubri- formis, which fact would also seem to be recognized in the Fauna of the Woods Hole Region (Sumner, Osborn and Cole, 1913 : 585) where the former is not found amone\the cestodes, altho the host, Tarpon atlanticus, is listed, and since B. manubriformis was de- scribed before D.laciniatum, the latter must be considered as a species delenda. — ee Wao ‘dy t snito»erdagy vnobfted & ts) bigs OTies vit¢esas tee cal hes sC Gi°Ye. & ue Stew CLeL , 8100 shad aaetan, te oo Wh as: law eta pay ene fee a eo eee yer agar clu an ipa, oe oat Mune e7i sures a0 str eoeS ga pec or ise “ad? --c bases SAaeEee + ae ne od wiblowedne eldeod Pe Fale ioee 31 « FARE F ‘a eit 2 tnt \ * Coin eso gibt ek: Serta ne te er S23, C@me Tes HEF ite fend) ‘' rf LS S99 900 DS Sxrolioaerth ge . L — i 7 7 ' - z : ; ’ — aA aa? «ips & ci «ae Te. 4974n' dl. srt oe : i RYLDASS Siraod joss a} Monk Lats nas soak am ' ' 5 — cs 6 v ty * fe Pe ¥ ing 7 “ of Pa « < . 2 = ~ sive a , 7" oon tt b - ie AS - a ee Aad s+ : . = ee Z a > ; + ad 4 ey Lent Xe pOn7 Sv oi) 10 9D at? to esata & ~— es le as - = a ¥ a i woes? Seel w leg? weit fist: galg bet chins r ic} mveintoa’ oo Se ee tt abbas) ar “Bn Laps ai boabreies sd: at, ar ee foutie oitie seabed pen hee ur 2 > Geeks 7 i » pas OF, + Wy = i 7 . B. histiophorus Shipley | The writer would also like to call attention in this place to the fact that Shipley's (1901) Bothriocephalus histiophorus ") agrees in all essentials with B. manubriformis, which is almost to be expected since both are found in the same host genus. The description and figure of the scolex is that of the | latter species, altho the true nature of the bothria was not as-+ 4 certained by Shipley on account of their almost closed condition, which was also seen in many specimens of B. manubriformis by the | writer. Consequently it was described, obviously erroneously, | as " ... provided with longitudinal slit-like depressions which hardly attain the dignity of suckers situated in the dorsal and ventral plane." The external features of the strobila are the game in both species, altho Shipley was describing a comparatively young specimen, as shown in his measurements of the scolex and in his figures showing the size of the uterus-sac. The description and figures of the genitalia agree in almost all details. It is quite apparent, however, that his Fig. V, diagrammatic it is true, is entirely misleading as to the proximal connections of the repro- ductive ducts, one of which, the ootype, be confused with the isth- mus of the ovary. The ova in the latter were also found by the writer to be 154 in diameter in B. manubriformis as in B. histio- phorus. Besides, his description of these central connections of the genital ducts is certainly not that of the genus Bothriocephalus for in dealing with the isthmus of the ovary, which he called the ootype, he said that "Into this region opens the small shell-gland, sayree ilec of OWS, oe ke Bias por vine ttesd silaiqnay te cy oft’ (£080) a yelghde: | é i v@inz ot Pied 4. aa29 ‘Gok wmae aif AD nagar 828 ated. é 9 z wo ’ © 7 OO SThgeS Age notte pan Ble: i eH =tutsg awese oath ot ins, ~ ed 7. ox 2 sf \tadd Se taeegal eh wee . _ J .* aaa ji iSVere +. 29 acem ine ge G7se Ae pees ar stdo .botiszoecd aw. es oe led aan whe f > =e BAS ' i. st hiin faget mt Wi bebe ~ * - — ‘ bs te hy, VP inthe ade 79 ié4,.< 70 eon nt eer fer atx of? td - ¢hosaceh ease valcv2ug offie .eotoege 2 fe ity 2S 627 of srodg. as Y oie -~tuclety oa¢.o tle ont aceon . tet Lf Joomla at vine iLiad tites onl? tos ~ BS) See SB BS a! eBk4 #20 Mage , TeVOROR don asso TN Smee Linktorg off. 62 Oe axthaate ia bs 7 tie Sergtage, af .46 rit ye ent. ddm te nao 4a mm: Ln?) (pla ete wendade adf Rt ve Sat saa at ne Shes o persue: Seth webopm te ne ae, cana Lop meg enage te sontgtrowen 6 is abe (A208 nee Af e tata ton xingedibe biisthahd > Sh Deiat. Yayo ons to eunititet eat athiw de Limam wake eis i atay. a a - , | a ’ ao ae A, "1 faa 7 (Rs ie vy" ure. Dae 7 i pt £4e5 poy a F a sey Lo | and the ducts of the yolk glands. The shell-gland lies posteriorly to the ovary between the right and left halves of that organ and with the ducts of the yolk glands it opens into the ootype poster- porly"! The measurements of the eggs and the description of the | Uterus agree with those of Linton's species, excepting that the Opening of the uterus-sac " ... does not seem to be provided with meenyonane of the nature of aghincter muscle...." Altho the material at hand did not permit of the sectioning of such young stages in the development of the uterus-sac, it would scem from the somewhat varying nature of its funnel-shaped ventral end, described above for B. manubriformis, that in more anterior proglottides 2% Might be in such a condition as to be easily overlooked. Here Shipley makes a statement concerning the probable disposal of ripe @ge¢s, which seems to the writer to be the natural conclusion to @rrive at after a study of the varying contents of the uterus-sacs along the strobila, namely, "From what I have seen I think it pro- bable that eges pass out from the tapeworm into the alimentary Canal of the host and that in B. histiophorus the eggs pass freely out from each ripe proglottis and do not wait until the posterior proglottides break off to make their escape from the parent." The | nature and arrangement of the vitelline glands, the vagina and its bulb or sphincter, the testes in number and position, and finally the cirrus-sac, all considered in connection with his Figs. I-IV, force the writer to the conclusion that, so far as can be determined in the absence of material for study, Shipley's B. histiophorus n.sp is identical with B. manubriformis (Linton). In the following table a number of important measurements if eet iee oT, shosilg. fy wat 20 Tad? Ro. gevled ¢i6l nag tagit ba “too, MEY o¢f2 exec » obdaly Ae oe of te F Sifoo ad? 76 + iis yoo S28 ~*~ i .ote-girtedn ade te tTopaged areks én | fl ver a2 rare? te ——- ’ vit ral eo” molt tivwoce 2 dows 2 = a , , a > oe « a AOt” She BA eyeoacs Induotefu se f FOTO AN ad), ad 'o* te! trw 642" aod: as st. dadé -bes tea 4 Be ed LAME oP EGR oye oh hes efefolnotyg Sqhr: | ook} sen a Tisde eshiess oF Tio pp ot | Os axe eke der. one te tasmennen taf bua , dott fede ria is feast as ‘seta ads sagtgnt ‘ ais aon svg tongacetas Reiebiesce fie Om 4 Pies aT eae ‘led ea aah. oe “tit wom foitde Pat oF ee ‘ Pte t< Reems: aba (xpomtay ar 7 * i pot he rs. ate ’ 4 a ee PA 2A C , : ue Eo ae | A at a aE IM 5S H Wty 7, Pais 202 the sake of comparison. be te fi i Ree ciiwelor o 7) D.laciniatum B.histiophorus B.manubriformis Maximum length of 154 mm. 220 mm. strobila Maximum breadth of strobila Breadth at posterior end Length of scolex Breadth of terminal disc Breacth of scolex at middle Breadth at posterior ; - 0.82 end Breadth at constricticn 0.25 0.21-0.44 Depth of terminal disc 0.5 0.89 Depth of scolex,middle 0.55 0.90-1.05 Depth at posterior end 0.35 0.63 Depth at constriction 0.25 0.58 Length first segment 0.7 0.39 Breadth same anteriorly 0.3 0.28-0.54 Breadth same posteriorly 0.65 0.50-0.89 Length of median seg'ts 0.3 Breadthof median seg'ts 0.3 Length posterior seg'ts 1 0.16("ripe") Breadth of same | 1.5 0.5 ("ripe") Length of cirrus-sac 0.4 Max.diameter of same 0/14 fi J | ye wees J ? “is= » : ees | +? we oh e yi te awry > me ee os 2 te BI ~ +0 ("oyda™atiee aki yo nr ("eqia”) a.0 Hs, ’ BL eitline gt ia i =— —— SS —--- a. oh aw — - ala . ” =—— — ——e —— — Zs a a 1050.9 Hoe ’ rue ste, _ or Ad - + : vr + cahéds tae ali LG No vaginal sphincter or bulb. Ovary solid, unbranched, 0.5-0.6mm. wide, 0.04 long and 0.13-0.18 deep. Oocapt 25» in | diameter. Vitelline follicles very numerous, in two lateral fields | Om each surface, leaving a broad median strip free, 25, 60, and P 215u in length, breadth and depth, respectively. Vitelline reser- 1 voir 45 in diameter. Uterine duct voluminous on both sides of the median line, crowding all other organs. Maximum width and tt | | | | 4 i SES mt la Ps at IS = el ree a tera dength of uterus-sac, 0.65 and 0.25mm., respectively; not en- | croaching much on neighboring proglottides; ventral portion not especially modified, Uterus-openings alternate irregularly from side to side near the median line, far forward in the proglottides. Eggs 72-76 x 38-41 wp » dark brown, showing thru the walis of the gorged uterus-sacs. Habitat: Intestine and pyloric coeca of the "rock cad", | Sebastodes sp? Type specimen : No.4740, U.S.N.M., collected by 7. H. Bean and identified by Professor Edwin Linton. Type locality: Whatcomb, Washington. The material contained in No. 4740, U.S.N.M., uvon which Linton based the species, was examined by the writer and confirma- tory sections made of mature segments, but it was all in such a 1 very poor state of preservation that much of the detail could not be made out. However, as the specific diagnosis indicates, this is a true species of the genus Bothriocephalus s.str. and quite distinct from B. manubriformis which it closely resembles in many respects, internally as well as externally. So far as the writer i) + ? 74. Gee Of xt “<9 bow ‘> Femoot re i ‘weg ¢2 wea pten aoe eetoegs 0 ta . 3%6..¢ ou acanegot naan ide to ees os | belcomages véeneks th date: e tote eduma « aoe, Juv \ Diloa’ gray! v 1 O-6LG) LaFERi xiAy i «areal Lo greece t salt lea . Soonramlow gobh soreery, te tice .. eeete ‘Tetio fits aettdoxs af m4 vieoege «bas Meo Be, 0 .o8t-a0m8 fv if Polhgornd 36 P20 2th ad re ¢ esaqreile tgukasqo-sciseif be ES Eee i? ai Sraeto? set pouzt ceo Ad . tiwode .awote wirh , y LonB8 a av-8 > . 8028~<6uTIt po ole m Salisetnt. eae am t "7 Liod \> BE. 38.0 OSTA. on? nom teaqm 3 ne 13 eng sOeustoy? Te hes - ef rSi ‘7. nco2adw ‘ys tlasel-@ ' ..6,458.9 20098 ie ai beftatnos Ladred an st gomgeg vga ae to ahaa ne UR aHe et be ona é hbo sty hd «paren lL 2a7 di}; 30 dorm no iba > Steucmyald § ? ¢ & 84 TE RE Vi tnetodxe es ikew ons te » Ponies oa) rs my 207 3 aware it is the only bothriocephalid that has been reported for e Pacific coast of America, the fauna of which in this connection s thus only been touched. ‘ y ne (0%, sie wad tant ot Ladieou Ome i oe a" = ar ry ' ] a othe wt feocdy to enued eatie te Es ; z : : - 2 Peeks ee. 7 : Mes i “a Tw tv : \ ’ r A) 1 { j af - : t “tf - ni A ~~ ‘ ' : * T 5 ee u a Th ge ee | Genus 2. Clestobothrium Luehe, 1899. Bothriocephalus (part.) Rudolphi, 1819. Dibothrius (part.) Rudolphi, 1819. Bothriocephalus (part.} Leuckart, 1819. Bothriocephalus (part.) Dujardin, 1845. Dibothrium (part. ) Diesing, 1850, Dibothrium (part.) Molin, 1858. Dibothrium (part.) Diesing, 1863. Bothriocephalus (part.) Carus, 1885. Bothriocephalus (part.) Ariéla, 1896. Clestobothrium Luehe, 1899. Bothriocephalus (part.) Ariola, 1900. Clestobothriun Braun, 1900. Generic diagnosis: Scolex almost spherical, the free edges of the dorsoventrally situated bothria fused with each other in their whole extent, in such a manner that only a small surficiel Opening near the apex leads into the interior of the spacious, hollow organ of attachment, flattened in the sagittal direction, by means of a short almost sagittally coursing canal which can be closed by a sphincters]ike musculeture. External segmentation complete. Vitelline follicles in the cortical parenchyma. Ovary median and ventral. Receptaculum seminis small. Beginning of the uterus a winding canal which leads into an extraordinarily spaci- ous uterus-sac,distorting all the other genital obgans in ripe BEL jaded - < indtedopes ts au 08 ; ow > a Hlel ,tdqlobar va CLG! . ivglobpRe | ef! . ralemel i Leap O88L . andes 7 -AdBI > at fol CO8l .gakeois este 8 ~8vtnt).- O98I Cafbias 808! . dost . o0ef . aloty i O00 eaidatd nuit iodage Pa ta Ran oti ant ,Leotuedge Seombas kefood ‘einongelle 20 done ale beest atagd au hedaidtc yf Lasso | (tava Ufnme @ thao Jade adine p Hows of daodre: fo auoe gage edd Yo toledo! off ofat bao! sOqa ods! * | towtth Lajiigne edf aj beagsialt gbaend rats tot oidw Logao gabiugoo tlle isa ebes4 srede os rol do)eomgos Tanreded ened akbe ba ede onddge wt ‘S .saydoneng Daabdues end ot asletite? oatkbaliy 2 wis to .cinaigod? ,fiems stata: aula! gpa ada ‘hail sinogea vlinsalbaontiee aa odul ‘nbael doit Lagsony id ay Se a ; iv st onsyde Ladines reddy ei i attest “ | rh ,) As ik proglottides. Uterine opening about medien as is the dorsal geni- tal opening. Type species: C. crassiceps (Rudolphi). Clestobothrium crassiceps (Rudolphi,1819) : (Eies: 15 69.) ; 1819 Bothriocephalus crassiceps Rudolphi 1819 : 139,476 1820 Bothriocephalus pilula Leuckart 1819 : 45-46 1845 Bothriocephalus crassiceps Dujardin 1845 : 617 1850 Dibothrium crassiceps Diesing 1850 : 587 1858 Dibothrium crassiceps Molin 1858 : 134 1863 Dibothrium crassiceps Diesing 1863 : 2 36 1885 Bothriocephalus crassiceps Carus 1885 : 120 1896 Bothriocephalus crassiceps Ariola B96 02 1286 1899 Clestobothrium crassiceps Luehe 1899 : 44 1900 Bothriocephalus crassiceps Ariola 1900: 397 1900 Clestobothrium crassiceps Braun 1900) 3s. LGee 1901 Dibothrium crassiceps Linton TGOL's ar pase 1909 Dibothrium crassiceps Johnstone 1909 ;: 87-89 Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. Medium sized cestodes, up to 92mm. in length, with a maximum breadth of 1.5mm. Anteriorly surface of body with closely arranged transverse furrows, posteriorly segmentation more distinct, serrate. Scoles globose, 0.64-1.08mm. long, 0.52-0.90 broad,and0.68-1.21 thick; divided by longitudinal marginal grooves into two dorsoventral 2 eS toe = >= cs “sae, laetob offal pa pethen duods le Sn ity + (idq feat) hey (GLB, ite lobmaie ms tun “a ys a4 st 4 ta z taqgloboll Gbaah : IAI gtnitoged | af nibratad aye ginbons sal siaée Z . Litas gaieeig ages iseatis } 3 a6» BEGGS ol Los Sgoalsasty | Qitl ~~ gakesté aqestezean Coe! arta) ngvotguato pabnd CEL aba 7 : abas aloitA ageotunsno e ental gene et: whe bd : O26] - attend eon ease sa iurittadod: SE. ; O08! elas AGG 24897 bois snide : OOG! Br ds egocipents autad tode 4 SL fb. 100 nogaid . “3 ware wuded te eit ahs A -o\) 8 Sabgbepass mute -"B ; COCl egadendat, f sgsed anes ie ) kis) .ovmey odd To eaedapadds. da at setecnsef8's ‘ott : ohagtd som izam eddie dtangs at comme ot qe Sats Onuvoceid Seumptss ylegols Ad Pw thod ‘Ya oqziaue ul RALO OF 8798 pronksoth avons noitatoasyee Laas 5 {[.1-86,Obse, Baowd 08.0-84.0. uae Lsagrovoutol owt odnd pees, faeiat ’ n” oo ie tap F a ; Pome wuiia el tas ‘ mae gr He eG | | | | | hemispheres, the bothria. Latter, large, prominent, oval, their apertures about one-third from the apex and connected by a saddle- shaped groove over the tip of the scolex, with prominent lips. No neck, segmentatiom beginning immediately behind the scolex. Young segments closely arranged, five to six times as broad as long; mature proglottides quadrate to twice as long as broad, frequently divided on one or both sides by spurious articulations usually behind the uterus-sacs. Cuticula 2 to 5p thick, subcuticula 20. Chalk-bodies absent. Musculature well developed, powerful sphincter around orifice of bothrium. Chief nerve strands ventral, 15 to 2Owin diameter. Usually four longitudinal excretory vessels. Genital cloaca median, dorsal, three-fourths to one-half the length of the proglotctis from its anterior end, usually just pos= terior to the spurious articulations; hermaphroditic duct within this. Testes in two lateral fields in the medulla; ellipsoidal in shape, 9.125mm. long by 0.04 in diameter, continuous from joint to joint, 40 to 50 to each proglottis. Vas deferens forms a wedge- shaped mass of coils ahead of cirrus-sac and alongside of the hin- der end of the uterus-sac. Cirrus-sac elliptical to somewhat oval,/ 0.128-0.162mm. long by 0.087-0.116 wide and 0.098-0.116 deep, im- mediatel y behind the uterus-sac or lateral to its posterior end. Cirrus-sac and vas deferens together alternate irregularly from right to left opposite the hinder end of the uterus-sac. afi bee © Vd bedosanoo bee rege odd nord hrddd-ec0 if otf) Yo sbfagnole baw Og stare ae ww hades altos Soin —ie 16. Ome ~~ 7," shies Re ain ; - . é wil vied? evo... dmanitowy ,epual vaital tod) ai -.. q J agil tneaimor ifin ,xefooe edd 0 Gd add +0 ¥ skeloge edd foided (lots fbaumg aie ely saerl es boord cs gomkd eke od super \leosd sa gash ae odtwe of ai tiiatey anoids to Eee enoltuge yd ents dist %w,8 = +6059 - ane bdviisdd . US sluokiuedus ‘ehobt? we ye | (liao Soporte todonidegn fy AIPIOT a boqodersh if . i Ps hD nial od. df leadnesy ohnatde ovcen, Vole i slozaev yuodeqdese Leaibeaignols ¥ $20 of sdiawot-sertd .Jaoroh ,taibhon sonate : ast, Gileven hno notseine até mors elt Volyong sik Win donb oliibordqemred punersaluoiing euolayge add losgif{fs , Gf8L) a) ~etopad Yo oles ps? gen do! shulomt tun Doc teadqes aay Tottel etd ade te an \AULOL) tte bebo) sete ex eqtaie ote, od ba fs stetens ea tade tie cstoisnady ¢ teal tvzs sve ltuge Yo sogegeng sah ed ootvien 4 [ mote Ba I Joo -Yitce itn wen an , r ied 4% e ry vy “ , Uy 4 ae e ¥ fivge offainn bits Ge (6, 4 ‘ k a ~ ae » y r? * > + br \ 4 © w t as a) “i pe) / ~ a — - rer are se tiett Sas bediteded qiidats-(Sb-ds. ; of — viletezal piovol, ,otpetus, thaatesag -ofbe “Tiged $28 ete eis tag tend tat setqod esd ode | ft Se ea te Pod SS een ae et bimezs haots ent ated. J1 “chit wekies, ety i $6b7 i © -09 gngastleuso Ye sexes: at? ott kiet pesany one oe Ge eh pi ‘pirttorsane Bow : racial eae" et eteeabat i il¢g tlestam etbteege eR tet etgatbos tyited al ,"eltamel ,sudtientiopen eu tLesaipt oti aban Shave etix ..@ S8q e@feet al oopuet naygte: bike pean ie bd | osfog IL gtegdalteld Beteq otaxe! Sow til eel mbit oe at | to batt tow fetes , uo) ing iewatiold oF moves sae ex. tye. wee oe ae ade M. f A Fi 4 : ; Pewe ; 7 | s euly ,oinitin> Saree oat te sane: vindes: azole ete t f pte i Hal oat erate 1 (iieLem vas “to ey ope cai : ® We i. me ar. . oO. dtheond eu? , adi oatt to webiod, xonpetas ad +P y it 16 tot ad ag eve Lacy oo eo bothrium, since there is very little difference between the two in this regard. The two apertures of the bothria are united over the tip of the scolex by a saddle-shaped groove, the edges of which are some- what swollen so as to form lip-like structures. This groove has been described and figured for C. crassiceps by Molin (1861 : 235, Seay @, tab. V) and Ariocla (1900 : 397, Fig. 17, Taf. VIII) and figured by Linton (1910b : Fig. 267, Pl. 24), but it does not appear either in the figures given by Wagener (1854 meee?, 1657: Fig. 6, Pl. II) or that by Johnstone (1909 Fig. 14). It is present in all of the writer's material even to Gee youngest, but in a few cases the tip of the groove, that is, the extreme tip of the scolex is so prominent as to more or less obliterate the lips (Fig. 77). It is also to be noted that the lateral grooves separating the bothria do not pass thru these lips, @s nicely indicated in Ariola's figure but erroneously described (p. 398) as "“passando per l'apice", and as further figured but in the same relation by Johnstone. Wagener's Fig. 75 and Linton's Pig. 266 also give the erroneous impression that this groove passes right over the tip of the scolex. Molin (1861 : 235), while giving a somewhat confused description (vide supra) of the rela- tions between the saddle-shaped structure, which he figures as in- cluding the apertures of the bothria more posteriorly, and the lateral grooves, says that he saw in the apex an aperture which not only ended blindly but which was bounded by two eminences, simula- ting lips. This may have been due to extreme contraction of the tip of the scolex between the lips of this groove. It will be ce aa 7 f ; a 7 reer } tte Aa , a . Ly naeny $é.genete I? id oid one. yzev et’ £ sabe seve; fediqw esy 2iidted egg de ax eh agide So ve sil oes 769% Beata YaseedT .ec a ae EES xox nerop tt Be (eee tat . ¥i -.2lt-, Tee OR), aloksk babe i i‘ = = >> ooh 32 ted . (28 .t9° FBG. yget 3. AOket wee -gi? 4 #281) »oconall a ayy ih-eenagtt add ae . Py 7 4 c Gs + BH Bit Y get L . { t S87 7 Lc ri © 14 Pe “ iS ee. dom Ob sixttoc Bo bed anitsteqeaeew View snoine tHe ature Bs atelokga at tego 2: pé> mete} ab Dea Peotas' s The. Obakenea” ail | bai oy . s ‘ — Pe ge me - a ' «Ade t = ¢ Ayt Bl Ag A oe tmiles avagel 6.20 ewvorlt sequal ait te b's : Tmemgee texts eff to Tebred sobtadaa egt 4 “tatoe 6d? le gens takai gstp ve baruoedo: aL alg teoy eff foo. ,variasl. ode punch THO x2 ‘fs J-ecte wma) ied * . tontings gove hh geese ie ble pigs’ az Pode iteveus _Lobigzexgen?. dade niog oF baaldizo att. i4es ae , ool ¢saapem edd To pei: tant s90d0%y vote ai hiotae esivey, Sacpes pets: eine ‘0! athens. anh, i ~~ ,OD.f£ of 86:0. moxt yt votzetsod line. i , npvotter cleent Beau Sige cues L a8 beord ae pout ate ot Sia sac eo oO obust ong: extirog “tie 0% we 4 ~ "et. (as well as dorsoventrally) so as to give the strobila a serrate appearance (Fig. 76). It is here that the formation of new pro- glottides takes place by the subdivision of preexisting segments. This serrate appearance is also present in the posterior part of the strobila where the proglottides are quadrate to twice as long @s broad. The measurements of the first proglottis showing eggs in the expanded end of the uterus (uterus-sac), in a fairly re- laxed strobila (Fig. ), was 0.50mm. long by 0.92 broad, while one further back where the uterine cavity was 0.61 x 0.48mm. was Z,Simm. long by 0.82 broad. These measurements are, however, of Only relative value, since another strobila of the same age but eontracted during fixation might show the same regions more like those farther ahead and thus, in alcoholic, specimens evidently younger. But posteriorly, however, each serration does not nec- €ssarily define the posterior border of a proglottis. This is due to the presence of spurious articulations, possibly included in Wagner's "articulatio spuria" (vide infra). These are furrows Which arise laterally, where they do not stand out as distinctly, however, 2s the true posterior borders of the proglottides, but do not pass to the median line. They are not present in all of the posterior proglottides nor are they symmetrically arranged. In the following excerpt from his more complete diagnosis Rudolphi (1819 : 477) did not refer to these structures: "Articull breves, margine posteriore incrassato utrinque exstante, quo corpus serratum fiat. Arti- culi ceterum inaequales, ut passim augustiores et longiores intercurrant." <08- 6 atd@ovde ent ovty ot, Sh Gaeeeeene eet Ye aobieerte: set dedg axed we vie ated! © gaiiaixess; to cols pet havebmatt YS scaic t6Ptassoy gid Oe tusweng on ka we t b Pee oi heppiete aend? | Siw 8 i'r ofsend seal? eit Bo: cone ri tl. , (Ome -umredy) eukety ad? to Saget -O yt wired). .\Ge0e, O- en0rt Pa | i [ > eae yeidec audteta eds Tsay of , 672 ef ress tygase seutt _, hawud 68:.0% & Gh To al icoies tactowe’ tanta eplar SO gr tons smh’ 8c5. wodn tay te. corterd? 3a eneaiougs ,oOfLodcals at vend? haz Less th mgpiteyvuse cos «tex vows ed le: bigs. titetsory A to\tebted 2d Meteoy ext re wiods ah PRO Lt sive Lf tat nero btitye ba) eoceatel peedT jae tere shiv) okt ottatvottzet ‘(eld se ¢u0 bande, tor 9b ‘ede: etonw etiteretabas | , ee " itgolypnq ey Bo sTeDiod netze4eoq slat a * af ?nsesta tem eta vet . . art abies od? oti Suntetza = leodrtenurgs, eke etd -Feut wet ei telgee squgalh etelqmig, etoni etd: ‘gor OTS es wer uaouate Set ce, bd ogtar fom iia Pebgrgnt aaa enkgee aan cea i sek. aed sutartoe aaron) aE ‘o4gavexs ae is ef1o idee arena ots ari aati ee St Re en ll ee while F. S. Leuckart said only that "Die ersten Glieder am Kopfe schmaler als die Ubricen, dann folgen fast gleichbreite, die letzte Hilfte der Glieder breiter als lang, deutlichen, weissen Ovarien." Which refers to "der beschreibene nicht ganze Wurm Jang." Diesing (1863 : 236) described the strobdila mn ,.. ellipticum, articulis ad medium usque incredscent- ibus, inde descrescentibus, marginalibus posticis utrinque prominentibdus, articulo singulo plica Sremeversall diviso ... " Which latter refers obviously to Wagener's "articulo spuria"; while it is also to be seen that, as regards the shape of the Strobila, he was dealing with much contracted specimens, the dength being cited as ranging from one and a half times to two inches. Ariola (1900 : 397) said: "Strobila anteriormente assai piu stretto dello scolice, a guisa di peduncolo; le primé proglottidi sono rettangulari, strette, ma rapidamente si allargano; raggiunta la massima dimensione, la conservano gino all ultimo tratto del corpo, dowe nuovamente si restringene. Le proglottidi mature hanno angula posteriori anpena Visibili; le ultime presentano forma trapezoidale." and Johnstone (1909 : 89) stated that "The posterior proglottides are much broader (in the transverse axis of the strobila) than they are oligo ofumade’ oftoddtas <3uC fitarknotg nla Yeceniic: stiell ma. J kane the ef) «st lomddo ipig sans bate deh: Snel ele. vedtenth 2ObG REO tek 2: -aninent, til année ‘dozen prectesuinate SP: livot’es ead Dee Ripaey (6632 dane 0 avitea be sifupttes awe Byki % saiores Setivhegeetoesh ehrk we F ‘wieih Dastey wvolite” 9 toaenet of ylenotvdo: siete ie JD eftapet 64, tadd gese: ad of 29 leay 7. stoege befoertans. deun dite yatiach enn " tial 2 Bre aap: eer aT Tee Be batte: ‘hie (eb: COCL) atoll Poise Bry toens: Oe RaAD 25 eae slicourt » ite of ;alositet ey # aelun « so.tbooR aie ,etdette . tua Defeat git S20, seek » at waurEeAs pOmemnh tLe la. =2i8. 23 omfitentio onty. quatteenct al 1 O08 = ra et heed Ta ee’ stamméyous avd orem Holeteog r atid anata il so soleord doga cue stn aston a — vs (ed? dade at Je sd? t6/ eh, long (in the longitudinal axis of the strobila); and their anterior extremities are narrower than the posterior ones, so that the edge of the stro- bila appears to be serrated. Secondary segmenta- tion of the proglottis often occurs." In fine, Wagener, Diesing, and Johnstone are, to the writer's knowledge, the only workers who have referred to this Spurious articulation or subdivision of the segments into false secondary segments, -- although Luehe (1902 : 629) repeated the statements of the first two authors. Furthermore Wagener did not figure the adult strobila of the species to show the structures in Question, but in the legend for Fig. 79, Taf. 7 of Dibothrium heteropleurum, -- now, Amphicotyle heteropleura (Diesing) -- says only that "Man sieht die articulo spuria, welche die echten ibothrium crassicep Glieder, wie bei. s, in der Mitte theilt", and purener, as regards the difference in structure of the sides of this species, "Der Schein entsteht durch die noch dichtere Zu- sammendrangung der Falten der wahren und falschen Glieder auf der Goncaven Seite." In his legend (p. 61) for Fig. 6, the egg of C. crassiceps, he also said: "“Jedes Glied hat in der Mitte eine Palte, die ihm das Ansehen giebt, als bestunde es aus zwei Gliedern.' | Thus there is reason to believe that for this species no one (apart from Linton's Fig. 288) has as yet described nor ficured what the writer here calls spurious articulations, but that these | workers were referring to the secondary division of the segments of the anterior end of the strobila which proceeds in the manner i ‘ coer ade “ke woke ty £6 Y2abaso se ght, ‘at aatzgety f ae — fi fvarts aft hedt tewniwen cis ttt sobvabaam ote acl? Ye cope ede Fale Oe "Rito: 2 itegey vung betes sae’ sos : ‘9 1useo meete skttotgety -2n2 i: oe ec teatot has .enteri? tageda® ab - b MJ syed odw exsdttow Ving eae. enbel i+ Io soleey Ieee. 3d. no te ee f a é a outs A erat re oF Ee aces get ti a Ds {+7 | t's ohy f on? ué 5 ‘ + * T r . an? note oF asideoga ed? Yo ef lidarvze: wis PY seh nf 4a ee hes PBDI yaitoe 2 teas cos ao To O2erour te ne eusie: th Bat abisges at —_ ’ fr C* ha ree m 4 Jp ; 2 ¥ cy ‘ a eel, Roget of dowoh thefetoe atedce cath % i 4 Qs ‘ i eo (BAS TOS (£4 alana: eta of * edie ue Tai, Hetle gabe! hte cols ef .ege WR By Sethe “eta™ sete, “neuaeeh wal md inege pict oe fae erage ied, arsees 4 i bet thes ab te Be asd (88 , sight s*a it tud’ snottalyn toa@ ovo sayaR, ee Eee orn > 3 oct dt ebesoord dotiy at idexts oa jie BOL } described for B. scorpii et al, altho not so clearly (Figs. 76 and 78). This is borne out by the fact that the spurious articulations meaeseribed here never reach the median line of the strobila, much less pass completely across it as do. the true posterior borders of the proglottides (Fig. 79). In one moderately relaxed strobila the first segment showing spurious articulations appeared 11.7mm. from the tip of the scolex, while in another which was quite contracted, Sspecially anteriorly, 4.8mm. In the former case the next two pairs of these structures, -- and all of these in question happened to be bilaterially symmetrically situated, -- appeared in ‘He fourth and thirteenth segments following. The following table gives various extemal measurements of specimens in alcohol, which may be of use for comparison: s Number of specimen 204.1 Length 87mm . . 43mm. more than 29mn. scolex Length of scolex (lateral view) 0.87 5S , 0.43 Length of bothrium £08 : : oO. Breadth of scolex (dothrium ) O..75 Thickness of game 0.87 Breadth of Seg. I Much con- (anteriorly) tracted Ditto, posteriorly Ditto Thickness, posteriorly 0.37 Greatest breadth Anterior part of prog. eed Posterior n a Ia ; — a ee an a in ke ' : t ? r ' } Rar on ton ottleaaae rset K2 Sod) teh Ne ele” eens 1» EDO pith tense 2evaR Ss Tt ok? 50d, 1 . in 2oe SLO hal PDN A CER GAT) 0 tT Wee G, go trqites - 5 " ow wees ogee sitive .x6icee wa « =~ pe, OF ag wt yn ee | vot +> , BR EOU CUTIE oo Devas wliiec Loy omarye v Le > 3° LO. EIN SNEKS say. 1LaY SGV 2 : ad 7S » Wa teoL low . at 961. 2¢ 6¢. ¢a@ dotan _ Lovee Daeg > +5 a: . ye a s aD t. $06 ewe et wis > Pee Ae Oe. 1a, 0 a7 * ny , 1’ + fC . #8, 0! ¢tsn dvesmod i ae None of the above six specimens were considered to be complete posteriorly. The posterior proglottis will be dealt with below under the excretory system. Posteriorly the uterus-sacs appear as a series of gradually enlarging, dark punctations, as desdribed below, not so pronounced, however, as in B. scorpii. ‘The cuticula varies in thickness from 2 to See th common measurement being about 2.6y. Resting on a distinct base- ment membrane, well shown after the use of Mallory's stain, it is G@ivided into two strata of equal thickness by a granular layer, the components of which seem to be related to the bases of the stout, somewhat club-shaped bristles or "hairs" which constitute the outer moiety. While the inner stratum was found to be homo- geneous with thestains used, the outer showed two intensities of @e10r, an inner lighter and an outer darker. The former repre- sents the narrowed central ends of the spindle- or club-shaped bristles, while the latter is determined by the well-stained bodies of the bristles themselves. Linton (1901 : 473) said that "the cuticula is covered with minute spines", but Johnstone (1909 : 89) said concerning these structures: "I can see nothing of this kind in the species before me." All over the scolex and in the form of a band on the posterior borders of the proglottides (Fig. 82) these bristles become modified into stouter spinelets from two to three times as long and everywhere directed posteriorly, quite dike those described clsewhere (Cooper, 1914b : 85) for Haplobo- thrium globuliforme, but much longer relatively; thus indicating their function as accessory organs of attachment. The largest WOO? Astéftesot sree aadce as ale fipeh ed Lily etigocaaee toh steag ed? ed | PAMOTATH:.5 e ge £86 Jeo Ty OoRGesetRty ect. ly .90 hed ivbees er anaeene ore threo. oe: or) bes MLE 16d RE aot Ler stiottie give . “0,8 mpads Riiec tae *¥IGéliz lo cece off tef8e geede {isw Ve io S@heinoc? J sone) 7 ee oie o Sh? of hevel ec Of Mise cotdwy to 8 7 etien’”. to 28l%0 Lenade-dulto ¢ Ate, Bet iG é E <2 Le ect? nee 4 OM? DPewere vorzs af? , beau ecrtdn dite ‘t Ion Set . vetzal TSe4O a2 tins cotta ht tem Ao Go -Siialge out Ao; elmo Laxtasy bowort ' ~L Li sit v4 be ein oR et sohjel edd sftae LOGL) Kote de ape Le tivedty solieisd ry Si Hane ge , ohare oye ceI97 00 af | idgon set Gao T* 74663 etbiries., CL rag gotatsokop la xeLoce 30% tevo fae "om @soted se loéan fofserg, ed’ 26 es ohsod Wwirsieog apt ot e2Gd Aotsote ogg, ‘Bet hnow SiMe oC enises Lie? aor Detoeith exsiicieye oly erect aA 702 (06,1 GbLeg Seyood) eiadweale bed a: aud? (ylev igs tex sednck ip ui sod aL od? .daundomere te sea vionssced! ce Pat 4 is atu f r if 1 ts ~ 2. feet, ae yr. a hc e's SSE ea dda are Wieee-)) ween . spinelets are in the middle of this band, those at the edges, that is in the antero-posterior direction, gradually merging in length into the bristles of the cuticula of the neighborhood. Furthermore they are arranged in the same manner:on the posterior borders of the spurious articulations and all the secondary segments situated in the anterior portion of the strobila. They were originally re- ferred to by Wagener (1854 : 5) and later by Diesing (1863 : 236) ("articulo singulo ... postice ciliis instructo"), by Cohn (1902 55) and by Luehe (1902 : 238, 247) who considered "dass es sich nicht um in die Cuticula ecingesenkte Stacheln handelt, wie bei dem Stachelkleide so vieler Distomen,sondern nur am Fortsitze der Cuti- cula, durchaus analog denjenigen, welche Looss an der bereits oben Citierten Stelle fur Haematoloechus asper abgebildet hat." The cubcuticula, about 20p in thickness, consists of fairly elongated cells, the nuclei of which are situated at their central ends close to the vitelline follicles, while their boundaries are G@ifficult to ascertain, the whole layer thus being more of the nature of a syncitium. For about one third of their length immed- iately beneath the cuticular the cytoplasm becomes broken up into @ number of more or less parallel processes which stand out in dis- tinet contrast with the deeper inner ends of thecells especially in transverse sections. The parenchyma, everywhere encroached upon by the voluminous reproduwtive organs, is in the form of a comparatively open reticulum showing no features of special interest. It is naturally most abun- dant in the posterior flared ends of the proglottides. In small strobila it is more compact in structure and has relatively more j a he ae | POUL ‘ t 7 7 4 tend 4 he g Q dl ‘ i os etd We aap oa ee 1, 00 MOgTEE Petr gtewy arene “1° to sine tes ea? So iam sf? nc Tonite Ae! 28s mw & J 0d? Dit Ba Ganteaiis & tdotter ad? Yo aot toy- ail al a . Ridsee ee , Tovel ” « k i da Pist he SLO? v¢ rr (2 Pobce Tite fF PORl) tens Fifetiw eid oF 1% (plan: > wolAne ox og a e ¢ ivi Th aw +4 tun delta : i b AS ey rig eft F ‘7 ) let regse ot ‘Pie . oxf beth tettoriy seal zo ovog tz she tovmk welcéeh ott io bv Gee - ninhowotok” a i mnie ta’ eiisoo a Ag etoy ed? ‘te al ene RTO rilwzcvec ae Oe heir deas is fo6qn ‘to awiutan wy ss ol .ovS.ti¢olpeig add 26-miee- eee mise yiorizal on Eas ba sip tints ei todas ene ‘ ery ea nuclei in its meshes. Distinct spaces, formerly occupied by calcareous bodies, such as are readily and distinctly seen in the parenchyma of B. scorpii, were found neither in the scolex nor in the strobila; nor were these structures noticed in living material. The musculature is composed of the typical three sets of fibres, interferred with in the usual manner by the large reproduc- tive Organs and their external openings. The sagittal and coronal series are only moderately developed, while the longitudinal series if about 1Op in thickness and situated within the coronal series. Its fibres are arranged in bundles of irregular shape (in cross- section) and width but of this uniform thickness, excepting where they are naturally much flattened out dorsally and ventrally by the distended uterus-sac. Otherwise they are continuous from joint to joint. A very weakly developed series of outer longitudinal muscles is also present while the muscles of the posterior border of the proglottis (vide inca 1897a) are poorly developed, in fact even less so than in Bothriocephalus, s.str. The cuticular musculature is typical. In the scolex the coronal fibres are better developed than the sagittal ones and pass around the bothrium closer to its lumen than to its external surface, while the latter are mostly confined to the region between the bothria. The inner longitudinal muscles of the strobila pass forward into the scolex, dividing as they meet the lumen of the bothria to pass around them and attach themselves to the margins of the apertures. They are thus directed somewhat obliquely as shown in Johnstone's Fig. 18 andde scribed BGa" ps6 running irregularly, probably obliquely, round the walls of the ut Oe cot re be doit med bi "7 cde. ot ¢ tf a Rae exew signees: ‘2% i S o > & atut oF ©. “it wnece ster rong 4 a? to hesonwns at etre wae ‘ = t 4 . taeda Lag ce taeds -2 , 4 L 4 r ‘¢ * sabes wig a | # 7 ¥ 4 whe - . é = = 4 et _ b 3 , “ * ' f + x ams itr & TE ai ; ; ij . - - 4 r i 5 t e by Las oe t eh) ' i & Shia’? ok in 6: (t L 4 : WLOT7ED Yr toog ess ot eneaud «& ‘ = ¢ Te My rive a ah BUFO CLS Eoc many ‘ a] > tvs t?, Lagoren. ant 2aleéos etd y r he + «J ry Pon 2 . - ; : . is tutuiied sit savers — Pa eeao Lz £ Tete selfal edi eS due 2B Pip Lenredhe ‘af : ‘ a = tae Yreaef gene! ett abkusteg out atone 4 i be. relbivis eLor Ot ays ey tnt. pager ssavaltion tia S08 madd a tabs cong, oe oH ov Detoetls paatt etal xe sapitinme sth on lh ad Seas bow nel Sool om ‘tint aw Ons bi io ‘a e a al , im eitl ie | 225 bothriun. These no doubt function as constrictors of the latter." A few pass on forward to the tip of the scolex to assist in activa- Ging that region. Between the bothira, however, they were found to be separated into dorsal and ventral layers as in the strobila, and not united into a single coronal band as shown by Johnstone. The bothrial sphincter (Fig. 76) is a powerful bundle of fibres, about O.07mm. in transverse section surrounding the aperture close to its cuticula. In transverse sections of the scolex it appears as a deeply staining mass on each side of the opening, also shown in Johnstone's Fig. 15. As it crosses the aperture anteriorly it becomes greatly attenuated, which fact with its comparatively great Size at the sides and posteriorly accounts for the almost complete disappearance of the aperture in many adult, preserved scolices owing to the powerful contraction of this muscle from behind forward thus diminishing the opening towards the tip of the scolex. From their arrangement it is to be seen that this sphincter, evidently a modified group of coronal fibres, and the longitudinal muscles in the scolex play a more important role in the movements of the bothria than do the other groups. On account of the oblique course of the longitudinal fibres they would evidently act in diminishing the size of the lumen of the bothrium as well as would the circular (coronal) fibres of the latter. The nervjous system consists of two longitudinal strands which enlarge in to tip of the scolex to form two somewhat elongated ganglia, united by only a few fibres but sending out comparatively large nerves to the bothria. In the strobila the chief strands, 6ach from 15 to 20 in diameter, are situated ventrally in the 2 ‘ é : ie e1Oty! tte 36 so ORI ‘ Ta time OF Zh loon atts 6 até ek? of beeryo?" r sevevoe , 1 idtOe SAP 0 eemne aoe Ad 4 ec (ol Lewin See £eetes Oem y salt te As tivad Laadscu. etgate a 7 ; 2WOQ"S of (OF Fi) 3 “a? tel oipertne neitveds seaete Z mest xa! | > atoltece sitevennees o2 fi Ps ha ty wa bi « “es rt a 9 ' . » | 5 , aoiet 40. J te ation foul? seen Sf ot. ct et soem pte Lan ktvie duce it Bas ,sevill? ianeteg/ 36, ar HeVGL ¢5) AL &hov terette mn esol 2 yale a” so P0st00 oe Ae -BUPOLs Bio oe OF Bae LS a reteZ Lalor Sod’ Bord l? Larber gs ew a3 oo Linw ee wywaped 183° Lo neat! eb ae ‘ 4 +4i : a | pido tas ads ho wounds if Lostpet tgnel oer 28» Btu agseyn eurovteut T Henoe ont ‘eit de aqieoe ‘ite te ait Go. mh 3 ult weqaee: tud: pithaes eubiaenarieg wexs ylan xe rata, Yl yy ebuent do add sf tdodem, oat ay. < dbedvod odd sta ot “sd ct em ik os v6 visniae § i O ag any re : : Ou \ 7 A . ‘ , > gl — De «ae \ : ; medullary parenchyma just within the longitudinal muscles and from one-fifth to one-quarter the width of the strobila from its lateral margins (Fig. 80). About half wayalong the scolex the strands are about SO p in diameter, while the somewhat smaller Benglia are close together about 0.15mm. from the summit. In other words the chief strands enlarge and diverge gradually until the Equatorial region of the scolex is reached and then diminish in Bize as they converge to form the ganglia. A pair of prominent nerves is sent forward on each side to supply the saddle-shaped groove described above. In young strobilae the nerve strandsare situated midway between the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and not ventrally. The excretory system consists of a pair of longitudinal wessels, situated ventrally, that is in the same frontal plane as the chief nerve strands, each vessel being in the anterior end of the strobila about half way between the nerve strand and the median rows of reproductive rudiments. These vessels break up in @ very irregular manner into extremely elongated loops, so that for con- siderable stretches four vessels will appear while again the branchings will be so numerous as to make it very difficult to de- Gide, on looking at a transver@ section, which are the main chan- nels (Fig. 76). In other individuals four vessels appear, so that fused at times but separated again to form the loops. But whether these four vessles represent the typical four of other orders it was found imrossible to decide, excepting from comparisons with other species of this order. These main vessels may continue back ’ ws [Otte Raathat igen t edt ¢f hia aoe eT ea a! Lite «TR ey O8: Se + Aeteete: 0 rod Ly, Sapa retaunte kivon vit sl ley th Sma epratne Abnexty, giptounsé! one bedosey ae sich che qt? Yo. ook " a Pe silgnéds ody weer ae pvier20gy ue eu of sieté dogg = iste rot fae ; Oela é i(foetéie savory ai | 1 8VOGS begL + = a = 4 ° ; ‘ ww ¥ - al +2 hort, bic far < ao Acev. €¢ ¥ ; Men? Sled 26 44 & 20 eee Lance metegs ctod s1ome “| iftkois mes ons ay ef dads). elhiacdner Dave ” wiod isesey fot ,wbhnette, owe ay te ite evees ad? caewted vam Ifds syods we on Fo 2 x elnacey ce eat ‘fy Wom Lhe. ev bio S..44 betepgase: Uapusste ofal. tes ot my 500 LaOsae ity afesasr, xuob pentovental Lb of Pao svi ib. vis ¢2 sul OF #4 OKO gaA oF aos nts LS soulete colt oem sSreveniiy a fa Sits ; an. glseus¥ 2 ohauhty hehe Ted? wis ie 7 efy ¢ape>.yert, Degoke ee aint 1a abut Pty | 208 ‘ae. arqood. edg mo og ohoah, bet kaoane tetyane 1 ts nyse sedto* lo wae hag tirct ad? Yas one ae gade Shp wane, met pate qooae ome ty aone Cur (Pap VED o,eeney ee oat. or iebto & JM _ ina i A a¥@ ois a Pe into the ripe joints close alongside the uterus-sacs, but they usually break up into a very diffuse reticulum throughout the medullary parenchyma in the region where the openings of the cirrus and vagina pierce the cuticula in development. Behind this region it was found impossible to trace the main vessels with satisfaction. The system usually passes into the scolex as two vessels, but soon breaks up into an elaborate reticulum which ramifies between the bothria and throughout their walls. These branches are shown in Johnstone's Fig. 15. As regards the conditions of the excretory system in the extreme posterior end of the strobila, the material at hand permits of only negative conclusions. In the youngest Strobilae, such as that shown in Fig. 77, the vessels converge Hesterioriy to open into a notch in the cuticula, there being no definite pulsatile vesicle such as is present in plerocercoids of the genus Proteocephalus, for instance. From this and the further fact that Wagener (1857 : 93) showed (Fig. 6, Pl. II) the main vessels in a very small strobila, which he examined while it was alive, passing separately to the outside, we are led to conclude that the vesicle, if every present, must have been situated in the walls of an enveloping cyst and disappeared with the latter as in NW ‘ the Trypanorhycha or the Cyclophyllidea. This seems to have been Wagener's idea of the situation when under his Fig. 65 (1854 : 68) he said: "Man sieht keinen pulsirenden Schlauch am spitzen Schwanz- ende. Es muss dies Thier auf ahnliche Weise entstanden sein, wie das in Fig. 74 dargestellte," and Fig. 74 is that of "Dibdothrium (Belones?)" from Scyllium caniculg enclosed in a cyst in the wails of which "man sieht der Gefadsse der Gestodenblase." vod toe \8OGesmerety oct ‘ab Ieee swotp oo jpet? aaivoits: epoPaey S one 'o spilesyo oS! ‘scaly peReeg eet ed. st etc? cirteae 7 . Shemedleved ab glue idee one bivtae G¢ie dives sc' re “& sdf ‘onaiit OP action rye ney 68S oc] -eisdlenlonop eviissen Vito To i vq ’ abe t iQ . sv oot po Settee made press Ce ed wae (l[lasey doldw ciples ties _etatotase oe aeiocetd seogts 4 ehiew ati tusiiguotl sco Le Shetec? cad aban eA” «OZ ey a c at ae »! -iJoute eaS to bos Tolceteow sais eeee d2? ,V9 «eet a2 mWOAS vedt BB io , Saf < ~~» Ww 430 suid at stay Z Ot & Orme ge qe. on 8 as fq «2 taseotg of e@ dove otpleoy’ oltiaiae F-.0 BO6T, .6ofetual 10% ,epledeesosta ee. we) bende {oe + FE6L). tem wiltijane Och detain « phitonts fleme- woe bel ott aw. atbitene fat ot Wiel eteqee BA + oo rere ont stn Levesegeien Sap text gaiqolovine? evad of banes -ef5T Heb Eucedye se aad 2 stiyent % RZ Ce £ 4 ‘ Peis nec oved Jews Sneseta i oF a) ra hepse sem mete a a? 7 rep yt errs p Diesjing (1863 : 236) placed the "Aperturae genitalium laterales in linea mediana." Ariola (1896 : 265-366) gave the first com- "Tuttaria sul corpo si osservano macchie scure molto sporgenti, constituite della massa di wtova. Tali rilievi non sono propriamente, nella linea mediana, ma collocati a destra o &@ sinistra di éssa, formando in tal modo une striecia 4 Zig-zag. L'aperture genitale msschile sbocca sulla faccia dorsale,-e sulle opposta si apre l'utero. In aleune proglottidi l’ovario e bilobo, la ova sono ellissoidali e mancano di operculo." + Luehe (1899 : 42-44) in defining the characters of the genus gave the general features of the genitalia, while Ariola (1900 : 397) enlarged his own 1896 description: "Ovario con numerose nova, talora bilobo; wova ellissoidali aventi nel diametro longitudinale 67 e nel trasversale 32... " Braun (1900) reviewed the litera- ture on the genus and species up to date, and Volz (1900) discussed the reproductive organs of the species as compared to those of his B. spiraliceps and the position of the openings in connection with brief remarks on the phylogeny of the genus Bothriocephalus s.lat. As regards his own specimens Linton (1901 : 473) said that "Pos- terior segments show rudiments only of the reproductive organs, but no indication of external genital openings." And later Johnstone (l.c. : 89) remarked that "the genital openings are in the middle dine of the proglottides but near the anterior borders of the ete 2 wh bp 8 L a Syiaislel coe eis gaxut seqh" odd, bacela (BB ooo jevél nde evag (852-065 OPS L) old sta, $2.04, 9+ AG Gaegt0 sv ouDongee ae Qo aoe ak ae * sou «lala Ohta BO Se Raed Lue eieae ron tb secsn a(teh Saeoe | Maenage mil alan ,. eta itt oabe mon ivel ls b 29 steph # Metolion am, . ts 2loalste. one. chee o ; ma otaumars oy £0000p 6lidowal fat ings onugteqetie siG4 if efaoqwge ailue « sfzesab 4, fe ,OCGaLld @ @igevall £627teoluorg sao te =i . ' Lup3eue 25 OfAcaad. S ‘tub toes Liig cn a dg Jo (gxetostetin at gaidtied ae a Joi) SLolLtA ality peeled tase pit he tae cs st. “ seGisaue feo ofterO" Ap Learhxopek beet cue ' . i Cs O17 Silat Lea iinsva Sheblowalilo syvom .6g é er ) ro Cistieveett dl 1 (OCOL) siav. Bes anak Oot eadtoge- baw $0038 od Leteguns, saomeko ngs, put 20 Sruayte ab wo of #90 htegoueds 40 Gott ined sat bap. 1. e iegodedtes entieg est, to neato haa teat bese (ete: Loe) ashana -eneLhes ge Saal: AGc9%0 or iomtionies pad Se acai anol vote tah * aps babe pa slibio od? At os6- egatauas Leditasp edge ‘a? to etebrod hhc A ee 208 Leese fve7 (O06. } Purse 330 gatter," referring evidently, as will be seen later, to the uterine openings only. The rudiments of the reproductive organs appear about three millimetres from the tip of the scolex as aggregat nucleu that can just be discerned in toto mounts (Fig. three millimetres farther posteriorly in moderately contr (such as would be obtained if no special care were taken the fixation of the material) older strobilas the cirrus Vaeina are seen to be just piercing the dorsal « Before this region is reached, however, the common rudiment, at first Circular and then elongated oval in outline, differentiates into @ more anterior portion, the rudiment of the whole uterus, a more posterior less elongated part, the beginnings of the cirrus-pouch and vagina, and a third, connecting the other two near the hinder €dge of the proglottis, the nuclear aggregation that will develop into the ovaries and the organs of the interovarial space (Fig. 79). As mentioned above in the specific diagnosis, the first two of these rudiments alternate irregularly from side to side as do the corresponding adult structures. At the same time the testes and ‘vitelline glands are developing in the medullary and cortical por- tions of the parenchyma, respectively. A distinct genital sinus or cloaca, the opening of which is usually almost circular in outline, is present (Fig. 83). It varies from 0.05 to 0.09mm. in diameter and is situated, as above noted, nearly in the median line, dorsally, and from three-fourths to one-half the length of the proglottis from its anterior border, usually just posterior to the spurious articulations when they are celw ont of pede apes ed [ite O84 . ‘vs suet AGS Saeyia vv SoU OgO Se to o 22 iteyonyee “2 -elooe ett algae aap eombie ; oe ee etavoat. aed at famniloe Mb be ont Saee victerehou/al c0<0 al ice ra eld veil coe » baotrd. neds See YINTS bbe de9%0 to er favraet a it’ .atinubew edt ‘az tegar sfyiit : ‘gale: tl svougisacd om iris vryureve cece Beet mu? me os e.etul Wore at seedae 8 of @ wost e Laity ina? ni G08 SB Y oF 4 ms id He , SL f48 seb ee Folnery Sviiip sees “ID evebiod a 20) .ifsversh esitee fanereo wot}: ben tarcdte ‘od, OF soe) aaketzod eH tofyor- LOBE. @ ft is ; ~~ heat Ye eat Legeda- eybew. * saxot. euntoted: wey r » boa vletednodmt: Leweset wathaotee ei i 4 it-oms Pade got baer suriad i ait eb: unc toy ol rotted Cee vik. wos) Yo habe eT aie aves nae ae eatritet feb aoe eat them: Goo t-eurrio oGg atte aeseae BED" spat be at pe sof } he~elTery ad? it iw Stal 28 figs ars ‘wetactss Li ot at wy OS tgea eogantien toutyomt enrages dott Lev $2 yltequahoaer ce sakoareels ‘st anbter 22 tte r ratras of 36 * 4h . Ie res [ Siren af oa < d ‘ A we poe ° LAY iu a 46 eae c a Sole | ORE 207% L2 £4 0%.4 O6F -Sfa-artet& add dihin ustuatsecan hips ter epoel to ete tenet dowea adi to-etasttep ede et 5: beveck od4 gat thrurounuet send slusom wot B dio oe ddoidie éuae ‘toas abe lus ~owd Tatutb ade - Woe deLOw .weloewut hie Wi tee ieAtgeye Het, negome ont wos viaup lide. tudwemos Lyeootsg eet? sored i 29 qy oibegé smoged, ot dame aes Lo efan Lemlrorg oF &: of .¥. £eetneaoe? ginsie aa! oF neice are betwovee “ante setitel ef? Yo ack ome Lied anh, one Latico tio a See hide td ent? aw haved Tees ¥: -. efiu tian eit Of Gepnelg wetHt: dat tout faniles) tenod opted ieendty se lugrots slest: if bers 4 © of & moxt ag ate od gd2: Roy Skea mate. ith ad? yeertt? beditem vcoebis: oat ete to: ee bh “ Cee o0° . s6beoati teas aoe bog Lure tod ne ton betornnes Som el) BAA tokget: we to 7 a eas.) ee by any special muscles to the dorsal or ventral body-walls; nor are the body muscles attached to it as in some castodes. The layers of the latter are simply pierced and the fibres turned aside in evidently a passive manner. The opening of the vagina is close behind that of the cirrus at the bottom of the secondary genital sinus, or as it has been ealled by Fuhrmann, "ductus hermaphrodéditicus" (Fig. 82). From this point the duct courses ventro-rosteriorly in the mid-line and then parallel to the dorsal surface of the preglottis; until .it. reaches the ovarian isthmus, above which it makes a few turns and quickly diminishes from 20p in diameter half way along its course to 1lOy. It then dips farther down into the genital,space, often enlarging Slightly as it does, and soon joins the oviduct at an enlargement of the latter situated a short distance behind the oocapt. Throughout its length it is lined with a ragged or pseudociliated Cuticula and surrounded by radially arranged nuclei connected with the cuticula by cytoplasmic strands like those described by the writer for H. globuliforme (l1.c. : 105) and considered to be possibly extruded nuclei of the original epithelium as well as the myoblastic nuclei of circular fibres, a tyer of which surrounds the duct. There is no vaginal sphincter. in his generic diagnosis Luehe said that the receptaculum seminis is small and in his description of the family, Ptychobo- thriidae (1902 : 327) that when present it is "in Gestalt eines kleinen Blinds&ckchens ausgebildet, welches parallel neben dem Endabschnitte des Oviduktes liegt and mit der Vagina unmittelbar vor deren Vereinigung mit dem Ovidukt in Verbindung steht." In the wel poles Lol Letee ariptdes tebL te begin -/ 4a Oi ga ted eee bre, Sues enna & ‘oatut Weds) pt coe Deets Sg RRaLet Ga o ~ Qe £eT Pay <0 Laetol eat of Me -eebORGse @uos ci ea-tZ of ‘Rede ne tev , VERA OF Mo Pwd: ida. spake es aieay aus he sat v2 vote let iteg qiabnaeen with aunts thowdyomaed eodoat? itt ck (ivollioteogp-Ortase seezron Fi folsotg «d? ~ oon tian Lesvobys d y st. @ eodea et. erode switigig c gocle Yon Lied talemelth al «OS oxy eoaon, Lae in = oi? o8nt. nwWoOb cuttvake | JowPive wiv salot noo Mle. sooku die OO sav Ailshed, oostevo th Iz0ds £ botawtte besset, 6 A? in Ssatt eb at d?yart att ‘sito Deguagr# fis isan yo Subavortne, haciiggeed geode ex bt ebniats jimeelqos ye, rch ot Sovehdecoo Amp, (60h. geet) gang’ ttudome eee | ofLlege bag Leben 947 io feloua £ bitten ise. do dah Pos és a .98% 3a) tplik4tio to te mad sbiignicge’ cettper om. at a scou eft teas bide sabia veer oleneg, ’ wl ,Vftast eate do woseg ivan eit at bap f +loveeD al” ef 2 (89k Se enn i Eye -Tusd¢ youbatdwey sh daebted welt sections at hand, however, it is a comparatively large structure and very difficult to orient in sections made in any direction. It is in the form of a thin-walled sack about 60xc0 » wrapped somewhat spirally around the dorsal wall of the above-mentioned en- jargement of the oviduct and opening by an aperture equal to its whole diameter into the vagina just at its juncture with this vestibule. But since the vagina constantly constricts a second time to a diameter of about 8\y before entering the latter, one gets the impression of the receptaculum seminis being a diverti- culum of the oviduct rather than of the vagina. Fig. 83, of four f consecutive sections of a transverse series, showing the union of these Gucts, will give a better idea, perhaps, of the naturdof the seminal receptacle. In mature proglottides the ovary (Fig. 80) is a bilobed Structure gaituated in the median line, close to the posterior border of the proglottis and immediately ahead of the uterus-sac of the proglottis following, where the latter is much distended with eges (Fig. 81). In toto mounts the lobes seem to be quite separate .from each other and apparently unconnected, but in sections the isthmus is easily made out. It occupies the ventral half of the medulla while the wings or lobes extend completely across the space betweenthe layers of longitudinal body muscles. The lobes are about 0.27mm. long by 0.13 wide, while the isthmus is 0.06-0.08m. in anteroposterior diameter. These proportions are, however, much different in such contracted strobilae or in proglottides in which the uterus-sac is distended with eggs. In both instances the ovary is very much flattened anteroposteriorly and, in the latter case, von = » Ss NS ac “7 ny) + — hy : : . ‘¢ ogre gieritensjacs @ vi No vets Ye AP gies acc thoes ce aie 35 + 4 PBL9b jucd2 dcoae bat keeeniat 2 _? SE ~BPOC © ‘sae to Liem Caesee ane fauie ete reqs nde antes@e tba towt anf ielw ststonut effiee faut anne et otak | (it nerenes ‘alge ade oogte’ ee [-e) qnitetas stots qh Tie io 18: SvEb # golcd sin leew eerioaremoes ade Fee tS .=iS .Sntyer pd? loo nate. cadtee. doe » - hi re ~ S 2 s od? snaiwods .eo Bie vereveaneds @ Ao anak Sec amg 4 ' eabitto wake gt "¥e silt soitte ffonstave’ de svn wit soonstens Aeod ie Sake oye ey .s500 tet jal ode rit ieee basa adie = ho a eea iat wre _ aos Pe! ray a aoe yeer Bast oA aA ie VCs ar oS @eocapt, are elliptical to oval in outline in sections and m on the averace 18 x 10p#~, their nuclei being about 9m in diameter. The oocapt, situated in the median line at the posterior border of the ovarian isthmus, somewhat dorsally, is a spherical to ovoid muscular organ, about 20pm in diameter (Fig. ). Imme- diately behind it the oviduct constricts to a diameter of only 7p to 10 and then passes on posteriorly and ventrally either to the right or to the left, gradually enlarging until the above-mentioned vestibule is reached, when the diameter is 25 to 3530p. The latter enlargement does not seem to be a direct continuation of the ovi- duct but a more or less separate thin-walled structure, -- the walls of the oviduct up to this point being comparatively thick (Fig. 82) -- into which the oviduct opens by a slightly elongated aperture. While the wall of the first portion of the oviduct is guite thick, comparatively speaking, and consists of more or less cubical ciliated cells with somewhat indefinite boundaries, -- or- dinarily they stain very densely, -- the vestibule has, like the receptaculum seminis, a thin wall from which only a few scattered nuclet protrude into the lumen. The oviduct continues posterio- laterally and ventrally from one cortier of the vestibule -- that with which the vagina is usually connected, -- as a tube quickly diminishing from 15 to 10m in diameter and lined with a ciliated epithelium with prominent nuclei but no distinct cell-boundaries. Close to the anterior wall of the uterus-sac of the next proglottis it turns upward sharply and at about the middle of the dorsoventral €%elicee: al oniligo me eae a chateas a“ L43q te losin “fady vp Os * ane Aeived® off wey Seteutle . a4 ie - 4 ae -, = etn) :oh vadwomee .epitited ox YO ae r . Al VOR iVTaQgto L& = , o TO Asi adoe Sowblee say re bits (itofisl coy oo eecese wate = I a . > Pn , F +% : fp . a. . z a hos ya -, ‘i al t ) 8o Is ~ Og 6 1 J : - ~ ee . anos a } é & 4 « “s au « oo Pd A e ‘ “5 o.2 gatos « } ' Soublive aie Visits Oo TU €fheqge Youblivea sit tistde .o¢ QL7204 2 i ne both. BT eno Ome ne rf z (levivatagacs ‘a oe a © 0.tv eho bic topar ; shai dd du aliss both tiie | sive tisey ods oon VE banint Vier, azarae cai Tis dates most tha aide & ,t(neass a Lop mituoa Pewbive ae 3 ohotatiied ons. ora skurte 7: f Lut tt@nw edt Rar sosios mae Ox? hertgiow as eB —- ,lge Spanan ’ * Eatin ah acegat bc. - a7 Do pome’ Bae sopenth git te otek — i -ihoo tentials cde td oe | 45a OMd, 29 ouacoutine est: to dha ke - ey? 2 arvoesob odd. to # Rbk sal pad Supa: ae na = heel 4¢ ey Sa on 237 diameter of the medulla takes on the vitelline duct. It then skirts the uterus-sac, just mentioned, as it passes to the opposite side of the generative space and slightly forward to soon become sur- rounded by the shell-gland. The vitelline duct at its union with the oviduct has a Giameter of 8u, but just beyond this, in the direction of the follicies, it soon enlarges to form a somewhat irregular vitelline reservoir which when filled with yolk may attain a diameter of 30m. Its general course is towards the opposite side of the generative space almost parallel to either surface of the body; ‘but beyond this it could not be traced with satisfaction. The vitelline follicles fill up almost the whole of the cortical parenchyma from the layer of longitudinal body muscles to the nuclei of the subdcuticula, the thickness of the stratum aver- aging O.o5mm. (Fig. 80). They form a continuous layer around the margins of the proglottides (in transverse sections) and also from proglottis to proglottis, as mentioned above, even extending well into the posterior borders. They are not arranged in lateral fields, but are interrupted only where the uterus-sac and genital Sinus pierce the body-wall, or in the former case greatly press against the latter. The individual follicles attain a size of 60pm jong, 30” wide and 50h deep (the thickness of the whole layer), and are very closely crowded together. The number in cross-sections of the proglottis averages 55 and in sagittal sections 13, thus making the average total number for each proglottis 715. The shell-gland is situated in the dorsal portion of the genital space, that part of the oviduct showing the connecticns 4 * gi a gC Sci tad ; ogate TRIOS SOR $32 f of ¢ ly ode ecard, cath A a peoged Sait; tute Jyeno8 2 1) ob eouratins moom: i » a» 13h Ven o 6G4 oki LENT Lag. “1¢ it doeesnes trie s“iilfleti> edd gh mgiar prerisys: i es Bio asec etoy af ‘et snag 3 (Coy div baste: vede éhieio?s wh aativon Levys a } Lit. ealokifot? enbileaie = taoo «@ grok yen? , (Oe sieag etre i 7 7 © eee - or — Oo? 1¢llewsy eeodla opts - + - i3 t Fires at a 2k (21 .e69 mort JauSg est »@irts bPeo oe edgy ww SLT) ia itose eats recuees rs teckst talzorg a0 S054 ; * —, ~~, i a re =a aed ¢a SLi Folyoig of ate ‘ teil: wer gbrod re LIES BOE oat? rebliche aifecsie Pine sisi alaoaiatene on Ge hoy sagen? wi? at se. flan~e¢bes oda cate eslotifig) ivth oat Gg) ws costo Lae sag) qast, Qos haweplar, aedibdupe: bobnots tisuele .O0 epotions tats rgo0' at baw 88. ehoarers 0 tag ra) a, ata dguld’ 20Y tr Taare: hater: operaea At i0)2 1) volhitsaeb odd. ang de saut ts al mae if Livosees 6? si Gss bicaes h on? ‘to tens orm Ol Tada oft i a a2) ee i a ere + ee re as > Pa een a iapbiw aban: oniT reddat at £3 being almost horizontal in position and about 18pm in diameter, that is, a little larger than the oviduct behind that region. The indi- vidual cells of the gland are much attenuated, closely arranged and have their nuclei situated in their slightly enlarged distal ends. Their connections with the oviduct give the wall of the latter a honeycombed app earance when it is seen in longitudinal section. Beyond this region the oviduct gradually enlarges as it passes above the ovarian isthmus to become the uterine tube, the coils of which are accommodated opposite the cirrus pouch just be- hind the uterus-sac. As it proceeds its wall gets thinner, the nuclei protrude more and more into the lumen until many of them are evidently lost. It is noteworthy that the uterine tube in many eases as well as the uterus-sac especially in younger proglottides, eiternates irregularly from right to left according as the cirrus and vas deferens do. These three structures are, infact, fitted very nicely into the space between the uterus-sac ahead and the ovarian isthmus behind. The uterus-sac is elliptical in outline, has its longitu- Gdinal axis directed anteroposteriorly, and is situated in the an- terior halt of the proglottis where in very mature segments it occupies almost the whole of the medullary region, or to be more precise, the middle three-fifths of the diameter of the proglottis, its anterior end extending forward close to the ovarium of glottis immediately ahead (Fig. 81). Luehe (1908a : 326) figured the uterus as, to use his own words, " ... in der Regel eine se- raumige Uterushdéhie bildend,welche die ubrigen Genitalorgane, ohne Tet eRaID tS RS gods bag ib keeAma Ay at? . -ppltee Yad? dakiod iets shai satay YLAMOLS ; . bet anuet da Baek cree Pee ie GOEtalie ciidatie s tewte ak. Bekauardi 3 Shtiew ont ovis toe CT Rat teeok ra ef 28 wae neil aw a 4 fe ca negtuine yl Lontbate bones mide cotgen petra ‘Te ans Sepdad ree iealitas ga ltsve r gov aviTiG wah st Leoq7e Seteboumer ted t= rr ; a? ofog\ {low ats ehaeaots 2b ol 1ona : Yeas ilvay asm cy Giai stom doe erie “WF ‘S@itere omy tact edvrowston od we, “4 | segaucy ele Leatouqes Sb Eutos sods ae 22h es -galoroces 9 Tadly of frosts cozy yiteLinge lon fet »ove sergpeniéa oeadd easy) db re ste ofe-turoswves assy tod Goaqe 20% 9 2, 2 4 dite { e8e..enlizgac ai Leotaei fo @ hea -eoiste 4 if tated jee Goa thragreteogus at aa a Sues (Sete vee. de agente ehitoigory, sat ‘to 24 on ec of 26) Gaiaas cee Leshveiat eit the bLerie eaeid ers =. od? Se edeamaet ous To eae eRhoarnta ee i) So owlvayo eaves emia Piers . ; Bu v etrrol AW i ev igte Leeieh 8i tepiene -gulensse | ORee -+ 10 tom sta pie! a wecT *. eiwo leu, sas ee "1 ! fi0> qt OY ene on i: Tec? +481 xeAtigt 2 ut titled p te4eEe Hette eind? eeltd ars ceion peo @ wbtud to Tes be¢ursd tides eae Speyia ted3o edi} oo bée-eyTeéd ee: ettiisek o7 Dicker et) ‘sean: hosaleng fey GE . SePoaun Byars ha ead le otsto ioatere gee shad qritiytreg: to eeee vid ab eb a a caidas wtimsbauy-~ sie 4 cL ce ,7oel- oe oni enh yeiagepans atu ste Lr Nes govoq eretis ed ae pabhudden dns t ant buto ttopaiea odie aft Sie fasoane na} aig tad mt if .Vitagiersl wet tolgoty: ait Ro webte. bj Sa 7: Atoka re eS a nesage anes of brown punctations caused by the contained eggs showings through the thinned body wall, as pointed out originally by Rudolphi and other writers. The wall of the uterus consists of a thin membrane on the inside of which a very few scattered and somewhat flattened nuclei indicate ts Original epithelial nature. In young proglot- Tides, where no eggs are to be seen in the small uterine cavities, the wall was found to be composed of an epithelium about 8m thick, Showing prominent nuclei but no distinct cell-bdoundaries. Further- more in such early stages the lumina of the uterine ducts, develop- ing in the manner described by Young and Shaeffer, are not complete- ly formed nor in connection with the cavities of the sacs, but the uterine apertures are prominent. In the first two or three sections of a 10 we coronal series, taken from the ventral surface, they appear as distinct somewhat elliptical apertures about 26p in transverse diameter, but in the third or fourth section are closed, only to reopen as the cavity of the uterus-sac, thus showing that the membrane closing the aperture is only about LOW thick. And this closed condition is maintained until the uterus-sac attains the above-mentioned maximum size and becomes greatly distended with eges. Then the functional opening is established by the rupture of the membrane which has meanwhile reached a leneth of 0.046 -- 0.058mm. by a width of 0.084-0.046, its elliptical outline having been retained. The opening does not become as regular in outline, however, as the membrane, for the latter remains around the rim as ragged processes, which render the determination of the exact loca- tion of the aperture in toto mounts a matter of no little difficulty. \ Pa) ‘ y ris ee 4 Wage Bea teiaod eee ye. ‘aed ston but WO Yilodiginte Ie twenicog.em thier eed if ufatenos owroey at. 2o. 5a ' A ber. 7 ome" WS TeeVv 2 usta = . . 7 ; a | item Le Liedp ion * esa etl xi? Of mest AG, Oh See type Ome ao a _ 7s -~, i? af bacco An es ~~ iheon ty tetogy veel 2 a —_— - > ; - - : . n cA Fy i i i ; : 4 bi t , f - é = : ge 7 * . be - - L; ; » j f Seryd cf i - - ! ~ | : I i { s : 4 * sa | J 4 q iy + vs ° ee A ‘ a * reg f 4 » ion j oe ¥ ~d gs : , a - Ca | eit owe pongo, sid Te. ye tesa edt ‘ i >. Of Oia G af . 3 op-ewrintn of? Lifog benpetalse® 0! vue 2 tea as ig ORMOGHD ONE ede rite beisoutits ie vy ; ve iidetes' ad qiltnees Lemeite uu adie , ! -- Dov, 0 Rt Tiga b io wow ; 9 aaena eae ; de tix Te wi | ‘uo han ggasi dhe. pein’ de'4taas ae ; > Al seca poh Of ORRone ton pe x a sia) fe tr odd Deion, sm bared, ital ae — be $saxe Bae te wo kaa teres st) odd a | = rae pe? Luck tip effPal’ veto sane Meteo ‘ote 4 | eurhte i 4, 7 an es: “ ue at 2 * : hw i a Se ee has The uterus opening is surrounded by a series of radiating cells like those of the opening of B. scorpii described above. The fresh eggs examined in saline solution were found to be elliptical to ovoid in shape, 75 by £0 in dimensions and pro- wided with a thin very light brown shell having no operculum. The color was so faint that it could be seen to advantage only when the eggs were in masses or in the uterus-sac. Ariola (1900 : 397) Gave the mezsurements of the eggs of the European species as 67 x 3op . The largest examined were immature, the contents consisting of large spherical cells like those shown by Wagener (1854a) in his Fig. 6, Taf. I, among which no traces of the hooks nor division into oncosphere nor mantle could be seen. When the scolices of the worm are still attached to thewalt of the intestine of the host Detween the mucous folds, they were found to often discharge many of their eggs from most of the posterior proglottides when the szolices were irritated with a blunt needle inorder to make them loosen their hold, which indicentally is a comparatively firm one @s one might gather from the structure of the scolex. As regards the life history of the species nothing definite Was determined. 44 specimens of Merluccius bilinearis were exam- ined at Woods Hole and at Harpswell, but no definite idea of a possible Pibetriedie-te host was obtained. It was noticed, however, that when the intestine of the fish contained much grey chyle, pre- sumably the result of the digestion of small herring, -- definitely ascertained at South Harpswell to be such in a few cases, and of the Blueback, Pomolobus aestivalis (Mitchill), -- no tape-worms of this species were present; but where amphipoda were found in the A | arom on! A at eiget ao waive « befeuorsig i ecaag. wean dk, doit od oe it on Giamrs fro?) @30% aba on gang tid bap ; , a a, oda hedizsust ear te ts oi BGO: si ge ft. addee bul bom tits « enue ites . we a8 we Bete. as bone, ye) é var a if ewer @itdest , of hees ad Blues an Pedr ctl 20 ele bam ké iM on - an sal >> ~ a, ; ae 5 + an 2 * 0 =hed* , i * i- +. , 7 » 2 - - > a fa &» -* t * ‘ 4 ‘ . y > a i : vy | = . bi. 1 ei. (i iJ fy Re » Ps * = ae | MM PP. . ~ er | ef lau st eqQabnl saorie bhod x! 3 Loo! ‘ : SLU ORT as so), MOD 4/ “f are ter P| dy 24 im avetews —_ (sCeees . — noo ebtege seth bitline 28 Yo mains oe bak 9 : ove oases he Sua stants u beg oat y ry desmahee ear owse ree Jue hy uae o a8 dete ac io, 4 caateaiah sail iene Ye not) nig £0, ws ae tion oe us ape cat ona «ES, ——. oem 209 if f Vis 243 stomach or the remains of such in the intestine the worm was plen- tiftul. Furthermore, where nothing was found in either stomach or intestines, other than yellowish chyle in the latter, -- as in most fish examined -- indicating amphipods and other small crustaceans | as food rather than small herring, the worm was also common. All Stages from the youngest strobilae, such as that shown in Fig. 77, | | to the oldest were found, but none nor any plerocercoids, if such | thorough dissection of the available stomach contents of the host, | ind | both fish and crustaceans. In a number of cases, nevertheless, | Only very young strobilas were found in the intestine of the host, thus pointing to possible sudden infections at different times. Wagener, who figured the youngest strobdila, nothing much more than the scolex, that has yet been recorded, says nothing more concerning the life history than that, on account of the excretory vessels Opening separately to the exterior in this very young specimen, there might possibly have been a venicular appendage to the larva in the nature of an enveloping cyst comparable to that described and figured for "Dibothrium (Belones?) "from Scyllium canicula, con- eerning which he said (p. 45): "Vergleicht man diese Form von Cysticercus mit den vorigen, so ergiebt sich, das der Unterschied mur in dem Aufhangebeutel sich findet, der Kopf und Blase verbindet" (Cysticercus fasciolaris Rud.) A detailed description of the species is here given, not only because it is evidently the only one belonging to the genus, | but because such seems to be quite lacking from the European litera- ture, which made the determination of the species here a matter usa Ce ay kfaetat ed? pee Rei wh inet: £ Heino: Slaw seiio baa ales q tseguehe apetbbaccet ¢ ‘ meemOD 0! cot Sit Qgare keel LOA gata ater J+ ge Hope Oak itonte: ‘beequicy- R2 .whidvieccin fe en Rhee Herd binge": now al dt ke dom oe ammee “if? here bh ‘ ‘fpanS?s.ofdeltav ie’ te notte ae 4 ac S -16-tedanm 2 Ol °- j:¢apat ar ourg : ai lcae ere ce Civotte f@ enoktoretat mbhfus a [4 teuad ov 7 ON Abidoity Segomiy att bs | a eNSn _Seiroted ag oy aed tad TORS a? 3c Sarbeon SO cad’. docs ¥7ea rr " ¢ eit pi sek reS$xy sds oF ria é - y eee 8 Curate ie Geag avai yiclqcag ae weber 7EYe entheleyves tae ws witiwdt mérgr ti Katalst} anseds oC. Sgt wig so se ce TD ¢) Ddee, od i eLoyat) seh aie Jase osoitage Oh. Way lies mods ita 7 geal Say “Shokr va sabe sin Led weed meaibaittyy a seraieuubeks ter ky sexed’ et exiagage vot “ie 2 ot of pafgaote + ake aa dieitibtis ob dtm Ae rguang edt goed aa tkoel o hug: oct somes eG .4 wired pe iceue: net 1 baci Adieu 243 attended with considerable uncertainty. The writer, however, considers that so far as the published accounts and reports of the pecies go, we must look upon the form on this side of the Atlantic 0 be the same as the 0. crassiceps of Europe. -<@ _ he material studied consisted of eight lots in the writer's | collection from Merluccius bilinearis agi above listed. ol ot cept: felt hha) i im 7 : ioe t tite ae “Oo MP @260c0or4 bate Sime? ea Pay. © } 4 ~ uit, Te side: eto? oc op) S@umees stem en (OTe 2 Roam Ae ! to Sete Lente (hestuty 05 dae + ae 6 la gomel oe piidens (x24 ‘ 1 ie 4 Subfamily 2. AMPHICOTYLINAE Luehe, 1902. Scolex with two typical, mostly not very deep bothria, which can nevertheless develop posterior,sucker-like portions. In an isolated case a pseudoscolex is substituted for the scolex. Ex- ternal segmentation insignificant, at times disappearing thru acces ory wrinkling or folding of the surfaces of the proglottides. Opening of cirrus and vaginal marginal, irregularly alternating, with more or less strongly pronounced tendency to unilaterality. Uterus-opening median; uterus-sec always well developed. Coiling of vas deferens strongly expressed. In fishes. Occurrence: Type genus: Amphicotyle (Diesing,1864) Ariola 1900, e.p. Luehe 1902. Genus 1. Abothrium van Beneden, char. emend. Luehe, 1899. Taenia (part.) Auctorun. Rhytis (part.) Zeder, 1803. Bothriocephalus (part.) Rudolphi, 1809. Bothriocephalus (part.) Rudolphi, 1819. Bothriocephalus (part.) Leuckart, 1819. Bothriocephalus (part.) Dujardin, 1845. Dibothrium (part.) Diesing, 1850. Bothriocephalus (part.) Baird, 1853). Dibothrium (part.) Diesing, 1863. ve" ORL “Laitow, ON ay aes Wee x intdn adaitod geod yrov Jon cdeu ‘faotaw! ow’ 1 -eeett104 oui! ~sesoan oadtedsog sotayolhl “21 sipload ed} 102 bedehiudae ml rolnashons yadd’ sof aegqsett wonbds de ctanobtbagdsal aaile /aebiilolyord of) to peoetams aid to sathion 169 Widanreils yiseluyegrt .tachamee Lgoigey bee, tlevelelinaw of yaobast beonuoget¢ Yisawate meat * af oy roo) |e becoleveh Iflew s vewla oft-updeJde jee Lh on il . bee neayre a! smote ats 3 . ar searethY nl seo 9.8 .. Vees ofoink exe of. sas a it) olysoos digas + an 3g) -S06L .oeml sbeeme sagio is ai luncitgeoxe fon zelopf . seteongaibh csitenee S13 ¢ -Sindjed qeeb Uifslosaee toa dud = SeapEtia sisni yiitom aiblowss env To ecole af (eehis Jolgota LIsubivilwt, add 29 gai tdatan tale ribptigcot synol nmdt avbaard (itary none. any haa oa e-snrats ott 03. Laedth veigied Kbalade evden ant so endad gol ,#bier? Sanogat baba ont pie o- ; ; wai ilo? earifarry 43 jaeloonm Lyats Pgnok, nad ‘to — rf "ia " Y vis a | 246 undivided cavity, occupying the whole of the medullary parenchyma. The openings of the uteri correspond to a more or less prominent median longitudinal furrow of the chain of proglottides. Type species: A. rugosum (Batsch). Species 1. Abothrium rugosum (Batsch,1786). (Figs. $4 —92.) 1873 Taenia decémpolliceris Strussenfelt ie Sor 1781 Taenia tetragonoceps (part.) Pallas 1781 : 88 1782 “Der runzlichter Fischband= Goeze 1782.2 416 wurm" Taenia rugosa Batsch 1786 : 208 1788 Taenia tetragonoceps (part.) Schrank 1788 : 46 Taenia rugosa Gmelin 1790 : 3078 Taenia rugosa Rudol phi 1802 : 107 1803 Rhytis conoceps Zeder 1803 : 292 Rudolphi 1810 : 42 Bothriocephalus rugosus Bothriocephalus rugosus Lamarck 1816:168 1819 Bothriocephalus rugosus Rudolphi 18l9 3 137 1819 Bothriocephalus rugosus Leuckart 1819 2 57 1845 Bothriocephalus rugosus Dujardin 1845 : 618 1850 Dibothrium rugosum Diesing 1650 2591 1853 Bothriocephalus rugosus Baird 1853 : 88 1863 Dibothrium rugosun Diesing 1863 : 239 1867 Bothriocephalus rugosus Olsson L867 : 53 1871 Abothrium gadi Beneden LST). 3 -S6 Abothrium gadi Moniez L661 +, 167 saydons Tag ah atl 983 To fnonimoxg avef 10 stom a of saogewtii pees eohidsolsctq io nkada edt to wort f =) eer hy ae 2 sfode odd y clbudl -(doadad) scaied ae ”_ istasesgite si (.Jeq) sgnapaapenies is i sasof “biatisett radtolingar a shal Degget Sim inosdoe (.duaq} a0 sbadpaated abel oi lent | acooue aia trig Lobull enol af TeDel sgeoodan Edolobrd iwouat pledges Aouad Speoyws aulode jeoging be eb aoa” auladae solid saadoua,l "na ae d goto! sibsa [wT yaieeli ba fet Bothriocephalus rugosus Linstow 1889 : Bothriocephalus rugosus Monticelli 1889 ; Dibothrium rugosum Linton 1890 : Abothrium rugosum Loennberg 1890 ; Abothrium rugosum Loennberg 1891 ; Bothriocephalus rugosus Matz 1892 : Bothriotaenia rugosa Blanchard 1894 ;: Bothriotaenia rugosa Ariola 1896 : Bothriotaenia rugosa Riggenbach 1896 : 223,228 Bothriotaenia rugosa Muehling 1898 : 35 Abothrium rugosum Luehe 1699 v3 "39 Bothriotaenia rugosa Ariola 1900 : 432 Abothrium rugosum Luehe 1900a:101 Dibothrium rugosum Linton 1901 ; 412,476 Bothriotaenia rugosa Schneider 1903a: 7 Abothrium rugosum Luehe 1910°%s 26 Specific diagnosis: With the characters of the genus. Large cestodes with maximum length, breadth and thickness of 1000, 7 and 2mm.,respectively. Scolex present only in very young stro- bilas, when conical and provided with very weak bothria, changing with age to a pseudoscolex of various shapes, usually imbedded in pyloric coecum of host. Proglottides at first broad and very short, obscured by irregular transverse and longitudinal pugae, then gradually lengthening with age until finally they are quadrate or longer than broad. i * | woseol.) if [ itlaai aus kes giel ob he ia = a0 On § ; Yea! rodatki \ peoge a MOBI tedaveou 7 nnaes nd pre fi ey: Lea iodauwedd , gait O20 mis FE hau | Su 0gut eq nigeoo Fy 5 cedonalg seogyt BARC iF f ont a | : Sen ef tent eecals dow B30 40'T: mutlnito nlf 2 1g} alotes Sboyut etuordotndaam Ms a ' "a = orton) MULLS 5 nufsdtodl © ocr nodaid ; ayveogus emia 4 | SL ondoe © soni Sines Joint of am for ethos] 7a ie ig ied ww buddodiie My iC a. {3 Yo wredoeratio aud 49% af ongods Bee A wtdi dd bad ddhwond ASgiin uit xc fiiw esboda F “ 1 vey of vine danaeng voLoen - glevideogsons r ; .eivdlod aeow yaey dtiw: ibivorg, hae estnos bes i (itevas xbaqais svolngy to pone: ) isa { saart $s stotstolgent vod ie Pt ~ Pa, waging Lonbiethsaet ‘bias eureranadd * wp ae eedt pings 4a oe tes dare ddya 248 Cuticula 5y thick, subcuticula Ol4mm. Small calcareous bodies, 20» in length. Longitudinal muscles in bundles, transverse for- ming septa between proglottides. Nerve strands dorsal to cirrus and vagina, 45, in diameter. Two chief excretory vessels anterior- ly, passing into 30-35 posteriorly. Genital cloaca irregularly alternating, between first and se= Vagina opens immediately cond thirds of edges of proglottides. behind the cirrus and slightly ventral; no hermaphroditic duct. Testes in two lateral fields, discontinuous from proglottis to proglottis, ellipsoidal, flattened anteroposteriorly, 40 x 90 x 85 p, and 45 to 60 in number. Vas deferens lateral to uterusesac with few coils before entering the cirrus-sac, 350 x 70-80y . Cir- rus-sac ovoid with narrow end outward, 174 to 2774 long by 92 to 102 in diameter. Cirrus straight in outer half of sac, proximally coiled or dilated. Ovary large, entire, kidney-shaped (isthmus as thick as the wings), 0.6mm. wide, occupying the posterior half of the median portion of early mature segments. Ova conspicuous, nuclei large, 10-13» in diameter. Oocapt 344 in diameter. Beginning of oviduct Zeshaped. Right and left vitelline ducts join ventrally; common duct acts as reservoir. Vitelline follicles entirely within lon- gitudinal muscles, discontinuous, intermingling laterally with the testes, irregular in shape and size, largest 30, 90 and 70pin length, width and thickness, respectively. Shell-gland compact. Uterine duct with only a few coils close to the median line; uter- civess iso Evna® - umehiD sfee tian rea, 6 e yr igenwedig tual sige tledefbtanti= =o tual -2nbld Jofgdng | ‘46 oe ihetqeaied. om glectoew ylddeiie fam as ‘ yo 2omsisoone th ebiegt te te] owt & G ,vlsclravegqotstae Sened tal? Lahiong LLs am - uo so)e]. anvuseich sey i ovlewarit at O91 | i ; Bf VEG, mas=eutslo off sxinetoe epoted all YTS oF: OTL Dt aMES hue woiten odie ac Go, tlad sagyo al io SKUTLD M6 shedalé so enaldad) bgnite-onb 2a 4othlge vagtad fa lod dolsedeng oft ailyanooa yebiie are i-lome gspoup tqendo ae0 -stooeiyae veut om. vitae : both ti rieniged .aefbmath oD bee Saad retest onde? lek dom eatilodiy. Stet bes ddyte 3 lilin Wlewiitom eslohiter eaitionlt: - eshiinene ne wrd diic vilevedal auligateratas. crivoutitadonth , e sia) chofT bon; OF 08 ttegral, costa sia ce nate bah ‘datques y-i tera vUevitasgeor , been Ay i Ws Chae | aT . jas re omely ,emil wezbett adt of 3) Aligs uty a, oe ot 7 Sj ie ay ; sailici ; Th aan a pyloric coecun. stantly rounded laterally; openings in median zig-zag row. 249 us-sac occupies the whole of the dorsoventral diameter of the meduld la, very wide and short or irregularly circular or quadrate sur- ficially, often lobed, 0.75 to 1.6mm. in transverse diameter, con- Eggs, 80 - 98y long by 75 - 92 wide, shell quite transparent. Habitat: Host Gadus mustela Ui bi] Y "? aeglifinus ? Hy callarias = Oo cf © Locality 3-2 @ = © ww SS oo ws ce == s ewe wen = Warberg Bergen Grafverna & Nkset Arctic Ocean England Woods Hole, Mass. Arctic Ocean Murnen-Kiste Nokujev Id., Arctic Greiphswald Collector Borke Wagler Olsson Loennberg Olsson Zool.Mus.d. K.Akad.Wiss. Petrograd Nicoll V.N.Edwards Zool.Mus.d. K.Akad.Wiss. Petrograd ? "(Baer) Rudo lphi Authority ee Goeze 7 ff Loenn- berg 1890: Olsson 1893: Linstow 1901; Nicoll 1907: Linton 1897: Linstow 1901: : 1903: fr " Rudolphil81o0: 1782: Intestine af the host with pseudoscolex imbedded in 410 3411 Olsson 1867: 54 22 iy 281 gilt 431 281 BS) t 43 r -uls svaghens qo deiveily tro Lugeamt tebe 7 =f , seo qmes b setovesont at 06k of 20.0, hedad” 800 gee~. ts colbei ik agilingee igetiraaiall entibSegenketwsefiiuc ‘Lede . eae Bs ane gaol 8% 516 f Sebbediad x2i.0tnoag idl heel edd ‘tb eetteotat “t r R905 1 tososilod “Wile f I 4 rh if seo" —— i. ee soluel ee ee ee Sf nokeld goat} gretiet - eee g71odnced), ne ied #6 £0 aoasle b savovisdd , 1 geeky ofegid. -.S.a0M,foo§ segoO ottornk ' ely. fawhia ay bstyoteet - colt floss het gal codwhkt ebuawbEs a. | 4 cadet shoot ‘ ee eee” A! ’ ‘okt «bsmeits foo8 4} Sgeegt sidgah hae <2eit beth, +o ‘ + hargottey pas Vi-Fie | ’ a i gag : Pie Olnt! dah obage ingql obya ier i ee oe 250 Gadus merluccius Rennes,¥rance Dujardin Dujardin 1845;617 " — morrhuea. Warberg Olsson Olsson 1867:54 F Grand Banks, Lee Linton 1890:750 Newfoundland it " Bergen Loennberg Loennberg1890:23 pollachius Rennes Dujardin Dujardin 1845:617 ' z Warberg Olsson Olsson 1867:54 , Bergen Loennberg Loennberg1890:22 , . Grafverna & Olsson Olsson 1893:17 Naset,Sweden 4 : Millport,Scot- Nicoll Nicoli 1910:855 land ee a Siebold Baird 1853: Memel & Ross- Muehling Muehling 1898:35 itten Tvarminne Id., Schneider Schneiderl903b:8 Finland Morrhua aeglifinus England Cobbold Cobbold 1858:158 Saad = Vessels ? vulgaris i ‘ i " 3159 " 4 Belgain coast JBeneden Beneden 1871:56 Merlangus carbonarius England Cobbold Cobbold 1858:159 Merluccius vulgaris Yarberg Olsson Olsson 1867:54 Melanogrammus aegli- Woods Hole -------- Sumner, finus Region Osborn & Cole 19138:586 ” ? " n MicrogadustBomcod © — ena----5 t " T ? Urophycis tenuis = © — se#-s<-= Melanogrammus aegli- Passamaquoddy Cooper Cooper finus Bay ,New Bruns. (the present pa- cae per) 7 Le er ae. fone lO wosatd teqoad oud) pad] \ 404 petra us maeld 6a] y1Sdedeod i Sera gl noagelO o- Sov .a7p nelowee , Jeong blodarA =n ae ce so ee gk Ly! eed xehingdo2 , bE enciardet ‘Pag lns 7 bloddet babiand apgt v ; i? i” S timed all x tobere’ deapn shingled | aviyed we laanosian i yar peers go fon, aboot Poa ties bLod fol foagaeld. eee Se eS Se RF ee ee aye #4 r | Melanogrammus aegli- inus bi] Gadus callarias tt ft Bay of Fundy, Cooper Campobello Id. Freepofrt,N.S. " Campobello Id. " Woods Hole V.N.Edwards Cooper (the prsent pa- per) iL t " One of the most striking features of this species is the presence of a pseudoscolex which is found embedded in the intes- tinal coeca or intestinal wall of the host, from which it ig ex- tracted only by careful dissection. Goeze (1782 > 418, Figs. 1, 4 and 5) described a scolex, somewhat elongated, sagittate and irre- gular but otherwise quite comparable to that of other bothrio- cephalids, while Rudolphi (1810 : 43, 44) does not seem to have found anything but such a structure in Gadus lota. Dujardin (1845 : 617) was evidently the first to describe the pseudoscolex by saying that, " ... la partie antérieure [of the Strobila] en- gagee dans l'appendice pylorique forme une sort de bovuchon, cylindre irrésulier, cartilagineux, long de 18mm., large de Tide on torfileux et sans ancune trace d'organigation ..." description, however, was not recognized by Diesing (1850 : Since he accepted Rudolphi's diagnosis, namely, tum, bothriis oblongis lateralibus ...", and Baird (1853 : dently saw two bothria, probably owing to the fact that he was dealing with specimens from Lota vulgaris (vide infra). Cebvold (1858 : 158, 159) was well acquainted with the pseudoscolex, since that “In a Cod examined on the 15th of March, 1885, two specimens of Bothriocephalus rugosus had severally attained a length of nearly fifteen inches, and their anterior segments for an inch or more downwards, were so firmly impacted within the pancreatic coeca, that it was found impossible to dislodse them without injur- ing the filamentary head and neck. As if to make the anchorage doubly sure, the cartilaginous thickening of the invaded pancreatic 1S Ge 9 ¢ f —_ Ae be 024 EE ~ooey Lehe tak et? Bae stp gon AgAS Te on icyee} oanyasda rie ane of babtadae Lnigt es de dd. teat Le Goise woul , tet ee 26. Btw fagitestati 38 MOT,» 1s EO AMO Seteed Se aol 1 J25nsete * 2 li@atcls pe toon a: sf it of oldwtagmos! eo Lup pees ) ) sso (#> be» OL62) Siqzobem! of eubed nl stitoouds a dogs mee Gy Sases itt td et ive saw “A notoved gh Prow tay ertol eppittetys #6 fhasqqmeee [ thf bb wn ,svoadieel ld tac we O'S 608% 2ivG08 enee Fo ' +1 + ut To Pct og _ 70 Sée Pip | Aone ,.@tecomar lh es! higkkivd Seaqege Gilet Bua fs. engiiasetel etenoidd aa i? of gaiwo yidavorge .eltdtod oFee i Qj (ortas ohio) eprepicy wor sigs enoaloege & (cocohveae ude oils bet ateusme ft a Age (ads a : iow gids x00") Sot ade meret etaubiv Engh C882 dora. te Atel eid ko bodraiaxd 400% ws» bentatie ae — Sait bree . etnoayes Tobtey cut “stegh has pai ‘toaq odd midtty bevoacee viaxe Oe tne 4 eres a © mod? vohote nf it ‘ofc tepogat bewrp on Ni baal witae @€f9. slew ee it: eh. aoen seed we eee at ay Lan ae e a4 ie tak eee > _- of if i 7 Pa Rae ee ba rie 4 > - > a sa Lae coecum had degenerated into a calcareous and contracted twisted upon itself in various ways." Olsson (1867 Wise found a pseudoscolex in this species, which he describded as being degenerated in Gadus morrhua to a yellow, elongated mass which disintegrated on contact with water. It was 18-25mm. in length by about 3mm. in diameter, while its position was, as usual, in the wall of a pyloric appendage of the host. He also figured @ young strobila from Gadus aeglifinus, the scolex of which he con- sidered to have been invaginated. Van Beneden (1871 : 56) observed the pseudoscolex in his new genus and species, Abothrium egadi, which was afterwards considered to be synonymous with A. rugosum, stating that "Ils ont la téte vera le fond des coecums pyloriques, bia 5 : a percent ordinairement les parois et forment, par la gaine, souvent = 4 F . ‘ dure et entortillee comme une tabulaire, une saillie a la surface de cet organe." So far as the writer is aware, he gave the first fisure of the structure, as it is commonly met with, encased, how- ever,by the walls of the pyloric coecum in which it was found lodged. Von Linstow (1889 : 2428) described and figured a scolex somewhat similar to that of A. crassum, escepting that the apex was hollowed out to form a six-cornered opening which communicated with both bothria. Linton (1890 : 750) found pseudoscolices in examples from the codfish, "Gadus morrhua", which were much as de- scribed by Olsson, since "each of the specimens in this lot has the head and anterior part of the body buried in the pyloric caeca, where they have undergone degeneration to such an extent that no appearance of bothria remains. Around the parts thus enveloped by the caeca is a yellowish waxy deposit, the degenerated tissue of the wh — Li¢wenge Baviaay & ten tire gt zeal ~tyolvn odd! at Bebkcod vod edit te ting. ob - 4 etiney Daa ¥ oe dan Dee tenet WOf) osesld ©. yaw ES ak Boost P Layign 4 coe stil ME aacedachoend « wie ,eolley eos aucitomgabey nt ve At Ne fqetaod '80- ') ol iw Seas HL. mal ie spenaeaqde esi 5 “1 ms = 7 E it eget iges' quhs0 mort) af PRC eBNSINN | | ‘ Bae bites wea eid ae vate BY G a bet obbetiog (hiswisay bool ef) ace ay he ali ca0 cE 4 . Shee ober? noli eee os ne Hedgrbaud C if: COREY és \ cesval gdh $3 AS Se MOTT Etod WRG Reul sage: a x67 asf tie takiote. 2 po dheentied nt (2 ‘ ratetaies seta e¢l tuo Bevedoe ifaad emee ont RSS 7 (stig S08 «8 wy BS SLB OCD ES Z t@j ay é od. de pe ff ssup SAF. fd iy rto tr pemmgon | it zelooé Se hey “ogy”? dati theme spe. ote | : Py t nt seus von ct ot £5 Gala Tero enehes vey shite een ce Los bet odode ‘2608 Tahoe eedoeky, ite Sagtrouen (AIS ast Beery r Odeo ott. RD get hese artl a . toll guoy BL wiee ; 1 A ‘alr “Ghatsmng, of bel gap ada fone # fowd Mbae ebot een. st. Dor egiets a ony An Senses. Once oe a toaproatt Gem aeols: 72 ~ > te hee = « = & a ‘Te & tet nial dation’ bad bes if te traq solverain edt at eett. | ¥ > rT e act t6 dinuel eae —Utetaae slau 73k ork tedee eR to. Pol > : , + weet Bip 22 use .xeC ose ted 3 & Ad ty aa Gee 6) be Bed cu gS “© 2re7. “ ihedo sOhigim wotT (ae .ake est F £ ; q 3 4 oe m ous j nam 20 ~Mho> if tae Bods sSoa7 aw to tee 3 ; ins Pow 2 5 Ps i ; a gs » - se 4a .- one te § ita ve 1 ja gy» wv oe PAL BA)”* - a a L20 fiom otom sit l eam. 2a teod ch ud 3 atid To . we Ylttgtie es filer noises hOGr at a ALOT GS ef subedaerwsye Slots efi ak ait esezaele ‘ heog o1m oe cust af, + 88 , 329 yd badaeee t thloy a Sto gilt “to “Sqerte ent” Fug sted toa Siz “ey ii aoitarakondh TS o°€ 76 | ; ‘ rt oe jee eet eral ) -aer 2% ah -awods we - es ; ANC Sem TOL Be So Eke este ee Selb “es sLidgorte eit 27 a eat nati ens: ett ah fee ores cde Yo dee am Swit *§ oe teaitar op a ee +a. o wzlilows ones Iggsaok: a> ‘tesa sta kyo igden vor 8 Bosn0; ‘ed! 9% enoltsontal aad pS UPN ae p> bes wh ef el idore® enor “act robuedte: " :Lowlde toque ete?) wentth yliatpedes. sia stevgeci sesau BS gst et som och = ee evree Pie ate ee em ; ae So! = 2 ation has gone on to such an extent that there remains only a filamentous, horny or cartilaginous yellow mass, deeply imbedded in the wall of the caecum, from which it was dissected with con- Siderable difficulty. Only the tip is shown, there having been about 6mm. more to the region where it left the host tissues and passed insensibly on to the anterior portion proper of the strobila, Which latter showed only faint transverse wrinkles and no distinct division into segments, as is seen, with some irregularity, however, me Pigs 87. This form of pseudoscolex was found, as described by Olsson, Linton and Johnstone, to be surrounded by the tissue of the coecum degenerated to a yellow waxy mass which, when freed from the surrounding tough tissue, crumbled easily under the dissecting instruments. The comparatively great extent of the organ longi- tudinally in the wall of the host's pyloric coecum, as the measure- ment indicates, need not be emphasized if one has ever endeavored to dissect it out entire! As stated above there is considerable evidence in the literature of this species to indicate that the form found in marine Gadidae and called A. gadi by van Beneden (1871 : 56) is not the same as that found in the only fresh-water gadid, viz., Leta. In endeavoring to place a number of specimens from Lota maculosa, it was found that in many points they agreed with thedescription given by Matz for A. rugosum. The scolices are more or less alike, no pseudoscolex (see below, however) being present; the longitudinal muscles are not in bundles; the nerve strands are dorsal to the Cirrus and vagina; the genital cloacae are irregularly alternating from side to side; the vagina open? ahead. of the cirrus instead of x \lou eta siege Sede tee seem a0 odes vow ual e9ee eeilex 2 mR te 28 Masog ide hetoneeti- eae Je do kee mont cnamanc vif Xe d 2 Freed #2 as oth ba «ea ay VIELE eg (AG Ryan: ode [10d TOSSA Ee bd a0~ 0% vere ta a? tian Seng sl oe D7 Dv. see, ‘: aA et09mg “ aeoT 648 Jelvoeginhen bo aiak a DbOLvotswe git » sot) atoll’ Loe eee ; ~ a inky ,go 08. eae yooew Werle, 4: .c¢ beletenae Shae ) off gobre, gimde deltas . oventt aeues on bm S2gto eff te /getas Pastn ylevivereqtog sdBiag it &&- i ieeon olroiyy be ttt. toe Efewe orld a creels Lev nad eno Be Deg lesiaes. sd 206 “bean, @ J . tenttas ome sit nl eoeebeve olvetebtennd al ends aveds fev tf Late a Ob off tade stentipe ot estoege pidd 2:(02 + SROL) eebehatt mar WwW Dap «A bed ol ..otv (fh ppeeetanadseet ‘ae onl at GAM et ~sGlit 2a gol mont exomen sep to tides * et cals uit notte broods pid Asie Deoige Coat mitaitog, NSPA, 5. | tla eeaei-se (20m ota; Bot SOG, Ait, ea inal sf wanders pated res auoit joked, mare “it of Lenzob eparebamrdes ‘ov reu ac jentined. wi 7 sé ltactedga eLeptsekes ate ‘ateeato ige awe walt js 20 beesanl aut tke eae te are ac rete ; ‘ yes ‘ He a a = = 9 : 7 —. | behind; the testes are continuous from proglottis to proglottis; the vitelline follicles are located among the longitudinal muscles and are discontinuous; and the uterus-sacs are rounded laterally; of which characters, however, the position of the nerve strands and the alternation of the cloacae are applicable to the material from the marine Gadidae studied. In many more points, on the other hand, the species agreed with A. crassum, so that the writer was @bliged to consider it to belong to that species. A comparison of Matz's daverigtion with that of Loennberg brings out many differ- @nees. Loennberg described a pseudoscolex, calcareous bodies, the longitudinal muscles in bundles, the other sects of parenchymatous Muscles as above described, the vagina opening behind the cirrus and ventrally, testes discontinuous, vitelline follicles within the parenchymatous muscle-sack and also discontinuous, none of which characters are to be found eewatuicg description, but all of which are present in the material at hand from marine Gadidae. It is to be noted here that Loennberg accepted the specific name rugosum of Rudoiphi instead of the gadi of van Beneden, which as w:ill be seen | presently may not be admissable. Going back, then, to the only other and the earliest description of the anatomy of the species that of Linstow (1889 : 242-5), we mect with similar difficulties and confusion. Linstow gave as hosts for the species, which he called B. rogosus Rud., Gadus aeglifinus, G. morrua, Merlansus garbonarius, M. pollachius, Merlucius vulgaris, Lota vulgaris, L. molva.and Motella mustela. Characters in his description not applicable to the material studied were: No pseudoscolex, but scolex of a rather peculiar shape and structure terminally (vide supra); cenicaas | - 7 2S , owe si A > ate sbiv) ile rhaned Peeeines 0 aie vit Les, wa FG > no ly taog aa aay enon a 1L¢ POLLS ote ators st 6 oe - 7" =e pt On Tia BE sbelfule S508 ~ * i” a eo an ry J ,BVEegero ss Be ky beat cs een _—< ed Cee — - “ | + in + rs »> ® : iarec | > I¢ r U ; < _ 4 ri bd Jugs ) ~~ f i on La if s Z 4 a? Bose ten’ ecoi ieee Aste ( SE ’ i re, : ij BLOTiA ¥, Loesou uit s ay re Suey 16 not EBOG. ent: ay haorsawe 5 228 O0ceLseY PS. otLl atiinay aed aot wor J Y Pos (evel) s+e028 . (N02 E) @hodteadel, heciivead xrotcedt. dear prtlaee vita 1Go wee eve at amsee (OL+T 9 leBS 43 5, yot® ents ade aeuudod renqe elite -ousake aataepaialeed™s +i ram ol aagal Lope te + UpsltT teeaie jek Aois8 oie ics: Lek) tivedead Bie tases at ally pmtnentets. «5 neh! ¢loe fede eae 2 gig mphetcrt ot RnaON rior eheonadktor tehem Atoll pe eat. s2nn. : oan pe) 9 seomaen amait whee 2H, esohienn ue sa oe Og teen aueons, 1 ee holy ey , S emowiee sain ond Sal adie ie os : S 2 a oes as : ee oy Sao ean B. rugosa, die Riggenbach in seinen "Bemerkungen ueber das Genus Bothriotaenia Railliet" Ubersichtlich zusammenstellt, recht unbe- @deutend sind und vielleicht doch noch im Rahmen der Variationsbreite einer einzigen Species untergebracht werden konnen;" and, as regards mne latter, in a footnote: "Die von M. Luehe ... als Unterscheidungs merkmal vorseschlagene Lage der Dotterstacke zum Theil (Be rugosa), bzw. auschliesslich (B. proboscidea) zwischen den Langsmuskeln, scheint mir auch nicht genugend constant wu sein, um als Species- merkmal verwandt werden zu koénnen." For material from Lota vul- garis Schneider described a scolex and segments both similar, as he pointed out, to those of B. proboscidea (= A. crassum). The @rrangement of the genital cloacae, irregularly alternating but unilateral for long stretches, the openings of the uteri in a long- itudinal furrow, the early form of the uterus-sac and the size of the eggs (64.5 p x 50-52), as described by the same worker all agree with A.crassum as studied by the writer (ef. Anfre). s Inseoen- clusion Schneider said: "Uebrigens habe ich, wie gesagt, auch an | die Examplaren aus dem Museum keine Pseudoscolexbildung bemerkt und zweifle daran, dass B. rugosa und B. gadi ein und dieselbe Art sind" and further, "Es ist mir Ubrigens bisher noch nicht geluncen, B. rugosa oder B. gadi in Gadus morrhua des Finnischen Meerbusens @ufzufinden, obgleich ich zahlreiche Exemplare des Dorsches seciert habe, und obgleich B. rugosa in Lota vulgaris hier oft genug vor- kommt. Auch das scheint gegen die Identit&t der Species B. rugosa mit B. gadi zu sprechen." ‘Thus we gee that there is considerable detailed evidence that the species from Lota is not the same as that from the marine eps tve pobtatat a téevebiby aon ‘afore tacty ee « St, Mot), fecp.os seme, Sftiton ob Stel honk! 4 e setiedtece=” peatsewy Pi tepetesises: co titeetebtedll! "poltcier § iv®ji 28) asaicl af dese Ho GR tila teite te £ bas "poetot» rohiew (ae ute ... steed aoe otf! regoaiee find. sim ‘wale are kertog meh ejeul! om a ah cadge tee. (zpbte ecdoxa } fot, ‘ ¢ 7Gs?ence hyagonres tdotne a 2 p ' a * .O*AGSR Ue rebs oe fi . 4 6 aicr : ott g Hes ive pati ah aa0).- SO) pabigeodorg . 2 Se it oO ; Li rumors £ Pa? ep - { Cov Bees a ab car~pifretyy ga Re wv! vive ott. t smae od’ yt Dedtanetn es .(wes-Od z a -f..to) see teecade, YE hathute ca suse £oeo #in tes ated arning butter” :Utey wets ” farwea! sant ents mmresM mek oe’ Wi AAD Zhe eb ie LAYS ae ante) eta | Led (Sapeer ages gare clue 402 eS" i sae%t ey ods o ttt, ad sallape sine? sabe (6, Joetol wel ott | elo tee hake aoe. cara. wee Tos perked) sag hay ie espana: a setal aehowog teb 14 loess eee asia intedcs | hae i | aiden | : a Zs Sn ~o. a | ee ean) - oe 4 hosts. We must then go back of Linstow's time in order to deter- mine, if possible, what is the correct name for the latter. Next in retrogressive order is van Beneden's (1871 : 58) description of A. gadi, confined to a short footnote which deals with little more than the pseudoscolex. So far as it goes this agrees with boennberg's A. rugosum and with the material studied by the writer. Olsson (1867 : 54) was obviously dealing with the same form which he reported from marine hosts only. Diesing (1863 and 1850) copied from Rudolphi while Cobhold (1858) had the marine form before him, and Baird (1853) had the fresh-water form. In spite of Linstow's Objection the writer feels certain that Dujardin (1845) also had the species dealt with here, especially since his measurements of the eggs come nearest to those observed than to those of any other Writer. It remains then to enquire into Rudolphi's finding and description, Leuckart (1819 : 57) copying from him altho at the same time remarking that "Ist am’nichsten mit den B. proboscideus verwandt, und, wenn er nicht eine Art mit diesem ausmacht zwischen B. proboscideustund B. sagittatus zustellen." For B. rogosus Rudolphi, (1810 : 42-43) described a scolex, quite comparable to that of his B. proboscideus and to Linstow's desdription and figure Of the organ, no neck and segments "primi angusti, fere quadrati, insequentes latitudinis ratione habita brevissimi, saepeque inequal- €s, vel hine inde angustiores; margines abtusi crassinusculi." This with "weque ovaria, neque foramina articulorum vidi ... " and the further fact that he obtained his specimens from Gadus iota (= Lota vulgaris), leads the writer to believe that he was not dealing with the form present in marine hosts but with a form lit eeteento | bee) eee bon jee edie vgs bate nl beb gba? eApertosge Meth bontabde! ‘oa vets teat) uw eds tad owedted of anole, omt ebasl. , 2 9 dite stud sino ember tenets mot fo see ; cae rT: en ney i ae aisha’ os sed? S\5L Geb, 268 gee teontoe eos el SR 6 LOS: 2VOD) pac Beast nev ef t8Ree ( beth ote nib cuetce? 7xehe 2 OF pias weer! 1S Ga aat 28 |: teloorohy ihitte Lol Vee Ree aoe Baa- avecgine + Si itz tte wlevetvde She: (aha | Fz iteeil. Shes etegn dpigsa { ay 4 i if 7 é , a % aL ; A eed (SEBEY Liaddol «fhe 4 e i we Y cv une ae “ y &£ , ¥ : q : i - aa r To Oo. f7-S - 4s ~ hee . aS ~S __§ esis (@pel) alfveiat Fed? gintees eo feat ter kre i S mae gic sornle Yllesceces’ ,oxbs aoiw ois is of ned? beviecde seats ot sesisen® Se’ fnelLopes ofml! ¢tivpuie of ged? ar tame = itis wid mst gaitgoo’ (72 <4 Ofer). deelougiem i « “o> Pin: ratedtoda eae fads gitar , jpmenue goede a > ka fs oigie’ dots’ te Aa ie Owe aban ‘putes? 2 SAE, ie Dou stiup «xatosdon dei iroeet (ts-ke + OLBEF eth snide ase tne debtoagin de: 5 9 ot .Dvigaa tate Sichiagey bia 2668 90241 x6 vtwteabvakd 4 ‘Jad snpiies statlepiais Liv uct lep lta so lmeeoh Supa ata: “ ‘ _ ; + SEs ere: i Rees } which, if not identical with A. crassum, -- his B. infundibuli- formis and B. proboscidens, -- was very close to it. We must then go back farther to Batsch (1786 : 208-9) where the species, T. rugosa was named on the basis of Goeze's (17823 : 410) description of "Der runzlichter Fischbandwurm" from Gadus mustela (= Motella mustela), the marine five-brearded Rockling of Europe, which the latter called T. tetragonoceps Pallas with some doubts, however, @s discussed under the next species dealt with here. Batsch. gave the following diagnosis of T. rugosa: "Tacnia (larvata)capite conico cum corpore subconfluente, papillis lateraliter adnatis usque ad a@picem pian then eisque binis: articulis brevis- Simis, dilatatis, corpore serrato." He used Goeze's Figs. 1-4 and pointed out that he (Goeze) recog- nized differences between his specimens and Pallas' T. tetragono- ceps, for "Er rechnet beyde Wurmer fur eine Art, und die Glieder nebst dem ganzen Korper haben viel Gleichheit, auch die aussere Gestalt des Kopfs. Doch sind bey diesem letztern die Saugblasen bey weiten nicht so deutlich gezeichnet, und stellen vielmehr, wie sich Gotze ausdriickt, zwey Backenbarte vor. Die Furche auf dem Korper ist auch vorhanden, nur scheint der Korper mehr gestreckt, und am Rande mehr zackig zu seyn." Consequently the corregt name of the species depends on whether we consider Goeze's description, augmented by Batsch's contributions, to be applicable to the material at hand. The largest of Goeze's specimens measured in warm water a yard and a half in length by scarcely one-half a line in breadth; but the latter is decidedly at variance with his Figs. 7 i¢ nd nat | a f a ; ; ey shite ol wel tisk os ae rt , ~ * at pe oi. - as . § * use | a: . i 1 8g a i & _ ae = me _ so 28 eee ry eK a ed od ~ ae apioage tipos: ead ae ig | istQepe <= De ereouen Atal oo Gy oo dads arighe(asevout) ry. “the 16) Ties bal ec ct if. , eae foo OS L6862818 +a lise SRE .o he Liaw "MOQ " sOTASSSE* STOG2 3S Mit erates sem “Sor S! Ai Oye Tih bodmtoy Dra, det. ,eg ht o! ole OBASE SS » f- BRO Bike, SM tosgs aia nosvped 4 a0 | ® it ,UTA eis Bax (toutoteses do Mituen o8 ine Ot ORD nee #3 taddadoe spans acl for to inal tatetos tua ia. ,habiadzoyv ‘ is +20 Or i’, ¥be ae (QOBROP “ «Kehe S Bitows 25 Sat ofnh Gl ageeie Taheeieg vores ede 1D. Ata qop sit of eideethiggs ef es «Sri yd kaagos aneee bole. s@ sien toege g eet ‘oa “Seogeatjoat beat iiss -age. 4leoreoa e Ytyaet me Ried a, boa lin" -t oli tly somaleay ga vibebioab, at | | 1 and 2 which he said were drawn in "naturlicher Grosse", in which case the width would be from 7 to 15 lines and the scolex about 12.5 lines (6mm.) in length! For such large specimens, -- even tho we consider only the first set of measurements, -- he described and figured nothing of diagnostic value other than a scolex pro- vided with two bothria pretty much of the ordinary type, behind this a "distinctly jointed" and "almost cylindrical" neck and! along both surfaces of the posterior closely crowded segments a | tongitudinal furrow, all of which characters more nearly agree with the proboscideum type of A. crassum (vide infra) rather than with the A. rugosum described above. And since the latter is clearly not T. tetragonoceps Pallas as described by Batsch (l.c.: 204-208), the only course that seems open to the writer is to refer the species to van Beneden's Abothrium gadi. However, in view of | the fact that no material from the European ling (Lota vulgaris) was available for a comparative study, he does not feel justified in taking this step, but here retains at least tentatively the specific name Abothrium rugosum (Botsch, 1786) (nec A. rugosum Goeze, 1782). The material studied consisted of seven lots from Melano- grammus aezlifinus, and one from Gadus cA@llarias, from the writer's Sov.eccti0on; and one lot from the latter host from Coll. Univ, Ill. i. ‘neptul gédebigorvon” 2 neta wie 4, ove. eae DAA ceric . OF Redees ad aeronkttnorg {oc Sai eae ecl a’ 10°ee nests “afto wiley ByeskiD Lo STs on a oe dant Etter, oD he ‘leo tlietiyn Peo eee hee bar cane: cited is 3% boty of ees TEP e¢CO ip add ie | L erom wistoe die (Magi te 0a oie | (atin sbty, munneiy VAS og? ays af og a BL 257, Gonle. ins . evoca -bed trossh) money : : a6 hedlisssh ot eBileT ecoponogartsd) 4 | fw edd, Of ASG eteeu tad ‘we tivo yigcos 267 of the proglottis. Vagina opens ahead of and slightly ventral to the cirrus; no distinct hermaphroditic duct. Testes within the nerve strands, pseudostratified, continuous from joint to joint; elongated dorsoventrally, 95-115 x 70-100,» ; 40 to 150 in number. Vas deferens lateral, elongated, with few coils before cntering the cirrus-sac, 350-600 x 150-180 in dimen- Sions. Cirrus-sac ovoid with narrow end outward, 130-380 x 60-150. Cirrus proper an almost straight tube in outer half of sac. Ovary comparatively small, irregular or somewhat lobed, with thick isthmus, o.8mm. wide by 0.13 long. Oocapt 40» in diameter. Usually two ventral vitelline ducts unite to form a common duct which does not act as*reservoir. Vitelline follicles irregular in shape and size, among the longitudinal muscles or outside of them, discontinuous. Shell-gland small, compact,dorsal. Uterine duct with only a few coils near the median line. Uterus-sac transversel elliptical or quadrate and somewhat lobed, rounded laterally, fil- ling up almost the entire proglottis when gravid; opening in the median line opposite emarginations of segments. Eggs, 45-115 x 30-75p , Ovoid or ellipsodd in shape. Habitat: In the pyloric coeca and intestine of the host. Host Locality Collector Authority Salmo salar Borke Goeze 1782:417 Batsch Stiles and Hassall 1912:395 Rudolphi Salmo salar bi ” Salmo salar no- 1? bilis Salmo salar se- bago Salmo abpinus ? rT ” ff "carpio " easpius T)) Pario Gryphswald Ireland Paris seer @ eS we HK Se Warberg Belgian coast Warnemunde Naset Rhine R.,Basel Murman-Ktis te Lake Sebago,Me. Jemtland Lakes Nackten, Stéorsjon,Lock- nes jon L.Garda,Italy Karabugas-Strasse Ireland Zeder Rudolphi " Bellingham Dujardin WoC .V. Siebold & Johnston (Coll. Brit. Mus. ) Olsson Beneden Zschokke Olsson Zschokke Zool.Mus. Kais.Akad. Stiles & Hassall 1912:395 Wiss. ,Petro- grad Ward Mus.Vienn. Olsson " Ninni Maximovic Bellingham Bellingham1844:252 Rudolphi 1810:40 e 1819287 Bellinghaml844:253 Dujardin 1845:615 Diesing 1850:590 Baird 1853: 88 Olsson 1867: 53 Beneden 1871:69 Braun 1891:55 Olsson 1893e27 Zschokke 1896:776 Linstow 1903:20 Ward 1910:11 (84 Rudolphi 1819:137 Olsson 1876:149 . 1893217 etossich 1890:7 Linstow 1903:20 py " S _ nt . 7 é * eT re b oelié thha* (patra Le teal 7 ae ; a | b .< : glover tAqioblns te ben eee ee yoteail led, nidsatod a a! ai . ’ . 3. Mf BAe deen Bl Priel #£ Slodeis tose sas eee notandot, ' Ps a Isf ied) oul ( . 2 of)! 7 Re t9 no tel yiodwT: (Vil. qebeged rosOgs4 basad palyiog. -1o8! neste: oaisodoas ebainerkee’ (rye0al . . gdaeld noseld, booall 725001 edtevoat’ eddedosd, Loontl/yi ewbii seHeL ojantd seul. ood - of 4ua-gam sul bans .efak - i, soain’ hart P£ earl - | hzal Sway OL opidee. odag a= Sa et ee Oe 4 Lilet tdeliohma a] roe ald aonulo. 4 : = * | " J T:Ohe! dole@ose tants’ OF E08 | woJech oivomigel edsaxth- OFh O25 Le dyn bi fed modandlled er be 4 > 7 vy > a ' La 1 P| m q +@ - f 4 Y o- ~~ Pe a oom, J ee 424 o5 =<" it ote Ace | Sale ar em Tr Aaa 7 ae Salmo fario lacustris Hamaycush salvelinus tr Li " siscowet thymallus t trutta ’ Rome Vyg-Fluss Benaca Shoal Id.,Lake Superior Outer Id.,Lake Superior vexillifer Treland Lakes Storsjon, Condorelli Danilevskij Mus.Vienn.& Bremser Diesing Largaiolli Milner Schrank Zeder Mus.Vienn. Diesing Milner Coll.Vienn. M.C hit Bellingham Coll.Brit. Mus. Olsson Ariola Linstow Rudolphi Diesing Ariola bh Stiles & Hassall f? Rudolphi Diesing Ariola Leuckert Diesing 1900:435 1903320 1819:472 1850: 590 1900: 435 1912:402 " 1S1Gsi37 1850:591 1900: 435 1819:43 1850: 591 Bellinghaml844 3253 Baird Olsson 1853: 88 1893:17 Halen ,Refunds- sjon,Sallsjon,& Ockesjon,Jentiand Murman-Kuste Zool.Mus.d. Kais.Akad. Wiss. ,Petro- grad M.C Bp i Zschokke Linstow Diesing zschokke 1STO Leos 1850: 591 1884:21 reitz Mele: ¥ 2 ’ B+ Cit ‘ ty} f : 4 Ss > if a f c OBS burkise | etd ae o Ps 7 = ry a i 1 “) | i 2 ; Se y ‘ ‘ i rai ‘ © %, i, foimk. Dobe tobir00 cag? At 4 vofeatd ft bbeveliacd “gault-ouy cdgletuk #.awel¥. cal Te eine =o Songot sy. - j ine an réol a anit etnias e ss lilotagzad “4 . ‘Bounces “eu iy del. it lagde = S6Lzeqy” B aeitg duantod pda oes eas 204.0 \sbor) ne ee plod! ei] 16 ean Sg 2 eh ene 2 AD; h +f alas aM = oo om le oe nLed TooLi®. aval, .§ qo lage? i one a igET st oO ee eo Ty Jor) -— incnaa GEPilt fenilt aadgntiied baatecdi Oyen J ies. hf£09 Fee a A oe ae aT | ed ; ne eel) ink heatihlas? held: gar ; ve ~orted, van de ¢ ip wetnakc lavaretus maraena Trutta fario lacustris ” salar trutta variabilis Thythallus vulgaris " ” Esox lucius Perca fluviatilis Osmerus eperlanus Clupea harengus Lota vulgaris si " "Prout" Cristivomer namay= er | Lakes Storsjon, and Nalden oxyrhynchus Warberg Genfersee,Basel Rhine R.,Basel Bodensee East Prussia Warnemunde Storsjon,Jemt- land Baikal-See Bonan,Gestri- cia,Gulf of Bothnia Ostsee Storsjon,Jemt- land Dvina-Fluss Loch Tay Giant's Tomb - Georgian Bay ,L.Huron Zschokke Olsson Olsson Zschokke ? Hofer Muehling Zschokke w ? Olsson Zool.Mus.d. Kais-Akad. Wiss.,Petro-= grad Zschokke ? Olsson Schneider Olsson Danilevskij Williamson Cooper Zschokke Olsson Olsson Zschokke tt Hofer Muehling Braun Zschokke 1! Olsson Linstow Zschokke ft Olsson Schnnider Olsson Linstow Scott Yooper 1884:21 1893: 17 1867: 53 1896: 1893:17 1903:20 1884:21 1? " 1893:17 1902:28 1893:17 1903:20 1909: 78 (the present paper) +0! gitotows Nee mozel ~ Ton Aoa2 iO bs Bi 7A Sf act tragis font Yj fodslo . S4f£ siadtodoad ? af epag lO r f tio baste ate | noseld Gi wolendal PY SUG siaak seqood (en gay ieee wAd) eAKotp at geee lh hoard | + poweak # 300 wok Lean etitorioey sozeL0 «bizmi.fo io - bodAse tnt ~ouse?..2elg bs'ty sito oat 7" eee vabé onabg) aqpass (days lio, soamng LER | = = _ fi +3 ae é iP te pai sieeort Jaall " eh mumearneF ~Jaet é abt edt? heal i See tp ae ee a se | 44 ae ot oe = 34) eh. asa08 to, Taio. Beaded ~ ptieh Cristivomer namay= Port @redit,Ont., Cooper Cooper cush Lake Ontario (the present Baper) L.Temagami,Ont. H.B.Ward Charlevoix,Mich. : Pentwater, lich. a "Lota lota"” Charlevoix " Lota maculosa Port Credit Cooper 1? Coregonus clupei= Giant's Tom b formis Island snc ow 78 ai ag?) me ~ { if { v * - ¢ ‘ -_) < n ‘ ’ - . viog >] c7 oa, } “Hie trot | Pag | 4 moy s"iowi® -=tpe ‘hbgstal | This species, originally given the specific name Taenia crassa by Bloch (1779 : 545), was on the one hand confused with A. rugosum and on the other given the new name Taenia probo- scis suilla by Goeze (1782 : 410-11, 417, resp.) according as it was found in Gadus or in Salmo salar, which confusion was evidently due to the fact that the latter followed Pallas (1781) in calling it T. tetraganoceps. In a footnote he considered, in fact, that T. tetragonoceps Pallas, Taenia crassa Blach and T. capite tynoato Bleach were all synonymous. But in spite of this he expressed doubt on the synonymy of the forms from the Gadidae and from the Salmonidae. As the above synonymy indicates the species was then known for a number of years under at least two names, Bothrioce- cephalus infundibuliformis and B. proboscides which were used by Rudolphi (1810 : 46, 39) for the two forms from freshwater and marine salmonids in general. It was not until 1884 that Zschokke é made a detailed comparison, -- it is true of external characters mostiy, -- of the two species from a number of different hosts, and showed that they must be considered only different forms of the same species. Later investigations into the anatomy by Matz (1892 110), who, however, studied only the proboscideus form from Trutta trutta and Salmo salar, have been considered to have established this contention, altho Olsson (1893 : 17) still reported both of thé°older species with some doubt as to the use of the name B. in- fundibuliformis. Blanchard (1894 : 701), Ariola (1896 : 280) and Riggenbach (1896 : 223) evidently acceptedonly the latter specific name, while Luehe (1899 : 39) first used the combination Abothrium crassum (Bloch) which is now generally accepted. Ariola (1900 OL, hate Nea Tae all 2 Shope? Ba war ott coviy suede cd? ab Sis “ » 2603 el wa? elmo bor rabie, apgiaae hs el) steted kb thé pioang ri "7h Brg iid | sao BUY Ze eat eae iertc) fe ribhoose: (. it: 208Ee a Sev} onset ie P . . ri 4 ref aa). IO L578 Meee eae St Setet ai to ri) ct lee bewelioy gaaiivaar sac’ 4 . - é “ \ ® i: ° , 22 LO i srlorstooe ar «&Q¥ - 5 - : ia a . > > 2 ei sb = et Merk Cope J - ‘ o TE iar 48) eRe ” Vary io! £ any i { Hye Ve «Avo: i - : mek “ } Cu é ol! Y ota Te - 4 , t i if $ , wy | - Ft ft IBM. zi a et omer Poni sand —< ume ‘on > “ “ f tio> mI 207 is Oo: oF “ay Z0T (¥é..8 cere f - act > a2 | - L. a fede ; 5 ? ri * 9 mot ii ne 8 9 TXB ro 4 ie A — ae i: - <4 a4 rar 1S Ps ) Litto to sedimue « work eetdeqn oft sft Se o'te raves 4 wf orgs A tesistith. Yao beret tac So 8o feum cot 4 , : 4 ae . 4 « =e " mal + ~ oe » A‘ . r 7 oer : uF Ovhs €f' 7 Ey han sevi ft kata as as Pa : vio) aus! Sventiong tty lcs Sethu o: xevenad 3. “ah ot baswhishentm ae Prod inbine oxgns & t aI a Ye’ Red mory Pigs (oe i: Ee Yale agele” hobo wr ily 20! Sake ole Ge ake Keon, ease tite cotoome § ; Mer} etoren Cy ; ee ag iA co kt ampidaas:: ox? ‘tebu teak ae } i me _ a A » | a ‘ ‘ . oa. Oe p 4 sr ¥ ve. if 433), it might be mentioned finally, called the species (Bothrio- taenia proboscidea (Batsch), thus disregarding the fact that Batioh (1786 : 212) renamed Bloch's T. crassa. As regards the scolex, various forms of which are shown in the figures, the specimens from Lota maculosa, the common bing or Burbot, need special mention, since, as shown in Fig. 98, the terminal disc and anterior half of the organ is in many instanc- €s greatly swolien to form a sort of pseudoscolex which is perhaps well adapted to maintaining its position in the narrow pyloric caecum of the host. But this modification was found only in the older strobilas of the four lots examined. In the younger chains the scolex is as shown in Figs. 96 and 97 which are drawn to the game scale as that of Fig. 98. The largest with this first form of scolex was 22mm. in length by 1.5 in breadth while the shortest With the swollen end was 45 x 1.5mm., so that somewhere between the lengths of 20 and 45mm. the metamorplis takes place in all pro- bability. No distinct intermediate stages were seen altho the smaller scolices were varied in shape and degree of intactness. The latter might seem to point to the condition being due to me- chanical or physical means, but this is offset by the fact that the material was found to be in good histological condition when sectioned; hence the idea of a possible metamorphosis. Unfortu- nately the material did not permit of anything more to be said on this matter. In the anterior segments of considerably relaxed or espe- cially young strobilas something of the manner of segmentation can be seen. This was found to take place much as in the genus [tic od) se foege Age Beloe¢ (Chia ‘Fey OF Mead le2a)s 70 iB exalt ites SRR) Aeeianoct | | 2é-fntae +3 te 2 ota Nedbees ahs Oe BOE , feo. ee ALL OTS Ream De oe a “pO dé avode sa .cotle -Se Gime Etoage Dee at Ca. Yaed at ai neyta: ath Zp Lhag TORO. ie ond 2 titty xe lootehebeg Se fiGe 2 Wool oF. = tt aott fGert she Baek See eamee i> einc inu0? ape Wei sabe eee pine “a send suoy wae wl o boa lmex bjal tiot, edt to. ent id a) 0 wea hd esd doidw 9@ bua. GE ae th ak evade say eat) at aete Jesyrat er so Ore 46 tent da od iiiw dvbeerd ak St ‘et ataned ot Git . PIO: SOtesraeor: Vest aes a ina C2. a)- sew bas, ast me fq’ eodas 8 fiqmomad om ars afmeeS * bed 08 te! . tLe coer eter esuate stothasedat santte2D ae Abe ores. age eqadi' ne foLiey sx8w: aot “4G. 2 us guted meh heees ods of tatodg- os meen. Rash FE Ny g2 av = ye roettarns ens fuk eRe Saodeusy 6 iy wot) Sido: Lentyh tore ey US BE “mse ck has tele . t.hodcastoeny se ela Aeon & wo MODs att 5 cc oY’ econ. sa laeyis ae ttn, tn Sy ‘epuaten. 0 ‘; a s° 22 beet ee a ot onagew wo tista eo smolvap andes 20 1cptem ods. to" wiidys punog qibp gt + Hoge Sorat bln of bauen Bothriocephalus, altho the writer was not able to distinguish the primary segments to his satisfaction. What was considered to be such is shown in Fig. 99, a stretch of segments beginning 27mm. from the anterior end of the strobila in question. The idea of dominence of the anterior portions over the posterior portions, as dealt with under B. scorpii, is here brought out very nicely. In the proboscideus type of strobila the same method of subdivision was followed in the anterior seoments, altho with greater difficul- ty on account of the fact that the segments are so closely crowded together longitudinally. Olsson (1867 : 53) noticed the subdivision of the segments producing an alternation of larger and smaller ones, but he considered it to be an articulatia spuria similar to that described by Wagener (1854 : 69) for Amphicotyle heteropleurum and by Krabbe (1865 : 37) for B. scorpii and other species. Later Olsson (1893 : 17) stated that transverse divisions occurred-in B._infundibuliformis as well as in B. proboscidens. The youngest lots of material, studied by the writer were two taken from Lota maculosa from Lake Ontario, off Port Credit, Ontario, and one from the intestine of a young Cristivomer namaycush from the same locality. The lot from the Lake Front contained all stages from that shown in Figs. 104 to the largest which by comparison with adult specimens from the same host were found to belong to this species. While no stages were found be- tween that shown in Fig. 104 and that in Fig. 102, -- altho two others were only slightly larger than the latter, -- it seems rea- sonable to consider the latter itself to belong to this series and to represent the earliest stage of the same. Figs. 105 and 106, eile 2 ¢ > ae . aa . s } ar-< 8 Ab igh axte.\eén f : : io! ga? Beck m Rue Le —hauier [0 Bae - aid 28 igi . fe Gass eZ itety ote at 2b bic tom of Pare - 2 3 it. sap aI bGleetss ody) ¥ V 2 é Fi, 4 z xeyade rot =oDaE: ay = ; Piet oe ee ‘>= dave iro 2 sil echogteay Sy eae - gar btn + » © “otp 2: iv wide Reo gotvetas rip ah \ ‘> + —— is . (ad * Sher > wy: é w= # é 7 ‘ a jaro = aly + < % en fie Be ss ‘. - 3G aed ‘ f 9 i + ’ ti wa degy ph = o~ ae & J8 ak 4 wae ® fe A ok 7 4 be fe aoe 4 - ae 53 ae Fh: ; Pee pod , ae ‘ te Pe Lod, SOF nt ” > 2 ie ss ‘ 1 ray}: : 4 a Pe I YW ato 4 = 3 ih? ps Lis poner ae ee ne Pe eee foege s¥At0o Pas Liyroce +f s5t' { ~ 7 ee tTuppo -enc ls 7 2b rsvenete Jad? detfete: (VE . . 1 he ishioeods: G2 562 Liaw 5 bein) Le tedae a 1 ae + ‘ re ~~ fe (i Sethute, ip ttetanm to bys 52 Sees SrEsoy sit 1 \ é e imine * ' Pb — whe i Clt2s50 Fie, Se FOOSE By out aor *, COR eT a yl 5 ee evfisy kepiee 49 a maT ei ie iv 2 Kost S08 ge Wphneoet..v ee. edt wort id 2 o S514. Aeee a iti eit rent, eon}. singete, tebe ez: 5b Se a Arte acod : of GASee Om SL ENK Pa Se dl dtd of CP Ee ae BOS ge ot tie! “Sp POL ps pile are hs Soa ve, Phew, cathe iat bent pages: vith, shoded nd Tani be ee ii bats ys Ome ai? hee e ufsaeacer of two later stages, are given to show the manner of beginning of the segmentation and the early dropping off of two or more very immature segments from the posterior end. The first indications of this is probably represented in Fig. 104, altho the strobila in Pie. 105 does not show it. The relative ages, however, of these two is difficult to state définitely since the first one is more Contracted longitudinally than the other. On the other hand, two, antermediate in length between those shown in Figs. 105 and 106, were indented posteriorly, thus showing that some of the earliest Segments had already been lost. Thus we see that at a very early period in the development of the strobila of this species a few of the first formed segments are lost in much the same way as the bladder of the cysticerous of the taenioid cestodes is cast off in the final host. The material studied consisted of five lots from Salmo salar, eleven from Cristivomer namaycush, two from Colgconus clupei- formis, and two from Lota maculosa, all from the writers collec- tion; and, eight lots from ©. namaycush, and two from L. maculosa from the Collect; of the University of Illinois. ov. wl0n ic CWT 36 Tro sas 20 84 aSintees Blolwewty ef i¢' seunet tava T st avese duwia gon poedud: cc oer y ar ne Heke iw SA okie say oie .e2 Guar ses raitc Sve ww Oli? 20. 85 26050R Gert eerie oc Ste pod Gee Ri Paot acu ¢hoeaaae rR. OBE ay tt 20 egebednoe Ce liuve In Feat met Hoty Owe Rey, yon Ramovite tanh bE). croc isn gidy Boe (fe aeeppoee etod apse ont ox?’ ove Ben ee a 34) a=? etos ad efee Litt to tile tev 2e0) suf? xe tee ve SE hd 7 7 ee i - : | a “* _ # ie r 7 yi > - ? ~ a e — | | | BIBLIOGRAPHY Abildgaard, P. C. 1790. Almindelige Betragtninger over Indvolde-Orme, Pemaerk- ninger ved Hundsteilens Baendelorm, og Beskrivelse med Fie gurer af nogle nye Baendelorme. Skr. af Naturh. Selsk., Kjgbenh., V,I (1) :26-64, pl.5. Ariola, V. 1896. Sopra alcuni Dibotrii nuovi o poco noti e sulla classi- ficazione del gen. Bothriocephalus. Atti Soc. Ligust. d. sc. nat. e geogr. Genova, 7(4) :261-282, pl.4, figs. 1-9. 1900. Rivisione della famiglia Bothriocephalidae, s.str. Arch. de parasitol., Paris, 3(3) :369-484, pls.8-10. 1901. Ibid. Centrbl. Bakt. u. Parasit., 29(9) :412-416. Baird, W. 1858. Catalogue of the species of entozoa, or antestinal worms, contained in the collection of the British Museun, 1338ppe, 2pls. 12 . London. Barbagallo and Drago. 1903. Primo contributo allo studio della fauna elmintologica dei pesci della Sicilia orientale. Arch. de parasit., 7 : 408-427. Batsch, A. J. G. 1786. Naturgeschichte der Bandwurmgattung uberhaupt und ihrer Arten insbesondere, nach den heuern Beobachtungen in einen systematischen Auszuge, 298pp., 6bpls., 169figs., Halle. -~irenee> .aptlseh! ovine? seve castlgaa = au eeleviuiest a6 ata tobe el a tute? toda th ogee a ia . 7. Xe lq a (8) AY we shy cs F - s pli iien goac © ivoum Eiedadet ingots taupe? s008 bita * > olttedqagozeavon. ay tea . : - ~T aa ol age? ods Lg ,sua-LoS: [AY ,avcwed . agceg og) -tfa.8 ,dehifadgevoteiio£n etigings silo oabtelved OF+8.af¢ (bab-208, vers eh7ad lot ineudg obs . fb-5 LBs (0) yOS gr I Lestsy «ff Ha AdmsieS: aad Hy feetledtaé go .soxodae to roisage as to ougnlatadi isaaell Heke init Gd to oaldenhin edd ai bentolaon.. | Caines biatie . Ot “a rs igoledoiwiy sawn sllokh ofhnte bi’ oid ivd ace te, ie . -disaneg ob a dows -ofwtitat nihil site isso: 8 a cord? bow tovedendy gnu apie csbinbah ee ate int mogdudduedded wioned ne dotia seat Sah L esaghi@at okse agers 4“? ss : ” a. a ieee. she Ky oh a7? Bellingham, O'Bryen. 1844. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. (Cont. of Belling., 1840). Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., London, (82) 13 :101-105; (83) :167-174; (84):254-260; (85):335-340; (86): 422-430; 14(90):162-165; (91):251-256; (92):317-323; (93): 396-408. Beneden, P. J. van. 1849. Les helminthes cestoides, considerés sous le rapport de leurs métamorphoses, de leur composition anatomique et de leur classification et mention de quelques espéces nouvelles de nos poissons Plagiostomes. Bull. de l‘Acad. roy. de Belg., 16 :269-282. 1850. Recherches sur la faune littorale de Belgique, etc. Mem. Acad. roy. d. sc. de Belg., Brux., 25, 3, mem, 199pp., pls. 1-24. 1858. Mémoire sur les vers intestinaux. viii 376pp., 28pls., 4 . Paris. (Extrait du Supp. aux Compt. rendues de l'Acad. Ge'se,, 2 :1-376, pls.1-27.) 1871. Les Poissons des Cotes de Belgique, leurs Parasites et leurs Commensaux. Mem. Acad. Roy. Belg., 38, xx 100, pls. I-VI. Benhan, W. B. 1901. ee | sagahtarieeto atte .sosodad debe tes 8) _mobknd ent fel gay lh Ret we) -Oeb-Seert2e) :002-28RGRB) UT (88) 2 o0). .@08-12.( 80) 218600 anon A a shad a vo wR Fsougn suite aénebhenoo , vobiadseg sediainted gady vi oe ofara dobdieogmos inal oh eoeodqroneddm sodqe9 aouplesp a5 noblawa de soitogitiaenke va von shed" Loh «flog . .semésactunl? enous tog, 7: | ‘SBR-08S¢ Bf Gam uplglel #6 elavosit! want al Aye sedonodnedl rm, y-GQOQL ,mee. 6 , 62... xbud’ alee ab 08 «bh .yor baad sf eae obSef » AVE Riiv, sepanttaetat eagy sul tue ottomell e | nawiten «fymad mh “gee ub #Rantad) «oda =|) (inhi ONL 8 tigevel sue! autpigtes oh weden. wok engeetar pe 7 00% sx , 86. "banalio ni ee Feng it Be 4 7 “oo 7 tas s «htel —- noe : waiek -fqureD oan, ; Tome cok ‘ede danse “a par Lettis . iisagd vhied ol ww Tacdoesi.. madod eval iMh-3 i. elq) .G=3 aha gaeeld seed oi utovehbepegntd 9h gaogiroed mob wor yru toned dh iit ' seb gov ocil ered feuce th teh Ly, alad SF : met) gidowsg reysdnogo) saw een l® qeh tHetoo8 t ftlaet » 8 tlgGhg -gitonoh euel suagedtieoo 4 tev: 39d eifecotan ottotathl sla , «oO; S eOfsL. ale ‘SC g, I .ewwos aol fe me or? asvate, “Gqgors ee J Saat . tinged argantsbanii etoelgohoitalateh ‘ Abs Ds (928: 3 biO 6a .uealy A omens pct, (eqbotead), cae -@+e8s alg: DOIL-O1LE ¢ BLE 004 (QOOL-TS8.g a » Trae akg ; 08-06, weatt {O85 OE 9g: gat 8-85 og, mrnasee DDL -TOSL gq, GE-Oe a a Ob-Gho ws Braun, MM. 1898. Idem., pp.1535-1614, p1.59. 1900. Idem., 1f.59-62, pp.1615-1731. Briganti, V. 1819. Descrizione delle ligule, che abitano nell'addomine de ciprini del lago di Palo in prov. di principato Citra. Atti. Acad. d. sc. di Napol3 Cl. di fis. e di storia nat., 1 :209- 233 « Bull. d. sc. nat. et de geol. Paris.13 :167-168. Carus, J. V. 1885s: Vermes, in: Prodromus faunae Mediterraneae. 8 . Stutt- gart. 1 3112-282. Carus, J. V. and Gerstaeker. 1863. Handbuch der Zoologie. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1863. Cobbold, J. S. 1858. Observations of Entozoa, with notices of several new Species, etc. Tr. Linn. Soc. London, 22(3) :155-172, pls.3l 33, fogs. 1-85. 1879. Parasites; a treatise on the entozoa of man and animals including some account of the Egtozoa. xi 5O08pps, 85figs. 8 London. Cohn, L. 'ye98.ou Untexsuchungen ueber das centrale Nervensystem der Ces- toden. Zool. Jahrb., Abt.f.Anat., 12(1) :89-160, fags. A- J, pls.6-9, fags.1-33. 4 q e rr eohe , a4 i = 4 2 ) woe Llomevee lo egpkion itiw ,aosodaT to ecotdeveeadO. . us ico ‘ ~ Pe “@b nod eyanawn st! vtibabilen aab:tedou am a) 2362 OOL-OGn (L)S0 YideeNRtdae eee ~ . » - ° m 08L .giagfed .efov &, .efyolooS gah dsoodhaaie aht » {é)4.9 ar ht’ 00D gic aT 2088 rad be as fend — ‘ @ a <8 « ™~ , ge ' + A a 5 PPTs ces rs oto yefeght offed. | . i i jiockag Bh .youg at ole? 16 egal Tepy oingtei ites salt th sED iieqat togaet aie ‘ of. ated .foey oh Jovdon..08 ub tia 2a : ere of £ * é ~ bd monies ihe oiguveal setbort sat ., semiek, * RegAS LL ? roves ered baaie® ) +8. ‘ * - | HOa Lo eg ht io sonciae, sft a wakdnond a. pond idan Pe. wpaeOe kz samnodgh ond whe SHNOOMO “YEO » tf wl wt 7: aye , - ‘ - a .+ ; a.3e oe shy gt ’ : a & : ’ 4 ie” f iy h 7 ; ‘ome 2 an :) 4 pi Cohn, L. 1902. dur Kenntnis des Genus Wagneria Monticelli und anderen Cestoden. Centrbl. Bakt. u. Parasit., abt.1, 33(1) :53-60, figs.A-B. Cooper, A. R. 1914a. On the Systematic Position of Haplobothrium globuli- forme.Cooper. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Series III, VIII,sec. 4 ;1-5. 1914b. A New Cestode from Amia calva L. Trans. Roy. Can. Institute, 10(2) :81-119, 3pls. Creplin, qa C.! He 1839. Eingeweidewurmer, Binnenwtirmer, Thierwurmer, in: Allg. Encycl. d. Wissensch. u. Kinste (Ersch & Gruber), Leip- zig, Sectsl, 32 :277-302. Diesing, C. M. 1850. Systema Helminthum. Vol.l, xiii, 679pp. 8 . Vindo- bonae. 1854. Ueber eine naturgemasse Verteilung der Cephalocotylean. Sitzungsb. d. K. Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien, Math.=naturw. Cl. 13(2) :556-616. 1863. Revision der Cephalocotyleen. Abth. Paramecotyleen. Idem, 48 :200-345. Donnadieu, A. L. 1877. Contribution a l'histoire dela ligule. J. de Ifanat. et physiol.,etc., Par., 13(4) :321-370,pls.14620, figs. 1-60 wn iiLosgigoll a frooye euned eB et: 00-2: { CRE GEMS sikelele aloe a “= i“ ae x -Hiugehs quidtlodo teat 40 tei x ia: oth eee, T2IT (TH seine: eI Ncok ae vation teow i 3 | + -woR amie’ -.2 ‘evlao ant sotk obodeod whh Ay | Fah (Ottis, (SOR vobutid es he rm] 6, tomatreisidy) , cenrmezeatié Se) % tied .(sodue® & degd@) edeaat as» ‘ipaaoaa Tt ob Loyontt 4 “ROE PRS: SB tie -obntt . ° @ .gQO¥e qiéiz (hcfo¥ vets tt ob anode» ing woe fydone Lanse aah yabltedaey ae rere onte inde oecinhtd= Soe gee eT os * ‘ qmroibibden doinampenes (8 vant ab gmgnns tatenion | (It) :TORBORSEH}OR Re Boal | otis eee ¢ ls hs § if ” =) 2 fz}! aiee eedoid ob alba sides il z.) ae ‘dst ue Fee rate en rea nes Ca + . / Leese on, My Fuhrmann, 0. 1896. Bothriocephalus zschokkei nova species. (Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bothriocephalen.) Centrbl. Bekt u. Parasit., Abt.1, 19(14-15) :546-550,figs.1-2. 1898. Ist Bothriocephalus zschokkei mihi synonym mit Schisto- cephalus nodosus Rud.? Zool. Anz., 21(552) :143-145. 1902. Sur un nouveau Bothriocephalide d'oiseau (Ptychoboth- rium armatum). Arch. d. Parasit., 5(3) :440-448. 1910. Triaenophorus robustus Olsson dans les lacs Netichatel et de Bienne. Bull. Soc. Sc. nat. Netichatel, 36 :86-89,2 figs. Gamble, F. W. 1896. Platyhelminthes and Mesozoa, in The Gambridge Natural History. Gemmill, J. F. 1909. A Specimen of Ligula simplicissima, Rudolphi; with Hotes on the Life-History of the Ligulinae. Glasgow Natura- Vist, 2 :6-12. Gmelin, J. F. 1790. Caroli a Linne...Systema naturae per regna tria naturael, secundum classes ordines, etc., etc. Pt.6 (Vermes) :3021- 3910. Goeze, J. A. E. 1782. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewurmer thierischer Korper. xi 47lpp., 44(35)pls. 4 . Blenkenburg. | aie 5 ie dit din wyrcote. cee | -Obt-epls (2Ue)I9 yay soak oe sbi oscil ppipdedtors) ussaten obitadqondfaiitee baevinon af i (eva , sided if .fomk tea’ “ oat Bol ‘ans nosel sudomtas swteidgondeln 9 of . : ian sg x _latiadofielt 0 BI 134 n08 oo lat .sonetas - ‘ mT ‘ ay ogbhitaeG ed? al ,soscket bow nodtaimlodytel® <* : ‘a ; : idylehult yemtestottquts sina to nemioeqe & aujo% woyeel) > eputiinend aid woseaiedes edd ah Shab: Pere 44 pn clea eist anuet weg esaudas ste ie ees “12281 (amen 8.28" Sod abs Sette enownihe a wales .eeesdan nous 3 yao VOVL ,antedok 1X2 smebk a & .qg@R8 itex .ode ,ekgolodtalalel seh sofineqaed’ 5 “E85: (P)L WS, Sualde sd sed! . eodostgolodiatalen § O8-Lingit bila's é - ath ne loilsetied web aueaall wodntiyoloys ash eoxoiad | ‘Oi shack «lod ayaa eta are: am aps tedveabee Im oh . : vise? orsetieees of — 1: ih 68 es pe, ‘ +8 -ol/ setlotinen ied a6h cough ahve hyo bk ease ae < cult sth: sy -sudaned as sofiadoamntalt 286 Linton, E. 1889. Notes on Entozoa of Marine Fishes of New England with Descriptions of Several New Species. Ann. Rep. Comm. Fish & Fisheries for 1886 :453-5l11. 1890. Idem. Part II. Ann. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish & Fisheries for 1887 :719-899. 1891. On two Species of larval Dibothria from the Yellowstone National Park. Bull. 150, U. S. F. Comm., Wash.(1889), 9 : 65-79, pls.23-27. 1897. Notes on Larval Cestodes Parasites of Fishes. Proc. DT. S. Nat. Mus., (1123) 19 :787-824. 1898. Notes on Cestode Parasites of Fishes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20 :423-456, pls.27-34. 1901. Fish Parasites collected at Woods Hole in 1898. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., Wash.(18999, 19 :267-304. 190la.. Parasites of Fishes of the Woods Hole Region. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., Wash.(1899), 19 :405-492. Loennberg, E. 1889. Bidrag till Kannedomen om i Sverige forekommande Cesto-= den. Bihang t. k. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad., Handl.,Stockholm, 14, Afd. $4(9) :1-69. 1890. Helminthologische Beobachtungen von der Westkuste Nor-= wegens. Ibid., 16(5) : 1-47. 1891. Anatomische Studien ueber skandinavischen Cestoden. Kgl. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad., Handl., 24(6) :1-109, pls.3. | supoS voe® «wah: ees 15 welts Paaevae ‘to wnosigd | | Lae eas 102 webee : ar -. eh tals 2. . &- (be atti 9 bast oseil ae | ACER SEE viet ; i inttonege Layesi fe aeko 17 ioe at ‘ —~ —— : 7 . * (Al : v4 Lig icon ae ae Dobos ; fh): To gedtesiat evbogeed Leva? vo segon= Of ! 7 : 4 ovr a . Pee? oY ok t a | (ES. | onal . Sait og F E £ . 2) ,soe! -..cedent Qo-eedipege! oboiceD xo nota \ ° Pe 7 BETS fq DARABEbs oa sit i L631 nt ofol. eboo? ge havoeL fos; uotiaagnt dott / bOR-TO8 Ci ,GCeSi}. dend ¢ esi Hebi 2 2 .lled «cotyed olol shoo! éd3 ‘to ieriphd. Bo sefienaed on | «-Pb-20h2 OL Sniteyd » heey « eta dei? | Wag 4 ‘—~ 00 sineamodesG2 ogtverl Bumo nemobeand {tit garbad bee pulcddiosRy. Lbeel . haat tattedot cyan mr ad ‘Goasie | ane ie Bling’ (8)2 tite SP. deal avte 7 .cgmadeyoneiilanqendsinged eaeida avieiveh: [eb-Oie: [6 didi toe Wales ss0=enécologsna) «Hi sbaysonye i218 stk, NEO-O88s (CLE LU4k', seared Noe wil Meohotoend . TD srneatiel tals pdoatibearat y 8. SRR cits qriesaga shoal dostced onviad Pa ihe eaaesareti dev acdisgnat ule yt clane® org@t teconuat Gag’ Oe bok Wh’ -olowotl salts uno tdoang (sulaigeooirdiog | b OC3$G a SE ygisqied . (aagrrd) é fgnra ) od atti eticled wlebvas apes aaa poe coisa Y-,buosal o-. ha, ieee’ NE thant a 1B age (at yaldg eG (aye 0 ‘ieliseneq mem evi esititedonss doa ove «AX «aio "bea lio¥h ine \dnobedeay itty ORs Laid sie’ om SIS = ee = cia =e apne an a ates “ss - . re ie de ae.s | oh Olsson, P. 1898. Bidrag till skandinaviens helminthfauna. 2. K. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. ,Handl.,(1892),n.F., 25(2) :44pp., pls.1-5, figs 1-81 e Pallas; P..S. 1781. #Bemerkungen tiber die Bandwuarmer in Menschen und Thieren Neue nord. Beytrage z. physik. und geogr. Erd.- und Vélker- beschreibung, Naturgesch. u. Oeconomie, 1 :39-ll2, 2 Taf. Parona, C. 1899. Catalogo di elminti raccolti in vertebrati dell'isola d'Elba dal Dott. Giacomo Damiani. Boll. mus. di zool.,etc., Genova, 39, 2 s., 19(77) $l6pp. 1902. Idem. Seconda nota. Atti Soc. Ligust. di Sc. nat. e geogr.,Genova, 13(1) :10-29. Parona, C. & Mazza, B. 1900. Sulla castrazione temporanea della Aterine dovuta ad ela. mintiasi. Atti Soc. Lig. Sc. nat. geogr. Genova, ll :231- 237. Perrier, E. 1878. Classification des Cestoides. C.R. Ac. sc. Paris, 86 3552-554. 1897. Traité de Zoologie. Pt. 2, Fasc. 4 :1345-2136. Pilat, A. 1906. Bothriocephalus punctatus bei Fischen. Abst. by Udin- sky. Zeit. f. Fleisch u. Milchyg., Berlin, 16(6) :191. ,o=1 ag Y = tabae Qs ies «Tog (SGD gral ea iTifeh fiesdetaey ob filapued dtnin de (i> ogoledagaee 7 a. Sspaishhade inf ed i ea tow cofoeve’ «} cecu@ebaell ofh -tedivaogapae [OV Sea - 12 otg0eg bay aciegde we egbsdetiat 0] : =RE s obronoe) .o- oeggradat’ sundial ee ~~ 5 th seo «LLG. .twaima@ omenatd cd Leh ee eqqdlg (TT )EL , ve Qes ovo 9 »08-b sthughd .06% fs » «.atom wlgogek .ashh 08-01; (I)EL ,stonedyong : ) «YW axel a onivadl eiteh Aenea tome d” uo fassiesy asieaad af it. .ovowe) toes Fei at ‘pet af "A : > _ ' eb 4s » +, re eS sind es nator — bp i? i ‘@: el Pe! [ ei avuouwvs Sri i TEN 7 ii Fe, to af J 5 el ui > Ge : ; C siej Lora * 5 ets xo t iyxz Te fy be a is b4 ‘Gat el aacvah [ g ah1 rm . + . TVs 849 e=yy 2 ‘ - a IBD 4 ‘ sah . 8° caed@® dx .(2)S. .aebt «GB ’ * 2 ‘y 4 A hs eee j 4 P ei . r fedetal ,enee ,gareliilnvols muted odo lgae oes ' ¢ . " | ; : 7 , ' . . O28 fi CA tJo MG Lat? ' ‘S5AM ¢{ inoiloasy edz * : , * eA fonetosg ord? aoisoeauaad?d . : i? lod ,rolose ,seusostons eulsiqaoodseya mm y -3/) ' | a EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Fig. 19. Cyathocephalus americanus, transection thru ovarian is- thmus. Fig. 20. Cyathocephalus americanus, diagram of medial sagittal section. Fig. 21. Cyathocephalus americanus, frontal section of ripe pro- glottis. Fig. 22. Cyathocephalus americanus, oocapt containing an ovum. Fig. 23. Marsipometra hastata, scolex, surficial view. Fig. 24. : " , same, lateral view. Fig. 25. bi " , transection thru ovarian isthmus. Fig. 26. 4 " , toto of ripe preglottis. Fig. 27. " " , genitel cloaca from frontal section Pig. 28. a " , cirrus-sac from a transection. Figs 29. a Poovns larva’ Fig. 80. , " , older larva. s1TT FPAst 40 “ui saitéeve wedd aobtopdupad an [hae aa : 4$t0 ecit to cobloee Ladnogt 3phg eam | » : » - = " , = ee wiyo ge yifatasooo Jgecoo 4 sumesitems eulalqepotiay :. -voiv Isiotiue ,xolove yeistaad sadeuogiae 7. .waiv: Lovedsl ,dene, * : ‘fs . 5 n © -cimglel asiveve wed}, sobjonedeat :, -chiiolgougjégiz Yo ofa. °." jay toon I[etaort moth: sptolo datings - * 7. v ‘we -Lollosanats # moth _ose-augtio . y ~ yy Avtal a? by z Shoei szv1tel «aablo EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 31. Triaenophorus,larva, robustus type, surficial view. Fig. 82. . , same, lateral view. Fig. $3. nf » same, one of the tridents of hooks. Fig. 34. * 9 larva, nodulosus type, surficial view. Fig. 35. i , same lateral view. Fig. 36. : , same, a trident, end view. Pies. 37. . , same, surficial view. Fig. 38. Bothriocephalus scorpii, scolex,surficial view. Fig. 39. - " , same, lateral view. Fig. 40. . " , three anterior primary segments, | Fig. 41. . " , one farther back, also toto. Fig. 42. Mg ", another showing reproductive rudiments, toto. Big. 44. . " , portion of strobile showing ex- , Fig. 48. Bothriocephalus scorpii, transection thru ovary. ) | cretory vessels. Fig. 45. Bothriocephalus scorpii, outline of mature seBmants. tan WE STARS > on «weky [eoboiiams joerc Sid nla AS ameey Lanodel = ameter pads aorfosegaay _riwotindonan a 0 nodald sadte ,xefoos ,atisigsitoso cae .1otiosadaas A ai oageepvrio , : ee | be ry -woiv Ieloftaum ,xedoos,, ageoigasio mindtodotapoe . ‘ : 7 F a . : y . " : bs noivesas hae zelooe To ofed). , ; Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. 77. (C. crassiceps, toto of young strobila. ve. " x » primary segment with reproductive rudi- ments, toto. 79. C. crassiceps, segments showing spurious articulations. eo. " : , transection thru ovary. a. ||” ' , toto of mature proglottis. se. ” e » median sagittal section, composite. os." : , four consecutive sections thru union of vagina and oviduct, showing the receptaculum seminis. 84. Abothrium rugosum, scolex of young strobila. 85. e " , later stage in degeneration of same. 86. 4 ey still later-stage. ow _ | T 425 qi Hledonts sgnhy" Z ; ={iut @eviio : ie dmomy a Obek: & diol bes ii9s Gono 2 gvmyee 12900. NSE ee .teve ud adel sombent bie 7 | * ai on neti) att. “ho adios : oh oo gtittoas Leliigog gekran . viijvosanod wot , —: o Si LPS pas Tse asqavet cus ydiwode , Out rv bas iia -olfdoiss gopoy lo gelgoa ,cveogus aubadd od abl . eae * - 2 " EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. 87. Abothrium rugosum, pseudoscolex from lumen of pyloric coecum of host. 88. Abothrium rugosum, pseudoscolex imbedded in wall of coe-= cum. 89. Abothrium rugosum, transection thru ovary. m " , terminal excretory vesicle. 91. * , frontal section of mature proglottis. a2. " , union of vagina and common vitelline duct with oviduct. 93. Abothrium crassum, scolex of specimen from Salmo salar, surficial view. 94. Abothrium crassum, same,lateral view. " , scolex from Cristivomer namaycush. " , scolex from Lota maculosa. "9 same, lateral view. L109 Dga ‘i -_* Mees ‘Yo diae ni bothewe ‘eloccobuesg ,mysoung -olojaey ytolstoze lapinaeds.. : : +. — ) +4 4 ‘ 4 a e &, ig : yorg etesam fo noliaee .acned) |; : lleséy nousoo baa antesy te aoiay “~ 7 im ey -lopbive détw tami ee Wikk Gaisd mort weeisegs 20 gelooe .mpeeto muladiode om dnsoyenen nomoutiatad dow xefonat, = * : -se0luosa shod sort xelooa,, * Sr 3M0T 30 lel 7 * sony! sovl. selbosnohwas * % ra ae " ee, ou? i 5 e 5 ~ -yravo ovdd golfocemmed augogon ~~ i 4 .woiy Letoitiem) -woly [anetel apse .mpagsto mu bsdtod& -weiv Lavedel ee EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Fig. 98. Abothrium crassum, enlarged scolex from Lota maculosa. Fig. 99. 6 ", anterior segments of strobila from Coregonus clupeiformis, toto. Fig. 100. Abothrium crassum, transection thru ovary of specimen from Salmo salar. Fig. 101. Abothrium trassum, toto of ripe proglottis of chain from C. clupeiformis. Fig. 102. Abothrium crassum, plerocercoid from C. namaycush, sur- ficial view. Fig. 103. Abothrium crassum, same lateral view. Fig. 104. is ", young strobila from same host. Fig. 108. ‘ ", older strobila from same host. Fig. 106. 7 ", still older strobila, showing drop- ping off of segments posteriorly. ae [e3] [= abe # ; han. ‘2 i ae Qs = ad > _ » oa ee = ees —— 2S Ses ss a 4 t od — + ; -_ » >» The p- SS Uidi ser 4 pee gh Oe = ee fl Ve “ee | . - : J 7 ® Se Pe ot uf THE TY OF AINOIS PLATE VI. ~ 2 ‘ aa ae : RI ree ai bie pall, re. PSF eT ° — = Fe] Sa < —! AY = SS. akan oF THE < sit OF kos ae yade tom 2 par | oh x? pee i td an E = i [a a ee i me 2 3 fs in .) PLATE VII. snort wana BRAG of THE invensit f AF juUuNOIS oi - La - > = < =) Ay 3 PLATE VIII. 0.5 mm. 0.05 nvm PLATE IX. u at aay gg We ne sity PLATE X. 2 0 PLATE i. PERT ae 7 aban yr Se ML SQ) LW SD “ww O'y wu Ory COL iY : ‘\ \LINOIS of t yaiveEnsiTY OF VITA. Arthur Reuben Cooper. 1888...-.-+. Born at Brinston, Ontario, Canada, October 30. 1896-1901... Attended the local public school. 1901-1906... Attended Iroquois High School, Iroquois, Ontario. 1906..-eeee56 Entered the University of Toronto with the Seventh Edward Blake Scholarship in General Proficiency at the Honor Matriculation Examinations. 1906-1910... Pursued the honor course in Biology in Victoria Coll- ege, obtaining the Gold Medal in "The Science of Bio- logy". | 1910........ Obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Victoria College, University of Toronto. 1909-1911... Class assistant in general Biology. 1911........ Obtained the degree of Master of Arts with "Honors" from University College, University of Toronto. 1911-1912... Demonstrator in zoology, University College. 1909-1912... Four summers at the Lake Biological Station on Bade | gian Bay, Go-Home Bay, Ontario. 1912-1914... Fellow in Zoologyy University of Toronto. 1913-1914... Two summers at the Marine Biological Station at Saint Andrews, New Brunswick. 1914-1915... Demonstrator in Zoology; University of Toronto. 1915-1916... Fellow in Zoology in the University of Illinois. ; iney “St ~tnqood medued adses ; : oa olvadad .sotemiat te ered yi loodss obldga Ieool aff behasdié as - ; apivelnD j;ztosoo rl ,Loodsk 4938 etouporl bobmedsa «a9 ijie ofnove? 20 yh ierevial aN? bevestnd a «0 oicos. I[etened oi qideaslode® efald beowhd | ; 9 ! F we vgeh edd fertaddO cosa Olnoxol te tiiatevial ,eueliod “_ pe -yoolott Laneney at thuotetniis agaly ’ : ; ' ™ : ‘Ad@e etch to seleal to sedgeb ody bentastdd , . -odaon0T to gilarsvial ,eselfod elhfecevial mort : .ogolfod ydhenovial ysoloos wt sotardenoeel 5 - ; sidat® Isotgolott etal oft da ar Sete t ano" aan ; ; olsaand ee smOH-00 .. 745 cals me : osnowel to yveieaevin® ciao Log ea volley a ees ; tn noisosd® Daptyolods oninall, ony ry ‘tots ow? tos re pay : -tokwnqua’ welt » Seeind 0 rh, ? a | -ofpore't ‘to gi tetey int artoge ah iegai ie ht sclomill] to wiferey tal od ale i iyolook ats mh (afin Pre) vA? ew) eee Bee 1916.....+.. Summer at Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass. and Harpswell Laboratory, South Harpswell, Me. 1916........ Elected to the Illinois Chapter of the Society of Sige ma Xi and to the American Microscopical Society. 1916-1917... Honorary Fellow in Zoology, University of Illinois. Publications: (1) On the Systematic Position of Haplobothrium globuliforme Cooper. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Series III, VIII, Sect.1: 1-5. 1914. (2) A New Cestode from Amia calva L. Trans. Roy. Can. Inst 10(2) :81-119. 3 pls. 1914. (3) Contributions to the Life-History of Proteocephalus ambloplitis. A Parasite of the Black Bass. Contrb. to Can. Biol., 47th Rep. Dept. Fisheries, Ottawa, Canada, Fasc. II :177-194. 3 pls. 1915. (4) Trematodes from Marine and Fresh-Water Fishes, includ- ing one Species of Ectoparasitic Turbellarian. Trans. Roy- Soé- Can., Series III, IX :181-205, 3 pls. 1915. (5) Notes on Porocephalus globicephalus. In conjunction with Thesle T. Job. Journ. 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