ee — — ee VoLuME 18 PaRT 4 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA (POALES) (CYPERACEAE) CARICEAE (continuatio) KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE PUBLISHED BY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Apri, 15, 1935 Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 169 (Specimens examined from Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Montana, Alberta, North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado, New Mexico.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 859; ed. 2. f. 944; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 369; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 3, f. 61, 62. 192. Carex adusta Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 215. 1839. Carex albolutescens var. glomerata Olney (Caric. Bor.-Am. 10, name only. 1871); L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 139, as synonym. 1884. (Type from New Brunswick.) Carex adusta var. glomerata L. H. Bailey, (Cat. Am. Car. 2, name only. 1884) Bot. Gaz. 9: 139. 1884. (Based on C. albolutescens tS ‘glomerata Olney.) Carex pinguis L. H. Bailey; Arth. Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. 3: 22. 1887. (Based on C. adusta var. glomeraia L. H. Bailey.) Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, blackish, fibrillose, the culms strict and stiff, erect, 2-8 dm. high, noticeably exceeding the leaves, obtusely triangular, smooth (except slightly rough- ened immediately beneath head), brownish-tinged at base and conspicuously clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 4~7 to a fertile culm, on the lower fourth, the blades erect or ascending, usually 5—20 em. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or slightly canaliculate, light-green or yellowish-green, rather stiff, roughened towards the apex and on the margins above, the sheaths tight, conspicuously striate dorsally, narrowly white-hyaline ventrally, thin and truncate at mouth, slightly yellowish-brown-tinged, conspicuously prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; sterile shoots with several similar leaves; spikes 4-15, aggregated into a heavy, stiff, erect, ovoid to linear-oblong head 2—3 cm. long, 7-15 mm. thick, the lower one or two spikes somewhat separate, the spikes gynaecandrous, subglobose, ascending, 6-12 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, obtuse at apex, rounded or (especially uppermost) short-clavate at base, the basal staminate flowers inconspicuous except in uppermost, the perigynia several to many, appressed- ascending or in age looser; lowermost bract broadly dilated and nerved at base, cuspidate- prolonged, shorter than to exceeding the head, the second much shorter, the upper scale-like; scales broadly ovate, acute to acuminate, light-reddish-brown with 3-nerved lighter center and narrow white-hyaline margin, as wide and as long as and concealing the perigynia; perigynia thick-plano-convex, oblong-ovate, 4-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, coriaceous, olive-green or in age blackish, shining, narrowly wing-margined nearly to base, serrulate to above middle, strongly several-nerved dorsally, several-nerved at base ventrally, short-stipitate, round- truncate at base, rather abruptly narrowed into a beak about one third the length of the whole, flat, serrulate, obliquely cut dorsally, bidentate, yellowish-brown-tinged; achenes lenticular, 2.25 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, apiculate, substipitate, brown, shining, thick, obovate, subor- bicular; style short, slender, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, reddish- brown, slender. Type Locauity: ‘Hab. Common in British America. Dr. Richardson. Drummond, Rocky Mountains. Drummond. N.W. Coast. Douglas.” DistripuTion: Dry acid soils, Newfoundland to southern Maine and northern New York, and westward to Minnesota, Saskatchewan, and Mackenzie; adventized locally in British Columbia. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Saskatchewan, British Columbia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 866; ed, 2. f. 945; Rob. & Fern, Man. f. 371; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 3, f. 67-69; Engler, ’Pflanzenreich 4°: 204. f. 34, A, B; Boott, Ill. Carex 119. pl. 379 (type specimen). Nore: As originally described, Boott undoubtedly included in this species Carex praticola Rydb. and Carex aenea Fernald, but the species is based on Richardson's specimens from Cumber- land House, as stated by Boott (Ill. Carex 119), and he also figures these specimens. 193. Carex aenea Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 480. 1902. Carex straminea var. minor Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 318. 1826. (Type locality not given, but undoubtedly western Massachusetts, where the author resided.) “ Carex adusta"’ Boott, Ill, Carex 119, in part. pl. 380. 1862. Not C. adusta Boott, 1839. Carex tenera {. erecta Olney, Car. Bor.-Am. 3. 1871, (Based on C. straminea var. minor Dewey.) Carex albolutescens var. sparsiflora Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 10, name only. 1871. (Type from Kent County, New Brunswick). Not C. sparsiflora Steud. 1841. Carex adusta var. sparsiflora 1. H. Bailey, Cat. N. Am. Car. 2, name only. 1884. (Based on C. albolutescens var. sparsiflora Olney.) Carex foenea var. perplexa 1. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 27. 1889. (As to synonymy, in large part; not as to type.) 170 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 Carex foenea var. sparsiflora Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 142. 1897. ~(Based=or=@s albolutescens»var-sparst flora’ Olney) Carex foenea var. aenea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 205. 1909. -(Based-on-Gy Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 194. f. 32, A, B (as C>-athrostachya); Abrams, TI. El... Pacife Stof2 718: 197, Carex sychnocephala Carey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 4: 24. 1847. “Carex cyperoides L.."” Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 3: 171.1847" Densely cespitose, the.rootstocks. very short, blackish, fibrillose, the clumps medium- sized) the culms 0.5—6 dm. high, obtusely triangular, slender to base but erect, very smooth, shorter than or exceeding the leaves, light-brown at base and clothed with the few short- bladed leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 2-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, but not clustered, the blades flat, thin, light-green, ereet or-aseending, usually 5-20 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex and on the margins, the sheaths tight, white-hyaline ventrally, very thin at mouth and short-prolonged beyond base of blade and continuous with ligule; sterile shoots conspicuous, with several long-bladed leaves clustered near the tip; spikes 6-15, gynaecandrous, densely aggregated into an oblong or ovoid lobed head 1.5—3 em. long, 7-15 mm. thick, the upper spikes hardly distinguishable, the lower oblong-ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, erect, round-tapering at base, obtusish at apex, the staminate flowers very inconspicuous, the perigynia numerous, appressed-ascending with conspicuous beaks; lower 2-4 bracts elongate and leaf-like, many times exceeding head, 5-20 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, very rough at the apex, sheathless, many- nerved, dilated and whitish-margined at base, the upper bracts short-awned or scale-like; Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 173 scales lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, hyaline, greenish-white, with 3-nerved green center, narrower than the perigynia and about half their length; perigynia flat and scale-like, except where distended over achene, subulate-lanceolate, 5—-6.5 mm. long, | mm. wide, mem- branaceous, greenish or straw-colored, very narrowly wing-margined to base, serrulate to base of beak, obscurely several-nerved on both faces, short-stipitate, tapering and spongy at base, tapering to a beak two to three times the length of the body, flat, serrulate, obliquely cut dorsally, light-reddish-brown-tipped, sharply bidentate; achenes lenticular, substipitate, apiculate, yellowish-brown, shining, oval, very small, 1 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide; style very slender, straight, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas two, brownish, slender. Se LOCALITY: “Hab. In Novy. Ebor. Comitat."’ Jefferson, “‘ubi legerunt cl. 7. B. Crawe M.D., et cl. A. Wood, M.D.’ eon Meadows and thickets, Ontario and New York, westward to Saskatchewan and Montana, and southward to Iowa; very local, especially eastward. (Specimens examined from New York, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana.) ILLustTRaTIONs: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 875; ed. 2. f. 924; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 372; Proc. Am. Acad. 37: pl. 3, f. 70,71; Engler, Edanreareich 4%: 188. f. 31, D-F; Boott, Ill. Carex 46. pl. 118; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 4: pl. 22. Polytrichoideae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8. 1843; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzen- reich 47°: 89. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 129. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 50. 1922. LeprocEPpHALAE L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 131, in part. 1886; L. H. Bailey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 590, 613. 1890. By Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 445. 1903) placed among the LEyocHLAENAE Holm. ; Rootstocks slender; culms very slender; leaf-blades narrow; spike solitary, bractless, androgynous; rachis straight, not dilated; staminate scales very closely appressed, the edges connate on lower part; anthers short; pistillate scales red-dotted, the lower often bractlike; perigynia appressed-erect, membranaceous, the upper part empty, oblong-elliptic, many- nerved (not 2-ribbed), compressed-triangular, spongy at base, substipitate, beakless, the upper part empty; achenes triangular with concave sides, truncate at apex, jointed with the very slender flexuous style; stigmas three, slender, rather short. Sphagnum thickets and meadows, confined to North America north of Mexico. 198. Carex leptalea Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 139. 1803. Carex microstachya Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 169. 1803. (Type from eastern North America.) Not C. microstachya Ehr. 1788. Carex polytrichoides Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 213. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Carex Harperi Fernald, Rhodora 8: 181. 1906. (Type from Jefferson County, Georgia.) Carex leptalea Har peri ‘“‘Fernald’"’ W. Stone, Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910:305. 1912. (Based on C. Har peri Fernald.) Densely cespitose, in large clumps, the rootstocks slender, short-elongate, scaly, dark- colored, the culms very slender, obtusely triangular, 1.5-6 dm. high, erect but not stiff, smooth or slightly roughened immediately beneath the head, usually noticeably exceeding the leaves, brown at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades usually about 2 to a culm, on lower fourth, the blades 5—25 em. long, 0.5-1.25 mm. wide, thin, deep-green, flat or canaliculate, erect-ascending, smooth or slightly roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, white-hyaline ventrally, thin and truncate or concave at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spike solitary, androgynous, erect, slender, 4-16 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, bractless, the staminate portion about 0.5 mm. wide and varying from about | mm. long and very inconspicuous to occupying nearly the whole spike; scales obovate, obtuse or acutish, connate nearly to middle, appressed, yellowish-green, with sharp green midrib and minute hyaline margin, more or less tinged with reddish-brown; pistillate scales yellowish-green with sharp green midvein and narrow hyaline margin, red- dotted and often reddish-brown-tinged, the lower varying from ovate-orbicular and obtuse to lanceolate and attenuate-cuspidate, and from very short to 5 cm. long and much exceeding the head, the others broadly ovate or lanceolate, about half the length of the perigynia and varying 174 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 from very obtuse to short-acuminate; perigynia 1-10, erect-ascending, appressed, from little to strongly overlapping, orbicular or flattened-orbicular in cross-section and somewhat 2- edged, oval-elliptic, 2.5-5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, the upper part empty, finely many- striate, membranaceous, yellowish-green or light-green, tapering to a substipitate spongy base and to a rounded, beakless, entire or emarginate, often white-margined apex; achenes oblong- obovoid, triangular with concave sides, yellowish or at maturity brownish and shining, 1.5-2 mm. thick, tapering at base, truncate at apex; style jointed with achene, slender but slightly enlarged at base, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown, rather short. PYPE LOCALITYS“Hab@in-America-boreali»see»herbarium Cl. Torneri.” ; ‘PISTRIBUTION® Bogs and wet meadows, Labrador to Alaska, and southward to Florida, Texas, Colorado, and northern California. Specimens-examined. from Labrador, Newfoundland, St. i > bee;-Noya-Scotia,~Prinee” Edward, Island, New Brunswick, ,Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connécticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, “Maryland, District of Columbia, Virgifia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Ten- nessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Manitoba, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Alaska, British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), Washington, Oregon, Northern California.) 5 ; ~ I_.ustrArions: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl, Jjj, f. 138; Boott, Ill. Carex) 146. f. 469; Britt. & Brown, Ml. Fl. f. 811; ed. 2, f. 952;,Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 425, 426; Engler, Pflanzenreichs4®2fo21 "Cry DrBy PF, G; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 26, f. 14; Abrams, Til) Fl. PacifeStefo758. —_.23.__Phyllostachyae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 15....1843; Kikenth. in Engler,,Pflz - reich 42°: 642. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 128. 1917. ~PHYLLOSTACHYS Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 538. 1848. BracrorpEaAkE L..H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 1 1886. Suggested as a genus PHyLLostacHys by Torrey (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 404. 183 Treated as a genus DaPEposTacHys by Bérner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 265. ie Placed with the HyMENOCHLAENAE Drejer by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 10: 40. 1900; I 16: 462, 1903). Culms densely cespitose, weak, compressed, dilated below the spikes, mostly muc exceeded by the leaves; spikes 2-4, androgynous, the rachis zigzag, dilated; one spike terminal, the others basal on often much-elongate peduncles; staminate portion with small very tig! scales, the margins united at base; pistillate portion loosely one- to several-flowered, t scales elongate and conspicuous; perigynia glabrous, 2-keeled but otherwise nerveless, faintly or obscurely nerved towards base, nearly round in cross-section, more or less strongl beaked, the beak flattened-triangular, the orifice hyaline; achenes triangular, constricted base, the sides convex, the apex rounded, very blunt, very closely enveloped; style jointe with ac ne, thickened towards base, withering in age; stigmas three, short. Four species of dry woodlands, exclusively confined to North America, north of Mexic A very strongly marked group. Scales (except lowest) not leaf-like, not-enveloping perigynia, green with hyaline margins; leaf-blades 1.5-4 mm. wWide;.perigynia submem- branaceous; staminate flowers several to many. Body of perigynium oblong-oval; culm-angles minutely serrulate; pistillate flowers usually 3-10; staminate scales obtuse or acutish) 199. C. Willdenovit. Body of perigynium orbicular; culm-angles sharply serrulate; pistillate flowers usually 2 or 3; staminate scales truricate, erose. 200. C. Jamesii. Scales (exeept sometimes uppermost) leaf-like, concealing and partly en- veloping perigynia, without hyaline margins; leaf-blades 2.5-6 mm. wide; perigynia membranaceous; staminate flowers few. Perigynia 5—6 mm. long, the beak stout;.about 2 mm. long, not serru- late, the upper third of body empty; leaf-blades deep-green, flat. 201. C. durifolia. Perigynia 4 mm. long, the beak conic, about 1 mm. long, slightly serru- ’ late, the upper part of body not empty; leaf-blades glaucous-green, ‘ .... With_revolute margins: 202. C. saxt en meer eer ha 199. Carex Willdenovii Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 211. 1805. Carex basiantha Steud. Syn. Cyp. 232. 1855. €bypefrom»New-Orleans»louisianay) Carex Willdenovit var. pauciflora Olney; E. Hall Pl..Tex..25, name only. 1873; L..H..Bailey,Contr, W.S. Nat. Herb. 2:.482. 1894. (Type from Texas.) Densely cespitose; the-rootstoeck very short;-the culms from very short to 25 cm. long, ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 175 very slender, weak, sharply triangular and narrowly winged above, dilated upward beneath spikes, minutely serrulate on the angles, much exceeded by the leaves, cinnamon-brown at base and clothed with the few dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 3—5 to a culm, clustered near the base, the blades green or slightly glaucous, flat or canaliculate, not stiff, papillate, erect, 10-35 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide, roughened especially on the margins and towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and thin ventrally, the ligule very short; spikes 1-3, androgynous, the lower widely separated, nearly basal, on long capillary peduncles; staminate part sessile or nearly so, 4-20 mm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, from inconspicuous to very conspicuous, the scales several to many, closely appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, white with green center and slightly tawny tip, the margins meeting or overlapping at base; pistillate flowers usually 3-10, appressed- ascending, on a zigzag, triangular, narrowly winged rachis, or occasionally absent and the whole spike staminate; scales lanceolate-triangular, green-striate, 4-60 mm. long, with hyaline margins, rather narrower than the perigynia and from acute and much shorter to long-cuspidate and much longer, the lower perigynia sometimes more or less separated; perigynia lanceolate, 5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the body oval-oblong, triangular-turgid, submembranaceous, green or yellowish-green, nerveless but 2-keeled by the decurrent edges of the beak, spongy at base and tapering to a short broad stipe, the upper part of the body not empty, tapering into a beak nearly the length of the body, triangular, serrulate, stout, hyaline, obliquely cut and entire at orifice, the tip smooth; achenes oblong-obovoid, triangular with strongly convex sides, brownish, granular, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rounded and umbonate at apex, constricted at base into a short broad stipe; style slender but enlarged and triangular at base, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender, short. Type Loca.ity: ‘Habitat in America boreali’’ (probably Pennsylvania). DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods and thickets, acid soils, Georgia to Texas northward to Vermont, and in the interior to Ohio and Ontario. (Specimens examined from Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Georgia, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas.) In_usrrations: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Mmm, f. 145; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 806; ed. 2, f. 949; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 441; Boott, Ill. Carex 41. pl. 101, 102. 200. Carex Jamesii Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:67. 1824. Carex Willdenovii var. Muhl. Descr. Gram. 230. 1817. (From Pennsylvania.) Carex Steudelii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 480. 1837. (Type from Miami, Ohio.) aarti Steudelii Fedde & Schuster, Bot. Jahresb. 412: 9. 1918. (Based on Carex Steudelii unth. Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, dark-colored, the culms very slender, 5-30 cm. long, weak, triangular and winged above, sharply serrulate on the angles, dilated upwards below spikes, much exceeded by the leaves, cinnamon-brown at base and bearing several dried- up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves with well-developed blades 4-6 to a culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat, erect, deep-green, papillate, not stiff, 10-35 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, roughened especially on the margins and towards the apex; spikes 2 or 3, androgynous, the lower one or two widely separated, nearly basal on long capillary peduncles, the staminate part sessile, 2-10 mm. long, very narrow, about 0.5 mm. wide, the scales several to many, very closely appressed, oblong-obovate, truncate and erose at apex, light-green below, thin, chestnut-brown and hyaline at apex, the margins meeting or overlapping below, the perigynia usually 2 or 3, close together, erect, on a zigzag, triangular, winged rachis, the lower one or two each subtended by a leaf-like, saccate, long-acuminate, hyaline-margined scale 1-5 em. long and 1-3 mm. wide, much exceeding the inflorescence, the upper subtended by a similar but much shorter scale; perigynia 5-6 mm. long, with orbicular bodies about 2.5 mm. in di- ameter, green, glabrous, submembranaceous, nerveless or very obscurely nerved towards base, but 2-keeled at least above from the decurrent edges of the beak, abruptly rounded at base into a spongy, short, thick stipe, and abruptly contracted into a beak longer than the body, flat, serrulate, triangular, the tip cylindric and not serrulate, the orifice brownish-hyaline, entire; achenes triangular, globose, with strongly convex sides, 2.5 mm. long, 2.3 mm. wide, completely filling the perigynia, brownish-black, strongly papillate, rounded and umbonate at apex, ~ loa) NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 constricted at base into a broad stipe: style slender, triangular-enlarged at base, jointed with the achene, deciduous; stigmas three, reddish-brown, short, slender. TYPE LocaLity: ‘‘Indiana.’ . DISTRIBUTION: Dry, rich woods, in limestone districts, southern Ontario and New York to Michigan and Iowa, and southward to West Virginia, Tennesee, Missouri, and Kansas. (Speci- mens examined from New York, northwestern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Maryland, West Virginia, Ontario, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas.) ILLusTRATIONS: Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 3, f. 2; Boott, Ill. Carex 42. pl. 103. A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. pl. 5, f. 17-21; Rob. & Fern. Man, f. 442; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 807; ed. 2. f. 950; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: f. 110, E, F; Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. FF, f. 113. Ai Note: Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 643) refuses to use the name Carex Jamesit Schw., because he says Schweinitz gave no description; and Schweinitz and Torrey in their Mono- graph did not include the species. He surmises that Schweinitz confused this species and Carex Willdenovit Schkuhr. The facts are, however, that the original specimen of Carex Jamesii Schw., collected by Dr. James in Indiana, is preserved in excellent condition at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. It represents the species as understood by American botanists. Furthermore, the species was described by Schweinitz. There is no justification whatsoever for the unwarranted refusal of European botanists to use the name which is in universal use in America. 201. Carex Backii Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 210. pl. 209. 1839. Carex durifolia L.. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 428. 1893. (Based on C. Backii Boott.) Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, dark-brown, the culms slender, weak, strongly tri- angular above, narrowly winged and serrulate on the angles, enlarged upward below spikes, from very short to 25 cm. high, two to four times exceeded by the leaves, brown at base and with 2 or 3 bladeless or short-bladed leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 2-6 to a culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat, erect to curved, 1-3 dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, deep-green, thickish, minutely papillate, roughened especially on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths very thin and hyaline ventrally, lightly yellowish-brown- tinged, oblique at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes androgynous, 1-3, usually 2, widely separated, the lower nearly basal and long-peduncled, the staminate part sessile or very short-peduncled, inconspicuous, 0.5—1 mm. wide, few- (about 3-) flowered, the scales very closely appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse to cuspidate, white with green center and tawny tip, the margins connate to above middle, the pistillate part with 2-5 erect perigynia on a zigzag, triangular, winged rachis, each subtended by a bract-like, leaf-like, many-nerved, long-tapering scale exceeding the perigynium, the lower scales about 3-4 cm. long and 5 mm. wide and hiding the perigynia, the upper gradually smaller; perigynia oblong-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, the body oblong-orbicular, 3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, glabrous, membranaceous, light-green, sub- stipitate, contracted into a broad spongy base, 2-keeled and slenderly but faintly many-nerved, the upper third empty and tapering into a beak about 2 mm. long, stout, smooth, 2-edged, the margins decurrent on the body, the orifice entire, truncate, hyaline, and slightly tawny- tinged below; achenes triangular-globose, with strongly convex sides, closely enveloped, yellowish-green when young, blackish at maturity, granular, constricted at base into a thick stipe, rounded and minutely umbonate at apex; style slender, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, rather slender, dark-colored, short. Type Locatity: “Carleton House, Lake Winnipeg. Dr. Richardson. Rocky Mouutains. Drum- mond.’ The Richardson specimen is the type. DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods, Quebec to Massachusetts and northern New York, and westward to Alberta and eastern British Columbia. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia.) : Ittustrations: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 808; ed. 2. f. 951; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 440; Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: f. 110, A-D; Am. Jour. Sci. 49: pl. FF, f. 114; 1V. 10:37. f. 2; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 209; Boott, Ill. Carex 42. pl. 104. 202. Carex saximontana Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 439. 1906. “Carex Backii Boott” Holm, in Rydb. Fl. Colo. 73. 1906. Carex durifolia var. subrostrata Bates, Univ. Stud. Neb. 14: 161. 1914. (Type from Long Pine, Nebraska.) Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, blackish, the culms slender, weak, strongly tri- Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 177 angular above, narrowly winged and serrulate on the angles, enlarged upward below spikes, from short to 3.5 dm. high, much exceeded by the leaves, dark-yellowish-brown at base and bearing several bladeless or short-bladed leaves of the previous year; leaves with well-developed blades 2-4 to a culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat with revolute margins, erect, glaucous-green, rather thick, minutely papillate, 1.5-4 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, rough on the margins and on the midnerve below, the sheaths very thin and hyaline ventrally, lightly yellowish-brown-tinged, oblique at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes androgynous, 1-3, usually 2, widely separated, the lower nearly basal on very long capillary peduncles, the staminate part sessile or nearly so, very inconspicuous, 3 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, few- (about 3-) flowered, the scales very closely appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse to cuspidate, white with green center and tawny tip, the margins connate to above middle, the pistillate part with 2-5 erect perigynia on a zigzag triangular winged rachis, each subtended by a scale, the lower 2 or 3 enlarged, leaf-like, many-nerved, long-tapering, 7-35 mm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, hiding the perigynia and exceeding the inflorescence, the upper scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, white-hyaline, and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, 4 mm. long, the body short-oblong-orbicular, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, glabrous, membranaceous, light-green, substipitate, contracted into a broad spongy base, 2-keeled and slenderly and faintly many-nerved, abruptly contracted into a short beak about 1 mm. long, slightly ser- rulate, conic, 2-edged, the margins decurrent on the body, the orifice entire, truncate and slightly tawny-tinged below; achenes triangular-globose, with strongly convex sides, very closely enveloped, filling perigynia, constricted at base into a thick stipe, rounded and minutely umbonate at apex; style slender, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, rather slender, dark-colored, short. Tyre Locatity: Foothills of north Colorado, near Fort Collins; altitude 1650 meters (Baker). DistR1BuTION: Dry woods and thickets, Manitoba, western Minnesota, and western Nebraska and westward to Utah, eastern Oregon, and British Columbia. (Specimens examined from western Minnesota, western Nebraska, western South Dakota, Manitoba, Colorado, Wyoming, Saskatche- wan, Alberta, British Columbia, eastern Oregon, Utah.) ILLusTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 757. 24. Filifoliae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 122. 1886; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 130. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 52. 1922. ELYNANTHAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 461. 1903. Treated as a genus, IrHETA, by Rafinesque (Good Book 28. 1840). Referred by Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4?°: 85. 1909) to the PETRAEAE O. F. Lang. Densely cespitose; leaf-blades filiform or narrow; spike solitary, linear or linear-oblong, androgynous, densely flowered, bractless; perigynia more or less triangular, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, sessile or substipitate, puberulent or pubescent above, the beak short-cylindric, hyaline-tipped, truncate, obliquely cut or bidentate; achenes usually triangular, sometimes lenticular with low-convex sides, closely enveloped, jointed with the thickish style; stigmas three or rarely two; rachilla frequently present. Five dry-ground species, exclusively confined to western North America. Perigynium-beak sharply bidentate; spikes with 15-30 perigynia; leaf- blades 1.5—-2 mm. wide; stigmas 2 or 3 (Mexican). 203. C. Arsenii. Perigynium-beak obliquely cut or truncate or essentially beakless; spikes with 2-15 perigynia; stigmas 3 (non-Mexican). Leaf-blades flattened-canaliculate and 1.5-2 mm. wide towards base; culms stoutish, sharply or obtusely triangular, and often much roughened above; lowest scale usually conspicuously awned. 204. C. oreocharis. Leaf-blades acicular, 0.25-0.5 mm. wide at base; culms filiform, obtusely triangular and smooth or nearly so above; lowest scale rarely awned. Perigynia distinctly beaked, 2.5-3.5 mm. long; scales equaling or ex- ceeding perigynia until maturity. Perigynia rounded on angles, obovoid to obovoid-orbicular, truncately short-beaked, puberulent above; pistillate scales with very broad, bright-white-hyaline margins; basal sheaths normally strongly filamentose; style exserted. 205. C. filifolia. Perigynia more sharply triangular, narrowly obpyramidal, strongly slender-beaked, the body slightly puberulent at base of beak; pis- 178 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 tillate scales reddish-brown, with dingy-white-hyaline margins; J basal sheaths little filamentose; style little exserted. 206. C. elynoides. Perigynia essentially beakless, 2.5 mm. long, tipped by the persistent, conspicuously exserted style; scales dull-reddish-brown, markedly a shorter than mature perigynia. 207. C. exserta. 203. Carex Arsenii Kiikenth. Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 326. 1910. Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, black, fibrillose, the culms 2.5-6 dm. high, slender to base but strict, sharply triangular, rough beneath head, exceeding the leaves, yellowish-brown-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year not conspicuous; leaves 2—4 to a fertile culm, bunched at the base, the blades light-green, flat or canaliculate, thickish, 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, attenuate, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, yellowish-brown-tinged and truncate at mouth, slightly prolonged beyond base of blade, not at all filamentose, the ligule very short, dark-margined; spike solitary, androgynous, linear, 2.5-4 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, bractless, the staminate part 1/2 to 2/3 the length of the whole, closely flowered, the 15-30 perigynia appressed; staminate scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, light-reddish-brown with lighter midvein and white-hyaline margins, the pistillate scales similar, wider and longer than and concealing and partly enveloping the perigynia, the lowest short-awned; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, oblong-obovoid, obtusely flattened-triangular, green, tinged with yellowish-brown, membranaceous, slightly inflated, but nearly filled by achene, sessile, short-tapering at base, sparsely short-hispid especially on the angles above, 2-keeled, but not nerved, abruptly contracted into a beak 0.5 mm. long, short-cylindric, hyaline, sharply bidentate, and smooth or nearly so; achenes lenticular or triangular, narrowly oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, sessile, brown, dull-green, apiculate; style very short, blackish, jointed with achene, at length deciduous, not exserted; stigmas 2 or 3, black, long, slender, long-persistent. TYPE Locaity: Morelia, Michoacan (Fr. Arséne 3054). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality and vicinity, at altitudes of 1900-2200 m. Specimens examined: Fr. Arséne 3054, 3055, 5934, 6551, and 7409.) 204. Carex oreocharis Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 9: 358; 357. f. 2. 1900. Carex filifolia var. Boott. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 77. 1863. (Type from Colorado.) Carex filifolia var. valida Olney; L. H. Bailey, in Coult. Man. 374. 1885. (Based on C. filifolia var. Boott, supra.) Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short, stout, fibrillose, blackish, the culms 1—-3.5 dm. high, stiff, stoutish, slenderly sulcate, terete below, obtusely or sharply triangular above, and from smooth to much roughened, exceeding the leaves, brownish-black at base, the old leaves of the previous year conspicuous and the basal sheaths slightly filamentose; leaves of the year 2 or 3 to a culm, bunched near the base, the blades thickish, light-green, 5-15 cm. long, or longer on the sterile shoots, 1.5—2 mm. wide and flattened-canaliculate towards base, deeply channeled above, attenuate, roughened towards apex, the sheaths very thin ventrally and oblique at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, androgynous, 2—4 cm. long, the staminate part very conspicuous, 1—2 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, many-flowered, the staminate scales oblong- lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, light-yellowish-straw-colored with hyaline margins and lighter midvein, the pistillate part 4-6.5 mm. wide, with 3-10 erect-appressed perigynia, some or all of the lower scales empty; scales broadly orbicular, wider and partly enveloped but much shorter than the perigynia, broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse or cuspidate, light-yellowish with conspicuous white-hyaline margins and several-nerved greenish center, the lowest scale usually conspicuously awned and bract-like; perigynia oblong-obovoid, obtusely triangular in cross-section, 44.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, membranaceous, yellowish-green, substipitate, round-tapering at base, obscurely 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless, short-pubescent above, contracted into a beak nearly 1 mm. long, cylindric, hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut; achenes triangular, closely enveloped, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, yellowish, the sides convex, tapering Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 179 at base, apiculate; style short, black, thick, jointed with achene, not exserted; stigmas three, short, blackish; rachilla setaceous, green, short. Type Locatity: (of C. filifolia var. valida Olney, on which C. oreocharis is based): Colorado. DISTRIBUTION: Colorado. (Specimens examined from Colorado.) IntustrRaTions: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 9: 357. f. 2, and C, D, F. 205. Carex filifolia Nutt. Gen. 2: 204. 1818. Uncinia breviseta Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. ¥. 3: 428. 1836. (Type from northwestern Canada.) Kobresia globularis Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 253. pl. 7. f. 86. 1836. (Type from Carleton House, Saskatchewan.) Olotrema filifolia Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex filifolia Nutt.) Itheta breviseta Raf. Good Book 28. 1840. (Based on Uncinia breviseta Torr.) Uncinia filifolia Nees, in Max. Reise N. Am. 2: 450. 1841. (Based on C. "alifolia Nutt.) Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, stout, blackish, fibrillose, the culms 8-30 em. high, filiform, wiry but stiff, about the length of or somewhat exceeding the leaves, obscurely triangular, smooth or nearly so, brownish at base, the old basal sheaths broad, loose, conspicuous, striate, and normally strongly filamentose, the blades usually broken off; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 2 or 3 to a culm, bunched near the base, the blades wiry, acicular, involute, resembling the culms, 3-20 cm. long, and about 0.25 mm. wide, stiff, light- green, more or less roughened, the sheaths truncate at the mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, erect, linear, 1-3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the upper half staminate, the lower with about 5-15 erect-ascending perigynia; bracts none; staminate scales broadly obovate, obtuse, light-reddish-brown with broad and conspicuous white-hyaline margins; pistillate scales similar but broader, very obtuse but occasionally mucronulate, the bright-white-hyaline margins very broad and conspicuous, the scales longer and wider than and entirely concealing the perigynia until maturity, the whole scale sometimes largely white-hyaline; perigynia obovoid or obovoid-orbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, membranaceous, obtusely tri- angular, rounded on the angles, obscurely 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless or nearly so, puberulent above, tightly enclosing the achene, dull-whitish or straw-colored, tinged with yellowish- brown, round-tapering at base, truncately narrowed into a minute beak about 0.2-0.4 mm. long, stoutish, truncately-cut, hyaline; achenes obovoid, triangular, with low-convex sides, 2.25-3 mm. long, tapering at base, apiculate; style thickish, obscurely jointed with achene and at length deciduous, black, exserted; stigmas three, slender, elongate, blackish; rachilla present, minutely serrate. Type Locauity: “Hab. On the dry plains and gravelly hills of the Missouri.’ DISTRIBUTION: Plains and ridges, Texas and New Mexico, northward to Washington, and in the interior to Yukon. (Specimens examined from Texas, New Mexico, Nebraska, South Dakota, ae. ead Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Washing- ton, Yukon In_ustrations: Boott, Ill. Carex 13. pl. 37; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 812; ed. 2. f. 957; Abrams, Ill. Fi. Pacif. St. f. 762; Engler, Pflanzenreich 49: 71. f. 15 A-D; Hook. Ic. pl. 448; Am. Jour. Sci. 12: pl. P, f. 50; 29: pl. Z, f. 86. 206. Carex elynoides Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 9: 356; So /emejeie 1900! “Carex Lyoni Boott”’ Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s age tee 1871. Carex filifolid var. miser L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad : 122. 1886. (Colorado specimens are taken as the type. Not C. miser Buckley.) Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, lignescent, black, fibrillose, the culms 6-12 em. high, filiform, wiry but strict, about the length of the leaves, obscurely triangular, smooth or nearly so, yellowish-brown at base, the basal sheaths broad, loose, conspicuous, striate, only slightly filamentose, the leaf-blades of the previous year usually broken off; leaves of the year with well-developed blades several on the sterile, 2 or 3 on the fertile culms, the blades wiry, stiff, acicular, involute, resembling the culms, 3-10 em. long and about 0.25 mm. wide, more or less roughened, the sheaths very thin ventrally, oblique at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, erect, linear, 8-15 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the upper half staminate, 180 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 the lower with 4-8 erect-ascending perigynia; bracts none; staminate scales thin, obtuse, oblong-obovate, reddish-brown with dingy-white-hyaline margins and lighter midvein; pistillate scales similar but slightly more acutish and with broader hyaline margins, wider and longer than, half-enveloping, and concealing the perigynia; perigynia obpyramidal, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, slightly puberulent at base of beak, triangular, very obscurely 2-ribbed, the lower part white, the upper part tinged with yellowish-brown or reddish- brown, tapering to base, very abruptly narrowed into a beak about 0.5 mm. long, slender, cylindric, truncately cleft, hyaline-tipped; achene oblong-obovoid, sharply triangular, with slightly convex sides, closely enveloped, 1.5—2 mm. long, conspicuously short-apiculate, tapering at base, blackish in age; style thick, little exserted, obscurely jointed with achene and at length deciduous; stigmas three, brownish, elongate, slender; rachilla none. TYPE LOCALITY: Mount Kelso and Mount Elbert, middle Colorado (Holm). DisTRIBUTION: Mountain summits, Montana to Colorado, and westward to Utah. (Specimens examined from Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Utah.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. [V. 9: 357. f. 1, A, B, E. 207. Carex exserta Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 620. 1915. “Carex filifolia Nutt.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 229. 1880. : : Carex filifolia var. erostrata Kikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 86. 1909. (Type from California. Not C. erostrata Boott. 1894. Very densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, thick, lignescent, black, fibrillose, the culms filiform, wiry, 5—25 cm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth, equaling or exceeding leaves, brownish at base, the basal sheaths filamentose, the sheaths of the old leaves conspicuous, the blades usually broken off; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 2—4 to a fertile culm, clustered above base, acicular, channeled, little roughened towards apex, 1-10 cm. long, 0.25—0.5 mm. wide, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, obliquely cut at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, androgynous, 7-20 mm. long, the staminate part half or more than half the length of the whole, the staminate scales reddish-brown, broadly obovate, obtuse, hyaline- margined, the pistillate part up to 6 mm. wide, with 2-12 ascending perigynia, the scales orbicular-ovate, obtuse, dull-reddish-brown with hyaline margins, markedly exceeded by ripe perigynia, but partly enveloping them at base; lowest scale not bract-like; perigynia obovoid or obovoid-orbicular, obtusely triangular, 2.5 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, rounded at base and apex, nerveless, but obscurely 2-ridged, membranaceous, essentially beakless, papillose-puberulent, brownish-tinged, hyaline and obliquely cut at mouth; achenes obovoid, triangular, the sides low-convex, closely filling perigynia, sometimes rupturing it, sessile, brownish, 2 mm. long, apiculate, jointed with the short, thickish, black, conspicuously exserted style; stigmas three, slender, elongate, blackish; rachilla conspicuous. Type Loca.ity (of C. filifolia var. erostrata Kiikenth, on which C. exserta is based): Echo Lake, El Dorado County, California. (Brainerd, July 11, 1897.) DISTRIBUTION: Dry places, from southern Oregon to southern California and western Nevada, mostly at elevations between 1500 and 3500 meters in the Sierra Nevada of California from El Dorado County to Tulare County, and in the San Bernardino range. (Specimnens examined from all parts of range as given.) f He ees Erythea 8: 52. f. 24; Abrams, III. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 761; Jepson Man. FI. Pl. Calif. 25. Obtusatae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8. 1843; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 129. 1917. LAMPROCHLAENAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 10,in part. 1844; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 129, in part. 1886; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 460, in part. 1903; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 455. 1909. Nutipax O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 578, in part. 1851. SupinaE Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 392. 1901. Species are referred to the MONTANAE Fries by Tuckerman (Enum. Caric. 14. 1843), and to the PETREAE O. F. Lang by Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 85. 1909). Treated as a genus LAMPROCHLAENIA by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 272. 1913). Long-stoloniferous; culms slender, phyllopodic; leaf-blades narrow, the basal sheaths brownish-red or dark-purple; spikes solitary and androgynous or 2—4 with the terminal stami- Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 181 nate and linear, the lateral pistillate, approximate, subglobose or short-oblong, sessile or slightly peduncled, densely few-to-many-flowered; bracts of pistillate spikes leaflet-like, sheathless or nearly so; pistillate scales reddish-brown with broad hyaline margins; perigynia spreading- ascending, obovoid, glabrous, coriaceous, polished, sessile, rounded at base, 2-keeled (obscurely so at maturity), suborbicular in cross-section, abruptly contracted into a hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut beak; achenes closely enveloped, triangular with convex sides above, apiculate, jointed with the short or rather short, thickish style; stigmas three. A few dry-ground species, of the cooler or frigid parts of Eurasia and North America. Spike one, androgynous; perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long, finely many-sulcate, usually exceeding scales; basal sheaths dark-purple. 208. C. obtusata. Spikes 2-4, the terminal staminate, the lateral pistillate; perigynia 2.5—3.5 mm. long, nerveless or obscurely few-nerved except for the prominent keels, about equaling scales; basal sheaths brownish-red. 209. C. supina. 208. Carex obtusata Lilj. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 14:69. pl. 4. 1793. Carex spicata Schkuhr, Riedgr. 11, pl. D, f. 15. 1801. (Type probably from Saxony; erroneously given as the ‘‘Pyrenaeis.’’) Carex microcephala C. A. Meyer; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 4: 205. 1833. (Type from Tscharysch River, Altai.) Carex Backana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 250. 1836. (Type from Carleton House, Saskatchewan.) Carex decipiens Turcz. (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838: 103, name only. 1838) Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 28:: 323, assynonym. 1855. (Type from Dahuria.) Genersichia obtusata Heuffel, Flora 27: 528. 1844. (Based on Carex obtusata Lilj.) Carex obtusata var. bracteata Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 486. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany; treated by Kikenthal as subf.) Carex obtusata var. capilata Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 486. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany; treated by Kikenthal as subf.) Carex obtusata var. cuspidata Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 486. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany; treated by Kiikenthal as subf.) Carex obtusata var. oblonga Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 486. 1846. (Type from Leipzig, Germany; treated by Kikenthal as subf.) Carex obesa var. monostachya Bock. Linnaea 41: 185. 1877. (Based on C. obtusata Lilj.) Carex obtusata f. bracteata Neuman, Bot. Notiser 1887: 21. 1887. (Type from Sweden.) Carex obtusata {. spicata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 88. 1909. (Based on C. spicata Schkuhr.) Rootstocks long-creeping, very slender but tough, purplish-black, scaly, the culms 6-20 em. high, slender but strict, arising one to three together, sharply triangular, roughened above, noticeably exceeding the leaves, dark-purple at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year’s growth conspicuous, the lowest sheaths leafless, occasionally slightly filamentose; leaves of the year with well-developed blades several to a culm, all near the base, the blades 1.5—8 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, channeled, light-green, stiff, erect or spreading, short-attenuate, rough- ened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, truncate and slightly thickened at mouth, the ligule very short; spike solitary, androgynous, 5-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, bractless, the upper two thirds staminate, the perigynia 1-6, ascending or spreading-ascending at maturity; pis- tillate scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, thin, light-brownish with wide white-hyaline margins and lighter-colored midvein, usually exceeded by and narrower than the perigynia; staminate scales similar, but narrower and yellowish-brown-tinged; perigynia dark-chestnut or blackish-brown, shining, coriaceous, smooth, finely many sulcate, scarcely inflated, oblong-obovoid, suborbicular-triangular in cross-section, deeply sutured dorsally, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.75—2 mm. wide, truncately stipitate, round-tapering at base, tapering (often rather abruptly) at apex into a short (0.5—-1 mm. long), smooth, conspicuously hyaline-tipped beak, obliquely cut, and at length bidentulate; achenes triangular, oblong-obovoid, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, light-yellowish-brown, truncately substipitate and short-apiculate, the angles prominent, rounded, the sides low-convex; style rather short, rather stout, jointed with achene; stigmas three, elongate, dark-brown, long-persistent; rachilla shorter than the achene, setaceous, sometimes with a scale at the apex. Tyre Locairy: “Habitat in Oclandiae siccis arenosis apricis’’ ad Koping. Distereution: Dry sunny plains, prairies, hills, and ridges, Yukon southward to northern New Mexico, and British Columbia; widely distributed in Eurasia; erroneously recorded from Newfound- land. (Specimens examined from Yukon, Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Montana, South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, northern New Mexico.) 182 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 InLustRations: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. D. f. 15; pl. Oqq, f. 159; Fl. Dan. Suppl. pl. 100; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 36. f. 14; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 61: pl. 6; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 197, f. 528; Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. Y,f. 81; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. fl. 3, f. 4; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. f. 212; Hal- lier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 429; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 351. f. 177 (1, 2); Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 431A; Sv. Bot. pl. 533 (left hand); Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Ross. pl. 319 (as C. microcephala); Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 14: pl. 4. 209. Carex supina Willd.; Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 158. 1803. Carex glomerata Roth, Fl. Germ. 1: 397. 1788. (Misprint, see 22: 442. 1793; intended for Carex globularis L., a misidentification.) Carex Schkuhrii Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 264. 1805. (‘‘Habitat ad mare Caspium.’’) Carex sphaerocarpa Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 265. 1805. (‘‘Habitat ad mare Caspium.’’) Carex campestris Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 49. pl. 88. 1809. (Type from Moravia, Austria.) Carex costata Presl, Fl. Cech. 191. 1819. (Type from Bohemia.) “Carex oligocarpa Willd.”’ J. Vahl; Hornem. Fl. Dan. 37:5. pl. 2181. 1836. (Specimen from Green- land.) Edritria supina Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex supina Willd.) Edritria Schkuhrii Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex Schkuhrii Willd.) “Carex mucronata All.’’ Trev. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 308, in part. 1853. Carex spaniocarpa Steud. Syn. Cyp. 225. 1855. (Greenland; based on Fl. Dan. pl. ‘2176’; error for 2181.) “Carex obtusata Lilj.’’ Garcke, Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 3-4: 157. 1862. Carex oblusata var. spicata Asch. Fl. Brand. 1:779. 1864. (As to plant described only; from Brand- enburg, Germany.) Carex obesa var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 4: 161, 162. pl. 535. 1867. (Based primarily on C. supina Willd.) Carex obesa var. minor Bock. Linnaea 41: 184. 1877. (Based on C. supina Willd.) Carex See f. pallida Bubela; Oborny, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn 212: 185. 1882. (Type from Mor- avia. Carex obtusata var. supina Garcke, Fl. Deuts. ed. 16. 469. 1890. (Based on C. supina Willd.) Carex supina f. humilior Behrendsen; Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 2:89. 1896. (Type from Germany.) Carex supina f. elatior Behrendsen; Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 2: 89. 1896. (Type from Germany.) Carex supina lusus pseudomonostachys Asch. Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 39; xli. 1898. (Type from Brandenburg, Germany.) Cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, brownish, scaly, the clumps medium-sized, the culms slender, 0.5-3 dm. high, erect, smooth or nearly so, usually consider- ably exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, brownish-red, often fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-10 to a culm, clustered towards the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat above, channeled towards base, 4-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, dull-green, thin but stiff, roughened, especially towards the long-attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike solitary, sessile or short-peduncled, linear, erect, 6-25 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, the scales ovate to obovate, acute to obtusish, reddish- brown with straw-colored 3-nerved center and broad whitish-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sessile, approximate, suborbicular or short-oblong, 4-12 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 4-15 ascending or at maturity spreading perigynia in several rows; lowest bract sheathless, squamiform, short-prolonged, hyaline-margined at base, shorter than the spike, the upper bract much reduced; scales broadly ovate, reddish-brown, with straw-colored three-nerved center and conspicuous white-hyaline margins, short-cuspidate to obtusish, wider than and nearly as long as the mature perigynia; perigynia obovoid, obscurely triangular in cross-section, not inflated, coriaceous, hard, shining, 2-ribbed, nerveless or obscurely few- nerved, yellowish-brown or in age dark-brown, puncticulate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, substipitate, rounded at base, rather abruptly contracted at apex into a beak 0.75 mm. long, smooth, cylindric, entire or at length shallowly bidentate, with white-hyaline, obliquely cleft orifice; achenes obovoid, closely enveloped, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with blunt angles and convex sides, yellowish-brown, puncticulate, short-stipitate, tapering at base, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short, straight style, slightly thickened at base; stigmas three, long, slender, reddish-brown. ve ie LocaLity: “‘Habitat in saxosis apricis Germaniae, Austriae, Tyrolis.’’ (Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: ; Distripution: Greenland to Mackenzie; reported from Minnesota and Saskatchewan; also in Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Mackenzie.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 810; ed. 2 f. 955; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: f. 72, Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 183 A-G; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. J, f. 41; pl. Oqq, f. 158; Boott, Ill. Carex 161. pl. 535; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 87. f. 64; Fl. Dan. pl. 2181; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 122. f. 103; Sturm, Deuts. FI. 47: pl. 14; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 259, f. 631; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 48, f. 6; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 434; Host, Gram. Austr. 4: pl. 88 (as C. campestris.) 26. Praecoces Christ, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24°: 14. 1885. Montana Fries, Fl. Scan. 188, in very small part. 1835; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 125, in very small part. 1886. ToMENTosSAE O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 586, in part. 1851. HALLERIANAE Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 146, in part. 1903. MrrraTark Kukenth. and Subsec. Am- BIGUAE Kiikenth. and Eu-MirtraTar Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 458-461. 1909. Referred by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 461. 1903) to the SPHAERIDIOPHORAE Drejer. Culms stiff or weak, often lateral, leafy below; leaf-blades generally narrow, the lower sheaths dark-brown or reddish-brown, becoming fibrillose; spikes three to six (rarely more), the terminal staminate or androgynous, the lateral pistillate or androgynous, oblong or cylin- dric, closely or loosely flowered; lower bract sheathing or nearly sheathless, the blade short; pistillate scales obovate, truncate, mucronate or aristate; perigynia membranaceous, rarely coriaceous, obovoid or elliptic, sometimes fusiform, more or less triangular, slightly or scarcely inflated, short-pubescent, often at length smoothish, rarely entirely smooth, 2-keeled and more or less nerved, contracted into a short or longish emarginate or shallowly bidentate beak; achenes triangular with convex sides above, closely enveloped, filling perigynium-body, the apex mitrate, 7. e., crowned with a dilated disk-form apiculation; style jointed with achene, its base pyramidal; stigmas three. A group of dry-ground species, strongly developed and represented by many species in Asia; represented also by several species in Europe, and by one in Australasia. Not native in the western hemisphere, but represented in the northeastern United States by one sparingly introduced species. 210. Carex caryophyllea Latourr. Chlor. Lugd. 27. 1785. “Carex saxalilis L.’’ Huds. Fl. Angl. 351. 1762. (Plant from England.) “Carex filiformis L."’ Leers, Fl. Herborn. 200. pl. 16, f.5. 1775. (Plant from Germany.) Carex filiformis var. minor Leers, Fl. Herborn. 200. 1775. (Type from Germany.) Carex filiformis var. major Leers, Fl. Herborn. 200. 1775. (Type from Germany.) Carex filiformis var. media Leers, Fl. Herborn. 200. 1775. (Type from Germany.) “Carex montana L..”’ Lightf. Fl. Scot. 551. 1777. (Plant from Scotland.) “Carex praecox Schreb.”’ Jacq. Fl. Austr. 5: 23. pl. 446. 1778. (Plant from Austria.) “Carex globularis L.’’ Leysser, Fl. Hal. 235. 1783. (Plant from Germany.) Carex verna Chaix, in Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph. 1: 312. 1786; 2: 204. 1787. (Type from France.) Carex stolonifera Ehrh. Beitr. 6: 83, name only. 1791. (Type from Sweden.) Carex refracta Roth, Fl. Germ. 27: 451. 1793. (Type from Germany.) “Carex pilulifera L.’’ Genersich, Fl. Scep. Elench. no. 868. 1798. (Plant from Hungary.) Carex sutillosa Bieb. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 2: 386, in part. 1808. (Type from Caucasus.) Carex mollis Host, Gram. Austr. 4:46. pl. 82. 1809. (Type from Tyrol.) Trasus praecox S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 57. 1821. (Based on Jacquin’s misidentified Carex praecox.) Carex reflexa Hoppe, Caric. Germ. 65. 1826. (Type from Oldenburg, Germany.) Not C. reflexa Gaudin. 1804. Carex praeceps Borkh.; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. Exc. 64, as synonym. 1830. Carex praecox var. pygmaea Fleischer, Riedgr. Wiirtemb. 18. 1832. (Type from Germany.) Carex praecox var. umbrosaeformis Fleischer, Riedgr. Wiirtemb. 18. 1832. (Type from Germany.) Carex praecox var. caespilosa Fleischer, Riedgr. Wiirtemb. 18. 1832. (Type from Germany.) Olamblis verna Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex verna Chaix.) “Carex umbrosa Host" Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. 2. 877, as synonym. 1844. Sarvs paces var. reflexa Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 26. pl. 261, f.635. 1846. (Based on C, reflexa pe. Carex 7 Re Lebel, Rech. Pl. Manche 18. 1848. (Type from France.) Carex praecox var. elatior Bogenh. Tasch. Fl. Jena 378. 1850. (Type from Germany.) ans eeomele Janka, Linnaea 30: 609. 1860. (Type from Transylvania.) Not C. anomala Pall. Carex praccox var. dumetorum Blytt, Norges Fl. 225. 1861. (Type from cy ety, £2 Carex praccox var, magna Schur, Enum, Pl. Transsilv. 716. 1866. (Type from Transylvania.) Neilreichia umbrosa Kotula, Spraw. Kom. Fizyogr. Krak6éw 17: 136. 1883. (In part; as to plant only; not as to Carex umbrosa Host.) Carex praccox var. insularis Christ, in Barbey, Fl. Sard. Comp. 64. 1885. (Type from Sardinia.) Carex praecox var. diastachya Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 6:2. 1888. (Type from Sweden.) Carex verna var. typica G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 138. 1890. (Based on C. verna Chaix.) 184 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 Carex verna var. longebracteata G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 138. 1890. (Type from Austria.) Carex verna var. pedunculata G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 138. 1890. (Type from Austria.) Carex verna var. minor G. Beck, Fl. Nieder-Oesterr. 138. 1890. (Type from Austria.) Carex verna var. abnormis G. Beck, Fl, Nieder-Oesterr. 138. 1890. (Type from Austria.) Carex verna var. caespitiformis Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 43: 281. 1893. (Type from Austria.) Carex caryophyllea f. pallescens Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 2: 104. 1896. (TY¥pe from Baden, Ger- many.) Carex verna f. glomerata Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 4. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex praecox f. fissa Kiikenth. Mitth. Thiir. Bot. Ver. II. 10:37. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex praecox var. subpolyrrhiza Kikenth. Mitth. Thir. Bot. Ver. II. 10: 37. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex praecox f. longevaginata Kiikenth. Mitth. Thiir. Bot. Ver. II. 10:37. 1897. (Type from Ger- many.) Carex praecox var. longifrons Waisb. & Kiikenth; Kiikenth. Mitth. Thiir. Bot. Ver. IT. 10:37. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex praecox var. luxurians Kiikenth. Mitth. Thiir. Bot. Ver. II. 10: 38. 1897. (Type from Ger- many.) Carex verna f. laxiflora Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 430. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex verna var. globuliflora Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 430. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex verna f. argyrata Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 430. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex verna f. chlorantha Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 430. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex verna var. oxycarpa Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 430. 1897. (Type from Germany.) Carex caryophyllea var. mollis Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 126. 1903. (Based on C. mollis Host.) Carex caryophyllea var. angustifolia Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 126. 1903. (Type from central Europe.) Carex caryophyllea f. pygmaea “‘Fleischer’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 464. 1909. (Based on C. praecox var. pygmaea Fleischer.) Carex caryophyllea f. umbrosaeformis ‘‘Fleischer’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 464. 1909. (Based on C. praecox var. umbrosaeformis Fleischer.) Carex caryophyllea f. luxurians Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 464. 1909. (Based on C. praecox var. luxurians Kiikenth.) Carex caryophyllea {. refracta Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 465. 1909. (Based on C. refracta Roth.) Carex caryophyllea f. subpolyrrhiza Kiikenth. in. Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 465. 1909. (Based on C. praecox var. subpolyrrhiza Kiikenth.) Carex caryophyllea f. glomerata ‘‘Waisb.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 465. 1909. (Based on C. verna f. glomerata Waisb.) Carex caryophyllea f. globuliflora ‘‘Waisb.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 465. 1909. (Based on C. verna var. globuliflora Waisb.) Carex caryophyllea f. laxiflora ‘‘Waisb.”” Kiikenth, in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 465. 1909. (Based on C. verna f. laxiflora Waisb.) Carex caryophyllea f. pedunculata ‘“‘G. Beck’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 465. 1909. (Based on C. verna var. pedunculata G. Beck.) Carex caryophyllea f. longebracteata “‘G. Beck’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 465, 1909. (Based on C. verna var. longebracteata G. Beck.) Carex caryophyllea f. longevaginata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 465. 1909. (Based on C. praecox f. longevaginata Kiikenth.) Carex caryophyllea f. argyrata ‘‘Waisb.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 465. 1909. (Based on C. verna f. argyrata Waisb.) Carex caryophyllea f. chlorantha ‘‘Waisb.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 465. 1909. (Based on C. verna f. chlorantha Waisb.) Carex caryophyllea var. caespitosa ‘‘Fleischer’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 465. 1909. (Based on C. praecox var. caespitosa Fleischer.) Carex caryophyllea var. oxycar pa ‘‘Waisb.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 465. 1909. (Based on C. verna var. oxycarpa Waisb.) Stoloniferous, the stolons long, horizontal, slender but tough, dark-brown, scaly, the culms one to few together, 0.5—4.5 dm. high, slender but stiff and erect, smooth, obtusely triangular, much exceeding the leaves, dark-brown and fibrillose at base, phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous with long blades; leaves on fertile culms all with well-devel- oped blades, clustered at base, numerous, the blades canaliculate below, flat above, somewhat attenuate and triangular towards apex, thickish and rather stiff, deep-green, becoming lighter- green, recurved-spreading, 2-12 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline and slightly yellowish-tinged ventrally, thin and concave at mouth, the ligule very short; staminate spike solitary, terminal, sessile or nearly so, linear or elliptic- oblong, clavate, 10-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, brown, reddish-brown, or yellowish-brown, with green midrib and narrowly hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, contiguous or slightly separate, erect, the lower short-peduncled, the upper sessile or nearly so, closely flowered, oblong, 6-10 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, with from about 5 to 20 ascending perigynia; bracts nearly sheathless or short-sheathing, squamiform, acute to Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 185 setaceous-prolonged, shorter than or little exceeding the subtended spike, the hyaline margins usually strongly tinged with yellowish-brown; scales oblong-ovate, about as long and as wide as the perigynia, chestnut or purplish-brown with 3-nerved green center, the midrib excurrent as a short cusp; perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular, 2.5—3 mm. long, 1.25—1.5 mm. wide, thinly short-hirsute-pubescent, 2-keeled, few-nerved at base, membranaceous, dull, whitish below, brown above, completely filled by achene, tapering to a short-stipitate base, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak 0.2 mm. long, bidentulate; achenes triangular with convex sides and conspicuous rounded blunt angles, brown with green angles, obovoid, 2 mm. long, about 1.25 mm. wide, tapering at base, short-annulate at apex and depressed in the center; style very short and slightly enlarged at base, black, conic, jointed with achene, deciduous; stig- mas three, dark-reddish-brown, slender, spreading, rather short. TYPE Loca.ity: Switzerland (Haller 1381). DisTRIBuTION: Dry fields, Maine to District of Columbia; locally naturalized from Eurasia, where widely distributed. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts, New York.) ILLusTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 799; ed. 2. f. 959; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 456; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. F, f. 27; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 127. f. 100; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 69: pl. 9; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 261, f. 634-5; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 84; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 16, f.5 (as C. fili- formis L.); Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 68; 4: pl. 82; Engl. Bot. ed. 2, pl. 1655; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2, f. 1118; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3868; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel.-Eur. pl. 49, f. 4; Jacq. Fl. Austr. pl. 446. 27. Montanae Fries Fl. Scan. 188. 1835; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 14. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 556. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 122. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 438. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 130. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 53. 1922. SPHAERIDIOPHORAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 9. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 461, mostly. 1903. TomenTosak O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 586, in part. 1851. GLoBuLaREs Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 393, in part. 1901. Treated as a genus Bitreria (subgenus LASIOPERA) by Bérner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 270. 1913). Culms slender, leafy at the base; leaf-blades narrow, rough above; terminal spike linear, normally staminate; lateral spikes 1—5, small, pistillate or sometimes gynaecandrous, sub- globose to oblong, closely very few to many-flowered, approximate and sessile or short-pe- duncled, or in some species some radical and long-peduncled; lowest bract squamiform or leaflet-like, sheathless or subsheathing; scales often reddish-brown-tinged, acute to cuspidate; perigynia membranaceous or subcoriaceous, ascending, the body pubescent or puberulent or hispid at least at base of beak, suborbicular to oblong-obovoid or elliptic, triangular or orbicular-triangular in cross-section, 2-keeled, and nerveless, nerved, or ribbed, stipitate, ab- ruptly contracted into a cylindric or 2-edged, emarginate to deeply bidentate, hyaline-tipped beak; achenes filling perigynium-body, closely enveloped, normally triangular, or in one species lenticular, the sides convex above, short-apiculate, jointed with the short, slender or thickish style; stigmas three, or in one species two. A group of dry-ground plants, represented by many species in Eurasia and North America; one known from the Andes of South America, and one found in the Azores. The group is not represented in Australasia. Staminate and pistillate spikes at most moderately separate. (A) Lower pistillate spikes widely separate on elongate subradical peduncles. (B) (A) Perigynium-body (excluding stipitate base and beak) oblong-obovoid or elliptic, much longer than wide, very closely enveloping the achene. Scales suborbicular, obtusish to short-mucronate, about half the length of mature perigynium-body, the latter hirsute- pubescent, 3.5 mm. long. 211. C. Peckii. Scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, nearly equal- ing to exceeding mature perigynium-body, the latter sparsely ap- essed-pubescent or puberulent. Staminate spike very slender, 4-16 mm. long, 0.5—1 mm. wide; culms very loosely cespitose, the old sheaths rarely breaking and be- coming conspicuously fibrillose. 212. C. Novae-Angliae. Staminate spike stoutish or slender, 2-14 mm. long, 0.75-2 mm. wide; culms densely cespitose. Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long, conspicuous in the spikes, not nearly 186 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA concealed above by scales; sterile shoots mostly central (7. e., from the middle of the clusters of old leaves). Plants without long slender stolons. Culms erect, usually more or less strongly exceeding leaves; staminate scales obtuse to short-acute, closely appressed, not cucullate at tip, the midvein usually not extending to tip; pistillate spikes more or less strongly separate. Culms weak, usually much shorter than but at times some- what exceeding leaves; staminate scales rather loose-taper- ing and cucullate at tip, the midvein extending to tip and there rough; pistillate spikes except lowermost closely contiguous. Plants with long slender stolons. Perigynia 3-4 mm. long, inconspicuous in the spikes, nearly con- cealed by the scales; sterile shoots lateral (i. e., from the sides of the clusters of old leaves). Achenes normally triangular; scales usually strongly dark- margined; stolons short, ascending; culms strongly fibrillose at base. Achenes normally lenticular; scales at most moderately dark- margined; stolons long, horizontal; culms sparingly fibrillose at base. Perigynium-body (excluding stipitate base and beak) suborbicular, or- bicular-obovoid, or very short-oval, about as long as wide, less closely enveloping the achene. Perigynia finely many-nerved or many-ribbed as well as strongly 2-keeled. Staminate scales strongly reddish-brown or purplish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 5—15-flowered; pistillate scales reddish-brown- tinged, obtuse to cuspidate; perigynia many-nerved; culms slender. Staminate scales greenish-white, slightly or not at all reddish-brown or purplish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 4-10-flowered; pistillate scales light-colored, acuminate to short-awned; perigynia many- ribbed; culms strict. Perigynia nerveless or obscurely nerved towards base only, with the exception of the two prominent keels. Plants loosely cespitose and without long horizontal stolons; ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; culms mostly aphyllopodic, not conspicuously fibrillose at base. Plants densely cespitose and with long horizontal stolons; ligule short, wider than long, or much wider; culms phyllopodic, con- spicuously fibrillose at base. Mature perigynia 1.75-2 mm. wide, the body suborbicular in cross-section. Pistillate spikes oblong to suborbicular, the lowest peduncled; scales dark-reddish-brown or dark-chestnut-tinged; peri- gynia short-hispid. Pistillate spikes suborbicular, sessile or nearly so; scales reddish- brown or tawny-tinged; perigynia puberulent or short-pubes- cent; uppermost staminate scales narrow, strongly cuspidate and forming a short cone. Mature perigynia about 1.5 mm. wide, the body obtusely tri- angular in cross-section. Perigynium-beak less than half the length of the body; achenes obovoid. Perigynium-beak about as long as the body; achenes obovoid- orbicular. (B) Perigynia finely many-ribbed or many-nerved as well as strongly 2-keeled. Pistillate scales purplish-tinged, obtuse to cuspidate; perigynium-body globose or nearly so; staminate spikes many-flowered; basal pistil- late spikes on very long, weak, capillary peduncles. Pistillate scales reddish-brown-tinged, cuspidate or long-awned; peri- gynium-body oval; staminate spikes 5—15-flowered; basal pistillate spikes on slightly elongate, erect peduncles. Perigynia strongly 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless (except at times ob- scurely to coarsely nerved towards base). Bract of lowest non-basal pistillate spike leaflet-like, normally exceed- ing culm and, if colored, purplish-brown-tinged at base. Rootstock slender; culms normally loosely cespitose; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, short-beaked, shallowly bidentate; staminate spike 2-5 mm. long, inconspicuous; northern and northeastern species. Rootstock stout; culms more or less densely cespitose; western species. Upper pistillate spikes normally several- to many- (3—20-) bho — ~I 218. 220. 229: 226. 227. lo AQ [VoLUME 18 . artitecta. . albicans. . physorhyncha. . nigromarginata. . floridana. . turbinata. C. leucodonta. . communis. . inops. . heliophila. . pennsylvanica. . lucorum. . globosa. . Brainerdii. . deflexa. Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 187 flowered; perigynium-beak shallowly to deeply bidentate, the margins ciliate-serrulate. Perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, the beak 0.25-0.75 mm. long, shallowly bidentate. 228. C. brevipes. Perigynia 34.5 mm. long, the beak longer, deeply bidentate. 229. C. Rossii. Upper pistillate spikes 1—3-flowered; perigynium-beak obliquely cut, in age shallowly bidentate, the margins little if at all ciliate-serrulate (New Mexico). 230. C. pityophila. Bract of lowest non-basal pistillate spike squamiform and shorter than the culm or, if (rarely) longer, auriculate and reddish-brown- tinged at base. Perigynium-body nearly orbicular in cross-section, 1.75-2.25 mm. wide; beak not strongly 2-edged. Non-basal pistillate spikes usually 5—15-flowered; perigynia puberulent; culms strongly fibrillose at base (New Mexico). 231. C. geophila. Non-basal pistillate spikes 1—6-flowered; perigynia loosely short- pubescent; culms more or less fibrillose at base (Pacific Coast). Perigynium-body triangular-orbicular in cross-section, 1-1.5 mm. wide; beak strongly 2-edged. Perigynia membranaceous, 2.5-4.25 mm. long, the body short- pubescent above; leaf-blades thinnish, not stiff, light-green, erect or ascending, 1.5—3 mm. wide. Plants cespitose and short-stoloniferous, the new shoots phyllo- podic, the sheaths little if at all filamentose; achenes with prominent rounded blunt angles, roughened; perigynium- beak 0.5 mm. long. 233. C. microrhyncha. Plants densely cespitose, the new shoots aphyllopodic, the sheaths filamentose; achenes narrowly sharp-angled. Perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm. long, 1—1.25 mm. wide, the beak less than half the length of the body; achenes orbicular- obovoid, the outer covering pitted, the achenes at complete maturity brownish-black, very closely minutely pitted all >. brevicaulis. i) a nm Q over. 234. C. umbellata. Perigynia 3.25-4.25 mm. long, 1.25—1.5 mm. wide, the beak nearly the length of the body; achenes oblong-obovoid, the outer covering dull-grayish-black, appearing minutely roughened, the achenes at complete maturity black, very obscurely irregularly pitted. 235. C. rugosperma. Perigynia subcoriaceous, 3.5—-4.5 mm. long, the body glabrous or very sparsely short-pubescent above; leaf-blades thick, stiff, deep-green, spreading at maturity, 2-4.5 mm. wide; plants loosely cespitose with short ascending stolons; achenes or- bicular-obovoid, brownish, shining, pitted. 236. C. tonsa. 211. Carex Peckii Howe; Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. 47: 166. 1894. Carex Emmonsii var. elliptica Boott, Ill. Carex 97. pl. 287. 1860. (Type from northwestern North “Carex ee Willd.”” L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:7. 1896. ere) Fernald & Weatherby, Rhodora 33: 233. 1931. (Type from Mt. St. Pierre, Gaspé, Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the rootstocks slender, scaly, the culms 1.5-6.5 dm. high, slender but erect, more or less strongly exceeding the leaves, triangular, roughened beneath spikes, mostly central and phyllopodic, some lateral and aphyllopodic, reddish-purple at base and bearing several long-bladed, dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile culms elongate, aphyllopodic, lateral, the well-developed leaves towards the top, the lower sheaths breaking ventrally and becoming filamentose; fertile culms bearing several leaves of the year with well-developed blades, all on the lower fourth, the blades erect-ascending, short, 1.5—-4 em. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, flat, green, not stiff, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule short, the blades of the sterile culms much longer (sometimes 15 cm. long), 1.5—-3 mm. wide; staminate spike and the 2 or 3 pistillate spikes closely aggregated or approximate, the inflorescence 0.8—2 cm. long; basal spikes absent; staminate spike usually small and inconspicuous, exceeded by the pistillate spikes, sessile, linear, 1-13 mm. (usually 3-6 mm.) long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, the scales few, closely appressed, obovate, acute, reddish-brown, with conspicuous white-hyaline margins and lighter center; pistillate spikes suborbicular or short-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely sessile, closely flowered with 3-12 ascending perigynia; lowest bract leaflet-like, green, sheathless, 188 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 not colored at base, from shorter than to slightly exceeding the inflorescence; scales sub- orbicular, short-mucronate to obtusish, not ciliate, wider than but only about half the length of the bodies of the mature perigynia, light-reddish-brown, with broad white-hyaline margins and lighter center, the midvein green, roughish, sharply defined; perigynia oblong-obovoid, obtusely triangular, 3.5 mm. long, 2-ridged, otherwise nerveless, hirsute-pubescent, grayish- green or yellowish-green at base, membranaceous, the body oval-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, completely filled by achene, stipitate, long-tapering to a spongy base 0.5 mm. long, and abruptly contracted into a short slender beak 0.5 mm. long, somewhat obliquely cut, bidentate, hyaline at the orifice; achenes oblong-obovoid, triangular, with convex sides and blunt green angles, yellowish-brown, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, tapering at base, minutely apiculate; style very short, black, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, dark-reddish-brown, slender. Tyre Loca.ity: “Helderberg mountains, Albany county; Brownville, Jefferson County; Eliza- bethtown, Essex County,’’ New York. DISTRIBUTION: Open woods in limestone districts, Quebec to Yukon, and southward to north- western New Jersey, northern Michigan, the Black Hills of South Dakota, and British Columbia. (Specimens examined from Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, northwestern New Jersey, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, South Dakota, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 97. pl. 287; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 964; Bot. Gaz. 21: pl. 1 (right-hand). Note: The name Carex albicans Willd. has been applied to this species, but the type locality for that species is ‘‘Carolina,’’ entirely outside of the range of the present species. Nor does the description of the relative length of perigynia and scales agree with the present species. 212. Carex Novae-Angliae Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:67. 1824. Carex collecta Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 314. pl. N, f. 44. 1826. (Type from Worthington, Mass.) Carex pilulifera f. americana Bock. Linnaea 41: 216. 1877. (As to C. Novae-Angliae Schw. only.) Carex pilulifera var. Novae-Angliae Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 419. 1894. (Technically based on C. Novae-Angliae Schw.) Carex varia var. Novae-Angliae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 449. 1909. (Based on C. Novae-Angliae Schw.) Very loosely cespitose and more or less strongly stoloniferous, the stolons very slender, scaly, the culms 0.5—4 dm. high, very slender, sharply triangular, rough above, weak but erect, shorter than the leaves of the sterile culms, phyllopodic, reddish-purple and fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year several, conspicuous, long-bladed; sterile shoots elongate, lateral, strongly aphyllopodic, the well-developed leaves clustered near the top; fertile culms bearing one to several leaves of the year, with well-developed blades, on lower third, the blades 0.5-15 cm. long, exceeded by the culms, 0.75—1.5 mm. wide, thin, flaccid, pale-green, soft, ascending or erect, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths tight, concave at mouth, rarely breaking and becoming conspicuously fibrillose, the ligule short; leaves of sterile culms with longer (1—2.5 dm.) blades; staminate spike solitary, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, very slender, narrowly linear or filiform, 4-16 mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, the scales oblong-lanceolate, closely appressed, long-acuminate to obtuse, reddish-brown or straw-colored with hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 2 or 3, none radical, more or less widely separated, all erect, the uppermost sessile, the second sessile or short-peduncled, the third short-peduncled, 3-6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, oblong or suborbi- cular, containing 2-10 ascending perigynia; bracts not sheathing, green and but little colored at base, leaflet-like, the lowest from nearly equaling to exceeding the culms, the upper much smaller; scales ovate, abruptly short-cuspidate, not ciliate, usually wider than but somewhat exceeded by the perigynia, hyaline, often strongly tinged with reddish-brown, the midvein green, sharply defined; perigynia narrowly obovoid, obtusely triangular, 2.5 mm. long, the body oblong-obovoid, 1.25 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, 2-ridged but otherwise nerveless, sparsely appressed-pubescent, membranaceous, light-green or somewhat yellowish-brown-tinged, entirely filled by achene, short-stipitate, tapering to a spongy base 0.5 mm. long, very abruptly contracted into a minute beak 0.25-0.5 mm. long, with bidentate orifice; achenes oblong- obovoid, triangular with convex sides and blunt greenish angles, dark-brownish, 1.5 mm. long, Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 189 0.9 mm. wide, tapering at base, minutely apiculate; style short, slightly thickened at base, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, dark-reddish-brown, rather long. Type Loca.ity: “‘New England”; and, more definitely (Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 328): ‘‘On Saddle Mountain, Williamstown, Massachusetts, about 3000 feet above the sea.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Woodlands, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, and locally southward at higher altitudes to northwestern Connecticut and Pennsylvania. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, northwestern Connecticut, New York, northern Pennsylvania, Ontario, Wisconsin.) IL_usTRaTIons: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 797; ed. 2. f. 963; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 452; Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. B, f. 7; 11: pl. N, f. 44 (C. collecta). 213. Carex artitecta Mackenzie. Carex varia Muhl.; Wahl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 159. 1803. Not Carex varia Lumnitzer, 1791; nor Carex varia Host. 1801. Carex pennsylvanica var. Muhlenbergii A. Gray (N. Am. Gram. 163. 1835); Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 410. 1836. (Technically based on C. varia Muhl.) Carex varia var. Bock. Linnaea 41: 218. 1877. (Type from North America.) Carex pennsylvanica var. (no. 1) Bock. Linnaea 41: 220. 1877. (Type presumably from North America.) Carex varia var. colorata L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:41. 1889. (Type from eastern United States.) Carex Emmonsii var. distincta Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 176. 1897. (Type from New York.) Carex Emmonsii var. colorata Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 176. 1897. (Based on C. varia var. colorata L. H. Bailey.) Carex varia {. distincta ‘“‘Howe’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 449. 1909. (Based on C. Emmonsii var. distincta Howe.) Densely and closely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the rootstocks very short, brownish, sealy and fibrillose, the culms 0.5—5 dm. high, very slender but erect, from rough above to nearly smooth on the angles, sharply triangular, usually considerably exceeding but sometimes shorter than the leaves, central and phyllopodic, reddish-purple at base and with several to many long-bladed dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots numerous, central, elongate, aphyllopodic, the lower sheaths loose, breaking ventrally and becoming filamentose, mostly short-bladed; fertile culms bearing several leaves of the year with well-developed blades, all inserted on lower fourth, the blades erect-ascending, short, 1-3 cm. long, 0.5—2.5 mm. wide, canaliculate, green, not stiff, roughened towards apex, the sheaths concave at mouth, the ligule short; basal blades and those of the sterile shoots up to 2.5 dm. long and 2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike sessile or nearly so, usually conspicuous, 3.5-14 mm. long, 1.25-2 mm. wide, many-flowered, the scales obovate, closely appressed, obtuse to short-acute, not cucullate at top, the midvein usually not extending to top, purplish-red with narrow hyaline margins and broad, light-colored, 3-nerved center; pistillate spikes 1-4 (none basal) usually 2 or 3, sessile, contiguous or slightly separate, usually more or less strongly separate, 3-7 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, oblong or suborbicular, containing 4-12 ascending perigynia; bracts not sheathing, the lowest squamiform, usually setaceous-prolonged, from shorter than to several times exceeding the spike, usually shorter than head, the margins at base hyaline and tinged with reddish-brown; upper bracts scale-like; scales ovate, acuminate or short-cuspidate, narrower above but about as wide below, and as long as or somewhat shorter than the perigynia, purplish-red with the margins hyaline and with broad green center, the midvein sharp; peri- gynia narrowly obovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2-ridged, otherwise nerveless, obtusely triangular, membranaceous, dull-green or yellowish-green, puberulent all over, 1.5—-2 mm. long, 1—1.5 mm. thick, completely filled by achene, contracted into a spongy, stipitate base 0.5 mm. long, and abruptly contracted into a slender beak 1 mm. long, hyaline-tipped, bidentate; achenes broadly obovoid, triangular with convex sides, at maturity brownish-black with lighter angles, minutely pitted, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, short-tapering at base, minytely apiculate; style slender, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, light-reddish-brown. Tyre vocauity (of Carex varia Muhl. on which C. artitecta is based) : ‘Hab, in America boreali”; by Willdenow, ‘‘Habitat in pensylvania,” Disrerution: Dry soil, in caleareous districts, Vermont to Iowa, and southward to South Carolina, Tennessee, and Oklahoma. (Specimens examined from Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode 190 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, South Carolina, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma.) . ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 796; ed. 2. f. 962; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 451; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Uuu, f. 167; Bot. Gaz. 21: pl. 1 (left hand). Note: See Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 490. 1908. 214. Carex albicans Willd.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 818. 1826. “Carex alpestris All.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 7: 268. 1824. (Type from Williamstown, Massa- chusetts.) (Not C. alpestris All. 1785.) Carex Davisii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 279. 1826. (Type from Williamstown, Massachusetts.) Not C. Davisii Schw. & Torr. 1825. a Carex Emmonsii Dewey; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 411. 1836. (Based on C. Davisii Dewey.) Carex varia var. minor Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 223. 1839. (In part, as far as based on C, Emmonsti Dewey.) Carex Novae-Angliae var. Emmonsii Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 556. 1848. (Based on C. Emmonsii Dewey.) Carex lucorum var. Emmonsii Chapm. Fl. S. U.S. 539. 1860. (Based on C. Emmonsti Dewey.) Carex pilulifera f. americana Bock. Linnaea 41:216. 1877. (In part, 7. e.,as toC. Emmonsii Dewey.) Carex varia var. Emmonsii W. Stone, Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: 304. 1912. (Based on C. Emmonsti Dewey.) Densely and closely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the rootstocks very short, brownish, scaly and fibrillose, the culms 3—25 cm. high, very slender, weak and soon decumbent, sharply triangular above and roughened beneath head, central and phyllopodic, usually much shorter than but sometimes exceeding the leaves, reddish-purple at base and bearing several to many long-bladed dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots few, elongate, aphyllopodic, mostly central, the well-developed leaves towards the top, the lower sheaths tight, but little filamentose; fertile culms bearing several leaves of the year with well-developed blades, all on the lower fourth, the blades erect-ascending, short, 1-3 cm. long, 0.5—1.5 mm. wide, canalic- ulate, green, not stiff, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, concave at mouth, the ligule short; basal blades and those of the sterile shoots up to 2.5 dm. long and up to 2.5 mm. wide; staminate spike sessile, usually inconspicuous, 2-8 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, few-flowered to rather many-flowered, the scales oblong-obovate, tapering and cucullate at tip, acute to short-cuspidate, rather loose, the midvein extending to tip and there rough, purplish-tinged, with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, sessile, closely aggre- gated or the lowest somewhat remote, suborbicular or short-oblong, 2-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, 4-10-flowered with ascending perigynia; basal spikes absent; bracts sheathless, the lowest squamiform, purplish-tinged and hyaline-margined at base, much shorter than head, the upper scale-like; scales oblong-obovate, as long as perigynia but narrower above, usually cuspidate, purplish-tinged with broad green center and hyaline margins, the midvein sharp; perigynia narrowly obovoid, 2.75-3.25 mm. long, 2-ridged, otherwise nerveless, obtusely triangular, the body 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 1—1.25 mm. wide, pubescent, membranaceous, dull-olive-green or yellowish-green, completely filled by achene, stipitate, contracted into a spongy base 0.5 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a slender beak 0.5-1 mm. long, hyaline-tipped, shallowly bidentate; achenes obovoid, suborbicular, triangular with convex sides, brownish-black with lighter angles, minutely pitted, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, short-tapering at base, minutely apiculate; style slender, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, light-reddish- brown. TYPE Loca.iry: “‘Carolina.”’ DistRipuTIon: Dry woodland, acid soils, mostly on the coastal plain, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia to Florida; also around the Great Lakes. (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois.) ? ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. H, f. 25 (C. Davisii); Boott, Ill. Carex 97. pl. 286; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 26, f. 9. Nore: See Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 489. 1908. 215. Carex physorhyncha Liebm.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 219. 1855. Carex rhynchophysa Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V,2: 264. 1850. (Type from Mexico.) Not C. rhynchophysa C. A. Meyer, 1844. Carex varia var. australis L.. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 17: 153. 1892. (Type from Tupelo, Mississippi.) Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 191 Culms loosely cespitose, freely long-stoloniferous, the slender stolons often 8 cm. long, brownish, scaly, the culms slender, but erect, phyllopodic, reddened and fibrillose at base, 1.5—3.5 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular and roughened above, conspicuously clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, the lower sheaths sometimes breaking ventrally and becoming filamentose; leaves with well- developed blades usually 4~7 to a fertile culm, on the lower fourth, the blades light-green, flat or canaliculate, with slightly revolute margins, 1.75—2.75 mm. wide, the lower usually 1-2 dm. long, the upper much shorter, roughened towards the attenuate apex and on the margins, the sheaths concave at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike solitary, sessile, linear, 5-8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the scales ovate, acute, with broad hyaline margins, and greenish 3-nerved center, and narrow intermediate light-reddish-purple or yellowish-brown zone; pistillate spikes usually four (3 or 4), the upper approximate and sessile, the lower somewhat remote (6-15 mm. distant) and short-peduncled or sessile, none basal, short-oblong or sub- orbicular, 4-7 mm. long, about 3-5 mm _ wide, containing 6-12 appressed-erect perigynia closely packed in several rows; lowest bract squamiform, not sheathing, from much shorter than to exceeding inflorescence, narrowly hyaline-margined at base, the upper much reduced; scales ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, as wide below and nearly as long as perigynia, with hyaline margins, 3-nerved green center, and sometimes a narrow intermediate purplish zone; perigynia narrowly obovoid, 2.5—3 mm. long, a little more than 1 mm. wide, the body 1.5 mm. long, obtusely triangular, puberulent, 2-ridged, otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, light- green, completely filled by achene, strongly stipitate, abruptly contracted into a spongy base and into a beak half the length of the body, hyaline, whitish-tipped, shallowly bidentate; achenes broadly obovoid, triangular, with convex sides, minutely pitted, 1.5 mm. long, nearly 1 mm. wide, tapering at base, truncate and minutely apiculate at apex; style slender, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, light-reddish-brown. Tyre Loca.ity (of C. rhynchophysa Liebm., on which C. physorhyncha is based): Mexico. DistRIBuTION: Dry soil, South Carolina, Arkansas, and Oklahoma to Hidalgo. (Specimens ex- amined from South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Hidalgo.) 216. Carex nigromarginata Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:68. 1824. a var. nigromarginata Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 539. 1860. (Based on C. nigromarginata w. Cespitose and short-stoloniferous, the rootstocks slender, scaly, the stolons short, as- cending, the culms 2-10 cm. high, much exceeded by the leaves, triangular, rough on the angles, dark-reddish-purple and strongly fibrillose at base, the basal leaves very long, the culms central, unequal in length, several together, the sterile shoots lateral, elongate, reddish- purple at base, the sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; basal leaves very long and conspicuous, the blades 1.5—4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. (rarely 1 mm.) wide, flat or channeled at base, green, rather stiff, very rough, those of the fertile culms shorter, often much reduced, the sheaths truncate at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike solitary, sessile, 5-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, the scales obovate, short-cuspidate to obtusish, purplish-brown with greenish midrib and narrow hyaline margin; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, sessile, erect, contiguous or the lower slightly separate, the upper at the base of the sessile staminate spike, orbicular or ovoid-orbicular, 4-7 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, closely flowered, with about 6-15 ascending perigynia; basal spikes absent; bract of lower spike well-developed, squamiform, sheathless, green, enlarged and hyaline at base, attenuate, 5-25 mm. long, and from shorter than to exceeding the inflorescence, 1.5 mm. wide at base, the upper bracts similar but shorter; scales oblong-ovate or ovate, short-cuspidate to acutish, wider than and from slightly shorter to slightly longer than and largely concealing the perigynia, with a broad light-colored center and usually strongly dark-purpliso margin, the edges narrowly white-hyaline, or at times in un- developed specimens the margin narrow and inconspicuous; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, the body oval, 1.75-2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, somewhat compressed, obtusely triangular in cross-section, sparsely short-pubescent, 2-ridged, otherwise nerveless, mem- 192 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA {[VoLuME 18 branaceous, dull-green or yellowish-green, completely filled by achene, strongly stipitate, taper- ing into a spongy base, 0.75 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a beak 1 mm. long, slender, shallowly bidentate, hyaline at the orifice; achenes triangular with slightly convex sides and narrow angles, oval, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, brown, abruptly substipitate, abruptly minutely apiculate; style very short, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. TYPE Loca.ity: ‘‘Carol.”’ DIsTRIBUTION: Dry woods, acid soils, Florida to Louisiana, and northward to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and Connecticut. (Specimens examined from Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, southeastern Missouri.) I_tustrations: Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. H, f. 27; Boott, Ill. Carex 99. pl. 296; Britt. & Brown, IIl. Fl. f. 800; ed. 2. f. 967; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 447. 217. Carex floridana Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:66. 1824. Vignea floridana Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex floridana Schw.) Carex lucorum var. floridana Chapm., Fl. S. U. S. 539. 1860. (Based on C. floridana Schw.) Carex nigromarginata var. subdigyna Bock. Linnaea 41: 220. 1877. (Based on C. floridana Schw.) Carex nigromarginata var. floridana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 444. 1909. (Based on C. floridana Schw.) ‘ In small clumps, sending forth very long, slender, horizontal stolons, the culms very slender and capillary, triangular, weakly erect or spreading, from very short to 2 dm. high, roughened above, exceeded by the leaves, brown and sparingly fibrillose at base, the basal leaves very long, the culms unequal in length, central, several together; sterile culms lateral, elongate, reddish-purple at base, the sheaths not filamentose; leaves largely basal, those on the culms bladeless or short-bladed, the basal blades flat or canaliculate, long-persistent, thickish, gray-green, 2-3 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, rough, the sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike solitary, terminal (but exceeded by the contiguous pistillate spikes), very short and inconspicuous, few-flowered, sessile, 3-5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, the closely appressed scales lanceolate, obtuse, with green midrib and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, sessile, very close together, short-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, 4-8-flowered, the perigynia appressed-ascending; bracts squamiform, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, white-hyaline with green midrib, acuminate or cuspidate, shorter than the subtended spike; scales ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate to obtusish, white-hyaline with green midrib, at most moderately dark-margined, rather wider than but slightly shorter than the perigynia and nearly concealing them; perigynia spindle-shaped, 3.25 mm. long, puberulent, membranaceous, grayish-green, 2-ridged but otherwise nerveless, the body oval, compressed- orbicular in cross-section, completely filled by the achene, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, strongly stipitate, tapering to a spongy base 1 mm. long, contracted into a slender beak 0.75 mm. long, the orifice hyaline, obliquely cut, entire or nearly so; achenes lenticular, oblong- elliptic, 1.75-2 mm. long, 0.75-1 mm. wide, brown, rounded and substipitate at base, abruptly minutely apiculate; style slender, slightly enlarged at base, short, jointed with achene, de- ciduous; stigmas two, slender, light-brown, rather short. Type Locatity: ‘Le Conte, Florida’; and, more definitely: ‘‘In the sands of East Florida. Communicated by Capt. Le Conte of the U. S. Army.” (Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 306. 1825.) DIsTRIBUTION: Dry woods, Georgia and Florida to Texas. (Specimens examined from Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas.) InLustrations: Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: pl. 28, f. 1; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. G, f. 22, 23; Boott, Ill. Carex 100. pl. 297. Note: Carex nigromarginata Schw. occasionally has light-colored scales when growing in dense shade. It is probably such a specimen which is the basis of the record of Carex floridana from Vir- ginia given by Kiikenthal in Engler, (Pflanzenreich 4%: 445), from which is taken the stat ti Britton & Brown (Ill. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 393). oe oa 218. Carex turbinata Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. Win2ee2O55) 1850: Carex varia f. Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 1: 364. 1881. (Based on C. turbinata Liebm.) Loosely cespitose, from stoutish, woody, short-elongate, brownish rootstocks, sending Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 193 forth ascending or rather short-creeping horizontal stolons, the culms slender, erect, 2.3-5 dm. high, sharply triangular, very rough above, much exceeding the leaves, very conspicuously fibrillose and brownish-tinged at base, strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year strongly developed; sterile shoots central and phyllopodic or lateral and aphyllopodic; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 5-8 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base or on the lower third, the blades erect or ascending, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, firm, thickish, deep-green, channeled on the upper side, the margins revolute, slenderly long-attenuate, very rough towards the tip, the tip sharply triangular, the sheaths smooth dor- sally, whitish ventrally, the ligule very short, much wider thaa long; staminate spike solitary, linear, short-peduncled, 1-2 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales appressed, oblong-obovate, obtusish, acute, or cuspidate, reddish-brown or purplish-brown with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the upper approximate, the lower more or less strongly separate, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, oblong to short-orbicular, 5-12 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 5-15, ascending in few rows; lowest bracts leaflet-like, narrow, 1-2 mm. wide, sheathless or nearly so, slightly colored at base, exceeding culm, the upper reduced; scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to cuspidate, rounded on back or little keeled, firm, smooth or nearly so, narrower than perigynia above and normally slightly shorter but sometimes somewhat longer, reddish-brown, with green, strongly 3-ribbed center, and hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, 3.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, the body nearly globose, suborbicular in cross-section, puberulent or short-pubescent, membranaceous, dull-green or straw-colored, 2-keeled and many-nerved, stipitate, abruptly contracted into a conspicuous spongy base 0.5 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a short beak 0.5 mm. long, erect, broad-conic, 2-edged, not serrulate, with hyaline or more or less colored bidentate tip; achenes suborbicular, triangular with convex sides and prominent blunt angles, closely en- veloped, filling body of perigynium, 1.75 mm. long and nearly as wide, dull-yellowish-brown, puncticulate, substipitate, truncate and short-bent-apiculate, jointed with the very short style; stigmas three, blackish, slender, long. Type Loca.ity: ‘“Fandtesi Dep. Oajaca i Central-Cordillerernes tempererte Region ved Yalala Juni.”” Mexico. DisTRrBuTION: Mountains of central Mexico (Hidalgo, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Federal District). (Speci- mens examined from Hidalgo, Jalisco, Federal District.) Nore: This is a more tall and slender plant than Carex leucodonta; the pistillate scales are firmer, less keeled, shorter, wider and conspicuously reddish-brown tinged; the staminate spike is shorter; the beak of the perigynium bidentate and more two-edged; and the perigynia are narrower and less strongly ribbed. 219. Carex leucodonta Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 461. 1903. Carex varia var. W. Boott; S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 18:172. 1883. (From San Luis Potosi, Mexico.) Carex varia var. arizonica L. H. Bailey, Cat. N. Am. Car. 4, name only. 1884. (Type from Arizona.) Carex rigens L.. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 9: 117. 1884. (Type from Arizona.) Not C. rigens Thuill. 1799; nor C. rigens Boott, 1859. Loosely cespitose, from stoutish, woody, short-elongate, brownish rootstocks, sending forth ascending or rather short-creeping horizontal stolons, the culms slender but strict, 2-4 dm. high, sharply triangular, roughened above, much exceeding the leaves, conspicuously fibrillose and brownish-tinged at base, strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year strongly developed; sterile shoots central and phyllopodic or lateral and aphyllopodic; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 5-8 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades erect or recurving, usually 1-2 dm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, firm, thickish, dull- green, channeled on upper side, the margins revolute, slenderly long attenuate, very rough towards the sharply triangular tip, the sheaths smooth dorsally, whitish ventrally, the ligule very short, much wider than long; staminate spike solitary, linear, short-peduncled, 1-3 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales appressed, oblong-obovate, acutish or even obtuse to short- awned, white-hyaline with 3-nerved greenish center, sometimes slightly purplish-brown or reddish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the upper approximate, the lower more or less strongly separate, sessile or very short-peduncled, erect, orbicular to short-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 4-10, ascending in few rows; lowest bracts 194 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 leaflet-like, sheathless or nearly so, somewhat scarious-margined at base, but not colored, from slightly exceeding to shorter than the culm; upper bracts reduced; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to short-awned, thin, sharply keeled, the keel often rough, narrower but usually longer than perigynia, whitish-hyaline with 3-nerved green center; perigynia obovoid, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm. wide, the body nearly globose, suborbicular in cross-section, puberulent or short- pubescent, membranaceous, dull-green or straw-colored, 2-keeled and many-ribbed, stipitate, abruptly contracted into a conspicuous spongy base, 0.5 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a short beak 0.5 mm. long, erect, cylindric, not 2-edged nor serrulate, with hyaline, very shallowy bidentate tip; achenes suborbicular, triangular with convex sides and prominent blunt angles, closely enveloped, filling body of perigynium, 2 mm. long and nearly as wide, silvery-brownish, puncticulate, substipitate, truncate, and short-apiculate, jointed’ with the very short style; stigmas three, slender, blackish, long. TYPE Loca.ity (of C. rigens L.. H. Bailey and C. varia var. arizonica L. H. Bailey, on which C. leucodonta is based): Tanner’s Canyon, South Arizona (Lemmon 2904). DISTRIBUTION: Dry mountainsides, southern Arizona (Santa Rita Mountains) to Chihuahua. (Sierra Madre), and San Luis Potosi. (Specimens examined showing range as given.) 220. Carex communis L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:41. 1889. “Carex varia Muhl.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 162. 1826. Corer aria ek pedicellata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 163. 1826. (Type from western Massa- chusetts. Carex pennsylvanica var. Muhlenbergit A. Gray (N. Am. Gram. 163. 1835); Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 410. 1836. (As to plant described cnly; ) “Carex pennsylvanica Lam.’ Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 410. 1836. Carex varia var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 97. Pe 289. 1860. (Based on C. varia Muhl.) Carex communis var. W. heeleri L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 41. 1889. (Type from Ionia County, Michigan.) Carex pennsylvanica var. nebulosa Barratt; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:77, assynonym. 1889. (Type from Connecticut.) Carex pedicellata Britton; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 5: 87. 1894. (Based on C. varia var. pedicellata Dewey.) Carex pedicellata var. Wheeleri Britton; L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 5:88. 1894. (Based on C. communis var. Wheeleri 1. H. Bailey.) “Carex pilulifera 1." Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 503. 1902. “Carex pilulifera var. longibracteata Lange’ Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 504. 1902. Carex communis var. gynandra Farwell, Am. Mid]. Nat.12:52. 1930. (Type from Livonia, Michigan.) Loosely cespitose, without long horizontal stolons, but with short, ascending, branching, scaly, reddish-purple rootstocks; culms 1.5—5 dm. high, slender and rather weak, rarely very short, mostly lateral and aphyllopodic, but the terminal central and phyllopodic, sharply triangular and very rough on the angles above, from much shorter than to exceeded by the leaves, strongly purplish-red and not conspicuously fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots numerous, strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well developed blades several to each fertile culm, near the base, the blades light-green, flat, thin, and rather flaccid, 2-5 ecm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, rough especially towards the short-acuminate apex and on the margins, the sheaths concave at mouth, the lower breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule longer than wide, conspicuous, blades of sterile shoots and old leaf-blades 2.5-4 mm. wide, from very short to 3 dm. long, staminate spike solitary, linear, from sessile to noticeably peduncled, 4-18 mm. long, 0.75-2 mm. wide, the scales obovate-oblong, obtuse to acute, the margins white-hyaline, the 3-nerved center green or straw-colored and the inter- mediate portion reddish-brown; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the upper one or two approximate and sessile or nearly so, the lowermost somewhat separate and short-peduncled, none basal, the spikes oblong-orbicular, 4-8 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, rather closely flowered and usually containing 3-10 ascending perigynia in several rows; lowest bract squamiform or leaflet-like, sheathless or nearly so, usually well-developed and from shorter than to exceeding the inflores- cence, narrowly hyaline-margined and purplish-tinged at base; upper bracts much reduced or scale-like; scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate to obtuse, exceeded by or somewhat exceeding perigynia, reddish-purple with 3-nerved green center and narrowly hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, the body puberulent, 2-keeled, but otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, light-green, closely enveloping the achene, obtusely triangular in cross- ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 195 section, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the body very short-oval or suborbicular, stipitate, abruptly contracted into a spongy base 0.75 mm. long and into a flattish bidentate beak 0.5 mm. long; achenes broadly obovoid, triangular with convex sides, light-brown with lighter angles, minutely pitted, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, short-tapering at base, truncate and short-bent- apiculate at apex; style slender, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender. TYPE Loca.ity: Sartwell 108, from Penn Yan, New York, is taken as the type. DistTRiBpuTION: Dry woodlands, usually on rocky ledges, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, and south- ward to Georgia, Kentucky, and Arkansas. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Minne- sota, Indiana, Kentucky, Iowa, Arkansas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 97. pl. 288, 289 (as Carex varia); Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 450; Britt. & Brown IIl. Fl. f. 794; ed. 2 - f. 960. 221. Carex inops L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: i126. 1886. Carex pennsylvanica var. vespertina L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:74. 1889. (Type from Cas- eades of the Columbia.) Carex verecunda Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 461. 1903. (Based on C. inops L. H. Bailey.) Carex vespertina Howell, Fl. NW. Am. 1: 705. 1903. (Based on C. pennsylvanica var. vesperlina L. H. Bailey.) Densely cespitose, in small or large clumps, sending forth deep-seated, stoutish, reddish- brown, long, scaly, horizontal stolons, the culms 1.5—4 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves, slender but strict, sharply triangular, strongly roughened above, brownish-red and strongly fibrillose at base, phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, their basal sheaths breaking and sparingly filamentose; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 3-6 to a fertile culm, clustered towards the base, the blades erect or ascending, dull-green, thin but firm, channeled towards base, usually 3-6 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, very rough, attenuate, the margins revolute; sterile-culm leaf-blades 5-25 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; sheaths nearly smooth dorsally, white-hyaline ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; staminate spike solitary, linear, many-flowered, 0.7-2.5 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide, sessile or short-peduncled, the scales oblong-obovate, dark- purplish or dark-chestnut in age, with straw-colored midrib and broad (or rarely narrow) shining white-hyaline margins, obtuse to acuminate, often erose at tip, not ciliate; pistillate spikes I—3, usually 2, approximate or somewhat separate, erect, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lowest short-peduncled, oblong to suborbicular, 5-14 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 4-15, ascending in several rows; lowest bract squamiform, shorter than culm, very short (1-4 mm. long), sheathing or sheathless, little or not at all reddened; upper bracts much shorter; scales oblong-ovate, acuminate or cuspidate, somewhat wider than to rather narrower than and from shorter to longer than the perigynia, dark-reddish-brown or in age dark-chestnut, with lighter 3-nerved center and broad (or rarely narrow) shining white margins; perigynia 3—4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, short-hispid, straw-colored or brownish-tinged or when young whitish, membranaceous, the body. globose or oval-globose, suborbicular in cross-section, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or obscurely nerved towards base, abruptly stip- itate, the stipe 0.5-1 mm. long, abruptly beaked, the beak 0.75-1.5 mm. long, deeply biden- tate, hyaline at mouth, the teeth erect, hyaline in age; achenes suborbicular, triangular with convex sides and conspicuous angles, 2 mm. long, and about as wide, very closely enveloped, filling body of perigynium, substipitate, truncate at apex and minutely apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas three, slender, long, dark-colored. ‘Tyre LocaLity: Mt. Hood, Oregon (Henderson). DistripuTion: Dry soil, chiefly in the Cascade mountains, from British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Siskiyou County, California. (Specimens examined from British Col- umbia, including Vancouver Island, Washington, Oregon, northern California.) ILLusTRaATIONS: Erythea 8: 54. f. 25; PS ina Fl. Calif. 1: 226. f. 32, 7-1; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 183; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. ae ore: Carex inops Kunze (Suppl. iedgr. 205. 1851) isa name merely mentioned incidentally. 196 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 222. Carex heliophila Mackenzie, Torreya 13:15. 1913. Carex pennsylvanica var. digyna Bock. Linnaea 41: 220. 1877. (Type from Saskatchewan.) “Carex pennsylvanica Lam.’ Mackenzie & Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson Co. 50. 1902. “Carex pennsylvanica var. vespertina L. H. Bailey” Holm, in Rydb. Fl. Colo. 73. 1906. Carex pennsylvanica var. pinicola M. E. Jones, Bull. Univ. Mont. 61:21. 1910. (Type from Alta, Montana.) In small to medium-sized clumps, from slender but tough rootstocks, sending forth long, slender horizontal stolons, the culms 0.5-3.5 dm. high, exceeding all or most of the leaves, slender but stiff, wiry and erect, rough on the angles above, phyllopodic, reddish-brown-tinged and usually strongly fibrillose at base, and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots phyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, the blades erect, thin but firm and stiff, dull-green, channeled towards base, 4-20 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, attenuate, much roughened, the margins slightly revolute, the lower sheaths often breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate or occasionally with a few perigynia towards apex, 8-20 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, more or less peduncled, many-flowered, the scales oblong-obovate, the lower obtusish to acute or short cuspidate, the uppermost loose, narrow and conspicuously cuspidate and forming a short cone, reddish-brown with lighter center and more or less conspicuous white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, or rarely 3, from contiguous to more or less strongly separate, sub- orbicular and sessile or nearly so, 4-6 mm. long, closely flowered, the perigynia 5-15, ascending in several rows; lowest bract not sheathing, squamiform or occasionally green and prolonged, but shorter than culm, reddish-brown-tinged at base, the upper much reduced; scales ovate, obtuse to strongly cuspidate, usually acute or short-cuspidate, reddish-brown or tawny-tinged with lighter 1-3 nerved center and white-hyaline sides (but scarcely apex), from slightly longer to slightly shorter than, but not enveloping or concealing perigynia; perigynia 3.5 mm. long, the body puberulent or short-pubescent, dull-green, membranaceous, short-oval, 2.25—2.75 mm. long, 2—2.25 mm. wide, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, suborbicular in cross-section, abruptly strongly stipitate (the stipe 0.5 mm. long), spongy at base, abruptly contracted into a beak 0.75 mm. long, serrulate, strongly bidentate, the teeth slender; achenes triangular, with strongly convex sides and sharp angles, closely enveloped by perigynium, 2 mm. long, 1.75—2 mm. wide, round-tapering at base, substipitate, rounded at apex and minutely apiculate, jointed with the slender style, scarcely enlarged at base; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. Type LocaLity: Lee’s Summit, Jackson County, Missouri (Mackenzie). DISTRIBUTION: Prairies and plains in calcareous districts, Manitoba to Alberta, and southward to Illinois, Missouri, and New Mexico. (Specimens examined from Manitoba, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Alberta, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico.) ILLUSTRATION: Clements, Rocky Mt. FI. pl. 45, f. 13 (as C. pennsylvanica). 223. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Encyc. 3: 388. 1791. Carex marginata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 261. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Carex stolonifera Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:68. 1824. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Carex subbiflora Steud. Syn. Cyp. 234. 1855. (Type from North America.) Carex leucocarpa Bock. Flora 39: 227. 1856. (Type from ‘‘America septentrionalis.”’) Carex pennsylvanica var. marginata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 35: 59. 1863. (Based on C. mar- ginata Muhl.) Carex pennsylvanica {. bracteata Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46: 131. 1893. (Type from Voorheesville, New York.) Carex pennsylvanica f. paleacea Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46: 131. 1893. (Type from Karner, New York.) Carex pennsylvanica var. angustifolia Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46:131. 1893. (Type from Long Island, New York.) Carex pennsylvanica var. gracilifolia Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 174. 1897. (Based on C. pennsylvanica var. angustifolia Peck.) Carex pennsylvanica var. glumabunda Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 174. 1897. (Type from Albany County, New York.) Carex pennsylvanica f. gracilifolia ‘‘Peck’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 446. 1909. (Based on C. pennsylvanica var. gracilifolia Peck.) Carex pennsylvanica f. latifolia Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 446. 1909. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Carex pennsylvanica f. glumabunda ‘‘Peck’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 446. 1909. (Based on C. pennsylvanica var. gracilifolia Peck.) ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 197 Cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal, slender, scaly and fibrillose, reddish, the culms 5-40 cm. high, slender but erect, sharply triangular, from smooth to strongly roughened on the angles above and from shorter to much longer than the leaves, strongly reddish-purple at base, clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, and often strongly fibrillose, the sterile shoots lateral, elongate, strongly aphyllopodic, reddish-purple at base, the sheaths puberulent, breaking and becoming filamentose, fertile culms bearing from two to several leaves of the year with well-developed blades, the blades flat above, canaliculate towards base, light-green or dark-green, from very short to 3 cm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, the basal blades and those of the sterile shoots up to 3 dm. long and up to 3.5 mm. wide, often strongly roughened especially towards the attenuate apex; sheaths concave at mouth, wider than long, the ligule short; terminal spike staminate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, 8-20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales numerous, closely appressed, oblong-obovate, very obtuse to short-acuminate or short-cuspidate, the uppermost scarcely forming a cone, reddish-brown or straw-colored, with lighter center and usually conspicuous white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes I—4 (usually 2 or 3), sessile, contiguous or noticeably separate, from suborbicular to ob- long, 3-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, containing 4-20 ascending perigynia; basal spikes absent; bracts squamiform, not sheathing, enlarged at base, the margins (at least at base) hyaline and usually tinged with reddish-brown, the lower shorter than culm, the upper much shorter; scales broadly ovate to lanceolate, obtusish to acuminate, from narrower to wider than and from somewhat shorter than to exceeding the perigynia, reddish-purple with lighter center or midvein and white-hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, the body suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long and about as wide, obtusely triangular in cross-section, short-pubescent or puberulent, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, dull-green or yellowish-green, completely filled by achene, strongly stipitate, abruptly contracted into the spongy base 0.5- 0.75 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a short beak 0.5—0.75 mm. long, usually shallowly bidentate, hyaline and often purplish-tinged at orifice; achenes obovoid, triangular with convex sides and narrow angles, brown, minutely pitted, 1-5.2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, substipitate, minutely apiculate; style short, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. Type Loca.ity: ‘‘Cette plante croit dans la Pensylvanie, la nouvelle Yorck.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Dry, often sterile soil, in sunny places or open woodlands, Nova Scotia to North Dakota, and southward to South Carolina, Tennessee, and Iowa. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Col- umbia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Ind- iana, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota.) ILLusTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Lil, f. 143; Boott, Ill. Carex 98. pl. 290, 291 (except figures labeled C. lucorum); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 795; ed. 2. f. 961; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 453; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 26, f. 12; Goodale, Wild Fl. Am. pl. 9; Knobel, Grasses, pl. 27, f. 44; Francis, Grasses, 307. 224. Carex lucorum Willd. (Enum. Suppl. 63, name only. 1813); Link, Enum. 2: 380. 1822. Carex michigansis Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book ed. 1861. 765. 1861. (Type from Michigan.) Carex pennsylvanica var. Bock. Linnaea 41: 220. 1877. (Based on C. lucorum Willd.) Carex pennsylvanica var. distans Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 46: 131. 1893. (Type from Leroyville, New York.) Carex pennsylvanica var. separans Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 174. 1897. (Based on C. pennsylvanica var. distans Peck.) ina” + elataeatta var. lucorum Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 505. 1902. (Based on C. lucorum illd. Carex pennsylvanica {. separans ‘‘Peck"’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 446. 1909. (Based on C. pennsylvanica var. separans Peck.) Cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal, slender, scaly and fibrillose, usually reddish, the culms 1-3 dm. high, slender but erect, sharply triangular, roughened on angles above, from much exceeding to shorter than the leaves, strongly reddish-purple at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, often strongly fibrillose, the sterile shoots lateral, elongate, strongly aphyllopodic, reddish-purple at base, the sheaths puberulent and breaking and becoming filamentose; fertile culms with 2~several leaves of the 198 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 year with well-developed blades, the leaves flat or canaliculate, deep-green, from very short to 3 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, the basal blades and those of the sterile shoots up to 3 dm. long and up to 3.5 mm. wide, often strongly roughened especially towards the attenuate apex; sheaths concave or truncate at mouth, the ligule short, wider than long; staminate spike terminal, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, obclavate-linear, 1.2—2 cm. long, 2.5—3 mm. wide, the scales numerous, closely appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, purplish with lighter midvein and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, sessile or short-peduncled, contiguous, suborbicular to short-oblong, 4-12 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, containing 4-10 ascending or in age spreading-ascending perigynia; basal spikes absent; bracts squamiform, not sheathing, enlarged at base, the margins at base hyaline and usually tinged with reddish- purple, the lower shorter than the head, the upper much shorter; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate, about width of and exceeding perigynia, reddish-purple with lighter center or midvein and white-hyaline margins; perigynia 3.5-4 mm. long, the body suborbic- ular, 1.5 mm. long and about as wide, obtusely triangular in cross-section, pubescent-puberu- lent (sometimes sparsely so), 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, dull-green or yellowish-green, completely filled by achene, stipitate, abruptly contracted into a spongy base 0.5-0.75 mm. long and into a long beak 1.5-1.75 mm. slender, bidentate, hyaline and purplish-tinged at orifice; achenes obovoid-orbicular, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, with convex sides and narrow angles, brown, minutely pitted, substipitate, very minutely apiculate; style slender, slightly enlarged at base, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, very slender, brown. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. in America boreali.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Dry open woodlands, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, and southward to North Caro- lina (in the mountains). (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Kunze Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 39; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 454; Boott, Ill. Carex 98. pl. 291 (figures named C. lucorum). 225. Carex globosa Boott, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1: 259. 1845; Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 125. 1846. tte ead var. globosa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 453. 1909. (Based on C. globosa oott. Clumps medium-sized, from short-elongate, tough but rather slender, branching root- stocks, the culms 15-40 cm. high, phyllopodic, very slender or capillary, exceeding or shorter than leaves, triangular, roughened above, strongly fibrillose and more or less reddened at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous, strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 5-8 to a fertile culm, the lowest clustered, the upper more or less widely separate, the blades flat above with revolute margins, channeled and keeled towards base, thin but firm, light-green, varying in length from 3 cm. to 3 dm. (on sterile culms), 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, long- attenuate, strongly roughened; the sheaths short-hispidulous dorsally, breaking and becoming filamentose ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, erect, short- peduncled, 0.7—2 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, closely many-flowered, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute, purplish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 4-6, the upper 2 or 3 approximate, erect, sessile or a little peduncled, the lower nearly basal, widely separated, on very long weak capillary peduncles, 5-10 mm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, short-oblong or suborbicular, closely flowered, the perigynia 4-10, ascending, in few rows; bracts leaflet-like, shorter than to little exceeding culm, little sheathing, narrowly hyaline- margined, occasionally purplish-tinged at base; scales ovate, obtuse to cuspidate, purplish with wide 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline margins, somewhat wider and longer than or almost the length of the perigynia; perigynia globose or nearly so, 4-5 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, puberulent or short-pubescent, membranaceous, 2-keeled and finely many-ribbed on outer face, suborbicular in cross-section, prominently long stipitate, abruptly narrowed to base, abruptly beaked at apex, the beak 0.75-1.25 mm. long, serrulate, strongly bidentate; achenes obtusely triangular with convex sides and prominent angles, closely enveloped, ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 199 short-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, short-stipitate, round-tapering at base, truncate at apex and slightly apiculate, jointed with the stoutish style; stigmas three, slender, long. Type Loca.ity: “‘Hab. in California, Nuttall.” DISTRIBUTION: Coastal counties of California, from San Diego County northward to Sonoma County; Santa Barbara Islands. (Specimens examined showing range as given.) ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 769. 226. Carex Brainerdii Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 534. 1913. In large clumps, from interwoven, branched, woody, slender, more or less elongate root- stocks, the culms from very short to 30 cm. high, phyllopodic, reddened and slightly fibrillose at base, much exceeded by the leaves, erect, very slender, sharply triangular, very rough; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, the blades firm, light-green, keeled below, channeled above or nearly flat towards apex, the margins slightly revolute, those of the fertile culms short, of the sterile up to 40 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, much roughened on both sides and averaging wider than those of the fertile culms; the sheaths whitish ventrally, breaking, very sparingly filamentose, slightly hispidulous dorsally, the ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, slender, 5-12 mm. long, 0.5-2 mm. wide, sessile or short-peduncled or strongly peduncled, loosely 5—15- flowered, the scales lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, chestnut-brown, becoming reddish-brown in age, with 1—3-nerved green center and broad hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 4-6, closely 1—6-flowered, the upper 2 or 3 and the staminate one approximate, sessile or short-peduncled, erect, the others nearly basal, widely separated and strongly pe- duncled (the erect peduncles not very elongate), the zigzag rachis often terminating in a sterile flower, the perigynia ascending in few rows; bracts of upper spikes well-developed, green, hyaline-margined and chestnut-tinged at base, all or only the lowest exceeding culm, the lower more or less strongly sheathing, the upper sheathless or nearly so; scales ovate or ovate- lanceolate, cuspidate or long-awned, reddish-brown with 1—3-nerved green center and wide, strongly white-hyaline margins, usually slightly longer but narrower than the perigynia; perigynia 4.5 mm. long, softly short-pubescent, membranaceous, light-green, in age becoming straw-colored, usually reddish-brown-tinged, the body oval, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, strongly 2-keeled, finely many-ribbed on outer face, nearly orbicular in cross-section, strongly stipitate, the stipe 1 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a beak 1 mm. long, serrulate, hyaline- tipped, bidentate; achenes triangular with strongly convex sides and prominent angles, very closely enveloped, 2.25 mm. long, nearly 1.75 mm. wide, short-stipitate, round-tapering at base, truncate at apex and slightly apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas three, slender, long. Type Locauity: El Dorado County, California (Brainerd 121). DistriBuTIoN: In the Sierra Nevada of California, from El Dorado County north to Siskiyou County, and in southern Oregon. (Specimens examined from southern Oregon, California.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 55. f. 26; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 226, f. 33, a-c; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 184; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 770. 227. Carex deflexa Hornem. Dansk. Oecon. Pl. ed. 3. 1: 938. 1821. Carex varia var. minor Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am, 2: 223, in part. 1839. (As far as based on Boott’s ‘“C. Novae-Angliae Schw.’’) Carex pilulifera var, deflexa Drej. Nat. Tidssk. 3: 472. 1841. (Based on C. deflexa Hornem.) “Carex Novae-Angliae Schw.” Boott, Ill. Carex 96, in part. 1860. Carex pilulifera {. Bock. Linnaea 41: 216. 1877. (Based on C. deflexa Hornem.) weg Evade var. americana Bock. Linnaea 41: 216. 1877. (As to Boott’s “C. Novae-Angliae w."’) Carex deflexa var. Deanei L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:42. 1889. (Type from New England.) Loosely cespitose, in small, medium-sized, or large clumps, the rootstocks slender, hori- zontal or ascending obliquely, freely branching, the culms 2-24 cm. high, very slender or capillary, usually exceeded by the leaves, triangular, slightly compressed, smooth or nearly so, aphyllopodic, strongly purplish-red-tinged, but not fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year often conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, long; leaves with well-devel- 200 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 oped blades several to a fertile culm, inserted towards the base, the blades ascending or erect, deep-green, thin, not stiff, channeled towards base, flat above, with slightly revolute margins, usually less than 6 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened on the margins and to- wards the apex, the upper much longer, the lower much reduced; leaves of the sterile culms more numerous and with longer and somewhat wider blades; sheaths smooth, the lower breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule about as long as wide; staminate spike solitary, erect, ses- sile or nearly so, 2-5 mm. long, 0.5—-1 mm. wide, inconspicuous and often exceeded by the closely contiguous pistillate spikes, the scales oblong-obovate, closely appressed, acute to cuspidate, purplish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper one or two erect, approximate, sessile or short-peduncled, suborbicular or short-oblong, 2-6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 2—8, ascending in few rows, the lower nearly basal, erect on long capillary peduncles, slightly larger; lower bract of uppermost spikes 5-10 mm. long, leaflet-like, sheathless, hardly colored at base, exceeding culm, the upper much shorter; scales ovate, acute, acuminate, or cuspidate, wider but shorter than the perigynia, purplish-brown or reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, the body broadly oval, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or nearly so, suborbicular, and obscurely triangular in cross-section, membranaceous, short-pubescent, green, strongly stipitate, tapering to a base 1 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a short (0.5 mm. long) beak, ciliate-serrulate, shallowly bidentate; achene triangular with convex sides (concave below) and prominent angles, closely enveloped, suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long, nearly as wide, short-tapering at base, truncate and minutely apiculate at apex, jointed with the short, straight, slender style, the latter somewhat enlarged at base; stigmas three, slender, rather long. TYPE LocaLity: Greenland. DISTRIBUTION: Dry open woodlands, Greenland to Alaska, and southward to Massachusetts, northern Michigan and British Columbia; erroneously recorded from Pennsylvania. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Ontario, Michigan, Manitoba, Mackenzie, British Columbia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 798; ed. 2. f. 965; Fl. Dan. pl. 3051; Boott, Ill. Carex 96. pl. 285 (as C. Novae-Angliae); Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 448; Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 448. f. 71, A-D; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 84. f. 60. 228. Carex brevipes W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 246. 1880. Carex globosa var. W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 485. 1880. (Based on C. brevipes W. Boott.) ores tee var. Boottii L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 43. 1889. (Based on C. brevipes W. oott. Carex Rossii ‘oa brevipes Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%; 452. 1909. (Based on C. brevipes W. Boott. In dense clumps, from stout, matted, ascending rootstocks, without long horizontal stolons, the culms from very short to 18 cm. high, phyllopodic, reddish-purple-tinged and more or less strongly fibrillose at base, the longer exceeding the leaves, the shorter hidden at their base, erect, slender, triangular, roughened above; sterile culms conspicuous, elongate, aphyl- lopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, the blades thin but firm, green, channeled at base, flat above, with slightly revolute margins, up to 15 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, roughened towards apex, long-tapering; sheaths smooth dorsally, little or not at all breaking or filamentose ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, slender, short-peduncled or sessile, 4-12 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, several- to many-flowered, the scales rather loose, oblong-obovate to ovate, acute to cuspidate, reddish-brown or light- purplish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3-5, closely 6-20-flowered, the upper one or two approximate, erect, from sessile to strongly peduncled, the others widely separated, basal, long-peduncled, the perigynia in several rows, ascending; bract of lower non-basal spike leaflet-like, exceeding inflorescence, green, slightly purplish-auricled at base; scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, purplish-brown with broad 3- nerved center and narrow hyaline margins, about width of but shorter than mature perigynia, exposing the upper part; perigynia small, 2.5 to nearly 3 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 mm. wide, green, puberulent, the body little longer than wide, suborbicular and obscurely triangular in cross- Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 201 section, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, more or less strongly stipitate, abruptly contracted into a slender beak 0.25-0.75 mm. long, ciliate-serrulate, slightly colored or hyaline-tipped, shallowly bidentate; achenes triangular with strongly convex sides and conspicuous angles, closely enveloped, 1.5—2 mm. long, round-tapering and stipitate at base, truncate and short- apiculate at apex, jointed with the short, straight, slender style; stigmas three, slender. TYPE Locatity: “‘In the Sierra Nevada; Lake Tahoe to Bear Valley, Kellogg.” DISTRIBUTION: From Washington southward in the mountains, especially in the Sierra Nevada, to southern California. (Specimens examined from California, Oregon, Washington.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 771. Nore: Possibly best treated as a variety of Carex Rossii Boott. 229. Carex Rossii Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 222. 1839. Carex pennsylvanica var. (no. 2). Bock, Linnaea 41: 220. 1877. (Based on C. Rossii Boott.) Carex Novae-Angliae var. Rossii L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 207. 1885. (Based on C. Rossii Boott.) Carex Novae-Angliae var. deflexa L,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 124. 1886. (Type from west- ern United States.) Carex deflexa var. Rossii L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:43. 1889. (Based on C. Rossii Boott.) Carex deflexa var. media L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club. 1:43. 1889. (Based on C. Novae-A ngliae var. deflexa L.. H. Bailey.) Not C. media R. Br. 1823. Carex deflexa var. Farwellii Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 334. 1896. (Based on C. deflexa var. media L. H. Bailey.) Carex Farwellii Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 244. 1910. (Based on C. deflexa var. Farwellii Britton.) Clumps medium-sized, more or less densely cespitose, without long horizontal stolons, the rootstocks stout, lignescent, branching, ascending; culms 5-30 cm. high, slender but erect and strict, usually exceeding the leaves, triangular, slightly roughened above, strongly reddish- purple-tinged at base, the sterile shoots mostly conspicuous, elongate, aphyllopodic; fertile culms bearing several leaves with well-developed blades inserted towards the base, the blades ascending, usually less than 6 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, thin but firm, deep-green to light-green, slightly channeled above, the margins very slightly revolute, roughened on the margins and towards the apex, long-attenuate; leaves of sterile culms more numerous and with longer and somewhat wider blades; sheaths minutely hispidulous dorsally, little or not at all breaking or filamentose ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; staminate spike sessile or short-pe- duncled, erect, 3-15 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, exceeding the contiguous pistillate spike, the scales oblong-obovate, closely appressed, obtuse to cuspidate, reddish-brown with 3- ribbed green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3-5, the upper 1 or 2 erect, sessile or short-peduncled, approximate or somewhat separate, the lower widely separated, nearly basal, erect, on slender, often long peduncles, suborbicular or short-oblong, 3-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 3-15, ascending in few rows on the flexuous rachis; lower bract leaflet-like, normally exceeding culm, 0.5—5 cm. long, little if at all sheathing and hardly colored at base, the upper much shorter; scales ovate, acute to acuminate or cuspidate, or even awned, wider but shorter than the mature perigynia, greenish or reddish or purplish-brown, with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; perigynia 3-4.5 mm. long, short-pubescent, pale-green, membranaceous, the body 1.5-2.5 mm. long, 1 mm, wide, 2- keeled but otherwise nerveless or nearly so, stipitate, tapering to a base 0.5-1.5 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a conic beak 0.75-1.5 mm. long, ciliate-serrulate, deeply bidentate; achenes obovoid-orbicular, very closely enveloped, obtusely triangular with convex sides and prominent angles, stipitate and tapering at base, truncate at apex and short-apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas three, slender. Tyre LocaLity: Northwest coast of N. America (Douglas); Rocky Mountains (Drummond). DistrisuTion: Dry soil, mountains of Colorado to middle California, and northward to Yukon, eastward to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and locally to northern Michigan, (Specimens ex- amined from Michigan, Minnesota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, South Dakota, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Yukon, Wash- ington, Oregon, California.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 99. pl. 295; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 966; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 448. pl. 74, E-H; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 772; Clements, Rocky Mt. Fl. pl. 45, f. 14 (as C. umbellata). Nore: See Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 36) as to its being aphyllopodic. 202 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 230. Carex pityophila Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 545. 1913. “Carex Rossii Boott’’ Boott, Ill. Carex 99. 1860. (As to Fendler 889.) In large dense clumps, from matted, tough, ascending, forking, stoutish rootstocks, not stoloniferous, the culms from very short to 15 cm. high, slender, sharply triangular, very rough, much shorter than leaves and mostly hidden near their base, phyllopodic, reddish-brown and more or less fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades about 5-10 to a fertile culm, the blades erect, light-green, thin but stiffish, flat above with slightly revolute margins, channeled to- wards base, slender at flowering time, 2-25 cm. long, 0.75-1.5 mm. wide, attenuate, much roughened towards the apex, the sheaths concave at mouth, breaking and becoming filamentose, the ligule as wide as long; terminal spike staminate, slender, 4-8 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, more or less strongly peduncled, few to several-flowered, the scales ovate or obovate, obtuse to acute, 1-3-nerved, reddish-brown or purplish-brown with lighter midvein and conspicuous white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-5, usually 2-5-flowered, the upper one or two 1-3- flowered, approximate or little separate, sessile or peduncled, the others widely separate, basal and strongly peduncled, the perigynia erect-ascending, the rachis scarcely zigzag; bract of upper spike green, scarcely sheathing, slightly purplish-tinged at base, normally exceeding inflorescence; scales ovate, acute to short-cuspidate, with several-nerved green center and hyaline margins, more or less strongly purplish-brown-tinged, nearly as long and nearly as wide as, but not enveloping or concealing perigynia; perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the body short to long, oval, 2.25-3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, 2-keeled, nerveless, or with some obscure nerves more or less developed towards base, membranaceous, puberulent, green, triangular, suborbicular in cross-section, strongly stipitate (the stipe 0.75-1 mm. long), abruptly con- tracted into a beak 0.75-1 mm. long, scarcely ciliate-serrulate, hyaline and purplish-tipped, obliquely cleft, shallowly bidentate in age; achenes triangular with strongly convex sides, closely enveloped, 2—2.75 mm. long, nearly 1.75 mm. wide, truncate and slightly apiculate at apex, rounded at base, jointed with the straight, slender, deciduous style; stigmas three, slender, rather long. Type LocaLity: Tierra Amarilla, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico (Eggleston 6605). DISTRIBUTION: Dry pine lands, southern Colorado and Utah to New Mexico, in the pifion belt. (Specimens examined from Utah, southern Colorado, New Mexico.) 231. Carex geophila Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 546. 1913. In very dense clumps, from tough, rather slender or stoutish, much-branched rootstocks, without long horizontal stolons, the culms from very short to 10 cm. high, phyllopodic, brown- ish and very conspicuously and strongly fibrillose at base, much shorter than and mostly hidden among bases of leaves, erect, slender but stiff, sharply triangular, very rough on the angles; sterile culms conspicuous, strongly aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, the blades keeled below, channeled above, the margins slightly revolute, firm, light-green, 2-15 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, long-tapering, much roughened; sheaths smooth dorsally, whitish and little or not at all breaking and filamentose ventrally, the ligule somewhat wider than long; terminal spike staminate, slender, 5-9 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, more or less strongly peduneled, several to many-flowered, the scales rather loose, oblong- obovate to ovate, acute, acuminate, or cuspidate, many-striate, purplish-brown becoming reddish-brown, with lighter 3-nerved center and conspicuous white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-5, usually 5—15-flowered, the upper one or two and the staminate one (sometimes absent) usually approximate, sessile or short-peduncled, the others widely separated, basal, erect and strongly peduncled, closely flowered, the perigynia ascending in several rows; bract of upper spike (when present) well-developed, squamiform, somewhat sheathing, green above and slightly brownish-red-tinged and hyaline at base, shorter than culm; scales ovate, acute to short-cuspidate, those of the upper spikes reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center and white- hyaline margins, those of lower spikes slightly if at all reddish-brown-tinged, all from slightly shorter to slightly longer than perigynia and wider, but neither enveloping nor nearly concealing Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 203 perigynia; perigynia puberulent, green, 3.25—4 mm. long, the body suborbicular, 2.25—2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or more or less strongly nerved at base on one face, nearly orbicular in cross-section, strongly stipitate (the stipe 0.5-0.75 mm. long), abruptly contracted into a conic beak 0.5—0.75 mm. long, serrulate, slightly hyaline or purplish- tipped, bidentate; achenes triangular with strongly convex sides and prominent angles, closely enveloped, 2.25 mm. long, nearly 1.75 mm. wide, truncate and slightly apiculate at apex, stipitate and round-tapering at base, jointed with the straight slender style; style not enlarged at base; stigmas three, slender, rather long. Type Loca.ity: Tierra Amarilla, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico (Eggleston 6584). DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona. (Specimens examined from type locality, and Mogollon Mountains, Arizona.) 232. Carex brevicaulis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 40: 547. 1913. In large clumps, the rootstocks stout, woody, short-creeping, short-stoloniferous with ascending stolons, the culms 3-15 cm. high, slender but stiff and erect, exceeded by the leaves, sharply triangular, very rough on the angles, phyllopodic, reddish-brown and more or less fibrillose at base; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 6-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near base, the blades thin but firm, deep-green, channeled or nearly flat towards tip, the margins slightly revolute, usually 2.5—-7.5 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, rough- ened above and towards the apex, long-attenuate; leaf-blades of sterile culms 5-12 cm. long; sheaths glabrous dorsally, little or not at all breaking or filamentose ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, few to many-flowered, short- to long-peduncled, 6-18 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, acute to short-cuspidate, reddish- brown with light-colored 3-nerved center and white-hyaline, non-ciliate margins; lateral spikes 2-4, pistillate, 4-6 mm. long and nearly as wide, the uppermost sessile near the base of the staminate, the second non-basal one (if present) sessile and somewhat remote, the others far remote, basal, slender-peduncled, the maturing perigynia 1-6, erect-ascending, the upper flowers usually not developing; bract of lowermost non-basal spike leaflet-like, shorter than to somewhat exceeding culm, widened at base into reddish-brown auricles with hyaline margin; seales ovate, acute to short-cuspidate, reddish-brown with light-colored 3-nerved center and white-hyaline, non-ciliate margins, narrower and shorter than the mature perigynia; perigynia about 4 mm. long, loosely short-pubescent, more or less yellowish-brown-tinged, membrana- ceous, the body nearly orbicular in cross-section, 2.25 mm. wide, 2-keeled, long-stipitate, ab- ruptly contracted into a beak 1 mm. long, slender, serrulate, rather shallowly bidentate; achenes triangular-globose, the sides strongly convex with prominent angles, closely enveloped, 2 mm. wide and slightly longer, slightly stipitate, abruptly rounded at base and apex, jointed with the short, slender style, slightly enlarged at base; stigmas three, slender. TYPE LocaALity: Yaquina Bay, Oregon (Howell 2994). DistrIBvuTion: Dry soil near the coast, from British Columbia southward to Santa Cruz County, California. (Specimens examined from British Columbia (including Vancouver Island), Wash- ington, Oregon, California.) ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 773. 233. Carex microrhyncha Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 40:548. 1913. “Carex umbellata Schk.”” Mackenzie & Bush, Man. Fl. Jackson Co. 51. 1902. Cespitose, in large clumps, from short, tough, stout, branching rootstocks, the stolons very short, ascending; culms from very short to 15 cm. high, mostly much exceeded by the leaves, slender but strict, sharply triangular, rough on the angles, reddish-brown-tinged and strongly fibrillose at base, phyllopodic; sterile culms phyllopodic, terminating the short stolons, their sheaths little if at all filamentose; leaves numerous, erect or ascending, the blades light- green, thinnish but firm, very rough above, not stiff, from very short to 30 cm. in length, at flowering time 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, in age up to 3 mm. wide, channeled towards base, the margins somewhat revolute; terminal spike staminate, sessile or short-peduncled, 5-10 mm. long, 204 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, the scales obovate, obtuse or acute, reddish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate spike usually present at the base of the staminate spike, sessile or short-peduncled, globose-oblong, 4-7 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, the basal spikes 2 or 3, subglobose, 4-6 mm. long, 3.5-4.5 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 8-20, ascending in several to many rows; bract of lowest non-basal spike squamiform, exceeded by culm, reddish-brown-tinged at base; scales broadly ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, about length of but wider than perigynia and largely concealing them, strongly 3-nerved, greenish or hyaline; perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm. long, the body short-oval, triangular-orbicular in cross- section, 1.25 mm. wide, short-pubescent above, membranaceous, dull-green, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, stipitate, tapering or contracted into a base 0.5 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a short (0.5 mm. long) beak less than half the length of the body, the beak 2-edged, hyaline- tipped, shallowly bidentate; achenes 1.5 mm. long, triangular with convex sides and rounded, blunt, prominent angles, oblong-obovoid, filling body of perigynium, minutely stipitate, roughened, dull or silvery-blackish, the superficial cells conspicuous, truncate at apex, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas three, slender. TypE LocaLity: Dodson, Jackson County, Missouri (Mackenzie). DISTRIBUTION: Limestone barrens, Missouri to northern Texas. (Specimens examined from Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas.) 234. Carex umbellata Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 290. 1805. Carex umbellata var. vicina Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. D, f. 13; 11: 317. 1826. (Type from western Massachusetts.) Olotrema umbellata Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex umbellata Schkuhr.) Carex umbellata var. brevirostris Boott, Ill. Carex 99. pl. 294. 1860. (Type from Carleton House, Saskatchewan.) Carex umbellata var. brachyrhina Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 175. 1906. (Based on C. umbellata var. brevirostris Boott.) Carex abdita Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 492. 1908. (Type from Long Island, New York.) Carex umbellata var. abdita W. Stone, Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: 305. 1912. (Based on C. abdita Bickn.) Very densely cespitose, from stout, tough, very short rootstocks, the new shoots at the base of the old, the culms from very short to 15 cm. high, mostly much exceeded by the leaves, sharply triangular, slender but stiff, rough on the angles, reddish-brown-tinged and strongly fibrillose at base, phyllopodic; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, erect, the sheaths filamentose; leaves numerous and conspicuous, the blades from very short to 30 cm. in length, at flowering time 1.5 to 2.5 mm. wide, in age up to 3 mm. wide, very rough above, thin but firm, erect, light-green, channeled towards base, flat above, the margins somewhat revolute; sheaths smooth dorsally, little breaking or filamentose ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, sessile or short-peduncled, 5-10 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, the scales obovate, obtuse or acute, reddish-brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate spike usually present at the base of the staminate spike, sessile or short-peduncled, globose-oblong, 4-7 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, the basal spikes 2 or 3, short-oblong, 4-10 mm. long, frequently staminate at apex, densely flowered, the perigynia 4-20, ascending in several rows; bract of lowermost non-basal spike squamiform, shorter than culm, reddish-tinged at base; scales ovate, abruptly acute, acuminate, or cuspidate, longer and wider than the perigynia but not concealing them, strongly 3-nerved, the basal hyaline with several-nerved green center, the upper at least reddish-brown-tinged; perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm. long, the body subglobose, triangular-orbicular in cross-section, 1-1.25 mm. wide, short-pubescent above, membranaceous, dull-green, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or obscurely nerved towards base, short-stipitate, tapering or contracted into a base 0.5 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a short (0.5-1 mm. long) beak less than half the length of the body, the beak 2-edged, hyaline- tipped, shallowly bidentate; achenes triangular with convex sides and sharp and narrow angles, orbicular-obovoid, truncate at apex and minutely apiculate, filling body of perigynium, shining, the outer covering irregularly pitted, brownish-black at complete maturity and very closely minutely pitted all over, 1.5 mm. long, somewhat narrower, nearly sessile; style slender; jointed with achene; stigmas three, slender. TYPE LOCALITY: “Habitat in Pennsylvania.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Dry sterile fields and dry open woodlands, Newfoundland to British Columbia, ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 205 and southward to District of Columbia and Illinois. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Indiana, Illinois, Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Keewatin, Saskatchewan, British Columbia (Van- couver Island).) ILLustRaTIons: Boott, Ill. Carex 98 (in greater part). pl. 292, 294; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 801; ed. 2. f. 968; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 446 (as C. umbellata var. brevirostris); Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Www, f. 171; A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. pl. 6, f. 11-14; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: pl. D, f. 13. Norte: See Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 492 concerning this and the two following species. 235. Carex rugosperma Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 42-562 ee olor “Carex umbellata Schkuhr’’ Rob. & Fern. Man. 235. f. 444. 1908. Densely cespitose, from stout, tough, very short rootstocks, the new shoots at the base of the old, the culms from very short to 20 cm. high, much exceeded by the leaves, sharply triangular, slender but stiff, rough on the angles, reddish-brown-tinged and strongly fibrillose at base, phyllopodic; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, erect, the sheaths sparingly filamentose; leaves numerous and conspicuous, the blades from very short to 20 cm. long, at flowering time 1.5—2 mm. wide, in age wider, very rough, thin but firm, erect, light-green, channeled towards base, flat above, the margins somewhat revolute, the sheaths smooth dorsally, little breaking or filamentose ventrally, the ligule much wider than long; terminal spike staminate, short- peduncled, 8-12 mm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, the scales obovate, obtuse or acute, reddish- brown with lighter 3-nerved center and hyaline margins; pistillate spike usually present at base of staminate, sessile or short-peduncled, globose-oblong, 4-7 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, the basal spikes oblong, 4-10 mm. long, 3.5—4.5 mm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia 4-20, ascending in several rows; bract of lowermost non-basal spike squamiform, shorter than culm, reddish-tinged at base; scales lance-ovate, cuspidate to acuminate, from slightly shorter to slightly longer and rather wider than the perigynia, but not concealing them, the basal hyaline with several-nerved green center, the upper tinged with reddish-brown; perigynia 3.25—4.25 mm. long, the body short-oval, triangular, orbicular in cross-section, about 1.75 mm. long and 1.25-1.5 mm. wide, short-pubescent above, membranaceous, dull-green, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, abruptly short-stipitate (the stipe 0.5 mm. long), abruptly contracted into a beak nearly the length of the body, the beak 2-edged, hyaline-tipped, bidentate; achenes triangular with convex sides and narrow, sharp angles, oblong-obovoid, filling body of peri- gynium, the outer covering dull-grayish-blackish, appearing minutely roughened, the super- ficial cells conspicuous, at complete maturity very obscurely irregularly pitted, nearly sessile, rounded at apex, and minutely apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas three, slender. TYPE LOCALITY: Tuckerton, New Jersey (Mackenzie). DISTRIBUTION: Dry sterile fields and dry, open woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, and south- ward to Maryland. (Specimens examined from Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 444 (as C. umbellata); Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 26, f. 15 (as C. umbellata). 236. Carex tonsa (Fernald) Bickn. Bull. Torrey Club 35: 492. 1908. “Carex umbellata Schk."’ Boott, Ill. Carex 98, in part. pl. 293. 1860. Carex umbellata var. tonsa Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 507. 1902. (Type as given below.) Carex umbellata f. tonsa ‘‘Fernald’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 453. 1909. (Based on C. umbellata var. tonsa Fernald.) Loosely cespitose, from stoutish, tough, branching rootstocks, the stolons short-ascending, the culms 2—15 cm. high, much exceeded by the leaves, sharply triangular, slender but stiff, strongly roughened, strongly reddish-brown-tinged and fibrillose at base, phyllopodic; sterile culms aphyllopodic, the sheaths little filamentose; leaves numerous and conspicuous, the blades spreading at maturity, deep-green, thick, stiff, firm, 5-25 cm. long, 2—4.5 mm. wide, channeled especially towards the base, the margins revolute, long-attenuate, very rough to- wards the apex: sheaths smooth dorsally, but little or not at all breaking or filamentose ventrally, 206 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 the ligule much wider than long; staminate spike 6-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales obovate, acute, reddish-brown with greenish or straw-colored 3-nerved center and white- hyaline margin; a pistillate spike occasionally present at base of the staminate spike, sessile or nearly so, erect-ascending; basal pistillate spikes 2-3, on long slender peduncles, short- oblong, 6-10 mm. long, 4.5-6 mm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia 3-20, appressed- ascending, in several rows; bract at base of non-basal spike setaceous, not sheathing, sparingly reddish-tinged at base, from much shorter than to slightly exceeding spike; scales conspicuous, ovate, short-cuspidate to acute, wider and from slightly shorter to slightly longer than peri- gynia, whitish or straw-colored with 3-nerved green center, the upper often purplish-brown- tinged; perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm. long, the body broadly oval, 1.75-2 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 mm. wide, compressed-orbicular and obscurely triangular in cross-section, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or more or less nerved towards base, subcoriaceous, light-green, at most very sparsely short-pubescent above and on the ciliate-serrulate beak, stipitate, tapering into a base 0.75 mm. long, contracted into a beak 1.75-2.5 mm. long, strongly 2-edged, bidentate; achénes orbicular- obovoid, triangular with convex sides and sharp and narrow angles, closely enveloped, brown- ish, shining, pitted, the superficial cells inconspicuous, substipitate, 1.75—-2 mm. long, truncate at apex and minutely apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas three, slender. Type LocaLity (of C. umbellata var. tonsa, on which C. tonsa is based): Hebron, Maine (Allen) ; North Stonington, Conn. (Graves). DISTRIBUTION: Dry sterile fields and dry open woods, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Minnesota and Alberta, and southward to the District of Columbia and Indiana. (Specimens examined from Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minnesota, Alberta.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 98, in part, pl. 293; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 969. 28. Scirpinae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8. 1843 (excluding C. Drummondiana Dewey); Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 81. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 130. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 53. 1922. ScrRPoIDEAE Pax, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 2?: 123, in part. 1887. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 122. 1886) united with the FILIFOLIAE Tuckerm.; by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 461. 1903) placed with the SPHAERIDIOPHORAE Drejer. Rootstocks short-creeping; culms central, phyllopodic or aphyllopodic; leaf-blades narrow; spike normally solitary, pistillate or staminate, linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered, an additional smaller spike sometimes present; bract sheathless, little or conspicuously pro- longed, usually inserted a short distance below the spike, frequently absent; scales more or less strongly ciliate; perigynia appressed-ascending, membranaceous, densely hairy to spar- ingly puberulent, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or obscurely nerved, rather loosely enveloping achene, flattened or flattened-triangular, sessile or nearly so, short-beaked, the beak short- cylindric, nearly entire to shallowly bidentate; achenes triangular or rarely quadrangular or lenticular, the sides flat or slightly concave, apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas three or rarely four or two; rachilla sometimes developed. Six species, in dry soil, in northern North America and southward in the mountains of the western United States. One species extends very locally into arctic Eurasia. Culms aphyllopodic, not clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, strongly purple-tinged at base; well-developed leaves usually 2-6. Perigynia ovoid or oblong-ovoid, compressed-triangular, 2.5-3 mm. long; achenes very short-stipitate. Seales very narrowly hyaline-margined; perigynia short-whitish- pubescent. 237. C. scirpoidea. Seales broadly hyaline-margined; perigynia yellowish-brown or 2 _ §reenish-brown, hirsute. 238. C. scirpiformis. Perigynia oblanceolate or lanceolate, flattish, 3.5-4 mm. long; achenes slenderly stipitate. 239. C. stenochlaena. Culms phyllopodic, clothed at base with the conspicuous dried-up leaves of the previous year, brownish or reddish-brown or slightly purplish- tinged at base; well-developed leaves of the flowering year usually Perigynia obovoid, obscurely triangular, 2.5 mm. long, strongly pu- bescent; scales erose-ciliate and more or less pubescent. 240. C. pseudoscirpoidea. Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 207 Perigynia flattish, broadly obovoid or oblong-oblanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, minutely puberulent or sparingly pubescent on angles; scales at most minutely ciliate, glabrous. Perigynia broadly obovoid, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, rounded at apex and very abruptly beaked; achenes one-third the width of the perigynium. 241. C. gigas. Perigynia oblong- oblanceolate, 44.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering into the beak; achene half the width of the perigynium. 242. C. scabriuscula. 237. Carex scirpoidea Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:171. 1803. Carex Wormskioldiana Hornem. F!. Dan. 26: 6. pl. 1528. 1816. (Type from Malenefield, Green- land.) Carex Michauxii Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 64. 1823. (Based on C. scirpotdea Michx.) Physiglochts Wormskoldi Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex Wormskioldiana Hornem.) “Carex Wormskioldii Hornem.’”’ Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 436. 1841. (A mere change in spelling.) Carex scirpina Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8. 1843. (Based on C. scirpoidea Michx.) Carex scir poidea var. basigyna Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenl. 132. 1880. (Type from Arsuk, Greenland.) “Carex podocarpa R. Br.”’ Kurtz, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 479. 1894. (Type from eastern Asia.) Carex scir poidea var. europaea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 49:81. 1909. (Type from Norway.) Carex scirpoidea f. basigyna “‘Lange’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 81. 1909. (Based on C. scirpoidea var. basigyna Lange.) Carex scirpoidea var. convoluta Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 81. 1909. (Type from Thunder Bay Island, Michigan.) Rootstock more or less strongly creeping, lignescent, dark-reddish-purple, scaly, not fibrillose, the culms arising one to several together, 1-4 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves, slender but stiff, triangular, somewhat roughened above, aphyllopodic, purplish-red at base, not clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots conspicuous, with several to many leaves; leaves with well-developed blades usually 2-4 to a fertile culm, inserted near the base, the blades flat or more or less canaliculate, light-green, stiffish, 2-10 em. long, 1-3 mm. wide, rough on the margins and towards the apex, those on the sterile shoots longer (7-30 cm. long), sheaths tight, slightly filamentose, truncate at mouth, puberu- lent ventrally, the ligule short; spikes single, erect, staminate or pistillate, linear, 1.5-3 em. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide, closely many-flowered, some or all with a narrow, more or less prolonged, dark-auricled bract at base or a short distance below, 3-20 mm. long and much shorter than the spike; pistillate spikes sometimes compound at base; pistillate scales obovate-oblong, puberulent, obtusish or acutish, ciliate, rich chocolate-brown to blackish, with lighter midrib and very narrow hyaline margins, rather narrower and shorter than the perigynia: perigynia many, erect-appressed, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, short-whitish-pubescent, membranaceous, 2- ribbed and also obscurely few-nerved at base, straw-colored tinged with reddish-brown, compressed-triangular in cross-section, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, round-tapering at base, rounded at apex and abruptly narrowed into a minute slender beak about 0.25 mm. long, with entire or at length bidentulate orifice; achenes loosely enveloped, sharply triangular, oval- oblong, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, brownish-yellow, very short-stipitate, apiculate; style short, thickish but not enlarged at base, straight, obscurely jointed with achene and at length deciduous; stigmas three, slender, elongate, light-brownish; rachilla sometimes present. Type Loca.ity: ‘Hab. ad sinum Hudsonis.”’ DistRIBUTION: Dry open places, calcareous districts, Greenland to Alaska, and southward to New Hampshire, Michigan, Colorado, and British Columbia; rare and localin arctic Eurasia. (Speci- mens examined from Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, Miquelon, Quebec, Maine, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, northern New York, Ontario, Michigan, Manitoba, Alberta, Montana, Colorado, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Yukon, Alaska, British Columbia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 14: pl. R, f. 56; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 805; ed. 2. f. 958; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 443; Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: fig. 17, J-O; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 25; Boott, Ill. Carex 150. pl. 482; Ta. Dan. pl. 1528; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 34. f. 11; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 18: 16. f. 6; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 82. f. 58; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 767. 238. Carex scirpiformis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 270. 1908. Rootstocks clongate, creeping, matted, stout or slender, tough, purplish-black, scaly, fibrillose, the culms 2—4.5 dm. high, from slender to stoutish, stiff, triangular, roughened on the angles above much exceeding the leaves, strongly aphyllopodic, purplish-red at base, 208 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA {[VoLUME 18 and not clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots conspicuous, aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-6 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, but not clustered, the blades erect or ascending, slightly channeled above, dull-green, thin but firm, 5-20 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, attenuate, roughened towards the apex; sheaths rounded and nearly smooth dorsally, hyaline-brownish-tinged and short-pubescent ventrally, truncate and rather strongly ciliate at mouth, the ligule short; culms dioecious, the spike erect, solitary, a small additional spike rarely present at base; pistillate spike linear, 2-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, closely 30-80-flowered, the perigynia erect-appressed in several to many rows; bract rudimentary or elongate, 3 cm. or less long, at or somewhat below the base of the spike, its sheath more or less darkened, little sheathing; staminate spike similar; pistillate scales ovate, strongly loosely pubescent and ciliate at apex, purplish-black or brownish with broad white-hyaline margin and lighter center, obtuse or acute, as wide as and from somewhat longer to nearly as long as the perigynia; staminate scales similar; perigynia 2-5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, the body oblong-obovoid, greenish-brown or yellowish-brown, hirsute, ob- scurely triangular, somewhat compressed, membranaceous, substipitate, 2-ribbed, very obscurely few-nerved and tapering at base, abruptly contracted at apex into a beak 0.5 mm. long, slender, purplish-tipped, entire, or at length bidentulate; achenes oblong-obovoid, small, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, sharply triangular with concave sides, nearly filling perigynium but rather loosely enveloped, brownish-yellow, very short-stipitate, apiculate, jointed with the short, straight, exserted style; stigmas three, slender, elongate, brownish. : Type LocaLity: Damp ground near Middle Spring, at Banff, Alberta, at 1430 meters (McCalla eas ara taitiow: Open sunny places in calcareous districts, Manitoba to Alberta and southward to North Dakota and Montana. (Specimens examined from Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Manitoba, North Dakota.) 239. Carex stenochlaena (Holm) Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 35209 908: Carex scirpoidea var. stenochlaena Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 18: 20 (16. f. 7). 1904. (Type from British Columbia.) Rootstocks densely matted, elongate, creeping, purplish-black, lignescent, stout, scaly, not fibrillose, the culms 2.5—4 dm. high, stoutish at base, sharply triangular, stiff, roughened above, much exceeding the leaves, purplish-red at base, aphyllopodic and not clothed at base with the dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots elongate, leafy; leaves with well- developed blades usually 3-6 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, but not clustered, the blades erect or ascending, flat or slightly channeled, the margins slightly revolute, 5-15 cm. long, or up to 30 cm. on the sterile shoots, 2-3 mm. wide, dull-green, firm, short-tapering, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths slightly puberulent dorsally, hyaline-brownish-tinged and short-pubescent ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule short, much wider than long; culms dioecious, the spike erect, solitary; staminate spike 2 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the scales obtuse, ciliate, brownish with lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spike linear, 1.5-3 em. long, 4-7 mm. wide, closely flowered or more loosely at base, the perigynia 30-60, appressed- ascending in several rows; bract 0.5—5 cm. long, inserted 0.5-3 em. below spike, dark-colored at base, scarcely sheathing, scales oblong-ovate, puberulent, ciliate at apex, black with lighter 3-nerved center and very narrow hyaline margin, acute or obtuse, as wide as the perigynia but somewhat shorter; perigynia oblanceolate or lanceolate, flattish, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.25- 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, puncticulate, densely pubescent or short-hirsute, the marginal perigynia 2-ribbed, all obscurely few-nerved, straw-colored, short-stipitate, rounded at base, dark-tinged above, tapering into a beak 0.5 mm. long, the orifice emarginate, ciliate, dark- colored; achenes triangular with concave sides, loosely enveloped in middle of perigynium, oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide, yellowish-brown, slenderly stipitate, strongly apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas three, slender, brownish, not very long. TyPE LOCALITY (of C. scirpoidea var. stenochlaena, on which C. stenochlaena is based): Chilli- wack Valley, British Columbia (James M. Macoun 33,728). Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 209 DISTRIBUTION: Dry slopes, Washington to Alberta, and northward to Alaska. (Specimens ex- amined from Washington, Idaho, Alberta, British Columbia, Alaska.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 18: 16. f. 7; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 766. 240. Carex pseudoscirpoidea Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. NB Fie, IG LOYO) Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks stout, woody, long-creeping, the culms arising one to several together at intervals, 1.5—-3.5 dm. high, erect, stiff, triangular, phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, smooth or but little roughened on the angles above, brownish or slightly purplish- tinged and strongly fibrillose at base, and clothed at base with the conspicuous dried-up leaves of the previous year; sterile shoots conspicuous with several to many leaves; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades ascending to spreading, thickish, green, flat above, channeled at base, usually 6-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, very rough on the margins and towards the apex; sterile culm-leaves similar; sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, short-pubescent ventrally, the ligule very short; spike solitary, erect, either pistillate or staminate, linear, 12-36 mm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, bractless or with a cuspidate-prolonged bract, usually 1-2.5 cm. long, inserted a short distance below, the sheath reddish-tinged, 1-2 mm. long; both staminate and pistillate spikes closely many- flowered, the perigynia closely appressed; scales brownish-black, the staminate ones obovate, erose-ciliate, obtuse to acute with narrow white-hyaline margin and narrow inconspicuous midvein, the pistillate ones broadly ovate with white-hyaline margin and apex, acutish to very obtuse, more or less pubescent, the apex lacerate and ciliate, broader and longer than perigynia; perigynia obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, obscurely triangular in cross- section, not at all inflated, strongly pubescent all over, reddish-brown above, membranaceous, two-ribbed and obscurely nerved, the nerves hidden by the pubescence, tapering to the base, very abruptly contracted into a slender beak about 0.5 mm. long, hyaline-tipped, and at length bidentulate; achenes rather loosely enveloped, triangular or quadrangular, with con- cave sides, oblong-oval, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, sessile, apiculate, jointed with the short, thickish, straight style; stigmas three or four, slender, elongate, light-brownish. Type LocaLity: Montana and Yellowstone Park (Rydberg 3064, from Spanish Basin, is taken as the type). DISTRIBUTION: Dry mountain-sides, Montana to Washington and southward to Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. (Specimens examined from Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Wash- a Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 765. 241. Carex gigas (Holm) Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 268. 1908. Carex scirpoidea var. gigas Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 18: 20 (16. f. 8). 1904. (Type from Siskiyou County, California.) “ Forming beds, the rootstocks very stout, lignescent, brownish, scaly, short-creeping, the culms 3—4.5 dm. high, stoutish at base, slender above but strict, sharply triangular and rough- ened above, much exceeding the leaves, dull-reddish-brown at base, phyllopodic (but with purple-margined basal scales), the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near base, the blades erect or ascending, channeled at least towards base, the margins revolute, 0.5—2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, dull-green, thin but firm, attenuate, roughened towards the apex; sheaths smooth or nearly so dorsally, white-hyaline and often brownish-tinged ventrally and minutely pubescent, the ligule much wider than long; culms dioecious, the spike erect, normally solitary; staminate spike not seen; pistillate spike linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely flowered, except sometimes toward the base, the perigynia 20-40, ascending in several to many rows, the spike with an ovate, short-pointed, scale-like bract at base, and an elongate (2-4 cm. long) bract 1-3 cm. below, its sheath slightly darkened and little (1-3 mm.) sheathing, often with a smaller peduncled spike in its axil; scales oblong-ovate, glabrous, minutely ciliate, brownish with lighter 3-ribbed center and narrow hyaline margin, acute or obtuse, as wide as the perigynia and 210 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 of about the same length; perigynia 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the body broadly obovoid, flattish, rounded at base, sessile or nearly so, blackish, membranaceous, puncticulate, minutely puberulent above, sparingly white-pubescent on the angles, the marginal perigynia 2-ribbed, all obscurely few-nerved, rounded at apex and very abruptly contracted into a minute beak 0.5 mm. long, the apex hyaline, bidentate or emarginate; achenes very loosely enveloped, very much narrower (one third as wide) and much shorter than the perigynium, the body triangular or rarely quadrangular, with slightly concave sides, oblong-oyal, small, 1.75 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, yellowish-brown, tapering at base, stipitate, apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas three or rarely four, slender, not very long. Type Locatity (of C. scirpoidea var. gigas on which C. gigas is based):'Siskiyou County, Cal- ifornia, at 2400 meters elevation (Pringle, August 18, 1881). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from dry ridges, Mount Eddy and Grizzly Hill, Siskiyou County, California. (Specimens examined from Siskiyou County, California.) ILLustRations: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 763; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 18: 16. f. 8. 242. Carex scabriuscula Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 268. 1908. Forming beds, the rootstocks very stout, lignescent, brownish, scaly, short-creeping, the culms 2-9 dm. high, stoutish at base, slender above but strict, sharply triangular and roughened above, much exceeding the leaves, dull-reddish-brown at base, phyllopodic (but with basal scales) the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades erect or ascending, with revolute margins, channeled at least towards base, 0.5—2.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, dull-green, thickish, firm, attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths smooth or nearly so dorsally, white-hyaline and often brownish-tinged ventrally and minutely pubescent, the ligule much wider than long; culms dioecious, the spikes erect, solitary, or 2 or 3; staminate spikes oblong- ovoid, many-flowered; terminal pistillate spike linear, 1.2-4 em. long, 4-8 mm. wide, closely flowered except sometimes towards base, the perigynia 20-40, ascending in several to many rows, the spike often with an ovate, short-pointed, scale-like bract at base, and an elongate (2-4 em. long) bract 1-3 cm. below, its sheath somewhat darkened and very short or scarcely sheathing; lateral spikes, when present, erect or ascending, sessile, similar but shorter, 8-15 mm. long; scales oblong-ovate, glabrous, brownish-black or dark-reddish-brown, with obscure, lighter, 3-ribbed center and nearly obsolete, narrow-hyaline margins, acute or obtuse, nearly as wide as the perigynia but shorter; perigynia 4~4.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the body oblong- oblanceolate, flattish, nearly sessile, round-tapering at base, yellowish-brown or blackish- tinged, membranaceous, puncticulate, minutely puberulent, pubescent on the angles above, the marginal perigynia 2-ribbed, all obscurely few-nerved, tapering into a short beak 0.5-1 mm. long, the apex dark-tinged, emarginate: achenes very small, loosely enveloped in lower third of perigynium, half the width of the perigynium, triangular or lenticular, 1 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, oblong-obovoid, yellowish-brown, tapering at base, strongly apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas three or two, slender, not very long. TYPE LOCALITY: Wet meadow in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon (Cusick 2849, June 30, 1902). _ Distrripution: Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. (Specimens examined showing distribution as given.) ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 764. 29. Digitatae Fries Fl. Scan. 187. 1835; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 15. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 555. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 119. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 480, in large part. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 131. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:56. 1922. DacryLosTacHyakr Drejer, Symb. Car. 10. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 459. 1903. OrnirHopopar O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 592. 1851. DIGITALINAE Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 401. 1901. HumitEs Asch. & Graebn. Synops. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 157. 1902. DicrraTar subsec. Eu-DicrraTak Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflan- zenreich 4°°: 484, in great part. 1909. Treated as a genus BITTERIA (Subgenus BiTTEria, Section Bitteria) by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 269-270. 1913). Carex concinnoides Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 211 Mackenzie is treated as a subgenus ALTERICAREX and section TETRAGONAE by St. John and Parker (Am. Jour. Bot. 12: 66. 1925). Culms slender, leafy at the base; leaf-blades narrow, the sheaths usually strongly purplish; terminal spike linear, staminate; lateral spikes 1-5, approximate or separate or sometimes radical, oblong to linear, 1—25-flowered in few rows, the peduncles included or exserted; bracts long- or short-sheathing, more or less strongly purplish-tinged, subspathaceous or spathaceous, the blade absent or rudimentary; pistillate scales strongly purplish or reddish-brown tinged; perigynia membranaceous, appressed, oblong-obovoid, pubescent to glabrate, triangular, stipitate, tapering to the base, abruptly contracted into a minute beak, the orifice entire or nearly so; achenes triangular or rarely tetragonous, filling perigynium body, closely enveloped, the sides convex above, jointed with the short or moderately long, thickish or slender style; stigmas three or rarely four, short or long, early deciduous. A group of dry-ground species (often calciphiles) of the colder and temperate parts of Eurasia and North America. Not known from South America, Australasia or South Africa. Basal spikes present; pistillate scales abruptly cuspidate or short-awned. 243. C. pedunculata. Basal spikes absent; pistillate scales not abruptly cuspidate. Staminate spike 3-6 mm. long; pistillate scales obtuse, ciliate, one- half as long as the perigynia; stigmas very short. 244. C. concinna. Staminate spike 8-25 mm. long; pistillate scales acutish to acuminate, from somewhat shorter than to exceeding the perigynia; stigmas long, slender. Perigynia loosely pubescent, wider and longer than the ciliate scales; staminate spike sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 5—10-flowered; bracts very short-sheathing; culms smooth or nearly so; stigmas normally four. 245. C. concinnoides Perigynia appressed- pubescent, narrower and shorter than the smooth scales; staminate spike noticeably peduncled; pistillate spikes 10—25- flowered; lowest bract long-sheathing, spathaceous; culms strongly roughened above; stigmas three. 246. C. Richardsonit. 243. Carex pedunculata Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 222. 1805. Rootstocks stout, woody, branching, the fertile culms central, phyllopodic, decumbent and very slender, triangular, roughened on the angles, 2-3 dm. high, exceeded by the long basal leaves, strongly purple-tinged at base, the sterile shoots elongate, lateral, strongly purple-tinged and strongly aphyllopodic; upper leaves of fertile culms reduced to loose, blade- less or nearly bladeless sheaths, reddened at base, deeply cut ventrally at mouth, and green above, the lower 3-5 clustered at the very base, with erect or somewhat spreading blades, 1.5—3.5 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, thickish, stiff, pale-green, somewhat glaucous, roughened especially on the nerves above and on the margins; upper blades of sterile culms shorter and rather wider than those of the fertile, strictly erect, the lower sheaths nearly bladeless, concave at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate, usually with a few perigynia at base, long-peduncled, linear, 6-15 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the scales obovate, appressed, dark- purple with white midvein and apex, rough-cuspidate; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, usually staminate at apex, widely separate, the lowermost near the base, very long-slender-peduncled, the others long-exsert-peduncled, 6-15 mm. long, closely flowered, with 1-8 appressed perigynia; bracts strongly sheathing, reddish-purple-tinged at base, very short-bladed; scales obovate, sharply- keeled, truncate and ciliate at apex, abruptly cuspidate or short awned, purple with green 3-nerved center, wider than and about the length of the perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 3.5—4.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the upper part triangular, not at all inflated, broadly stipitate, long-tapering and spongy at base, 2-ridged, otherwise nerveless, sparingly and minutely puberulent or in age nearly glabrous, membranaceous, deep-green, abruptly minutely beaked, the beak usually slightly bent, the orifice entire; achenes oblong-obovoid, sharply triangular, with concave sides, in upper part of perigynium, very closely enveloped, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, stipitate, very short-bent-apiculate, jointed with the very short, somewhat exserted style, 0.75 mm. long; stigmas three, short, 1.5 mm. long, early deciduous. Tyre Loca.ity: “Habitat in Pennsylvania.” DistereuTion: Rich dry woodlands in calcareous districts, Newfoundland to eastern British Columbia, and southward to Virginia, lowa, and South Dakota. An early-maturing species. (Speci- 212 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 mens examined from Newfoundland, Miquelon, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 793; ed. 2. f. 972; Rob. & Fern, Man. f. 473; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ggg, f. 131; Boott, Ill. Carex 130. pl. 419. 244. Carex concinna R. Br.; Richards. in Frankl. Journey 751. 1823. “Carex ornithopoda Willd.”’ Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. ¥Y. 3: 412. 1836. Edritria concinna Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex concinna R. Br.) Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks slender, tough, often very elongate, brownish-black, scaly, ascending, the sterile shoots few, aphyllopodic, the fertile culms phyl- lopodic, central, slender, erect or incurved, 5-20 cm. high, much exceeding the leaves, tri- angular, slightly roughened on the angles above, dark-brownish-tinged and somewhat fibril- lose at base, or the sterile shoots purplish-tinged; leaves of fertile culms with well-developed blades 5—9, clustered near the base, the upper 1 or 2 much reduced, the blades 5—10 em. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, thick, light-green, flat with recurved margins and somewhat involute at base, recurved-spreading, short-attenuate, smooth except at apex; leaves of sterile culms similar; sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule about as long as wide; staminate spike sessile or short-peduncled, often exceeded by the upper pistillate spike, 3-6 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, the scales few, closely appressed, broadly obovate, ciliate-laciniate, the midvein obsolete, very obtuse, reddish-brown with broad hyaline apex; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, aggregated, or the lowest somewhat remote (or rarely with long-peduncled spikes from below the middle of the culm), erect, from strongly peduncled to sessile or nearly so, short-oblong to suborbicular, 4-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, rather closely flowered, containing 5-12 ascending perigynia in several rows; bracts reduced to bladeless sheaths (the apex occasionally slightly prolonged), the sheaths 7 mm. long or less, green, except for light-reddish- brown tip; scales orbicular-ovate, obtuse, ciliate, somewhat hairy, half the length of the perigynia, dark-reddish-brown with obsolete or straw-colored midrib and white-hyaline margins; perigynia oblong-obovoid, obtusely triangular in cross-section, not inflated, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, membranaceous, whitish or greenish or yellowish-white, strongly hirsute, 2-ribbed and several-nerved, the nerves obscured by the dense pubescence, stipitate, tapering at base, short-tapering at apex into a very short chestnut-brown-tinged beak, the orifice hyaline, obliquely cut; achenes oblong-obovoid, triangular with convex sides above, closely enveloped, conically short-stipitate, jointed with the straight, slender style, slightly enlarged at tip; stigmas three, very short, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: Wooded country and barren grounds, latitude 54° to 69°, northwestern Canada. DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil in calcareous regions, Newfoundland to Yukon, and southward to Quebec, northern Michigan, Black Hills of South Dakota, Colorado, and British Columbia. (Speci- mens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, Michigan, Keewatin, Manitoba, South Dakota, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Wyoming, Colorado, British Columbia, Mackenzie, Yukon.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 791; ed. 2. f. 973; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 474; Boott, Ill. Carex 43. pl. 107. 245. Carex concinnoides Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 439. 1906. “Carex Richardsonti R. Br.’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 246. 1880. Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks long, ascending, slender, tough, brown- ish-black, scaly, the culms erect or somewhat curved, slender, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, central and phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, dark-purplish- brown at base; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, their sheaths breaking and becoming more or less filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 6-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades thick, light-green, erect to recurved-spreading, 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the blades flat or somewhat channeled, the margins recurved, attenuate, rough on the margins, especially towards the apex; fertile culms also bearing above the well-developed leaves 2—4 bladeless or short-bladed sheaths more or less tinged with reddish-purple; blades of sterile culms rather narrower and shorter than those of the fertile; sheaths tight, concave at mouth, Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 213 the ligule short; staminate spike linear or subclavate-linear, sessile or nearly so, 8-22 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales ciliate, obovate, mostly acutish, dark-purple with white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, approximate, erect, sessile or short-exsert-peduncled, linear- oblong to oblong, 5—10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, closely 5—10-flowered, the perigynia ascending in few rows; bracts bladeless, much shorter than the spikes, very short-sheathing, strongly purple-tinged and hyaline-margined; scales ovate-lanceolate to obovate, acute or sometimes acuminate, narrower and shorter than the perigynia, ciliate, dark-purple with strongly devel- oped white-hyaline margins, the midvein lighter-colored or nearly obsolete; perigynia 2.5—-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, with oblong-obovoid body, obscurely triangular, not inflated, mem- branaceous, light-green, strongly loosely pubescent, 2-keeled and obscurely several-nerved, short-stipitate, tapering at base, rounded at apex and abruptly minutely beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, the orifice hyaline, obliquely cut; achenes oblong-obovoid, sharply quadrangular or triangular with convex sides above, closely enveloped, 2-3 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, stipitate, short-conic apiculate, and jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas normally four, sometimes three, long, slender, brownish. TyPeE LocaLity: Columbia Falls, Montana (Williams, 1893). DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, Alberta to British Columbia and southward to Montana and northern California. (Specimens examined from northern California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Alberta.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 56. f. 27; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 774;-Am. Jour. Bot. 12: pl. 7; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 185. 246. Carex Richardsonii R. Br.; Richards. in Frankl. Journey 751. 1823. Loosely cespitose, in small clumps, the rootstocks long, ascending, slender, tough, brown- ish-black, scaly, the culms erect or somewhat curved, slender, 15-35 cm. high, central and phyl- lopodic, about the length of the leaves, triangular, strongly roughened on the angles above, dark-brownish at base; sterile shoots aphyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 6-10 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades thick, light-green, erect or somewhat spread- ing, 1-2.5 dm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, flattened or channeled towards base, long-tapering, rough on the margins, especially towards the apex; fertile culms also bearing above the well- developed leaves 4 or 5 bladeless or nearly bladeless, reddish-purple sheaths with hyaline margins; blades of sterile culms rather narrower and shorter than those of fertile; sheaths tight, concave at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike linear or subclavate-linear, notice- ably peduncled, 10-25 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, the scales obscurely ciliate, obovate, mostly obtuse, brownish-purple, with broad white-hyaline margins, the midvein obscure; pistillate spikes usually 2, erect, approximate, on included or rarely somewhat exserted peduncles, linear, 10-22 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, closely 10—25-flowered, the perigynia ascending in few rows; bracts bladeless, much shorter than the spikes, the lowest long-sheathing, spathaceous, strongly purple-tinged and white-hyaline-margined; scales ovate, acutish, smooth, rather longer and wider than the perigynia, dark-purplish with strongly developed hyaline margins, the midvein lighter-colored; perigynia obovoid, obscurely triangular, not inflated, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, straw-colored, or light-brownish above, appressed- pubescent, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or very obscurely nerved, short-stipitate, tapering at base, rounded at apex and abruptly minutely beaked, the beak about 0.5 mm. long, the orifice hyaline, obliquely cut; achenes oblong-obovoid, brownish, shining, sharply triangular, with convex sides above, closely enveloped, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1—1.25 mm. wide, short-conic-apiculate and jointed with the straight slender style; style short-exserted; stigmas three, long, blackish. Type LocaLity: Wooded country, latitude 54°-64° north, northwest America. Norway and Cumberland House, according to Boott (in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 223). DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil in open sunny places, western New York and Ontario to Alberta, and southward to Illinois and South Dakota; rare and local eastward. (Specimens examined from western New York, Ontario, Michigan, northwestern Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Iowa, Saskatchewan, Alberta.) ILLustRaTtions: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 792; ed. 2. f. 974; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 475; Boott, Ill. Carex 100. pl. 298; Hook. F1. Bor. Am. pl. 223. 214 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 30. Pictae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 82. 1909. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 120-121. 1886) referred to the DiciraTar Fries; by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 459. 1903) to the DAcTYLOSTACHYAE Drejer. Culms lateral; leaf-blades flat, inflorescence either (1) of several spikes, the terminal staminate with a few perigynia, the lateral pistillate with some staminate flowers, the lower on subradical peduncles, or (2) of one, pistillate or staminate, long-peduncled spike, a bract sometimes present or more often the stem with one to several bladeless colored bract-like sheaths towards base; pistillate spikes linear or linear-cylindric, densely many-flowered; scales sparsely ciliate; perigynia appressed, narrowly obovoid, many-nerved, strongly stipitate, flattened-triangular, short-pubescent, thickish, closely enveloping achene, beakless or abruptly minutely beaked; achenes narrow, triangular with concave sides, jointed with the somewhat exserted, slender style; stigmas three, long, slender. Two extremely local dry-ground species in the southeastern part of the United States, occurring very locally as far north as Indiana. Culms dioecious with a solitary staminate or pistillate spike; leaf-blades 2-4.5 mm. wide; perigynia short-tapering at apex, pointed but beak- less. 247. C. picta. Culms not dioecious, the terminal spike largely staminate, the lateral largely pistillate, the lower nearly radical; leaf-blades 4-8 mm. wide; Bs. perigynia abruptly minutely beaked. 248. C. Balizellit. 247. Carex picta Steud. Syn. Cyp. 184. 1855. Carex Boottiana Benth.; Boott, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 112. 1845. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.) Not C. Boottiana H. & A. 1841. Rootstocks stout, woody, short-creeping, the culms lateral, 1-2.5 dm. high, slender, erect, sharply triangular, strongly exceeded by the long basal leaves, more or less roughened on the angles, strongly purplish and usually fibrillose at base; culm-leaves numerous, the developed ones clustered near the base, their blades deep-green, thick, usually 2.5—4 dm. long, 2-4.5 mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, the culm-leaves gradually reduced upwards, the upper consisting of bladeless sheaths 1-3 cm. long, the sheaths loose, strongly tinged with purplish- red, obliquely cut at mouth, the ligule very short; sterile shoots numerous, erect, their leaves long-persistent, the lowest bladeless; culms dioecious, the spike solitary, bractless, staminate or pistillate, the lowest scale amplectant; staminate spike linear, 2-5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, many-flowered, the scales obovate-oblong, dark-reddish-purple above, with prominent white or straw-colored midrib and minutely hyaline margins, abruptly cuspidate to obtuse; pistillate spike linear-clavate, 4-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, closely flowered, with numerous appressed- ascending perigynia, the scales obovate-oblong, short-ciliate, reddish-purple with straw- colored midrib and narrowly hyaline margins, varying from obtuse (the lower) to mucronate or awned (the upper), wider and longer than and concealing the perigynia; perigynia narrowly _ oblong-obovoid, triangular, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, many-nerved, yellowish-green, sparsely short-pubescent above, ciliate on the margins, submembranaceous, strongly stipitate, tapering at base, short-tapering to a pointed but beakless, purplish, slightly bidentulate apex, the orifice ciliate, hyaline; achenes oblong-obovoid, triangular with concave sides, noticeably short-stipitate, strongly apiculate, blackish, closely enveloped, 3.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide; style short, jointed with achene, deciduous, exserted; stigmas three, very elongate, yellowish- brown. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘““Drummond (sine nr.) Louisiana, N. Orleans.’’ (Carex Booltiana Benth. is based on the same collection, i. e., Drummond 560.) DISTRIBUTION: Woods, Central Indiana (Brown, Morgan, Monroe, Lawrence, and Jackson Counties); northwestern Alabama; Louisiana (near New Orleans). (Specimens examined from Ind- iana, Alabama, Louisiana.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 16. pl. 44; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 804; ed. 2. f. 971; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 471. Norte: Charles Cc. Deam, who has done such highly valuable work in making the flora of Indiana known, writes that this species ‘‘has the habit of growing in circular tufts with a hollow center.” Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 215 248. Carex Baltzellii Chapm. Western Jour. Med. II. 3: 482, (name only. 1845); Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 3: 355. 1847. Rootstocks stout, woody, short-creeping, the culms 1.5—3 dm. high, central, slender, erect, obtusely triangular, smooth on angles or nearly so, strongly exceeded by the long basal leaves, phyllopodic, cinnamon-brown-tinged and somewhat fibrillose at base; leaves numerous and large, clustered at the base, not septate-nodulose, their blades 2—3.5 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, smooth on the lower surface, very rough above, papillate below, flat, long-attenuate, glaucous- green, stiff, the sheaths cinnamon-brown-tinged and very fragile ventrally, the ligule about as long as wide; terminal spike staminate, with usually one to several pistillate flowers at base, erect, linear, 1.5-2.5 em. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the peduncle 2-6 cm. long, the scales broadly obovate or oblong-obovate, reddish-purple with hyaline margins and straw-colored midrib, short-ciliate, abruptly mucronate from an otherwise very blunt apex; pistillate spikes one near the top and several at the base of the culm, linear-cylindric, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, often sparingly staminate at apex and with 5-15 ascending, rather loosely disposed perigynia in few rows, the upper erect on a peduncle slightly exserted from the sheath (5-15 mm. long), the basal on slender smooth peduncles, more or less strongly drooping; sheaths elongate, tubular, reddish-purple-tinged, bladeless or nearly so; scales oblong-obovate, abruptly awned or mucronate from a blunt apex, ciliate, hyaline with 3-nerved green center and usually strongly tinged with reddish-purple, closely appressed, wider than and from longer to somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly oblong-obovate, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, tri- angular, membranaceous, many-nerved, short-pubescent, pale-green, stipitate, tapering to a spongy base, abruptly beaked at apex with a minute straight or bent beak, obliquely truncate and hyaline at the orifice; achenes closely enveloped, oblong-oval, triangular with concave sides, 3 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, brownish-black, short-stipitate, apiculate, jointed with the short style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender, long. Tyre Loca.ity: Florida. ‘First detected in 1835 by Dr. George F. Balizell. In 1840 I found it growing abundantly in a ravine between Bear and Acklawaha Creeks in Gadsen County, some twelve miles south of Quincy.’’ (Chapman, in herb.) DISTRIBUTION: Woodlands, middle Florida to southern Georgia (Thomasville). (Specimens examined from middle Florida, southern Georgia.) ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 16. pl. 43. 31. Triquetrae Carey; Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 395. 1868; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 127. 1886; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 61, in part. 1922. PuBESCENTES Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 577, in part. 1909. By Tuckerman (Enum. Caric. 14. 1843) doubtfully referred to the MonTANAE Fries, as also by Carey (in A. Gray, Man. 557. 1848). By Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 459, 461-462. 1903) referred to the DacTyLosTACHYAE Drejer and the SPHAERIDIOPHORAE Drejer. By Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 480. 1909.) referred in part to the DiciTaTaE Fries. Cespitose, leafy towards base; leaf-blades narrow, the sheaths not purplish-tinged; foliage often pubescent; terminal spike linear, staminate; lateral spikes 2-4, approximate or more or less separate or sometimes basal, 3—-30-flowered in few to several rows, the peduncles included or exserted; lower bract sheathing to sheathless or nearly so, not purplish-tinged, the lowest of the non-radical spikes with well-developed blade; pistillate scales greenish or hyaline or copper- red-tinged; perigynia membranaceous or coriaceous, ascending, obovoid, short-pubescent or puberulent, rather sharply triangular, more or less stipitate, tapering at base, abruptly con- tracted into a very short or slender beak, the orifice emarginate or obliquely cut and minutely bidentate; achenes triangular, with concave sides, closely enveloped, jointed with the short, thickish style; stigmas 3, early deciduous. } A group of dry-ground species, represented in North Anierica in the temperate and warmer parts by five species. Perigynia slenderly cylindric-beaked, nerveless; leaf-blades hirsute; bracts sheathless or very nearly so; basal spikes absent. 249. C. hirtifolia. Perigynia very short-beaked. Long-peduncled basal pistillate spikes not present. Perigynia many-nerved or many-ribbed; lowest bract sheathless or 216 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 nearly so; pistillate scales not copper-red; lower sheaths not purple-dotted; leaf-blades not papillose, their sheaths pubescent or ventrally hispidulous. Perigynia densely white-villous-pubescent towards apex, many- nerved, oblong-obovoid to oblanceolate; at least the lower leaf- blades more or less pubescent; scales slenderly 3-ribbed; achenes oval-obovoid, long-stipitate. 250. C. dasycarpa. Perigynia short white-pubescent, many-ribbed, ovoid or obovoid; leaf-blades nearly glabrous; scales strongly several-ribbed ; achenes ovoid, sessile or nearly so. 251. C. tenax. Perigynia obscurely nerved (nearly nerveless at maturity); lowest bract very long-sheathing; pistillate scales copper-red; lower sheaths purple-dotted; leaf-blades very strongly papillose, their sheaths not hairy nor hispidulous. 252. C. triquetra. Long-peduncled basal pistillate spikes numerous; perigynia finely many- ribbed; lowest non-basal bract more or less strongly sheathing; pistil- late scales greenish-white; perigynia hispidulous; sheaths not pubescent nor hispidulous ventrally. 253. C. planostachys. 249. Carex hirtifolia Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 244. 1910. Carex pubescens Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 281. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Not C. pubescens Poir. 1789; nor C. pubescens Gilib. 1792. Edritria pubescens Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex pubescens Muhl.) Diemisa pubescens Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex pubescens Muhl.) Loosely cespitose, from slender but tough much branched rootstocks, the culms 3-6 dm. high, slender, not stiff, sharply triangular, pubescent, roughened above, aphyllopodic, ex- ceeding the leaves, brownish-reddened at base, the lowermost sheaths short-bladed; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, more on the sterile, not clustered near the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades softly hirsute all over, flat, flaccid, short-acumi- nate, erect to spreading, from short to 3.5 dm. long, 2.5-7 mm. wide, the mid-lateral nerves prominent above, the sheaths tight, but very thin and cinnamon-brown-tinged ventrally, soon breaking, concave at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, linear, subclavate, 8-20 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales obovate-lanceolate, whitish with a bright-green acuminate or excurrent midrib; pistillate spikes 2-4, erect, sessile or slightly peduncled, contiguous or the lowest somewhat separate, oblong or linear-oblong, 5-16 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, closely 10—25-flowered in few rows; lowest bract 1.5-7 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, leaflet-like, green, long-acuminate, sheathless or very nearly so; upper bracts much shorter; scales obovate, strongly keeled, narrower than and but little covering the perigynia, ciliate, whitish with 3-nerved green center, awned by the excurrent midribs, these about reaching the end of the perigynia; perigynia strongly triangular, not at all inflated, elliptic-obovoid, 3.5-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, loosely pubescent, nerveless, membranaceous, green, short-stipitate, contracted to the base and into a beak 0.75 mm. long, erect, slender, cylindric, obliquely cut, at length bidentulate; achenes closely enveloped, sharply triangular with concave sides and rather prominent angles, obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sessile, very short-apiculate, jointed with the somewhat thickened style, scarcely one-half length of achene; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. _TYPE LocaLity (of C. pubescens Muhl., on which C. hirtifolia is based): ‘‘Habitat in Pennsyl- ee menor Dry woods and thickets in calcareous districts, rich soil, New Brunswick to Minnesota, and southward to the District of Columbia, Kentucky, and Kansas. (Specimens ex- amined from New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, lowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Eee, f. 126; Boott, Ill. Carex 23. pl. 61; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 802; ed. 2. f. 970; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 455. Note: C. Sullivantii Boott, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 29. 1842 is a hybrid between this species and C. gracillima Schw. (no. 325.) 250. Carex dasycarpa Muhl. Descr. Gram. 236. 1817. Edritria dasycarpa Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex dasycarpa Muhl.) Loosely cespitose, the clumps small, from ascending, slender but tough rootstocks, the ParRT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE : 217 culms slender but stiff, 1.5—4 dm. high, from shorter than to exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, not rough, usually minutely pubescent, brownish or sparingly purplish- red-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 3-8 to a fertile culm, mostly bunched towards the base, but usually with a widely separated leaf above the middle of the culm, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat or somewhat canaliculate, variable in length (5-35 cm.) 2-4.5 mm. wide, stiffish, light-green, the lower (at least) more or less short-pilose-pubescent, the sheaths tight, pubescent and reddish-brown-tinged ventrally, truncate at mouth, the lower breaking and sparingly filamentose, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, linear, clavate, erect, short-peduncled to nearly sessile, 1-2 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales ovate-oblong, appressed, acutish or obtusish with green 3-nerved center, and hyaline or straw- colored margins; pistillate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, approximate or a little separate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong or short-oblong, 6-20 mm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, closely 5—25-flowered in several rows, the perigynia ascending; lowest bract leaf-like, usually strongly exceeding the inflorescence, sheathless or nearly so, the upper reduced; scales ovate, whitish- straw-colored with hyaline margins and slenderly 3-ribbed green center, short-awned to acute, narrower than and one third to half the length of the mature perigynia; perigynia oblong- obovoid to oblanceolate, rather sharply triangular, subcoriaceous, scarcely inflated, 4.5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, from nearly glabrate to strongly pubescent at base, puberulent or strongly pubescent above base, whitish and densely soft-villous-pubescent towards apex, many-nerved, round-tapering and spongy at base, and tapering at apex into a minute emarginate or blunt beak 0.5 mm. long; achenes sharply triangular, with prominent rounded angles and concave sides, closely enveloped, oval-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, tapering into a slender stipe half the length of the achene, very short-apiculate, jointed with the thickish straight style; stigmas three, slender, rather short. TYPE Loca.ity: ‘Habitat in Carolina.’ (Paris Island, South Carolina.) DISTRIBUTION: Sandy woods, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. (Specimens ex- amined from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi.) ILLusTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. M, f. 38; Boott, Ill. Carex 22. pl. 58. 251. Carex tenax Chapman; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 19: 254. 1855. Carex Chapmannii Sartwell; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 127. 1886. (Based on C. tenax Chapm.) Not C. Chapmannii Steud. 1855. Carex dasycarpa var. tenax Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 437. 1909. (Based on C. tenax Chapm.) Loosely cespitose, from short, hardly creeping, tough rootstocks, the culms 2.5-3.5 dm. high, slender but stiff, sharply triangular, not pubescent, usually noticeably exceeding the leaves, strongly phyllopodic, smooth or but little roughened on the angles above, brownish or somewhat reddish-purple-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, bunched at the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, stiff, light-green, usually strongly involute, channeled below, flat above, often noticeably recurved-spreading, more or less hispidulous at base but not pubescent, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths tight, reddish-brown and hispidulous-pubescent ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate, linear, erect, short-peduncled to nearly sessile, long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales obovate-oblong, obtusish, closely appressed, greenish- white with green 3-nerved center and hyaline margins, often strongly tinged with reddish- brown; pistillate spikes 1-3, usually 2, approximate or slightly separate, erect, sessile or short- peduncled, suborbicular to oblong, 5-18 mm. long, 5—9 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 3-20, ascending or ascending-spreading; lower bract leaf-like, erect or spreading, exceeding the inflorescence, sheathless or nearly so, the upper reduced; scales ovate, strongly several-ribbed, greenish-white with green center and hyaline margins, acute to short-cuspidate, narrower than and less than half the length of the mature perigynia; perigynia ovoid or obovoid, triangular, not inflated, coriaceous, grayish-green, 4.5 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, short-white-pubescent (especially the upper half), many-ribbed, rounded and short-tapering, but scarcely spongy at base, tapering at apex into a minute beak (0.5 mm. long) with emarginate apex; achenes triangular, with prominent rounded angles and concave sides, ovoid, sessile or nearly so, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, apiculate, jointed with the thickish, straight, short style; stigmas three. . 218 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 TYPE LOCALITY: Florida (Chapman). DISTRIBUTION: Dry ridges, South Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. (Specimens examined from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi.) ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 23. pl. 60. Nore: Carex Chapmannii Sartw. was cited as a synonym by Dewey in 1855 (Am. Jour. Sci. IT. 19: 254), and also by Boott in 1858 (Ill. Carex 23), but it was not properly published until 1886 by Bailey. EDITORIAL NOTE: In the belief that Carex lenax Chapman was antedated by C. tenax Reuter, the author used the name Carex validior in his original manuscript and probably annotated herbarium specimens with the same unpublished name. Reuter’s name was not published until late in 1856, so that C. tenax is the valid name for the species. 252. Carex triquetra Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 126. 1846. Carex monticola Dewey, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 229. 1859. (Type from San Diego County, California.) Cespitose and not stoloniferous, the clumps rather large, the culms 3-6 dm. high, slender but stiff, sharply triangular, smooth or somewhat roughened above, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, cinnamon-brown-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-6 to a fertile culm, on the lower half, but not bunched, not septate nodulose, the blades usually 1-2 dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, glabrous, densely papillose, light-green, rigid, flat with revolute margins, the sheaths cinnamon-brown-tinged ventrally and strongly purple-dotted, tight, concave at mouth, the ligule wider than long; terminal spike linear-subclavate, staminate, erect, short-peduncled to nearly sessile, 1-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales appressed, ovate, obtuse to acutish, reddish-brown with hyaline margins and 3-ribbed, often greenish, center; pistillate spikes usually 3, often with a few staminate flowers at the apex, the upper- most close to the staminate, the second moderately separate, the third much separate (usually near the middle of the culm), the spikes from short to linear-oblong, 1—4.5 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, the upper sessile or short-peduncled, erect, the lowermost on slender, often greatly elongate peduncles, the 5-30 perigynia in few rows, ascending, rather closely disposed and overlapping; bracts mostly shorter than inflorescence, the lowermost well-developed and leaf- like with very long sheath, the upper shorter but with well-developed sheaths; scales broadly ovate, sharply keeled, short-cuspidate to acute, about the width of but shorter than the mature perigynia, copper-red with very narrow hyaline margins and 3-ribbed green center; perigynia broadly ovoid or obovoid, sharply triangular, membranaceous, grayish-green, 4-4.5 mm. long, 2.75 mm. wide, short-pubescent, obscurely nerved on the sides, (nearly nerveless at maturity), sessile, round-tapering at base, very abruptly and bluntly narrowed at apex into a very short beak about 0.3 mm. long, minutely bidentate; achenes sharply triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped, densely puncticulate, sessile, obovoid, 3.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short, thickish style; stigmas three, slender, reddish- brown. TYPE LocaLity: ‘Hab. in California. Nuttall.’’ (More specifically, Santa Barbara, as written by Boott in his own copy of his original description in my possession.) DISTRIBUTION: Dry hillsides below 600 meters altitude, in southwestern California from Santa Barbara County south, and extending into northern Lower California. (Specimens examined from southwestern California, and northern Lower California.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: pl. 19; Erythea 8:62. f.32; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 230. f. 33, j-l; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 775; Jepson Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 190. (Boott’s plate 417 is errone- ously referred here in his text, Ill. Carex 219.) 253. Carex planostachys Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 138. pl. 35. 1844. Carex alpestris var. tripla Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 35:59. 1863. (Type from New Mexico and western Texas.) “Carex Halleriana Asso’’ L.. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 126. 1886. Carex Halleriana subsp. planostachys ‘‘Kunze’’ Kiikenth, in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 488. 1909. (Based on C. planostachys Kunze.) Cespitose, the rootstocks short, stout, branching, the culms from very short to 20 em. high, from much shorter than to exceeding the leaves, slender, triangular, rough on the angles, phyllopodic, brownish at base; leaves clustered above the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades rather stiff, light-green, from very short to 3 dm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, rough, ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 219 flat above with revolute margins, channeled at base, prominently papillate, the midnerve prominent, the sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, breaking and becoming sparingly filamentose, the ligule very short; staminate spike linear, sessile or short-peduncled, 8-12 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, the scales ovate, acutish or obtusish, greenish-white with several-nerved green center; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, contiguous to the staminate spike, and with several basal ones on slender peduncles, the non-basal spikes erect, contiguous or somewhat separated, sessile or peduncled, the basal ones unequally peduncled on capillary, erect, scabrous peduncles, the pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, with 6-12 as- cending, rather closely arranged perigynia in few rows; lowest bract of non-basal pistillate spikes setaceous, leaf-like, long attenuate, often conspicuous, more or less strongly sheathing, the uppermost much reduced; scales lance-ovate, acute or cuspidate, sharply keeled, narrower and from rather shorter than to much longer than the perigynia, greenish-white, with several- ribbed green center; perigynia obovoid-elliptic, 3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, rather sharply triangular, not at all inflated, membranaceous, light-green, finely many-ribbed, hispidulous, substipitate, tapering into a somewhat spongy base and rather abruptly narrowed into a straight or somewhat bent beak 0.5 mm. long, with obliquely cut orifice; achenes short-oblong- obovoid, sharply triangular, with concave sides, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, very closely enveloped, substipitate, minutely apiculate, jointed with the very short thickish style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. TYPE LocaLity: Mexico (Schiede). 2 DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil, in calcareous districts, northeastern Texas to Guatemala. (Specimens examined from Texas, Pueblo, San Luis Potosi, Guatemala.) ILLUSTRATION: Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 35. Note: Carex Halleriana Asso, of Eurasia and northern Africa, with which this species has been confused, has larger perigynia (4-5 mm. long); scales strongly chestnut-brown with conspicuous hyaline margins, more rounded on the back and few-ribbed; bracts short-squamiform and am- plexicaul at base; staminate spike larger and wider with reddish-brown-tinged scales, and the pis- alee spikes ovoid and frequently sparingly staminate at apex. The two plants are abundantly istinct. 32. Rupestres Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 130,in part. 1886; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 129. 1917. PETRAEAE O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 501. 1851; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 85, in part. 1909. Lam- PROCHLAENAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 10, in part. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:°460, in part. 1903. Treated as a genus, GENERSICHIA, by Heuffel (Flora 27: 528. 1844). Kii- kenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 495. 1909) refers C. glacialis to the DiciTaTak Fries. Short-stoloniferons, long-stoloniferous, or cespitose, the culms slender; leaf-blades narrow but flattened, the lower sheaths purplish-tinged; spike solitary, androgynous, or 2-4, the terminal staminate and linear, the lateral pistillate, approximate or more or less separate, few-flowered, sessile or short-peduncled; bracts of pistillate spikes leaflet-like, sheathless or nearly so; pistillate scales dark-chestnut to purplish-black with hyaline margins, not ciliate; perigynia erect-ascending, oblong-obovoid to broadly obovoid, glabrous, membranaceous, rounded or tapering at base, 2-keeled, obscurely triangular in cross-section, abruptly con- tracted into a straight beak, hyaline-tipped, obliquely cut; achenes closely enveloped, triangu- lar with nearly flat sides, apiculate, jointed with the short thickish style; stigmas three or rarely two. Four species, in limestone areas, in northern Eurasia and North America, extending southward at very high altitudes. Culms strongly stoloniferous; spike solitary, androgynous; perigynia 3-4 mm. long, finely nerved. 4 ; ; E Seales enveloping and largely concealing perigynia; spike not slender, straight; the perigynia not separated; leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide; : culms stoutish. 254. C. Drummondiana. Scales exceeded by perigynia; spike slender, flexuose, the perigynia few, the lower often separate; leaf-blades 1.3 mm., usually about 1.5 ‘ mm. wide; culms slender. ; ‘ 255. C. rupestris. Culms very densely cespitose; spikes 2-4, the terminal staminate, the lateral pistillate; perigynia 2.5 mm. long, 2-kecled, otherwise nerve- ret less. 256. C. glacialis. 220 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18 254. Carex Drummondiana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 251. pl. Y,f.S2. 1836. Carex rupestris var. 8 Boott, Ill. Carex 158. pl. 516, f.5. 1867. (Based on C. Drummondiana Dewey.) Carex rupestris var. Drummondiana L. H. Bailey, Cat. N. Am. Car. 4. 1884. (Based on C. Drum- mondiana Dewey.) Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, from slender but tough, brown, scaly rootstocks, the culms 6-12 cm. high, stoutish and stiffly erect, sharply traingular, the angles serrulate above, usually exceeded by the leaves, dark-reddish-purple at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 8-12 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat, canaliculate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, smooth or slightly roughened, light-green, thickish, the apex attenuate, more or less circinate and soon dried-up, the sheaths hyaline ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule rather wider than long; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, linear or oblong-linear, not slender, 1-2 cm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, the upper third or half staminate, the lower part closely flowered with 6-15 erect- ascending perigynia; staminate scales oblong-lanceolate, light-chestnut-brown with lighter center and hyaline margins, acutish or obtuse; pistillate scales orbicular-ovate, obtusish or the lower acute, deep-chestnut-brown with broad, shining, white-hyaline margins and conspic- uously wide lighter center, wider and usually longer than and concealing the perigynia; perigynia 4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, oblong-obovoid, membranaceous, shining, smooth, somewhat inflated, the lower part greenish-white, the uppermost tinged with brown, 2-keeled, obscurely finely many-nerved, triangular-flattened, substipitate, tapering to base, sparingly ciliate-serrulate above, rounded and abruptly minutely beaked, the beak about 0.2 mm. long, dark, truncate, slender, terete, white-hyaline-tipped, entire; achenes narrowly oblong-obovoid, sharply triangular with nearly flat sides, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering at base, sessile, brown, abruptly short-apiculate; style very short, thickish, not protruding, jointed with achene and deciduous; stigmas three, slender, long, light-colored. Type LocaLity: “Found at Fort Norman in British America and on the Rocky Mountains— Dr. Richardson.”’ DistRIBUTION: High alpine regions, Canadian Rockies and high mountains of central Colorado. (Specimens examined from Colorado, Alberta.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ili. Fl. f. 809; ed. 2. f. 956; Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. Y, f. 82 (ex- cluding right-hand staminate plant); Boott, Ill. Carex 158. pl. 516, f. 5; Clements, Rocky Mt. Fl. pl. 45, f. 12 (as C. rupestris). Nove: Dewey included in his original description and plate some specimens of Carex scirpoidea Michx., presumably the Fort Norman plant, but his description is almost entirely based on the plant above described. A sheet in the Torrey herbarium shows the confusion. 255. Carex rupestris All. Fl. Ped. 2: 264. pl. 92, f. 1. 1785. Carex petraea Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 139. 1803. (Type from northern Lapland.) Carex Dufourei Lapeyr. Hist. Abr. Pl. Pyr. Suppl. 140. 1818. (Type from the Pyrenees Mountains, southwestern Europe.) Carex attenuata R. Br.; Richards. in Frankl. Journey 750. 1823. (Type from Mackenzie, Canada.) Edritria petraea Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex petraea Wahl.) Edritria rupestris Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex rupestris All.) “Carex supina Willd.” Boiss. Fl. Orient..5: 414, in part. 1882. Caricinella rupestris St.-Lag. in Cariot, Etude Fl. ed. 8.2: 882. 1889. (Based on Carex rupestris All.) Loosely cespitose and freely stoloniferous, the rootstocks long, very slender but tough, brownish or blackish, scaly, the culms 4-15 em. high, sharply triangular and usually rough above, shorter than or exceeding the leaves, slender but wiry, purplish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous, the lowest sheaths bladeless; leaves with well- developed blades 8-12 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades yellowish-green, stiff, spreading or recurved, canaliculate, very long (2-12 cm.) and very slender (1-3, usually about 1.5 mm. wide, attenuate and circinate at apex, the tip early dried and browned, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule about as wide as long; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, 1-2 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, the upper half or two thirds staminate, the lower part pistillate, loosely or closely flowered, the perigynia 3-8, closely erect-ascending; staminate scales obovate, thin, obtuse, chestnut-brown with lighter midvein Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 221 and white-hyaline margins; pistillate scales similar but broadly ovate, shorter than body of perigynia at maturity, wider below and half enveloping the perigynia, the lowest often mucro- nate; perigynia oblong-obovoid, triangular, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, greenish-straw-colored, brownish-tinged, 2-keeled, lightly few-nerved, glabrous, more or less shining, tapering at base, abruptly contracted into a short beak 0.25-0.5 mm. long, terete, blackish-tinged, the margins smooth or roughish, the apex hyaline, truncate; achenes oblong- oval, sharply triangular, with flat sides, rather closely enveloped, dark-chestnut-brown, 2.25 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering at base, sessile, abruptly short-apiculate; style rather short, thickish, conspicuously protruding, jointed with achene and deciduous; stigmas 3, slender, dark-chestnut-brown, rather long. Tyre Loca.ity: ‘In summis alpium jugis di Ussey prope L’Antaret locus siccis & rupestribus.”’ (Piedmont.) DISTRIBUTION: Arctic-alpine, in limestone regions in dry, sunny places, Greenland to Alaska, and southward to Quebec and the Canadian Rockies. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Ellesmereland, Labrador, Newfoundland, eastern Quebec.) ILLUSTRATIONS: All. Fl. Ped. pl. 92, f. 1; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Kkk, f. 139; pl. Nunn, f. 200; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 84. f. 63; Fl. Dan. pl. 2433; Boott, Ill. Carex pl. 516, f. 1-4 and detail drawings /- oe Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 198, f. 531; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 35. f. 12; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 61: pl. 7; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. fl. 3, f. 3; Engl. Bot. Suppl. pl. 2814; ed. 2. pl. 1613; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1095; Coste, Fl. Fr. 3: 494. f. 3806; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel- SBur: VIE Sy ay ATES 256. Carex glacialis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 244. 1910. Carex pedata Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 239. pl. 14. 1812. (Type from Lapland.) Not C. pedataL. 1763. Very densely cespitose, in large clumps, the rootstocks not at all prolonged, the culms central, 4-15 cm. high, strongly exceeding the leaves, little roughened on the angles, slender but wiry and stiff, obtusely triangular, reddish-purple at base and clothed with the dried-up leaves of the previous year, the lower bladeless; leaves 3-8 to a fertile culm, clustered towards the base, the blades flat at base, triangular and channeled above, usually 2-4 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, stiff, yellowish-green, recurved and spreading, roughened, noticeably long-attenuate and sometimes circinate at apex, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin and concave at mouth, the ligule short; terminal spike staminate, sessile, slender, 2-6 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, few-flowered, the scales obovate, acute or obtuse, purplish-black with light-colored center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-3, very small, 2-5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, containing 1-5 erect-ascending perigynia, sessile or the lowest on a peduncle 2-7 mm. long, the whole inflorescence 0.7—2 cm. long; lowest bract slightly sheathing, loose, short-tubular, obtuse or prolonged into a cusp 15 mm. long or less, brownish-tinged and hyaline-margined, the upper smaller; scales broadly ovate, acutish or obtusish, purplish-black, with hyaline margins, the midvein often nearly obsolete, exceeded by the perigynia but half enveloping them below; perigynia obovoid or broadly obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, obtusely triangular in cross-section, the upper part not empty, glabrous, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, membranaceous, yellowish-green or straw-colored below, purplish-black above, tapering at base, rather abruptly contracted at apex into a beak 0.5 mm. long, hyaline-tipped, cylindric, with entire slightly obliquely cut orifice, achenes 1.75 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, oval-obovoid, triangular, with nearly flat sides and blunt angles, yellowish-brown, tapering at base, sessile, prominently apiculate, closely filling the perigynia; style very short, terete, slightly conic, jointed with achene, deciduous; stigmas three, slender, blackish, long. TYPE LOCALITY: “Hab. in collibus et lateribus asperis siccis alpium Lulensium ad alatus meri- dionale lacus Virih-jaur.”’ (Lapland.) DIstRIBUTION: Dry, sunny places in limestone regions in arctic-alpine localities, Greenland and western Newfoundland to Yukon; also in northern Eurasia. (Specimens examined from Green- land, western Newfoundland, Ellesmereland, Mackenzie, Yukon.) ILtusTRATIONS: Wahl. FI. Lapp. pl. 14; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 87. s 65; Fl. Dan. pl. 2431; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. pl. 240, f. 597; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 138. f. 114; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 89; Svensk. Bot. pl. 684. 33. Firmiculmes Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 93. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 129. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8:51. 1922. PHyLLosTAcHyaALE L. to to te NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 10: 208. 1885. (Not Phyllostachys A. Gray; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 8:15. 1843; nor Phyllostachys Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 538. 1848.) By Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 458. 1903) placed in the LEJOCHLAENAE Holm. Culms wiry, triangular, aphyllopodic, the leaf-blades often rudimentary at flowering time; spike solitary, androgynous, the staminate part in age slightly separate from the pistil- late part, the perigynia 1—6, loosely arranged; bracts absent; scales more or less chartaceous; perigynia obtusely triangular, smooth, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or obscurely finely nerved, strongly tapering at the base, very minutely beaked, the orifice truncate; achenes triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped by the perigynia, constricted at base, apiculate; style very short, thickish, conic, terete, jointed with the achene; stigmas three, elongate, slender. Two dry-ground species, in the western part of the United States, extending into south- western Canada. The Asiatic C. phyllostachys C. A. Meyer seems better treated as belonging to the Ambiguae Kiikenth. Plants densely cespitose; culms terete below, usually smooth; leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide; lower pistillate scales long-awned; perigynia 2-ribbed and finely obscurely many-nerved. 257. C. multicaulis. Plants with elongate rootstocks; culms triangular, very rough above; leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; pistillate scales not long-awned; perigynia 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless. 258. C. Geyeri. 257. Carex multicaulis L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz.9: 118. 1884. “Carex Geyeri Boott’’ Boott, Ill. Carex 42, in part. pl. 105. 1858. “Carex phyllostachys C. A. Meyer’? Dewey, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 231. 1859. Densely cespitose, the rootstocks thick, woody, usually very short, dark-brown, fibrillose, the culms numerous, erect, stiff, very green, 2-6 dm. high, terete below, obtusely triangular above, striate, usually smooth, exceeding the very short leaves, brown at base, strongly aphyl- lopodic, the leaves of the previous year reduced to bladeless sheaths, the old culms persistent for two or three seasons; leaves clustered near base, usually 1 or 2 well-developed ones to a culm, the blades erect to spreading, short (1-8 cm. long) at flowering time but when developed up to 3 dm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rough on margins above, smoothish below, stiff, canaliculate or involute, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin and truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; sterile shoots very few; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless (but with bractlike lower scales), the perigynia 1-6, the rachis straight, not dilated, overlapping to rather widely sep- arated, erect-ascending, the staminate part sessile or short-peduncled, 7-25 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, closely 5—10-flowered, with the scales chartaceous, oblong-obovate, very obtuse, with green 3-nerved center, and very broad white-hyaline margins; pistillate scales enlarged at base, strongly white-hyaline-margined and partly enveloping perigynia, the lower two bract-like and prolonged into cusps 1—4 cm. long and exceeding the head, the upper lanceolate, short-cuspidate or awned, often slightly fulvous-tinged; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 5-7 mm. long, the sides 2.5 mm. wide, triangular, glabrous, two-ribbed, finely and obscurely many- nerved, pale-green, membranaceous, short-stipitate, tapering to a spongy base, rounded at the apex and abruptly very minutely beaked, the beak truncate and hyaline at mouth, entire or nearly so, minutely denticulate around the base; rachilla linear, scabrous; achene broadly obovoid-oval, very sharply triangular with concave sides, completely filling the perigynium, 4.5 mm. long, 2.3 mm. wide, slightly substipitate, tapering at base, apiculate; style very short, conic, terete, thickish, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas three, long, slender, dark-reddish-brown. ‘TYPE LOCALITY: Yosemite Valley, California (Torrey 544). DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil, from southern Oregon through northern and middle California, and into southern California along the Sierra Nevada. (Specimens examined from all parts of range.) ILLustrations: Boott, Ill. Carex 42, pl. 105, in part (as C. Geyeri); Erythea 8:51. f. 23; Jepson, Fi. Calif. 225. f. 32, G-I; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 759; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 2: pl. 2, f. 10; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 187. : ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 223 258. Carex Geyeri Boott, Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 118. 1846. Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks thick, woody, elongate, brown, scaly, the culms erect, slender but stiff, deep-green, 1-4 dm. high, sharply triangular, very rough above, somewhat exceeding or shorter than the leaves, reddish-brown at base and strongly aphyllopodic, the leaves of the previous year reduced to bladeless sheaths, the old culms not long-persistent; leaves on lower half of culm, not bunched, usually about 2 well-developed ones to a culm, the blades very short at flowering time, later elongating, erect, 10-30 cm. long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, flat or canaliculate, deep-green, thick, leathery, very rough on the margins, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, thin and truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; sterile shoots numerous, elongate; spike solitary, androgynous, bractless, the rachis straight, scarcely dilated, the perigynia 1-3, overlapping or more or less separate, erect-ascending, the staminate part short- peduncled, linear-oblong, 5-25 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, 8—15-flowered, the staminate scales oblong-obovate, obtusish, ciliate at apex, densely imbricate, round, thin, striate, fulvous- tinged with hyaline margins and apex, the midvein prominent below only, the pistillate scales usually exceeding, wider than, and largely concealing and half enveloping the perigynia, fulvous, with broad white-hyaline margins, sometimes irregularly denticulate towards the apex, the lower short-awned, the upper obtusish or acutish; perigynia oblong-obovoid, 6 mm. long, the sides 2.5 mm. wide, triangular, glabrous, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless, greenish- straw-colored or brownish-tinged, membranaceous, short-stipitate, tapering to a spongy base, rounded at the apex and abruptly very minutely beaked, the beak truncate and hyaline at mouth, entire or nearly so, minutely denticulate around the base; rachilla slender, scabrous; achene broadly oval-obovoid, very sharply triangular, with concave sides, completely filling the perigynium, 4.5 mm. long, 2.3 mm. wide, tapering and slightly substipitate at base, strongly apiculate; style very short, terete, conic, thickish, jointed with achene, at length deciduous; stigmas three, long, slender, dark-reddish-brown. Type Locatity: “‘Hab. In declivitatibus aridis Montium Saxosorum, Americae septentrionalis, C. A. Geyer 332 (Herb. Hooker).”’ DISTRIBUTION: Dry mountain-sides and open woods, Alberta and Colorado to British Columbia and northern California. (Specimens examined from Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, northern California.) ILLusTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 42. pl. 105 (in part); Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 47; Abrams, Til. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 760. 34. Albae Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2?: 156. 1902; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 499. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 132. 1917. LAmMpRo- CHLAENAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 10, in small part. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 460, in small part. 1903. Nutmag O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 578, in small part. 1851. By Tucker- man (Enum. Caric. 15. 1843), by Carey (in A. Gray, Man.555. 1848), and by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 120. 1886) referred to the DiciTaTaE Fries. With long, slender stolons; culms very slender, obtusely triangular, leafy near the base; leaf-blades very narrow, involute; terminal spike linear, staminate; lateral spikes 2-4, oblong or oblong-ovoid or linear, loosely 2—8-flowered, all long-peduncled, often overtopping the staminate one; bracts sheathing, subspathaceous, bladeless, white-hyaline above; scales whitish, yellowish-brown-tinged; perigynia erect, elliptic-obovoid, triangular, glabrous, nerved, tapering at the base, abruptly minutely beaked, the orifice entire, hyaline; achenes triangular, closely enveloped, filling perigynium-body, the sides concave, jointed with the short, bulbous-thickened style; stigmas three, slender. Two or three dry-ground calciphiles in the temperate parts of Eurasia and North America. 259. Carex eburnea Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 226. pl. 225. 1839. “Carex alba Scop.’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 7: 266. 1824. Carex alba var. setifolia Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 316. pl. H, f. 26. 1826. (Type from Pownal, Vermont, and Goat Island, New York.) “Carex paupercula Michx.”’ Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. ¥. 3: 415. 1836. Gas Carex setifolia Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1:332. 1896. (Based on C. alba var. setifolia Dewey.) Not C. setifolia Heer, 1840; nor C. setifolia Kunze, 1840-S0; nor C. setifolia Godr. 1854. NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 to to es Cespitose, from slender, brownish, long-creeping rootstocks, the culms erect, very slender, smooth, 1-3.5 dm. high, obtusely triangular, exceeding the leaves, brownish-tinged at base; leaves numerous, not septate-nodulose, those of the fertile culms clustered near the base, 3-6 bearing blades, the upper and lower bladeless, the blades very narrowly involute, setaceous, 5-25 em. long, 0.5 mm. wide or less, long-attenuate, roughened, green, firm, often recurved- spreading; sheaths tight, abruptly narrowed into the blades, whitish-hyaline and yellowish- brown-tinged ventrally, the ligule short; staminate spike narrowly linear, inconspicuous, very short or not at all exsert-peduncled, 4-8 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, the scales closely appressed, obtusish, yellowish-white with broad white margins; pistillate spikes erect, fastig- iate, 2-4 (usually 2), 2-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, oblong-ovoid, rather loosely 2-6- flowered, the lower borne on a slender, smooth, setaceous peduncle 1-2.5 cm. long, tubular- sheathed at base, the sheath bladeless, truncate at apex, greenish or greenish-yellow, with a white margin, exceeded by or exceeding the staminate spike; upper pistillate spike exceeding the staminate, similarly peduncled, the base of the peduncle and the base of the staminate spike enveloped by a similar bladeless common sheath; scales ovate, small, obtusish or acutish, narrower than and about half the length of the perigynia, whitish with green midrib, often yellowish-brown-tinged; perigynia elliptic-obovoid, small, triangular, not at all inflated, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, membranaceous, light-green or soon brownish, shining, puncticulate, 2- ribbed and finely several-nerved, tapering at base and sessile, tapering at apex and abruptly narrowed into a very short, narrow, cylindric beak, obliquely cut and hyaline at the orifice; achenes elliptic-ovoid, sharply triangular, with concave sides and thickened angles, very closely enveloped, brown, sessile, granular, a little less than 2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, abruptly short-apiculate, jointed with the short, slightly exserted style 0.5 mm. long, with bulbous- thickened base; stigmas three, slender, brownish, 2 mm. long. TYPE LOCALITY: ‘““Hab. Mackenzie River, Cedar Lake, Fort Norman, Dr. Richardson. Rocky Mountains, Drummond.” DISTRIBUTION: Dry sandy or rocky soil, in calcareous regions, Newfoundland to Mackenzie and British Columbia, and southward to Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, and Nebraska. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennesee, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Manitoba, South Dakota, Nebraska, Keewatin, Alberta, Mackenzie, British Columbia.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. H, f. 26 (C. alba var. setifolia); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 790; ed. 2. f. 975; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 472; Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: f. 79, F. G. H; Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 225; Boott, Ill. Carex 72. pl. 197. _ Nore: The European Carex alba Scop. has the staminate spike exsert-peduncled, the pistillate spikes 6-10 mm. long, and the perigynia coriaceous, 3.5 mm. long and sulcate-nerved. 35. Schiedeanae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 255. 1909. Referred by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 100. 1886) to the Inpicak Tuckerm. Cespitose, the culms slender, sharply triangular, rough above; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide, stiffish; spikes few, oblong, 1—2 cm. long, androgynous, the upper simple, sessile, the lower not exsert-peduncled, the peduncles surrounded at base by the sterile perigynium-like cladopro- phyllum; bracts leaf-like, essentially sheathless; perigynia appressed-ascending, membrana- ceous, of an ovoid or obovoid type, triangular, not inflated, strongly scabrous or hispid, the sides concave, 2-ribbed and prominently or obscurely many-nerved, abruptly contracted into a short, oblique, truncate or bidentate beak; achenes closely enveloped, filling perigynium- body, triangular with concave sides, apiculate, jointed with the short or slender style; style- base scarcely thickened; stigmas three, slender. Three dry-ground species confined to Mexico. Leaf-blades strongly vesicular-roughened above, 1.5 mm. wide or less, glaucous-green, the nrargins strongly revolute; perigynia oblong-ob- ovoid, 1—1.25 mm. wide, obscurely nerved (except for the two lateral ribs). 260. C. perstricta. Leaf-blades not vesicular-roughened above, 1.5-3 mm. wide, light-green; perigynia strongly many-ribbed. Perigynia obovoid, 1.75 mm. wide, strongly white-hispid-hirsute; beak bidentate; leaf- blades flat or channeled at base, the margins little or not at all revolute. 261. C. Schiedeana. Perigynia oval-obovoid, 1.25-1.5 mm. wide, white-stellate, short- hispid; beak emarginate; leaf-blades with revolute margins. 262. C. stellata. Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE nN Ne On 260. Carex perstricta Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 479. 1909. Densely cespitose, from thick matted rootstocks, not stoloniferous, the culms 2.5—5 dm. high, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, somewhat roughened above, slender, strict, much ex- ceeding the leaves, dark-brown and prominently fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 6—10 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered near the base, the blades usually 1-2 dm. long, 1.5 mm. wide or less, with very strongly revolute margins, glaucous-green, very long-attenuate, strict, strongly vesicular-roughened above, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, concave and somewhat yellowish-brown-tinged and short-prolonged upward beyond base of blade at mouth, the ligule very short; spikes 5—7, androgynous, forming a head 2.5—5 cm. long, the upper closely aggregated, the lower 2 or 3 more or less strongly separate and distinct, the lower- most rarely somewhat compound, strictly erect, short-peduncled or sessile, linear-oblong, 5-12 mm. long, 2.5—3.5 mm. wide, bearing 5-12 appressed-ascending perigynia below in few rows and about as many much less conspicuous staminate flowers above; cladoprophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; bracts leaflet-like, sheathless, strongly exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, short-cuspidate, acute or obtuse, white with white-hyaline margin and 3-nerved green center, two thirds the length of the perigynia; staminate scales similar, obovate, slightly reddish-brown-tinged; perigynia oblong-obovoid, sharply triangular, 2.5 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, membranaceous, not at all inflated, light-green, obscurely nerved, except for the two prominent lateral ribs, strongly white-scabrous, truncately substipitate, tapering at base, abruptly contracted into a slender beak 0.5 mm. long, the orifice white, bidentate; achenes oblong-obovoid, very closely enveloped, triangular with concave sides, granular, 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, nearly sessile, tapering at base, tapering and truncately minutely apiculate, jointed with the very short style which is thickened at base; stigmas three, slender, rather short, reddish-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: Mountains near Monterey, Nuevo Leén (Pringle 2630, June 5, 1889). DIstTRIBUTION: Shaded hillsides, Nuevo Le6n and San Luis Potosi. (Specimens examined from Nuevo Leén, San Luis Potosi.) 261. Carex Schiedeana Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 119. pl. 30. 1842. Densely cespitose, from thick matted rootstocks, not stoloniferous, the culms 1.5—5 dm. high, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, roughened above, slender, strict, at length exceeding the leaves, brownish-black and prominently fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 6-10 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered near the base, the blades usually 1-2 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, flat or channeled at the base, the margins little or not at all revolute, light-green, not glaucous, thick, stiff, long-attenuate, strict, papillate above, the sheaths tight, hyaline ventrally, deeply concave and somewhat yellowish-brown- tinged and but little prolonged upward beyond base of blade at mouth, the ligule very short; spikes 4-7, androgynous, forming a head 1.5-3 cm. long, the lower 1—3 more or less strongly separate and distinct, the upper closely aggregated, erect or erect-spreading, sessile or very nearly so, ovoid or suborbicular, 5-10 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, bearing 5-10 appressed- ascending perigynia below in few rows and about as many much less conspicuous staminate flowers above; cladoprophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; bracts leaflet-like, sheathless, strongly exceeding inflorescence; pistillate scales ovate, acute to cuspidate, white with prom- inent 3-nerved green center and white-hyaline margin, often brownish-tinged, as wide as perigynia at base, and from somewhat shorter to nearly equaling them in length; staminate scales similar, obovate, more obtuse; perigynia obovoid, sharply triangular, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, membranaceous, not at all inflated, green, strongly many-ribbed, with the two lateral ribs more prominent, strongly white-hispid-hirsute, truncately substipitate, tapering at base, abruptly contracted into a slender beak 0.5 mm. long, obliquely cut, bidentate, the orifice white; achenes ovoid, very closely enveloped, triangular with concave sides, granular, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, nearly sessile, tapering at base, tapering and truncately minutely apiculate, jointed with the very short style which is thickened at base; stigmas three, slender, rather long, reddish-brown. 226 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 Type LocaLity: Mexico (Schiede 75). : DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico, (Specimens examined from Coahuila, Jalisco, Puebla.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 30; Boott, Ill. Carex 130. pl. 420. 262. Carex stellata Mackenzie, sp. nov. Densely cespitose, from short, stout, woody rootstocks, the new shoots at the base of the old, the culms 1.5-3.5 dm. high, slender, stiff, erect, sharply triangular, roughened above, stellate-puberulent, not pubescent, shorter or longer than the leaves, dark-brownish-tinged and fibrillose at base, phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves of the year with well-developed blades 3-6 to a fertile culm, clustered on lower fourth, the blades spreading or curving, dull-green, thickish, firm, glabrous, strongly puncticulate, 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, channeled above, the margins revolute, long-attenuate and roughened towards apex, the sheaths not pubescent, rounded dorsally, hyaline ventrally, the ligule very short, much wider than long; spikes 3-6, androgynous, not in pairs, simple or the terminal slightly compound, erect, the lower more or less strongly remote and short-peduncled, the upper approximate, the lateral sessile, 6-20 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the staminate part usually few-flowered, 3-10 mm. long, the pistillate part closely flowered, the perigynia 5-12, appressed-ascending in few to several rows; bracts sheathless, leaflet-like, the lower 1-3 ex- ceeding the culm; pistillate scales ovate, narrower above and longer or shorter than the peri- gynia, short-awned to acute, rough-keeled, white with strongly 3-ribbed green center; stami- nate scales similar; perigynia oval-obovoid, sharply triangular in cross-section, 3 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, green, conspicuously many-white-ribbed and white- stellate, short-hispid, broadly substipitate, tapering at base, rather abruptly beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, somewhat flattened, hyaline, emarginate; achenes triangular with strongly concave sides, closely enveloped and filling perigynium-body, oval-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, less than 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short slender style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown, rather short. Cespitosa e rhizomatibus brevibus lignosis; culmi 1.5-3.5 dm. alti acute triangulares stellato-puberuli; folia in quoque culmo fertili 3-6, crassiuscula glabra valde puncticulata revoluta ad apicem asperata, ligula brevissima; spicae 3-6 androgynae erectae, parte mascula pauciflora 3-10 mm. longa, femina densiflora; squamae ovatae perigynia subaequantes; peri- gynia ovato-obovoidea 3 mm. longa viridia, valde albo-costata et albo-stellata, abrupte brevirostrata emarginata. TyPE LocaLity: Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico (Rose, Painter & Rose 9019, in 1905, sheet 452499 in U.S. National Herbarium.) DISTRIBUTION: Dry soil, mountains of middle Mexico. (Specimens examined from Hidalgo, Puebla.) * 36. Scabrellae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 286. 1909. Referred by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 100. 1886) to the INpicak Tuckerm. Culms slender or stout; spikes few, androgynous, globose or ovoid, in short few-flowered spikes, the upper subsessile, the lower exsert-peduncled, the peduncles surrounded at base by the sterile perigynium-like cladoprophyllum; bracts leaf-like, from long-sheathing to short- sheathing; perigynia obovoid or ovoid, triangular, many-ribbed or nerved, hispid-pubescent to scabrous (rarely smooth), abruptly beaked, the beak bidentate; achenes closely enveloped, filling perigynium-body, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, apiculate, jointed with the short, rather slender style; stigmas three, slender; rachilla not developed. A group of tropical species, strongly developed in southeastern Asia. Represented also by one species in the West Indies and Central America, and one in northern South America. 263. Carex scabrella Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 149. 1803. Carex laxa Sw.; Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 149. Not C. laxa Wahl. 1803. Densely cespitose, from stout short rootstocks, the culms very slender, weak and de- 1803. (As synonym; type from Jamaica.) ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 227 cumbent, phyllopodic, 0.5-5 dm. high, smooth on angles, much exceeded by leaves, brown and strongly long-fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered near the base, the blades usually 20-35 cm. long, 0.5—-1.5 mm. wide, erect, rather thin, light-green, flat with revolute margins, often channeled above, varying from strongly to slightly roughened towards the long-attenuate apex; sheaths tight, the ligule very short; spikes androgynous in about 5 erect, ovoid, spike-like panicles, the upper 1 or 2 panicles sessile or nearly so and approximate, the next 2 strongly separate on very slender, roughish peduncles, 2-3 times the length of the panicles, the lowermost nearly basal and on very long peduncles; panicles 6-12 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, each with hispid rhachis, and consisting of 3 or 4 small ovoid sessile spikes with 3-6 ascending perigynia beneath and about as many inconspicuous staminate flowers above; peduncles of panicles subtended at base by a small perigynium-like cladoprophyllum, their bracts leaflet-like, exceeding inflorescence, from little to strongly sheathing; scales ovate, acutish to awned, slightly scabrous, reddish-brown with lighter several-nerved center and narrowly hyaline margins, rather narrower than and half the length of the perigynia; perigynia with obovoid, sharply triangular body, not inflated, the whole 3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, hispid-pubescent, prominently many-ribbed, sub- coriaceous, puncticulate, straw-colored, tapering to base, abruptly narrowed at apex into a straight or slightly curved beak about 1 mm. long, the apex bidentate, with erect teeth; achenes broadly obovoid, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, stipitate, closely enveloped, the body 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, light-straw-colored, brownish-black at maturity, granular, straight or sometimes bent-apiculate, jointed with the short, rather slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender. Type Locatity: ‘‘Hab. in montibus Jamaicae; Swartz.” DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, West Indies and Guatemala. (Specimens examined from Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Santo Domingo, Guatemala.) ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 29. pl. 75. 37. Indicae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 10. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 98. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 260. 1909. EcHINoCHLOEAE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 10. 1843. Laxar Pax, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. 2?: 124. 1887. PotysTacHyak (BRE- VISPICAE, STRAMENTITIAE, CRUCIATAE, and FiniciNagE) C. B. Clarke, Jour. Linn. Soc. 37: 4. 1904. CaricanprRa C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 144. 1908. TurcipuLAk Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 261. 1909. GracrLrrostREs Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzen- reich 4*°; 272. 1909. HispipuLar Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 281. 1909. Treated as a genus INDOCAREX by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 275. 1913). Culms stout or slender, obtusely triangular, smooth, the sides concave; spikes numerous, ovoid or oblong, rarely more than 1.5 cm. long, in our species 5-10 mm. long, sessile, andro- gynous, in long-peduncled panicles singly or in twos, the peduncles surrounded at base by the sterile perigynium-like cladoprophyllum; bracts leaf-like, long-sheathing; perigynia membranaceous, rarely coriaceous, 2-keeled and more or less nerved, usually long-beaked, sometimes short-beaked, the beak more or less bidentate; achenes triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, closely enveloped and filling the perigynium-body, apiculate, jointed with the short style; stigmas three, slender; rachilla not developed. A group confined to warmer regions. Represented in the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America by four species, two of which extend into northern South America, where another endemic species also occurs. Very strongly developed in southeastern and southern Asia, where represented by numerous species; also well developed in tropical and subtropical Africa. Not known from Australasia. Spikes very numerous, widely spreading, in 6-10 panicles, the upper panicles in pairs; perigynia prominently beaked. Mature perigynia 45-5 mm. long; achenes 3 mm. long; pistillate scales : 5 mm. long; style very short; thickish. f 264. C. Humboldtiana, Mature perigynia 3-3.5 mm. long; achenes 1.5—-2 mm. long; pistillate scales 2-3 mm. long. Seales acuminate to strongly awned, light reddish- brown or straw- colored; spikes oblong-ovoid to linear- oblong; perigynium finely many- -nerved, the beak greenish, strongly bidentate; style long, 5 rather slender. 265. C. polystachya, 228 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 Seales obtuse, acute or the lower short-awned, dark-reddish-brown; spikes oblong-ovoid, ovoid or suborbicular; perigynium less strongly nerved, the beak strongly reddish- brown- tinged, rather shallowly bidentate; style very short, thickish. 266. C. Aztecica. Spikes rather few, appressed- ‘ascending, in 1-3 panicles, none in pairs; perigynia short-beaked, the beak minutely bidentate; style very short, thickish. 267. C. madrensis. 264. Carex Humboldtiana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 208. 1855. “Carex Wahlenbergiana Boott’’ Béck. Vidensk. Meddel. 1869: 157. 1870. (Type from Brazil.) Carex Regnelliana Bock. Cyp. Nov. 2: 34. 1890. (Type from Caldas, Minas Geraes, Brazil.) Carex cladostachya {. polystachya “‘Wahl. ” C. B. Clarke; Lindm. Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 26(3)": 36. 1900. (As to specimen from Caldas, Brazil, only. ) “Carex polystachya Sw.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 267. 1909. Carex macros perma Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 477. 1909. (Type from Sierra de San Felipe, Oaxaca.) Cespitose, from short, thick, woody rootstocks, the culms rather slender but erect, 6-10 dm. high, leafy below, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, exceeding the leaves, phyl- lopodic, strongly fibrillose and brownish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, the lower bunched above the base, the blades 1-4 dm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide, flat with revolute margins, coriaceous, stiff, light-green, attenuate, very scabrous above, the midrib prominent below, the sheaths tight, little hyaline ventrally, concave and narrowly purplish-brown-tinged and slightly prolonged upward beyond base of blade and short-pubes- cent at mouth, the ligule very short; spikes numerous, androgynous, in 6-10 erect peduncled panicles, the lower panicle distant, solitary, on a slender scabrous peduncle, 6-12 cm. long, the upper panicles in pairs, shorter-peduncled, the uppermost approximate, the panicle- bracts leaflet-like, strongly sheathing; panicles ovoid, 2.5—5 cm. long, 1.5—2 ecm. wide, con- taining 8-15 sessile and often somewhat compound, widely spreading spikes, the rhachis hispid; spikes 5-10 mm. long with 2-5 ascending perigynia in the middle and about as many staminate flowers at apex, the lower scales usually empty, the staminate part much narrower than the pistillate, the bracts small, awn-pointed, 2-5 mm. long; cladoprophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; scales ovate or obovate, short-awned to obtuse, chestnut-brown or reddish- brown with lighter center and narrow hyaline margins, many-striate, the midvein prominent, the pistillate 3-4.5 mm. long, about half to two thirds the length of the mature perigynia; perigynia elliptic-obovoid, sharply triangular, 4.5—-5 mm. long, 1.9 mm. wide, not at all in- flated, membranaceous, smooth, puncticulate, bright-green, soon brownish-tinged, obscurely few-nerved except for the two prominent lateral nerves, short-stipitate, tapering to a stout spongy base, abruptly contracted above into a somewhat roughened and often bent beak 1—1.5 mm. long, one third to one half the length of the body, the orifice hyaline, somewhat obliquely cut, at length bidentate; achenes elliptic-ovoid, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, very closely enveloped, brownish-black, granular, short-stipitate, 3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short, thick, whitish style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. TYPE LOCALITY: ““Specm. Humboldtianum ex N. Granata.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands in the mountains, southern Mexico to Central Brazil. (Speci- mens examined from Oaxaca, Nicaragua, Panama.) Norte: The reports of this species from the West Indies, as far as I have been able to check them, are based on large specimens of Carex polystachya Wahl. 265. Carex polystachya Sw.; Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 149. 1803. Carex cladostachya Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 149. 1803. (Type from Jamaica.) ake eee Sw.; Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 149. 1803. (As synonym; type from amaica. Carex mexicana Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 204. 1828. (Type from Mexico.) Carex Hartwegii Boott; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 96. 1842. (Type from Guatemala.) Carex acrolepis Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 271. 1850. (Type from Candelaria, Costa Rica.) Not C. acrolepis Ledeb. 1841. Carex Oerstedii Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 272. 1850. (Type from Cartago, Costa Rica.) Carex polystachya var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 157. 1867. (As synonym of C. Hartwegii Boott.) Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 229 Carex Dussiana Bock. Cyp. Nov. 2:42. 1890. (Type from Martinique.) Carex cladostachya f. polystachya ‘‘Wahl.”’ Clarke; Lindman, in Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 26(3)9: 36. 1900. (Technically based on C. polystachya Sw.) Carex cladostachya var. mexicana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 268. 1909. (Based on C. mexicana Presl.) te eradosiachya var. maxima Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 268. 1909. (Type from Carex ees var. Oerstedit Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 268. 1909. (Based on C. Oerstedii Liebm.) Cespitose, from short woody rootstocks, the clumps medium-sized to large, the culms phyllopodic, 2.5-6 dm. high, slender, erect, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, often exceeded by the leaves, brownish or purplish-tinged and more or less fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 6-15 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered towards the base, the blades thick, light-green, erect, flat with revolute margins, or channeled at base, stiff, strongly nerved (the midrib prominent), usually 2-6 dm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, long-attenuate, very rough; sheaths tight, slightly hyaline ventrally, deeply concave and ciliate at mouth, the ligule very short; spikes numerous, androgynous in 5-10 erect decompound panicles, the upper mostly in pairs, approximate and short-peduncled, the lower solitary, strongly separate, with long, slender, rough peduncles, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, each containing rather many, widely spreading, sessile spikes, the rachis hispid; bracts leaflet- like, long-sheathing, exceeding the inflorescence; spikes sessile, oblong-ovoid to linear-oblong, 5-9 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, staminate and narrow at apex and containing below 8-15 as- cending-spreading perigynia, rather closely packed in few to several rows; bracts small, awn- pointed, 2-3 mm. long; cladoprophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; scales ovate, 2-3 mm. long, many-striate, acuminate to strongly awned, as wide as but only half the length of the perigynia, light-reddish-brown or straw-colored with green midrib often reddish-tinged; perigynia 3—3.5 mm. long, the body narrowly obovoid, sharply triangular, 1.2 mm. wide, not at all inflated, membranaceous, smooth, puncticulate, bright-green, 2-keeled, finely many- nerved, stipitate, tapering to a stout spongy base, rather abruptly narrowed into a beak one third to one half the length of the body, somewhat roughened, straight or sometimes curved, slender, greenish, hyaline-tipped, obliquely cleft, strongly bidentate, the teeth slender, 0.5 mm. long; achenes elliptic-obovoid, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, very closely enveloped, brownish-black, granular, stipitate, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, prominently bent-apiculate, jointed with the rather slender style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. * Type Loca.ity: ‘Hab. in summis montibus Jamaicae, Swartz.” DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands in the mountains, West Indies and central Mexico, and south- ward to Peru. (Specimens examined from Jamaica, St. Kitt’s, Cuba, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, nae Vera Cruz, San Luis Potosi, Morelos, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Colombia, Bolivia. ILLusTRATIONS: Boott. Ill. Carex 152. pl. 490, 491, 492; 157. pl. 509, 510, 512; Am. Jour. Sci. Mame, fo0, 99 10: Sf fodp Vi. 2eG2d. fos Norte: Only one species of Carex of this group has been disclosed in long-continued explorations of Jamaica, the type locality of both Carex polystachya and Carex cladostachya. See Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 478. 1909. 266. Carex Aztecica Mackenzie. Carex fuscolincta Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 478. 1909. Not C. fuscotincta Merino (Mem. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 2: 467). 1904. ; Cespitose, from short, thick, woody rootstocks, the culms rather slender but erect, 5-8 dm. high, leafy throughout, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, purplish-brown-tinged and somewhat fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades 7-15 to a fertile culm, little bunched, the blades 1.5-3 dm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide, flat with revolute margins, thick, stiff, light-green, attenuate, very scabrous above, the midrib prominent below, the sheaths tight, not hyaline ventrally, concave, narrowly purplish-brown- tinged, slightly prolonged upward beyond base of blade, minutely short-pubescent at mouth, the ligule very short; spikes numerous, androgynous, in 6-10 erect-peduncled panicles, the lower panicle distant, solitary on a slender scabrous peduncle about 8 cm. long, the upper pani- cles in pairs, shorter-peduncled, the uppermost approximate; panicle-bracts leaflet-like, strongly 230 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18 sheathing; panicles ovoid, 1.5—4.5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, containing 6-12 sessile and sometimes somewhat compound, widely spreading spikes, the rachis hispid; spikes oblong-ovoid, ovoid, or suborbicular, 4-7 mm. long, 3.5-6 mm. wide, with 5-12 ascending pistillate flowers at the base and a few staminate flowers at the apex, the latter sometimes exceeded by the perigynia, the staminate part very inconspicuous, much narrower than the pistillate, the lower scales frequently empty; bracts usually scale-like, but occasionally 3-15 mm. long; cladoprophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; scales ovate, obtuse or acute or the lower short-awned, dark- reddish-brown, often with lighter center, many-striate, the narrow margins hyaline, the midvein prominent, the pistillate 1.5-2.5 mm. long, about half the length of the perigynia; perigynia elliptic-obovoid, sharply triangular, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, not at all inflated, membranaceous, smooth, puncticulate, green, soon dark-reddish-brown-tinged, slenderly few-nerved, except for the two prominent lateral nerves, substipitate, tapering to a somewhat spongy base, abruptly contracted at apex into a somewhat roughened and slightly bent beak less than 1 mm. long and less than half length of the body, strongly reddish-brown- tinged, the orifice hyaline, obliquely cleft, rather shallowly bidentate; achenes ovoid, tri- angular with concave sides and blunt angles, closely enveloped, granular, nearly sessile, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, very short-apiculate, jointed with the very short thickish style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender. TYPE LOCALITY: Sierra de San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mexico, at 2300 meters altitude (Pringle 4839, August 19, 1894). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. 267. Carex madrensis L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25: 270. 1898. Carex polystachya var. madrensis Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich, 42°: 267. 1909. (Based on C. madrensis L,. H. Bailey.) Clumps medium-sized or large, from densely matted, woody rootstocks, the culms 2.5—-6 dm. high, slender, obtusely triangular, smooth, phyllopodic, much exceeding the leaves, strongly brownish-tinged and strongly fibrillose at base; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered, the upper regularly separated, the blades flat with revolute margins, coriaceous, stiff, light-green, usually 1-2.5 dm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, strongly roughened towards the attenuate apex, the midvein prominent below, the sheaths tight, somewhat brownish-tinged ventrally, truncate at mouth and slightly pubescent, the ligule very short; spikes rather few for the group, androgynous, in 1-3 erect peduncled panicles, not in pairs, the lower on slender scabrous peduncles, the panicle bracts leaflet-like, strongly sheathing; panicles ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 1.5—3 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, containing 3-6 sessile, simple, appressed-ascending spikes, the rachis hispid; spikes ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 7-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 5—15 appressed perigynia below in several rows and the inconspicuous staminate flowers above, the bracts small, awn-pointed; cladoprophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; pistillate scales broadly ovate, obtuse, acute or the lower cuspidate, chestnut-brown with greenish center and slightly hyaline margins, finely many-striate, the midvein prominent, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, wider but shorter than the mature perigynia; staminate scales similar, but narrower and hardly at all greenish; perigynia 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, glabrous, the body obovoid, sharply triangular, not inflated, membrana- ceous, puncticulate, bright-green, finely several-nerved, short-stipitate, tapering to a stout spongy base, abruptly contracted at apex into a smooth, minutely bidentate beak 1 mm. long; achenes obovoid, nearly sessile, 2.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, very closely enveloped, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short, thickish, straight style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown. TYPE LocaLity: Sierra Madre mountains, State of Durango, Mexico (Rose 2357). DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, mountains, Durango to Morelos. (Specimens examined from Durango, Morelos.) 38. Bicolores Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 12. 1843; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 119. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 297, in part. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 231 Fl. Rocky Mts. 132. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 57. 1922. By Carey (in A. Gray, Man. 550. 1848) referred to the PANICEAE Tuckerm., as also by Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 508, in part. 1909). By Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 457-8. 1903) divided between the MicrorHyYNcHAE Drejer and the CENCHROCARPAE Holm. Stoloniferous; culms central, slender, leafy towards the base; leaf-blades narrow; basal sheaths brownish; terminal spike linear, staminate or gynaecandrous; lateral spikes 2-5, pistillate, rather closely few to many-flowered in few rows on erect exserted peduncles; bracts sheathing, the blades elongate, leaf-like; scales reddish- or purplish-brown-tinged; perigynia ascending, of an oval or obovoid type, orbicular or compressed-orbicular in cross-section, nerved or ribbed, glabrous, golden-yellow, white-pulverulent, or straw-colored at maturity, short-tapering or rounded at the base, beakless or very short-beaked; achenes lenticular, apicu- late, closely enveloped, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas two. A group of five species, confined to the colder and temperate parts of the northern hemi- sphere, extending south in the mountains of western North America to southern California. Perigynia sparingly serrulate above, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.1—0.2 mm. long; achenes strongly apiculate; bracts biauriculate. 268. C. rufina. Perigynia not serrulate, beakless or very nearly so. Lowest bract short-sheathing, biauriculate, about equaling or some- what exceeding culm; upper spikes fastigiate; achenes strongly apiculate. 269. C. bicolor. Lowest bract long-sheathing, concave at mouth, mostly strongly ex- ceeding culm; spikes not fastigiate. Perigynia short-tapering at apex, yellowish-green or straw-colored, 2.5—-3.75 mm. long; achenes strongly apiculate. 270. C. salinaeformis. Perigynia rounded or truncate at the apex, orange-colored or white- pulverulent, 2-3 mm. long; achenes minutely apiculate. Mature perigynia whitish-pulverulent, elliptic-obovoid, not fleshy or translucent, rather obscurely ribbed; scales appressed. 271. C. Hassei. Mature perigynia golden-yellow or brownish, orbicular-obovoid, fleshy, translucent, coarsely ribbed; scales widely spreading at maturity. 272. C. aurea. 268. Carex rufina Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3: 446. 1841. Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks slender, brownish, scaly, ascending obliquely, sparingly branching above, the culms few together, 2-8 cm. high, slender, often curved, compressed- triangular, smooth, not papillate, much shorter than the leaves, brownish at base, strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots conspicuous, aphyllopodic, lateral; leaves of the flowering year with well-developed blades 4—6 to a flowering culm, on lower three fourths, not septate-nodulose, the blades 1-8 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, flat above, channeled towards base, soft, yellowish-green, short-attenuate, sparingly roughened at apex only, the sheaths rather loose, smooth, whitish ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule wider than long; spikes 3 or 4 (rarely 5), erect, approximate and subsessile, or the lowest more or less remote and peduncled, the terminal gynaecandrous (rarely entirely staminate), the lateral entirely pistillate, short-oblong to oblong, 6-10 mm. long, 4.5 mm. wide, densely flowered, the perigynia 8-20, appressed-erect in several rows; lowest 1 or 2 bracts leaf-like, biauriculate, exceeding culm, short-sheathing and dark-reddish-brown-tinged at base; upper bracts squamiform, much reduced; scales closely appressed, obovate, obtuse, as wide as and slightly shorter than perigynia, shining, purplish-brown, with lighter midvein or center not extending to apex; perigynia obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, very strongly flattened, unequally biconvex, the marginal perigynia 2-ribbed, all obsoletely very slenderly nerved, light-green or yellowish-green or somewhat glaucous-green, puncticulate, glabrous, the upper margin sparingly serrulate, round-truncate at base, stipitate, abruptly apiculate, the beak 0.1-0.2 mm. long, slightly emarginate, purple-tinged; achenes lenticular, closely enveloped, filling lower three fourths of perigynium, ovoid-orbicular, 1.25-1.5 mm. long, nearly as wide, yellowish-brown, puncticulate, sessile, apiculate, jointed with the short, slender, included style; stigmas two, slender, short. Tyre Loca.ity: “In locis irrigatis glareosis ad limitem maris orae orientalis Groenlandiae (60°-— 60° 28’): etiam in sinu Godthaab alt. circiter 300’ supra mare legit J. Vahl.’ (Fl. Dan.) iS) w nN NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 DISTRIBUTION: High northern sections of Greenland, Lapland and Norway. (Specimens ex- amined from Greenland.) ILLUSTRATIONS: FI. Dan. pl. 2481; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 23, f. 1; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 79. f. 54; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. $l. 4, f. 44. 269. Carex bicolor All. Fl. Ped. 2: 267. 1785. Carex androgyna Balbis, Elenco 97. 1801. (Type from northern Italy.) Carex Cenisiae Balbis, Mem. Acad. Turin 7: 358. 1804. (Based on C. androgyna Balb.) Vignea bicolor Reichenb. in Méssler, Handb. ed. 2. 1624. 1829. (Based on C. bicolor All.) Carex minima Boullu, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 5:88. 1878. (Type from Campotile, Corsica.) Loosely cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons very slender, horizontal, yellowish- brown, the clumps small, the culms 5-20 cm. high, slender, erect or decumbent, triangular, exceeding the leaves, roughened above, phyllopodic, light-brownish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades 3-9 to a culm, near the base, the blades light-green, not glaucous, flat above, channeled at base, thickish, usually 3-6 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, short-tapering, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade and continuous with the prominent ligule; spikes 2-5, at least the upper fastigiate, the lateral pistillate, the terminal gynaecandrous, the basal staminate portion short, the upper spikes sessile or short-peduncled and closely aggregated, the lowermost more or less distant on an erect or spreading rough peduncle 2 cm. long or less; spikes oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, closely flowered, containing 5-20 appressed-ascending perigynia, in several to many rows; lower bract 4 cm. long or less, about equaling or somewhat exceeding culm, very short- sheathing and biauriculate, the auricles dark-tinged; upper bracts much shorter or scale-like; cladoprophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; pistillate scales ovate-suborbicular, obtuse or slightly mucronate, purplish-black with hyaline margins and conspicuous yellowish-green center, usually slightly narrower and shorter than the perigynia; staminate scales slightly narrower and longer; perigynia 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.25-1.5 mm. wide, elliptic-obovoid, not inflated, flattened and narrowly elliptic in cross-section, membranaceous, obscurely ribbed, glaucous-white, densely granular-roughened, broadly short-stipitate, round-tapering at base, rounded at apex, beakless or very nearly so, the orifice entire; achenes lenticular, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, closely enveloped, substipitate, yellowish, minutely densely puncti- culate, abruptly, strongly, and slenderly apiculate, jointed with the very short, slender, black, slightly exserted style; stigmas two, short, slender, blackish. TYPE LOCALITY: “‘In summis alpibus locis uliginosis’’ (Piedmont). DISTRIBUTION: Arctic-alpine localities in northern Eurasia, and there extending southward in the higher mountains; in North America it occurs in calcareous districts from Greenland to south- eastern Alaska, and northwestern Newfoundland. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Newfound- land, southeastern Alaska; recorded from Labrador.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 423; Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 298. f. 45; Serer baciee pl. Aaaa, f. 18; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 789; Fl. Dan pl. 2122; Boott, Ill. Carex 132. pl. 427; Jour, Russe Bot. 1912: 80. f. 61; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 47: pl. 7; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: #l. 235 i. Site Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 80. f. 55; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. #1. 4, oe: 43; Coste, FI. Fr. f. 3844; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel- Eur. f. 229; Sv. Bot. pl. 701; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 4 270. Carex salinaeformis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 477. 1909. “Carex salina var. minor Boott’’ W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 242. 1880. caked aad Wahl.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429; 362. 1909. (As to Californian plant Loosely cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons very slender, horizontal, yellowish- brown, the clumps small, the culms rather slender but stiff, 5-15 cm. high, obtusely triangular, smooth or nearly so, exceeded by the leaves, phyllopodic, light-brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 5-8 to a fertile culm, not bunched at base, the blades flat, light- green or yellowish-green, thickish, 3-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, short-attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths rather loose, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; staminate spike linear-obclavate, 8-16 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, short- or long-peduncled, the peduncle roughish, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, reddish-brown with conspicuous 3-nerved lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, widely separate or the upper approximate, erect, the upper short-exsert-peduncled, the lower long-exsert-peduncled, Part 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 233 the peduncles little roughened, the spikes oblong, 6-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, sometimes compound at base, closely-flowered, containing 8-20 appressed-ascending perigynia in few rows; bracts leaf-like, the upper at least strongly exceeding culms, their sheaths conspicuous, 3-15 mm. long, concave at mouth; cladoprophyllum conspicuous, perigynium-like; scales ovate, from rough-awned (the lower) to obtuse (the upper), appressed, reddish-brown with broad, 3-nerved, green center and slightly hyaline margins, as wide as the perigynia but generally shorter; perigynia oblong-obovoid, flattened-suborbicular in cross-section, not inflated, 2.5-3.75 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, rather lightly nerved, subcoriaceous, densely minutely granular, yellowish-green or straw-colored, broadly substipitate, rounded and spongy at base, short-tapering and slightly constricted at apex but beakless, the orifice entire; achenes lenticular, closely enveloped, their faces suborbicular, 1.5 mm. long, nearly as wide, substip- itate, yellowish-brown, densely puncticulate, abruptly slender-apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas two, dark-reddish-brown, long, slender. Type LocaLity: Mendocino City, California (Bolander 4702). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from near the Coast in Mendocino County, California. (Speci- mens examined from Mendocino County, California.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 57. f. 28; Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 228. f. 33 d-f; Abrams, III. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 776; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 186. 271. Carex Hassei L. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 21:5. 1896. Carex aurea var. androgyna Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 371, in large part. 1871. (Type from Presque Isle, Pennsylvania.) Carex aurea var. celsa L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:75. 1889. (Type from San Bernardino Mountains, California.) “Carex bicolor All.”’ Rob. & Fern. Man. 232. 1908. Carex celsa Piper; Piper & Beattie, Fl. NW. Coast 79. 1915. (Based on C. aurea var. celsa L. H. Bailey.) Not C. celsa Boott, 1862. Loosely cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons very slender, horizontal, yellowish- brown, the clumps medium-sized or small, the culms slender, erect, 0.5—-7 dm. high, triangular, more or less roughened above, phyllopodic, exceeding leaves, light-brownish-tinged at base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 5—7 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, more numerous on the sterile, the blades usually 0.5-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, light-green, not flaccid, flat above, channeled at base, roughened towards the attenuate apex; sheaths concave at mouth, the ligule about as wide as long; terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, erect, short- peduncled, 6-20 mm. long, the staminate part 2-3 mm. wide, the staminate scales oblong- obovate, obtusish or acutish, reddish-brown, with lighter center and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 3-5, approximate or the lower strongly separate, often nearly basal, erect, the upper short-peduncled or sessile, the lower long-peduncled, the peduncles slightly rough, the spikes linear-oblong, 0.7—2.5 cm. long, 3.5—4.5 mm. wide, with 10-30 appressed-ascending perigynia in several rows, closely flowered above, more loosely at base, sometimes more or less compound at base; lower bracts leaflet-like, prominently short-sheathing, the sheath concave at mouth, not biauriculate, the blades much exceeding inflorescence; upper bracts smaller; cladoprophyllum conspicuous, perigynium-like; scales ovate-suborbicular, obtuse, mucronate, acute, or acuminate, appressed, not divaricate, generally a little shorter and narrower than the perigynia, reddish-brown with broad, lighter, 3-nerved center and whitish-hyaline margins and usually conspicuous white-hyaline apex; perigynia elliptic-obovoid, flattened, suborbicular in cross-section, not inflated, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rather obscurely ribbed, membranaceous, minutely densely granular, whitish-pulverulent, not fleshy, not translucent, tapering and broadly short-stipitate at base, rounded and beakless or very nearly so at apex, the orifice entire; achenes lenticular, with suborbicular face, 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, closely enveloped, substipitate, brownish, minutely densely puncticulate, abruptly minutely apiculate, jointed with the short, slender, black, slightly exserted style; stigmas two, short, slender, blackish. Type LocaLiry: San Antonio Cafion, San Bernardino range, California (Hasse). DistrmBuTion River banks and wet rocks, in calcareous districts, Quebec and New Brunswick to Yukon, and southward to Maine, northwestern Pennsylvania, Alberta, and in the mountains to Utah, Nevada and southern California. (Specimens examined from Quebec, New Brunswick, 234 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Alberta, Mackenzie, Yukon, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 976; Bull. So. Calif. Acad. 4: pl. 17; Abrams, Il. Fi. Pacif. St. f. 777. 272. Carex aurea Nutt. Gen. 2: 205. 1818. Carex mutica R. Br.; Richards. Frankl. Jour. 751. 1823; ed. 2. 763. 1823. (Type from north- western Canada.) Carex pyriformis Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:69. 1824. (Type from Massachusetts.) Neskiza aurea Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on C. aurea Nutt.) Carex aurea var. androgyna Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 371, in smaller part. 1871. “Carex concinna R. Br.” Olney, in S. Wats. Bot. King’s Expl. 372. 1871. Carex aurea f. colorata Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. 21: 361. 1920. (Type from Michigan.) Loosely cespitose and long-stoloniferous, the stolons very slender, horizontal, yellowish- brown, the clumps medium-sized or small, the culms slender, erect, 0.5-5.5 dm. high, tri- angular, more or less roughened above, from very short to much exceeding the leaves, phyl- lopodic, light-brownish at base; leaves usually 4-7 to a fertile culm, more numerous on the sterile, inserted towards the base, the blades 3-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, light-green, stiffish, flat above, channeled at base, attenuate, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths concave at mouth, the ligule about as wide as long; staminate spike erect, linear, sessile or short- peduncled, 3-10 mm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, occasionally with a few perigynia, the scales oblong-obovate, obtusish or acutish, reddish-brown with greenish cr straw-colored center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 3-5, erect, the upper approximate, short-exsert- peduncled or sessile, the lower widely separate, often nearly basal, on roughish peduncles at times 2-4 cm long; the spikes oblong to linear-oblong, 4-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, 4—20- flowered, the perigynia ascending or in age spreading in few rows, alternate below or more overlapping above; bracts leaf-like, conspicuously sheathing at base, erect, the blades usually much exceeding the inflorescence, the sheaths concave at mouth, not biauriculate; clado- prophyllum prominent, perigynium-like; scales ovate or ovate-orbicular, widely spreading at maturity, shorter and narrower than the perigynia, short-cuspidate to obtusish, reddish- brown with conspicuous, green or yellowish-green, 3-nerved center and white-hyaline margins; perigynia orbicular-obovoid, flattened-oval in cross-section, not inflated, 2-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, coarsely ribbed, coriaceous, fleshy at maturity, translucent and golden-yellow or brownish, densely puncticulate, broadly short-stipitate, rounded at base, rounded at apex and beakless or nearly so, the orifice entire; achenes lenticular, with suborbicular face, 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, closely enveloped, scarcely substipitate, brownish, minutely densely puncticulate, abruptly very short-apiculate, jointed with the short, slender, blackish, scarcely exserted style; stigmas two, blackish, slender, rather short. TYPE LOCALITY: “Hab. on the shores of Lake Michigan.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows and banks, in calcareous districts, Newfoundland to British Col- umbia, and southward to Connecticut, Michigan, Nebraska, and, in the mountains, to New Mexico and southern California. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 788; ed. 2. f. 977; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 422; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 46; Boott, Ill. Carex 29. pl. 76; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 778; Clements, Rocky Mt. Fi. pl. 45, f. 11; Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: $l. 25, f. 2; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. I, f. 30; 29: pl. Z, f. 84. 39. Paniceae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 15. 1843; Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 550. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 117. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 508. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 132. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 59. 1922. CENCHROCARPAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 458, in greater part. 1903. Stoloniferous; culms central, or some lateral, slender, leafy towards the base; basal sheaths brownish or purple-tinged; terminal spike staminate, linear or linear-oblong; lateral spikes 1-5, pistillate, loosely to rather closely several to many-flowered, in few or several rows, on erect or spreading, exserted or included peduncles; bracts sheathing, the lower long-sheathing, ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 235 not colored or dark-auricled, the blades developed; scales purplish or reddish-brown-tinged or rarely greenish-white; perigynia ascending or spreading, oblong-ovoid, ovoid, or obovoid, or obovoid-fusiform, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, obtusely triangular to suborbicular in cross- section, not inflated to somewhat inflated, glabrous, puncticulate, sometimes minutely granu- lose, green, sometimes glaucous, rounded, pointed, or beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so; achenes normally triangular, with concave sides, jointed with the straight or rarely bent, slender or somewhat enlarged, upward style; stigmas three. A group of about 11 or 12 species, found in dry or swampy meadows or thickets or boggy places in the temperate and cooler parts of North America and Eurasia. Two South American species have been referred to this group, probably erroneously. Perigynia beakless or with a very short, often excurved beak. Leaf-blades and perigynia strongly glaucous; leaf-blades 0.5-3.5 mm. wide, deeply channeled. 273. C. livida. Leaf-blades not glaucous; leaf-blades 1.5—-6 mm. wide, flat above. Peduncles of staminate and pistillate spikes smooth; leaf-blades bluish-green; perigynia turgid, obscurely nerved; culms phyllo- podic. 274. C. panicea. Peduncles of staminate and pistillate spikes rough or roughish; leaf- blades green or grayish-green, or yellowish-green in age. Culms phyllopodic, from not at all to strongly purplish-tinged at base, spreading by deep-seated, slender, whitish stolons; périgynia strongly-nerved. Leaf-blades not grayish-green, the margins serrulate, those of the fertile culms 2-4.5 mm. wide, thin, not involute near base; bract-sheaths tight, not enlarged upwards; perigynia tapering at apex, not turgid; pistillate spikes linear or linear-oblong; culms slender. 275. C. tetanica. Leaf-blades grayish-green, smooth-margined towards base, those of the fertile culms 2.5-7 mm. wide, thickish, with edges involute towards base; bract-sheaths rather loose and enlarged upwards; perigynia abruptly narrowed at apex, somewhat turgid at maturity; pistillate spikes linear-oblong or oblong-clavate; culms usually stoutish. 276. C. Meadii. Culms aphyllopodic, strongly purple-tinged at base; plants loosely stoloniferous or with interwoven stout rootstocks; perigynia not inflated. Plants loosely stoloniferous; culms slender; larger leaf-blades 4 mm. wide, white-lineolate beneath. 277. C. Woodii. Plants not loosely stoloniferous, but with interwoven stout rootstocks; culms stout towards base; larger leaf-blades 5 mm. wide, not white-lineolate beneath. 278. C. biltmoreana. Perigynia with straight or excurved prominent beak one fourth to one half the length of the body. Perigynia not fusiform, 2-ribbed and several-nerved, slightly or some- what inflated; pistillate scales purplish-brown-tinged. Culms phyllopodic, brownish-tinged at base; pistillate spikes 2-3, spreading; perigynia puncticulate. 279. C. saltuensis. Culms aphyllopodic, strongly purple-tinged at base; pistillate spikes 1-4, erect; perigynia densely minutely granulose. Perigynia 4-5.5 mm. long, widely spreading at maturity, the beak 1.75 mm. long, strongly oblique at apex; pistillate scales smooth or nearly so; leaf-blades not glandular-dotted. 280. C. polymorpha. Perigynia 3.5-4 mm. long, appressed, the beak 0.75 mm. long, shortly oblique at apex; pistillate scales with hispidulous center; leaf-blades more or less glandular-dotted beneath. 281. C. californica, Perigynia obovoid-fusiform, finely many-nerved, not inflated; culms brownish-tinged at base; pistillate scales greenish-white. 282. C. Chapmanni. 273. Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 285. 1805. Carex limosa var. livida Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 162. 1803. (Type from Lapland.) Carex Grayana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 25: 141. 1833. (Type from Utica, New York.) Carex lanceata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 249, in part. 1836. (Type from Cumberland River.) Edritria livida Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex livida Willd.) Carex livida var. radicalis Paine, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. 18: 159, 1865. (Type from Litchfield, Herkimer County, New York.) Carex livida var. typica Fernald, Rhodora 28: 8. 1926. (Based on C. limosa var. livida Wahl.) Carex livida var. Grayana Fernald, Rhodora 28:8. 1926. (Based on C. Grayana Dewey.) Carex livida var. rufinaeformis Fernald, Rhodora 28: 8. 1926. (Type from Newfoundland.) Rootstocks slender, elongate, the clumps small, sending forth long, slender, horizontal, white, scaly stolons; the culms 0.5-6 dm. high, slender, erect, triangular, smooth, exceeding 236 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 or shorter than the leaves, light-brown at base, strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; sterile shoots conspicuous, reduced to tufts of leaves; leaves 6-12 to a culm, bunched on the lower third, the blades deeply channeled, strongly glaucous, thickish, stiff, long-attenuate, ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. long, 0.5-3.5 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex, the sheaths smooth, very thin, and hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule short; terminal spike staminate, rarely gynaecandrous, rough- peduncled, linear, obclavate, 0.7—-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish, with greenish or lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1, 2 or 3, the upper two usually contiguous or only slightly separate, the lower more or less remote, some- times subradical and long-peduncled, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, sessile or short-exsert- peduncled, closely flowered, the perigynia 5-15, erect-ascending; bracts leaflet-like, the upper short-sheathing, the lower more strongly sheathing, one or both sometimes exceeding the culm; scales ovate, obtuse to acutish or somewhat mucronate, about the width of and closely partially enveloping but usually considerably shorter than the perigynia, light-purplish with broad, green, 3-nerved center, and white-hyaline margins; perigynia oblong-ovoid, not inflated, somewhat flattened and obscurely obtusely triangular in cross-section, 2.2-4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, strongly glaucous-green, 2-keeled and finely many-nerved, submembrana- ceous, strongly puncticulate, tapering to the broadly stipitate base and to the entire, beakless, but slightly pointed or rounded apex, the orifice entire; achenes (sometimes twin) broadly ovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, completely filling perigynium, brownish-black, triangular with slightly concave sides and prominent angles, rounded and truncately stipitate at base, rounded at apex, strongly straight- or bent-apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender, often slightly exserted style; stigmas three, long, slender, reddish-brown. TyprE LocaLity (of C. limosa var. livida Wahl., on which C. livida is based): “‘In paludibus ad fontes sylvestres Lapponiae enontekensis.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Sphagnum bogs or wet places, usually in calcareous districts, Labrador, New- foundland, and Manitoba to Alaska, and southward to Connecticut, the pine barrens of New Jersey, northwestern New Jersey, Michigan, Idaho, and northwestern California; also in northern Europe. An inconspicuous species because it matures rapidly and soon drops its perigynia. (Speci- mens examined from Labrador, Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Quebec, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Manitoba, Sas- katchewan, Alberta, Idaho, Washington, British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, north- western California, Alaska.) InLustrations: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 789; ed. 2. f. 978; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 458; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ssss, f. 211; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 24, f. 1; Fl. Dan. Suppl. pl. 34; Boott, Ill. Carex Ae: pl. aie Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 74; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 779; Am. Jour. Sci. PASS THs Sy tis he 274. Carex panicea L. Sp. Pl. 977. 1753. Trasus paniceus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:63. 1821. (Based on Carex panicea L.) Trasus paniceus var. Leersii S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:63. 1821. (Type from England.) Trasus paniceus var. androgynus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:63. 1821. (Type from England.) Trasus paniceus var. distachyos S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:63. 1821. (Type from England.) Carex panicea var. pseudospicata Klett & Richter, Fl. Leipz. 760. 1830. (Type from Germany.) eae SEE L.”’ Lesson, Fl. Rochef. 515. 1835. (Plant from France.) Not C. mucronata All. ‘ Carex algida Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838: 104. 1838. (Name only; type from Dauria, Siberia.) Gack oe var. tumidula Laest. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. 11:283. 1839. (Type from northern weden. Carex panicea vat. microcarpa Sond.; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. 2. 879. 1844. (Type from Germany.) Carex panicea var. androgyna Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 507. 1846. (Type from Germany.) Carex panicea var. refracta Peterm. Anal. Pfl. 507. 1846. (Type from Germany.) Caren, ase var. rhizogyna Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 20. pl. 245. 1846. (Type from central urope. Carex panicea var. pallida Blytt, Norges Fl. 235. 1861. (Type from Norway.) Carex panicea f. nigra Kuntze, Taschen-Fl. Leipz. 19. 1867. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.) Carex panicea f. rhizogyna “‘Reichenb.”” Kuntze, Taschen-Fl. Leipz. 19. 1867. (Based on C. panicea var. rhizogyna Reichenb.) Carex panicea f. pseudospicata “‘Klett & Richter’’ Kuntze, Taschen-Fl. Leipz. 19. 1867. (Based on C. panicea var. pseudospicata Klett & Richter.) Carex panicea f. androgyna ‘‘Peterm.’’ Kuntze, Taschen-Fl. Leipz. 19. 1867. (Based on C. panicea var. androgyna Peterm.) Carer eae Hoppe; Nym. Consp. Fl. Eur. 775, as synonym. 1882. Not C. gracillima Schw. Carex panicea var. gracilis Lange, Haandb. Danske FI. ed. 4. 139. 1886. (Type from Denmark.) ParT 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 237 Saree ponies f. robusta Warnst. Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 38:60. 1896. (Type from Branden- urg. Carex panicea var. praestabilis Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 433. 1897. (Type from Austria.) Carex panicea var. latifolia Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 433. 1897. (Type from Austria.) Carex panicea f. basigyna Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 433. 1897. (Type from Austria.) Carex panicea {. melanocarpa Waisb. Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 47: 433. 1897. (Type from Austria.) Carex pantcea {. intermedia Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 390. 1901. (Type from Russia.) Carex panicea f. stricta Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 390. 1901. (Type from Russia.) Carex panicea f. humilis Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 390. 1901. (Type from Russia.) Carex panicea var. ferruginea Neuman, Sv. Fl. 701. 1901. (Type from Sweden.) Carex panicea var. conferta H. Nilsson; Neuman, Sv. Fl. 701. 1901. (Type from Sweden.) Carex panicea var. typica Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22:142. 1902. (Based onC. panicea L.) Carex panicea var. longipedunculata Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 142. 1902. (Type probably from Germany.) Carex panicea f. gracilis ‘‘Lange’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. gracilis Lange.) Carex panicea f. latifolia ‘‘Waisb.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. latifolia Waisb.) Carex panicea f. refracta “‘Peterm.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. refracta Peterm.) ae panicea f. longipedunculata “‘Asch. & Graebn.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 49: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. longipedunculata Asch. & Graebn.) Carex panicea f. binata Lackowitz; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 511. 1909. (Type Euro- pean, not definitely given.) Carex panicea f. pallida ‘“‘Blytt’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. pallida Blytt.) Carex panicea f. ferruginea ‘‘Neuman”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. ferruginea Neuman.) Carex panicea f. tumidula ‘‘Laest.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. tumidula Laest.) Carex panicea f. microcarpa ‘‘Sond.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. microcarpa Sond.) Carex panicea f. conferta ‘““H. Nilsson”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 511. 1909. (Based on C. panicea var. conferta H. Nilsson.) Rootstocks slender, elongate, the clumps small, sending forth long, slender, horizontal, scaly, yellowish stolons, the culms 2-9 dm. high, stiff, erect, sharply triangular but not winged, usually smooth, exceeding the leaves, the whole plant more or less bluish-green, light-brown at base, strongly phyllopodic, the dried-up leaves of the previous year very conspicuous; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 3-8 to a fertile culm, clus- tered near the base, the blades bluish-green, short, ascending, usually 7.5-15 cm. long, 1.5-6mm. wide, thickish and rather stiff, channeled at base, flat above with revolute margins, attenuate, roughened towards the apex and on the margins; blades of sterile-culm leaves similar, but longer; sheaths very hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike solitary, linear or linear-obclavate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually long-peduncled, occasionally nearly sessile, the peduncle smooth, the scales oblong-obovate, closely appressed, obtuse, purplish-red, with straw-colored or lighter center and broad white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-3, widely separated, erect, the upper sessile or short-exsert-peduncled, the lower short- to long-exsert-peduncled (the peduncle smooth), oblong, 1-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, closely 8—25-flowered, the perigynia ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, long-sheathing, the sheaths smooth, 0.5-3 cm. long, the blades short, erect-ascending, 1-10 em. long, 1.5—-4 mm. wide; scales ovate, the lower acuminate, the middle and upper acute to obtuse, about the width of but much shorter than the perigynia, purplish-brown with broad greenish or yellowish 1—3-nerved center and hyaline margins; perigynia oblong-obovoid or be- coming ovoid or obovoid, turgid, suborbicular in cross-section, 3-5 mm. long, 1.75—2.5 mm. wide, 2-keeled and obscurely many-striate, strongly puncticulate, submembranaceous, yellowish- green or soon brownish-yellow, rounded or round-tapering at base, rounded at apex, very minutely and abruptly beaked, the orifice truncate or slightly emarginate, dark-purplish- tinged; achenes ovoid-elliptic, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, normally triangular with concave sides below, and blunt angles, rather loosely enveloped but nearly filling perigynium, brownish- black with greenish angles, truncately short-stipitate, strongly apiculate, jointed with the short, slender, slightly exserted style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown, rather long. Type Locauity: “Habitat in Europae uliginosis.”’ DisrripuTion: Fields and meadows, locally well naturalized, Nova Scotia to Connecticut; widely distributed in Europe and western Asia. (Specimens examined from Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut.) 238 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 786; ed. 2. f. 979; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 459; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ll, f. 100; Boott, Ill. ae i pl. 472 2 Bl. Dan. pl. 261, 3048; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 145. f. 121; Sturm, Deuts. 50: pl. 16; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 245, f. 607; pee Fl. Arct. 80. f. 56; Anderss. Cyp. Seana pl. 7, f. 76; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 15, f. 5; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 79; Engl. Bot. pl. 1505; ed. 2. pl. 1658; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. pl. 1129; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3891; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 50, f. 2; Hallier, Deuts. FI. pl. 438; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 349. f. 175(6); Lindm. Bild. Nord. Fl. pl. 436A. Nore: Achenes with four and five sides have been noted. 275. Carex tetanica Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 68. pl. Ggg, f. 100; pl. Oooo, f. 207. 1806. Olotrema tetanica Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex tetanica Schkuhr.) Carex conoidea var. tetanica Darby, Bot. S. St. 567. 1855. (Apparently based technically on C. tetanica Schkuhr.) Carex panicea var. Bebbii Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 2, nameonly. 1871; Arth. Proc. Davenport Acad. 4: 70. 1884. (Type from Winnebago County, Minors ) Carex panicea var. tetanica f. aristata Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 2. 1871. (Based on Boott, pl. 84.) Carex panicea var. letanica Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 3. 1871. (Based on C. tetanica Schkuhr.) Rootstocks slender, often long-creeping, sending forth very slender, horizontal, deep- seated, scaly, whitish stolons, the culms in medium-sized or small clumps, 1.5—6 dm. high, erect, slender, sharply triangular, more or less roughened above, phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, brownish or more or less strongly purplish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots very long, strongly aphyllopodic; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades usually 3-5 to a fertile culm, near the base, little bunched, the blades deep-green, becoming yellowish-green in age, thin, flat, with serrulate margins, 3-20 em. long, 2-4.5 mm. wide, not involute near base, roughened towards the apex, the lower much the smaller, the sheaths long, tight, overlapping, white-hyaline or yellowish-hyaline ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, strongly very rough-peduncled, linear or linear-obclavate, 1.5—4 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the numerous closely appressed scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-brown with lighter center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-3, widely separate or the uppermost occasionally approximate, erect on slender, usually much exserted, roughish peduncles, the spikes linear or linear-oblong, 0.7—4 em. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, rather closely-flowered above, attenuate at base, the perigynia 6-20, ascending in few rows; bracts long-sheathing, leaflet-like, the blades shorter than the culm, the sheaths tight, not enlarged upwards, smooth, 3-25 mm. long; scales ovate, obtuse or acutish, varying to acuminate or cuspidate or awned, as wide as but rather shorter than the mature perigynia, brownish-purple-tinged with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; perigynia narrowly to very broadly obovoid, not inflated, obtusely triangular, 2.5—4 mm. long, 1.5—2.25 mm. wide, deep-green, densely puncticulate, membranaceous, 2-keeled and strongly many-nerved, strongly tapering at base, slightly excurved and tapering at apex, very minutely beaked or beakless, the orifice entire, hyaline or slightly purplish-tinged; achenes broadly obovoid, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, closely filling the perigynium, brownish with greenish angles, tapering at base, abruptly strongly apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender. TYPE Locaity: ‘Habitat in sylvis Pensylvaniae.”’ DISTRIBUTION: Meadows and wet woods, in calcareous districts, Massachusetts to Alberta and southward to Pennsylvania and Iowa. (Specimens examined from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alberta.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 775; ed. 2, f. 981; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 460; Schkuhr. Riedgr. pl. Ggg, f. 100; pl. Oooo, f. 207; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 24, f. 4; Boott, Ill. Carex 33. pl. 4; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. O, f. 49. Nore: Four stigmas have been observed (Boott, Ill. Carex 34.) 276. Carex Meadii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 43:90. 1842. Carex multinervis Bock. Flora 38: 596. 1855. (Type foubtfully from Texas.) Carex panicea var. Meadii Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 2. 1871. (Based on C. Meadii Dewey.) Carex panicea var. Canbyi Olney and f. prolifera Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am.3. 1871. (Names only, but type from Delaware County, Pennsylvanica.) Carex tetanica var. Meadii L,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 118. 1886. Parr 4, 1935] CYPERACEAE 239 “Carex panicea L.”’ Olney; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 118, in part. 1886. (As synonym of C. tetanica var. Meadti L. H. Bailey.) Carex tetanica var. Canbyi Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1887: 76. 1887. (Based on C. panicea var. Canbyi Olney.) Carex tetanica var. Carlert Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1887: 76. 1887. (Type from New Texas, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.) Carex tetanica var. Meadii f. Canbyi Kiikenth. in-Engler, Pflanzenreich 422:515. 1909. (Based on C. tetanica var. Canbyi Porter.) Rootstocks slender, often very elongate, the clumps small or medium-sized, sending forth long, horizontal, deep-seated, whitish, slender stolons, the culms 2-5 dm. high, stoutish, stiff, phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, smooth or little roughened, brown- ish or slightly purplish-tinged, and often fibrillose at base; sterile shoots short or elongate, phyllopodic; leaves with well-developed blades 3—6 to a fertile culm, clustered towards the base, the blades grayish-green, thickish, flat, usually 7-15 cm. long, 2.5—7 mm. wide, smooth-margined and with edges involute towards base, roughened towards the apex on the margins; sterile- culm leaves more numerous; sheaths tight, smooth, not readily ruptured, concave at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate, on a long rough peduncle, the spike linear or oblong-clavate, 1.5-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse, pur- plish-red with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-3, widely separate, erect, the lower long-exsert-peduncled, the upper short-exsert-peduncled, the peduncles rough, the spikes oblong or linear-oblong, 1—3.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, containing 8-30 closely arranged ascending perigynia in several rows; bracts leaflet-like, short, shorter than the culms, strongly sheathing, the sheaths somewhat enlarged upward, smooth, rather loose; seales very variable, ovate, strongly-awned to obtuse, as wide as or wider than the perigynia and from half the length to exceeding the perigynia, purplish-brown with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular, somewhat turgid at maturity, 2-keeled and strongly many-nerved, 3-5 mm. long, 1.75—2.5 mm. wide, membranace- ous, puncticulate, yellowish-green or becoming brownish, sessile, tapering to the base, abruptly narrowed at apex into a minute more or less strongly bent beak, with entire or emarginate purplish-tinged orifice; achenes broadly obovoid, tapering at base, sessile, 2.75-3.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, closely enveloped, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, brownish- black with greenish angles, strongly granular, abruptly strongly apiculate, jointed with the short, stoutish style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown, rather long. Type Locatity: ‘‘Found by Dr. S. B. Mead at Augusta, Illinois.” DISTRIBUTION: Prairies and meadows, in calcareous districts, western New Jersey to Saskatche- wan, and southward to Georgia and Texas. (Specimens examined from western New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 43: pl. CC, f. 94; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 776; ed. 2. f. 980; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 461; Boott, Ill. Carex 33. pl. 83. 277. Carex Woodii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 2: 249. 1846. Carex panicea var. Woodii Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 3. 1871. (Based on C. Woodii Dewey.) Carex tetanica var. Woodii Wood, Bot. & Fl. ed. 1871. 377. 1871. (Based on C. Woodii Dewey.) “Carex tetanica Schkuhr.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 514. 1909. Carex tetanica f. Woodii “L. H. Bailey’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 514. 1909. (Based on C. Woodiit Dewey.) Carex colorata Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 232. 1910. (Type from Michigan.) Loosely cespitose and stoloniferous, the stolons slender, purple, scaly, the culms slender, erect, 3-7 dm. high, sharply triangular, roughened above, strongly purple-tinged at base, strongly aphyllopodic, usually exceeding the leaves; sterile shoots numerous, elongate, strongly aphyllopodic; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades usually 2-4 to a fertile culm, near the base, but not bunched, the blades flat, with slightly revolute margins, glabrate to minutely hispidulous, light-green, rather flaccid, white-lineolate beneath, the upper the larger, 5-20 cm. long, usually 2.5-4 mm. wide, strongly roughened; sterile-culm blades averaging much longer; sheaths overlapping, rather loose, white or yellowish-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule short; terminal spike staminate, short-peduncled to long-peduncled, linear, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, the peduncle roughish, the numerous closely appressed 240 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18 scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-brown or reddish-brown in age with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, widely separated, erect, on slender, usually much exserted, roughish peduncles, the spikes linear, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, loosely and alternately 6-15-flowered, the perigynia ascending in few rows; bracts leaflet-like, long- sheathing, the blades shorter than the culm, the sheaths tight, not enlarged upward, smooth, 5-30 mm. long; scales obovate-orbicular, obtuse or acutish, varying to acuminate or even cuspidate, wider than and about two thirds the length of the mature perigynia, purplish-brown, with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; perigynia oblong-obovoid, obtusely triangular, not inflated, 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish-green, membranaceous, puncticulate, 2-keeled and lightly many-nerved, short-stipitate, tapering to the base, tapering at apex into a minute, slightly excurved beak 0.5 mm. long, the orifice hyaline, oblique, entire; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, closely enveloped, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, yellowish-brown, tapering at base, abruptly strongly apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender. TYPE Loca.ity: ““Found by Drs. Crawe and Wood on Perch Lake and Peck River, Jefferson County, New York, and named after one of its discoverers, Dr. Wm. A. Wood.” DISTRIBUTION: Dry rich woodlands, in calcareous districts, New York and Ontario to Manitoba, and southward to District of Columbia and Missouri. (Specimens examined from New York, Ontario, western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Manitoba, British Columbia, West Virginia, Missouri.) ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 429; 512. f. 81, E, F (as C. tetanica Schkuhr); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 982. 278. Carex biltmoreana Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 32345) AGIOS Cespitose and stoloniferous, from stout interwoven rootstocks, the stolons short, stout, ascending, the culms 3-7 dm. high, erect, slender above, stout towards the base (3-4 mm. thick), exceeding the leaves, sharply triangular, smooth or more or less roughened above, strongly aphyllopodic, purple-tinged and somewhat fibrillose at base; sterile shoots numerous, elongate, strongly aphyllopodic; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades usually 3-5 to a fertile culm, near the base, but usually not bunched, the blades flat with slightly revolute margins, light-green, thin, minutely hispidulous, not white-lineolate beneath, usually 0.5—2 dm. long, 3.5—5 mm. wide, very rough towards the apex, the lower much smaller than the upper; sterile-culm blades 2—3.5 dm. long; sheaths overlapping, loose, glabrate, white-hyaline or yellowish-hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, strongly rough-peduncled, linear, 2-3 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the numerous closely appressed scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, purplish-brown or in age reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center and white-hyaline apex and margins; pistillate spikes 1-3, widely separate or the uppermost occasionally approximate, erect, on slender, roughish, usually much exserted peduncles, the spikes linear or linear-oblong, 1.5-3.5 em. long, 4-8 mm. wide, loosely or somewhat closely flowered above, attenuate at base, the perigynia 6-20, ascending; bracts leaflet-like, long-sheathing, the blades shorter than the culm, the sheaths tight, not enlarged upward, smooth, 5-30 mm. long; scales ovate, varying from obtuse to mucronate or short-awned, as wide as but rather shorter than the mature perigynia, purplish-brown or in age straw-colored, or brownish with 3-nerved green center and narrow hyaline margins; perigynia oblong-obovoid, obtusely triangular, not inflated, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5—2.25 mm. wide, 2-keeled and many-nerved, yellowish-green, membranaceous, puncticulate, stipitate, tapering to base, abruptly rounded at apex into a short, excurved or abruptly bent beak, or the upper beakless, the orifice hyaline, entire; achenes obovoid, 2.25-2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, closely enveloped, triangular with concave sides, yellowish-brown, granular, tapering at base, abruptly strongly more or less bent-apiculate, jointed with the very short slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender. TYPE Loca.ity: Satula Mountain, North Carolina (Biltmore 2686). 5 TEES aaa Mountains of western North Carolina. (Specimens examined from North arolina. TE Pah ieee ati ibve Relevant, Pires ea fainter ani) ‘et Se SS: SS Se =. atin " Be 8 Hy , iy i iy) i Aihc) ‘ dt) WM Pitty iit heen beri Vsti