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VoLUME 18 PART 5

NORTH AMERICAN FLORA

(POALES)

(CYPERACEAE)
CARICEAE (continuatio)

KENNETH KENT MACKENZIE

PUBLISHED BY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

June 1, 1935

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 241

279. Carex saltuensis L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:7. 1889.

Carex vaginata var. altocaulis Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 41: 227. 1866. (Type from Bergen, New
York.)

“Carex vaginata Tauscher’’ Boott, Ill. Carex 148, as to American plant. 1867.

Carex aliocaulis Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 326. 1896. (Based on C. vaginata var. alto-
caulis Dewey.)

Carex sparsiflora subsp. altocaulis ‘‘Britton’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 513. 1909.

(Based on C. vaginata var. altocaulis Dewey.)

Clumps small, very slenderly long-stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal, yellowish-brown,
not scaly, the culms arising one to several together, slender, erect or ascending, 1.5—8 dm.
high, triangular, smooth or nearly so, strongly exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, brownish-
tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots short;
leaves with well-developed blades numerous, bunched at the base of the culms, the blades
erect to widely spreading, dark-green or light-green or even glaucous-green, 0.5—4 dm. long,
1.5—5 mm. wide, flat or channeled at base, thickish or flaccid, roughened towards the apex,
those of the sterile culms the largest; culm-leaves much reduced, their sheaths long, slightly
yellowisii-brown-tinged ventrally and soon ruptured, concave at mouth, the ligule longer
than wide; terminal spikes staminate, erect, on a smooth peduncle 0.5—8 cm. long, linear, or
linear-obclavate, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to acute or
the upper mucronate, purplish-brown, the margins hyaline, the center 3-nerved, yellowish
or greenish; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, widely separate or the upper two approximate, erect or
more or less spreading, the lower exserted on long, slender, smooth peduncles, the upper on
shorter-exserted peduncles, the spikes linear, 8-20 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, loosely 3-20-
flowered, with spreading or ascending perigynia in very few rows; bracts with sheaths long
(usually 1.5-3 cm.), slightly enlarged upwards, convex at mouth, their blades rudimentary
or very short, much shorter than the inflorescence, little if at all purplish-tinged; scales broadly
ovate, obtuse or acute, or sometimes mucronate, brownish-purple with very narrow hyaline
margins and conspicuous 3-nerved green center, narrower and usually much shorter than
the perigynia; perigynia with obovoid body, slightly inflated, suborbicular-triangular in
cross-section, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, 2-keeled and indistinctly several-nerved when
young, distinctly so at maturity, yellowish-green or yellowish-brown, submembranaceous,
puncticulate, substipitate, round-tapering to the base, tapering at apex into a short-cylindric,
thick, excurved beak 1 mm. long, the orifice hyaline, usually purplish-tinged, sometimes
slightly ciliate, obliquely cleft, at length strongly bidentate; achenes obovoid, nearly filling
the perigynium, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, sessile, abruptly slenderly apiculate and jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas
normally three, long, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: Carex saltuensis may be regarded as based primarily on Carex vaginata var.
altocaulis Dewey, the type locality of which is ‘‘Bergen, 20 miles west of Rochester,’’ New York.

DISTRIBUTION: Boggy thickets and woods, in calcareous districts, Labrador and Newfound-
land to Yukon, and southward to northern New England, northern New York, upper Michigan,
northern Minnesota, and British Columbia. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec,
Maine, Vermont, northern New York, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Alberta, British
Columbia, Mackenzie, Minnesota, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Keewatin.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 773; ed. 2. f. 983; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 463; Boott
Ill. Carex 4: 148 (in part), pl. 478 (longer beaked perigynia and achenes).

Nore 1: The European Carex vaginata Tausch. (Jour. Russe Bot. 1911:146.f. 122; Sturm. Deuts.
Fl. 61: pl. 15; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 81. f. 57; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 246, f. 609; Anderss. Cyp.
Scand. pl.7, f.75; Smith, Engl. Bot. Suppl. pl. 2731; ed. 2. pl. 1659, and 2293; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3890;
Hegi. Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. f. 234; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. p/. 449; Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”: 512; Boott, Ill. Ca-
rex 148. pl. 478, in greater part) has a shorter, more flattened, and less cylindric perigynium-beak than
its American ally; the bract-sheaths are more strongly enlarged upward, and the culms are stiffer
and more compressed. The American plant is also more slenderly stoloniferous, and the staminate
scales are less mucronate. For discussions see Fernald (Proc. Am. Acad. 37:507. 1902) and L. H.
Bailey (Mem. Torrey Club 1:7. 1889).

Norte 2: Boott (Ill. Carex 4: 148. pl. 478) reports 4 stigmas and 4-angled achenes as sometimes
found in this species.

280. Carex polymorpha Muhl. Descr. Gram. 239. 1817.

= apt tae a Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 313. pl. N, f. 43. 1826. (Type from Westfield, Massa-
chusetts.
“Carex Halseyi Dewey” Eaton, Man. ed. 5. 156. 1829. (Change of form of name.)

242 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Loxotrema Halseyi Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex Halseyana Dewey.)
“Carex striata Michx.” Torr.; Boott, Ill. Carex 21. 1858.
Carex panicea var. scariosa Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 3. 1871. (Based on C. polymorpha Muhl.)

Forming large beds when well-developed, strongly stoloniferous, the stolons very stout,
woody, scaly, much branched, ascending or horizontal; culms 3-6 dm. high, stiff, erect, sharply
triangular, little roughened on the angles, strongly exceeding leaves, strongly aphyllopodic,
fibrillose and strongly purple-tinged at base; sterile shoots more or less elongate; leaves nu-
merous on the sterile culms, about 3 with well-developed blades on the fertile, the blades
flat, with slightly revolute margins, green, thickish, 2.5—-5 mm. wide, not noticeably attenuate,
roughened towards the apex, those on the fertile culms 1-1.5 dm. long and much shorter than
the culms, those on the sterile culms from 1—3.5 dm. long; sheaths prolonged upward beyond
base of blade and continuous with the long conspicuous ligule; staminate spike solitary (or
with an additional sessile short one at its base), erect, narrowly linear-oblong, long-peduncled,
1.5-3 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the peduncle smooth, the scales obovate, very obtuse, purplish-
brown, with yellowish-white center and narrow hyaline margin, the lowest amplectant; pis-
tillate spikes 1 or 2, erect, exsert-peduncled, remote, oblong, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, 7.5-10 mm.
wide, often staminate at apex, the perigynia ascending or widely spreading at maturity,
12-25 to a spike, in several rows, closely arranged above, or often more closely below; bracts
long-sheathing, the sheaths loose, green-striate ventrally nearly to mouth, the blades leaflet-
like, 1.5—7 cm. long, normally shorter than the culms; scales broadly ovate, acutish or obtusish,
smooth or nearly so, purplish-brown with conspicuous, 3-nerved, green center, exceeded by
and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia 4-5.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the body ovoid-
orbicular, somewhat inflated, suborbicular-triangular in cross-section, 2-keeled and obsoletely
nerved, glabrous, puncticulate, densely minutely granulose, submembranaceous, olive-green,
round-tapering at base and abruptly contracted into a beak of about half its length (1.75
mm. long), cylindric, slender, purplish-tinged, excurved, the apex strongly oblique, hyaline,
entire or nearly so; achenes broadly obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, loosely enveloped,
triangular with slightly concave sides and sharp angles, blackish, minutely papillate, sessile,
abruptly slenderly apiculate, obscurely jointed with the somewhat upwardly enlarged style;
stigmas three, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Habitat in Pennsylvania.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open woodlands, acid soils at low elevations, southern Maine to Maryland;
rare and local. (Specimens examined from Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York (Long Island), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland.) The North Caro-
lina record is based on Carex Walteriana L.. H. Bailey, once confused with this species.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. N, f. 43 (C. Hear. Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 774;
ed. 2. f. 984; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 462; Boott, Ill. Carex 21. pl. 5

281. Carex californica L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:9. 1889.

“Carex polymorpha Muhl.” W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif. 2: 247. 1880.
Carex polymorpha var. californica Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 515. 1909. (Based on C.
californica 1,. H. Bailey.)

Long-stoloniferous, the stolons rather stout, long, horizontal, scaly, the culms erect, 2-7
dm. high, slender, smooth or nearly so, strongly aphyllopodic, strongly purple-tinged at base,
much exceeding the leaves; sterile shoots forming tufts; leaves (not bracts) with well-devel-
oped blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades green, stiffish,
flat with revolute margins, more or less glandular-dotted beneath, 2—20 cm. long, 1.5—5 mm.
wide, smooth or slightly roughened, those on the sterile shoots up to 5 dm. long; sheaths
hispidulous dorsally, thin and quickly ruptured ventrally, prolonged upward beyond base of
blade and continuous with the conspicuous ligule; terminal spike staminate (sometimes
an additional short spike present at base), linear or linear-clavate, usually strongly peduncled,
1.5-3.5 em. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, the peduncle smooth or roughish, the scales oblong-obovate,
obtuse, purplish-brown with hyaline margins and lighter center, the lowest amplectant;
pistillate spikes 1-4, widely separate, the lower sometimes nearly basal, erect, the upper
short-exsert-peduncled, the peduncles of the basal spikes when present exserted several times
the length of the spike, the spikes linear-oblong, 1-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, often staminate

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 243

at apex, containing 7-25 appressed perigynia, closely or at base loosely arranged in few rows;
bracts leaflet-like, sheathing, the sheaths rather loose, the blades usually exceeded by inflores-
cence; scales ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, purplish-brown with lighter, 3-nerved, his-
pidulous center and hyaline margins, narrower and somewhat shorter than the perigynia;
perigynia 3.5-4 mm. long, 1.75-2 mm. wide, the body broadly ovoid, suborbicular-triangular
in cross-section, somewhat inflated, yellowish-green, two-keeled and obscurely several-nerved,
membranaceous, puncticulate, densely minutely granulose, sessile, rounded at base, abruptly
beaked, the beak 0.75 mm. long, prominently white-hyaline-tipped, the apex shortly oblique,
entire or nearly so; achenes obovoid-orbicular, 2 mm. long, nearly as wide, rather loosely
enveloped in lower half of perigynium-body, triangular with slightly concave sides and sharp
angles, blackish, minutely papillate, substipitate, abruptly slenderly apiculate, obscurely
jointed with the somewhat upwardly enlarged style; stigmas three, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Mendocino, California, Bolander 4741.”

DISTRIBUTION: Meadows and prairies, from northwestern California through western Oregon
to southwestern Washington and eastward to Idaho; rare and local. (Specimens examined from
northwestern California, Oregon, southwestern Washington, Idaho (Elk Prairie Ranger Station).)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8:59. f. 29; Jepeon: Fl. Calif. 1: f. 229, f. 33g-t; Jepson, Man. FI..Pl.
Calif. f. 187; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 7

282. Carex Chapmanni Steud. Syn. Cyp. 222. 1855.

Carex fusiformis Chapm.; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 6: 244. 1848. (Type from Florida.) Not C.
fusiformis Nees, 1834.
Carex ignota var. fusiformis Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book ed. 1861. 765. 1861. (Based on C.
fusiformis Chapm.)
Carex ea fusiformis Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 42: 244. 1866. (Based on C. fusiformis
Carex wuloflene var. fusiformis Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 200. 1922. (Based on C. fusiformis Chapm.)
In small clumps, the rootstocks sending forth long, slender, horizontal stolons, the culms
1-3 dm. high, central and phyllopodic, or lateral and aphyllopodic, erect, sharply triangular,
not winged, firm, minutely granular, not serrulate, exceeding the leaves, brownish-tinged at
base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; well-developed culm-leaves (not bracts) 2-6, the
blades flat, thin but firm, light-green, 5-15 cm. long, 2.5—5 mm. wide, little roughened, the
midrib prominent below and the two midlateral ribs prominent above, the sheaths not enlarged
upward, minutely granulose, thin ventrally, the ligule about as long as wide; staminate spike
linear, slightly subclavate, short-peduncled, overtopping the uppermost pistillate spikes,
7-20 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or mucronate, white-hyaline
with 3-nerved green center, scarcely if at all yellowish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 2-4,
the upper 1-3 and the staminate spike approximate, the lowermost near the base, the lower
long- or short-exsert-peduncled, the upper not exsert-peduncled, the peduncles smooth, the
spikes linear-oblong, 7-20 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, rather closely flowered, containing 8-18
ascending perigynia in few rows, the rachis smooth; bracts strongly sheathing, leaf-like,
the best developed slightly exceeding the culm, the sheaths sparingly retrorsely serrulate on
the margin near the mouth, greenish-hyaline and short-prolonged ventrally above base of
blade; scales oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, acute, mucronate or short-cuspidate, white with
3-nerved green center, much narrower and usually markedly shorter than the perigynia;
perigynia obovoid-fusiform, not at all inflated, obtusely triangular below, more sharply so
above, 4.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, glabrous, subcoriaceous, yellowish-green or brownish-
green, finely many-nerved, stipitate, tapering to a spongy base 1 mm. long, tapering into a
conspicuous beak 1.5 mm. long, straight or excurved, the orifice whitish-hyaline, truncate or
slightly oblique; achenes obovoid, closely filling body of perigynium, 2.25 mm. long, 1.6 mm.
wide, slightly granular, dull-yellowish-brown, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles,
sessile, conspicuously short-apiculate, jointed with the short straight style; stigmas three,
slender, reddish-brown, 2 mm. long; anthers 3.5—4 mm. long.
TYPE Locality (of C. fusiformis Chapm., on which C. Chapmanni is based): ‘‘Floridas, Dr.
Chapman.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Hammocks, and woodlands, Florida. (Specimens examined from Florida.)
Norte: A species connecting the PANICEAE and the LAXIFLORAE.

244 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

40. Laxiflorae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 452, in part. 1837; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad.
22: 114. 1886; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 133. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 60.
1922: CaREYANAE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 15, in greater part. 1843; Kiikenth. in Engler,
Pflanzenreich 429: 522. 1909. PLANTAGINEAE Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 554. 1848. Dr-
GITALES Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 554. 1848. L&JOCHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:
458, mostly. 1903.

Cespitose; fertile culms usually lateral, sometimes central, the sterile shoots leafy, con-
spicuous; basal sheaths brownish-tinged or purple-tinged; terminal spike staminate, linear;
lateral spikes 2-5, pistillate or androgynous, loosely to closely few—many-flowered, in few to
several rows, on erect to drooping, included or exserted peduncles; bracts sheathing, the sheaths
green or purplish-tinged, the blades leaf-like or sometimes reduced; scales green with hyaline
margins or more or less colored; perigynia erect-ascending to spreading, membranaceous or
subcoriaceous, triangular, 2-ribbed and usually nerved, generally strongly so, closely envel-
oping the achene, glabrous or hispidulous, tapering at the base, short-beaked or beakless,
the orifice entire; achenes triangular, jointed with the straight, usually slender style; stigmas
three.

A group best developed in the wooded districts of eastern North America, east of the high
plains, and represented by numerous species. One species occurs in the northwestern United
States and British Columbia; and several are found in eastern Asia. The south European
C. olbiensis Jord. seems better referable to the TRIQUETRAE Carey.

Bract-sheaths and base of culms and staminate scales strongly purple-
tinged.
Pistillate spikes 2-6-flowered on long very capillary peduncles;
leaf-blades 3-12 mm. wide; bracts short-bladed. 283. C. austro-caroliniana.
Pistillate spikes 3—-12-flowered on erect peduncles; leaf-blades 7-25
mm. wide.
Perigynia 4-5 mm. long; leaf-blades of fertile culms rudimentary,
the sheaths deeply concave at mouth; bracts bladeless. 284. C. plantaginea.
Perigynia 5.5-6 mm. long; leaf-blades of fertile culms developed,
the sheaths strongly prolonged upward ventrally at mouth be-
yond base of blade; bracts with well-developed blades. 285. C. Careyana.
Bract-sheaths not purple-tinged, the base of the culms but rarely so;
staminate scales greenish-white or reddish-brown-tinged, or dull-
purplish-brown-tinged.
Perigynia sharply triangular, short-tapering at base, hispidulous or
minutely asperulous.
Leaf-blades very smooth (except edges), the larger 12-25 mm.
wide, those of the fertile culms much smaller than those of
the sterile. 286. C. platyphylla.
Leaf-blades hispidulous on the veins, 2.5-12 mm. wide, those of
the fertile culms moderately smaller than those of the
sterile.
Staminate spike sessile, or nearly so, inconspicuous, it and the
approximate upper pistillate spikes subtended by a sub-
spathaceous bract.
Perigynia 4-4.5 mm. long, the beak 1 mm. long; leaf-blades
1.5-3.5 dm. long, strongly glaucous; rootstocks short-
creeping. 287. C. magnifolia.
Perigynia 2.5—3.5 mm. long, essentially or nearly beakless;
leaf-blades 1-3 dm. long, light-green or somewhat glau-
cous-green; culms densely cespitose. 288. C. abscondita.
Staminate spike peduncled, conspicuous; pistillate spikes scat-
tered; bracts not at all spathaceous.
Lowest scale of pistillate spikes with a pistillate flower; leaf-
blades erect, 2.5—5 mm. wide. 289. C. digitalis.
Lowest scale or scales of pistilate spikes empty or with a
staminate flower; leaf-blades weak, 4-12 mm. wide.
Perigynia elliptic-obovoid to broadly obovoid, tapering at
apex and short-beaked, olive-green, 3-4 mm. long; culm
angles blunt, not white, subserrulate only below bracts;
edges of bract-sheaths entire; leaf-blades glaucous-green
or light-green, spreading, strongly punctate. 290. C. laxiculmis.
Perigynia broadly obovoid, rounded or round-tapering at
apex and blunt or abruptly very short-beaked, deep-
green, 2.75-3.5 mm. long; culm angles sharp, white,
subserrulate; edges of bract-sheaths subserrulate; leaf-
blades green, erect-ascending, punctate. 291. C. copulata.

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 245

Perigynia obtusely triangular (at least below), long-stipitate,
glabrous.
Bract-sheaths smooth on edges or shallowly serrulate; beak of
perigynium straight or nearly so.
Perigynia rather sharply angled above; pistillate spikes
4—15-flowered.
Perigynia 3.5-5 mm. long; pistillate scales acute to
short-awned, more or less strongly reddish-tinged;
fertile culms mostly lateral, few-leaved; pistillate
spikes oblong to linear-oblong. 292. C. styloflexa.
Perigynia 5-6 mm. long; pistillate scales broadly ob-
ovate, mucronate, chestnut-brown-tinged; fertile
culms mostly central, leafy at base; pistillate spikes
linear. 293. C. Hendersonii.
Perigynia obtusely triangular.
Perigynia alternately arranged, not overlapping; culms
strongly purple-tinged at base; sterile shoots forming
conspicuous culms. 294. C. purpurifera.
Perigynia closely arranged at least above, overlapping.
Culms usually sparingly purplish at base; sterile
shoots forming short culms; beak of perigynium
minute or very short. 295. C. ormostachya.
Culms brownish at base; sterile shoots reduced to
tufts of leaves, not forming culms; beak of
perigynium conspicuous.
Leaf-blades beneath and culms conspicuously
white-striolate; perigynia appressed-ascend-
ing, 3-4.25 mm. long, membranaceous, the
body obovoid, abruptly beaked; fertile culms
lateral (infrequently central), narrowly
winged; plant densely cespitose. 296. C. laxiflora.
Leaf-blades beneath (except near apex) and culms
not white-striolate; peryignia ascending or
somewhat spreading, 4-5 mm. long, sub-
coriaceous, the body elliptic-obovoid, tapering
or somewhat abruptly narrowed into the
beak; fertile culms lateral and central, not
winged; plant loosely cespitose. 297. C. striatula.
Bracts-sheaths strongly serrulate on edges.
Perigynia elliptic-obovoid or fusiform, rather sharply
angled above, the beak straight or oblique; sterile
shoots developing conspicuous culms.
Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved, membranaceous;

culms minutely serrulate on angles. 298. C. leptonervia.
Perigynia conspicuously many-nerved, 3.5-4.5 mm.
long, subcoriaceous; culms retrorsely serrulate. 299. C. crebriflora.

Perigynia obovoid, very obtusely triangular, the beak
abruptly bent.
Leaf-blades 7-30 mm. wide; sterile shoots reduced to
tufts of leaves, not forming culms; pistillate scales
broadly oboyvate-orbicular, very truncate; culms con-
spicuously narrowly wing-margined. 300. C. albursina.
Leaf-blades 3.5-15 mm. wide; sterile shoots developing
conspicuous culms; pistillate scales mucronate to
long-awned.
Culms brownish at base; leaf-sheaths conspicuously
whitish dorsally; perigynia obovoid, 3-4 mm.
long: staminate scales usually greenish-white,
slightly reddish-brown-tinged. 301. C. blanda.
Culms purplish-tinged at base; leaf-sheaths greenish-
white dorsally; perigynia obovoid or broadly
obovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long; staminate scales
strongly reddish-brown-tinged. 302. C. gracilescens.

283. Carex austro-caroliniana L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club
20: 428. 1893.

Carex caroliniana Buckl. Am. Jour. Sci. 45: 173. 1843. (Type from South Carolina.) Not C. caro-

liniana Schw. 1824.

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks slender, prolonged, yellowish-brown, the culms 2-4.5
dm. high, very slender, triangular, not winged, weakly ascending or reclining, slightly roughened,
about the length of or exceeding the leaves, strongly purple-tinged and fibrillose at base,
mostly lateral; sterile shoots elongate, erect; stem-leaves on the fertile culms reduced to blade-

246 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

less sheaths or bearing rudimentary blades 1 cm. long, the sheaths varying from 1-4 cm. long,
deeply concave at mouth, the lower usually strongly tinged with purple, the ligule longer
than wide; blades of basal leaves green, not glaucous, stiffish, flat, erect, strongly nerved, the
two mid-lateral nerves very prominent, short-acuminate, glabrous, slightly roughened on the
margins and towards the apex, when well developed 3-3.5 dm. long, 3-12 mm. wide; those of
the sterile shoots similar; staminate spike solitary, usually very long-peduncled, linear-sub-
clavate, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales ovate or obovate, acuminate to obtuse, purplish-
tinged, with narrow hyaline margin and lighter midvein; pistillate spikes about 3, drooping,
very widely separated, the lower nearly basal, on very capillary rough peduncles 6-12 cm.
long (rarely with an additional nearly sessile erect spike at the base of the staminate one),
loosely 2—6-flowered, with ascending perigynia; bracts long-sheathing, short-bladed, purple-
tinged, the upper much shorter than the culms; scales broadly ovate, sharply keeled, several-
nerved, the lower cuspidate, the upper obtuse, narrower than and about half the length of
the perigynia, thin, reddish-tinged, with greenish midvein; perigynia broadly ovoid, not at
all inflated, sharply triangular, hispidulous, submembranaceous, olive-green, finely many-
nerved, 2.5-3.75 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, substipitate, short-tapering at base, contracted at
the apex into a very short beak, erect or nearly so, with entire orifice; achenes orbicular,
sharply triangular with deeply concave sides, closely filling the perigynium, 2 mm. long,
nearly as wide, light-brown, substipitate, minutely bent, subapiculate, and jointed with the
very short slender style; stigmas three.

Typr LocaLity (of C. cavoliniana, on which C. austro-caroliniana is based): Table Mountain,
Pickens County, South Carolina (Buckley).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountain gorges, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and extreme
northwestern South Carolina. Very well-marked; one of our rarest and most local species. (Speci-
mens examined from western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and northwestern South Carolina.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 48: pl. DD, f. 102; Bull. Torrey Club 21: pl. 208.

284. Carex plantaginea Lam. Encyc. 3: 392. 1791.

Gores peice Moench, Meth. 324. 1794. (Type locality not given.) Not C. latifolia J. F. Gmel.
Anthista latifolia Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex latifolia Moench.)
Deweya plantaginea Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex plantaginea Lam.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms lateral, slender, erect or ascending, 2.5—6
dm. high, asperulous, somewhat flattened in drying, not winged, strongly triangular, exceeding
the leaves, strongly purple-tinged at base, the lower bladeless sheaths conspicuous; sterile
shoots elongate, erect; foliage green, not glaucous except in age, the blades of the basal leaves
and those of the sterile culms long persistent, 1.5—3.5 dm. long, 10-25 mm. wide, thin, flat, the
midnerve strongly developed on the lower and two of the lateral nerves on the upper surface,
acute or short-acuminate, roughened on the margins and hispidulous on the veins towards
the apex; fertile-culm leaves reduced to bladeless (or nearly so) sheaths 3-5 em. long, acuminate,
deeply concave at mouth and strongly tinged with purple, the upper third or fourth free but not
expanding into a blade, the ligule long; staminate spike oblong-clavate, strongly peduncled,
1-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, the broadly obovate scales obtusish to short-acuminate, deep-
purple, the white filaments conspicuous against them, the midvein largely obsolete; pistillate
spikes about 3, widely separated, the lower on slender, erect, asperulous peduncles, the upper
not exsert-peduncled, linear, 1.5—-2.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, loosely alternately about 4—12-
flowered; bracts long-sheathing, bladeless, spathaceous, purple-tinged; scales broadly ovate-
triangular, white-hyaline with green midrib, somewhat purplish-tinged, the lower cuspidate,
the upper acuminate, shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-obovoid,
sharply triangular, 4-5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, not at all inflated, asperulous, finely but not °
conspicuously many-nerved, substipitate, short-tapering at base, abruptly contracted at
apex into a short beak about 1 mm. long, erect or slightly curved, with entire hyaline orifice;
achenes broadly oval, sharply triangular with deeply concave sides, closely filling the peri-
gynium, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, brownish, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with
the slender style; stigmas three, slender, 3 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: “Je crois qu’elle est originaire de 1’Amerique septentrionale.”’

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 247

DISTRIBUTION: Dry rich woods, Quebec to Saskatchewan, and southward to North Carolina
and Kentucky. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio,
Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, Kentucky, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 782; ed. 2. f. 985; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 476; Boott,
Ill. Carex 38. pl. 94; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. N, f. 46.

Notre: Whether Carex latifolia Wahl. (Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 156. 1803) is the
same as Carex latifolia Moench (Meth. 324. 1794) is doubtful. Wahlenberg’s plant has been iden-
tified as Carex plantaginea Lam., and his description applies. MMoench’s description reads more
like Carex platyphylla Carey. Wahlenberg does not cite Moench, although he does cite Carex lati-
folia Gaertner.

285. Carex Careyana Torr.; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci.
30: 60. pl. BB, f. 88. 1836.

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms lateral, weak, 3-6 dm. high, erect or as-
cending, asperulous, triangular, somewhat flattened in drying, not winged, strongly exceeding
the leaves, strongly purple-tinged at base; lower bladeless sheaths conspicuous; sterile shoots
elongate, erect; basal leaves and those of the sterile shoots with blades 7—25 cm. long, 7—12
mm. wide, glabrous, not glaucous except in age, thin, short-acute, rather tapering at the base;
strongly nerved, the two mid-lateral nerves very prominent; upper blades much shorter,
with purplish-tinged sheaths often 3 cm. long; sheaths white-hyaline ventrally, strongly
prolonged upward beyond base of blade and continuous with the long ligule; staminate spike
solitary, from nearly sessile to strongly peduncled, oblong-clavate, 1-2 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide, the scales obovate, obtuse to acutish, finely nerved, purplish with a green midrib; pis-
tillate spikes 2 or 3, very widely separated, 8-20 mm. long, loosely 3—8-flowered, with ascending
perigynia, erect, the lower on asperulous slender peduncles often 5 cm. long, the upper sessile
or nearly so; bracts long-sheathing, the sheaths purple-tinged, with well-developed, leaf-like
blades exceeded by the culms; scales ovate, very sharply keeled, the lower awned or cuspidate
and the upper acute, narrower than and about half the length of the perigynia, greenish-
white and purplish-tinged with green midnerve; perigynia ovoid, sharply triangular, not at
all inflated, 5.5-6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, finely many-nerved, hispidulous, submembrana-
ceous, olive-green, short-stipitate, short-tapering at the base, tapering at apex into a very short
erect beak with entire hyaline orifice; achenes broadly oval, sharply triangular with deeply
concave sides, closely filling the perigynium, 3.5 mm. long and nearly 2.5 mm. wide, yellowish-
brown, substipitate, short-bent-apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas three,
slender, 3 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: “Auburn, New York; in the herbarium of Dr. Torrey.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry rich woods, New York to Michigan, and southward to Virginia and extreme
southern Missouri. A rather local and uncommon species. (Specimens examined from New York,
Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Torr. Fl. N. Y. pl. (second number) 145; Am. Jour. Sci. 30: pl. BB, f. 88; Britt.

& Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 780; ed. 2. f. 986; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 477; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 27; Boott,
Ill. Carex 39. pl. 95.

286. Carex platyphylla Carey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 4: 23. 1847.

“Carex plantaginea Lam.”’ Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 173. 1803.

Carex anceps Muhl. var. latifolia Boott, Ill. Carex 1:39, as synonym. 1858.

Carex digitalis var. latifolia A. Gray; Boott, Ill. Carex 1:39, assynonym. 1858.

See tes Ta var. Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. 2: 115. 1886. (Type from Cayuga Lake, New
Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms lateral, very numerous, slender,

erect or ascending or at length decumbent, 15-30 cm. high, asperulous, triangular, not winged,

much exceeding the leaves, yellowish-brown at base, the basal sheaths edged with cinnamon-

brown; sterile shoots reduced to tufts of leaves or nearly so; foliage glaucous, the basal blades

and those of the sterile culms 1-2 dm. long, 9-25 mm. wide, flat, thin, but long-persistent,

strongly nerved, the midnerve strongly developed on the lower and the two mid-lateral nerves

on the upper surface, acute, minutely roughened on the margins, but otherwise very glabrous,

prominently reticulate-veined; blades of fertile culms 5 em. long or less and 5 mm. wide or

less, their sheaths 2-5 cm. long, conspicuously white-hyaline ventrally, red-dotted towards

248 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

the mouth, prolonged upward beyond base of blade and continuous with the long ligule;
staminate spike linear-clavate, short- to long-peduncled, 8-15 mm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide,
the scales obovate, obtusish or acutish with 3-nerved green center and white-hyaline margins,
usually strongly reddish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes usually 2-4, widely separated, the
lower nearly basal, on short, erect, slender, rough peduncles, exserted 1 cm. long or less, or
not exserted, linear-oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, loosely and alternately 4—-10-
flowered; bracts leaflet-like, exceeded by the culms, exceeding their own spikes; long-sheathing,
the sheaths entire or undulate on the margins, not purple-tinged; scales ovate or obovate,
white-hyaline with green midrib, more or less cinnamon-brown-tinged, short-awned, cuspidate,
or acuminate, narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, appressed-as-
cending, early deciduous, not at all inflated, sharply triangular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm.
wide, finely but not conspicuously many-nerved, minutely asperulous, membranaceous, olive-
green, short-stipitate, tapering at base, tapering at apex into a short, erect or slightly excurved
beak, with entire hyaline orifice; achenes broadly oval, sharply triangular with deeply concave
sides, closely filling the perigynium, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, short-stipitate, short-apicu-
late, jointed with the short, slender, deciduous style; stigmas three, slender, 2.5 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. in declivibus umbrosis, Nov. Angl. et Nov. Ebor.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open, wooded slopes, Quebec and Ontario, and southward to North Carolina
and Illinois. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia,
Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, North Carolina, Ontario.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 785; ed. 2. f. 987; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 478; Schkuhr,

Riedgr. pl. U, f. 70 (as C. hee Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 530. f. 84; Boott, Ill. Carex 39. pl. 96;
Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 1: pl. 9, f. 1

287. Carex magnifolia Mackenzie; Small, Fl. SE. U. S.
ed 2.1325) 1913:

Carex digitalis var. glauca Chapm. FI. S. U. S. 541. 1860. (Type from Florida.)
Carex ptychocarpa var. macrophylla L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 48. 1889. (Based on C.
digitalis var. glauca Chapm.)

In large clumps, from short creeping rootstocks, the culms 1-2 dm. high, phyllopodic,
mostly central, very slender, sharply triangular, smooth, 2—3 times exceeded by the very long
basal leaves, light-brownish-tinged at base, the sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves
usually 4-7 to a culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat, thin, strongly glaucous, 1.5—3.5
dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, hispidulous on the veins towards the acute apex, the midnerve promi-
nent on the lower surface, and the two mid-lateral nerves on the upper, the sheaths thin ventrally,
the ligule long and conspicuous; staminate spike sessile or nearly so, narrowly linear, about
length of upper pistillate spike, about 1 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the scales closely appressed,
oblong-obovate, obtuse, white-hyaline with greenish 3-nerved center, somewhat reddish-
brown-tinged; pistillate spikes usually 3, erect, the lowest widely separate, nearly basal, and
slenderly long-peduncled, the upper two and the staminate closely approximate, sessile or short-
peduncled, often exceeding the staminate, the spikes 8-20 mm. long, about 5 mm. wide,
rather loosely 5—14-flowered, the perigynia ascending in few rows; lowest bracts of the non-
basal spikes leaf-like, subspathaceous, several times exceeding the culm, short-sheathing,
the sheaths with entire edges, the blade 4-7 mm. wide, the uppermost much smaller;
scales very broadly ovate, small, spreading, 2 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, whitish-hyaline, with
colored 3-nerved center, narrower than and about one fourth the length of the perigynia; peri-
gynia broadly fusiform, not inflated, sharply triangular, 4-4.5 mm. long, the sides nearly 2 mm.
wide, finely many-nerved, hispidulous, membranaceous, light-olive or yellowish-green, broadly
stipitate, contracted into the base and into a straight or slightly oblique beak 1 mm. long, the
orifice oblique, hyaline, entire; achenes obovoid, triangular with concave sides, filling perigynium,
3 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short
slender style; stigmas three, slender, short, 1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown.

TyPE Loca.ity (of C. digitalis var. glauca, on which C. magnifolia is based): Shaded swamps,

middle Florida (Chapman, 1842).
DISTRIBUTION: Shaded swamps, middle Florida. (Specimens examined from middle Florida.)

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 249

288. Carex abscondita Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club
37: 244. 1910.

Carex ptychocarpa Steud. Syn. Cyp. 234. 1855. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.) Not C.

ptychocar pa Link, 1799.

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks short, the culms mostly central, low, erect but weak, 0.5—2
dm. high, usually much hidden by and from little exceeding to much shorter than the strongly
developed leaves, hispidulous, triangular-compressed, light-brownish-tinged at base, the sterile
shoots elongate, conspicuous; foliage light-green or somewhat glaueous, the blades of the
lower leaves and those of the sterile culms 1-3 dm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, flat, thin, from erect
to recurving-spreading, the midnerve strongly developed on the lower and the two mid-
lateral nerves on the upper surface, acute or short-acuminate, roughened on the margins and
hispidulous on the veins towards the apex, the upper blades shorter, the sheaths very thin
and white-hyaline ventrally, the ligule long and conspicuous; staminate spike largely hidden,
narrowly linear, sessile or nearly so, about the length of the upper pistillate one, 4-9 mm. long,
0.5-1.5 mm. wide, the scales obovate, closely appressed, obtusish to acuminate, greenish-
white-hyaline, with 3-nerved green center, yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted; pistillate
spikes 1-4, linear or linear-oblong, often staminate at apex, the lowest scale not empty, 0.5-
1.5 em. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, the lower widely separated, the lowest nearly basal on very
slender smooth peduncles 1-8 cm. long, erect, ascending, or drooping, the upper on short-
exserted erect peduncles or not exsert-peduncled, contiguous with the staminate spike, alter-
nately and rather loosely 3-10-flowered, the perigynia erect-appressed; upper bracts short-
sheathing, that of the second pistillate spike much developed, subspathaceous, 3.5 em. long
and exceeding the culm and uppermost bract, the sheaths green, the edges entire, hispidulous;
scales small, ovate-triangular, the margins white-hyaline, the center green, 3-nerved, slightly
brownish-yellow-tinged, the lower cuspidate, the upper acute or obtuse, narrower and much
shorter than the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, sharply triangular, not at all inflated, hispidu-
lous, membranaceous, light-olive or yellowish-green, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, finely
many-nerved, substipitate, short-tapering at base, tapering at apex or contracted into a
very short erect or slightly bent beak or point, with entire hyaline orifice; achenes broadly
obovoid, sharply triangular with deeply concave sides, closely filling the perigynium, 2-2.5
mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, brownish, reticulate, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the
very short slender style; stigmas three, short, 1.5 mm. long, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. ptychocarpa, on which C. abscondita is based): New Orleans, Louisiana
(Drummond 424).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands (usually beech), Florida and Louisiana, and northward mostly
on the coastal plain to Massachusetts, and in the interior to Indiana. (Specimens examined from
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York (Long Island), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Florida, Louisiana, Missouri, Indiana 5)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 784; ed. 2. f. 988; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 481; Rep.
N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 24, f. 8.

Note: Type verified by L. H. Bailey (Mem. Torrey Club 1: 48. 1889).

289. Carex digitalis Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 298. 1805.

“Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr’’ Muhl. Descr. Gram. 242. 1817.

Carex Van-Vleckii, Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:69. 1824. (Type from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.)

Carex oligocarpa var. Van-Vleckii Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 280. pl. F, f. 20. 1826. (Based on C.
Van-Vleckit Schw.)

“Carex Vleckii Schw.’’ Spreng. Syst. 3: 821. 1826. (Error in name.)

Edritria digitalis Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex digitalis Willd.)

Carex podostachys Steud. Syn. Cyp. 232. 1855. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.)

Carex digitalis £. podostachys Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 528. 1909. (Based on C.
podostachys Steud.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms central and lateral, triangular,
not winged, erect but rather weak, 1-5 dm. high, hispidulous, usually surpassed by the bracts
or leaves, light-brownish-tinged at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves of the
fertile and sterile culms about equally developed, the blades erect, flat, thin, green, not glau-
cous, long-tapering, typically 1-2 dm. long, 2.5-5 mm. wide, smooth below, roughened on

250 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

the margins and hispidulous on the veins towards the apex above, the midvein prominent
on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; sheaths 1.5—4 em. long, tight,
hyaline ventrally, the basal at least cinnamon-brown-tinged and red-dotted, the ligule long
and conspicuous; staminate spike linear, from short- to long-peduncled, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3
mm. wide, the peduncle smooth, the scales obovate, acute, whitish-hyaline with 3-nerved
green center, reddish- or yellowish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 2-5, often staminate at
apex, the basal scales not empty, linear, 0.5—3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, very widely separated,
the lower often nearly basal, varying from borne on long, very slender, often recurving,
nearly smooth peduncles sometimes 8 cm. long (the lower), to erect and slightly exsert-pe-
duncled (the upper), loosely and alternately 3—-12-flowered, the perigynia ascending; bracts
leaflet-like, long-sheathing, the sheaths green, slightly scabrous, the margins entire, the upper
bracts exceeding the culms; scales small, ovate, sharply keeled, spreading, acute or the lower
cuspidate, half the length of the perigynia, and much narrower, white-hyaline, with green mid-
rib and 3-nerved center, slightly cinnamon-brown-tinged; perigynia obovoid, sharply triangular,
not at all inflated, hispidulous, membranaceous, deep-green, finely many-nerved, usually
2.5-3 mm. long, but sometimes even 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, substipitate, short-tapering
at the base, tapering at the essentially beakless apex into a short, erect or slightly bent point
with entire hyaline orifice; achenes broadly obovoid, triangular with concave sides, closely
filling the perigynium, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with
the very short, slender style; stigmas three, slender, 1.5 mm. long, reddish-brown, long-per-
sistent.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘Habitat in Pennsylvania.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods and thickets, Maine and Southern Ontario to Minnesota, and south-
ward to Florida and Texas. (Specimens examined from Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Florida, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, Indiana, Wisconsin, Missouri, Tennessee, Mississippi,
Louisiana, Arkansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 779; ed. 2. f. 989; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 480; Boott,
Ill. Carex 40. pl. 98; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: fl. F, f. 20.

290. Carex laxiculmis Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1: 70. 1824.

Carex oligocarpa var. latifolia A. Gray (N. Am. Gram. no. 178 ex.syn. 1835); Torr. Ann. Lyc.N.Y.

3: 415. 1836. (Type from Watertown, New York.)

Carex retrocurva Dewey, in Wood, Class- Book 423. 1845. (Type from the eastern United States.)
Carex laxiculmis var. floridana 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:47. 1889. (Type from Florida.)
Carex laxiculmis f. serotina Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48:169. 1897. (Type from New York.)
Carex retrocurva var. floridana “‘I,. H. Bailey’? Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich, 429: 529. 1909.

(Based on C. laxiculmis var. floridana 1,. H. Bailey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms lateral, weak and slender, 1.5—6
dm. high, erect, ascending or spreading, strigillose, bluntly triangular, not winged, the angles
not white, subserrulate only below; bracts exceeding the leaves, cinnamon-brown-tinged at
base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; foliage glaucous-green or light-green, strongly
punctate, the basal blades and those of the sterile culms 1-3 dm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, flat,
thin, weak, spreading, the mid-nerve strongly developed on the lower and the two mid-lateral
nerves on the upper surface, acute or acuminate, roughened on the margins and hispidulous
on the veins towards the apex; fertile-culm blades much shorter with long sheaths (1.5—4
cm.) more or less cinnamon-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, convex at mouth, the
ligule 114-21 times as long as wide; staminate spike linear, long-peduncled, 8-20 mm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle smooth, the scales obovate-obtusish to short-acuminate, whitish-
hyaline with green or light-colored midrib, more or less strongly reddish-brown or brownish-
tinged and red-dotted; pistillate spikes usually 2-4, 5-20 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, very
widely separated, often staminate at summit, the lower one to several scales empty, the lowest
spike nearly basal, on very long, capillary, smooth, drooping peduncles 2-10 cm. long, the
uppermost erect on shorter peduncles, alternately and rather loosely 5—10-flowered, the
perigynia ascending; bracts leaflet-like, exceeded by the culms, the blade longer than the
spike, long-sheathing, the sheath-edges entire; scales ovate-triangular, sharply keeled, spread-

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 251

ing, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, more or less cinnamon-brown-tinged and
red-dotted, the lower cuspidate, the upper acute, much narrower and shorter than the perigynia;
perigynia elliptic-obovoid to broadly-obovoid, sharply triangular, not at all inflated, 3-4 mm.
long, 1.75-2.25 mm. wide, membranaceous, olive-green, hispidulous, finely but not conspicu-
ously many-nerved, substipitate, short-tapering at base, and tapering at apex into a short,
erect or slightly bent beak, with entire hyaline orifice; achenes very broadly obovoid, sharply
triangular with deeply concave sides, closely filling the perigynium, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.75
mm. wide, yellowish-brown, substipitate, short- (often bent-) apiculate, jointed with the very
short, slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, 2—2.5 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Carol.’’ Schweinitz’s own specimens in Herb. Acad. Philadelphia are labeled
“Salem,’’ North Carolina.

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods and thickets, Maine to southern Ontario and Wisconsin, and south-
ward to North Carolina and Missouri. (Specimens examined from Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District
of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana,
Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 783; ed. 2. f. 990; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 479; Rep. N. J.
Mus. 1910: pl. 24, f. 6; Boott, Ill. Carex 39. pl. 97.

Note: See W. DeW. Miller in Rhodora (21: 23. 1919) as to the value of the empty basal

scales of the pistillate spikes as a diagnostic character; also Dudley, in Cayuga Flora (Bull. Cornell
Univ. 2: 115. 1886).

291. Carex copulata (L. H. Bailey) Mackenzie.

aces: distialis var. copulata 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 47. 1889. (Type from central

Carex lasicdnt var. copulaia Fernald, Rhodora 8: 183. 1906. (Based on C. digitalis var. copulata

Carex Ret cae: longepedunculata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 529. 1909. (Type
from Ontario.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short, the culms lateral, very slender, sharply triangular, the
angles white, not winged, subserrulate, hispidulous, weakly ascending or reclining, 1.5—6
dm. high, hispidulous, surpassing the leaves, the basal sheaths cinnamon-brown-tinged;
sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; basal leaves and those of the sterile culms about equally
developed, the blades green, not glaucous, punctate, typically 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide,
flat, weak but erect-ascending, acute or acuminate, roughened on the margins and hispidulous
on the veins towards the apex, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-
lateral veins on the upper; fertile-culm blades shorter, with sheaths 1.5—4 cm. long, more
or less cinnamon-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, convex at mouth, the ligule 2-4
times as long as wide; staminate spike linear, from short- to long-peduncled, 1—2 cm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle nearly smooth, the scales obovate, acutish, white-hyaline with
green midrib and more or less chestnut- or reddish-brown-tinged and red-dotted; pistillate
spikes 2-4, 5-20 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, very widely separated, the lower often nearly
basal, often staminate at apex, the lower one to several scales empty, the spikes varying from
borne on long, slender, often recurving, smooth peduncles sometimes 7—8 cm. long (the lower),
to erect and little exsert-peduncled (the upper), rather loosely 3—8-flowered, the perigynia
ascending; bracts leaflet-like, from shorter than to slightly exceeding the culms, the blades
exceeding the spikes, long-sheathing, the sheath-edges subserrulate; scales broadly ovate,
sharply keeled, spreading, acute or the lower cuspidate, half the length of the perigynia and
much narrower, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center and more or less cinnamon-brown-
tinged margins; perigynia broadly obovoid, sharply triangular, not at all inflated, hispidulous,
finely many-nerved, membranaceous, deep-green, 2.75—3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, substipi-
tate, short-tapering at base, rounded or round-tapering to a blunt or abruptly very short-
pointed, straight or slightly bent, beakless or short-beaked apex, the orifice hyaline, entire;
achenes orbicular-obovoid, sharply triangular with deeply concave sides, closely filling the peri-
gynium, 2—2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, brownish and often red-dotted, substipitate, short-apicu-
late, jointed with the very short slender style; stigmas three, slender, brownish, 1.5—2 mm. long.

TYPE LocALITy (of C. digitalis var. copulata, on which C. copulata is based): Central Michigan.
DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands in limestone districts, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Michigan

252 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

and Missouri. (Specimens examined from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana,
Iowa, Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 4!: pl. 5.

Note: This species has the appearance of Carex digitalis Willd., but the spikes of Carex laxiculmis
It is widely distributed and is certainly not a hybrid.

292. Carex styloflexa Buckl. Am. Jour. Sci. 45: 174. 1843.

Carex acuminata Schw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 69. 1824. (Type from Carolina.) Not C. acuminata
Seen pene Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex acuminata Schw.)

Carex protracta Steud. Syn. Cyp. 234. 1855. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.)

Carex laxiflora var. styloflexa Boott, Ill. Car. 1: 37. pl. 90. 1858. (Based on C. styloflexa Buckl.)
Carex styloflexa var. remotiflora Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 200. 1922. (Type from Chattahoochee,

Florida.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks slender, more or less strongly elongate, light-brown, the clumps
medium-sized, the culms 2-8 dm. high, mostly lateral and aphyllopodic, or sometimes central
and phyllopodic, slender, erect, or decumbent, sharply triangular, not winged, minutely
roughened above, exceeding the leaves and usually the bracts, brownish-tinged at base;
sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; well-developed fertile-culm leaves (not bracts) 1 or 2,
the blades flat, thin, light-green, 5-15 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, little roughened, the mid-
vein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; blades of the
sterile shoots and the basal leaves 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, rougher; sheaths tight, slightly
yellowish-brown-tinged, prolonged upward at mouth beyond base of blade and continuous
with the long prominent ligule; staminate spike usually long-peduncled, occasionally nearly
sessile, linear, 1-4 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the peduncle up to 8 cm. long, roughish, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse, white-hyaline, usually strongly yellowish-brown-tinged with green
3-nerved center; pistillate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, widely separated, the lowest and often the
second on long, capillary, nodding or weak, slightly roughened peduncles, 5—9 cm. long, the
upper erect, not or shortly exsert-peduncled, the spikes oblong to linear-oblong, 0.5-2 cm.
long, 4-5 mm. wide, rather loosely 4~15-flowered in few rows, the perigynia ascending or some-
what spreading; lower bracts leaf-like, strongly sheathing, minutely roughened on the margins,
the upper shorter and usually exceeded by the culm; scales broadly ovate, short-awned to
acute, narrower than and only half the length of the perigynia, white-hyaline with 3-nerved
green center, usually more or less strongly reddish-brown-tinged; perigynia narrowly obovoid,
not at all inflated, obtusely triangular below, rather sharply so above, 3.5—-5 mm. long, 1.5-2
mm. wide, glabrous, finely many-nerved, subcoriaceous, greenish-straw-colored, short-stipi-
tate, long-tapering and spongy at base, tapering at apex into a conspicuous, more or less
oblique beak 0.5-1 mm. long, with entire hyaline orifice; achenes obovoid, sharply triangular
with concave sides, nearly filling perigynium-body, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, sessile,
granular, yellowish-brown, short-apiculate, jointed with the slender, short, bent style; stigmas
three, slender, reddish-brown; anthers 4 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. mountains, Macon County, North Carolina.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, mostly on the coastal plain, Texas to Florida, and northward to
Connecticut. (Specimens examined from Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 37. pl. 90; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 778; ed. 2. f. 996; Rob. &
Fern. Man. f. 486; Ann. Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 24, f. 7; Am. Jour. Sci. 48: pl. DD, f. 101.

293. Carex Hendersonii L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad.
Ze is: |) 180:
“Carex laxiflora var. plantaginea Boott’’ Olney; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8: 407. 1872.
Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks slender, usually short, the clumps medium-sized, the
culms 4-9 dm. high, leafy throughout, erect or decumbent, stoutish, mostly central and phyl-
lopodic, sharply triangular, scarcely winged, exceeding the leaves, roughened on the angles,
brownish at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed
blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, mostly towards the base, the blades 5-25 cm. long, 3-10 mm.

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 253

wide, light-green, flat, thin, the midvein prominent on the upper surface and the two mid-
lateral veins on the lower, roughened towards the apex; blades of the sterile culms more numer-
ous, 2-5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide; sheaths enlarged upward, yellowish-brown-tinged at mouth,
prolonged upward beyond base of blade and continuous with the ligule; staminate spike more
or less peduncled, linear, 1.5-3 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, acute to
obtuse, whitish-hyaline with green or straw-colored 3-nerved center, usually more or less
strongly brownish-red-tinged; pistillate spikes 2—4, erect, the upper two contiguous and little
or not at all exsert-peduncled, the lower one or two widely separate, erect on slender, slightly
roughened, elongate peduncles, all linear, 1-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, containing 5-12 alter-
nate ascending perigynia, in few rows; lower bracts leaf-like with long, nearly smooth sheaths,
the upper much reduced and from shorter than to exceeding the inflorescence; scales broadly
obovate, mucronate, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, usually chestnut-brown-
tinged, as wide as but much shorter than the perigynia; perigynia narrowly obovoid, not at
all inflated, obtusely triangular below, more sharply so above, 5-6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
many-nerved, the keels prominent, light-green or greenish-straw-colored, submembranaceous,
glabrous, puncticulate, substipitate, long-tapering and spongy at base, tapering at apex into
a straight beak nearly 1 mm. long, obliquely cut, minutely bidentate, hyaline-tipped; achenes
obovoid, triangular with concave sides, filling the perigynium, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, sub-
stipitate, brownish, more or less granular, short-apiculate, and jointed with the straight
slender style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown; anthers 4 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: Bogs at Portland, Oregon (L. F. Henderson).

DISTRIBUTION: Damp woods in the Coast Ranges, from southwestern British Columbia to
Sonoma County, California. (Specimens examined from British Columbia (including Vancouver
Island) Washington, Oregon, northern California.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 60. f. 30; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 781; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl.
Calif. f. 188.

294. Carex purpurifera Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Cespitose, the rootstocks very short-prolonged, the clumps medium-sized, the culms
largely lateral and aphyllopodic, 2-4 dm. high, not strict, erect, ascending or decumbent,
exceeding the leaves, slender, triangular, not at all flattened in drying, the angles irregularly
and sharply papillose, very strongly bright-purple-tinged at base; sterile shoots elongate,
forming conspicuous culms; leaf-blades of the sterile shoots erect, flat, thin, not semi-ever-
green, green or in age yellowish-green, 3-8 mm. wide, the longer 1.5—2.5 dm. long, roughened
on the margins and towards the apex on the veins, sharp-pointed, conspicuously whitish-
striolate beneath, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins
on the upper; leaves with well-developed blades 3 to several to a fertile culm, the blades similar
but smaller, the sheaths long, only slightly enlarged upwards, not strongly serrulate, very
thin and whitish-hyaline ventrally, conspicuously prolonged at mouth, the ligule conspicuous,
longer than wide; staminate spike long-peduncled, linear, 2-3 cm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, strongly
overtopping the pistillate spikes and their bracts, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, or slightly
mucronate, dull-purplish-brown with several-nerved lighter center and narrow hyaline margins,
the peduncle minutely serrulate; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, all widely separate, the upper erect
and slightly or not at all exsert-peduncled, the lower strongly exsert-peduncled, the peduncles
very slender, weak, terete, slightly roughened, the spikes 2.5—5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, very
loosely 4-15-flowered, the perigynia alternately arranged in few rows, strongly separate and
not overlapping, erect, the uppermost scales often empty, the rachis granular, sharp-edged,
the joints enlarged upwards; bracts strongly sheathing, not purple-tinged nor strongly serrulate-
margined, the blades rather short, much exceeded by the culm; scales obovate or oblong-
obovate, very thin and membranaceous, more or less purplish-tinged, often retuse, usually
whitish-hyaline with 3-nerved green center excurrent as a conspicuous rough awn, as wide
below as the perigynia but usually shorter; perigynia oblong-obovoid, not at all inflated,
obtusely triangular, 3.75-4.25 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, membranaceous, glabrous,
many-nerved, dull-green, in age greenish, stramineous, strongly stipitate, contracted into a
spongy base (the stipe 0.5-1 mm. long), tapering into the straight or slightly excurved beak

254 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

0.25 mm. long, the orifice oblique; achenes obovoid, closely filling the upper part of perigynium-
body, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, granular,
dull-yellowish-brown, subsessile, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short style; stigmas
three, slender, reddish-brown.

Rhizomata brevissima; culmi cespitosi 2-4 dm. alti triangulares, basi valde purpuras-
centes; culmi steriles elongati; vaginae bractearum vix serrulatae; spicae stamineae peduncu-
latae lineares 2-3 ecm. longae, squamis oblongo-obovatis viridi-albis vel fuscotinctis; spicae
femineae lineares 2.5—5 cm. longae laxissime 4—15-florae; perigynia alterna pauciseriata oblongo-
obovoidea obtuse triangularia valde stipitata circ. 4 mm. longa, rostro recto vel paullo ex-
curvato.

Type collected in open woods on hillsides and tops of cliffs, one mile south of Morley station,
Campbell County, Tennessee; the region is strongly calcareous. (John Bright, May 18, 1923, in
the Britton Herbarium.)

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality, and from Mount Guyot, Cosby, Cocke
County, Tennessee.

295. Carex ormostachya Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 196. 1922.

Carex laxiflora var. intermedia Boott, Il. Carex 37. 1858. (As to Quebec specimens only.)

“Carex laxiflora var. intermedia Boott” L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 115, in small part. 1886.
“Carex laxiflora Lam.’’ I. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 31, in small part. 1889.

“Carex laxiflora Lam.’’ Rob. & Fern. Man. 242, in very small part. 1908.

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 2-6
dm. high, slender to base, 0.7—1.5 mm. thick, erect, sharply triangular, leafy, not winged, not
coarsely cellular and not flattening in drying, minutely granular, crenulate on the angles,
mostly central and phyllopodic, exceeding leaves (not bracts), purplish at base, usually spar-
ingly so; sterile shoots forming short-elongate culms; leaf-blades thin, flat, flaccid, light-green,
drying yellowish-green, 0.5—2 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, the midvein prominent on the lower
surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper, sharp-pointed, slightly roughened on the
veins towards the apex; sheaths tight, not whitish and not septate-nodulose dorsally, the
ligule wider than long and not conspicuous; staminate spike linear or linear-clavate, more or
less strongly peduncled, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or
acute, very light reddish-brown or yellowish-brown with 3-nerved green center and hyaline
margins; pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, the upper approximate and little exsert-peduncled, the
lower widely separate and often strongly exsert-peduncled, linear, 1-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
10—20-flowered, in few rows, the perigynia appressed-ascending, arranged closely above, loosely
and alternately towards the base, the rachis smooth, not winged, the peduncles slender, not two-
edged, minutely serrulate; bract-sheaths tight, slightly or not at all enlarged upward, the mar-
gins not serrulate nor crinkled, prolonged upward ventrally at mouth, the upper 1 or 2 bracts
exceeding the culm; scales broadly ovate or broadly obovate, mucronate to awned, appressed,
thin, hyaline with 3-nerved greenish center, at times somewhat light-reddish-brown-tinged,
shorter and narrower above than the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, very obtusely triangular,
2.5-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, smooth, dull-brownish, strongly many-
nerved, strongly stipitate, spongy and constricted at base, plump and round-tapering at apex
into a minute or very short, straight or slightly bent beak, the orifice hyaline, truncate or some-
what oblique; achenes obovoid, very closely enveloped in the upper part of perigynium-body,
triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, 2.25 mm. long, nearly 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish,
substipitate, minutely apiculate, jointed with the very short oblique style; stigmas three,
reddish-brown, slender, rather short.

TyPE LOCALITY: Littleton Hill, Franconia, New Hampshire (EZ. & C. E. Faxon, 1896).

DISTRIBUTION: Woods and banks, mostly in dry soil, eastern Quebec to Minnesota, and south-

ward to Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Maine, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin.)

296. Carex laxiflora Lam. Encyc. 3: 392. 1791.

Carex heterosperma Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 151. 1803. (Type from Pennsylvania.)
Carex anceps Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 278. 1805. (Type from North America.)

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE Pp,

“Carex plantaginea Lam.’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 63. f. 195 (in part, and excl. f. 70). 1806.
Carex nematostachya Willd.; Schlecht. Linnaea 10: 264. 1835. (Type from eastern North America. )
Carex ‘‘nematosperma Willd.’’ Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 456. 1837. (Misprint only.)

Deweya anceps Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex anceps Muhl.)

Carex anceps var. patulifolia Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book 423. 1845. (Type Schkuhr f. 195 from

Pennsylvania.)

Carex anceps var. angustifolia Dewey, in Wood, Class-Book 423. 1845. (Type Schkuhr f. 128 from

Pennsylvania. )

Carex patulifolia Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 8:350. 1849. (Based onC. anceps var. patulifolia Dewey.)

Carex laxiflora var. patulifolia Carey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2.524. 1856. (Based on C. anceps var.
patulifolia Dewey.)

Carex laxiflora var. plantaginea Boott, Ill. Carex 37. 1858. (Based on Schkuhr, f. 128, from Penn-
sylvania.)

Carex laxiflora var. intermedia a Boott, Ill. Carex 1:37. 1858. (Based on Schkuhr, f. 195, from

Pennsylvania.)

Carex ir var. heterosperma B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 63. 1888. (Based on C. heterosperma

Wahl.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks usually very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms
1.5-4 dm. high, lateral and aphyllopodic, infrequently central, erect or ascending, sharply
triangular, leafy throughout, narrowly winged, smooth or nearly so on the angles, conspicuously
white-striolate, more or less flattened in drying, usually noticeably exceeding the leaves and
exceeding or moderately exceeded by the upper bracts, brownish at base; sterile shoots reduced
to tufts of large leaves and not forming long conspicuous culms; leaf-blades of the sterile
shoots ascending, flat, thin, flaccid, or in age stiffer, long-persistent, usually 1-2.5 dm. long,
7-20 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and towards the apex on the veins, short-acute, the
edges rarely strongly parallel, conspicuously. white-striolate beneath, the midvein prominent
on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper, the superficial cells usually
not prominent; well-developed fertile-culm leaves usually about 2, the blades similar but smaller,
7-15 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; sheaths long, enlarged upward, very minutely serrulate, ap-
pearing smooth, very thin ventrally, the ligule very long and prominent; staminate spike linear,
more or less strongly peduncled, exceeding the uppermost pistillate one, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3 mm.
wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to short-acuminate, white-hyaline with green, three-
nerved center, often strongly tinged with yellowish-brown, the peduncle slightly ancipital, nearly
smooth; pistillate spikes usually 3 or 4, erect, the lower two distant, the lower at least long-
peduncled (the peduncles smooth, ancipital), the upper sessile or nearly so, narrowly linear,
1.5—4.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, loosely and alternately 5—15-flowered, the perigynia appressed-
ascending; bracts strongly sheathing, the lower leaf-like, the upper smaller, the sheaths slightly
roughened on the margins, prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade; scales broadly ovate to
oblong-obovate, the lower awned or cuspidate, the upper sometimes obtuse, white-hyaline
with strong, 3-nerved, green center, narrower than and usually about half the length of the
perigynia; perigynia obovoid, not at all inflated, obtusely triangular below, 3—4.25 mm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, membranaceous, light-green, puncticulate, glabrous, finely many-nerved,
strongly stipitate, narrowed into a spongy base and abruptly narrowed at apex into a promin-
ent but short beak, 0.5 mm. long, straight or slightly curved, with entire white-hyaline orifice;
achenes broadly obovoid, closely filling body of perigynium, 1.75 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, granular, yellowish-brown, substipitate,
short-apiculate, jointed with the very short, often bent, slender, style; stigmas three, slender,
reddish-brown, rather short; anthers 2—3.5 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Cette espéce bien distincte croit dans le New-York, la Pensylvanie & la Virginie.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Michigan, and southward, mostly in the mountains,
to North Carolina and Kentucky. Erroneously recorded from Oregon. (Specimens examined from
Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West
Virginia, North Carolina, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2..f. 994; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 484; Pa ies Riedgr.
pl. Fff, f. 128; pl. KRRk, f. 195 (as (Be plantaginea Lam.); Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. N, f. 4

297. Carex striatula Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2: 173. 1803.

Cores: ee var. striatula Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 554. 1848. (Technically based on C. striatula
ichx.

Carex ignota Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci, II. 8: 348. 1849. (Type from Louisiana.)

256 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Carex laxiflora var. striatula Carey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 524. 1856. (Technically based on C.
striatula Michx.) ~ EK

“Carex laxiflora Lam.’ Boott, Ill. Carex 35. pl. 89. 1858. i > =

Carex laxiflora var. Michauxii . H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:32. 1889. (Based on C. striatula

Michx.)
Carex laxiflora var. divaricata 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 33. 1889. (Type from District

of Columbia.)

Carex laxiflora f. striatula Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 526. 1909. (Based on C. striatula
“Gone Woe var. patulifolia Dewey’’ W. Stone, Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: 302. 1911.

Rather loosely cespitose, the rootstocks more or less prolonged, the clumps medium-
sized, the culms lateral and aphyllopodic, and some central and phyllopodic, 2-6 dm. high,
exceeding leaves, erect or ascending, comparatively stout, sharply triangular, not winged,
smooth or nearly so, not white-striolate, not flattened in drying, brownish at base; sterile
shoots reduced to tufts of large leaves and not forming long conspicuous culms; leaf-blades
of the sterile shoots ascending, flat, thickish, stiff, long-persistent, 7-14 mm. wide, the well-
developed ones 2.5—3.5 dm. long, roughened on the margins and towards the apex on the veins,
acute, the edges usually strongly parallel, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and
the two mid-lateral veins on the upper, the superficial cells often very prominent, not white-
striolate except near apex; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades 2-4 to a fertile
culm, the blades similar but smaller, the sheaths long, enlarged upward, very minutely serrulate,
appearing smooth, very thin ventrally, the ligule very long and prominent; staminate spike
linear, subclavate, usually strongly peduncled, 2-4 cm. long, 2—3.5 mm. wide, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, more or less
yellowish-brown-tinged, the peduncle slightly ancipital, nearly smooth; pistillate spikes 2 or
3, widely separate, erect, the upper short-exsert-peduncled, the lower on peduncles exserted
114-3 times the length of the spikes, the peduncles ancipital, smooth, the spikes linear-oblong,
1.5—5 em. long, 5 mm. wide, containing 6-20 loosely arranged, ascending or somewhat spread-
ing perigynia in few rows; bracts strongly sheathing, leaf-like, usually shorter than culms,
their sheaths smooth, often yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally at mouth and prolonged beyond
base of blade; scales ovate, awned, cuspidate or acuminate, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green
center, narrower than and about half the length of the perigynia; perigynia elliptic-obovoid, not
at all inflated, obtusely triangular below, 4-5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, glabrous, subcoriaceous,
yellowish-green or brownish-green, strongly many-nerved, stipitate, tapering to a spongy
base 0.5—1.5 mm. long, and tapering or somewhat abruptly narrowed into a straight or slightly
excurved conspicuous beak 0.5-1 mm. long, the orifice oblique, whitish; achenes oblong-
obovoid, closely filling body of perigynium, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with
concave sides and blunt angles, granular, brownish, sessile, short-apiculate, jointed with the
very short, often bent, slender style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown; anthers 4-5 mm.
long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Hab. in Carolina.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, largely on the coastal plain, Florida to Texas, northward to
Connecticut and southern New York, and in the interior to Indiana. (Specimens examined from Con-
necticut, New York (Staten Island), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of
Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louis-
jana, Texas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 995; Rob. & Fern. Man. I, 485; Rep. N. J. Mus.
1910: pl. 24, f. 3; Boott, Ill. Carex ay pl. 89; Am. Jour. Sei: [V5 2 pio Zee cases laxiflora).

298. Carex leptonervia Fernald, Rhodora 16: 214. 1914.

“Carex laxiflora var. intermedia Boott” L. H. Bailey; Arth. Bull. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. 3:
PGI Wercitfe (Minnesota; see Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 201.)

Carex laxiflora var. varians L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:32. 1889. (In large part; type from
Minnesota. See Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 201. 1922.)

Carex varians Hay, Palmer & White, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 14: 196. 1901. Ina volume index; not
regarded by me as publication.

Carex laxiflora var. leptonervia Fernald, Rhodora 8: 184. 1906. (Type from Fort Fairfield, Maine.)

iced ianee Nadie Burnham, Torreya 19: 133. 1919. (Based on C. laxiflora var. varians

. H. Bailey.

Cespitose, the rootstocks slender, the culms 1.5-7 dm. high, mostly lateral and aphyllo-
podic, evenly leafy, weakly erect or decumbent, sharply triangular but not winged, the angles

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 257

minutely serrulate, exceeding the leaves, brownish at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous;
leaf-blades deep-green, flat, flaccid, 1-3.5 dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, roughened towards the
apex on the margins, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral
veins on the upper, the sheaths enlarged upward, strongly retrorsely serrulate towards the
mouth, short-prolonged upward beyond base and continuous with the long conspicuous ligule;
staminate spike narrowly linear, sessile or nearly so, 1-2.5 em. long, 2 mm. wide, the scales
oblong-obovate, mucronate, white-hyaline with green, scabrous, 3-nerved center; pistillate
spikes 2-4, the upper 1 or 2 and the staminate approximate, sessile or short-exsert-peduncled,
the lower 1 or 2 more or less strongly separate, exsert-peduncled, linear, 1-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide, loosely 10—20-flowered in few rows, the perigynia erect-ascending, the peduncles rough,
somewhat ancipital; bracts long-sheathing, the sheath-margins strongly serrulate, the upper
blades at least exceeding the culm; scales oblong-obovate, mucronate to obtuse, about width
of but much shorter than the perigynia, white-hyaline and more or less strongly brownish-
tinged, with conspicuous 3-nerved green center; perigynia elliptic-obovoid, not at all inflated,
obtusely triangular below, more sharply so above, 3.5—4.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, deep-green
or in age light-green, membranaceous, glandular-puncticulate, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless
or faintly nerved, stipitate, long-tapering and spongy at base, contracted into a short, straight
or oblique beak 0.5 mm. long, with entire oblique orifice; achenes obovoid, filling perigynium-
body, sharply triangular with concave sides, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, brownish, granular,
substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown,
slender; anthers 1.5 mm. long.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. laxiflora var. leptonervia on which C. leptonervia is based): Ft. Fairfield,
Maine (Fernald 146).

DISTRIBUTION: In woodlands, Newfoundland to Minnesota, and southward to northern New
Jersey and Ohio, and in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. (Specimens examined
from Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Vir-
ginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Ohio, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota.)

ILLUSTRATION: Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 489.

Note: In the index to the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (14:196. 1901)
appears the name Carex varians, with a page reference to where the name appears as Carex laxiflora
var. varians. ‘The publication committee has for years followed this practice holding that “‘what are
usually called subspecies should be expressed by binomials.”’ At this time the publication committee
consisted of Messrs. Hay, Palmer & White. I am not treating the above name as a properly pub-
lished name, but merely as a method of reference. Others think it and similar names should be
regarded as properly published and credited to the publication committee (T. D. A. Cockerell, Torreya

5:44-5. 1905). If so, Carex varians is the proper name for the present species, as it long antedates
Carex leptonervia Fernald, and the type belongs here. (Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 201. 1922.)

299. Carex crebriflora Wiegand, Rhodora 24: 197. 1922.

Cespitose, the rootstocks short-prolonged, the clumps medium-sized to large, some of
the culms lateral and aphyllopodic, others central and phyllopodic, 2-6 dm. high, erect or
ascending, shorter than to exceeding the leaves, comparatively stout, sharply triangular,
slightly winged, retrorsely serrulate, somewhat flattened in drying, brownish at base; sterile
shoots elongate, forming conspicuous culms; leaf-blades of the sterile shoots erect, flat, firm,
long-persistent, green or pale-green, 3-8 mm. wide, the longer 2.5—3.5 dm. long, roughened
on the margins and towards the apex on the veins, acute, the edges usually strongly parallel,
the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; leaves
with well-developed blades 3 to several to a fertile culm, the blades similar but smaller, the
sheaths long, enlarged upward, smooth, thin ventrally, the ligule prominent, longer than wide;
staminate spike linear-subclavate, sessile or short-peduncled, often overtopped by the upper-
most pistillate spikes, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to
slightly cuspidate, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, scarcely if at all yellowish-brown-
tinged; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the upper one or two and the staminate spike contiguous, the
lower strongly separate, erect, the upper scarcely exsert-peduncled, the lower strongly exsert-
peduncled, the peduncles retrorsely serrulate, the spikes linear-oblong, 0.5—2 cm. long, about
5 mm. wide, rather closely flowered, containing 10-20 perigynia, ascending or finally somewhat
spreading, in few rows, the rachis smooth; bracts strongly sheathing, leaf-like, the upper

258 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

strongly exceeding the culms, the sheaths retrorsely serrulate towards mouth, hyaline and
prolonged ventrally above base of blades; scales oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, obtuse to
cuspidate, white with 3-nerved green center, narrower than and about half the length of the
perigynia; perigynia elliptic-obovoid or fusiform, not at all inflated, obtusely triangular below,
more sharply so above, 3.5—4.5 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, glabrous, subcoriaceous, yellowish
or brownish-green, conspicuously many-nerved, long-stipitate, tapering to a spongy base
0.5-1 mm. long, tapering or somewhat abruptly narrowed into a straight or slightly excurved
conspicuous beak about 1 mm. long, the orifice oblique, whitish; achenes obovoid, closely
filling body of perigynium, 2.5 mm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide, granular, dull-yellowish-brown,
triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, sessile, short-apiculate, jointed with the short
style; stigmas three, slender, reddish brown; anthers 2-2.5 mm. long.

TYPE Locality: Low woods, Appalachicola River bottoms, near Chattahoochee, Florida.

(A. H. Curtiss, 1882). :
DISTRIBUTION: Woodlands, Texas to Florida, and northward to South Carolina. (Specimens
examined from South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas.)

300. Carex albursina Sheldon, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 284. 1893.

Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott, Ill. Carex 38. pl. 93. 1858. (Type from New York.) Not C.

latifolia J. F. Gmel. 1791; nor C. latifolia Moench. 1794.

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 1-6 dm.
high, lateral and aphyllopodic, erect, thick but weak, and flattened in drying, sharply triangular,
conspicuously narrowly winged and more or less roughened on the angles, exceeded by the
bracts and usually by the upper culm-leaves, dark-brown at base; sterile shoots conspicuous,
reduced to tufts of leaves; well-developed fertile-culm leaves 2-5, the blades ascending, 6-25
em. long, 7-15 mm. wide, usually roughened towards the apex and on the margins, thin,
flaccid, light-green, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins
on the upper; leaf-blades of sterile culms much wider, 1—-3.5 dm. long, 12-30 mm. wide, strongly
many-veined; sheaths loose, enlarged upward, very thin ventrally, prolonged upward beyond
base of blade and continuous with the very long prominent ligule; staminate spike sessile,
erect, exceeded by uppermost pistillate spike, narrowly linear, 5-17 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide,
the scales oblong-obovate, very obtuse, white-hyaline with strongly marked, 3-nerved, green
center; pistillate spikes usually 3 or 4, erect, the lower one or two more or less distant and
exsert-peduncled, often strongly so (the peduncles ancipital), the upper two close together
and little if at all exsert-peduncled, the spikes linear, 6-35 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, loosely
3-18-flowered, the perigynia erect; bracts long-sheathing, somewhat rough-edged, the lower
leaf-like, the upper somewhat smaller; scales broadly obovate-orbicular, very truncate, white-
hyaline with 3-nerved deep-green center, as wide as but only half the length of the perigynia;
perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular, not inflated, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, glabrous,
finely many-nerved, membranaceous, yellowish-green, stipitate, long-tapering and spongy
at base, abruptly contracted at apex into a minute, abruptly bent beak 0.5 mm. long, with
entire hyaline orifice; achenes obovoid, sharply triangular with concave sides, closely envel-
oped, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, yellowish-brown, substipitate, short-bent-apiculate,
jointed with the very short style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown; anthers 2 mm. long.

TYPE Locality (of C. laxiflora var. latifolia, on which C. albursina is based): ““New York,
Knieskern. Ohio, Sullivant. Kentucky, Short.

DISTRIBUTION: Wooded bluffs in limestone regions, Quebec to Minnesota, and southward to
Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas. A well-marked species. (Specimens examined from Quebec,
Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of
Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, Ohio, Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 781; ed. 2. f. 991; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 488; Boott,
Ill. Carex 38. pl. 93.

301. Carex blanda Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10:45. 1825.

“Carex conoidea Schkuhr’’ Muhl. Descr. Gram. 248. 1817.
Carex anceps var. blanda Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 226. 1839. (Based on C. blanda Dewey.)
Deweya blanda Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex blanda Dewey.)

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 259

Carex anceps var. striatula Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 554. 1848. (As to plant described; not as to
type.)

Carex bulbosa Bock. Flora 38: 597. 1855. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.)

Carex laxiflora var. striatula Carey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 524. 1856. (As to plant described;
not as to type.)

Carex laxiflora var. blanda, sub-vars, major and minor Boott, Ill. Carex 37. pl. 92. 1858. (Based
on C. blanda Dewey except subvar. major, type from Texas.)

Carex truncata Bock. Flora 41: 649. 1858. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.)

Carex laxiflora var. varians 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 32, in smaller part; not as to type.

1889.

Carex laxiflora f. varians ‘‘I,, H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 420: 526. 1909 (Based
on C. laxiflora var. varians L. H. Bailey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized or large, the culms
1-6 dm. high, slender, erect or ascending, very sharply triangular, slightly winged, coarsely
cellular and more or less two-edged and flattened in drying, minutely serrulate above, leafy
throughout, lateral and aphyllopodic, shorter than or exceeding leaves, brownish at base;
sterile shoots forming elongate conspicuous culms; leaf-blades of sterile shoots thin, flat,
flaccid, light-green, 1-3.5 dm. long, 3.5-15 mm. wide, the midvein prominent on the lower
surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper, roughened on the margins and towards
the apex on the veins; fertile-culm blades similar but narrower and shorter; sheaths thin,
conspicuously whitish and yeptate-nodulose dorsally, truncate at mouth, the ligule longer
than wide and very conspicuous; staminate spike linear-obclavate, sometimes pistillate at
apex, sessile or short-peduncled, or even more or less long-peduncled, 0.5—2 em. long, 2-3 mm.
wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, acute, acuminate or cuspidate, greenish-white with
3-nerved green center, more or less (usually slightly) light-reddish-brown-tinged; pistillate
spikes 2-5, oblong or linear-oblong, 0.5—3 cm. long, 3.5-5 mm. wide, closely 8—25-flowered, in
several rows, the perigynia ascending, the upper one or two spikes little or not at all exsert-pe-
duncled, contiguous with the staminate spike, the lower widely separated on slender, 2-edged,
minutely serrulate, erect, often much-exserted peduncles; bracts with long sheaths enlarged up-
ward, loose, their margins serrulate dorsally and often crinkled, prolonged upward ventrally at
mouth, the blades leaf-like, the upper two or three at least exceeding the culm; scales ovate, obo-
vate, or oblong-obovate, long-awned to mucronate, narrower and shorter than the perigynia,
white-hyaline with 3-nerved greenish center; perigynia obovoid, very obtusely triangular, not at
all inflated, 3-4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, membranaceous, light-green or yellowish-green,
strongly many-nerved, short-stipitate, tapering and spongy at base, rounded at apex and
abruptly very short-beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, bent or recurved, the orifice hyaline, entire;
achenes obovoid, closely enveloped, triangular with slightly concave sides and blunt angles, 2.5
mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish-brown, granular, stipitate, abruptly bent-apiculate, jointed
with the very short slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender, rather short.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Sheffield; Newburgh, New York; Pennsylvania.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, best developed in calcareous districts, Quebec to North Dakota
and southward to Alabama and Texas. One of the most common and widely distributed species
in the dry deciduous woodlands of the eastern United States. (Specimens examined from Quebec,
Ontario, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa,
Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,
Oklahoma, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. K, f. 33; Boott, Ill. Carex 37. pl. 92. Britt & Brown, IIl.
Fl. ed. 2. f. 992; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 487.

302. Carex gracilescens Steud. Syn. Cyp. 226. 1855.

Carex laxiflora var. intermedia b. Boott, Ill. Carex 37. #1. 91, f. 1. 1858. (Type from Clinton County,
Pennsylvania.)
Carex oy var. blanda subvar. gracillima Boott, Ill. Carex 38. pl. 91, f.2. 1858. (Type from
io.
Carex laxiflora var. gracillima ‘“‘Boott” Rob. & Fern. Man. 242. 1908. (Based on C. laxiflora var.
blanda subvar. gracillima Boott.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 1.5—6
dm. usually 2-3.5 dm. high, aphyllopodic, lateral, slender, erect, leafy throughout, exceeding
the leaves but usually exceeded by the bracts, sharply triangular, not coarsely cellular and

260 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

not 2-edged or flattened in drying, the angles serrulate at least above, purplish-tinged at base;
sterile shoots forming elongate conspicuous culms; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed
blades usually 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, but not bunched, the blades thin, flat,
flaccid, yellowish-green, ascending, 4-15 cm. long, usually 3-7 mm. wide, strongly roughened
on the margins and on the veins towards the apex, the midvein prominent on the lower sur-
face and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; sheaths greenish-white dorsally, truncate at
mouth, the ligule conspicuous; sterile-culm blades 1-2 dm. long; staminate spike conspicuous,
normally very strongly peduncled, linear-obclavate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse, reddish-brown or reddish-brown-tinged with 3-nerved green center
and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually 2-4, widely separate or the two upper
occasionally approximate, erect, the lower on long-exserted, slightly serrulate, 2-edged pe-
duncles, the upper on shorter-exserted peduncles or nearly sessile, linear, 7-30 mm. long, 3—4
mm. wide, containing 7-20 ascending not closely arranged perigynia, in few rows; bracts
leaf-like, decreasing in size upward, more or less strongly sheathing, the sheaths tight, little
enlarged upward, scarcely crinkled, serrulate dorsally, little prolonged at mouth, the ligule
not conspicuous; scales ovate or obovate, cuspidate or awned, narrower than and much shorter
than the perigynia, hyaline and often strongly reddish-brown-tinged with 3-nerved green
center; perigynia obovoid or broadly obovoid, not at all inflated, very obtusely triangular,
2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, conspicuously many-nerved, membranaceous, yellowish-
green, stipitate, strongly tapering and spongy at base, rounded at apex and abruptly short-
beaked, the beak 0.5—1 mm. long, bent or recurved, the orifice entire; achenes obovoid, closely
filling the perigynium, nearly 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with slightly concave
sides and blunt angles, yellowish-brown, granular, stipitate, abruptly bent-apiculate, and

jointed with the short slender style; stigmas three, reddish-brown, slender, rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Ohio.

DISTRIBUTION: Woodlands, Quebec to Wisconsin, and southward to Virginia, Tennessee, and
Arkansas. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, Ontario, Ohio,
Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, TOE ING of 777; ed. 2. ft. 993; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 482, 483;
Boott, Wl Carex 37. pl. Ol, f. 1, 2

41. Granulares O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 582, in part. 1851; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am.
Acad. 22: 109. 1886; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 133. 1917. CENCHROCARPAE
Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 458, in part. 1903. Referred to the LaxiFLoRAE Kunth by
Tuckerman (Enum. Caric. 15. 1843). By Carey (in A. Gray, Man. 551. 1848) referred to
the PaNIcEAE Tuckerm. By Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 516. 1909) referred to
the GRISEAE L. H. Bailey.

Culms central, slender, leafy; leaf-blades flat; basal sheaths brownish; terminal spike
staminate, linear; lateral spikes 2-4, pistillate, closely many-flowered in several rows, erect,
on more or less strongly exserted peduncles; bracts sheathing, not colored nor dark-auricled,
the blades leaf-like; scales ovate, pointed, slightly ferruginous; perigynia ascending or squar-
rose, elliptic to ovoid, membranaceous, glabrous, with many raised nerves, suborbicular in
cross-section, loosely enveloping the achene, rounded at the base, short-tapering and minutely
beaked, the orifice entire or subemarginate; achenes triangular, strongly apiculate, jointed with
the slender style; stigmas 3, short.

A group of five calciphiles or near-calciphiles in the temperate parts of eastern and central
North America in open sunny places.

Rootstocks not long-creeping; staminate spike short-peduncled or sessile; two
upper pistillate spikes usually contiguous; some bracts overtopping
culms, their sheaths conspicuously prolonged upward at mouth, their
ligules much longer than wide; achenes short-apiculate.
Perigynia elliptic-obovoid or elliptic- ovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
ascending, not ventricose-squarrose, membranaceous, nerved, sessile,
rounded at apex, abruptly very minutely beaked, light-green, becoming
yellowish-brown. 303. C. Haleana.
Perigynia broadly ovoid to broadly obovoid, 2.5—4 mm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm.
wide, soon ventricose-squarrose, tapering at apex, minutely beaked.
Perigynia membranaceous, nerved, sessile, light-green, becoming
yellowish-brown. 304. C. rectior.

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 261

Perigynia submembranaceous, ribbed, substipitate, olive-green, becom-
ing yellowish-green. 305. C. granularis.
Rootstocks long-creeping; staminate spike long-peduncled; spikes widely
separate; bracts from shorter than to overtopping culms, their sheaths
but little prolonged upward at mouth, their ligules short; achenes very
prominently apiculate.
Perigynia nerved, 3-3.5 mm. long, very short-beaked, the orifice entire or
minutely bidentulate; achenes obovoid, the apiculation straight or
flexuous; pistillate spikes 5-6 mm. wide; Jeaf-blades 1.5-3 mm. wide. 306. C. Crawei.
Perigynia ribbed, 3-4.5 mm. long, the beak short but conspicuous, the
orifice bidentulate; achenes oblong-obovoid, the apiculation strongly
bent-recurved; pistillate spikes about 7.5 mm. wide; leaf-blades 3-6
mm. wide. 307. C. microdonta.

303. Carex Haleana Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 6. 1871.

“Carex granularis var. recta Dewey” Paine, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. 18: 158. 1865; Dudley, Bull.

Cornell Univ. 2: 114. 1886.

Carex granularis var. Haleana Porter, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1887: 74. 1887. (Based on C. Haleana
Se otis var. Shriveri Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 322. 1896. (Based on C. Haleana
eee Britton, Man. 208. 1901. (Based on C. Haleana Olney.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps small or medium-sized, the culms
slender, erect or spreading, 1.5—-9 dm. high, lateral or central, obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy
throughout, exceeded by the upper bracts only, brownish-tinged at base; leaves (not bracts)
with well-developed blades usually 2 or 3 to a culm, the blades glabrous, light-green, more or
less glaucous, ascending, flat, flaccid, 0.5—2 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, roughened on the margins
and toward the apex, the two mid-lateral nerves prominent above, the sheaths long, smooth,
yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade
and continuous with the long conspicuous ligule, the latter much longer than wide; staminate
spike erect, sessile or nearly so, linear, 0.5—2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate,
cuspidate or acuminate, closely appressed, reddish-brown with green 3-nerved center and
hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-5, erect, the lower widely separated, often very long-
exsert-peduncled (the peduncles roughish above), the upper short-peduncled or sessile, the
two uppermost and the staminate often very close together, the spikes linear-oblong, 7-30 mm.
long, 3-5 mm. wide, closely 15—50-flowered, the perigynia ascending in several rows; bracts
large and leaf-like, the blade of the lowermost rarely more than 10 cm. long, and usually not
equaling the culm, the sheaths prolonged beyond base of blade and the ligule conspicuous;
scales small, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-awned, cuspidate or acuminate, narrower than
and one fourth the length of the perigynia, white-hyaline and reddish-dotted, with green
3-nerved center; perigynia elliptic-obovoid or elliptic-ovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
little inflated, suborbicular, many-nerved, light-green, becoming yellowish-brown, membrana-
ceous, resinous-puncticulate, sessile, rounded at base, rounded at apex and abruptly very
minutely beaked, the beak entire, straight or rarely somewhat bent, or often essentially beak-
less, the orifice hyaline; achenes small, obovoid, rather loosely enveloped, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25
mm. wide, triangular, with concave sides, tapering and short-stipitate at base, brownish,
densely granular, abruptly rounded and short-apiculate at apex, jointed with the short, slender
style; stigmas three, slender, reddish-brown, short. :

TYPE LocALity: ‘‘Hab. Madison, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale. 1860 or previous.”

DISTRIBUTION: Moist meadows and wet cliffs, in calcareous districts, Quebec and Maine to
Saskatchewan, and southward to Virginia, Indiana, and Kansas. (Specimens examined from Quebec,
Ontario, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 997; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 499; Boott, Ill. Carex
34 (in part). pl. 85 (as C. granularis), except perigynia.

304. Carex rectior Mackenzie.

Carex granularis var. recta Dewey, in Wood, Classbook ed. 1861. 763. 1861. (Type from southern
Illinois and Louisiana.) Not C. recta Boott, 1840.

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps small or medium-sized, the culms
slender, ascending or spreading, 5—9 dm. high, lateral or central, obtusely triangular, smooth,

262 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

leafy throughout, exceeded by the upper bracts only, brownish-tinged at base; leaves (not
bracts) with well-developed blades usually 2 or 3 to a culm, the blades glabrous, light-green,
more or less glaucous, ascending, flat, flaccid, 0.5-2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, roughened on
the margins and toward the apex, the two mid-lateral nerves prominent above, the sheaths
long, smooth, yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, prolonged at mouth beyond
base of blade and continuous with the conspicuous ligule, the latter much longer than wide;
staminate spike short-peduncled, linear, 2—-3.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate,
cuspidate or acute, appressed, dull reddish-brown with green 1—3-nerved center and hyaline
margins; pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, the lower widely separated, often very long-exsert-pedun-
cled (the peduncles smooth), the upper short-peduncled or sessile, the uppermost and the
staminate spike approximate, the spikes linear, 2-4 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, closely 20—50-
flowered, the perigynia erect-appressed in several rows; bracts large and leaf-like, the blades
of the lowermost shorter or longer than the culm, the sheaths prolonged beyond base of blade
and the ligule conspicuous; scales small, ovate, acute, cuspidate or short-awned, narrower and
several times shorter than the perigynia, more or less dull-reddish-brown-tinged with green
1—3-nerved center and hyaline margins; perigynia broadly obovoid to broadly ovoid, 2.5-3
mm. long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, little inflated, suborbicular, finely many-nerved, light-green,
becoming yellowish-brown, membranaceous, puncticulate, tapering at base, contracted at apex
into a straight beak 0.5 mm. long, the orifice entire, hyaline; achenes small, obovoid, closely
enveloped and filling lower three quarters of perigynium, 1.75 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular
with concave sides, tapering and markedly short-stipitate at base, yellowish-brown, granular,
abruptly rounded and short-apiculate at apex, the apiculation abruptly bent, jointed with the
short slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown, short.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. granularis var. recta Dewey, on which C. rectior is based): Southern Illinois
and Louisiana.

DISTRIBUTION: Moist open places in calcareous districts. (Specimens examined from Indiana,
Alabama, Louisiana.)

305. Carex granularis Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 279. 1805.

Deweya granularis Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex granularis Muhl.)
Carex chalaros Steud. Syn. Cyp. 231. 1855. (By error given as from Afghanistan.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 2—9
dm. high, slender, erect, lateral or central, leafy throughout, obtusely triangular, smooth,
noticeably exceeded by the leaf-like bracts, brownish-tinged at base; leaves (not bracts) with
well-developed blades 1—5 to a culm, the blades glabrous, slightly glaucous, flat, flaccid, erect-
ascending, 1-3 dm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and toward the apex, the
two mid-lateral nerves prominent above; sheaths long, smooth, yellowish-brown-tinged and
red-dotted ventrally, conspicuously septate-nodulose dorsally, prolonged at mouth beyond
base of blade and continuous with the long conspicuous ligule, the latter much longer than wide;
staminate spike sessile or nearly so, linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, the scales oblong-
obovate, cuspidate or acuminate, closely appressed, reddish-brown with green 3-nerved center
and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-5, erect, the lower widely separated, long-
exsert-peduncled (the peduncles smooth), the upper short-exsert-peduncled or sessile, the two
uppermost and the staminate often very close together, the spikes oblong to linear-oblong,
0.5-3 em. (typically 1.2-2 cm.) long, 5-6 mm. wide, closely 10—50-flowered, the perigynia
ventricose-squarrose in several rows; bracts large and leaf-like, the blade of the lowermost
usually more than 10 cm. long and noticeably exceeding the culm, the sheath prolonged up-
ward beyond base of blade and the ligule conspicuous; scales small, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
awned, cuspidate or acuminate, narrower than and one fourth the length of the perigynia,
light-reddish-brown and red-dotted, with green 3-nerved center; perigynia broadly ovoid to
broadly obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, somewhat inflated, many-ribbed, olive-
green or in age yellowish-green, suborbicular in cross section, submembranaceous, resinous-
puncticulate, minutely papillate, rounded and substipitate at base, abruptly contracted into
a minute, entire, straight or somewhat bent beak, with hyaline, entire or emarginate orifice;

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 263

achenes small, obovoid, loosely enveloped, 1.75 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with
concave sides, tapering and sessile at base, brownish, densely granular, abruptly rounded and
apiculate at apex, jointed with the bent slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown, short.

TYPE Loca.ity: “Habitat in Pennsylvania.”

DISTRIBUTION: Moist meadows in calcareous districts, western New England to Minnesota,
and southward to Florida and Arkansas. (Specimens examined from Vermont, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New York, including Long Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, southwest-
ern Quebec, southern Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Minnesota,
Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Vvv, f. 169; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 763; ed. 2. f. 998;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 498; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 24, f. 5; Boott, Ill. Carex 1: 34 (in part). pl. 85
(perigynia only).

306. Carex Crawei Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 2: 246. 1846.

Carex heterostachya Torr.; Dewey, in Am. Jour. Sci. II. 2: 246. 1846 (Type from Drummond
Island, Lake Huron.)
a Rea var. heterostachya Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 42: 328. 1866. (Based on C. heterostachya
orr.)

Culms one-few together from slender, horizontal, long-creeping rootstocks, the culms 1—3
dm. high, slender but stiff, obtusely triangular, smooth or slightly roughened above, leafy
throughout, phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves
of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 6-12 to a culm, largely
clustered near the base, sometimes more or less equitant, the blades thick, stiff, light-green,
usually recurved-spreading, channeled below, 1—2.5 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, roughened on
the margins and towards the apex, the sheaths smooth, tight, hyaline ventrally, not prolonged
at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spike one (rarely with a small additional one),
erect, long-peduncled, linear, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse, reddish-brown with hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center;
pistillate spikes 2—4, widely separate, the lowest often nearly basal, erect, little or not at all
exsert-peduncled (the peduncles roughish), oblong-cylindric, 1-3 em. long, 5-6 mm. wide,
closely 10—45-flowered, the perigynia ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, the upper
_ reduced, normally shorter than the culms, the sheaths smooth, but little prolonged upward
at mouth, tight, 15 mm. long or less, their ligules very short; scales broadly ovate, mucronate,
acuminate, or cuspidate, narrower than and about half the length of the perigynia, reddish-
brown with hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center; perigynia ovoid or oblong-ovoid, sub-
orbicular in cross-section, scarcely inflated, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1.25-2 mm. wide, asperulous,
many-nerved, submembranaceous, light-green or yellowish-green, rounded and sessile at base,
rather abruptly contracted into a very short, hyaline-tipped, straight, entire or minutely
bidentulate beak; achenes small, obovoid, in the lower two thirds of perigynium, loosely
enveloped, 1.75—2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below and blunt
angles, yellowish-brown, tapering and substipitate at base, round-tapering and very promi-
nently apiculate at-apex, the apiculation straight or flexuous, jointed (sometimes obscurely)
with the straight, short, slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, long.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘Found at Watertown, and Griffins Bay, Jefferson County, N. Y.”

DISTRIBUTION: Moist thin soil underlaid by rocks or in pockets on rocky ledges in limestone
regions, Quebec to Alberta and Washington, and southward to northeastern New Jersey, southern
Alabama, Tennessee, Kansas, and Wyoming. Widely distributed, but in parts of its range a very
local species. (Specimens examined from Quebec, Maine, Connecticut, New York, northwestern
New Jersey, Ontario, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Illinois, southern Alabama,
Manitoba, Iowa, Missouri, Alberta, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming,
Montana, Washington.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 764; ed. 2. Fg 999; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 500; Boott,
Ill. Carex 32. pl. 81; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 4: pl. 4

307. Carex microdonta Torr. & Hook.; Torr. Ann. Lyc.

INN. 2220.0 L836.

Carex alveata Boott, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.5:114. 1845. (Type from Texas.)

Carex Roemeriana Scheele, Linnaea 22: 346. 1849. (Type from New Rraunfels, Texas.)

Carex Wrightit Dewey, in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 232. 1859. (Type from Texas.)

Carex microdonta var. latifolia L.. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 110. 1886. (Type from Texas.)

264 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Culms one-few together from slender, horizontal, long-creeping rootstocks, the culms
1.5-6 dm. high, slender, erect, triangular, smooth or slightly roughened above, leafy through-
out, phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the
previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 6-12 to a culm, largely clustered
near the base, occasionally somewhat equitant, the blades thick, stiff, light-green, flat or
channeled at base, spreading, 0.5—2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, short-pointed, roughened on the
margins and towards the apex; sheaths smooth, tight, hyaline ventrally, but little prolonged
upward at mouth, the ligule scarcely as long as wide; staminate spike one (often with a small
additional one), erect, long-peduncled, linear or linear-clavate, 2-4 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, the
peduncle smooth or rough, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to acutish, reddish-brown with
hyaline margins and 3-nerved green center; pistillate spikes usually 3, often staminate at apex,
widely separate, the lowest often nearly basal, erect, more or less strongly exsert-peduncled
(the peduncles roughish), the spikes oblong to oblong-cylindric, 1-3.5 em. long, about 7.5 mm.
wide, closely 10—45-flowered, the perigynia squarrose-ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-
like, the upper reduced, shorter than to exceeding the culms, their sheaths rather loose, from
very short to 6 cm. long, tight, smooth, the ligules short; scales ovate, acuminate to cuspidate,
narrower and shorter than the perigynia, reddish-brown with hyaline margins and wide 3-
nerved green center; perigynia oblong-ovoid or obovoid, suborbicular in cross-section, scarcely
inflated, 3-4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, asperulous, many-ribbed, subcoriaceous, olive-
green, sessile, rounded or round-tapering at base, rather abruptly contracted into a short, but
conspicuous, minutely bidentulate, hyaline-tipped, straight beak; achenes oblong-obovoid,
small, rather closely enveloped and nearly filling perigynium, triangular with sides concave
below and blunt angles, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide, yellowish-brown, tapering and sub-
stipitate at base, round-tapering and very prominently apiculate at apex, the apiculation
strongly bent-recurved and jointed with the short, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, long,
reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘Hab. Texas, T. Drummond! (Texas collection III. No. 439).”

DISTRIBUTION: Wet prairies, Mississippi and Oklahoma to Texas. (Specimens examined from
Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 21. pl. 56, f. 2.

42. Oligocarpae Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 554. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
113. 1886; LAxXIFLORAE Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 452, in part. 1837. CaREYANAE Tuckerm.
Enum. Caric. 15, in small part. 1843. LeyJocHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 458, in
part. 1903. Referred to the GrisEAE L. H. Bailey by Kiikenthal (in Engler, Pflanzenreich
4°: 516. 1909).

Culms slender, some central, but mostly lateral and aphyllopodic; leaf-blades flat; basal
sheaths brownish or purplish; terminal spike staminate, linear; lateral spikes 2-4, pistillate,
alternately 1—9-flowered in few rows, erect, on more or less strongly exserted peduncles; bracts
strongly sheathing, not colored or dark-auricled, the blades leaf-like; scales ovate or obovate,
strongly rough-awned; perigynia ascending, obovoid, glabrous, subcoriaceous, finely impressed
with many undulate nerves, obtusely triangular in cross-section, tapering and spongy at base,
abruptly constricted and beak-like at apex, closely enveloping the achene, the orifice entire;
achenes triangular, with slightly concave sides, apiculate, jointed with the thickish style;
stigmas 3.

A group of two calciphiles or near-calciphiles of woodlands in the temperate parts of
eastern North America.

Bract-sheaths not hispidulous; perigynia 3.5-4 mm. long; achenes straight,

apiculate; culms purple-tinged at base. 308. C. oligocarpa.
Bract-sheaths strongly rough-hispidulous; perigynia 4.5-5 mm. long;
achenes bent-apiculate; culms brownish-tinged at base. 309. C. Hitchcockiana.

308. Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 279. 1805.

Carex Hitchcockiana var. Torr. Ann, Lyc. N. Y. 3: 413. 1836. (From Kentucky and western New
York.)

Olotrema oligocarpa Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr.)

Deweya oligocarpa Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr.)

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 265

Carex Sartwelliana Gay; Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 5: 176, as synonym. 1848. (Type from Penn
Yan, New York.) Not C. Sartwellii Dewey. 1842.
Carex oligocarpa var. Sartwelliana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II.5:176. 1848. (Based on C. Sartwelliana

ay.

Carex subuniflora Steud. Syn. Cyp. 234. 1855. (Type from “‘Alleghany.’’)

Carex oligocarpa var. minor Boott, Ill. Carex 40. 1858. (Based on C. oligocarpa Schkuhr.)

Carex oligocarpa f. subuniflora Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 521. 1909. (Based on C,
subuniflora Steud.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms slender,
erect, 1-5 dm. high, sharply triangular, rough above, evenly leafy, exceeded by the upper leaf-
like bracts and often by the leaves, mostly lateral and aphyllopodic, purple-tinged at base;
sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves (not bracts) usually 1 to 2 to a culm, the blades
flat, thin, green, ascending, 1—-2.5 dm. long, 2—4.5 mm. wide, long-tapering, roughened on the
margins and toward the apex on the veins, the midvein conspicuous on the lower surface and
the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; sheaths long, tight, smooth dorsally, conspicuously
prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, white-hyaline ventrally, the ligule long, not ciliate;
staminate spike sessile to strongly peduncled, linear, 1—-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse to acuminate, white-hyaline with 3-ribbed green center, more or less
reddish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 2—4, 0.5-1.75 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, widely separate,
erect, the lower peduncles at least exserted, loosely flowered, bearing 1-8 ascending perigynia
alternately on the somewhat zigzag rachis, bracts leaf-like, reduced upwards, their sheaths not
hispidulous; scales ovate, strongly rough-awned, sharply keeled, from shorter to longer than
the perigynia, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center; perigynia obovoid, obtusely trian-
gular, not at all inflated, 3.5—4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, subcoriaceous, grayish-green, puncticu-
late, finely impressed with many undulate nerves, tapering and spongy at the base, abruptly
contracted at apex into a straight or oblique beak 0.75 mm. long, with entire hyaline orifice;
achenes triangular, broadly obovoid, 2.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, closely filling perigynium,
triangular with slightly concave sides and blunt angles, yellowish-brown, strongly granular,
short-stipitate, straight-apiculate, jointed with the short thickish style; stigmas 3, reddish-
brown, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in America boreali.’’ (Pennsylvania.)

DISTRIBUTION: Dry rich woods and thickets in calcareous districts, Vermont and Ontario to
Iowa, and southward to Alabama, Kentucky, and Texas. (Specimens examined from Vermont,
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District
of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky,
Illinois, lowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 771; ed. 2. f. 1000; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 491; Schkuhr,

Riedgr. pl. Vvv, f. 170; Boott, Ill. Carex 40. pl. 99; Rhodora 3: pl. 32, f. S—10.
Nore: As to the identity of this species see Gray (Am. Jour. Sci. 42:14. 1842).

309. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 274.
Pl. Hf. 17. 1826.

“Carex Hitchcockii Dewey’’ Eaton, Man. ed. 5. 158. 1829. (Change in form of name only.)
Loxotrema Hitchcocki Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey.)
Carex oligocarpa var. major Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 406. 1843. (Based on C. Hitchcockiana Dewey.)
eee var. Hitchcockiana Bock. Linnaea 41: 149. 1877. (Based on C. Hitchcockiana
ewey.
Carex Hitchcockiana var. triflora Peck; Howe, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 164. 1897. (Type
from New York.)

Carex oligocarpa var. Hitchcockiana f. triflora ‘‘Peck”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 521.

1909. (Based on C. oligocarpa var. triflora Peck.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps rather small, the culms slender,
erect or ascending, 1.5-7 dm. high, sharply triangular, roughened above, evenly leafy, ex-
ceeded by the leaf-like bracts and often by the leaves, mostly lateral and aphyllopodic, brownish-
tinged at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves (not bracts) usually 3 or 4 toa culm,
not clustered near the base, the blades flat, thin, light-green, ascending, 1—2.5 dm. long, 3-7
mm. wide, roughened on the margins and toward the apex on the veins, the midvein conspicu-
ous on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; sheaths long, tight, his-
pidulous dorsally, conspicuously prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, and (especially the
lower) cinnamon-brown-tinged, the ligule long, ciliate; staminate spike sessile or more or less

266 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

strongly peduncled, linear, 1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the peduncle rough, the scales oblong-
obovate, obtuse to acute, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center; pistillate spikes 3 or 4,
1-2.5 em. long, 5 mm. wide, the lowest at least widely separate, on exserted peduncles, erect,
loosely flowered, bearing 1—9 ascending perigynia alternately on the zigzag rachis; bracts leaf-
like, reduced upwards, their sheaths strongly rough-hispidulous; scales ovate or obovate,
strongly rough-awned, serrulate-ciliolate, sharply keeled, from shorter to longer than the
perigynia, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center; perigynia obovoid, obtusely triangular,
not at all inflated, 4.5-5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, subcoriaceous, yellowish-green or grayish-
green, puncticulate, finely impressed with many undulate nerves, tapering and spongy at base,
abruptly contracted at apex into a straight or slightly bent, conspicuous beak 1 mm. long with
entire hyaline orifice; achenes broadly obovoid, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, closely filling peri-
gynium, triangular with slightly concave sides and blunt angles, yellowish-brown, granular,
short-stipitate, abruptly bent-apiculate, jointed with the short thickish style; stigmas 3,
reddish-brown, slender.

TypPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Grows on the borders of mountain woods, Williamstown” (Massachusetts).

DISTRIBUTION: Woods and thickets in calcareous districts, Vermont and Ontario to Wisconsin,
and southward to West Virginia, Kentucky, and western Missouri. (Specimens examined from
Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia,
West Virginia, Virginia, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 772; ed. 2. f. ‘1001; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 490; Boott,
Ill. Carex 41. pl. 100; Am. Jour. Sci. 10: Gil had Dp if life

43. Griseae L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 107. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzen-
reich 4: 516, in part. 1909; LaxIFLORAE Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 452, in part. 1837; Tuckerm.
Enum. Caric. 15, in part. 1843; PaALLESCENTEsS Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 552, in part. 1848;
LEJOCHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 458, in part. 1903. Treated as a genus MANo-
CHLAENIA by Borner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 271. 1913).

Culms slender, leafy; leaf-blades flat; basal sheaths brownish or purplish; terminal spike
staminate, linear; lateral spikes 2—4, pistillate, many-flowered in several rows, erect, on more
or less strongly exserted peduncles; bracts sheathing, not dark-colored or dark-auricled, the
blades leaf-like; scales ovate, acute, awned; perigynia ascending, elliptic to broadly obovoid,
glabrous, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, finely impressed with many nerves, rounded at
base, rounded to round-tapering at apex, suborbicular in cross-section, from not inflated to
turgid, beakless or nearly so, the orifice entire or emarginate; achenes triangular, apiculate,
jointed with the style; stigmas 3.

A group of seven species of the eastern part of North America.

Perigynia elliptic, 1.25—-1.5 mm. wide; leaf-blades 1.75-—4 mm. wide; bract-
ee minutely serrulate on edges; peduncles of pistillate spikes
roug
Staminate spike 1-1.5 mm. wide, few-flowered, short-peduncled; upper
spikes approximate; culms 4-8 cm. high, 2-6 times exceeded by
bracts. 310. C. katahdinensis.
Staminate spike 2-3 mm. wide, many-flowered, usually long-peduncled;
upper pistillate spikes somewhat separate to overlapping; culms 17
dm. high, usually exceeding leaves and somewhat exceeded by the
upper bracts. 311. C. conoidea.
Perigynia oblong-oval to broadly obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. wide; leaf-blades 2-18
mm. wide; bract-sheaths smooth; peduncles of ’ pistillate spikes
smooth or hearly so.
Pistillate spikes 3—15-flowered; bract-sheaths tight.
Perigynia oblong-oval or oblong-obovoid; style-base scarcely en-
larged; ligule prominent, longer than wide; leaf-blades light-
green or deep-green.
Culms strongly purplish-tinged at base; perigynia not or scarcely
turgid; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, erect; pistillate spikes widely
separate, the lower nearly basal; achenes slenderly short-
stipitate. 312. C. amphibola.
Culms brownish-tinged at base; perigynia somewhat turgid; leaf-
blades 4-7 mm. wide, ascending: lower pistillate spikes not
nearly basal; achenes substipitate. 313. sGararesen-
Perigynia broadly obovoid, turgid; style-base conspicuously ealereed
and bulbous; ligule much wider than long; leaf-blades light-green
or glaucous- -green: culms strongly purplish- -tinged at base. 314. C. bulbostylis.

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 267

Pistillate spikes 10—45-flowered; bract-sheaths enlarged upward.
‘Tip of achene bent; perigynia 3-5 mm. long, from twice the length of
to somewhat exceeding the scales; leaf-blades thickish, glaucous-
green; sheaths reddish-dotted ventrally at mouth. 315. C. glaucodea. *
Tip of achene straight; perigynia 4-6 mm. long, 2-3 times exceeding
the scales; leaf-blades thinnish, light-green or glaucous-green;
sheaths rarely reddish-dotted ventrally. 316. C. flaccosperma.

310. Carex katahdinensis Fernald, Rhodora 3: 171.
pl. 32, f. I-g. 1901.

Cespitose, the rootstocks slender, more or less prolonged, the clumps small or medium-
sized, the culms 4-8 cm. high, erect, slender, central and phyllopodic, sharply triangular,
roughened on the angles above, much exceeded by and hidden among the leaves, cinnamon-
brown-tinged at base, the sterile shoots elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 5—8 to a
fertile culm, clustered, the blades flat, deep-green, stiffish, ascending, 0.6-2.5 dm. long, 1.75—4
mm. wide, tapering, noticeably roughened towards apex, the midvein prominent on the lower
surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; sheaths tight, yellowish-brown-tinged
ventrally, the ligule as long as wide; terminal spike staminate, short-peduncled, 5-10 mm. long,
1—1.5 mm. wide, narrow, few-flowered, the peduncle rough, the scales oblong-obovate, acutish,
white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, more or less yellowish-brown-tinged; upper pistillate
spikes 3 or 4, approximate, the lowest more or less remote, oblong, 7-14 mm. long, 3.5—5 mm.
wide, the uppermost overtopping the staminate spike, short exsert-peduncled (the peduncles
rough), containing 6-15 closely arranged, appressed-ascending perigynia in few rows; bracts
leaf-like, sheathing, 2-6 times exceeding inflorescence, the sheath-edges minutely serrulate;
scales ovate, sharply keeled, more or less strongly awned, nearly as wide as but shorter than
perigynia, hyaline with 3-nerved green center; perigynia elliptic, 3-4 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide,
little inflated, suborbicular in cross-section, yellowish-green or brownish-green, membrana-
ceous, puncticulate, finely impressed with many nerves, sessile and rounded at base, round-
tapering at apex, very nearly beakless, the orifice entire; achenes obovoid, rather loosely
enveloped in lower three fourths of perigynium, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with sides
concave below and angles blunt, yellowish-brown, substipitate, apiculate-tipped, jointed
with the short slender style; stigmas 3, short, slender, reddish-brown.

‘TYPE LOCALITY: Depot Pond, Mount Katahdin, Piscataquis County, Maine.

DISTRIBUTION: Gravelly shores and rocky banks, Newfoundland to Lake St. John, Quebec, and
Maine. (Specimens examined from Valley of Exploits River, Newfoundland; Lake St. John, Quebec;
Mount Katahdin, Maine.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Rhodora 3: pl. 32, f. 1-4; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 492; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed.
ZapetoZ.

311. Carex conoidea Schkuhr; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 280. 1805.

Carex granularioides Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 69. 1824. (Type from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.)
“ Carex tetanica Schkuhr’’ Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 347. 1825.
Carex illinoensis Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 6: 245. 1848. (Type from Augusta, Illinois.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 1—7 dm.
high, leafy, slender, erect, sharply triangular, rough on the angles, usually exceeding the leaves,
sometimes shorter, lateral and aphyllopodic or central and phyllopodic, cinnamon-brown-
tinged at base; sterile shoots forming conspicuous culms; leaves (not bracts) usually 1-3 to a
culm, clustered near the base, the blades flat, long-acuminate, green, not flaccid, ascending,
usually about 1 dm. long, but varying from 5 to 35 cm., 2-4 mm. wide, rough on the margins
and towards the apex, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral
veins on the upper; sheaths tight, short-prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, the ligule
conspicuous; staminate spike usually long-peduncled, rarely nearly sessile, linear, 1-2 cm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, many-flowered, the peduncle very rough, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse to
acute, cinnamon-brown with 3-nerved green center and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 1-3,
the lowest widely separate, the two upper somewhat separate to overlapping, rough-peduncled
(the lower peduncles at least long-exserted from the sheaths of the bracts), erect, linear-oblong,

268 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

0.5-2.5 (usually 0.8-1.5) em. long, 4-5 mm. wide, rather closely 8—25-flowered, the perigynia
ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, reduced upwards, the upper 1 or 2 somewhat ex-
ceeding the culm, the sheaths 2.5 cm. long or less, minutely serrulate on edges; scales ovate,
strongly awned to acuminate, with broad green 3-nerved center and brownish-hyaline margins,
usually considerably shorter than the perigynia, but often equaling or exceeding them; peri-
gynia elliptic, scarcely inflated, suborbicular and somewhat triangular in cross-section, 3 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, yellowish-green, becoming brownish-green, membranaceous, puncticulate,
finely impressed with many nerves, sessile, rounded at base, round-tapering at apex, very
nearly beakless, the orifice entire; achenes obovoid, rather loosely enveloped in lower three
fourths of perigynium, 2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt
angles, yellowish-brown, granular, short-stipitate, tapering at base, apiculate-tipped, jointed
with the short slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Habitat in America boreali.’’ (Pennsylvania.)

DISTRIBUTION: Meadows, Newfoundland to Minnesota, and southward to Delaware, Ohio, and
Iowa, and in the mountains to North Carolina. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Mique-
lon, St. Pierre, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu-
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina,
southwestern Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 770; ed. 2. f. 1003; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 493; Schkuhr,

Riedgr. pl. Vvv, f. 168; Boott, Ill. Carex 33. pl. 82; Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. A, f. 4; Rhodora 3: pl. 32,
ifthe A

312. Carex amphibola Steud. Syn. Cyp. 234. 1855.

Carex grisea var. angustifolia Boott, Ill. Carex 34. pl. 87. 1858. (Type from Texas.)

Carex cryptandra Schw.; E. Hall, Pl. Tex. 25, name only. 1873.

Carex cryptandra var. pedunculata Olney; E. Hall, Pl. Tex. 25, name only. 1873.

Carex grisea var. minor Olney; E. Hall, Pl. Tex. 25, name only. 1873. (Type from Texas.)

Carex grisea var. minor Bock. Linnaea 40: 443. 1876. (Based on C. grisea var. angustifolia Boott
and Texas plant cited.)

Carex grisea var. (?) rigida L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:56. 1889. (Type from Sellersville,

Pennsylvania.)

Carex grisea var. amphibola Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 520. 1909. (Based on C. am-
phibola Steud.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms very slender but erect, lateral or
central, 2-6 dm. high, leafy throughout, triangular, smooth or nearly so, exceeded by the leaves,
strongly purple-tinged at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves with blades 1-3
dm. long, and 2-4 mm. wide, erect, thin, flat, deep-green, long-attenuate, the midvein promi-
nent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper, roughened towards the
apex, the sheaths white-hyaline ventrally and somewhat yellowish-brown-tinged and red-
dotted, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; staminate spike slender, rough-peduncled,
linear, 1-3 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, whitish-
hyaline with 3-nerved green center, reddish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 3-5, linear-oblong,
1-2.5 em. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, widely and evenly separate, the lowest nearly basal, erect on
slender, smooth, more or less strongly exserted peduncles, with 4-12 erect-ascending perigynia
somewhat alternate in few rows; bracts long-sheathing, the sheaths smooth, tight, long-bladed,
the upper overlapping the culms; scales ovate-triangular, much narrower and shorter than the
perigynia, strongly awned, white-hyaline with green midvein, slightly yellowish-brown-tinged
and red-dotted; perigynia oblong-oval, suborbicular-triangular in cross-section, not or scarcely
turgid, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, minutely asperulous and puncticulate, subcoriaceous,
light-green or in age yellowish-brown, finely impressed with many nerves, sessile, rounded at
base, very minutely short-pointed at apex, the orifice slightly hyaline, entire; achenes obovoid,
2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, somewhat loosely enveloped in
lower three-fourths of perigynium, yellowish-brown, granular, slenderly short-stipitate,
apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, 2 mm.
long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘Carex nr. 437. Drummond. * * * Am. sptr.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, Florida and Texas northward to western New Jersey, and in
the interior to Indiana. (Specimens examined from western New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,

Maryland, District of Columbia, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas,
Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Indiana.)

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 269

ILLUSTRATIONS: Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 495; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 760; ed. 2. f. 1004; Boott,
Ill. Carex 34. pl. 87.

Nore: Type verified by L. H. Bailey (Mem. Torrey Club 1: 69) as Carex grisea var. angustifolia.
However Drummond 437 in the New York Botanical Garden is Carex blanda Dewey, and C. B.
Clarke in his copy of Steudel has so marked C. amphibola. Steudel’s description applies to the present
plant.

313. Carex grisea Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Hand.
24: 154. 1803.

“Carex laxiflora Lam.”’ Schkuhr, Riedgr. Nachtr. 69. pl. Kkk, f. 141. 1806.
Manochlaenia grisea Fedde & Schuster, Bot. Jahresb. 412: 11. 1918. (Based on C. grisea Wahl.)
Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms leafy
throughout, stoutish, 5 mm. thick at base, 2-8 dm. high, erect, triangular, rough on the angles
above, from shorter than to exceeding the leaves, but exceeded by the leaf-like bracts, central
and phyllopodic, brownish-tinged at base; sterile shoots conspicuous, elongate; leaves (not
bracts) 2-several to a culm, chiefly toward the base, the blades thin, light-green, flat, ascending,
4-7 mm. wide, those of the culms 0.5—2 dm. long, those of the sterile shoots often 2.5—3.5 dm.
long, roughened towards the apex and on the margins, the midvein prominent on the lower
surface and the two mid-lateral veins on the upper; sheaths smooth, very thin ventrally,
prolonged upward at mouth beyond base of blade and continuous with the prominent ligule,
the ligule much longer than wide; staminate spike sessile or very short-peduncled, linear,
1-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, white-hyaline
with 3-nerved green center, more or less reddish-brown-tinged; pistillate spikes 3—5, erect, the
lower 1 or 2 widely separate, on slender, nearly smooth peduncles, but not nearly basal, the
upper 1 or 2 approximate, not exsert-peduncled, short-oblong to linear-oblong, 7-25 mm. long,
4—7 mm. wide, closely 4-15 flowered, the perigynia erect-ascending in few rows; bracts large
and leaf-like, long-sheathing, the sheaths tight, the upper somewhat reduced, usually all
exceeding the culms; scales ovate-lanceolate, the lower (at least) prominently awned, narrower
and (except the lower) usually somewhat shorter than the perigynia, white-hyaline with
prominent, 3-nerved, green center, somewhat yellowish-brown-tinged; perigynia oblong-
obovoid, suborbicular and slightly triangular in cross-section, somewhat turgid, 4.5—5.5 mm.
long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, glabrous, submembranaceous, light-green or yellowish-green, finely
impressed with very many nerves, sessile, rounded at base and apex, beakless or very nearly so,
the orifice entire; achenes obovoid, rather loosely enveloped but nearly filling perigynium,
sharply triangular with concave sides, 2.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, substipitate, short-apiculate,
jointed with the short, rather stout style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, rather short,
often twisted.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘ Patria ignota est; in America borealis. In herbaris Swartzii asservatur.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods and thickets, western New Brunswick to Ontario and Minnesota,
and southward to Georgia and Texas. (Specimens examined from western New Brunswick, Quebec,
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa,
Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Kkk, f. 141 (as C. laxiflora); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 759;
ed. 2. f. 1005; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 494; Rep. N. J. Mus. 1910: pl. 24, f. 2; Boott, Ill. Carex 34.
pl. 86; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 44: pl. 3 (as C. amphibola).

Note: In Encycl. Suppl. 3: 243. 1813, under a reference to Carex laxiflora Lam., reference is
made to Schkuhr, f. 141, which is Carex grisea Wahl., but Lamarck’s specimens do not belong here.

314. Carex bulbostylis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club.
42675 P19ls:

Carex grisea var. globosa L,. H. Bailey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 605. 1890. (At least in part; based
on specimens from Missouri, Kansas, and southward.)

Carex amphibola var. globosa L,. H. Bailey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 480. 1894. (Based on C.
grisea var. globosa L.. H. Bailey.)
Cespitose, the rootstocks short, tough, woody, rather slender, the culms 2—4 dm. high,

central and phyllopodic or lateral and aphyllopodic, leafy, slender, erect or ascending, obtusely

triangular, smooth or nearly so, strongly purplish-tinged at base, exceeding the leaves, but

270 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

exceeded by the bracts; sterile shoots elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 4-10 to a
culm, the blades flat with revolute margins, light-green or glaucous-green, thin, erect, long-
tapering, mostly 1-2 dm. long, or up to 3 dm. on sterile shoots, 2.5—-3.5 mm. wide; sheaths
smooth or nearly so, tight, more or less red-dotted ventrally, prolonged at mouth beyond base
of blade, the ligule short, much wider than long; staminate spike apparently long-peduncled
(actually nearly sessile, the uppermost pistillate spike usually being abortive and with short-
sheathing bract), 2-3 em. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, whitish with
slightly excurrent, 3-nerved, green midrib, reddish-brown-tinged and dotted; developed
pistillate spikes 3 or 4, widely separate, the lower on slender erect rough peduncles, the upper
scarcely exsert-peduncled, 3—-7-flowered, oblong or suborbicular, 7-20 mm. long, 6-7 mm
wide, the perigynia appressed-ascending; bracts leaf-like, strongly sheathing, the sheaths
tight; scales broadly ovate, white-hyaline and reddish-brown-tinged, with sharply-keeled,
3-nerved, green center exserted as a long cusp, the body narrower than and about half the
length of the perigynia; perigynia broadly obovoid, globose in cross-section, turgid, 4.5 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. wide, finely impressed with many nerves, green, becoming greenish-straw-
colored, membranaceous, puncticulate, minutely hispidulous when young, rounded at base
and apex, the orifice entire; achenes obovoid, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles,
3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, granular, yellowish, substipitate, tapering at base, minutely apiculate,
jointed with the conspicuously enlarged bulbous base of the very short deciduous style; stigmas
3. short, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Valley of the Trinity River, Fort Worth, Texas (Ruth 360).
DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands in calcareous districts, Louisiana_and western Arkansas to
northeastern and central Texas. (Specimens examined from Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas.)

315. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm.; Olney, Proc. Am. Acad.
720955 18668:

ae ae var. mutica Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 552. 1848. (As to plant described; not C. mutica

Psa 3 eee Dewey” Boott, Ill. Carex 35, in part. pl. 88. 1858.

Carex flaccosperma var. glaucodea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 479: 518. 1909. (Based on C.
glaucodea Tuckerm.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 1-6
dm. high, erect or ascending, leafy, obtusely triangular, smooth, mostly lateral and aphyllopo-
dic, some central and phyllopodic, usually but not always exceeding the leaves, brownish at
base; sterile shoots forming short culms or reduced to tufts of leaves; leaves (not bracts)
several to a culm, the blades flat, stiff, thickish, glaucous, ascending or spreading, usually 1-2
dm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, acute or acuminate, roughened on the veins and on the margins
toward the apex, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins on
the upper; sheaths smooth, enlarged upward, prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, reddish-
dotted, the ligule prominent, longer than wide; staminate spike linear, sessile or very short-
peduncled, rarely long-peduncled, 10-25 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales narrowly oblong-
obovate, acute or obtuse, reddish-brown or hyaline with lighter-colored or green 3-nerved
center; pistillate spikes usually 4, widely separated, the lowest often nearly basal, erect, the
upper not exsert-peduncled, the lower exsert-peduncled (the peduncles smooth), oblong or
linear-oblong, 1-4 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, densely 10-45 flowered, the perigynia appressed-
ascending in several rows; bracts leaf-like, reduced upwards, the upper exceeding the culm, the
sheaths smooth, 4 cm. long or less, reddish-dotted ventrally at mouth; scales ovate, varying
from obtusish to awned, narrower than and usually about half the length of the perigynia,
but frequently as long, whitish-hyaline with 3-nerved center and reddish-brown-hyaline
margins; perigynia oblong-obovoid, suborbicular in cross-section, scarcely inflated, 3-5 mm.
long, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, yellowish-green or brownish-green, puncticulate, subcoriaceous,
glabrous, many-nerved, sessile, rounded at base and apex, beakless, the orifice entire; achenes
obovoid, nearly filling perigynium, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, 2.25 mm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, stipitate, brownish, granular, bent-apiculate, obscurely jointed with the
very short style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, short.

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 271

TPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Moist traprocks, summit of Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom,” (Massachu-
setts). (Tuckerman.)

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open places, fields and meadows, more or less moist in spring, western
Massachusetts to Ontario and Illinois, and southward to North Carolina and Arkansas. (Specimens
examined from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, south-
western Ontario, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Boott, Ill. Carex 35, in part. pl. 88 (as Carex flaccosperma); Britt. & Brown, Iil.
FI. f. 762; ed. 2. f. 1006; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 496.

Note: Very closely related to Carex flaccosperma.

316. Carex flaccosperma Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II.
Ze 245, L846:

Carex laxiflora var. (?) mutica Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.3:414. 1836. (Type from Texas.)
Carex grisea var. mutica Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 552. 1848. (Based on C. laxiflora var. mutica

Torr.)
Carex microsperma Steud. Syn. Cyp. 231. 1855. (Type from Texas.) Not C. microsperma Wahl.
1805.

Carex xanthosperma Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 42:334. 1866. (New name for C. flaccosperma Dewey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms erect
or ascending, leafy, obtusely triangular, 1.5—6 dm. high, smooth, mostly lateral and aphyllopo-
dic, some central and phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, brownish at base; sterile shoots form-
ing short culms or reduced to tufts of leaves; leaves with well-developed blades (not bracts)
3-5 to a fertile culm, the blades flat, thinnish, not stiff, light-green or glaucous-green, usually
7-20 em. long, 4-9 mm. wide, acute or acuminate, roughened on the margins and towards the
apex on the veins, the midvein prominent on the lower surface and the two mid-lateral veins
on the upper; blades of sterile culms wider (8-18 mm.) and somewhat longer; sheaths smooth,
enlarged upward, prolonged at mouth beyond base of blade, rarely reddish-dotted, the ligule
prominent, longer than wide, reddish-dotted; staminate spike linear, little to strongly pe-
duncled, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales narrowly oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute,
whitish-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, strongly tinged with reddish-brown; pistillate
spikes 2—4, very widely separate, the lowest often nearly basal, erect on smooth peduncles
exserted one half to twice the length of the spikes, the spikes narrowly oblong, 1—-3.5 cm. long,
4.5-6 mm. wide, the 10-40 appressed-ascending perigynia closely packed in several rows;
bracts leaf-like, the sheaths smooth, enlarged upward, 0.5-3.5 cm. long, rarely reddish-dotted
ventrally, the upper blades often exceeding inflorescence; scales broadly ovate, awned to acute,
narrower than and from one third to one half the length of the perigynia, hyaline with 3-nerved
green center, and often reddish-tinged; perigynia oblong-obovoid, suborbicular or obscurely
triangular in cross-section, scarcely inflated, 4-6 mm. long, 2—2.25 mm. wide, yellowish or
brownish-green, puncticulate, subcoriaceous, many-nerved, sessile, rounded at base, rounded
at apex, beakless or very slightly contracted at orifice, the orifice hyaline, entire; achenes
obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, loosely enveloped in lower two thirds of perigynium,
triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, granular, yellowish-brown, stipitate, slenderly

straight-apiculate, obscurely jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘ Florida and Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open places, fields and meadows, often wet in spring, Florida to Texas,
northward to North Carolina, and in the interior to Missouri. (Specimens examined from North
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 761; ed. 2. f. 1007; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 497; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 47°; 519. f. 82.

44. Longicaules Mackenzie. TRIQUETRAE Carey; Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 395, in
part. 1868; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 61, in part. 1922; PuBESCENTEs Kiikenth. in Engler,
Pflanzenreich 4°: 577, in large part. 1909. By Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 461-2. 1903)
placed with the SPHAERIDIOPHORAE Drejer, and (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463. 1903) with the
HYMENOCHLAENAE Drejer.

Cespitose, leafy towards base; culms (often) and foliage, at least the sheaths, more or
less pubescent; leaf-blades narrow; terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous; lateral spikes
2-5, pistillate, linear-oblong, oblong, or oblong-cylindric, approximate or more or less separate,

272 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

5—30-flowered in few to several rows, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower exsert-peduncled;
lower bract very short-sheathing or scarcely sheathing, leaflet-like; pistillate scales greenish or
hyaline or reddish-brown-tinged; perigynia of an ovoid or obovoid type, bluntly triangular,
pubescent or glabrous, membranaceous, ascending, tapering at base and more or less stipitate,
abruptly contracted to tapering into a short beak, the orifice more or less obliquely cut, very
shallowly to strongly bidentate; achenes triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped;
style short, thickish, jointed with the achene, withering and deciduous; stigmas 3, early-
deciduous.
A group of dry-ground species, of which five, confined to California and the mountains of
Mexico, are known.
Perigynia 2.5-4 mm. long, slenderly or obsoletely nerved; leaf-blades stiff
with revolute margins (Mexican).
Basal sheaths strongly purplish-red-tinged; pistillate spikes linear, 3 mm.
wide; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long, oval-obovoid, glabrous, the beak
emarginate or shallowly bidentate; culms usually densely cespitose. 317. C. anisostachys.
Basal sheaths brownish-tinged or cinnamon-tinged; pistillate spikes ob-
long or linear-oblong, 4-6 mm. wide; perigynia 3.5—4 mm. long,
ovoid or obovoid, pubescent or glabrous, the beak more sharply

bidentate; culms loosely cespitose.
Perigynia and scales glabrous or nearly so; beak of perigynium biden-

tate; leaf-blades sparingly pilose beneath. 318. C. longicaulis.
Perigynia strongly short-pilose-pubescent, the beak strongly bidentate;
leaf-blades strongly villous beneath; scales sparingly pilose. 319. C. Coulteri.
Perigynia 3.5-5 mm. long, strongly ribbed or nerved; leaf-blades not stiff
(Californian).
Perigynia ovoid, 3.5-4.25 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked, several-
nerved; pistillate scales spreading. 320. C. flaccifolia.

Perigynia elliptic-ovoid to elliptic-obovoid, 3.75—5 mm. long, tapering or
contracted into the beak, strongly nerved or ribbed; pistillate scales
appressed. 321. C. Whitneyi.

317. Carex anisostachys Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr.
Vi. 2.266 Tope:

Carex chlorocarpos Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 265. 1850. (Type from Sierra de Oaxaca,
Mexico.) Not C. chlorocarpa Wimm. 1850.

Carex olivacea Liebm. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 267. 1850. (Type from Mt. Orizaba, Mexico.)
Not C. olivacea Boott, 1846.

Carex Liebmanni Walp. Ann. 3: 705. 1852. (Based on C. chlorocarpos Liebm.)

Carex monticola Béck. Bot. Jahrb. 1: 364. 1881. (Based on C. olivacea Liebm.) Not C. monticola
Dewey, 1861.

Carex androgyna 1,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 101. 1886. (Based on C. olivacea Liebm.)
Not C. androgyna Balbis, 1792.

Carex anisostachys var. chlorocarpa 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 66. 1889. (Based on C.
chlorocar pos Liebm.)

Carex oaxacana L,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 25:271. 1898. (Based on C. olivacea Liebm.)

Carex felipensis C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 84. 1908. (Type from Sierra de San Felipe,
Oaxaca, Mexico.)

Carex anisostachys var. monticola Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 580. 1909. (Based on C.
monticola Bock.)

Usually densely cespitose, from stout, matted, woody rootstocks, the culms 1.5-9 dm.
high, slender but stiff, much surpassing the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply triangular, not
roughened but slightly hairy, purplish-red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and
becoming somewhat filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile culm, not
septate-nodulose, the lower bunched towards the base, the blades stiff, light-green, erect-as-
cending, flat with revolute margins, long-attenuate, usually 5-15 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide,
glabrate or sparsely minutely pubescent, not ciliate, rough at the apex, the sheaths tight, short,
pubescent dorsally and ventrally, reddish-brown-spotted ventrally, at mouth concave, and
extending up beyond point of insertion of blade, the ligule not longer than wide; spikes 3-5,
erect, close together or the lowest more or less remote, forming a head 3-6 em. long, the lowest
strongly peduncled, the upper lateral shorter-peduncled to nearly sessile, the upper androgy-
nous or staminate throughout or pistillate in center, the others pistillate, linear, 7-15 mm. long,
3 mm. wide, containing 10-20 closely arranged ascending perigynia in several rows; lower
bract 2-4 em. long, shorter than the head, the others absent or much shorter, sheathless or

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 273

nearly so; staminate scales oblong-ovate, acutish to obtusish, hyaline with green midrib,
tinged with brownish or straw-color; pistillate scales ovate, narrower than and varying from
longer than perigynia and acuminate (lower) to shorter than perigynia and obtusish (upper),
greenish-hyaline and somewhat reddish-brown-tinged; with 3-nerved green center; perigynia
rather narrowly oval-obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular, somewhat flattened,
not at all inflated, glabrous, membranaceous, slenderly few-nerved, puncticulate, green,
tapering at base, substipitate, abruptly contracted into a short-cylindric, whitish-tipped,
obliquely cut, emarginate or shallowly bidentate beak 0.5 mm. long; achenes oblong-oval, 1.5
mm. long, sharply triangular with concave sides, brownish, puncticulate, closely enveloped,
sessile, short-apiculate, jointed with the very short style; stigmas 3, slender, rather long,
reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Chinantla, Dept. Puebla, Mexico (Liebmann).

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of southern and central Mexico. (Specimens examined from

Hidalgo, Oaxaca.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 579. f. 96, A—D.

318. Carex longicaulis Béck. Flora 65:62. 1882.
Carex ciliaris Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 43:61. 1907. (Type from Lena, Hidalgo.)

Loosely cespitose and short-stoloniferous, from stout matted elongate rootstocks, the
culms 2.5—6 dm. high, slender, stiff, erect, strongly exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, sharply
triangular, slightly pubescent but scarcely roughened, brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up
leaves of the previous year conspicuous, the basal sheaths not filamentose; leaves with well-
developed blades 6-12 to a fertile culm, clustered near the base, the blades light-green, flat
with revolute margins, ciliate and sparingly pilose below, 5-20 cm. long, 2.5—-3.5 mm. wide,
strongly papillate, roughened towards the attenuate apex, the sheaths sparingly pilose dorsally,
slightly yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, the ligule very short, much wider than long; ter-
minal spike staminate or usually with perigynia at base or middle, short-peduncled or nearly
sessile, 12-18 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, acuminate or acute, short-
ciliate, whitish-hyaline with 3-nerved green, straw-colored, or brownish center; pistillate
spikes 2-5, erect, approximate or but little separate, sessile or the lower short-exsert-peduncled,
oblong or linear-oblong, 6-18 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, densely 10-25-flowered, the perigynia
ascending in few or several rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, exceeding the inflorescence, short-
sheathing; upper bracts much reduced; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate or acute,
sharply keeled, glabrous or nearly so, white-hyaline with 3-nerved green center, slightly shorter
and narrower than perigynia; perigynia 4 mm. long, the body obovoid, strongly triangular,
2 mm. wide, glabrous, membranaceous, light green, puncticulate, obscurely many-nerved,
tapering at base, rather abruptly beaked, the beak 0.5—1 mm. long, flattened-subconic, oblique-
ly cleft, sharply but not deeply bidentate; achenes short-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped, slightly stipitate, apiculate, jointed with the
short straight style; stigmas 3, slender, dark-reddish-brown.

TYPE Locaity: ‘‘In valli Mexico” (Schaffner 413).

DISTRIBUTION: South Mexico amd Mexico State. (Specimens examined from Hidalgo and
Mexico.)

319. Carex Coulteri Boott; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot.
3: 4/3: aAS8oaz

Carex longicaulis var. Coulteri Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 580. 1909. (Based on C.

Coulteri Boott.)

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks stout, matted, more or less elongate, the culms 6-8 dm.
high, slender, erect, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, sharply triangular, short-pubescent,
brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year few but conspicuous, the
basal sheaths not filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a culm, on the lower
half but not bunched, the blades light-green, stiff, flat with strongly revolute margins, usually
2-3 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, strongly villous beneath, sparsely pilose above,

274 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

the sheaths soft-villous dorsally, yellowish-brown ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule
short; terminal spike staminate, linear, erect, short-peduncled to nearly sessile, 1.5-2.5 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, appressed, sparingly pilose, acute or mucronate,”
with greenish or yellowish 3-nerved center and whitish-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes about
4, the 2 upper approximate, the others more or less separate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled,
linear-oblong, 8-15 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, closely flowered, the perigynia 10-25, ascending
in several rows; lower bracts leaflet-like, short-sheathing, usually shorter than the inflorescence,
the upper much reduced; scales ovate, hyaline with 3-nerved green center, sparsely pilose, acute
to short-cuspidate, rather narrower and shorter than the perigynia; perigynia obovoid, 3.5
mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, sharply triangular, strongly short-pilose-pubescent, membranaceous,
light-green, about 3-nerved on each side, tapering at base, contracted at apex into a short
(0.75 mm. long), flattened, subconic, strongly bidentate beak, the teeth hyaline, slender;
achenes obovoid, 2.25 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped,
sessile. apiculate, jointed with the short straight style; stigmas 3, slender, dark-reddish-brown.

ae LOCALITY: “‘South Mexico, Zimapan (Coulter 1620), Santa Fé, valley of Mexico. (Bour-
geau a

DISTRIBUTION: Central Mexico. (Specimens examined from State of Mexico.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 579. f. 96, E-G.

320. Carex flaccifolia Mackenzie, Erythea 8:92. 1922.

Rootstocks not seen; culms 6-9 dm. high, slender, weak, sharply triangular, much ex-
ceeding leaves, aphyllopodic, sparingly pubescent, not roughened on the angles, dull-light-
brownish at base; leaves with well-developed blades 2-4 to a culm, on lower fourth, but not
bunched, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat, flaccid, pubescent on both sides, 0.5—2.5 dm.
long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, the mid-lateral nerves prominent above, the sheaths white-pubescent,
tight, white-hyaline ventrally, deep-concave at mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than
wide; staminate spike sessile or short-peduncled, 1-2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales
appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse or slightly cuspidate, whitish and more or less dull-yellowish-
brown-tinged, the margins hyaline, the center 1—3-nerved; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approxi-
mate, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong, 12-25 mm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, with 12-25
ascending perigynia, not closely arranged, in few rows; bracts leaflet-like, the lowest very
short-sheathing, the upper sheathless, the blade of the lowest equaling or exceeded by the
inflorescence; scales spreading, ovate, short-cuspidate to acute, about width of and usually
somewhat shorter but sometimes somewhat longer than mature perigynia, the body strongly
white-hyaline-margined, the apex slightly ciliate-serrulate, the center green, prominently 3—5-
nerved; perigynia ovoid, 3.5-4.25 mm. long, 2.25 mm. wide, sharply triangular, glabrous,
membranaceous, dull-green, puncticulate, strongly several-nerved on each side, round-tapering
at base, short-tapering at apex and abruptly short-beaked, the beak 0.25 mm. long, the orifice
hyaline, oblique or becoming bidentulate; achenes oval-ovoid, 3.25 mm. long, 2 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides, light-brown, the superficial cells conspicuous, closely enveloped,
sessile, apiculate, jointed with the very short (0.5 mm. long) straight style; stigmas 3, rather
slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Southwestern California, George B. Grant (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 468192).

DISTRIBUTION: Said to occur on dry sunny plains in southwestern California, no definite station

given. Known only from the type specimen.
ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 782.

321. Carex Whitneyi Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 394. 1868.

Carex pilosiuscula Bock. Flora 65: 61. 1882. (Type from salt plains of the Rocky Mountains.)

Not C. pilosiuscula Gobi, 1876.

Densely cespitose, from stout rootstocks, the clumps medium-sized, the culms usually
2.5—5 dm. (er even 10 dm.) high, rather stiff but slender, exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic,
sharply triangular, not at all or but little roughened on the angles, purplish-brown-tinged at
base; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3-5 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth but not

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 275

bunched, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat with revolute margins, usually 1-2 dm. long,
2.5-8 mm. wide, soft-pubescent on both surfaces, long-acuminate, thin, not stiff, the mid-
lateral nerves prominent above, the sheaths cinnamon-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at
mouth, the ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, linear, erect, short-
peduncled, 5—30 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the scales appressed, ovate, obtuse to acutish, whitish
and more or less reddish-brown-tinged with 3-ribbed greenish center; pistillate spikes 2 or 3,
approximate, or the lowest considerably separated, erect, sessile or short-peduncled, oblong or
linear-oblong, or the uppermost short, 7-30 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the 5-30 perigynia
ascending, closely arranged in few rows; bracts well-developed with very short (1-5 mm. long)
sheaths, the blade of the lowest leaf-like, 2-12 cm. long, from shorter than to somewhat ex-
ceeding the inflorescence; upper bracts reduced; scales appressed, ovate, short-cuspidate to
acute, about the width of and from shorter to longer than the mature perigynia, sparingly
ciliate-serrulate above, whitish with 3-nerved green center, the margins often chestnut-brown-
tinged; perigynia elliptic-ovoid or elliptic-obovoid, 3.75-5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, sharply
triangular, slightly flattened, glabrous, membranaceous, light-green, puncticulate, about 5-
nerved or 5-ribbed on each side, round-tapering at base and substipitate, tapering or contracted
into a smooth short (0.5—0.75 mm. long) beak, with obliquely cut, white-hyaline orifice at
length minutely bidentate; achenes oval-obovoid or oval-ovoid, 3 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides, closely enveloped, substipitate, pointed at apex and minutely
apiculate, jointed witn the very short, somewhat thickish style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-
brown.

TYPE Locality: ‘‘California, Yosemite Valley, Brewer 1639, Bolander 6198, Hillebrand 2305,
2308, 2314; Mount Dana, 12000 feet, Bolander 5086; Soda Springs, 9000 feet, Brewer 1778.”

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Oregon and northern California, and southward in the Sierra Nevada
mountains to Tulare County, California. Erroneously recorded from Colorado by Kiikenthal (in
Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 581). (Specimens examined from all parts of the range as above given.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythrea 8: 61. f. 31; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 783; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl.
Calif. f. 189.

45. Viridiflorae Mackenzie. D&rcorar Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 541, in
very small part. 1909. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 97. 1886) referred to the
POLYSTACHYAE Tuckerm.

Densely or loosely cespitose; culms leafy on lower part; strongly purplish-tinged at base;
leaf-blades rather narrow, the sheaths often hispidulous dorsally or ventrally or both; spikes
3-12, single or in pairs, androgynous, very slender, linear or elongate-linear, the lower strongly
separate, strongly exsert-peduncled, usually drooping, the perigynia 10-80, appressed-ascending
in few rows; lower bract leaf-like or leaflet-like, long-sheathing; pistillate scales sharply keeled,
acute to short-awned, reddish-brown or yellowish-brown-tinged; perigynia obtusely triangular,
not inflated, glabrous, membranaceous, 2-keeled and finely several-nerved, substipitate or
stipitate, nearly beakless, or tapering or contracted into a short slender beak, the orifice ob-
liquely cut, hyaline, becoming bidentate or bidentulate; achenes triangular with concave sides,
closely enveloped, apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, short.

Three dry-ground species, from the mountains of Mexico.

Leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide, channeled at least at base above, more or less
keeled below; pistillate spikes 2.5—-8 cm. long, the perigynia 10-40.
Leaf-blades sparsely short-hirsute, the sheaths short-hispidulous dorsally;
perigynium-beak 1 mm. long, sparsely ciliate-serrulate; culms densely
cespitose. 322. C. viridiflora.
Leaf-blades glabrous, the sheaths smooth dorsally; perigynium scarcely
or very minutely beaked; culms loosely cespitose, the rootstocks very
elongate. 323. C. pertenuis.
Leaf-blades 3.5-5.5 mm. wide, flat; sheaths strongly hispidulous dorsally;
pistillate spikes 8-12 cm. long, the perigynia 30-80; perigynium-beak 1.5
mm. long, smooth. 324. C. perlonga.

322. Carex viridiflora Mackenzie.

Carex viridis Schlecht. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 30. 1831. (Type from southern Mexico.) Not C.
viridis Honck. 1792.

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short, the new shoots at the base of the old, the
culms 2-6 dm. high, slender, erect, shorter than to exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, triangu-

276 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

lar with slightly concave sides, slightly roughened above, strongly purplish-tinged at base;
sterile shoots elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 6—9 to a fertile culm, widely separated
and not at all bunched, not septate-nodulose, the blades ascending or erect, thin, not flaccid,
dull-green, usually 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, channeled above, keeled below, the margins
revolute, sparsely short-hirsute, very rough above, long-attenuate, the sheaths rounded and
short-hispidulous dorsally, purplish-dotted or blotched and hispidulous ventrally, the basal
breaking, scarcely filamentose, the ligule somewhat longer than wide; spikes 5—8, androgynous
or the terminal also staminate at base, the lower strongly separated, strongly exsert-peduncled
and more or less nodding, the upper approximate, short-exsert-peduncled and erect (the
peduncles very slender, smooth), narrowly linear, elongate, 3-8 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the
lower rarely slightly branching, closely flowered above, loosely below, the staminate part 3-8
mm. long, the perigynia 15-40, appressed-ascending in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-like,
long-sheathing, from shorter than to slightly exceeding culm, the upper reduced, shorter-
sheathing; scales appressed, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, narrower and somewhat shorter
than perigynia, acute to cuspidate, sharply keeled, hyaline and slightly yellowish-brown-
tinged, with conspicuous green midrib; staminate scales similar but less keeled; perigynia 3.5
mmm. long, the body oblong-obovoid, obtusely triangular in cross-section, not inflated, 0.9 mm.
wide, smooth, green, membranaceous, 2-ribbed and obscurely finely several-nerved, tapering
at base and short-stipitate, abruptly beaked, the beak 1 mm. long, somewhat flattened, sparsely
ciliate-serrulate, obliquely cut, the apex hyaline, becoming bidentulate or bidentate; achenes
oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, yellowish, closely
enveloped and filling body of perigynium, tapering at base, substipitate, prominently apiculate,
jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. viridis on which C. viridiflora is based): Southern Mexico.

DISTRIBUTION: Central Mexico.

ILLUSTRATION: Boott, Ill. Carex 159. pl. 522.

Nore 1: The description is based on Miiller 1977, in part, without date.

Nore 2: Bockeler (Linnaea 40: 330. 1876) gives Junghuhn as the author of the name Carex
viridis, but this is not in accordance with the original publication.

323. Carex pertenuis L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:9. 1889.
“Carex viridis Jungh.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 550, in part. 1909.

Loosely cespitose, from slender, very elongate, long-stoloniferous rootstocks, the culms
2.5—8 dm. high, very slender, weak, much exceeding the leaves, mostly central and phyllopodic,
some lateral and aphyllopodic, bluntly triangular, smooth, strongly purplish-tinged at base;
sterile shoots elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 5—8 to a fertile culm, on lower half,
the basal more or less clustered, not septate-nodulose, the blades ascending or erect, thin, not
stiff, deep-green, not hairy, usually 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat except channeled at base,
more or less keeled below, revolute on the margins, attenuate, much roughened towards the
apex, the sheaths rounded and glabrous dorsally, reddish-brown-tinged and smooth ventrally,
the ligule as long as wide; spikes 3-7, androgynous, the lower 1—3 widely separate, the upper
approximate, flexuous, drooping on smooth, slender, exserted peduncles shorter or somewhat
longer than the spikes, the spikes elongate, narrowly linear, 2.5—5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide,
somewhat closely flowered above, loosely below, the upper 6-12 mm. staminate, the perigynia
10-30, appressed-ascending in few rows; lower bract leaflet-like, long-sheathing, very much
shorter than the culm, the upper reduced, shorter-sheathing; staminate scales oblong-obovate,
short-cuspidate to obtuse, reddish-brown with lighter midrib and minutely hyaline margins;
pistillate scales appressed, obovate, cuspidate or short-rough-awned, sharply keeled, reddish-
brown with lighter midrib and minutely hyaline margins, nearly as wide as but somewhat
shorter than the perigynia; perigynia oblong-oblanceolate, 3.25 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide,
obtusely triangular in cross-section, slightly flattened, glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate,
dull-green, purplish-spotted, 2-ribbed (the marginal) and finely several-nerved, tapering at
base, short-stipitate, tapering at apex, scarcely or very minutely beaked, the orifice entire;
achenes oblong-obovoid, 2 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, blackish,

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 247

closely enveloped and filling lower three fourths of perigynium, substipitate, apiculate,
jointed with the straight, slender, whitish style; stigmas 3, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Orizaba, Mexico (Miiller 1337 and 1338).
DISTRIBUTION: Mt. Orizaba, middle Mexico. (Specimens examined from Mt. Orizaba.)

324. Carex perlonga Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 43:61. 1907.

Cespitose, the rootstocks short, stout, the culms 5—9 dm. high, stoutish at base, slender
above, exceeding the leaves, central and phyllopodic or lateral and aphyllopodic, sharply
triangular with flat sides and smooth angles, strongly purple-tinged at base, the lower sheaths
breaking and very slightly filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile
culm, not septate-nodulose, the lower somewhat clustered, the blades erect, thin, deep-green,
flat with revolute margins, usually 1.5—3.5 dm. long, 3.5—5.5 mm. wide, long-tapering, strongly
roughened towards apex, the sheaths rounded and strongly hispidulous dorsally, yellowish-
brown-tinged and purple-spotted and hispidulous ventrally, concave and purple-tinged at
mouth, the ligule much longer than wide; spikes 6-12, androgynous, the lower widely separate,
the upper approximate, in pairs or single, very elongate-linear, 8-12 cm. long, 3—4.5 mm. wide,
closely flowered above, loosely at base, the upper fourth or fifth staminate, the perigynia
30-80, appressed-ascending in few rows; lower bract leaf-like, long-sheathing, exceeded by
culm, purple-tinged at mouth, the upper much reduced; scales oblong-ovate or lanceolate, the
pistillate closely appressed, short-awned or acuminate, nearly as wide at base but much nar-
rower above and shorter than the perigynia, sharply keeled, thin, dull-reddish-brown, with
1—3-nerved green center and dull-hyaline margins, the staminate similar but less pointed and
with whitish-hyaline apex; perigynia spindle-shaped, 5 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide, ob-
tusely triangular in cross-section, smooth, green, membranaceous, puncticulate, 2-ribbed (the
marginal) and finely several-nerved, tapering at base, stipitate, tapering into a slender, smooth,
obliquely cut, at length bidentate, hyaline-tipped beak 1.5 mm. long; achenes oblong-obovoid,
2.5 mm. long, 0.75 wide, triangular with slightly concave sides, yellowish, closely enveloped in
lower four fifths of perigynium body, substipitate, apiculate, not constricted in middle,
a with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, yellowish-brown, short.

YPE LOCALITY: Barranca, below Trinidad Iron Works, Hidalgo, Mexico, at 5200 feet (Pringle
8863, ce. 1904).
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. (Specimens examined from Hidalgo.)
EDITORIAL NOTE: In the belief that Carex perlonga Fernald is a homonym of C. praelonga C. B.

Clarke, the author used the unpublished name C. longa in his original manuscript and probably
annotated herbarium specimens accordingly.

46. Gracillimae Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 552. 1848; L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
106. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 581. 1909. Referred to the LAXIFLORAE
Kunth by Tuckerman (Enum. Caric. 15. 1843), and to the MicrocaRrPaE Kiikenth. by Holm
(Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 459. 1903).

Culms slender, leafy; foliage often soft-hairy, the sheaths hairy, at least the lower hispidu-
lous; leaf-blades flat; terminal spike gynaecandrous or abnormally sometimes staminate or in
one species staminate; lateral spikes 2—4, elongate, of a linear-cylindric or oblong-cylindric
type, the lower at least slender-peduncled and drooping; lower bract or several bracts strongly
green-sheathing, the blades leaf-like; perigynia of an oblong or ovoid type, not at all inflated
to markedly inflated, membranaceous, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless or strongly several- to
many-nerved, beakless or short-beaked, the orifice entire or emarginate or bidentate; achenes
triangular with concave sides, apiculate, jointed with the style; stigmas 3, short.

A group represented by seven species, in the eastern wooded districts of the temperate
and cooler parts of North America.

Plant glabrous except that the lower sheaths are more or less hispidulous
dorsally.
Perigynia rounded or short-tapering at apex, beakless, 2.5-3.5 mm.
long. 325. C. gracillima.

Perigynia tapering into a triangular, often somewhat bent beak nearly
as long as the body. 326. C. prasina.

278 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Sheaths and often leaf-blades pubescent; perigynia beaked (except in C.
aestivalis).
Terminal spike normally gynaecandrous; lowest bract or several bracts
sheathing; pistillate scales often not reddish-brown-tinged;
achenes obovoid or oblong-obovoid.
Spikes all gynaecandrous; pistillate scales except lowest obtuse or
acute; perigynia 2-ribbed and obscurely nerved. 327. C. formosa.
Lateral spikes pistillate; pistillate scales obtuse to strongly awned.
Perigynia 1.75—2.5 mm. wide, strongly nerved, the beak shallowly
bidentate; lateral spikes closely flowered except at base.
Bracts strongly sheathing; leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide.
Upper scales acuminate or short-cuspidate; perigynia
3.5-4 mm. long, 1.75-2 mm. wide, scarcely inflated;
spikes linear-cylindric. 328. C. oxylepis.
Upper scales long-cuspidate; perigynia 4-5 mm. long,
2-2.5 mm. wide, inflated; spikes linear-oblong or

oblong-cylindric. 329. C. Davisit.
Lower bract only strongly short-sheathing; leaf-blades 2—4
mm. wide. 330. C. aestivaliformis.

Perigynia about 1 mm. wide, not inflated, 2-ribbed and obscurely
nerved, the orifice entire; lateral spikes alternately flowered

at base; leaf-biades 1.5—2.5 mm. wide. ; 331. C. aestivalis.
Terminal spike staminate; bracts sheathless; pistillate scales brownish-
red; achenes narrowly oblong-ovoid. 332. C. misera.

325. Carex gracillima Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1:66. 1824.

‘Carex digitalis Willd.” Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 324. pl. 27, f. 1. 1825.

Loxanisa gracillima Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex gracillima Schw.)

Carex gracillima var. humilis LH. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 71. 1889. (Type locality not
given.)

Carex gracillima f. humilis ‘‘. H. Bailey’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 584. 1909. (Based
on C. gracillima var. humilis L,. H. Bailey.)

Carex gracillima var. macerrima Fernald & Wieg. Rhodora 15: 133. 1913. (Type from York

Harbor, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks rather slender but tough, short, the clumps medium-sized, the
sterile culms numerous, elongate, the fertile culms 2—9 dm. high, slender, erect, exceeding the
leaves, aphyllopodic, smooth or nearly so, strongly purple-tinged at base; leaves 3 or 4 toa
culm, evenly separated on the lower half, the blades flat, glabrous, deep-green, flaccid, ascend-
ing, 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, roughened towards the apex and on the margins, the sheaths
very long, hyaline ventrally and yellowish-brown-tinged and reddish-dotted, the lowest more
or less hispidulous dorsally, the ligule short; terminal spike gynaecandrous, the lower two
thirds staminate, pistillate above or occasionally entirely staminate, slender-peduncled, nar-
rowly linear, 1-4 cm. long, the staminate portion 1.5 mm. wide, rather loosely flowered, the
scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, whitish-hyaline with green midrib; pistillate
spikes usually 3 or 4, widely separate or the upper 2 approximate, nodding or spreading on
slender roughish peduncles often as long as the spikes, the spikes narrowly linear, 1-5 em. long,
2-3 mm. wide, from loosely to rather closely 10—45-flowered, the perigynia in few rows, ascend-
ing and usually much overlapping or more loosely flowered at base; bracts strongly sheathing,
the lowest leaf-like and usually exceeding the culm, the upper much shorter and usually ex-
ceeded by the culm; scales obovate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, white-hyaline with green mid-
rib, often yellowish-brown-tinged, typically half the length of the perigynia and obtusish,
but varying to cuspidate and with the lowest nearly equaling the perigynia; perigynia oblong-
ovoid, 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular-suborbicular in cross-section, little inflated,
glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate, few-nerved, round-contracted at base, beakless,
rounded or short-tapering at apex; achenes obovoid, triangular with concave sides and thick
blunt angles, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, granular, in lower half of perigynium, sessile or nearly
so, slender-apiculate, jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, blackish, very short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (Schweinitz).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry open woodlands and thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, and southward
to Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti-
cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia,
Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri.)

_ InLustTRaTions: Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: pl. 27, f. 1. (as C. digitalis); Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. I, f. 28;
Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 747; ed. 2. f. 1008; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 436; Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 8

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 279

(excluding f and g); Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 583. f. 97; Boott, Ill. Carex 55. pl. 145; Francis,
Grasses 310.

Hysrips: An apparent hybrid with Carex hirtifolia Mackenzie occurs. It has sharply keeled
and awned pistillate scales; short-pubescent and short-beaked perigynia, and staminate terminal
spikes. It has been collected at Columbus, Ohio (Sullivant), at Stanton, Delaware (Commons), and
at Yonkers, New York (E. C. Howe). ‘The scales strongly resemble those of Carex hirtifolia, but the
general appearance of the plant is strikingly different. Sullivant says the two supposed parents grew
with the plant. The synonymy of this supposed hybrid is as follows: Carex Sullivantii Boott; A.
Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 42: 29. 1842; Ill. Carex 50. pl. 133. 1858. Carex pubescens X* arctata Bock.
Linnaea 41: 229. 1877. Carex gracillima XK pubescens \,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:107. 1886.
A drawing of it was also published by Dewey (Am. Jour. Sci. 49: 44. pl. EE, f. 111).

An apparent hybrid with Carex hirsutella Mackenzie was found at Philipstown, New York by
Barratt more than one hundred years ago. The specimen is still preserved in the Torrey Herbarium.
This same hybrid was recorded by Dewey from Newburgh, New York, and Stockbridge, Massa-
chusetts (Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 315. 1826). Its synonymy is as follows: Carex hirsuta var. pedunculata
Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1:323. 1825. Carex gracillima X hirsuta L. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey
Club 1:76. 1889. Carex gracillima X triceps Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 757. 1909.

326. Carex prasina Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 161. 1803.

Carex miliacea Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 290. 1805. (Type from Pennsylvania.) Not C. miliacea

Schrank, 1789.

Olamblis miliacea Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex miliacea Muhl.)
Carex subcompressa Steud. Syn. Cyp. 221. 1855. (Type from ‘‘Am. septr.’’)

Densely cespitose and not stoloniferous, from very short rootstocks, the clumps medium-
sized or large, the culms 3-8 dm. high, erect, slender, remotely leafy, somewhat exceeding the
leaves, sharply triangular with concave sides, asperulous and roughened on the angles above,
brownish or slightly purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths slightly filamentose; sterile
shoots elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, on the lower third, the
blades light-green, flat, thin, increasing in length upwards, roughened on margins and towards
apex, the uppermost 8-15 cm. long, 2. 5-4 mm. wide, the sterile-culm leaves longer and rather
wider, the sheaths glabrous, very thin and white-hyaline ventrally, the ligule about as long
as wide; staminate spike solitary, linear, strongly peduncled, 2-4 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide,
occasionally bearing some perigynia, the scales obovate-oblong, acute to short-awned, greenish-
white with green midrib; pistillate spikes 2—4 (usually 3), occasionally staminate at apex,
approximate, linear, 2-6 cm. long, 3.5—5 mm. wide, the lower on long, slender, smooth peduncles,
the upper on shorter peduncles, all nodding or curving, 20—50-flowered, the perigynia in few
rows, ascending, closely packed, or the spikes somewhat attenuate at base; lowest bract
leaflet-like, short-sheathing, somewhat exceeding inflorescence, the upper reduced, scarcely
sheathing; scales ovate or obovate, mucronate or cuspidate, whitish with green 3-nerved
center, shorter and slightly narrower than the perigynia; pergynia sharply triangular, narrowly
ovoid-rhomboid, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, not inflated, membranaceous, green, puncticu-
late, nerveless or nearly so except for the two prominent lateral nerves, short-stipitate and
rounded at base, tapering at apex into a smooth. triangular, often somewhat bent beak nearly
the length of the body, the orifice white-hyaline, entire or emarginate; achenes broadly obovoid,
1.5 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide, closely enveloped in lower half of perigynia, triangular with
deeply concave sides and blunt angles, sessile, light-brownish, apiculate-tipped, jointed with
the straight, slender style; stigmas 3, short, slender, light-reddish-brown.

TYPE LocaLity: ‘“‘Hab. in America boreali, Kjellman; ex herbario Bergiano.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Springy banks along shaded streamlets, Quebec and Maine to Michigan, and
southward to the District of Columbia and Kentucky and in the Alleghanies to Georgia. (Speci-
mens examined from Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 730; ed. 2. ei 1009; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 470; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 4?°: 585. f. 98; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. 0, f. 151; Boott, Ill. Carex 101. pl. 300.

327. Carex formosa Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 8:98. 1824.
Edritria formosa Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex formosa Dewey.)

Cespitose and not stoloniferous, the rootstocks short, tough, the clumps medium-sized,
the culms 3-8 dm. high, slender, weak, exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, triangular, short-

280 - NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLuME 18

pubescent on the angles, at least above, strongly purple-tinged at base, the lower sheaths
breaking and becoming filamentose; leaves 3 or 4 to a culm, not at all bunched, evenly separated
on the lower half, the blades ascending, deep-green, flat, flaccid, 1-2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide,
the upper and bracts (at least) short-hairy below especially on the margins; sheaths very long,
conspicuously white-hyaline and nearly glabrous and sparingly red-dotted ventrally, truncate
at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate below (lower two thirds) and with a
few pistillate flowers above, capillary-peduncled, narrowly linear, 1.5—-3 em. long, the staminate
portion 2 mm. wide, the scales oblong-ovate, loose, acute or obtuse, greenish-white with green
midrib; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, widely separate, nodding on rough capillary peduncles from one
to five times as long as spikes, the spikes linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, the lower few
scales usually empty, closely 8—20-flowered in few rows, the ascending perigynia overlapping;
bracts strongly sheathing, shorter than or equaling culm, the lower one or two leaf-like, the
upper much reduced; scales ovate, half to two thirds the length of the perigynia, obtuse to
acute or the lower short-awned, white-hyaline with green midrib; perigynia oblong-oval, 3.5—5
mm. long, 1.75-—2 mm. wide, suborbicular or obscurely triangular in cross-section, somewhat
inflated, glabrous, membranaceous, deep-green, sparingly red-dotted, obscurely nerved except
for the two lateral ribs, tapering at base, substipitate, contracted into a short, slender beak,
the beak entire or bidentulate, white at mouth; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
sharply triangular with concave sides and prominent angles, in lower half of perigynia, sub-
stipitate, scarcely apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, slender, brownish,
rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

DISTRIBUTION: Woods and thickets, in calcareous districts, southwestern Quebec to Wisconsin,
and southward to western Connecticut and New York. A handsome local species. (Specimens
examined from southwestern Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Ontario,
Michigan, Wisconsin.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 750; ed. 2. f. 1010; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 434; Boott,
Ill. Carex 53. pl. 141; Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. B, f. 6.

328. Carex oxylepis Torr. & Hook.; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.
3: 409. 1836.

Carex familiaris Steud. Syn. Cyp. 226. 1855. (Type from the Rio Brazos, Texas.)
Carex oxylepis vat. Bock. Linnaea 44: 408. 1876. (From South Carolina.)
Carex oxylepis f. glabra Bock.; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 589. 1909. (Type from South

Carolina.)

Cespitose, from slender but tough blackish rootstocks, the clumps medium-sized, the
culms 2.5—8 dm. high, slender, from shorter to longer than the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply
triangular, glabrous to slightly pubescent on the angles, strongly purple-tinged at base, the
lower sheaths sometimes breaking and becoming filamentose; leaves 3—5 to a culm, not septate-
nodulose, evenly separated on the lower half, the blades ascending, flat, thin, deep-green, soft,
1-3 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, more or less hairy, especially on the under surface, the sheaths
long, more or less hairy, hyaline ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule nearly as long as wide;
terminal spike gynaecandrous, the lower two thirds staminate and with few to several pistillate
flowers above, peduncled, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, the staminate portion 1-2 mm. wide, the scales
oblanceolate, acuminate or short-cuspidate, rather loose, white-hyaline with green midrib;
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, somewhat separate, erect or more or less drooping, on slender, slightly
hairy peduncles usually shorter than the spikes, the spikes linear-cylindric, 1.5—4.5 cm. long,
3-4 mm. wide, closely (or more loosely at base) 15—40-flowered, in several rows; bracts from
shorter to somewhat longer than the culm, strongly sheathing, the lower leaf-like, the upper
reduced; scales narrowly ovate, acuminate, cuspidate, or short-awned (the upper acuminate
or short-cuspidate), greenish-white, with 3-ribbed green center, scabrous above, narrower and
shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ascending, elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5—-4 mm. long, 1.75—2
mm. wide, triangular-suborbicular in cross-section, scarcely inflated, glabrous, membranaceous,
deep-green, puncticulate, strongly several-nerved, round or round-tapering at base, substipi-
tate, round-tapering and short-beaked at apex, the beak shallowly bidentate; achenes obovoid,
2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, granular, yellowish,

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 281

in lower half of perigynium, rather closely enveloped, minutely substipitate, apiculate-
tipped, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, very short, brownish-black.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Texas, T. Drummond. (Texas collection III. no. 436).”’

DISTRIBUTION: Rich woods, Texas to Florida, and northward to southeastern Missouri, Tennes-
see, and Virginia. (Specimens examined from Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, southeastern Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 749; ed. 2. f. 1011; Rob. and Fern. Man. f. 438; Boott,
Ill. Carex 53. pl. 142.

329. Carex Davisii Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 326. 1825.

Carex (anon.) no. 45, Muhl. Desecr. Gram. 254. 1817. (From ‘‘ Cherokee.’’)
Carex aristata Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 7: 277. 1824. (Type from western Massachusetts.) Not
C. aristata Honck. 1792; nor C. aristata Clairv. 1811; nor C. aristataR. Br. 1823.
Carex Torreyana Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 47. 1825. (Based on C. aristata Dewey.) Not C.
Torreyana Schw. 1824.
Loxotrema Davisii Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex Davisii Schw. & Torr.)
Carex albirostris C. B. Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 78. 1908. (Type from Dallas, Texas.)
Carex Davisii f. glabrescens Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 588. 1909. (Type from Ohio.)
Cespitose, the rootstocks tough, dark-colored, the clumps medium sized, the culms 3-9
dm. high, slender, erect, from shorter to longer than the leaves, aphyllopodic, triangular, from
noticeably pubescent to glabrous on the angles, strongly purple-tinged at base, the lower
sheaths sometimes breaking and becoming filamentose; leaves 3—5 to a culm, evenly separated
on the lower half, the blades ascending, flat, soft, deep-green, 1-3 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide,
long-attenuate, more or less soft-hairy (usually strongly so) especially on the under surface, the
sheaths long, more or less hairy, yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the
ligule about as long as wide; terminal spike gynaecandrous, the lower two thirds staminate,
and with few to several pistillate flowers above, peduncled, 1.5—3.5 cm. long, the staminate
portion 1-2 mm. wide, the scales rather loose, lanceolate, awned, cuspidate, or acuminate,
white-hyaline with green midrib; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, somewhat separate, erect or more or
less drooping, on sparingly hairy peduncles usually shorter than the spikes, the spikes linear-
oblong or oblong-cylindric, 2-4 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, closely 10—40-flowered in few rows;
bracts strongly sheathing, from shorter to longer than the culm, the lower leaf-like, the upper
reduced; scales ovate-lanceolate, long-cuspidate, 3-ribbed, white-hyaline with green center,
narrower and usually somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ascending, oblong-ovoid,
4-5 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, suborbicular or obscurely triangular in cross-section, inflated,
green or in age yellowish-brown-tinged, glabrous, membranaceous, puncticulate, reddish-
brown-dotted, rather strongly several- to many-nerved, round or round-tapering at base, and
truncately very short-stipitate, rounded and very short-beaked at apex, the beak slender,
white-tipped, bidentate or bidentulate; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, loosely enveloped in lower half of perigynia,
yellowish, granular, slender, substipitate, slender-apiculate, jointed with the straight slender
style; stigmas 3, slender, blackish, very short.

TYPE LocALITY: ‘‘Hab. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey.”

DISTRIBUTION: Alluvial woodlands, mostly in calcareous districts, Vermont and western
Massachusetts to Minnesota, and southward to Maryland, Tennessee, and Texas. (Specimens
examined from southwestern Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 751; ed. 2. f. 1012; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 435; Boott,
Ill. Carex 54. pl. 143; Am. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. A, f. 1 (C. aristata Dewey).

330. Carex aestivaliformis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club
Si e2oGe WoL:

Carex gracillima X aestivalis L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 419. 1893. (Type from Alcove,
Albany County, New York.)
Culms densely cespitose, 3.5-9 dm. high, slender, erect or ascending, exceeding the leaves,
aphyllopodic, sharply triangular and roughened on the angles above, glabrous or nearly so,
remotely leafy on lower half, strongly purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and

282 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

becoming prominently filamentose, the sterile shoots reduced to tufts of leaves; well-developed
blades some 4 or 5 to a fertile culm, the blades glabrous or sparsely pubescent and ciliate near
base, or strongly soft-pubescent, rough, the longer about 3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, thin, flat,
deep-green, ascending, the sheaths yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, concave
and more or less hairy at mouth, the lower at least hispidulous dorsally, the ligule longer than
wide; spikes 3 or 4, widely separate or slightly approximate, narrowly linear, 1.5—6 cm. long,
3.5 mm. wide, the terminal gynaecandrous, the lower two thirds staminate, the lateral pistillate,
nodding or weakly erect on long, slender, rough peduncles, the perigynia 20-40, appressed-
ascending, closely packed in few rows, or loosely at base; lowest bract leaflet-like, strongly
short-sheathing, shorter or longer than inflorescence, the upper reduced, little sheathing; scales
ovate, short-cuspidate acuminate acute or obtuse, greenish-white with hyaline margins and
3-nerved green center, sometimes tinged with reddish-brown, narrower than and about two
thirds the length of the perigynia; staminate scales similar but more white-hyaline; perigynia
oblong-ovoid, 3—-3.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, flattened-triangular in cross-section, not inflated,
glabrous, deep-green, puncticulate, strongly several-nerved, rounded at base, substipitate,
abruptly very short-beaked, the beak slender, 0.25—0.5 mm. long, minutely bidentate and hya-
line-tipped; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, not
filling perigynia, nearly sessile, short-apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas
3, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Mountain meadow near Greenwood Lake, Passaic County, New Jersey.”
(Mackenzie 2676, June 23, 1907.)

DISTRIBUTION: Meadows, swales and open woods, New Hampshire to Delaware, and westward
to Michigan. (Specimens examined from New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Michigan.)

ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1013.

Hysrips: An apparent hybrid with Carex virescens has been collected (Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania,
Brown, Crawford & Van Pell 41, June 3-8, 1905; herb. Acad. Phila.)

Norte: From Carex Sullivantii Boott (Carex gracillima X Carex hirtifolia) this species is dis-

tinguished by its gynaecandrous terminal spike; the scales obtuse to short-cuspidate; and somewhat
narrower and often less pubescent leaves.

331. Carex aestivalis M. A. Curt.; A. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci.
42:28. 1842.

Carex Darlingtonii Schw.; M. A. Curt. Am. Jour. Sci. Il. 7: 410, assynonym. 1849,
Carex Rugeliana Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 189, in part. pl. 48. 1851. (Type from North Carolina.)
Carex tabularia M. A. Curt.; Boott, Ill. Carex 54, as synonym. ,
Carex virescens var. aestivalis Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am.5. 1871. (Based on C. aestivalis M. A. Curt.)
Cespitose and not stoloniferous, the culms 3—6 dm. high, erect, slender, mostly exceeding
the upper leaves, aphyllopodic, triangular, sparingly pubescent and roughened on the angles,
reddish-purple at base; leaves with well-developed blades about 3 to a culm, on lower half, not
at all bunched, the blades essentially glabrate, but with traces of pubescence, especially below
and towards the base, flat, flaccid, deep-green, 7-20 cm. long, 1.5—2.5 mm. wide, erect-ascending,
the upper culm-leaf inserted about halfway up the culm, the sheaths tight, long pubescent
especially ventrally, yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, deeply concave at
mouth, the ligule longer than wide; spikes about 4, linear-cylindric, 2-4 em. long, 2-3 mm.
thick, the lower half of the uppermost staminate, the remainder pistillate, all erect and from
nearly sessile to strongly (1.5 cm. long) peduncled (the peduncles smooth or nearly so), ap-
proximate, or the lower more or less separate, the pistillate portion of the uppermost spike
rather closely flowered, the remaining spikes with 15-30 perigynia in few rows, loosely flowered,
especially below; lower bract 1-1.5 mm. wide, exceeding the inflorescence, strongly sheathing,
the others much smaller, sheathless or nearly so; scales of pistillate flowers ovate or obovate,
small, about one half the length of the perigynia, from slightly cuspidate to obtusish, greenish-
white and slightly reddish-tinged, with sharply defined green midrib and hyaline margins;
scales of staminate flowers larger, closely appressed, ovate-oblong, acute or cuspidate, greenish-
white with hyaline straw-colored margins; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, about
1 mm. wide, rather sharply triangular, not at all inflated, smooth, membranaceous, deep-
green, puncticulate, 2-ribbed and obscurely several-nerved, tapering and broadly stipitate

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 283

and somewhat spongy at base, tapering at apex, the orifice entire; achenes oblong-obovoid,
1.75—2 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, strongly triangular with concave sides and rather prominent
angles, completely filling the lower part of the perigynium, brownish, tapering at base, sub-
apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style 0.75 mm. long; stigmas 3, short, slender,
reddish-brown.

TYPE LocaALity: ‘‘ Hab. in montibus altioribus Carolinae septentrionalis ubique.”

DISTRIBUTION: Dry mountain woods, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and northern New York
to Georgia. (Specimens examined from Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Vir-
ginia, North Carolina.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Il. Fl. f. 748; ed. 2. f. 1014; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 437; Kunze,
Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 28 and pl. 48 (excluding c and d); Boott, Ill. Carex 54. pl. 144.

332. Carex misera Buckl. Am. Jour. Sci. 45: 173. 1843.
“Carex juncea”’ Willd. Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 468. 1837. (Plant from North Carolina.)
Carex Rugeliana Kunze, Linnaea 20: 8, in small part. 1847. (Not as to type; plant from North

Carolina.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks short, slender but tough, purplish, the clumps medium-sized,
the culms 2.5—4.5 dm, high, very slender but erect, exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, sharply
triangular, minutely pubescent and roughened on the angles, strongly purplish at base; leaves
with well-developed blades usually 2 to 4 to a fertile culm, on the lower half but not clustered,
the blades ascending, flat or channeled at base, light-green, not stiff, ciliate and sparsely short-
pubescent beneath, usually 7-25 cm. long, 1—-1.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate and roughened
towards the apex, the sheaths tight, yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted and sparsely
pubescent ventrally, truncate and strongly ciliate at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal
spike staminate, peduncled, linear, 1-2 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, the scales rather loose,
oblong-obovate, obtuse to acute, reddish-brown with narrow white-hyaline margins and
lighter midrib; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, strongly separate, the lower on long, capillary,
slightly rough peduncles, the upper short-peduncled, the spikes linear, 12-35 mm. long, 3 mm.
wide, loosely flowered below, closely above, and containing 10-25 appressed-ascending peri-
gynia in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, 3-6 cm. long, slightly auriculate at base, but not
sheathing; upper bracts much shorter; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse or short-cuspidate, brownish-
red with lighter sharply defined midrib and narrow white-hyaline margins, about width of but
only half to two thirds the length of the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long, 1.25
mm. wide, obscurely triangular, slightly flattened, rounded on outer, concave on inner surface,
not inflated, light-green, membranaceous, puncticulate, red-dotted, very sparsely pubescent
towards apex, lightly few-nerved (the two lateral sharply defined), long-tapering at base and
more or less stipitate, and shorter-tapering at apex or short-beaked, the orifice entire; achenes
narrowly oblong-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide, triangular with somewhat con-
cave sides, rather closely enveloped, tapering and substipitate at base, minutely subapiculate,
jointed with the rather long slender style 1.5—2 mm. long; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina.”

DISTRIBUTION: High mountains of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. (Specimens
examined from western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 48, f. c, d; Am. Jour. Sci. 48: pl. DD, f. 100.

Nore: L. H. Bailey (Mem. Torrey Club 1: 62. 1889) says that Carex juncea Willd. (Enum.
Suppl. 63. 1813; type from America boreali; not C. juncea Scop. 1772) is Carex ferruginea Scop.,
and that the name has been wrongly applied to the present species. Willdenow’s description calls
for a plant ‘‘fructibus * * * hispido-scabris bidentatis.’’ This answers to Carex ferruginea
Scop., but not to the plant of North Carolina. The description given by Kunth (Enum. Pl. 2: 468.
1837); by Boott (Trans. Linn. Soc. 20:116. 1846; Ill. Carex 189. 1867); and by Béckeler (Linnaea
41: 249. 1877) are all based on material collected by Rugel and Buckley.

47. Sylvaticae Boott; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 12. 1843. FLExILEs Tuckerm. Enum.
Caric. 13,in part. 1843. HyMENOCHLAENAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 10,in part. 1844; Holm, Am.
Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 462, in part. 1903. DersrILEs Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 558. 1848; L. H.
Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 104. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 591. 1909;
Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 134. 1917; Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 63. 1922. Treated
as a genus, PROTEOCARPUS subgenus PROTEOCARPUS, by Bérner (Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21:
266,267. 1913:

284 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Fertile culms tufted, slender, leafy, aphyllopodic, usually strongly purplish-tinged at base;
sterile shoots phyllopodic or aphyllopodic; leaf-blades flat; terminal spike usually staminate;
lateral spikes 2—5, pistillate or slightly staminate at apex, elongate, narrowly linear to oblong,
slender-peduncled, the lower usually drooping, sometimes erect; bracts green-sheathing, the
lower sheaths long or short, the blades leaf-like; perigynia appressed or ascending, lanceolate
to ovoid, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, hirsutulous, hairy, or tuberculate-hispid,
2-keeled and slenderly nerved or ribbed or nerveless, rather closely enveloping the achene,
tapering to or contracted into a well-developed conic beak, more or less oblique at orifice,
sometimes very strongly so, usually more or less hyaline-tipped, usually bidentate, sometimes
strongly so; achenes triangular with concave sides, in lower part of perigynium body, apiculate,
jointed with the straight, slender style; stigmas 3.

A group represented by numerous species in the temperate parts of Eurasia and North
America; also represented in the highlands of eastern Africa. It is not found in South America
or Australasia.

Lateral spikes pistillate or gynaecandrous; perigynia 3.5-10 mm. long, the
beak 0.5—3 mm. long (Not Mexican).
Staminate spike sessile or very short-peduncled, nearly equaled to
overtopped by the nearly sessile uppermost pistillate spike;
pistillate spikes erect.
Leaf-blades sparsely soft-villous, 3-9 mm. wide; perigynia short-
pilose towards apex, 4.5-5.5 mm. long; beak of perigynium
0.5-1 mm. long, shallowly bidentate; pistillate spikes oblong-
cylindric, 6-9 mm. wide; staminate spike 1—2 cm. long. 333. C. gynodynama.
Leaf-blades rough-hispidulous, 3-5 mm. wide; perigynia minutely
pubescent on angles toward apex, 4-5 mm. long; beak of peri-
gynium 0.5 mm. long, bidentate; pistillate spikes linear, 3—4.5
mm. wide; staminate spike 2—3.5 cm. long. 334. C. mendocinensis.
Staminate spike strongly peduncled; pistillate spikes, at least the
lower, drooping (except in C. hirtissima).
Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long; leaf-blades and
(or) sheaths pubescent.
Perigynia loosely pubescent, 2-keeled and obscurely nerved;

lateral spikes erect. 335. C. hirtissima.
Perigynia glabrous, 2-keeled and several-nerved; lateral spikes
drooping. 336. C. castanea.

Pistillate spikes narrowly linear or linear, the larger 2.5—8 cm. long;
leaf-blades not pubescent except rarely towards base;
sheaths sometimes puberulent or short-pubescent, especially
at mouth.
Perigynia densely tuberculate-hispid, narrowly lanceolate, the
beak very long, slender, very oblique at the orifice; stigmas
very long. 337. C. assiniboinensis.
Perigynia glabrous or hirsutulous, shorter-beaked (except in C.
sylvatica); stigmas shorter.
Perigynia 2-keeled and several-nerved or several-ribbed
(Native American species).
Perigynia firm, strongly several-nerved or several-ribbed;
pistillate scales tinged with reddish-brown; bract-
sheaths puberulent at mouth.
Perigynia glabrous, subcoriaceous, strongly ribbed,
the beak thickish, flattened, shallowly bidentate;
achenes short-stipitate or substipitate; pistillate
spikes drooping or the uppermost weakly erect. 338. C. oblita.
Perigynia short-pubescent, submembranaceous,
strongly nerved, the beak more slender, conic,
obliquely cleft; achenes slenderly stipitate; upper
pistillate spikes erect, only the lower drooping. 339. C. venusta.
Perigynia membranaceous, slenderly nerved; pistillate
scales hyaline with green midrib or tawny-tinged
or reddish-brown-tinged; bract-sheaths not pu-
berulent at mouth.
Achenes slenderly stipitate; perigynia glabrous,
sessile or substipitate; pistillate scales mostly
obtuse, the midvein not extending to the tip.
Beak of perigynium slender, the tip somewhat
enlarged, very conspicuously white-hyaline,
very oblique at orifice, more or less bidentate;
pistillate scales mostly rounded on _ back,
white-hyaline-margined; perigynia 6-10 mm.
long, light-green or greenish-straw-colored;
sterile shoots aphyllopodic. 340. C. debilis.

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 285

Beak of perigynium stouter, shorter, the tip not
enlarged, much less conspicuously white-hya-
line, obliquely strongly bidentate; pistillate
scales keeled, green with hyaline margins,
reddish-brown-tinged; perigynia 4.5—-7 mm.
long, deep-green; sterile shoots phyllopodic
or nearly so. 341. C. flexuosa.
Achenes substipitate or sessile.
Perigynia hirsutulous, 5-7 mm. long; pistillate
scales cuspidate or awned, the midvein ex-
tending to the tip; perigynium-beak unequally
sharply bidentate; sterile shoots aphyllopodic. 342. C, allegheniensis.
Perigynia glabrous or nearly so, 3-5 mm. long.
Pistillate scales strongly cuspidate or awned;
perigynia strongly stipitate, leaf-blades
5-10 mm. wide. 343. C. arctata.
Pistillate scales obtuse to cuspidate; perigynia
substipitate; leaf-blades 1.75-2.5 mm.

‘ wide. 344. C. debiliformis.
Perigynia 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless (Very sparingly
adventized European species). 345. C. sylvatica.
Lower lateral spikes androgynous, drooping, the upper staminate; peri-
gynia 2.25 mm. long, the beak 0.5 mm. long (Mexican). 346. C. conspecta.

333. Carex gynodynama Olney, Proc. Am. Acad. 7: 394. 1868.

Carex Blankinshipii Fernald, Erythea 7: 121. 1899. (Type from Hydesville, Humboldt County,
California.)

Densely cespitose and not stoloniferous, the culms 2-9 dm. high, slender, spreading,
much exceeding the leaves, mostly lateral and phyllopodic, some central, bluntly triangular
with concave sides, smooth on angles or nearly so, brownish or slightly purplish-tinged at base;
sterile shoots conspicuous, somewhat elongate; leaves with well-developed blades 6-12 to a
fertile culm on the central culms or fewer on the lateral, the lower clustered, the upper some-
what scattered, the blades flat, flaccid, light-green, soft, sparsely soft-villous, 1-5 dm. long,
3-9 mm. wide, somewhat roughened towards apex, the sheaths long, tight, soft-hairy, yellowish-
brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; terminal spike staminate
or often with a few perigynia, erect, overtopped or largely so by the uppermost pistillate
spike, sessile or short-peduncled, 1—2 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, the scales obovate, more or less
hairy, obtuse or mucronate, light-reddish-brown with lighter center and conspicuous white-
hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-4, the 2 upper approximate, short-peduncled, the lower 1
or 2 widely separate, erect, on slender, usually long-exserted, sparingly hairy peduncles, the
spikes oblong-cylindric, 1-3.5 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, containing 20—40 closely packed ascend-
ing perigynia in several rows; bracts strongly sheathing, leaflet-like, exceeded by inflorescence,
the sheaths 0.5—4 cm. long; scales very broadly ovate or obovate, more or less soft-hairy above,
the lower abruptly short-cuspidate, the upper often obtuse, chocolate-brown with 3-nerved
green center and conspicuous white-hyaline margins, wider but shorter than perigynia; peri-
gynia narrowly oblong-obovoid, 4.5—5.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, somewhat triangular and
flattened, scarcely inflated, membranaceous, yellowish-brown and red-dotted, short-pilose
toward apex, finely many-nerved, round-tapering at base and stipitate, rounded and abruptly
beaked at apex, the beak conic, 0.5—1 mm. long, hyaline at mouth, shallowly bidentate; achenes
obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and thickened angles,
yellowish-brown, granular, in lower three fourths of perigynia, rather closely enveloped, some-
what stipitate, slender, apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender,
reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ California, near Mendocino City’’ (Bolander 4700).

DISTRIBUTION: Moist places in the Coast Ranges, from southern Oregon to San Mateo County,
California. (Specimens examined showing the above range.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 784.

334. Carex mendocinensis Olney; W. Boott, in S. Wats.
Bot. Calif. 2: 249. 1880.

Clumps medium-sized, not stoloniferous, the rootstock somewhat elongate, the culms
2.5-8 dm. high, very slender, nodding, much exceeding the leaves, strongly aphyllopodic,

286 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

rather obtusely triangular, smooth below the spikes, strongly purplish-red and scaly at the
base; sterile shoots numerous, reduced to tufts of leaves, their culms not developed; leaves
with well-developed blades about 7 to a culm, the lower clustered, the upper widely separated,
the blades ascending, 5-10 em. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat with revolute margins, somewhat
channeled toward base, dull-green, firm, rough-hispidulous on both sides, attenuate; sterile-
culm blades 1-3 dm. long; sheaths very long, hispidulous dorsally, whitish-hyaline and brown-
ish-tinged ventrally, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, or occasionally
with one or two perigynia at base, sessile or very short-peduncled, slender, linear, 2—3.5 cm.
long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, the scales closely appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, slightly
ciliate, dull-reddish-brown with hyaline margins and lighter midvein; pistillate spikes 2 or 3,
slender, erect, more or less strongly separate, the uppermost nearly sessile, nearly equaling
the staminate spike, the lower peduncled, linear, 2-4 cm. long, 3-4.5 mm. wide, closely flowered
above, loosely at base, the perigynia 20-40, appressed-ascending, in few rows; bracts leaf-like,
the lowest with elongate hispidulous sheath 2-3 cm. long and blade nearly equaling the culm,
the upper with shorter blades and sheaths; scales ovate, short-cuspidate to obtuse, sharply
keeled, slightly ciliate, cinnamon-brown with green midrib and narrow hyaline margins, as
wide as and one half to three fourths the length of the perigynia; perigynia oblong-oblanceolate,
4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular or somewhat flattened-triangular, oblong-obovate,
glabrous below, minutely pubescent on angles toward apex, light-green, membranaceous,
puncticulate, lightly few-nerved, tapering at base and substipitate, abruptly contracted at
apex into a bidentate beak 0.5 mm. long, ciliate at mouth; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2.5 mm.
long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, closely enveloped, brown-
ish, granular, slenderly but conspicuously rather short-stipitate, abruptly conspicuously
apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas 3, slender, rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Mendocino County, California (Bolander 4701).

DistRiBuTION: Along streams in the coast ranges of Mendocino County, northwestern Cali-
fornia. (Specimens examined showing range as given.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. St. f. 756.

Nore: This plant has much the appearance of a hybrid between Carex gynodynama Olney and
Carex debiliformis Mackenzie.

335. Carex hirtissima W. Boott, in S. Wats. Bot. Calif.
2: 247. 1880.

Cespitose, from short stout rootstocks, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 3-6 dm. high,
strictly erect but slender, much exceeding the leaves, obscurely aphyllopodic, sharply triangu-
lar, sparingly pubescent, not roughened on angles, purplish-red-tinged at base; leaves with
well-developed blades 3-8 to a fertile culm, the lower clustered, the upper 1 or 2 much sepa-
rated, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat, 1-2 dm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, or those of the sterile
shoots up to 7 mm.; acuminate, thin, not stiff, loosely hirsute on both surfaces, the mid-lateral
nerves prominent above, the sheaths whitish ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule conspicu-
ous, wider than long; terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, from short- to long-peduncled,
not overtopped by the lateral spikes, linear, 1.5—2.5 cm. long, 4.5—6 mm. wide, the scales oblong-
obovate, obtuse or slightly mucronate, glabrous or very slightly pubescent, yellowish-brown-
tinged, with broad white margins and prominent midvein; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, the
upper more or less strongly separated, scarcely exsert-peduncled, the lower 1 or 2, if developed,
widely separate on peduncles exserted 7-15 em., oblong-cylindric, 1-2.5 em. long, 5 mm. wide,
with about 20-30 ascending perigynia in few rows, closely packed or a little attenuate at base;
bracts from much exceeded by to exceeding inflorescence, the lower leaf-like, sheathing, the
uppermost little exceeding its spike, its sheath obsolete or very nearly so; scales ovate or
obovate, cuspidate or mucronate, obscurely slightly pubescent, more or less yellowish-brown-
tinged, with green or straw-colored midrib and broad white-hyaline margins, as wide as but
shorter than perigynia; perigynia 3.5—4 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, the body obovoid, tapering
at base, 2.5-3 mm. long, triangular, loosely pubescent, puncticulate, light-green, membrana-
ceous, not at all inflated, 2-ribbed and obscurely nerved, sessile or nearly so, abruptly short-
beaked, the beak conic, 1 mm. long, very shallowly bidentate, hyaline above; achenes obovoid,

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 287

2.1 mm. long, 1.6 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, very closely enveloped, nearly
sessile, apiculate, jointed with the very short style not enlarged at base; stigmas 3, short,
dark-reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Probably from Bear Valley, Sierra Nevada, California.

DISTRIBUTION: Central part of the Sierra Nevada, California; also Mount Sanhedrin, Lake
County; rare and local. (Specimens examined from Summit Camp and Bear Valley, Kellogg, type,
and Hog Ranch, above Hetch-Hetchy, Tuolumne County, Congdon, June 9, 1897.)

ILLUSTRATION: Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pacif. States, f. 785.

336. Carex castanea Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Hand.
Z4;l50. I803;

Carex flexilis Rudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: 98. pl. 10. f. 1. 1804. (Type from Newfoundland.)

Carex blepharophora A. Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 3: 237. 1835. (Type from Bridgewater, Oneida
County, New York.)

Loxotrema castanea Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex castanea Wahl.)

Rather loosely cespitose, the rootstocks slender but tough. purplish, growing in rather
small clumps, the culms 4-9 dm. high, remotely leafy, slender, erect or often weak, much ex-
ceeding the leaves, mostly lateral and aphyllopodic, sparingly hairy, strongly purplish-tinged
at base, the basal sheaths loose; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves with well-developed
blades 3 or 4 to a fertile culm, on lower half, the blades usually 5-20 cm. long, about 2.5 mm.
wide, soft-hairy, flat, deep-green, those of the sterile shoots 2-4 dm. long and up to 5 mm. wide,
the sheaths tight, hairy, brownish-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, the ligule poorly developed;
staminate spike erect, not overtopped by the uppermost lateral spikes, slenderly long-peduncled,
linear, slender, 1.5—-3 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, short-awned to acute,
ciliate, yellowish-brown with green midrib and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes usually
2 or 3, approximate or more or less separate, drooping on very slender, glabrous or slightly
pubescent peduncles about their own length, oblong-cylindric, 8-25 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide,
frequently staminate at apex, closely 10—40-flowered in several rows, the perigynia ascending;
bracts very short-sheathing, the lowest leaflet-like, shorter than the culm, the upper much
reduced; scales ovate, awned, cuspidate, or acuminate, ciliate-denticulate above, thin, light-
chestnut-brown with green midrib and hyaline margins, about the width of but rather shorter
than the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide,
triangular, not at all or scarcely inflated, glabrous, membranaceous, greenish-straw-colored,
puncticulate, prominently 2-keeled and several-nerved, short-tapering at base and sessile,
longer-tapering to the slender, slightly hairy, obliquely cut, hyaline-tipped beak half the length
of the body, the apex shallowly bidentate, ciliate; achenes small, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, triangular with sides concave below and blunt angles, closely enveloped, yellowish-
brown, sessile, apiculate-tipped, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, blackish,
slender.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Hab. in America boreali, secundum herb. Cl. Torneri.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry thickets and on banks in calcareous regions, Newfoundland to Minnesota,
and southward to Connecticut, New York, and the Great Lakes region. (Specimens examined from
Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, New York,
Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: pl. 10, f. 1; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 754; ed. 2. f. 1020;
Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 510; Boott, Ill. Carex 32. pl. 80; Am. Jour. Sci. 30: pl. AA, f. 85.

Norte: A more glabrous state of this species has been supposed to be a hybrid with Carex arctata
Boott, which I think is incorrect. It has very much the same range as the species. (Specimens
examined from New Brunswick, Quebec, Maine, New York, Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota.) For
a summary of opinions concerning it, see Bill, Rhodora 32: 162. 1930. The synonymy of this
supposed hybrid is as follows:

Carex castanea var. Knieskernii (Dewey) Mackenzie.

Carex Knieskernit Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 2: 247. 1846. (Type from Rome, New York.)

Carex arctata X flexilis ,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 11: 328. pl. 11, f. A. 1886. (Based on C. Knieskernii
Dewey.)

Carex arctata X formosa I,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 104. 1886. (Based on C. Knieskernii
Dewey.)

Carex arctata X castanea L. H. Bailey, in A. Gray, Man. ed. 6. 603. 1890. (Based on C. Knieskernii
Dewey.) :

288 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

337. Carex assiniboinensis W. Boott, Bot. Gaz.9:91. 1884.

Cespitose, not stoloniferous, the rootstocks very short, stout, the clumps medium-sized,
the culms 3.5-7.5 dm. high, weak, slender, exceeding the leaves, mostly lateral and aphyllopo-
dic, somewhat compressed-triangular, smooth or somewhat roughened on the angles above,
strongly purple-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose; sterile
shoots elongate and very conspicuous; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades 3-5 to a
culm, regularly disposed on the lower third, the blades ascending, thin, green, glabrous, flat,
usually 1-2 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, roughened toward the long-attenuate apex; blades of
the sterile culms similar but longer, the sheaths long, tight, smooth, slightly yellowish-brown-
tinged, concave and short-ciliate at mouth, the ligule wider than long; terminal spike staminate,
erect, very long-peduncled, linear, 2-3 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide (with an attenuate prolonged
bract below its base usually subtending one perigynium), the scales oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate to acute, light-reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center and conspicuous hyaline mar-
gins; pistillate spikes about 3, very widely separated, on slender, erect or drooping, slightly
roughish peduncles 2—6 cm. long, the spikes linear, 5-30 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, very loosely
and alternately 1—8-flowered, the perigynia erect; bracts strongly sheathing, the lower leaf-like,
the upper somewhat reduced; scales lanceolate-ovate, and short-awned, cuspidate, or acumi-
nate, greenish-straw-colored with sharp green midrib and white-hyaline margins, narrower
and slightly shorter than mature perigynia; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 6 mm. long, 1.75
mm. wide, suborbicular-triangular in cross-section, not inflated, tuberculate-hispid, coriaceous,
pale-green or greenish-straw-colored, 2-ridged, otherwise obscurely many-nerved, round-
tapering at base and truncately short-stipitate, contracted into a very long slender beak 2.5
mim. long, strongly white-tipped and very oblique at the orifice; achenes short-oblong-obovoid,
2.5 mm. long, triangular with concave sides below and blunt angles, very closely enveloped,
sessile, strongly apiculate, jointed with the slender straight style; stigmas 3, dark-reddish-
brown, slender, very long.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Assiniboine Rapids, June 14, 1879; Macoun. Wake Manitoba, June 9, 1881,
Tere Woodlands, northern Wisconsin to Manitoba, and southward to Iowa and
South Dakota. A very well-marked species. (Specimens examined from northern Wisconsin,

Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 753; ed. 2. f. 1019; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 507.

338. Carex oblita Steud. Syn. Cyp. 231. 1855.

Carex venusta var. y Boott, Ill. Carex 51. 1858. (Type from New Orleans, Louisiana.)
Carex glabra Boott, Ill. Carex 93. pl. 275. 1860. (Type given as from Oneida County, New York.)
Carex venusta var. minor Bock. Linnaea 41: 255. 1877. (Based on C. oblita Steud.)
Carex venusta var. glabra I,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 105. 1886. (Based on C. glabra Boott.)
ee an var. oblita Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 597. 1909. (Based on C. oblita
Very densely cespitose, not at all stoloniferous, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 2.5—
6.5 dm. high, weakly ascending to erect, slender, exceeding the leaves, mostly lateral and
aphyllopodic, some central, obtusely triangular, somewhat roughened on the angles above,
strongly purplish-tinged at base, the basal sheaths loose, breaking and becoming filamentose;
sterile shoots conspicuous, elongate; culm-leaves usually 2 or 3, on lower third, the blades
ascending, rarely exceeding 15 cm. in length, 2-2.5 mm. wide, roughened toward the apex and
on the margins, flat, thin, deep-green, smooth, the blades of the sterile culms up to 6 mm. wide,
often 30 em. long; sheaths very long, tight, yellowish-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally,
hispidulous especially at mouth, concave at mouth, the ligule long; staminate spike solitary,
slender, very rough-peduncled, narrowly linear, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, often with
pistillate flowers at the middle or apex, the scales appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse or acute,
ciliate, reddish-brown-tinged with white-hyaline margins and green midrib, soon deciduous;
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, more or less strongly separate, the lower drooping, the upper drooping
to weakly erect, on very slender rough peduncles of about their own length, narrowly linear,
1-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, rather densely 10—30-flowered in few rows, the perigynia ascending

PAR? 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 289

and overlapping; bracts long-sheathing, usually exceeded by the culms, the lowest leaf-like,
the upper much reduced, the sheaths rough-hispidulous; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, short-ciliate, reddish-brown with 3-nerved green center and white-hyaline margins,
the central nerves rough-pubescent, much narrower than and one third to one half the length
of the perigynia, soon deciduous; perigynia narrowly oblong-obovoid, 5—7 mm. long, 2—2.25
mm. wide, suborbicular-triangular in cross-section, little inflated, glabrous, subcoriaceous,
firm, olive-green, puncticulate, red-dotted, prominently about 10-ribbed, round-tapering at
base and short-stipitate, tapering at apex into a short (0.5 mm. long), thickish, flattened,
shallowly bidentate beak, whitish at the orifice; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, in lower half of perigynium, granular, short-
stipitate or substipitate, slender, apiculate and jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas
3, slender, short, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: New Orleans, Louisiana (Drummond 434).

DISTRIBUTION: Moist sandy woods and thickets, acid soils, near the coast, Louisiana to Georgia,
and northward to Long Island, New York. Recorded from central New York, but apparently
erroneously. (Specimens examined from Long Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, District
of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 758; ed. 2. f. 1015; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 515; Rep.
N. J. Mus. 1910: 1. 25, f. 3; Boott, Ill. Carex 93. pl. BE

Nore: All specimens from central New York seen by me and so named have been Carex flexuosa
Muhl. It seems probable that Knieskern’s material, on which Carex glabra Boott was based, really
came from around Lakehurst (Manchester), New Jersey, where Knieskern lived for years, and
where the species occurs.

339. Carex venusta Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 26: 107.
BT, §./02. ‘1834.

Densely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 3-9 dm. high,
slender, exceeding the leaves, mostly lateral and aphyllopodic, sharply angled, smooth below,
roughened in the inflorescence, purplish-reddened at base, the basal sheaths loose; sterile
shoots conspicuous; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile
culm, widely separated, the blades ascending, flat, thin, light-green, usually 1—-2.5 dm. long,
3-4.5 mm. wide, or 5-8 mm. on the sterile shoots, scabrous on the margins and on the upper
surface and toward apex; sheaths very long, scabrous, puberulent at mouth, light-yellowish-
brown-tinged ventrally, deeply concave at mouth, the ligule long, short-pubescent; terminal
spike staminate, occasionally with some perigynia at the apex, slender-peduncled, elongate,
linear, 2.5-5 cm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, the peduncle very rough, the scales appressed, oblong-
oblanceolate, obtuse, hyaline and usually more or less strongly light-reddish-brown-tinged and
purplish-red-dotted, with roughish green midvein; pistillate spikes usually 3 or 4, the upper
approximate, erect, short-exsert-peduncled, the lower distant and drooping, on long slender
rough peduncles, slender, linear, 3-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, rather loosely flowered, con-
taining 10-25 appressed-ascending perigynia in few rows; bracts leaf-like, reduced upward,
the sheaths 1-3 cm. long, hispidulous, the blades generally shorter than the culms; scales ovate
or oblong-ovate, obtuse to mucronate, somewhat ciliate, hyaline and reddish-brown-tinged,
with 3-nerved green center, narrower than and from one third to one half the length of the
perigynia, soon deciduous; perigynia lanceolate, 6-7.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, somewhat
flattened-triangular, scarcely inflated, scabrous, short-pubescent, submembranaceous but firm,
pale-green, puncticulate, red-dotted, strongly several-nerved, tapering at base, stipitate,
tapering or somewhat contracted at apex into a short, slender, conic beak 0.5 mm. long, with
hyaline, obliquely cut, ciliate orifice; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular
with concave sides and blunt angles, in lower half of perigynia, yellowish, granular, slender-
stipitate, slender-apiculate and jointed withthe straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender,
blackish.

TYPE Locality: ‘‘S. Car. to Florida.”

DISTRIBUTION: Pine-barren swamps, North Carolina to Florida. (Specimens examined from

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida.)
ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 26: pl. T, f. 62; Boott, Ill. Carex 51. pl. 134.

290 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

340. Carex debilis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 172. 1803.

Carex debilis var. y Boott, Ill. Carex 92. 1860. (Type from southern United States.)
masta var. prolixa L,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 105. 1886. (Based on C. debilis var. 7

Cespitose, not stoloniferous, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized or large,
the culms 2.5-12 dm. high, slender but erect, exceeding the leaves, lateral and aphyllopodic
or central and phyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth or but slightly roughened on angles
above, reddish-purple at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming somewhat filamentose;
sterile shoots aphyllopodic, conspicuous, mostly elongate; leaves with well-developed blades
2-4 to a fertile culm, not bunched, the blades flat, not stiff, pale-green, 7-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide, or up to 4.5 dm. long on the sterile shoots, long-acuminate, much roughened toward the
apex, the sheaths thin, yellowish-brown-tinged and reddish-dotted ventrally, smooth or puber-
ulent dorsally, concave at mouth, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, more
or less strongly peduncled, very narrowly linear, 1.5—5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide, rarely with a few
perigynia, the scales loose, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, white with a
rough 3-nerved green center; pistillate spikes 2-4, not approximate, or the upper slightly so,
drooping or weakly erect on rough slender peduncles from much shorter than to 3 times the
length of the spikes; the spikes narrowly linear, 2.5-6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, with 8-25
appressed-ascending perigynia overlapping in few rows, or often loosely flowered at base, the
rhachis flexuose, terminating in an empty scale or scales; lower bracts leaflet-like, the upper
reduced but exceeding inflorescence, the sheaths 1-4 cm. long, smooth; scales ovate or oblong-
ovate, obtuse, slightly narrower than and from one third to one half the length of the peri-
gynia, more or less ciliate, rounded on back, very thin, white-hyaline with green, 3-nerved,
roughish center not extending to tip, not or but scarcely brownish-tinged, closely appressed,
mostly disarticulating and falling before perigynia; perigynia subulate-lanceolate, 6-10 mm.
long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, obscurely triangular in cross-section, but little inflated, glabrous, mem-
branaceous, light-green or greenish-straw-colored at maturity, strongly 2-keeled and slenderly
several-nerved, tapering at base, sessile or substipitate, tapering at apex into a slender, some-
what tumid, very conspicuously white-hyaline-tipped beak 1.5—2 mm. long, the tip somewhat
enlarged, more or less bidentate, very oblique at orifice; achenes triangular, with sides concave
below and thickened angles, in lower half of perigynium, oblong-ovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, punctate, very strongly, conspicuously, and slenderly stipitate, slender-apiculate,
jointed with the flexuose slender style; stigmas 3, slender, brownish-black.

TYPE LOCALITY: None given, but his specimens are labeled ‘‘ Basse Carolina?’”’ (lL. H. Bailey,
Mem. Torrey Club 1: 34).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods and copses, in acid soils, Florida to Texas, and northward, mostly
near the coast, to Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard), and in the interior to Indiana. (Specimens
examined from Massachusetts (Martha’s Vineyard), New York (Long Island), New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina,
Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f 1016; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 513; Boott, Il.
Carex 92. pl. 274.

Nore: The sheet containing Michaux’s material also has on it Carex blanda Dewey and Carex

prasina Wahl., but the description was drawn from the species here described (see L. H. Bailey,
Mem. Torrey Club 1: 34).

341. Carex flexuosa Muhl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 297. 1805.

Carex tenuis Rudge, Trans. Linn. oe 7:97. pl. 9,f.2. 1804. (Type from Long Island, New York.)
Not C. tenuis J. F. Gmel. 179

“Carex debilis Michx.”’ Boott, Ill. ae 92. pl. 272. 1860.

Carex debilis var. 8 Boott, Ill. ‘Carex 93. pl. 273. 1860. (Type from Penn Yan, New York.)

Carex debilis var. Rudgei L.. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:34. 1889. (Based on C. tenuis Rudge.)

Carex debilis var. strictior 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1: 34. 1889. (Type from White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire.)

Carex aan var. interjecta L,. H. Bailey, Bull. Torrey Club 20:418. 1893. (Based on C. debilis var. B
Boott.

Carex tenuis var. interjecta Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 320. 1896. (Based on C. debilis var.
interjecta Bailey.)

Carex tenuis var. erectioy Britton; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 321. 1896. (New name for C. debilis
var. strictior Bailey, not C. strictior Dewey, 1846.)

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 291

Cespitose, not stoloniferous, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized or large,
the culms 2-10 dm. high, slender but erect, exceeding the leaves, mostly lateral and aphyllo-
podic, a few central and phyllopodic, sharply triangular, somewhat roughened on the angles
above, reddish-purple at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming somewhat filamentose;
sterile shoots conspicuous, phyllopodic or nearly so, mostly elongate; culm-leaves usually 2 or
3 and with the bracts evenly distributed, not bunched, their blades flat, deep-green, not stiff,
ascending, 7-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, roughened on the margins and toward the apex,
long-acuminate, the blades of the shoots up to 4.5 dm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide; sheaths thin,
yellowish-brown-tinged and reddish-dotted ventrally, glabrous, concave at mouth, the ligule
longer than wide; staminate spike solitary, slender-peduncled, narrowly linear, 1.5-5 cm.
long, 1 mm. wide, often with some perigynia at the summit, the scales loosely appressed,
oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, whitish-straw-colored and more or less yellowish-brown-
tinged, with green, 3-nerved, little roughened or nearly smooth center; pistillate spikes usually
3 or 4, not approximate except the uppermost, on slender rough peduncles, from twice the
length of to shorter than the spikes, the spikes nodding to weakly erect, elongate, narrowly
linear, 2-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, 12—25-flowered, the perigynia ascending, overlapping above,
loosely flowered at base or sometimes throughout, the rachis flexuose, terminating in an
empty scale; bracts usually exceeding the culms, the lowest leaf-like, with sheaths 1-4 cm.
long, smooth, the upper much reduced; scales obovate, oblong-obovate, or ovate, obtuse to
short-acuminate, narrower than and from one third to three fourths the length of the perigynia,
more or less ciliate, greenish-white with green, 3-nerved, smooth or little roughened center,
and more or less strongly reddish-brown-tinged, the midvein very prominent, not reaching top,
sharply keeled, the scales at top not closely appressed, mostly deciduous with or after the
perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 4.5-7 mm. long, 1.75-2.25 mm. wide, triangular in cross-
section, little inflated, glabrous but obscurely or slightly roughened on angles, membranaceous,
deep-green, 2-ridged and slenderly several-nerved, round-tapering at base and truncately sub-
stipitate, contracted at apex into a yellowish-brown-tinged, rough, obliquely strongly biden-
tate, stoutish beak, the tip not enlarged, about 1 mm. long, ciliate and white-hyaline between
the teeth; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular with sides concave below and
thickened angles, in lower half of perigynium, slenderly stipitate, slenderly apiculate, jointed
with the flexuose slender style; stigmas 3, slender, short, brownish-black.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Pensylvania.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods, acid soils, Newfoundland to Wisconsin, and southward to Virginia
and Missouri, and in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. (Specimens examined from
Newfoundland, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Michi-
gan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trans. Linn. Soc. 7: pl. 9, f. 2; Knobel, Grasses pl. 27, f. 36; Kunze, Suppl.
Riedgr. pl. 8, f. g (as C. gracillima Schw.); Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 757; ed. 2. f. 1017; Rob. & Fern.

Man. f. 514; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ddd and Aaaa, f. 124; Boott, Ill. Carex 92. pl. 272, 273; Engler,
Pflanzenreich 42°: 596. f. 101, A—D (as C. debilis Michx.).

342. Carex allegheniensis Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Carex venusia var. 8B Boott, Ill. Carex 51. 1858. (Type from North Carolina.)
Carex debilis var. pubera A. Gray, Man. ed. 5.593. 1867.

Cespitose, not stoloniferous, the rootstock very short, the clumps medium-sized or large,
the culms 2.5-6 dm. high, slender but erect, exceeding the leaves, lateral and aphyllopodic or
central and phyllopodic, sharply triangular, smooth or but slightly roughened on the angles
above, reddish-purple at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming somewhat filamentose;
sterile shoots aphyllopodic, conspicuous, mostly elongate; leaves with well-developed blades
2-4 to a fertile culm, not bunched, the blades flat, not stiff, pale-green, very sparingly hirsute
on upper surface at base, 7-30 cm. long or even longer on the sterile shoots, 2-3 mm. wide,
long-acuminate, much roughened toward the apex, the sheaths thin, yellowish-brown-tinged
and reddish-dotted ventrally, smooth dorsally, concave at mouth, the ligule longer than wide;
terminal spike staminate, more or less strongly peduncled, very narrowly linear, 1.5—3 cm.

292 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

long, 1 mm. wide, the scales loose, oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, ciliate, white-hyaline with
conspicuously roughened, sharply defined, green midrib extending to the acute or acuminate
tip; pistillate spikes 2-4, not approximate or the upper slightly so, drooping or weakly erect on
rough slender peduncles from much shorter than to 3 times the length of the spikes, the spikes
narrowly linear, 2.5—5 em. long, 3-4 mm. wide, with 8-20 appressed-ascending perigynia over-
lapping in few rows, or often loosely flowered at base, the rachis flexuose, terminating in empty
scales; lower bracts leaflet-like, the upper reduced, but usually exceeding inflorescence, the
sheaths 1-4 em. long, smooth; scales oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, slightly narrower than
and from one third to one half the length of the perigynia, sharply keeled, cuspidate or awned,
more or less ciliate, little or not at all brownish-tinged, white-hyaline with roughish green
midvein extending to tip, somewhat persistent after fall of perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 5—7
mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, obscurely triangular in cross-section, but little inflated, hirsutulous,
membranaceous, light-green, or greenish-straw-colored at maturity, 2-keeled and slenderly
several-nerved, tapering at base, short-stipitate, tapering at apex into a slender, unequally
cleft, sharply bidentate beak 1 mm. long, the teeth ciliate; achenes elliptic or oblong-ovoid,
1.75-2 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, in lower half of perigynium, triangular with sides concave
below and thickened angles, punctate, yellowish, sessile or substipitate, strongly slenderly
apiculate, jointed with the nearly straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, rather long, reddish-

brown.

TYpPR Locality (of C. debilis var. pubera Gray, on which C. allegheniensis is based): ‘‘ Bear
Meadows, Centre County, Penn., Prof. Porter.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woodlands, mostly in the mountains, Pennsylvania to North Carolina.
(Specimens examined from Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina.)

343. Carex arctata Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 227. 1839.

“Carex sylvatica Huds.’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 10: 40. 1825.
Cees var. Faxoni L.. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 87. 1888. (Type from Lisbon, New Hamp-
Densely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 3-9 dm. high,
slender, erect, noticeably exceeding the leaves, mostly lateral and aphyllopodic with the basal
sheaths breaking and becoming filamentose, some central and phyllopodic, obtusely triangular,
smooth, except in inflorescence, strongly purple-tinged at base; sterile shoots conspicuous;
leaves of the lateral fertile culms usually 2 or 3 and with the bracts evenly distributed, the
blades ascending, usually less than 15 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, puncticulate, flat, thin,
deep-green, soft, short-acuminate, roughened on the margins and toward the apex, those of
the sterile shoots often 2-3 dm. long and 5-10 mm. wide; sheaths minutely roughened, yellow-
ish-brown-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule poorly developed,
short-pubescent; staminate spike solitary, short-peduncled, narrowly linear, 1.5—4 cm. long,
1.5 mm. wide, the scales appressed, oblong-ovate, acute to obtuse, white-hyaline with broad
green center; pistillate spikes 3-5, the upper approximate, the lower more or less strongly
separate on very slender rough peduncles, the lower often several times the length of the spike,
the upper shorter, the spikes nodding to weakly erect, elongate-linear, 2.5—-8 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
wide, loosely 15-45-flowered in few rows, the perigynia ascending; bracts long-sheathing,
usually exceeded by the culms, the lowest leaf-like, the upper much reduced, the sheaths
smooth; scales ovate, strongly cuspidate or awned, greenish-white with green center, ciliolate,
thin, the lower from two thirds as long as to exceeding but narrower than the perigynia, soon
deciduous; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate or ovoid, 3-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular in
cross-section, not inflated, deep-green, membranaceous, puncticulate, smooth, prominently
2-ribbed and slenderly several-nerved, round-tapering at base and strongly stipitate, somewhat
abruptly narrowed at apex into a short (0.75 mm. long) bidentate beak, hyaline above and
ciliate between the teeth; achenes oblong-elliptic, 2.25 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular
with sides concave below and blunt angles, in lower two thirds of perigynia, closely enveloped,
yellowish-brown, granular, truncately substipitate, apiculate-tipped, jointed with the straight
slender style; stigmas 3, rather short, blackish, slender.

‘TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Hab. Canada. Goldie. Todd. Torrey.”

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 293

DISTRIBUTION: Dry woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Minnesota, and southward to Penn-
sylvania and Ohio. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec, Prince Edward Island,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut
(Litchfield County), New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 756; ed. 2. f. 1018; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 512; Boott,
Ill. Carex 51. pl. 135.

344, Carex debiliformis Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club
Sis 244. 1910:

Carex cinnamomea Olney; A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8:396. 1872. (Type from Mendocino County,

California.) Not C. cinnamomea Boott, 1846.
““Carex mendocinensis Olney’’ Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 63, in part. 1922.

Clumps medium-sized, not stoloniferous, the rootstocks somewhat elongate, the culms
5-8 dm. high, very slender, nodding, much exceeding the leaves, aphyllopodic, obtusely trian-
gular, smooth below the spikes, brownish-red at base; sterile shoots numerous, elongate, their
culms well-developed; leaves with well-developed blades usually 3 or 4 to a fertile culm,
widely separated, the blades erect, usually 5-12 cm. long, 1.75—2.5 mm. wide, flat toward apex,
channeled toward base, the margins revolute, very sparsely hispidulous, pubescent near the
base, deep-green, thin, roughened especially on the margins and toward the apex; sterile-culm
leaves long-attenuate, much longer (1.5-3.5 dm. long); sheaths very long, very sparsely his-
pidulous dorsally, whitish-hyaline and brownish-tinged ventrally, the ligule longer than wide;
terminal spike staminate, or occasionally with one or two perigynia at base or little separate,
long-peduncled, slender, linear, 1.5—-3.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales closely appressed,
oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, cinnamon-brown with broad white-hyaline margins and
lighter midvein; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the lower at least strongly separate, the upper more or
less so, the uppermost erect, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, the lower weakly erect, slender-
peduncled, slender, linear, 1.5—5 cm. long, 3.5—4.5 mm. wide, closely flowered above, loosely at
base, the perigynia 20-50, appressed-ascending in few rows; bracts leaflet-like, the lowest with
elongate smooth sheath 2—3 cm. long, and blade exceeding the spike, the upper with shorter
blades and sheaths; scales ovate, sharply keeled, obtuse to cuspidate, minutely ciliate, some-
times sparingly appressed-pubescent, cinnamon-brown with lighter midvein and hyaline
margins, one half to three fourths the length of and nearly as wide below as the perigynia;
perigynia oblong-oblanceolate, 3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular or somewhat flattened-
triangular, glabrous, light-green, membranaceous, puncticulate, obscurely few-nerved, tapering
at base and substipitate, abruptly contracted at apex into a hyaline bidentate beak 0.5 mm.
long, short-ciliate at mouth, and sometimes sparingly appressed-pubescent above; achenes
oblong-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles,
closely enveloped, brownish, granular, slenderly but conspicuously rather short-stipitate,
abruptly conspicuously apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas 3, slender,
rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY (of C. cinnamomea Olney, on which C. debiliformis is based): Mendocino County,
California (Bolander 6477).

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy places, southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. (Specimens

examined from southwestern Oregon; northwestern California.) ‘ j
ILLUSTRATIONS: Erythea 8: 63. f. 33; Jepson, Man. FI. Pl. Calif. f. 191 (both as C. mendocinensis).

345. Carex sylvatica Huds. Fl. Angl. 353. 1762.

Carex patula Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2.2: 226. 1772. (Type from Carniola.)

“Carex capillaris L.’’ Leers, Fl. Herborn. 202. pl. 15, f.2. 1775. (From western Germany.)

Carex Drymeia Lf. Suppl. 414. 1781. (Typefrom Germany.) _

Carex emarcida Suter, Fl. Helv. 2: 263. 1802. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex psilostachya Kit.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 289. 1805. (Type from Croatia.) :

Trasus sylvaticus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:65. 1821. (Based on Carex sylvatica Huds.)
Edritria sylvatica Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex sylvatica Huds.)

Carex laxula Tineo; Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. 2: 573. 1844. (Type from Sicily.) 7

Carex sylvatica var. Tommasinii Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8:19. 1846. (Type from Istria.)

Carex sylvatica f. pumila Fiek; Uechtr. Jahresb. Schles. Ges. 57: 332. 1880. (Type from Germany.)
Carex sylvatica f. gracilis Celak. Sitz.-ber. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. 1887: 1888. (Type from Bohemia.)
Carex pallescens X sylvatica Murr, Osterr. Bot. Zeits. 38: 239. 1888. (Type from central Europe.)

294 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

Carex sylvatica f. latifolia Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 7:31. 1901. (Type from Caucasus.)
Carex sylvatica var. brigantina Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2?: 184. 1903. (Type from
Bregenz, Tyrolia.)
Beene f. laxula Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 607. 1909. (Based on C. laxula
Cespitose, from short, tough, rather stout rootstocks, the culms 2.5—8 dm. high, erect or
becoming decumbent, slender, remotely leafy on lower half, obtusely triangular, smooth,
brownish-tinged and somewhat fibrillose at base, the lower sheaths loose; leaves with well-
developed blades 3-5 to a fertile culm, flat, thin, deep-green, asperulous above, usually 1-2 dm.
long, 2.5-8 mm. wide, those of the sterile shoots 2-3 dm. long, short-acuminate, the sheaths
red-dotted and more or less strongly yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally especially at the deeply
concave mouth, the ligule longer than wide; staminate spike strongly rough-peduncled, linear,
1.5—4 em. long, 2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, short-cuspidate to obtuse, greenish-
white and often yellowish-brown-tinged, with 3-nerved green center; pistillate spikes 3 or 4,
linear, 2-5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, the lower widely separate, nodding on very long rough
capillary peduncles, the uppermost shorter-peduncled and more erect and usually approximate
to the staminate spike, closely (or loosely at base) 15—40-flowered in several rows with ascending
perigynia; bracts strongly sheathing, leaflet-like, shorter than culms, the upper much reduced;
scales oblong-ovate, thin, awned to acute, greenish-white and yellowish-brown-tinged, with
sharp 3-nerved green center, scabrous toward the tip, narrower and shorter than the perigynia;
perigynia 5-6 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, the body elliptic-obovoid, triangular, not inflated,
slightly asperulous or smooth, green, membranaceous, puncticulate, becoming greenish-straw-
colored, or in age dark-brown, 2-keeled, otherwise nerveless, tapering at base and truncately
stipitate, abruptly contracted into a slender, hyaline-tipped, bidentate beak nearly as long as
the body, the orifice ciliate; achenes oblong-obovoid, 2.25 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, triangular
with sides concave below and blunt angles, closely enveloped, yellowish-brown, granular,
sessile or nearly so, apiculate-tipped, jointed with the straight slender style slightly enlarged at
base, stigmas three, slender, long, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in sylvis humidis,’’ England.

DISTRIBUTION: Locally established in woodlands at Roslyn and Hempstead, Long Island, New
York. Widely distributed in Europe, extending into northern Africa and western Asia. (Specimens
examined from Roslyn and Hempstead, Long Island).

ILLUSTRATIONS: Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 242, f. 603; Leers, Fl. Herborn. pl. 15, f. 2 (as
C. capillaris); Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 8, f. 100; Engl. Bot. pl. 995; ed. 2. pl. 1665; Benth. Handb. Brit.
Fl. ed. 2. f. 1133; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3896; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 84; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 5/, f.
5; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 446; Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2. pl. 59, No. 1160 (poor); Thomé, FI. Deuts. fl. 93,
f. C.; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. Ll, f. 101.,

346. Carex conspecta Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Cespitose, the rootstock short and stout, the culms slender above and nodding, 4-6 mm.
thick at base, 6-12 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, triangular with flat sides and
smooth angles, dull-purplish-brown-tinged at base, the lower sheaths breaking and sparingly
filamentose; leaves with well-developed blades 5-8 to a fertile culm, on lower fourth, not
clustered, not septate-nodulose, the blades not pubescent, dull-green, thick, many-nerved,
stiff, channeled above, flat toward the base, slightly keeled, the margins strongly revolute,
usually 2-4 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened toward the apex, the sheaths
rounded and roughened between the ridges dorsally, thin-hyaline and cinnamon-brown-
dotted ventrally, the ligule longer than wide; terminal spike staminate, short-peduncled,
linear, 4 cm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, emarginate, erose, mucronate, dull-
brownish-red, with lighter midvein and narrow hyaline margins; lateral spikes 6, the upper 2
staminate, erect, short-peduncled, the lower 4 androgynous, the staminate part one fifth to
one fourth of the whole, widely separate, drooping on very slender, slightly roughened pe-
duncles 1-2 times the length of the spikes, the spikes linear, 2-3 em. long, 5 mm. wide (the
lower sometimes slightly compound), closely flowered except at very base, the perigynia 20—50,
ascending or spreading at maturity in several to many rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, long-
sheathing, shorter than the culm, the upper somewhat reduced; scales closely appressed, ovate,
wider but somewhat shorter than the perigynia, rounded on back, mucronate, reddish-brown

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 295

with lighter midvein and whitish-hyaline erose margins; perigynia small, oval-obovoid, 2.25

mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. wide, triangular in cross-section, slightly compressed, glabrous, mem-
branaceous, straw-colored, purple-dotted, puncticulate, 2-ribbed and finely several-nerved,
tapering at base, substipitate, abruptly beaked, the beak 0.5 mm. long, shallowly bidentate;
achenes oval-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, not con-
stricted in middle, closely enveloped, filling perigynium-body, brownish, sessile, subapiculate,
jointed, with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown, rather long.

Cespitosa e rhizomate brevi; culmi nutantes triangulares folia excedentes; folia in quoque
culmo fertili 5—8, valde revoluta, longe attenuata, apicem versus asperata; spica terminalis
mascula linearis brevipedunculata squamis oblongo-obovatis erosis mucronatis; spicae laterales
6, 2 superiores masculae erectae brevipedunculatae, 4 inferiores androgynae nutantes lineares,
pedunculis gracillimis; perigynia 20-50 ovali-obovoidea 2-costata tenuiter nervata membrana-
cea glabra abrupte brevirostrata.

Type collected ‘‘ Entre les haciendas Santa Barbara et Cristo sur |’Alseseca, alt. 2150 m. Vicin-

ity of Puebla, State of Puebla,’ Bro. G. Arséne 1359, Aug. 1, 1907. (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 1032323.)
DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality. (Specimens examined from Puebla.)

48. Capillares Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 153. 1902; Kiikenth. in Engler,
Pflanzenreich 429: 588. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 134. 1917. By Tuckerman
(Enum. Caric. 12. 1843) referred to the SYLVATICAE Boott; by Carey (in A. Gray, Man. 558.
1848) and by L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 103. 1886) referred to the FLExmLES Tuckerm.;
by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 462. 1903) referred to the HyMENOCHLAENAE Drejer.

Culms phyllopodic, light-brown or purplish-brown and leafy at base, tufted, very slender;
leaf-blades narrow; terminal spike staminate, few—several-flowered; lateral spikes 2—4, linear,
drooping on long capillary peduncles, the flowers few, in few rows; bracts green-sheathing, the
blades developed; perigynia appressed, ovoid to lanceolate, triangular, closely enveloping the
achene, contracted or tapering into a conic beak, hyaline, oblique, and entire or nearly so at
orifice; achenes triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, short-apiculate, jointed with
the straight slender style; stigmas 3.

A group of a few species, widely distributed in the colder and mountainous parts of Eurasia
and North America.

Leaf-blades flat or slightly channeled, usually 0.75-2.5 mm. wide; perigynium

contracted into a beak 1 mm. long, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless; stam-

inate spike several-flowered, 4-8 mm. long. 347. C. capillaris.
Leaf-blades strongly canaliculate, 0.25—0.75 mm. wide; perigynium tapering

or little contracted into the beak, 2-ribbed and slenderly few-nerved; stam-

inate spike few-flowered, 2-6 mm. long. 348. C. Williamsit.

347. Carex capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 977. 1753.

Carex pendula Genersich, Fl. Scep. Elench. no. 871. 1798. (Type from Hungary.)

Carex plena Clairv. Man. 292. 1811. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex chlorostachys Steven, Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 4: 68. 1813. (Type from Siberia.)

Trasus capillaris S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 66. 1821. (Based on Carex capillaris L.)

Loxotrema capillaris Raf. Good Book 25. 1840. (Based on Carex capillaris L.)

Carex capillaris var. « (tenuior) Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3:471. 1841. (Type from Iceland.)

Carex capillaris var. 8 (major) Drejer, Nat. Tidssk. 3:472. 1841. (Type from Greenland.)

Carex nana Cham.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 228. 1855. (Type from Unalaska.) Not C. nana Lam. 1789.

Carex saskatschewana Bock. Linnaea 41:159. 1877. (Type from Saskatchewan.)

Carex Krausei Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 279. 1886. (Type from Alaska.)

Carex capillaris var. Krausei Krantz; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 4: 163. 1888. (Based on C. Krauset
Bock.)

Carex capillaris var. minima G. Beck, Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. 144. 1890. (Type from central Europe.)

Carex capillaris subsp. Karoi Freyn, Osterr. Bot. Zeits. 40: 303. 1890. (Type from eastern Siberia.)

Carex capillaris f. alpestris Norman, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 27: 52, without description. 1893.
(Type from Norway.) ‘ My

Carex Chamissonis Meinsh. Acta Hort. Petrop. 18: 361. 1901. Not C. Chamissoi Bock. 1877.

Carex capillaris var. elongata Olney, Caric.-Bor. Am. 5, without description. 1871; Fernald, Proc.
Am. Acad. 37: 509. 1902. (Type from Twin Lakes, Colorado.) Z :

Carex capillaris f. saskatchewana ‘‘1,. H. Bailey” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 590. 1909.
(Based on C. saskatchewana Bock.)

Carex capillaris f. major ‘‘ Drejer” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 590. 1909. (Based on
C. capillaris var. (major) Drejer.)

296 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Carex capillaris f£. minima ‘‘Beck”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 590. 1909. (Based on

C. capillaris var. minima Beck.)

Carex capillaris var. nana Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 591. 1909. (Based on C. nana
ham.)
Carex capillaris var. nana f. Krausei Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 591. 1909. (Based on

C. Krausei Bock.)

Cespitose in small dense clumps, the rootstocks short, the stolons very short, ascending,
the culms 0.3-6 dm. high, erect or decumbent, normally very slender, occasionally stiff, usually
much exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth, brownish-tinged or
purplish-brown-tinged and more or less fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous
year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades usually 5-8 to a fertile culm, clustered
toward the base, the blades flat or slightly channeled toward the base, deep-green or light-
green, thin, firm, 2—9 cm. long, usually 0.75—2.5 mm. wide, roughened at apex, the sheaths
tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spikes staminate (sometimes gynae-
candrous), very slender, 4-8 mm. long, barely 1 mm. wide, several-flowered, usually overtopped
by the uppermost pistillate spike, the peduncle slender, short, roughish, the scales oblong-
obovate to lanceolate, acute or obtuse, yellowish-straw-colored with greenish midrib and white-
hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, on very slender, nearly smooth, elongate, drooping
peduncles, approximate to widely separate, linear-oblong, 5-15 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, con-
taining 3-20 ascending perigynia, loosely arranged in few rows; bracts long-sheathing, tubular,
the sheaths green, the blades leaflet-like, rather short, usually strongly exceeded by culm;
scales closely appressed, orbicular-ovate, obtuse or acute, rather wider but much shorter than
the perigynia, thin, smooth, early-deciduous, light-chestnut, with lighter midrib and con-
spicuous white-hyaline apex and less conspicuous margins; perigynia ovoid-lanceolate, 2.5—3
mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, obtusely triangular in cross-section, slightly inflated, slightly ciliate,
serrulate, membranaceous, greenish-brown, 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless, rounded at base and
strongly stipitate, contracted into a minutely white-hyaline-tipped, conic, entire or nearly so,
straight beak 1 mm. long, with oblique orifice; achenes obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide,
triangular with brownish concave sides and blunt greenish angles, closely filling body of peri-
gynium, granular, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the short slender style; stigmas
3, slender, brownish, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Sueciae pratis humidis.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Dry sunny places in calcareous districts, Greenland to Alaska, and southward
to Maine, the White Mountains of New Hampshire, northern New York, Michigan, and in the
Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Nevada. Widely distributed in arctic-alpine Eurasia. (Spec-
imens examined from Greenland, Ellesmereland, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick,
Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
Alberta, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, British Columbia, Yu-
kon, Mackenzie.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown Ill. Fl. f. 755; ed. 2. f. 1021; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 511; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. O, f. 56; Fl. Dan. pl. 2374; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 157. f. 130; Clements, Rocky Mt. FI.
pl. 45, f. 16; Sturm, Deuts. FI. 53: pl. 14; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: pl. 241, f. 600; Ostenf. Fl. Arct.
1: 91. f. 69; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 77; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 62; Engl. Bot. pl. 2069;

ed. 2. pl. 1662; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3880; Benth. Handb. Brit. FI. ed. 2. f. 1130; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur.
pl. 52, f.7; Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2. pl. 59, no. 1152; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 439.

348. Carex Williamsii Britton; Britton & Rydb.
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2.159.) 190

Cespitose in small or medium-sized clumps, from slender elongate rootstocks, the culms
3-30 em. high, very slender, more or less strongly exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, erect, ob-
tusely triangular, smooth, purplish-red-tinged and sometimes fibrillose at base, the dried-up
leaves of the previous year conspicuous; leaves with well-developed blades 5-10 to a fertile
culm, clustered near the base, the blades light-green, thin, strongly canaliculate, usually 2-8
cm. long, 0.25—0.75 mm. wide, minutely short-serrulate on margins toward the base, the
sheaths tight, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate, short-
peduncled, few-flowered, 2-6 mm. long, 0.5—-1 mm. wide, overtopped or nearly equaled by the
uppermost pistillate spike, the peduncle slender, short, roughish, the scales broadly obovate,
very obtuse or short-mucronate, light-brown with lighter center and white-hyaline apex;

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 297

pistillate spikes 3-5, the 2 upper from the same sheath and approximate, the others more or
less strongly separate, erect or drooping on slender, nearly smooth peduncles from much shorter
than to exceeding the spikes, the spikes linear, 4-10 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide. containing 3—9
ascending perigynia, loosely arranged in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-like, strongly tubular-
sheathing, the blade shorter than inflorescence, the upper bracts much reduced; scales closely
appressed, broadly obovate, very obtuse, thin, smooth, early-deciduous, light- or yellowish-
brownish with white-hyaline apex and often lighter midrib, as wide as but only half the length
of the perigynia; perigynia lanceolate, 2.5—3.5 mm. long, 0.75-1 mm. wide, obscurely triangular
in cross-section, slightly inflated, smooth, membranaceous, greenish, puncticulate, 2-ribbed
and slenderly few-nerved, tapering at base and stipitate, tapering or little contracted at apex
into a smooth beak 1 mm. long, the orifice somewhat hyaline, oblique; achenes obovoid, 1.5
mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides and blunt angles, closely enveloped in
lower part of perigynium, substipitate, short-apiculate, jointed with the short slender style;
stigmas 3, slender, brownish, short.
TYPE LOCALITY: Dawson, Yukon Territory (Williams).

DISTRIBUTION: Dry sunny places, in calcareous districts, Hudson Bay to Upper Yukon Valley.
(Specimens examined from Yukon, Manitoba.)

49. Longirostres Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 604, mostly. 1909; Mackenzie,
in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 134. 1917. FLEexILes Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13, in part. 1843;
L. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 103, in part. 1886. By L. H. Bailey (Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
102. 1886) referred to the SyLvaTIcaE Boott, in part; and by Holm (Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16:
463. 1903) to the HyYMENOCHLAENAE Drejer.

Culms phyllopodic, tufted, leafy toward the base; foliage not pubescent; blades flat, or
channeled near the base; terminal spike staminate; lateral spikes 2—6, oblong-cylindric, pedun-
cled, many-flowered in several rows; bracts green-sheathing, the sheaths short or long, the
blades developed; perigynia appressed-ascending to spreading-ascending, globose-triangular
or orbicular in cross-section, somewhat infiated, membranaceous, 2-keeled and nerved or
nerveless (except at base), prominently beaked, the beak bidentate, the teeth weak, scarious;
achenes triangular, the sides concave below, apiculate, the apiculation usually very abruptly
bent, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, long, slender.

Two species in the temperate parts of eastern North America, east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and one in eastern Asia.

Perigynia several-nerved, the beak much shorter than the body; culms not

fibrillose at base. 349. C. cherokeensis.
Perigynia 2-ribbed (lateral), otherwise nerveless except near base, the beak
as long as or longer than the body; culms strongly fibrillose at base. 350. C. Sprengelii.

349. Carex cherokeensis Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1:71. 1824.

Carex recurva Muhl. Descr. Gram. 262. 1817. (Type from ‘‘Cherokee.”’) Not C. recurva Huds.
78; nor C. recurva Schkuhr, 1801.

Edritria recurva Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex recurva Muhl.)

Carex Christyana Boott, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.5:114. 1845. (Type from Texas.)

Carex baazasana Steud. Syn. Cyp. 236. 1855. (Type from Rio Brazos, Texas.)

Carex brazasana Steud.; Bock. Flora 39: 321. 1856. (Correction in spelling only.)

Cespitose, the rootstocks stout, tough, elongate, ascending, blackish, covered with the
persistent leaf-bases, the culms 3-6 dm. high, slender but erect, exceeding the leaves, strongly
phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth, except in the inflorescence, strongly darkened but
not fibrillose at base; leaves (not bracts) usually 4-10 to a fertile culm, mostly clustered toward
the base, not septate-nodulose, strongly striate, the blades thick, flat or channeled at base,
light-green, long-attenuate, usually 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, roughened toward the apex,
the sheaths glabrous, copper-brown-tinged ventrally, concave at mouth, the ligule very short;
terminal spike staminate, usually with one or two additional smaller staminate spikes at base
occasionally pistillate above, peduncled, linear, 2.5—6 cm. long, 2.5—4 mm. wide, many-flowered,
the scales closely appressed, ovate-oblong, rounded on back, obtuse, whitish-hyaline with
greenish or yellowish center; pistillate spikes usually 3-6, the lower often in pairs or even

298 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

threes, erect or somewhat drooping, widely separate, the lower on long slender rough peduncles,
the upper shorter-peduncled, oblong-cylindric, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, containing
10-50 closely arranged appressed-ascending perigynia in several rows; bracts leaf-like, reduced
upward, the sheaths long, the lower 2-8 cm. long, even the uppermost well-developed; scales
lanceolate, acuminate, thin, greenish-white with green midvein, often somewhat brownish-
tinged, narrower and usually somewhat shorter than the perigynia; perigynia ovoid, 5-6 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. wide, obscurely flattened, globose-triangular in cross-section, somewhat inflated,
greenish-straw-colored, membranaceous, several-nerved, rounded at base, somewhat abruptly
contracted at apex into a slender beak one fourth the length of the body, scarious and biden-
tate at apex, the orifice obliquely cut; achenes obovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, 1.5—1.75 mm. wide,
brownish-black, granular, triangular, the sides concave below, the angles prominent and light-
colored, short-stipitate, prominently slenderly (often bent-) apiculate, jointed with the
straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, long, reddish-brown.

]

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Cherokee,’’ and as given by Schweinitz and Torrey: ‘‘Hab. the Cherokee

country. Mrs. Gambold.”’

DISTRIBUTION: In the low country, Georgia to Texas, and northward to southeastern Missouri
and Oklahoma. (Specimens examined from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, southeastern Missouri.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1022; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 509; Boott, Ill.
Carex 31. pl. 79; Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: $l. 25, f. 1; Drejer, Symb. Car. pl. 12; Am. Jour. Sci. 11: pl. L,
F234:

350. Carex Sprengelii Dewey; Spreng. Syst. 3: 827. 1826.

Carex longirostris Torr.; Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 71. 1824. (Type from Massachusetts.) Not

C. longirostris Krock. 1814.

Carex longirostris var. minor Boott, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 78. 1863. (Type from Colorado.)
Carex Deweyana var. Béck. Linnaea 39: 129. 1875. (Type from Saskatchewan.)
Carex longirostris var. microcystis Bock. Linnaea 41:241. 1877. (Type from Manitoba.)

Cespitose, from stout, tough, matted, very strongly fibrillose, elongate rootstocks, the
clumps medium-sized, the culms 3-9 dm. high, slender, erect to decumbent, exceeding the
leaves, triangular, rough on the angles above, brownish-tinged and very strongly long-fibrillose
at base; leaves several (5-8) to a culm, not septate-nodulose, evenly disposed and not clustered
at base, the blades flat, green, not stiff, ascending or spreading, usually 1-4 dm. long, 2.5—4
mm. wide, long-attenuate, roughened on the margins toward the apex and on the under surface,
the sheaths long, smooth, concave or truncate at mouth, thin and white-hyaline ventrally, the
ligule very short; staminate spikes 2 or 3 (occasionally 1), approximate, the upper rough-
peduncled, the others sessile, linear, 1-2 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, occasionally with a few peri-
gynia at base, the scales lanceolate, sharp-pointed, straw-colored and somewhat yellowish-
tinged, with green midrib and hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2-4, widely separate from one
another and from the staminate spikes, on rough capillary peduncles one half to three times
the length of the spike, pendulous or the uppermost sometimes nearly erect, the spikes oblong-
cylindric, 1-3.5 em. long, 8-10 mm. wide, rather closely (or loosely at base) 10—40-flowered, in
several rows, the perigynia spreading-ascending; bracts leaflet-like, 1-1.5 mm. wide, reduced
upward, from shorter than to exceeding the culm, the sheaths short, 5 mm. long or less; scales
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly awned or cuspidate or acute, greenish-white and
yellowish-brown-tinged, with sharply defined, green, 3-nerved, rough center, narrower than
perigynia and exceeded by their beaks; perigynia 5-6 mm. long with body suborbicular to
oblong-orbicular, globose in cross-section and nearly filled by the achenes, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2
mm. wide, shining, glabrous, membranaceous, greenish-straw-colored, the two lateral ribs
prominent, otherwise nerveless except near base, rounded at base and short-stipitate, very
abruptly contracted at apex into a smooth slender beak as long as or longer than the body, the
upper half white, the orifice very deeply obliquely cut, at length deeply bidentate, the teeth
weak, scarious; achenes obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide, obtusely triangular with the
sides concave below, rather closely enveloped, yellowish, tapering at base and truncately sub-
stipitate, abruptly bent-apiculate at apex, jointed with the long, deep-green, slender style
somewhat enlarged at base; stigmas 3, slender, brown, long.

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 299

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Amer. bor.”

: DISTRIBUTION: Dry alluvial thickets, rich rocky banks and tops of large boulders in caleareous
regions, New Brunswick to Alberta and Montana, and southward to Delaware, Pennsylvania
Nebraska, and Colorado. (Specimens examined from Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hamp.
shire, _Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania,
Ontario, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, Saskatchewan, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Alberta, Wyoming, Colorado, Montana.) ;

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 752; ed. 2. f. 1023; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 508; Boott
Ill. Carex 30. pl. 78; Amer. Jour. Sci. 9: pl. C, f. 10; Amer. Jour. Sci. IV. 2: pl. 2, f. 5, 6. :

Nore: Carex Annellii Christ of eastern Asia is a very closely related species with smaller (4.5
mm. long) ovoid-elliptic perigynia.

50. Extensae Fries, Fl. Scan. 188. 1835; Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843; L. H.
Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 111. 1886; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 140. 1917;
Mackenzie, Erythea 8: 86. 1922. SprrosTACHYAE Drejer, Symb. Car. 10. 1844; Holm, Am.
Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463, mostly. 1903; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 657. 1909. FuL-
VELLAE Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 70. 1845. FLavak Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 13. 1843;
Carey, in A. Gray, Man. 559. 1848. DuisTanvTes O. F. Lang, Linnaea 24: 603. 1851. Ecurno-
CHLAENAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 462. 1903; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4”:
681. 1909. Treated as a genus PROTEOCARPUS subgenus NASTANTHA by Borner (Abh. Nat.
Ver. Bremen 21: 266, 267. 1913).

Culms slender but strict, obtusely triangular below or throughout, leafy toward base;
leaves sparingly septate-nodulose, the blades narrow; spikes 2—20, the terminal usually stami-
nate, sometimes partly pistillate, the others pistillate, suborbicular to oblong, densely flowered,
3 em. or less long, the upper sessile or nearly so and often approximate, the lower remote or
approximate, usually peduncled, erect; bracts leafy, the lowest at least sheathing; pistillate
scales ovate, mostly reddish-tinged, copper-tinged, or chestnut-tinged; perigynia ascending,
spreading, or deflexed, obscurely triangular, somewhat or even markedly inflated, membrana-
ceous or subcoriaceous, smooth, many-nerved, rounded or tapering at base, contracted into a
bidentate beak, the teeth strict, erect; achenes triangular with concave or flat sides, apiculate,
jointed with the very slender, straight or flexuous style; stigmas 3.

A very widely distributed group, represented by numerous species, occurring in sunny,
moist or swampy places, especially in calcareous districts. There are nine species in North
America, including one introduced species, the native ones being confined to the cooler tem-
perate parts. The group is a very characteristic one in Newfoundland.

The group is strongly developed in Europe and a few of the species found there extend into
Asia and Africa, on both of which continents there are a few endemic species. A few endemic
species occur in the southern part of South America, and numerous species are endemic in
Australasia, especially in New Zealand. One species occurs only in the Hawaiian Islands.
Plants with slender rootstocks, sending forth short ascending stolons; bracts

all long-sheathing, the blades erect; pistillate scales brownish-chestnut;

sheaths short-prolonged upward at mouth and chestnut-brown-tinged at
mouth; staminate spike and pistillate spikes widely separate. 351. C. fulvescens.
Plants densely cespitose; bracts (except lowest) sheathless or short-sheathing,
the blades often spreading; scales green or tinged with red or yellowish-
brown or copper-brown; sheaths often not prolonged upward at mouth,
not dark-tinged; staminate spike and upper pistillate spike or all ag-
gregated or approximate (except in C. lepidocarpa and sometimes in
C. Oeder?).

Culms dark-reddish-brown-tinged at base; perigynia light-olive-green;
leaf-blades usually strongly canaliculate; pistillate scales copper-
brown-tinged. 352. C. extensa.

Culms dull-brownish-tinged at base; perigynia deep-green or light-green

or yellowish or brownish-green; leaf-blades flat to deeply canalicu-
late; pistillate scales green or reddish or reddish-brown-tinged.
Perigynia 2-3.5 mm. long, not at all or but little deflexed, not obliquely
attached, the beak markedly shorter than the body, smooth or
very nearly so; achenes very short-apiculate; culms bluntly
triangular, low or moderately tall; continuously producing new
fertile culms and flowering and fruiting continuously from early
summer until frost; rootstock not at all prolonged.
Sheath of lowest bract convex and prolonged upward at mouth
opposite blade, the blade normally strongly divaricate; peri-

gynia with beak nearly half the length to more than half the i :
length of body, the body broadly obovoid. 353. C. Oedert.

300 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Sheath of lowest bract concave or truncate and not prolonged up-
ward at mouth opposite blade, the blade normally erect; peri-
gynia with beak about one third the length of the body, the
body obovoid.
Foliage dull-green; leaf-sheaths concave at mouth, not markedly
fragile; leaf-blades canaliculate, scarcely papillate; spikes
2-7, the lower often separate, the terminal normally stam-
inate; pistillate scales reddish-tinged; perigynia yellowish-
green, the beak reddish-tipped. 354. C. viridula.
Foliage very deep-green; leaf-sheaths truncate at mouth, very
membranaceous and fragile ventrally; leaf-blades flat or but
little canaliculate, papillate; spikes 4-20, mostly densely
aggregated, the terminal one usually androgynous; pistillate
scales at most very slightly reddish-tinged; perigynia deep-
green, becoming brownish, the beak whitish-tipped. 355. C. chlorophila.
Perigynia 3.5—6 mm. long, the lower at least conspicuously deflexed and
obliquely attached, the beak about the length of the body or
only moderately shorter; culms more sharply triangular above,
taller; not continuously producing new fertile culms, the flower-
ing and fruiting confined to late spring or early summer; root-
stock very short-prolonged.
Beak of perigynium smooth or very nearly so, whitish or in age
slightly tawny-tinged at tip; scales not or but very little reddish-
tinged, concealed by the perigynia; perigynia 3.5—4.5 mm. long;
leaf-blades 1.5—3 mm. wide; achenes very short-apiculate. 356. C. cryptolepis.
Beak of perigynium serrulate, reddish-tinged at tip; scales strongly
reddish-tinged, conspicuous in the spikes.
Perigynia little inflated, 4-6 mm. long, all obliquely contracted
into a beak about as long as the body; staminate spike
normally sessile or short-peduncled.
Perigynia 4 mm. long, the middle and upper not deflexed;
leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; ligule mostly wider than long;
achenes very short-apiculate. 357. GC. laxtor.
Perigynia 4.5—6 mm. long, all except the uppermost deflexed;
leaf-blades 3-5 mm. wide; ligule mostly longer than
wide; achenes strongly apiculate. 358. C. flava.
Perigynia markedly ventricose, 4 mm. long, abruptly contracted
into a longish beak somewhat shorter than the body, not de-
flexed except in the lower; staminate spike conspicuously
long-peduncled; achenes strongly apiculate. 359. C. lepidocarpa.

351. Carex fulvescens Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 239. 1910.

“Carex binervis Smith’’ Dewey, in Wood, Class-book 424. 1845.

“Carex fulva Gooden.’ Dewey, in Wood, Class-book ed. 1861. 764. 1861.

Carex Hornschuchiana var. laurentiana Fernald & Wieg.; Fernald, Rhodora 13: 130. 1911. (Type
from Port a Port Bay, western Newfoundland.)

Carex Hostiana var. laurentiana Fernald & Wieg.; Fernald, Rhodora 26: 122. 1924. (Based on

C. Hornschuchiana var. laurentiana Fernald & Wieg.)

Loosely cespitose, from slender, rather short rootstocks, the stolons short, ascending, the
culms 2.5—4 dm. high, slender, erect, leafy, phyllopodic, exceeding the leaves, rather sharply
triangular, smooth or slightly roughened on the angles above, brownish-tinged, and slightly
fibrillose at base; leaves with well-developed blades about 6-10 to a fertile culm, flat or some-
what canaliculate at base, light-green, thickish, 0.5-2 dm. long, 2—3.5 mm. wide, erect or
ascending, roughened toward the apex, the sheaths of the upper and of the bracts short-
prolonged ventrally at mouth and strongly tinged with chestnut-brown, the appendage white-
hyaline at the tip; staminate spike solitary, slenderly rough-peduncled, linear-obclavate, 1.5-
2.5 em. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales closely appressed, oblong-obovate, obtuse or subacute,
chestnut-reddish with white-hyaline margins and apex, and obscurely 3-nerved center; pis-
tillate spikes 1 or 2, widely separate, erect, the upper on a scarcely exserted peduncle, the lower
on a strongly exserted peduncle, short-oblong or oblong, 12—20 mm. long, 7.5-10 mm. wide,
closely flowered, the perigynia 15-35, spreading-ascending in several to many rows; bracts all
long-sheathing, the blades erect, much shorter than inflorescence; scales ovate, short-acute or
obtuse, brownish-chestnut with conspicuous white-hyaline apex and margins above, the
center lighter-tinged, obscurely 3-nerved, nearly as wide and nearly as long as body of peri-
gynium; perigynia 5—6 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, elliptic-ovoid, more or less strongly flattened,
slightly inflated, at maturity compressed-suborbicular or obscurely triangular in cross-section,
yellowish-green, strongly and rather closely about 10-nerved, rounded at base, substipitate,

PART 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 301

contracted rather gradually into a rough, reddish-brown-tinged, strongly bidentate beak 1.5
mm. long, the erect, slender teeth smooth within; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides, rather loosely enveloped, tapering at base, apiculate, jointed
with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown.

TYPE LOCALITY: Valley of La Belle-Riviere, Miquelon (Arséne 93) (not given in original descrip-
tion, but this is the collection used for the illustration in Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1073).

DIsTRIBUTION: Marly swamps and marshes in limestone districts, Anticosti, Quebec, Miquelon,
St. Pierre, and Newfoundland; also once found near Boston, Mass. (Specimens examined from
Massachusetts, Anticosti, Miquelon, St. Pierre, Newfoundland.)

ILLUSTRATION: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1073.

Nore |: Differs from Carex Hornschuchiana Hoppe of Europe in the longer and wider perigynia
which are rounded and not tapering at base, less abruptly beaked and more flattened; in the more
strongly bright-white-margined scales; in the very membranaceous texture of the conspicuous ventral
prolongation of the lower bract-sheaths; and in the more loosely enveloped achenes.

Nove 2: In Rhodora 13: 243, M. L. Fernald surmises that the Massachusetts locality for this
species may have been Long Pond at Tewksbury.

Nore 3: Carex Greeniana Dewey (Am. Jour. Sci. 30: 61. pl. BB, f. 89. 1836), collected in the
vicinity of Boston by B. D. Greene, is Carex helodes Link (See Mackenzie, Bull. Torrey Club 37: 239;
Fernald, Rhodora 13: 243). It has not since been reported from North America,

352. Carex extensa Gooden. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 175.
BI 21; f. 72 VI94,

Carex flava var. 8 Huds. Fl. Angl. 407. 1762. (Type from England.)
Carex nervosa Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 337. 1800. (Type from northwestern Africa.)
Carex arcuata Wahl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24:151, assynonym. 1803. (Type from Gothland.)
Carex Balbisii Spreng. Pug. 2:86. 1815.
Carex extensa var. tenuifolia DC. Fl. Fr. 6: 292. 1815. (Type from France.)
Trasus extensus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:61. 1821. (Based on Carex extensa Gooden.)
Trasus extensus var. cylindraceus S. F. Gray. Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:61. 1821. (Type from England.)
Carex Ecklonii var. 8B Nees, Linnaea 10: 203. 1835. (Type from southern Africa.)
ae ees var. Balbisii Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 8: 30. pl. 274, f.656. 1846. (Based on C. Balbisii
preng.
Carex extensa f. pumila Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 26. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)
Carex littoralis Wulfen, Fl. Norica Phan. 771. 1858. (Type from central Europe.) Not C. littoralis
Krock, 1814; nor C. littoralis Schw. 1824.
Carex microdonta var. controversa L,. H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22: 110. 1886. (Type from San
Pablo, Mexico.)
Carex extensa var. graeca Hausskn. Mitth. Thiir. Bot. Ver. II. 13/14:36. 1899. (Type from Greece.)
Carex extensa var. nana Husnot, Cyp. 48. 1905.
Carex extensa f. ‘‘ Balbisii Reichenb.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 667. 1909. (Based on
C. Balbisiit Spreng.)
Carex extensa f. tenutfolia ‘‘DC.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 667. 1909. (Based on C.
extensa var. tenutfolia DC.)
Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the clumps medium-sized, the culms 1.5—6
dm. high, slender, stiff, leafy, from shorter than to exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely
triangular, smooth, dark-reddish-brown-tinged at base; sterile shoots aphyllopodic, conspicu-
ous, elongate; leaves with well-developed blades several to a fertile culm, the lower more or less
bunched, not septate-nodulose, the blades 1—2.5 dm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, glaucous-green,
thick, stiff, usually strongly canaliculate, the sheaths smooth, hyaline and red-dotted ven-
trally, concave at mouth, the ligule short; staminate spike sessile or very short-peduncled,
linear, 1—2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtusish or acutish, reddish-
brown with straw-colored 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3,
all erect and sessile or nearly so, contiguous or more or less strongly separate, occasionally one
much separated, oblong, 7-20 mm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, closely 15—50-flowered, the perigynia
ascending or spreading in several to many rows; bracts leaflet-like, spreading or ascending,
usually exceeding the culms, the upper usually very short-sheathing, short-prolonged ven-
trally at mouth, the lower long-sheathing; scales ovate, cuspidate to acute, about as wide as
but much shorter than the perigynia, copper-brown with greenish 3-nerved center and minutely
hyaline margins; perigynia ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obscurely triangular in cross-
section, scarcely inflated, subcoriaceous, light-olive-green, purplish-puncticulate, strongly
about 10-ribbed, rounded at base and sessile, tapering into a smooth-margined, flattened-conic,
short, bidentate beak 0.75 mm. long, with reddish-brown tip; achenes obovoid, 2 mm. long,

1.5 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, rather closely enveloped, yellowish-brown, sub-

302 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

stipitate, slenderly bent-apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-
brown, slender, short.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘Habitat in palustribus prope Harwich—on the marshy part of Braunton
Burrows in Devonshire,’’ England.

DISTRIBUTION: Naturalized from Europe on the borders of salt meadows, Coney Island and Far
Rockaway, New York; and Norfolk, Virginia. Also naturalized at San Pablo, Vera Cruz, Mexico
(Gregg). Widely distributed in Europe and northern Africa. (Specimens examined from stations
given in New York, Virginia, and Vera Cruz.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 765; ed. 2. f. 1074; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 501; Schkuhr,
Riedgr. pl. V, f. 72; pl. XX, f. 72; Fl. Dan. pl. 1709; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 57: pl. 9; Reichenb. Ic. FI.
Germ. 8: fl. 274 (left-hand); Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 26. pl. 7, f. 91; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: pl. 21, f. 7;
Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 73; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3906; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1125; Engl. Bot.
pl. 833; ed. 2. pl. 1675; Karst. Deuts. Fl. f. 174 (11); Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 441

Nove: Gregg’s specimens from Mexico have no close relationship to Carex microdonta Torr. &
Hook., under which they appear as a variety in Bailey’s Preliminary Synopsis (Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
110). It is probable that this was due to a typographical error, and that Bailey’s variety controversa
was not intended to be placed under Carex microdonta, but should have appeared as a variety of
Carex extensa (the second following species in Bailey’s Synopsis). A very careful drawing of the
Mexican plant shows no difference between it and Carex extensa Good.

353. Carex Oederi Retz. Fl. Scand. Prodr. 179. 1779.

“Carex divisa Huds.” Oeder, Fl. Dan. 7: 4. pl. 371. 1768. (From Denmark.)

Carex flava var. Oederi DC. Fl. Fr. 3: 121. 1805. (Based on C. Oederi Retz.)

Carex flava var. lutescens Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 234. 1812. (Type from Lapland.)

Carex flava var. minor Mérat, Fl. Paris ed. 2.2:54. 1821. (Based on C. Oederi Retz.)

Carex serotina Mérat, Fl. Paris ed. 2.2: 54. 1821. (Type from France.)

Trasus Oederi S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:60. 1821. (Based on Carex Oederi Retz.)

Carex flava var. minor Wahl. Fl. Suec. 596. 1826. (Based on C. divisa Huds. Fl. Dan.)

Carex subglobosa Mielichh. Flora 22: 257. 1839. (Type from Salzburg, Germany.)

Onkerma Oederi Raf. Good Book 27. 1840. (Based on Carex Oederi Retz.)

“Carex flava I,.’’ Seubert, Fl. Azor. 21. 1844. (Plant from the Azores.) P

Carex flava var. pumila and subvar. elongata Coss. & Germ. Fl. Paris 602. 1845. (Based on C.
Oederi Retz. and C. serotina Mérat respectively.)

Carex tumidicarpa Anderss. Bot. Notiser 1849: 16. 1849. (Type from Lapland.)

Carex Oederi f. elatioy Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 25. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex Oederi f. pygmaea Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 25. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex Oederi subsp. oedocarpa Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 25. 1849. (Based on C. tumidicarpa Anderss.)

Carex Oederi var. pulchella Lonnroth, Obs. Crit. Pl. Suec. 24. 1854.

Carex Oederi f. subglobosa Storch, Fl. Salzb. 76. 1857. (Based on C. subglobosa Mielichh.)

Carex flava var. Oederi subvar. elongata Coss. & Germ. FI. Paris ed. 2. 753. 1861. (Based on C.
serotina Mérat.) :

Carex Oederi var. minor Bochkoltz, Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 3/4: 387. 1862. (Type from
Germany.)

Carex Oederi a exigua Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 711. 1866. (Type from Transsylvania.)

Carex flavidula St.-Lag. in Cariot and St.-Lag. Fl. Bass. Rhone and Loire 2: 858. 1867.

Carex flava var. orthorhyncha Celak. Prodr. Fl. Bohm. 71. 1867.

Carex pullulans Dulac, Fl Hautes-Pyr.57. 1867. (Based on C. Oederi Retz.)

Carex flava var. Oederi f. elatior Marsson, Fl. Neu.-Vorpomm. 537. 1869. (Based on C. Oederi f.
elatior Anderss.)

Carex flava var. Oederi f. vulgaris Marsson, Fl. Neu.-Vorpomm. 537. 1869. (Type from Germany.)

Carex flava var. Oederi f. cyperoides Marsson, Fl. Neu.-Vorpomm.537. 1869. (Type from Germany.)

Craex flava X punctata X pallescens Briigger, Jahresb. Nat. Ges. Graubiind. 23-24: 120. 1881.

Carex flava var. minor Towns. Jour. Bot. 19: 163. 1881. (Type from Great Britain.)

Carex flava var. argillacea Towns. Jour. Bot. 19: 163. 1881. (Type from Great Britain.)

Co, ek B fallax Heimerl, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 31: 182. 1881. (Type from central

urope

Carex Oederi var. major Celak. Prodr. Fl. B6hm. oo 1881.

Carex divaricata St. Lag. Cat. Fl. Rhone 781. 18

Carex Oederi elatior ‘‘ Anderss.’’ Callmé, Deuts. oe Monats. 5:18. 1887. (Based on C. Oederi f.
elatior Anderss.)

Carex Oederi elatior f. tularia Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 5:18. 1887. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex Oederi vulgaris ‘‘Marsson”’ Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 5:18. 1887. (Based on C. flava var.
Oederi f. vulgaris Marsson.)

Carex Oederi vulgaris {. pygmaea “‘ Anderss.’’ Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 5:19. 1887. (Based on
C. Oederi £. pygmaea Anderss., in part.)

Carex Oederi glomerata Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 5:19. 1887. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex Oederi glomerata {. pygmaea “‘ Anderss.’’ Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 5:19. 1887. (Based on
C. Oederi f. pygmaea Anderss., in part.)

Carex Oederi virescens Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats.5:19. 1887. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex Oederi vulgaris f. canaliculata Callmé, Deuts. Bot. Monats. 6:3. 1888. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex Oederi {. pumila Zahn, Oesterr. Bot. Zeits. 40: 363. 1890.

Carex flava d. serotina K. Richt. Pl. Eur. 1:64. 1890. (Based on C. serotina Mérat.)

Carex Oederi {. dispersa Neuman, Sv. Fl. 697. 1901. (Type from Sweden.)

Carex Oederi {. congesta Neuman, Sv. Fl. 697. 1901. (Type from Sweden.)

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 303

Carex Oederi f, pinguis Neuman, Sv. Fl. 697. 1901. (Type from Sweden.)
ee) subsp. Oederi Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 201. 1902. (Based on C. Oederi
etz
2 EN ia 6 brevirostris Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 201. 1902. (Type from Central
urope.
SP a Ade , alpestris Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 27: 201. 1902. (Type from Central
urope.
Oa aida ‘ thalassica Asch, & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 201. 1902. (Type from Central
urope.
Carex Oederi var. pumila Fernald, Rhodora 8: 201, as tosynonymy. 1906.
Carex Oedert {. cyperoides ‘‘ Marsson’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 673. 1909. (Based on
C. flava var. Oederi f. cyperoides Marsson.)
Carex Oederi f. argillacea Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4*°: 674. 1909. (Based on C. flava var.
argillacea Towns.)
Carex Oederi f. oedocarpa Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 674. 1909. (Based on C. Oederi
subsp. oedocarpa Anderss.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock not at all prolonged, the culms 0.5-6 dm. high, stiff,
erect, leafy, exceeded by or longer than the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth,
exceeded by or longer than the leaves, phyllopodic, dull-brownish and more or less fibrillose at
base, the dried up leaves of the previous year conspicuous; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous;
leaves several to a fertile culm, scarcely bunched, not septate-nodulose, the blades canaliculate
toward base, dull-green, thickish, stiff, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, attenuate, the
sheaths dull-white and more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, thin, concave at mouth,
the ligule short; terminal spike staminate, or with a few perigynia, sessile or short- or long-
peduncled, linear, 6-25 mm. long, 1.5—2 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtusish, reddish
with narrow hyaline edges and 3-nerved lighter center; pistillate spikes 2-4, erect, the upper
aggregated and sessile, the lower or sometimes all more or less strongly remote and exsert-
peduncled, oblong or subglobose, 5-12 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, very closely flowered, the 10-25
perigynia squarrose-spreading in several to many rows, not or but little deflexed; bracts leaf-
like, usually strongly divaricate, the lowest strongly sheathing, the upper short-sheathing,
the lowest at least convex and prolonged ventrally at mouth; scales obovate, obtuse or short-
cuspidate, reddish with greenish 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins, narrower than
and about half the length of the perigynia; perigynia 2-3.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the body
broadly obovoid, somewhat ventricose, obtusely triangular, membranaceous, deep-green,
becoming brownish-green, puncticulate, several- to many-ribbed, rounded at base and sub-
stipitate, not obliquely attached, abruptly contracted into a smooth, straight, minutely
bidentate, conic beak nearly half to more than half the length of the body but markedly
shorter than the body, the orifice yellowish-tinged; achenes minute, obovoid, 1.25 mm. long,
0.85 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, nearly filling body of perigynium, black and
shining at maturity, puncticulate, substipitate, abruptly very short-apiculate, jointed with the
short slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, short; anthers sharp-tipped.

TYPE LOCALITY (of Oeder’s ‘‘ Carex divisa Hudson,” on which C. Oederi Retz. is based) : ‘‘ Copiose
in convallibus collium arenae mobilis (Dunen) insulae Sylt & Eyderstettensibus,’’ Denmark.

DISTRIBUTION: Newfoundland to Quebec and Nova Scotia. (Specimens examined from New-
foundland, Quebec, Magdelen Islands, Nova Scotia.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Fl. Dan. pl. 371, pl. 2794; Jour. Russe Bot. 1911: 173. f. 143; Sturm, Deuts. FI.
57: pl. 8 (excellent); Reichenb. Ic. Fi. Germ. 8: pl. 272, f. 652; Ostenf. Fl. Arct. 91. f. 70; Anderss.
Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 92; Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 65; Coste, Fl. Fr. ¢. 3909; Engl. Bot. ed. 2. pl.
1674; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 53, f. 4; Hallier, Deuts. Fl. pl. 442; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. F, f. 26.

Note 1: See L. H. Bailey (Mem. Torrey Club 1:29. 1889) for a treatment of this and following
species.

Notre 2: This species, as well as Carex viridula Michx. and C. chlorophila Mackenzie, blooms and
bears fruit from early summer until frost, new culms continuously appearing and new spikes being
continuously produced and matured. The other species in this group mature all of their spikes
about the same time in late spring or early summer. Concerning this species Gaudin (Agrost. Helv.
2: 149. 1811) says: ‘‘Radix mere fibrosa (cel. Hostio monente) per totam aestatem novos foliorum

culmorumque cespitos spargens ut plantam semper florentem vel fructiferam repirere queas.”’
This follows observations by Host (Gram. Austr. 1:50. 1801)

354. Carex viridula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 170. 1803.

Carex irregularis Schw. Ann. Lyc. N. Y.1:66. 1824. (Type from northwestern New Jersey.)
““Carex Oederi Retz.’ Schw. & Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1: 334. 1825.

Edritria viridula Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex viridula Michx.)

Carex Urbanii Bock. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 280. 1886. (Type from Alaska.)

304 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

Carex flava var. recterostrata L,. H. Bailey, Bot. Gaz. 13: 84. 1888. (Type from Vancouver Island.)
Carex flava var. viridula 1,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:31. 1889. (Based on C. viridula Michx.)
Carex Oederi var. pumila Fernald, Rhodora 8: 201, as to plant described. 1906.

Carex Oederi var. viridula Kiikenth. in Engler Pflanzenreich 420: 674. 1909. (Based on C. viridula

Michx.)

Carex Oederi var. viridula f. recterostrata Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 674. 1909. (Based
on C. flava var. recterostrata L. H. Bailey.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock not at all prolonged, the clumps small, the culms 0.6—3 dm.
high, stiff, erect, leafy, shorter than or exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular,
smooth, light-brown and fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous;
sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades usually 4-8
to a fertile culm, on the lower half, the lower clustered, the upper separate, not septate-nodu-
lose, the blades dull-green, thickish, canaliculate, 0.5—2 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate,
scarcely papillate but roughened at apex, the sheaths rather dull-white ventrally, thin but not
markedly fragile, concave at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; terminal spike normally stam-
inate, sessile or short-peduncled, linear, 3-15 mm. long, 1.5—-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-
obovate, obtusish, reddish-brown with hyaline margins and 3-nerved center, often green when
young; pistillate spikes 2-6, the upper closely aggregated, the lowermost from little to very
widely separate, all erect, the upper nearly sessile, the others on usually little exserted smooth
peduncles, the spikes oblong or globose-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, containing 15—
30 spreading perigynia in several to many rows, not or but little deflexed; bracts conspicuous,
leaf-like, erect or occasionally spreading, many times exceeding head, the sheaths conspicuous,
the lowermost 4-18 mm. long, concave and not chestnut-tinged at mouth; scales obovate,
usually short-cuspidate, reddish with greenish 3-nerved center and narrow hyaline margins,
narrower than and about half the length of the perigynia; perigynia 2-3 mm. long, 1.25 mm.
wide, the body obovoid, not inflated, obtusely triangular, slightly flattened, membranaceous,
puncticulate, yellowish-green, several- to many-ribbed, attenuate-tapering at base and sub-
stipitate, not obliquely attached, abruptly contracted into the smooth or subserrulate, straight,
minutely bidentate beak about one third as long as the body, the tip reddish-tinged; achenes
minute, obovoid, 1.25 mm. long, nearly 1 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, closely
enveloped, nearly filling body of perigynium, black and shining at maturity, substipitate,
abruptly very short-apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown,
short, slender; anthers 1.75 mm. long, reddish-yellow.

TYPE LOCALITY: “‘Hab. in Canada.”

DISTRIBUTION: Seepy lake and river banks in calcareous districts, Greenland and Newfound-
land to Alaska, and southward to northwestern New Jersey, Indiana, New Mexico, Utah, and
northern California; also in Japan. (Specimens examined from Greenland, Newfoundland, Quebec,
Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu-
setts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wis-
consin, Minnesota, Manitoba, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,
New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, northwestern California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, includ-
ing Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, Alaska. )

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 767; ed. 2. f. 1075; Rob. & Fern. Man. f.505 (as Carex
Oederi); Boott, Ill. Carex 159. pl. 523; Abrams, Ill. Fl. Pac. States f. 836.

355. Carex chlorophila Mackenzie, sp. nov.

Carex Oederi var. prolifera H. B. Lord; G. W. Clinton, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. 19: 76. 1866.

(Type from Cayuga Lake, New York.)

Carex Oederi {. intermedia Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. 2: 117. 1886. (Type from Marl Pond,

Cortland County, New York.)

““Carex Oederi var. pumila Fernald” Rob. & Fern. Man. 246, in small part. 1908.
“Carex irregularis Schw.”’ House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 254:195. 1924.

Densely cespitose, the rootstock not at all prolonged, the culms 1—3.5 dm. high, stiff and
erect, leafy, usually exceeded by the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth, light-
brown and more or less fibrillose at base, mostly making growth in one year, the dried-up
leaves therefore usually not conspicuous; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves several to
a fertile culm, scarcely bunched, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat or little canaliculate at
base, very deep-green, thickish, stiff, 1-3.5 dm. long, 2—3.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, papillate,
the sheaths bright-shining-white ventrally, very membranaceous and fragile ventrally and

Part 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 305

easily ruptured, truncate at mouth, the ligule as long as wide; spikes 4-20, all densely aggre-
gated or the lower somewhat separated (or rarely widely remote on a long slender peduncle),
the lower often compound, the peduncles smooth, the terminal spike sessile, linear-obclavate,
7-15 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide, staminate or more usually androgynous, the scales oblong-
oblanceolate, acute, reddish-brown with 3-nerved lighter center and narrow hyaline margins;
lateral spikes pistillate, oblong or suborbicular, 5-10 mm. long, 4.5—-6 mm. wide, closely 15—40-
flowered, the perigynia in several to many rows, widely spreading, not or but little deflexed;
bracts very short-sheathing, deeply cut and chestnut-tinged at mouth, the blades erect, many
times exceeding the head; scales ovate, obtuse, or short-mucronate, greenish-white with 3-
nerved green center and hyaline margins, at most very slightly reddish-tinged, narrower and
usually much shorter than perigynia and concealed by them; perigynia 2—3 mm. long, 1—1.25
mm. wide, the body obovoid, not inflated, obtusely triangular, slightly flattened, membrana-
ceous, deep-green, becoming brownish, strongly puncticulate, several- to many-ribbed, atten-
uate-tapering at base, substipitate, not obliquely attached, abruptly contracted into the smooth,
straight, minutely bidentate, conic beak, the beak whitish-tinged and about one third the
length of the body; achenes minute, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, triangular with
concave sides, closely enveloped, filling body of perigynium, black and shining at maturity,
puncticulate, substipitate, abruptly very short-apiculate, jointed with the straight slender
style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender, short; anthers 1.75 long, reddish-yellow.

Culmi dense cespitosi 1-3.5 dm. alti foliosi obtuse triangulares e rhizomate abbreviato,
basi pallide brunnei; laminae planae papillatae 1—3.5 dm. longae; vaginae latere anteriore
fragiles membranaceae albo-nitentes, ore truncato; bracteae brevissime vaginatae erectae
spicas multo superantes; spicae 4-20 dense aggregatae vel infimae interdum disjunctae, termi-
nalis lineari-obclavata saepissime androgyna, squamis oblongo-oblanceolatis, laterales fertiles
subglobosae, squamis viridibus ovatis a perigyniis obtectis; perigynia obovoidea 2—3 mm.
longa patula viridia demum brunnescentia, rostro brevi recto conico minute bidentato;

achaenia brevissime apiculata.

Type collected at White Pond, Marksboro, Warren County, New Jersey (Mackenzie 68006.)

DISTRIBUTION: Shores of marl ponds, New York to Wisconsin, and southward to northwestern
New Jersey and Indiana. (Specimens examined from New York, New Jersey, Ontario, Ohio, Michi-
gan, Indiana, Wisconsin.)

ILLUSTRATION: Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 506 (as C. Oederi var. pumila.)

356. Carex cryptolepis Mackenzie, Torreya 14: 156. 1914.
eae ee: Tausch’’ Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. II. 3: 172. 1847; also in Wood, Class-book ed.
. 985. 1847.

Carex flava var. graminis L,. H. Bailey, Mem. Torrey Club 1:30. 1889. (Type from eastern United
con var. rectirostra Gaudin”’ Fernald, Rhodora 8: 201, in part. 1906.
“Carex flava var. elatior Schlecht.’’ Fernald, Rhodora 8: 201, in part. 1906.
Carex Oederi var. viridula f. graminea (sic) Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 674. 1909. (Based
on C. flava var. graminis L,. H. Bailey.)
“Carex lepidocarpa Tausch”’ Mackenzie, in Britt. & Brown, lll. Fl. ed. 2.420. f. 1076. 1913.
Densely cespitose, not stoloniferous, the rootstock very short-prolonged, the culms 2-6
dm. high, erect, slender, exceeding the culm-leaves, but mostly exceeded by leaves of sterile
shoots, phyllopodic, smooth or very nearly so, obtusely triangular below, acutely triangular
above, light-brown and more or less fibrillose at base; leaves 4-6 to a fertile culm, on lower
fourth, but not bunched, light-green, the blades erect, flat, usually 0.5—2.5 dm. long, 1.5—3 mm.
wide, roughened toward apex, not septate-nodulose, the sheaths conspicuously dull-white-
hyaline ventrally, not prolonged upwards at mouth; sterile shoots phyllopodic, conspicuous,
the blades averaging longer; staminate spike subsessile to strongly peduncled, 7-18 mm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, occasionally partly pistillate at base, its scales oblong-lanceolate, acute, greenish-
yellow, with 3-nerved green center; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, the upper 1 or 2 approximate, the
next strongly separate and the lowest often very strongly separate, mostly staminate at apex,
sessile or the lower exsert-peduncled, oblong, 10-20 mm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, closely 15—35-
flowered in many rows, the upper perigynia ascending, the middle spreading and the lower
obliquely attached and conspicuously deflexed; bracts leaf-like, the lower long-sheathing, the

306 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

upper short-sheathing, convex at mouth, the lower with erect, the upper with widely spreading
blades; scales lanceolate or ovate, acute, greenish-yellow, with 3-nerved green center, not or but
very little reddish-tinged, narrower than and about the length of body of perigynium, con-
cealed and inconspicuous at maturity; perigynia 3.5—4.5 mm. long, the body obovoid, 1.75 mm.
wide, inflated, triangular-suborbicular in cross-section, the upper part empty, light-green or
yellowish-green, or at maturity yellowish, about 10-ribbed, round-tapering at base, sessile,
abruptly slenderly beaked, the beak nearly as long as body, straight or the lower bent, smooth
or very nearly so, prominently bidentate, the teeth smooth, closely contiguous to one another,
whitish at top or in age slightly tawny-tinged; achenes small, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm.
wide, triangular with concave sides, blackish, slightly silvery-shining, prominently pitted, very
short-apiculate, jointed with the slender, bent, at length deciduous style; stigmas 3, slender,
light-reddish, short; anthers 2.5 mm. long,

TYPR LOCALITY: White Pond, Andover Junction, Sussex County, New Jersey (Mackenzie 4645).

DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows, in calcareous regions, Newfoundland to Minnesota, and south-
ward to northwestern New Jersey and Indiana. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, Quebec,
Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1076 (as C. lepidocarpa Tausch); Rob. & Fern.
Man. f. 503 (as C. flava var. rectirostra Gaudin).

357. Carex laxior (Kiikenth.) Mackenzie.
Carex lepidocar pa var. laxioy Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 673. 1909. (Type from Maine.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short-prolonged, the culms 5—8 dm. high, slender,
erect, leafy, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular below, sharply triangular
above, smooth, dark-brown and fibrilllose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year con-
spicuous; sterile shoots elongate, conspicuous; leaves several to a fertile culm, the lower bunched,
not septate-nodulose, the blades flat, yellowish-green, not stiff, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
attenuate, the sheaths dull-white ventrally, thin and truncate at mouth, the ligule short,
mostly wider than long; terminal spike staminate, sessile or nearly so, linear, 12-25 mm. long,
2.5 mm. wide, the scales oblanceolate, obtuse, reddish with narrow hyaline margins and 3-
nerved lighter center; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, erect, the upper aggregated and sessile, the lowest
more or less strongly separate and short-exsert-peduncled, oblong or subglobose, 5-15 mm.
long, 6-8 mm. wide, very closely 15—30-flowered in several to many rows, the perigynia squar-
rose-spreading, the lower obliquely attached and deflexed; bracts leaf-like, more or less divari-
cate, the lowest strongly sheathing, the upper short-sheathing, concave at mouth; scales ovate,
acute or obtuse, narrower and much shorter than perigynia but not hidden, strongly reddish
with narrow hyaline margins and 3-nerved greenish center; perigynia 4 mm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide, the body obovoid, little inflated, obtusely triangular, membranaceous, dull-green, be-
coming yellowish-green, puncticulate, several- to many-ribbed, rounded at base and sessile,
abruptly and obliquely contracted into a slender, serrulate, bidentate beak about as long as the
body, the tip reddish-tinged, the teeth subserrulate within; achenes minute, broadly obovoid,
1.25 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, somewhat loosely enveloped,
brownish, substipitate, abruptly apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stigmas 3,
reddish-brown, slender.

Type LocaLity (of C. lepidocarpa var. laxioy Kiikenth., on which C. laxior is based): Maine
(Fernald 169).

DISTRIBUTION: Swampy meadows in calcareous districts, Nova Scotia and Quebec to Maine

and New York. (Specimens examined from Quebec, including Anticosti, Nova Scotia, Maine, New
York.)

358.. Carex flava L..Sp., P9735. 75a

Carex pee All. Fl. Ped. 2: 270. 1785. (Based on Haller, Hist. Stirp. Indig. Helv. No. 1384, 2:
193. ae (type from Mt. Uetliberg); and Scheuchzer, Agrost. 435. 1719 (type from Mt.
Utliaca

Carex viridis Honck. Syn. 1: 372. 1792. (Type from Switzerland, based primarily on Haller no.
1384 and Scheuchzer, Agrost. 435.)

Carex echinata Lam. Fl. Fr. ed. 2.2:177. 1793. (Based on C. flava L.)

Carex patula Host, Gram. Austr. 1:48. pl. 64. 1801. (Type from Austria.)

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 307

Carex uetliaca Suter, Fl. Helv. 2: 251. 1802. (Type from Switzerland, based primaril alle
no. 1384 and Scheuchzer, Agrost. 435. See Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 6: 97-99, 1830.) OF ee

Trasus flavus S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:60. 1821. (Based on Carex flava L.)

Trasus flavus var. scaber S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:60. 1821. (Type from Great Britain.)

Trastus flavus var. duplex S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:60. 1821. (Type from Great Britain.)

Carex demissa Hornem.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 822. 1826. (Type from Norway.)

Carex flava var. densa Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 6:97. 1830. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex flava var. rectirostra Gaudin, Fl. Heiv. 6:97. 1830. (Type from Switzerland.)

Carex flava var. polystachya Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 6:97. 1830. (Type from Switzerland.)

Anithista flava Raf. Good Book 26. 1840. (Based on Carex flava L.)

Carex flava (a) vulgaris D6ll, Rhein. Fl. 147. 1843. (Based on C. flava L.)

Carex flava var. rectirostris Peterm. Flora 27: 338. 1844. (Type from Germany.)

Carex flava var. genuina Peterm. Flora 27: 338. 1844. (Based on C. flava L..)

Carex flava var. deficiens Peterm. Flora 27: 339. 1844. (Type from Germany.)

Carex flava var. elatior Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 25. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex flava var. elatior f. acrogyna Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 25. 1849. (Type from Scandinavia.)

Carex flava var. patula Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 711. 1866. (Based on C. patula Host.)

Carex flava var. remotiuscula Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 711. 1866. (Type from Kronstadt.)

Carex flava var. macrorrhyncha Celak. Prodr. Fl. B6hm. 71. 1867.

Carex flava f. androgyna Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am. 5, name only. 1871.

Carex polystachya Czetz, Erd. Mag.6:12. 1872. (Based on C. flava var. polystachya Gaudin.)

Carex flava var. fertilis Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 48: 197. 1897. (Type from Dutchess
County, New York.)

Carex flava f. umbrosa Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5:8. 1899. (Type from Germany.)

Carex flava a congesta Neuman, Sv. Fl. 696. 1901.

Carex flava B dispersa Neuman, Sv. Pl. 696. 1901.

Carex flava A. eu-flava Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 199. 1902. (Based on C. flava L.)

eae as f. wetliaca Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 200. 1902. (Based on C. uetliaca

uter.

Carex flava f. brevirostris Junge, Schr. Nat. Ver. Schlesw. 13: 288. 1906. (Type from Germany.)

Carex flava var. gaspensis Fernald, Rhodora 8: 200. 1906. (Type from Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec.
Apparently a plant distorted by a fungus.)

Carex flava f. patula ‘‘Schur”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 671. 1909. (Based on C. flava
var. patula Schur.)

Carex flava f. deficiens ‘‘ Peterm.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 671. 1909. (Based on C.
flava var. deficiens Peterm.)

Carex flava f. densa ‘‘Gaudin’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 671. 1909. (Based on C.
flava var. densa Gaudin.)

Carex flava f. remotiuscula ‘“‘Schur’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°°: 671. 1909. (Based on
C. flava var. remoliuscula Schur.)

Carex flava f. rectirostris ‘‘Peterm.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 672. 1909. (Based on
C. flava var. rectirostris Peterm.)

Carex flava f. demissa ‘‘Hornem.” Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 47°: 672. 1909. (Based on C.
demissa Hornem.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short-prolonged, the clumps small or medium-sized,
the culms 1—8 dm. high, stiff, erect, leafy, occasionally shorter than but usually exceeding the
leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular below, more sharply triangular above, not roughened
or but little so, light-brown and more or less fibrillose at base; sterile shoots elongate, conspicu-
ous; leaves (not bracts) with well-developed blades usually 4-8 to a fertile culm, toward the
base but not strongly clustered, not septate-nodulose, the blades flat or somewhat canaliculate
at base, yellowish-green, thickish, stiff, 0.5—-2.5 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, somewhat roughened
toward the apex, attenuate, the sheaths dull-white ventrally, thin and truncate at mouth, the
ligule mostly longer than wide; terminal spike staminate or occasionally partly pistillate,
sessile or short-peduncled (rarely strongly peduncled, linear, 0.5—2 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide,
the scales oblong-oblanceolate, closely appressed, obtuse to acute, reddish-brown with narrow
hyaline margins and 3-nerved lighter center; pistillate spikes 2-5, occasionally staminate at
apex, erect, contiguous or the lower more or less separate, the uppermost nearly sessile, the
lower more or less strongly exsert-peduncled, short-oblong or suborbicular, 7-18 mm. long,
about 1 cm. wide, closely flowered, usually with 15-35 perigynia in several to many rows,
obliquely attached, their conspicuous beaks deflexed in all except the very uppermost; bracts
conspicuous, leaf-like, erect to abruptly divergent, strongly exceeding the inflorescence, the
lower sheath from short (2 mm. long) to strongly developed (2 cm. long), more or less pro-
longed ventrally at mouth; scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute to short-cuspidate, narrower
than and one third to one half the length of the perigynia, reddish with narrow hyaline margins
and 3-nerved lighter center; perigynia 4.5-6 mm. long, the body obovoid, 1.25—2 mm. wide,
yellowish-green, becoming yellow, membranaceous, puncticulate, strongly several- to many-
ribbed, little inflated, rounded at base, obliquely contracted into a slender, conic, serrulate,

308 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 18

bidentate beak of about its own length, the teeth slender, reddish-tinged; achenes small,
obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, loosely enveloped, yellowish-
brown, substipitate, abruptly strongly apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3,
reddish-brown, slender, short; anthers reddish-brown, 2 mm. long, obtusish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘ Habitat in Europae paludibus.”’

DISTRIBUTION: Wet meadows in calcareous districts, Newfoundland to British Columbia, and
southward to northwestern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana and Montana. Widely distributed
in Europe. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Quebec, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alberta, Montana, British
Columbia, including Vancouver Island.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 766; ed. 2. f. 1077; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 502; Fl. Dan.
pl. 1047; Sturm, Deuts. F1. 57: pl. 7; Wood, Bot. & FI. ed. 1871. 368. f. 16-18; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
pl. 273, f. 654; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 93; Leers, Fl. Herborn. fl. 15, f. 6; Host, Gram. Austr.
1: pl. 64; Coste, Fl. Fr. f. 3908; Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mittel-Eur. pl. 53, f. 3; Engl. Bot. pl. 1294; ed. 2.
pl. 1672; Benth. Handb. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. f. 1126; Karst. Deuts. Fl. 345. f. 174(5); Hallier, Deuts. FI.
pl. 442; Lindm. Bild. Nord. FI. pl. 437A; Thomé, Fl. Deuts. pl. 94A.

359. Carex lepidocarpa Tausch, Flora 17: 179. 1834.

“Carex flava 1,.’’ Schkuhr. Riedgr. 72, in part. pl. H, f. 36. 1801.

“Carex flava I,.’’ Host, Gram. Austr. 1:48. pl. 63, f.4. 1801.

Carex lipsiensis Peterm. Fl. Lips. 58. 1838. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.)

Carex flava var. lepidocarpa Godr. Fl. Lorr. 3: 118. 1844. (Based on C. lepidocarpa Tausch.)

Carex flava var. minor Peterm. Flora 27: 338. 1844. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.)

Carex flava var. laevigata Peterm. Flora 27: 338. 1844. (Type from Leipzig, Germany.)

Carex flava var. intermedia Coss. & Germ. Fl. Paris 602. 1845. (Type from France.)

Carex Marssoni Auersw. Bot. Zeit 10: 409. 1852. (Type from Germany.)

Carex pyriformis F. Schultz, Pollichia 15:122. 1857. (Type from Germany.)

Carex vet B major Bochkoltz, Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 3/4: 287. 1862. (Type from Ger-
many.

Carex flava b. brachyrhyncha Celak. Prodr. Fl. Bohm. 71. 1867.

Carex flava var. Marssoni Marsson, Fl. Neu-Vorpomm. 537. 1869. (Based on C. Marssoni Auersw.)

Carex flava f. lepidocarpa Olney, Caric. Bor.-Am.5. 1871. (Based on C. lepidocarpa ‘Tausch.)

Carex lepidocarpa var. pseudolepidocarpa Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5: 9. 1899. (Type from
Baden, Germany.)

Carex lepidocarpa f. acroandra Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5: 10. 1899. (Type from Baden, Ger-

many.)

Carex lepidocarpa f. cladostachya Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5: 10. 1899. (Type from Baden,
Germany.)

Carex lepidocarpa f. laeviculmis Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits.5: 10. 1899. (Type from Baden, Ger-
many.)

Carex lepidocarpa f. major Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits.5: 10. 1899. (Type from Baden, Germany.)

Carex lepidocarpa f. rectirostris Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeits. 5: 11. 1899. (Type from Baden, Ger-
many.)

Carex lepidocarpa « sphaerostachys Neuman, Sv. FI. 696. 1901.

Carex lepidocarpa B cylindrostachys Neuman, Sv. Fl. 696. 1901.

Carex flava A. eu-flava I1. lepidocarpa Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 200. 1902. (Based
on C. lepidocarpa ‘Tausch.)

Carex flava A. eu-flava II. lepidocarpa b. intermedia Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 22: 200.

1902. (Based on C. flava var. intermedia Coss. & Germ.)

Carex lepidocarpa f. laevigata ‘‘Peterm.”’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 42°: 672. 1909. (Based
on C. flava var. laevigata Peterm.)
Carex lepidocar pa f. intermedia ‘“‘ Asch. & Graebn.’’ Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 672. 1909.

(Based on C. flava var. intermedia Coss. & Germ.)

Densely cespitose, the rootstock very short-prolonged, the culms 1.5—5 dm. high, stiff,
erect, leafy, usually exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular below, more sharply
triangular and roughish above, brownish and more or less fibrillose at base; sterile shoots
elongate, conspicuous; leaves several to a fertile culm, the lower bunched, not septate-nodulose,
the blades flat or somewhat canaliculate toward base, deep-green, thickish. stiff, 0.5-2.5 dm.
long, 2-3.5 mm. wide, attenuate, the sheaths dull-white ventrally, thin and truncate at mouth,
the ligule short; terminal spike staminate, conspicuously long-rough-peduncled, linear, 1.5—3
cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, the scales oblong-obovate, obtuse, reddish with white-hyaline margins
and 3-nerved lighter center; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, erect, the upper more or less approximate
and sessile, the lower more or less remote and short-exsert-peduncled, oblong or subglobose, 6-15
mm. long, 7-9 mm. wide, very closely 15—30-flowered, in several to many rows, the perigynia
squarrose-spreading, the lower obliquely attached and conspicuously deflexed; bracts leaf-like,
more or less divaricate, the lowest strongly sheathing, the upper short-sheathing, more or less

ParT 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 309

prolonged ventrally at mouth; scales ovate or obovate, obtuse or short-rough-cuspidate,
strongly reddish-tinged with greenish 3-nerved center and white-hyaline margins, narrower
and much shorter than the perigynia; perigynia 4 mm. long, 1.75-2 mm. wide, the body
broadly obovoid, markedly ventricose, triangular, membranaceous, dull-green, becoming
yellowish, puncticulate, several- to many-ribbed, rounded at base and sessile, abruptly con-
tracted into a serrulate, straight, conic, bidentate beak 1.5—-2 mm. long, somewhat shorter than
the body, the apex whitish, reddish-tinged; achenes minute, obovoid, 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide,
triangular with concave sides, loosely enveloped, yellowish-brown, short-stipitate, abruptly
strongly apiculate, jointed with the slender style; stigmas 3, reddish-brown, slender; anthers
3 mm. long, obtusish.

TYPE LocaLity: Austria (based on Host, Gram. Austr. 1: 48. pl. 63.)

DISTRIBUTION: Swamp-meadows in calcareous districts, Newfoundland to Quebec and New
Brunswick; also in Europe. (Specimens examined from Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Quebec, including Magdalen Islands and Anticosti.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Host, Gram. Austr. 1: pl. 63; Rob. & Fern. Man. f. 504; Sturm, Deuts. Fl. 69:

pl. 10; Reichenb. Ic. FI. Germ. pl. 272, f. 653; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. pl. 7, f. 93b; Engl. Bot. pl. 1773;
ed. 2. pl. 1673; Schkuhr, Riedgr. pl. H, f. 36 (as C. flava); Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. pl. 13, f. 2.

51. Elatae Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 645. 1909. SprrosTacHyaE Drejer,
Symb. Car. 10, in part. 1844; Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 463, in part. 1903.

Culms stout below, more slender above, obtusely triangular, leafy toward the base;
leaves not septate-nodulose, the blades coriaceous, long-sheathing, the lower sheaths cinna-
mon-brown or purplish-tinged; spikes 4-20, the upper 1—3 staminate, rarely androgynous or
gynaecandrous, the others pistillate or androgynous, elongate-cylindric or oblong-cylindric,
densely many-flowered, stout, 1.5-10 cm. long, the lower distant, long-peduncled, nodding or
erect; bracts leaf-like, long-sheathing; pistillate scales ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acumi-
nate to long-awned, reddish-brown-tinged; perigynia ascending, oblanceolate, elliptic or ovoid,
flattened-triangular, not at all or scarcely inflated, smooth, membranaceous, many-ribbed or
many-nerved, purple-dotted, tapering at base, abruptly contracted into a bidentate beak, the
teeth rough within; achenes usually triangular with concave sides, rarely lenticular, jointed
with the slender style; stigmas usually 3, rarely 2.

A group represented by numerous species in Africa and the islands adjacent. One Aus-
tralian, one Asiatic, and two species in the temperate and warmer parts of Europe are also
referred here. Represented in the western hemisphere by one very local species in Bermuda.

360. Carex Bermudiana Hemsl. Jour. Bot. 21: 260.
Di. 230, fares VSs83.

Cespitose, from stout elongate rootstocks, the culms 3-10 dm. high, erect, rather slender,
leafy, soon exceeding the leaves, strongly phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth, purplish-
red-tinged at base, the basal sheaths breaking and becoming more or less filamentose; leaves
(not bracts) usually 8-15 to a fertile culm, clustered toward the base, not septate-nodulose,
strongly striate, the blades thick, flat above, channeled toward the base, 2.5—5 dm. long, 3-6
mm. wide, thick, coriaceous, light-green, roughened toward the apex, the sheaths purplish-
dotted ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule very short; terminal spike staminate, with 1-3
additional smaller staminate spikes at base, occasionally with a few perigynia at base, pedun-
cled, linear, 2.5—-5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, many-flowered, the scales closely appressed, ovate-
oblong, red-dotted, hirsutulous, ciliate, short-rough-awned or cuspidate, straw-colored and
light-reddish-brown-tinged, with hyaline margins and strongly 3-nerved lighter center; pis-
tillate spikes 3-6, usually more or less staminate at apex, not in twos, sometimes more or less
compound, erect or somewhat drooping, widely separate, the lower slender-peduncled, the
peduncles roughish, the upper short-exsert-peduncled or nearly included, oblong-cylindric,
1.5-4.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, containing 20-50 closely arranged ascending perigynia in
several to many rows; bracts leaf-like, the lower exceeding the inflorescence, reduced upwards,
the sheaths long, the lower 2-10 em. long, even the uppermost well-developed, purplish-dotted
ventrally, deeply concave at mouth; scales lanceolate, strongly rough-awned, cuspidate or

310 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

long-acuminate, greenish-straw-colored with hyaline margins, dotted and reddish-brown-
tinged, the center green, strongly about 5-nerved, narrower than and about the length of the
perigynia; perigynia oblanceolate, 4.5—-5.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, strongly flattened-
triangular, not inflated, membranaceous, greenish-straw-colored, purple-dotted, puncticulate,
strongly very many-ribbed, sessile, strongly tapering at base, rather abruptly contracted into
a short, rough, deeply bidentate, slightly reddish-brown-tinged beak scarcely 1 mm. long, the
teeth somewhat spreading, rough within; achenes narrowly oblong-obovoid, 2.5 mm. long, 1
mm. wide, triangular with concave sides, rather closely enveloped in lower two thirds of peri-
gynium, yellowish, short-stipitate, slenderly apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style;
stigmas 3, slender, reddish-brown, rather short.

TYPE LOCALITY: Bermudas (Dickinson).

DISTRIBUTION: Marshes, Bermuda Islands; now known only in Paget Marsh. (Specimens
examined from Paget Marsh, Bermuda.)

ILLUSTRATION: Jour. Bot. 21: pl. 239, f. 2.

Norte: Very closely related to Carex Dianae Steud. of the Island of St. Helena. For that
species see Kiikenthal, in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4’°: 649, and Boott, Ill. Carex 66. pl. 178-180. In it

the bract-sheaths are strongly convex at mouth, the perigynia are short-stipitate and slightly more
spreading, the spikes are more-flowered, and the pistillate scales are more abruptly awned.

52. Ferrugineae Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 12. 1843; L.H. Bailey, Proc. Am. Acad. 22:
92. 1886; Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4%: 559. 1909. UstuLatTak Tuckerm. Enum.
Caric. 12. 1843. FunicrnosaE Tuckerm. Enum. Caric. 12. 1843; Kiikenth. in Engler,
Pflanzenreich 4°: 550. 1909. Fricmpak Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 70. 1845; Kiikenth. in
Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 531. 1909; Mackenzie, in Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 134. 1917; Macken-
zie, Erythea 8:64. 1922. MucroNaTaE Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 778, in part. 1882; Kiikenth.
in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 532. 1909. STENOCARPAE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 460,
mostly. 1903. PopoGyNaE Holm, Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 16: 460. 1903; Kiikenth. in Engler,
Pflanzenreich 47: 535. 1909. CurRvicoLLEs Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 4°: 538. 1909.
DEcoRAE Kiikenth. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 429: 541. 1909. ‘Treated as a genus PROTEO-
CARPUS, subgenus PROTEOCARPUS, and sections ORPHINASCUS and CHARTOTEUCHIUM by Borner
(Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 21: 266-268. 1913).

Culms phyllopodic, tufted, the leaves mostly clustered near the base; spikes staminate,
pistillate, androgynous or gynaecandrous; bracts green-sheathing, the blades developed or
rudimentary; scales dark-tinged, usually with light midvein; perigynia appressed or ascending,
flat to flattened-triangular or triangular, not inflated, usually dark-tinged, more or less beaked,
the beak hyaline at orifice, more or less bidentulate or bidentate; achenes usually triangular,
rarely lenticular, not closely enveloped, apiculate, jointed with the straight slender style; stig-
mas 3 or rarely 2.

A group very strongly developed in Asia, where the species are very numerous; also well
represented in the mountains of Europe; in North America represented by a few high northern
species and several in the mountains in the western part of the United States. One species
occurs in southern South America; otherwise the group is confined to the northern hemisphere.
Stigmas normally 3.

Terminal spike normally androgynous, the upper lateral spike sessile
and staminate, androgynous, or pistillate, the lower 1 or 2 spikes
pistillate or androgynous, drooping on capillary peduncles;
plants with slender horizontal stolons; perigynia ciliate.
Perigynia lanceolate, 1.5-1.75 mm. wide, tapering to the apex;
spikes 2—5, usually 4, the terminal one with but a few perigynia
at base. 361. C. petricosa.
Perigynia oblong-ovate, 2—2.5 mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked;
spikes more numerous, the terminal one more strongly pistillate
at base. 362. C. Franklinit.
Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, the lateral pistillate; plants
densely cespitose or with short ascending stolons.
Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, 1 mm. wide, flattened-triangular, the
upper half very long-tapering and strongly ciliate-serrulate on
the margins; plants densely cespitose; terminal spike gynaecan-
drous; lowest bract with well-developed blade. 363. C. misandra.
Perigynia lanceolate to ovate, 1.25—2.25 mm. wide, contracted into
a beak.

Lateral spikes ovoid or short-oblong; plants loosely cespitose;
lowest bract with short or rudimentary blade. 364. C. atrofusca.

PART 5, 1935] CYPERACEAE 311

Lateral spikes oblong to linear-oblong; plants densely cespitose
(except sometimes in C. Lemmonii).
Perigynia triangular or compressed-triangular, not at all or
only moderately flattened, the beak bidentulate;
scales obtusish, the midvein not prominent at apex
(except in C. luzulina).
Uppermost pistillate spikes strongly overtopped by the
staminate spike; lower spikes widely separate; peri-
gynia triangular, hyaline-tipped, 3.5-4 mm. long;
leaf-blades thin. 365. C. Lemmonit.
Uppermost pistillate spikes little exceeded by the stami-
nate spike; uppermost spikes aggregated; peri-
gynia flattened-triangular, dark-purplish-tipped,
3.5-5 mm. long; leaf-blades firm or thickish.
Pistillate spikes linear-oblong or narrowly oblong;
scales purplish-black-tinged, the midvein not ex-
tending to apex; perigynia short-stipitate. 366. C. ablata.
Pistillate spikes oblong; scales reddish-brown, the
midvein extending to apex or nearly so; perigynia
sessile. 367. C. luzulina.
Perigynia strongly flattened, the beak bidentate; scales sharp-
pointed with mid-vein prominent to the tip.
Perigynia glabrous; scales smooth; bract-sheaths strongly
enlarged upwards; leaf-blades very leathery. 368. C. luzulaefolia.
Perigynia very sparsely hairy, at least when young; scales
ciliate and more or less hairy; bract-sheaths scarcely
enlarged upwards; leaf-blades not leathery. 369. C. fissuricola.
Stigmas 2; terminal spike staminate; pistillate spikes except the uppermost
slender-peduncled, the lower 1 or 2 on capillary arcuate spreading pe-
duncles; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, ciliate; plant loosely cespitose. 370. C. misandroides.

361. Carex petricosa Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. 29: 246.
pl. W,f. 70. 1836.

Loosely cespitose and slenderly long-stoloniferous, the stolons horizontal, the clumps
small, the culms 1.5—2.5 dm. high, slender, stiffish, phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth,
slightly fibrillose at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year conspicuous, their sheaths
strongly striate; leaves with well-developed blades 6-12 to a fertile culm, clustered above the
base, the blades light-green, stiff, usually 7-15 cm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, flat or somewhat
channeled toward base, roughened toward the long-attenuate apex, the sheaths tight, concave
or truncate at mouth, yellowish-tinged and red-dotted ventrally, the ligule very short; ter-
minal spike androgynous, short-peduncled, about 18 mm. long, usually 3.5-5 mm. wide, the
scales oblong-obovate, acute or slightly cuspidate, purplish-black with broad lighter midrib
and strongly developed white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, the upper approximate,
the lowest separated, erect, the upper short-peduncled or nearly sessile, the lower on peduncles
1-2 times their own length, narrowly oblong, 8-15 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, little attenuate at
apex, closely flowered, containing 8-20 appressed perigynia in few rows; lowest bract leaflet-
like, with sheath about 1 cm. long, exceeded by inflorescence; upper bracts reduced; scales
oblong-obovate, obtuse or acutish, rounded on back and slightly ciliate, purplish-black with
lighter center, hyaline toward apex, wider than but exceeded by mature perigynia; immature
perigynia lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, strongly flattened, not inflated, minutely
hispidulous, ciliate on margins, thin, membranaceous, straw-colored at base, purplish-black-
tinged above, finely nerved, rounded at base and short-stipitate, tapering at apex, beakless or
very nearly so, the apex white-hyaline, obliquely cleft, becoming bidentulate; achenes triangu-
lar; stigmas 3, slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘‘Found on the summit of the Rocky Mountains’? (Drummond), probably
about 59° lat.

DistTRIBUTION: Mountains, British Columbia and Alberta. (Specimens examined from Alberta.)

ILLUSTRATIONS: Am. Jour. Sci. 29: pl. W, f. 70; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 26: 488. f. 21-24.

362. Carex Franklinii Boott, in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 217.
pl. 218. 1839.

Loosely cespitose, the rootstocks slender, elongate, slenderly long-stoloniferous, the
clumps small, the culms erect, slender, 2.5-9 dm. high, exceeding the leaves, phyllopodic,

312 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VoLUME 18

obtusely triangular, smooth or slightly roughened above, fibrillose and light-brownish-tinged
at base; leaves with well-developed blades 4-8 to a fertile culm, clustered above the base, not
septate-nodulose, the blades light-green, stiffish, usually 2-3 dm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, deeply
channeled, much roughened toward the attenuate apex, the sheaths, at least the lower,
cinnamon-brown-tinged ventrally, soon breaking, truncate at mouth, strongly striate dorsally,
the ligule very short; terminal 3 or 4 spikes aggregated, androgynous or staminate, unequal,
the uppermost at least with several perigynia at base, 1-2 cm. long, the staminate portion 2.5—4
mm. wide, the scales oblong-ovate, acute to obtusish, chestnut-brown with strongly developed
lighter center and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, not approximate, the upper-
most at least staminate at apex, erect, and short-peduncled, the lower strongly separate,
drooping on a slender, slightly roughened peduncle 2—4 times its own length, the spikes oblong,
heavy, somewhat attenuate at base, 12-25 mm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, closely flowered, contain-
ing 20-40 appressed perigynia in several rows; bracts sheathing, the sheaths tight, not dark-
auricled, the lowest sheath 5-15 mm. long, but shorter than inflorescence, its blade leaflet-like,
prolonged, the upper bracts much reduced; scales closely appressed, oblong-ovate, short-rough-
awned to obtusish, thin, minutely roughened, light-chestnut or reddish-brown with yellowish
midrib sharply defined to the tip and white-hyaline margins, about width of but exceeded by
perigynia; perigynia oblong-ovate, 4.5-6 mm. long, 2—2.5 mm. wide, strongly flattened, not
inflated, minutely roughened, ciliate on margins, thin, membranaceous, straw-colored at base,
brownish-tinged above, finely many-nerved, rounded at base and short-stipitate, tapering and
minutely beaked at apex, the beak 0.25 mm. long, the apex white-hyaline, obliquely cleft,
becoming bidentulate; achenes oblong, 2.25 mm. long, 1-1.25 mm. wide, triangular with
slightly concave sides, much narrower and shorter than perigynia, brownish, granular, stipitate,
apiculate, obscurely jointed with the straight, slender, minutely puberulous style; stigmas 3,
slender, blackish.

TYPE LOCALITY: ‘“‘Hab. Rocky Mountains (Drummond),” probably about 59° lat.

DISTRIBUTION: Mountains of Alberta, in calcareous alluvial deposits along the Athabaska
River. (Only type specimens and specimens from Jasper Park seen.)
a ay aaa Boott, Ill. Carex 77. pl. 211; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 218; Am. Jour. Sci. IV. 49:

Note: Macoun 97625 from Jasper Park, Alberta, named C. Franklinii, has fewer spikes and the
terminal staminate; the perigynia are ovate and 3.5 mm. Jong.

363. Carex misandra R. Br. Chlor. Melv. 25. 1823.

Carex fuliginosa var. Hook. in W. E. Parry, Jour. Second Voy. App. 406. 1825. (Type from Five
Hawser Bay.)
Carex frigida var. Huebneri Hisinger, Anteckn. 5:20. 1831.
“Carex frigida All.’’ Fries, Mant. 1:18. 1832.
“ Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr’’ Kunze, Suppl. Riedgr. 57, in part. 1841.
Carex fuliginosa var. misandra Lang, Linnaea 24:597. 1851. (Based on C. misandra R. Br.)
Carex frigida All. var. 8 Trev. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 294. 1853. (From northern Russia.)
Carex misandra var. elatior Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenl. 130. 1880. (Type from Greenland.)
Carex misandra f. ochrolochin Ostenf.; Ostenf. & Lund. Medd. Groenl. 43: 1910. (Type from Green-
land.)
Densely cespitose, the rootstocks very short, the culms slender, erect, nodding above, 1-3
dm. high, 2—4 times exceeding the leaves, strongly phyllopodic, obtusely triangular, smooth or
slightly roughened above, brownish-tinged at base, the dried-up leaves of the previous year
conspicuous; leaves numerous, mostly clustered near the base, not septate-nodulose, the blades
erect to strongly recurved-spreading, 3-15 cm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, thickish, stiff, canalicu-
late below, often flat above, long-attenuate, blunt, the tip usually dead, the sheaths tight,
more or less yellowish-brown-tinged ventrally, truncate at mouth, the ligule short; terminal
spike gynaecandrous, slender-peduncled, drooping, the staminate portion conspicuous or in-
conspicuous, the staminate scales oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, reddish-brown with con-
spicuous lighter midvein and white-hyaline margins; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, approximate or
more or less strongly separate, 7-20 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, the upper erect and short-
exsert-peduncled, the lower nodding on slender, nearly smooth peduncles, the spikes oblong or
linear-oblong, closely flowered (except at very base), clavate at base, the perigynia appressed-
ascending in several rows; lowest bract long-sheathing, the sheath tight, purplish-tinged, the

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